BLACK 〈◊〉 SUPPLEMENT OR ENLARGEMENT, To Mr. Nich. Culpeppers English Physician.  
Containing a Description of the Form, Names, Place, Time, Celestial Government, and Virtues, of all such Medicinal Plants as grow in England, and are omitted in his Book, called The English-Physitian. And supplying the Additional Virtues of such Plants wherein he is defective.  
ALSO The Description, Kind's, Names, Place, Time, Nature, Planetary Regiment, Temperature, and Physical-Virtues of all such Trees, Herbs, Roots, Flowers, Fruits, Excrescencies of Plants, Gums, Ceres, and condensate juices as are found in any part of the World, and brought to be sold in our Druggist and Apothecaries Shops, with their Dangers and Corrections.  
By Joseph Blagrave of Reading, Student in Physic and Astrology.  
To which is annexed, a new Tract for the Cure of Wounds made by Gun-shot or otherways, and Remedies for the help of Seamen troubled with the Scurvy and other distempers usually accompanying them; exceeding useful in times of War and Peace, fitted for the meanest capacity.  
London, Printed for Obadiah Blagrave, at the Sign of the Printing-Press in Little-Brittain, 1674.   

To the Reader.  
REader, I here present thee with a Supplement by way of enlargement to Mr. Nich. Culpeppers Book, called, The English Physician; having taken pains and care to add such English Plants with their Virtues and use in Physic, which were wholly omitted by him in the aforesaid Book called The English Physician. And likewise for further use and benefit of my Countrymen, I have inserted in this Supplement, the virtues and uses of such eminent and useful Trees, Herbs, Roots, Flowers, Fruits, Excrescencies of Plants, Drugs, etc. as are brought from any part of the world, and sold in our Druggist's and Apothecary's Shops. I have likewise shown their us in Physic, and where there is any danger I have given sufficient caution. The same Method that Mr. Culpepper used, I have also followed; and have all along in this following Supplement not only showed their Physical uses, but Astrological also. I have also caused the Stationer to Print this Book within the circumference of the Volume, called Octavo; so that this Supplement may be Bound with Mr. Nich. Culpeppers English Physician in one complete Book; and by which means you will have a complete Pocket-Herbal ready upon any emergent occasion, to look out the Virtues of any Plants whatever which are generally used in Physic; And further Reader, for thy use and benefit, I have caused to be annexed a Tract for the Cure of Wounds made by Gun-shot, or otherways; expressed in as plain Terms as could possibly be rendered, principally intended at this exigence of time, for a light to young Practisers in Chirurgery, and for such as should be at a distance from any help upon any sudden accidents. I doubt not but you will find it useful in times of peace as well as times of War. Reader, for thy further Information in this most noble Practice of Physic, View my Book called Astrological Practice of Physic, more at large. Thus Reader commending thee to God's protection, I subscribe myself,  
Yours to serve you to my power, Jos. Blagrave. From my House called Copt-hall, upon the seven Bridges in Reading, June 1673.   

A SUPPLEMENT TO Mr. CVLPEPPER'S English Physician.  


Acatia.  
OF this, there are two kinds, one growing in Egypt, the other about Pontus.  
Descript.] The first kind is a thorny tree, set full of sharp prickles amongst which do arise the leaves set full of other small leaves, the flowers are white, the seed is broad like Lupins, enclosed in long Cod, out of which they draw a juice or black liquor; which is called Acatia.  
The second kind is also a thorny plant, set with long shary prickles, and the leaves be almost like the leaves of Common Rue; the fruit is likewise enclosed in Cod like that of the first kind, there is a gum issueth out of this tree which is called , very well known here, but the liquor or Juice, is hardly known; for instead of this true Acatia, they use in shops the Juice of Sloes.  
Place.] The place I have told you already.  
Nature and Virtues.] Acatia, especially the Juice, is dry in the third degree and cold in the first, and under the planet Saturn.  
The Juice stoppeth the Lask, 
Lask  and the superfluous course of women's flowers, and reduceth the Matrix to its proper place, 
Mother  being fallen down, and stayeth and keepeth it in is natural place, the Juice being drunk with red wine, It is good outwardly to be applied to hot Tumours or inflammations, 
Tumours  Serpigo or wildfire; 
wildfire  and also good to be laid to wheals or hot blisters of the mouth; it is excellent to heal inflammations of the eyes, 
Eyes  being applied thereunto.   

Aconitum.  
OF this are two sorts: the one bearing blue flowers the other yellow, it is also called Wolfs-bane, and the blue, is generally known by the name of Monks-hood.  
Descript.] The Wolfs-bane which beareth the blue flower is small but groweth up a cubit high, the leaves be split and jagged, the flowers in long rows towards the tops of the stalks, gaping like hoods, on the hoary root groweth as it were a little knop, wherewith it spreadeth itself abroad, and multiplieth.  
Place.] The Monks-hood or blue Wolfs-bane is very common in many Gardens, the other rarely found but in the Gardens of some curious herbarists; but groweth in Forests and dark low woods and Valleys in some parts of Germany and France.  
Time.] They flower in April, May, and June.  
Government and danger.] These plants are hot and dry in the fourth degree of a Martial venomous quality, if it be inwardly taken, it inflameth the heart burneth the inward parts and killeth the body;  
Dodonaeus reporteth of some men at Antwerp, who unawares did eat some of the Monks-hood in a salad, instead of some herb, and died forthwith; this I writ that people who have it in their Gurdens might beware of it.   

Agnus Castus, the chast-tree.  
Names.] IT is called of some Piper Agreste, or wild pepper, in shops and of Herbarists, Agnus Castus; it is also called hemp-tree, or Chast-tree.  
Descript.] Agnus Castus is a shrubby bush or tree, with many pleasant branches, the leaves are much like the leaves of hemp; the flowers grow at the tops of the branches, in clustering spikes of a purple colour; and sometimes light purple mixed with white; the seed much like pepper corns (I mean the common black pepper;) but softer and of a very strong (and to me unsavoury) sent.  
Place.] This chastity-procuring plant, groweth not of its own nature in our Horizon, our cold climate not so much standing in need thereof as the hotter countries of Italy, Spain, and the Southern parts of France, where it groweth plentifully, in rough untilled grounds, and by the banks of lakes, Rivers and water courses; It is not to be found growing in our Country, unless by chance procured and nourished, with care, as a great rarity, in the Gardens of curious Herbarists.  
Time.] It naturally flowers about July and August.  
Government and Virtues.] There is a great antipathy between this plant and the benevolent and sociable Venus; Mars, rules him; and makes use of him to check the too much salacious entertainments of Venus.  
Of temperature it is hot and dry, in the third degree; and of a very astringent quality.  
Agnus Castus, is a singular remedy, for those whose nature prompts their desires to Venereal sports; a procurer of chastity, and singular for such who desire to live and preserve themselves in that condition; it takes away and abates so much lecherous desires, 
Lust abates  as it extinguisheth the thoughts thereof; the reason is, it drieth and consumeth the seed of generation in what sort soever it be taken, whether in powder or in decoction, or (as some writ) the leaves alone laid upon the bed to sleep upon, putteth away all unchaste thoughts and desires.  
A decoction of the seed being drunk, driveth away and dissolveth all windiness in the bowels, 
Wind  stomach, 
Stomach  mother, or any part of the body.  
A dram of the seed in powder drunk in wine, cureth hardness and stops in the Liver and spleen, 
Liver Spleen.  and is good in the beginnings of Dropsies.  
It provoketh the Terms, 
Termes  being taken by itself or with , or used in manner of a Pessary.  
It is profitable to be mixed amongst Oils or ointments, to heat and mollify stiff and benumbed members; 
Dead members  and cures cleft or rifts of the great Gut, being applied with water.  
Agnus Castus is good against Venomous creatures, 
Venomous bittings  it driveth away Serpents, and all other Venomous beasts from the place where it is strewed or burned, and healeth bitings and stingings of the same, if it be laid upon the grieved place, and the seed thereof being drunk with wine.  
A decoction thereof is good for women to sit in to help hardness, stops, apostumations, and Ulcers of the matrix. 
Ulcers Matrix   
A Cataplasm made with the leaves thereof and fresh butter and applied, doth dissolve and assuage swell of the Cod and Stones. 
Cod's Stones    

The Almond-tree.  
Names.] THere are two kinds, the bitter and the sweet; the fruit of both is called Almonds, distinguished by the Epithets sweet or bitter.  
Descript.] The Almond-tree is in growth and leaves much like unto the peach tree; but it groweth to be much bigger and stronger, and is of a longer lasting or continuance.  
Time.] The Almond-tree flowereth betimes in the Spring and the fruit is ripe in June and July.  
Government and Virtues.] The sweet Almonds are under the dominion of Venus; and are temperately hot, the bitter are claimed by Mars: and are not only hot, but also dry, and of a cleansing and cutting faculty.  
Almonds eaten before meat, stop fluxes of the belly, 
Flux  and nourish, especially being blanched; the sweet oil new pressed out of them, is of a gentle healing quality for any inward soreness, fretting of the Guts, 
Guts  or soreness of the Reins, 
Kidneys  or sharpness of Urine; 
Bladder  and is good for them that spit blood, 
Spitting blood.  so is the fruit.  
Bitter Almonds do open obstructions of the Liver, 
Liver  Lungs, 
Lungs  Spleen, 
Spleen  Kidneys, 
Kidneys  and other inward parts, and are good against the Cough, 
Cough  and shortness of Breath; 
Breath  inflammation, and exulceration of the Lungs, being made into a lohoch with Turpentine and licked in; as writeth Dioscorides.  
The bitter Almonds taken with sweet wine, provoke Urine, 
Urine  and cure difficulty and pain in making water; and are good for them that are troubled with Gravel and Stone. 
Stone,   
Five or six bitter Almonds eaten in the morning fasting preserve from Drunkenness all that day, 
Drunkenness,  and being applied to the forehead with oil of Roses and Vinegar, they take away Headache, 
Headache  they are with great profit applied with honey upon corrupt and foul spreading sores, and the bitings of mad dogs; they cleanse the skin and face from spots and pimples.   

Ammoniacum.  
Name.] AMmoniacum is the only name it hath in shops and is generally known by.  
Descript.] This is a Gum or liquor of a tree called by Dioscorides, Agasyllis, and of some Ferula growing in Cyrene, and nigh unto the place where was the oracle Ammon in Lybia; whereof it is supposed to be called Ammoniacum; the best sort is that which is close firm and pure, free from Gravel or dross, of a bitter taste, smelling somewhat near unto the sent of C●storeum, and is almost like the true Frankincense.  
Government and Virtues.] It is under the planetary influence of Mars hot and dry in the second degree, the quantity of a dram thereof taken inwardly looseth the Belly, 
Belly  and purgeth away cold Slimy phlegm, 
phlegm  drawing the same unto itself from remote parts of the body: it is also good against Asthma, 
Asthma  shortness of breath, & Stops of the breast, 
Breast  falling sickness, Gout, pain of the haunch or hucklebone, called the Sciatica, 
Sciatica  against the old headache, 
Head ache  and diseases of the brain, 
Brain  sinews and extreme parts: 
Sinews  it may be taken in a lohoch with honey or in the decoction of French barley to mundify and cleanse the breast, 
Breast  and ripen phlegm, 
Phlegm  causing the same easily to be spit out.  
It is also good against hardness and stops of the Spleen, 
Spleen  it provokes Urine, expels the dead child, 
Dead Child  but then must be but little of it taken at once, for if it be tak●n in too great a quantity or too often, it will cause one to pis●e blood, it cures swell, 
Swelling  and hardness, and abates pain of the Liver and Spleen, 
Liver Spleen  if it be steeped in Vinegar and laid upon the place, being mingled with honey and pitch and applied, it dissolveth hard swell and Tumours, 
Tumours  in the joints and extreme parts; and consumes all cold Tumours, and Scirrhus' matter, being laid thereon; and is good to he put into all ointments and plasters that are made to warm, mollify, and to assuage pain.  
Being mixed with the oil of Cyprus and Nitre, it is good to be applied to the hip for the Sciatica or hip-gout, 
Sciatica Hip-gout  and to be laid upon any part to assuage pain, and weariness.  
It is excellent to be put into Collyries and all medecins that are made to clear the sight, and to take away dimness and the web of the eyes. 
Eyes    

Amber.  
Names.] IT is called Yellow Amber, Ambra Citrina; but in Latin more generally Succinum.  
Descript.] It is of sundry colours, some pieces whitish, some yellow, paler, or deeper, and some of a very deep red colour and dark, all the other being clear, and transparent, but much more, being polished. It is by some taken to be a vegetable, as Coral is; but more generally to be a kind of liquid Bitumen, issuing from springs and fountains, in the Germane Seas; and running into pieces, greater or lesser is taken up by Iron hooks, being soft under water, but by the Air is hardened as Coral is: the white which is the lighter and sweeter is best for Medicine, the yellow serveth more to Mechanic uses; and being rubbed it will draw straws and other small things unto it, as the Loadstone doth I●on; and it will burn like  or Bitumen, with a strong heady sent: the powder thereof cast into the flame of a Candle, or other light, will make a sudden flash like Nitre: by being distilled in a retort it will yield an oil which at the first is very red, and smelleth very strong and almost odious, but being several times Rectified, both colour and scent will be amended, and the oil fit for medicinal use.  
Government and Virtues.] Amber is of a moderate hot and day temperature, and under the particular influence of Mars; if it be burned on Coals, and the fumes thereof received into the head, 
Head,  it doth much help the moist distillations thereof on the Eyes, 
Eyes  Teeth, 
Teeth  Nose, 
Nose  or Stomach, 
Stomach  and is good for those that have the falling sickness; 
Falling-sickness  It provokes women's courses and is very good for to help the fits of the Mother, 
Courses Mother  it prevents miscarriage, and procures Easy delivery; to take half a dram of the powder, in a tear Egg, or in Wine, three or four mornings together, which also helpeth the whites, and men that have the running of the Reins, it stayeth fluxes, and strengtheneth the parts, it provokes Urine plentifully being taken in saxifrage-water; It is very good for those that are troubled with old Coughs, or are fallen into Consumptions, to take the powder thereof mixed with conserve of red Roses, and taken in the morning's fasting; and is also profitable for Joynt-Aches, and the Running Gout: the chemical oil of Amber being taken inwardly three or four drops, in a little Muscadine doth wonderfully help the Stone, and the stopping of Urine, Strangury, or pissing by drops; Two or three drops used outwardly to the Temples, and the nape of the Neck, or behind the Ears, doth warm and dry a cold moist brain, discusseth wind in the Ears, and head, strengtheneth the memory, and is good in all diseases of the head or brain.   

Ambergrease.  
Names.] Descript. IT is called Ambra Grisea in Latin, and Ambergrise in English; But what it is or from what it cometh, there are various opinions, yet none certain; some suppose it be the spawn of a Whale; others affirm it to be the excrement which hath long continued in the belly of the whale; which being cast forth is by the motion of the Seas cast on shore; some others think it to be the excrement of certain great fishes, and some take it to be the Foam of the Sea, but all these opinions are vulgar Errors, and Erroneous; The most certain received opinion of the most Judicious is; That it is a kind of Bitumen whose springs are in the Rocks of the Sea, or as some (and with good reason) affirm that it groweth on the Rocks as Mushrooms do on Trees, condensate into that f●rm and substance we observe it in; oily and unctuous originally, and being light is carried by the waves of the Sea, unto the shores of sundry Countries and climates; There is much variety in the colour thereof and some in the substance; as white more or less, or grey, lighter or darker, or inclining to redness or darkness: that which is not very white, as being usually very dry▪ and inclining to a grayish colour more or less, and either with spots, and veins or without, so as it be fat, that is upon a knives point heated will show oily, is accounted the best, and the black sort is the worst.  
Government and Virtues.] It is governed by the Sun, and is hot and dry of temperature in the second degree; it warmeth resolveth, and strengtheneth; what way soever it be taken, it easeth the pains in the head, being dissolved in a warm mortar, and mixed with a little ointment of Orange flowers; the Temples and forehead being anointed therewith. It likewise comforteth the brain warmeth and resolveth the cold defluxions of humours thereon, and on the Nerves and Sinews, it doth also comfort and strengthen the memory, and vital spirits: it is good for women troubled with the mother to be applied to the place, it helpeth barrenness proceeding from a cold cause, and is good for those to smell unto who are subject to the falling sickness: it doth well agree with aged persons, to warm comfort and strengthen their cold decayed spirits; adding vigour unto them; and is likewise accounted to have a property to stir and excite Venereous exercises.   

Amomum.  
Description.] IT is a bunch or cluster of whitish round berries, somewhat like unto grapes for the outward form and bigness but else very like unto Cardamomes within, yet bigger and rounder, having within the outer whitish thin shell or skin many blackish brown seeds, close thrust together; very like to the inner seeds of Cardamons, but larger and of somewhat a hot piercing scent, smelling like unto oil of spike, and of a sharp, hot, and quick taste, as most Indian spices are.  
Government and Virtues.] Sol hath the peculiar Government hereof, it is of an heating, binding and drying quality, procuring rest, and sleep, 
Sleep, Rest  and easing pains in the head; 
Headache, Imposthumes, Scorpions.  being applied to the forehead; it digesteth and discusseth inflammations and Imposthumes, and helpeth those that are stung by Scorpions being used with Basil, it is good against the Gout, and Griping in the Guts, 
Gout, Gripe.  to swallow three are four of the seeds, and for the fits of the mother, taken in the same manner; or made into a pessary and so used, or else in a Bath; It is convenient for the Liver and Reins, and is an ingredient of chief account, in great Antidotes that are preservatives.   

anise.  
Name.] IT hath no other name, but anise, and Anniseeds.  
Descript. [This plant hath leaves much like young parsley newly sprung up; his stalks be round and hollow; the leaves at first coming up, somewhat round but afterwards spring forth other leaves cut, and jagged, like those of Parsley; but a great deal smaller and whiter; at the top of the stalks, grow divers fair tufts, or spikey Rundells, with white flowers, which being passed cometh the seed, whitish, and sweet in smell and taste.  
Place.] anise grows naturally in Syria and Candy, but may now be found in some gardens in England.  
Time.] It flowers in June and July.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is under the dominion of Jupiter, of temperature hot and dry in the third degree; the seeds are only used in Physic which do much dissolve Wind, 
Wind, Stomach, Bow. Belly, lask Urine, stone Hiccop, Flux Whites, dropsy, Liver Thirst, Lust, milk, Mouth breath phlegm Cough, poison Venomous Beasts, Fa ling-sickness Squinance Throat  help belchings and blast in the Stomach and bowels, Gripe and pains in the belly; it stoppeth the Lask, and provoks Urine, and is good against the Stone, taken with wine and water. It removeth the hiccop, not only when it is taken inwardly but being smelled unto.  
It cureth the bloody flux, and stoppeth the whites in Women, and is very profitable to be given to such as have the dropsy, it opens the Liver, and stauncheth thirst.  
Anniseeds plentifully eaten stir up lust, and causeth women to have plenty of milk, the seed chewed in the mouth amendeth the stench thereof and maketh the breath sweat.  
The same beaten to powder, and taken with honey, cleanseth the breast from phlegm, and cureth the old cough, having bitter Almonds mixed therewith, the same drunk with Wine is good against poison, and bitings of Venomous beasts.  

Dreams Sleep Headache, hearing  It is singular to be given to Children to eat that be in danger of the falling-sickness, being mixed with honey vinegar, and hyssop, and the throat gargled therewith, it cureth the Squinancy and swell of the Throat.  
Anniseeds bound in a little bag, and kept at the nose to smell unto, keepeth men from dreaming and starting in their sleep, 
Dreams Sleep  and causeth them to rest quietly, the perfume of it taken up into the nose cureth the headache, 
Headache,  and being pounded with oil of roses and laid to the Ears it cures inward hurts and wounds of the same which impedite the hearing. 
hearing    

Anagyris or Arbor Inda.  
Name.] IT hath no other names in our shops.  
Descript.] There are three kinds hereof, the first Anagyris is a little low shrub, or bush, upon which grow small leaves always three together, the flowers be yellow almost like broom flowers which being passed, there succeed long husks or Cod, which contain in it a flat seed hard and firm almost like a kidney leaf, but somewhat smaller: the whole plant is of a strong ill-favoured stinking savour, as it were the smell of Gladwyn, or Spurge-wort.  
2. Another shrub, somewhat resembling the former in leaves, and growing, but hath flowers very thick together, hanging by a fine slender stem, like to a spiky Ear, but yellow, almost like broom flowers: the Cod are rounder and smaller than those of the former, with a smaller fruit.  
3. There is another kind producing long Cod also, which, well ordered in the growing up, waxeth to be a tall tree; the branches are set with broad round leaves, the flowers be purple and red, like the flowers of garden pease, which grow about the lowest part of the great branches, producing afterwards long flat Cod; of a wan blue colour, having therein a flat seed, hard like to a Lentil.  
Place.] These plants grow wild in several places of Italy, and Province, in woods, and upon the Mountains,  
Time.] Anagyris flowreth in April, and May; the second in May and June: the Arbour Inda in March, the fruit is ripe in September.  
Government and Virtues.] Both leaves and seed are hot and dry, yet partake of a Saturnine influence, a dram of the leaves boiled in wine, 
Terms  drive down women's flowers and the afterbirth: the young leaves bruised and laid to, pultis wise, do allay, and dissolve swell, 
Swell  the seeds eaten provoke violent vomiting. 
Vomiting    

Aloe, or Aloes.  
Names.] BY the same name of Aloe or Aloes is the condensed juice of this plant called in all parts of Europe; the plant is also called Sea-houseleek and Sea-Ay-green.  
Descript.] This plant hath very long leaves, thick and set round about with short points or crests, standing wide one from another, the root is thick and long, all the herb is of a strong savour, and bitter taste, out of this herb is drawn a Juice, which is dried, and called Aloes in parts of the world.  
Place.] Aloe, groweth very plenteously in India, and from thence cometh the best juice; It groweth also in many places of Asia and Arabia near the sea side, but the juice thereof is not so good as that of India.  
Government and Virtues.] It is a martial plant, hot in the second degree, & dry in the third, of a very bitter taste, the juice being refined & clarified from its dross, is of a clear & blackish clean brown colour, it openeth the belly, and purgeth cold phlegmatic and choleric humours, 
Phlegm Choler  which over-burden and hurt the stomach, it is the basis in almost all pills, it comforteth cleanseth and drieth up superfluous humours.  
It may be taken with Cinnamon, Ginger, Mace, Galingal, or Aniseed, to assuage and drive away pain of the stomach; 
Stomach  and to comfort and warm the stomach and expel phlegm; the same is also good against the Jaundice and spitting of blood. 
Jaundice spitting Blood.   
Aloe made into powder and strewn upon new bloody wounds, stoppeth the blood, and healeth the wound; 
wounds  likewise being applied upon old ulcers it closeth them up, and it is a sovereign medicine for Ulcers about the secret parts and fundament. 
Ulcers   
The same boiled with w●ne and honey, healeth rifts and outgrowings of the fundament, and stoppeth the flux of the Hemerrhoides, 
Hemrods'  and being applied with honey it taketh away black spots, 
Spots  that come by stripes or bruises, 
bruises  it is also good against inflammations hurts and scabs of the Eyes, 
Eyes  and against running and dimness of the same.  
Aloes mixed with oil of roses and vinegar and laid to the forehead and temples assuageth headache, 
headache  the head being often rubbed with Aloes mixed with wine keepeth the hair from falling off. 
Hair  The same applied with wine cureth sores of the mouth and gums, the throat and kernels under the tongue; and outwardly applied it is a good consolidative medicine; stoppeth bleeding, and doth mundify and cleanse all corruption.   

Assa foetida.  
Names.] THis is a juice or liquor, got out of the stalks and roots of a certain plant called Laser and Laserpitium, growing in Media and Persia and is of a very loathsome and stinking savour, so that it is called the Devil's T—  
There is another sort which groweth in Cyrene, which is of a pleasant savour and not very bad in taste.  
Descript.] Laser is a plant that dyeth yearly; it hath great thick stalks, having leaves like Parsley; of a pleasant sent, the seed is broad as it were a little leaf; It hath a great many roots growing out of one head, which is thick and covered with a black skin: from out of these roots, and stalk, being cut, floweth a strong liquor or Juice, which is dried and useful in Physic.  
Place.] The best groweth on the mountains of Cyrene, and yields a liquor of a pleasant smell; the other kind groweth in Syria, Media, Armenia and Lybia, the Juice whereof is of a very loathsome smell; which is our Assa foetida or devil's dirt.  
Government and Virtues.] It is hot and dry in the third degree; under the dominion of Saturn is the Juice, but the roots under the influence of Mars: the roots as say Dioscorides and Galen are good against poison; 
Poison, Breath Sweet.  and a little of the same eaten with meat or taken with salt causeth a sweet breath.  
The Roots stamped with oil and applied, taketh away black and blue marks that come of bruises or stripes, 
Bruises  cureth and dissolveth the King's Evil and all hard swell and botches, 
King's-evil Botches  the parts being anointed or plastered therewith.  
The same root made into powder, and made into a plaster with the oil of Ireos and wax, doth assuage and cure the Sciatica or hip-Gout, 
Sciatica  the same boiled with pomgranat-pills and vinegar, doth cure the hemorroids, and taketh away warts and superfluities about the fundamentor elsewhere. 
Warts   
They also mundify and cleanse the breast, dissolve and ripen tough phlegm, 
Phlegm  and are profitable against an old cough coming of cold, 
Cough  being taken with honey in manner of an Electuary or Lohoch.  
They provoke Urine, 
Urine  cleanse the Kidneys and bladder, break and drive forth the stone, 
Stone  provoke women's flowers, 
Flowers  and expulse the secondine and dead child. 
Secondine   
Being chewed in the mouth they abate the toothache, 
Toothache  and draw superfluous humours from the brain.  
The liquor or Gum of Laserpitium, especially of Cyrene, which is called in our shops Gummi Benzni or Benzoin dissolved in water, & drunk, driveth away hoarseness, 
Hoarseness  that cometh suddenly & being supped up with a rear egg, it cureth the Cough, 
Cough  & taken in some broth is good against the Pleurisy. 
Pleurisy   
It is good against Cramps and shrinking of the sinews, 
Cramp Sinews  to be taken the quantity of a scruple; and taken with Pepper and myrrh, it provoketh the Terms, 
Terms  and driveth forth the afterbirth and dead fruit, 
afterbirth  to be taken with honey & vinegar or syrup of vinegar, it is good against the falling sickness, 
Falling-Sickness  it is good against the flux of the belly, 
Flux  coming from weakness of the stomach being taken with raisins.  
It driveth away the shaking fits of Agues being drunken with wine pepper and Frankincense: there is an electuary made thereof, with pepper, Ginger, and the leaves of Rue, pounded together with honey, which is called Antidotum ex succo Cyreniaco, which is a singular medicine against Quartain Agues. 
Agues   
It is good against the bitings of Venomous beasts, 
Venomous bittings  poisonous shots of darts or Arrows, 
Shots  bitings of mad dogs, being taken inwardly and applied outwardly upon the wounds. It quickeneth the sight, and taketh away the haw or web in the Eyes, 
web in the Eyes  at the first coming, if it be applied upon them with honey, being wrapped with Frankincense in a fine linen Cloth, and holden upon the T●eth; it cureth the Ache of the same, 
Toothache  the decoction thereof with figs and hyssop boiled together in water, and holden or kept in the mouth worketh the same effect.  
Being applied with honey it stayeth the Wula falling down, 
Wula  and with hydromel or meed it cureth the Squinance, being gargled with it. It breaketh pestilential Impostums, and Carbuncles, 
Carbuncle  being laid thereto, with Rue, Nitre, and honey; after the same manner it takes away Corns; 
Corns  being applied with Coperass and Verdigrease, it cureth the disease in the Nostrils called Polypus, 
Polypus  and all scurvy manginess. 
Manginess  Against kibed heels, 
Kibed heels  first bath the heels with wine, and then anoint the kibes with this gum boiled in oil.  
The stinking gum call Assa foetida, is good for all the purposes aforesaid, but it is not so good as the Laser of Cyrene, but it is very good to smell unto, or to be laid upon the Navel against the choking or rising up of the Mother. Benzoin is used for all the purposes aforesaid, instead of the sweet Laser; but it is supposed not to be the true Laser Cyreniacum, but the gum of a certain tree to us unknown.    

B.  

Balsom-tree, or the true Balsam.  
Names.] THe Arabians call it Balessau; The Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and the Latins Balsamum; the liquor they call Opobalsamum, the berries or fruit of the tree Carpobalsamum, and the sprigs or young branches thereof Xylobalsamum;  
Descript.] The balsam or balm tree, in the most natural places where it groweth, is never very great, seldom about eight or nine foot high, and in some places much lower, with divers small and strait slender branches issuing from thence, of a brownish red colour, especially the younger twigs, covered with a double bark, the red outermost, and a green one under it, which are of a very fragrant smell, and of an Aromatical quick taste, somewhat Astringent, and gummy, cleaving to the fingers; the wood under the bark is white, and as insipid as any other wood: on these branches come forth sparsedly, & without order, many stalks of winged leaves, somewhat like unto those of the Mastick-tree; the lowest and those that first come forth consisting but of three leaves, others of five or seven leaves, and seldom above; which are set by couples, the lowest smallest, & the next bigger, & the end-one largest of all; of a pale green colour, smelling and tasting somewhat like the bark of the branches; somewhat clammy also, and abide on the bushes all the year, the flowers are many and small standing by three together on small stalks, at the ends of the branches, made of six small white leaves a piece; after which follow small brownish hard berries, little bigger than Juniper-berries, small at both ends, crested on the sides, and very like unto the berries of the Turpentine tree, of a very sharp sent, having a yellow hony-like substance in them somewhat bitter but Aromatical in taste, and biting on the tongue like the Opobalsamum; from the body hereof being cut there issueth forth a liquor (which sometimes floweth without scarifying) of a thick whitish colour at the first, which afterwards groweth clear, and is somewhat thicker than oil in Summer, of so sharp a piercing sent, that it will pierce the Nostrils of those that smell thereunto; almost like unto oil of spike; but as it groweth older, so it groweth thicker, and not so quick in the smell; and in the colour becoming yellow like honey or brown thick Turpentine as it groweth old.  
Place and Time.] The most reputed natural places, where this tree hath been known to grow, both in these and former days are Arabia, Foelix, about Mecha, and Medina, and a small village near them called Bedrumia, & the hills, valleys, and sandy grounds about them; and the Country of the Sabeans adjoining next thereunto; and from thence transplanted into India and Egypt; It likewise grew on the hills of Gilead. And it is reported that the Queen of Sheba, brought of the Balsome-trees to Solomon (as the richest of her Presents) who caused them to be planted in Orchards in the Valley of Jericho; where they flourished, and were tended and yearly pruned, until they together with the Vineyards in that Country were destroyed by that monster of mankind, the savage Bestial Turk. It flowereth in the spring, and the fruit is ripe in Autumn.  
Government and Virtues.] This Balsome-tree is a Solar plant, of temperature hot and dry in the second degree, and is sweet in smell, being of thin parts; but the liquor, or Opobalsamum, is of more thin parts than the plant itself; the fruit or berries is very like it in quality, but far inferior thereunto in the subtlety. The Liquor or Opobalsamum is of great good use against all poisons or infections, 
Boys' ns, Vipers, Scorpions, Pestilence, Spotted Fever, Liver, Spleen, Head, Stomach, brain Memory, Falling-sickness Eyes, Ears, Coughs, Consumption, Cold, Wind, Bowels Mother, Barrenness, Dead-birth, Whites Urine, Stone, Gravel, Palsy, Cramp, Sinews Green, Worms,  both Vipers, Serpents and Scorpions, the Pestilence and spotted Fever; and other putrid, and intermissive Agues that arise from obstructions, and crude cold humours, to take a scruple or two in some drink, for some days together, and to sweat thereon: for this openeth the obstructions of the Liver, and Spleen, and digesteth those raw humours in them, cherishing the vital spirits, radical moisture, and natural heat in them and is very effectual in all cold griefs, and diseases of the head or stomach, helping the swimmings and turn of the brain, weak memories and falling-sickness, it cleareth the eyes of films or skins, and easeth pains in the Ears: It helpeth the cough, shortness of breath, and consumption of the Lungs, warming and drying up, the distillations of Rheums upon them, and all other diseases of the stomach proceeding of cold or wind, the cold or windy distempers of the bowels womb or mother, which cause torments or pains, or the cold moistures procuring barrenness. It provoketh the courses, expelleth the dead birth and afterbirth, the flux of the Whites and stopping of Urine; it cleanseth the Reins, and kidneys and expelleth the stone and gravel: it is singular good against the Palsy, Cramp, tremble, convulsions, shrinking of sinews, and for green wounds.  
The women in Egypt preserve their beauty and youth herewith for a long time.  
The berries are especially good against poisons and infections, the falling sickness, swimmings and pains in the head, the cough and diseases of the Lungs, windy pains, and Stitches in the sides, stopping of Urine rising of the mother, and other diseases thereof to sit in a bath made of them. The wood is also (though in a fare weaker manner) effectual for the same purposes.   

Bdellium.  
Name.] BOth the tree and Gum are called by one name that is Bdellium, and gum- Bdellium.  
Descript.] Dioscorides giveth no description of this tree, but Pliny Lib. 12. cap. 9 setteth it down to be of a sad form, and of the bigness of the white olive tree, having leaves like an oak, and fruit like the wild figtree, the best Gum, is clear like glue, fat on the inside, easily melting or dissolving; pure, or clean from dross, sweet in the burning like unto Unguis Odoratus, and bitter in taste, but there is hardly any such brought unto us, for we find little bitterness in any, and less sweetness, in the burning of it, but strong and unpleasant rather; neither is it soft, or easy to be dissolved, but hard and not to be dissolved Equally, but into grains or knots without warmth, yet it is of a sad brown colour somewhat like glue, and much like unto Myrrh; so that they are often mistaken one for another, but that Bdellium is harder dry and browner; but there are sundry sorts thereof as saith Mathiolus, and Bauhine in his Comment upon him, for the Indians and Arabians, who were the chief merchants for drugs, had learned the art of Adulterating them, of whom the Jews learned that art, and have since exceeded them therein, as the Vintners, and Cooper's study who shall outdo others in the mysterious Mystery and mischief of sophisticating and adulterating wines.  
Place.] Arabia is said to be the chief place where they naturally, grow; yet in Genesis 2. it is said, it groweth in the land of Havilah, which is compassed by the River Pishon, one of the heads of the River which went out of the Garden of Eden; which land of Havilah, joineth to Persia Eastward, and doth incline towards the West, where it is said is Gold Bdellium and Onyx stone.  
Government and Virtues.] Both tree and Gum- Bdellium be peculiars to the Jurisdiction of Mars; the tree is very sharply armed with cruel Thorns, the Properties of the Gum are to heat, and mollify hard Tumours, 
Tumours, Nodes, knots, Terms, Stone, cough, serpents, Spleen, Sides, Burstness, Cod, Dead-birth, Mother,  and the Nodes or knots in the throat, neck, or Sinews, or of any other parts, any way applied, it provokes Urine and women's courses, and breaketh the Stone, it is good for the Cough; and for those, that are bitten or stung by any Venomous creatures: It helpeth to discuss the windiness of the Spleen, and the pains of the sides, it is good for those that are bursten, or have the falling of the guts into their Cod; as also for the swell of the Cod through wind. It expelleth the dead birth, softeneth the hardness of the mother, and drieth up the moisture thereof.   

Buckwheat.  
Names.] IN most Countries of England this grain goeth by the general name of French Wheat especially in Hampshire, Surry, Berkshire, Wiltshire and Buckinghamshire▪ especially in those barren parts of those countries where it is most usually sown and delighteth to grow, it is also in many parts of England called Buckwheat, some take it to be the Erysinum of Theophrastus, and the Ireo of Pliny, and it is called by Mathiolus, Frumentum Sarasenicum, the Dutch names are B●ckweydt, and Buckenweydt.  
Descript.] It riseth up with divers round hollow reddish stalks, set with divers leaves each by itself on a stalk, which is broad and round, and lie forked at the bottom, small and painted at the end, somewhat it doth resemble an Ivy leaf, but is softer in handling, at the top of the stalks come forth divers clusters of small white flowers, which turn into small threecornered blackish seed, with a white pulp within; the root is small and threddy.  
Place and Time.] It is said to have its original birthplace in Arabia, whereby it had the Latin name of Frumentum Sarasenicum; and was transplanted from thence into Italy, but now it is very commonly sown in most of our Northern countries, where for the use and profit made of it many fields are sown therewith, it is not usually sown before April, and sometimes in May, for at its first springing up, a frosty night kills it all, and so it will do the flowers when it blossoms, it is ripe at the latter end of August, or beginning of September, and will grow in a dry hungry ground, for which it is held as good as a dunging.  
Government and Virtues.] This grain is attributed to Venus, it doth nourish less than wheat, Rye, or barley, but more than millet, or Pa●ick, and the bread or cakes made of the meal thereof, doth easily digest and soon pass out of the stomach (yet some hold the contrary): it giveth small nourishment though not bad, and is withal a little statu●ent or windy, yet Countrypeople in divers places of Germany, and Italy, do feed hereon as almost their only breadcorn, and are strong ●nd lusty Persons, following hard Labour, for the bread or cakes made ●herof are pleasant, but do somewhat press or lie heavy on the stomach. I never knew any bread or cakes made of it for people to eat ●n this Country; but it is generally used to fatten Hogs, and Poultry of ●ll sorts, which it doth very exceedingly, and quickly; The physical uses of it are these, It provoketh Urine, 
Urine, Milk, Belly, Melancholy, Sight.  increaseth milk, loosneth the belly, and being taken in wine is good for melancholy persons; the juice of the leaves dropped into the eyes, cleareth the sight.   

Bane-wort.  
Names.] IT is also called in some places of England, Sperewort.  
Descript.] This plant hath reddish stalks full of knees or joints, upon which grow long narrow leaves, almost like the leaves of Withy but longer, and a little snipt or toothed round about, especially those that grow lowest: the flowers are yellow as Gold, somewhat rough in the middle, in Fashion and Colour like those of Golden Crowfoot. After the flowers be past, there succeed knops or heads like those of Crowfoot, the reed is threddy.  
Place.] It groweth in moist meadows, watery places, and standing puddles.  
Time.] It flowreth in May, and yields his seed soon after.  
Government and Virtues.] This is an herb of fiery Mars, hot and dry in the fourth degree, it blistereth the body as Ranunculus doth, and is like it in complexion, and operation.  
This herb is no way to be given inwardly; for it is hurtful both to man and beast: the sheep which happen to eat thereof are troubled with a grievous inflammation, which burneth up and consumeth their Livers whereof they die; the Dutchmen call it Egelcoolen, because sheep that have eaten of it, have a disease which they call Egel, that is, the blistering and inflammation of the Liver.   

Spanish-Broom.  
Names.] IT is also called, Italian-Broom.  
Descript.] The Spanish-Broom hath woodish stems from which grow up long slender and pliant twiggs, which be bare and naked without leaves, or at least having very few small leaves set here and there, far apart from one another, the flowers are yellow not much unlike the flowers of our English Broom, after which it hath Cod wherein are contained brown and flat seed.  
Place.] This Broom groweth in dry places in Spain and Languedoc, and is not found in this Country but in the Gardens of Herbarists: It is plentiful in the Physic Garden at Westminster.  
Time.] It flowers in this Country in June, and somewhat after; the seed is ripe in August.  
Government and Virtues.] It is under the planetary influence of Mars hot and dry of temperature, the flowers and seed of Spanish Broom, the quantity of a dram, being drunk in meed, or honyed-water cause strong Vomiting, 
Vomiting  but without danger, the seed taken alone looseth the belly, 
Belly loosened.  and bringeth forth great plenty of watery and tough humours, out of the twigs, or little branches being steeped in water, is pressed forth a juice, which taken in quantity of a little glass full fasting, is good against the Squinancy, and also is good against the Sciatica.   

Base-broom.  
Name.] IT is called also in English Woodwoseen.  
Descript.] This is not much unlike the common broom, saving that it is not so high nor so strait, but lieth along almost upon the ground, with many small branches, proceeding from a woody stem, and set with little long small leaves, and at the top with small fair yellow flowers not much unlike those of the Common Broom, but smaller, after them come narrow husks or Cod, wherein is a flat seed; the root is hard and of a woodish substance.  
Place.] It groweth in untilled places that lie low, and is very frequent in moist clay pasture grounds.  
Time.] It flowers in July and August and sometimes after, and shortly after the seed is ripe.  
Government and Virtues.] It is hot and dry of temperature, and under the same planetary influence as the other Brooms; and is in nature and operation like unto the common Broom but not so powerful; It is seldom suffered to grow while the seed is ripe in the Country, they gather it while it is in flower for the dyers, who die clothes yellow with it.   

Behen.  
Names.] IT is also called Been-album, and Polemonium.  
Descript.] Behen hath tender stalks, with joints; the leaves are meetly broad, set two at every Joint one against another, at the highest of the stalks grow white flowers, hanging down, and joining one to another like a little nosegay, after the flowers there cometh black seed enclosed in round husks, the root is white plain and long.  
Place.] Behen groweth upon mountains, and rough stony places, but is planted here in Gardens.  
Time.] It flowers in June and July.  
Government and Virtues.] It is dry in the second degree, a Saturnine plant, the root being drunk in wine, is good against the bloody Flux, 
flux, Venomous, bitings, Urine, Strangury.  and the bitings and stingings of Venomous beasts, the same drunk in water Provokes Urine, and helps the strangury, and pains in the huckle bone. It is good to be taken with Vinegar, against the hardness and stops of the Spleen, 
Spleen  and all pains thereof, being chewed in the mouth, it helpeth the Toothache; 
Toothache  the same being pounded and applied, cureth the stingings of Scorpions; and is reported to have so great Antepitheticall power against Scorpions, that whosoever doth but hold the same in his hand, cannot be stung by any Scorpion.   

Black-bind-weed.  
Name.] IT is also called With-wind.  
Descript.] Black-bind-weed, hath smooth red branches very small, like great threads, wherewithal it wrappeth and windeth itself about trees, hedges, staks, and all things it can lay hold upon; the leaves are like to Ivy, but smaller and tenderer, the flowers be white and very small, the seed is black tryangled or three square, small and black, growing thick together, every seed is enclosed and covered with a little skin, the root is also small and tender as a thread.  
Place.] It groweth in borders of Fields and Gardens; and about hedges and ditches, and amongst herbs.  
Time.] It delivereth ' its seed in August and September, and afterwards perisheth.  
Government and Virtues.] Bind-weed is a plant of Mercury of a hot nature, and of subtle parts, having power to dissolve, the juice of the leaves being drunk do loosen and open the belly, and being pounded, and laid to the grieved place, dissolveth, wasteth and consumeth hard swell.   

Rough bind-weed.  
Names.] IT is also called prickly Bind-weed, and commonly known in shops by the name of Sarsa-parilla;  
Descript.] Rough or prickly Bind-weed groweth with tender stalks, and branches, garnished or set round about, with many sharp prickles or thorns, winding itself about trees, hedges and bushes, like our English Bind-weed; taking hold with its clasping branches upon every thing stands near it; the leaves be something like those of our Ivy but longer, and sharper at the point, the flowers are white; and the fruit are red berries, when they be ripe clustering like Grapes, the root is of a thick hard substance.  
Place.] It groweth in the West-Indies, as in Peru and Virginia, delighting in places that incline to moisture, and in low and shadowy Valleys, and is sometimes found in the Gardens of curious herbarists.  
Time.] In its natural Country, it flowers in Spring and Autumn.  
Government and Virtues.] It is hot and dry of temperature but of subtle and thin parts; under the influence of Mars; to which plant he flies for cure; after he hath been too much inflamed in his fiery assaults with Venus, the decoction of this plant is excellent for the French-pox; 
Pox, Rheums, Gouts, Stomach Catarrhs King's-evil Spleen.  and is good in Rheums, Gouts, and cold diseases of the head, and stomach, and expelleth Wind, from the Stomach and Mother: it helpeth also Catarrhs, and salt distillations from the Head, it is good in Tumours and the King's-evil. A dram of the powder, with the like quantity of Tamarisk, being taken in Ale, or Wine, mollifies Tumours, and hardness of the Spleen.  
It is so great an Antidote against Poison, that it doth not serve only for Venom, received before hand, but also against all poison, after that one hath taken hereof; so that whosoever taketh thereof daily, no Venom can hurt him; it is also reported of this plant, that if the juice thereof be given to a child newly born, no Poison shall ever after hurt him.   

Bombace-tree.  
Name.] IT is also called the Cotton-Tree.  
Descript.] This plant is but a shrub, or low-tree, which groweth not very high; the leaves be broad with deep cuts, or slits somewhat like Vine leaves, but smaller; the flowers be yellow, and somewhat purple in the middle, jagged about the edges, the fruit is almost like unto filberts, broad and flat, and full of fair white Cotton or Bombace; in which the seed lieth hidden.  
Place.] The Bombace, or Cotton-tree groweth in Egypt, Candy, Maltha, and the Indies, it is now very plentifully planted in the Island of Barbadoes.  
Government and Virtues.] This plant is under the dominion of Venus; the seed whereof is of temperature moderately hot and moist; and is very good against a Cough, and all cold diseases of the breast. It augmenteth natural strength, increasing the seed of Generation; and exciteth and stirreth up the desire to Venus' sports.   

Box-tree  
Names.] IT hath been also called Palmtree, because on Palm-sunday people use to dress up Churches, and their houses therewith.  
Descript.] It is so well known a description is needless.  
Place.] It delighteth in hilly Grounds, as Boxwood in Surry can testify, they usually plant it to make knots in Gardens.  
Time.] It is planted in the beginning of November, it flowereth in February and March, and the seed is ripe in September or thereabouts.  
Government and Virtues.] It is a Saturnine plant; the leaves are hot and dry▪ and astringent; It is not useful in any medicine, but rather hurtful, for box taken into the body doth not only hurt the head and brain; but the very smell thereof is hurtful unto the brain, and causeth Headache.  
Some writers do affirm, that the lie wherein boxes leaves have been steeped, make the hair yellow if the head be often washed therewith.   

Prickly-Box.  
Names.] IT is called also Box-thorn, Asses-box, and Thorn-box.  
Descript.] It is a tree not much unlike the other Box; the leaves be thick and somewhat round like boxes leaves, and amongst them grow sharp prickles, the flowers grow amongst the leaves, and after them, there cometh a black round seed, as big as a pepper corn, the roots are woodish and spread much abroad.  
Of the small branches and roots of this tree steeped in water and boiled, or of the pressing forth of the juice of the seed they make Licium, which formerly was in much use with Physicians.  
Place.] The prickly Box-tree, groweth in Capadocia, Lybia, and in some parts of Italy, and Slavonia.  
Government and Virtues.] Mercury governs it, the dried Licium, is of subtle parts and astringent, it helpeth those who have the Lask and Bloudy-flux; 
Lask, Bloudy-flux Spitting-bloud Cough Ulcers▪ Gums, Lips, Eyes  as also those that spit Blood or have a Cough.  
It stoppeth the inordinate course of the flowers either taken inwardly, or applied outwardly, it is good against corrupt Ulcers, and running Scabs, running of the Ears, inflammation of the Gums, and against chaps of the lips and fundament, being applied thereto.  
It cleareth the sight and cureth scurvy festered sores of the eye lids, and corners of the Eyes.    


Coming.  
Name.] IT hath no other names, there are two kinds hereof Garden Coming and wild Coming.  
Descript.] The Garden Coming, hath a strait stem, with divers branches, the leaves be jagged not much unlike Fennel, the flowers grow in rundels or spiky tops, like anise, Fennel or Dill, the seed is brown and long.  
The wild Coming hath a brittle stalk of a span long, upon which grow four, or five leaves all jagged or snipt, or dented round about.  
Place.] The Garden Coming groweth in Ethiopia, Egypt, Galatia, lesser Asia, and Sicily: from whence the seed is brought to us.  
Government and Virtues.] The seed is hot and dry in the third degree, and solar.  
Coming scattereth and breaketh windiness of the Stomach, Bowels and Matrix; it is singular against Gripe, 
Griping of the Guts  and frettings of the Bowels, either to be received at the Mouth; administered in Clysters, or outwardly applied pultis-wise with barly-meal.  
The same eaten or drunken is very good for the Cough, 
Cough  Colds, 
Cold,  stops in the Breast; and if it be drunk in Wine, it is good for those that are hurt with any Venomous beast, it assuageth swell of the Cod and Stones, 
Cod's swelled  being applied pultis wise.  
The same mingled with Yuray meal and pulp of raisins, and applied to the Belly, stops the inordinate flux of women's courses. 
Flowers,   
Cominseed pounded and given to smell to, with Vinegar stops bleeding at Nose. 
Bleeding at Nose    

Capers.  
Names.] Name's, it hath none but Capers, or Cappers.  
Descript.] It is a prickly plant or bush almost like the bramble, with many branches spread abroad and stretched along the ground, upon which do grow hard, sharp, and crooked prickles, with blackish round leaves standing one against another, not much unlike the leaves of Assarabacca, or the leaves of a Quince-tree but much rounder, amongst the leaves spring up small knops or buds, which do open into fair starlike flowers of a pleasant smell, after which, cometh the fruit, which is long and round, and hath in it small corns or kernels, the root is long and woodish covered with a thick bark or rind, very useful in Physic.  
Place.] Capers grow in rough untilled places in stony sandy ground, and by hedges sides in Spain and Italy, and other hot Countries, the fruit and flowers, are brought unto us from Spain, preserved in pickle.  
Government and Virtues.] Capers are plants of Mars, hot and dry in the second degree, and somewhat astringent, the bark of the root, is most used in Physic; the flowers and leaves are not so strong in operation, and are an excellent sauce.  
The bark of the Caper roots is good against the hardness and stopping of the Spleen to be taken with Oxymel, or mingled with oils or ointments for that purpose, and outwardly applied upon the region of the Spleen, 
Spleen.  the root hereof is good in decoction, to be given in drink to such as are troubled with the Sciatica and Palsy, 
Sciatica Palsy  and to such as are hurt or bruised by falls or otherwise; 
Bruises  it mightily provokes Urine and stirs up women's courses, 
Termes  the fruit and leaves have the like virtue as the roots, but not so strong, the seed of Capers boiled in Vinegar and kept warm in the Mouth assuageth the Toothache, 
Toothache  the juice of the leaves, flowers and young fruit of Capers killeth Worms in the Ears, 
Worms in the Ears  being dropped therein; the Capers which are brought into this Country preserved in pickle, being eaten are meat and medicine, for it stirreth up appetite, fortifies the Stomach, openeth obstructions of the Liver and Spleen, and consumeth and wasteth cold phlegm that is gathered about the Stomach.   

Soldonella.  
Names.] IT is called also in some places Sea-cawle, and in Dutch Zee-wind; but in shops, it is known by the name of Soldonella or Brassica-marina.  
Descript.] Soldonella hath many small branches somewhat red, by which it spreadeth and creepeth along the ground, covered here and there with little round green leaves, rounder and smaller than leaves of Assarabana, the flowers are red, or carnation colour, the seed is black and groweth in husks or round Cod, the root is small and long; the leaves have a saltish taste.  
Place.] This herb groweth abundantly in Zealand, upon the Sea-banks, and in most salt grounds and Marshes, which the Sea flows over.  
Time.] It flowereth in June, after which time it is fit to be gathered, and kept to serve in medicine.  
Government and Virtues.] It is hot and dry in the third degree a martial plant; it purgeth very forceably down all watery humours; 
Watery humours, Liver, Dropsy.  and opens obstructions of the Liver, and is given with good success to hydropical people; the best way to give it, is boiled with the broth of fat flesh, or else it may be dried and taken in powder, but if it be taken in powder alone, it hurteth and troubleth the Stomach, the correctors of it are Anniseeds, Ginger and Cinnamon, and a good quantity of Sugar, and so taken altogether.   

The Carob-tree.  
Names.] IT is called in shops Xylocaracta, Carob and Carobs.  
Descript.] This fruit groweth upon a great tree whose branches are small and covered with a red bark, the leaves be long and spread abroad after the manner of Ashen leaves, consisting of six or seven small leaves growing by a rib, one against another, of a sad dark green colour above, and of a light green underneath, the fruit is certain crooked cod or husks, sometimes of a foot and an half long, and as broad as one's thumb; sweet, in the husk is contained seed, which is great, plain, and of a Chestnut colour.  
Place.] This plant grows in Spain, Italy, and other hot Countries.  
Government and Virtues.] The fruit of the Carob-tree, is some what hot and dry, and astringent, especially when it is fresh and green, somewhat subject to the influence of Saturn, the fresh and green Carobs do gently lose the belly, but are somewhat hard of digestion; & if eaten in great quantity hurtful to the Stomach; but being dried they stop fluxes of the belly, 
Fluxes  provoke Urine, 
Urine  and are not prejudicial to the Stomach, being much fit to be eaten, than the Carobs which are fresh gathered or green.   

Cassia-fistula.  
Names.] IT it called Cassia in the cane, but is usual known by the general name of Cassia-fistula in most Countries.  
Descript.] The tree which beareth the canes hath leaves not much unlike those of the Ash-tree, they be great, long, and spread abroad, made of many leaves, growing one against another, along by one stem, the fruit is round, long, black, and with woodish husks or Cod; most commonly two foot long, and as thick as ones thumb; severed or parted in the inside, into divers small cells or Chambers, wherein lieth flat, and brownish seed laid together with the pulp, which is black, soft, and sweet, and is called the flower, marrow, or cream of Cassia, and is very useful and profitable in medicine.  
Place.] It groweth in Syria, Arabia, and the East-Indies, and in the West, as Jaimaca.  
Government, Nature, and Virtues.] The black pulp or moist substance of Cassia, is of a gentle temperature, moderately hot and moist in the first degree, under the Government of Venus; the inner pulp of Cassia is a sweet and pleasant medicine, and may safely be given to all weak people as women with Child, and young Children.  
It looseth the belly gently, and moderately purgeth choleric humours, 
Choler  and slimy phlegm, 
Phlegm  gathered about the Guts; to be taken the quantity of an ounce, at a time.  
Cassia is excellent good for those who are troubled with hot Agues, 
Agues  the Pleurisy, 
Pleurisy  Jaundice, 
Jaundice  or any inflammation of the Liver especially being mixed with waters, 
Liver  drinks or herbs that be of a cooling nature. It is good to cleanse the Reins and Kidneys, 
Reins & Kidneys  it driveth forth Gravel and the Stone, and is a preservative against the Stone, to be drunk in the decoction of Liquorish, and Parsley roots, or Ciches. It is good to gargoyle with Cassia to assuage and mitigate swell of the Throat, and to dissolve, ripen and break imposthumes and Tumours.  
Avicen writeth that Cassia being applied to the part grieved with the Gout, assuageth the pain.   

Wild-Carrot.  
Names.] THere is one kind that groweth not in England, which is called Daucus Cretensis, because it groweth in Crete or Candy, or Daucus of Candy, the wild Carrot which groweth here, is also Daucus, and often passeth in shops for the true Daucus of Crete, it is also called birds-nest, from the great tufts of the flowers resembling a birds-nest.  
Descript.] The Daucus Cretensis is a tender herb having a stalk of a span long set with leaves a great deal smaller, and more tender than the leaves of Fennel; at the top of the stalk grow little spikey tufts, with white flowers like unto the tops of Coriander, yielding a little long, rough white seed of a good savour and sharp taste, the root is of the thickness of ones finger, and about a span long.  
The Wild-Carrot or birds-nest, hath leaves like Coriander but greater, and not much unlike the leaves of the yellow garden Carret, the flowers be white, growing upon tufts or rundels, like to the tuffets of the yellow Carrots, in the middle whereof there is found a little small flower or twain, of a brown red colour turning towards black, the seed is long, and hairy; the root is small and hard.  
Place.] The true Daucus groweth in Candy, in stony places that stand in the Sun, the other groweth in this Country, about the borders of Fields, in stony places and by the way sides.  
Time.] This last kind flowereth in July and August.  
Government and Virtues.] The seeds of Daucus are hot and dry almost unto the third degree under the influence of Mercury, the seed beaten and drunk in Wine, is good against the Strangury, 
Strangury  and painful making of Water, Gravel and Stone, it provokes Urine, 
Urine  and women's Courses and expels the dead child and Secondine. 
Courses Secondine   
It assuageth the tormenting pains of Gripe in the Guts, 
Gripings-Cuts  dissolveth Wind, 
Wind  cureth the Colic and is good to ripen an old Cough. 
Colic Cough   
The same drunk in Wine is good against bitings of Venomous beasts; and being pounded and applied, it scattereth cold swell and dissolveth Tumours.  
The root of Daucus of Candy, drunk in Wine stoppeth the Lask, 
Lask  and is a sovereign remedy against Venom and Poison. 
Poison    

Cedar-tree.  
Names.] THere be two kinds hereof, the great Cedar-tree, and the small Cedar; out of the great tree issueth a white , called in Latin Cedria, and Liquor Cedrinus, or Liquor of Cedar.  
Descript.] The great Cedar, groweth very tall, high, great and thick, the bark from the foot of the stem, unto the first branches is rough, and from thence up to the top, it is smooth and plain, of a dark blue colour, out of which there droppeth white  of his own kind, which is moist, odoriferous, or of a sweet smell, and by the heat of the Sun it becomes dry and hard; the Limbs and branches of this tree be long, and parted into many other small branches, standing directly or right, one against another, like those of the Fir-tree, the said branches be garnished with many small little leaves, thick, short, and having a sweet savour the fruit is like that of the Fir-tree, but that it is greater, thicker & harder, the whole tree groweth straight up like the Fir-tree.  
Of their smaller Cedar there be two kinds, the first kind of small Cedar is much like to Juniper, but somewhat smaller, the stem is crooked or writhed, and covered with a rough bark, the fruit is round berries like Juniper berries, but somewhat greater of colour; at the first green, then yellow, and at last radish, of an indifferent good taste.  
The second kind of small Cedar groweth not high; but remaineth small and low, like the other, the leaves of this are not prickly but somewhat round and mossey at the ends, almost like the leaves of Tamarisk, and Savin, the fruit of this kind, beareth also round berries, which at first are green afterwards yellow, and when they are ripe, they become reddish, and are bitter in taste.  
Place.] The great Cedar groweth in Africa and Syria, and upon the Mountains of Libanus, Amanus and Taurus.  
The second kind groweth in Phoenicia, and in certain places of Italy, in Calabria, and also in Languedoc.  
The third kind groweth in Lycia, and is found in certain parts of France, as in Provence and Languedoc.  
Time.] The great Cedar perfecteth his fruit in two years, and it is ever without fruit, which is ripe at the beginning of Winter, the small Cedar-trees be always green and Loaden with fruit, having at all times upon them fruit both ripe and unripe, as hath Juniper.  
Government and Virtues.] The great Cedar is under the dominion of the Sun, the smaller of Mars; the Cedar is hot and dry in the third degree, the  or Liquor Cedria which runneth forth of the great Cedar tree, is hot and dry almost in the fourth degree, and of subtle parts.  
The fruit of the small Cedar is also hot and dry, but more moderately;  
Cedria that is, the liquor or Gum of Cedar, suageth the Toothache, 
Toothache  being put into the hollowness of the same, also it cleareth the sight, and taketh away spots and scars of the Eyes, 
Eyes Spots Scars  being laid thereon, the same dropped into the Ears, with Vinegar killeth the Worms of the same; 
Worms  and with the Wine of the decoction of hyssop, it cureth the noise and ringing in the Ears, 
Ears  and makes the Hearing good. 
Hearing   
The old Egyptians did use in times past, to preserve their dead bodies with this Cedria, for it keepeth the same whole, and preserveth them from corruption, but it consumeth and corrupteth living flesh, it killeth Lice, 
Lys  Moths, 
Moths  Worms and all such Vermin, so that they will not come near it.  
The Fruit of the Cedar, is good to be eaten against the Strangury, 
strangury  it provokes Urine, and brings down women's Courses. 
Courses    

Cistus.  
Kind's and Names.] OF this there be two sorts, the first called Cistus non Ladanisera, because it beareth no Laudanum, the other is a plant of a woody substance, upon which is found that fat liquor or gum called Laudanum.  
The first kind which yields no Laudanum, is also of two sorts, viz. the Male and Female.  
The Male beareth red flowers, the Female white in all things else, the one is like the other; out of the root of the Female Cistus is drawn forth a sap or liquor called Hippocistis.  
The second kind of Cistus is called also Ledum and Ladum, the fat Liquor which is gathered from it, is called Laudanum, and in shops Lapdanum.  
Descript.] The first kind of Cistus, which beareth no Laudanum, hath round hairy stalks, and stems with knobbed joints, and full of branches, the leaves be roundish, and covered with a cotton or soft hair, not much unlike the leaves of Sage, but shorter and rounder, the flowers grow at the tops of the stalks, of the fashion of a single Rose, whereof the Male kind is of colour red, and the Female white, at the last they change into knops, or husks wherein the seed is contained.  
There is found a certain excrescence or out-growing, about the root of this plant, which is of colour, sometimes yellow, sometimes white, and sometimes green, out of which is artificially drawn a certain juice, which in shops is called Hypocistiss, and is used in medicine.  
The second kind of Cistus, which is also called Ledon, is a plant of a woody substance▪ growing like a little tree or shrub, with soft leaves, in figure not much unlike the others, but longer and browner, upon the leaves of this plant is found that fat substance called Laudanum, which is found growing upon the leaves about Midsummer, and the hottest days.  
Place.] The first kind of Cistus groweth in Italy, Sicily, Candy, Cyprus, Languedoc, and other hot Countries in rough and untilled places.  
The second kind groweth also in Crete, Cyprus, and Languedoc.  
Time.] The first kind of Cistus flowereth in June and sometimes sooner.  
The second kind of Cistus, flowereth and bringeth forth seed in the spring time, and immediately after the leaves fall off, and about Midsummer there cometh new leaves again, upon which leaves in the hottest days, is found a certain fatness which is, diligently gathered and dried, and makes that Gum which is called Lapdanum.  
Government and Virtues.] These plants are governed by Jupiter, the flowers and leaves of Cistus are dry in the second degree, and somewhat astringent; that which groweth about the roots is of like temperature but more astringent; Lapdanum is hot in the second degree almost, and is somewhat dry and astringent.  
The flowers of Cistus, boiled in Wine and drunk, stoppeth the Lask, 
Lask  and all issues of blood and dries up superfluous moisture, 
Bloody issues  as well of the Stomach, as other parts of the belly, the leaves do cure and heal green wounds being laid thereupon. 
Green-Wounds   
Hypocistis stoppeth all Fluxes of the belly, 
Fluxes  and is of a stronger operation than the flowers and leaves of Cistus, wherefore it cureth the bloody Flux and the immoderate overflowing of women's Courses. 
women's Courses   
Laudanum drunk with old Wine, stoppeth the Lask, 
Lask  and provoketh Urine; It is very good against the hardness of the Matrix or Mother, 
Matrix  laid to in manner of a pessary, it draweth down the secondine or afterbirth, 
afterbirth  when it is laid upon quick-coales, and the fumigation, or smoke thereof be received up into the Matrix: the same applied to the head with Myrrh or oil of Myrrh, 
Head  cureth the scurff thereof, 
Scurf  and keepeth the hair from falling off, if it be droped into the Ears with honeyed Water or Oil of Roses, it healeth pains in the Ears. 
Ears  It taketh away the Scars of wounds being applied thereunto with Wine, 
Scars  it is also very profitably mixed withal unguents and plasters that serve to heat, moisten and assuage pains; and for such as be laid to the breast against the Cough.   

Cockle.  
Names.] IT is called also Nigell-weed, Field-Nigella and Cockle:  
Descript.] It hath strait slender hairy stems, the leaves be also long, narrow, hairy and grayish, the flowers are of a brown purple colour, changing towards red, divided into five small leaves, not much differing from the proportion of Wild Campions; after which, there groweth round cups, wherein is contained plenty of seed of a black, brown colour.  
Place.] It is two frequent amongst Corn, Wheat, Rye and Barley.  
Time.] It flowers in May, June and July.  
Government and Virtues.] This unprofitable guest amongst Corn, is of a Saturnine quality, causeth giddiness of the Head, and stupifies, if it get amongst the Corn to be made with it into bread, and howsoever taken it is dangerous and hurtful, although some ignorant persons have mistaken it for the right Nigella, or used it instead Yuray or Darnell, to the great danger of the patiented.   

Corn-flour.  
Names.] IT is also called Blue-bottle, Hurt-Sicle and Blew-blow, great Corn-flour, and Wild-corn-flour.  
Descript.] Corn-flour hath a crested stalk, upon the which grow narrow, sharp-pointed and grayish leaves notched or cut, about the edges, and sharp corners like teeth, about the top of the stalks, it beareth small round buttons which be rough and scaly, out of which grow pleasant flowers of five or six jagged leaves, most commonly blue, especially the wild kind, which being vanished, there groweth in the scaly husks or heads certain long seeds, which are enclosed in a hairy down or Cotton.  
Place.] It groweth in the fields amongst Corn, but especially amongst Rye, there are other kinds which have whi●e and purple flowers which are planted in Gardens of Herbarists, and of them called Cyanus.  
Time.] These flowers do flourish from May, until August.  
Government and Virtues.] Corn-flour is cold and dry, a plant of the Lunar influence, and is appropriate to the Eyes, Corn-flour bruised or pounded and laid to the Eyes, cureth any redness, running or inflammation thereof, 
Eyes inflamed  or any kind of Tumour or hot inflammation or Tumour about the Eyes.  
Distilled water of Corn-flour or Cyanus, cureth redness and pain of the Eyes, either being dropped into the Eyes, or the Eyes washed therewith.   

Coryander.  
Names.] IT is called in shops Coryandrum, in English Coryander, and of some Colyander.  
Description.] This is a stinking plant, it beareth a round stalk, full of branches of a foot and an half long, the leaves are whitish, all jagged and cut, the under leaves that spring up first are almost like the leaves of Chervil or Parsly, and the upper leaves are not much unlike the same, or rather like to Fumitory leaves, but a great deal tenderer and more jagged, the flowers be white, and grow in round tuffets, the seed is all round, and hollow within and of a very pleasant sent when it is dry, the root is hard and of a woody substance.  
Place.] It is sown in Gardens and loveth a good Soil.  
Time.] It flowereth in July and August, and the seed is ripe shortly after.  
Government and Virtues.] The green plant is cold and dry of a Saturnine quality, hurtful to the body; but the sweet-savoring seed, is of a warm temperature, and useful for many purposes, the seed of Coryander, being prepared, and taken alone or covered with Sugar, after meals, closeth up the mouth of the Stomach, 
Stomach  stayeth Vomiting and helpeth digestion, 
Vomiting  
Digestion  the same roasted or parched, and drunk in Wine killeth and bringeth forth Worms out of the body, 
Worms  and stoppeth the Lask and bloody Flux and all other extraordinary issues of blood. 

Lask  
Bloody Flux    
Coryander, ought not to be covered with Sugar or to be put into any meat or medicine nor used any way unprepared, the way of preparing it, is after this manner, viz. Take of the seed of Coryander well dried, and pour thereupon good strong Wine and Vinegar mixed together, and so leave them to steep by the space of four and twenty hours; then take the seeds out of the Liquor and dry them, & so keep them to be used in medicine, the green herb Coryander being boiled with crumbs of whitebread, or barley meal, consumeth and driveth away hot Tumours; 
Tumours, Kings-Evil, Lumps St. Anthonies-fire  swell and inflammations; and with bean-meal, it dissolveth the Kings-evil, hard knobs, and Worms, the juice applied with Ceruse, Litharge of Silver, Vinegar and oil of Roses, cureth St. Anthonies-fire, and assuageth, and easeth the pains of all inflammations.   

Coloquintida.  
Names.] I It is also called, Wild-bitter-gourd, and the fruit Coloquint-Apple.  
Descript.] Coloquintida creepeth with his branches along by the ground, with rough hairy leaves of a grayish colour, much cloven or cut, the flowers are bleak or pale, the fruit round of a green colour at the beginning, and after yellow, the bark thereof is neither thick nor hard, the inner part or pulp is open and spongy, full of grey seed in taste very bitter; the which is dried and kept for medicinal use.  
Place.] Coloquintida, groweth in Italy and Spain, from which places the dried fruit is brought unto us.  
Time.] Coloquintida bringeth forth his fruit in September.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is under the planetary influence of Mars, of temperature hot and dry in the third degree; the white or inward pith or pulp of the Apple, taken about the weight of a scruple, openeth the belly mightily, and purgeth gross Phlegm and Choleric humours, 
Phlegm, Choler Slime, Guts Pains, gripe Apoplexy, Falling-sickness Megrim Breath, Colic Sinews, pain and noise in the Ears.  and cleanseth the Guts of slimy filthiness, and stinking corruption, which oftentimes sticketh amongst them, and causeth those grievous pains, Gripe, and wamblings of the belly, and if taken in too great quantity, it causeth blood to come forth; like virtue it hath if it be boiled, or laid to soak in honeyed water; or any other liquor and after given to be drunken; it profiteth much against all cold dangerous sicknesses, Giddiness of the head, pain to fetch breath, the Colic, looseness of the Sinews, and places out of joint; for all the same purposes, it may be put into clysters, and suppositories; that are put into the fundament, the oil wherein Coloquintida, hath been boiled being dropped into the Ears easeth the pain and singing thereof.  
Coloquintida, if administered by an unskilful hand, is very dangerous, and hurtful to the Stomach and Liver, and troubleth the Bowels and entrails; for remedy, ye must put to the pulp or pith of Coloquintida, Gum-tragant and Mastic, and after make it into trochis or balls with honey.   

The Cornel-tree.  
Names.] IT is called of some long Cherry, or long Cherrytree.  
Descript.] The Cornel-tree, sometimes groweth up to a reasonable bigness like other trees, and sometimes it is but low, and groweth like to a shrub, or hedge-bush, as divers other small trees do, the wood or timber of this tree is very hard, the flowers are of a faint yellowish colour, the fruit is very red and somewhat long, almost like an Olive but smaller with a long little stone or kernel enclosed therein, like the stone of an Olive-berry.  
Place.] The Cornel-tree, is in this Country to be found no where but in Gardens and Orchards where it is planted.  
Time.] The Cornel-tree flowereth betimes in March; and afterward bringeth forth his leaves, the fruit is ripe in August.  
Government and Virtues.] The fruit of the Cornel-tree are cold, dry, and astringent, under the dominion of Saturn; the fruit eaten is good against the Lask and and bloody Flux, 
Lask, Bloody Flux, Stomach  and do strengthen weak and hot Stomaches.   

Wild-Cucumber.  
Names.] IT is called also spirting Cucumber, and the dried juice of the root Elaterium.  
Descript.] Wild Cucumber hath leaves somewhat round and rough, but lesser and rougher than those of the Garden Cucumber, the stalks be round and rough, creeping along the ground without any claspers or holder's, upon which, out of the hollowness of the branches or wings, among the leaves; grow short stems, bearing a flower of a faint yellow colour, after the flowers there come little rough Cucumbers, of the bigness and length of ones thumb, full of sap, with a brown kernel, which being ripe skippeth forth as soon, as one touch the Cucumbers, the root is white, thick, and great, with many other small roots, hanging to it, the whole plant is of a very bitter taste, but especially the fruit, whereof the juice is dried, to be used in medicine, and is called Elaterium.  
Place.] It is in this Country found in Gardens only, where it is planted, but where it is once sown it cometh easily again every year.  
Time.] These Cucumbers do flower in August, and their fruit is ripe in September.  
Government and Virtues.] It is under the dominion of Mars, the juice thereof is hot and dry in the second degree, and of a resolving and cleansing nature, the root is of the same nature, but not so strong as the juice. Elaterium taken in quantity of half a scruple, driveth forth gross Phlegm, 
Phlegm, Choler, Waterish humours, Dropsy, Breath, Eyes Brain, Headache, Courses Squinancy  Choleric and especially all waterish humours; so that it is singular good against the Dropsy, and for them that are troubled with shortness of Breath, the same allayed with sweet milk, and snuffed up into the nose cleanseth the Eyes, from the evil colour which remaineth after the Jaundice, assuageth headache, and cleanseth the brain, the same boiled in honeyed Wine, and applied to the Matrix, driveth down the Courses and Dead-birth. Elaterium being outwardly applied, with oil or honey; or the Gaul of an Ox, helpeth the Squinancy, and the swell of the Throat, the juice of the bark, and root of wild Cucumber, doth also purge Phlegm and choleric and waterish humours, and is good for such as have or are inclinable to the Dropsy, 
Dropsy  but is not so strong in operation as the Elaterium, the root of Wild Cucumber made soft or soaked in Vinegar, and laid to the place grieved, assuageth the pain, and taketh away the swelling of the Gout, 
Gout, Toothache Cold, Tumours Imposthumes Scurf, Tetters Wheals, Scars  the Vinegar, wherein it hath been boiled holden in the mouth easeth the pain in the Teeth, the same laid to, with parched Barly-meal, dissolveth cold Tumours, and applied with Turpentine it doth ripen, break and open imposthumes, the same made into powder and laid to with honey, cleanseth, scoureth, and taketh away, foul Scurviness, spreading Tetters, Manginess, Pushes or Wheals, red spots, and all blemishes and Scars of the body, the juice of the leaves dropped into the Ears, takes away the pain of the same.  
Danger.] If Elaterium be taken into the body, in too great quantity, unadvisedly, or crude, and uncorrected, it much hurteth the inward parts, and Gripes much the Belly in the time of its operation.  
Remedy.] To correct it and take away it's griping quality that it may do no hurt, let it be given with Mede, or sweet milk, a little Salt and Aniseed, or give it in powder with a little Aniseed, Gum-tragacanth and Salt.   

Cypress-tree.  
Names.] IT hath no other name in English, but this tree is called Cupressus in Latin; and the Nuts or fruit thereof, Nuces Cupressi, in English Cypres-nuts.  
Descript.] The Cypresse-tree, hath a thick, strait, long stem; upon which grow many slender branches; the which do not spread abroad, but grow up in length towards the top, so that the Cypress tree is not broad but narrow, growing to a great height, the bark of the Cypress-tree is brown, the timber yellowish, hard, thick, and close, and when it is dry of a pleasant smell, especially if it be set near the fire, the Cypress-tree hath no particular leaves but the branches instead of leaves, bring forth short twigs, green and small divided again into other small twigs, the which be cut and snipt in many places, as if they were set about with many small leaves; the fruit is round almost as big as a prune, or plum, which being ripe doth open in divers places, and hath in it a flat grayish seed.  
Place.] The Cypress-tree delights in dry Hilly and mountainous places in hot Countries.  
Time.] The Cypress-tree is always green, the fruit is ripe in September, at the beginning of winter.  
Government and Virtues.] Saturn rules this plant, the leaves and fruit are dry in the third degree, without any manifest heat and very astringent, the fruit of Cypress taken into the body, stoppeth looseness and the Bloody flux, 
Bloody Flux  and is good against spitting of blood, and all other issues of blood; 
Issues of blood  the decoction of the same, made with water, hath the same virtue.  
The oil in which the fruit or leaves of Cypress have been boiled, doth strengthen the Stomach, 
Stomach, Vomiting  stayeth Vomiting, stoppeth the belly, 
Broken Belly  and all fluxes of the same, and cureth the excoriation or going off, of the skin, from the secret members.  
Cypress-nuts cure them that are bursten, and that have their Guts fallen into their Cod, being outwardly applied in Cataplasms thereunto; the leaves have the same virtue, but not so strong; the fruit of Cypress is also good to cure Polypus, 
Pollypus  which is corrupt flesh growing in the nose.  
The same bruised with dry fat figs, doth cure the blasting and swell of the Yard and Stones; 
Yard Stones  and if leaven be added thereunto, it dissolveth and wasteth botches, and boils, being laid upon the grieved place.  
The leaves of Cypress, boiled in sweet Wine or Mede, doth help the Strangury, 
strangury  and issue of the Bladder; the same beaten very small and applied, doth close up green Wounds, 
Green-Wounds  and stop the bleeding thereof; and being applied with parched Barly-meal, they are profitable against St. Anthonies-fire, 
St. Anthonies-fire  Carbuncles, 
carbuncle  and other hot Ulcers, 
Ulcers  and fretting sores: 
Sores  the leaves and fruit of Cypress, being infused in Vinegar, and the hair washed therewith maketh it black. 
Hair    

Coral.  
Kind and Names.] THere be several kinds of Coral, but the red and the white, especially the red, is most in use: there be also several sorts of black Coral called Antipathes, and there is a kind of Coral, which is black, rough, and bristly, and is called Sambeggia.  
Descript.] These plants, although their hard substance, make them seem rather to be Stones, yet they are vegetables. The greater red Coral, which is the best, groweth upon rocks in the Sea, like unto a shrub, with arms and branches, which shoot forth into sprigs, some greater and some lesser, of a pale red colour, for the most part when it is taken out of the water but when it is polished it is very fair, and of a lovely red colour: whilst it is in the water it is soft and pliable, but being taken out and kept dry a while, it becomes of an hard stony substance.  
Place.] The Corals are found in the Isles of Sardinia, and divers other places of the Mediterranean Sea.  
Time.] Coral is found growing at all times in the year.  
Government and Virtues.] Coral is under the dominion of the Sun, yet reputed to be of a cooling and astringent quality: the red is the hottest, the white the coldest, it is good to stop the Running of the Reins in Men, 
Running of the Reins, Whites Bleeding, sp●●en Strangury Spleen, Stone Heart, stomach Liver, Fevers  and the Whites in Women; the red Coral stops bleeding, and is good for them that spit blood; or any flux of blood; being taken in Wine, or other drink: It abates the Slpeen, helps the stoppage of Urine, and such as piss by drops, the powder of it being burnt, and taken in drink easeth the pain of the Stone: It strengthens the Heart, Stomach and Liver, and is good in all pestilential Fevers, and malignant diseases: it is good against Venom, cheers the Heart and is good against Melancholy; there is an excellent Cordial made of it called Tictura Corallii, singular good for all the purposes aforesaid, the powder taken in Wine or distilled Water, gives rest to such as have Agues, helps the Cramp, 
Cramp  it is good against the Falling-Sickness: some writ that if two grains of the powder of red Coral be given to a Child newly born, in some black cherry water, or the Mother's milk; that Child shall never be troubled with the Falling-Sickness; 
Falling-Sickness  it is likewise good to cause easy Delivery, 
Easy Delivery  to rub children's Gums, 
Gums  to help their teeth to break forth more easily, 
Teeth  it helps sore Gums and Ulcers in the Mouth; and healeth up foul hollow Ulcers in other parts: 
Ulcers  it is also profitable to be used in medecines for the Eyes, to stay the Flux of Rheum: It cools and dries up the moisture, and takes away the heat and redness of the Eyes: the aforementioned Tincture and likewise the Chemical oil, may be used for any of the aforesaid purposes.   

Cardamons.  
Names.] THey are called Cardamom, and Grana Paradisi by some, Grains of Paradise.  
Descript.] Cardamons grow upon a small tree, in the East-Indies and Arabia, which beareth the seeds in husks, in which they are brought hither and sold in our shops, for medicinal use.  
Government and Virtues.] These seeds called Cardamons are hot and dry in the third degree, under the dominion of Jupiter; It breaketh the Stone, 
Stone, Urine Poison, Scorpions  and provoketh Urine, and giveth ease to such as make water with pain; it resisteth Poison, and helpeth stingings or bite of Scorpions or other Venomous creatures. It is good against the Falling-sickness, 
Falling-sickness Guts, Wind Bruises, Sinews Sciatica  Gripe in the Guts or Bowels; expelleth Wind from the Stomach, and entrails; helpeth such as are bruised or broken by falls or bruises, those that have lose or weak Sinews, and pains of the Sciatica or Hip-gout; and used with Vinegar it is good against Scabs, and is an ingredient in many of our compositions and cordial Antidotes.   

Cloves.  
Names.] THey are called in Latin Caryophylli.  
Descript.] The tree wherein the Cloves do grow is great & tall, covered with an Ash-coloured bark, the younger branches being more white, the leaves grow by couples one against another, somewhat long and narrow, like to bay leaves, with a middle rib, and sundry veins running through them, each of them standing on a long footstalk, the ends of the branches are divided into many small brown sprigs, whereon grow the flowers, on the tops of the Cloves themselves, which are white at the first with their sprigs, green afterwards, and at last radish before they be beaten off from the tree; and as they dry before they be put up, grow blackish as they are brought to us, having four small tops at the heads of them, and a small round head in the middle of them; the flower itself, standing between those, consisteth of four small leavs like unto a Cherry blossom, but of an excellent blue colour with three white Veins in every leaf, and divers purple-threds in the middle; of a more fine scent then the dried Clove.  
Place.] The Clove-trees grow in the Molucca-Islands, where they gather them twice every year, viz. in June and December: they grow plentifully also in Amboyna, and in divers other places of the Indies, ●he Indians generally call them Calefar, and in some place Chanque.  
Government and Virtues.] The Cloves are under the solar influence, of temperature hot & dry in the third degree, they comfort the Head ●nd Heart, 
Head▪ Heart, Liver▪ stomach Wind, Urine  strengthen the Liver, and Stomach, and all ●nward parts that want heat, they help digestion, ●reak Wind, and provoke Urine, the Portugal Women use to distil the Cloves while they are fresh, which make a sweet and delicate water, profitable for ●ll passions of the Heart, and weakness of the Stomach.   

China-root.  
Descript.] THe root called China-root is like to the root of a great Reed, some flattish, others round, not smooth, but bunched and knotty, reddish for the most part, on the outside, and whitish and sometimes a little radish in the inside: the best is solid and firm and somewhat weighty, fresh, and not wormeaten, and without any taste but as it were drying; the plant of the root groweth up with many prickly branches, like unto Sarsaparilla or the prickly Bind-weed, winding itself about trees, and hath many leavs growing on them like broad Plantain leavs, the roots grow sometimes many together, and while they are fresh, the Indians eat them as we do Turnips, or Carrots.  
Place.] This plant groweth not only in China, but also in Mallabar, Cochin, and divers other places there.  
Government and Virtues.] It is a plant of Jupiter, and the properties thereof are many, and of great use with us in divers cases; in diet drinks for the French-Pox; 
French-pox  it is profitable in all Agues, 
Agues, Heckticks,  Quotidian, Intermittent, or pestilential, Heckticks and Consumptions, 
Consumptions,  it helps the evil disposition of the Liver, pains of Head 
Head  and Stomach, 
Stomach  and strengtheneth it: It dries up the defluxions of Rheums, helps the Jaundice, 
Jaundice  and burstings 
Burstings  in Children or others by drying up the humour which is the cause thereof. It also helps the Palsy, 
Palsy, Gout  and all other diseases of the joints and bladder, the Gout, Sciatica, 
Sciatica, Nods  Pocky-nods and Ulcers of the Yard, 
Yard, Lust  and is good in all cold and Melancholy diseases; It stirreth up Venery; it may be taken several ways, as being boiled, first sliced thin and steeped a good while in water only, or with Wine and water; some boil it in the broth of a chicken, tied up in Linen cloth; and to take from a quarter to half an ounce or more at a time; as the quantity of drink o● broth is, or as the party can bear.   

Cinnamon and Cassia Lignea.  
Descript.] THe Cinnamon-tree is described to be a great Tree, about the bigness of the Olive-tree, with many strait branches without knots, covered with a double bark, like the Cork whose inner rind is to Cinnamon, and is so barked every third year, and being cut in long pieces o● if it were the bark of the whole tree, is cast on the ground, wherein dry it, it is rolled together as we see it; and is better or worse, blacker or bette● coloured, by the greater or lesser heat of the Sun: the leaves are of a fres● green colour like those of the Cittron-tree, the flowers are white and the fruit black and round like hasel-nuts or small Olives; the best groweth in Zealand, having leaves like Willows, and fruit like unto bay-berries, whereof there is made an oil.  
As concerning the Cassia, several Authors do write that Cinnamon and Cassia, is one and the same tree, and that the variety and difference of the Soil where they grow, makes the difference only; but we daily see that the Cassia which cometh to us, is the bark of a tree, and either roul'd together like Cinnamon or not roul'd, but in small or great smooth pieces, and therefore may be conceived to be a sort of Cinnamon, yet the taste being Glutinous, less sharp and quick, and more styptic than Cinnamon, argueth it to be the bark of another sort of tree, although of the same kind and nature. Pliny lib. 12 cap. 29. saith, that Cassia which groweth where Cinnamon doth is a shrub of three cubits high, but on the hills; whose thick branches have their bark unto leather, which must be emptied or hollowed in a contrary manner, unto that of Cinnamon: for being cut into sticks of two cubits long, they are sewed into fresh beasts skins, that the worms may eat out the wood, and leave the bark whole by reason of the sharpness and bitterness; the three sorts of colour therein showeth their goodness. That which is white for a foot high next the ground is the worst; the next thereunto for half a foot is reddish, which is next in goodness from thence upward, which is blackish, and the best, and is to be chosen fresh, of a mild scent and of a very sharp taste, rather than biting; of a purplish colour, light in weight, and with a short pipe, not easily broken, so that we may see plainly, that Cassia differeth not much from Cinnamon; and yet that it is differing from it.  
Government and Virtues.] Cinnamon is under the dominion of Jupiter; it is of temperature hot and dry in the second degree, of very subtle parts and very Aromatical; it is very Cordial, it comforteth the Heart, and strengtheneth a weak Stomach, 
Heart, stomach  it easeth the pains of the Colic, 
Colic, Urine,  especially the distilled water of it, the stopping of Urine, and it stays the superabounding flux of women's Courses; 
Terms, Face  it causeth a good colour in the Face, makes a sweet breath, 
Breath, Poison  and good against the poison of venomous beasts, it is much used to stay looseness 
Looseness  and bind the body: the distilled water thereof is most effectual; but the Chemical oil thereof is much more hot and piercing.   

Cocculus Indus.  
Names, Description, and Virtues.] THe Italians call these berries or round seed Cocco di levante, and the French call them so likewise; they are of a blackish Ash-colour on the outside, having a thick white kernel within them, of a hot taste, drawing water into the mouth, and grow many together like Ivy-berries, yet each by itself on a stalk, some thinking them to grow upon a kind of night shade, others on a kind of Tithymal or Spurge, they are used either to make bats to catch fish, with things for that purpose, or the powder thereof used to kill Lice, and Vermin in in children's Heads.   

Costus.  
THere are to be had in our Druggist's and Apothecary's Shops, two sorts of Costus, far differing the one from the other both in form and substance: the virtues of the true Costus are these. It provokes Urine 
Urine, Courses  and women's Courses, and helps diseases of the Mother, 
Mother, Convulsions  aswel by bathing, as suming; two ounces thereof being drunk, helpeth the biting of Vipers, and is good against pains of the Breast, Convulsions, or the windy Stirches, 
Stitches, Stomach,  swell in the Stomach, Sides, or Body, being taken in Wormwood-Wine, 
sciatica, sinews  and being taken with sweet Wine, it provokes the desire to Venery: 
Venery  It killeth Worms 
Worm's Agues  in the Belly; it is used with oil to anoint the Body before the cold fits of Agues to warm it, and expel it, as also against weakness of the Sinews, and the Hip-gout; it helps discolouring of the skin, using it with honey and water.   

Cubebs.  
CVbebs are small berries, somewhat sweet; about the bigness of Pepper-Corns, but not so black nor solid, but more rugged or crested, being either hellow or with a kernel within it, of a hot taste, but not so fiery as Pepper, and having each a short stalk on them like a tail: these grow on trees less than Appletrees, with leaves narrower than those of Pepper; the flower is sweet, and the fruit groweth clustering together: The Arabians call them Quabebe, and Quabebe Chini; they grow plentifully in Java; they are used to stir up Venery 
Venery, stomach  and to warm and strengthen the Stomach, being overcome with phlegm 
Phlegm, Spleen  or Wind, 
Wind, Womb  they cleanse the breast of thick tough humours, help the Spleen, and are very profitable for the cold griess of the Womb: being chewed in the mouth with Mastic, they draw Rheum from the Head, 
Head, Brain  and strengthen the brain and memory. 
Memory    

Red, White, and Black-Currans.  
Names.] THe Latin names for Currans is Ribs and Ribs fructu rubro, the red Curran, albo white, and nigro black.  
Descript.] The red curran bush hath a stalk covered with a thin brownish bark outwards, and greenish underneath, the leaves are of a blackish green, cut in the edges into five parts, much like a Vine-leaf, but smaller, the flowers come forth at the joints of the leaves, many together on a long stalk, hanging down about a finger's length; of an hereby colour, after which come round berries, green at the first but red when they are ripe, of a pleasant tart taste; wherein is small seed, the root is woody and spreading.  
There is another sort hereof, whose berries are twice as big as the former and of a better relish.  
The white Curran-tree hath a taller and more strait stem than the red, a whiter bark, smaller leaves, but hath such like berries upon long stalks, of the same bigness as the first, but of a shining transparent whiteness; of a more pleasant taste then the former.  
The black Curran, riseth higher than the last, and is more set with branches round about and more pliant, the younger covered with a paler, and the elder with a browner bark; the leaves are smaller than those of the former, and often with fewer cuts therein: the flowers are alike, but of a greenish purple colour; which produce small black berries; the leaves and fruit have an unpleasant smell, but yet are wholesome, though not pleasant.  
Place.] All these sorts of Currans grow plentifully in England, in Gardens where they are planted; they have been found growing naturally wild in Savoy and Switzerland, as Gesner saith; and some in Austria saith Clusius: they grow in great abundance in Candia; and other places in the straits, from whence in great quantities they are brought dried unto us.  
Time.] They flower and bear fruit, in June, July and August.  
Government and Virtues.] Currants are under the influence of the benevolent planet Venus: they are of a moist temperate refeshing nature; the red and white Currants are good to cool and refresh faintings of the Stomach, 
Stomach, thirst  to quench Thirst, and stir up an appetite, 
Appetite, agues  and therefore are profitable in hot and sharp Agues, it tempereth the heat of the Liver 
Liver, Blood  and Blood, and the sharpness of Choler 
Choler, Stomach,  and resisteth putrefaction; it also taketh away the loathing of meat, and weakness of the Stomach by much Vomiting, and is good for those that have any Looseness 
looseness  of the belly: Gesner saith; that the Swissers use them for the Cough, and so well they may; For,  
Take dry Currans a quarter of a pound; Brandy Wine half a pint: set the Brandy on fire; and bruise the Currants and put them into the Brandy as it is burning stirring them until the Brandy is almost consumed, that it becomes like unto an Electuary, it is an excellent remedy to be taken hot for any violent Cough, cold or Rheum; the black Currants and the leaves are used in sauces by those who like the taste and scent of them; which I believe very few do of either.   

Caranha.  
CAranha, or Carogna, is a gum, which is brought from the West-Indies, but of the tree that it issues from, we have no Description: it is a soft kind of Gum, wrapped up in leaves, to keep one piece from sticking unto another for it is very cleaving, and of a dark or muddy greenish colour; it is an especial and speedy help for all cold Aches, 
Aches  and pains 
Pains  in the Joints, and Nerves, and swell therein, the defluxions of cold humours on them, or on the Eyes, or on any other part, to be laid on the temples or behind the Ears, and it is also used for the Toothache to be laid on the temples like Mastic.   

Ceterach.  
Names.] IT is called in Latin Asplenum and Splenium, and in English Spleenwort and Miltwast, and Scalefern.  
Descript.] Spleenwort or Ceterach, springeth up from a small black threddy, bushy root, with many long single leaves, cut on both sides into round dents, even almost to the middle-rib, which is not so hard as that of Polypody, each division being not always set opposite unto the other but between each, smooth and of a light green on the upper part, and with a dark yellowish roughness underneath, folding or rolling itself inward at the first springing up.  
Place.] Ceterach groweth in moist shadowy places, and very frequently upon old stonewalls, of Churches, decayed Castles, and the ruinous Walls of ancient Religious houses. It groweth on Beconsfield Church in Buckinghamshire and upon Wooburn Church in the same County, and Horn-church in Essex, and many other places.  
Time.] Ceterach is to be found green all the year.  
Government and Virtues.] Mars rules this plant; It is generally used against all the infirmities of the Spleen; 
spleen,  it also helps the Strangury, 
strangury  pissing by drops, and wasteth the Stone 
Stone Jaundice  in the Bladder, and is good against the yellow- Jaundice, and the Hicket: 
Hicket-  a dram of the dust that is on the back of the leaves, being mixed with half a dram of Amber in powder, and taken with the juice of purslain or plantain, is a speedy remedy for the running of the Reins, 
Reins  as Mathiolus saith, and that the herb and root being boiled and taken helpeth all Melancholy diseases and especially those which rise from the French-Pox. 
French Pox  The distilled water thereof being drunk is profitable against the Stone 
Stone  in the Reins and Bladder; a lie made of the Ashes thereof or the decoction drunk for some time together, helpeth such as are troubled with the Spleen, 
Spleen  and it may outwardly be applied for the same purpose, it hindereth conception in Women if they make much use of it.   

The Cokar Nut-tree.  
Description and Names.] THis groweth to be a great large Timber-tree, the body covered with a smooth bark; bare or naked without any branch, to a great height, (for which cause the Indians, do either bore holes therein, at certain distances, and knock strong pegs into them, which stick out so much as may serve for sooting to get up into the tree to gather the juice or liquor and the fruit, or fasten ropes with nails round about the tree, with spaces which serve as steps to go up into it) and towards the top, it spreadeth out into sundry great Arms, which bow themselves almost round, with large leaves on them like the Date tree but greater, whose middle-rib is very great, and abiding always green, and with fruit also, continually one succeeding another; from between the lower boughs come forth smaller stalks, hanging down bearing sundry flowers on them, like those of the chestnut-tree, after which come large great threesquare fruit or Nuts, ten or twelve and sometimes twenty thereon together, as big as one's head, or as a smaller Pompion almost round, but a little smaller at the end, covered with a hard tough Ash-coloured thick bark, an inch thick in some places, and within it a hard woody brownish shell, but black being polished having at the Head or top thereof three holes somewhat resembling the nose and eyes of a Monkey, between which outer bark and this shell, grow many gross thredds or hairs: within the woody shell there is a white kernel cleaving close to the side thereof as sweet as an Almond, with a fine sweet water in the middle thereof, as pleasant as Milk, which will grow less pleasant or consume, either by over ripeness or long keeping: this tree is called by the Indians, Maro; in Malaca, Trican; and in other places by several other apppellations: the timber of this tree is solid and firm, black and shining, like the walnut-tree, and fit for any building; and Garcias saith, it is of two sorts (I suppose he meaneth, for two uses), the one to bear fruit, the other to extract the liquor which issues therefrom, when the branches are cut, or when it is bored and received into some things tied thereunto for that purpose, which liquor they call in their Language Sura; and it showeth like unto troubled Wine, but in taste like new sweet Wine, which being boiled they call Orraque, and being destilled, it yieldeth a spirit like unto our Aquavitae, and it is used for the same purposes as we do ours, and will burn like it; they call it Fula; And being set in the Sun it will become good Vinegar, and that which runneth last being set in the Sun to grow hard, or boiled to hardness, will become Sugar, which they call Jagra; of the inner kernel while it is fresh they make bread; the fresher the Nuts are, the sweeter is the meat thereof.  
Government and Virtues.] This is a Solar plant; the fruit or kernel of the Coker-nut doth nourish very much, and is good for lean bodies; they increase the natural seed, and stir up the appetite to Venery, 
Venery, Throat  and are good to mollify the hoarseness of the Throat, and hoarseness 
Hoarseness  of the voice.   

Chocholate.  
HAving before set down the particular Virtues of the Cacoa or Coker-Nut; I shall add somewhat of a Confection or Composition made thereof, called Chocolate. It is brought over unto us made into Rowls, & is used for a Cordial being macerated in milk, and made potable, adding what other ingredients pleases the preparer thereof; which may be done divers ways, according to the constitution of the party, and medicinal use, it is prepared for.  
There is very much variety of the ingredients, whereof this confection is compounded; some do put into it black Pepper, and Tanasco, which is a red Indian root like Madder: which is proper only for those who are of cold and moist constitutions, and are troubled with a very cold Stomach, and Liver.  
Another Receipt of the Indian Spaniards is this. Take of Cacoa's 700. of white Sugar one pound and an half, Cinnamon two ounces, of long red Pepper 14 in Number, of Cloves half an ounce, three cod of the Logwood or Campeche tree, or instead of that, the weight of two Rials, or a shilling of Anniseeds; some put in Almonds, kernels of Nuts, and Orenge-flower-water.  
This Receipt is fit for those that have chronic diseases, macilent bodies, or are inclinable to be infirm; you may either add or take away, according to the necessity, or temperature of every one; and it is very proper and convenient that Sugar be put into it, when it is drunk: sometimes they make Tabulats of the Sugar, and the Chocholate together; which they do, only to please the palates as the Dames of Mexico do use it, and they are there sold in shops, and are confected, and eaten like other sweetmeats.  
Another Receipt, or way of compounding it, shall follow, but take this for a Rule that one Receipt cannot be proper for all Persons; therefore such as drink it as common drink in public houses, may receive more hurt than good by it: therefore every one may make choice of the ingredients, that they may be useful for the complexion of the Body.  

The Receipt is this.  
To every 100 of Cacao's, put two cod of long red Pepper, one handful of Anniseeds; one cod of Campeche or Logwood, two drams of Cinnamon; Almonds and Hasel-nuts of each a dozen, white Sugar half a pound; and if you cannot have those things which come from the Indies, you may make it with the rest.   

The way of compounding the Chocholate.  
The Cacao, and other ingredients must be beaten in a stone mortar, or ground upon abroad stone, which the Indians call Metate, and is made only for that use; such stones as our Painters grind their colours upon will serve for that use, the first thing that is to be done is to dry the ingredients, with care that, in stirring, they be not burnt nor become black; and if they be over dried, than they will be bitter and lose their virtue: the Cinnamon and the long red Pepper, are to be first beaten, with the Aniseed; and then beat the Cacao, by little and little till it be all powdered, and sometimes turn it round in the beating that it may mix the better; and every one of these ingredients must be beaten by itself; and then put them all into the vessel where the Cacao is; which you must stir together, & then take out that paste, & put it into the mortar, under which you must lay a little fire, after the confection it made: But you must be very careful, not to put more fire than will warm it, that the unctuous parts do not fly away, you must searse all the ingredients, but only the Cacoa, and when you find it to be well beaten and incorporated (which you shall know by the shortness of it) then with a spoon take up some of the paste which will be almost liquid, and so either make it into tablets, or rolls, or put it into boxes, and when it is cold it will be hard. To make the Tablets you must put a spoonful of the paste, upon a sheet of Paper; the Indians put it upon a leaf, where being put in the shade it grows hard, and then howing the Paper the Tablets fall off, by reason of the fatness of the paste: but if it be put into any thing of earth or wood, it will stick fast, and will not come off, without scraping or breaking.  
In the Indies they take it two several ways: the one being the common way is, to take it hot, with Atolle, which was the drink of ancient Indians, (they call Atolle pap, made of the flower of Maiz, and so they mingle it with the Chocholate,): the other modern way which the Spaniards use, is of two sorts; the one is, that the Chocholate being dissolved with cold water, and the scum taken off, and put into another Vessel, they put the remainder upon the Fire with Sugar; and when it is warm, than they pour it upon the scum they took off before, and so drink it: the other way is to warm the water; and then when you have put into a pot or dish, as much Chocholate as you think fit, put in a little of the warm water, and then grind it well with the Molinet, and when it is well ground put the rest of the warm water to it, and so drink it with Sugar, to your taste.  
Besides these former ways there are others: one is, put the Chocholate into a pipkin, with a little water and let it boil well until it be dissolved, and then put in sufficient water and Sugar, according to the quality of the Chocholate, and then boil it again until there comes an oily scum upon it; and then drink it.  
There is another way to drink Chocholate, which is cold; and takes its name from the principal ingredient and is called Cacao, which they use at Feasts to refresh themselves, and it is made after this manner.  
The Chocholate being dissolved in water with the Molinet, take off the scum or crassy part which riseth in great quantity, when the Cacao is older and more putrified, the scum is laid aside by itself in a little dish, and then put Sugar into that pan from whence you took the scum, and pour it from on high upon the scum, and so drink it cold, but this drink doth not agree with all Stomaches, by reason of its coldness.  
There is another way to drink it cold, which is called Cacao penali; and it is done by adding to the same Chocholate (having made the confection, as is before set down) so much Maiz, dried and well ground, and taken from the husk, and then well-mingled in the mortar, with the Chocholat, it falls all into flower or dust, and so these things being mingled as is said before there riseth the scum; and so take it, and drink it, as before.  
There is another way, which is a short and quicker way to make it, which is more wholesome; that is, first to set some water to warm, and while it warms, throw a Tablet, or some Chocholate scraped and mingled with Sugar, into a little cup, and when the water is hot pour the water to the Chocholate, and then dissolve it with the Molinet, and then without taking off the scum drink it.  
But in our colder Country most usually it is thus made with milk, instead of water, and some add yolks of Eggs, and a sop of white Bread.  
Such as desire to take it in milk, three ounces of Chocolate will be sufficient to a quart of milk; scrape the Chocolate very fine, and put it into the milk when it boyles; work it very well with the Spanish instrument called Molenillo, between your hands; which instrument must be of wood, with a round knob, made very round, and cut ragged, that as you turn it in your hands, the milk may froth, and dissolve the Chocolate the better; then set the milk on the fire again, until it be ready to boil, having the yolk of two eggs, well beaten with some of the hot milk, than put your eggs into the milk, and Chocolate and Sugar, as much as you like for your taste, & work it altogether with the Molinet, and thus drink it: or, if you please, you may slice a little manchet into a dish, and so eat it for a breakfast: you may if you please make it also with water instead of milk, after this manner:  
Set a pot of conduit-water over the fire until it boyles; then to every person that is to drink, put an ounce of Chocolate, with as much Sugar into every pot, whereunto pour a pint of the said water so boiling and therein work together the Chocolate and the Sugar, with the Instrument called El-Molenillo, until it be throughly incorporated; which done pour in as many half pints of the said water, as there be ounces of the Chocolate; and if you please you may put in the yolks of one or two newlaid eggs, which must be beaten until they froth very much: the hotter it is drunk, the better it is; you may likewise put in a slice of white-bread or biscuit, and eat that with the Chocolate, which will be a very substantial and Cordial breakfast.    

Coffee.  
THis is reported to be the berries of certain shrubs or bushes growing in Arabia, and from them into Turkey, and other parts: it is said of itself to be insipid, having neither scent nor taste; but being pounded and baked, as they do prepare it to make the Coffee-liquor with, it than stinks most loathsomely, which is an argument of some Saturnine quality in it: the propugners for this filthy drink affirm, it causeth watchfulness: (so do both the stinking Hemlock and Henbane in their first operation if unhappily taken into the body, but their worse effects soon follow): They also say it makes them sober when they are drunk, yet they would be always accounted sober persons, or at least think themselves so, when they can but once sit down in a Coffee-house; certainly if there had been any w●th in it, some of the ancient Arabian Physicians or others near those parts, would have recorded it: But there is no mention made of any medicinal use thereof, by any Author either Ancient or Modern, neither can it be endued with any such properties as the indulgers of it, feed their fancies with; but this I may truly say of it: Quod Anglorum Corpora, quae huic liquori tantopere indulgent, in Barbarorum naturam degenerasse videntur.  
But if any one desire to make Coffee, after the manner as it is prepared and sold here in Engl. in the public Coffeehouses, it is thus: Take a gallon of water and set it in a pot of Tyn, or any other Vessel close covered; set it upon the fire and let it boil: when it throughly boyles, put into it a quarter of a pound of the powder of the Coffee-berry, stirring it well together, so let it boil a quarter of an hour, and your Coffee is ready to drink, then pour some of it into a smaller pot covered, and keep it always ready before the fire.  
Those that delight to have it in their houses for their private use, may add or diminish the quantity of the Coffee-powder making it stronger or smaller as they please.   

Camphire.  
Names.] IT is called in Latin Camphora, and Camphura, from the Arabians Cafar.  
Descript.] Camphire is a gum, or liquor of a great vast-tree, like unto a Walnut-tree, and of an ash-colour like unto a Beech: the leaves are whitish like unto willow leaves; this liquor or gum, partly distilleth forth of its own accord, but chiefly by incision: it is clear and white, and transparent, and although when it is dry it be somewhat brittle, and will breaks into many small pieces, yet it will not be made into powder by itself alone, but must have the help of a blanched Almond, or some other such like unctuous thing, which will reduce it into fine powder: neither will it be easily dissolved in cold water, but by warmth will be resolved like unto fat, being easily set on fire, and will burn in the water: It is of a very strong scent and subtle parts.  
Govern. Nature & Vert.] Divers have been the opinions of Authors about the temperature of Camphire: some take it to be hot, because it is of such tenuity of parts. Rhasis saith, it is cold and moist, and Avicenna saith, that it is cold and dry, and that it causeth watch and wakefulness, and quieteth the senses of those that are hot. It is governed by Mercury; and by experience is found to cool the heat of the Liver and Back, 
Back, Reins  and all hot inflammations 
Inflammations  and distempers of heat 
Heat, Liver  in any part of the body; it easeth pains of the Head, 
Headache, Operate  and restrainth fluxes, 
Fluxes,  either of blood out of the Head or nostrils, being applied to the nostrils and to the forehead with juice of housleek and plantain-water, or with either of them, and some Nettle-seed. It stayeth the flux of the natural seed either in Man or Woman, using it to the Reins and privy parts; and extinguisheth the heat of Lust, and desire to venereal actions.  
It doth preserve from putrefaction, and for that purpose is put into divers compositions and antidotes, to resist Venom, 
Venery, Poisons  poisons, and infection of the Plague 
Plague Ulcers  or other diseases: it is good in wounds and Ulcers, to restrain the heat of them, and is of much use with Women, to preserve their beauty.   

Cambugio.  
Names.] IT hath obtained a great many names partly from the sunddry nations, & languages; and partly, from the mistakes of people, as Gutta Gamba, Gutta Gamandra, Gutta Gemon, and many others; in english, it may be called the Golden yellow Indian purger.  
Descript.] Cambugio is yet scarce well known unto us whereof it is made, but only what we see of it, being a solid piece of substance, made up into wreathes or rolls, yellow both within and without, and giving a yellow colour upon the moistening of it: we cannot learn certainly whether it be a gum, or hardened juice, but it is most likely to be a juice, because it will easily dissolve in water, and it is most likely to be the juice of some peculiar herb of that Country from whence it is brought, that gives a yellow juice it is brought unto us out of the East-Indies, and some say from China.  
Government and Virtues.] It is particularly under the influence of Mars, and hath a property to purge both by stool and vomit: and may be given from three or four grains, unto ten or twelve, or to a scruple or half a dram, accorrding to the age and strength of the patient's Body; it worketh gently with some, purging forth crude phlegmatic 
Phlegm  humours from the Stomach, and wheyish from the Bowels, 
Bowels  without any trouble, but contrarily with others it worketh very churlishly; and much troubles the Stomach, some use to make small pills of it and give it in that form, especially if the humours be stubborn, and not easy to be avoided; and for that cause some add a little Scammony unto it to help the slow working in some bodies; also some correct it, by giving it in the pulp of Currans, extracted in white Wine; and some in the infusion of Roses.    


White Daffodyl.  
Names and Kind's.] CAlled also Narcissus, and primrose-Pearls.  
There are several kinds hereof, one with a crimson, or red purple circle in the middle of the flower, and another having a yellow Circle as it were a Crownet or cup, in the middle of the flower: there is another kind that is yellow in the middle; and another sort which beareth double flowers.  

The cause of the name Narcissus given to these flowers.  
These flowers took their name, in commemoration of a Noble and Beautiful youth, whose name was Narcissus, who was so exceeding Beautiful that ●e was desired of many great Ladies, who were vehemently enamoured of ●im; but he regarded them not because of his surpassing beauty: wherefore ●e being desirous to free himself from their most importunate suits and requests; he went a hunting, and being thirsty, he came to a Fountain, whereof when be would have drunken, he saw in the water his own feature and surpassing beauty, the which before that time, he had never seen; (for there were no looking-glasses in those days): and thus as he stood amazed, gazing this own shadow, he supposed it had been one of the Amorous Ladies that pved him; and was so ravished with the love of his shadow, that he de●●red and endeavoured to kiss and embrace himself, and when he could not take hold of his own shadow or figure, he still endeavoured the same, until at last he died by extreme force of love. In whose honour, and perpetual Memory, the poets say, that the earth brought forth this delectable flower.  
Descript.] The first kind of Daffodil or Narcissus hath small narrow leaves like Leek blades, with a crested bare naked stalk without leaves of a foot, or nine inches long, with a flower at the top growing out of a certain film, as it were a skin, most commonly growing singly or alone, and sometimes two together, consisting of six little white leaves growing together; in the middle whereof is a little round wrinkled hoop or cup, edged about the brinks with a certain round edge, wherein are contained certain small threads or stems with yellowish tips hanging upon them; after the flowers, appear angled husks, wherein grow black seeds: the root is round and Bulbus, like an Onion.  
The other Narcissus with the yellow cup or Circle in the middle, his blades are longer and broader, and not so green as those of the first; the stalks are longer and thicker, and upon every one of them standeth three or four flowers like unto the first but that they are all yellow in the middle.  
There is another kind that is yellow in the middle, and bears many more flowers, which are smaller than those before described.  
Place.] The first two kinds grow plentifully in divers places of France, as Burgundy, and Languedoc, in Meadows and pastures; but in this Country, they grow only in Gardens where they are planted.  
Time.] They flower most of them in March and April, and some kinds flower not until the beginning of May.  
Temperature and Virtues.] Venus challengeth the dominion over these plants for her own, and gave them their name from her darling Narcissus: the root hereof is hot and dry in the third degree, the which root being boiled or roasted, or taken in meat & drink, provoketh the stomach to Vomiting, 
Vomiting, burn,  the same pounded with a little honey is good to be applied to burn and scaldings, 
Scaldings  and cureth Sinews 
Sinews-strains  that are hurt or sprained, and is good to help dislocations, or Members out of joint 
Joinst, Pains  being applied thereunto, it also giveth ease in all old griefs and pains of the joints; the roots of Narcissus, taketh away all spots 
Spots, Face  of the Face, being mingled with Nettle-seed and Vinegar, and applied, it mundifieth and cleanseth corrupt and rotten Ulcers, 
Ulcers.  and ripeneth and breaketh hard Impostumes, if it be mixed with the meal of Vetches, & honey & applied pultis-wise to the part grieved; and being mixed with the meal of Yuray and honey, it draweth forth thorns and splinters, being applied thereunto.    

Yellow Daffodil.  
Names.] THis kind of Daffodil is also called Lide-lilly, because it flowereth in March, which Month in some Countries is called Lide, and they are also called Daffi-down-dillies.  
Descript.] It hath long narrow green leaves, the stalks be round upon which grow pleasant yellow-flowers, to see to; but somewhat unpleasant to the smell: after which come round knops, or husks, like little heads, wherein the seed is contained, it hath abundance of roots, which grow thick together, and increase by new sprigs and blades, whereby it spreadeth and increaseth itself under ground, so that of one plant you may soon have a great increase.  
Place.] It groweth not naturally in this Country, but in Gardens where it is planted.  
Time.] daffodils, flower in March and April.  
Government and Virtues.] Yellow-Daffodil is under the dominion of Mars, the roots hereof are hot and dry almost in the third degree.  
The root boiled in posset drink, and drunk, causeth Vomiting, 
Vomiting  and is used with good success in the beginnings of Agues, 
Agues, Imposthumes,  especially Tertians which frequently rage in the spring-time: a plaster made of the roots with parched Barley-meal, and applied to swell and Imposthumes do dissolve them; the juice mingled with honey, Frankincense, Wine and Myrrh, and dropped into the Ears, 
Ears  is good against the corrupt filth and running matter of the Ears; the roots made hollow and boiled in oil doth help raw Kib'd heels: 
Kibed-heels.  the juice of the root is good for the Morphew, 
Morphew.  and discolourings of the skin.   

Date-tree.  
Names.] THis is also called Palmtree: and the fruit, Dates, or fruit of the Palm-sree.  
Descript.] This plant groweth to be a great tree, with a strait thick trunk, covered with a scaly bark: at the top thereof grow many long branches with great plenty and store of long, strait, narrow leaves, or twigs like reeds, so that the branches seem to be no other thing, but a bundle or sort of reed leaves, growing thick together upon one branch: amongst those branches groweth the fruit, clustering together at the first, and wrapped in a certain long and broad covering, like to a pillow, which afterwards openeth and showeth the fruit, standing along by certain small sprigs growing out of a flat yellow branch, the fruit is round and long, containing within it a long and hard stone; there is the Male Palmtree and the Female; the Male tree bringeth forth flowers only, which vanish away, and the Female beareth the fruit, and bringeth it unto perfection and ripeness.  
Place.] The Date-tree groweth in Africa, Arabia, India, Syria Judaea, and other of those Eastern-countries.  
Time.] The Date or Palmtree, continueth always green, and flowereth in the spring-time. and the fruit in hot Countries is ripe in Autumn.  
Government and Virtues.] The branches and leaves, are cold and astringent, the fruit is hot and dry, almost in the second degree, but somewhat astringent, especially before it is throughly ripe. Mars governs them. Dates are hard of digestion, and cause oppilations in the Liver and Spleen, they engender Windiness, Headache and gross blood; being eaten green and fresh; but being through-ripe, they are not so hurtful, but nourish indifferently, being well digested in a good Stomach.  
Dry Dates stop Looseness, 
Looseness, Vomiting,  and stay Vomiting, and Wambling 
Wambling  in the Stomach: (especially of Women with Child) if they be eaten; or mingled with other proper medicines and applied plasterwise to the Stomach; and being administered inwardly or applied outwardly with medicines convenient, they strengthen the weakness of the Liver 
Liver, Spleenn  and Spleen:  
The leaves and branches of the Date-tree do heal Green-Wounds, 
Green-Wounds  and solder and close them up; and refresh and cool hot inflammations: There is a direction in the plaster Diacalcitheos', that it be stirred with a stick of the Palmtree, that it might be of the more virtue and efficacy, from whence also the same plaster is called Diapalma: you may see the composition of the plaster, in Galens first book de medicamentis secundum genera.   

Dictamnum of Candy.  
Kind's and Names.] DIoscorides maketh mention of three kinds hereof; the first whereof is the right Dictamnum only, the second is the bastard Dictamnum, the third is another kind bearing both flowers and seed: it is called also Dittany of Crete, and in shops Diptamum.  
Descript.] The first kind which is the right Dictamnum, (as saith Dioscorides) is a hot and sharp plant, much like unto , but having greater leaves, somewhat hoary or mossey, with a certain fine down or woolly, white Cotton: at the top of the stalks or branches grow certain small spikey tufts, hanging by little small stems, greater and thicker than the ears or spikey tufts of wild Marjoram, and are somewhat of a red colour, in which there grow little flowers.  
2. The second kind, called Bastard Dictamnum, is much like unto the first, saving, that it doth not hurt nor by't the tongue, neither is it hot: It hath round soft woolly stalks, with knots and joints; at every of which joints there stand two leaves, somewhat round, soft, and woolly, not much unlike the leaves of ; but that they are greater, all hoary, and white, soft and woolly, like to the first leaves of white Mullein or Tapsus Barbatus, without any scent but bitter in taste: the flowers be of a light blew, compassing the stalk, by certain spaces like to garlands, and like the flowers of  and horehound: the root is of a woody substance.  
3. The third kind is like to the second in figure saving that his leaves are greener and more hoary; covered with a fine, white, soft hair, almost like the leaves of Watermint, the whole plant hath a good and pleasant smell, as it were a mean betwixt the scent of Watermint and Sage, as saith Dioscorides.  
Place.] The first kind, or the right Dictamnum, cometh from Crete, now called Candia, which is an Irland in the Mediterranean Sea, formerly belonging to the Venetians, but two or three years' sinee, taken by the Turks.  
The other two kinds grow, not only in Candia, but in divers other hot Countries.  
Government and Virtues.] The right Dictamnum is hot and dry and of subtle parts, the other two kinds are also hot and dry, but not so hot as the first, they are all under Venus. The right Dictamnum is of the same virtue as is , but it is better and stronger, it bringeth down the Flowers, 
Flowers  Afterbirth 
Afterbirth  and dead Child, 
deadchild  whether it be drunk or eat, or used as a pessary or mother suppository: the like virtue hath the root which is hot and sharp upon the tongue; the juice is very good to be drunk against all Venom, 
Venom  and bitings of Venomous beasts, and Serpents. Dictamnum is of such force against Poison 
Poison  that the only favour and smell thereof driveth away all Venomous Beasts and Serpents, 
Serpent's  the juice of the same is of singular force against all kinds of Wounds, 
Wounds  to be dropped or poured in; it both mundifieth, cleanseth, and healeth the same, it qualifieth and assuageth th● pain of the Milt or Spleen, 
Milt  and wasteth and diminisheth the same, being either taken inwardly or applied outwardly to the place: it draweth forth Splinters 
Splinters  and thorns 
Thorns  if it be bruised, and laid upon the place.  
It is written by the Ancients that the Goats of Candy, and likewise Dear; if they be shot with any Shaft, Javelin, or Arrow, that hangeth or sticketh fast in their flesh; they forthwith seek out the plant Dictamnum, and eat thereof; by virtue whereof, the Arrows fall out and their Wounds are cured.  
The bastard Dictamnum hath the same virtues as the first, but not so strong.  
The third kind is very profitable to be put into medecines, drinks, and Emplasters that are made against the bitings or stingings of Venomous beasts.   

False-Dictamnum.  
Names.] THis herb is called in Latin Tragium, and by some Fraxinella; some Apothecaries do use the root hereof instead of the right Dictamnum, from whence it hath gotten the name of Bastard and false Dittany.  
Descript.] This plant is like unto Lentisms or Liquorice, in leaves and branches; it hath round blackish rough stalks, and leaves displayed and spread like those of Licoris: at the top of the stalks grow fair flowers; of a bluish colour, which on the upper part, hath four or five leaves, and in the lower part of the same flower it hath small long threads crooking or hanging down almost like a Beard; after the flowers are gone, in the place of each flower there come four or five Cod, somewhat rough without, slimy to be handled, and of a strong smell almost like a Goat; in the which is contained a black plain shining Seed: the roots be long, and white, sometimes as thick as a finger and do grow one against another.  
Place.] It groweth in the Isle of Candy aswel as the true Dictamnum; and is found in the Gardens of some curious Herbarists.  
Time.] It flowereth in June and July.  
Government and Virtues.] This plant is also under the dominion of Venus. It is hot almost in the third degree, and of subtle parts; the seed taken to the quantity of a dram, is good against the Strangury; 
Strangury  provoketh Urine, 
Urine, Stone  is good against the Stone in the Bladder, breaketh and bringeth it forth, and likewise driveth down the Terms, 
Terms, Thorns  or flowers of Women; the like virtue hath the leaves and juice to be taken after the same manner, and being laid to outwardly, it draweth out Thorns and Splinters; 
Splinters  the root taken with a little Rhubarb, killeth and driveth forth Worms, 
Worms  and is of singular virtue against the same.  
Dioscorides also reporteth of this plant, that the wild Goats, when they be struck with Darts or Arrows, by the eating of this herb do cause the same to fall out of their bodies, aswell as if they had eaten of the right Dictamnum: For which cause it is possible that this herb became first to be used in shops instead of the true Dictamnum.   

Dittander.  
Names.] IT is also called Dittany, and Pepperwort.  
Descript.] Dittander or Dittany, hath long broad leaves, not much unlike the Bay-tree leaf, but larger and longer, & notched about like a Saw: the stalks and branches be round, uneasy or hard to be broken, and about two foot high; at the top whereof grow very many small white flowers, and after them a small seed, the root is long and single creeping under the earth, and putteth forth yearly, in divers places, new sprigs and leaves.  
Place.] It groweth plentifully in divers low grounds, and salt Marshes, as in the Marshes by Rochester in Kent.  
Time.] Dittander flowereth and is in seed in June and July.  
Government and Virtues.] This herb is hot and dry in the third degree, a Martial plant; some people use this herb with meat instead of Pepper, because it hath the nature and taste of Pepper, whereof it took the name of Piperitis: the root of this plant is very good against the Sciatica, 
Sciatica  being applied outwardly to the huckle bone, or haunch, made into a pultis, with some Goose or Capons-grease, and an ointment made of the leaves with Hogs-grease, or the leaves bruised, and applied to the place, helps the Hip-gout, 
Hip-gout  and pain in the Joints, 
Joints  the part being afterwards bathed with Wine, and Oil, and wrapped in wool or Lambskin, a spoonful or two of the juice of Dittander in Ale, given to Women in travail, causeth Easy and speedy Delivery, 
Easie-Delivery  it is likewise good to take away Scars, Sun-burning, and Scabs, and clean-seth discolourings of the skin.   

Double-tongue.  
Kind and Names.] THere is found two kinds hereof: it is called likewise Horse-tongue, and Laurus of Alexandria.  
Descript.] Double-tongue hath round stalks like Solomons-Seal, of a foot and half long, upon each side whereof grow thick, brownish leaves, not much unlike to Bay-leaus upon the which there groweth in the middle of every leaf, another small leaf fashioned like a Tongue; and bet wixt those small and great leaves, there grow round red berries, as big as a pease: the root is tender, white, long, and of a good scent.  
2. There is also another kind of double tongue which also bringeth forth his fruit upon the leaves, and is like the first in stalks, leavs, fruits, and roots, saving that there grow no other small leavs, by the fruit upon the great leaves.  
Place.] Double-tongue groweth in Hungaria and Austria, and in some dark Woods in Italy: some curious Herbarists plant it in their Gardens.  
Time.] The seed hereof is ripe in September.  
Government and Virtues.] Double-tongue or tongue blade, is good to assuage pain, as Galen saith; the Laurel of Alexandria, is hot and dry of temperature: Double-tongue is an herb of Venus; the leaves-and roots thereof are much commended against Swell 
Swell  of the Throat, 
Throat, Wula  the Wula, and kernels under the tongue; and against Ulcers, and Sores of the same, being taken in a Gargarism. Marcellus saith, that in Italy they use to hang this herb about children's necks, that are sick in the Wula: 
Urine, Terms  and Dioscorides writeth, that if it be worn upon the bare Head, it is good for the Headache: 
Headache, Mother,  this herb is good for diseases of the Mother, and a spoonful of the leaves of Double-tongue given, causeth the strangled Matrix to descend down to its natural place.  
The root of Laurel of Alexandria, boiled in Wine and drunken, helpeth the Strangury, 
Strangury  provoketh Urine 
Urine  and women's natural sickness, procures Easie-delivery, 
Easy-delivery  expelleth the Secondine, and all corruption of the Matrix.   

Garden Dragons, Dragonwort and Water Dragons.  
Kind's and Names.] THere be three kinds: the first is called, the great Dragon, Dracunculus Major; of some, Serpentaria, and Colubrina; in shops, Serpentaria Major.  
The second kind is called Dracunculus Minor in Latin, the lesser Dragon; and of some, Aron maculatum; in English, small Dragonwort, and speckled Aron.  
The third kind is called in Latin Dracunculus palustris, sine aquatilis; in English, Water-Dragon, or Marsh-Dragon, in low dutch Water-Draken-wortel.  
Descript.] The first kind called the great Dragon, or Serpentary, beareth an upright stalk of a cubit long or more; thick, round-smooth, and speckled; with divers colours and spots; like to an Adder, or Snakes skin: the leavs be great and large, compact or made of six, seven, or more leaves, whereof each single leaf, is long, and like to a sorrel or Dock-leaf, and are very smooth and plain: at the top of the stalk groweth, a long hose or husk, like to the hose or Cod of Cuckow-pintle, or Wake-robin, of a greenish colour without, and of a dark red or purple colour within, and so is the clapper, or pestle that groweth up within the said husk, which is long, and thick, and shart-pointed, peeked like to a horn; whose fruit by increase waxeth so as it stretcheth, and at length breaketh out of a certain skin, or Film; and appeareth like to a bunch or cluster of Grapes; which at the first are green, but afterwards become very red: these berries or Grapes are full of juice or liquor; in which is a certain small hard seed; the root of this Dragon is lasting, thick and white, and groweth like to a Bulbous Onion, covered with a thin skin, and of the quantity of a middlesized apple, and bearded with divers little white hairs or strings; and oftentimes there is joining to it other small roots which spring out of it, whereby it is multiplied.  
2. The smaller Dragon in his leaves, husk, or Cod, pestle, or clapper, berry, and Grape, is like unto Aron, or Cuckow-pintle; saving that his leaves are not marked with black, but with white spots; neither do they perish so soon as Cuckow-pintle, but they grow together with their berries until Winter.  
Their berries also are not fully so red, but of a certain yellowish red: the root is not much unlike the root of Aron, white and round like an Onion, and hath certain hairy threads hanging by it, with some small roots or buds of new plants.  
3. Water-Dragon hath not a round Bulbous root like the other Dragons, but it is a long creeping root, full of joints, and of a good thickness, out of which joints springeth up the stalks of the leaves, which are smooth without, and spongy within; but downwards towards the ground, the said roots send out of their said joints, certain small hairy, or threddy roots; the fruit groweth alone upon a short stem; and cometh forth with one of the leaves, compassed about with white small thrommes or threads; at the first, (which is the blowing) and afterward it groweth forth into a cluster, which is green at first and waxeth red when it is ripe; smaller than Grapes or cluster of Cuckow-pintle berries, but as sharp or biting: the leaves be large, green, fine, smooth, fashioned like Ivy leaves, yet smaller than the leaves of Cuckow-pintle, but that leaf wherein the cluster of berries groweth, is smallest of all; and on the upper part or side next the fruit, it is white.  
Place.] The first or great Dragonwort, groweth in shadowy places, in this Country; it is planted in Gardens.  
2. The second kind, or lesser Dragonwort delighteth also in shadowy places; it groweth not in England; but it is found plentifully in the Islands called Majorca and Minorca.  
3. The third kind groweth in moist watery places, in the brinks of ditches, and also in floating waters, and also along the running streams and Rivers.  
Time.] They flower in July, and the fruit is ripe in August.  
Government and Virtues.] All these herbs are under the dominion of Mars, and are all, especially their roots and fruits, hot and dry in the third degree: The roots of these plants, either boiled or roasted, and mingled with honey, 
Short-Breath  and taken as a Lohoc, is good for them that cannot fetch their breath, & for those who are troubled with dangerous Coughs, 
Coughs, Catarrhs.  and Catarrhs, that is, the distillation and falling down of humours from the Brain to the Breast; and against Convulsions 
Convulsions  or Cramps; 
Cramps  they divide, ripen and consume all gross and tough humours, and scour off, and cleanse the inward parts.  
They have the like power, when they are three or four times boiled, until they have lost their Acrimony, or sharpness, to be afterwards eaten with meats as Galen saith.  
The roots dried and mingled with honey, scoureth malignant & fretting Ulcers 
Ulcers, Spots  that are hard to cure; especially if it he mingled with the root of Briony; and it taketh away all white Spots and Scurviness, from any part of the body that is rubbed therewith: the juice of the root, putteth away all Webs 
Manginess, Web  and Spots from the Eyes; and it is good to be put into Collyries, and medicines made for the Eyes: the same dropped into the Ears with Oil taketh away the pain 
Eyes, Pained-Eares  and grief of the same.  
The fruit or berries of Dragons cureth virulent, and malignant 
Malignant  Ulcers, 
Ulcers, Polypus  and consumeth and eateth away, the superfluous flesh called Polypus which groweth in the nose, and it is good to be laid unto Cankers, 
Cankers  and such fretting and consuming Ulcers.  
Some writ (as Pliny amongst the rest of his Romantic fancies) that those who carry about them the leaves, or roots of great Dragon-worts, cannot be bitten or hurt of Vipers or Serpents.   

Dunch-down.  
Names.] IT is called Dunch-down, because if the Down thereof happen to fall into the Ears, it will cause one to be deaf as Mathiolus saith. It is called in Latin Typha palustris, Reed-mace, and Water-torch, the leaves are called Matweed because they make Mats therewith.  
Descript.] This herb hath long, rough, thick, and almost three square leaves, filled within with a soft pith or marrow, amongst the leaves sometimes groweth up, a long, smooth, naked stalk, without knots, or joints, not hollow within, having at the top a grey or russet long knap or Ear which is round, soft, thick and smooth, and seemeth to be nothing else but a throm of russet wool or flocks, set thick & throng d together; the which at length when as the said knap, or Ear, waxeth ripe, it is turned into down, and carried away with the Wind; this down or Cotton is so fine, that in some Countries they fill cushions and beds with it, as Fuchsius writeth: the roots be hard thick and white with many threads hanging overthwart one another; and when these roots are dry they are good to burn, and for nothing else as I ever heard of.  
Place.] This plant is frequently found in standing-ponds and waters, and shadowy pools; and commonly amongst Reeds and flags, by the brinks or edges of Rivers and running Streams.  
Time.] It is at full growth in July and August, and the Down ripe soon after.  
Government and Virtues.] It is an herb of the Moon, of temperature cold and dry; the Down of this plant mingled with Swines-grease well washed, healeth burn 
Burn  or Scaldings, 
Scaldings  with fire or water. It hath also been experimented and proved, that the Down or Cotton of this plant, is very profitable for Kibed-heels; 
Kibed-heels  which are broken out and hollow, if it be laid thereupon.   

Dwarff-plane-tree.  
Names.] IT is called in Latin Sambucus Palustris, and Sambucus Aquatica, Marsh-Elder, and Water-Elder, because of the flowers and fruit, and the Timber is full of pith like Elder.  
Descript.] This plant is somewhat like Elder. The Wood thereof, but especially of the young branches, is full of pith, as are those of Elder: the leavs be large and fine cornered, almost of the fashion of Vine leaves, but smaller, the flowers be white and grow in round shadowy tuffets, whereof those in the middle are small; and they that stand all about the border of the round spokey tuffts are great; the fruit is round berries like the berries of Elder, but greater, and of a shining red colour.  
Place.] This plant groweth plentifully in Meadows, by the sides of fresh fair running Rivers, and by watercourses, and in low waterish places.  
Time.] The Dwarff-plane-tree, flowers in May, and the fruit is ripe in September following.  
Government and Virtues.] It is a Saturnine plant; some say that the berries thereof being taken into the body, do cause Vomiting and open the belly, purging 
Vomit, Purge  downwards: but it is not now experienced, being little made use of, if at all.    


Elder, and the Kind's.  
OUr Prodromus Culpepp. falling short both in the description, kinds, nature and Celestial government of Elder, and also of their several medicinal uses, I must not omit to enlarge somewhat thereupon supplying his defects, and adding the several kinds and their virtues.  
Descript.] 1. The common Elder-tree, called in Latin Sambucus vulgaris, groweth up in some ground if it stand alone to a good height, but standing thick 'tis but a shrub with spreading branches, the outer bark is grayish, but underneath it hath a green skin, it hath a pith in the middle: the leavs are winged and stand at the joints of the branches, a little dented about the edges, of a fair sad green colour, of a strong smell: the flowers are white and stand in tufts at the tops of the twigs, smelling stronger than the leaves, after which succeed small round berries, green at first, and blackish when they are ripe, full of purplish juice within them, and some small flat seeds or grains: the root is great and thick far spreading; there is a kind of Fungus, or Excrescence, growing at the bottom of the tree, and on the branches of this tree, called Jews-Ears, and is somewhat in resemblance like unto an Ear, but is accounted a kind of the Mushrooms.  
Descript.] 2. White berried Elder, Sambucus fructu albo: this Elder is both in form, bark, pith, branches, leaves and flower, so like the other that it cannot be discerned but by the fruit; but the chiefest diffe- is that the berries are of a pale, whitish, yellow colour in most places; yet in some they abide greenish, and is hereby only distinguished from the former:  
Descript.] 3. Jagged-Elder; Sambucus, Laciniatis foliis: the difference in this from the first is the form of the leaves, which are so much divided or jagged even to the middle rib, that it would not be deemed an Elder but only by the smell thereof; in all other parts, aswel flowers as berries, it differeth not from the first.  
Descript.] 4. Red-berried Elder, Sambucus racemosa Rubra; this is a mountain Elder, and differeth but a little from the common Elder, but that it seldom groweth so great, and the flowers are somewhat yellowish, and grow not in large spread tufts; but in small long branched clusters, like Privet, and the berries are of a scarlet colour, and pleasant to be eaten; it is like it in the growing, rugged white bark in the body and Elder boughs and somewhat reddish in the young leavs as also in the roots; the Wood is not so soft nor so pithy.  
Descript.] 5. Sambucus Palustris sive Aquatica the Marsh Elder: This hath his body and branches, covered with a whitish bark, but they are smaller and more brittle than any of the former; the leaves also differ much from them, being broad and smooth, divided at the edges, into three and sometimes five parts, and dented round about, like unto a vine leaf, and somewhat resembling the great Maple, or vulgarly called Sycamore leaf; the flowers stand in tufts, or umbells, like the first sorts, but they are smaller and whitish, the outermost are much larger than any of the innermost, or of the former Elders, consisting of five leaves a piece, round pointed, which compass the middle flowers round about, but have no threads in the middle, of a reasonable sweet scent; after which follow very red berries, somewhat flat, and full, of a red juice, bitterish in taste, ready to cause Vomiting.  
Descript.] 6. The Elder or Gelder-rose, Sambucus Rosea is the Latin appellation; this is of the same kind growing after the same manner, with such like leavs, but the Flower is composed as it were of many whitish or pale blush flowers set together in a round tuft or ball.  
Descript.] 7. Dwarff-Elder, called also Walwort and Danewort, in Latin Ebulus sive Sambucus humilis; this is but an herb dying every year with the stalks down to the ground, and rising fresh again every Spring, and inform and quality resembles the common Elder, it riseth up with a four square, rough, hairy stalk four foot high, sometimes more and sometimes less, the winged leaves are somewhat narrower than those of the Elder, but else very like it; the flowers are white with a dash of purple, standing in Vmbells like those of the Elder, but more sweet in smell, after which come small blackish berries, full of juice while they are fresh, wherein there lie small hard kernels or seed, the root doth creep under the upper crust of the ground, springing a fresh in divers places about the bigness of ones finger.   

Jagged Dwarff-Elder.  
Descript.] 8. THis is called in Latin Ebulus foliis laciniatis: there can be known no difference between this and the other, save, only in the leaves, which do so deform the whole face of the plant, that none almost would think it should belong to the former; the flowers, fruit, and smell only leading us to Judge of the Species: the leaves are almost Jagged, as much as the jagged Elder, wherein consists the only difference in this, from the former.  
The Place and Time.] Common Elder groweth very frequently in hedges, and in many places it is planted to serve for hedges, and partitions, for grounds, and Gardens, especially about London, where the Gardeners plant it, not only to serve in their grounds, but for the annual profit it yields both for the green buds, flowers and fruit, and it is planted likewise in many places where Coneys breed, for shadow; every stick or branch being thrust into the ground, will easily take root and grow. The second, it is said was first found by Tragus in the Woods of Germany. The third, is found wild, on Hills in watery Woods. The fourth, is only found planted in the Gardens of the Curious. The fifth is found by watersides and Moorish places in Germany, France, England, Italy, and Peidmont in Savoy, as Pena saith. The sixth is nursed up only in Gardens, but best delighteth in moist Grounds. The seventh groweth Wild in many places of England, where if it be once gotten into a Ground, it will so creep and spread itself under the upper crust of the earth, that is will hardly be gotten out again. The last is as yet a stranger in England.  
The Time.] The common Elder shoots forth his buds early in the year-in the beginning of January if the weather be mild: all or most of the Elders, flower in June, but the Danewort somewhat late, as his fruit likewise is later ripe; even not until September: but the others are ripe for the most part at the middle or latter end of August.  
Government and Virtues.] In the judgement of Culpepper, about the planetary dominion of these plants, he much mistakes himself, saying that both Elder and Walwort were under Venus, but they are numbered amongst the violent purgers, and of a heating and drying quality, quite contrary to the nature of Venus, as also their rank smell demonstrates; I do therefore attribute them to the dominion of Mars in Scorpio; both Galen and also Dioscorides do attribute to the Walwort, aswell as to the common Elder (for they account their properties both one) a hot and dry temperature, purging watery humours abundantly, but not without trouble to the Stomach: the first shoots of the common Elder boiled like unto Asparagus, and the young leaves and stalks boiled in fat broth, draweth forth mightily Choler and tough Phlegm; 
Choler, Phlegm  the tender leaves also eaten with oil and salt doth the same, the middle or inner bark boiled in Water, and given to drink worketh much more violently, and the berries also either green or dry, expel the same humours and is often given with good success to help the Dropsy, by evacuating great plenty of waterish humours; 
Watery humours  the bark of the root also boiled, or the juice thereof drunk, worketh the same effects, but more powerfully, than do either the leaves or fruit: the juice of the root taken provoketh Vomiting 
Vomit, Dropsy  mightily, and purgeth the watery humours of the Dropsy: the same decoction of the root, cureth the biting of the Viper 
Viper, Adder  or Adder, as also of a Mad-dog, 
Mad-dog, Mother,  and mollifieth the hardness of the Mother if Women sit therein: and openeth the Veins, and bringeth down their Courses; 
Courses Hair made black, Eyes inflamed, Burning  the berries boiled in Wine perform the same effects, the hair of the Head or other parts washed therewith is made black: the juice of the green leaves applied to hot inflammations of the Eyes, assuageth them: the leaves boiled until they be tender and then beaten and mixed with Barly-meal, and applied to hot inflammations assuageth them, and helpeth Burning 
Burning  & Scalding; 
Sealding, Fistula's, Ulcers  & cureth Fistula's & Ulcers, being laid thereupon and easeth the pains of the Gout, 
Gout, Brain  being beaten and boiled with tallow of a Bull or a Goat & laid thereon; the juice of the leave snuffed up into the nostrils, purgeth the Tunicles of the Brain; the juice of the berries boiled with a little honey and dropped into the Ears, 
Ears pained  easeth the pains of them; the decoction of the berries in Wine being drunk provoketh Urine, 
Provoke Urine to make lean  the powder of the seeds, first prepared in Vinegar and then taken in Wine, 
Wind, Colic  half a dram at a time, for certain days together, is a means to abate fat, and keep the body lean, the berries so prepared and as much white Tartar and a few Anniseeds, put unto them, a dram of this powder given in Wine cureth the Dropsy humour; 
Dropsy humours  very gently purging: the dry flowers are very often used in the decoctions of Glisters to expel Wind, and easeth the Colic; for they lose their purgeing quality which they have being green, and retain an attenuating and digesting property being dried.  
The distilled water of the flowers is of much use to clear the skin from Sunburning, 
Sunburning  Freckles, 
Freckles  Morphew 
Morphew  or the like, and (saith Mathiolus) the Head being bathed therewith it taketh away all manner of Headache 
Headache  that cometh of a cold cause.  
The Vinegar made of the flowers of Elder by maceration and insolation, is grateful to the Stomach, 
Stomach  and of great power and effect to quicken the Appetite, and helpeth to cut gross or tough Phlegm 
Phlegm, hot  in the chest; a syrup of Vinegar made thereof, will work more effectually for these purposes: the leaves boiled and laid hot upon any hot and painful Aposthumes, 
Aposthumes  especially in the more remote and sinewy parts, doth both cool the heat, and inflammation of them, and ease the pains: the distilled water of the inner bark of the tree or of the root, is very powerful to purge the watery humours of the Dropsy, 
Dropsy, Tympany, Burning  or Tympany, taking it fasting and two hours before Supper.  
Mathiolus prescribeth a Receipt hereof to help any Burning or Scalding, 
Scalding  which is made in this manner, viz.  
Take (saith he) one pound of the inner bark of the Elder, bruise it or cut it small, and put it into two pound of fine salad oil, or oil of Olives, that hath been first washed oftentimes in the distilled water of Elder-flowers; let them boil gently a good while together, and afterwards strain forth the oil, pressing it very hard; Set this oil on the fire again and put thereto, four ounces of the young branches and leavs of the Elder-tree, and as much new Wax, let them boil to the consumption of the juice, after which being taken from the fire, put presently thereunto two ounces of liquid varnish (such as Joiners use &c.) and afterwards, of Olibanum in fine powder four ounces, and the whites of two eggs being first well beaten by themselves; all these being well stirred and mixed together, put it up into a clean pot, and keep it to use when occasion serveth.  
The young buds, and leaves of the Elder and as much of the roots of plantain beaten together, and boiled in old Hogs-grease, and laid warm upon the place pained with the Gout, 
Gout  giveth present ease: if you put some of the flowers of Elder into a bag, letting it hang in a Vessel of Wine, when it is new made and beginneth to work: the bag being a little pressed every evening for a seven-night together giveth to the Wine a very good relish and a smell like Muscadine; the like may be tried with a Vessel of Ale or Beer new Tunned up, and set to work together, the leaves of Elder boiled tender and applied warm to the fundament easeth the the pains of Piles, 
Piles, Ulcers  if they be once or twice renewed as they grow cold: The foul inflamed or old Ulcers, 
inflamed, blood  and sores of the Legs 
Sore Legs, hot  being often washed with the water of the leaves or of the flowers distilled, in the middle of the Month of May, doth heal them in a short space.  

Fistulous Ulcers  The distilled water of the flowers taketh away the heat and inflammation of the Eyes, and helpeth them when they are bloodshotten. 
shotten Eyes   
The hands being washed Morning and Evening with the same water of the flowers, doth much help and ease them that have the Palsy 
Palsy, hands  in them, and cannot keep them from shaking: 
shaking  the pith in the middle of the Elder stalks, being dried and put into the Cavernous holes of Fistulous Ulcers, 
Fistulous Ulcers  that are ready to close, openeth and dilateth the Orifice, whereby injections may be used, and other remedies applied for the cure of them.  
It is reported, that if you gently strike a Horse that cannot piss, with a stick of this Elder, and bind some of the leaves to his Belly, 
Mizaldus  it will make him piss presently: it is also said, and some persons of good credit, have told me (but I did never make any experiment of it) that if one ride with two little sticks of this Elder in his pockets, he shall not fret nor gall, let the Horse go never so hard.  
The Mushrooms, or Excrescences of the Elder-tree, called in English Jews Ears, usually Auriculae Judae, and Fungus Sambucinus, are of much use being dried to be boiled in Ale or Milk, or some other proper decoction with Columbine leaves for sore Throats, 
Sore Throats  of the Mouth Headache  and with a little Pepper and pellitory of Spain in powder, to put up the Wula, or  of the mouth being down: the dried Jews Ears steeped in Rose-water, and applied to the Temples and forehead, easeth the pains of the Head, or Headache, as saith Mathiolus.  
The Mountain or red berried Elder hath the same properties, that the common Elder hath, but much weaker in all things; and the berries hereof are accounted to be cold, and to procure sleep, 
Sleep  but the frequent use hereof is hurtful; it hath been said that if a stick, or branch of this Elder be put into the passage or Cavern that a Mole 
Moles  hath made, it will either drive them forth, or kill them in their holes.  
The marsh Elder is of the same purging quality, with the former or common Elder, especially the berries or the juice of them. Hens and Birds do feed upon them willingly in the Winter.  
The Danewort, Walwort, or Dwarff-Elder, is in operation more forceable or powerful than the Elder, in all the diseases, and for all the purposes whereunto it is applied, but more especially wherein the Elder is little or nothing available, the Dwarff-Elder serveth to these uses;  
The young and tender branches and leaves thereof taken with Wine, helpeth those that are troubled with the Stone 
Stone,  and Gravel; 
Stone, Gravel  and is a speedy and quick help for hardness and swelling of a Man's Stones, 
Stones swelled or hard  being laid warm thereupon; the juice of the root of Walwort, applied to the Throat, helpeth the Quinsy 
Quinzy, Kings-Evil,  and King's-evil: the juice thereof, put into the fundament helpeth the falling down thereof, 
Falling of the Fundament Courses, Dropsy  the same also put up with a little wool into the Matrix bringeth down women's courses the same juice of the root, strongly purgeth watery humours, and is held most effectual for the Dropsy of all other herbs whatsoever; the dried berries or the seeds beaten to powder, and taken in-Wine fasting worketh the like effect: the powder of the seed taken in the decoction of Chamaepetis, or grownd-Pine, and a little Cinnamon to the quantity of a dram at a time, is an approved remedy both for the Gout, 
Gout, Joint-aches  Joint-aches, and Sciatica, 
Sciatica  as also for the French-Pox, 
French-Pox  for it draweth the humours from the place affected, whereby it easeth the pains, and draweth forth those humours, that are fluent, peccant and offensive; the powder of the root worketh in the like manner, and to the same effect; the root hereof steeped in Wine all night, and a draught thereof, given before the access, or coming, will either break off the fit or abate the violence thereof, 
Agues  and at the second taking seldom faileth to drive it quite away: an ointment made of the green leaves & May butter, made in the Month of May, is accounted a sovereign remedy for all outward pains, 
Outward pains  Aches or Cramps in the Nerves, 
Aches in Nerves  Joints or Sinews, 
Joints, Sinews  for Lameness 
Lameness  or stiffness by cold or other casualties, and in general to comfort, warm, and strengthen all the outward parts ill affected; as also to mollify the hardness, and open the obstructions 
Obstructions  of the Spleen, 
hardness Spleen  the grieved parts being anointed therewith.  
The leaves laid to steep in water and sprinkled in any chamber of the house, killeth Fleas, Flies 
Fleas, Flies  and Wasps 
Wasps, Cold,  as is said: Tragus saith, that the tender branches boiled in Wine, whereunto some honey is put, and drunk for some days together is profitable for a Cold and dry Cough, 
Cough, Breast  cureth the diseases of the Breast, by cutting and extenuating and digesting the gross, and tough Phlegm therein, all the properties before-said of the Elder, the Walwort doth perform more strongly, and is more effectual in opening and purging Choler, Phlegm 
Choler, Phlegm  and Water, in helping the Gout, 
Water, Gout  the Piles, 
Piles  and women's diseases, coloureth the Hair black, helpeth the Inflammations of the Eyes, and pains in the Ears, 
women's courses hair, Eyes, ears  the stinging or biting of Serpents, 
Serpents, Mad-dog, Burning  or a Mad-dog, the Burn or Scaldings, 
Scaldings  by Fire or Water, Wind Colic, 
Wind Colic and Stone  and Stone, the cure of all old sores and fistulous Ulcers, 
Ulcers  and all other the griefs and maladies before of the Elder specified.  
Thus in general Terms, I have given the species, nature and virtues of the Elder and Dwarff-Elder, with their excellent operations, deducted from the Testimony of the best Authors, and late admired experience: I shall now lay down some more particular, and late experienced medicaments, composed of some parts of the Elder, and appropriated to several diseases in several parts of Man's body.  

For pain in the Head.  
Take the Cake of the flowers of Elder left in the Still after the distillation, and sprinkle upon it the Vinegar of the flowers, and apply it to the Temples, renewing it with sprinkling on fresh Vinegar, or you may use Rose cakes be sprinkled with the Vinegar of Elder; which is far better for the brain where the heat is more vehement, and the brain more sensible.  
Or, Take of fresh Elder leaves two handfuls, of Roses and waterlilly-flowers, of each one handful, being cut and pounded, pour upon them of Elder Vinegar, & the water, distilled out of the flowers, of each a like quantity, press the juice out strongly, and mix with it two whites of Eggs well beaten, in which dip a double Linen cloth, and apply it to the Head, repeating it often.  
This decoction is excellent to dispel the Vapours of the brain, and make one sleep sound, if the Legs and Arms be sound rubbed therewith when you go to bed.  
Take six Umbells of the Elder flowers when they are full; of anise, Umbells four; of Roman Camomile flowers one handful, six poppy Heads with their seeds: being cut together beat them in rain water, and so apply them.   

The Elder's remedies again Hypochondriack and flatulent Melancholy.  
In these diseases, if the Patient be subject to Vomit, it is expedient first of all to provoke it by the oil of the infusion of the flowers and bark of the Elder; lest by preparing and purging medecines, those crude, and Excrementitious humours which often are gathered in the Stomach be carried to the more principal parts of the body and augment the obstructions.  
Or give of the syrup made of the juice of the buds and berries an ounce, with some grains of the extract of Scammony, and three drops of the oil of Elder-flowers distilled, in the distilled water of the flowers thereof.  
Or use this clyster following which will mitigate pain, expel wind, and loosen the belly.  
Take of Elder leaves two handfuls, of Elder flowers and Roman Cammomil-flowers, of each an handful; of the stones of Elder-berries dried two drams: which being cut and pounded, boil them in good Wine, or Wine of the Elder, till the colature come to eight ounces; add the oil of the infused flowers three ounces, of Elder-honey two ounces, the yolk of one egg; mix them and make a clyster and inject it hot.  
After this the Wine which is drawn out of the berries and flowers, is very profitable, for it opens obstructions, cuts gross humours, and by degrees carries them off. It doth likewise refresh the vital and animal Spirits; drink a cupful thereof each morning for a Month, taking before a spoonful or two of flesh broth, or a soft Egg; with these you may also mix once or twice a week the powder of the buds of Elder; which is thus prepared,  
Take of Elderbuds dried in the shade half an ounce, of Elder-kernels trochiscated, of Seine leaves, of Crystalized Elder Salt, of each three dams, of the extract of Scammony two drams, of Galingale, and Mace, each half a dram; being all subtly powdered distil upon them, of the oil of Cloves and Fennel of each six drops, of Cinnamon and Caraway of each three drops; let them be mixed exactly in a marble, Mortar for a powder; whose dose is from a scruple to a dram.  
The Trochiscation, or preparation of the seeds of Elder is thus: Take one ounce of the lesser Esula prepared in infusion in Vinegar and pulverised grossly, put it into Spanish Wine, and let them macerate eight days in the Sun, or in the Winter in the Chimney-corner, the mouth of the glass being well stopped; after, strain them through grey Paper, and purify them, take the clean Arillas of the Elder-berries, dry them, pulverize them, and with a sufficient quantity of the powder of Esula make them in paste, dry it, and then sprinkle them with the same infusion, and again work it into paste, of which form your Troches: dry them, and keep them for your use.   

The specific cure of the Epilepsy or Falling sickness from the Elder. The Cure of Children.  
To Infants new born, before you give them any thing to swallow, you may give them with great profit, a spoonful of the syrup of the flowers, or juice of the Elder-berries, to carry off that putrid, yellowish, and sometimes blackish water gathered in the Stomach and parts about while the Infant is in the Mother's womb; for these syrrups do not only change and evacuate, but they also preserve from and resist malignities.  
Macerate a handful of Elder-flowers, well dried in Wine, with which wash the new born babe; it consumes the humours gathered about the joints, and comforts the members: this also is profitable; Take of the powder of the buds one dram, of the berries of herb Paris, Numb. 6. powder them very finely, of which give half a scruple for 9 days together, in the water of Elder-flowers, or in any other convenient Liquor.  
In the Fit the least spoonful of the spirit of the flowers, given with three or five of the seeds of Peony excorticated, is much commended or of Peony-seeds excorticated of the best Water of Elder-flowers, one ounce and an half; of the flowers of Linden, half an ounce.   

The cure of those that are of age, and grieved with the Falling-sickness.  
In the cure of such persons, first, purge the body very well. In the Spring time, macerate the bark of the roots of Elder in the Whey of Cow's milk, which being sweetened with Sugar, let him each morning drink an hearty draught thereof; or take of the compound powder of the buds two scruples or a dram, or take of the new rob of the Elder, well thickened with Sugar as much, as will make a Bolus.  
The Spirit of the flowers and berries of the Elder, in and out of the fit, is very effectual, but it may be made more efficacious in this manner: Take of the middle bark of the Elder; of Peony-roots, each 6 drams; of dried Elder-leaves and buds, of Linden tree-flowers of each one handful; of the seeds of Rue two drams, of the berries of herb Paris Number 20. of Jews-Ears numb. 6.  
This being cut and pounded put as much of the Spirit of Elder-flowers thereon, as will be a hand broad high, above them; let them stand eight days in a hot place, and in a vessel close stopped, distil them in glass Vessels in Balneo Mariae, till they be dry; with them mix the distilled Spirits, the salt drawn out of its dregs, and keep it for the Anti-Epileptick Spirit of the Elder, whereof you may give a spoonful to the patiented in the time of his fit, afterwards using it every quarter of the Moon, to dissipate the Epileptic corruption by sweeting, or insensible transpiration; and to strengthen the brain; with this same in the time of the fit, rub the nostrils, Gums, and Palate, adding thereto a grain or two of Castor.  
The Water of the flowers drawn up into the Nose, prevails much against the Epilepsy, and Vertigo; in the same affects, the Eyes and Face, are to be washed often with this water; in the time of the Fit anoint gently the contracted members, with the oil of the flowers of the first description; the oil of the second sort is much commended to anoint the palms of the Hands and Soles of Feet, the Temples and nape of the Neck.   

Of the Apoplexy, and Palsy.  
The salt of the Spirit of Elder is much commended as a preservative against these grievous diseases, if it be mixed with a third part of the volatile Spirit of Amber, and given in the time of the new Moon, or full Moon in a convenient liquor, in the weight of a scruple or half a dram; the salt of the Elder must be first excellently crystalized in the water of Sage.  
Oximel Sambuci, is likewise useful in these cold distempers of the Brain, whereof give often in Sage water, a little before purging, for the cutting and preparing that gross matter.  
The Spirit likewise distilled from the Berries is excellent, if once a week or at least each Quarter of the Moon, a spoonful thereof be taken mixed with crumbs of Wheat-bread and a little, Sugar: or you may prepare it new in what quantity you please, Thus.  
Take Sage, Margerum, Ivy, of each two drams; Cowslip-flowers, Lily of the Valley-flowers, of each one dram and an half; of Rocket-seeds two drams: which being cut and grossly powdered, infuse them in a sufficient quantity of the Spirit of Elder, and after eight days distil them in Balneo: dissolve a little Castoreum in it and strain it, of this give the Patiented a spoonful in the time of the Fit, and with the same rub the Crown of the Head, Temples, Nape of the Neck, and Nostrils.  
But if the Apoplexy end in a Palsy of the sides or other Members, as usually it doth, (or in death;) 'tis necessary to provoke sweat, which may be done with two drams of the spirit before mentioned, or two drams of the Rob of the berries in Sage water, or of the extract of the rob of the Elder; five drams and an half of which every morning give to the patiented, being exactly mixed one dram in two or three ounces of the decoction of the great Burdock, and keep him warm to sweat in his bed for half an hour.   

Of Catarrhs.  
In this the Wine prepared of the flowers and berries is much commended, drink a cupful in the morning after you have taken a little broth.   

For diseases of the Ears and Hearing.  
For to ease and mitigate pains of the Ears use Fomentations, of Elder and Camomile-flowers; and anoint the place with the oil of the infusion of the flowers of Elder: To take away the tingling, sounding and other noises of the Ears, drop in a drop or two of the oil of the flowers, and stop the Ears with Bombace dipped therein, and with the decoction of the roots and leaves of the Elder, with some Originanum; let the Ears be often washed therein, and receive the hot sum thereof.   

Of the defects of the Nose and Smelling.  
Water of Elder-flowers often snuffed up into the Nose helpeth the Smelling, when it is lost or diminished, by any great Cold or sickness; and if you wash the Face often with the distilled water of the leaves and flower: of the Elder, it cleanseth and drieth up all pimples and pustules of the Face.   

For diseases of the Throat and Mouth.  
The expressed juice of the leaves, mixed with Simple or Elder honey doth cleanse and dry very much, all the Ulcers of the Gums and Throat, they being gargled therewith; and outwardly anoint them, with the oil of Elder-flowers by infusion.   

For Hoarseness.  
The new Rob of the Elder-berries, which is liquid, is with good success given to Coughing and unquiet Children; for older people a Lohoch of the oil of Elder-Sugar is profitable; but where there is much matter, and corruption feared, this medicament following is profitable:  
Take of fresh Elder-leaves, a little dried in the shadow one handful, boil them in a quart of Fountain water, to the Consumption of a third part, strain it, and sweeten it with Sugar-Candy or clarified honey; of which, every day morning and evening drink a draught warm.   

To make the Voice clear.  
Take of Elder-flowers dried in the Sun, and pulverised; of which drink a little every morning, in white Wine fasting: if the Cough and Hoarseness proceed from heat in Fevers, the syrup made of the juice of Elder-berries with equal parts of the syrup of violets, is an excellent remedy. Or you may make Elder-Sugar in imitation of violet Sugar-Candy, Cinnamon or Rose Sugar; of which in these pectoral diseases hold some still to be dissolved in your mouth, that it may gradatim, descend into the Windpipe: 'tis thus made;  
Take of the best Sugar 6 pound, let it dissolve and boil, in the fragrant water of the flowers, till it come to a fit thickness, to be made into tablets, then infuse the fresh juice made from the berries well clarified, or the frequent infusion of the flowers, as you please to have the colour: on a soft fire boil to the consistency of a syrup, then in a glass or earthen pot, put sticks in order two fingers breadth asunder and pour the Liquor hot thereon, and in a warmed shop, the vessel being bound up in a thick Cotton-cloth, let it stand to congeal.   

For Swooning and Faintness.  
The Vinegar of Elder-berries imbibed in a Sponge recovers those as it were from death, that are subject to Swoonings and Faintings, it excellently refresheth the vital Spirits, in this also dip Linen , and apply them to the pulses of the Temples, Wrists, and near the Ankles.   

Of Agues and Fevers.  
As soon as any one finds a Fever at first begin to approach, let them take of the Rob of the Elder in the Vinegar, Spirit or water of the flowers thereof, and so in their beds being well covered with clothes, dispose themselves for sweeting.  
But this is only to be done in the beginnings of Fevers, and in such bodies as are not full of gross and corrupt humours; otherwise, it is more safe, to open the passages of the whole body by Emetics and cathartics.  
The purified oil expressed out of the kernels of the berries, is commended in strong and lusty bodies, one dram or a dram and an half thereof, being taken in the broth of flesh; for it gently moveth Vomiting and loosneth the Belly.  
The oil made of the infused flowers and bark of the Elder, from one ounce to three, provokes Vomit, and purgeth the Belly; the same alone or in a decoction may be given in a Glister.  
In young ones, the syrup of the juice of the berries, of the buds or bark, sufficeth. There are some which testify, and call experience to witness, that if the middle bark of Elder be pulled downward from the tree, it purgeth the body downwards, but if they be pulled upward it worketh by Vomit.  
In such Fevers which are lengthened from the stopping or fullness of the Meseraick Veins, and from the grosseness and toughness of the humour, Oxymel Sambucinum, dissolved in the distilled water of the flowers or Barleywater, and daily on the intermitting days drank an hour or two before supper is commended: the Crystallized salt of the Elder, taken from half a scruple to a whole one, is profitable, also six drops, of the Spirit of the fame, taken in the broth of flesh; all these do powerfully open obstructions, and cut asunder the grossness and roughness of the humour; they cleanse the Bowels and Vessels, and both by Urine and Sweat dissipate the Feverish matter. In the time of the Fit, give the patiented a spoonful or a dram and a half of the oil pressed out of the berries-kernells, in warm Ale: the rob of Elder in greatness of a Walnut, being mixed with half a dram of the powder of Carduus benedictus, and swallowed; and drinking Vinegar above it, and afterwards provoking sweat in bed, is a very good medicine.  
In continual and hot burning Fevers, where the heat is more intense, and great drought tormenteth the Patient, make this Julap.  
Take of Fountain or River-water three pounds, of Elder Vinegar three ounces, of the finest Sugar two ounces, let them boil together a little in a fit Vessel; unto which being warm, add an ounce of Cinnamon in powder; let them cool of themselves in a close Vessel; and strain them for a Julap, of which give the Patient oft in a day: it extinguisheth the Feverish heat, cuts the gross and tough matter, cleanseth the thin and Bilous, opens obstructions; it purgeth the peccant humours; and by its acidity sharpeneth the appetite and refresheth the strength.   

Of Worms.  
The Crystalline salt of the Elder, preserveth and freeth from Worms; it robs them of their nourishment, kills them and purgeth them out: the dose is from half a scruple to half a dram, or two scruples; for those of riper years, you may prepare in the Spring time, a dish made of Elderbuds freed from their bitter nauseous taste, by the infusion of boiling water with Oil, Salt, and Vinegar, which is to be used as a salad before supper: That this salad may be the more pleasant, you may add some tender leaves of Sorrel.  
Briefly, whatsoever I have here said in relating the properties of the Elder; the Dwarff-Elder doth more strongly effect in opening and purging Choler, Phlegm and Water, in helping the Gout, the Piles and women's diseases, it coloureth the hair black, helpeth inflammations in the Eyes, and pains in the Ears, the biting or stinging of Venomous creatures or a mad Dog, the Burn or Scaldings by fire or water, the Wind Colic, the Colic and Stone, difficulty of Urine, the cure of old sores and Fistulous Ulcers, the Dropsy and Gout, and all the other griefs before specified.    

Eglantine.  
Name.] IT is also called Sweet-bryar.  
Descript.] Eglantine or Sweet-bryar, is much like the Wild Rose plant, having very sharp prickles, shutes, springes and rough branches; the leaves also be not much unlike but larger, and of a pleasant smell the flowers be single, smaller than the flowers of the Wild Rose, most commonly white and sometimes red, after which there come also little knaps, or long red berries, like as in the other Roses, wherein the seed is contained.  
Place.] The Eglantine aswell as the manured Roses, is planted in Gardens; if it be set against a wall, under a Window it will cast a most pleasant smell into the room, and so will the branches thereof being set in flower-pots, in Windows and Chimneys in the Summer Months.  
Time.] Eglantine, flowers in May and June about the time the Garden-Roses do.  
Government and Virtues.] It is under the dominion of Venus; the fruit is of an astringent quality; It stoppeth the Lask, 
Lask  and all other issues of blood, 
Bloody-Issues  being eaten.  
There is a rough Spongeous' ball or Excrescence, that groweth on the Wild Rose bush, and also on the Eglantine, which is of great efficacy, and virtue against the Stone, 
Stone  and Strangury. 
strangury  It bringeth forth the Gravel and Stone, and provoketh Urine. 
Urine    

White Ellebore.  
Names.] IT is also called Hellebore, and Neesewort, Veratrum album in Latin, and Helleborus albus.  
Descript.] The White Ellebore, hath great broad leaves, with ribs or Sinews like the leaves of the great Plantain or Gentian: the stalk is round two or three foot high; at the uppermost part whereof, grow along and round about the top, the flowers one above another pale of colour, divided into six little leaves, the which have a green line, overthwart; the flowers being passed away, there cometh in their places small husks, wherein the seed is contained: the root is round, as thick as a man's finger or thumb, white both within and without, having many threddy strings appending unto it.  
Place.] White Ellebore, or Hellebore, groweth in Anticyra, near about the Mountain Octa, and in Cappodocia, and Syria, but the best groweth in Cyrene; in this Country, the Herbarists plant it in their Gardens.  
Time.] White Ellebore flowereth in June and July.  
Government and Virtues.] The root of White Ellebore is hot and dry in the third degree, a plant of Mars. The root causeth one to Vomit up mightily, and with great force, all superfluous slimy Venomous and naughty humours: 
Slimy-humors  likewise, it is good against the Falling-sickness, 
Falling-sickness  Frenzies, 
Frenzy, Headache, Melancholy  old pains in the Head, Melancholy, the Gout, 
Gout, Sciatica  and Sciatica, all sorts of Dropsies, Poison, and against all cold diseases, that he hard to cure, and will not yield to any medicine. But it ought not to be given to any body to be taken inwardly but from a skilful hand, and with good advice and due preparation and correcting. Galen adviseth, not to give of this root in any medicine to be taken into the body, but to be used only in outward applications.  
Therefore. Outwardly it is good to be used against all roughness of the skin, Wild Scurff, 
Scurff, Knobs  Knobs, foul spots, and the Leprosy, 
Leprosy, Fistulas, Terms, dead birth, Sneesing  being mixed with Oils and Ointments and applied thereunto; the same sliced and put into Fistula's, takes away the hardness of them: the same used as a pes●aty bringeth down the flowers, and expelleth the Dead-birth; the powder thereof put into the Nose, or snuffed up into the same, causeth Sneesing, warmeth and purgeth the Brain from gros●e Slimy-humors; the same boiled in Vinegar and holden in the mouth, easeth the Toothache, 
Toothache, Eyes  and mingled with Collyries for the Eyes it doth clear and sharpen the sight.  
The root of Hellebore pounded with Meal and Honey, and laid where Mice and Rats frequent, will kill them that eat thereof; and if it be boiled in Milk and set for Wasps and Flies to sick thereof, it killeth them.  
White Ellebore unprepared, and unduly taken, or too much in quantity, is very hurtful to the body, for it choketh and troubleth all the inward parts, draweth together, and shrinketh all the Sinews; and at length killeth the Party: therefore it ought not to be taken without good advice, and care, and due preparation; neither is it to be given to such people as be either too old or too young, nor to weak or Feeble persons, nor to such as spit blood or be troubled in their Stomaches, or such as are strait and narrow-Chested; such people may by no means take of it without danger.   

Wild White-Ellebore, or Neesewort.  
Names.] IN Latin it is called Helleborine, and Epipactis; in high Dutch Wilded Wit, Niescruyt, that is, Wild White-Helle-bore.  
Descript.] This Herb is like unto the  White Ellebore; but that in all parts it is smaller: it hath a strait stalk, with sinewy leaves, like the l aves of Plaintain or White Ellebore but smaller; the flowers hang down from the stalk, of a white colour, hollow in the middle, with small yellow and incarnate spots, of a very strange fashion; and when the flowers are gone, there cometh, after them, small seed like Sand, enclosed in thick husks; the roots are spread, here and there full of sap, covered with a thick bark and of a bitter taste.  
Place] This plant delighteth in moist Meadows and shadowy places, it groweth in low dark shadowy places in Brabant, as Dodoneus writeth.  
Time.] This herb sloureth in June and July.  
Government and Virtues.] It is likewise a Martial plant, hot and dry of temperature; The decoction of this Herb drunk, openeth the stops of the Liver; 
Stopping Liver  and is good for such as are any ways diseased in their Livers, or have received any Poison, 
Poison  or are bitten by any manner of Venomous beast.   

Erisimon.  
Names.] IT is called in Latin I●io; which some English by the name of Winter-Cresses: this is the Erisimum of Dioscorides.  
Descript.] Erisimon groweth up with long leaves deeply rend and jagged upon both sides, not much unlike the leaves of the Rocket gentle, or Roman rocket, or Wild Mustard; the stalks be small, slender, and pliant, and will twist and wind like Ozier branches; upon the same stalks or branches grow many yellow-flowers; and after them come little slender husks; wherein also is a seed of a sharp biting taste, the root is long and thick, having many strings or hairy threads, hanging thereunto.  
Place.] This herb delighteth to grow in untilled and stony places; and by Highways sides.  
Time.] Erysimon flowereth in June and July.  
Government and Virtues.] Erisimon is hot and dry, of the same nature as are Cresses, under the dominion of Mercury: the seed thereof taken with honey in manner of a Lohoc, and often licked in, ripeneth tough and clammy Phlegm, 
Phlegm,  
Lungs  gathered together, about the Lungs, and within the Breast, and causeth the same to be spit easily forth: it is likewise good against shortness of Breath and an old Cough; 
Breath short Old Cough  it will be the more proper for the same purpose, if the seed be first steeped in fair water, and then dried by the fire; or else lap it up in paste and bake it, which will mitigate the heat thereof.  
The same seed so prepared and put into medicines is good against the Jaundice, and Gripe of the Belly, against the Sciatica, and all Venom and Poison. 
Jaundice, Belly ache, Sciatica Poison, cankers Swelling, Imposthumes breast, Cod's Stones   
The seed of Erisimum mingled with honey and water, and applied pultis-wise is very available against Cankers, hard Swell, Imposthumes behind the Ears, the old and hard Imposthumes, and hard Swell of the Breast, Cod, and Stones; it wasteth and consumeth all cold Swell.   

Euphorbium.  
Names.] IT is called in shops Euphorbium, and Euforbium; of some, Carduus Indicus, and Ficus Indicus, the Thistle or Fig of India.  
Descript.] Euphorbium, is the Gum or Tear of a certain strange plant, growing in Lybia, en the mount Athlante or Athlas, next the Country of Mauritania, now called Morisco or the Country of the Moors. It was first found out in the time of Juba King of Lybia; the leaf of this plant is long and round, almost like the fruit of the cucumber, but the ends or corners be sharper, and set about with many prickles, which are sometimes found in the Gum itself; one of those leaves set in the ground doth increase and multiply divers; the sap or liquor that cometh forth of the said leaves, burneth or scaldeth, and straightways it congealeth, or becometh thick, and that is the Euphorbium: the Euphorbium, at the first, is yellowish, clear, brittle, very sharp and burning in the mouth and throat; fresh and new, not much above a year old: For, this Gum doth soon lose much of his heat and virtue by Age.  
Place.] The Euphorbium described of the Ancients, groweth upon the borders of Mauritania, and in Africa and Judaea; from whence it hath been brought into certain places of Spain, France and Italy, where it bringeth forth neither flower● nor fruit.  
Time.] Euphorbium putteth forth his leaves in the Springtime, whereof the first, second, and the third is the stalk or stem, and the rest grow forth as branches; and when the plant is seven or eight years old, it bringeth forth yellow flowers; the fruit is ripe in Autumn, of colour red, and prickly.  
Government and Virtues.] Euphorbium is under the dominion of Mars, it is of temperature very hot and dry almost in the fourth degree; Euphorbium is too churlish a medicine to be taken of itself alone, but being duly corrected and prepared it becomes very medicinal. The way and manner of correction, and preparation thereof is as followeth.  
1. It may be corrected several ways; one manner is, first, to anoint it with oil of sweet Almonds, afterwards put it in the middle of a Citron or Lemon; and wrap it or close it up in leavened paste, and so bake it; and when the paste is baked, you may take the Euphorbium out of it, to use in medicine.  
2. Another way is; Take of Mastic, Gum Tragacanth, and Euphorbium of each equal parts, mix them well together, and put it into the middle of a loaf and bake it well; then take of the inner crumb of that loaf, and make small pills thereof, which be singular good against Weakness and debility caused by the French-Pox; 
French-Pox  and all pains of the Limbs.  
3. Another way is; Take Euphorbium and Mastic, of each equal part●, and make pills thereof with the juice of Citrons or Oranges; which pills are much commended against the Pestilence. 
Pestilence   
Euphorbium, being well corrected and prepared, purgeth downward, tough, cold, and slimy, Phlegm, 
Phlegm, Choler  drawing the same unto itself from the remote parts of the body; and also purgeth Choler: it is very good against the old and continual Headache, 
Headache, Palsy  the Palsy, Cramp, weakness that follows after the French-Pox, Pain of the Sinews, 
Cramp, French-Pox, Sinews.  and extreme parts, and is good against the Pestilence; and such like contagious diseases.  
A plaster made of Euphorbium, with oil and wax is singular good against all Aches, and pains of the Joints, Lameness, 
Aches, Lameness  Palsies, Cramps and shrinking of Sinews; 
Palsy, Sinews  the same being mingled with oil of Bays and Bears-grease, cureth Scurff and Scabs of the Head, Baldness, 
Scurff, Scaldhead, Baldness  and causeth the Hair to grow again; and it will also cause the Beard to grow if the Chin be anointed therewith.  
The same mingled with Oil, and stroked or laid upon the Temples, is good against Drowsiness, and doth awaken and quicken the Spirits of such as are subject to the Lethargy; 
Lethargy, Apoplexies Speech-lost Leprosy  and if it be applied to the Nape of the Neck, it restoreth the speech again, to such as have lost it by reason of the Apoplexy, or other sickness; and being mingled with Vinegar, and applied, it takes away foul and ill favoured spots of the body, the Leprosy, 
Leprosy  scurff, and skoles of the skin.    


Fenugreek.  
Names.] IT is called in shops in Latin Foenum Graecum, which is as much as to say Greek-hay.  
Descript.] Fenugreek groweth up with tender stalks, round, blackish hollow and full of branches; the leaves are divided into three parts, like the leaves of Trefoil, or the threeleaved grass; the flowers be pale, whitish, and like the flowers of Lupins but smaller: after the flowers are faded or fallen away, there follow after them long Cod, or husks, crooked, and sharp pointed, wherein is a yellow seed; the root is full of small hanging hairs.  
Place.] It groweth not in this Country, but in the Gardens of some Herbarists.  
Time.] It flowereth in July, and the seed is ripe in August.  
Government and Virtues.] Fenugreek-seed is hot in the second degree, and dry in the first; under the influence of the planet Mercury; the seed which is to be had at our Druggist's and Apothecary's shops is only used in medicines.  
The decoction or broth of the seed, drunk with a little Vinegar, 
Ill-humors  expelleth and purgeth forth all evil and superfluous humours, which cleave or stick fast to the Bowels.  
The same decoction first made with Dates and afterwards made into the substance of a syrup, with honey, doth mundify and cleanse the Breast, 
Breast  Chest 
Chest  and Lungs, 
Lungs  and is good for all griefs and diseases of the Breast; so that the Patient be not troubled with a Fever, or the Headache; for such a syrup is hurtful to the Head, and to them that have Agues.  
Fenugreek is of a softening and dissolving nature, and therefore the Meal thereof, being boiled in Mede or honeyed water, doth consume soften and dissolve, hard Swell, 
Swell  and Imposthumes, 
Imposthumes  and a paste made thereof with Salt-Peeter, and Vinegar doth soften and waste the hardness and Swelling of the Spleen. It is good for Women that have either Imposthume, Ulcer, or stopping in the Matrix 
Spleen, Matrix  to bathe and sit in the decoction thereof, and a suppository made of the juice thereof and put up into the neck of the Matrix doth mollify and soften all hardness thereof, or in the natural place of Conception: the decoction of Fenugreek is good to wash the head withal, to take away the scurf thereof, Scales, Nits, and dandruff. 
Dandruff, Scurf Scales, Nits   
The same applied with Brimstone and Hony drives away Pushes, pimples, weals and spots in the Face, heals all Manginess, and Itch, 
Pushes, Pimples, Itch.  and helpeth the rank and stinking smell of the Armpits: The seed of Fenugreek being prepared as the Lupins, may be eaten, and then they lose the belly gently.   

The Figtree.  
Kind's and Names.] OF these there is the wild Figtree, and the Garden Figtree: The Garden Figtree is called in Latin Ficus Sativa; and the fruit Ficus, or a Fig: The wild Figtree is called Ficus Silvestris, and Caprificus: the dry Fig is called in Latin Carica, the fruit of the Figtree which never cometh to ripeness, is called in Latin grossus, and of some Erineus.  
Descript.] The Garden Figtree groweth with many branches, full of pith within, like the stalks of Elder, covered over with a smooth plain bark or rind: the leaves be great and large, of a blackish green, and for the most part divided into five parts; at the top of the branches grow the fruit, the which is round and long, fashioned like Pears, sweet and full of small kernels or grains. Before the fruit be ripe, if it be hurt or scarified there cometh a sap or juice like milk, but being through-ripe the juice is like to Hony.  
Place.] The Figtrees are plentiful in Spain and Italy. In this Country they are planted in Gardens, but they must be set in warm places that stand well in the Sun, and defended from the North and North-East Winds.  
Time.] The Figtrees in this Country are late before they put forth their leaves, it being in May; the fruit is ripe about the end of Summer.  
Government and Virtues.] Figs are under the Government of Jupiter; the green Figs new gathered are a little warm & somewhat moist; the dry Figs, are hot almost in the second degree, and of subtle parts; the milky juice of Figs is hot and dry almost in the third degree and also sharp and biting: the leaves have also some sharpness, with an opening power, but not so strong as the juice.  
The new gathered Figs nourish more than the other fruits: and they lose the belly gently, but they engender Windiness, 
Belly Windiness, heat Thirst  they abate heat and quench thirst, but eaten in too great a quantity hurt and weaken the Stomach: the dry Figs do nourish better than the green or new Figs, yet they engender no very good blood: those that feed much upon Figs become Lousy thereby, as some say. Figs eaten before meat, do lose the Belly and are good for the Kidneys, 
Kidneys  for they drive forth Gravel and Urine, 
Gravel, Urine  they provoke sweat, 
Sweat  and by the same means they send forth Corrupt 
Corrupt  and stinking humours; 
humours  wherefore they may very well be given to young Children that are sick of the Smallpox, 
Smallpox  and Wheals or Measles, 
Measells  for they bring them quickly forth, without any danger; they be good also for the Throat, 
Throat  Lungs, 
Lungs  and Cough, 
Cough  and those that are short Wound; they ripen Phlegm 
Phlegm  and cause the same to be easily spit out, whether they be eaten raw or roasted, or sodden with Hyssop and Licoris and the decoction drunk.  
The decoction of Figs in water is good to be drunk of those, that have taken hurt by squats or bruises 
Bruises  of, or by falls, 
Falls  from high; they disperse and scatter clotted 
Clotted  and congealed blood, 
blood  and assuage or slake the pain.  
An Electuary made with Figs, Salt, Rue and Walnuts, is an Antidote against all Poison and corruption of the Air. This was the preservative which Mithridates King of Pontus used against the Plague, 
Plague  Pestilence, and against all Poison 
Poison  & Venom. 
Venom   
The decoction of Figs gargarized or holden in the mouth is good against the sharpness and hoarseness 
Hoarseness  of the Throat, and also against Swell, 
swell  and Impostumations 
Imposthumes  of the Mouth, Throat, Almonds of the Throat, and Jaws, and Swelling of the Tongue: Figs are also good to be kept in the Mouth against Swell, and Ache and pain of the Teeth 
Teeth  Gums, 
Gums  and Jaws; 
Jaws  being outwardly applied with Wheaten-Meal, they do soften and ripen boiles, 
Boils  Imposthumes, and Phlegmons (that is, hot and angry Swell, 
Swell ) and Tumours 
Tumours  behind the Ears, especially if there be put to it Linseed and Fenugreek: and if Lily roots be mixed with it, and applied pultis-wise, it will ripen and break Plague-Sores, 
Plague Sores  Imposthumes, Buboes, 
Buboes  and Botches. 
Botches  Figs sodden in Wormwood Wine, with Barly-meal, is good to be applied as a Pultis or Plaster upon the Bellies of those that have the Dropsy. 
Dropsy  Figs and Mustardseed being pounded very well together and outwardly applied, amend the Hearing, 
Hearing  help Deafness, and take away the ringing noise, 
Noise  or sound in the Ears: 
Ears  the dry Figs have power to dissolve, consume, and make subtle; and may very well be used both inwardly and outwardly: the leaves of the Figtree do waste, and consume way the King's-evil, 
Kings-Evil  or Swelling kernels in the Throat, and mollify and waste all other Tumours, being beaten small and applied thereunto. The milky juice of Figs is good against all roughness of the skin, 
Skin  Leprosies, 
Leprosy  spreading Sores, 
Sores  Tetters, 
Tetters  Smallpox, Measells, Pushes, Freckles, Lentiles, and other such like spots, 
Spots  and Scurviness, both of the body and Face; being laid thereto with parched Barly-meal, and being mixed with sat, or grease, it taketh away Warts 
Warts  if they be anointed therewith: It cureth the Toothache, 
Toothache  if you dip a little Cotton in the said Milk, and lay it to the Tooth, or make a pellet thereof and put it into the Tooth if it be hollow; It openeth the Veins of the Hemerrhoids, 
Hemerrhoids  and looseth the Belly, being laid to the fundament; the leaves have the same virtue being used for a suppository, being mixed with the Meal of Fenugreek, and Vinegar, it giveth ease in the hot Gout; the same juice is good to pour into Wounds made by the biting of Mad-dogs; 
Mad-dog  the Ashes of the Figtree mixed with oil of Roses and Wax, cureth burn; 
Burn  and the Lie that is made of the ashes of the fig, healeth festered and foul fretting Sores, 
Sores  if they be washed therewith.   

Fistick-Nuts.  
Names.] THese Nuts are called in shops Pistacia, Pistacies; Fistici, and Fistick-nuts.  
Descript.] The Tree that heareth the Fistick-nuts, hath long great leaves spread abroad, consisting of five, seven or more leaves, growing one against another, all along a reddish rib, or sinew, whereof the last, which is alone at the top of the leaf is the greatest and largest; the fruit of this tree is much like to small Hazelnuts; and like the kernels of the Pineapple, in which lieth the kernel or nut.  
Place.] This tree is a stranger in this Country: it groweth in Syria, and other hot Eastern Countries.  
Government and Virtues.] Fistick-nuts are under the influence of Jupiter; they are of a mean, or temperate heat and somewhat astringent; Fisticks are good to open stops and obstructions of the Liver, and also they strengthen the same: they he also good for the Stomach; they also open the pipes of the Lungs 
Liver, Lungs  and Breast; 
Breast, stomach  and are good against shortness of Breath, 
Lungs, Breath  the Phthisic, 
Phthisic  and painful fetching of Breath, to be eaten either alone or with Sugar. Dioscorides saith, that Fistick nuts given in Wine, are a good medicine against the bitings or stingings of Venomous beasts.   

Flax.  
Names.] IT is called Linum in Latin, by which name it is well known in shops: it is called also Lin, whence the Cloth that is made thereof is called Linnen-cloth, and the seed is called Linseed; the oil which is pressed out of the same seed is called linseed-oil.  
Descript.] Flax hath a tender stalk, covered with sharp narrow leaves, parted at the top into small short branches, the which bringeth forth fair blue flowers; when the flowers are fallen away, there cometh in their stead round knaps or buttons, in which is contained a blackish seed, large, fat, and shining.  
Place.] Flax is sown in this Cowntry, in fat and fine Ground, and in low moist fields it delights to grow in.  
Time.] Flax flowereth in May and June, and is ripe soon after.  
Government and Virtues.] It is under the dominion of Venus; the seed of Flax which is only used in medicine, is of temperature hot in the first degree and temperate in moisture, and dryness. The seed called Linseed, being boiled in water and applied in manner of a pultis or plaster, assuageth all pains, softeneth cold Tumours or Swell, the Imposthumes of the Ears and Neck and of other parts of the body. Linseed pounded with Figs doth ripen and break Imposthumes and boils, 
Pains, Imposthumes, swelling Ears, Boyles  being laid thereon, and draweth forth thorns, and all other things that stick fast in the body, i● it be mingled with the root of Wild cucumber: The same seed mingled with honey and Cresses, and laid unto rough, rugged and ill-favoured Nails, aswell of the hands as the Feet, cleanseth them that be corrupt, and cureth the party: 
Nailes, Spots in the Face Old Sores Ulcers, Sight, Belly, Gripe Bowels, Matrix▪ Cough Heckick, Fevers  the same seed being pounded and laid to the Face, cleanseth and taketh away all Spots and Freckles thereof. The Wine wherein Linseed hath been boiled, preserveth old Sores and Ulcers from corruption, if they be washed therewith, and from festering, and inward rankling: the water wherein Linseed hath been boiled doth quicken and clear the sight if it be often dropped into the Eyes: the seed used in glisters, assuageth the griping pains of the Belly, and of the Matrix or Mother, and cureth the Wounds of the Bowels and Matrix: Linseed mingled with honey, and taken as an electuary o● lohoch cleanseth the Breast, and appeaseth the Cough, and taken with Raisins is good for such as are fallen into Consumption, or Hecktick-feavers.  
The seed of Lin, taken into the body alone, or in too great quantity, is bad for the Stomach, engenders much Wind, and hinders digestion of meats.   

Flea-bane  
Names.] IT is called in Latin Psyllium, by which name it is known in shops: it is also Herba pulicaris, and in English Fleabane, and Flea-wort.  
Descript.] Fleabane▪ hath long narrow hairy leaves, amongst which spring up round and tender branches, set full of like leaves, but smaller and garnished at the top, with little long round spiked knops like Ears; with greenish flowers or blossoms, which do afterwards change into brown or shining seeds, in proportion, colour, and quantity like unto Flea's.  
Place.] Dioscorides saith: It groweth in fields and desert places: In this Country it groweth not but in some Gardens, where it is sown; and where it is once sown it groweth continually afterwards, of its own sowing or shedding of seed:  
Time.] It flowereth and seedeth, in July and August.  
Government and Virtues.] Flea-wort is a Saturnine plant, the seed thereof (which is chief used in medicine) is cold in the second degree and temperate in moisture and dryness, as Galen and Serapio write: The seed of Fleabane steeped in water, and boiled, and the decoction thereof being drunken, purgeth downwards addust and Choleric humours: It assuageth pain, and stacketh the inflammation and heat of the entrails or Bowels, and is good against hot Fevers or burning Agues, 
Choler, inflamed Bowels, Fevers, Agues,  and in all inward heats, and against Drought and Thirst.  
The same seed grossly bruised, but not broken, being parched at the fire, is good against the Bloudy-Flux, 
Bloody Flux.  vehement Lask, especially when they proceed of taking strong, and violent medicines the Fleabane-seed mingled with oil of Roses and Vinegar, or water, is good to be applied, unto hot griefs of the joints, Aposthumes or swelling behind the Ears, and other hot Swell; 
Hot pains Ears Swell  Also it is good against the Headache: 
Headache  the same applied pultis-wise with Vinegar, is good against the going out of the Navel, and the bursting 
Navel, bursting  of young Children; The water wherein the seed hath been steeped is good to be laid on the burning heat called St. Anthonies-fire, 
St. Anthony's fire  and to all hot Swell: Some are of opinion that if this plant when in it is green be strewed in any House, it driveth away Fleas, so that they will not come near it.  
Too much of Fleabane-seed taken inwardly is very hurtful to the body, and engendereth coldness and stiffness, dulness of the Spirits and heaviness of the heart: If any one find himself distempered by taking of it, a speedy remedy is, to provoke Vomiting, and afterwards drink of the best old Wine that can be gotten either by itself or boiled in Wormwood, or Wine mingled with a little honey.   

Fir-tree.  
Names.] THis Tree is called in Latin Abies; and the Dutch call it Mastboom, because of the usefulness of the Timber in serving to make Masts for Ships; the liquid or clear  that runneth out of the bark of the young trees, is called Terebinthina Veneta, and in English Venice Turpentine.  
Descript.] The Fir-tree is great, high and long, and continueth always green; it groweth much higher than the Pine, and Pitch-trees: The stem is very even and strait, plain beneath and without joints, but upwards it groweth with joints and knops; upon which joints, grow the branches bearing leaves almost like Ewe, but smaller, longer, and sharper at the points or ends, of a bluish green colour, the fruit is like to the Pineapple but smaller, and narrower, not hanging down as the Pineapples do but growing strait upward: from out of the bark of the young Fir-tree, is gathered a fair liquid ; clear and shining, which in taste is bitter and Aromatical, in taste, almost like to Citron pills, or Lemon pills condited.  
There is also found upon this tree a  or white Gum; like as there is found upon the Pine and Pitch-trees, which is sold for the right, Frankincense, and so is vulgarly esteemed.  
Place.] The Fir-tree groweth upon high Mountains in Greece, Italy, Spain and France; But in divers places of Germany, and most in Norway, from whence the Timber thereof is plentifully brought hither, and is very serviceable in building.  
Government and Virtues.] The Fir-tree is under the rule of Mars. The bark and dry Gum or  of this Tree, are in temperature and virtues like the bark and  of the Pinetree, but these of the Fir-tree are of a more Acrimonious and cleansing quality.  
The liquid or clear  is hot and dry in the second degree, having a sharp quality, and is of a digestive or cleansing nature: the liquid  of the Fir-tree, taken about the weight of half an ounce, looseth the Belly & driveth forth hot and Choleric humours: it doth cleanse, and mundify the Kidneys 
Choler, Kidneys  and Bladder, provoketh Urine, 
Bladder, Urine  driveth forth the Stone and Gravel, 
Stone, Gravel  and is good to be taken oftentimes of such as are troubled with the Gout: the same taken with Nutmeg, and Sugar to the quantity of a Nut helpeth the Strangury, 
Gout, strangury  and is very good against excoriations or going off of the skin or Flux of the Secret parts 
Secret parts  It is also very excellent for all fresh and green Wounds, especially Wounds of the Head, 
Wounds, Head  for it cleanseth and healeth very much.    


Galangall.  
Names.] IT is called in Latin Cyperus.  
Descript.] This plant hath long, hard and narrow leaves, the stalk is triangled about a foot and an half long, at the top whereof grow little leaves, among which are spiky tops, and white seed, the root is long interlaced one within another, having many threads of a brown colour and sweet savour.  
Place.] Galangall, as Dioscorides writeth, groweth in low and moist grounds, but is not common in this Country, but as it is planted in some Gardens.  
Time.] This herb bringeth forth his spikey top and seed with leaves in June and July.  
Government and Virtues.] It is a plant of Mars, the root is hot and dry in the third degree. The roots of Galangal, boiled and the decoction drunk provoketh Urine, 
Urine  bringeth down women's Flowers, driveth forth the Stone, 
Stone  and is good for those who are troubled with the Dropsy: 
Terms  the same is also good against the Cough, 
Cough  the stingings of Scorpions, 
Scorpion's  and bitings of Venomous beasts, being taken after the same manner: It is also good against the hardness of the Mother 
Mother  & remedieth Stops, and coldness thereof, if the Belly be bathed therewith; the same root made into powder closeth up, and healeth old running Sores 
Sores  of the Mouth and secret parts, 
Secret parts  (although they eat and waste the flesh,) if it be strewed thereon, or laid thereupon with Wine. It is also a very good ingredient to be put into hot ointments, and maturative plasters. Pliny saith, that the seeds of Galangal drunk with water stoppeth the Flux of the Belly, 
Belly  the overflowings or immoderate Flux of women's Flowers, 
Flowers  but if it be taken in too great ● quantity it causeth Headache.   

Galbanum.  
Names.] THe plant out of which the Gum Galbanum, cometh, is called by Pliny, Stagonitis.  
Descript.] Galbanum is a gum, or liquor, drawn forth of a plant in Syria called Metopium: the best is gristly between hard and soft, very pure fat, close, and firm without any stalks and splinters of wood amongst it; saving a few seeds, of a strong savour, not too moist nor too dry.  
Place.] The plant out of which Galbanum cometh doth grow upon the Mountain called Amanus in Syria.  
Government and Virtues.] Gum-Galbanum, is hot almost in the third degree and dry almost in the second, a plant of Jupiter. Galbanum is good against an old Cough, 
Cough  and for such as are Tissical 
Tyssick  or shortwinded, and cannot easily draw their Breath, 
Breath  but are subject to panting: it is very good for those that are bruised 
Bruises  inwardly, and against Cramps 
Cramps  and shrinking of Sinews: 
Sinews-shrunk  the same drunken with Wine and Myrrh, is a very good counter-Poison against any Venom taken into the body, or shot received by poisoned 
Poison  Darts or Arrows, to be taken in the same manner: it provokes the Terms, 
Terms  and driveth forth the Dead-birth, 
Dead-birth  it hath the same virtue if it be conveyed as a Pe●ary into the secret Parts; 
Secret parts  or the fume thereof received up into the Matrix; and the quantity of a Nut thereof given in a glass of Wine helpeth the painful travail of Women and causeth easy Delivery: 
E●sie Delivery  The perfume of Galbanum, doth help Women that are troubled with rising, suffocation or Strangling of the Mother, and them that have the Falling-sickness; and being laid to the Navel it causeth the Matrix that is removed to settle in its proper place. Galbanum do●h mollify and soften, and draweth forth thorns, 
Thorns  Splinters, 
Splinters  or slivers, and discusseth and disperseth cold humours; and is very good to be laid upon cold Tumours 
Cold Tumours  and Swell, 
Swell  and is a proper substitute in all ointments, oils and plasters, that have power or virtue, to warm, digest; and dissolve, to ripen and break Boils and Imposthums, 
Boils, Imposthumes  and to draw out Thorns and Splinters: It is good to be laid upon the side 
Sides  against pains thereof, and against hardness and Stops of the Spleen; 
Spleen  the same mixed with Nitre and Vinegar and applied, is very good to take away Spots 
Spots  and Freckles 
Freckles  of the Face, or any scurff, or Morphew, or other discolourings of the skin: It is good to stop an hollow Tooth 
Toothache  to take away Ache and pain of the same. It is also good to cleanse the Ears 
Ears  of corrupt filth, and running 
Running  matter, being mixed with oil of Roses and dropped therein.  
There is likewise by the Ancients a more than ordinary, yea, a miraculous virtue ascribed to this Galbanum; as may be found amongst the stupendious wonders of Pliny, and the imaginary miracles of Mizaldus, Albertus Magnus, and many more; that is to say, that wheresoever this Gum is burned all manner of Serpents, noisome and Venomous Creatures, will presently fly away and dare not come with in the seent thereof; and that no Venomous Creature, whether it be a flying Insect, creeping Serpent, or Poisonous Beast whatsoever, that is any ways inimical to mankind, have any power to hurt such as be anointed with this Galbanum. And that those Venomous beasts or Serpents, as be but touched with Galbanum, mingled with oil, and the seed or root of Spondilium or Angelica, it will cause them presently to die: The same is truly reported of the New-England and Virginia Snake-weed; that it will kill those Rattle-Snakes if touched therewith, or come within the scent of it: and it is probable that the Galbanum, in the Country where is groweth naturally, those parts being much subject to be infested with those Venomous Creatures, it may there work the same effects upon them.   

Stock-Gillow-flowers.  
Kind's and Names] THere are found two kinds of these Gillow-flowers; the one is great and called the castle or Stock-Gillow-flower, which may be kept both Winter and Summer, the other is not so big, and is called the small Stock-Gillow-flower; which must be sown newly every Spring and bringeth forth his flower and seed the same year, they are called Leucoion and Violae albae or white violets, because the leaves be white: but the leaves of the flowers (for they be of divers colours) late writers do call them violae matron●les, or Dames Violets.  
Descript.] These two kinds of Gillow-flowers are not much unlike Wallflowers, but that their leaves are whiter and softer.  
The great castle or Stock-Gillow-flower his leaves be hard and strait, at the height of two or three foot, with long, narrow, and soft leaves like Molleyn; far greater, longer and larger than the leaves of Wallflowers or Yellow-Gillow-flowers, the flowers be of a fragrant or pleasant smell, much like to those of Hearts-ease or Wallflowers, but much larger, of colour sometimes white, and sometimes Ash-colour, Carnation, and sometimes inclining to Scarlet and sometimes purple or violet colour, after which flowers, there come long husks or Cod, wherein the seed is contained being flat and large.  
The small Stock-Gillow-flower, is like to the great in his stalks, and whitish, woolly, soft leaves, also in the sweet smell and fragrant savour of his flowers, in the diversity of colours in his Cod, and seed, saving that it is smaller in all respects, not exceeding the length of a man's foot in height; and perisheth every year, after his seed is ripe.  
Place.] These kinds of Gillow-flowers, are sown and planted in Gardens in this Country; they are hardly sound elsewhere.  
Time.] The great castle Gillow-flower, flowereth in March and April, the second year after it is sown; but the smaller Stock-Gillow-flower, yields its flowers in July and August the same year in which it is first sown.  
Government and Virtues.] The Stock-Gillow-flowers are of temperature hot and dry, and of nature somewhat like unto the Yellow-Gillow-flowers or Wallflowers; they are plants of Mercury. The flower of the Stock-Gillow-flower boiled in water and drunk is good against difficulty of breathing, and the Cough; 
Difficulty of breathing Cough, Courses, sweat  these flowers do likewise drive down women's Courses, and provoke Urine, and a bath made of the decoction thereof doth cause Sweat, if one sit over it.   

The Wall, or Yellow-Gillow-flower.  
Names.] THe Yellow-Gillow-flower is reputed amongst the kinds of Violets. It is a little shrub or bush, and is called in Latin Leucoia Lutea, and by the Apothecaries Keyri, in English Yellow-Gillow-flowers and Wall-Gillow-flowers.  
Descript.] The Yellow-Wall-Gillow-flower is a little shrub, that is green both Winter and Summer; the stalks thereof are hard, and of a woody substance, and full of branches, the leaves are thick set thereupon, long, narrow, and green, at the tops of the stalk do grow the flowers, which are of a very fair, yellow colour, a strong, but pleasant smell, every flower divided into four small leaves; after the flowers are fallen away there succeed long Cod or husks wherein is contained, large, flat and yellow-seed.  
Place.] The Yellow-Gillow-flower plentifully groweth upon the old ruined Stones of the walls of Monasteries, Castles, and such old buildings: it is likewise very frequently planted in Gardens, where it usually grows very full set with double flowers, but those which grow naturally upon the old walls have only single flowers.  
Time.] The Yellow-Gillow-flower usually flowers in March, April, and May.  
Government and Virtues.] The Yellow Violets or Wall-Gillow-flowers are hot and dry plants of the Sun, whose influence they are subject unto, and are of subtle parts. Wallflowers dried and boiled in water provoke Urine, 
Urine  and drive down women's Terms, 
Terms  it helpeth the Scirrhus, or hard Imposthumes of the Matrix, 
Matrix  when the same is fomented therewith, a plaster made of the same flowers with oil and Wax, do heal chaps of the Fundament, and falling down thereof, and closeth up old Sores, 
Fundament, old Sores  the same flour mingled with honey cureth Ulcers and Sores of the Mouth; two drams of the seed hereof drunk in Wine, driveth down the Terms, Secondine 
Secondine  and Dead child: 
Deadchild  a pessary made of the same and put up into the Matrix worketh the same effects; the juice of this Gillow-flower dropped into the Eyes, 
Eyes  taketh away Spots and dimness of the same; and the root, stamped with Vinegar & applied to the Spleen 
Spleen  helpeth the hardness thereof.   

The Gall-Oake.  
Descript.] THe strong or Gall-Oak, so called because it beareth gaul's, groweth not so great or high as other Oaks, but shorter and more crooked with fair spreading branches and long leaves very much cut in on the edges and hoary underneath; this tree also flowereth and beareth Acorns, and besides those it beareth also a round woody substance, which is called a Gaul, the wood or Timber hereof is hardly to be bored; of this kind there be divers sorts some growing much lower than others, some having their leaves less cut in, or jagged on the edge, & some bearing more store of Gauls; and others no Acorns at all: some bear great gaul's, others smaller, some knobbed or bunched, others smooth: and of colour some white-some red, others yellow, and some small and green which is the Omphacitis.  
Place.] These Oaks grow frequently in Italy, Spain, and other hot Countries.  
Time.] They put forth their long Catkins or bloomings early in the Spring, which fall away for the most part, before the leaves do come forth; the Acorns are not ripe until October.  
Government and Virtues.] My intention here is to declare the temperament use and virtues of the Gauls of these foreign trees; their Acorns, being like those of our English Oaks.  
The small Gaul called Omphacitis, is dry in the third degree, and cold in the second; Saturnine, of a sour, harsh nature: 
Weak  it it fit to draw together and fasten faint and lose 
Lose  parts, 
Parts.  as the overgrowing of the flesh: it expelleth and drieth up rheums 
Rheums  and other fluxes; 
Fluxes  especially those that fall upon the Gums, 
Gums  Almonds of the Throat 
Throat  and other places of the Mouth. 
Mouth   
The other whiter Gaul doth also bind and dry but not so much as the former; having a lesser quantity of sour harshness in it, and is good against the dysentery 
Dysentery  or bloody Flux. 
Flux   
The decoction of them in water is of a mean astriction; but in Wine is stronger, and in harsh or red Wine strongest; this decoction being warm is good for Women to sit in that are troubled with the falling down of the Mother; 
Mother  the Gauls themselves after the boiling being bruised and applied to the Fundament 
Fundament  that is fallen down, or hath any hot Swelling 
Swelling  or inflammation doth wonderfully help them, the coals of them when they are burned and quenched in Wine or Vinegar is good to be applied to staunch bleeding 
Bleeding  in any place.  
They die the hairs black, and with them is made our writing Ink, and they are used by dyers for a black dye.  
The Oak-Apple is much of the nature of the Gaul yet much inferior thereunto, but may be used (for want of Gauls) for Rheums fluxes and other such distempers.   

Sweet Gaul.  
Names.] IT is called also Sweet, Willow, Rhus Silvestris in Latin, and Myrtus Anglica, English Myrtle.  
Descript.] It is a small low shrub, or woody bush not above a yard in height, having spreading slender branches, with many brown, yellowish, green leaves, somewhat long, narrow, thick and fattish; round-pointed, resembling both box, and Myrtle-leaves in some sort, having a strong sweet smell: the flowers are yellow and stand upon short stalks, coming forth at the joints with the leaves in small tufts, many set together; which being passed, the said stalks are plentifully stored with cornered yellow seeds, bedewed with a clammy moisture, of a very bitter taste, but a strong sweet s●ent; the root is hard and woody.  
Place.] It groweth in boggy, moorish grounds, in lower Danmoore at Hailshot in Hampshire, and at Bramsil, in a boggy Moor of William Turner's, which they call Gold-Moore.  
Time.] It blossoms about August, and the seed is ripe in September, or thereabouts.  
Government and Virtues.] Saturn owns this plant; the nature of it is by the bitterness and harshness found to be drying, and discussing, and is very effectual to kill Worms, in the Belly or Stomach. 
Worms, Belly Stomach head  It mightily affecteth the Brain, causing first, perturbations, and then stupifying the senses: It is much used to be laid in Wardrobes, Chests, Presses; and the like, to keep Moths from , and to give them a good scent.   

Ginger.  
Names, Description, and Place.] THe Latin appellation is Zinbiber; Ginger groweth in all Countries of the East Indies, and many parts of the West as in Bar●adoes. It is planted either by the root or sown of seed: we have two sorts of Ginger brought unto us, differing in the substance and colour of the roots, but not in the form, saving that the one is more slender which is the blacker, than the white; for the one is white within and cutteth soft, which is the Ginger which is wholly used with us both in Meats and Medicines; the other is hard and almost woody, and cutteth blackish within, so that it may be very probable that the one sort with the soft white root, hath flag-like-leaves, and seed also like Iris. The other root which is more slender and black, yet of the same fashion may be that which beareth seed like leaves described by Lobel: rather to be preserved than for ordinary use with us, but both sorts are preserved best while they are fresh and green, and the black sort aswel also after it is dried, by steeping it, and then boiling it to make it tender; but the white sort will not so well serve to be preserved or candied after it is dried, but is best being preserved green.  
Government and Virtues.] Ginger is a Solar plant: it is of excellent use to warm a cold Stomach, to help Digestion, 
Digestion  and to dissolve Wind 
Wind  both in the Stomach 
Stomach  and Bowels; the Indians eat it in Salads while it is fresh, the root being sliced and put among the herbs; and it helpeth to mollify and loosen the Belly, while it is moist, much of the heat which it hath being dry, being abated by the moisture; the Candied or Green-ginger is most comfortable to the Stomach, and is profitable for all the purposes aforesaid.   

Guiacum.  
Names.] IT is also called Lignum Sanctum; Lignum-vitae, and Lignum Indicum.  
Descript.] The Guiacum, that groweth in some parts of the Indies, is better than in others, yet the wood of all is hard firm, close and heavy, so that it will sink in water more than Ebony, and not swim: it is of an hot sharp, and resinous taste, somewhat burning in the Throat; the blacker or browner is better than the yellow, being in a manner all heart: the yellow being as it were but the sap. The tree groweth great, with a reasonable thick greenish, gummy bark, the tree is also spread with sundry Arms and branches great and small, and on them winged leaves set by couples one against another, which are small, thick, hard and almost round with divers veins in them; and continue always green: at the joints and ends of the branches come forth many flowers standing in a tuft together every one on a long footstalk consisting of six small whitish yellow leaves with some threads in the middle, which turn into flat yellowish gristly fruit of the fashion of the seed Vessel of Shepherd's purse; it yields forth also a gum, or , of a dark colour which will easily burn.  
Government and Virtues.] Mars owns this tree: bo●h the wood, bark, and gum, are hot and dry, and are used for all cold flegmarick and windy humours, 
Phlegm, Wind Catharrhs Lungs, Coughs, Teeth  and are effectual against the Epilepsy, Fallings ckness, Catharrhs, Rheums, and cold distillations on the Lungs, or other parts, Coughs and Consumptions, the Gout and all Joint-aches, and many other like diseases, and to make the Teeth white and firm, if they be often washed with the decoction thereof; but most particularly it is appropriated to the cure of the French-pox 
French-Pox  by drinking the decoction of the wood and bark, which by reason of its heat and dryness is somewhat rough in the Throat; it may be mollified by adding Licoris and other proper qualifications.  
There may an extract be made thereof which is not unpleasant to take, and most effectual for the French-Pox; which is made in this manner.  

Extractum Ligni Guiaci, pro morbo Gallico.  
Take of the chips of Guiacum one ounce, bark of the same half an ounce: let them stand in digestion in Spirit of Wine 15 days, separating it so often until all the strength thereof be extracted; then evaporate the Spirit by distillation, until it come to the consistence of honey, then take this matter while it is hot and cast it into an earthen pan, wherein is cold water, and it will forthwith coagulate into a substance, like Pitch or Aloes.  
This may be form into pills of the bigness of Pease, whereof may given two or three: it is a most excellent Sudorific, and Bezo arctic remedy, which will so mundify, and cleanse the body and whole Mass of blood, as that it will suffer no corruption to abide therein: it doth wonderfully provoke Sweat and Urine, and takes down the great Bellies and Swelling legs of hydropic bodies.  
The dose is from two pills to three, or at the most in strong bodies to four, drinking after it some water of Carduus Benedictus.  
The ordinary diet drink for the French Disease, is thus prepared.  
Take of Guiacum four ounces, of the bark thereof one ounce and an half, Sarsa-parilla eight ounces, Sassafras one ounce, China-root sliced three ounces; let them stand in infusion hot in Spring water three gallons, by the space of 24 hours, adding towards the end, Raisins of the Sun stoned, half a pound, Hartshorn and shave of Ivory, of each one ounce, fine Cinnamon one ounce and an half, Corianderseeds prepared one ounce, strain it and let the patiented drink it for an ordinary drink forbearing all other.  
Although this be appropriated chief to the cure of the French-Pox, yet it is effectual and profitable to be used for the Scurvy, Dropsy, Jaundice, Gout, Leprosy, old putrified Agues and Fevers, and indeed all Chronic diseases.  
An excellent purging Ale may also be here with made, effectual not only for all the purposes before mentioned, but for Coughs, Consumptions, shortness of Breath, Tissicks: it restores natural heat, helps the Memory, quickens the senses, helps Cramps and Palsies, stiches and pains that come of Wind; and is good to prevent Miscarriages, and opens obstructions of the Liver, Reins and Bladder: It is thus made.  
Take Guiacum 6 ounces; bark of the same, one ounce and an half, Sarsaparilla half a pound, China-root and Sassafras, each two ounces, Lignum Aloes, Coriander-seed, anise, and sweet Fennelseeds of each three ounces, Citron peeles two ounces, leaves of Colts-foot, Ceterach, Maidenhair, Sage, Rue, Hartstongue, Scabious, Egremony, each one handful, Sena, and Carthamum-seeds, each 6 ounces; Rhubarb, Hermodactils each four ounces, Liquorice three ounces; infuse all in 8 gallons of Ale; and let it work together, adding of the juice of Garden-Scurvy-grasse, Watercresses, and Brook-lime each a pint, with two Oranges sliced: after it is three days old, drink it, a pint in the morning and as much at four a Clock in the Afternoon.    

Gum Arabic.  
Names, Descript.] THis Gum cometh forth of a tree called Acacia seu Spina Aegyptia vera, the true Acacia Egyptian thorn, or Binding-bean-tree, which yields of its own accord a bright Gum, in small curled pieces, and greater round pieces if it be wounded, which is called Gummi Arabicum, and Gum Arabic, which being broken is clear, pure, white and transparent: some are very long and large pieces, and clear and transparent but radish; this gum will dissolve of itself in waters and serveth as a glue to stiffen, bind, and fasten things: it distilleth and droppeth out of the tree in bigger, or lesser pieces, as either issuing forth, or helped by slitting the bark and giving it way.  
Place and Time.] This tree groweth in Arabia in many places, and in Egypt, and flowereth and beareth fruit twice a year, and hath always green leaves.  
Government and Virtues.] It is Saturnine: the gum hath a thickening condensing and cooling property, and is very effectual to repress and cool the heat and sharpness of humours, and to bind or close up the open passages of the skin, and keeping the places from blistering that are burnt with fire, being dissolved with the white of an Egg and applied. It is also very serviceable for Limners, Dyers, to make the best writing Ink, and many other external uses.   

Gum Tragacanth.  
Names and Descript.] THe tree hereof is called Goats-thorn, which is a small bushy plant, rising up with many tough pliant or flexible woody stems, about two foot high, divided into many slender branches covered with a white hoariness; with divers long white thorns, in a double row, among which rise up many small, long and round leaves, which abide always green: there grow flowers at the tops of the branches and amongst the leaves, of a pale yellow colour, which turn into small white cod, containing in them, small, whitish cornered seed: the root is great and long, much spreading in the ground; which being cut or broken yields a pure white shining Gum, in small crooked pieces, of a sweet taste.  
Place.] All sorts of these trees are found in Candia, and about Marselles, and Mompelier.  
Time.] In the places where they naturally grow they flower and seed in the beginning of Autumn.  
Government and Virtues.] There is no physical use known of either the leaves, flowers, seeds or roots of Tragacantha, but only of the gum itself, which partaketh of the influence of Venus: it is of a temperate property, and besides the medicinal uses thereof, it serveth for many external purposes, as a starch or glue, for which young Ladies use it to make their Artificial flowers and other gum-works.  
This gum being dissolved is often used to be mixed with pectoral syrrups, honey or juice of Liquorice, to help the Cough or Hoarseness 
Coughs, Hoarseness  in the Throat, salt and sharp distillations of Rheum upon the Lungs, 
Rheum Lungs  being taken as an Electuary, or put under the tongue, so to go gently down: he said gum dissolved in sweet Wine, a dram at a time and drunk, is profitable for the knawing pains in the Bowels, 
Knawings-Bowels  and the sharpness of Urine, and frettings either in the Reins or Bladder; 
Reins, Bladder  especially if it be mixed with some  Hartshorn: the said Gum is also good for the Eye sight, 
Eyes Sight  being used alone or mixed with other things proper for the same purpose, to allay the heat, and sharpness of hot Rheums; the said gum, mingled with milk taketh away white spots growing in the black of the Eyes, and the Itching of the Eyes, and Wheals, or scabs upon the Eyelids; and being mixed with the juice of Quinces, and used in a glister, is good against the Bloodyflux, and is generally used where there is cause of making smooth, the Lungs, breast or Throat, or the windpipe, being grown sharp or harsh by Rheums, and is excellent to repress and dry up sharp and thin matter, and is excellent for Ulcers in any of the parts beforenamed.   

Gum Elemni.  
Description and Virtues.] WHat tree this gum is taken from, we have no certain description; it is a yellowish gum, clear and transparent, which being broken showeth more white and gummi within, it will easily take fire, and is of a quick scent and taste. The properties of it are these; It is of excellent use for all wounds and fractures of the Head and skull, to be mixed with Balsams and Ointments for that purpose, and is good for the Toothache when Rheums fall into them to be applied unto the Temples as Mastic.   

Gum Tacamahacca.  
THis Gum is reported to be gathered from a tree like unto Poplar, being very sweet having a red fruit or berry like unto a Peony.  
Government and Virtues.] Mercury rules it: the gum is good for many external uses, but not being known to be given inwardly: it is useful for Women, to retain the mother in its place, by laying a plaster thereof upon the Navel, 
Matrix  and putting a little Musk, Amber, or a little Civet in the middle of the plaster.  
This gum being applied as a plaster spread upon leather, to the side or Spleen, 
Side, Spleen Tumours Pains Joints, stomach digestion; headache, Brain Memory, Defluxions, Face Eyes, Ears Teeth, Gout Sciatica Punctures  that is grown hard and Windy, disperseth the Wind, and dissolveth the Tumours, and is effectual in all Tumours, and pains of the body, or Joints, which come from cold raw, and Windy humours, applied thereon.  
Take of this gum, with a third part of Storax, a little Ambergreese, and some Wax, and make a plaster thereof, and apply it to the Stomach, doth much strengthen the weakness thereof, and digestion, provokes appetite, and breaks Wind: it is good in the Headache, and to strengthen the Brain and Memory, as also in all defluxions from the Head, into the Face, Ears, or Teeth; to be applied to the Temples, or to be put into the Ear tied in a little fine silk or Cloth: it is good also for pains in the joints, Gout and Sciatica, it speedily helpeth Punctures, and Wounds in the joints; it is hot almost in the third degree, and dry in the second, with much astriction.    


Herb Robert.  
Names.] IT is called Geranium Robertianum vulgar, the common Herb Robert.  
Descript.] The common Herb Robert, springeth up with a reddish stalk about two foot high having divers leaves thereon, upon very long and reddish footstalks, divided at the ends into three or four divisions, and each of them cut in on the edges, some with deeper cuts than others and all dented likewise about the edges, which oftentimes turn reddish; at the tops of the stalks come forth divers flowers, consisting of five leaves a piece, larger than those of the Garden Musk, and of a more reddish colour, after which come beaky heads, like long bills; the root is small and threddy; the whole plant is of a very strong smell.  
Place.] Herb Robert, groweth frequent every where by ways sides, upon the banks of Ditches and waste grounds.  
Time.] It flowereth chief in June and July, and the seed is ripe, soon after.  
Government and Virtues.] Herb Robert is a plant of Mars, and is very much commended against the Stone, and not only so, but also to stay blood, 
Stone, Flux of Blood Green wounds, Ulcers  from what part soever flowing: it is excellent good, speedily to heal all green wounds, and is effectual likewise in old Ulcers either in the secrets, or any other parts.   

Hermo-dactyls.  
HErmodactils, are to be reckoned amongst the number of unknown drugs, they being brought into England in abundance, but no Author hath hitherto declared the place or growing thereof, but only Mesne who saith, it is the root of a Mountain herb, whereof some are long and round like a finger, white both without and within; but the Hermodactils used in shops are not such; they are small and somewhat flat, thick, short, white roots, and some are blackish, which are not good, they are of a firm substance, yet easy to be cut or made into powder and of little or no taste but drying.  
Government and Virtues.] They are Solar, hot and dry in the second degree, and are effectual in purging forth phlegmatic, slimy and watery humours, 
Phlegm, Watery Humours  from the joints, and therefore good to help the Gout, and other running joint-aches, and is used to good purpose with other things in diet-drinks.  
Hermodactils are apt to stir up Windiness and trouble the Stomach, but may be corrected with either Ginger, long Pepper, Anniseeds, or Coming.   

Hone-wort.  
Names.] IT is called also Corn-parsly, and Selinum Segetale, and Hone-wort.  
Descript.] It is a small low Herb; having sundry winged long leaves, lying on the ground, many being set one against another, finely dented about the edges, with one at the end, which are each of them longer than Burnet-leaves, and pointed at the ends among which rise sundry round stalks, half a yard high, with the like but lesser leaves on them, branching forth likewise from the joints, and all of them bearing small Vmbells of white flowers, which turn into a small blackish seed, less than Parsley seed, but in taste as hot, and sharp as it; the root is small, long, and white, and perisheth every year after it hath yielded its seed, and springeth up again, of its own sowing.  
Place.] It groweth in Fields among Corn, or in places where Corn hath been sown; and by the sides of Cornfields; I have found it grow plentifully in the Fields between Camberwel and Dulwich.  
Time.] It flowereth in Harvest time, and the seed is ripe in September.  
Government and Virtues.] It is under the planetary rule of Mercury, as the other parsleys are; of a cutting exterminating nature, and effectual for the same purposes Parsley is. Parkinson saith, that Mr Goodier of Hampshire reported to him, that the use of a handful of the leaves, being drunk in a draught of Beer every morning for a fortnight, did cure one that had a Swelling in her cheek arising there yearly: and Mr. Roger Dixon Chirurgeon did use it for Swell and Tumours.    


Jack by the Hedge.  
Names.] IT is called also Sawce-alone, and in Latin Alliaria.  
Descript.] This Herb at his first springing up hath roundish leaves, the lower are rounder than those that grow towards the tops of the stalks, and are set singly one at a joint being somewhat round and broad and pointed at the ends, and jagged about; not much unlike Nettle-leaves, but greater and of a fresher green colour, and not rough nor pricking; the which being bruised between the fingers, have the savour and smell of Garlic, but more pleasant and tasteth somewhat hot and sharp, the flowers are very small and white, growing at the tops of the stalks one above another like to Rocket, and after them succeed long Cod or husks wherein is contained a small round blackish seed, the root is stringy and threddy, perisheth every year when it hath given seed, and of its own seed springeth again.  
Place.] This plant delighteth to grow in low untilled grounds, und●● 〈…〉 the borders of Meadows and moist pastures, and by He● 〈◊〉 and path ways in many places.  
Ti●●●● ●ack by the Hedge, flowereth in May and June, and the seed is rip● soon after.  
Government and Virtues.] It is a plant of Mars; of temperature, hot and dry in the third degree. Sawce-alone hath been much used, and is still in some places by people for sauce to their meat, in stead of Garlic and: it is likewise a good sauce to fish, and helpeth to digest the crudities, and other corrupt humours engendered by the much eating of Fish: it warmeth the Stomach 
Stumack  and causeth digestion; 
Digestion  the juice boiled with honey, is very good for the Cough, 
Cough  to help to cut and expectorate tough Phlegm; 
Phlegm  the seed bruised and boiled in Wine, is a good remedy for the wind-Chollick, 
Colic  and S one, 
Stone  being drunk warm; the same for Women troubled with the Mother, 
Mother  both to drink warm, and the seeds put into a Cloth and applied warm, the decoction of the leaves or seed is good in glisters to ease pains of the Stone; the green leaves are good to cleanse and heal Ulcers 
Ulcers  in the legs; the root hath a taste like unto Radishes, and may be used in the same manner, and to the same purposes as they are.   

Jessamine or Jesmine.  
Names.] IT is called Jasminum, and Gelseminum vulgatius et album, there being reckoned amongst Authors, four other kinds as Jasminum, vel Gelseminum, Catalonicum simplex, the single Spanish Jasmine.  
Gelseminum vel Jasminum, Catalonium multiplex; The double Spanish Jasmine.  
Gelseminum sive Jasmimum Indicum flavum odoratissimum; The Indian, most sweet yellow Jasmine; And,  
Gelseminum sive Jasminum luteum, Odoratum, Virginianum, scandens, et semper virens, The sweet yellow climbing Virginian Jasmine.  
Des●ript.] The ordinary Jasmine springeth up with many long shoots from the root, divided into many small branches, full of joints, or knots, and covered with a dark grayish bark: these shoots or twigs are filled with a white spongy pith within like the Elder; the leaves be of a dark green colour, winged and parted into several other little leaves, the flowers be white and long, of a sweet and pleasant savour, standing divers in a tuft together, at the tops of the small branches, which fall away without bearing of any fruit in our Country; but in hotter Countries where it naturally groweth, it beareth a flat seed like a Lupine, the root spreadeth far in the ground, and increaseth by yielding of many suckers.  
Place.] Jasmine; the three first sorts thereof grow well in Spain, and are supposed to have been brought thither out of Syria; none grows here, but such as are planted in Gardens.  
Time.] Jasmine flowereth in July and August, but the fruit thereof never cometh to perfection in this Country.  
Government and Virtues.] Jasmine is under the Solar Influence. It is hot almost in the second degree, as saith Serapio, and hath a bitter taste. Jasmine is effectual to cure the foul dry Scurff, and red Spots, 
Scurff, Spots, Swell, Wens phlegm, Catarrhs Headache Freckles, Morphew, Tetters, Ringworms Cramp, Stiches.  and dissolveth cold Swell and Wens, or hard lumps, or knobs, gathered together in the flesh; being pultis-wise applied thereon. It discusseth humours, is good against salt Phlegm, and is profitable for old men that are troubled with Catarrhs, and tough Phlegm; but it breedeth the Headache in those who are of an hot constitution if they use it: the leaves either green or dry do cleanse Freckles, Morphew, Spots, and discolourings of the Face, and other parts of the body, and helpeth Tetters and Ringworms;  
There is an Oil made of the flowers, by infusion, which is good for any cold part of the body to warm it, and to ease the pains of the Cramp, and Stiches in the sides.  
There is also an Ointment made with the flowers and grease or butter, which they call Jessamine-butter; which the barbers use to rub amongst men's hair, for what purpose I know not; for in such as are young or of hot Complexions is causeth Headache; and the often smell thereof causeth bleeding at the nose, as Serapio saith; but it profiteth such as are troubled with cold Rheums, or distillations of humours from the Head, and moistness and cold infirmities of the brain.   

John the Infant's herb.  
Name. s] IT is called in Latin Herba Johannis Infantis, and took the name from one Inan Infanta, an Indian, the Son of a Spaniard.  
Descript.] It is a small herb growing in the West-Indies, and used, to cure wounds, staunch their bleeding, and helpeth all hurts, pricks, and wounds in the sinewss or any other part of the body; digesting, cleansing, and healing them by laying some of the green herb bruised, thereunto; or else the powder of the dried herb strewed thereon, which is thought to be most effectual.   

The Jujube-tree.  
Names and Kind's.] DOdoneus saith, There be two sorts of Jujubes, red and white; and since, there is found three kinds of the red Jujube; viz. The greater Jujube-tre● called in Latin Ziziphus sieve Jujuba Major; The les●er Jujube called Ziziphus or Jujuba minor; and the wild Jujube-tree.  
Descript.] 1. The greater Jujube-tree, groweth sometimes to be very high; but rather and more often spreading in breadth, having a crooked body, the wood thereof is hard and whitish, the bark rugged, the branches are great and spreading, the lesser twigs about a foot long are full of leaves on both sides, one a little above another, and an odd one at the end, these leaves are small, broad and pointed at the end; finely dented about the edges, with long veins in them, each standing on a long foot stalk, smooth, and feel hard; at the foot of every leaf towards the tops of the Twigs come forth small yellowish flowers consisting of five leaves apiece, after which succeed the fruit, which is like unto a small Plum, or Olive, but a little long, green at the first, and then they are harsh, afterwards they become yellowish, and when they are ripe they are red of a sharp sweetness and somewhat clammy; flattish next the stalk, and the skin is thicker and harder than a plum, the stone within it is firm and solid, pointed like an Olive or Cornelian Cherry-stone. The branches are all thorny both great and small, standing two always at a joint; one whereof is strait, the other crooked; the roots are long and fast in the earth.  
Descript.] 2. The lesser Jujube-tree, is both in branches, leaves and flowers, very like unto the former, but in all parts is lower and smaller; the fruit also is alike, and red when it is ripe, but smaller and rounder, having also an hard stone in it: it is thick set with thorns also as the other, but they are somewhat shorter.  
Descript.] 3. The wild Jujube-tree is lower and more like a shrub than the last, but thicker set with small sharp thorns; the leaves are alike but growing fewer on a twig, and smaller; the fruit is round and red like the last, somewhat lesser, and dryer of substance, and more sharp when it is ripest.  
Place.] The first groweth naturally in Africa, Egypt, and those Easterly Countries; and was, as Pliny saith, brought thence into Italy, where it is now plentifully in Gardens & Orchards in Italy; & also in Provence, in Fran. The other is to be likewise found in Italy in some Gardens of the Curious: And was of late times brought thence from Syria; the wild kind groweth in the fields by hedges not far from Verona, and such Countries.  
Time.] They flower in May, and the plums, are ripe in September.  
Government and Virtues.] The Jujubes, especially being fresh, do open the body and gently purge Choler, 
Choler  and cleanse the blood, 
Blood  as Simon Sethi and Actuarius say; but Mathiolus and Avicen, deny their purging faculty; 
Heal  The plums Venus governs, and they are endued with a temperate quality in heat and moisture, they cool the heat and sharpness of the blood and therefore are good in hot Agues, 
Hot-Ague  and to expectorate tough Phlegm, and are good for other diseases of the Chest 
Chest  and Lungs, 
Lungs  Coughs, 
Cough  and shortness of Breath, hot distillations; they appease the roughness of the Throat and breast, being taken in syrrups or Electuaries. They are good to cleanse the Reins and bladder, by their viscous quality making the passages slippery, and the Gravel and Stones to avoid the more easily, they also stay Vomiting which are caused by sharp humours; they are hard of digestion, being eaten either fresh or dry; and therefore are used in decoctions, syrrups or Electuaries, with other things, fit and proper for all the purposes asorementioned.  
A decoction may be made with Jujubes for all sharp and salted humours in the Kidneys and bladder, and for all Ulcers or inflammations in the back Reins and Bladder, and for the stone, Jaundice, falling-sickness and dropsy. It is thus prepared:  
Take Jujubes, of the seeds of Parsley, Fennel, anise and Caraways, of each an ounce; of the roots of Parsley, Burnet, Saxifrage, and Caraways, of each an ounce and an half; let the seeds be bruised, & the roots washed & cut small, let them all infuse all-night in a pottle of White-wine, and in the morning boiled in a close earthen Vessel, until a third part thereof be consumed; strain it, and drink four ounces hereof at a time, morning and evening, first and last; abstaining from other drink three hours, this will powerfully open obstructions of the Liver and Spleen, and cureth the Dropsy, and Jaundice, by Urine.   

The white Jujube-tree, with thorns and without.  
Names.] ZIziphus alba Spinosa, & non Spinosa, are the most proper Names: there being two sorts of this tree, one beareth Thorns, the other none, but in all other things they are both alike.  
Descript.] This tree groweth as great as a middle sized Pear-tree, covered with a whitish ash-coloured bark over both body and boughs, full of short and sharp thorns, two at each leaf, not far asunder on the one sort, and not any on the other: the leaves are somewhat like those of the red Jujube tree but greater; round pointed for the most part with three ribs in each, running all the length: of a dark shining green colour on the upper side, and somewhat ash-colour under, standing singly on each of branches up to the top; At the joints, with the leavs shoot forth small flowers of a greenish white, colour, in form like those of the Olive or Jujube-tree, each standing on a small foot stalk: the flowers being fallen away there follows a small round fruit as big as a Cherry, and sometimes of the bigness of a Walnut, in some whitish, in others more yellow and reddish on the one side like an Apple, of a very sweet taste with a round stone in the middle thereof, like an Olive-stone but not long.  
Place and Time.] These plants in Syria, Egypt, Arabia, and those parts thereabouts, they continue with their leaves green on them all the Winter (which the red Jujubes do not) in those Countries: but in Candy and other nearer Climates they fall off as other Trees do; in the hotter Countries they bear twice a year; but the fruit of the spring is seldom ripe, being spoiled by the moisture of the season, but in the Antumn the fruit is perfectly ripened and pleasant.  
Government and Virtues.] Venus also owns the Fruit, of both these. The fruits before they are ripe are cold and dry in the first degree, and binding, but when they are ripe they are moist, and are effectual to strengthen the Looseness of the Stomach, and Belly, 
Looseness, Stomach, Belly Ulcers, Bowels Fevers, Choler, Fevers  the juice of them either taken inwardly at the Mouth or given in a glister.  
The dried fruit infused in water and the infusion drunk, is good against slipperiness and Ulcers of the Bowels. The decoction or infusion of the dry ripe fruit, is good against Pestilential Fevers and to resist putrefaction; the fruit being endued with an excellent property against Venomous qualities. The juice of the fruit, being throughly ripe is effectual to purge Choler from the Stomach; the infusion of them is profitably used to cool the heat and violence of all putrid Fevers.    


Kali.  
Names and Kind's.] IT is called also Glassewort, Salt-wort; There are 4 kinds of Kali described by Parkinson, viz.  
1. Kali majus Cochleatum, great Glassewort with snailt like seeds. 2. Kali minus album, small Glassewort. 3. Kali Aegyptiacum, Glassewort of Egypt. And 4. Kali geniculatum, sive salicornia jointed Glassewort: I shall only describe the last.  
This jointed Kali or Glassewort, groweth up usually, but with one, upright, round, thick, and almost transparent stalk, a foot high or more; thick set, and full of joints or knots, without any leaves at all, but shooting forth joints one out of another with short cod at the heads of them, and such like smaller branches on each side, and they also divided into other smaller ones: it is thought to bear neither flower nor seed; the root is small long and threddy. Some other kinds there are differing somewhat in the form of the joints, and one kind wholly reddish, and differing from the other in nothing else.  
The first and third are absolute strangers in our Countries, but grow in Syria and Egypt, Italy and Spain; the second, groweth not only in those Countries, but in Colder Climates, upon many places of our own Coasts, especially of the West Country. The last groweth generally in all Countries, in many places of our Seacoasts, where the salt-water overfloweth it.  
Tims.] They all flourish in the Summer, and those that perish give their seed in August or later, the last abideth all Winter.  
Government and Virtues.] Kali, or Glassewort all the sorts thereof are under the dominion of Mars, they are all of a cleansing quality, without any great or manifest heat; the powder of any of them or the juice, which is much better, taken in drink, doth purge downwards phlegmatic, 
Phlegm  Waterish 
Water  and Adust or Melancholy 
Melancholy  humours, And therefore is very effectual for the Dropsy, to provoke Urine, 
Urine  and expel the Deadchild. 
Dead-birth.  It also opens stops of the Liver 
Liver  and Speen, 
Spleen  and wastes the hardness thereof, but it must be used with discretion, for a great quantity is dangerous, hurtful and deadly.  
The Ashes hereof are very sharp and biting like a Caustick, and the Lie that is made thereof is so strong, that it will fetch off the skin from the hands or any part of the body, but may be mixed with other more moderate medicines to take away Scabs, Leprosy, and to cleanse the skin; The powder of stones and the ashes hereof being melted, is the matter, whereof Glass is made; which when it gloweth in the furnace it casteth up a fat matter on the top of it, which when it is cold is fat and brittle, and is called Sandiver.  
It worketh much to the same effect with the herb or ashes: It is used often in powder to blow into horses Eyes or being diossolved to be squirted in them, to take away any superfluous film or skin beginning to grow thereon; both of them likewise serve to dry up running Sores, Scabs, 
Scabs  Tetters, 
Tetters  Ringworms, and to help the Itch. 
Itch     


Lacca, or Gum-lake.  
DEscript.]. This is neither gum distilling out of any tree, as other gums do, nor condensed juice; yet it will melt with heat and burn with fire; but is a certain matter wrought by great winged Aunts that breed in the ground, and sucking out from trees of divers sorts, but especially from that which is called Mala Indica, from which they take the substance of their work about the smaller branches as Bees do Honey Combs, and make this Lacca, which is a dark red substance, and somewhat transparent, harder than any gum, and being chewed it will make the spittle look red. It is first wrought on sticks by the Aunts; and then melted being cleared from the sticks, and the wings of the Aunts, and made into Cakes, or small pieces, is so brought unto us aswell as on the sticks and is the original of the hard Wax, wherewith Letters are sealed, whose colours of red green, yellow or black are added in the new melting of it again and making it into such Rolls, as we buy it in; but some do Counterfeit it, by putting of wax unto it; which maketh it softer and run thinner.  
The Painter's Lake or Lackwit, is made of Brasill or other dying stuffs, and hath in former times been very ignorantly by some put into the composition called Dialacca; but that Error is reform.  
Government and Virtues.] Lacca is governed by Jupiter: it is of temperature hot in the second degree, it strengtheneth the Stomach and Liver, 
Stomach, Liver  and freeth them from obstructions, 
Obstructions  and dissolveth the hardness of the Liver, helpeth the yellow Jaundice, and driveth forth watery humours of the Dropsy; 
Jaundice, dropsies  provokes Urine and breaks the Stone, 
Urine, Stone  both in Kidneys, and Bladder.   

Larch-tree.  
Names.] IT is called in Latin, Larix; and the liquid , Resina laricea, or larigna, and Terebinthia Venetia.  
Description.] The Larch-tree is usually lower than the Pine, or Fir-tree, but sometimes groweth as high as either: it hath a rugged thick bark, full of Chaps, and reddish in the inside, the branches very comely one above another, having several small yellowish knobs or bunches, set at several distances, from which do yearly shoot forth many long, narrow, thick, soft and smooth leaves, as it were in a tuft together, of a green-colour; which do not abide in Winter but fall away, shooting fresh ones every Spring; the flowers are of a Crimson colour and very sweet, which afterwards turn into small soft Cones, like to Cypress Nuts, while they are close, but longer than they, made of many fine scales, lying one upon another, standing on a short stalk having seed in the inside of every scale, form like a small bird with two wings, and a small sweet kernel within them like the Pine kernel; the wood is very firm hard and close, long in growing, and long lasting; It yieldeth forth a liquid  being bored, ve●y clear, and white, which is called Venice Turpentine. There is also found upon the bodies, and great boughs thereof, a kind of hard and dry Mushroom called Agarick.  
Place and Time.] It groweth plentifully in the Woods by Trent, and in many other places of Germany, and between Germany and Italy. It shooteth forth leaves in the Spring and the blossoms presently after, and the fruit is ripe towards the latter end of Summer.  
The Turpentine is gathered in the hottest time of the Summer, but the Agaric about November and December.  
Governments and Virtues.] The Larix-tree is under the dominion of Venus: the leaves, bark and fruit are of the same temperature as those of the Pinetree; the Turpentine thereof taken to the quantity of an ounce will gently open the belly, provoke Urine, and cleanse the Reins, Kidneys, 
Reins, Kidneys  and Bladder; and helps to dissolve the Stone 
Bladder, Stone,  and drive forth the Gravel, and gives ease to those that have the Gout; 
Gravel, Gout  if it be rolled up in Sugar, and taken, it helps the running of the Reins; But pills most excellent for the Gonorrhaea or running of the Reins may be made thereof in this manner:  

Turpentine Pills for the Gonorrhaea, or Running of the Reins.  
Take Turpentine-and wash it in Plaintain and Rose-water; then with the powder of white Amber, red Coral, Mastic and a little Camphire, make it into Pills, which are to be taken morning and Evening for certain days together.  
It is good also for the Phthisic, and Consumption of the Lungs, 
Phthisic, Lungs.  being taken with honey in an Electuary; it expectorates tough phlegm, and helps those that are troubled with a continual Cough; it is of excellent use also, outwardly to be used as an ingredient amongst salves. It doth, both draw cleanse and heal all sores or Ulcers whether new or old; and green Wounds: the Chemical oil drawn from Turpentine, is more drying and consolidating, than the Turpentine itself, so that it is singular good to be used in Wounds; 
Wounds, Ulcers  and to warm and ease pains in the joints and sinews, caused with cold; and being mixed with oil of St. Johns-wort, it is singular good against Sprains, 
Pains, Sprains  Wrinches, and outward Bruises 
Bruises-freckles  caused by falls or otherwise, the parts being fomented; This oil being drank the quantity of twenty drops at a time in Ale or white Wine, provokes Urine, cleanseth and cureth all Ulcers and Sores in the Kidney 
Kidneys  or Bladder 
Bladder  or Uretory passages. The water that is distilled with the oil is good for freckles and spots in the Face; A scruple in weight of that water, taken in white Wine, procureth a Vomit; and giveth much ease to those whose Stomaches are overcharged with Phlegm.  
Agarick which is the Tuberous substance which groweth upon this tree; is a good purging medicine, and often used by itself, but more commonly is mixed with other medicines of a purging quality, to open obstructions of the Liver, Spleen, 
Liver, Spleen  and entrails; it purgteh all vicious humours which offend the body: It is usually corrected which Ginger, and given with Oxymel, that is, a syrup made with Vinegar and Honey; otherwise of itself it is apt to trouble the Stomach, and cause Vomiting. It purgeth thin, and rotten tough phlegm, both yellow, hard, and black,  Choler, 
Phlegm, Choler  from the Head, and Brain, Breast, Lungs, 
Head, Lungs  stomach, Liver 
Stomach, Liver  and Spleen; 
Spleen, Gout  and from the Reins; joints, Sinews and Muscles, whereby it helpeth such as are troubled with the Gout, Dropsy, Falling-sickness, Jaundice, Colic, 
Dropsy, Colic  Sciatica, shortness of Breath, Cough, Consumption of the Lungs, spitting of Blood pains of the Womb, 
Blood, Womb  sharpness of Urine, and the Worms.  
It is also helpful to cure all sorts of Agues, 
Agues.  to ease griping pains of the Stomach, and Belly, and such as have had Falls and Bruises or are bursten-Bellied. Half a dram or two scruples being taken in Wine, either by the infusion or in powder, is good against all poisons, and bitings of Serpents.  
The most usual way of preparing it for the other diseases before mentioned, is to slice a dram, and put it into a gentle purging decoction or an Infusion.  
If it be boiled in Lie with other Cephalicks, and the head washed therewith, it comforteth the, Brain Memory, 
Brain, Memory  and giddinessof the Head, and stays Rheums, and Catarrhs; and cleanseth it from scurff, 
Rheums, Scurff  and Dandruff.    

Spurge-Laurel.  
Names.] IT is also called Wild Laurel, and in Latin Laureola.  
Descript.] The Spurge Laurel, springeth up usually but with one stem, but sometimes with more; very tough and pliant, having a whitish thick, tough bark▪ branching forth into divers parts towards the tops, whereon grow many long, thick, somewhat broad and shining, dark, green leaves, longer smother and softer than Bay-leaves; and without any veins therein; the flowers come forth towards the tops of the stalks and branches, and at the joints with the leaves, many set together, which are somewhat long and hollow, having four small leaves, of a whitish, yellow, green, colour; after which come small round and somewhat long, black berries, when they are ripe, wherein is contained a white kernel, the root groweth deep into the ground and spreadeth with long white strings; and is somewhat woody: The leaves flower bark and root are very hot in taste, burning the mouth and Throat of any that shall taste them; the leaves continue green all the Winter.  
Place.] Spurge Laurel groweth Wild in many places of this land, particularly in Cobham Park in Kent.  
Time.] It flowereth very early as about January if the Winter be mild, and the berries are ripe about June.  
Government and Virtues.] Mars rules this plant: both leaves and berries hereof are violent purges: of a heating, burning quality so that they inflame the throat and Stomach of whosoever shall take thereof; yet being given advisedly, and prepared by a skilful hand, it cleanseth the Stomach of Phlegm 
Phlegm, Terms  both by purge and Vomit, it driveth down women's Courses, and being chewed in the Mouth, it draweth down much corrupt matter from the Head and brain; if the leavs and berries when they are fresh be boiled in oil and the oil strained forth; this oil looseneth the belly and helpeth the Colic, the belly being anointed therewith; it provokes Urine, and helpeth the Piles; some give the powder of the leaves, in a little broth to ease the pains of the Colic, and purge forth watery humours in the Dropsy.  

The Correction of Spurge Laurel.  
Lay the leaves or berries in steep in Vinegar a whole day, then dry it and make it into powder adding to it anise or Fennel seed, gum Tragant, and Mastic, and so give it together with some cooling water, as of Endive, Succory, or Oranges, it will perform its operation, without troubling or inflaming the Throat nor the inward parts.    

Indian-leaf.  
Names.] IT is called by the Indians Cadegi Indi, that is, Folium Indum; It is called also Malabathrum, and of the East-Indians Tamala patra.  
Descript.] They are broad leaves with three ribs only in them; a little pointed at the ends, which have been brought unto us, but in small quantity, and amongst them some leaves on their branches, two usually at a joint; tasting somewhat hot, like unto bay-leaves, and the bark of the branches hath the same taste: amongst these leaves sometimes hath been found a small fruit like unto an Acorn, in the cup; which is probably the fruit of the tree, and gathered with the leaves.  
Government and Virtues.] It is Solar; The virtues are, to provoke Urine, to warm and strengthen the Stomach, and it maketh the Breath sweet.  
It is good to be put into Cordial and Stomachical compositions. It resisteth poison and Venom, and the infusion thereof in Wine warm, helpeth inflammations and redness of the Eyes, being bathed therewith.   

Lentils.  
Kind's and Names.] THey are called Lens, and Lenticula, in Latin. In some Countries of England where they sow them, for meat for their , they call them Tills.  
There are found three sorts hereof. 1. Lens' Major, the greater lentil. 2. Lens' Minor, the lesser Lentil. And 3. Lens Maculata, the spotted Lentil.  
Descript.] 1. The greater Lentil groweth about two foot long with many hard, yet slender and weak branches, from whence at several places shoot forth long stalks of small winged leaves; many on each side of a middle rib, which middle rib endeth in a small clasper: between the leaves and the stalks come the flowers which are small, of a sad reddish purplish colour, almost like the flowers of Vetches; they stand for the most part two at the end of a long footstalk: after the flowers are gone, there succeed, small short flat Cod, wherein is flat round smooth seed, of a pale yellowish Ash-colour; the root is fibrous and dyeth every winter.  
2. The lesser lentil differeth from the former only in this, that the stalks, leaves and seed is lesser, the flowers are more pale, and the seeds are whiter  
The third differs not much from the last, but the seed which is blackish is spotted with blacker spots.  
Place and Time.] The two first in parts beyond the Seas are sown in manured Fields, and so they are in some Countries in England, especially the smaller sort. The greater doth seldom come to maturity with us, if the season be not very mild and dry: the spotted kind hath been growing wild in Portugal.  
Government and Virtues.] They are under the dominion of Saturn of a mean temperature, between heat and cold; yet they are dry in the second degree according to Galen; they are somewhat astringent and bind the body especially the outer skin. It is of contrary qualities for the decoction thereof doth not bind but loosen the body: therefore those that would have it bind, let them cast away the first water and use the second, which stoppeth Lasks, and strengtheneth the Stomach 
Lasks, Stomach  and inward parts.  
Lentils husked lose the strength of binding but nourish more than those that are not husked; but Galen saith, that to cat much of the broth of Lentils, breedeth Cankers and Leprosy, being gross and thick meat. It breeds the Melancholy humour, but is good for moist and watery bodies, but forbidden to those that are of a dry constitution. It is also hurtful to the fight, but is convenient for Women that have their Courses in too much abundance, the decoction thereof applied with Wheat flower easeth the Gout; 
Terms, Gout  and used with honey, it closeth up the Lips of Wounds and cleanseth foul sores: being boiled with Vinegar it dissolveth knots 
Sores, knots  and kernels, 
Kernels  and a decoction made thereof with Quinces, Melilot, and a little Rose-water put thereto; it helpeth the Inflammation of the Eyes and Fundament. But for the chaps of the Fundament, let it be boiled with dried Roses, and pomegranate rinds, adding a little honey unto it. And so it is good for creeping Cankers, adding some Sea water unto it, and for Wheals, and running watery sores, St. Anthonies-fire, Kibes, and for the curdling of Milk in women's Breasts: And a decoction there of with Rose leaves and Quinces, is a good lotion for Ulcers in the Mouth, Privy parts, or Fundament. 
Cankers, Kibes St. Anthonies-fire, Mouth Privy parts Fundament    

Lentisk, or Mastick-tree.  
Names.] IT is called in Latin Lentiscus, and the gum or , resina Lentiscina, and Mastiche and Mastix; in English, Mastic.  
Descript.] The Mastic or Lentisk-tree, groweth like a tree if it be suffered to grow up, and often it riseth but as a shrub: the body and branches are of a reddish colour; tough and gentle having their ends bending somewhat downwards, whereon do grow winged, dark green leaves consisting of four couples, standing one against another, of the bigness of the large Myrtle leaf; with a reddish Circle about their edges, and somewhat reddish veins on the underside, smelling sweet, and always continuing green; the flowers grow in clusters at the joints, with the leaves, being small and of a pale purplish green colour, after them come small blackish berries, of the bigness of a Pepper-corn, with a hard black shell under the outer skin, and a white kernel within: it beareth also certain horns, with a clear liquor in them which turneth into small flies, that fly away. It yields also a clear white gum in small drops, when the stocks are cut in sundry places, which is carefully gathered and preserved.  
Place.] The Lentisk-tree groweth in Provence of France, and also in divers places of Italy, and Candy, and in many places of Greece; but yields little gum there, But especially in the Isle of Chio now called Sio.  
Time.] It flowereth in April, and the berries are ripe in September: It is pruned and manured with as great care and pains, as others do their Vines; it goeth beyond them, in the profit of the Gum.  
Government and Virtues.] The Lentisk-tree is under the influence of Jupiter. It is of temperature moderately hot, but both root and branch, bark, leaf, fruit and Gum, are of a binding quality, and do stop all Fluxes, 
Fluxes  and spitting of Blood; 
Blood  strengthens a weak Stomach, 
Stomach  and helps falling down of the Mother 
Mother  or Fundament. The decoction healeth up hollow sores, 
Fundament, sores  sodereth broken bones, 
Bones  fasteneth lose Teeth, 
Loose-teeths, Itch  and stayeth creeping Sores, they being fomented therewith. The oil that is pressed out of the berries, helpeth the Itch, Leprosy 
Leprosy  and Scabs 
Scabs  both in Men and Beasts; the gum-Mastick doth bind & stay fluxes in like manner taken any way in powder, or if 3 or 4 grains of it be swallowed whole at night when you go to bed, it not only easeth pains of the Stomach 
Stomach  but keepeth it from the like afterwards; the powder of Mastic, with Amber and Turpentine, is good against the running of the Reins, 
Reins  and to stay the Whites 
Whites  and Redds 
Redds  in Women; The powder of Mastic mixed with conserve of red Roses is good to stay distillations of thin Rheums falling upon the Lungs; which causeth a continual Cough, and spitting of Blood; And if some white Frankincense in powder be mixed therewith also, it will be more effectual; It comforteth the Brain, procureth an Appetite to meat, stayeth Vomiting, and makes the Breath sweet. Mastic being heated in Wine and the Mouth and gums washed with it, cleanseth them from corruption, and fasteneth the Teeth; It is much used in Salves and plasters, to cleanse and heal, Ulcers and Sores, and to stay the flowing of humours unto them, and drieth them up and filleth up their hollowness. It comforteth a king joints and sinews, being applied thereunto.  
There is an oil made thereof by infusion and ebullition, which is singular good against all the aforesaid diseases, and doth moderately comfort, bind, and mollify, and is effectual against diseases of the Mother; the Colic 
Mother, colic  and pains in the Stomach and Belly, 
Stomach, Belly  pains of the Joints and sinews and hardness of Tumours. 
tumours, Sinews  It comforteth the Brain, 
Brain, Memory  and strengtheneth the Liver and Heart. 
Liver, Heart  There is also a pure Chemical oil, drawn from Mastic, one drop whereof is more effectual than an ounce of the former, for all the purposes aforesaid.   

The Lemon-tree, or Lemons.  
Names.] THere are several sorts of Lemons, some great, others small; some having very thick and rugged peels, and some very smooth; some are of a wild juice, others sharp, and some very tart and crabbed: which alterations may be made both by the Soil, and place where they grow or are planted.  
1. The ordinary Lemon-tree is called Malus Limonia, acida, vulgaris.  
2. Malus Limonia, acida, cortice tenui; the thin rined sour Lemon.  
3. Malus Limonia, acida, fructu rotundo; The sour round Lemon.  
4. Malus Limonia, dulcis, major; The greater sweet Lemon.  
5. Malus Limonia dulcis minor. The lesser sweet Lemon, or Civil Lemon.  
6. Malus Lemonia Silvestris minima. The least wild Lemon-tree.  
Descript.] 1. The ordinary Lemon-tree groweth great and high, with great Arms and slender branches, with long greenish thorns, the leaves are long like unto Bay-leaves, but dented about the edges, and full of holes: the flowers are white and sweet, the fruit long and round, of a pale yellow colour, and the rind rugged and uneven; the juice is sharp.  
Descript.] 2. All the difference between this and the former, is this; that the other is bigger, the rind is of a fine pale, yellow colour and smother than the other, and thinner full of a pleasant sharp juice, with seeds amongst it as the other hath.  
Descript.] 3. The tree that beareth the round Lemons, is in all things like the last, only in this, that it hath few or no thorns upon it; and the fruit is like it, having a thin rind, but is somewhat rounder, with a small Crown at the head.  
Descript.] 4. The greater sweet Lemon is greater than any other of the former Lemons, the rind is more smooth and yellower; and the juice more sweet and pleasant.  
Descript.] 5. This Lemon is of the same size as the thin-rinded sour Lemons, and so like that it is hard by the outside to know one from the other but this hath a little deeper coloured rind, and the juice of a sweet pleasant taste, with a little sharpeness.  
Descript.] 6. The least wild Lemon, groweth wild in Syria and Egypt; and heareth very small fruit no bigger than Pigeon Eggs.  
Place.] These Lemons are brought unto us from Spain and several of their Islands.  
Time.] They hold their leaves on, always green & are never without blossoms, green, and ripe fruit, at all times throughout the year.  
Government and Virtues.] The Lemons are Solar, yet of different parts, and contrary effects; it is of good use to resist poison, Venom or Infection; 
Venom, Infection  an ounce and an half, of the juice of unripe Lemons, drunk in Wine, cleanseth the Kidneys of the Stone and gravel; and killeth Worms 
Stone, Worms  in the body and driveth them forth.  

An Antidote against the Plague, or any malignant or contagious disease is thus prepared.  
Take 4 ounces of the pure juice of Lemons, steep therein an Angel of Gold, or the weight thereof in leaf Gold, the space of four and twenty hours, then take out the Gold, or draw the juice dear from it, and give some of it in a draught of Wine, with a little of the powder of Angelica-root unto any infected with the plague, and if there be any hopes of recovery it will help them. The juice of sweet Lemons is neither so cooling nor operative as the other. The distilled water, drawn from the inner pulp or white substance of the Lemons, cleareth the skin and Face from Freckles and Spots, 
Freokles, Spots  provokes Urine, expels the Stone, being drunk; and helpeth the running Scab, 
Stone, Scabs  kills Lice in the Head, the Worms 
Lice, Worms  in the hands or Nose, and Wheals 
Weals  or bushes in the skin: The juice of Lemons is good for Seamen and others in Voyages at Sea, to put into their Beverage to keep them from the Scurvy; whereunto long voyages much subject their bodies, and also to quench thirst in hot Countries: But I need not teach the Seamen to make a bowl of punch, but pray they may at no time want materials.   

An excellent remedy for Scabs and Itch.  
Take a Lemon and cut it through the middle and cast thereon some fine powder of Brimstone; then roast him either against the fire or under the Embers as you do a Warden-Pear, and therewith rub the parts troubled with Itch or Scabs.  
It is also the best most sovereign and clear remedy to destroy those pediculi inguinales, vulgarly called Crab-lice, the parts afflicted with them being rubbed therewith.    

Line or Linden-tree.  
Kind's and Names.] OF the Linetree, there are accounted two sorts the Male, and the Female; and of the Female also two sorts, the greater and the lesser. It is called in Latin Tilia.  
Descript.] 1. Tilia mas, the Male Line, groweth to be a great tree, with large spreading boughs but not so much as the Female, nor so flexible but harder and more brittle, and of a thicker bark; the leaves are like unto Elder-leaves but smaller and longer; and on every one for the most part grow small bladders full for Worms which turn into flies, which being ripe do fly away.  
This tree seldom beareth either flower or fruit, yet when it doth bear, it is round flat husks; many growing close together, each hanging on a long foot-stalk by itself, with a notch or cleft at the head or end thereof. The wood hereof is harder, more knotty and yellower than the Female.  
Descript.] 2. Tilia foemina, major. The greater Female Linetree groweth to be a larger tree than the former (especially if it happen to be planted in good ground;) covered with a dark coloured bark, the next thereunto being very pliable to bend and bind, having some other thin rinds within it, the leaves are fair & broad greener smother, gentler, & rounder than Elm-leaves, and with a longer end; dented about the edges, and of a reasonable good scent: at the end of the branches oftentimes and at the foot of the leaves, shoot forth long and narrow, whitish leaves, along the middle rib, whereof springeth out a slender long stalk with divers white flowers thereon, smelling very sweet, after which follow small berries, wherein is contained black round seed, the wood is whitish, smooth, and light.  
Descript.] 3. Tilia foemina, minor. The lesser Linden-tree is like the last in all things, saving that it groweth smaller in body, leaves and flowers, the leaves are of a darker green colour, and beareth no fruit after the flowers.  
Place and Time.] The greater Female-kind is planted in many places in this land, in pleasant Walks it making a large sweet shadow, and usually flowreth in May. The other are great strangers, and scarce to be seen any where in this land.  
Government and Virtues.] There is no medicinal use made of the Male Linden: The Female is under the dominion of Venus, of a moderate temperature, and somewhat drying and astringent, the decoction of the leaves being sod in water is a pood Lotion to wash the sore Mouths 
Sore mouths  of young Children, or any sore Mouths that have Ulcers, blisters, 
Ulcers, blisters  or Cankers in them. The leaves being pounded or bruised after the boiling, and applied to the Legs or Feet 
cankers, swelled Feet.  that are swelled with falling down of humours, doth help them; the hark is also effectual for the same purpose.  
The flowers of the Linetree, and of Lily Convally, distilled together, the water thereof is good against the Falling-sickness; so likewise is the distilled water of the bark, and is good against those fretting humours, that cause the bloody Flux, and gripping in the Guts; the water wherein the inner bark hath been steeped till the water become thick and muscilaginous, and applied with clothes wet therein, helps burn and scaldings.   

Liquid Amber.  
Descript. and Place.] LIquid Amber is a thick  like gum, drooping by incision from certain great trees in the West-Indies; which trees are full of branches covered with a thick Ash-coloured bark, the leaves are like unto Ivy leaves, and the Gum which issueth from the tree is of a strong and sweet smell, and is somewhat like unto Liquid Storax; and may pass instead thereof for the same uses; but there is a corpse sort, which is the scum of the uppermost fatness that is made by boiling the branches, and is supposed to be that Storax liquida sold by Druggist's and Apothecary's: out of the first sort while it is fresh and laid in the Sun, there droppeth a certain clear reddish oil, called oil of Liquid Amber, and, of some, Liquid Amber itself.  
Government and Virtues.] Both Tree and Gum are under the influence of Jupiter, of a moderately hot and moist temperature; and is useful either of itself or mixed with other things, to comfort and warm a cold moist brain, 
Brain Stomach Digestion▪ Appetite, Mother Tumours  being used as an ointment; and easeth all pains proceeding from a cold cause being applied thereunto: It comforts and strengtheneth a weak Stomach, helps digestion and procures an Appetite; But more effectually if a plaster be made thereof with some Storax, Musk and Amber, and applied to the Stomach: it is also profitably used in all cold griefs of the the Mother; it warms mollifies, and dissolves, Tumours, and opens obstructions, and stops of the Terms.   

Lung-flower, or Autumn Gentian.  
Kind's and Names.] THere are several sorts of these plants, & are generally called Autumn small▪ Gentians, Gentianellae Autumnales, and of some Pneumonanthe.  
Descript.] 1. The greater Autumn Gentian, Pneumonanthe dicta, riseth up according to the richness of the ground, higher or lower, sometimes two foot high, and sometimes not above a foot, and sometimes with many and sometimes with fewer stalks; of a brownish green colour, with many long and narrow dark green leaves, set by couples upon them, up to the tops● which seldom branch forth, but bear every one a large hollow flower, in most of them of a deep bluish purple colour, but in some a little paler, ending in five points; the roots are many small and long; growing deep into the ground; and abiding all the Winter.  
Descript.] 2. Gentianella Autumnalis simbriato flore; Antumn-Geatian of Naples. This doth creep up like Couchgrass from a long yellowish small root, shooting forth a few long and narrow leavs, like those of Flax, but shorter; but those that grow up, to the middle of the stalk are larger, and lesser again from the middle to the top, two set at every joint all along, and striped from every one of the joints on both sides, to the top of the stalk, which is green, and about a foot high: at the top cometh a purplish green husk, which hath four large pointed leaves and encloseth the flower, which is long and writhed before it be blown, and of a pale blue colour; but when it is blown open is of a deeper blue colour, having four leaves somewhat long: and as it were purfled about the edges, with a little hairiness at them; and a small leaf at the bottom of each flower with a few yellow threads in the middle standing about a head, which groweth to be the seed-vessel, forked into two parts at the head, being greater there than below, and containeth in it very small black seed when it is ripe.  
Descript.] 3. Autumn-Gentian with small Centory-leaves, called in Latin Gentianella Autumnalis, Centaureae minoris folio. This riseth up with sundry stalks scarce a foot high, parted into many small branches whereon do stand two leaves together very like those of the lesser Centaury, not so long as either of the former, but a little broader and of a whiter green colour; at the tops of the stalks and branches grow divers blue flowers, set in small long husks, half way rising above the tops of them; the seed is small and groweth in long horned vessels; the root is small and fibrous.  
Descript.] 4. There is another sort with small Centory-like flowers; which is more spreading; small, but hath larger leaves and flowers than Centory; and of the same colour as are the flowers of Centory, yet having many more and lasteth longer; the root abideth not the Winter.  
Descript.] 5. Another smaller Gentian with Centaury-leaves is very like unto the last but smaller, and the stalks much lower, not above three inches high, having many small branches whereon are large blue flowers; the seed and vessels when they are ripe are like unto the last; the root is also small, but hath many more fibres than the others.  
Place.] The first is found growing in many places of Germany, and other outlandish parts; and in divers places of our own land, as by Gravesend, near Greenhith, in a Chalk-pit not far from Dartford, and at Cobham in Kent; it groweth both in wet and dry grounds. The second upon the hills in Naples as saith Columna; The third in divers place● of Kent; as about South-fleet, and Long-field, and also in Bedfordshire and Hartfordshire near old Verulam; The rest are strangers here.  
Time.] These flower not until August, and thence got the name of Autumn-Gentian.  
Government and Virtues.] These Lung-flowers, or Autumn-Gentians, are also under the dominion of Mars, as the Gentian or Felwort is; and much of the same temperature, in heat and dryness; and may be used both inwardly and outwardly as effectually as Gentian, and where these are in plenty, and the other not easy to be had, may well serve instead thereof.  

Poison, Plague.  They are powerful against Putrefaction, Venom, and Poison: The Germans account it their Treacle and did formerly make a Treacle with it and other things, at Jena: which was brought unto us and called Jenes-Treakle, made of these Gentians, Aristolochia, Bay-leaves, and other things, which were very good for griefs and pains in the Stomach, 
Stomach, plague  and very effectual against infection of the Plague, and other infectious diseases, to expel the malignity thereof, and to preserve the Heart, and strengthen it against Fainting and Swoonings: which Treacle was of a bitter taste. But that which is now commonly used by the vulgar people, and generally by them called Treacle, which is of a sweet and pleasant taste, is not any kind of Treacle, but is called properly Molosses; and is nothing else but the gross dross of Sugar, taken in the refining or boiling thereof, and is not helpful in any disease, yet usually and greedily desired and taken by the common People as an universal medicine.  
The roots of these Gentians, being made into fine powder, and taken in Wine, either by themselves or with other things, as Myrrh, Rue, Pepper, or the like, is an effectual remedy against the bitings or stingings of Serpents, 
Venomous bitings Mad-Dogs  Scorpions, or any other Venomous Creatures, and against the bitings of Mad-Dogs being taken three or four days together, and the wound carefully kept open with Vinegar and Salt-water, and orderly cleansed and dressed.  
The same roots also, being so taken in Wine, open obstructions of the Liver, and help such as are Liver-grown. It easeth pains in the Stomach, 
Liver grown, stomach, lameness, Sides Stiches, bruises Agues  and helpeth such as cannot keep or relish their meat, or have lost their appetite to meat: It refresheth such as are overweary with Travail; being steeped in Wine and drunk, helps such as are Lame in their joints by cold or bad lodging: and is effectual for pains, stiches and prickings in the sides: and is good for those who are bruised by falls, dissolving congealed Blood, and easing the pains thereof. The root is held to be good also against Agues, to be taken not in Wine but in some other drink, or the distilled water of the herb.  

Deadchild Courses, Urine Stone, Cramps  The fresh root of the dried made into a pessary and put into the Matrix expelleth the Deadchild, and Afterbirth. And being taken inwardly it driveth down the Courses and provokes Urine. The decoction of the root is excellent to give ease to them who are pained with the Stone; the same taken in Wine is very good for those that are troubled with cramps or Convulsions; and is good also for Ruptures and those that are Bursten.  
Dioscorides commendeth the roots hereof not to help men only, but also for beasts that are troubled with Coughs, out-going of their entrails, and that it killeth and driveth forth Worms, and breaketh Wind in the body. It is available in all cold diseases either inward or outward. It doth extenuate and make thin, thick Phlegm or gross humours, cleanseth corrupt and filthy sores or Ulcers, purging of offensive and peccant humours: 
Liver, Lungs, Gaul, Spleen  and opens obstructions of the Liver, Lungs, Gaul and Spleen, and freeing the parts affected with any the diseases incident unto them.  
The decoction of the leaves, or the juice of them, or the roots, worketh the same effect, and so doth the distilled water thereof.  
The distilled water of the leaves, flowers, and roots, drawn in a glasse-body in Balneo Mariae, hath been found effectual in a wonderful manner to cure putrified Agues, 
Agues, Worms Green Wounds Ulcers, Kings-Evil, Piles, Eyes  and cleanses the blood, and killeth Worms in the belly; the same water used to the Face, cleanseth it from Spots, Freckles and Morphew; The powder of juice of the root healeth Green Wounds, and all sorts of foul putrid and rotten Ulcers; the same or the powder of the dried roots, helpeth the knots or kernels of the Kings-Evil; and the soreness of the Piles; the juice either fresh or condensate is good to take away inflammations and swell of the Eyes; and to cleanse them from films.  
The decoction of the herb or root, is good to drench Cattles with, to free them, from Bottes and Worms; or if they have received any harm by licking up any Venomous Worm or Tick with their grass (as often they do) the same decoction of juice of the bruised leaves is good to bathe the Udders of kine, which have been bitten or stung by any hurtful worm or other poisonous vermin, by two or three times so bathing they are perfectly cured.   

Lupins.  
Kind's and Names] THere are several kinds of Lupins, as, The great white Lupine called Lupinus sativus albus. 2. The spotted white Lupine called Lupinus alter albus; and the smallest blue Lupine, called Lupinus minimus Coeruleus.  
Descript.] 1. The great white Lupine, riseth up with a strong, upright, round woolly stalk, set confusedly with divers soft woolly leaves upon long footstalks, each being divided into several parts, narrow long and soft, greenish on the upperside, and woolly underneath: the main stalk is divided into two parts, after the flowers are grown from the uppermost joint, and are like unto the great Garden-bean, but wholly white without any spot: after the flowers, come long soft woolly stalks containing in them flat, white leaves, somewhat yellowish within; of a very bitter taste. The root is long hard and fibrous, and perisheth every Winter.  
Descript.] 2. The spotted white Lupine, differeth from the former, in the greatness, and in the flower: which is spotted with blue, on the head of the inner most leaves, and the hollow of the uppermost.  
Descript.] 3. The smallest blue Lupine, is very like unto the other blue Lupine; but smaller both stalks and leaves; the flowers are blue, the seed a little spotted.  
Place.] They grow naturally wild, but in England are only planted in Gardens.  
Time.] The Lupins do flower in July and August, and the seed is ripe soon after.  
Government and Virtues.] Lupins are under the dominion of Mars; and have an opening, cleansing dissolving, and digestive property: but if they be steeped in water until they have lost their bitterness, they may be eaten; but they are very hard to digest and breed gross humours, and pass slowly through the belly, yet do not stop any flux: If they be so steeped, 
Appetite, Stomach, Liver Spleen, Urine Terms, Deadchild, Scabs Morphew, cankers, Tetters Sores.  and afterwards dried and taken with Vinegar, they provoke Appetite, and help the loathing of the Stomach to meat. The decoction of Lupins taken with honey, opens obstructions of the Liver and Spleen, provokes Urine, and the Terms and expelleth the Deadchild, if it be taken with Myrrh. The decoction of them cleanseth the body of Scabs, Morphew, Cankers, Tetters, and soul running Ulcers, or Sores; It also cleanseth the Face, and taketh away the marks or pits which the Pox leaves behind it; and cleareth the skin of Marks, and black and blue Spots.  

An ointment of Lupins to beautify and make the Face Amiable is made after this manner.  
Take the meal of Lupins, the gall of a Goat or Sheep, juice of Lemons, and a little Alumen Saccharimum; mingle them into the form of a soft ointment.  
The meal of Lupins, being boiled in Vinegar and applied, taketh away knobs, and kernels, or pimples: The smoke of the shells, being burned drives away gnats and flies, which annoy many houses in Summer.     


Madder, great and small.  
BEsides the Garden and Wild Madder, there are many other kinds hereof sound out; Parkinson makes six kinds of the Rubia major, or greater Madder, and eight sorts of the Rubia minor, or little small Madder; Rubia Tinctorum, is the general name of the manured Madder in Shops; not only so called from the colour of the root, but also from its propety to die a red colour. The names of the other kinds follow in their Descriptions.  
Descript.] 1. Culpepper hath described the Garden or manured Madder, therefore I say no more of it.  
Descript.] 2. Rubia sylvestris, wild Madder, is very like unto the manured; but the stalks are smaller and not so spreading, neither are they so rough or hairy; the leaves are less, the flowers are white, the root groweth greater but not so red as the Garden-kind.  
Descript.] 3. Wild Madder with long leaves, called Rubia sylvestris, longioribus foliis, hath divers round jointed stalks, two or three foot long or thereabout, not so rough as the other wild sort: the leaves that stand at the joints are somewhat rough, narrower and longer than the other, seven or eight at a distance: the flowers are white, and stand at the tops of the stalks, having four leaves apiece, which turn into small round seed like the other; the root is red as the former but smaller.  
Descript.] 4. Smooth-leaved-Madder, Rubia levis Taurinensium, hath divers round smooth stalks, two or three foot long, whereon stand leaves not rough at all but smooth, larger & broader than garden Madder: towards the tops, of the branches and at the joints, with the leaves standing round about the stalks, come white flowers, consisting of five or six small leaves apiece; the roots are smaller than the other, and run not far into the ground.  
Descript.] 5. The 〈◊〉 smooth Candy-Madder, called Rubia levis arborescens Cretica; It hath a thick short stalk, about the thickness of one's singer, from whence spring many strait smooth branches with small short leaves, standing at distances like the former sorts; at the tops of the branches shoot out two or three slender sprigs which bear whitish flowers like those of the ordinary Madder; the root is long and reddish, and of a bitter harsh taste.  
Descript.] 6. Sea-Madder, Rubia marina, hath many square hard and somewhat rough stalks full of joints, and spreading round, about the root upon the ground; the leaves are somewhat rough, small and long, broadest at the bottom, and pointed at the end, growing lesser towards the tops; the flowers are of a starlike fashion and whitish: the root is more red on the outside then within; more woody and harder than the other.  
Place.] The first is manured in Gardens and large fields, for the profit that is made of it for dyers, as well as medicinal uses; the second groweth by hedge-sides in many places of Germany: and so doth the third which groweth also in many places of our own Land: the fourth is found by Turin, on the hills of Piedmont, according as Pena and Lobel say; the fift in Candy: and the sixth by the Seaside in Provence, and near Mompelier.  
Time.] They flower towards the latter end of Summer, and the seed of some of them is ripe shortly-after.  
Government and Virtues.] All the Madders are plants of Mars; our Ancient and modern writers have controverted each other, about the properties of Madder, whether it be of an opening or binding quality; Galen and Dioscorides say that the root doth open and cleanse the body of thick and tough Phlegm; 
Urine Terms Deadchild Afterbirth Yellow Jaundice Liver Spleen Melancholy Palsy Sciatica  that it provoketh Urine, bringeth down women's Courses, and expelleth the Deadchild and afterbirth; but Dodoneus, affirmeth that it is dry and astringent, and hath no opening faculty at all; but it is sound to have both an opening and an astringent quality, even as Rhubarb hath; which first opens and then binds and strengthens; it turneth the Urine into a red colour, as Rhubarb doth colour it yellow; it is an excellent remedy for the yellow Jaundice opening obstructions of the Liver and Spleen, and cleanseth those parts; it abates Melancholy humour: it is effectual for those that have the Palsy, and Scitica; the roots boiled in Ale, & drunk, is good for those that have received any hurts by bruises or falls: and for all these purposes, the root may be boiled in Wine, Ale, or Water, and some honey or Sugar put thereunto afterwards. The seed taken with Vinegar and honey helps swell and hardness of the Spleen: 
Spleen, Freckels. Deformity of the skin  the decoction of the leaves and branches is good so: Women to sit over, to drive down their Courses.  
The leaves and roots b●●●sed and applied, cleanse and take away Freckles, Morphew, white Scurff, or any deformity of the skin.   

Small or little Madder.  
Descript.] 1. Candy-Madder with a spikey head and larger leaves, called in Latin, Rubia spicata Cretica, latiore folio; It hath divers square rough slender stalks full of joints, from which shoot many branches, with four or five small rough leaves compassing them, the top-branches end in small long spiked four square heads, with many short rough husks set close one above another which send forth small whitish green flowers scarce to be seen, after which come small greenish Seed. The root is fibrous, and woody, but dyeth every Winter.  
Descript.] 2. Spiked-Madder with small leaves, Rubia spicata angustifolia. This differeth from the former, in that it hath lesser leaves, stalks, and branches, not growing above a hand breadth high; and perisheth every year.  
Descript.] 3. Small smooth Madder with sharp-pointed leaves: Rubia Pratensis levis acuto folio. This springeth up with one smooth square jointed stalk, about a foot and a half high, from the joints grow small branches, whereat are set usually four long leaves, ending in a small point. The flowers come forth at the tops consisting of four leaves, and are small and yellow at the first and afterwards become of a pale white colour.  
Descript.] 4. Small smooth Madder with round pointed leaves: Rubia quadrifolia, rotunda, levis. This hath many square stalks about half a foot high, which send forth other smaller branches & at every joint four small round pointed leaves, a little rough, and not so smooth as the last, the flowers are small and white, and stand at the tops, upon small threddy footstalks each having four leaves; the root is small threddy and reddish.  
Descript.] 5. Small creeping Madder with purplish blue flowers, Rubia minor pratensis Coerulea. This hath many small square branches, which creep upon the ground, divided into other small ones, full of joints, and at every of them five or six round green leaves, smooth or very little rough: from the joints and tops of the branches come small flowers consisting of five bluish purple round pointed leaves, having some small threads in the middle; the seed is small and long; the root is small and of a reddish yellow colour; it continueth green all the Winter.  
Descript.] 6. Small rock-Madder, Rubia minima Saxatilis. T●is groweth not above a hand-breadth in height: it hath a small square stalk sending small branches from the joints at which grow seven or eight small pointed leaves, and somewhat rough; the flowers are very small, of a pale red, standing in Vmbells at the tops of the branches; the root is small and reddish.  
Descript.] 7, Small rock-Madder with prickly heads, Rubia Echinata Saxatilis. This hath a small whitish threddy root which sendeth up many square render branches, small and slender below, and thicker up higher, having many thick and hairy joints, whereat grow four small leaves, between which and the branches come forth small greenish flowers of four leaves a piece, standing together upon a footstalk, having small threads in the middle; after which come small heads somewhat rough, which become sharp and prickly when they are ripe, divided into four parts, on each side of the head, the middle part being also prickly; the seed is small and yellow. It flowreth at the lower joints first, and afterwards at the higher.  
Descript.] 8. Candy Silver-leaved Madder: Rubia argentea Cretica. This is like the former small Madder, but that the leaves are longer and whiter, and the flowers yellow.  
Place.] The fifth groweth plentifully in many places in England, and so doth the sixth, as upon the Chalky hills near Drayton over against the Isle of Wight; the others are strangers in our land.  
Time.] They flower in the Summer Months, and perfect their seed shortly after.  
Government and Virtues.] These small Madders are all likewise plants of Mars; and are of the same property and temperature as the former greater Madders are, but not so powerful.   

Mayweed.  
Kind's and Names.] THere is found three sorts of Mayweed. 1. Cotula foetida stinking Mayweed. 2. Cotula non foetida, Mayweed with no scent. Stinking Mayweed groweth more upright than that which s●nelleth not, or the common Camomile; neither of them creep or or run on the ground as Comomile doth: the leaves are longer and greater than these of Camomile yet very like unto it, but of a paler green colour; the one sort hath a very strong smell, the other no scent at all: the flowers are like those of Camomile but larger; there hath also been found of this sort, in many places of this Land, a Mayweed which hath double flowers, almost as large as double Camomile-flowers, which is called Cotula flore pleno.  
Place.] The stinking Mayweed groweth abundantly among Corn, and will blister the hands of the reapers: that which stinketh not, groweth also very plentifully wild in many places, and often amongst wild Camomile.  
Time.] They flower all the Summer-Months, some earlier, and some later.  
Government and Virtues.] Mayweed is governed by Mars, yet Galen saith, The Sophi of the Egyptians consecrated Camomile to the Sun, which is much of the same temperature: but the stinking Mayweed is more hot and dry, and is used for the same purposes that Camomile is to dissolve Tumours and Wind, and to ease pains and Aches in the joints and other parts, 
Tumours, Wind, Paines, Aches Matrix Fallen down, Suffocations of the Matrix  it is also good for Women whose Matrix is fallen down, or loosed from one side to another, their feet being washed with a decoction thereof made in water. It is likewise good to be given to smell unto for such who are troubled with the rising or suffocation of the Matrix.   

Jewes-Mallow.  
Names.] IT is called Melochia, or Molochia, and Corchorus.  
Descript.] It is a small low herb, rising up a foot and an half: from the stalks shoot forth divers branches on all sides, whereon grow many leaves without order up to the tops, somewhat longer and broader than the leaves of Basil, and some are shorter and broader almost round; all of them finely nicked and pointed about the edges, having at the bottom of each leaf a small thread as it were on each side, which are of a little sourish taste, the flowers for the most part come forth singly but one standing at a place, every one upon a short footstalk, consisting of five broad small pointed leaves, of a yellow colour with some threads in the middle, which being passed there rise up slender long pods, somewhat like unto those of Swallow-wort, which when they are ripe open into five parts, having within them small seed like unto Nigella, but lesser, and of a bluish green colour: the root is long, fibrous, and perisheth every year.  
Place.] It groweth in Syria, Asia, Egypt, and in those places abundantly in the Gardens where it is sown; and in many places of Spain, and Italy.  
It is so common in Egypt, that they seldom make a meal without a dish thereof as saith Alpinus.  
Time.] It seldom cometh to flower with us, and being sown groweth not above a hand high, a cold night quickly killeth it.  
Government and Virtues.] Alpinus assimilateth the faculties hereof unto the Marsh-Mallow; that, is of a temperature moderate in heat and moisture, but this thought to be drier even in the first degree; it is under the government of Venus: It is much used to suppurate, digest, resolve, and mollify all hard Tumours, in that the mucilage hereof is more slimy than that of our Marsh-mallows: 
Hard tumours Dry Coughs Hoarseness Throat  two drams of the seed (he saith) is usually taken at a time to purge all sorts of humours, the decoction of the leaves is very frequently used against dry Coughs, hoarseness of the Throat or voice, and shortness of breath; and taken with Sugar-candy it is a present remedy. Alpinus further saith, that the oil thereof is so familiarly used by the Egyptians in their meals, as that they do seldom eat without it; yet it breedeth many obstructions, and the viscous nourishment of it turneth into Melancholy and other diseases.  
It will not be improper here to add somewhat of the virtues of our Marsh-mallows both leaves seeds and roots, wherein Culpepper falls too short. It is the chiefest of all other Mallows and most effectual, and is therefore called Dismalva, being twice as good as any other.  
The root, being boiled in wine and drunk, is good against the pain and grief of the Gravel and Stone, 
Gravel, Stone Bloody Flux Sciatica, cough Toothache  the blood Flux, the Sciatica, the trembling, and shaking of any member, and for such as are troubled with Cramps and burstings. Pliny writeth, the same boiled in sweet new milk healeth the Cough; and being boiled in some Vinegar, and holden in the, mouth it assuageth the pain in the Teeth.  
The same being boiled in Wine or hony-water, and bruised or pounded very small, 
Green Wounds Tumours, Swell, Wens Kernels, Impostumes, chaps of the fundament  doth cure and heal new Wounds, and doth dissolve and consume cold Tumours and Swell, Wens and hard kernels, and Imposthumes behind the Ears, and is good for the burning Imposthume of the Paps.  
It doth soften, ripen, digest, breaketh and covereth with skin, old Imposthumes, blast and Windy Swell; 
Mother  it cureth rifts and chaps of the Fundament and trembling of the sinews and sinewy parts: the same being so prepared & pounded with hogs-grease, goose-grease, and a little Turpentine; and a Pessary or Mother suppository made thereof and put up, doth mollify and assuage Imposthumes, and sores of the Mother, and openeth the stops of the same.  
The leaves are likewise used instead of common Mallows to loosen the belly gently, and are very effectual in decoctions for Glisters, to ease all pains in the body, 
Pains in the body, Stone  to open the strait passages and make them slippery; whereby the stone may descend the more easily out of the Reins and Kidneys, and the bladder, and to ease the great and torturing pains that come thereby, the roots being boiled very well in water and after they be strained out, the decoction being boiled again with Sugar to a just consistence, and troches, rowls or Lozenges made thereof, is effectual against the diseases of the Breast, Chest, and Lungs, as Coughs, Hoarseness, Wheefing and shortness of Breath: 
Coughs, hoarseness shortness of Breath, Guts Bloody flux  the roots and seeds of the Marsh-mallow boiled in Wine and Water, is very effectual to be used by such as have any excoriation in the Guts, or bloody flux, by qualifying the violence of the sharp Choleric fretting humours, which are the cause thereof; and by sliminess easing the pains and healing the soreness, and in some sort staying the further eruption of blood. 
Ruptures, cramps Convulsions, Kings Evil, Chin cough  It is very profitable for them that are troubled with Ruptures, Cramps, or Convulsions of the sinews, and being boiled in White-wine, it is profitable for the Impostumes of the Throat called the King's-evil, for kernels behind the Ears, and swell or Inflammations in women's breast. The dried roots boiled in Milk and drunk, are singularly good for the chincough.  
Hypocrates used to give the decoction of the roots or the juice thereof to drink, to wounded persons who were ready to faint through loss of blood, and applied the same mixed with Hony and  unto the Wounds: he gave also the decoction of the roots in Wine, to those to drink, that were hurt by bruises or Falls, or by blows or stripes; and to such who had any bone or member out of joint, and to those who had any swelling, pain, or Ache in the muscles, sinews, or Arteries; it is good also to be used in all Ulcers and sores that happen in any Cartilaginous place. The mucilage of the roots and of Linseed and Fenegreek put together is of much use in pultisses, ointments, and plasters, to mollify hard tumours, and the Inflammations of them, and to ease pains in any part of the body. The seed either green or dry mixed with Vinegar, cleanseth the skin, of Morphew and other discolourings thereof, being bathed therewith, either in the Sun, or in a Hothouse or Stove.   

Mandrake.  
Kind's and Names.] THere is described by Authors, both a Male and Female Mandrake, and two of the Males-Mandrak. It is called Mandragoras, both in Latin, and Greek; and Dioscorides saith, in his time called Circaea, because Circe the great Witch or enchantress, used it as is thought in love-matters.  
Descript.] 1. The more ordinary Male Mandrake, Mandragoras mas vulgatior, sendeth forth from a somewhat great and downright root; in some; but with one in other, two three or four twines or branches, divided a little below the head or top, and divers small fibres besides, blackish on the out side and whitish within, having many large leaves lying on the ground, greater than any Beete-leaves; from the middle whereof rise up sundry pale green flowers, of five round leaves a piece each standing on a small slender footstalk within, a green fiveleaved husk, wherein afterwards is set the fruit, being of the bigness of a reasonable Pippin, and as yellow as Gold when it is through ripe, with divers round whitish flat seeds in it, of a heady or strong stuffing scent. This is the true Description of the plant, without other shape of Man's or Woman's parts, although some Cheats have made counterfeit forms thereof, and have exposed them to public view, both in our own and other Countries, but they are utterly deceitful forgeries to cheat people of their money.  
Descript.] 2. Mandragoras mas alter, another Male-Mandrake; whose leaves were of a more grayish green colour, and somewhat folded together; herein differing from the former. This Mr. Parkinson saith, he saw in the Lord Wotton's Garden at Canterbury, when John Tradescant, had the keeping of it, but that it had never born any fruit.  
Descript.] 3. The Female Mandrake, Mandragoras foemineus', hath many leaves lying on the ground; but smaller, narrower, more crumpled and of a darker green colour then the Male, like those of Lettuce, as saith Dioscorides. The flowers also rise from among the leaves, each on a slender footstalk as the former, but of a bluish purple colour: the fruit is much less than those of the Male, but round like them; of a paler yellow colour when they are ripe and of a more pleasing and less heady-scent, having in them such like seed as the Male, but smaller and blacker; the root is also like the former, blackish without and white within near unto the same form, parted into sometimes more and sometimes fewer branches.  
Place.] They grow in Woods and shadowy places and the Female by Rivers-sides, in divers Countries beyond the Alps (but not naturally on this side thereof,) as in Greece, Candy Isles, and other places of the Mediterrenean Sea, and in Italy and Spain: in our Countries they are carefully nursed up in Gardens: the Male in many places but the Female, only with the Curious, being rare to get, and tender to keep.  
Time.] The Male flowreth in March, and the fruit is ripe in July: the Female Clusius saith he found in some parts of Spain in flower in Febuary; and in other places in Spain in the same Month it had ripe fruit, but with us, it flowreth not until August, or September, and the fruit seldom or never cometh to any perfection.  
Government and Virtues.] The Mandrake is a plant of old Saturn, endued with a very cold quality, of temperature cold in the third degree; but the bark of the root hath in it some dryness, & the apple some moisture it hath a very soporiferous property, causing sleepiness or drowsiness; Levinus Lemnius reports, that sitting in his Study at his from Book upon a sudden he became drowsy; & found the cause to be the scent of one of those apples which he had laid on a shelf therein, which being removed, the drowsiness ceased. The bark or juice thereof is given to those that cannot sleep in their sickness, the decoction of the root in Wine, also doth the same. It is given in like manner to those that are to be feared or are to have any member cut off, to cast them into a sleep that they may not be sensible of the pain; the condensate juice taken to the weight of a scruple in sweet Wine, 
Phlegm, Melancholy, Matrix Courses, Deadcholy, Inflammations. Eyes; Imposthumes Hardness, knois kernels, burning St. Anthony's fire,  purgeth Phlegm and Melancholy like unto Hellebor, but taken in a greater quantity it killeth. It is used also in pessaries, either by itself or with other emoldient things to take away the hardness of the Matrix, to drive down the Courses, and expel the Dead-birth but use not above half a scruple at one time. The said juice is also used with ocular medicines to cool inflammations in the Eyes; the leaves are likewise used for the same purpose, as also to Imposthumes; and also to discuss all hardness, knots and kernels in the flesh, and Scars of burning. The root beaten with Vinegar and applied, helps St. Anthonies-fire, and applied with honey, or oil, it takes away the sting of Serpents.  
The Apples, and especially the seeds in them, do purge, and cool the hot Matrix, as Serapio, Avicen, and Paulus Aegineta write; which might be the reason that Rachel so desired them, as knowing them to be available for her hot and dry body which was the cause of her barrenness.   

Manna.  
Kind's.] THere is two kinds of Manna, the one hard and in pieces, either greater or lesser; the other liquid and thin, like the less thick honey. Of the hard fort there is some difference: for that which is gathered in Arabia differeth from that in Persia, being in small grains somewhat like unto Corianderseeds, and is gathered as Rauwolfius saith, from those trees the Arabians call Agul or Alhagi. Another sort is reddish and gathered from herbs and plants. That of Persia is called Xireast, lac Arborum, that is, milk of trees, and is white like that of Calabria, whereof some is as small as Hempseed, others as big as Almond-Comfits, another sort is gathered in Armenia in great lumps of a brownish colour. Another sort is affirmed by Aphrodiseus (cited by Niger) that, falling as an honeydew on mount Libanus in Syria, it is by the heat of the Sun congealed into an hard Sugar which the inhabitants call Saccar: from whence came the Latin word Saccharum.  
Some have been, and some still are of the opinion, that some of these smaller white sorts might be the Manna of the Israelites wherewith they were fed in the Wilderness, and therefore called Bread; But the Scripture doth flatly contradict such conceits, with divers reasons. 1. The Manna which was given to the Israelites to eat, had no purging out a Nutritive quality. 2. It was not so sweet as ours, in taste. 3. It fell not on their Sabbaths, although it did all the week after. 4. It fell all the year long, and not, as our Manna doth, in the Summer only. 5. It vanished away as soon as it felt the heat of Sun, but the Sun condenseth and hardeneth ours. 6. It would putrify, if it were kept but two days besides the Sabbath day. And lastly, that Manna ceased to fall any more after they had eaten of the Corn of the Land.  
There is Manna in Europe called Calabrina: great controversies have been amongst writers whether it be a dew condensate by the cold of the night, or whether it be a gum issuing from trees, being cut as other trees that yield gums are; some do affirm, that it is only gathered from the manured or Wild Ash. The Liquid sort is gathered both in Europe and Asia, but that of the Levant is more plentiful, and more operative: it is gathered in divers other Countries both of Europe and Asia, (besides Calabria, where no Ash-trees grow.) from many other trees, and differs in dryness, form of greater or lesser pieces, and colour, as it is altered by the disposition and temperature of the Climate, either hotter or colder.  
Government and Virtues.] Both these sorts of Manna are governed by Venus, and have properties alike in purging, and are of a mean temperature; a little inclining to heat, and moisture; and by their gentle working they may safely be given to Children, and Women with Child, and being mixed with other purgers they help their working and evacuate Choler; but the grained Manna, is much more frequent and more in use with us, 
Choler, quench thirst, hoarseness nauseous Stomach  and the properties thereof are, that, besides its purging quality it quencheth Thirst, and doth Lenify the Hoarseness of the Throat, and allays the sharpeness of Choler, and the nauseous humours in the Stomach. It is very profitable to be used often by those who are subject to be costive, to be taken alone, or to be put into broths, drinks, or other things in stead of Sugar: it is excellent good to be taken dissolved in whey in Sunmer to abate heat and choler, and quench thirst.   

The greater Maple-tree.  
Names.] IT is called the greater broad-leafed Maple or Sycomore-tree, Acer majus latifolium, Sycomorus falso dictum; because it hath been and still is falsely called the Sycomore-tree; it groweth quickly to be a great tree, spreading many fair branches, which make a goodly shadow covered with a reasonable smooth bark having very many fair large leavs thereon, set upon reddish footstalks, cut deeply into five long parts, dented about the edges, green above and grayish underneath, the flowers are of a whitish yellow, green colour; standing on a long stalk, with some few threads within them, each flower yielding two winged husks, parted at the stalk which are thin skins at the ends and bunched out where the seed lieth within, and are very like unto the common or wood Maple, but much larger and many more standing together: the wood is whitish and smooth; but not so smooth hard and close as our common Maple is.  
Place.] This great Maple, or falsly-called-Sycomore, groweth no where wild or natural in this Kingdom, but is only planted before houses, or in walks for the shadows sake, but groweth naturally in many places in Germany, etc. This, aswell as our Wood-Maple, flowers about the middle of April, and the fruit is ripe, in the end of September.  
Government and Virtues.] It is a tree of Jupiter, and is nevertheless scarcely made any mention of, for its medicinal virtues; but only Pliny saith that the root of the Maple being bruised, is with very great effect applied unto those that have obstructions, or other pains of the Liver and Spleen: but the root made into powder, and given the quantity of a dram in Wine often is more effectual.   

The Mealy-tree.  
Names.] IT is called in Latin Viburnum, and it is also called the Way-fairing-tree, and by Mr. Parkinson, from the pliantness of the twigs and branches, the Pliant Mealy-tree.  
Descript.] This tree hath (from a small body rising to the height of a hedge-tree or bush, covered with a dark greyish bark) sundry small, short but very tough, and pliant branches, of a finger's thickness, whose bark is smooth and whitish, whereon grow broad leaves like Elm-leaves, but long and hoary, rough, thick, white like meal, and a little hairy, set by Couples and finely dented about the edges: at the ends of the branches stand large tufts of white flowers, which turn into large branches of round and flat seed like unto Lentils but greater; green at the first and afterwards, and black when they are ripe.  
The branches hereof are so tough and strong, that they serve for bands to tie bundles or any other thing, or to make fast gates of the Fields better than withy, or any other.  
Place.] It groweth as a hedge-bush, and is often cut and plashed by Countrymen to spread on the hedges in length, and is very frequently found in Kent, and in many other places of this Land.  
Place.] It flowreth about the end of May, and the fruit is ripe in September.  
Government and Virtues.] It is a plant of Saturn, the leaves thereof have a harsh binding quality, and are good to strengthen and fasten Loose-teeths; 
Loose-teeths  the decoction of the leaves hereof, and of Olive leaves together in Vinegar and Water is excellent good to wash the Mouth and Throat that are swelled by sharp Rheums falling into them, and is good to set the Palate of the Mouth or Wula in the right place, and to stay Rheums that fall upon the Jaws: the kernels of the fruit hereof, taken before they be ripe, dried and made into powder and drunk, do stay the Looseness of the belly, and all other fluxes. Of the roots being steeped under ground and then boiled and beaten a long time afterwards, is made Birdlime to catch small birds with all.  
The leaves boiled in Lie, and the Head or Hairs washed therewith, doth keep them from falling, and make the Hairs black.   

Mechoacan and Jalap.  
Kind's and Names.] THe Mechoacan of Peru, is called also in Latin, Brionia alba Peruana, sieve Mechoacan. There is also another kind called Wild Mechoacan, and a third sort called black Mechoacan or Jalap.  
Descript.] 1. The Mechoacan of Peru, that hath grown in these parts, sendeth forth divers dark greyish long branches, winding themselves about poles, that are set for them, or any other things that are next unto them whereon do grow fair broad leaves pointed at the ends, of a dark green colour, thin and hard in handling, seeming so dry as if they had no juice in them; the flowers are many standing in long clusters, (of a sullen yellow colour in the Indies, as Monardus saith, and as large as an Orenge-flower, with an Umbone in the middle which afterwards cometh to be the fruit; which when it is ripe, is as big as an Hazelnut; divided by a thin skin in the middle, in each side whereof lie two black seeds of the bigness of Pease) of a dark whitish colour, in the warmer Countries of Europe; but not with us, yielding berries and seed, but not so large; the root groweth to be as large as any Briony-root, being not bitter, or loathsome to taste as it is, but rather without either taste or smell, having many circles in it, as may be discerned in the dry roots, and may easily be brought into powder.  
Descript.] 2. Wild Mechoacan, called in Latin Mechoacan Sylvestris, is altogether like the other, both in manner of growing, with branches leaves, flowers, and roots but in every particular lesser; and the root (wherein is the chiefest difference) being sharp and loathsome, procureth Vomiting and troubling the Stomach, when it is taken, as much as any ordinary Briony.  
Descript.] 3. Mechoacan nigricans sive Jalopium, black Mechoacan or Jalap. The dried roots of this plant, are brought as a Merchandise unto us in England: It cometh to us in small thin pieces, some greater, some smaller; yet nothing so large as the greater, but rather as the smaller pieces of Mechoacan; of a brownish black Colour, somewhat more solid compact and Gummy, for out of it will rise a black Gum, being laid on a burning Coal, and of no unpleasant taste, but sticking a little in the Teeth when it is chewed.  
Place.] Mechoacan groweth beyond Mexico in the Province of Mechoacan: but since hath been plentifully brought from the main Land of Nicaragna; and Quito. The wild Mechoacan was brought from the Promontory of St. Helen, which is on the same Continent with Nicaragna. The last is brought from a place in the Indies called Chelapa, or Calapa, from whence it obtained the name of Jalap.  
Time.] They flower in the months of July and August, some earlier or later than others, as their original is from colder or hotter Climates; and do seed soon after, where they give any.  
Government and Virtues.] The Mechoacans are plants of Mars; the Mechoacan of Peru is a familiar Medicine, used by many; It is given to all Ages young and old, and to young Children and Women with child, without any harm or danger; as also at all times of the year: for, being without any evil taste or smell, it may be the better taken of the most delicate and tender stomaches, that loath all other medicines; It is most usually being made into powder taken in wine, or the Root may be boiled in a little broth or wine and so taken. The Dose in powder is from half a dram to a whole dram, or a dram and an half or two drams, as there is cause, and according to the Age, and strength of the Patient.  
It purgeth choleric and Phlegmatic, gross viscous and putrid humours whatsoever, 
Choler, Phlegm, putrid humours. Liver Spleen. Dropsy Jaundice, Wind, Pains in the head, Bladder, Reins Urine Colic Mother shortness of breath, Cough, French Pox.  as also the yellow waterish humours of the Dropsy, with much ease and facility; It cleanseth the Liver and Spleen, strengtheneth the Stomach and corroborates the inward parts, after purging and opening the obstructions of them; It helpeth also all diseases proceeding from them, as Dropsy, Jaundice; it rectifieth the evil constitution of the Liver, openeth and dissolveth the hardness thereof; as also of the Spleen and Stomach and expelleth wind; It helpeth and taketh away all old and inveterate pains in the head, by cleansing the brain; and the nerves, and purging those Rheumatic distillations and humours that are in them; It helpeth also Joynt-Aches or Gout-pains in the bladder and Reins, provokes Urine. It helps the Colic, powerfully expelling the wind. It also helps pains and windiness of the Mother, shortness of breath, and an old Cough. It is also effectual in the French disease, by taking it as often as there is cause, purging old peccant humours, especially if the disease be not of any long continuance. It takes away also the cause of old and long lingering Agues.  
The Jalap is in operation and purging somewhat like unto the Mechoacan, but worketh more strongly, and somewhat more churlishly both upon Phlegmatic, and watery humours, yet it strengthens both the Liver and Stomach. The manner to take it, is, being made into powder to drink it in White wine fasting; or in the distilled water of Cichory or borage, or else in broth made with cold herbs, and some use to drink it in Posset-drink.   

Millet.  
Names, Kind's.] THere are three sorts growing in Europe: they are generally all called by the name of Millium, with their Adjectives for distinction. Gesner calleth it Panicum Indicum.  
Descript.] 1. Common white Millet, Millium vulgare album. This groweth with many hard jointed tall stalks, full of white pith; yet soft and a little hairy, or downy on the outside; with long and large Reed-like Leaves, compassing one another; The tops of the stalks are furnished with a great many whitish yellow long Sprigs, like feathers, bowing down their heads, set all along with small seeds enclosed in whitish husks of a shining pale yellowish colour, somewhat hard, little bigger than the Seed of Fleawort; the Root spreadeth much in the ground, but perisheth every year.  
Descript.] 2. Black Millet, Millium nigrum, differeth from the other but little, being somewhat less, saving that as the tuft is brownish, so is the seed blackish and shining, else it is very like to the other.  
Descript.] 3. Indian Millet, called also Melica sive Forghium, and higher than the former, rising to be five or six foot high, or more: the stalks are full of joints and large long leaves at them, the juba or Tuft, standeth upright, and doth not hang down the head as the others; whereon stand somewhat round seed as big, but not as flat, as Lentils, and is either whitish, yellow, red, or blackish, hard and shining: the root busheth more than the other, yet endureth all Winter.  
Place.] All the sorts of Millet came first into Europe, out of the Eastern Countries, and require a strong well watered ground, they soon will impoverish a ground that is not still enriched, it will not prosper in dry or hungry ground.  
Time.] It is to be sown in April, and the grain in the hotter Countries will be ripe in August or September.  
Government and Virtues.] It is Mercurial. of a cooling temperature in the first degree, and dry almost in the third, according to Galen; and is also endued with a little tenuity of parts. Theophrastus saith, that if the grain be kept from wind and weather it will last always. It is sometimes made into bread, but it is very brittle, it drieth up moist humours. In Germany they much use it, boiled in milk and some sugar put to it; Mathiolus saith that, at Verona, they eat the bread thereof with great delight while it is hot, by reason of the sweetness, but being cold it is hard and unpleasant.  
Dioscorides saith that Gruel or Pottage made with it, 
Binding of the belly Urine. Fever's thirst. Colic Sides Pains Joints Sinews.  bindeth the belly and provoketh Urine; the Apozem made thereof called Syrupus Ambrosianus, or Syrupus Ambrosii, taken warm with white wine, procureth sweat very much, the party being covered in bed, and is effectual to cool hot Fevers, and to quench thirst. Being put into a bag and fried, and applied hot it easeth the griping pains of the Colic and of the sides, and pains in the Joints and Sinews; in Italy and other places they fat their Poultry with the grain. Mathiolus saith, that the Indian Millet-stalks are good to help those that are troubled with kernels under the ears or else where, to be used in this manner,  

For Kernels under the Ears or elsewhere.  
TAke ten of the joints of the Indian Millet of the Stalks thereof, take out the pith of them: which, burn with a new red Sponge, take the powder of them with twelve grains of pepper, and an ounce of Wheat Paste or Dough: make it up into a Cake, with a new-layd egg, and let it be baked under the Embers; this Cake divide into six parts, and let the Patients take one part of it every other night, when the Moon is decreasing, as they go to bed; and not drink after it that night. This must be repeated two or three Moons; and by this, he saith, he hath known many to have been cured. He also saith that the red flowers taken in red wine, to the quantity of a dram, cureth women of the Reds, as the white flowers doth the Whites. It is also good for all Fluxes of the belly.    

Myrtle.  
Names and Kind's,] THere are several kinds hereof, whose names shall follow with their descriptions. The Druggist's, and Apothecaries; in their Shops call the berries Myrillus, and we in english Myrtle-berries.  
Descript.] 1. The greatest open Laurel Myrtle; Myrtus latifolia maxima. This greatest Myrtle hath great and thick woody branches, set with a double row of large leaves, coming near unto the smaller leaves of the Baytree, but of a paler green colour, abiding always green, and very ●weet. Clusius saith, that this sort, in Spain seldom beareth either flowers or fruit, because they prune it often, being kept in Hedges for pleasure.  
Descript.] 2. The strange broadleaved close Myrtle, Myrtus Latifolia Exotica. This doth grow up higher than the former; and shooteth from the root many strong thick stems, more pleasantly stored with large leaves, yet not fully so large as the first sort, but closer set together; that they almost touch one another, sometimes in a double row, and sometimes in a triple, and very sweet; The flowers are white like unto others but larger, the fruit is somewhat longer than in the small sorts, green at the first, purplish before it be ripe, and black when it is full ripe; with many crooked white seeds in them.  
Descript.] 3. The usual broad-leafed Myrtle, Myrtus latifolia vulgaris. This Myrtle groweth to be four or five foot high with us, and in the hot Countries to be a little Tree; full of branches and leaves, like a small Bush: the leaves are somewhat large, but not so large as the first; as sweet as the other, and the flowers white like the rest, and sweet likewise: and the fruit black.  
Descript.] 4. Strange narrowleaved Myrtle, Myrtus angusti-folia exotica. This groweth in all parts like unto the second, but that the leaf is smaller, narrower, small pointed, and of a darker green colour; the flowers are alike and so is the fruit, but greater and rounder; having crooked white seeds in them like the other.  
Descript.] 5. The Spanish wild Myrtle, Myrtus Boetica sylvestris. This wild myrtle groweth not so high, nor so thick with leaves as the former sorts, but hath slender and brittle branches, with broader leaves than the last; set more thinly on both sides than the rest, and of a dark green colour; the flowers are like the rest, and the fruit is round, standing on long footstalks, between the leaves, green at first, then whitish and blackish, when they are ripe, full of pleasant sweetish juice; and with some astriction to the Taste.  
Descript.] 6. Small white myrtle, Myrtus domestica, minutissimis foliis, fructu albo. This groweth reasonable tall, with slender reddish branches, thick, bushing together; and thick-set with very small leavs; narrowest of any other, and sharp-pointed; and somewhat dark, green also; the flowers are white like the rest; and so is the fruit: but of a whitish colour, tending to a little blush; and so abide, not turning blackish.  
Descript.] 7. The small and pointed Myrtle, Myrtus minor acuto folio. This riseth not so high as the third, or ordinary broadleaved sort, but groweth fuller of branches, and thick-set with small fine and green and almost shining round leaves; a little pointed at the ends, abiding always green; as all the sorts of myrtles do: which with the flowers are sweet, and bear black berries, but they never bear in our cold Country.  
Descript.] 8. Box-leaved myrtle, Myrtus minor rotundiore folio. This groweth in all points like the last, but that the leaves being as small and fresh, green, thick, are rounder at the ends, very like unto the small box-leaves and beareth flowers as sparingly.  
Descript.] 9 Double-flowred myrtle, Myrtus flore pleno. Of the greater kind of Myrtle, there hath been of late nursed up, one in the Gardens of the Curious, with as double flowers as the double Feaverfew, coming forth of a round reddish husk, continuing flowering at the least three months, and each flower a fortnight; and is not overtender to be kept, yet will not endure the frosts.  
Place and Time.] Many sorts of myrtles are found generally upon all the Seacoasts of Spain, and in divers other hot Countries, but generally in hot Countries they must be defended from the cold; but in the warm Countries they must have shadow also: for they love both shadow from the heat and moisture in hot countries'.  
Government and Virtues.] The Myrtles are under the dominion of Mercury, and is endued with contrary qualities, as Galen saith: for it hath a very cold quality in it, and a certain thin warm offence also; and therefore it drieth and bindeth powerful. The dried leaves are more drying and binding than the fresh; which being beaten and boiled in water, is good to drink against Catarrhs; falling to any part of the body, and doth help Fluxes of the belly and stomach: moist Ulcers, 
Catarrhs. Belly, Stomach, Ulcers, Cod, Swelled Arteries, Broken bones.  fretting and creeping Sores, Swell and heat of the Cod, Imposthumes of the Fundament, and St. Anthony's fire. The decoction of the leaves is good for the resolution of the Arteries and Joints, and their weakness, to sit in as a Bath; and helps to consolidate bones that be broken or out of joint that will hardly be cured; It helpeth the soreness of the nails, and the rising of the skin about them, if the powder of the dried leaves be laid thereon; The juice of the leaves worketh the same effects, whether taken out of the fresh leaves, or from the dry, by infusing them in red wine, and is safely used where there is any need of binding medicines; or to heal Ulcers of the mouth, or privy parts; The same also helps watering eyes, and those that begin to have a film or skin to grow over them, which will take away the sight. 
Watery eyes, Passion, Heart, Spitting blood. Venomous Beasts, stinking breath, old Ulcers, Blanes, Wheals, Matrix, Piles.  The seed is good against trembling and passion of the heart, spitting of blood, and the bloody Flux; It stops the Terms, and the Whites, helpeth the stinging of Scorpions, and biting of venomous Creatures, and of the Spider called Phalangium, and the danger of Mushrooms: being drunk in wine, it helps a stinking breath; and being warmed with wine, it helps old Ulcers that are hard to cure. It provokes Urine, helps diseases of the bladder, binds the belly and stays the Flux of humours, Blanes, Wheals and break out of the skin: the decoction of them is good for women to sit over, that are troubled with the falling down of the Matrix, and for the falling down of the Fundament, and the Piles. The excrescence called Myrtidanum, is of greater force to dry and bind, than either leaf juice or seed.   

Myrobolans.  
Kind's, Names.] THere are brought unto us five sorts of fruits of the Myrobolan, well known in the Apothecary's Shops; called Cytrine, Chebul, Bellericks, Emblick, Indian; They are also called Indian purging Plums.  
Descript.] 1. The yellow Myrobolan, or purging Indian Plum, Myrobolanus Citrina; Is said to grow on a Tree as great as a Plum Tree; having many branches and winged leaves like unto the leaves of the Service-tree; The fruit is for the most part as big as an ordinary Plum, somewhat long, having many fair ridges on the outside, especially when it is dried, showing it to be five-square though round; of a yellower colour on the outside than any of the rest: The flesh or substance being of a reasonable thickness, the stone is white, thick, and hard to break; with ridges also therein, and a very small long kernel in the middle, of an astringent taste as the dried fruit is, but much more than it.  
Descript.] 2. The purple Myrobolan, or purging Indian plum, Myrobolanus chebula. This kind groweth in bigness and branches like a Plum-tree, having leaves like unto Peach- leaves; the fruit thereof is the greatest, and longest of all the five sorts, of a blackish purple colour on the outside while it is fresh, which it holdeth in the dry fruit, (which, as saith Mathiolus, is the best,) being five square as the former; of a more thick and fleshy substance than any of the other, and with the smallest stone in it, not so hard to break as the former; but with the smallest kernel therein.  
Descript.] 3. The round Myrobolan or purging Indian plum, Myrobolanus Bellerica. This is like the rest for growth, but hath leaves like the Bay- tree; but of a paler green colour, the fruit is of a mean bigness round and smooth, yet in many being as it were three square; of a pale rushetish colour when they are fresh, but of a dark or dusty colour on the outside, when they are dry, of the thinnest substance of any of the sorts; the stone is thick and greater than any other kind, very hard to break, and having within it a pretty big kernel.  
Descript.] 4. The bearded or six square Myrobolan, or purging Indian plum. The tree is for height and growing like a Plum-tree; the leaves are about an hand-breadth long, finely cut in about the edges, the fruit appears round, but will separate or break into six parts, without any stones, as may be observed in the dry fruit; but more plainly in the fruit preserved: which is many times brought over to us, and which will be divided into many parts, the stone whereof within it is six-square, with three greater ridges, and three lesser lying between them, and bearded at the head of the three greater ridges, the kernel within it is parted into, three equal divisions, having each of them two Cauls, wherein the parts of the kernels do lie almost three square.  
Descript.] 5. The black Myrobolan or purging Indian plum, Myrobolanus Indica. The tree hereof is like the rest, the leaf like unto a Willow- leaf, (as saith Garcias) and the fruit is eight square, (as he also saith.) but they cannot be plainly discerned to be so in those that are brought over unto us dry, the fruit is the smallest and blackest of all the rest, somewhat long, and altogether fleshy, having no stone therein.  
Place and Time.] All these Plum-trees grow in the East-Indies wild, and not manured; but in divers Provinces, as Goa, Batecula, Malavar, and Dabul, Cambaya, Bisnagar, Decan, Surrate, and Bengala. The time of their flowering and hearing fruit we have no relation of.  
Government and Virtues.] All these sorts of Myrobolans are under the particular influence of glorious Sol. They are all endued with a gentle purging quality, in some more powerfully than in others, some also purge Choler, some Phlegm, and some melancholy; and have also in all of them an astringent nature more than is in Rhubarb; the Citrines and Bellericks, that is, the yellow and round Myrobolans do purge Phlegm, and yellow Choler gently.  
The Chebules and Embelici, that is, the purple and six-square Myrobolans, do purge Phlegm, and the Indian or black one Melancholy.  
But generally the Decoction or infusion of them all together do purge better than any other ways; so gently evacuating the humours, that they strengthen the Stomach, Liver, and heart; 
Stomach, Liver, Heart.  but given in powder they bind more than purge, the binding quality being most predominant in them all, especially in the dried fruits; And Garcias saith, that the Indians wholly use them for that purpose. Therefore they are good to be mingled with Scamony and other violent purgers to correct them.  
The Bellericks and Emblicks purge the stomach from rotten Phlegm, strengthen the brain and Joints, 
Stomach from Phlegm, Brain, Joints, Heart, Liver, appetite, Vomiting, Choler, Quench thirst, Piles, hot Agues.  the heart, and Liver, and are very effectual for the trembling of the heart, to stir up appetite, stay vomiting, and belchings of Choler: it fortifies the Spirit, qualifies the heat of the inward parts, & quencheth thirst; easeth the pains of the Hemorroides, or Piles, they are good for all hot constitutions, and hot Agues where there is no obstruction; but where there are obstructions they are to be corrected with Wormwood, or the juice of Fumiterry, or with Rhubarb, Agarick, spikenard, and with other opening and diuretical things.  
The Chebules especially do purge Phlegm, 
Phlegm, Memory, Sight, Stomach, Dropsy.  sharpen the memory, clear the eyesight, cleanse and strengthen the Stomach, and are available against the Dropsy, and all old Agues.  

Melancholy, Quartane Agues.  The Indian or black Myrobolans, do in special purge melancholy, and black or adust Choler, and therefore are effectual in Quartane agues, Leprosy, and paralytic diseases.  
The Emblicks and Bellericks in a special manner purge Phlegm, 
Brain, Heart, Stomach,  and comfort the brain heart and Stomach, stay vomiting, and stir up an appetite to meat, generally they are all of special use to stay all Fluxes of the Stomach and belly, by gently purging the malignity of the humours, and strengthening and binding the parts afterwards; 
Sore eyes.  The Chebule myrobolans, broken and steeped in Rose-water, or in the clarified Juice of Fennel for two or three days, 
Ulcers. Sores.  and strained, this water dropped into the eyes doth clear the sight; and a fine cloth wet therein and often applied, taketh away the heat and inflammation in them, and stayeth Rheums and distillations that fall into the eyes. The powder of any of the Myrobolans and Mastic put into running Ulcers and Sores, drieth up the moisture thereof, and consolidateth them. The Chebules and Emblicks are often brought over hither preserved; whereof the Chebules are physically used for the forementioned purposes, but the Emblicks are only eaten as other Sweetmeats.  
There is an excellent Receipt composed of the Myrobolans, very effectual to stay any Flux, looseness of the Belly, or old continued lask. It is prepared in this manner.  
Take a pint of Claret-wine, and burn it with a little Rosemary and Sugar, then steep in it all night one Dram of Rhubarb, first sliced and toasted at the fire, and half a Dram of Chebul Myrobolans; which let stand by the fire all night, and strain it out in the morning, and let the Patient take it at twice, a draught in the morning fasting, which if it help not the first time, being renewed and taken two days more, it will stay the Lask wholly, if the malignity of the humours have not so prevailed over the body that no medicine can Cure it.  
Myrobolans' are also a substitute in a noble and excellent Pill, against all Agues, putrid Fevers, Jaundice, and Cachexia or the ill habit of the body, and are effectual in the beginning of the Dropsy.  
Take of the Citrine and Chebule Myrobolans of each half in ounce, Turbith one ounce, Agarick, Aloes, Rhubarb, the best, of each half an ounce, Leaves of Mint, Wormwood, Egrimony each two drams, Ginger, Anniseeds, Mastic, Pepper, spikenard, Raisins of the Sun stoned, Liquorish, each one dram; Oxymel of Squils' as much as will serve to make them into a mass, the Dose is from one dram to two, if any would have them purge more strongly he may add Esula prepared, and Diagridium, of each two drams, or three;   

Mushrooms.  
Kind's.] THere are of Mushrooms or Toad-stools two sorts, one called wholesome or edible Mushrooms, because they are often pickled and eaten, rather out of idle and vain curiosity than for any goodness that is in them; And the poisonous or deadly Toad-stools. Of the edible kind there are numbered amongst Authors two and thirty sorts, they are called in Latin fungus.  
Descript.] I shall not stand to describe all the various forms of these Mushrooms, but only a word or two of the most usual; The most usual sorts have small smooth round heads, standing upon thick short stalks, and are for the most part white, yet in some the upper skin is brownish, or yellow; but generally more yellow when they are decaying, most of them are somewhat flat and hollow underneath, with many lines running directly from the middle to the edges round about; the substance of them generally is lose and spongy, the taste of them is according to the Soil of the place where they grow; for those that grow in our own Land, in open Champion fields and Meadows, are safer from danger and of better relish, than those of the same kinds that grow in Woods and under trees.  
Some of this kind grow bigger than others, and some more topped or spiring; some are parted as it were all over into sundry divisions, making it seem like unto an Honeycomb, and therefore are called Favaginosi: Another sort is more sharp small and spiring than any other of the edible kinds; another sort is round soft and whitish, having a slit on the edges most usually, and are called St. George's Mushrooms; because they grow up usually about that time. There are a great many other sorts too tedious for my intention in this work, but for the quality and property of them all, Avicen saith, they have a more earthy than watery substance, breeding gross and melancholy humours; and they that eat much of them are subject to the Apoplexy, and Palsy, besides they are hard of digestion, and trouble the stomach which way soever dressed; whether boiled, stewed, pickled or eaten with pepper oil and vinegar.  
But to cause that the edible Mushrooms may be less offensive, (and many do greedily desire them;) It is held that if they be boiled with wild Pears, they may be eaten without danger, or for want of wild Pears to take a harder and harsher sort of other pears, the leaves also and bark are conducing to that purpose, and so is Garlick and Vinegar.  
All the sorts of Mushrooms called edible, that is, that may be eaten, are all but at the best dangerous, if not poisonous; there are a great many sorts more called fungi perniciosi, hurtful poisonous and deadly Mushrooms; but half of them grow not in our Land; yet some of them do; and so much resemble, and are like unto some of the edible sorts, that they deceive many that gather them, and oftentimes are a speedy death to those that eat them; therefore whosoever is addicted to the delight of them, let them beware upon this admonition; that although many may be found of a pleasant and delightful show in our own Country aswel as in others, yet the danger of the best is such, that many by eating them have died remediless.  
There are likewise kinds of Mushrooms which are Excrescencies growing about the stems of trees, as about old Willows, Oaks, and Hazels, which are called Touchwoods; these grow harder than the others, and are of a dry fungous or spongy substance on the inside, that they may be cut or broken into several pieces, having a hard or woody crust on the outside, and are of differing forms and colours, some being very great and flat at the head, and smaller and rounder underneath; of a brownish yellow colour the way to make Touchwood of them is to boil them once or twice in Lie made of Wood-ashes; and afterwards being dried and broken in pieces, they are kept, serving to take fire like Lint or Tynder.   

Myrrh.  
Myrrh is the Gum of a certain tree growing in Arabia, Ethiopia, and other places; Dioscorides saith, that it is gotten out of a Tree much like the Egyptian Thorn; by cutting or wounding of the tree, that the gum may flow forth. There are many sorts hereof brought over unto us, some better and some worse than others, as in great and small pieces, fat and dry, pulverulentous-like; pale and more red, all alike, or else discoloured, with some whitish pieces in it, which is the best; Dioscorides commendeth that which is somewhat green, but it is supposed he intended the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, to be understood, pro colore pallescente.  
Myrrh is in sight very like unto Bdellium, so that those that are not expert in it, may easily be mistaken and take one for another; but there are these differences between Myrrh and Bdellium: Myrrh is very bitter and so is not Bdellium; It is paler, fatter, easier to be broken, and of a more quick sharp scent; so that the best Myrrh may be both known of itself and hereby from Bdellium that it is of a purplish brown colour, in great pieces and fattish, with some whitish veins therein; very bitter in taste and smelleth somewhat sharper and bitter.  
Government and Virtues.] This Solar Gum is of nature hot and dry in the second degree according to Galen. 
Wounds, Head, Worms, Deadchild, Ulcers, Scars, Cough, Shortness of breath, Hoarseness, Sides pained.  It is good for wounds in the head, and by the bitterness it killeth worms in the belly; and the living child, and expelleth the dead Child: It also hath a binding quality in it, whereby being mingled with other medicines it helps Ulcers and Scars; And is good to be mixed with other ingredients for an old Cough, and shortness of breath, the bitterness not harming the windpipe or throat, but gently cleansing and healing. It helpeth the roughness of the windpipe and throat, and those that are hoarse. It is good against pains of the sides, Lask and Bloody Flux, and distillations of Rheum; it provokes the Terms, and mollifies the hardness of the Matrix; and prevents the shaking of Agues being taken two hours before the fit; Mathiolus saith, it cured him of a Quartane Ague, by taking a dram of Myrrh in Muscadine two hours before the fit, and sweeting upon it and using it three times. Pills made with it and Treacle, is effectual for the same purpose; to take one at a time as big as a pease before the fits for several days; It is a great Antidote against the Plague, and against the poison of venomous Creatures; It is effectual for a stinking breath, fasteneth lose teeth, and stayeth the shedding of the hair, being used with Laudanum, and the wine of Myrtles, it helpeth watering ears and watery eyes, and taketh away any film beginning to grow there; It also helpeth to breed flesh in a deep wound, a Liquor or oil may be made thereof to beautify the face, which is made in this manner.  
Take Eggs and boils them hard, and cut them in the middle, and then take out the yolks, and fill them with Myrrh, than put it in a glass and set it in a Cellar or moist place, and use the Dew or Liquor thereof.  
It may be done likewise by sprinkling White-wine upon a hot Iron dish or pan, and receiving the fumes thereof upon the face, and then the fumes of Myrrh and powder afterwards cast on it being heated again, and the head covered: this is to be used before Bedtime for eight days together.    


The Nutmeg-tree, and Mace.  
Names and Descript.] THe fruit of this tree is called in Latin Nux mystica, and in Shops Nux moscata; the Tree groweth very tall like our Pear-trees; having leaves always green, somewhat resembling the leaves of the Orange-tree: the fruit groweth like our Walnuts, having an outer thick husk, which when it grows ripe it openeth itself as the shell of the Walnut doth; showing the nut within covered with the Mace, which is of an orient crimson colour while it is fresh, but the air changeth the colour to be more dead and yellowish.  
Government and Virtues.] The Nutmegs and Maces are both Solar, of temperature hot and dry in the second degree, and somewhat astringent, and are good to stay the Lask: they are effectual in all cold griefs of the head or Brain, 
Lask, Head, Brain, Sinews, Mother, Wind, Stomach, sight.  for Palsies, shrinking of Sinews, and Diseases of the Mother, they cause a sweet breath, and discuss wind in the Stomach or Bowels, quicken the Sight and comfort the Spirits, provoke Urine, increase sperm, and are comfortable to the Stomach; they help to procure rest and sleep being laid to the temples, by allaying the distemper of the Spirits.  
The way to use it to cause rest, is, to take two pieces of red Rose-cake and warm them in vinegar over a Chafing-dish of Coals, then scrape nutmeg upon the cakes and bind it warm to the temples.  
The Mace is of the same property, but somewhat more warming and comforting than the Nutmeg; the thick oil that is drawn from both Nutmegs and Mace is good in pectoral griefs, to warm a cold Stomach, 
Stomach, Cough.  and help the Cough, and to dry up distillations of Rheum falling upon the lungs.   

Navelwort of Mathiolus.  
Kind's and Names.] THere are hereof three sorts called 1 Androsaces major, 2. Androsaces minor, and 3. Androsaces minima Mathioli; Mathiolus his greater, lesser, and least Navelwort.  
Descript.] 1. Androsaces major hath divers broad fresh green leaves, a little hairy lying upon the ground, like Plantain-leaves but smaller and unevenly dented about the edges, from among which spring up divers round hairy stalks four or five inches high, without any leaves up to the tops, where stand four or five leaves like the lower, but lesser; and among them grow divers slender foot stalks; bearing every one of them a small white flower, with five small notched leaves standing in a green husk, divided at the top into five parts, wherein after the flower cometh a small round head full of small blackish seed; the root is small and fibrous, and perisheth as soon as it hath born seed, and riseth again of its own sowing, which if it spring before winter or that it doth not run to seed the first year of the sowing; it will abide the first winter, and flower the Summer following.  
Descript.] 2. The lesser Androsaces or Navel-wort of Mathiolus, groweth like the former, but the leaves are smaller and narrower; yet hairy and dented about the edges, the stalks are like the other, but have no leaves at the tops but an Vmbell or Tuft of many small flowers, like the former but whiter; after which shoot forth small round heads with seeds, the root is more fibrous than the former small and fibrous; and perisheth every year after it hath given its seed.  
Descript.] 3. Androsaces minus, the least Navel-wort of Mathiolus, is very like the former; having very many hairy leaves lying on the ground, like those of the smallest Shepherds-purse, with edges dented deeper than the former, and having smaller and shorter stalks, but as hairy as the others; having five small green leaves set in a round compass at the joint; from whence arise three or four small white flowers, which bear seed in heads as the former; The root consists of a few small threads.  
Place and Time.] They all grow in divers places of Germany, they flower in May, and their seed is ripe in June and July.  
Government and Virtues.] These Plants are governed by Mars, and are of a somewhat sharp taste, of temperature hot and dry in the second degree: they cleanse old Sores and Ulcers and stay the malignity of those that are corroding or fretting, 
Old Sores, Ulcers.  drying up the superfluous moisture which hindereth their healing; cleanseth the roughness of the skin, and Sun-burning: the juice being clarified and dropped into the eyes cleanseth them from films or skin growing over them.   

Apple-bearing Nightshade.  
Kind's and Names.] OF these there are several kinds, which are accounted amongst the number of Nightshades, called Solanum pomiferum; and also, Mala insana, or mad Apples.  
Descript.] 1. Lobel's red berried Nightshade, called in Latin solanum pomiferum herbariorum Lobellii; this groweth like common nightshade but greater, the leaves are like small Tobacco-leaves, the flowers are white, the Berries small and round, of a reddish colour; containing white seeds within them, of an insipid taste, and perisheth every year as Nightshade doth.  
Descript.] 2. Mad Apples of Syria, called in Latin mala insana Syriaca. This springeth up with a great hard round purplish or brownish green stalk, about two foot high, divided from the bottom into divers branches, whereon are set many hairy broad rough leaves, unevenly cut in on the edges. At the joints with the leaves come forth several large flowers, having six large pointed leaves, in some Plants white, in others of a pale deadish purple colour, with yellow threads in the middle, after which come a somewhat long round fruit, in hot countries as big as a Cucumber, but in colder places seldom exceeding the bigness of an egg, set in the same husk that contained the flowers before; having a thin skin, and full of a whitish pulp and juice within; having many small flat and whitish seeds within it, the root is fibrous and perisheth with the first cold frosts.  
Descript.] 3. Mad-apples of Ethiopia, Mala insana Ethiopica: These are somewhat like the former but that it groweth not so high, nor so much spreading; and hath but one upright stalk about half a yard high, set in divers places with many small pricks, and at several joints with ragged leaves; having some pricks on the middle rib in the back side, the flowers stand on the branches at the joints, consisting of six white short leaves with a yellow point in the middle; of divers threads joined together, after which cometh the fruit, which is round and pointed at the end, smaller and harder than the greater kind of Love-Apples; and streaked in several places, of a fine red colour, more deeper when it is ripe; having sometimes small bunches on them like unto other small apples growing unto them; having within them a juicy pulp more sharp than the other, with flat yellowish white seed within it, the root consisteth of threads and perisheth every year.  
Descript.] 4. Mad-Apples of Europe, Mala insana Europaea. this kind groweth with a round upright stalk a foot and an half high, from whence spring forth at several joints divers long and somewhat broad green leaves, unevenly cut on the edges; and ending in a long point, three for the most part coming together, each of them upon a short foot stalk; at the tops of the stalks grow the fruit, which are round and reddish, of the bigness of a plum, and full of seed within.  
Descript.] 5. Apples-of-Love of a greater middle and lesser size, Poma amoris majora media & minora; These sorts do all resemble one another, in their branches, leaves, yellow flowers and red berries or fruit.  
Place and Time.] The first is natural in Spain, the second in Egypt and Syria, and those Eastern Countries; the third is supposed to be brought out of Ethiopia and the back parts of Barbary, the fourth is found in shadowy places upon the Apennine Mountains; the last is natural in Egypt, Syria, Arabia, and those parts. The three first do flower in August, their fruit not coming to perfection with us; but the other sorts ripen well if the Summer be not too cold.  
Government and Virtues.] The first sort of these are Plants of Saturn, and, as Avicen saith, are very hurtful; yet being first boiled in fat broth they are eaten as a pleasant Junket with vinegar or salt, oil & salt, amongst the Genoa's and others; and neither breed frenzies nor other harm: yet though the fresh ones be better, yet they which are old are very hurtful; for by their bitterness they are accounted hot and dry in the second degree, and do engender Melancholy, Leprosy, Cancers, and the Piles; the Headache, and a stinking breath, breed obstructions on the Liver and Spleen, and change the complexion into a foul black and yellow colour unless they be boiled in vinegar; And Fuschius saith, that they do superabound in coldness and moisture, as do the Cucumbers and Mushrooms; yet the beauty of the fruit, the delight to the palate, and most of all their supposed faculty of inciting to venery, do transport a great many; especially in Italy and other hot Countries where they come to their full maturity and proper relish; that they eat them with a great deal of desire and pleasure, and therefore prepare and dress them divers ways: as some eat them raw, as we do Cucumbers, some roast them under the embers, and others boil them; and then pair and slice them, and having strewed flower on them do fry them with oil or butter; and with a little pepper and salt eat them: and some keep them in pickle to serve in the winter and Spring; but certain it is that they do hardly digest in the Stomach, whereby they breed much windiness, which probably may cause a provoking to Venery; they engender bad blood and melancholy humours, and give little nourishment to the body, and that not good.  
The Poma Amoris, golden apples or apples of love; are under the dominion of Venus, they are cold and moist, more than any of the former and less offensive; these are eaten with great delight and pleasure in hot Countries, but in our Country for want of sufficient heat of the Sun to ripen them, they are flashy and insipid, and not so fit to be eaten.   

Thorny Apple-bearing Nightshades.  
Kind's and Names.] THere are recorded two sorts of these, viz. The thorny nightshade of Jericho with round apples, Solanum spinosum fructu rotundo: And, Indian apple bearing Nightshade with round leaves; solanum pomiferum Indicum folio rotundo.  
Descript.] 1. The thorny Nightshade of Jericho hath leaves like unto those of the mad Apples of Peru, but whiter and softer; having many small thorns in the middle rib of every leaf on the under side, and on the stalks and branches are divers thorns, and purplish flowers at the top of them, after which come small apples, green before they be ripe, changing yellow and brownish afterwards, being round and somewhat sweet in smell, but as unsavoury or without taste as the former.  
Descript.] 2. The Indian Apple-bearing Nightshade with round leaves, groweth in manner of a shrub or Hedg-bush, as Monardus saith, of an excellent green colour, having small thin round leaves, bearing long fruit round at the lower end, and flat toward the stalk, of a greyish or Ash-colour on the outside, and of a pleasant and grateful taste; without any Atrimony therein, having many small seeds within it.  
Place and Time.] The first groweth in Syria and Palestine, and other countries' adjacent. The second groweth in the Mountains of Peru only, but at what time they flower or bear fruit it is not mentioned.  
Government and Virtues.] These Plants are certainly governed by Mars, but the Physical virtues of the first no mention is by any Author made thereof. But the second, as Monardus saith, is in great estimation in the West-Indies; both amongst the Spaniards and Indians, in that it provoketh Urine, expelleth Gravel and the Stone in the kidneys and bladder. 
Gravel, Stone.  It breaketh the stone in the bladder if it be not so hard as that it will yield to the force of no medicine; It is said of this, that the seed taken in any fit in some proper water for that purpose, will by degrees dissolve the stone into small Gravel, which after it is expelled forth will again petrify and grow together into an hard stone.   

Nipplewort.  
Kind's and Names.] OF this there is some three kinds, 1. the ordinary Nipplewort, called in Latin Lampsana vulgaris, 2. The Nipplewort of Austria called Lampsana papillaris, and 3. Wild or wood bastard-Nipplewort, Soncho affinis Lampsana Sylvatica. And in Prussia, as saith Camerarius, they call it papillaris.  
Descript.] 1. The ordinary Nipplewort groweth with many hard upright stalks, whereon grow dark green leaves from the bottoms to the tops, but the higher the lesser, in some places without any dents in the edges, and in others with a few uneven jags therein, somewhat like a kind of Hanckweed; the tops of the Stalks have some small long branches which bear many small starlike yellowish flowers on them which turn into small seed, the root is small and fibrous, the Plant yieldeth a bitter milk as the Sowthistles do.  
Descript.] 2. Nipplewort of Austria, hath slender smooth and solid stalks, not easy to break; about two foot high, whereon stand without erder somewhat long and narrow leaves; broadest in the middle and sharp at the ends; waved a little about the edges, and compassing them at the bottom, yielding a little milk; from the upper joints with the leaves grew forth small firm branches yet a little bending, hearing each of them four or five long green husks, and in them small purplish flowers of five leaves a piece, nicked in at the broad ends, with some small threads in the middle; which turn into Down, and are carried away with the wind; the root is small and shreddy, and lasteth many years.  
Descript.] 3. The wild or wood Bastard-Nipplewort is like unto the first sort, but with somewhat broader leaves and more store of branches; but in flowers and other parts not much different.  
Place and Time.] The first groweth-common almost every where upon the banks of ditches and borders of fields, the second Clusius saith he found in Hungary and Saxony, and other places; the last is found near Woods sides, and Hedge-rowes; they flower in Sum and the seed is ripe soon after.  
Government and Virtues.] THese are Plants of Venus and kindly endued with a peculiar faculty for the healing of sore Nipples of women's breasts; for which reason Camerarius saith that in Prussia they call it papillaris because of its excellent virtues in healing women's sore breasts, and their Nipples when they are exulcerated; it having a singular healing quality therein, and is temperate in heat and dryness, with some tenuity of parts able to digest the virulency of sharp humours which break out into those parts.   

The Indian Hazelnut.  
THese are also called purging cornered Hazelnuts, and of this tree there are found in the Indies two kinds, they are generally by all the Indians called Caramei, but by the Persians and Arabians Ambela. The one is as great as our Medlar-tree, with Pear-tree pale great leaves, and yellowish fruit, somewhat like to Filbirds, or hazelnuts, ending in sundry corners, of the taste of sour grapes, yet more pleasant, which they pickle up aswell ripe as unripe, and usually eat them with salt.  
The other kind is of the same bigness, but hath lesser leaves than the Appletree, and a greater fruit; which the Indians use being boiled with Saunders, and give the decoction thereof against Fevers. The Bark of the root of the former kind which groweth by the watersides is chief used (so as it grow far from the Sea) which yieldeth milk by taking four finger's length thereof; which being bruised with a dram of Mustardseed, they give to those that are pursy and shortwinded; for it purgeth mightily both upwards and downwards. But if a super-purgation do happen thereupon, they give one of the fruits of Carambola's to help it, or else a draught of the vinegar of Canara, (which is the decoction of Rice kept until it be sour.) The fruit is familiarly eaten through all parts, unripe as well as ripe, and pickled and eaten with salt and vinegar to procure an appetite, putting it to their meats to give them a relish by reason of its tartness.    


The Olive-tree.  
Kind's and Names.] OF these there is the tame or manured Olive, and the wild Olive-tree: the first is called in Latin Olea sativa, and the wild kind Oleaster, sive Olea sylvestris.  
Descript.] 1. The manured Olive-tree riseth in some places to be very great and tall, like a great Walnut-tree, in others much smaller, with divers Arms and branches not very thickly set together; whereon grow somewhat long and narrow leaves, like those of the Willow-tree, but lesser and shorter; thick fat and sharp-pointed, with short footstalks under them; greenish above, and whitish underneath, never falling off the tree; of a bitter taste and somewhat sharp; the blossoms are many, set together at the joints with the leaves, small and of a greenish white colour, consisting of four leaves a piece, after which come somewhat long and somewhat round berries; green at the first and changing pale afterwards, and then purplish, and when they are full-ripe, of a deep black, and some white; when they are ripe some are great and others are small, and some of a mean size between both, some are longer, some rounder than others; some are fit to eat and yield not much oil, others are not so sit to eat and are smaller, yielding more store of oil; some are gathered unripe and pickled up in Brine (which are the olives we use to eat) others be pickled or dried when they are ripe, and so kept all the year to eat; of these olives whereof the oil is made, some will he delicate sweet and neat; others more full and strong, some upon the taste will leave no bitterness nor heat in the mouth, but wilt taste as sweet as butter; others again will he more or less hot and unpleasant in taste: the wood is fair firm and solid full of curled veins, and will burn aswell green as dry, and will not rot in a long time.  

The manner of making or extracting the Oil of the Olives, according to the Relation of Mathiolus.  
After that the Olives are gathered, they are laid a little to whither, and afterwards ground in a Mill, and then put into a strong Press, with some hot water poured on them to yield out the oil, which after it hath stood and is settled, the pure oil is drawn off from the bottom and preserved for use.   

The manner to pickle Olives to have them keep their green colour.  
Mathiolus saith, The way is, to take six pound of quick Lime-stones, made into powder, which dissolve in so much water as to make it thin, than put thereunto twelve pounds of fine sifted Oak ashes, dissolved in as much water as will be sufficient, into which put 25 pounds of fresh gathered green olives and let them lie therein eight or ten hours at the most to take out their bitterness, stirring them a little, and afterwards washed in many waters, shifted for five days together, which are lastly to be put into Brine or Pickle; wherein some Fennel-stalks and leaves have been put into the boiling, and then put them up into vessels. The foot or bottom of the oil is called in Latin amured. The gum which the wild Olive doth yield, as saith Dioscorides, is yellow, somewhat like unto Scamony, being in small drops, and is hot and sharp, biting upon the tongue.  
Descript.] 2. Oleaster, the wild Olive-tree, groweth somewhat like unto the manured, but that it hath harder and smaller leaves and thicker set on the branches, with sundry sharp thorns among the leaves; the blossoms and fruit come forth in the same manner as the other do, and in as great plenty, yet much lesser; and scarce coming at any time to ripeness; where they naturally grow; but where they do become ripe they are small with crooked points, and black: Of the Olives hereof is sometimes made, oil, which is colder and more astringent than the other, and harsher in taste and greenish in colour, but the Olives are much respected, and gathered to be eaten.  
Place and Time.] Both kinds of Olives grow in the hot countries' only; in any cold Climate they will never bear fruit, nor hardly endure a winter; the manured is planted where it groweth, and according to the nature of the Soil and Climate, bringeth greater or lesser Olives, and in more or lesser plenty; and sweet oil, or more strong in taste. From the Isles in the Mediterranean Sea, as Zante and Cerigo etc. cometh the finest and sweetest oil; and from Majorea etc. a fuller and fatter oil; from Provence in France a stronger and hotter tasted oil: The wild Olive groweth naturally in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and many other countries'; They flower in June and July, but their fruit is not ripe until November or December.  
Government and Virtues.] The Olive-tree is a plant of Venus, of a gentle temperature, the green leaves and branches of the Olive-tree but much more of the wild Olive, do cool and bind, and especially the juice with vinegar is good against all hot Imposthumes, Inflammations, Swell, St. Anthony's fire, fretting or creeping Ulcers, 
Hot Imposthumes, Inflammations Swell, St. Anthony's fire, Ulcers, Canker in the mouth, Bleeding of wounds, Rheums in the Eyes, Ears.  Cankers in the flesh or mouth. The same also stauncheth the bleeding of wounds, and women's too abounding courses, being applied to the places; the said juice being dropped into the eyes stayeth the distillation of hot Rheums into them, and cleareth the sight from films or clouds that offend the sight, or any Ulcer that doth breed therein, or Ulcers in the ears.  
The Pickled Olives do stir up an appetite to meat, and although they be hard of digestion, 
Appetite, Ulcers, Scars, Wheals,  yet are pleasing to the Stomach, being apt to putrify therein; but they are not good for the eyesight, and breed headache, yet if they be dried and applied to fretting or corroding Ulcers doth stay them, and taketh away the Scars of Carbuncles or Plague-sores. 
Gums, lose teeth.  The pickled Olives burned, beaten, and applied unto wheals, doth stay their further increase; and hinder them from rising and cleanse foul Ulcers, helpeth the Gums that are lose and spongy, and fasteneth lose teeth.  

Scurf, Scab, Ulcers, Nails rugged.  The water that is taken from the green wood, when it is heated in the fire, healeth the Scurf or Scab in the head or other parts; The Olive-stones being burned are used for the said purposes, and also to stay foul spreading Ulcers, and being mixed with fat and meal they take away the ruggedness of the nails.  
The other parts of the Olive which are the oil and the foot or bottom thereof. First the oil is of divers and variable properties according to the ripeness or unripeness of the fruit whereof it is made, and then of the time, and age thereof, and of the washing thereof from the salt, wherewith some of it is made; The Oil that is made of unripe Olives, is more cooling and binding than that which is made of those that are ripe; which when it is fresh or new is moderately heating and moistening; but if it be old it hath a stronger force to warm and to discuss, which properties are perceived by the sweetness; for if the oil be harsh it is more cooling than warming; and if that oil be washed, it taketh from it all harshness.  
The green oil of unripe Olives while it is fresh is most welcome to the stomach, it strengtheneth the Gums, and fasteneth the teeth if it be held in the mouth for any time; 
Gums, Teeth, Sweeting.  and being drunk it hindereth their much sweeting that are subject thereunto; the sweet oil is of most use in Salads and meats being most pleasing to the Stomach and taste; but the older the oil is, the better it is for medicines; both to warm any part and to discuss any thing that needeth it, and to open and move the belly downwards, and is most effectual against all poisons, especially those that do exulcerate the Guts, or not being passed down so low, 
Poisons.  do abide in the Stomach; it bringeth it up by vomiting, or hindereth the malignity from further spreading; It is also a principal Ingredient into almost all Salves, helping aswell the form as the virtue in working.  
The foot or dregs of oil the older it is, the better it is for divers purposes, as to heal the Scab in man or beast, being used with the decoction of Lupins. It is very profitably used for the Ulcers of the Fundament or privy parts; 
Scabs, Ulcers of the Fundament or privy parts. Teeth.  with honey, wine and vinegar; it healeth wounds and helpeth the Toothache being held in the mouth; if it be boiled in a Copper vessel to the thickness of honey it bindeth much. And is effectual for all the purposes for which Lycinus may be used: And if it be boiled with the juice of unripe grapes to the thickness of honey, and applied to king teeth, it will cause them to fall out.  
If this foot or dregs of oil be put into that Mortar that shall parget the walls or floors of Wardrobes, or any rooms, it will not only preserve the places dry from gathering moisture, but warm also, and will keep away Moths, Worms, Spiders, 
Moths, Worms, Spiders, Flies.  and Flies, from hurting any , Silks or Garments there laid, not suffering any of them to breed here.  
The Gum of the Olive-tree, 
Eyes, Urine, Womens-Courses, Teeth, Abortment, deadchild, Tetters, Ringworms, Scabs, and Leprosy.  (whether tame or wild) is used in ocular medicines to help the dimness of the eyes: the same also provoketh Urine and women's Courses, and helpeth the pains of hollow teeth, it causeth Abortment, it expelleth the dead Child, and healeth Tetters, Ringworms, Scabs, and Leprosy.    

The Orange-Tree.  
Kind's and Names.] OF Oranges we shall describe five kinds or sorts. These Apples were called by the Ancients Mala aurea Hesperidum, the golden apples of Hesperides; and therefore Hercules made it one of his labours to kill the Dragon that kept the Garden where they were, and to bring them away with him. The flowers of the Orange-tree are called Napha; and the ointment that is made of them Vnguentum ex Napha: Oranges are now generally called Aurantia.  
Descrpt.] 1. The ordinary Orange-tree, Mala aurantia vulgaris: groweth often to a very great height and bigness, spreading large Arms and branches: with a rougher Bark below and smooth, green on the branches; yet it is less in less-fruitful Soils; sparingly armed with sharp but short thorns; the leaves are some what like to those of the Lemon, but that each leaf hath a piece of a leaf set under it, and are not dented at all about the edges, and are full of small holes in them; the flowers are whitish, and of a strong sweet scent, the fruit hereof is round with a thick bitter rind of a deep yellowish red colour, which from it taketh the name of an Orange colour, having a soft thin white lose substance next unto the outer coloured rind; and a sour juice lying mixed amongst small skins in several parts, with seed between them in partitions; the juice of some is less sour than others, and of a taste between sour and sweet near unto wine.  
Descript.] 2. The wild or Crab Orange-tree, Malus aurantia sylvestris, This Tree groweth wild as our Crabtrees do, and is fuller of branches and thicker set with thorns than the former; the flowers and leaves are alike but lesser; and the fruit is very small, and of a pale yellow colour, with a thick, rind and little juice within it; but plainly tasting as sour as a Crab with us.  
Descript.] 3. The Apple-Orange, called in Latin Malus Aurantia, cortice dulci eduli. The Spaniards call this Orange Naranja caxel: this differeth from others not so much in the colour of the outer bark which is of a deep gold yellowish red, but in the whole fruit which is throughout almost as firm as an Apricock and yet distinguished into parts in the inside, like others; which together with the Bark and Rinde, is to be eaten like an Apple; the rind not being tough nor bitter as the rest.  
Descript.] 4. The Orange without seeds, Malus Aurantia, unico grano. This only differeth from that Orange with the best sour juice, in having but one grain or seed in the whole juice lying within it.  
Descript.] 5. The Dwarf-Orange-tree, Malus Aurantia pumilio; The stock of this Dwarf-tree is low, and the branches grow thick; well stored with leaves, but they are lesser and narrower than the other; the flowers also are many, and thick set on the branches, which bear fruit more plentifully than the former; but is lesser than the greater sorts; yet as well coloured.  
Place and Time.] All these sorts of Oranges aswell as the Lemons and Citrons are brought unto us from Spain, Portugal, Biscany and places adjacent: they hold time with the Lemons; having their leaves ever green, and have on them blossoms green, and ripe fruit altogether continually.  
Government and Virtues.] All these trees and fruits are governed by Jupiter, the fruit is of differing parts and qualities; the rind of the Oranges are bitterer and hotter than those of the Lemons or Citrons; and do warm a cold Stomach the more; breaking away the wind therein and the Phlegm, and after that the bitterness is taken from them, 
Stomach, Wind, Phlegm, Heart, Spirits.  by steeping them in water for sundry days; and then preserved either wet or dry, besides their use in Banquets, they are very effectual for the strengthening of the heart and spirits, and other vitals: the juice is inferior to those of the Citron and Lemon, and fit for meat than medicine, yet four or five ounces of the juice taken at a time in wine or Ale, will drive forth putrid humours from the inward parts by sweat, and strengthen and comfort the heart; the distilled water of the flowers besides the odoriferous scent it hath fit for any perfume, 
Pestilence, Fevers, moist womb, Cough, Phlegm.  is good against Contagious Diseases, and pestilential Fevers; to drink thereof at sundry times, it helpeth also the moist and cold infirmities of the Womb, the ointment that is made of the flowers is good to anoint the Stomach, to help the Cough, and expectorate cold raw phlegm, and to warm and comfort the other parts of the body.   

Yellow Oranges of Malabar.  
Names Descript. and Virtues.] THis is called Carcapuli, and is a great Tree growing in Malabar in the Indies; the fruit is like an Orange when the outer pill is taken away, which consisteth of sundry lumps of pulp not to be separated; as they may be in the Orange: whose rind is thin, smooth, and shining as gold when they are ripe, of a sharp taste and binding quality, yet pleasant to the taste; and are good to stay Fluxes of all sorts, and to refresh the stomach and restore a dejected appetite taken with sour milk or boiled Rice; 
Stomach, Hard labour, Mists and Rheums in the eyes.  The Midwives give it women in hard labour, to cause a speedy Delivery, as also to expel the Afterbirth; the juice is profitably used to clear the stomach, and Mists and Rheums in the Eyes.    


Pepper.  
Kind's and Names.] THere are several sorts of Pepper, as black, white, and long Pepper; called Piper nigrum, album, & longum. The black and white Pepper differeth not either in manner of growing or in form of leaf or fruit; the long pepper also doth grow after the same manner, but differeth in the fruit: All these sorts do grow each on a several climbing bush, in the East-Indies; but after one manner, that is, as Hops do grow with us; so that if they be not sustained by some tree or Pole on which they may climb & spread, they will lie down on the ground & thereon run and shoot forth small fibers at every joint. But the usual manner is to Plant a branch taken from the Bush, near to some tall tree, great Cane or Pole, and so it will quickly by winding itself about it get to the top thereof being full of joints; and shooting forth fair large leaves one at a joint, being almost round, but ending in a point, green above, and paler underneath, with a great middle rib, and four other ribs somewhat lesser, spreading from it, two on each side, and smaller veins therein also unto the edges, which are smooth and plain, somewhat thin, and set on a pretty long footstalk; the fruit or pepper itself, whether black, white, or long, groweth at the same joint; but on the contrary side opposite to the leaf, (and not between the stalk and the leaf as some have falsely described it) round about a long stalk somewhat thinly set all along thereon, or not so thick as a bunch of grapes; the root hath sundry joints creeping in the ground with sibres at the joints, the white pepper is hardly distinguished from the black, by the very plants thereof, until it come to ripeness; (for the white and black Pepper do grow on several bushes,) but that the leaves are of a little paler green colour; the grains or berries are white, solid, firm without wrinkles, and more aromatical. The long Pepper hath leaves very near to the same form and bigness, but a little longer-pointed, of a paler green colour, thinner also, and with a shorter footstalk, and not having four so eminent ribs passing from the middle-one as in the other; but four or five or more sometimes on each side, according to the largeness of the leaf, with other smaller veins therein, and with lesser acrimony and hot taste than the black; the fruit of this also groweth in like manner at the joints, opposite to each leaf, which are closer set together than in the black; being some greater or lesser, shorter or longer than others; consisting of many small grains as it were set close together in rows, and not open and separate as in the black and white pepper; of an Ash-colour when it is ripe.  
Government and Virtues.] All the Peppers are under the dominion of Mars, and of temperature hot and dry almost in the fourth degree, but the white Pepper is the hottest, which sort is of much use both with the Indians and other nations. The Indians use to chew the leaves spitting it out again, as some amongst us do Tobacco; and the pepper itself they also chew, and from the branch take every grain one after another while they are fresh.  
Pepper is much used with us in meats and sauces, which it very well doth if not taken too much at once; and comforteth and warmeth a cold stomach, consumeth crude and moist humours therein, 
Stomach, Wind, Bowels, Cough, Breast, Serpents, Poisons.  and stirreth up the appetite; It helpeth to break or dissolve wind in the stomach or bowels, to provoke Urine, to help the Cough, and other diseases of the breast, and is effectual against the bitings of Serpents and other poisons, and to that purpose it is an ingredient in the great Antidotes: but the white pepper as being more white sharp and aromatical, is of more effect in medicines; and so is the long, being more used to be given for Agues to warm the stomach, before the coming of the fit, thereby to abate the shaking thereof; All of them are used against the Quinsy, being mixed with honey, 
Quinsy, Kernels.  and taken inwardly aswell as applied outwardly, and disperseth the kernels aswell in the throat as in the other parts of the body.  
Mathiolus writeth of a kind of Pepper which he calleth Piper Aethiopicum, brought with other Merchandise from Alexandria, into Italy; and groweth in long Cod like beans or pease; but many cod set together at a place whose grains within them being like Pepper both in form and taste, but smaller, stick very close to the inside: this sort Serapio calleth granum Zelin.  
Monardus also maketh mention of a kind of long Pepper, that groweth in all the tract of the Continent of the West-Indies. This kind of pepper is half a foot long, and of the thickness of a small Rope, consisting of many rows of small grains, set close together as in the head of Plantain, and is black being ripe; and hotter in taste, and more aromatical and pleasant than Capsicum, and preferred before black Pepper, and groweth, saith he, on high Trees or Plants.   

Guinny Pepper.  
Kind's and Names.] THere are many sorts hereof found out and brought to our knowledge in these latter days more than formerly were; one Gregorius de Reggio a Capuchin Friar, maketh mention of a dozen several sorts, or varieties at the least, in the fruit or Cod; though in any thing else very little differing: there are likewise some other varieties, observed by Clusius and others.  
Descript.] 1. The most ordinary Guinny Pepper with long husks, Capsicum majus vulgatius oblongis siliquis. By this you may frame the Description of all the rest, the main difference consisting in the form of the fruit, whether husks or Cod; This Plant riseth up with an upright firm roundstalk, with a certain pith within them; about two foot high in our Country, and not above three foot in the hotter, spreading into many branches; on all sides even from the very bottom which divide themselves again into other smaller branches, at each joint whereof come forth two long leaves upon short footstalks, somewhat bigger than those of Nightshade, else very like; with divers veins in them, not dented about the edges at all, and of a very sad green colour, the flowers stand severally at the joints, with the leaves very like unto the flowers of Nightshade, consisting most usually of five, and sometimes of six white small-pointed-leaves standing open like a star; with a few yellow threads in the middle, after which come the fruit (either great or small, long or short, round or square, as the kind is, either standing upright, or hanging down, as their flowers show themselves, either of this or that form) in this somewhat great and long, about three inches in length, thick and round at the stalk, and smaller towards the end, which is not sharp but round-pointed, green at the first, but being full ripe of a very deep shining Crimson red colour; on the outside which is like a thick skin, and white on the inside, smelling reasonably well and sweet, having many flat yellowish white seeds therein, cleaving to certain thin skins within it, which are broader at the upper end and smaller at the lower, leaving the end or point empty within, not reaching so far; the which husk but especially the seed, being of so hot and fiery a taste that it inflameth and burneth the mouth and throat for a long time after it is chewed; almost ready to choke one that taketh much at a time thereof; the root is composed of a great Tuft or bush of threads, spreading plentifully in the ground, and perisheth even in hot Countries after it hath ripened all its fruit.  
Descript.] 2. Capsicum minus Brasilianum, small round Guinny-pepper. This groweth in the same manner as the former doth, not differing in any thing but in the leaves, which being of the same form are not so great and large; and in the fruit which is small and round, (standing some forthright, and some upright, but none hanging down; each of them upon a long footstalk) about the bigness of a Barbery, but round and nothing so red; and in another sort almost black, having such like seeds within them, but somewhat smaller; no less hot and fiery than the former; and abideth the winter-colds no otherwise than the former, and seldom beareth ripe fruit in our Country.  
Descript.] 3. The greater round upright Guinny Pepper, Capsicum rotundum majus surrectum. The chiefest difference in this sort of Guinny-pepper consisteth most in the form of the fruit, which standeth upright as the flowers do; being great and round like an apple, even the greatest of all the sorts that bear round fruit, of an excellent red colour when it is ripe, like unto a polished Coral.  
Descript.] 4. The great upright Spire-fashioned Guinny-Pepper, Capsicum erectum pyramidale majus. This differeth very little from the first: the difference of the fruit is, that this standeth upright, great below and smaller and smaller to the point, which is sharper than in the first; of as brave an orient Corall-like colour as the last.  
Descript.] 5. The lesser upright Spire-fashioned Guinny-Pepper, Capsicum erectum pyramidale minus. As the fruit of this sort is lesser by the half than the last, and not so sharp or small at the end, but somewhat round, so the green leaves also are smaller and narrower, and the stalk smaller, and not growing so high; the flowers of this as of all the rest that bear their fruit upright, do stand upright also; which is a certain rule to know what fruit will be pendulous, and what will be upright.  
Descript.] 6. The least Spire-fashioned Guinny-Pepper, Capsicum exiguum erectum Pyramidale. The form of this is very like the second sort, but these are smaller and longer than those of the second sort, of an inch long at the least, and of a blackish red before they be through-ripe; and then as red as the rest: This groweth taller, fuller of branches, and more stored both with flowers and fruit, the leaves are of the same dark green colour with the rest.  
Descript.] 7. The greater upright Heart-fashioned Guinny-Pepper, Capsicum Cordatum erectum majus. This groweth not so high as most of the former, having large leaves, but not so small at the ends; the fruit is not pendulous, or hanging downwards with his footstalk, but standing upright, being somewhat great, flattish, and as it were bunched out at the upper end next unto the stalk, and smaller below; short and round-pointed, somewhat resembling the form of a mans-Heart, as it is entitled Cordatum.  
Descript.] 8. The lesser upright Heart-fashioned Guinny-Pepper, Capsicum Cordatum erectum minus. This doth not differ from the last but in the smallness of the fruit, standing also upright, but much smaller and shorter.  
Descript.] 9 Pendulous Heart-fashioned Guinny-Pepper; Capsicum Cordatum propendens. This sort is somewhat like the greater upright Heart-fashioned Pepper, about the same bigness, but more uneven, and not so round, but is as red being ripe and hanging downwards.  
Descript.] 10. Pendulous Olive-fashioned Guinny-Pepper, Capsicum siliqua Olivaria, propendeus. This Pepper hath small long and round Cod, smaller below than above, very like unto an Olive-berry, as red being ripe, as any of the rest, and with the stalk hanging downwards.  
Descript.] 11. Upright Olive-fashioned Guinny-Pepper, Capsicum siliqua Olivaria erecta. This is greater than the last, and standing upright, not differing from the last in any thing else.  
Descript.] 12. Cherry-fashioned Guinny-Pepper, Capsicum siliqua rotunda Cerasorum. There are two sorts of this Pepper, one which is fully round, like unto our Cherries; the other hath a little point at the end thereof, and is a little bigger than the other, and both hanging down.  
Descript.] 13. Broad and Crumpled Guinny-Pepper, Capsicum siliqua lata et rugosa. The Cod of this Pepper are somewhat large, greater above and smaller below, somewhat flat also, and not round, but Crumpled as it were or shrunk half together, and smelleth pretty sweet.  
Descript.] 14. Long and upright Guinny Pepper, Capsicum erectum majus longum. This Pepper is long and round, yet not like that which beareth the form of the Olive-berry, but much longer and of an equal bigness all the length thereof, and standeth upright.  
Descript.] 15. The greater Crooked or Horned Guinny-Pepper, Capsicum oblongum majus, recurvis siliquis. This hath large great Cod above 5 inches long, sometimes little or nothing crooked at the lower end, which is long and small, sometimes a little crooked or bended upwards, and sometimes very much.  
Descript.] 16. The lesser Horned Guinny-Pepper, Capsicum oblongum minus, recurvis siliquis. This is not half so thick and long as the last, and keeping his end bowed or crooked constantly, not varying as that doth; both this and the last hang down their Cod towards the ground; the whole plant also groweth less than the other.  
Descript.] 17. Double pointed Guinny-Pepper, Capsicum bifurcata siliqua. This Pepper is very like the long upright Pepper, and much about the same form and bigness, being almost of an equal size, all the length thereof but the lower end is parted as it were into two short round points; and is a little smaller there than upwards, in nothing else differing from the rest.  
Descript.] 18. The shorter Gold-yellow Guinney-Pepper, Capsicum, siliqua flava breviore. This hath like leaves, stalks and flowers in every part as the rest and only differeth in that it beareth Cod very like unto the first sort, which is the most common, but that they are shorter, and ending in a smaller or sharper point, and of a fair Gold-yellow Colour and not red as all the other before are.  
Descript.] 19 The longer Gold-yellow, Guinny-Pepper, Capsicum, siliqua flava longiore. This yellow-Pepper differeth in nothing from the last, but in the Cod which are not so thick as they, but a little smaller from the middle thereof being longer, or lessening very finely unto the pointed end, of as fair a Gold-yellow colour as the other.  
Descript.] 20. Guinny-Pepper with hairy stalks, Capsicum, call piloso. This groweth with green round stalks; set full of white hairs thereon, contrary to all the former sorts: at the joints with the branches come forth two such leaves, as the first here set forth hath, but larger than they; the flowers are white consisting of five leaves like the rest, but larger than any of them; after which come the Cod, green at the first as all the other are,, but as red as the rest, when they are ripe, which are somewhat great and long, ending in a very long point, in the rest as in the seed and roots not differing from the former sorts.  
Place and Time.] All these sorts of Pepper came first from the West-Indies called America, and the several parts thereof; Brasile being reckoned as a part thereof: and our Sommer-Islands also; but here in England (though erroneously) we give it the name of Guinny-Pepper; as though it originally came from thence; they are now nursed up in Gardens in all the Provinces of Europe, (except cold Countries) and grow in many places of Italy and Spain, etc. Set in pots, about windows, either for their beauty, or for the use it serveth; or both.  
They do not sow them in the hot Countries before the end of March or beginning of April, and at the soon they do not flower before the beginning of August: and their beautiful red Cod ripen not thoroughly, until the beginning of Winter, and so will abide both with flower and fruit, most of the Winter with them in the warmer Regions; but in our colder Climates they presently perish with the first frost, and therefore must be carefully housed, if any will preserve them.  
Government and Virtues.] All these sorts of Pepper are under the Planetary Regiment of Mars, and are of a fiery hot and sharp biting taste, and of temperature hot and dry, to the end of the fourth degree; they burn and inflame the Mouth and Throat so extremely that it is hard to be endured; and if it be outwardly applied to the skin in any part of the body, it will exulcerate it, and raise blisters as if it had been burnt with fire or scalded with hot Water. The fierce vapours that arise from the husks or Cod, while one doth but open them to take out the seed (especially if they do but beat them into powder, or only bruise them) will so pierce the brain by flying up into the Head through the Nostrils, that it will procure violent Sneesing, and draw down abundance of thinn Rhueme, forcing tears from the Eyes in abundance; and will all pass into the Throat, and provoke a sharp Coughing, and cause such violent Vomiting, that the very Bowels aswel as the Stomach, will be much perplexed with it: & if any shall with their hands touch their Face or Eyes, it will cause so great an Inflammation both in the Face and Eyes, that it will not be remedied in a long time, by all the bathing thereof with Wine or cold Water, that can be used, but yet will pass away without further harm. If any of it be cast into the fire, it raiseth grievous strong & noisome Vapours, procuring Sneezing very fiercely and Coughing & strong Vomiting, to all that be near unto it; if it should be taken simply of itself, (though in a very small quantity, either in powder or decoction) it were scarce to be endured and would prove very dangerous to Life.  
Having now given you an Account of the dangers of these violent plants and fruits; I shall now direct you how to tame and master them, and to make them become serviceable for health, being corrected and cleansed from all their evil and noisome Qualities.  
The safest way to reduce these Peppers to be taken familiarly and often without offence, both in meat aswel as medicine, as also to work those good effects in Physic whereunto it is conducible; is laid down and prescribed by the Friar Gregorio de Reggio, , whose Receipt is this following.  

The Correction of the Guinny Peppers.  
TAke the ripe Cod, of any sort of the Guinny Pepper (for they are in property all alike,) and dry them well, first of themselves, and then in an Oven; after the bread is taken out; put it into a pot, or pipkin, with some flower that they may be thoroughly dried, then cleanse them from the flower, and their stalks if they have any; cut them or clip them very small, both husks and seeds within them, and to every ounce of them put a pound of fine Wheat-flower, make them up together into Cakes or small Loaves, with so much leaven, as ye think may be convenient for the quantity you make; bake these as you do Bread, of the small size, and being baked, cut it again into smaller parts and bake it again, that it may be as dry and hard as biscuit, which beaten into fine powder and sifted may be kept, for any of the uses hereafter specified, or may serve instead of ordinary Pepper to season Meat, or broth; or for Sauce or any other purpose the East-Indian-Pepper doth serve: for it doth not only give as good but rather a better taste or relish, to the Meat or Sauce, but is found to be singular good both to discuss the Wind, and the Colic in the body: It is singular good to be used with flatulent or windy meats, and such as breed much moisture and crudities, whereof Fish is one especial; one scruple of the said powder taken in a little broth of Veal or of a Chicken doth very much comfort a cold Stomach, 
Stomach  causing Phlegm, 
Phlegm  and such viscous humours as lie low in the bottom thereof to be avoided, helpeth digestion, for it provoketh an Appetite 
Appetite  to Meat, it provoketh Urine, 
Urine  and taken with Saxifrage water expelleth the Stone 
Stone  in the Kidneys, 
Kidneys  and the Phlegm that breedeth them; and taketh away the dimness or mistiness of the Sight 
Sight  being used in Meats; taken with Pillulae Aleophanginae it doth help the Dropsy: 
Dropsy  the powder taken for three days together in the decoction of , expelleth the Dead-birth, 
Dead-birth  but if a piece of the Cod or husk, either green or dry be put into the Mother after Delivery it will make them barren 
barrenness  for ever after: but the powder taken for four or five days fasting, with as much Fennel-seed, will case all pains of the Mother. 
Pains of the Mother  The same also made up with a little powder of Gentian and oil of bays into a Pessary, with some Cotton-wool doth bring down the Courses; 
Courses  the same mixed with a Lohoch or Electuary for the Cough, 
Cough  helpeth an old inveterate Cough, being mixed with Hony and applied to the Throat, helpeth the Quinsy, 
Quinzy  and made up with a little Pitch or Turpentine, and laid upon any hard knots or kernels 
kernels  in any part of the body, it will dissolve them and not suffer any more to grow there, and being mixed with Nitre and applied, it takes away the Morphew, 
Morphew  and all Freckles, Spots, marks and discolourings of the skin: applied with Hensgrease it dissolveth all cold Imposthumes 
Imposthumes  and Carbuncles; 
Carbuncle  and mixed with sharp Vinegar it dissolveth the hardness of the Spleen: if some thereof be mixed with some Vnguentum de Alabastro, and the reins of the back anointed therewith it will take away the shaking fits of Agues; a plaster made thereof, with the leaves of Tobacco, will heal the sting or biting of any Venomous Beast.  
The decoction of the husks themselves made with Water, and the Mouth gargled therewith helpeth the Toothache, and preserveth the Teeth from rottenness; the Ashes of them being rubbed on the Teeth will cleanse them, & make black Teeth White. The decoction of them with Wine helpeth the Hernia Ventosa, or watery Rupture, if it be applied warm Morning and Evening: if they put it to steep three days together in Aquavitae, it helpeth the Palsy, th● place affected being bathed therewith; and steeped for a day in Wine and two Spoonfuls drunk thereof every day fasting, helpeth a stinking Breath; and snuffed up into the Nostrils, it will help the stink of them, caused there in by corrupted Phlegm.    

Pines.  
Description and Names.] THere is one sort called the West-Indian delicious Pines, called in Latin Anana seu Pina, and another sort called Anana Silvestris, Wild-Indian Pines.  
These Pines (which for their excellent and pleasant sweet fruit are much esteemed in all the West-Indies) are the fruit of a kind of thistle, growing with many long, hard, rough, stiff and narrow leaves thickest in the middle and thin, cut in the end, dented about the edges, with reddish points seeming prickly like a thistle, but are not; from the middle whereof riseth up a round and shorter stalk, than that of the wilder sort, set with like leaves but lesser, and at the top one head of the bigness of a reasonable Muskmelon, or Pomecitron, of a yellowish green before it be ripe, & more yellowish being thorow-ripe, showing as it were scaly like an Artichoke at the first view, but more like to a Cone of the Pinetree, which we call a Pineapple for the form, yet the outside hath no hardness at all therein, but may be cut or pared like unto Mellow Peach and are so sweet in scent, that they may be smelled afar off, and of a pleasant sweet taste and substance, tasting as if Wine, Rosewater, and Sugar were mixed together, and having no seed at all in it, whereby it may be increased; but, as some say, it hath whitish seed like a Muskmelon, but lesser and longer; this fruit doth bear a bush of leaves at the top, and some small heads on small branches underneath it, which being taken from it and planted half way deep in the ground, will take root and bear fruit the next year, which is the only way of propagating thereof.  
In Brasile, it is said they have sundry sorts hereof, one they call Jaama, which is longer and pleasanter than any other, and of a yellowish substance.  
Another they call Benjama being whiter within, and of a Wawmish taste, with the Lusciousness; a third they call Jajagna, white also within but tasting like sweet Wine with a little tartness; the root is great with many strings thereat, but perisheth with the stalk after the fruit is ripe; it was first brought from Sancta Cruse, in Brasil, where it naturally groweth, into both West and East-Indies, being not natural to either of them, but is only manured there, and now is grown there plentiful; They of Brasile call it Nana, others Anana; the Spaniards and portugals call it Pinus from the likeness, and so do most Countries following that name. The chiefest time of their ripeness is in the Spring, when they are sweetest.  
But this Pina, surpasseth all other fruits in the West-Indies, for pleasantness, and wholsomeness, so that many eat them abundantly, but a surfeit with them is dangerous, as it is with the best Meats, drinks or fruits whatsoever; The Physicians there forbidden it their Patient's jest, it should breed inflammations. Some wonders are reported hereof, which I never had experience of, neither do intent to go thither to disprove them. As namely, That if one of these fruits be cut through the middle with a knife, and they joined together again, the pieces will join and stick so fast together, as if they had not been cut asunder at all; Another property it hath, that if one cut the fruit with a knife; and leave the knife sticking therein until the next day, so much of the blade thereof as stuck within the fruit will be wholly consumed and wasted, or as it were eaten away; the knife also that did cut one of them, if it be not forthwith clean wiped, but let alone unwiped, will seem as if it had been eaten in with Aqua fortis.  
Descript.] 2. Wild-Indian Pine, Anana Sylvestris, this Wild kind of Pine groweth naturally both greater, higher, and more prickly or thistle-like; having a great tuft of leaves, at the bottom of their stalks or stems next the ground, seeming to be Aloe-leave, afar off but lesser, and of a pale green colour set with sharp prickles; It is increased by the off-sets, one arising from another: from the main stem grow sundry branches, bearing at their ends, heads of soft tender leaves closed, round together which are nothing but the flowers, and are of a yellowish colour, smelling very sweet; out of these heads rise spikes not unlike to those of the Reed but thicker, closer set, and far more beautiful, smelling like the Cedar: from the branches hang down the fruit called by the Portugall's Anana's Breva's, that is Wild Anan's or Pina's, which do somewhat resemble the manured one's, of the bigness of a Melon, of a beautiful red colour, very pleasant to behold, which is divided into parts, like unto Cypresse-nuts, when they are dry, and set with bunches or knobs, very much resembling a Cone or Pineapple, which are nothing so good although a little pleasant, but harsh withal, whereof few do▪ at for pleasure, but they are more physically used.  
Government and Virtues.] These rare fruits, are plants of Venus, and of a moderate temperature: six or eight ounces of the juice of this Wild kind taken in a morning fasting with some Sugar is a most present and certain remedy, against the heat or inflammations of the Liver or Back, 
Liver, Back  and is of singular use and very effectual against Ulcers, inflammations and soreness of the Kidneys and Bladder, and foul purulentous Urines, 
Kidneys, Bladder, Vrines  and is good for the Excoriations of the Yard; all which diseases this cureth in three day's time.   

The Pinetree.  
Kind's.] There are two kinds of the Pinetree: that is, the Garden and the wild Pinetree; and of the Wild Pinetree, there be divers sorts.  
Names.] The Pinetree is called in Latin Pinus, and the nuts which are found in the Pineapples, are called in Latin Nuces Pineae, in English Pineapple kernels or nuts; in French, Pignous. The tame or Garden kind of Pineapple, is also called in Latin, Pinus Sativa, and the wild Pine is called in Latin Pinaster, and Pinus Sylvestris; the first wild kind is supposed to be the Pinus Tarentina, whereof Pliny writeth, the second kind is called in Latin humilis Pinus or Pinus terrestris; and in Italian, Mughi. The third is called in some places; in the Mountains betwixt Italy and Germany. Cambri, and Cirmoli, and is that kind which the Frenchmen call Sniffe, The Fourth is called in Latin Pinus Idaea. The fift is called in Latin Pinus marina. and in French Pin-marin. The fruit of the Pinetree is called in Latin Conus, and nux pinea, and in English a Cone or Pineapple, in French Pome de pin.  
Descript.] The Pinetree groweth to a great and lofty height, with many branches at the top, parted into other round branches, set round about with little hard leaves, and almost sharp-pointed or prickly, very strait and narrow, and of a green whitish colour. The Timber is red and heavy, and within about the heart full of sap and liquor. The fruit is great balls of a brown Chesnut colour; which are called Cones or Pineapples, in which grow small nuts wherein is a sweet white kernel.  
Descript.] 1. Of the first Wild kind. The first wild sort, of the Pinetrees is high great and thick and yet not so high as the Tame or Garden Pine the branches be spread abroad, with long, sharp-pointed leaves; the fruit is short, and not hard, which doth open easily, and soon falleth.  
Descript.] 2. The second kind of the wild Pine doth not grow so high, neither is the stem growing strait up, but bringeth forth many branches suddenly from the root, creeping by the ground, long, slender, and pliable, or easy to be bend, or ployed, insomuch that hereof they may make hoops for Wine Hogsheads, and other Vessels and Casks: the fruit of this tree is greater than the fruit of any other of the Wild Pinetrees.  
Descript.] 3. The third kind groweth strait upright, and waxeth great and high, yet not so high as the other Wild kinds, the branches of this sort do grow like the Pitch-tree: the fruit is long and big almost like the fruit of the Pitch-tree, in the same is contained triangled small nuts, like to the Nuts of the Pineapple, but smaller and britler, with a kernel of a very good taste like unto the kernel of the tame Pine.  
Descript.] 4. The fourth wild kind hath a long hard fruit, the which will not open easily, nor fall lightly from the tree.  
Descript.] 5. The fifth kind hath small round nuts, not much greater than Cypresse-nuts, the which will open and fall quickly.  
From out of these trees cometh that liquor called , especially from the wild-trees; and it runneth most commonly out of the bark, or from the Timber, and is sometimes found in the fruit. And from these trees cometh also Pitch, both liquid and hard.  
Place and Time.] The Tame or Garden Pine groweth in many places in Greece, Italy, Spain, France, and in some places in England, where it hath been planted. The wild Pines grow upon Mountains, and that sometimes on very high Mountains; where none other Trees or Herbs do grow, especially the first wild kind, which also groweth, in Germany, Poland, Leifland and other cold Regions. The fruit or Pineapples are ripe in September.  
Government and Virtues.] The Pinetrees are under the dominion of Saturn: the bark is dry and astringent, especially the scales of the Cones or Apples, and the leaves be almost of the same temperature. The kernels of the nuts are hot and moist, and somewhat astringent. The scales of the Pineapple, with the bark of the Pine tree do stop the Lask and bloudy-flux, and provoke Urine, 
Lask-Bloody Flux, Urine  and the decoction of the same drunken hath the like property. The same is also good against all Scorching and burn with fire, to be pounded together with lethargy of silver and Frankincense; and if there be some Coperas mixed therewith, it will cleanse, and heal Consuming and fretting Sores. The leaves of the Pinetree healeth Green Wounds, and boiled in Vinegar they ease the Toothache. The kernels of the Nuts which are found in the Pineapples, are good for the Lungs, 
Burning, Old Sores, Green Wounds, Toothache, Lungs  they cleanse the Breast, and expectorate tough Phlegm, 
Breast, Phlegm  also they nourish well, and engender good blood, and are good for such as have the Cough, and begin to pine away and consume, in what sort soever they be taken.  
These kernels also do open the Liver 
Cough, Liver  and Spleen, and mitigate the sharpness of Urine, 
Spleen, Urine  and are good for those that are troubled, with the Gravel and Stone. 
Gravel, Stone    

The Pitch-tree.  
Names.] THis Tree is called in Latin Picea and Pytis.  
Descript.] The Pitch-tree is also of an indifferent bigness, and tall stature, but not so great as the Pinetree, and always green like the Pine and Firre-trees. The Timber is fat and resinous, and doth yield  of divers sorts; The branches be hard and parted into other sprays, most commonly , upon which grow small green leaves not round about the branches, but by every side, one right over against another like to little Feathers; the fruit is smaller than the fruit of the Pinetree. In burning of this tree there doth issue out Pitch, a● also there doth out of the Pinetree.  
Place and Time.] The Pitch-tree groweth in many places of Greece, Italy, France, and Germany, and the fruit hereof is also ripe in September.  
Government and Virtues.] The leaves, bark, fruit, kernels or Nuts of this Tree, are almost of the same Nature, Virtues, and operations, as the leaves, bark, fruit, and kernels, of the Pinetree.  

The  that cometh out of the Pine and Pitch-trees.  
OUt of the Pine and Pitch-trees riseth three sorts of ; besides the Pitch and Tar.  
1. The one floweth out by force of the heat of the Sun in Summer, from the Wood or Timber where it is broken or cut.  
2. The other is found both upon and betwixt the bark of the Pine and Pitch-tree, and most commonly in such parts thereof as are Cloven or hurt.  
3. The third kind groweth betwixt the scales of the fruit.  
Names.] All the kinds of  are called in Latin Resina. In French Resine, and in Dutch Herst. The first kind is call Resina liquida and Resina Pini; of this sort is also the  which is Molten with the Sun in Summer, and remaineth dry, and may be made into powder, which some call Resina Arida, or dry .  
The Second kind is called in Latin Resina arida, but that which sweateth out of the Pinetree is called Resina Pinea, and that which cometh out of the Pitch-tree Resina Picea. The third kind is called Resina Strobilina.  
Government and Virtues.] All these Rozens are Solar, and of an hot and dry temperature, and of a cleansing and Scouring nature.  doth cleanse and heal new Wounds, and there- New-wounds fore is a principal ingredient in all Ointments and Emplasters that serve for that purpose. It softeneth hard Swell, and is comfortable to bruised Parts, or Members; being applied or laid to, with Oils, and Ointments, or Plasters, appropriate thereunto.    

Pitch and Tar.  
Kind's and Names.] THere be two sorts of Pitch, the one moist, and that is called liquid Pitch; the other is hard, and dry: they do both run out of the Pine, and Pitch-trees; and out of certain other Trees: as the Cedar, Turpentine, and Larch-trees; by burning of the Wood and Timber of the lame Trees. Pitch is called in Latin Pix, in French Poix, in Dutch Peck: The liquid Pitch is called in Latin Pix liquida, in Brabant Teer, and in English Tarr. The dry Pitch is called in Latin. Pix arida, and Pix Navalis, in English Ship-Pitch or Stone-Pitch, in Dutch Steenpeck.  
Government and Virtues.] The Pitch and Tar are both Solar, hot and dry in the second degree; and of subtle parts, but the Stone-Pitch is the driest, the liquid Pitch or Tar is the hotter and of more subtle parts. Liquid Pitch taken with Honey, doth cleanse the Breast, & is good to be licked in by those that are troubled with shortness of Breath, 
breast shortness of Breath  whose Breast is stuffed with corrupt Matter. It mollifyeth and ripeneth all hard Swell, 
Hard swell  and is good to anoint the Neck against the Squinancy or Swelling of the Throat: it is good to be put into mollifying Plasters, Anodynes to take away Pains, and Maturatives, or ripening Medicines: being applied with Barly-meal, it softeneth the hardness of the Matrix and Fundament; 
Squinancy, Matrix, fundament  Liquid Pitch mingled with sulphur vivum, or quick Brimstone, represseth fretting Ulcers foul Scabs, 
Ulcers, Scabs  and Scurff; and if that some Salt be put thereunto, it is good to be laid upon the Bitings and Stinging of Serpents and Vipers. It cureth the rifts, and cloven Chaps that happen to the Hands, Feet, 
Scurff, Venomous Beasts, Hands, Feet  and Fundament, 
Fundament  being laid thereto.  
The Stone-Pitch, being pounded very small with the fine powder of Frankincense, healeth hollow Ulcers and Fistula's, 
Ulcers, Fistulas  filling them up with Flesh; the Stone-Pitch is not so strong as the Liquid Pitch, but is better, and apt to solder and glue Wounds together, as Galen saith.   

Sea-Plantane.  
Kind's and Names.] THere are several sorts of Herbs referred to the Plantanes, the first whereof is called Holostea; but, more fit, Sea-Plantane, or ordinary Sea-Plantane; their several Names shall follow, in their Descriptions.  
Descript.] 1. Ordinary Sea-plantane, Plantago Marina vulgaris. This Sea-plantane hath many narrow long and thick green leaves, having here and there a dent or two on the edge; pointed at the end, among which, rise up sundry bare stalks, with a small spiked head thereon smaller than Plantain; else a like both in blooming and Seed: the root is somewhat white thick and long, with long fibres thereat abiding many years.  
Descript.] 2. Spanish Sea-plantane, Holosteum Salmanticum. This Spanish Sea-plantane also differeth not much from the former greater kind, having many narrow hoary leaves lying on the ground, but shorter and broader than they are; among which rise up divers naked short stalks, little more than an hand breadth high, furnished from the middle almost to the tops with many whitish green flowers, standing more sparsedly in the spiky heads then the former, which do afterwards yield small Seed in husks, like unto Plantane-Seeds: the root is somewhat long and hard with divers Fibres at it. There is another sort hereof much lesser than the former, the leaves greener and narrower, and the heads of Flowers are smaller.  
Descript.] 3. The greater Sea-plantane with grassy leaves; Holosteum, angustifolium majus, sive Serpentaria major. This greater Sea-plantane hath a number of small long leaves, almost like Grass; but that they are stiff and hard, sometimes lying upon the ground, and sometimes from a stem under them raised a little higher; of a grayish or hoary green colour, and having on some of them some small gashes on the edges, among which rise up naked stalks about half a foot high, with small spikey heads like unto Plantane-heads set at the top of them, wherein also is contained such like Seed: the root is somewhat thick, long and woody, with some fibres growing thereat.  
Descript.] 4. The lesser Sea-Plantane with Grassy leaves, Holosteum angustifolium minus. This lesser Holosteum, is very like the former, but that it is smaller, and scarce having any dent on the edges, and groweth much lower, not exceeding three or four inches in height, having such like heads but smaller.  
Descript.] 5. Candy Sea-Plantane, Holosteum Creticum sive Leontopodium Creticum. This plant hath a reddish root, somewhat great, and as it were scaly at the head, growing smaller downwards, and spread into many long fibres from whence springeth up many long and narrow soft, woolly leaves, a hand-breadth long with three Ribs in each of them, among which rise up divers small and short footstalks, about two or three inches long, and covered with a soft woolliness; on every one whereof standeth a thick, short reddish woolly head like unto a Plantane-head, having divers whitish flowers upon them, with blackish spots within them seeming so many holes in them; which after they are passed, have small brownish Seeds, enclosed in their husks, very like unto Plantane-Seed or the Seed of Psyllium, or Fleawort, which heads when they are fully ripe do bend downwards to the ground, and are so drawn or bended together that they resemble herein a Lyons-foot clasped together, whereof it obtained the name of Leontopodium.  
Descript.] 6. Mouse-tail, Holosteum Loniceri, cauda muris vocatum. This being in taste and property like unto these Holosteas, is therefore ranked amongst them. It shooteth forth divers small Grassy leaves, very short, rough, and hard; among which spring divers small slender stalks, with small, long, blackish, green spiked heads like unto a small Plantane-head. but smaller; with white flowers on them, which quickly fade and fall away: after which, there are found very small blackish Seeds in the long heads, which then in some are a little crooked and in others strait, resembling a Mouse-tail; the root is small and threddy.  
Place and Time.] The first groweth in divers places, about our Seacoasts, aswell as others. The second of both sorts groweth in Valentia, Salamanca, and divers other parts of Spain, as Clusius saith; the third and fourth (as saith Mathiolus) by the Seaside in Italy; Camerarius saith by a lake of Salt-water near Istebia, which is in Germany; The fifth, in Candia; The last groweth in many fertile Pastures and Meadows, as also on dry Banks, and by the path-sides in divers places of our own Land.  
They do flower in the Months of June and July, and their Seed ripeneth quickly after. The last, which is the earliest of them all, flowreth often in April, and is almost gone in May.  
Government and Virtues.] These are of the same temperature and regiment, as our ordinary Plantanes so very little differing in quality of cold & dryness, that all the virtues of the other Plantanes may properly be attributed to these; only the third kind, Mathiolus saith that the people of Gorilia (who call it Serpentina) have used it to very good purpose, as he himself also saith, he hath found by good experience, against the Bitings or stingings of Venomous Beasts, Serpents 
serpents-bitings  especially; as also to help those that are troubled with the Dropsy, especially that which hath possessed the whole body. The Mouse-tail is cooling and drying like the Plantain; and the Country people in some places of this Land, apply it not only to those that bleed at the Nose, 
Dropsy, bleeding at the Nose  by bruising of the leaves, and putting it up therein, or pounding it, and letting the party snuff up the juice, but also use it with good effect, to stay the much bleeding of Wounds, and to heal them up: it being a singular good Wound-herb.   

The Pomegranate-Tree.  
Kind's and Names.] THe Pomgranate-tree is distinguished into three kinds; that is, The manured Pomegranate bearing fruit, and the greater, and lesser wild kinds, the first is called Malus Punica, and Malus granata, and the fruit Malum Punicum and Malum granatum, because it is supposed that they were brought over from that part of Africa where old Carthage stood into that part of Spain, which is now called Granada, and fro● thence called Granatum. The flowers of the manured kind (Dioscorides saith) are called Citini; but Pliny calleth the flowers the wild kind Citinus, and the flowers of both kinds, Balaustium but Cytinus is more properly the cup, wherein do stand the flow of both kinds; and Balaustium is with us generally taken for the double flowers of the wild kind only.  
Descript.] 1. The Pomgranate-tree bearing fruit, Malus Punica sa●va. This Tree groweth not great in the warm Countries, and, where it is natural, not above seven or eight foot high, spreading into many slender branches, here and there set with thorns, and with many very fair, green, shining leaves; like in form and bigness unto the leaves of large Myrtle-leaves, every one upon a small reddish footstalk. Among the leaves come forth here and there, the flowers, which are like Bell-flowers, broad at the brims, and smaller at the bottom, being one whole leaf, divided at the top into five parts: of an orient red Crimson colour naturally, but much paler with us, and many veins running through it, with divers threads in the middle; and standing in a brownish hollow cup, or long hard husk: the fruit is great and round, with a hard, smooth, brownish, red rind; not very thick, but yellowish on the inside: and a Crown at the top, stored plentifully with a most clear Liquor or juice like Wine; either sweet or sour, or between both; full of seeds enclosed in skins and the liquor among them: Sometimes this breaketh the rind as it groweth, which will cause it to rot very soon.  
Descript.] 2. The greater double blossomed Pomgranate-tree, Malus Punica Sylvestris major, sive Balaustium majus. The great wild Pomegranate-tree groweth into slender brownish branches, with some thorns amongst them, and shining green leaves somewhat larger than the former; but it is a shrubbish low Tree: naturally from the branches shoot forth flowers very double, as large as a double Provence-Rose, but with shorter small leaves of an excellent bright crimson colour; tending to a silken carnation, standing in brownish hard cups or husks, divided into five parts; but no fruit followeth.  
Descript.] 3. Balaustium minus, the lesser double Pomgranate-tree. There is but little difference in this from the other, the leaves only are of a sadder green colour; the flowers smaller, and less thick, and double, and of a sadder red Orange-tawny colour, set also in such like hard cups, or husks; of one of these two double sorts, it is said that there is one that beareth white flowers, and another that hath the mixed, white and red.  
Place and Time.] The manured kinds grow in Spain, Italy, Portugal, and other warm Countries, but with us they are preserved and housed with great care, (yet come not to perfection) and the wild kind with much more; they seldom flower with us.  
Government and Virtues.] The Sun governs these plants and fruits. Pomegranates, are hot and moist, but yet moderate: all the sorts breed good blood, yet do they yield but slender nourishment, they are very helpful to the Stomach: those that are sweet, are most pleasant; yet they somewhat heat, and breed Wind and Choler, and therefore, they are forbidden in Agues: the four do bind, and are fit for a hot fainting Stomach, and stay Vomiting, and provoke Urine; 
Stomach, Vomiting, Urine  but are somewhat offensive to the Teeth and Gums, in the eating; those that are of a mean or winy taste are indifferent to each part: The Seeds within the fruit, and the rind thereof do bind very forceably; either the powder or the decoction taken; and stay Casting, the Bloodyflux, 
Blood-flux  women's Courses, Red or White; 
Courses, whites  the Spitting of Blood, 
Blood spitting  and Running of the Reins: and is said to be good for the Dropsy; the Flowers work the same effects: the Fruit is good against the Bitings of the Sea-hare, and the Bitings of the Scorpion, and stayeth the immoderate Long of Women with Child; the decoction of the rind or Seeds of the fruit, with a little Syrup put to it, is good against the Cankers in the Mouth, and Ulcers in the Privy parts, the Fundament, or any other part of the Body, and is good against the Rupture; it helpeth also the Ulcers in the Ears or Nose, or Rheums in the Eyes 
running of the Reins, Scopi-longing, Can-Vlcers, Rheum in the Eyes  to be dropped or injected, and fasteneth Loose-teeths, 
Loose-teeths  and destroyeth the flat Worms in the Body, and helpeth to take away Wens. 
Worms, Wens  With the rinds of Pomegranates instead of Gauls, or else with the Galls also is made the best writing ink both for blackness and durability.   

The Pomcitron-tree.  
Kind's and Names.] THree kinds of Pomcitrons I shall here set down. The tree is generally called, Malus Medica vel Citria.  
Descript.] 1. The greater Pomcitron tree, Malus Citria major. The greater Citron tree groweth not very high in some places, but with a short crooked body, but in others not much lower than the Lemon tree, spreading sundry great long Arms, and branches; set with long and sharp thorns, and fair large and broad fresh green leaves, a little dented about the edges, with a show of almost invisible holes in them, but less than the Orange leaves have; of a very sweet scent, the flowers green at the leaves, all along the branches, being somewhat longer than those of the Orange; made of five thick whitish purple or blush leaves, with some threads in the middle, after which followeth fruit all the year, being seldom seen without ripe fruit, and half-ripe, and small young and green, and blossoms all at once. This kind beareth great and large fruit, some as great as a Muskmelon, yet others lesser, but all of them with a rugged, bunched-out and uneven yellow bark; thicker than in any of the other sorts, and with small store of sour juice in the middle, and somewhat great, pale whitish or yellow seed, with a bitter kernel lying in it: the smell of this fruit is very strong, and very comfortable to the senses.  
Descript.] 2. The lesser Pomcitron tree, Citria Malus minor, sive Limonera; this tree groweth very like the former, but the leaves are somewhat lesser and shorter, and so are the thorns also; the flowers are of a deep blush colour, and the fruit lesser and longer than they, and no bigger than the lesser fruit of the former; the rind also reasonable thick and yellow, but not so rugged, having more store of sour juice within them, and fewer seeds.  
Descript.] 3. Citria malus, sive Limonera pregnans; this differeth not in the tree or any part thereof, from the last; but in the fruit which is as large as the last; and a little paler yellow on the outside, having another small fruit growing within it lying at the very top or head; yet not to be seen before you cut it; and is divided from the whole fruit with a yellow rind, covering the most part of it, and sticking only to the other at the head or top; the greater fruit hath both juice and seed within it, but the lesser hath not seeds; and but little or no juice, and is more sweet than sour.  
To these Pomcitrons also are referred three other kinds called Limeroones. The Spaniards call the first Limones del Emperador, the second is called Limonera acida, the third Limonera multiformis, but the Spaniards do call it Limones de figuras.  
Descript.] 1. Sweet Limeroons, Limonera dulcis: this differeth not much from the last, but only in the fruit, which is smaller than it; but twice as big as a great Lemon; of a deeper yellow coloured bark, and much thinner, being full of juice, but sweet and pleasant, and may familiarly be eaten with the rind and all.  
Descript.] 2. Limonera acida, sour Limeroons. This is very like the last, but somewhat bigger; more yellow-rinded, and somewhat rugged; the juice whereof is more sour than it, yet lesser than of a Lemon.  
Descript.] 3. Changeable Limeroons, Limon●ra multiformis. The fruit hereof is wholly near unto a flesh colour, and of divers forms; some being of one and some of another fashion, not constant in any; for which cause the Spaniards named it Limones de figuras.  
Place and Time.] All these sorts of Citrons grow in Spain, with those that are curious, but were transported thither from sundry places abroad. The great Pomcitron, that is, Malus medica, Theophrastus saith that it was brought first from Media and Persia, and was therefore called Malum Medicum, and Malum Persicum. The last was brought from the fortunate Islands: their time is continual flowering and bearing fruit throughout the year.  
Government and Virtues.] These are Solar Plants, yet they are of different qualities, all the parts of the fruit hereof both the outer and inner rind, both juice and seed are of excellent use, and of contrary effects one to another; as some are hot and dry, others cold and dry: the outer yellow rind is very sweet in smell, very Aromatical and bitter in taste, and dried is a very Sovereign Cordial for the heart, and an excellent Antidote against venom and poison. against the Plague or any other Infection: 
Poison, Plague, Stomach, cold humours, Wind, Stinking breath, digestion, Melancholy, Infection.  it warmeth and comforteth a cold and windy stomach, and disperseth cold raw and undigested humours therein, or in the bowels; and mightily expelleth wind, being chewed in the mouth it helpeth a stinking breath, it also helps digestion and is good against Melancholy. These outer rinds being preserved with Sugar are used as a Junket at Banquets; yet they are often used in Cordial Electuaries, and preservatives against infection and Melancholy. It also helpeth to lose the body, and therefore there is a solutive Electuary made therewith called Electuarium de citro, solutivum, to evacuate the bodies of cold phlegmatic Constitutions, and may safely be used where Choler is mixed with Phlegm. The inner white rind of the fruit is almost unsavoury and without taste, and is not used in Physic, but being preserved is used at Banquets; the sour juice in the middle is cold, and fare surpasseth that of Lemons in the effects; although not so sharp in taste; it is singular good in all pestilential and burning Fevers to restrain the venom and Infection, to suppress the Choler, and hot distemper of the blood, and to quench thirst, and correcteth the ill disposition of the Liver, stirreth up an Appetite, and refresheth the overspent and fainting spirits, 
Burning Fevers, Choler, Thirst, Appetite, Faint Spirits.  resisteth drunkenness, and helpeth the turn of the Brain, by the hot vapours arising therein, which causeth a Frenzy for want of sleep; the seed not only equalleth the rind, but also surpasseth it in many particulars, yet Galen and Avicen contradict one another herein. Galen saith that the seed is cold, which Mathiolus excuseth with diverting his intent to the juice; and Avicen saith, it is hot in the first degree and dry in the second, the Bark or rind hot in the first and dry in the end of the second degree, the inner white substance between the outer bark and the inner juice hot and moist in the first degree, and the sour juice cold and dry in the third degree; These seeds are very effectual to preserve the heart and vital spirits, from the poison of the Scorpion and other venomous creatures, as also against the infection of the Plague or Pox, or any other contagious disease, they kill the worms in the stomach, provoke the Terms, cause an Abortment, and have a digesting and a drying quality, fit to dry up and consume moist humours both inwardly in the body and outwardly in any moist or running Ulcers or Sores, 
Heart, poison of Scorpions, Plague, Pox, Worms, Terms, Moist humours, Ulcers, Sores.  and to take away the pains that come after the biting of any venomous Creature. The whole fruit or the branches of the trees laid in Presses, Chests, or Wardrobes, keepeth Cloth, or silk Garments, from Moths or worms, and likewise giveth them a good scent.    


Quick-Grass  
Kind's and Names.] THere are several sorts of these Grasses, some growing in the fields and other places of the upland grounds, and others near the Sea; it is also called Dogs-grass, and Gramen Caninum: the other several names shall follow in the Descriptions.  
Descript.] 1. Common quick-grass, Gramen caninum vulgar. This grass creepeth far about under ground, with long white jointed roots, and small fibres almost at every joint, very sweet in taste, as the rest of the herb is, and interlaceing one another; from whence shoot forth many fair and long grassy leaves, small at the ends, and cutting or sharp at the edges; the stalks are jointed like Corn, with the like leaves on them and a long spiked head, with long husks on them, and hard rough seed in them.  
Descript.] 2. Quick grass with a more spread Panickle, Gramen caninum longius, radicatum, & paniculatum. This differeth very little from the former, but in the tuft or panickle, which is more spread into branches, with shorter and broader husks; and in the root which is fuller, greater, and further-spread.  
Descript.] 3. The lesser quick-grass with a sparsed tuft, Gramen caninum, latiore panicula, minus. This small quick-grass hath slender stalks about half a foot high, with many very narrow leaves, both below and on the stalks: the tuft or panickle at the top is small according to the Plant, and spreadeth into sundry parts or branches: the root is small and jointed but creepeth not so much, and have many more fibres among them than the others have, and is a little browner, not so white, but more sweet.  
Descript.] 4. Low bending quick grass, Gramen caninum, arvense; This creepeth much under ground but in a differing manner, the stalks taking root in divers places, and scarce rising a foot high; with such like green leaves as the ordinary, but shorter; the spiked head is bright, and sparsed or spread abroad somewhat like the field grass.  
Descript.] 5. Gramen caninum supinum Monspeliense. This differeth very little from the last, in any other part thereof than in the panickle or spiked head; which is longer and not spread, or branched into parts as that is.  
Descript.] 6. A small sweet grass like Quick-grass, Gramen exile tenuifolium, Canariae simile, sive gramen dulce. This small grass hath divers low creeping Branches and rooting at the joints as the two last; having many small and narrow leaves on them much less than they; and a small sparsed panickle, somewhat like the red dwarf-grass.  
Descript.] 7. Wall-grass with a creeping root, Gramen murorum radice repent: this Wall grass from a blackish creeping root springeth forth with many stalks a foot high, bending or crooking with a few narrow short leaves on them, at whose tops stand small white panickles, of an inch and a half long, made of many small chaffy husks.  
Place and Time.] The first is usual and common in divers plow'd Grounds and Gardens, where it is often more bold than welcome, troubling the Husbandmen as much after the ploughing up of some of them (as to pull up the rest, after the springing, and being raked together to burn them) as it doth Gardeners, where it happeneth, to weed it out from amongst their trees and Herbs: the second and third are more scarce, and delight in Sandy and Chalky grounds; the three next are likewise found in Fields that have been ploughed and do lie Fallow; and the last is often found on old decayed Walls in divers places; they flourish chief in the beginning of Summer.  
Government and Virtues.] These are Plants of Mercury. The root is of temperature cold and dry, and hath a little mordacity in it, and some tenuity of parts: the herb is cold in the first degree, and moderate in moisture and dryness; but the seed is much more cold and drying; of some tenuity of parts, and somewhat harsh. This quick grass is most medicinable of all other sorts of grasses: it is effectual to open obstructions of the Liver and Spleen, and the stops of Urine, the decoction thereof being drunk, and to ease the griping pains in the belly, and Inflammations, and wasteth the excrementitious matter of the Stone in the Bladder; and the Ulcers thereof, also the root being bruised and applied doth knit together and consolidate wounds: the seed doth more powerfully expel Urine, bindeth the belly, and stayeth vomiting, the distilled water is good to be given to Children for the worms. 
Liver, Spleen, Urine, Griping in the Guts, Inflammations, Stone, Wounds, Lask, Vomiting, Worms.    

Sea-spiked Quick Grass.  
Kind's and Names.] THere are several sorts hereof: whose names shall severally follow before their Descriptions.  
Descript.] 1. Sea-spiked quick grass, or dog's grass, Gramen caninum geniculatum maritimum spicatum; this Sea grass hath divers jointed stalks about a foot high, with hard leaves thereon, long and like the other quick grass, the spiked heads are much shorter and harder than the common kind; the root is full of joints, and creepeth under ground like it.  
Descript.] 2. Sea quick grass Gramen caninum, vulgar, Canariae simile. This other grass is a slenderer lanker and harder grass than the ordinary quick grass, and of a bluish green colour, and differeth not in any thing else; but there are two other differing sorts hereof: the one in the roots which at the several joints as it runneth doth shoot up the like stalks of leaves and spiked tufts, and will be sometimes twenty foot in length, with many of these tufts of stalks and leaves at them; the other in the spikes, which will have two rows or orders in them.  
Descript.] 3. Sea quick grass with long roots, Gramen caninum alterum maritimum longius radicatum; this long rooted Sea grass differeth little from the former, either in the hard leaves or in the running roots, but that they spread more; and instead of spiked heads at the tops of the stalks this hath chaffy heads among the leaves.  
Descript.] 4. Sea-spiked quick grass of Mompelier, Gramen caninum maritimum spicatum Monspeliense; this French Sea-grass hath slender woody roots, with few fibres thereat, from whence rise divers trailing stalks a foot or more high, with sundry joints and branches at them, and short narrow reed-like leaves, at the tops whereof grow spiked heads of three inches long apiece, of a darkish Ash-colour.  
Place and Time.] The three first are found on our Seacoasts especially in Kent, and the fourth about Mompelier and Narbone; near the Sea Coasts: they are in flower and seed towards the end of Summer.  
Government and Virtues.] These are under the same Planetary regiment as the ordinary Quick grass of the Land, and the roots hereof are held as effectual to all the effects and purposes that the ordinary sort serveth for; only this hath been observed, that  will not feed on these of the Sea, because of their hardness roughness and sharpness.    


Rattle, Red and yellow.  
Kind's, Names.] OF this we shall describe two sorts: the one called common red Rattle, pedicularis pratensis rubra vulgaris; the other yellow Rattle or Coxcomb, pedicularis sive crista galli lutea; it is also called Fistularia, of the hollowness of the stalks, and Coxcomb, because the flowers as some think do stand like a Cock's comb at the tops of the stalks; it is also called Rattle grass and Louse-wort.  
Descript.] 1. Common red Rattle, Pedicularis pratensis rubra vulgaris; this hath sundry reddish hollow stalks and sometimes green, rising from the roots lying for the most part on the ground, yet some growing more upright with sundry small radish or greenish leaves set on both sides of a middle rib, finely dented about the edges; the flowers stand at the tops of the stalks, and branches of a fine purplish red colour, like small gaping hoods: after which come small blackish flat seeds in small husks, which lying lose therein, will rattle with shaking: the root consisteth of small whitish strings with some fibres thereat.  
Descript.] 2. Yellow Rattle or Coxcomb, Pedicularis sive crista galli, lutea; The common yellow Rattle hath seldom above one round green stalk, rising from the root, about half a yard or two foot high, and with but few branches thereon, having two long and somewhat broad leaves, set at a joint deeply dented or cut in the edges, resembling therein the Crests or Comb of a Cock, broadest next to the stalk and smaller to the end; the flowers grow at the tops of the stalks, with some shorter leaves with them, being hooded after the same manner that the red ones are, but of a fair yellow colour in most, or else in some paler and in some more white: the seed is contained in large husks, and with lying lose in them will rattle when they are ripe: the root is small and slender, and dyeth every Winter.  
Place and Time.] Some of both these kinds grow in Meadows and Woods generally through out our Land, where they are rather an annoyance than of any good use for . They are in flower from Midsummer till after August sometimes.  
Government and Virtues.] These Plants are Saturnine, of a cold and drying property: the red Rattle is good to heal up Fistula's and hollow Ulcers, and to stay the flux of humours to them, and also the abundance of women's courses, 
Fistula's, Ulcers, Courses.  or any other flux of blood to be boiled in harsh or red wine, and drunk. The yellow Rattle is also held to be good for those that are troubled with a Cough or dimness of Sight, 
Cough, Dimness of Sight.  if the herb being boiled with Beans and some honey put thereto be drunk, or dropped into the eyes; The whole seed being put into the eyes doth draw forth any skin, film or dimness from the sight without trouble or pain.   

Sweet or Aromatical-Reed.  
Kind's and Names.] THere is one sort called Calamus Aromaticus, Mathioli, Mathiolus his Aromatical-Reed; a second called, Calamus Aromaticus Syriacus, vel Arabicus, suppositivus, the supposed true Syrian or Arabian Aromatical-Reed; and the third the true Acorus of Dioscorides or sweet smelling Reed, called in shops Calamus Aromaticus, and likewise Acorus verus, sive Calamus officinarum.  
Descript.] 1. Mathiolus his Aromatical-Reed. This groweth with an upright tall stalk, set full of joints of certain spaces up to the top, (not hollow but stuffed full of a white, spongeous pith, of a gummy taste, somewhat bitter, and of the bigness of a man's finger) and at every one of them a long narrow leaf, of a dark green, brown colour, smelling very sweet, differing therein from all other kinds of Reeds; on the tops whereof, groweth a bushy or Featherlike pannicle, like unto those of the common Reed: the root is knobby, with divers heads thereat, whereby it increaseth and shooteth forth, new heads of leaves, smelling also very sweet, having a little binding taste, and sharp withal.  
Descript.] 2. The supposed true Syrian or Arabian Aromatical Reed, riseth up, from a thick root three or four inches long, big at the head and small at the bottom, with one and sometimes more stalks, two Cubits high, being strait, round, smooth, and easy to break into splinters; full of joints, and about a finger's thickness, hollow and spongy within of a whitish yellow colour; the stalk is divided into other branches, and they again into other smaller ones, two usually set together at a joint, with two leaves under them likewise, very like unto the leaves of Lysimachia, the Willow-herb or Loose-strife, but lesser; being an inch broad, and an inch and an half long; compassing the stalk at the bottom, with sundry veins, running all the length of them; from the joints, rise long stalks, bearing sundry yellow small flowers, made of leaves, like also unto Lysimachia, with a small Pointel in the middle, after which follow small, blackish, long heads or Seed-Vessels, pointed at the end, and having in them, small blackish seed: the stalk hath little or no scent, yet not unpleasant as Alpinus saith, being bitter with a little Acrimony therein; but Bauhinus saith, it is of an Aromatical taste, and very bitter.  
Descript.] 3. The sweet smelling Reed, or Calamus officinarum, or Acorus verus, hath many flags, long and narrow, fresh, green leaves two foot long a piece, or more; yet oftentimes somewhat brownish at the bottom, the one rising or growing out of the side of the other, in the same manner that other flags, or flowers-de-luce grow, which are thin on both sides, and ridged or thickest, in the midst; the longest for the most part, standing in the midst, and some of them as it were curled or playted, towards the ends or tops of them; smelling very sweet, aswel when they are green and fresh, as when they are dried and so kept, a long time; which do so abide in a Garden a long time, as though it never did nor never would bear flower; the leaves every year dying down to the ground; and shooting out fresh every Spring, but, after three or four years abiding in a place, without removing; besides the leaves it shooteth forth (not any stalk, as other Flowers-de-luce do but,) a narrow long leaf by itself, flat like unto the other leaves, especially from the middle thereof upwards, but from the bottom to the middle it is flat-like, at which place cometh forth one long round head, very seldom two; in form and bigness like unto the Catkin or Aglet of the Hazelnut-tree, growing upright and of the length and thickness of ones finger, or rather bigger; set with several small lines or divisions, like unto a green Pineapple; of a purplish green colour for the most part: out of which bunches, shoot forth small pale whitish flowers, consisting of four small leaves a piece, without so good a scent as the leaves, falling quickly away, and not yielding any seed. The root is thick, and long, lying under the upper face of the ground, shooting forward, and with small roots or suckers, on all sides like unto the Garden Valerian, whitish on the outside, or greenish if it lie above the ground and more pale or whitish on the inside, with many joints thereabouts, and whereat it hath, or doth, shoot forth long thick fibres underneath, whereby it taketh strong hold in the ground; of a firm or fast substance, yet not hard or woody but easy to be cut, of a sweet scent, and somewhat bitter taste.  
Place and Time.] The first is said by Mathiolus, and others, to grow in India, Syria and Judea; the dry stalks of the second are said to grow at the foot of Mount Libanus, in Syria; not far from Tripoli, in the wet grounds there: The third in sundry moist places in Egypt and by the lake Gennesareth in Judea, and in divers places of Syria and Arabia.  
The other Calamus of the shops, or true Acorus, groweth in many places of Turky (in moist grounds) from whence the largest roots, the firmest, whitest, and sweetest are brought unto us: it groweth also in Russia, and those places thereabouts, in great plenty. Mr. Morgan hath of it growing in the physick-Garden at Westminster, and he himself told me that he was informed by some that they had found it growing in moist grounds in Yorkshire, and the Northern parts of England.  
Government and Virtues.] These Reeds are under the dominion of Venus; of a temperate quality.  
The Calamus of Diosco●ides, he saith, hath these properties, it provoketh Urine and boiled with Grass roots and smallage, it helpeth those that have the Dropsy, 
Urine, Dropsy,  it fortifieth the Reins, and is good against the Strangury or pissing by drops, and is also profitable for those that have the Rupture, 
Reins, strangury, Rupture  or are broken Bellied; It provoketh women's Terms, or Courses; either drunk, or applied to the place: the fumes of it taken through a Tobacco-pipe, either by itself or with some dried Turpentine, cureth them that have a Cough; 
Terms, Cough  it is put into baths for Women to sit in, as also in Glisters to ease Pains. 
Pains eased   
It is used in mollifying Oils and Plasters, that serve to ripen hard Imposthumes, 
Imposthumes  as also for the sweet scent thereof. Galen saith, it being of a temperature, moderate, between heat and cold, and somewhat Astringent, and having a very little Acrimony; it is profitably used among other things that help the Liver 
Liver  and Stomach, 
Stomach  doth gently provoke Urine, and is used with other things in fomentaions for the Mother, 
Mother  when it is troubled with inflammations, and gently to move the Courses. 
Courses  Dioscorides saith, that the sweet flag, it good to provoke Urine, 
Urine  if the decoction thereof be drunk. It helpeth to ease pains in the Sides, 
Sides  Liver, 
Liver  and Breast, 
Breast  as also to ease the Griping pains of the Colic 
Colic  and Cramp, 
Cramp  and is good against Ruptures; It wastes the Spleen, 
Spleen  helps the Strangury; 
strangury  and Bitings of Venomous Creatures: 
Serpent's  It is also good in Baths for Women to sit in, for distempers of the Womb. 
Womb  The juice dropped into the Eyes, 
Eyes  drieth Rheums 
Rheums  therein, and cleareth the sight, taking away all films 
Films  that may hurt them.  
The Root is of much use in all Antidotes against Venom and Poison, or infection; it is a good remedy against a stinking Breath, 
Stinking Breath  to take the Root fasting every Morning for some time together. The hot fumes of the decoction made in Water, and taken in at the Mouth thorough a funnel, are Excellent good to help those that are troubled with a Cough: 
Cough  a dram of the powder of the Roots with as much Cinnamon taken in a draught of Wormwood Wine, is singular good to comfort and strengthen a cold weak Stomach: 
Cold Weak stomach  the decoction thereof drunk is good against Convulsions 
Convulsions  or Cramps, 
Cramps  and for falls 
Falls  and inward Bruises; 
Bruises  an Oxymel or syrup made hereof in this manner is wonderful effectual, for all cold Spleens, 
Spleen  and cold Livers; 
Liver  Take of the Roots of Acorus, one pound; wash and pick them clean, then bruise them, and steep them for three days in Vinegar, after which time let them be boiled together to the Consumption of the one half of the Vinegar, which being strained forth, set to the fire again putting thereto as much Honey, as is sufficient to make it into a syrup; an ounce of this syrup in a Morning, in a small draught of the decoction of the same Roots is sufficient for a dose; the whole Roots preserved either in Honey or Sugar is effectual for all the same purposes; but the green Roots preserved, are better than the dried- Roots which are first steeped, and then preserved. The Roots Bruised and boiled in Wine and applied to the Cod, and Stones, that are swelled, dissolveth the Tumour 
Cod, Stones, Tumours  and easeth the pains. It likewise mollifieth hard Tumours in any part of the body.   

Sweet-Rush.  
Names.] IT is also called, Camells-hay, in Latin it is called Juneus odoratus, and Schaenanthos, and corruptly Squinanthum, and Squinant.  
Kind's and Description] There are found two kinds hereof, a finer and a Course; or the true, and bastard kind.  
Descript.] 1. The finer sweet smelling Rush, called in Latin. Juncus odoratus Tenuior. This hath many tuffts or heads of long Rush-like leaves, thick set together, one compassing another at the bottom, and shooting forth upwards, the outermost whereof are bigger or grosser than those that grow within, which are a foot long and better, small round and stiff, or hard (and much smaller from a little above the bottom of them, than any of our Rushes) of a quick and spicy taste, somewhat pleasant, and of a fine sweet scent. It beareth, in its natural soil, divers strong round hard jointed stalks having divers short, brownish or purplish husks at the tops, containing within them, mossy whitish short threads or hairs, wherein lieth a chaffy seed, the Root is stringgy, full of long fibres and very hard.  
Descript.] 2. Juncus odoratus Crassior. The grosser sweet smelling Rush, This groweth in the same manner as the former doth, but is greater in every part of it, and hath less smell, aswel as less taste, whereby it seemeth to be a kind of itself, that groweth so great in the natural aswel as foreign parts, or by growing in moister places, cometh to be the larger.  
Place and Time.] They grow naturally in Arabia, Syria, Mesopotamia, and all those Eastern Countries as also in some places of Africa: It cometh not to flowering in those colder Countries, but in those hotter places it flowreth in the Summer time.  
Government and Virtues.] This is a plant of Venus, of a moderate temperature, the Root is accounted to be somewhat astringent; and is effectual for those that have a loathing in their stomach to their Meat, it provokes Urine, 
Loathing Stomach, Urine  and women's Courses, 
women's courses  discusseth all Swell and Wind, 
swell, Wind  it gently cutteth and breaketh Humours, and digesteth them, and looseneth the Breathing places of the Veins; 
Humours, Veins  The decoction of the flowers being drunk, (as Dioscorides saith,) stayeth spitting of Blood, and is good for the griefs of the Stomach, Lungs, Liver, 
Lungs, Liver  and Reins; a dram of the Root taken with the like quantity of Pepper every Morning fasting, for certain days together, is a very good remedy for those that have the Dropsy, 
Reins, Dropsy  and for Convulsions, or Cramps; the decoction thereof is profitable for Women to sit in, that are troubled with the Mother, 
Cramps, Convulsions, mother  it openeth their Obstructions, 
Obstructions  digesteth Crudities, expelleth Corrupt humours, cutteth tough Phlegm, 
Crudities, Corrupt humours, Tough, Phlegm  and consumeth congealed matter in the Body; and therefore it is of excellent use for the stopping of Urine 
Matter congealed, Urine  and women's Courses, taken either in drink or by fomentation, allayeth the inflammations of the Liver, 
Courses, inflammations, Liver  Stomach, and body; the Roots do bind more and the flowers are more hot, but there is some Astriction in all the parts thereof, and therefore is very profitably mixed with those things that stay Bleeding, it is used to be boiled in the broth of a Chicken to ease the pains of the Womb, that Women feel after Childbearing.  
The powder thereof is singular good for all Sores 
stomach, bleeding, Womb, Sore  of the Mouth, and for all creeping Ulcers, 
Mouth, Ulcers  and, taken with Wine and Vinegar, it is very effectual for those that have an Ulcer in their Stomach, if the Stomach or Belly be fomented with the decoction thereof, it taketh away all Inflammations therein, and easeth the pains.   

Rhubarb.  
Kind's and Names.] THe Rha or Rhubarb, both true, and Bastard, are all accounted, and numbered amongst the Kind's of Docks; so is our Garden Dock, or that called Patience, or Monks Rhubarb, so is also the Rhapontick; I shall give you 5 or 6 kinds of these plants, the true China, and oriental, the Bastard, and such sorts as grow in England.  
Descript.] 1. Garden-Patience, or Monks Rhubarb; the Latin Appellation is Lapathum sativum sive Patientia. This is a Dock, yet beareth the name of Rhubarb, because of some small purging quality it is endowed with; it groweth up with large tall stalks set with somewhat broud and long, fair, green leaves, not dented at all; the tops of the stalks are divided into small branches bearing reddish or purplish flowers, and three square seed like unto other Docks; the Root is long, great and yellow, like unto the Wild-Docks, but a little redder.  
Descript.] 2. Common, great, round leafed Dock or Bastard Rhubarb. It is called in Latin Hippolapathum rotundifolium, vulgar. This hath divers large, round, thin, yellowish, green leaves; a little waved about the edges, every one standing on a long brownish footstalk, from among which riseth up a stalk, about two foot high, with some such leaves thereon, as grow below, but smaller, at the top whereof stand, in a long spike, many small brownish flowers; which turn into hard, threesquare, shining-brown seed, like unto the Garden-Dock or Patience; the Root is greater than that of Patience, having many strings or branches thereat, yellow on the outside, and somewhat pale, yellow within, with some discoloured Veins therein, especially when it is dry.  
Descript.] 3. True Rhubarb, or Rhubarb of Pontus, or English Rhubarb, called Hippolapathum maximum, rotundifolium, exoticum, sive Rhaponticum, Thracium, vel Rubarbarum verum. This springeth up with a great, round, brownish head, rising from the middle or sides of the Root, which openeth itself into sundry leaves one after another, very much crumpled or folded together at the first, and brownish; but afterward spreadeth itself and becometh smooth, very large and almost round, every one standing on a brownish stalk of the thickness of a man's thumb, when they are grown to their fullness, and most of them two foot and more in length, especially in any moist or good ground, and the stalk of the leaf also, from the bottom thereof, next unto the Root unto the leaf itself being in length about two foot or more, of a sad or dark green colour of a fine tart or sowrish taste, much more pleasant than the Garden or Woodsorrel; from among these riseth up sometimes but not every year, a strong thick stalk, with such round leaves as grow below, but smaller; at every joint up to the top, and among the flowers which are whiter, spreading forth into many branches, and consisting of five or six small white leaves a piece, hardly to be discerned from the white threads which are in the middle, after which come brownish three square seed; the Root groweth in time to be very great, with divers and sundry great spreading branches, of a dark brownish or reddish colour on the outside, and with a pale yellow thin skin under it, which covereth the inner substance or Root, which rind and skin being pared away, the root appeareth of so fresh and lively a colour, with fresh coloured Veins running thorough it, that the chiefest of that Rhubarb, brought us from the Indies, doth not excel it, which Root being carefully dried, will hold his colour almost aswel as when it is fresh.  
Descript.] 4. The true Rhubarb and Rhapontick, of China, and of the shops. Rhabarbarum ponticum genuinum & officinarum.  
The form of the root is somewhat great, round, and long, for the most part, yet there are smaller and shorter pieces that come together, the colour on the outside is not all alike, for some is of better colour, and sounder than other: the best is firm and heavy, not spongy or light, somewhat brown, but fresh; on the outside without many blackish spots, with fresh coloured veins, running thorough it, bitter in taste, and somewhat Aromatical in smell, especially if it be fresh, and causing the spittle to be yellow being a little chewed in the Mouth; The True Rhapontick, brought to us with the Rhubarb, is only the lesser, and longer pieces of the Root of the true Rhubarb.  
Descript.] 5. The broader Elecampane leafed Rhubarb. Rhaponticum Enuliae folio latiore. This hath divers leaves rising from the root, somewhat large and long, but not so large as the leaves of Elecampane; greenish on the upperside, and greyish or woolly underneath; every one standing on his own stalk, pointed at the end, and dented about the edges; from amongst which riseth up, a reasonable big round stalk, about half a yard or a foot high, bearing at the top thereof, one great scaly head, consisting of very broad and lose or open brown scales, like a small Artichoke head at first, but that the scales are much more open. The flower standeth in the middle, and is composed of many bluish red or purple thrums very pleasant to behold, after which come blackish, round and long seed, the Root is somewhat long and thick, blackish on the outside; and of a deadish colour, on the inside. And hath formerly been used for Rha Ponticum.  
Descript.] 6. The narrower Elecampane leafed Rhubarbe. Rhaponticum alterum angustifolium. This differeth not much from the last, but only in the leaves, which are a little narrower and longer than it, and a little unevenly waved on the edges; the head flowers are alike, but a little larger, and so is the Root.  
Place and Time.] Tragus saith, that the first groweth naturally about Lausanna, in Savoy; but only in Gardens with us. The second groweth upon the hills not far from Caria in Germany, as also near Friburg in Switzerland; and on the Mountains in Austria. The third, as is reported, was natural in Thracia; and from some seeds thereof it hath been planted both in England, and other Countries. The fourth groweth chief in China, and Cataga, and in the Mountains of Persia. The fifth groweth on Mount Baldus, near Verona in Italy; and upon the Hills in Switzerland, and in some craggy places in Savoy.  
All these sorts of Rhubarbe do grow with us in our Gardens, and do flower about the beginning or middle of June, and the Seed is ripe in July. The Roots that are to be dried, and kept all the year following, are not to be taken up before the stalk, and leaves be quite withered and gone, which will be about the middle or end of October.  
Government and Virtues.] Culpepper, with a great deal of foolish nonsense, assigns all these plants to the Government of Mars: But I say that they more properly are under the particular influence of Jupiter; the leaves of these kinds of Docks do a little mollify and loosen the Belly, being boiled in Broth and taken; but the Roots have a more, opening and purging quality in them; and some more, or less, than others, according to their quality; The round-leafed Rhubarb is stronger in operation than the Garden-Patience, or Monks Rhubarb; but this last is of Excellent use in diet drinks, and decoctions, to purge the Liver and cleanse the Blood. 
Liver, Blood   
Tragus saith, that a dram of the dried Roots of Monks Rhubarb, with a scruple of Ginger made into powder and taken fasting in warm Broth, purgeth Choler and Phlegm 
Choler, Phlegm  downward very gently, the seed thereof contrariwise doth bind the Belly; and helpeth to stay any sort of Lask or Bloodyflux. The distilled Water of the leaves is used with good success to heal Scabs and foul ulcerous Sores, 
Lask, Bloodyflux, Scabs, Sores.  and to allay the inflammations of them; the juice of the leaves or Roots, or the decoction of them in Vinegar is a most effectual remedy to heal foul-Scabs and Running-Sores.  
The round-leafed or bastard-Rubarb hath all the same properties, but more effectual; and is also good against the stinging of Scorpions, as Dioscorides saith: the decoction thereof in Vinegar dropped into the Ears, 
Scorpions, pain in the Ears  taketh away the pains thereof, and gargled in the Mouth taketh away the pains of the Toothache, 
Toothache  and being drunk healeth the Jaundice; the Seed thereof taken helpeth the gnawing and Griping pains in the Stomach; 
Jaundice, gripe in stomach  and taketh away the loathing thereof unto Meat, which cometh by vicious sharp humours which are gathered together at the Mouth of the Stomach, the Root thereof helpeth the ruggedness of the nails, 
Rugged Nails  and being boiled in wine, it helpeth the Kings-Evil, Swell of the Throat, and kernels 
Kernels.  of the Ears, being swollen; and it helpeth them that are troubled with the Stone, provoketh Urine, and helps the dimness of the sight.  
The Roots of this bastard Rhubarb are of good use in diet-drinks, which are opening and purging; or in Ale, or Beer, prepared; for opening the Liver, cleansing the blood, and to allay the heat thereof.  
The properties of the round leafed Dock or English Rhubarb, are the same with the former, but much more effectual, and hath all the virtues of the Indian Rhubarb, but only is not so purgative, but being taken in a double quantity, it worketh almost in an equal quality, without bitterness or Astriction.  
The true Indian Rhubarb, doth excellently and safely purge the body of Choler and Phlegm, 
Phlegm, Choler  either taken itself in powder in a draught of White-wine, or steeped therein all night and taken fasting, or mixed among other purgers, cleansing the Stomach, 
Stomach  Liver, and Spleen, 
Liver, Spleen  and the Blood, opening Obstructions, 
Obstructions  and helping those griefs that come thereof, as the Jaundice, 
Jaundice  Dropsy, 
Dropsy  Swelling of the Spleen, and the pricking pains of the Sides, 
Spleen, Sides  it also stayeth the spitting of Blood, coming aswel from the Lungs as any other part. The powder taken with Cassia, dissolved, and a little Turpentine washed, cleanseth and strengtheneth the Reins; and is effectual for the Gonorrhoea or Running of the Reins. It is also good for pains and Swell in the Head, and against Melancholy, the Sciatica 
Reins, Headache, melancholy, Sciatica  and Gout, and pains of the Cramp, 
Gout, Cramp  for which purpose one dram or two of the Extract thereof made in this manner doth work effectually being given in Broth. Take a sufficient quantity of Rhubarb, and let it be steeped in Cinnamon-Water, which being strongly pressed-forth let it be stilled in a glass Limbeck in Balneo, until the Water be drawn forth, and the substance remaining, be of the thickness of Honey, which keep in a close covered-pot or glass, for the use aforesaid.  
The powder of Rhubarb taken with a little Minnia and Madder-roots, in some red Wine, dissolveth congealed or clotted-Blood in the Body, happening by any fall or Bruise, and healeth Burstings and broken-parts, aswell inward as outward; the Oil likewise wherein it hath been boiled worketh the same effect, the part being anointed with it.  
It helpeth also the Yexing Hiccop 
Yexing Hiccop  and all Fluxes of the Belly, if it be toasted or dried a little by the fire, but much more if it be roasted or half burnt, and taken in Wine after this manner. Take a pint of good Claret-Wine, and burn it with some Sugar, and a top or two of Rosemary, into which put a dram and an half of Rhubarb roasted, as aforesaid; and one dram of Chebol Merobalanes, a little broken or bruised; let these stand in the  Wine all night by the fire, and strain it forth in the Morning, giving this at two times fasting, which will in three or four days, stay any scouring or Lask, 
Scouring Lask  strengthening the Stomach, and inward parts afterwards.  
It is used to heal those Ulcers that happen in the Eyes 
Stomach, Eyes  or Eyelids, and to assuage the Tumours; and allay the inflammations, being steeped and strained and applied with Honey, or Cute, that is to say, any boiled Wine; it taketh away any black and blue Spots, or marks that happen therein. This Rhubarb is so gentle a medicine, that it may be given to all Constitutions, whether they be Children or Women with Child, and that safely at all times of the year; the whey of Milk but especeially of Goat's Milk, is the best and most proper liquor wherein it is to be steeped and taken, or else in White-wine, whereby it worketh more effectually; in opening Obstructions, and purging the Stomach and Liver from Choler and Phlegm; a little Indian Spikenard used therewith is the best Correcter thereof.   

Rosemary.  
Kind's and Names.] THere was formerly but one kind of Rosemary known to us, which was the ordinary Rosemary; but now we have discovered several sorts, which shall follow with their Names, before their Descriptions.  
Descript.] 1. Ordinary Rosemary. It is called in Latin Libanotis coronaria, sive Rosmarinum vulgar.  
This is no natural English plant, yet in divers Gardens in this Land, where it hath stood long, aswel as in its natural Soil; it groweth in time to a great height, with a great and Woody stem of a close firm substance and whitish within branching forth into many Arms, & from them again into many other smaller branches, at the joints whereof are set at several distances, many long and very narrow leaves, green above, and greyish underneath; and with all, along the stalks towards the tops, divers small gapeing flowers, of a pale, bleak, bluish colour, standing in whitish husks; the seed is small and reddish, but seldom doth any that is sown in our Country endure the first Winter without Extraordinary care, and therefore is usually increased by slipping. The whole plant hath an Aromatical smell.  
Descript.] 2. Gilded Rosemary. Rosmarinum striatum sive Aureum, is the Latin appellation. This differeth not from the former in any thing, but in the leaves, which are edged, or striped, or pointed with with a fair Gold yellow colour, which so continueth all the year, yet fresher in Summer than Winter.  
Descript.] 3. Broad-leafed Rosemary, called in Latin Rosmarinum Latifolium. This groweth like the former, but not so great in our Country nor with such Woody branches, and is more tender to keep; the leaves are larger, and of a more shining deep green colour on the upper side, and little or nothing whitish underneath, more thinly also or sparsedly set on the stalks; the flowers differ nor from the former kinds.  
Descript.] 4. Double flowred-Rosemary. Rosmarinum flore duplici. This differs from the former, in this, that it hath stronger stalks while it is young, than the last, or not so easy to break; fairer also, and larger leaves than the first, and the flowers are double like those of the Larkes-heel, or Larks-spur.  
Descript.] 5. Whild-sweet Silesia Rosemary, or Mathiolus his Wild Bohemian Rosemary. Rosmarinum sylvestre Bohemicum Mathioli, sive Laedum Silesiacum Clusii. This riseth with Woody ash-coloured branches, two foot high or more, which shoot forth other branches of a purplish colour covered with a brownish-yellow hoariness, on which are set many narrow, long, green leaves, like unto those of Rosemary, but covered with the like hoariness as the stalks are, especially in their natural place, but not so much being transplanted, & folding their sides so close together that they seem nothing but ribs or stalks, of an excellent pleasant and sweet smell; at the ends of the branches grow certain brownish and scaly leaves, out of which spreadeth a tuft of many flowers, consisting of five white leaves a piece, with ten white chines or threads in the middle, and in some plants with six leaves, and twelve threads or Chives, after which follow five long square heads, spotted with silver-like white spots, while they are green; but grow brownish, when they are ripe, and turn down their tops, opening their husks at the stalks, lest the seed which is as small as dust should fall out; the Root is Woody with short sprigs.  
Descript.] 6. Unsavoury Wild Rosemary, Rosmarinum sylvestre, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. This doth nearly resemble Rosemary, but is not sweet like them: It groweth above a foot high, having divers reddish branches which divide themselves into others, smaller, of a whitish colour, set confusedly with long and narrow leaves, green on the upperside and hoary underneath, like those of the Dwarffe-Willow, of no pleasant scent at all, but of an Astringent taste; At the tops of the branches, stand divers heads, composed of many short scales, out of which shoot forth sundry flowers, standing on long footstalks, made of five leaves a piece, of a fine pale radish or flesh colour, after which rise short five-square heads, with blunt points containing small pale coloured seed.  
Descript.] 7. Our Wild Rosemary. Rosmarinum sylvestre minus, nostras. This Wild North Country Rosemary, groweth not so high, with smaller leaves; nothing so great and long as Rosemary leaves, but thicker, and shorter; of a dark green shining colour above, and somewhat yellowish, green underneath, set very sparsedly on very slender and pliant, blackish, green twigs, at the tops whereof grow the flowers not out of scaly heads as in the former, of a reddish colour: the whole plant hath very little scent, if any at all, that can be perceived.  
Place and Time.] The Ordinary Rosemary groweth in Spain, abundantly near the Seaside, on Commons as Heath doth with us; the scent whereof is many times smelled, by those that pass by in Ships, very many leagues off from the Land; in Provence also of France, and sundry other those hot Countries, but will not abide (unless kept in Stow's) the Winter, in divers places of Germany, Denmark, Swedland and those other Northerly Regions. The fifth in Silesia, Bohemia, and the parts thereabouts. The sixth in the same places with the fifth. The last in divers places in Lancashire and Yorkshire.  
The first flowereth in April and May with us, and sometimes in August, the others not until August; But at Christmas last, at Hedsorwharffe in Buckinghamshire there was Rosemary with very fresh blossoms.  
Government and Virtues.] Rosemary is an Herb of the Sun, and is endued with many physical Remedies both for inward and outward diseases, it helpeth all cold diseases both of the Head, Stomach, 
Head, stomach  Liver, and Belly; 
Liver, Belly  the decoction of it in Wine helpeth the cold distillation of Rheum in the Eyes, 
Rheum, Eyes  and all cold diseases of the Head and Brain, 
Head, Brain  Giddiness or Swimming therein, Drowsiness 
Drowsiness  or Dulness of the Mind and Senses, the dumb Palsy 
Dulness, Palsy  or loss of Speech, the Lethargy and Falling-sickness, 
Lethargy, falling-sickness  to be both drunk and the Temples bathed therewith; It helpeth the pains of the Gums and Teeth, 
Gums, Teeth  by Rheums falling to them, or by putrefaction causing a stinking-breath: It helpeth a Weak Memory by heating and drying up the cold moistures of the Brains, and quickening the Senses. 
Stinking-Breath, Weak-Memory, Senses  It is very comfortable to the Stomach in all the cold griefs thereof; and to stay the aptness to Vomiting, causing the Stomach the better to contain and Digest 
Stomach, cold griefs, vomiting, Digestion  the Meat, either the decoction or powder taken in Wine.  
It is a remedy for the Windiness in the Stomach or Bowels, 
Wind in the stomach, or bowels  as also for the Hypochondriack passion, and Wind in the Spleen; 
hypocondriac Passion, Wind in the Spleen  it openeth Obstructions of the Liver, and helpeth those that are Liver-grown. 
Liver-grown  It helpeth dim Eyes, 
Dim-Eyes  and to procure a clear sight, 
Clear-sight  if all the while it is in flower, one take of the flowers fasting with Bread and Salt. If a decoction be made thereof in Water, and they that have the yellow Jaundice, do take thereof, and Exercise their Bodies presently after the taking thereof, it will certainly Cure them thereof, as Witness both Galen and Dioscorides.  
The flowers, and the conserve made of them, is singular good to comfort the Heart, 
Yellow-Jaundice, Heart  and to expel the Contagion of the Pestilence, 
Pestilence  to burn the Herb in Houses and Chambers to Correct the Air in the time of Infection; Both the flowers and leaves are good for Women that are troubled with the Whites, they being taken daily; the dried leaves shred small, and taken in a pipe as Tobacco is taken, helpeth much those that are troubled with the Phthisic, 
Whites in Women, Phthisic  Cough, or Consumption; 
Cough, Consumption  the leaves are effectual in Bathe, and likewise made into Ointments or Oils is very good to help cold benumbed Nerves, Joints, 
Nerves, joints  Sinews or Members. 
Sinews, Members.  The Chemical Oil drawn from the leaves and flowers is a Sovereign Remedy for all the diseases aforesaid, to touch the Temples and Nostrils, with two or three drops thereof for all these diseases of the Head and Brains spoken of before; and for the inward griefs before metioned: some drops thereof being taken in Ale or Wine; you may make Rosemary-Ale with four or six drops thereof in a pint of Ale at any time, which is good for the aforesaid purposes. There is another oil made by insolation in this manner: Take what quantity you will of the flowers, and put them into a glass close stopped, and digest them in Horse-dung fourteen days, which then being taken forth and unstopped, tie a fine linen-cloth over the mouth, and turn the mouth down into another strong glass, which being set in the Sun an oil will distil down into the lower glass which is precious for divers uses; both inward and outward as a sovereign Balm, to heal the diseases before spoken of, to clear a dim sight, and to take away spots, marks, and scars in the skin.   

Roses.  
Kind's and Names.] IT is not our intention here to say any thing of the Garden or manured Roses, but I intent liere to show you the several kinds of the Rose sylvesters, or wild Roses; of which I shall set down about ten several kinds, whose names follow with their Descriptions.  
Descript.] 1. The ordinary wild Bryar-bush or wild-Bose, called in latin Rosa sylvestris inodora sive Canina. This wild-Rose or Bush, groweth of itself on the Hedges very high, with upright hard woody stems, covered with a greyish bark, especially the old ones; set with sharp thorns up to the tops, not so thick as the sweet Briar, having divers leaves somewhat large thereon, but not so green on the upper side, nor so greyish underneath as the other; the middle Rib whereof hath divers small crooked thorns, and without any scent at all, the flowers stand at the tops of the branches divers set together, of a whitish blush-colour made of five round-pointed leaves, somewhat longer than the Eglantine Rose; standing in such husks as the other Roses do. After the flowers are gone, the fruit cometh somewhat long and round, of a reddish colour when it is ripe, having a soft sweetish pulp under the skin, and seeds lying therein; the root is somewhat great and runneth deep, and far under the ground: upon this Rose is often found a Burr or Ball of brown threads aswell as upon the Eglantine Rose.  
Descript.] 2. The wild bush briar Rose, whose latin appellation is Rosa sylvestris odorata, carneo flore. This is so like the former that it is hardly to be discerned from it, either for the height of the stem or store of thorns, or smallness of the leaves, but only for the flowers which are somewhat larger, and of a deeper blush or pale purple colour, somewhat sweet withal.  
Descript.] 3. The wild Briar of Muscovy, called in latin Rosa sylvestris Rustica. This hath sundry reddish yellow stalks rising from the root, spotted or rather bunched out as it were with blisters in divers places, with thorns thereon like a Briar or wild-Rose, the leaves are not many but small, like the wild hedge-bryar, or rather smaller, and turning red in Summer; the Roses are single and small, of a deep incarnate colour, more than the former.  
Descript. 4. The Virginia Briar Rose, called in Latin Rosa sylvestris Virginiensis. The Virginia Rose, hath divers, as great stems and branches, as any other Rose, whose young are green, and the elder greyish; set with many pricks, and a few great thorns among them, the leaves are very green and shining, small and almost round, many set on a middle rib one against another, somewhat like unto the single yellow-Rose; the flowers stand at the tops of the branches consisting of five small leaves, of a pale purple or deep Carnation-colour, like unto those of the sweet Briar.  
Descript.] 5. The single sweet white Rose, called in Latin, Rosa Campestris flore, albo, odora. This Rose hath woody stems about three foot high, set as thick with sharp thorns as any of the other, and hath the like leaves but not so green; at the tops of whose branches stand usually but one flower apiece, consisting of five white leaves reasonable large, and of a sweet smell with divers yellow threads in the middle, in their places come such like round and short heads or berries as are in other Roses, but are black when they are ripe, and not red; with white seeds lying in flocks of Down.  
Descript.] 6. The Vermilion Rose of Austria, Rosa sylvestris Austriaca, flore phoeniceo. The younger branches of this Rose are slender and reddish, the elder brownish grey, set with divers thorns but not very thick, great or sharp, the leaves are somewhat sharper than those of the single yellow Rose, else not much unlike; the flowers are single and as large as those of the yellow-Rose, but of an excellent Orange-tawny-colour, with an eye of vermilion cast over it, and of a paler-yellow on the outside, after which the fruit follows.  
Descript.] 7. The single dwarf red-Rose of Austria, Rosa pumila rubra Austriaca. This Dwarf-Rose groweth not above half a yard high, with slender green stems, set with few or no thorns below, but having many higher, having whitish green leaves upon them, like the other roses, and greyish underneath; five or seven set on a stalk together; at the top of the branches come forth very great bearded husks, wherein stand large flowers made of five leaves apiece, somewhat sweet; red at the first, but decaying with standing, growing much more pale before they fail away; with yellow threads in the middle, after which come the fruit which are red as the others but greater, somewhat more like unto a pease than the others.  
Descript.] 8. The small Burnet-Rose or Pimpinel-Rose, Rosa Pimpinella sive pomifera minor. This small Rose seldom riseth above a foot high, being of two sorts, whereof the one hath but few thorns, and the other full of small thorns, which is most frequent, set with long winged stalks of leaves, being many small leaves, round and greenish set one against another upon the stalk, finely dented about the edges, seeming like unto a Burnet leaf, for the form and number set together: The flowers are single small and white, without any scent, after which come small round heads, black when they are ripe, and full of seed as the other Roses.  
Descript.] 9 Dwarf single white Rose, Rosa pumila sylvestris alba. This scarce riseth above a foot above ground, being set with small thorns and leaves, according to the proportion of the Plant and the wildness of the kind; the flowers are white and small, giving heads and seed like the rest; the root creepeth about more than others.  
Descript.] 10. The single Dwarf-Rose without thorns, Rosa simplex pumila sine spina. This Dwarf-Rose groweth also very low, almost upon the ground with green stalks without any thorn thereon, set with small winged leaves, the flower is small, and of a pale reddish colour, and single, in some places very sweet, and in others little or nothing, flowering also in some places both in the Spring and Autumn.  
Place and Time.] The two first grow in the Hedges of our Land, every where almost, yet the second not so frequent as the first; the third came from Muscovy, the fourth from Virginia, the fifth from Germany in sundry places, the sixth and seventh from Austria, the eighth is found in divers places of our own land, both in barren Heathy grounds and by Woods and hedges sides, the ninth on some of the hills among the Swissers, and the last near unto Lions in France, upon pilate's Hill there; some of these Roses flower earlier than others, some in May, and others not until June.  
Government and Virtues.] The Roses are certainly all under the dominion of Venus; I shall first set down the properties of the manured-Roses. Both the white and the red, are of a cooling binding quality, yet the white is taken to exceed the red in both these qualities, but is seldom used in any inward medicine; The red hath a watery substance, and a warm, joined with the other Qualities; The yellow threads in the middle, do bind and dry, more than the Rose itself; The Juice of the Roses when they are fresh, purgeth Choler and watery Humours; 
Choler, watery humours.  but being dried, they have a stopping and astringent quality. The decoction of the red-Rose in wine, is very good for the Headache, and pains in the Ears, Eyes, Throat, and Gums.  
The Fundament also, the lower-bowels, and the Matrix, being bathed or put into them. The same decoction with the Roses remaining therein, is profitably applied to the Region of the Heart, to ease the inflammations therein, as also St. Anthony's fire, and all other diseases of the Stomach; and being dried and beaten to powder, and taken in steeled wine, or water, they stay women's Courses, 
Headache, pains in the Ears, Eyes, Throat & Gums, Fundament, Lower-Bowels and Matrix, Inflammation of the Heart, St. Anthony's fire, stomach, women's Courses, Eyes.  and are good for the eyes, being mixed with other medicines for that purpose.  
The yellow threads in the middle of the red Roses, being powdered, and drunk in the distilled water of Quinces, stayeth the abundant flux of women's Courses, and helps the defluxions of Rheum upon the Gums and Teeth; 
women's Courses: Rheums, Gums and Teeth-loose.  and preserveth them from corruption, and fasteneth them, if they be lose; if they be washed and garbled therewith, and some Vinegar of squils added thereto; the heads with seed being used in powder, or in a decoction, stayeth the Laske, and the spitting of Blood. Red Roses do strengthen the heart, the stomach, and the Liver, and the retentive faculties; and mitigate pains that arise of heat, assuage Inflammations, procure sleep and rest, stay women's Courses, Gonorrhaea, and the fluxes of the belly. The husks of the Roses, with the beards, and the nails of the Roses, are binding and cooling; and the distilled water of either of them, is good for the heat and redness of the Eyes, and to dry up the Rheums and watering of them; 
Lask, Spitting of blood, Heart, Stomach, Liver, Retentive-faculties, pains of heat, Inflammations, Sleep, Rest, women's Courses, Gonorrhaea, Fluxes, Heat and redness of the eyes, Rheums and watering.  Of the red Roses are made several Compositions, as Electuary of Roses, Conserve, Sugar of Roses, Syrup of dried Roses, and honey of Roses; The Cordial powder called Diarrhodon Abbatis, and Aromaticum rosatum; The distilled water of Roses, Vinegar of Roses, ointment, and oil of Roses, and the Rose-leaves dried.  
The Electuary is purging, whereof two or three drams may be taken for one of a weak constitution, but six drams for stronger bodies. This purgeth Choler, and is good in hot Fevers, in pains of the head, arising from hot and Choleric humours, and heat in the Eyes: The Jaundice also and Joynt-Aches proceeding from hot humours. The moist Conserve is both binding and Cordial, some of the younger Conserve taken with Mithridate is good, for those that are troubled with Rheums and defluxions of Rheums into the eyes. And for Fluxes and Lasks of the Belly, and being mixed with some powder of Mastic, it is good for the running of the Reins, 
Choler, hot fevers, heat in the eyes, Jaundice, Joint-aches, rheums, Defluxions, Eyes, Lasks, Running of the Reins.  and for looseness of humours in the Body. The old Conserve mixed with Diarrhodon Abbatis, or, Aromaticum rosarum, is a very good Cordial against Faintings, Swoonings, and weakness; and tremble of the heart; it strengtheneth also both them and a weak Stomach, 
Faintings, Swoonings, Trembling of the heart, Weak Stomach,  helpeth digestion, stayeth Casting, and is a very good preservative in time of Infection. 
Digestion, Casting, Infection  The Sugar of Roses is a very good Cordial to strengthen the heart and Spirits, as also to stay defluxions. The Syrup of dried red Roses strengtheneth a relaxed stomach, given to Casting, cooleth an overheated Liver, 
relaxed, Stomach-Casting, Liver-heated  and the blood in Agues; comforteth the heart, and resisteth putrefaction and Infection, and helpeth to stay Lasks and Fluxes; 
Agues, Infection, Lasks and Fluxes.  honey of Roses is much used in gargles and Lotions, to wash sores, either in the mouth, throat, or other parts, both to cleanse and heal them, and stay the Fluxes of humours falling upon them, hindering their healing; It is used also in Glisters to cool and cleanse. The Cordial powders called Diarrhodon Abbatis, and Aromaticum rosarum, doth comfort and strengthen the heart and stomach, causeth an Appetite, helpeth digestion, stayeth vomiting, and is good for those that have slippery bowels, to strengthen and confirm them; Red Rose-water is cooling and Cordial, and of better use than Damask Rose-water, it refresheth and quickeneth faint and weak Spirits, 
Mouth, Throat, Fluxes of humours, strengthens the heart and Stomach, Appetite, Vomiting, Bowels, Faint & weak Spirits.  either used in meats or broths; to wash the temples, or to smell to at the nose; or else by the sweet vapours thereof out of a perfuming-pot or cast on a hot fire-shovel. It is also of much use against the redness and Inflammations of the eyes to bathe them therewith, and the Temples of the head against pains and ache thereof; Vinegar of Roses is of much use for the same purposes, and to procure rest and sleep; 
Inflammations of the eyes, Headache, Rest and sleep.  if the nose and temples be moistened therewith, but rather if a piece of red rose Cake made fit for the purpose, be moistened thereon, and heated between a double-folded cloth, with a little beaten nutmeg and poppy-seed strewed on that side shall lie next the forehead and temples, and so bound thereto for all night. The ointment of Roses is much used against heat and inflammations in the head, to anoint the forehead and temples, and being mixed with some Populeon to procure rest; It is also used for heat of the Liver, Back, and Reins, to cool Inflammations, bushes, wheals, or other red pimples 
Heat and Inflammations in the head, Heat of the Liver, Back & Reins, bushes, wheals, Pimples.  rising in the Back and other parts. Oil of roses is also used by itself for the same purposes, and is likewise put into many Compositions both ointments and plasters, to cool and bind and restrain the flux of humours. The dried leaves of the red roses are cooling, binding and cordial, Rose-leaves and Mynts heated and applied outwardly to the stomach, stayeth vomiting, and strengtheneth a weak stomach 
Vomiting, weak stomach.  very much; And applied as an Epitheme, or fomentation to the Region of the Liver and heart, 
Liver and heart.  doth much cool and temper the distemperature in them; Of the Damask roses are not made so many medicines and Compositions, but only the Conserve and Preserve; the Syrup and honey of those roses (both which are called solutive) the water and the distilled oil or spirit, which serveth more for outward perfumes than inward physic, the Syrup of Damask-Roses is both simple and Compound, and made with Agarick; the simple solutive Syrup is a familiar safe and gentle easy medicine, purging Choler taken from one ounce to three or four; The Syrup of roses with Agarick is more strong and effectual in working than the simple Syrup, and worketh as much on phlegm as Choler; The compound Syrup is more forceable in working on melancholy humours, and available against the Leprosy, Itch, Tetters, and the French disease. Honey of roses solutive, is made of the same Infusion that the Syrup is made of, and worketh the same effect in opening and purging; but because the honey is not so convenient to be given to hot and Aguish bodies, it is oftener given to phlegmatic than Choleric persons, and is more used in Glisters than potions, as the Syrup made with sugar is; The Conserve and Preserved leaves of these roses, are operative to the same effect in gently opening the belly, the dried Damask rose leaves powdered and drunk in Whey gently purgeth.  
The Musk Roses both single and double, do purge more forceably than the Damask; and the single is held more forceable than the double, the wild roses are few or none of them used in physic, but are generally held to come near to the nature of the manured roses, both in the earthy and binding quality. Pliny lib. 8. Cap. 4. saith, that the root of the wild-Rose is singular good to cure the biting of a mad dog, the fruit of the wild Briar which are called Heppes, and in some countries' Canker-berries, being thorow-ripe, and made into a Conserve doth gently bind the belly, and is very pleasant to the taste, and stayeth defluxions 
Bind the belly, Defluxions.  from the head upon the stomach, and drieth up the moisture thereof and helpeth digestion; the pulp of the Heppes dried into an hard consistence, like to the juice of Liquorish, or so dried that it may be made into powder and taken in drink, stayeth speedily the Whites in women; the Bryar-ball is often used, being made into powder, and drunk, to break the stone, to provoke Urine, and to ease and help the Colic; 
Whites, Stone, Urine, Colic.  In the middle of these balls are often found certain white worms, which being dried and made into powder and some of it drunk is found by long experience of many to kill, and drive forth the worms of the belly.   

Rice.  
Descript.] THis grain or Corn riseth up with a stronger stalk than wheat, about a yard high; with sundry joints, and a large thick leaf at each of them, like unto the Reed; at the top it beareth a spiked tuft spread into branches, whose blooming is said to be purplish, with the seed standing severally on them; enclosed in a hard brown streaked husk, and an Arm at the head of every one of them; which being hulled, is very white, of the bigness almost of wheat Corns, blunt at both ends.  
Names.] Rice is called in latin Oriza, and the Italians call it Rizo, the French Rys.  
Place and Time.] This grain originally was brought out of the East-Indies, where in many places it yieldeth two Crops in a year, being the chiefest Corn they live upon, and not with them only, but through all Aethiopia and Africa, and from thence hath been brought into Syria, Egypt, Italy etc. It delighteth to grow in moist grounds, and is a Summer Corn, ripe about the middle of Autumn.  
Government and Virtues. It is a Solar grain. The physical use thereof is chief to stay the Lasks and Fluxes of the stomach and belly, especially if it be a little parched before it be used, and steel quenched in the milk wherein it is boiled, being somewhat binding and drying; It is thought also to increase seed, 
Lasks, Fluxes, increase Seed.  being boiled in milk and some sugar and Cinnamon put thereunto; The flower of Ryce is of the same property, and is sometimes also put into Cataplasms, that are applied to repel humours from flowing or falling to the place, and is also conveniently applied to women's breasts, 
Repel humours, Inflammations in women's breasts  to stay Inflammations therein in the beginning thereof.    


Spanish Safron.  
Kind's and Names.] I shall describe severally the sorts hereof, and therein set down their names.  
Descript.] 1. The manured Spanish or bastard Safron, called in Latin, Cnicus sive Carthamus sativus. This hath sundry large leaves, lying next the ground, without any pricks, or with very few white ones, at the corners of the leaves, and divisions, among which riseth a strong round stalk three or four foot high branching itself up to the top bearing shorter leaves, sharp-pointed and prickly at the edges, and at their ends a great open scaly head, out of which shoot forth many gold yellow threads, of a most orient and shining colour, which being gathered in a dry warm time and kept dry, will abide in the same delicate colour which it bore when it was fresh for a long time; the seed when it cometh to maturity is white and hard, somewhat long and round, and a little cornered, the root is long white and woody, perishing yearly after seed time.  
Descript.] 2. Wild or bastard Safron of Candy, Cnicus altar Creticus. This hath a thick and long black root, from which riseth up one straight round stalk half a cubit high, set here and there with long sharp-pointed leaves, thick set with prickles at the dents of the edges, at the top whereof standeth a scaly head, compassed with prickly leaves, of the bigness of the Atractylis or distaff-thistle, out of which break forth divers thick yellow Safron-like threads, thrust thick together, a fire which the seed groweth therein, being white, and as big as the greater Centory-seed,  
Descript.] 3. Clusius his everliving bastard Safron, Cnicus alter perennis Clus●i. This groweth up with divers hard strong and round stalks, without any branches at all from them to the height of three or four foot; bearing thereon at several places somewhat large and long leaves, dented about the edges, of a sad or dusky green colour, at the top of every stalk standeth one great close hard scaly head, but not prickly at all, not so great as the other bastard-Safron, never opening the scales of the head as that doth, from the middle whereof cometh divers threads, yet nothing so many as in the other; of a sad bluish ash colour, and whitish at the bottom of them; the seed which lieth among the down in those heads is greater than of the other, thick and short but not white, and in lesser quantity than it; The Roots run down deep into the ground, and being there increased, do run and spread themselves, taking up a great deal of room.  
Place and Time.] The first is generally sown in Spain, Italy, and other places for the especial use thereof. The second, Alpinus saith, was brought out of Candy; the last groweth wild in Spain, aswel about Sevil as Cordula; and in several other places as Clusius saith; These kinds of Safron are called both in Greek and Latin, Cnicus and Cnecus and in Apothecary's shops Carthamus; of some also Crocus Saracenicus, the Arabians call it Kartan, the Italians Saffarano, Sarasenisco; the Spaniards Alacor and Acafran Salvia; the Germans call it wilder Safron, the French Safron-bastard, and grain de Peroquets, because they use to feed Parrots with the seed; in English wild Safron, Bastard-Safron, Spanish Safron, and Catalonia Safron.  
Government and Virtues.] These are all Solar, the flowers of the first Spanish Safron are much used in Spain and other places, to be put into their broths and meats; they are also of great use in dying silk into a kind of a Carnation-colour, the seed is chief used in physic, or rather the kernels within the seed, which beaten and the emulsion thereof taken in honeyed water or the broth of a Pullet, and taken fasting, doth open the body and purgeth watery and Phlegmatic humours, 
Phlegm, Watery humours, Colic, Dropsy.  both upwards and downwards, which it also performeth if the emulsion thereof be given in a clyster, and thereby helpeth the Colic and dropsy, and those other diseases that proceed from those humours. Being made into a lohoch or licking Electuary with Sugar and honey, and a few Almonds, and Pine-kernels it wonderfully cleanseth the breast and lungs of phlegm sticking thereon, causing it to be spit forth, 
Phlegm, Breast, Lungs, Sperm, Voice cleared.  it clears the voice, and increaseth seed by the often use of it; but it doth somewhat trouble the stomach, and therefore some stomachichal helpers are to be used with it, As, Aniseed, Galanga, Mastich, (or if need be of more forceable) Cardamons, Ginger, Salgem; a dram of the flowers in powder taken in Hydromel or honeyed water, or in Barleywater helpeth the Jaundice, 
Jaundice.  a dram of the pulp of the seed taken with an ounce of Syrup of wormwood doth the like also; the Confection made of the seeds of it called in Shops Diacarthamum, is an especial good medicine to purge Choler and phlegm, as also to clear and cleanse the body of the watery humours of the dropsy; the second sort is used to the same purposes; of the last little is said, but being alike in form it may be so likewise in quality.   

Sarsaparilla.  
THis is reckoned amongst the sorts of prickly bindweeds, of which there are two sorts, and this Sarsaparilla brought from the West-Indies makes the third kind. Their names with their Descriptions severally follow.  
Descript.] 1. Prickly Bindweed with red berries, called in Latin, Smilax aspera, fructu rubro, This groweth up with many branches wherewith it windeth about trees, and other things, set with many crooked pricks or thorns like a bramble, all the whole length bending this way and that in a seemly proportion, at every joint it boweth or bendeth itself, having somewhat a broad and long leaf thereat, standing upon a long foot-stalk, and is broad at the bottom with two forked round ends, and then groweth narrower unto the point: The middle rib on the backside of most of them having many small thorns or pricks, and also about the edges; The lowest being the largest and growing smaller up to the top, smooth and of a fair green colour, and sometimes spotted with white spots, at the joints with the leaves also come forth clasping tendrels, like as a Vine hath, whereby it winds itself; the flowers stand at the tops of the branches at three or four joints, many breaking forth in a cluster which are white, composed of six leaves a piece, star-fashion, and sweet in scent, after which come the fruit which are red berries when they are ripe, of the bigness of Asparagus- berries or small grapes; and in some lesser, wherein are contained sometime two or three hard black stones, like also unto those of Asparagus, the root is slender white and long, in hard dry grounds not spreading far, but in the loser and moister places running down into the ground a pretty way, with divers knots and joints thereat, and sundry long roots running from thence.  
Descript.] 2. Prickly Bindweed with black berries, Smilax aspera fructu nigro. This other prickly bindweed groweth like the former, his branches being jointed in like manner with thorns on them, but nothing so many climbing like the former, the leaves are somewhat like it, but not having those forked ends at the bottom of every leaf, but almost wholly round, and broad at the bottom, of a darker green colour also, seldom having any thorns or pricks, either on the back or edges of the leaves, with tendrels like a Vine also: the flowers come forth in the same manner, and are Star-fashion, consisting of six leaves like the other, of an incarnate or blush-colour, with a round red umbone in the middle of every one, which is the beginning of the berry, which when it is ripe will be black, being more sappy or fleshy than the other, with stones or kernels within them like unto it; the roots hereof are bigger and fuller than the former for the most part, and spreading further under the ground.  
Descript.] 3. Sarsaparilla of America, Smilax aspera Peruana.  
The Sarsaparilla that cometh from America into Spain, hath been seen fresh, even the whole plant; and hath been verified in all things to resemble the prickly Bindweed; and in nothing different from it. But certainly the Plant of Sarsaparilla that groweth in Peru and the West-Indies, is a peculiar kind of itself, differing from the Smilax aspera, as Mechoacan doth from our Briony; This doth wind itself about Poles or any thing else it can lay hold on to climb on, the branches have crooked prickles growing on them as the Smilax aspera hath, but fewer and not so sharp, it hath very green leaves like those of Bindweed, but longer and cornered like Ivy-leaves ending in a long point, the flowers are said to be very great and white, every one as big as a middle-sized dish, which opening in the morning fadeth at night; which occasioned the Spaniards to call the whole Plant Buenas noches, that is goodnight: Gerard describes the Sarsaparilla to be the roots of a shrub, having leaves like Ivy; but saith nothing of the flowers or fruit, which it may be believed was not then discovered.  
Although I have set down the usual and common names of these three kinds in their Descriptions both English and Latin, yet because the word Smilax is among writers diversely taken, and with various and several significations, it is not improper here, by the way, to make some exposition thereof; It is taken for two sorts of trees, and it is also taken for three kinds of herbs.  
Theophrastus maketh mention of one of the trees in lib. 3. cap. 16. of his History▪ calling it Smilax Arcadum, a soft Oak, which is like unto an Ilex or Holly-oak.  
The other, which the Grecians call Smilax, simply, is called in Latin Taxus, the Yew-tree.  
The Herbs are: first, this here▪ expressed aswell as the other more gentle sort, which is the common Bindweed; this the Grecians call Smilax Tracheia, Smilax Aspera, as they call the other Smilaxlia, Smilax Laevis, sive levis. And the other the Grecians call Smilax Kepaia, Smilax hortensis, which is Dolichus or Phaseolus, the French or Kidney Bean.  
Place and Time.] The two first grow in Italy, Spain, and other the warmer Countries, whether Continent or Isles, throughout Europe and Asia; The third is found only in the West-Indies; The best is said to come from the Honduras; others not so good from other places, as the fertility or barrenness of the ground, and the temperature of the Climate affordeth it, and it hath ripe berries early in hot Countries.  
Government and Virtues.] These are all plants of Mars, of an healing quality, howsoever used; Diascorides saith, that both leaves and berries being drunk before or after any deadly poison is taken, are a remedy there-against, 
Remedy against deadly poison.  serving to expel it; It is said also, saith he; that if to a new born Child, some of the juice of the berries hereof be given, it shall not be hurt by Poison ever after; it is given as an antidote against all sorts of Poison and Venomous things: 
Venomous things.  if a dozen or sixteen of the berries being beaten to powder, be given in wine, it procureth Urine, 
Procureth Urine, cleanseth the Reins, inward Inflammations, Heat, and Redness in the Eyes, Drieth Humours, and washeth away.  when it is stopped; the distilled water of the flowers being drunk, worketh the same effect, and cleanseth the Reins; & assuageth inward inflammations. If the eyes be washed therewith, it taketh away all heat and redness in them, And if the Sores of the Legs be washed therewith, it healeth them throughly. The true Sarsaparilla is held generally not to heat, but rather to dry the humours; yet it is easily perceived, that it doth not only dry the humours, but wasteth them away, by a secret and hidden property therein▪ much whereof is performed by sweeting, which it performeth very effectually. It is much used in many kinds of diseases; as in all cold fluxes from the head and brain, 
Fluxes, Head, Brain, Rheum, Catarrhs, cold Stomaches, Wind, Mother, French-disease, Aches sinews, Joints, Sores Swell; tetters, ringworms  Rheums, and Catarrhs, as also in all cold griefs of the stomach, and expelleth wind very powerfully, from the stomach and mother. It helpeth not only the French disease, but all manner of Aches in the Sinews or Joints; all running sores in the legs, all phlegmatic swell, Tetters or Ringworms, and all manner of spots, 
Spots in the Skin.  and foulness of the skin; It is not proper to be given to those whose Livers are overhot, or to such as have Agues. The manner of using it is, and hath been divers: in former times it was used beaten to powder, and so drank; others used to boil it so long until it became tender, which being beaten or broken, was afterwards strained into the decoction, making a kind of thick drink like cream. Some others, and that most usually, boiled it in water, to the half, or the consumption of the third part, as they would have it stronger or weaker; and that either, by itself or with other things proper for the disease it was intended for, and others also put it amongst other things into drink; either Beer or Ale new tunned up, to drink after it hath stood three or four days for Physick-drink, for the remedy of those griefs, it is conducible unto as aforesaid.  

A diet-drink with Sarsaparilla for the French-disease, Aches, pains, or any the diseases before mentioned.  
Take Lignum Vitae, which is Guiacum, nine ounces; bark of the same, two ounces, Sassafras one ounce, Sarsaparilla four ounces, Juniper-berries one ounce; Boyl them in two ounces of fountain-water, to the Consumption of half, add to the strained liquor, Corianderseeds four drams, Cinnamon, Liquorish, each two drams; for an ordinary drink.    

Saracens Confound.  
Descript. and Names.] There have several plants been mistaken and set forth for the true Saracens Confound. The true is called Solidago Saracenica vera, Salices Folia, the true Saracens Confound, with willow leaves. This groweth very high sometimes, with Brownish stalks, and sometimes with green, and hollow, to a man's height, having many long and narrow green Leaves, snipt about the edges, set thereon somewhat like unto those of the Almond or Peach-tree, or Willow-leaves, but not of such a white Green-colour; The tops of the stalks are furnished with many pale yellow star-like-flowers, which stand in ●green-heads, which when they are fallen, and the seed ripe, which is somewhat long, small, and of a yellowish brown-colour, wrapped in down, is therewith carried away with the wind; the root is composed of many strings or fibres set together at the head, which perish not in winter, but abide, though the stalks dry away, and no leaf appeareth in winter; the taste hereof is strong and unpleasant, and so is the leaf also.  
Place and Time.] It groweth in moist and wet Grounds, by woods sides, and sometimes in the moist-places of the shaddowy-Groves, as also by watersides; It is rare to be found in England. Gerrard saith, it groweth by the highway sides in Essex. I have sought many ways there, but could never yet find it; In July it is in flower, and the seed is soon ripe and carried away with the wind.  
Government and Virtues.] This singular Wound herb is a Plant of Mars, so that he can sure aswell as kill; It is of temperature hot and dry almost in the third degree, and somewhat binding; In Germany it is preferred before all other Wound-herbs, being boiled in wine and drunk, it helpeth the indisposition of the Liver, and freeth the gall from obstructions; 
Liver, Gall obstructed, Yellow Jaundice, Dropsy, Ulcers of the Reins, Wounds and bruises.  and for the dropsy in the beginning thereof, as also in all inward Ulcers of the Reins or elsewhere; and inward wounds or bruises, and being steeped in wine and then distilled, the water thereof drunk is singular good to ease all gnawing in the stomach or any other pains or torments in the body; as also the pains of the Mother: 
Gnawings on the stomach, Pains, Mother, Agues, green wounds, Old Sores, Ulcers, Sores, Mouth and throat, privy parts.  and being in wine and drunk, it helpeth continual Agues; This said water or the simple water of the herb distilled or the juice or decoction are all very effectual to heal any green wound, or old Sore or Ulcer whatsoever, both cleansing them from any corruption is in them and healing them up quickly afterwards; the same also is no less effectual for the Ulcers of the mouth or throat be they never so foul or stinking, by washing and gargling the mouth and throat therewith; and likewise for such Sores as happen in the privy parts of man or woman, and is as effectual to all the purposes, as are Bugle or Sanicle.   

Sassafras or Ague-tree.  
Descript. Names.] THis Indian tree is called by some Ind ans Pavame, of some Winanke, but its general name amongst the French, Spaniards, and all other Nations, is Sassafras.  
The tree groweth great and tall, bare of branches unto a reasonable height, covered with a greyish brown bark somewhat thick, in taste hotter and quicker than the wood or root; towards the top it doth spread forth many Arms and branches into a round compass or form; having large dark green leaves growing thereon, one at a place, standing on the contrary side each to other, tasting like the root, but more weakly, some cut into three Divisions, somewhat resembling Figtree leaves, but lesser by the half for the most part; with a middle rib running through each Division, and two others to the inner cuts, with veins besides and some with little or no division at all upon them, smooth also and not dented about the edges, the flowers are small and yellow, made of threads very like to the male Cornel-tree; and the fruit small, blackish berries, set in small cups upon long footstalks, many clustering together; The roots are not very great, neither do they grow deep, but are covered with the like brownish bark that the trunk and branches are, but somewhat redder, which are most in use, being of more force and efficacy than any other part of the tree, and of a spicy taste.  
Place.] This is brought unto us from the parts near Florida, and other places of the West-Indies.  
Government and Virtues.] This is a solar plant, of temperature hot and dry in the beginning of the third degree, the decoction is very useful in all cold diseases of the liver and spleen, as also in cold rheums and defluxions of the head, 
Liver, Spleen, cold Rheums.  on the teeth, 
defluxions on the teeth, eyes, or Lungs.  eyes, or lungs; warming and drying up the moisture, and strengthening the parts. It is available in coughs, 
Coughs, Breast, Stomach.  and other cold diseases of the breast stomach and lungs, restrains castings, and helpeth digestion, 
Castings, Digestion, wind, gravel, Kidneys, Urine, Terms, Agues.  breaketh and expelleth, wind, the gravel and stone in the kidneys, and provoketh Urine, and women's courses, it drieth up the moisture in women's wombs and helps conception; It is of very good use in Tertian and Quotidian Agues, that come of humours or are of long continuance. It is thought also to be good in Plague-time, to wear some thereof continually about them, that the smell thereof may expel the corrupt and evil vapours of the Pestilence: It is generally used in all the diseases that come of cold, raw, thin and corrupt humours; the French disease, and other of the like foul nature; the Indians use the leaves being bruised to heal their wounds and Sores.   

Saunders.  
Kind's, Descript.] IN our Shops for physical use, we have three sorts of Saunders, whereof the white and yellow are sweet woods, and the yellow is the sweetest; the red hath no scent. The Saunder-Tree groweth to be as big as a Walnut-tree, having fresh green leaves like unto the Mastick-tree, and darkish blue flowers, the fruit being like unto cherries for the size, but without any taste, black when they are ripe, and quickly falling away, the wood itself is without scent, as it is said, while it is living and fresh, and smelleth sweet only when it is dry, the white and the yellow woods are so hard to be distinguished before that time, that none but those Indians that usually fell those trees, do know their difference beforehand; and can tell which will prove better than others: the chiefest part and smelling sweetest, is the heart of the wood; they are distinguished by these names, Santalum album, citrinum, & rubrum.  
Government and Virtues.] All the Saunders are under the Solar regiment, they are all cooling and cordial, and used together in sundry cordial medicines, but the white and the yellow are the more cordial and comfortable by reason of their sweetness; and the red more cooling and binding; which quality neither of the other are without though in a less proportion. The red is often used to stay thin rheum, 
Thin Rheum, Inflammations, Gout, Agues, Headache, Weak and fainting Stomaches, hot Agues, palpitation of the heart, melancholy, mirth, Sperm, Fluxes.  falling from the head, & to cool hot Inflammations, hot gouts, and in hot Agues to cool and temper the heat, but the white and yellow are both Cordial and Cephalical, applied with Rose-water to the temples, procuring ease in the headache, and are singular good for weak and fainting Stomaches through heat, and in the hot fits of Agues; They are very profitably applied in fomentations for the stomach, spirits, and palpitations of the heart, which also do comfort and strengthen them; and temperate the melancholy humour and procureth Alacrity and mirth, which quality is attributed to the yellow more than the white; which is used more to stay and bind fluxes of the Sperm in man or woman; for which purpose either the powder taken in a real Egg or mixed with other things for that purpose, or steeped in red wine and kept in an hot Balneo, or hot Embers, close stopped all night, and strained forth and drunk both in the morning and evening, stayeth both the Gonorrhoea or running of the Reins in men, 
Gonorrhoea, Whites, abates great breasts. in Maids.  and the whites in women: being applied also to maids and women's great breasts, mixed with the juice of Purselan abateth their greatness, and represseth their overmuch growing.   

Scamony.  
Descript.] The true Scamony, hath a long root of a dark Ash-colour, on the outside, and white within, and of the bigness of an Arm, with a pith in the middle thereof, and many fibres thereat, (which being dried, as saith Mathiolus, the pith taken out, seemed so like unto the roots of Turbith, which are brought to us, from the fare remote Eastern parts, none knowing what plant it is, nor whereunto it is like, some thinking it to be the root of Trifolium, or Sea Starwort, that otherwise it might be thought to be the right Turbith of the Apothecary's shops,) from whence arise many long, round green-branches, winding themselves like a bindweed about stakes and trees, or any other things that stand next unto it, unto a good height, without any clasping tendrels, like the true or wild Vine: from the joints of the branches come forth the leaves, every one by itself upon short footstalks, somewhat broad at the bottom, with two corners next thereunto, and some also round; and then growing long and narrow to the end, being of a fair green-colour, and smooth, somewhat shining; Towards the tops of the branches, at the joints with the leaves, come forth large whitish bell-flowers, with wide open brims, and narrow bottoms, after which come round heads, wherein is contained three or four black-seeds; if any part of this plant be broken, it yieldeth forth a milk, not hot, not burning nor bitter, yet somewhat unpleasant, provoking loathing, and almost casting.  
Names.] It is called Scammonia, both in Greek and Latin, The dried Juice, which is most in use, is called also Scammoniacum, in the Druggist's and Apothecary's shops, as also with most Writers, and some call the plant so too. When it is prepared, that is baked in a Quince under the Embers, or in an oven, or any other way, it is called Diagridium.  
Place and Time.] Scamony groweth in Syria, and the farther Eastern parts, where no frosts come in the winter; for where any frost comes it quickly perisheth, and therefore flourisheth always in those hot Climates.  
Government and Virtues.] This is a Martial plant, and of a Churlish nature, so that there had need be great care taken in the choice thereof, that only that be used in Physic which is sincere and pure, without dross or adulteration; which may be known if it be not heavy, or close compact together, but that it be moderately light, with some small holes, or hollowness here and there, therein; and that it be smooth and plain in the breaking, and not in grains or knots, or having small sticks or stones in it; somewhat clear and blackish, but not of a deadish dark or ill-favoured colour, and that it will be made quickly into a very fine and white powder. It purgeth both phlegm, yellow-choller, and watery-humours, 
Phlegm, Yellow-choler, watry-Humours.  very strongly; but if it be indiscreetly given, it will not only trouble the stomach, more than any other medicine; but will also scour, fret and raze the guts, in working too powerfully, oftentimes unto blood, and oftentimes unto faintings and swoonings, and therefore is not fit to be given to any gentle or tender body. Mesue declareth three several hurts or dangers that come to the body thereby, and the remedies of them; The first is, saith he, that it engendereth certain knawing winds in the stomach, so much offending it, that it provoketh to vomit. To be baked therefore in a Quince, and some parsley, fennel, or wild Carrot-seed, or Galanga mixed with it, is the remedy hereof. The next is that it inflameth the Spirits, by the overmuch sharpness or fierceness therein; whereby it readily induceth fevers, especially in those that are subject to obstructions, and  with putrid humours, which inconveniences are taken away by putting those things into your decoctions, that do cool and quench the heat thereof; and such are the Mucilage of the seeds of Psyllium, or Fleawort; Prunes boiled or rather the pulp of them, the juice or the julep or the water of Roses or Violets, or if before the boiling thereof (that is the Scamony) you steep it in the oil of Roses, or Violets, or in the juice of a Quince, and mingle it with a little Sumach or Spodium. A third is, that having a strong opening and drawing faculty, it causeth immoderate fluxes of the Belly, by opening the mouth of the veins more than is fit; This harm is also taken away by mixing restringent and restraining things with it, such as Mastic is, and especially yellow Myrobolans, and Quinces or the juice of them. Again, it raseth the entrails and guts, by reason of the sharp juice wherewith it doth abound, and by which it procureth torments and pains therein; Dysenteria or the Bloody flux and Tenasmus which is a disease when one desires to go often to the stool and can do nothing; This danger is remedied if moist fat and slippery things be used with it, as Gumtragacanth, Bdellium, and oil of Almonds and Roses, as also the pulp of prunes made up with Sugar, the mucilage of Fleawort-seeds, Mastic, and Quinces taken afterwards, and warm water last of all; all which cause it to pass the quicklier from the stomach and bowels, and thereby prevents its doing harm. This fault is also helped if cold medicines aswell as hot be mixed together to be given, thereby to yield help to the heart liver and stomach, thus far Mesue.  
Dioscorides saith, that if the juice be applied to the womb it destroyeth the birth, 
Birth destroys, Wheals, Pimples, bushes, Leprosy, headache.  being mixed with honey and Ox-gall; and rubbed on wheals pimples and bushes takes them all away: and boiled in vinegar and anointed takes away the Leprosy, and outward marks in the skin, being dissolved in Rosewater and vinegar; and the head moistened therewith easeth the continual pains thereof; A dram or two of the roots of Scamony purge in the same manner as the juice doth, if some of the things that are appointed therewith be given in it. The roots boiled in water and made into a Pultice with Barley meal easeth the Sciatica, 
Sciatica, Scurfs, Scabs, Imposthumes.  being laid thereon; it taketh away Scurfs and scabs if they be washed with the Vinegar, wherein the Roots have been boiled, and also healeth Imposthumes.   

The Scarlet Grain.  
Descript. Names.] THis is called in latin Chermes, seu Coccus insectorius. This grain or berry is a kind of Excrescence that nature thrusteth forth upon the holme-oaks, while the branches are young, and groweth all along the branches at the several joints and footstalks of the leavs, being as big as a pease, of a reddish ash-colour before they be ripe, but of the colour of the holly or Asparagus-berries when they are ripe, or somewhat darker; but are gathered for the most part before they be too ripe: When as they will contain a clear juice of a crimson colour, as deep as any pure fresh blood: which by the heat of the Sun breed small red worms little bigger than fleas at the first, but being suffered to grow great, consume the inward substance of the berry or grain, creeping away and leaving the husk or shell empty. They are gathered for the Apothecary's use, to make the Sovereign Cordial-confection called Alkermes, which is Cordi Amica; and press forth the juice: which being boiled up, with a proportion of Sugar fit to preserve it from souring is kept for a whole year after; when they are somewhat more ripe they are gathered for the Dyers use to die fine Scarlet withal, and are brought into powder in this manner; when these grains or berries are gathered in their fit time they cast them on a sheet or other such thing, sprinkling them with some wine or vinegar, born up from the ground by the sides or four Corners and dry them in the hot Sun; some put them in a bag or Bolter, and dry them in an oven.  
Place and Time.] These trees grow in Spain, Portugal, Italy and France, in Provence, in Africa also and Asia, both greater and lesser, the berries begin to appear in April, and are gathered in May.  
Government and Virtues.] These berries are solar, and are used to heal green wounds and sinews that are cut, to be mixed with vinegar or Oxymel, 
Green wounds, Sinews cut, Miscarriage.  and is much commended to be given to women with Child who are subject to miscarry with their Children; but especially the Confection which is called Alkermes, which is made of the juice of these berries, is effectual for that purpose; and is also a sovereign Cordial to revive the fainting spirits of the heart, and to drive away melancholy. This Confection also is used with good effect against the trembling and shaking of the heart, 
Faintings, heart, Melancholy, heart, Trembling, Swoonings Passions.  and against Swoonings: it is used also against melancholy passions, and sorrow proceeding of no evident cause, and to procure mirth, as much as physical means may effect.   

Sebesten or the Assyrian Plum.  
Descript. Names.] THe Sebesten-tree groweth not so high as the Plumtree, covered with a whitish bark, the branches are green, whereon grow rounder thicker and harder leaves than they; The blossoms are white, and consist of five leaves a piece, growing many together on a long stalk, which afterwards turn into small Berries rather than Plums; of a blackish green colour when they are ripe, every one standing in a little cup, of a sweet taste, and glutinous or clammy substance, and a very thick skin; within which lieth a threesquare hard stone, with a thick shell and a small kernel, these are gathered and laid in the Sun, whereby they grow wrinkled, and so they are kept and brought to us in Boxes.  

The wild Sebesten, Sebesten Sylvestris.  
THe wild Sebesten is in all things like the other, but that it groweth lower; much like unto a Hedge-bush, and with lesser and thinner leaves. The flowers and fruit are alike but less.  
In shops they have only the name of Sebesten, but in Latin the Tree is called Myxos and Myxa, and Myxaria for the fruit.  
Place and Time.] The first groweth in Syria, and is but planted in Egypt, from thence they were brought into Italy in Pliny's time, which were grafted in the Service-tree, and do now grow in many places in their Orchards: it is so tender that it will not endure the cold with us. The wild kind, as Alpinus saith, is natural in Egypt: they flower in May, and the fruit is ripe in September.  
Government and Virtues.] This is a Plant of Venus: the Arabians and Greeks hold that they open the body as much, 
Open the Body, Cool the stomach and Liver, hot Agues, Choler, hoarseness, roughness of the throat,  or rather more, by reason of the mucilage in them, than the damask prunes, yet more while they are green, and less when they are dry; yet the decoction of them or the Infusion of them in broth, although dried and taken whole worketh effectually; which Fuschius denyeth and affirmeth that they bind rather; they serve to cool any intemperate heat of the Stomach or liver, and therefore are good in hot Agues, and to purge choler, whereof they come; Mathiolus saith, that ten drams or twelve at the most, of the pulp of Sebestens taken from the skins and stones worketh aswel, and to as good purpose as the pulp of Cassia Fistula. They are very effectual also to lenify the hoarseness and roughness of the throat, they help the Cough and wheasing of the Lungs, 
Cough, Wheasing, Lungs.  and distillations upon them, by lenifying of the passages and causing much phlegm to be avoided. They also give ease to such as are troubled with pains in their Sides, 
Pains in the Sides, Sharpness of Urine, Choler, Worms.  and marvellously help those that are troubled with heat in their Urine, and sharpness thereof proceeding from Choler or Salt phlegm, they also drive forth the long worms of the belly; There is a kind of Bird-lime made of these fruits by boiling them a little in water to take away the skins and stones, and afterwards boiling them more to a Consistence; the which (as saith Mathiolus) was used at Venice to catch Birds; but Alpinus saith they use it in Egypt, as a plaster to dissolve hard tumours or swell.    

Sena, or Purging Sene.  
Kind's.] THere are two sorts of this purging Sena-tree, differing very little between themselves, as also three or four bastard-sorts, more churlish than the other in working.  
Descript.] 1. Seen of Alexandria, Sena Alexandrina. This Seine groweth not above a Cubit high, with slender branches set with many leavs together on a rib, somewhat like unto Liquorish; being narrow and pointed, which being dried and brought over unto us, if they be fresh will smell very like unto fresh new-made Hay; The flowers stand at the tops of the branches one above another, being (as Mathiolus saith) of a yellow colour, like to the flowers of Coleworts, after which come crooked thin husks. fashioned somewhat like an halfmoon, in the middle part whereof grow flat seeds like unto Grape-kernels, but of a blackish green colour, and somewhat flat: the whole Plant perisheth every year.  
Descript.] 2. The Seen of Italy, Sena Italica. This Sena differeth in no other thing from the former but in the form of the leaves, which are not so narrow-pointed but broader and rounder; which difference is plainly to be discerned by comparing the leaves of that Sena which cometh from Alexandria, with that which groweth in Italy.  
Place and Time.] The first groweth in Arabia Felix, and in Syria, and is brought to Alexandria in Egypt as other things are; which from thence is transported unto all other countries'. The other (Mathiolus saith) was in his time frequently sown, in the Duke of Florence his Dominion in Italy.  
Government and Virtues.] These are Plants of Mercury, the leaves of Seine howsoever used are a safe and gentle purger, aswel made into powder, and the weight of a dram thereof taken in wine or ale, or broth fasting, as the Infusion of half an ounce in wine or ale for a night, or the decoction of half an ounce, or if need be of six drams; with some other herbs or roots, (but because they are somewhat windy, a few Anniseeds, or Fennelseeds and a little Ginger, is to be added unto them, to correct that evil quality. And then they purge melancholy, Choler, and phlegm, 
Melancholy, Choler, Phlegm.  from the head and brain, the lungs and heart; the liver and Spleen, 
Head and Brain, Lungs, Heart and Liver, & Spleen, Stomach.  cleansing all those parts of such evil humours as by possessing them, are the causes of those diseases incident unto them, and comforting the Stomach, especially if some cordial or stomachical helper be put into it. Mesnes saith it hurteth the stomach, but Monardus and Mathiolus deny, it can do so; in regard that Sena hath somewhat a bitter taste, partaking of heat and dryness, all which qualities are known rather to strengthen the stomach than to trouble or weaken it: it strentheneth the senses both of sight and hearing, and procureth mirth by taking away that evil humour, 
Sight, Hearing, Mirth, Obstructions, Bowels.  which was the inward cause of sadness in the mind; opening the obstructions of the bowels, and causing a fresh and lively habit in the body, prolonging youth and keeping back old age; divers things are added hereunto to quicken the working hereof, and to make it the more effectual; As Rhubarb, Agarick, Cassia Fistula, Dracon, Syrup of Roses etc. according as the nature of the disease, age, strength, and necessity of the Patient do require.  
Serapio saith, it wonderfully helpeth such as are distracted of their senses, by the extremity of fits in Agues or other diseases which makes them rave, 
Raving idle talking. Falling-Sickness, Headache. Palsy●, Lowsie-Evil.  or talk idly. The Epilepsy or the falling-sickness, headache, Palsy, the Lousy Evil, all sorts of Itches, Scabs, Wheals or Pushes. Sena is a good-Ingredient to put into a Bag for purging Ale, to be taken in the Spring of the year, not only for the forementioned diseases, but to cleanse the blood from all sharp humours mixed or running therewith, purging-Prunes and purging-Currans are made herewith, by boiling Sena and some opening herbs or roots with some Aniseed, Fennel-seed, Cinnamon Ginger and Cloves, some of these or all of them a little quantity, and according to the proportion of the Prunes or Currants, being set to stew with the decoction of the Sena, and the other things above specified: this doth open the body and purge the humours abovespecified: But because the Decoction of Sena is too unpleasant to weak and tender stomaches, the Infusion thereof for a night in warm Embers, is much less offensive, but no less purging: In that Infusion while it is warm you may dissolve some Manna, or put into it some Syrup of Roses, and so take it.  
Cassia Fistula may be drawn with the Decoction of Sena, corrected as aforesaid; and so given of itself or made into a bowl with Rhubarb powdered, or with the powder of Seine leaves and a little Anniseeds and Fennelseeds together: The Lie wherein Seine and Camomile-flowers have been boiled, is good to comfort and strengthen a weak brain, 
Brains, Sight, Hearing, Sinews shrunk, Cold, Cramps, Itch.  as also the sight and hearing, if the head be washed therewith; The same lie is also profitable for Sinews that are shrunk or stiff with cold or Cramps, to warm comfort and extend them, and to cleanse the body of the Itch, being washed therewith.   

Seasamum.  
Names, Descript.] IT is called the oily purging pulse; Sesamum and Sesame, in Latin. Upon the first springing up of this Plant from the seed, it riseth up with four long small and somewhat broad leaves, between which come forth others, that when they are full grown are as large and long as the great Nightshade leaves, but some deeplier dented than others; almost torn, especially at the lower end of the leaf next the stalk, each standing on a long footstalk; The stalk riseth from among the leaves, being straight, thick, fat, strong and round, two or three foot high, from whence shoot forth on all sides (if it be in warm fat ground) divers stalks of leaves, like unto the other; (or in a barren ground its bare without branches) two for the most part set at a joint, and at each joint of the stalk up to the top, cometh forth one flower of a whitish colour, which is somewhat long like unto a Bell-flower, made of one leaf; without division at the edges, having a few long threads at the bottom, not rising so high that they may be seen without opening the flower; after the flowers are past, there come up in their steads, small long hard Cod, having three or four or five Ribs or Crests, which do open themselves into many parts, having in each part small whitish yellow flat seeds lying therein; the root is somewhat great and long, with many strings and fibres at it, taking fast hold in the ground: both leaves stalks and seeds are very bitter while they are green, but being dried they become more pleasant; The seed is more oily than Linseed, from whence is pressed forth a whitish oil, very sweet while it is fresh, and will not in a long time decay or grow stronger.  
Place and Time.] It groweth naturally in the Indies and other Eastern Countries. It flowreth in July, and the seed is ripe about the end of September.  
Government and Virtues.] This is an herb of Mars, both seed and oil are of temperature hot and moist near in the second degree, and are of a mollifying and dissolving quality. The green leaves are fit for fomentations to be used for the eyes, to repress inflammations and pains thereof; the seeds may be taken inwardly in decoctions or otherwise, or used in a glister looseneth the belly; the oil is often used for the same purposes. It sticketh in the teeth when it is eaten, thereby causing a stinking breath; It is said that the Egyptians use the Decoction of the seed for the Cough, shortness of breath, 
Eyes inflamed, Bellly, Colic, Cough, Shortness of breath.  Pleurisy, and hard swell of the Liver. Mesue saith, it lenifieth the roughness or hoarseness of the throat and voice, 
Pleurisy, Liver, Throat, Voice.  and making it clear and free of pain; It easeth pains of the head proceeding from the heat of the Sun. The decoction of both herb and seeds with some honey is good for women to sit over, whose wombs are hard or swollen, 
Womb Hard, Courses to bring down, Scurf, Dandrif, Scabs.  and to bring down their courses; and to wash their heads who are troubled with scurf dandrif or dry scabs, the herb or seed doth stay vomiting 
Vomiting.  taken in an egg, the oil is effectual to anoint the face or any other part of the body to cleanse the skin, and to take away Sun-burning, Morphew, Freckles, 
Sun-burning, Sinews shrunk, Freckles, Morphew.  Spots, or scars, or any other deformities of the skin; it helps sinews that are shrunk, and is good to anoint any part scalded or burnt.   

The true Sycomore-tree.  
Names Descript. Kind's.] THere are two sorts of this tree: the one bearing fruit out of the Body, and greater Arms of the tree only, the other upon stalks without leaves.  
The first is called in Latin Sycomorus, and Ficus Egypt, the Egyptian, Figtree, and is the true Sycomore tree; those trees which are vulgarly called Sycamores in England are a kind of Maples.  
Descript.] 1. This Sycamore groweth to be a very great tree, bigger than the Mulberry tree, with great Arms and Branches, full of round and somewhat long leaves, pointed at the ends, and dented about the edges, very like the leaves of the Mulberry tree; but harder and rougher like Fig-leaves; this beareth small Figs or fruit and no flower, differing in that from all other trees; for it putteth forth the fruit out of the very body or trunk of the tree only, and the elder branches next to the body and no where else; And are very like unto white or wild Figs, and of the same bigness; but much sweeter, and without any kernels therein. The whole tree and every part aboundeth with milk, if the bark be but gently wounded; but if it be cut too deep, it yieldeth no milk at all; which maketh it to bear three or four times a year, new rising out of the places where the old grew; The root is solid hard and black, and will abide fresh long after it is felled.  
Descript.] 2. The other Sycamore is called Sycomorus altera, ceu Ficus Cypria, the Sycamore of Cyprus. This groweth to be as big as a Plum-tree, or white Poplar-tree, the Arms and Branches bearing broad and somewhat round leaves, like unto the Elm, but very like unto the former; This beareth such like fruit as Figs but smaller, which rise both from the body and the greater Arms, but not as the former; but on certain stalks in branches, which rise by themselves without any leaves with them, and are as sweet as Figs; and bear four times every year, but not unless they be slit; that the milk in them may come forth.  
Place and Time.] The first chief in Egypt, Syria, and Arabia, and other places adjacent; The other in Cyprus, Caria, Rhodes, and the neighbouring parts; their time you may know by their Descriptions.  
Government and Virtues.] These are under the particular Influence of Venus. The fruit maketh the belly soluble, but by its overmuch moisture it troubles the Stomach and giveth but little nourishment. The milk that is taken from the tree by gently piercing the bark, and afterwards dried and made into Trochiss, and kept in an earthen pot, hath a property to dissolve Tumours, and soften them; and to solder and close together the lips of green wounds. 
Belly soluble, Tumours mollified, Green wounds.  The fruit itself being applied as a plaster worketh the same effect; The said dried milk is good against venomous creatures and the Plague, 
Venomous Creatures, Plague, Pains in the head, Ears, Spleen.  and easeth the pains of the head and Ears, and is good to be drunk by those persons that are Splenetic.   

Spikenard.  
Descript. Names.] IT is a Root called Spike because it shooteth up hairy stalks of hairy-like Spikes, many set together, of a brownish colour: the root doth somewhat resemble that of the French Nardus but of a paler blackish colour, and without any scent.  
Place.] It's natural growth is in the East-Indies.  
Government and Virtues.] It's Venu's Plant, the properties are these: It is of a gentle heating drying quality, provokes Urine, 
Urine, Fluxes, Reds, Whites, Loathing meat  stayeth Fluxes, and both the reds and whites in women; it takes away the loathing to meat and the gnawing in the stomach; 
Gnawing of the stomach, Swell, Stone, Kings-Evil.  helps swell, the Stone in the kidneys, and the King's evil; the decoction helps the Inflammations of the Mother, if they sit therein; and causeth hair to grow on the Eyelids.   

Squinant.  
Kind's Descript. Names.] THere are two sorts of this Squinant, a finer and a coarser; or the true, and a Bastard kind.  
Descript.] 1. The finer sweet-smelling Rush. It is also called Camels hay, and Juncus odoratus tenuior, sive schenanthos. This Rush hath many tufts or heads of long Rush-like leaves set thick together, one compassing another at the bottom, and shooting forth upwards, the outermost whereof are bigger and grosser than those that grow within, which are of a foot long and better; small round and stiff, or hard, of a quick and spicy taste, somewhat pleasant, and of a fine sweet gentle or soft scent. It beareth divers round hard-joynted stalks, having divers short brownish or purplish husks on the tops, containing within them mossy whitish short threads or hairs, wherein lieth a chaffy seed; The root is full of long fibres and hath the least scent or taste of any part thereof.  
Descript.] 2. The grosser sweet-smelling Rush, in Latin called Juncus odoratus crassior. This groweth in the same manner that the former doth, but is greater in every part thereof; and less sweet, aswell as less sharp, and hot in taste.  
Place and Time.] They grow naturally in Arabia, Syria, Mesopotamia, and those tracts of the East countries; and in some places of Africa. It never flowers in these colder Countries, if it be here planted, but in those hotter parts it flowreth in the Summertime.  
Government and Virtues.] This Plant is under the dominion of Jupiter in Libra, it discusseth Swell and Wind, but doth a little trouble the head; 
Swell, Wind, Urine, women's Courses, Humours, Spitting blood, Lungs, Liver, stomach, reins, Loathing meat▪ Dropsy, Cramps, Convulsions, Mother, Liver, Stomach, Body.  It provokes Urine and women's courses, it gently cutteth or breaketh humours, and digesteth them, and looseth the breathing places of the veins; The decoction of the flowers drunk stayeth the spitting of blood, and helps the griefs of the Lungs Liver Stomach and Reins. The Root is held to be of an astringent property, and is effectual for those that have a loathing to their meat, a dram taken every morning fasting for certain days together, with the like quantity of Pepper; It is good for the Dropsy, Cramps, the decoction is good for women to sit in, that are troubled with the Mother, it allayeth the Inflammations of the Liver Stomach and body; the roots do bind more, and the flowers are more hot, but in all the parts thereof there is an Astriction; The whole Plant being boiled in the Broth of a Chicken, is helpful to ease the pains of the womb, which women feel after Childbearing; 
Pains of the womb, Sores of the mouth, Ulcers.  The powder thereof is good against Sores of the mouth and all creeping Ulcers, and taken with wine and vinegar is good for those that have an Ulcer in their stomach, if the stomach or belly be fomented with the decoction thereof, it easeth the pains and taketh away all Inflammations therein.   

Stoechas.  
Descript. Names.] THe ordinary Stoechas or Stoechados, as it is usually called, and also French-Lavender● is a more tender plant than Lavender; and more like an herb than a Bush or Shrub, not above a foot and an half high, having many narrow long whitish green leaves, like unto Lavender but softer and smaller, set at several distances about the stalks, which spread into sundry branches, at the tops whereof stand long round and sometimes foursquare heads, of a dark greenish purple-colour, compact of many scales, from which come forth the flowers, of a bluish purple colour, after which follow seed-vessels, which are somewhat whitish when they are ripe, containing blackish brown seed in them; the root is somewhat woody, and will hardly endure our cold winter, except in some places, or before it have flowered; the whole Plant is somewhat sweet of scent, but nothing so much as Lavender.  
Place and Time.] This Staechas groweth in Arabia aswel as France and Spain. In their natural Climate they flower in March and April; but those which are planted in Gardens in our cold Countries, flower not till May or June.  
Government and Virtues.] This is a Plant of Jupiter, the decoction thereof helps diseases of the breast, coughs and colds. It is good in Medicines against Infections and poisons, 
Breast, Coughs, Colds, Poisons.  it is of a mixed temperature, of a small earthy cold essence, as saith Galen, from whence it hath the quality of binding; and of another earthy more extenuated, whereby it is bitter; by the mixture of both which it openeth obstructions and freeth the body from them. It extenuateth cleanseth and strengtheneth all the inward parts and bowels, as also the whole frame of the body; 
Inward parts and Bowels, Brains, Sinews, Heart, Black Choler, Phlegm, Head, Brain, cold griefs, Brains, Sinews, Falling-Sickness, Giddiness, head, Stomach, Sadness.  it strengtheneth the brain, sinews and heart, and all the other inward parts; It purgeth black Choler and phlegm, aswel from the head and brain, as other the instruments of the senses, and comforteth them; It is effectual in all cold griefs, used in drinks, baths, or fomenting; an oil made therewith and fomented, giveth as it were life to the brains and sinews by warming and comforting them. Taken with vinegar of Squils it helpeth the Falling-Sickness and swimming of the head, and is helpful for all pains of the head or stomach; Taken with juice of Bugloss and of Pippins, it helpeth sadness of the heart and melancholy; it easeth the pains of the sinews, Arteries, muscles and joints, taken in what form you will; the fumes thereof taken into the nostrils, openeth them when they are closed; taken in a Syrup it helpeth Agues, especially in those that are phlegmatic; being boiled in Lie it is effectual for all those diseases of the head to wash it therewith; 
Agues▪ Scurf, Dandrif, Lice.  besides it cleanseth the head of Scurf and Dandrif, and killeth Lice therein.   

The Storax-tree.  
Kind's, Descript. Names.] THere are accounted three sorts of the Storax tree, whose names shall follow with their Descriptions.  
Descript.] 1. The usual Storax-tree called in Latin, Styrax Arbour vulgaris. This Storax-tree groweth very like unto the Quince-tree, both for form and bigness, the leavs also are long and round, and somewhat like but far less; whitish underneath and stiff, the flowers stand both at the joints with the leaves, and at the ends of the branches consisting of five or six large whitish leavs, like unto those of the Orange-tree, with some threads in the middle, after which come cound berries, set in the cups that the flowers were in before, of the bigness of Hazelnuts, pointed at the ends, and hoary all over; each standing on a long footstalk, containing within them certain kernels in small shells; This yieldeth a most fragrant sweet Gum, and clear of the colour of brown honey.  
Descript.] 2. Storax with Maple-leaves, Styrax folio Aceris. From a round ruggish root covered with a crested or as it were a jointed Bark; come forth out of knots three or five broad leavs, like unto those of the Maple or Planetree, standing on small blackish long stalks, and are divided in three or five parts, full of veins, dented about the edges, and pointed at the ends.  
Descript.] 3. Red Storax, called in latin Styrax rubra. This hath formerly by some been thought to be the bark of some kind of tree that went under that name of Storax; But Serapio and Avicen divide Storax into liquida and sicca: by liquida meaning the pure gum flowing from the tree, and not that liquida which we have now adays by that name; and by the sicca the feces of the expressed oil, from the fruit; but Calumita is now taken of some to be red Storax.  
Place and Time.] The first, groweth in Provence of France, in Italy, Candy, Greece, and some hither parts of Turkey where it yieldeth not gum; but in Syria, Silicia, Pamphylia, Cyprus, and those hotter countries it groweth much; It flowreth in the Spring, yielding fruit in September.  
Government and Virtues.] This is a solar Plant: there is no part of this tree in use with us, but the gum that issueth out of it; It is of temperature hot in the second degree, and dry in the first, it heateth mollifieth and digesteth, and is good for Coughs, Catarrhs, 
Coughs, Catarrhs, Rheums Courses, Mothr, Loosen the belly, Afterbirth, Ears, cold Aches, Lameness.  distillations of Rheums, and hoarseness; It provokes women's courses, and mollifieth the hardness and contractions of the Mother; Pills made with it and a little Turpentine, and taken gently looseneth the belly, it resisteth cold poisons, used as a Pessary it draweth down the courses and Afterbirth, dropped into the ears it helpeth the sing and noise in them; applied to the hips joints or shoulders, afflicted with cold Aches, it resolveth and comforteth much, and is good to be put into baths, for lameness of the joints, and weariness by travail; It is also good to be put with white Frankincense to perfume those that have Catarrhs, Rheums, and defluxions from the head to the nose, eyes, 
Rheums, head, Nose, Eyes.  or other parts; by casting it on quick coals and holding their heads over the smoke; and to air their nightcaps therewith. It dissolveth hard Tumours in any part, as them about the throat, and the Kings-evil. 
Tumours, Kings-Evil.    

Sumach.  
Descript. Names.] Sumach groweth like a bushy shrub, about the height of a man, bringing forth divers branches, upon which grow long soft hairy or velvet leaves, with a red stem or sinew in the middle; the which upon every side hath six or seven little leaves standing one against another, nipped about the edges like the leavs of Egrimony, the flowers grow among the leaves, upon long stems or footstalks, clustering together like the Cats-tails; or blowings of the Nut-tree, of a white green colour; the seed is flat and red, growing in round berries clustering together like grapes. This Plant is called in Latin Rhus, and in English Sumach, and Coriers Sumach; The seed is called in Latin Rhus obsoniorum, and in English Meat-Sumach, and Sauce Sumach.  
Place and Time.] It groweth in Spain and other hot Countries; It is seldom found in this country, but in the gardens of diligent Herbarists, where it flowers in July.  
Government and Virtues.] This is a Saturnine Plant, of temperature cold in the second degree and dry in the third; of a strong binding faculty, the leavs have the same power that Acacia hath, they stop the Lask and women's flowers, with all other issues of blood, 
Lask-flowers, Bloody Issues, Bloodyflux, Watery Ears.  to be first boiled in water and wine and drunken; the same decoction stoppeth the Lask and bloody flux, to be used as a clyster, or to bathe in the decoction. It also drieth up the running water and filth of the ears, when it is dropped into the same; and maketh the hair black being washed therein.  
The seed of Sumach being eaten in sauces with meat, doth stop all Fluxes of the belly, with the bloodyflux, and the whites. 
Bloodyflux, Whites.  The same laid upon new bruises and green wounds, defendeth them from hurts, inflammations, Swell and Exulcerations; the same pounded with Oaken-coals, and laid to the hemerrhoids, healeth and drieth up the same; The decoction of the leaves worketh the same effect.   

Swallow-wort.  
Kind's, Names.] OF this there are three kinds. The usual latin names of Swallow-wort is Asclepias or Vnice toxicum; their distinct names follow in their Descriptions.  
Descript.] 1. Swallow-wort with white flowers Asclepias floor albo. This Swallow-wort riseth up with divers slender weak stalks, to be two or three foot long, not easy to break, scarce able to stand upright, and therefore for the most part doth lean or lie down upon the ground, if it find not any thing to sustain it, and sometimes will twine themselves about it; whereon are set two leaves at the joints, being somewhat broad and long-pointed at the end; of a dark green colour, and smooth at the edges: At the joints with the leavs towards the tops of the stalks, and at the tops themselves, come forth divers small white flowers, consisting of five pointed leaves apiece, of an heavy sweet scent, after which come small long pods, thick above and less and less to the point; wherein lie small flat brown seed, wrapped in a great deal of white silken down, which when the pod is ripe it openeth of itself, and sheddeth both seed and cotton upon the ground, if it be not carefully gathered; The roots are a great Bush, of many strings fastened together at the head, smelling somewhat strong while they are fresh and green; but more pleasant when they are dried; both leavs and stalks perish every winter, and rise anew in the spring of the year, when the stalks at their first springing are blackish brown.  
Descript.] 2. Swallow-wort with black flowers, called in Latin, Asclepias flore nigro. This groweth in the same manner that the former doth, having his long slender rough branches, rise to a greater height than the other, and twining themselves about whatsoever standeth next unto them; having such like dark green leavs set by couples, but somewhat smaller than they: the flowers likewise stand in the same fashion but somewhat smaller also, and of a dark purplish colour, that it seemeth to be black, and are scarce discerned unless one look very earnestly upon them; after which come more plentifully than the other such like Cod, with a white silver down and seeds in them as the former: the roots hereof are not so bushy as the other, neither smell so strong; neither doth it give any milky but a watery juice when it is broken.  
Descript.] 3. Swallow-wort of Candy, Asclepias Cretica. This riseth up in the same fashion that the former do, with many slender flexible green branches, with leavs set at the joints on either side as the white kind hath, and are very like unto them, but somewhat of a paler white colour; The flowers stand in the same manner three or four together upon a stalk, but are somewhat of a paler white colour; to whom succeed sometimes but one, and sometimes two pods together, which are thicker and shorter than those of the white kind; streaked all along and double-forked at the ends, wherein lie silk and seeds as in the former; The roots have not so strong a smell as the last, and have, aswel as the rest of the Plant, a strong smell like Box-leaves.  
Place and T me.] The two first grow in rough and untilled ground, upon divers Mountains in France, about Narbone, Marseilles, and Mompelier, and in Italy also; The last in Candy. They flower in the months of June and July, and sometimes not until August; and their Cod are ripe about a month after; the empty husks abiding on the dry branches, when the seed and silk is fallen out.  
Government and Virtues.] These are Solar Plants: the roots have a most sovereign faculty against all poisons, 
Poisons, Venomous beasts, Serpents, mad do● Plague, Pestilence, P●ssions of the heart; Griping in the Belly.  particularly against the Apocynum or Dogs-bane; and is effectually given to such as are bitten by any venomous beast, or stung by any Serpent or other Creature; as also against the biting of a mad dog, and a dram and an half thereof taken in Carduus-water for divers days together It is taken also in wine every day against the Plague and pestilence, a dram thereof taken in Bugloss-water is effectual against all passions of the heart, if the same quantity of Citron-seeds be taken therewith, it easeth all the griping pains in the belly; the Decoction of the roots made with white-wine, taken for divers days together, a good draught at a time, and sweeting thereupon cureth the dropsy; The same also cureth the Jaundice, 
Jaundice, Dropsy, Urine,  provoketh Urine, and easeth the cough, and all defects of the Chest and lungs; The powder of the roots taken with Peony-seeds is good against the Falling-Sickness, 
Cough, Chest, Lungs, Falling-Sickness, Melancholy, Worms.  or with Basil-seed or the rind of Pomcitron-seeds is good against melancholy,, and taken with the roots of Dictamnus albus, or bastard-Dittany, will kill and expel worms of the maw or belly: the roots are also used amongst other things, for baths, for women to sit in, to ease pains of the Mother, and to bring down their courses: the decoction hereof with comfrey roots made in wine, 
Pains of the Mother, Courses, Rupture, Bruises, Ulcers, Sores.  is good for those that have a Rupture or are bursten, or have received hurts by bruises. The powder of the roots or leaves is effectual to cleanse all putrid rotten and filthy Ulcers and Sores▪ and may safely be used, in all Salves, Unguents and Lotions made for such purposes. The leaves and flowers boiled and made into a Pultis and applied to the hard tumours or swell of women's breasts cureth them speedily, and all sores in the matrix. 
women's breasts, Matrix.     


Tobacco.  
Names, Descript.] IT is called Petum and Nicotiana. There have several kinds thereof been planted here in England, which they did manure for Smoking, but that is now prohibited; I shall only describe one kind which is planted here for its uses in physic and Chirurgery only.  
It riseth up with a thick round stalk about two foot high, whereon do grow thick fat fleshy green leaves, nothing so large as the other Indian kinds, neither for breadth nor length, somewhat round-pointed also, and nothing dented about the edges: the stalk brancheth forth and beareth at the tops divers flowers, set in green husks, scarce standing above the brims of the husks round-pointed also, and of a greenish yellow colour; after which followeth the seeds contained in great heads; The root is woody bit perisheth in winter, but generally riseth of the seed that is suffered to shed itself.  
Place and Time.] This (as is supposed) was first brought from Brazile, it giveth ripe seed in our Country here earlier than the other Indian sorts. It flowreth from June to the end of August, or later, and the seed ripeneth in the mean time.  
Government and Virtues.] Tobacco is a Plant of Saturn, Culpeppers deity; of a stupifying quality: it is held to be available to expectorate tough phlegm out of the stomach chest and lungs; the juice thereof made into a Syrup, 
Phlegm, Stomach, Chest, Lungs, worms,  or the distilled water of the herb drank with Sugar; The same also helps to expel worms in the stomach and belly, as also to apply a leaf to the belly, and to ease the pains in the head or Megrim, 
Pains in the head, Megrim, Stone, Gravel, Mother.  and griping pains in the bowels; It is also profitable for those that are troubled with the stone in the kidneys, to ease pains, and, by provoking Urine, to expel gravel and the stone engendered therein; and hath been found very effectual to suppress the malignity and windy vapours which cause the strangling of the mother; The seed hereof is much more effectual to ease the pains of the teeth, than Henbane-seed, and the ashes of the  herb to cleanse the gums and teeth, and make them white; The herb bruised and applied to the place of the Kings-Evil, is a speedy rememdy as is said. It is also said to be effectual to cure the Dropsy, 
Kings-Evil, Dropsy.  by taking four or five ounces of the juice thereof fasting; which will strongly purge the body both upwards and downwards, (And too strongly too, unless it be a well steeled body indeed.) The distilled water is often given with some sugar before the fit of an Ague, to lessen the fits and alter them, and to take them quite away in three or four times using; if the distilled faces of the herb having been bruised before the distillation, and not distilled dry, be set in hot dung to digest for fourteen days, and afterwards hung up in a bag in a Cellar, the liquor that distilleth therefrom is singular good to use for Cramps, Aches, the Gout and Sciatica, and to heal Itches, 
Cramps, aches, Gouts, Sciatica, Scabs, Cankers, Lice, Green wounds, Old Sores.  Scabs, and running Ulcers, and foul Sores whatsoever; The juice is good for all the said griefs, and likewise to kill louse in children's heads. The herb bruised and applied to any green wound doth speedily heal the same, the juice put into old sores doth heal the same. A good salve thereof may be made in this manner; Take of the green herb three or four handfuls, bruise it, and put it into a quart of good oil-olive, boil them on a gentle fire, till the herb grow dry and the oil will bubble no longer, adding thereto, wax  and sheeps-tallow, or Deers suet, of each a quarter of a pound, of Turpentine two ounces, which being melted put it up for your use: Some will add to it the powder of round Birthworth, and white Frankincense, each half an ounce, which is to be put in when it is nigh cold and well stirred together; This Salve likewise will help Imposthumes, hard tumours, and other Swell by by Bblows or Falls.   

The Gum Taramahaca.  
Descript.] THis Gum is said to be gathered from a great Tree like a Poplar, that is very sweet having a red fruit or berry, like to those of the Peony.  
Virtues.] The Gum is of good use for outward remedies, it serveth most in women's diseases, to retain the Mother 
Mother,  in its place by laying a plaster thereof upon the Navel; as also when it riseth up and is ready to strangle them, put some Musk and Amber to it, or a little Civet in the middle of the plaster: This Gum being spread on leather, and applied to the side or spleen, 
Spleen, Wind,  that is grown hard and windy, dissolveth the tumours, disperseth the wind, and bringeth much ease and help to the grieved part, and is no less effectual in all tumours pains and torments, in the body or joints, proceeding of cold raw and windy humours, 
Tumours, Pains, Joints, Stomach, Brain, Memory, Digestion, Stomach, Wind, Arms, Joints, Gouts,  applied plasterwise thereon: To be applied to the stomach with a third part of Storax, a little Amber-greese, and some wax; is a singular help to strengthen the weakness thereof, to strengthen the brain and memory, as also in all defluxions from the head, it likewise helps the appetite, digestion, and dissolves wind; It helpeth also all running humours and pains in the Arms, shoulders, or any other part of the body; the Joints likewise, Gout, and Sciatica.  
It is of temperature hot almost in the third degree, and dry in the second; the best is pure, and clean without dross, clear, and some of a whitish brown colour, and more whitish in some parts, of a little quick and sharp scent, and quickly consuming into smoke being cast on quick coals.  

Sealed Earth, Terra Sigillata.  
Though this be not an Herb, yet because of its singular use in Physic, I have here set forth whence it comes, and its eminent Virtues; The place of its growth is by all reports, The Isle of Lemnos in the Aegean-Sea; The best fine Bowl is very like it; The chiefest effects of it is to expel Poison, The venom of Serpents; it is good against Lasks and Fluxes, 
Poison, Serpents, Lasks, Fluxes, Plague, and Bloody-fluxes,  the bitings of a Mad-dog; it wonderfully helpeth old sores, and consolidateth green wounds; The fine bowl of Armenia, is found to be very effectual in the Plague; it is also singular good in Lasks, Bloody-fluxes, and spitting of blood, 
Spitting of Blood, Catarrhs, breath Ulcers, Fistulaes',  for the Catarrh, or defluxion of thin humours, upon the Breast and Lungs, and shortness of breath, and likewise against foul Ulcers of the mouth, lungs, or other parts, and Fistulaes'.    

Turbith.  
TUrbith used in shops is a root, yet somewhat small, and of an Ash-colour on the outside, and white within, having a pitch in the middle, which is cut out and cast away as good for nothing, and some pieces, but not gummy at the ends, having no manifest taste.  
Place] It groweth in many places of the Indies naturally, and hath been transported into Asia, Persia, and Portugal.  
Virtues.] It purgeth phlegm and tough clammy humours, 
Phlegm, tough-humours, belly, Dropsy, Leprosy, Pox, Adust humours, black Jaundice.  that fall on the joints and those parts that are more remote, it looseneth the belly of those Excrements that stick close thereto, and cleanseth the breast from thick phlegm; It is good for those that have the Dropsy, Leprosy or Pox, as also those that are troubled with those diseases that arise from adust humours, the black Jaundice or the like, it helpeth day-Agues, and all other diseases bred of Phlegm.   

The true Turpentine tree.  
Kind's, Description, Names.] There are two sorts of the Turpentine-tree, the one bearing broad-leaves and the other narrower leaves.  
Descript.] 1. The broader leafed Turpentine-tree, called in Latin Terebinthus Latifolia. This Turpentine-tree, in many places groweth but like a shrub, yet in some to be a great tree; the bark of the body and brances are Ash-colour, the lesser being greenish and red while they are young, sparingly set with large winged-leaves, like unto the Pistack-tree, but larger and smelling somewhat like unto a bayleaf, falling away, and not holding on in winter; The flowers are Mossy, like unto the Olive-blossomes, and grow on long-stalks coming out of certain knots, from the ends of the branches in small tufts set in clusters together, of a purplish brown Colour, which pass into berries, greenish at first, reddish after, and of a bluish colour, tending to green, when they are ripe; glutinous in handling, and sticking to their fingers that touch them, having a kernel within them; most of those berries that grow red before they be ripe, fall away, being empty: this beareth also certain red hollow skinny bladders, like long-horns, full of a blackish liquor, which breed small flies, or knats, in them; This tree being wounded in sundry places, yieldeth forth a liquid , or clear Turpentine, but nothing so thin as that of the Larch-tree.  
Descript.] 2. The narrow-leafed Turpentine-tree, called in Latin Terebinthus, angustiore folio vulgatiore. This Tree is in all things like the former, but that it never riseth so high, and the leaves are long and narrow much smaller than the former; the berries are many of them red on the stalks at their full time, which are empty husks, and no good seed, but some that will be full and good.  
Place and Time.] The Turpentine-tree groweth in Narbone and Provence, in sundry places of Italy and Spain, Cyprus and Greece; where for the most part it abideth small and low, but groweth great and high in Syria, Arabia, Cilicia, Armenia; they flower somewhat early in the spring, and the fruit is ripe in September and October.  
Government and Virtues.] These plants are Solar, both leaves, bark and fruit, and do bind, strengthen and repel: but the Turpentine doth heat cleanse and purge, draweth and mollifieth, and excelleth all other Rozens. The berries being dry, very nigh unto the third degree, provoke Urine and are good for the spleen, 
Urine, Spleen,  and for the biting of the Spider Phalangium; of the berries, is made an oil, as out of the berries of the Lentisk-tree, which healeth and bindeth, and is good in Cramps, Convulsions, hardness of the sinews, and to close wounds: 
Cramps, Convulsions, Sinews, wounds.  The berries themselves are much eaten by the people in Turkey, (where they grow) and make them their daily food, warming, comforting, and opening the Uretory passages, and do provoke lust; The Turpentine, healeth, mollifieth, dissolveth, digesteth and cleanseth; if a dram or two be taken in a rear egg it helpeth the Cough, which cometh by phlegm, stops of the lungs, wheezings, 
Cough, lungs, Wheesing, Shortness of breath, phlegm, Back, Reins, Urine, Stone, Gravel, Impostumes, wind, stomach, sides, Gout, Sciatica, pains in the joints, Green-wounds and fractures in the head, sinews, itch, Scab.  and shortness of breath, and all imperfections of the chest by phlegm: It cleanseth the back and Reins, and stayeth the running of the Reins: wi●h a little powder of Rhubarb put thereto, it provoketh Urine, and helpeth to expel both stone and gravel; it ripeneth Impostumes, and helpeth to expel them, and mightily dissolveth wind in the pains of the Colic, stomach or sides, and is good also against the Gout, Sciatica, and all pains in the joints, aswell to take it inwardly with Chamepitis, Sage, and Stoechas: as to be made into a Cerecloth, and applied thereto; It is a special ingredient, in those Balsams that are to heal any green wounds, and is effectual in all wounds, and fractures of the head, all punctures in the head and sinews, and all break out in the skin, be it Itch or Scab, Piles, Pushes or wheals; it draweth forth Splinters, 
Piles, Pushes, Thorns, Lips, Hands, Fundament.  thorns, or the like out of the flesh; and healeth the chaps of the lips, hands, fundament, or other parts; It is put into all salves, oils, ointments or plasters; that serve to cleanse Ulcers, to draw or heal any sores, and to warm and comfort any cold and weak parts: the Chemical oil of this Turpentine is very effectual in many of these diseases if it be carefully applied, it being of very subtle parts, and therefore inwardly or outwardly it must be used as it were by drops.  
Descript.] The Turmerick brought unto us is an Indian Root: In which Countries it springeth up, and beareth larger and thinner leaves than Millet, of a paler green colour, a stalk full of leaves, compassing one another to the top; The Root is slender and yellow, near unto the form of Ginger.  
Government and Virtues.] It is a Plant of Mars, and is of great use in the yellow Jaundice, 
Jaundice, Old diseases, Dropsy.  either the powder or the decoction being taken, for it doth open obstructions of the gall and other parts; It is of very good use in old and inveterate griefs and sicknesses, and the evil disposition of the body, called Cachexia, and is very profitable against the dropsy.   

Turn-Sole.  
Kind's, and Names.] OF Turn-Sole there are several kinds, whose names shall follow with their Descriptions.  
Descript.] 1. The greater Turnsole called in Latin Heliotropium maius. This riseth up with one upright stalk, about a foot or more high, dividing itself, almost from the bottom, into divers smaller branches, of a hoary colour: At each joint of the stalk and branches grow two small broad leaves, somewhat like unto those of Calamint, or Basil, somewhat white or hoary also: at the tops of the stalks and branches, stand in any small white flowers, consisting of four, and sometimes of five very small leaves, set in order one above another, upon a small very crooked spike, which turneth inwards like a bowed finger, opening by degrees as the flowers blow open; after which in their places come small cornered seed, four for the most part standing together, the root is small and threddy, perishing every year, and the seed shedding itself riseth again the next spring.  
Descript.] 2. The greater creeping Turnsole is in a manner but the same with the fomer greater Turnsole; because it is in most things so like it, yet differeth in these particulars: That it hath more and slenderer stalks, not standing upright as the other doth, but leaning down to the ground: the stalks and leaves are lesser, but hoary in like manner; the flowers are white, and stand in crooked spiky heads, bowing like a Scorpion's tail, as the other, but the seed being smaller standing singly, or but two together; the roots are small and perish in like manner.  
Descript.] 3. The smaller Turnsole, Heliotropium minus, this smaller Turnsole groweth very low, lying almost with his slender weak branches upon the ground, having thereon many small leaves, like the other in form, but three times less in substance, neither stalks nor leaves white nor hairry, but of a dark green colour; the flowers are much smaller and yellowish, not growing in long crooked or bowing heads like the former, nor at the tops of the branches, but standing at the joints upon very small stalks, some above the leaves, and others under them, which afterwards turn into small round heads or buttons, like unto warts, wherein is such like seed as the last, but smaller and rounder.  
Descript.] 4. The Colouring or dying Turnsole Heliotropium triconum. This dying Turnsole, that beareth berries, three always set together, riseth up with an upright stalk, branching itself diversely, to the height of half a yard or , whereon grow broader and softer leaves than on any of the former, like unto those of the sleepy nightshade, and whitish withal, set without order at the joints up to the tops, yet lesser above than below; at the ends of the branches come forth small mossy, yellowish flowers, which quickly perish, and fall away without giving any seed; herein like unto the Ricinus or Palma Christi, called the great Spurge: for in the same manner also at the joints, with the leaves, come forth the fruit or berries, standing three for the most part always joined together; upon short footstalks, which are of a blackish green colour, and rough or rugged on the outside, wherein is contained, ash-coloured seed, which if the heads be suffered to grow over-ripe, and be dried with the Sun, will fall out of themselves upon the ground, and spring again in their natural places the next year, thereby renewing itself; for the root is small, and perisheth after it hath born seed; But these berries when they are at their full maturity, have within them, that is between the outer skin and the inward kernel or seed, a certain juice or moisture, which being rubbed upon a paper or cloth, at the first appeareth of a fresh and lively green colour, but presently changeth into a kind of bluish purple upon the cloth or paper; and the same cloth afterwards wet in water and wrung forth, will colour the water into a Claret-wine colour; And these are those rags of cloth called Turnsole in the Druggist's and Grocer's shops, and with all other people; and serveth to colour Jellies or other things.  
Place and Time.] These do grow in Italy, France and Spain, in divers places; The two first are planted in gardens here with us, and do flower and seed well every year, but the other two will scarce grow to show any seed in our cold Climate.  
Government and Virtues.] These are Solar Plants, to whom they yield obedience; the head of the flowers always facing the Sun: a good handful of the greater Turnsole, boiled in water; and drunk, purgeth both Choler and phlegm, and being boiled in wine it is good against the stinging of Scorpions, 
Choler, Phlegm, Scorpions, Stone, Reins, Kidneys, Bladder, Urine women's Courses, Easy birth, Worms, Gout, Joints pained, Warts. Wens, Kernels, Excrescencies, Face, Eyelids.  to be aswel drunk as laid upon the place that is stung. The same also boiled with Cummin and drunk, helpeth them that are troubled with the Stone in the Reins Kidneys or Bladder, provoketh Urine and women's Courses, causeth an easy and speedy birth when they are in travail. It killeth the Worms of the belly, both long and round, if the herb and seed of the lesser kind be taken with Hyssop, Cresses, and Nitre; the leaves bruised and applied to the places pained with the Gout, or that are out of joint, and being set are full of pain, do give much ease; as also for Children which are troubled with an Inflammation in the parts about the brain and the tunicles thereof; The seed of the greater or least kind being rubbed with a little salt, upon warts or wens and other hard kernels or Excrescencies in the face, eyelids, or any other part of the body, will take them away by consuming them by little and little with often using it; The dying or colouring Turnsole, is good against all venomous creatures, chief against the great Spider Phalangium, and the stinging of Scorpions, being applied thereto.    


The Vine.  
Kind's.] THere are great varieties of Vines, both of the manured and wild kinds, most whereof came at first from one original, but alter in nature and in the wine, as the Climate differs.  
Descript.] 1. The manured Vine, Vitis vinifera. This where it hath stood long groweth to have a great stem spreading without end or measure, if it be suffered; many slender weak branches that must be propped up from falling down; the young being red, and the old of a dark colour, with a pith in the midst, at the sundry joints whereof grow several large broad green leaves, cut into five divisions, and dented also about the edges: at the joints likewise against the leaves come forth long twining Tendrels, clasping or winding about whatsoever it can take hold of; at the bottom of the leaves come forth clusters of small greenish yellow flowers, and after them berries set thick together in branches of several forms, of greatness, colour, and taste, in some the clusters are close and others more open, and some being long, others more round, tending to a square; some likewise are very small, as the Curran-grape, others great, and some in a mean, between both: some are white, others black, or bluish, or red, or particoloured; and for tastes they are very variable, some sweet according to the several Climates they grow in; and sour, or harsh, or mixed, more or less pleasant one than another; within which there are usually one two or three kernels. They that keep their Vines in the best manner, do keep them low, and cut them often, whereby they grow the better and take up less room; bringing their grapes both fairer and sweeter.  
Descript.] 2. The Parsly-Vine or Grape with thin-cut leaves, Vitis laciniatis foliis. This also groweth as other Vines do, the difference chief consisting in the leaves, which are very much incised, or cut into many parts even almost to the middle; and dented: the grapes which are white and great are like the white muscadine-grape, and of as good a relish; bearing great bunches, and ripening with the middle sort of grapes.  
Descript.] 3. The wild Vine of Europe, Labrusca sive Vitis sylvestris Europaea. The wild Vine, in regard it is natural and therefore neglected, lieth for the most part on the ground, and therefore is less fruitful, unless it meet with some hedge or tree whereon it may climb, and then spreadeth as the manured, being both in branches leaves and tendrels, like unto the manured Vine; as also in blossoms, but beareth either little or no fruit, or seldom cometh to ripeness; and what it doth is small and black, and no way comparable to any of the manured Vines, being rather binding and sour than sweet.  
Descript.] 4. The wild Vine of Virginia, Vitis sylvestris Virginiana. This one sort of the Vines of Virginia like all other wild sorts runneth on the ground, and taketh hold of whatsoever it meeteth with, being in all things like the former wild sorts, but that the grapes are small and white, and with little sap or juice in them, and the kernels twice as big as others. There is another sort that hath bigger blue grapes and sour in taste: a third they call the Fox-grape, and hath a more rugged bark, a very broad leaf, without any division almost, but dented, and the grape is white, but smelleth and tasteth like unto a Fox.  
Descript.] 5. The wild Vine of Canada. This groweth like unto the other wild Vines of those parts, with slender reddish branches, climbing where it can get thereon; but the leaves on them being little more than half so large as the manured Vine, hath only three partitions in every leaf; but each cut-in deep, even to the long smooth stalk whereon they stand, making them seem as three leaves, which are of a dark green colour, and somewhat thick also; the fruit is like the other wild sorts, having more skin and kernel, than substance or juice.  

The chiefest sorts of grapes whereof Wines are made, and which are brought unto us, are these.  
The Damascus white grape, which is the true Wae Zibebae, that the Apothecaries should use in several of their compositions, if they can get it.  
The Muscadine grape both white and red; most, if not all destroyed by the Turks.  
The Frontiniack or Musk-grape.  
The Particoloured-grape.  
The Raisin of the Sun-grape.  
The Curran-grape is the small blue currants that the Grocer's use, & have no kernels, whereof there is another sort that beareth red berries, almost as small but not so sweet, but rather a little tarter.  
The small early black grape.  
The black grape of Orleans.  
There is a grape without stones g owing in many places, as by the River Zyreck near Ascalon in Palestina, giving a red wine; as also in divers places of Arabia, and in the Maderas.  
There is reported also to be a Vine that beareth green leaves continually, yet yieldeth fruit but at the same times that others do.  
There is said likewise to be some that bear twice in a year, and some oftener, having both ripe and green fruit together at one time upon the tree.  
Place and Time.] The manured kinds are planted every where, and according to the Soil and Climate is both the relish and strength of every sort. For the Vine that groweth in the Canary Islands is the same with that at Malaga and Sherris, and yet the one excelleth the other still in strength and sweetness; the other wild sorts are all expressed in their Titles: The first wild sort in sundry places of Europe, both Italy France and Germany. The wild sorts flower somewhat later than the manured, and therefore what fruit they bear, must likewise be ripe later than others.  
Government and Virtues.] The Vine hath in it so many divers differing and contrary properties, some cold, some hot, some sweet, some sour, some mild, some sharp, and some moistening, and others drying; that they may be assigned to several stars. But the glorious Planet the Sun hath the sole Regiment of this most noble Plant; I shall distinctly set down the names of the several parts of the Plant, and such medicaments and wines as are drawn from it.   

The branches and leaves, Sarmenta & Folia.  
The leaves and branches are cooling and binding, and good to be put into Lotions for sore mouths, 
Sore mouths, Fevers, headache coming by heat, Stomach, Inflammations.  and in drinks against Fevers being bruised; and with Barley-meal applied to the temples easeth the headache, coming by heat, and applied to the stomach easeth the Inflammations and heat thereof, the juice of them being drunk, stayeth the lask, inflammations, spitting of blood, and women's immoderate long.   

Vine-ashes and the Lie of them; Cineres clavellatae & eorum Lixivium.  
The Ashes of the  branches or pressing made into a lie and drunk, is very effectual for the gravel and stone in the Kidneys, 
Gravel, Stone, Kidneys, warts, and Inflammations of the Fundament.  being mixed with a little vinegar it consumeth the warts of the Fundament, and inflammation thereof, being bathed therewith it doth marvellously ease the pains, and take away the swelling. The said Lie of Vine-ashes is good to wash places out of joint, or burnt with fire, 
Places out of joint, Burning, Spleen, hard tumours, Fistulaes', Ulcers, Shrinking Sinews, Falls, Wens, Warts.  and used with Rue and Vinegar is good for the swelling of the Spleen: The ashes made up with axungia is good against hard tumours, cleanseth Fistulaes' and hollow Ulcers, healeth them up afterwards, helpeth the pains, and shrinking of the sinews; and being mixed with oil, easeth those places that are bruised by Falls or otherwise; and cureth the bitings of Scorpions and dogs; used with vinegar and nitre, it washeth away Wens, Warts, and other excrescencies in the flesh.   

The Vine-tears or bleeding, Lachrymae Vitis.  
The water that droppeth out of the grape when it is cut out of due time, that is, too late in the Spring, when the Sap is ●un up; being drunk, helpeth to expel & wash down ●he gravel and Stone in the kidneys: And it taketh away Sun-burning, and Freckles out of the face, 
Gravel, Stone, Kidneys, Sun-burnings, Freckles.  being washed therewith.   

The gum of the Vine, Gummi Vitis.  
The Gum that issueth out itself sticking to the bark, being drunk in wine doth the same, but that we seldom see any such in our Country: we may safely use the water in the stead thereof, and being bathed on the skin, taketh away Scabs, Tetters, the Morphew, 
Scabs, Tetters, the Morphew, Leprous Scurf, Hairs, Warts.  and the leprous Scurf, if the places be first washed with nitre. The said Gum or the water that droppeth from the green branches when they are burned, being used with a little oil, taketh away hairs and warts.   

Grapes and Raisins, Wae & Passulae.  
The fresh Grapes being eaten do breed a little windiness, (which is incident unto all sorts of raw fruit) but stir up the Appetite, 
Appetite, Spittings of blood, Head, Bladder, Agues, loosen the belly.  and are pleasant to the stomach, help to stay spittings of blood, but affect the head and the bladder; and are forbidden in Agues, being hung up and dried a little, or made into Raisins, they do help to loosen the belly, especially if they be taken without the kernels, which are more drying and binding (to be taken in Powder of themselves) than any other part of the vine. The Raisins of the Sun are the best for this purpose with us, and for any other use in physic. And herewith are made Tisane drinks, to help Coughs, hoarseness of the throat, shortness of wind, 
Coughs, Hoarseness of the throat, Shortness of breath, Stomach, Obstructions, Liver, Spleen, Bladder.  toughness of phlegm, causing it the more easily to be expectorated, and do lenify sharp and nauseous humours that offend the mouth of the stomach; They serve likewise to open obstructions of the Liver, Spleen, and Bladder, and taken by themselves they nourish much, by reason of their thick sweet and temperate substance, whereby they stay not long, nor putrify in the Stomach.   

Currans, Passulae Corinthiacae.  
The small Raisins or Currans are very nourishing likewise, and somewhat opening the belly, especially being stewed with some other things conducible thereunto; as with a decoction of Sena, Rhubarb, and other such like things as long as occasion shall need.   

Pssulae Damascenae, or Damasco-Raisins.  
The Damasco-Raisins have a little tartness in them whereby they are most grateful to the stomach, and excel the Raisins of the Sun, for all the purposes aforesaid.   

Sapa agresta sive Omphiacum; the Juice of the Grape.  
The juice of the grape is of two sorts. That is made of unripe grapes, which is called varjuice, or of the ripe grapes called wine. The varjuice is a fine tart liquor, fit to be used in broths, meats or sauces, to sharpen the stomach, to get an Appetite, and to refresh and quicken fainting spirits; of this juice is made a Syrup of especial use in the same causes: the wine is of so many sundry sorts, as not only the grapes but the sundry Climates and soils wherein they grow are. The weak wines are very Rheumatic, and cleanse much; the strong wines are very heady, and inflame the blood very much; those of a middle temper are most proper for our bodies, and most wholesome for our health, and most useful in physic; both to boil in drinks, and to serve as the vehiculum, to extract the virtues of whatsoever shall be steeped in it; And is distributed into many parts, for of it is made both Sapa and defrutum, in English Cvite that is to say, boiled wine, and both made of mustum, new wine; the later boiled to the half, the former to the third part. Then there is Acetum vinegar, that is, sour wine, which is made by setting it in the Sun, which exhaling the purer spirits and the heat, causeth the other to grow acide, and is of great use both in health and sickness, both in meat and medicine.  
The Sapa and defrutum differing but only in the manner of boiling, they may be both comprehended under Cvite. It helpeth the cough and shortness of breath, 
Cough, Shortness of breath, Phlegm, Chest, Lungs.  and to expectorate tough phlegm from the Chest and Lungs. It also easily passeth through the belly and maketh it soluble.  
Vinegar contrariwise is cooling and drying as the Cvite is, heating and moistening, and therefore serveth to correct the heat in Fevers, and to resist putrefaction; it cutteth tough phlegm that is hard baked, and not easily spit up and brought forth; It is very sharp and penetrating, and very useful in scabs, Itches, tetters, ringworms, 
Tough phlegm, Scabs, Itches, Tetters, Ringworms.  and fretting and creeping Ulcers, to correct their malignity, and extirpate their corroding quality; but is offensive to the sinews, by its piercing and drying quality causeth them to shrink, but the distilled Vinegar is of a more fiery and penetrating quality, which it gaineth by the distillation thereof; the manner and order in this being quite different from the distilling of wine, wherein the purest and strongest spirits do first rise and come forth; when as in vinegar almost two third parts are taken from it, which are the weakest before the last and strongest riseth; but not the last, which is the Empireuma, and serveth even as the vinegar itself doth, but with more force, and as the vehiculum wherein the tincture and spirits of simple medicines are reserved.   

Vinum, Wine.  
To show all the several colours, scents, strengths, ages, and tastes of simple wines, were an Herculean labour, and so it is likewise, to show you all the sorts of compound or artificial wines; which are as infinite as the herbs roots seeds or other parts of them are, and take their names from the several Ingredients that compound them; I shall therefore set down the particular properties of Wine itself, both as it is mediclnable and nourishing.  
Wine taken moderately by such as are of a middle age or well in years, or are of a cold and dry Constitution, it increaseth blood, 
Increaseth blood, Nourisheth Appetite, Urine, Raw humours, Vital Spirits, Leanness, Fears, Cares, Heaviness, Stomach, Liver.  and nourisheth much; procureth an appetite, and helpeth to digest being taken at meat; it provoketh Urine, and driveth forth raw humours, thereby strengtheneth the vital spirits and procureth a good colour in them that want it, or are macilent, drawing to a Consumption so as it be not accompanied with a Fever; It expelleth fears, cares, and heaviness; It doth comfort all cold infirmities of the stomach, Liver, Spleen, and womb; and helpeth windy swell in the body and general evi dispositions thereof, green-sickness, and the dropsy.  
Virtues of the true Spirit of wine.  
The pure spirit of wine must be taken but very little in quantity, and that not of itself but in some wine or other liquor, for fear of inflaming the blood and spirits, and chief upon symptoms and passions of the heart; And then taken with respect and good consideration, it worketh much more effectual than the wine itself doth, to all the purposes aforesaid: (in comforting and nourishing the natural heat in elder persons) given strength and quickness to the senses; 
Strength, Senses, Memory, Brain, Faintings, Heart, Wind, Poisons, Headache, Toothache, Sores.  it repaireth memory, and the cold and moist diseases of the brain; helpeth the fainting and trembling of the heart; warmeth a cold and moist stomach, helpeth digestion, expelleth wind from the sides and belly, and all cold poisons; Being outwardly applied to the Temples it easeth the pains in the head and cold distillations, and the Toothache being gargled a little; and cicatrizeth old Sores. These Spirits of wine aswel as the wine itself, serve as a vehiculum to draw out the tincture of divers things.  
The Lees of wine being hardened, is called Tartarum Tartar or Argall, and that which is taken from the whitest wines is accounted the principal best for any medicine; but the red sort serveth Goldsmiths and others to polish silver, and the Dyers to set their dye. The best white Tartar is either given of itself simply being made into powder and taken the quantity of a dram at a time, in some convenient drink or broth, for some time together; in Dropsies or evil dispositions of the body, 
Dropsies, Urine Siege, Watery humours.  to expel both by urine and siege, those wheyish and watery humours thereof; and applied to women's breasts that are over-full of milk doth dry it up; But the Cremor tartari which is the purer part thereof, and especially if it be made as clear as crystal, doth work more safely and more effectually than the crude Tartar can do; but this Tartar that is calcined until it be white, hath then put off all purging quality, and hath gained a Caustick burning property, that will corrode and eat away-scabbed nails and warts, and soon be brought into a salt, and will also soon be resolved into an oil or liquor: if it be laid upon a stone, or hung up in a linen bag in a moist cellar, to be received as it dropped down; it is of admirable use in chemical operations. There is another kind of oil of Tartar of a far milder temper and is more like unto clear water, which is very effectual to cleanse the skin from all manner of spots, scars, morphew, 
Spots, Scars, Morphew, Hair,  or discolourings whatsoever, and maketh it smooth and amiable, and will help to bring on hair on the places decayed; The wild vines are in property no less cooling, but more binding than the branches of the manured; stayeth the lask and spitting of blood, 
Lask, Spitting of blood, Stomach, Sore mouths, Privy parts, Eyes.  provoking Urine, and is pleasing to a hot stomach, or that loatheth meat; the leaves hereof are as good for Lotions as the other, for sores in the mouth, privy parts, and Fundament. The ashes of the branches are likewise used to clear the Eyesight of films, and what else may offend them; to cleanse sores and Ulcers, and to take away the over-growing skins of the nails of the hands or toes.     


Indian wheat, Maiz. Frumentùm Indicum, vel Turcicum vulgar.  
Kind's.] THere are two sorts hereof, the greater, and the lesser.  
Descript.] 1. The usual Indian or Turkey wheat. This Indian wheat shooteth from the root which is thick and bushy, sundry strong and tall stalks, about eight foot high, as thick as a man's wrist; if it grow in any rank ground, full of great joints, with a white pith in the middle of them; the leaves are long, twice as large as of Millet, at the tops come forth many feather-like sprigs, bending downwards like unto the top of Millet, which are either white, or yellow, or blue; as the grains in the ears will prove, which fall away nothing appearing after them, but while they are in slower, at the joints of the stalks with the leaves, from within two or three of the lower joints. up towards the tops come forth the ears one at a joint which have many leaves folded over them, smallest at the top, with a small long bush of threads or hairs hanging down at the ends, which when they are ripe are to be cut off; which folds of leaves being taken away, the head appeareth; much like unto a long Cone, or Pineapple, set with six or eight or ten rows of Corns orderly and closely set together, each being almost as big as a pease, not fully round, but flat on the sides that join one to another, of the same colour on the outside as the bloomings were, hard but brittle▪ and easy to be broken or ground, with white meal within them, somewhat dry and not clammy in the chewing.  
Descript.] 2. The other lesser Indian wheat, Frumentum Indicum alterum sive minus. This other Indian wheat is like the former both in stalks and leaves, but not half so high or great; the ears likewise are not half so big, of as differing colours as it, but they do not grow at the joints of the stalks as the other, but at the tops, following the flowers, which maketh a special difference between them; the grain itself is, (being made into bread) not of that nourishing quality as the greater sort is, but weaker by much▪ nor is so strong, to breed so much blood as it.  
Place and Time.] The first groweth both in the East and West-Indies, and from both places have been brought unto us, and hath grown with us, and sometimes born ripe Ears but not always, and will desire a strong rich ground as the Millet doth, It is sown only in the Spring, and ripe in September; the other is a stranger, and seldom seen with us.  
Government and Virtues.] The grain is certainly Saturnine, of a dry quality, the meat hath in it some clamminess, which bindeth the bread close, and giveth good nourishment to the body; The sweetness also of the bread showeth the power of nourishment in it: but it breedeth thick blood and humours, which cause obstructions. It is properly used to be put into Cataplasms to ripen Imposthumes: 
Imposthumes.  much feeding thereon, engenders gross blood, which breedeth Itches and Scabs, 
Itches, Scabs.  in those that are not used to it; of it is made drink also, both in the Indies and in some of our English Plantations, that will intoxicate assoon as our small Beer if it be made accordingly: But is found to be very effectual if it be made accordingly, to hinder the breeding of the stone, so that none are troubled therewith that do drink thereof; the leaves thereof are used also to fatten their Horses and .   

Wormwood.  
I Would willingly have omitted this common Wormwood and said nothing of it, but that Culpepper hath so ridiculously Romanced upon it; and it remains still under colour of truth.  
Common Wormwood called Absynthium vulgar, is well known to have many whitish green leaves, somewhat more hoary underneath, much divided or cut into parts, from among which rise up divers hard and woody hoary stalks two or three foot high, beset with like leaves as grow below, but smaller; divided at the tops into smaller branches; whereon grow many small yellow buttons with pale yellow flowers in them, wherein afterwards is contained small seed: the root is hard and woody with many strings thereat, the stalks hereof die down every year, but the root holdeth a tuft of green leaves, all the winter shooting forth new again, which are of a strong scent, but not unpleasant; and of a very bitter taste. The Seriphium or Sea-wormwood is much weaker but of a pleasant bitterness.  
Place and Time.] It is plentifully found in most places in England, and flowers about August.  
Government and Virtues.] All the sorts of Wormwood's are Martial Plants. It is of a heating binding property, and is said to purge Choler that cleaveth to the stomach or belly. It is said also to provoke Urine, help Surfeits, 
Choler, Urine, Surfeits, pains in the stomach, Yellow Jaundice.  and ease pains in the stomach. The decoction or the Infusion thereof taken, doth take away the loathing to meat, and helpeth those that have the yellow Jaundice, for which purpose Camerarius in his Hortus Medicus giveth a good Receipt. Take saith he of the flowers of Rosemary, Wormwood, and Blackthorn each a like quantity, of Safron half that quantity, all which being boiled in Rhenish wine, let it be given after the body is prepared by purging, a small draught thereof taken a few days together, bringeth down women's Courses; 
women's Courses, Heart, Liver.  being taken with vinegar it helpeth those that are almost strangled by eating Mushrooms. It helpeth the pains of the heart and Liver, being beaten and mixed with Ceratum Cyprinum, and applied, as also applied to the stomach with Rosewater, it giveth much comfort to those that have lain long sick. It helpeth those that are troubled with the swelling and hardness of the spleen, or those that have a hot sharp water running between the skin and the flesh. It is often used both inwardly and outwardly for the worms, the seed thereof helpeth the Bloody flux, 
Spleen, Worms, Bloodyflux.  and all other fluxes, vinegar wherein wormwood hath been boiled is good for a stinking breath that cometh from the gums or teeth, or corruption of the Stomach. The Conserve thereof is good against the Dropsy; 
Stinking-breath, Dropsy.  the Sea-wormwood worketh the same effects but weaker.  
Thus I am sure I have set down all the true virtues of wormwood, and it may be some more than will bear the Test when they are tried: if I should have written all that Authors say of wormwood, I should have taken up a great deal of room, stuffed full of falsities; for, besides Culpeppers idle Romancing upon it, others have mightily commended it for dimness of sight, and to clear the eyes; if they had said it is good to cause dimness of sight and put out the eyes, they had been nearer the truth. Another story they have of it, that it preserves  from moths and worms, and driveth away Gnats, Fleas, and such noisome Infects if the skin be anointed with the juice or oil thereof. This is utterly false as I have had the experience upon myself; for being troubled, and gnats lodging in the country near the Seaside, where gnats are very troublesome in the night, to prevent which, as I then believed, I caused my chamber to be rubbed all over, and both walls and windows, with wormwood, and anointed myself with the juice of it all over, thinking to have a quiet night, but was worse infested with fleas and Gnats than ever before; so that I was forced to leave my Chamber and walk all night. These are the true virtues of wormwood.    


Yucca or Jucca.  
Descript.] THis Indian Plant hath a thick tuberous root, spreading in time into many tuberous heads, from whence shoot forth many long hard and narrow-guttured or hollow leaves, very sharp-pointed, compassing one another at the bottom, of a greyish green colour, abiding continually or seldom falling away, with sundry hard threads running in them, and being withered become pliant withal to bind things: From the midst whereof springeth forth a strong round stalk, divided into sundry branches, whereon stand divers somewhat large white flowers, hanging downwards, consisting of six leaves with divers veins, of a weak radish or blush-colour, spread on the back of three outer leaves, from the middle to the bottom, not reaching to the edge of any leaf, which abide not long, but quickly falling away.  
Place and Time.] It groweth in divers places of the West-Indies, as in Virginia and New-England, and flowers about the latter end of July.  
Government and Virtues.] There hath no property hereof conducible to physical uses as yet been heard of, but some of its vices. The Natives in Virginia use, for bread, the roots hereof. And that the raw juice is dangerous if not deadly. Aldinus relateth that the wound made with the sharp point-end of one of these leaves in his own hand, wrought such intolerable pains, that he was almost beside himself, until by applying some of his own Balsamum unto it, he was thereby miraculously eased of the pain and all trouble thereof; It is very probable, that the Indians use to poison the heads of their Darts, with the juice hereof.    


Zedoaria.  
Virtues.] THis Indian root is effectual against poisons of all sorts, and venoms of virulent creatures; and is profitable in the pestilence, and other contagious diseases, as also to warm a cold stomach and to expel wind, and repress vomitings, to dry up and consume Catarrhs and defluxions of Rheums, 
Poisons, Venoms, Contagious diseases, Cold stomach, wind, vomitings Catarrhs, Rheums.  to dissolve the Imposthumes of the Matrix, and to stay the looseness of the belly, and is very powerful to stay or disperse unsavoury belchings.  

Bitumen, Dry Pitch.  
ALthough this is, and that which follows are, no Plants but rather Minerals, for their medicinal properties and manner of production, and the place from whence this Bitumen cometh; I could not omit, but add them here.  
The Bitumen or dry Pitch which the dead Sea in Judaea casteth up at certain times in the year, is set down by Dioscorides to be of a shining purple-colour, but that which is black is adulterate. And Mathiolus saith, that the Asphaltum or Bitumen of the Shops in Italy (and so with us) is a mixture, and not the true thing. The true Bitumen is that of the Lake of Sodom and Gomorrah and those Cities mentioned in Genesis, which were destroyed by fire and Brimstone from Heaven.  
Many Writers diversely set down the dimensions, or length thereof; especially Pliny and his followers: But the true description thereof as it was exactly surveyed by one of our Countrymen who writes his own experience, and not the relations of those who never saw the place, take it in his own words.  
This Lake is called Lacus Asphaltites: it yieldeth a kind of slime, named Bitumen or Asphaltum, which bituminous savour no living thing can endure. And now, Mare mortuum; Mare, because it is salt; and Mortuum, because it is dead, for that no living thing breeds therein, and more properly for this cause, called the dead-Sea, because of itself it is unmoveable, such is the Leprosy and stability of the water: it is also called so, because if a Bird fly over it, she presently falleth down dead. It smoketh continually from whence proceed filthy vapours, which deform the fields lying about for certain miles, as it were blasted, scorched, and made utterly barren; This smoke I take only to be but the exhalation of Jordan, for this River falling into it and there ending his course, the two contrary natures cannot agree; the one being a filthy puddle, and the other a pure water.  
This Lake is eighty miles in length, and six in breadth, being compassed with the Rocks of Arabia Petraea on the South, on the North with the Sandy hills of the wilderness of Judaea, on the West with the steepy mountains of Arabia deserta, and on the East with the Plains of Jericho. How cometh it to pass therefore that the fresh running flood of Jordan falling evermore into this bounded Sea, that the Lake itself never diminisheth nor increaseth, but always standeth at one fullness, neither hath it any issuing forth, nor reboundeth backwards on the Planes of Jericho, which is one of the greatest wonders in the world? Wherefore (as I have said) it must needs exhale into the clouds, or else run down into hell: For if it ran under the Rocks, and so burst out in the Deserts, it would soon be known; but in all the bounds of Arabia deserta which between this Lake and the Red-Sea, extend to three hundred miles, there is no such matter as Brook or Strand, much less a River, neither hath it any Intercourse with the Ocean. It breedeth nor reserveth no kind of fishes, and if by the swelling of Jordan any fishes fall into it, they immediately die. And although Josephus saith that in his time, there were apples grew upon the banks thereof, like unto the colour of gold, and within were rotten, and would consume to powder, if touched; yet I affirm now the contrary, for there is not such a thing (whatsoever hath been in his days) as either trees or bushes grow near to Sodom by many miles; Such is the consummation of that pestiferous Gulf; Divers Authors have reported that nothing will sink into it of any reasonable weight, as dead men, or Carcases of Beasts. But by experience I affirm the contrary, for it beareth nothing above at all; yea not the weight of a feather: the water itself is of a blackish colour, and at some times in the year there are terrible shapes and shows of Terror in it, as I was informed at Jericho, which is the nearest Town that bordereth thereupon, and that is fifteen mile's distance. The Bitumen is gathered on the water, and hardened in the air; the medicinal uses of it are; It discusseth Tumours and Swell, and mollifieth the hardness 
Tumours, Swell, Hardness  of them, and keepeth them from Inflammations, and is of singular use for the rising of the Mother, and for the Falling-sickness, 
Rising of the Mother, Falling-Sickness.  to be burnt, and the fumes thereof, which are strong, smelled unto; it bringeth down women's courses taken in wine with a little Castoreum; It helpeth the bitings of Serpents, the pains in the sides and hips, 
women's Courses, bitings of Serpents, pains Hips.  and dissolveth congealed blood, in the stomach and body.   

Oil of Peter, Petroleum sive Oleum Petrae.  
THis I have known miraculously to cure the Sciatica, yet it is scarce taken notice of, what it is, or whence it comes.  
Oil of Peter is a thin reddish liquor, almost as thin as water, and is accounted to be a liquid Bitumen, and thought to be the Naphta of Dioscorides, by Mathiolus, because it is so apt to take fire, even by the air thereof; and is gotten in sundry places of Italy, distilling itself out of a Mine in the earth; and in Hungary also in a certain place; where issuing forth in a Well together with the water, the Owner of the place thought to have the chinks stopped up with mortar, which could not be done without light; the Workman therefore taking a close Lantern with a light in it, went about it, and being gone down into the Well to stop it, very suddenly the Peter-oyl taking fire, flew round about the sides of the Well, and with a hideous noise and smoke, like the crack of a great piece of Ordnance shot off; It not only casted forth the Workman dead, but blew up the cover of the Well into the air: and set on fire also some Bottles of the oil that stood by the Well, and many persons that stood thereby were scorched with the flame.  
Virtues.] This oil of Peter is a special Ingredient to make Wildfire, and is of a very hot and piercing scent and quality. It is used for all cold Aches, Cramps, and Gouts, and to heal any green wound or Cut suddenly, a little thereof being put into the oil of St. Johns-wort and used.     
FINIS.   

An Alphabetical Table of all the Herbs, Plants, Drugs, in the Supplement to Mr. Nich. Culpeppers English Physician; as also what Planet governeth every one of them.  

A.  

Acatia, it is under the dominion of Saturn. pag. 1.  
Aconitum. pag. 2.  
Agnus Castus, the chaste Tree, it is under Mars. pag. 2.  
Almond-tree, it is under Venus. pag. 3.  
Ammoniacum, it is under Mars. pag. 3.  
Amber, it is under Mars. pag. 5.  
Ambergreese, it is under the Sun. pag. 6.  
Amomum, it is under Sol. pag. 7.  
anise, it is under Jupiter. pag. 7.  
Anagyris, or Arbour Inda, it is under Saturn. pag. 8.  
Aloe or Aloes, it is under Mars. pag. 9  
Assa Foetida, it is under Saturn. pag. 10.    

B.  

Balsome-tree, or the tree Balsam, a solar Plant. pag. 12.  
Bdellium, it is under Mars. pag. 14.  
Buck-wheat, it is under Venus. pag. 15.  
Bane-wort, it is under Mars. pag. 16.  
Spanish Broom, it is under Mars. pag. 16.  
Base Broom, it is under Mars. pag. 17.  
Behen or Been Album, it is under Saturn. pag. 17.  
Black Bind-weed, it is under Mercury. pag. 18.  
Rough Bindweed, it is under Mars. pag. 18.  
Bombace-tree, it is under Venus. pag. 19  
Box-tree, it is under Saturn. pag. 19  
Prickly Box, it is under Mercury. pag. 20    

C.  

Coming, it's under Sol. pag. 20.  
Capers, it is under Mars. pag. 21.  
Soldonella, it is under Mars. pag. 22.  
Carob-tree, it is under Saturn. pag. 23.  
Cassia Fistula, it is under Venus. pag. 23.  
Carret wild, it is under Mercury. pag. 24.  
Cedar-tree, it is under the Sun. pag. 25.  
Cistus, it is under Jupiter. pag. 26.  
Cockle, it is under Saturn. pag. 28.  
Corn-flower, it is under the Moon. pag. 28.  
Coriander, it is under Saturn. pag. 29.  
Coloquintida, it is under Mars. pag. 29.  
Cornel-tree, it is under Saturn. pag. 30.  
Cucumber wild, it is under Mars. pag. 31.  
Cypress-tree, it is under Saturn. pag. 32.  
Coral, it is under the Sun. pag. 34.  
Cardamons, it is under Jupiter. pag. 34.  
Cloves, it is under the Sun. pag. 35.  
Cluna-Root, it is under Jupiter. pag. 36.  
Cinnamon and Cassia Lignea, it is under Jupiter. pag. 36.  
Cocculus Indus. pag. 37.  
Costus. pag. 38.  
Cubebs. 38.  
Currans red, white, and black, it is under Venus. 39  
Caranha. pag. 40.  
Ceterach, it is under Mars. pag. 40.  
Cokar-nut-tree, it is under the Sun. 41.  
Chocolate. page. 42.  
Coffee. pag. 45.  
Camphire, it is under Mercury. pag. 46.  
Cambugio, it is under Mars. pag. 46.    

D.  

Daffodyl white, it is under Venus. pag. 47.  
Daffodyl yellow, it is under Mars. pag. 48.  
Date-tree, it is under Mars. pag. 49.  
Dictamnum of Candy, it is under Venus. pag. 50.  
Dictamnum false, it is under Venus. pag. 52.  
Dittander, it is under Mars. pag. 53.  
Double-tongue, it is under Venus. pag. 53.  
Garden-dragons, Dragonwort, and Water-Dragons; it is under Mars. pag. 54.  
Dunch-down, it is under the Moon. pag. 56.  
Dwarf-Plane-tree, it is under Saturn. pag. 57    

E.  

Elder and its kinds. pag. 57, 58, 59, 60.  
Eglantine, it is under Venus. pag. 71.  
Ellebore white, t●s under Mars. 71.  
Ellebore wild white or Neesewort. pag. 73.  
Erisimon, it is under Mercury. pag. 73.  
Euphorbium, it is under Mars. 74.    

F.  

Fenugreek, it is under Mercury. 76.  
Figtree, it is under Jupiter. 77,  
Fistick-nuts, it is under Jupiter. 79.  
Flax, it is under Venus. 79.  
Flea-bane, it is under Saturn. 80.  
Fir-tree, it is under Mars, 82.    

G.  

Galangall, it is under Mars. pag. 83.  
Galbanum, it is under Jupiter. 83.  
Stock-Gillow-flowers, it is under Mercury. 85.  
The Wall or yellow-Gilliflower, it is under the Sun. 86.  
The Gall-Oak, it is under Saturn. pag. 87.  
Sweet-Gaul, it is under Saturn. pag. 88  
Ginger, it is under the Sun. pag. 88  
Guiacum, it is under Mars. pag. 89.  
, it is under Saturn. 91.  
Gum-Tragacanth; It's under Venus. 92.  
Gum-Elemni. 93.  
Gum-Taamahacca, it is under Mercury. 93.    

H.  

Herb-Robert, it is under Mars. pag. 94.  
Hermo-Dactyls, it is under the Sun. 94.  
Hone-wort, it is under Mercury. 95.    

I.  

Jack by the Hedge, it is under Mars. pag. 96.  
Jessamine or Jesmine, it is under Sol. 96.  
John the Infant's herb. 97.  
Jujube-tree, it belongs to Venus. 98.  
The white Jujube-tree with thorns and without, it is under Venus. 99    

K.  

Kali, it is under Mars. 100    

L.  

Lacca or Gum-lack, it is under Jupiter. pag. 101.  
Larch-tree, it is under Venus. 102.  
Spurge-Laurell, it is under Mars. 104.  
Indian-leaf it is under Sol. 105.  
Lentils, it is under Saturn. 106.  
Lentisk or Mastich-tree, it is under Jupiter. 107.  
Lemon-tree or Lemons, it is under Sol. 109.  
Line or Linden-tree, it is under Venus. 111.  
Liquid Amber, it is under Jupiter. 112.  
Lung-flower or Autumn-Gentian, it is under Mars. 112.  
Lupins, it is under Mars. pag. 116.    

M.  

Madder great and small, it is under Mars. pag. 117.  
Small or little Madder. 119.  
May-weed, it is under Mars. 120.  
Jews-Mallow, it is under Venus. 121.  
Mandrake, it is under Saturn. 123.  
Manna, it is under Venus. 125.  
The greater Maple-tree, it is under Jupiter. 126.  
Mechoacan Jalap, it is under Mars. 129.  
Millet. 130.  
Myrtle, it is under Mercury. 131.  
Myrobolans, it is under Sol. 134.  
Mushrooms. 137.  
Myrrh, it is under Sol. 138.    

N.  

Nutmeg-tree and Mace. 139.  
Navelwort of Mathiolus, it is under Mars. 140.  
Apples-bearing Nightshade, it is under Saturn. p. 141.  
Thorny Apple-bearing Nightshades, it is under Mars. 143.  
Nipplewort. These are under Venus. 144.  
The Indian Hazelnut. These are under Venus. 145.    

O.  

The Olive-tree, it is under Venus. 145.  
Orange-tree, it is under Jupiter. 149.  
Yellow Oranges of Malabar. 151.    

P.  

Pepper, it is under Mars. pag. 152.  
Guinny-Pepper, it is under Mars. 153.  
Pines, it is under Venus. 159.  
The Pinetree, it is under Saturn. 161.  
Pitch-tree, it is under Sol. 163.  
Pitch and Tarr. 164  
Sea-Plantane. 165.  
Pomegranate-tree. 167.  
Pomcitron-tree, it is under Mercury. 171.    

Q.  

Sea-spiked Quick-grass. 173.    

R.  

Rattle red and yellow. pag. 174.  
Sweet or Aromatical Reed. 175.  
Sweet Rush, it is under Venus. 178.  
Rhubarb, it is under Jupiter. 179.  
Rosemary, it is under the Sun. 184.  
Roses, it is under Venus. 187.  
Rice, it is under the Sun. 193.    

S.  

Spanish-Saffron. pag. 193.  
Sarsaparilla, it is under Mars. 195.  
Saracens Confound, it is under Mars. 198.  
Sassafras or Ague-tree, it is under Sol. 199.  
Saunders, it is under Sol. 200.  
Scamony, it is a Martial Plant. 201.  
Scarlet Grain, it is under Sol. 204.  
Sebesten or the Assyrian Plum. 205.  
The wild Sebesten Sebesten Sylvestris, it is under Ven. 205.  
Sena or purging Seen, it is under Mercury. 206.  
Seasamum, it is under Mars. 208.  
Sycomore-tree, it is under Venus. 209.  
Spikenard, it is under Venus. 210.  
Squinant, it is under Jupiter. 211.  
Stoechas, it is under Jupiter. 212.  
The Storax-tree, it is under the Sun. 213.  
Sumach, it is under Saturn. 214.  
Swallow-wort, it is under the Sun. 215.    

T.  

Tobacco, it is under Saturn. 217.  
Gum-Taramahaca. 219.  
Sealed Earth, Terra sigillata. 219.  
Turbith. 220.  
The true Turpentine-tree, it is under the Sun. 220.  
Turn-sole, it is a Solar Plant. 222.    

V  

The Vine. pag. 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231.    

W.  

Indian Wheat, Maiz, frumentum Indicum, vel Turcicum vulgar. It is under Saturn. 231.  
Wormwood is a Martial Plant. 233.  
Yucca or Jucca. 234.  
Zedoaria. 235.  
Bitumen, dry Pitch. 235.  
Oil of Peter, Petroleum, sive Oleum Petra. 237.     

A Table of the Diseases, treated in this Supplement to Mr. Nich. Culpepper's English Physician.  

A.  

ASthma or shortness of breath: see breath short.  
Aged persons, to comfort and strengthen. 7.  
Agues. 11. 13. 24. 36. 39 49. 63. 99 115. 136. 213.  
St. Anthony's fire. 29. 33. 81. 107. 133. 147.  
Appetite to stir up. 39 108. 112, 115, 116. 121, 135, 147. 158. 228.  
Aches. 40. 63. 69. 81. 104. 121. 129. 135, 136. 152. 200.  
Aposthumes. 61.  
Apoplex. 67. 75.    

B.  

Blood to dispel if clotted, and to increase. 78. 230.  
Blood to cleanse. 207.  
Blood to stop. p. 10. 34. 33. 87. 166. 231.  
Blood spit. 4. 9 20. 33. 108. 133.  
Breath short. 4, 5. 13. 31. 74. 79. 90. 99 104. 122. 129. 139. 164.  
Breath to sweeten. p. 8. 10. 37. 108. 133. 171. 186. 234.  
Breast cleanse. 5. 8. 11. 19 28. 76.  
The Breast pained 38. 195.  
The Breasts & Nipples. 145.  
Brain. 7. 11. 13. 60. 108. 112.  
Barrenness proceeding from a cold Cause. 7. 13. 158.  
Barrenness proceeding from a hot Cause. 125.  
Belching. 8. 135.  
Bloodyflux. 8. 17. 20. 27. 33. 81. 112. 122. 133. 215.  
Belly to open. 9 18. 23. 30.  
Belly to bind and strengthen. 39 100 128.  
Bruises and stripes. 11. 22. 35. 78. 115. 123.  
Bowels. 13.  
Brain. 13. 104. 136.  
Beauty to preserve. 14. 46. 139.  
Bursten or Ruptures. 15. 36. 81. 104. 123. 177.  
Bodies lean to help. 42. 60.  
Back. 46. 158. 160.  
Burn and Scaldings. 48. 91. 112.  
Boils. 78. 84.  
Broken bones. 108. 133.    

C.  

Chastity to help. 3. 46.  
Cod and Stone to help swelled. 3. 20. 63. 74.  
Child-dead to expel. 5. 72. 86. 101. 115, 116. 139.  
Coughs old and new. 6. 8. 14. 19, 20. 25. 39 55. 63. 74. 78. 121. 152.  
Coughs. 174. 214.  
Chincough. 123.  
Colds. 63.  
Consumptions. 6. 13, 36. 80. 104. 230.  
Children that be in danger of the Falling-sickness. p. 8.  
Children newborn what to do to them. 65.  
Choler or cold phlegmatic humours. p. 9 104. 126. 135. 207.  
Cramp. 11. 13. 56. 75. 84. 90. 115. 177. 179. 237.  
Carbuncles. 12. 33. 158.  
Corns. 12.  
Convulsions. 13. 56.  
Catharts. 19 67. 89. 97. 133.  
Choler and Phlegm. 25. 30. 39 60. 81. 126.  
Colic. 37. 61. 105.  
Conception in Women how hindered. 41.  
Catarrhs. 55.  
Cankers. 50. 107. 116.  
Chincough. 123.  
Costive how remedied. 128.    

D.  

Drunkenness, to preserve from. 4. 171.  
Dogs mad. 4. 11. 60. 115.  
Dropsy. 8. 22. 31. 60. 78. 101, 102. 135. 168. 176. 218. 222.  
Dreaming. 8.  
Dead bodies to preserve from Corruption. 26.  
Drowsiness to hinder. 75.  
For Digestion. 93. 96.  
Drowsiness. 186.    

E.  

Eyes bloodshotten. 62.  
Eyes. 1. 10, 11. 13. 15. 20. 26. 28. 31. 34. 56. 60. 72. 86. 101. 107. 115. 136. 141. 147. 151. 158. 174. 188. 209.  
Web in the Eyes or dimness. 5.  
Eyes. 13. 20. 26, 27. 32. 49. 56. 68 80, 81. 84. 147. 209.  
Eyes troubled with kernels. 131.    

F.  

Flux of the belly. 4. 11. 23. 108.  
Falling-sickness. 4. 7. 11. 34. 35. 66. 84. 111. 112. 207.  
Phlegm to ripen and carry away. 5. 11. 31. 39 78. 89. 97. 103. 135. 151.  
Fundament. 10. 63. 87. 108. 122, 133. 148.  
Fistulae. 60. 72.  
French Pox. 19 36. 41. 63. 75. 90. 129.  
Fevers. 34. 69. 80, 81. 100 131, 171.  
Freckles in the Face. 80. 84. 110. 158. 209.  
Face troubled with spots pimples. 37. 77. 103. 116.  
Faintings or swooning. 39 69.  
Flux of seed in men or women to stay. 46.  
Fleas and Flies to kill. 63. 72. 81. 117.  
Frenzies. 72.  
Falls, see Bruises.  
Fistula. 164. 174. 220. 227.    

G.  

Guts sore. 4.  
Griping Guts. 21. 25. 112.  
Gout. 4. 7. 19 32. 82. 103.  
Gout Running. 6.  
Gout. 24. 60. 61. 63. 93. 103. 183.  
Griping guts. 7, 8. 30. 35. 81.  
Griefs. 13.  
Gums. 20. 34. 78. 108.  
Hippolito gout. 53.    

H.  

Head-baldness. 75.  
Head-giddiness. 104.  
Headache. 4. 8. 10. 19 50. 54. 61, 62. 75. 81. 93.  
Giddiness Head. 30.  
Hucklebone. 4.  
Hiccop. 8. 183.  
Hearing or Deafness, to procure. 8. 78.  
Humours to dry up and carry off. p. 9 47. 56. 76. 78. 93.  
Humours of a slimy nature. 72.  
Hair from falling off. p. 10.  
Hemorrhoids. 11.  
Hoarseness. 11. 78. 126.  
Heels kibed. 12. 49. 57  
Hog's to fatten quickly. 15.  
The Hair to colour black. 33. 60. 215.  
Heart. 35. 37. 135.  
Hoarseness. 68    

I.  

Joints swelled or pained. 5. 40. 108.  
Joint Aches. 6.  
Inflammations and Imposthumes. 7. 32. 122. 125. 172.  
Jaundice. 9 24. 36. 40. 74. 99 102. 118. 136. 182. 195. 233.  
Imposthumes or hard Swell. 12. 24. 48. 74. 76. 78. 80. 177. 232.  
Issues of blood to stop. 27. 29. 71. 215.  
Itch. 76. 101. 108. 110.  
Jaws. 78.    

K.  

Kings-Evil. p. 11. 19 29. 78. 115. 182. 211. 218.  
Kidneys and bladder. 82.  
Kernels in any part of the body. 152. 224.    

L.  

Lasks. 1. 8. 20. 27. 29. 31. 71. 81. 106. 136. 182.  
Liver stopped. 3, 4. 7, 8. 13. 22. 73. 79. 127. 209.  
Lungs. 4. 76. 78, 79. 101.  
Of Lust how it may be stirred. pag. 8.  
Lips chopped. 20.  
Lice to kill. 27. 110. 218.  
Looseness in the body to stay. 37. 50.  
Leprosy. 72. 75. 78. 101. 149.  
Lethargy. 75.  
Legs troubled with Ulcers. 96    

M.  

Mother. 1. 7. 12. 15. 27. 38. 54. 83, 84. 87. 108. 112. 122. 158. 237.  
Matrix. 1. 27. 54. 76. 80. 86. 133.  
Members dead. 3.  
Memory to help. 6, 7. 13. 38. 90. 93. 104. 230.  
Mouth. 10. 68 83. 86. 111. 231.  
Milk to increase. 16.  
Moths. 27. 88 149. 171.  
Manginess. 32.  
Melancholy. 34. 36. 41. 118. 135. 217.  
Moles to kill. 62.  
Measles. 7, 8.  
Matter corrupt to purge from the head and brain. 105. 179.    

N. (O.)  

Nerves and sinews. 7. 40.  
Nostrils. 12. 33. 46.  
Navel. 12. 81.  
Nosebleeding. 21. 97.  
Nose defective in smelling. 68 78.  
Nails. 80. 133. 148. 182. 231.    

P.  

Pimples or spots in the Face. 4. 203.  
Pains to assuage. 5. 131.  
Pissing by drops. 6. 40.  
Pleurisy. p. 11. 209.  
Pestilence. 13. 75. 78. 110. 115. 139. 150. 170. 216.  
Palsy. 13. 22. 36. 62. 67. 118. 158.  
Poison to dissolve. 19 34. 78. 148.  
Plague. 46.  
Piles or emrod's. 62, 63. 105. 115. 133. 135.    

Q.  

Quinsy. 63. 152. 164.    

R.  

Running of the Reins. 6. 34. 41. 103. 108. 188.  
Reins. 13. 24, 91. 99  
Rheums. 19 36. 40. 89. 108. 235.    

S.  

Burning sores. 79.  
Sores old. 80. 86. 116. 162. 218. 230.  
Spleen. 129. 172.  
Stone. 144. 172. 227.  
Stomach to comfort and the inward parts. 106. 112. 130. 151.  
Stomach to comfort. p. 9 22. 29. 31. 35. 37, 38, 39 93. 102.  
Spleen. 3, 4, 5. 13, 14. 18, 19 22. 34. 40, 41. 50. 52. 76. 84.  
Stone and Gravel. 4. 8. 13, 14. 24. 34. 47. 40, 41. 61. 86. 96. 102, 103. 108. 136.  
Sciatica. 4. 11. 14. 17. 22. 35. 53. 63. 72. 93. 183.  
Strength to recover. 7.  
Sleep to procure. 7, 8. 62. 124. 140. 188.  
Squinancy or swell of the Throat. 8. 11. 31.  
Swell to dissolve. 18.  
Sinews. 11. 38. 48. 84. 207. 227.  
Spotted Fever. 13.  
Spirits to cherish. 13. 150.  
Stiches in the sides. 14, 15. 97.  
Strangury. 17. 24. 26. 33. 40. 52. 54. 71. 81.  
Seed to increase. 19  
Scabs. 20. 35. 53. 101. 110.  
Scurfs. 27. 32. 75, 76. 97. 104. 148.  
Scars of wounds. 27. 53. 78.  
Spots. 32. 48. 56. 97.  
Secret members. 33.  
Skin to keep its colour. 38. 78. 101. 141. 199.  
Skin to keep from roughness. 72.  
Swell to dissolve. 49. 74. 76. 95. 127.  
Splinters to draw. 51.  
Scurvy. 56.  
Scalding by fire or water. 57 61.  
Sneezing. 72.  
Speech lost. p. 75.  
Small Pox. 78. 116. 171.  
Sweat. 86.  
Sprains. 103.  
Spiders. 149.  
Sun-burned. 209.    

T.  

Teeth to make white and firm. 89.  
Teeth lose. 127.  
Tumours hot. 1. 19 24. 29. 78. 93. 112. 121.  
Terms to provoke. 3. 14. 22. 24. 38. 60. 209. 237.  
Teeth to stop. 20, 21. 37. 78, 79.  
Toothache. 6. 11. 18. 22. 26. 32. 40. 72. 108. 122. 148. 182. 230.  
Terms to provoke. 6. 11. 26. 83.  
Thirst to staunch 8. 39 81. 126.  
Tongue. 10.  
Throat. 14. 24. 54. 62. 68 78. 87. 121. 126. 164.  
Tetters and Ringworms. 32. 78. 97. 149. 228.  
Temples. 40. 93.  
Tympany. 61.  
Phthisic. 79. 84. 90.  
Thorn and Splinters to draw forth. 80. 84.  
The Taste to help. 115.  
Trochis. 210.    

V  

Ulcers. 141. 160. 213.  
Urine to provoke. 158. 160. 211.  
Urine sharp. 206.  
Venomous beasts. 3. 8. 11. 13. 14. 18. 20. 50. 56. 73, 74. 85. 104. 171.  
Ulcers in the Matrix. 3.  
Ulcers in general. 10. 20. 48. 54. 56. 62. 94. 103. 107. 123. 133. 136.  
Urine to provoke. 5, 6. 8, 11. 13, 14. 22, 23, 24. 34. 60. 71. 83. 102.  
Venereous Exercises to excite. 7. 36. 38. 42. 119.  
The Wula falling down. 11.  
Vomiting to stay. 29. 33. 39 99 169. 209.  
Vomiting to force. 47, 48, 49, 103.  
Voice to help. 42. 68 195. 209.  
Udders of Cows how to help. 115.    

W.  

Wind to dissolve. 3. 8. 19 21, 25. 38. 61. 89. 93. 129.  
women's Courses, See Terms.  
women's delivery to be easy. 6. 34. 53. 84. 151. 224.  
Whites or Reds to stop. 6. 8. 13. 34. 108.  
women's milk to cause plenty. 8. 107.  
women's flowers and the Afterbirth. 9 11. 13. 27. 52. 83.  
Warts. 11. 78. 224,  
Wounds. 13. 27. 50. 52. 82. 94. 107. 162.  
Worms. 22. 29. 38. 52. 70. 81. 104. 108. 115. 138 168. 172. 233.  
Wasps to kill. 72.  
Women subject to miscarry. 91. 204.  
Wens. 122. 168. 227.  
women's Longing. 168.  
Wheasing. 206. 221.    

X. Y.  

Yard to help. 36.     

A new Tract for the Cure of Wounds made by Gun-Shot or otherways, fitted for the meanest Capacities, exceeding useful in times of War and Peace.  
FIrst, How Wounds are to be ordered at the first dressing.  
The first thing to be done in order to the curing of these wounds is to remove whatsoever is within the wound offending it; as Linen, Paper, Bullets, and the like, with instruments for that purpose; as Forceps, Crows-bills, Catch-Bullets, etc. The next thing must be to staunch the flux of blood, which is done either by filling the wound with dry Lint, or Powders of Bolearmonack, Dragons' blood, Aloes, Frankincense, the hairs of a Hare cut very small, and such like, applied either with the white of an Egg, Ointment of Bolearmonack and such like, or without, as you shall see cause. If the wound be large and you think it will not join together by rolling, than you must stitch it together with needle, and silk, well waxed for that purpose; then at the next days dressing, the Contusion or bruising of the part caused by the Gun-shot must be considered, to which end you are to use such like medicines as these that follow. viz. Oleum Catellorum, i. e. Oil of whelps, or Oil of Turpentine, called Oleum Terebinthinae, or Arceus his Lineament etc. The next dressing, proceed as before, unless you suspect a Gangrene, then mix with the former medicines, some Aegyptiacum-oyntment, more or less as you shall find cause; then the wound with these remedies being come past danger of gangrene, with good flesh and matter, than you must seek to supply the part with good flesh if there be any wanting, which may be done with Vnguentum Basilicon, Vnguentum Aureum, i. e. golden ointment: And at last, wholly to skin it firmly over, use desiccativum rubrum, the red drying or shining ointment.  
All this while you must have regard to such other Symptoms as oftentimes are known to follow and accompany these wounds. And first for pain, which being commonly joined with Inflammation or great heat, is to be assuaged and mitigated with these medicines following, Vnguentum album, i. e. the white ointment, Vnguentum nutritum, oil of Roses, Vnguentum Populeum, Id est, Ointment of Poplar-buds, and oil of Lilies, Elder, Earthworms, Camomile.  
If the Patient shall chance to faint through pain or loss of blood, or any other ways, administer to him one dram of Confectio Alkermes, with the smaller sort of Cinamon-water.  
If a Convulsion happen to the part, you are to anoint it with oil of Bays, called Oleum Laurinum, Spike, and Castor, etc. The ointment of Arragon and Agrippa are likewise very good: or anoint the part and all the Backbone with this. Take oil of Turpentine half an ounce, oil of Cloves six drops, the pulp of bryony as much as sufficeth to make an ointment: But this following is excellent.  
Take salt Butter and old rusty Bacon, of each four ounces, the gums of Bdellium and Ammoniacum, of each one ounce, Myrrh and Castor of each two drams, the flowers of Lavender Cotton and Rosemary-flowers, of each a pugil, (which is as much as you can take up between your thumb and two fingers) Nutmegs and Cloves, of each one dram, a young Kitlen the skin being pulled off and the guts being taken out and bruised, and cut in small pieces: put all these into the belly of a fat Goose, sew them up, and so roast the Goose upon a spit, the first juice or Liquor that drops from it being waterish may be thrown away, but when the fat dripping comes, let that be taken in a Pan half full of vinegar, and with this anoint the part troubled with convulsion, and all the Backbone. After anointing, keep a Fox or Cats-skin to the part: If he be full bodied he may bleed and purge, with a dram of Pillulae Cochiae, to which add three grains of Castor, if he will not bleed apply Cupping-glasses with scarification to the neck and shoulders, if the Arm be troubled; but to the hips and loins if the thigh be affected.  
Sometimes a Palsy happens to the wounded through several causes, as a cold and moist distemper, cutting of the Nerves etc. For which you must Purge the Patiented every fourth or fifth day, or once a week, as you find the strength and Constitution of your Patient, with these Pills following, Take Pillulae foetidae, and Pillulae Corticae the lesser, of each half a dram, Trochise, Alhandal four grains, make them into six Pills, let them be taken in the morning keeping warm, afterwards let him use the decoction of Lignum vitae, and the Bark thereof for his ordinary drink till he be well.  
If he chance to be burnt with Gunpowder, then presently take common salt half an ounce, Juice of onions four ounces, mix them together and anoint the Patient therewith: but where the skin is burnt off, then use this following ointment. Take two pound of Linseed oil, one pound and a half of oil of Roses, Violet-leaves, Mallows, Water-lilies, of the Bark of the green Alder-tree, House-leek, each one handful; Porks greese first well washed in waters of Roses and Nightshade as much as is sufficient. Infuse all these for the space of six days, then boil them over a gentle fire, till the virtue of the herbs be drawn out; then strain them, and add thereunto white wax, as much as is sufficient to make them into an ointment, and if in the boiling you put in one pound of Shoemaker's piece greese, it will be the better.  
But if the eyes chance to be burnt apply this Remedy, red Rose-water four ounces, women's milk if to be had two ounces, two whites of eggs and a little Sugar-candy, mix them together apply it to the eye, or anoint the Eyelids with this excellent ointment, Take four ounces of Oil of Roses, one ounce of Cerus, washed in red Rose-water, two whites of Eggs, one ounce of white wax, one dram of Camphire, mix them for use. But beware in any case you apply not Soap or any such like medicines to any part where the skin is off: and if there follow any swelling, then apply this Pultis following, made of two handfuls of Mallows and two handfuls of Violet-leaves, Camomile-flowers, and Rose-leaves; of each one handful, boil these in new milk or Barleywater, till they be soft, then stamp them in a Mortar, and add thereto the ointment of Roses and Unguentum Populeum or ointment of Poplar-buds, of each one ounce and a half, two yolks of Eggs, two ounces of Barley-meal, the roots of Marsh-mallows, and the seeds of Flea-bane, of each half an ounce: sometimes you may put in the pulps of these, of each two ounces, and half an ounce of oil of Roses, with the Crumbs of white bread.  
You are in the mean time to have regard the Patient's body be in good order either naturally or by Art; if not naturally, administer this clyster, or the like, as often as you see occasion. Take of Mallows Violet-leaves, Pellitory, Beets, and Mercury, Camomile-flowers, of each, one handful; half an ounce of sweet Fennelseeds, two drams of Linseed, boil them in a sufficient quantity of common water to a pint, in which dissolve one ounce or six drams or half an ounce according to the nature of your Patient, of Diaphenicon or lenitive Electuary, or Diacatholicon, with butter or oils, with about a dram of common salt. Blood-letting is not to be forgotten: you may likewise make the Patiented a drink after this manner, taking of Egrimony, Mugwort, Angelica, St. John's wort, Mouse-ears, of each two handful, Wormwood half a handful, Southernwood, Bettony, Buglos, Comfrey the greater and lesser roots, and all her Avens, both sorts of Plantain, Sanacle, Tormentil, with the roots; the buds of Barbary and Oak, of each a handful: take of all these herbs mixed together three handful, boil them in two quarts of water, and a quart of white-wine gently, till the third part or one half be consumed, strain it, and add one pound of Honey being scummed, and let the Patiented drink of it, or you may sweeten it to make it pleasant, with boiling Reasons of the Sun, stoned, pruans, or the like, with Sugar.  
Now when you meet with any wounded in the head, apply a plaster of the white of an Egg, Bolarmonack, and Aloes, next day dress it with Arceus his Lineament, and lay upon it Emplastrum de Janua, or else de Gratia Dei, which will perfectly heal the wound. But if it be deep you may apply either the  or this medicine following, which will bring the wound to run with good matter, which is made with Venus' Turpentine, the yolk of an egg, oil of Roses, and a little Saffron, afterwards you must add honey of Roses, and Barley-flower to the former medicine, till the wound be perfectly cured. But if you find the former medicines not to answer your expectation, then make use of this that follows, viz. Take two ounces of Venice Turpentine, one ounce of Syrup of Roses, Powder of Myrrh and Mastic, of each half a dram, mix them together for your use; Lastly, wholly to close and dry up the wound, use this following powder which is made of  Alum and the rinds of Pomegranates burnt, of each one dram; mix them: apply it either alone, or mixed with Unguentum desiccativum rubrum. But if the wound be very large, stitch it up, first washing the wound with some warm wine, then dressing it with Venice Turpentine mixed with a little Aqua vitae, dissolving therein some sanguis Draconis, i. e. Dragons-bloud, Mastic, and Aloes: let not your stiches be too straight or close together, for fear of pain and Inflammations, (which may happen till the wound comes to maturity or suppuration) but only to keep out the air; and put somewhat a broad-like tent into the lowest part of the wound, that the Matter may have passage forth; then apply this following Cataplasm above the other dressing. Take Barley and Bean-meal of each six ounces, oil of Roses three drams, as much vinegar as will serve to make it a Pultis, which doth cool, dry, repel, or drive back, and mitigate and assuage pain and inflammation, and stays bleeding.  
If you suspect or fear, that the Patient have a fever, let blood forthwith, according to the strength and ability of your Patient; daily administering cooling glisters made of Barleywater, wherein may be boiled Violet-leaves, Mallows, and Mercury, and such like; dissolving syrup of Violets and Roses, pulp of Cassia, and such like therein; or you may give him a gentle Purge of Electuarium Diacatholicon, Electuarium lenitivum, or the like; an ounce more or less for a Dose; according to the strength of your Patient: or if he like Pills rather, give him Pillulae Cochiae, and Pillulae Ruffi, of each half a dram, mixed well together: let the Patient take three over night, and three the next morning: if he have a foul body and you see need, you may continue them every other day for a week or more, as you see cause; likewise you may administer suppositories made of honey boiled to a due hardness with common salt. But if you meet with only a bruised head without a wound, than the head is to be shaved; applying this following; Oil of Myrtle, and the powder of the same, of each one ounce, the white of an Egg, mix it and apply it. Or this Pultis instead thereof, consisting of flower of Barley and Beans, with vinegar and oil of Roses; Dress it twice a day till the part comes to its former temperature; if you were not at the beginning, than first anointing it with oil of wax, lay on Emplastrum Cuminum, or the plaster of Cumminseed: But if after all this there remain a tumour, or swelling apply Emplastrum de Betonica, or plaster of Betony, or de Minio or the Red-lead Plaster, or take two ounces of Emplastrum de Mucilaginibus, or Emplaster of the Muscilages, Oxicroceum, Emplastrum Meleloti, or the Melilot plaster, of each one ounce, oil of Camomile and Dill of each two ounces, of these make a Cerat or Cerecloath, as they call it; Or this, Three pints of red-wine commonly such as loches, are washed with a quart; twenty cypress nuts and Myrtle-berries, both bruised, one ounce of red rose leaves, Wormwood, Sage-leaves, Sweet Mariorum, Camomile and Melilot-flowers, of each half a handful, make a water of them, being boiled together, dipping flannel  in it, wrung hot out and applied, then apply one of the plasters above. The Melilot plaster alone hath been found of admirable effect in Contusions or bruisings. If these remove not the tumour, than you must see to ripen it as●oon as you can, which may be done by this medicine, made of two parts of water, one of oil, with as much wheat-flower as will make it to a Pultis of a good body, adding thereto the yolk of an egg: Now having brought it to matter, it must be opened in the most declining part; then if the skull be found, dress it with this, Syrup of dried Roses and Wormwood, of each an ounce, half an ounce of Turpentine, Orrice-roots, Aloes, Myrrh, Mastic, and Bean-flower, of each one dram, mix them according to art: If the skull be foul, then smooth it with an Instrument called a Raspatory made for that purpose; & apply this powder thereto. Take of Orrice-root, Gentian, round Birthwort, Dittany, Barley-flower, of each half an ounce, Aloes, Dragons' blood, Myrrh, Mastic, Sarcocol. of each two drams; make a powder for your use. After the bone is scaled, cure it as ordinary wounds: if from a Bruise or Contusion a gangreen should follow which you may know by the hardness of the part & when it looks black, than you are to scarify or cut the flesh with your Incision-knife or Razor, and apply Cupping-glasses, dressing it with Aegyptiacum, Spirit of wine, and such like, till you have secured it from going further; then cure it as in other wounds.  
If a wound happen upon the muscles of the Temple, either by pricking or thrusting, over thwart ways, or long ways, the two first if deep are dangerous, being accompanied with vomiting, convulsion and deep sleeping: if it be by a thrust, the hair being shaved away, dress it with oil of St. John's wort compound & oil, and Earthworms, & upon that apply Paracelsus plaster: if over thwart ways stitch it, dressing it with Arceus his Liniament, upon that Paracelsus plaster: if the wound be long ways, stay the blood and stitch it, and apply the foresaid Lineament of Arceus with plaster of Paracelsus. If the membranes of the brain be hurt with the brain, (which seldom falls out) without the skull be broken, the first Membran being wounded, called Pia mater the blood flows with much pain, the next to that called Dura mater, cleaus close to the brain which is under it; that they always suffer together, There follows foaming at the mouth, darkness of sight, loss of Reason, and Palsy, and flux of blood. To stay bleeding use the powders before mentioned, and to suage pain use Oil of Roses warm till matter be procured, after use equal parts of honey of Roses and Spirit of wine, or oil of Roses, till it be digested; then to procure new flesh use Syrup of dried Roses: if there happen an Inflammation joined with the swelling then open a vein, use slender diet, and bathe the part with the decoction of Marsh mallows, Linseed, Fenugreek, Violet leaves, and such like; after, apply oil of Roses, Myrtles, or Quinces: if the tumour increase, open the passage wider in the skull, if it come to be fully ripe then open it warily that you touch not the brain; after, apply honey of Roses, and Syrup of dry Roses, if this swelling come from a bruise then use oil of Roses, Honey of Roses or oil of eggs with Aqua vitae and powder of Orrice root, Gentian, round Birthwort, and the like; if congealed blood be the cause, use this, Aqua vitae two ounces and a half, Saffron in powder one scruple, Honey of Roses two ounces and a half, Sarcocol. three drams, mix them over a gentle fire and so use it till blackness be gone; if from improper medicines applied, cure it as in a Bruise; if from Putrefaction or rottenness which is known by the ill scent of the matter, use this medicine, Take an ounce and half of Aqua vitae, Syrup of Wormwood, and honey of Roses of each two drams, ointment of Aegyptiacum one dram and half, Sarcocol, myrrh, and Aloes of each one dram, White wine one ounce and half, boil all together gently, strain them and keep them for your use, or take Plantain water one ounce and a half, Egyptian ointment one dram and a half, Mercury precipitated one scruple, mix them and apply it warm.  
If you shall imagine that the skull of any Patient is broken, not touching the membrane of the brain, which you shall gather either by sense or reason, the first is found out either by the finger of Probe, by both which you will feel it rugged; only have a care that the Sutures in the head do not deceive you. The rational signs are taken diversely, as if he fell from on high, the person strong, or the weapon great that caused the wound, its probable the skull is broken if they bleed at nose ears or mouth, if they swoon or vomit, if he often touch the wound, if he raves or falter in his speech, be dull, weak of judgement and understanding, all these are signs of a broken skull; If a Fever happen to the Patient before the thirteenth day in Winter, and seventh in Summer, it will go ill with him. If the skull be blackish, most commonly deadly; but if the flesh be red the membran called dura mater be of its right colour, and he move well his neck and jaws, there is hope of his Recovery. If the Patient be old, if the fracture be upon the fore part of the head called Sinciput, or the Temples or Sutures, than the case is doubtful. Then the first thing you are to do (having prepared your Patient's body by blood-letting, Suppositers glisters and gentle Purges, as you shall see cause and your judgement shall direct you) is to shave the head an Incision being made after the manner of a cross, or letter X, take up all to the skull either with a Chisel or your fingers, but make not your Incision on the Temporal muscles, that done keep it open with pledgets, armed with the astringent powders, then roll it up, the next day if a flux of blood be not feared, or upon the skull, about the fourth day after wounding, if ill symptoms hinder not, then upon the seventh or ninth; some think it may be prolonged till the fourteenth day, but the sooner the better. The Instruments for this purpose first are Raspatories, the next is the Trepan or Trasin, in the use of which when you are come to the second table take out the Pin, and moisten the Trafine with oil and cold water, then wipe away the blood, to see if it be cut equal; when it gins to shake lift it up with a levatory, then smooth it with a Scalper, the Gimlet or Terebra serves to raise the depressed part, first making way in the skull with the pin of the Trafin, after screw it in and draw up the depression; the Head-sawe is used either to give vent in fractures, or to take off some ragged piece of the skull: While you are using the Trafine you are to stop the Patient's ear close with cottons, having a good fire by you all the while, his head being held firmly. After you have done your work apply a piece of Sarsenet or Taffeta dipped in honey of Roses, or oil of Roses, & Spirit of wine, conveying it betwixt the membrane called dura mater and the skull; then fill the whole wound with Arceus his Lineament, or else with this medicine, Take one ounce of Turpentine washed in Sage or Betony-water, one ounce and half of oil of Roses, two ounces of the oil of yolks of eggs, Gum-elemy and Mastic, (dissolved over a gentle fire in the aforesaid oils) of each half an ounce, Saffron in powder one scruple, the yolks of two eggs, make of them an ointment, upon them apply Emplast. de Janua Gratia Dei, or the Betony-plaister, you may use the honey of Roses and Spirit of wine till the seventh day, after dressing anoint the parts adjoining with oil of Roses, and in the neck where the veins of the throat are; whereby pain is assuaged and heat of blood mitigated; if there happen flux of blood in applying the Trafin, use some of the astringent powders beforementioned.  
If you have a simple fracture called a fissure, if it be apparent it is either to or through the second table, which are to be enlarged or widened as far as they will go with a Raspatory, leaving a way for the matter and blood in the depending part. That which is not apparent if you cannot find it by the Patients holding his breath or a multiplying glass, apply Ink to the respective part; if it leave any print, the next day being made clean, then, follow it as far as it goes with the abovenamed Instrument, afterwards dress it as after Trafining.  
If you meet with a fracture in the skull called Sedes or seat, which is when the weapon so falls upon the skull that the fracture retaining the print thereof, is neither stretched forth nor contracted thereby; if this pass through both the tables and the membrans not hurt by any splinter, the matter may be made to be discharged dressing it as before will suffice But if the membran called dura mater, be offended or the passage be too narrow to discharge the matter, remove what offends and enlarge the other with the Raspatory.  
For a Contusion or Bruise on the skull, if it shall be so great that the skin be separated from the skull, you shall make Incision whereby the blood may be emptied, and so by depressing of the part and drying medicines with Emplastrum Opodoldock may be perfectly cured.  
The Fracture called depression hath the shivers either quite separated or cleaving to the rest or both, if the last happen remove the lose shivers, and with a levatory raise the rest; after dress it with honey of Roses and Spirit of wine, and if the levatory fail you, use the Trafine as near the fracture as you can.  
When you shall happen to see the skull pulled upward leaving a cavity beneath like a vault, if it go only to the second table, smooth the skull, and cure the wound as before according to art; if it pass through the second table, open the skull with the Trafine in the depending part, then cure it according to art.  
When the part of the skull wounded is altogether separated from the whole which is double, First, when the first table is parted from the second, and cleaves to the Masculous skin, then take it away and cure the wound, either by medicines that close the lips of the wounds and bring them to perfect union, such as before mentioned; or the powders of the roots of Lung-wort, Tormentil Cinquefoyl, leavs of hounds tongue, Karrow, Vervin, Mouse-ear, Sanicle, Scabious, Myrrh, Frankincense, Aloes, etc. Or such medicines which procure the generation of flesh wanting in any wound, such as Frankincense, Turpentine, Pitch, Aloes, myrrh,  Lead, Cerus, which may be most fit; remember you must use no unctuous or oily medicines to the bones. The second is when a portion of the whole skull is divided, so that the dura mater is seen, this is to be put in its proper place and there kept; by bringing the brims of the wound together, with as many strong and deep stitches as suffice; first washing the wound well with wine, or Spirit of wine. Sometimes the skull is broken in the part near or opposite to that which received the blow; as if the right side be struck the left is cloven; if it be nigh the wound, the sides of the wound near the fracture will not cicatrize, although the other doth: there will slow a thin waterish matter more than the wound can seem to afford; the flesh near to the part is spongy, you may find the skin separated from the skull with your Probe, and you will perceive some swelling above the fracture: if it be opposite, it is either in the opposite part, or when the second table being broken the other is whole. These are hard to find, but by conjecture or these signs. If the Patiented vomit choler, have a Fever, with other symptoms belonging to a fracture, the Patient will put his hands to it often, if there appear a Swelling there is assuredly a fracture, if no swelling appear in the opposite part shave it and apply this; viz. Take Ship-puchand wax, of each three ounces, one ounce of Turpentine, Mastic and Powder of Orrice-root of each two drams, make a Plaster of them, spread it upon leather, and being applied let it lie twenty four hours; if after you have taken it away, the flesh appear in any place more moist soft and swelled then the rest, its probable the fracture is there. In these fractures the skull must be opened with the Trafine, and cured according to art; if such Patients die, the Chirurgeon is not to be blamed.  
The skull being broken without a wound if in children, having shaved the head, apply oil of Roses, the white of an egg, and a little vinegar; apply it cold in Summer, but warm in winter, with a cloth four double; let it lie for twenty four hours, afterwards till the eleventh day apply this. Take of red Roses and Myrtle berries of each two ounces, Barley and Bean-flower of each one ounce, Wormwood and Bettony of each half an ounce, two drams of Commin-seeds powdered, Boyl them all in a pint of Red-wine to the thickness of a Pultis according to art, then add oil of Roses and Oil of Camomile, of each one ounce, and two ounces of honey being mixed, it is to be applied morning and evening; or Paracelsus plaster hath been applied with good success; but from the eleventh to the twentieth day apply this following plaster. Take twelve ounces of fresh Porks greese, of sweet oil and red lead of each twenty ounces, Calcit is burnt, but not till it be red burnt; Alum of each two ounces, four ounces of Deer-suet, Mastic and Olibanum finely powdered of each two ounces; of these make a plaster according to art, before you use it you must moisten it with oil of Lilies, then make use of Paracelsus, his stiptik-plaister moistened in Oil of Camomile to the end of the cure.  
If there be a wound with the fracture in children dress it with a feather dipped in Arceus his Linement, not taking away any part of the skull, unless there be either a fever, Convulsion, a vomiting or a Palsy, then open as before and dress it according to art; In older persons if in Summer make a Pultis, called a Cataplasm of Barley-meal, vinegar & water, apply it: If it be in winter make it with wine, adding thereto powder of Roses, Mastich, Myrtle-berries, and oil of Roses; administering to the Patiented this purge. Take of the Electuary called Cariocostinum, and of the Electuary of the juice of Roses, of each one dram; Syrup of Chichory with Rhubarb one ounce, with three ounces of the distilled water of Endive, make thereof a Potion, letting him blood before, and as often afterwards as you shall see it necessary; and having given him a clyster or glisters or Suppositories as you thought good, drop some Oil of sweet Almonds into his ears and nose; about the fourth day make him some Gargarisms, made of the flowers of Rosemary and Roses, Violets, Cinnamon and the like boiled in Barleywater, to which you must add honey of Roses, or honey and White-wine-vinegar and water boiled together, called Oxymel simplex, the seventh day use the same plaster you applied to children, from the eleventh to the twentieth day, moistened with oil of Roses, but if you see any appearance of dangerous symptoms after the seventh day, open the skull and cure it according to art.  
For wounds of the brain and the other Membrans prevent what possible you can the entrance of the air: for the first seven days, use oil of Roses and Turpentine, Honey of Roses, of each one ounce, Aquavitae two ounces; but honey of Roses and Spirit of wine are to be compared to none, upon all which apply Paracelsus plaster.  
When there is a moving of the brain from its natural place, by reason of violent & external causes, such as blows, falls from a high place, and the Patient be astonished, vomit, and at length fall a Raving; sometimes it is more gentle wherein no vessels are broken, sometimes more violent wherein the vessels are broken and the brains shaken; then follows speechlesness, bleeding at the nose and ears, vomiting, the matter putrifying a fever follows; First begin the Cure in letting the Patiented blood in the arm, or the veinunder the tongue, give him often cooling glisters such as before were mentioned; if occasion be, gently purge him; then shave the head and anoint it twice a day with oil of Roses, after apply this Pultis warm. Take of Barley-meal three ounces, powder of Bettony and Roses of each half an ounce, Boyl them with the decoction of Bettony and a little Rose-water, to the form of a Pultis, adding towards the end half an ounce of oil of Roses, yolks of two eggs, mix them and so apply it; if there be a wound, use this following Ointment, Take new wax and Collollony, of each one ounce, Gum-Elemie, Venus' Turpentine, of each half an ounce, Oil of Earthworms, Sweet Almonds, and the yolks of eggs and of Roses, of each two drams, Saffron one dram, mix it and therewith make an Ointment; if with two ounces of this you shall mix the yolk of one egg, it will afford more ease to the Patient.  
If there shall happen to grow a Tumour, called a Mushroom from its likeness to the thing so called, which is sometimes hard without blood, almost senseless, sometimes it will be soft and tender, and it will smell noisome, being narrow beneath, and broad above, sometimes increased to the bigness of a Hen's egg, caused from a thick melancholy blood springing from the broken vessels as before; and will partake of the nature of the part to which it grows; which will prove dangerous if it happens from the flowing of vicious humours from the brain. In the beginning of the cure use such glisters as this, every day; afterwards every third day, take the roots and leaves of Marsh-mallows, Mallows, the herb Mercury, flowers of Camomile, Myrtle-flowers, and leaves of Bettony, of each half a handful, Linseed and Fenugreek, Anniseeds, of each half an ounce; Boyl them in Spring or running-water, till the third part be boiled away. Strain it, to one pint of the straining, add Benedict, laxativum and Hiera picra compound, of each three drams, the yolk of one egg, oil of Camomile two ounces, common salt one dram, mix them and make a clyster: use the following fomentation twice a day. Take of the leaves and flowers of Bettony, Sage, Camomile, melilot, Roses, tops of Sweet Margerum and Rosemary, of each one handful, Anniseeds and Fenugreek of each one ounce, cut them and bruise them, then take as many of them as will fill a Bag, which may cover almost half the head, let it be quilted, then boil it in equal parts, of Red wine and water, and apply it hot. Then cleanse the head with hot Linen, which done, be sprinkle the Mushroom or fungus, and the wound with this following powder. Take of the root of Avens, Angelica, sweet-smelling or Aromatical Reed, of each half a dram, of the root of round Birthwort, Orrice and Lignum-vitae, of each two drams, flowers of Sage, tops of Sweet marjoram, and Rosemary, of each one pugil, i. e. as much as you can take up betwixt your thumb and the two forefingers, make all of them into a powder, and use it as is before directed; upon which apply the Basilick plaster, the Receipt is as follows. Take four ounces of the Bettony-plaister, Gum-elemy dissolved in one ounce of Oil of Roses, Powder of Red Roses and Myrtles, of each one dram, Mastic, Sweet-smelling or Aromatical Reed, Angelica, Avens or Herb-Bennet, of each half a dram; as much wax as will serve to make it into a plaster. But if it be grown to such a bigness as a Hen's egg, bind it with silk 〈◊〉 ●he root very fast, and when it is fallen off, use the former powders: for a Swelling coming from wind use the same method.  
Wounds of the eyelids if they be made overthwart-ways, are to be stitched up, and this following powder strewed upon them; which hath a virtue to heal them speedily. Take of Bolearmonack and sealed earth, called terra sigillata, of each two drams; of Dragon's blood called sanguis Draconis and Sarcocol, of each one dram, mix them for your use, or else use Arceus' Lineament or artificial Balsam; Purging and bleeding must not be forgot if the wound be great; wounds of the eyes are carefully to be handled, if the eye and eyelid be both wounded, keep them from growing together, and apply defensatives to the forehead and temples, to hinder Inflammations and pain; and so dress it with oil of St. John's wort, compound Arceus' Lineament and the like with Paracelsus his plaster over the eyelids; But to cleanse the eyes from any filth, use this medicine following. Take Syrup of dried Roses one ounce, the waters of Fennel and Rue of each two drams, Aloes washed, Olibanum the gum of each half an ounce, mix them for your use; or this, Take one ounce of Barleywater, three drams of clarified honey, Aloes well washed in Plantane-water, and Sugar Candy, of each half an ounce, mix them for use; also this ensuing is good, Take of the pulp called Muscilages of Olibanum, , Gum-dragant, and Sarcocol, of each three drams, (the pulp or muscilages must be drawn in Barleywater) one dram of Aloes being thrice washed in Rose-water, Cerus washed, and prepared Tutty, of each half a dram, mix them for your use; you may if you find occasion, make use of Rhasis his white troches, (called Trochisci albi Rhasis, cum vel sine Opio) being made with or without Opium; likewise at any time you may use those Troches dissolved in Plantain or Barleywater, instead of Breast-milk.  
Wounds in the Ears if altogether cut off, are cured by applying the Powders of Gentian, Orrice, Dittany, Aloes, myrrh, Mastic, Barley-flower, Sarcocol, of each equal quantities, and the ointment of red Lead, laying over them Paracelsus plaster; if they be divided and must be stitched, take hold of the skin only and dress them with Arceus his Linement; if the division be but small, than you may use the dry stitch to keep them joined together, the dry stitch is when pieces of cloth are dipped in such and the like glutinating ointments; Take Mastic, Myrrh, Dragon's blood, powder of Red Roses, Gum-Dragon, of each two drams, powder them all very finely; that done, put to them the white of an egg, and as much Rose-water as will make them of a glewy substance; standing so all night. The next day if the medicine be too thick, put more Rose-water and Plantane-water to make it of a fit thickness, the pieces of cloth are to be indented and applied on each side the wound; four hours before you stitch them: this is done without pain, and therefore may be used wherever you can without stitching or needles  
Wounds in the nose if in the soft part only, may be cured by dry stitch as before, observing the same method; if in the hard part it is either the bone, or gristle otherwise called Cartilege; if in the former, broken restore it, by putting up some Instrument or fit stick wrapped about with a soft linen rag, then with pledget's dipped in this astringent medicine made of the white of an egg. Boll Armanack and Dragon's blood applied to the sides of the nose; you shall endeavour to confirm the restored bones; then put up small Pipes into the nostrils not exactly round but something flattish, put them not up too high; so fasten them with strings to a Cap lest they fall out; by this means the bones will be kept in their place, and you will make a passage both for the matter and breathing. Remember, the wound is to be brought together, either by dry stitch, or needle, and Bol Armanack, Mastic, Dragon's blood, Burnt-Allum mixed with the white of an egg is to be applied, using convenient binding which may not press the bones too much, lest the nose become flat. If in the gristle or Cartilege, in stitching take hold only of the skin, and to prevent the growing of proud flesh within, use tents according to art.  
In wounds of the Cheeks use the dry stitch with the aforesaid medicines, The other manner of using the dry stitch is thus, having spread the glutinative ointment or Plaster set down before in wounds of the ears upon pieces of strong cloth, or the cloth dipped in the glutinating ointment, apply on each side of the wound one piece of the same; a singer's breadth distance asunder, or so let it lie on till it be well dried to the skin: then draw the edges of the  together with your needle and thread and the flesh will follow, and so come to join together. If the wound be large use two or three needles as, in manner of curing the Hair-lip, shall presently be shown; which you may fortify with the dry stitch, i. e. use the dry stitch upon the other.  
Wounds of the lips are to be cured as other common wounds, if they pierce not through, but if they do, they are to be cured as in the hair lip, which is done by piercing through the lips of the wound with a needle or two if occasion be, putting a thin piece of lead on both sides; Lastly, snip off the ends of the needle and cast the silk about the ends thereof, as Tailors do when they fasten them to the skirt or sleeves, this must be done in the middle, but at the ends an ordinary stitch will serve; especially in children: the wound is to be dressed with Arceus his Linement; if the inward part of the lips be wounded, as happens by falls and the like, then use within, Honey of Roses, Syrup of dried Roses, etc.  
Wounds of the tongue happen several manner of ways, as by falls, when it is bitten by the teeth, etc. If the wound of the tongue be great and deep, than you must stitch it deep to hold it the stronger and surer; cutting the thread close to the knot. Then make use of this gargoyle called a Gargarism, following. Take of the leaves and flowers of Privet, Plantane-leaves, and red-Rose leaves, of each one handful, of the rinds and flowers of Pomegranates, of each half an ounce, boil them in a quart of Smith's water, or water wherein Gads of Steel have been often quenched, let them boil till the third part thereof be consumed; then strain them, and dissolve in the liquor two drams of Acacia, or the juice of Sloes, and two ounces of the syrup of dried Roses, with which let the Patients often wash their tongues. Moreover you must have and hold constantly almost in your mouth, either Marmolet of Quinces, preserved Cherries, Raspberries, or the syrup of dried Roses, or syrup of Quinces. The Patient is to feed on liquid things, as broth, Almond-milks, etc. Or a Poatched egg at most &c. Now the manner of stitching up wounds of the tongue, whether long-ways or athwart, when any happens to come under your hands is this; Let the Mate, Assistant, or some other body, hold the tongue very firmly in his hand with a soft Linen cloth, (lest it should slip from between his fingers) whilst the other stitch it together; which when he hath done, let him cut off the thread as near the knot as he can, lest it be tangled by the teeth as he eats, or otherwise, and so put the Patient to pain, by pulling and tearing the stitches wherewith the part was sewed.  
The parts of the neck which happen to be wounded, are the Windpipe and Gullet, veins of the throat called the jugular veins, sleepy arteries, called also the soporal arteries, and the recurrent Nerves. A transverse or overthwart wound of the Trachea Arteria, called the Windpipe is dangerous, by reason of a fever, Gangreen, or often following thereon; If the wound be between the rings it is curable; if holding a Candle before it whilst the Patient speaks, it be either blown out, or moved, than it is wounded quite through; if not, stitch it up as neatly as you can, dressing it with Arceus' Linement, and Oil of St. John's wort compound, and let not the Patient swallow any hard solid thing, but liquid broths, Jellies, and such like; when you shall have occasion to use Gargarisms, than this and the following may be used with profit to the Patient. Take a handful of French barley, a pugil of Rosemary flowers, Raisins of the Sun stoned, Jujubes, of each half an ounce, one ounce of Liquorice, let them be boiled all together, adding thereto when you have strained them honey of Roses, and Julep of Roses, of each two ounces. The other is this, take three spoonfuls of French barley, one pugil of the flowers of red Roses, Sumach, Pomgranate-flowers, of each, two drams, Raisins of the Sun stoned and Jujubes, of each half an ounce, one ounce of Liquorice, boil these together according to art, in three pints of running water to the consumption of half, strain them, to which add honey of Roses, and syrup of myrtles, of each two ounces, for a Gargarism: either of these moisten the mouth and throat, will mitigate the harshness of the part, assuage pain, cleanse and agglutinate, and cause a more free and easy breathing.  
If the veins of the throat or Jugular veins, sleepy or soporal arteries, be deeply wounded, 'tis mortal: if not, first staunch the blood; which is done by several means, as with pledget's, dipped in a medicine made of the white of an egg, vinegar and water being well mixed together and applied; or by astringent powders, whereof you have had choice often before, which you may apply thus. Touch the vessels with your finger, then wipe away the blood with lint or a sponge dipped in red wine, than put some powder with your fingers to the vessel, after that apply the same medicine upon Pledgets to the place where your fingers were; and keeping them close down fill the wound with pledgets armed with the same, and last of all, a four-doubled  wet in Red wine or some astringent liquor; as of the decoction of the roots of Lungwort, Ciniquefoil, the leaves of Knotgrass, Burnet, Hors-tail, Plantain, and the like, either boiled in water, or red wine and water, or red wine alone. In other places where you may use rolling, you must roll below the wound upward, and when you come to the wound roll three or four times about: but if you cannot make use of rolling the part, then if you can come at the mouth of the vessel with your finger or thumb, press it so long till the blood shall be so thick as a clot about it, and so stop its passage; or use this powder following, Take two drams of Frankincense, Aloes, Dragon's blood, Cobwebs, Mastic, Sarcocol. Umber, of each one dram, and make them into a fine powder; if this prevail not, notnigh a noble part, some add sublimate and auripigmentum, of each half a dram, to two drams of these powders: If you fear an Aneurisma, known by the beating of the Artery, apply this following. Take of the leaves of Nightshade, Henbane, Mandrakes bruised, of each one handful, as much Barley-flower as will serve to make it a Poultis, without boiling, if it be deep, To incarn, use this, Take of oil of St. John's wort four ounces, three ounces of Gum-elemy, half a pound of Venus' Turpentine, melt them all together, and strain them, when they begin to be cold add to it Boll Armanack, and Dragon's blood, of each one ounce, Orrice-roots, Aloes, Myrrh, Mastic, of each one dram, with two ounces of Aqua vitae, mix them and apply them warm, and over them a Diapalma-Plaister moistened with Oil of Roses, to hinder Inflammation, so dressing till the end of the cure as in other wounds.  
If the Gullet be wounded and wholly divided, or overthwart, it is then incurable, if not it is to be stitched, leaving a passage in the lowermost part, and cure as in the Cure of the Windpipe aforesaid, using the Gargarisms as aforesaid; outwardly use this, Take half an ounce of the Syrup of dried Roses, one dram of Bolarmanack, Gum Mastich and Dragon's blood, of each one scruple, half the yolk of an egg, with as much Cyprus Turpentine as is sufficient; incorporate them: if wounds do not pierce to the Windpipe, veins of the throat, soporal Arteries, and be not very deep, they are to be cured after the manner of ordinary wounds.  
If the recurrent Nerves be wounded without hurt of any other notable vessel, it is easily cured, dressing it with a sufficient quantity of Venus' Turpentine, with Boll Armanack or the Balsam mentioned in the cure of wounds of the veins and arteries, In wounds of the nerves to hinder pain and Inflammation, Bleeding and purging, are to be used or suppositories and glisters; outwardly Embrocate with oil of earthworms, Dill and Roses: to the wound itself apply with Lint, Wax, Colophony, of each one ounce, Gum-Elemy and Venus Turpentine, of each half an ounce, Oil of Earthworms, Oil of sweet Almonds, and the oil of the yolks of eggs, oil of Roses, of each two drams, with one dram of Saffron, make therewith an ointment according to art; If you take the yolk of one egg and put two ounces of this unguent, it will be the more anodyne, i. e. ease pain the better; and if to the aforesaid ointment you shall add of each a dram of myrrh and Sarcocol. it will be a good sarcotick medicine, i. e. procure good flesh to grow in the wound. If you have occasion to use tents take heed they touch not the Nerve: if you see it necessary and convenient lay this Poultis or Cataplasm upon the part, Take half an ounce of Marsh-mallow roots, Camomile-flowers, Melilot and Bettony, of each one ounce, of the powder of Linseed and Fenugreek, of each one ounce and a half, Bean-flower one ounce, boil them in Lixivium, i. e. Washing-lee, or water and salt, then put to them Oil of Earthworms and Roses, of each one ounce, two scruples of Saffron in powder, two yolks of eggs, mix them and make a Poultis: or else this following, Barley and Bean-flower of each two ounces, Camomile and Melilot-flowers of each two pugils, one pint of common washing-lee, Elder-vinegar four ounces, boil them to the thickness of a Poultis, to which add ointment of Poplar-buds, called Unguentum Populeum, Oil of Roses and Myrtles, of each one ounce, mix them, and when you use them apply it warm, having first as you see need, anointed the part with this Linement following. Take an ounce of oil of Roses, Oil of Earthworms, Oil of sweet Almonds, Oil of the yolks of Eggs, Man's greese, of each half an ounce, with a scruple of Saffron finely powdered, mix them together, and anoint the part therewith; If the Nerve be only pricked which happens sometimes, pour in oil of Turpentine, & a little Aquavitae upon the part, apply Linen  three or four double dipped in water and vinegar. If the Patient continue in pain, make cross Incision into the skin, and apply this hot, which is made of Oil of Turpentine, Earthworms, the yolk of an Egg, of each three drams, or some other artificial Balsam. If the Nerve be cut, than it is either long-ways or overthwart; if the first, use ointments for asswaging pain as before, and upon them Diapalma-plaister moistened with oil of worms; if the latter, it is wholly divided, and then sense and motion are quite taken away, and the Patient feels no pain; or in part only, and then there follows great pain and the symptoms, as when the Nerve is pricked: for cure of which, use the method and medicines as before, which if they prove not successful, then divide the nerve and dress it with ointments before mentioned that have an anodine virtue, that is, to assuage pain, and so bind it up.  
If the nerve be bruised; Use only Oil of Rue and Camomile if strainned, at first apply that plaster laid down in the cure of wounds of the eye and eyelids; afterwards Paracelsus plaster, or this following may be profitable. Take three ounces of Gum-galbanum being dissolved in vinegar, Melilot and Diachylon plasters, both simple, of each one ounce and half, one ounce of yellow wax, half an ounce of Turpentine, with three drams of Saffron, make a plaster according to art, and if there be any hardness, if this do not soften and dissolve it, apply this. Take two ounces of the plaster of Hemlock, an ounce of oil of Lilies, two drams of liquid storax, mix them together for use. Here note that wounds of the nerves are to be considered several ways in the manner of cure; for those medicines which you apply to the nerves that are pricked only, and not wholly laid open to view, aught to be more sharp and drying; (yet without biting,) than those which are bare from the flesh and joining parts, which require medicines only drying.  
If wounds of the Backbone pierce not to the Marrow, but are only in the Muscles, dress them as fleshy wounds, if in the bones dress them as in wounds of the head, if it be in part divided, than first pouring in this medicine warm which is made of the oils of St. Johns-wort compound, and the oil of the yolks of eggs of each one ounce; oil of Turpentine half an ounce, with a scruple of Saffron finely powdered and mixed together, then let the whole backbone be anointed with this following, Take of the oil of Swallows, Oil of Foxes, Earthworms, of each one ounce, Oil of Mastic and Castor of each half an ounce, mix them for your use: and embrocate the head with an ounce of Oil of Camomile, and half an ounce of oil of Earthworms, and such like. always applying them warm: If the part be much bruised; then take of Barley and Bean-flower of each one ounce, Fenugreek half an ounce, Camomile-flowers, Wormwood, and Cummin, of each two drams, the roots of the greater and lesser Comfrey, of each one ounce and a half, boiling the roots first till they be soft, then beat them into fine pulp, afterwards put them to the other things, and so make a Poultis according to art.  
Wounds of the breast either pierce into the cavity and so wound some of the parts within the same, as the heart, lungs, midriff, and the vessels, as the vena cava, i. e. the hollow vein, and the ascending Artery, etc. or not: if they pierce which is known if you hold a Candle to the part stopping the Patient's mouth and nose, his breath will come forth with a noise and the flame of Candle will be moved; as in a small wind, and sometimes quite blown out: and if other parts be wounded in piercing, they are known by their proper signs; as if there gush out much blood, there follow a general trembling over the whole body, swooning and cold sweats, a very weak and small pulse, and if the limbs grow cold, the heart is wounded and death is not far off. If blood issue out foamy and frothy, the Patient be troubled with a Cough, and hath a great difficulty in breathing, and a pain in his side which he had not before; if he feel a pain on the wounded side, yet lies more at ease when he lies upon that side; and sometimes lying so he speaks in more ease and freedom, but turn to the contrary side, he presently cannot speak or with great pain and difficulty; all these are signs that the lungs are wounded, and they are very difficult to be cured. If the Patient be taken with raving, called delirium, Cough and sharp pain, with difficulty of breathing and a Fever trouble the Patient, and at some times through vehemency of breathing the stomach and guts are drawn through the wound into the Cavity of the breast, all these are signs that the Midriff is deadly wounded; If you perceive or understand blood to be poured forth into the Cavity or hollowness of the breast, and breathing difficult, Fever increasing through difficulty of breathing, Vomiting blood at the mouth, and afterward the breath stinks, and fainting, as also the Patient cannot lie upon his back, and has des●re to vomit, and now and then to rise and sit up, and thereupon often falls into a sound, all these show that the vessels are wounded, and death will ensue.  
Now to assist your Patient as much as you can by art in these wounds of the breast, lay your Patient naked in Bed with the wound downwards, that the matter may be discharged by his coughing, and holding his breath, if he feel no weight in the lower part of his breast or be not troubled with spitting of blood, use no tents, but drop in Arceus his Linement with Oil of St. John's wort compound, or some artificial Balsam; and upon them apply the Diapalma-plaister. But if there was much blood in the cavity, and if it be cast out, then use a Flamula dipped in the white of an Egg, the greater part hanging out of the wound, afterwards use this Injection. Take four ounces of Tisan or Barleywater or Plantane-water, wherein you are to dissolve two ounces of brown sugar, and an ounce of Honey of Roses, mix them and inject them warm with a Syringe; if you see symptoms continue, you may put in a leaden Pipe; till the wound runs little and good matter, then take it out and cure it up; the manner of dressing such Patients is this, having warmed your medicine as before, cast it in with a syringe, which done, let your Patient betake himself to that posture that it may all come forth again, after put the Pipe into the wound, and lay a sponge dipped in Aqua vitae on it, which will keep forth the air, and draw out the matter contained in the wound; Instead of the Sponge you may make use of this. Take half a pound of the clear, and best Rozin, and two ounces of Gum-elemy, melt them over a gentle fire till they be well mixed together, then add to them Oil of Bays and common Turpentine, of each one ounce, boil them a little, then strain them through a thick linen cloth, which spread upon leather, lay it upon the Pipe which will powerfully draw matter out of the wound; Renew it once a day if in winter, and twice a day in Summer: remembering always to snip your plaster in the middle, that the matter may have passage to flow out. With this and Artificial Balsam may wounds be cured which are piercing. Forget not if you see occasion to bleed first on the contrary side of the wound, and if need be and strength permit, afterwards in the other arm: To dissolve clotted blood give this medicine inwardly, made of half a dram of Rhubarb, Madder, and Mummy, of each one scruple, half a scruple of Sealed earth, Scabious and Buglos-water and the juice of Lemons, of each one ounce. To help difficulty of breathing and ease pain, let the Patient take a quarter of a pint of this Decoction following; Four ounces of French barley, three ounces of Raisins of the Sun stoned, three handfuls of Buglos roots, two ounces of Liquorice scraped and bruised, twenty Jujubes, fifteen pruans, and a handful of Parsley-roots; Boyl all these in seven quarts of rain, or running water, to the consumption of the third part; and to make it palate-able and pleasant for taste, Boyl two or three drams of Cinnamon: in the straining dissolve three ounces of Pennids, Syrup of Roses, and Comfrey, and of the two opening roots made without vinegar, of each two ounces, four ounces of Sugar Candy, this nourisheth so much, that he need no other food for three days, unless he drink Tisan, wherein you may boil Fennel and Parsley-roots. If the Patient find ease by spitting, help him by the using of Vinegar, water and sugar: for his cough, administer this; Take Sugar-Candy and Pennids, of each one ounce, two ounces of Diatragacanthum frigidum, syrup of Violets and Juiubs, of each as much as is sufficient to make a Linctus or Lohoc, which he is to use often with a Liquorish-stick; if he spits thick matter, then use syrup of Coltsfoot with Oxymel simplex, or simple; which is thus made. Take four pound of the best honey; clear water and white-wine vinegar, of each one quart; boil the water and honey into a syrup, afterwards add the Vinegar, then boil it to the consistence of a syrup, scumming it with a wooden scummer: But when the matter is coming to suppuration; let the patiented drink half a pint of this following in the morning, which he may sleep after, and the like quantity at four of the Clock in the afternoon. Take eupatory, Scabies, Sanicle, Clove-gilliflower, Privets, and Colts-foot, of each one handful; of the root of the greater Comfrey and Burridg, of each one ounce: boil the roots first, than the herbs, according to Art, in five quarts of water till one half be consumed, afterwards put to it Sugar and Honey, of each four ounces, which being clarified with the whites of two eggs keep it for use, which you may also use for an Injection if you please, endeavouring to get out all again, for what remains will be of a sharp quality, and so may increase, if not beget, Symptoms.  
A wound made in the lungs, if it be on the skirts and without inflammation, etc. then giving your Patiented things to hinder his coughing much and great breathing, may be cured: while the patient takes those Linctus' or others before described; he is to lie on his back, for so the medicine will fall by little and little upon the windpipe, otherwise if they should fall down hastily, or in great quantity, it might cause the Patient to Cough: Cows Asses or Goats-milk, if they may be had, with a little Honey that they corrupt not in the stomach, are very good in these wounds, or the mulcians of Almonds, which is made by bruising the Almonds (being first blanched) in a stone-morter, and pouring Barleywater upon them, and stir them well, and strain through a cloth; doing this often, and it will look like milk; Sugar of Roses likewise is excellent in this case, because it is of a cleansing and strengthening quality; but when you shall think it time to close up the wound, after you have cleansed it with the medicines before spoken of, The Patient must use in Broths or Linctuses some sealed Earth, Boll-Armonack, Plantain, Knotgrass, Shumack, Acasia, or the Juice of Sloes, and such like sharp and binding medicines, which being mixed with Honey of Roses, may carry away that filth which may hinder the closing up of the wound.  
Wounds happen to divers parts of the Belly, some whereof are piercing, as you will see the Guts and call sometime come forth: if the great Guts come out, put them up again presently into the Belly: But if they have been a good while out, and so the cold. Air hath injured them, and they be full of wind and the like, than they must be fomented with medicines, that will discuss the wind, such as is made of Thyme and Calemint, Camomile, melilot, Penniroyal, Origanum, Wormwood, and the like, or else prick them with needles; if after all this you cannot make it go up, there is no other way but to enlarge the wound. But if the Gut itself be wounded, which you will know by perceiving the excrements come forth at the wound, if it be wounded longwayes and little, it is easily cured, if overthwart-ways and great, 'tis difficultly cured; if black 'tis deadly; than it must be sowed up, so as Glover's use to stitch in making Gloves. Then put upon it powder of Mastic, Myrrh, Boll Armonack, and the like; after you have stitched it up, you must not put up the Gut into its place all at once, but by little and little, the patiented lying on the side opposite to the wound; as if the wound be on the right side, the patient shall lie on his left, by which means you may more easily restore the Gut fallen down; if the lower part of the guts being wounded, fall through the wound, than the Patient shall lie low, with his head down and his buttocks raised higher, putting a pillow under him.  
If the Cawl fall out of the wound, it is to be put into his place as soon as may be, because it is subject to putrefy; but if it be putrified before it can be restored to its place, which is when it looks black and is cold, then bind it near the warm and sound parts, and cut off that which is corrupt, leaving the string hanging out: if the colour of it be not altered, and it be warm, put it in, and stitch up the wound after this manner, putting your needle first through the skin and muscles to the Peritoneum, not touching it on that side, and then putting the needle from within, outwards, on the other-side, thrust through all, and after tie it an inch further, make another stitch contrary to the former, and remember that you leave an Orifice for a Tent; For more security you may strengthen it, if you please with a dry stitch; to the wound itself use Arceus his Lineament with oil of St. John's wort compound, or some artificial Balsam, and the like before often prescribed. In summer lay over all the Diapalma plaster moistened in oil of Roses; in the winter Paracelsus, anointing the part if it be painful with this following; Oil of Roses and Myrtles, of each half an ounce, oil of Lilies and Earthworms, of each one ounce, oil of Camomile and Dill, of each six ounces, ointment of Marsh-mallows and poplar buds, of each three drams; mix them and make a Lineament according to Art: Those wounds which pierce into the Belly, only require to be joined together, and so to be cured as simple wounds.  
If the stomach be wounded there follows vomiting of Choler and Hickets; sometimes meat and drink comes forth as it is taken. If the wound be quite through the stomach, or near the mouth of the stomach, or if in the bottom of the stomach, and very great, than no hopes: if not, if the Patient be full bodied, then let him be let blood, making him wound-drinks, as before prescribed; if the wound be large, stitch it up, leaving only a place in the depending part, for a tent to be applied with Balsams; of which you have several laid down before in the cure of wounds; let the Region of the stomach be anointed with the oils of Mint, Myrtles, Roses and Quinces, giving them first cleansing glisters, afterwards nourishing one's; likewise Broths wherein wound-herbs have been boiled.  
You may know the Liver is wounded if the wound be on the right side, and there hath followed a flux of blood, sometimes he vomits Choler, sometimes casting forth blood by stool and urine, and his face grow pale and wan.  
If the wounds of this part be not very great, having not bled much but little, they are curable as one says, if a piece be cut off: For cure inwardly, Take Troches of spodium or burned Ivory in Plantain water, or the decoction of Red Rose leaves; To which add syrup of dried Roses and Myrtles, two scruples of the powder of red Roses is very good; if blood fall down into the cavity of the Belly, and clots, dissolve it by medicines before mentioned in wounds of the Breasts; if you perceive that Nature hath a mind to cast out the matter by urine, assist it by boiling Smallidg, Parsley, Fennel, and Radish in his Drinks or Broths.  
If the wound be on the left side, and blackish blood issues out there, and he be very thirsty, than the Spleen is wounded: if the wound be small it is Curable, if deep deadly, and it is Cured as in wounds of the Liver.  
If the small Guts be wounded, there ensues Vomiting of Choler; pain joined with a Fever, and meat and drink and Chile comes forth, the flanks will swell and be hard, and the patient will be troubled with Hickets and ringing pains in the Belly, apt to have some cold-sweats, and the outward-parts wax cold.  
These wounds are very difficultly Cured, especially if in the Gut called Jejunum, in English, the empty Gut, by reason many vessels which run to it are in danger, and itself is of a Nervy substance: they are to be stitched with a Glover's stitch; after put them up, fomenting them first with red Wine, then upon them apply this powder: Mastic, Sarcocol, of each one dram, Borax and Myrrh, of each half a dram, make a powder of them for use, than stitch up the outward parts. For inward means you have several medicines prescribed before, Mastic is good to be taken in all things, especially in the wounds of the stomach.  
Difficulty of making water or it is altogether stopped, in those that are wounded in the Kidneys, pissing blood with his urine, pain stretched about the groins, if the wound be but slight and superficial, and in the fleshy part, than much blood flows and his water is stopped; if it pass to the cavity or hollowness of the Kidneys, than blood passeth with the urine.  
If Urine be stopped, anoint the Pecten with the oil of Scorpions and bitter Almonds, apply a pultis made of Pellitory, Mallows, and Saxifrage; for Injections use Trochisces of Amber, called Trochisci de Carabe dissolved in Horsetailer Plantain-water.  
When the bladder is wounded there comes but little urine, and that bloody, if the wound be in the bottom of the bladder, the urine will fall in the lower part of the Belly and as if there were a seeming dropsy, pain will reach as far as the Groin, and Stones in men; For help, let him use this following inwardly: Shumack, Mirtle-berries, of each three ounces, red-Rose leaves dried, one pugil, Pomgranate-flowers, half an ounce; boil them in six quarts of Rain, running, or fountain-water, strain it, and therein dissolve syrup of dried Roses, and honey of Roses, of each six ounces, syrup of Myrtles three ounces, gum dragon half an ounce; drink of this decoction ten days, if you cut in four Quinces it will be the better: outwardly use some Ano●ine unguent as before, or else Turpentine with oil of St. Johns-wort with the yolk of an egg, and a little Saffron powdered, mixed together and applied, inebricating the part with oil of Roses, Lilies and Scorpions.  
Wounds of the Limbs, as Arms, Thighs, Legs, if they pierce the great Vessels withinside sometimes cause death, or else are very difficult to cure, if they pierce not the vessels they are to be cured as other ordinary wounds; For the wounds of the long Tendon, which goes near the Heel, suffer not your Patient to go except with Crutches, for it is very requisite that he rest as much as possible may be, for fear if he go too much upon it before the Cicatrize and Scar of the wound be drawn very hard, the wound break out again. Likewise you are to take notice, that great and deep wounds in the Limbs require often bleeding and purging, especially if it be near the joints, and then you are to apply fit and convenient Bolsters for the purpose.  
The most Material wounds of the Joints, are those of the Shoulder, Elbow and Knee, in any of which places the Cure is difficult, because those parts are subject to receive fluxions; and by reason of the productions and Insertions of the Nervs and Tendons, by which they are bound together; so that these parts being naturally more sensible of the lest pain, than other parts; they being wounded, there follows oftentimes bad symptoms especially if the wound be in the bending of the Arm or Armpits the inward part of the Wrist or the Ham, there must needs follow great flux of blood, great pain, and other Inflammations, and other symptoms by reason of the Veins, Arteries and Nervs, about those parts; all which Symptoms must be resisted according as their nature and condition requires, as fluxes of blood must be stayed with medicines for that purpose, which are set down oftentimes before; Likewise pains must be assuaged with anodynes or things against pain, as is often repeated before; if the wound be large and wide it is to be joined together by stiches, leaving an orifice in the lower-part by which the matter or quitture may come forth: This following powder is to be strewed upon the stitch or Suture, Take Frankincense, Dragons' blood, Boll-Armonack, Sea led-earth, of each two drams, Aloes and Mastic, of each one dram, make them into a fine powder and use them. Then you must wrap about the joint this following medicine, made of the whites of Eggs, Boll Armonack, Mastic, and Barley-flower, with a little of the oil of Roses: if you are necessitated to use a tent, let it be short and thick, lest it cause pain, and let it be armed with this Medicine made of the yolk of an egg, Turpentine washed in Plantain-water oil of Roses, and a little Saffron. But if the wound be so narrow that the matter hath not free passage, you are to make it wider, the part must be sure to be kept quiet in rest and ease, and you must not use any cold moistening mollifying or unctuous medicines to it unless it be upon necessity to assuage pain. But on the contrary you must apply to the part those Medicines that are of a binding and drying quality, such as those poultises mentioned in the Cure of wounds of the Nerves and Tendons; or this following Poultis, Take of Barley or Bean-flower, of each four ounces, Camomile and Mellilot-flowers, of each half an handful, three ounces of Turpentine, two ounces of common-honey, an ounce of oil of myrtles, with as much Oxymel-simple, or Oxycrate, that is water and vinegar, or common washing-lee, as much as will suffice to make it up to the form of a Poultis; or you may make a Poultis of the Lees of wine, Turpentine, Ciprus-nuts, Gauls, the powder of the Bark of an Oak, and wheaten-bran, that are of a binding strengthening quality, and so are good to assuage pain, and to hinder destruction of Humours to the parts; This following Medicine is likewise binding and agglutinating, Take two ounces of Venice Turpentine, the powders of Mastic, Allaways, Myrrh, Boll Armoniac of each two Scruples, and a little Aquavitae; Now seeing these wounds are apt chief to cast forth mucous excrements, and such as are like to the white an egg: sometimes thin and watery, which precedes from the old distemper of the part; therefore to correct that you must apply things actually hot, such as discussing decoctions put into bladders filled half-full, and the like; moreover there must be special care had of the figure of the wounded part, which if not well regarded, there follows oftentimes numbness incurable, contraction and the like, though the wound itself be cured up; to avoid which danger observe these following Rules.  
If the forepart of the shoulder be wounded, the Patient must car●y his arm in a scarf, and you must put great bolster under his armpit; if the lower-part be wounded, when flesh gins to grow in the wound, and the lips thereof come together, then let the Patient often stir his Arms every way, lest after it is cured it become more stiff, and l●ss pliable to move any manner of way, or for fear of quite losing its motion.  
If the wound be upon the joint of the Elbow, than the Arm is to be rolled so, that it be not too strait-howed, not held out too stiffly, for otherways after it is Cured, there will be some difficulty in stretching out and pulling in his Arm.  
When the wrist or joint of the fingers be wounded, either in the outward or inward part you must keep his hand half shut, moving a Ball therein, for if the fingers be kept stretched too much out, they cannot take up or hold any thing, after they are cured.  
If the Joints of the Hip be wounded, you must place the Patient so that the thigh-bone go not out of the hollowness of the hucklebone, which may be done with Artificial-rollings, and linen bolsters; and the Patient lying upon his back: when the wound gins to cure up, the Patient shall move his thigh every way, so that the head of the thigh-bone may not stick to the cavity of the Hucklebone, so that he cannot move or make use of it.  
When the Knee is wounded, that the Patient may not be lame, the Leg must be placed and kept straight out.  
The joint of the Feet and Toes being wounded, the Patient shall bend these parts neither in nor out, for if he doth otherways he will not be able to go.  
If any of the Limbs of the Body should be so mortified, that it must be cut off, which falls out, when if you cut the part you find it senseless, black and flaggy-flesh, being cold, smelling like a dead Carcase, and if you suppurat the skin from the flesh, there flows from it a Green blackish matter: The manner of cutting off such mortified member is this, Draw up the Muscles and flesh very hard, then bind the part two inches above the place which is to be cut off, with a strong fillet; that done, with a sharp Razor, or a dismembring-knife, made for that purpose, being somewhat crooked, cut the flesh round to the very bone; if this be to be done below the Elbow, or in the Leg, than you must with your Incision-knife divide the flesh betwixt the Forsiles, then with the back of it take away the film or membrane which covers the bone, which is called the Periostium; then with your Saw take away the bone, as near the flesh as you can. If the Patient be strong and full of blood, you may let it bleed a little, afterwards you must stay the flux of blood by Cauterising-irons, made for that purpose, by which a●●er you have cleansed and wiped away the clotted blood from the mouths of the Vessels, you must fear them, by applying thereto the Cauterising irons once or twice at the most: some stay the flux of blood by such powders as this, and the like; Take six ounces of Tarin, Volatile Dragons-blood and Frankincense, of each one ounce; Boll Armonack, sealed-earth, of each half an ounce. Gypsum one ounce and a half, two ounces of prepared frogs, one ounce of the moss of a dead man's skull, two drams of the Hairs of a Hare cut very small, the white of an egg dried in the Sun, finely powdered, and sponge being dried or burnt and powdered, of each one ounce; mix them all finely powdered together, Arm four great Buttons made of Tow, and moistened in Vinegar and Water with these powders, and apply them to the great Vessels, upon which apply presently a thick bed made of Tow, fit for the dismembered part, covered over with the Restrictive: then upon that lay on another made after the same manner, but made as much larger as will reach an inch or two over round on every side: over all these you must draw a bladder, binding it near the top with a Ligature an inch broad; lay a double linnen-cloth over all these, remembering always to have buttons ready to apply to the places where blood appears, especially if you do not use the bladder; then bind up the member with Rowllers, by which means the flux of blood will be stayed; some, after they have loosed the Ligature above the Incision, apply only the beds first dipped in water and vinegar, after in the whites of Eggs, then strowing them over very thick with powder; after all apply this Desensative, Take Bolarmonack Dragons-blood, Mastic, Gypsum, of each one ounce, oil of Roses and Myrtles, of each 1 ounce & a half, the whites of two Eggs mix all together in a mortar with as much Vinegar, as will serve to make it into an Ointment; if the leg be to cut off, apply it above knee; if the hand then apply it to the Elbow; you must remember that your Rollers be all wet in water and Vinegar, they must not be stirred unless to renew the defensative, till the second or third day  
The second dressing, moisten the dress which were applied before, with stuphs of white wine, that they may be removed with more ease: then besprinkle the Vessels with restrictive powders, laying upon them three or four pledgets dipped in the whites of Eggs, armed with the powder; then use to the rest of the wound, this digestive unguent, Take an ounce and half of wax, gum Elemie and Turpentine, of each one ounce, half an ounce of Colophony, oil of sweet almonds, oil of Roses, oil of the yolks of Eggs, of each one ounce: dissolve them all over a gentle fire, and strain them; to the straining add a dram of Saffron finely powdered, mix the yolk of an Egg with one ounce of this, and as much oil of Roses as will serve to moisten it for your use: This is also good in all wounds made by Gun-shot especially; as also in all wounds whether bruised or cut: or else make use of this following, Take three ounces of Turpentine washed in Plantain-water, oil of Roses, and oil of sweet Almonds, of each one ounce, half an ounce of Gum Elemy, dissolved in the foresaid oils and strained, a scruple of Saffron finely powdered, mix them well together, to which add the yolk of one Egg for your use; you must observe that you are not to dress it until the third day, unless pain be much, than you must remove your dress gently; if the bed next to the wound stick, let it alone to the third dressing, you may remove the defensitive every day and anoint the whole part with oil of Roses or Myrtles, using the former ointments till there be perfect digestion by sprinkling the Vessels to prevent bleeding, with the restrictive powders; after it is deiested, cleanse it with this, Take three ounces of Turpentine washed in white-wine, powder of the root of round Birth-wort, Orrace-root, Barley-flower, of each half an ounce, one ounce of the honey of Roses, half an ounce of Aquavitae, with two drams of Treacle, mix them up for your use; You may every dressing endeavour to draw by degrees the skin and muscles together, by usesing the dry-stitch, that so the bone may be covered; sometimes the plaster is loosened by the much flowing of the matter; for which, use this remedy following, Take the roots of round Birthwort, hog-fennel, and Orrace-root, the bark of the Pinetree, and the bark of Lignum vitae, of each half an ounce, being all finely powdered, mix them together, strowing it upon the wound once or twice a day as you see occasion; This will also cause the bone to scale within thirty or forty days: if there grow proud flesh, either use this following Medicine made of two drams of  Allom, Lapis Calaminaris, burnt-Lead, Sereus, of each one dram, with half a dram of Calcined Viteral, make a powder of them: or else apply Vnguentum Aegyptiacum hot, lay another pledget upon it and dress it up, use only dry lint the next dressing, by which means the sensibleness of the wound will be taken away also; afterwards siccatrize or skin the wound with red deficcative ointment, called Vnguentum desiccativum rubrum, or Diapompholeges, or the like; if the Fingers and Toes are to be taken away, it is best done with Chisels or cutting mullets, so cure them up as before according to Art.  

OF FRACTURES; AND Broken-bones.  
THus much for wounds may suffice. Now I think it convenient to say something of Fractures or Broken-bones, the which are known by comparing the parts together, you finding them unequal, and the Patient cannot move in the Members, in handling the part you will hear a noise: there sometimes happens that they are broken overthwart, which you may know by the distance between the ends of the broken-bone, and where they are broken you may perceive a hollowness more than ordinary; sometimes the bones are shattered into many pieces, than there follows a pricking pain, and in handling of it you will hear as it were a crackling, but if the part be very much thicker than ordinary, than the bone is broken length-wayes; Lastly, sometimes it is broken obliquely; in curing of all which, the first thing you are to do is to restore the bone as exactly as you can to its natural form, which may be performed if the bone be broken but little by the Chirurgeon himself, otherwise there will be need of two for extending the member, which must be done by little and little, with as little pain as possibly can be, so reducing it to its natural place, the Mate or Assistant extending the member, the Chirurgeon with his fingers shall put the broken bones in its right place; which being done, lay a plaster upon the place about six inches, or so broad as will cover more than the Fracture three fingers breadth both above and below; afterwards apply your Splints being well armed with Linen or Tow, so near one another as may be the space of a Splint between every one, which must not be too long, lest it gall the joints, than you are to tie the splints on gently with tape not too hard, which besides the Patient's complaint, may produce sad accidents, as Gangrenes; and not too slack, for then the broken bones will not well join together; upon your splints use your junkes made either of straw or bents, which are to be tied on with filleting, putting bolsters into the hollow places: All which being done, you are to lay the member in a soft place, letting it lie reasonable high to keep humours from flowing; see the Patient have every day a stool either by Nature or Art: open not your first dressing till after six or seven days, unless pain or other symptoms force you to it; than you are to open it, to give ease and hinder other accidents, and so to bind it up again as before till fourteen days, than you may renew your plaster; and when in applying your plasters you find a hard fleshy substance called a Callus to increase too much, and bunch out, you are to keep it down by strait rowlling, and a plate of lead laid to the part; if you shall perceive that the bones will not naturally join-together, for want of the said Callus, to confirm and agglutinate them, than you must use artificial means to procure the Callus; such as, every three or four days to foment the member with hot water, keeping a plaster of ●itch to the broken part.  
If there be a wound with the fracture, you must so order your business that you leave a way to dress the wound, and not unbind the member, but keep it firm and steady; which may be done after this manner; Taking strong clothes that may but little more than come round the part, being three or four double, the edges of which are to over-meet at the wound, then with filtering in convenient places, tie on your splints, which are to be made of such as they make sword-scabbards of; then dress the wound either with Lineament of Arceus mixed with oil of St. John's wort compound; or else with this unguent following, If the bone be fowl, made of syrup of dried Roses and Turpentine, of each two ounces, powder of the Orrice root, Aloes, Mastic, and Barley-flower, of each half a dram, incorporate them into an unguent; the Thigh being broken commonly knits in forty or fifty days; the Arm requires not above thirty or forty; the broken member being subject to slip aside by turn and the like, you are to view it often, which you may know by the Patients complaining a fresh of pain, and the unevenness of the part.  
The accidents which may happen to broken bones, and which you are to consider of, and seek to remove them; are first, pain, which if it proceed from too hard binding, which will cause a swelling and the like, than you are to slacken the binding; if it come from a flux of humours, cure it as an inflammation: if it come from a pricking of the bones, which the Patient will resolve you, if you gentle touch the part; than you must either put them into their places, or take them quite away; but if it come from the placing the part ill at ease, you must needs remedy that, by putting it into a better and more easy posture; after which you are to overcome by blood-letting, cooling Juleps, or such like, made of common water boiled, or Barley water sweetened with Sugar, and the juice or syrup of Lemons, boiling in the water a little Cinnamon.  
Sometimes there happens an inflammation, sometimes a Gangreen, for both which you have had choice of remedies before: sometimes itching and gauling happen, which are caused from the flowing of the matter; for the which after having first dried the part clear, apply, spread upon Paper, the white ointment, with Camphire, unguentum tripharmacum; ointment of Roses and the like. Lastly, if the member fall away, which may happen either by too spare a diet, or too long binding of the part; you are to help the Patient in both these, by using good nourishing diet, and comfortable things, to draw it to the part, by fomenting it with warm water, and the like, anointing the part with unguentum resumptivum, emplaster of Oxycroceum and the like; where note that in fractures it is a good sign if the Ligatures or binding be lose on the third or fourth day. And if you see the broken stand forth, your are to roll it straighter with bolsters and splints; and when on the seventh or eighth day the Symptoms shall be passed, you may venture to bind the part straighter; last, remember and consider that the Thigh being broken requires great care, in as much as may be, that it be kept in its proper posture, by reason the bone of itself is naturally bowing; and that which hath been said in general may serve for Fractures in the Arms and Legs.  
We have before spoken of the Fractures of the Scull and Nose; now when the Jawbones are broken, you must restore them by putting your finger into the Patient's mouth; and on the outside, with the finger, close them smoothly together: if the Teeth be shaken and lose, put them to the right places, tying them with a thread to the sound Teeth: if you see occasion you must divide your splints at the chine, and these to be made of Leather such as they sole shoes wi●h; your Ligatures must have four ends, and be made two fingers broad Two of the ends of the Ligatures must be fastened to the crown of your Cap, the other two ends must be fastened to the hinder part of the Cap, to the nape of the neck; you may know when it is well set, when the teeth are in order; when these bones are broken, you will have occasion to administer purges to your Patient, by reason of the flux of Humours, unless there happen inflammation, the bones join or knit together within twenty days, you are to feed the Patient with water-gruel and liquid things, for he must have nothing hard to chew.  
If the Coller-bone be broken athwart it is more easily put into its place, than if it were broken longwaies. In putting these bones or any other into their place, have always a care that the bones lie not one over another; then drawing the shoulder forward, and the arm backward, you may that way put the bones into their places; or else put a bottom of yarn under their Armpits, so forcing the arm down to the Ribs, you may restore them; or else lay a Trey with the bottom upwards under the shoulder, having a Rugg or Blanket or some such thing over it, or a pillow stuffed hard, so pressing down the shoulder till you see the bones fly out; than you may restore the broken bone, or else setting the Patient on the ground, cause your mate or Assistant to set his knee behind over-against the broken place, and he putting the shoulder to him, you may put the bones in the right place. Here you must take notice, that if there be any splints to cause pain or difficulty of breathing as they will do if the Ribs be splintred, than you must open the skin, if you cannot well restore them, cut off the sharp points, or else cut them quite off if there be many Splinters; after you have restored them, try to knit them together with a medicine made of Wheat-flower, Dragons-blood Bolarmonack & Frankincense, all made into powder; mixed with the white of Eggs, and there apply it, putting splints thereupon covered with soft linen rags armed with the same Medicine, and then lay a bolster dipped in the same upon each side, and one thicker than the other upon the place that is broken and bunches out, to keep it so; then roll the part with the roller of a hands breadth, and two else and a half long, cross ways, filling his Armpits, especially that next to the broken-bone; In rolling, drawing his arm somewhat backwards, and do not unroll until the seventh day, unless necessity urge.  
The Shoulder-blade may be broken either in the ridge thereof, which may be perceived by an unequality, being compared to the other sound part, or else may be broken on each side, and then there is a Cavity or Hollowness to be perceived, or else it may be broken in that part where the shoulder is knit, and joined together to it; here if the splints or fragments stick to the bone, and do not prick the flesh, they are to be restored to their former state and place, and so kept with the glutinating Medicines, and such as beget the substance called a Callus, as hath been before mentioned, and rollers and bolsters fit for the purpose. But if the fragments do not stick fast to the bone, and prick the fleshy parts about them, and so cause ill symptoms, then cut open the flesh, and with your Forceps, or Crows-beak, or such like instrument, and so take them out; yet they are not to be taken out, though you may move them up and down, if they stick fast to the membran: Concerning the bone called Periostium, and the Ligaments; prick not the Muscles, so cause not pain, for it may come to pass that they may grow to the bones adjoining. But if they be wholly parted, and stick not to the Periostium, than they must be plucked away unless you conceive that Nature will be strong enough to drive them forth of itself: those fractures that happen in the neck of the shoulder-blade, or joining of it to the shoulder, are seldom recoverable, by reason of the many large Vessels; as the Axillary-vein, and Artery and Nerves about this place, which are subject to Inflammation and putrefaction, whence grievous symptoms, and oftentimes death itself ensues by reason of the nearness and communication of the heart, and other principal parts; these bones usually knit together within four and twenty day's space.  
The Breastbone is sometimes broken, sometimes prest-in only, without being broken: if you perceive an inequality by your feeling the bones crackling at the thrust of the finger, it shows the bone is broken; but a manifest hollowness in the part, as spitting of blood, Cough, difficulty of breathing argue the depression of the bone only, sometimes both; for restoring, of this Bone, whether it be broken or depressed or thrust in only, without being broken, you must order such Patient after the same manner, as in fractures of the Coller-bone, pressing the Ribs on both sides, and so set the bone with your hand to the part: apply formerly described fitting Medicines, to assuage pain, with bolsters fastened thereto, with a Ligature made cross-ways above the shoulder, being not too strait, lest it hinder the Patient from breathing.  
The Ribs may be broken either inwardly or outwardly: the first is deadly, the latter is discerned as well by uneveness of the part as noise in touching; to restore which, those which are inward; let the Patiented lie upon his sound-side, apply this following plaster to the broken part, Take one ounce of wheat-flower, half an ounce of Ising-glass, being dissolved in Scabies and Poppy-water, powder of Mastic, Frankincense, Dragons-blood, Gypsum, and Farena Volatile, as much as will serve to make a plaster being boiled to a good substance, in Red-poppy-water, apply this hot, spread upon a strong cloth, with two strings fastened in the middle, pull it off quickly and with great force, after it hath laid on a good while, so that the Rib with your plucking may come to its former place; this is to be done so often till he find himself better, and breathe freely and with more ease; then anointing with oil of Roses, apply that Pultis till the eighth day, spoken of at the beginning of the cure of Fractures; if there happen a swelling it must not be neglected, but resolved with such fit Medicines as this and the like, Take Barley and Bean-flower, of each two ounces, the flower of Camomile, melilot, Elder, of each one ounce, boil them in sufficient quantity of water; when they are boiled enough, put to them oil of Camomile and Roses, of each one ounce; if the swelling cannot be made to vanish with this or the like medicine, but it shall come to apostumate, than it must be speedily opened lest the matter contained within the Aposthume rot the bone; afterwards cure it according to art. But if the pricking continue and so cause pain and inflammation, cut open the flesh as before, and take out the fragments, and cure up the wound as you have heard often before.  
The Back-bones are sometimes broken, sometimes bruised or strained on the inside, whence it comes to pass that the membrans which encompass the marrow of the Backbone, and sometime the marrow itself being oppressed, there follow many malign symptoms; as Palsy, numbness of the Arms, Legs, Fundament, and bladder, which quite take away or else diminish the faculty of feeling or moving, so that their urine and excrements come from them without their knowledge or will, or else they are wholly stopped; which when it happens because the marrow of the Backbone is hurt, you may foreknow that death is at hand. After you have so prognosticated you may cut open the flesh to take out the splinters of the rack bones of the back, which if you cannot do you shall at leastwise apply such medicines as are sit for asswaging pain and hindering Inflammation, than put the broken bones into their places and so keep them by applying two pieces of wood of four fingers long and one fingers thickness more or less, wrapped in linen , one on each side of the broken rack bones of the back, and so with your hands press them against the broken bones till you put them again into their proper places; if the processes or bunchings out of the rack-bone of the Back be only broken, you shall put the fragments into their places unless they be quite parted from their periostium or membran that covers them: If they be, open the skin and take them forth, then heal the wound according to art. After the same manner are fractures of the Os sacrum or holy bone to be ordered.  
Fractures of the Rump-bones are to be put in their places by putting your finger into the Patient's Fundament, and so thrust it to the fracture place, thus having your other hand lying ready at his back, you may thrust the fragment forth and restore and fit it to the rest of the bones; but that it may be the sooner and firmlier healed, the Patient is all the time of the Cure to keep his bed; but if he must needs rise out of his bed he must set in a hollow or perforated Chair, that nothing may offend the broken part, applying fit remedies for broken bones as you shall see occasion.  
If the Hipbone be broke there will be perceived depressed Cavity, and inequality, pain, numbness of the Leg on the same side; if the splinters of the bone be quite broken, as they must at the first be taken away by making Incision as before, in doing of which you must have a care that you hurt not the heads of the muscles or any vessels, but if the fragments be not quite broken or separated from their Periostium, set them in order smoothly with your fingers, and perform the rest of the Cure as before directed according to art.  
The whirl-bone of the knee is oftener bruised than broken, but it may happen to be broken in two or three pieces; sometimes long-ways, sometimes athwart, sometimes it is shivered into many splinters, sometimes broken in the midst; and all these ways may be either with or without a wound. The signs are, Cavity or hollowness in the broken part with a sensible separation of the fragments, the crackling under your fingers: if it be broken long-ways, the Cure will be easier, but if athwart more difficult and not without lameness; that it may be restored let the Patient stretch forth his leg, then shall the Chirurgeon set the fragments as nigh as may be in the right places, and keep them so by extending the leg all the while until it be knit; filling up the hollowness of the Ham with a Bolster, lest he should bend his Leg unawares; and so by bending the knee the fragments of the whirl-bone that were before joined together, would part asunder; these bones usually knit in forty days. Bones of the hands and feet being broken, they are not so dangerous as others; those of the hand are to be reduced by the Patients laying his hand upon an even table, than the Mate or Assistant stretching forth the broken bones, let the Chirurgeon restore them; being so extended to their proper seats. Being restored they are to be kept in their places by such medicines as are used in other fractures, as Cerates, Compresses, Linen , and Splints; using anodynes to mitigate and assuage pain; Now the broken fingers are to be bound to those that are whole, that so they may the better continue in that posture the Chirurgeon left them: After all this let the Patient keep a Tennis-ball in the palm of his hand. The bones of the toes being broken are to be kept straight, lest or going or standing be hindered, and the Patient is to keep his bed till they be knit.   

Here follow certain Directions for the Cure of several Diseases accompanying Seamen, viz. The Scurvy, Calentures etc.  
AS for the Scurvy it is an ill disposition of the body, proceeding from  blood and Melancholy humours corrupted in the Body, having signs proper to itself from other diseases; as Redness, Itch, and putrefaction of the gums, often gushing out of blood, which do sometimes seize upon the jaws and Pallet and teeth, making them lose and look black; thighs and legs at the beginning full of red spots, afterwards they become purple livid and black, they will be sometimes in the neck and face, back and Arms, very broad; and the Party troubled with difficulty of breathing, windy swell of the sides, also the Midriff and Sweetbread, as also with a lazy disposition and dulness of the whole body; their urine is various, sometimes there will be a thick settling like the powder of Tiles, and without any manifest cause; it will be thick and troubled to day, to morrow thin and watery; one day look pale, and another day, yellow like gold: The Pulses sometimes so weak and unequal, that one would almost think it strange that the Patient should live with such a Pulse; then again it will be great and hard without any Inflammation, and if you will observe it in faintings and great oppressions which often happen, the Pulse is stronger than at other times; divers Parts of the body are afflicted with pain, sometimes with a dull pain in the thighs, sometimes in the heel, and about the Instep, and the very soles of the feet, sometimes the hands and the fingers ends, sometimes the hip and knee, sometimes much troubled with pain in the belly: those pains which seize upon their arms thighs or legs, are very like those of the French Pox; only the difference is, that in those pains where there is the French Pox, there is often hard knots and bunches; and moreover, if it be morbus gallicus there will be running of the Reins and swelling of the groins, sometimes they will have a pain in their sides, sometimes in their loins; sometimes they will have a pain seize upon them in their head being more than ordinary all over the body, which vanisheth by sweat in the morning: they are troubled with great pains in their teeth, which are not fixed, but run up and down from one tooth to another; sometimes they will have pains in their sides as if it were a Pleurisy, but only they have no fever which makes the difference, and their pain does not continue but comes by fits, or their breathing is not much hurt, neither do they cough or spit much. As for the pain in the joints that wanders from one joint to another, and has often a kind of a Palsy accompanying it, for the motion of the body that is divers ways out of order, one day being scarce able to stir one foot, the next day it may be able to walk a little, the day after not at all. With these pains of the joints there is a trembling and Convulsion seizes upon them, sometimes as it were the Falling-Sickness all over the body. Sometimes the parts are so drawn together they cannot be moved, sometimes the knees only, sometimes his Gullet so straight, that he swallows his meat with great difficulty and he thinks himself ready to be choked, which is caused from the thick vapours that do contract it. Sometimes he is troubled with flux of the belly, either with or without blood, stinking smell of the mouth, which all those people that are troubled with the Scurvy, are troubled with: sometimes they have a kind of an intermitting fever, in the beginning of the fits they are as it were pinched in divers parts, as if the flesh were torn, especially the thighs; if the disease continue long, sometimes the Patient is wasted to skin and bones: Now to conclude all, you must not think to find all these symptoms in one person, and at one time.  
The Cure of this disease in Seamen or others is chief or almost the very same used to those troubled with Hypochondriack melancholy; so that you are first to begin the Cure with general evacuations, as Blood-letting, Purging, and suitable to the nature of the disease, strength, and constitution of the Patient; for Blood-letting, you must do it in the Liver-vein little and often, that you cool not the body too much at once; the next thing to be looked after is good diet, which because often wanting at Sea, in long Voyages they are to carry with them some such comfortable things as may be useful; as Wine, Sugar etc. Then you are to administer Glisters, or Suppositories, such as formerly has been spoken of in the Cure of Wounds; and afterwards such a Bolus or Morsel as this following, Take of Diacatholicon and lenitive Electuary of each half an ounce, Cream of Tartar half a dram, with three or four drops of Spirit of Viteral, make a Bolus to be taken in the morning fasting, you may if you see the Patiented weak, open the Hemrod-veins with Leeches; you may repeat Blood-letting in the Arm if you see occasion, the gentle purges are the best often given, such as common Pills of Ruffus, called Pillulae Ruffi communes, Pillulae Macri Mercurii dulcis one scruple, two scruples or a dram are enough for a dose; Barleywater is good, the juice or syrup of Lemons, to which you may if you will, add some few drops of Cinnamon-water, or Oil of Viteral and Sugar: than you may make use of specifical medicines, which are such as have a peculiar faculty against the Scurvy, such as Dutch or Sea-scurvy-grass, Brook-lime, and Watercresses, Wormwood, Fumitory, Turnips, Lemons, juice, or syrup of Oranges, Limbs, Tamarinds: those which have not so great force against the Scurvy are these that follow, viz. Agrimony, Maidenhair, Betony, borage, Bugloss, Ceterach, Elecampane, Germander, Hyssop, Polypody of the Oak, the Bark of Ash, Capers and Tamarisk, the flowers of Alder, dodder of Time and Tamarisks; but always observe that if the Patient be feverish, or inclining to a Fever, you must be sparing of the hotter things and give them in a smaller quantity; adding to them Endive, Succory, Sorrel, etc. with some few drops of Spirit of Sulphur, or Vitriol: Of all which you may make several sorts of medicines, as Decoctions, Apozems, Syrrups etc. Or else this following, Take the juice of Scurvey-grass and Brook-lime, of each three pound, two pound of powdered Sugar, boil them together till they come to the consistence of a Syrup.  
Or thus, Take two pound of the juice of Scurvygrass, one pound and three quarters of the juice of Lemons, and three-quarters of a pint of the spirit of Wine or Brandy; to which adding a sufficient quantity of Sugar, is made a syrup; of which you may take three or four spoonfuls, fasting two hours after: To your juice of Lemons alone you may add a spoonful of Aquavitae; As much spirit of Vitriol as will sharpen a cup of Beer, water, or wine, is very good; also Diatrium piperium, taken from a scruple to half a dram, in some convenient liquor, as Wine, Beer or Ale, first and last, is good; Theriaca Diatessaron, from half a dram to two; and Theriaca Londinensis two drams, taken in the morning, are good: so are conserve of Roses, Conserve of Wormwood, with a few drops of the spirit of Viteral; Likewise green Ginger, Rosa-Solis and Wormwood water: also it will not be amiss to sweat after purging, which, you may do by giving him a dram of Venice Treacle or Mithridate, or half a dram of Antimonium diafreticum, more or less as you find the constitution of your Patient.  
There is commonly accompanying the Scurvy, swell and putrefaction of the gums, for which you may take Bistert and Tormentil-roots, boiled in a sufficient quantity of water, to the consumption of half, to which add some drops of Vitriol to make it sharp, or else take this following, of Roman or white Viteral two ounces, one pint of water and two spoonfuls of Honey, being boiled to the consumption of the third part: add to it half an ounce of Sal●prunella for your use: To conclude, when you come to any place on shore, you may make use of these following Receipts, Take a pint of the decoction of Barley, four ounces, of white-wine; Horse-raddish root, but thin and bruised two ounces; three handfuls of Scurvygrass leaves, strain them through a Cloth, mingle them, and take a spoonful of this, morning and evening.  
Or else, take of Wormwood and Juniper-Berries bruised, of each one handful; Goats-milk if to be had, or in want of it Cows-milk or Sheeps-milk two quarts, Boyl them till the third part be consumed, strain them, and to the straining put one dram of Saffron in powder, let them boil a walm or two, then strain it again; give of this, morning, noon, and evening.  
Or, Take three pints of white-wine, a quart of small Ale, four ounces of the juice of Scabies, Brook-lime and watercresses, of each two ounces, half a handful of Rosa solis, boil them to the Consumption of one pint, to which add half a pint of the juice of Scurvygrass, let them boil a little in a pint of this, steep three spoonfuls of Horse-dung; let them stand all night, strain them in the morning, and let the Patient take half a pint thereof being sweetened with Sugar-Candy.  
For a Beer to drink constantly of, Take a pound of Scurvygrass, a little dried Brooklime and watercresses, of each four handfuls, a handful of Sage, an ounce of Saxifrage, six ounces of Sarsaparilla, six drams of Nutmegs, Let the Herbs, Roots, and Spice be bruised a part, then mix them, hang them in a bag in four gallons of beer; after it hath stood nine days the Patient may drink thereof.  
Half a pint of this following-drink, every morning for fourteen days, hath been often tried and approved, and hath cured divers: Take Scurvygrass, stamp it, and strain it with posset-drink made of thin skim-milk, turned with just as much white-wine Vinegar as will serve to turn it: during all the time of your cure you must forbear salt meat, strong-drink, fruits and old Cheese; drinking whey at your Meals if you can get it, if not, instead thereof small Ale; and you must chew Brook-lime for three mornings together if your teeth be lose.  
In Voyages at Sea there happen to Seamen the disease Called the Calenture, It is a kind of contagious Fever, sometimes with fits, sometimes without, the Patients being often possessed with a Frenzy, for they oft think the Sea to be a Meadow, and so make an offer to go into it; on some the fits are very violent, which are hot; and cold, in some; This Disease happens through great obstructions, caused by ill diet, and intemperature of the Climate, which air being somewhat Contagious, causeth an ill habit of the Body. For the Cure of this Distemper you are first to begin with Cordials, which strengthen and defend the faculties from the venomous quality of the Disease, and so may either be said to Preserve or Cure, therefore you are to adminster them before evacuating Medicines for a Cordial, take this for an example, made of one scruple of Mithridate, half a dram of London-Treacle, or that called Diatessaron, one ounce of Syrup of Lemons, three ounces Of Plantain or Rose-water, and six drops of Spirit of Vitriol for one dose, about three hours after give an other dose: Or, this following, Take of Confectio Alchermes,  Hartshorn, of each two scruples; syrup of Lemons one ounce, as much spirit of Vitriol as will give it a sharp taste; after this, first administer a Suppositer or Glister, of which you have several examples before; then after they have done working, let him blood plentifully, if he be of a strong and gross body as you see occasion; his diet is to be but thin broth, water-gruel, pomadoes, or such like, two or three days together; for purges give him about a scruple of Mercurius dulcis, or else this, Take six drams or an ounce of Lenitive Electuary, two scruples of the Cream of Tarter, and one scruple of Confectio Alchermes with Sugar, make it into a bowl for a dose: if it should be convenient to give them a Vomit, then give him six drams, one ounce, or ten drams more or less, as you see occasion, of the infusion of Crocus: Metallorum if sweeting be to be procured, give him from a scruple to half a dram of Antimonium Di afreticum in a little London or Venice Treacle, or Mithridate; if he want rest give him from two grains to four of Laudanum Opiatum, or else Syrup of wild Poppy, six drams of Frogs-spawn and poppy-water, of each one ounce and a half, with three drams of Treacle, make a potion, and give the Patient at night to cause him to rest; let his ordinary drink be either a decoction of Barley with Liquorish; or else this following, Take three quarts of fountain-water, put an ounce of Hartshorn burnt and prepared into it, let it boil to the consumption of the third part, then take it from the fire and put to it four ounces of Rose-water, two ounces of syrup of Lemons, as much Sugar as will serve to sweeten it, and as much sp●rit of Vitriol as will make it sharp; this is an excellent drink in all favours, and for all sorts of persons; Remember, too much purging, bleeding, and thin diet is dangerous in all diseases at Sea, and will bring your Patient into the Scurvy, which is usually the end of most diseases at Sea, and then if your Patient be too much weakened, the Scurvy discharging itself by a flux, is often mortal.  
If you shall have occasion to be concerned with Armies by Land or in Garrisons, there will sometimes a continual, malign and contagious Fever, called the Camp-Disease, seize upon the Soldiers; which will be seconded by a great pain in the head, and his stomach will be clogged with many foul humours; sometimes there will follow swooning and often faintings, the Patient grows very weak without manifest cause, his pulse will be sometimes weak but quick, and sometimes strong; there will appear oftentimes many large spots of several colours, he complains of a pain in his stomach and joints, little or no appetite, ofttimes troubled with vomiting, and sometimes difficulty of breathing and singing in the ears; all which proceeds from putrefaction or corruption of the humours in the veins, or from contagion; the corruption or putrefaction of the humours comes from ill diet; ill vapours arising from the earth, corrupted naughty air, dirty foul apparel, and such like; for the cure, if there be an inclination to vomit, which you may perceive by pain and fullness of the stomach, then provoke it with this, made of six drams of the infusion of the glass of Antimony, two ounces of Barleywater, Oxymel of squils, and syrup of the 5 opening-Roots, of each six drams; mix it and give the Patient. The manner of infusing your Antimony is this, Take two drams of the glass of Antimony, put it into a pint of white-wine, Cloves and Ginger, of each one dram; infuse all these together, when you have occasion, administer it, from two drams to an ounce; after that you have used all the wine, you may put more to the ingredients, adding to them the same quantity of fresh ingredients as before: after you may bleed if the Patient be not very weak, or if you see your Patient of a strong constitution, you may begin with blood-letting; not forgetting glisters or suppositories with cordials made of the Carduus benedictus, Scabious, Sorrel, Angelica-waters, with Venice or London▪ Treacle and burnt Hartshorn, Mithridate, Dioscordium confection of Alchermes, bezoar root of contrayervae; as for example, Take of the wild Poppies and Sorrel-water, of each one ounce and a half, London Treacle, and burnt Hartshorn, of each two scruples; one scruple of Mithridate, one dram of Dioscordium; and three drams of Treacle-water with some syrup of Lemons, and as many drops of the spirit of Vitriol as will give it a sharp taste, make a potion and give it at one dose; or take two scruples of Dioscordium and one scruple of  Hartshorn, mix them and dissolve them in Mace-ale, a little Sack or in Beer and Ale, wherein Hartshorn and Marigold flowers have been boiled; to cause him to sleep, Take syrup of Dioscordium, and syrup of wild-poppies, of each half an ounce; of Angelica and wild-poppy-water, of each one ounce and an half, and a dram of Diascordium, mix them and give it going to sleep: Take notice that Cordials are to be given often. For purges, they must be somewhat strong, as one dram of Pulvis astrictionis, one ounce of syrup of Roses solutive, Diaphrenicon Electuarii three drams, dissolve all in three ounces of Endive-water; For bleeding in this Disease if the veins be full and stretching out, and be burdensome to nature, let it then be plentiful, for the blood is corrupted; & in all putrid Fevers it is very safe to let blood, which may be done till the fourth day, and if your occasion require till the seventh day, though spots appear: As for vomiting, that removes nauseousness, pain, bitterness and sadness, by freeing the stomach from the abundance of naughty humours; Vesicatories or blisters may be good, applied to the wrists any time but on a Critical day; The form of a blister-plaister may be this: Take half an ounce of Cantharideses, called Spanish-flies, two drams of Turpentine, Olibanum, Myrrh, Mastic and Camphire, of each half a dram, oil of Roses and Bees-wax, as much as will be sufficient to make it to the consistence of a Plaster; The Patient is to keep a spare diet & not to eat any flesh, but broths wherein is boiled the shave of Hartshorn, the opening roots with Sorrel and borage, and Panadoes, water-gruel, etc. And posset-drink with Hartshorn boiled in it, dropping a little spirit of Vitriol into it, and burnt Hartshorn boiled, in the Calenture is good: to which you may add the syrup of the juice of Citrons. For preservative you may drink Wormwood-beer, or a small quantity of the former Cordials; or eat mince and sage with bread and butter, and smell to the herbs, or you may steep those herbs with Wormwood in white-wine Vinegar, which is excellent good in the Plague-time also.  
Seamen and Soldiers are often troubled with Fluxes, therefore it will not here be amiss to lay down some convenient remedies for the Cure of the same; but being there are several kinds of Fluxes, I shall begin first with that which is called Lientery, which is when the food received into the body is cast forth in the same substance colour and smell as it was received. This proceeds from a weakness of the retaining faculty of the stomach, when it cannot keep the meat long enough therein till it be concocted; likewise from a cold distemper of the stomach and liver, begetting cold and raw humours which fill up the wrinkles of the stomach, that it cannot keep the food it receives, or else from ●harp humours pricking, and twitching the parts, by which the stomach and guts are provoked to send forth their meat too soon; If this comes from a cold cause, you may know it from the sour belching that follows, and phlegmatic excrements that are voided: If the humours come from the head the excrements are frothy and after sleep the flux is greater; if it come by provocation caused by sharp and pricking humours he will have a great thirst, heat in his flanks, gnawing in his stomach, voiding sharp and choleric excrements. If this disease come from tough phlegmatic humours covering the wrinkles of the stomach, you must cut them with honey of Roses, Oxymel simplex, and Oxymel-squils, and the like. Then you must give him gentle Purges, for which purpose Pills are the best, because they stay longest in the stomach, of which you may take these for an example. Take of Pillulae Cochiae and Pill. Ruffi of each half a dram, mix them and make them into six Pills, of which let him take three at night going to bed, and the other three the next morning or night according as you see occasion; or else Pills of Hiera with Agrick or Pillulae Alephenginae, the same Dose of either a part for Glisters: they are here of no great force except the flux be violent, and then they must be binding, such as shall be spoken of hereafter. In a Bloudy-flux after you have purged the humours offending, you must then strengthen the stomach wi●h cooling Syrrups and Julips, if it come from a hot cause; mixing therewith some few drops of the Spirit of Viteral or Sulphur: also some Marmalet of Quinces will be good, or this following, Take of the Conserve of Sorrel and Wormwood of each one ounce, Conserve of Roses Succory and, Buglas, of each half an ounce, Diamargariton frigidum and Diarrhodon Abbatis, of each one dram, one scruple of Troches of Spodium, with as much Syrup of Lemons as will serve to make them up to the form of an Electuary: mix them and let the Patient take the quantity of a Chestnut, morning noon and night; or this following, Take six ounces of old Conserve of Roses, six drams of London or Venice Treacle, with as much Marmalet of Quinces as will make it into an Electuary, mix them and let the Patient take about the quantity of half an ounce in the morning, drinking nothing after for the space of three or four hours: if from a cold cause let the Patient boil some Guaiacum or Sassafras in his drink, of which take this for a pattern. Take of guaiacum Sassafras, Sarsaparilla, of each two ounces, English Liquorice and Cinnamon of each one ounce, Coriander-seed an ounce: Infuse them in four quarts of spring or running-water, twenty four hours afterwards boil it gently to the consumption of half of this. Let the Patient drink half a pint at a time, about the quantity of a quart in a day: here Mithridate, Nutmeg, Diatessaron, and Diatrion pipirion is good; if he wants rest and the flux continue, give him three grains of Laudanum Opiatum, where note in the taking of all which things, if the Flux being stayed break out again, it is a sign ill humours are to be purged away, to which purpose Rhubarb prepared, Infused often in Indiff-water, is very excellent.  
The next sort of Fluxes is called Diarrhaea, which is a Flux in which excremental choleric or phlegmatic humours are cast forth, without either blood or food; and these come either from the whole body, or from the brain or stomach, Guts, Liver, Spleen, Mesentery; and if in women, from the womb and the like. If the Patient hath had, or have at present a fever, or be dropsical, or of an ill habit of body, or have eaten excessively and not digested his food; it is a sign that it comes from the whole body. If the excrements be frothy and he void more by night than day, and he have some manifest disease in his head as a Catarrh, Lethargy, Deafness etc. then it proceeds from the head. If the fault be in the stomach, the Patient hath eaten food apt to corrupt; and there appear signs that the concoction is injured, either from a hot or cold cause: if from the first, the humours will be sharp, choleric, stinking, and nature labours to throw it out; if from the last, than the excrements will be crude and phlegmatic: If the Flux proceed from the Liver the excrements are choleric, and you will perceive some distemper of the Liver, if from the Spleen they will be blackish, and you have signs of a distempered Spleen; If from the Dysentery, you will have an extension of the humours, but they come from the Liver and Spleen; if from the Guts, there's worms; if from the womb, there hath been obstructions of the Courses, and now some symptom that vexes and increases the Flux at that time the Courses are wont to flow; For to help this Disease, first of all open a vein if the body be full of blood, and if it be not it is good to let blood if the Patient hath a fever, then purge with such things as leave a binding quality behind them; such as Rhubarb dried and given in Plantane-water, with syrup of Quinces, or take a dram of Rhubarb, and half a dram of the yellow Mirobolans, and half a scruple of yellow Saunders, infuse them in Plantane-water, strain it, and to the straining add half a dram of Rhubarb in powder, and one ounce of Syrup of Roses; a potion for one dose, or you may add the lenitive Electuary or Catholicon, according to the strength and condition of the Patient and humours; vomiting is good if the body be strong: before and after purging give this or the like clyster; Take Wheat-bran and red Rose leaves of each one pugil, whole Barley two pugils, Liquorice sliced and Raisins of the Sun, of each one ounce, boil these in a sufficient quantity of water till they come to a pint, in the straining dissolve one ounce of white sugar, and the yolks of two eggs, for a clyster: After the body is sufficiently emptied, then give binding Glisters, such as you shall find next in the cure of the Bloudy-flux: & at the mouth likewise you shall there be directed. If the Patient have not a fever, boil new milk if you can get it, and scum off the foam, then quench red hot steel in it often, drink it warm; it is a present remedy. Unripe Blackberries and Mulberries dried and powdered is good to stay this Flux; likewise this Opiate is excellent, Take of the juice of Quinces, Conserve of Roses, of each one ounce, Dragon's blood, sealed-earth, and fine Bolearmonack, of each one dram, Bloodstone and the Troches of Amber, of each half a dram, with syrup of comphry, make an Opiate, take a little often. Or take one ounce of the powder of Rheubarb, two drams of the Troches of , mix them and give the Patient two drams thereof twice a day; this purgeth away the ill humours and strengtheneth the bowels. Or this, Take half an ounce of the old Conserve of Roses, one dram of Marmalet of Quinces, a scruple of Tormentil-root in fine powder, half a scruple of fine Bolearmonack with sugar, make a bowl for one dose which is to be given often; if the Flux continue long and strength much decay, give Laudanum a grain or two amongst your other medicines; you may for ordinary drink use one made of three pints of water, wherein two drams of Mastic hath been boiled; Plantain boiled in broth is good, and for fear it turn to a Bloudy-flux, give an Emulsion of Barleywater and the four cold seeds.  
The last of the Fluxes of the belly is called Dysenteria or the Bloudy-flux, which is known by the Patients voiding of blood with tormenting pains; from the ulceration of the guts; by sharp and salt phlegmatic and choleric humours, which is cured by removing those sharp humours; assuaging pain, cleansing and consolidating the ulcer and stopping the Flux. To evacuate the humours you must purge with Rhubarb every second third or fourth day, according to the strength of your Patient, season of the year, and the like; the Dose from half a dram to two drams, being dried as before, or made into a Potion thus. Take Liquorice scraped and sliced, Raisins of the Sun, of each three drams, Tamarinds and yellow myrobolans, of each two drams, boil them in Barley and Plantane-water to three ounces, in the straining infuse a dram of Rhubarb thin-sliced, then add an ounce of the syrup of Roses solutive, and make a potion. This following is excellent in desperate fluxes; Take two ounces of the bark of Guiacum bruised and beaten, boil it in a sufficient quantity of water till half be wasted, then add red Rose leaves, Pomgranate-flowers and Plantane-seed, of each two drams, let them boil an hour, then to the straining add a dram of Rhubarb in powder, and three drams of Catholicon for a Potion; Mechoacan with Cinnamon is good. If with the Dysentery there be a seaver and inflammation of the bowels, let the Patiented blood according to strength; sometimes vomiting is profitable to intercept those sharp salt humours that fall from the stomach to the Guts, omit it not if you see a loathing and perceive the stomach stuffed full of humours: your vomiting may be this, Take from half a dram to a dram of salt of Vitriol, syrup of Quinces and Bettony-water, of each one ounce, with ten drams of Cinnamon-water, give it for one Dose; In the mean time you must give mild and cleansing Glisters first, as this made of the roots of Marsh-mallows and Butterburr, of each one handful, one pugil of Camomile-flowers, Fleabane-seed, and Flux-seed, of each two drams, Boyl them in Barleywater, or milk, or water wherein steel or Iron hath often been quenched, or mutton, or sheeps-head-broath, to a pint; strain it and dissolve therein the yolks of four eggs well beaten, oil of Roses and syrup of Quinces of each one ounce and make a clyster. At Sea instead of milk use the decoction of Bran boiling in it such of these following herbs as have virtue to cleanse the ulcer, such as Centory, Wormwood, St. John's wort, to the straining of which add Turpentine dissolved in the yolk of an Egg, and the chemical oil of wax, of each one dram, for excoriations or fretting of the guts a clyster of the decoction of bran with Deer-suet; the yolk of an egg if to be had, is good; you may add some Aniseed, Fennelseeds, Comin-seeds, and Dill-seeds: when there is need of more binding, then make a clyster thus. Take of the Roots of Comfrey, Tormentil, and Bistort, of each one ounce, Plantain, Shepherd-Purse, Knotgrass, and Mouse-ear, of each one handful, Pumpranet-flowers, Acorn-cups, Cyprus-nuts, of each one dram; parched Rice, French Barley, and red Roses, of each one pugil; boil them in Smith's water, or water wherein Iron hath often been quenched. To a pint of the straining add of the juice of Plantain and Yarrow of each one ounce, and the yolks of two roasted eggs; Or instead of the juices you may use the mucilage of Gum Draganth, made with Rose or Plantane-water, and Goats or Deer-suet of each one dram. All this while you must not forget internal remedies; to stay the flux nutmegs are excellent, if desperate, dried and burnt to powder, Rice pottage, or this, Take of sealed-Earth, Hartshorn prepared with Plantain and Knot-grass-water, prepared Coral, Crocus Martis of each one dram, mix them, the Dose is from a scruple to one dram, in Knotgrass or Plantane-water, one dram of crude Alum given in the said waters doth in a manner charm the flux. Or take a pint of syrup of Prunes without Sugar, a spoonful and half of Tormentil-root in powder, boil them a little together, and drink a quarter of a pint first and last. Lastly the Body being well cleansed before▪ make this binding Decoction to complete the Cure. Take the roots of Bistort, Comfrey, and Tormentil, the leaves of Plantain, Tarrow, Shepherd's purse, Horse-tail, Mouse-ear, and Agrimony, of each one handful; Seeds of Sorrel, Grape-stones, and Sumach, of each one ounce, boil them in four quarts of water till half be consumed; then strain it and sweeten it with syrup of Comfrey, Quinces, Myrtles, dried Roses, and Coral: or else make use of this following Opiate, Take of Conserve of Quinces, and Conserve of old Roses, of each one ounce, half an ounce of the Conserves of Comfrey-roots, prepared Coral, Dragons-bloud, Bolarmenick, sealed-earth, Conserve of Slowes, Acatia, of each one dram; Spodium,  Ivory, of each one scruple; with as much of any of the Syrrups aforesaid as will make it to an Opiate. Give thereof the quantity of a Chestnut morning, noon, and night; Narcoticks do wonders, especially if they be mixed with Strengtheners and Binder's, as this, Take of the old Conserves of Roses and Services, of each one dram; half a scruple of Confectio Alkermes, three grains of Laudanum, make thereof a Bolus; four ounces of the juice of Plantain given alone is excellent.  
Now to conclude, I thought it convenient to give you a Catalogue of the most necessary Instruments and Medicines, both simple and compound, which a young Chirurgeon ought to carry with him to Sea, or have in readiness by Land.  
First, a case of good Lancets for his plaister-box, that must be furnished with these Instruments following, a pair of Scissors, a Spatula, with a Capital Instrument, and two small Probes, a pair of Forceps, a Director, an Incision-knife, stitching quills, with three or four Surgeon's Needles, or as many as you will; a phlegm, a small Rasier, a Levatory; Uuula spoon and Spatula Linguae.  
Next, for his Salvatory, it must always have these Unguents in it, Arceus his Lineament, Basilicon, Vnguentum Aureum or the golden ointment, Vnguentum Apostolorum or ointment of the Apostles, Vnguenttum de minio, or ointment of Red-Lead, Desiccativum Rubrum, or the red drying and skinning ointment.  
Then besides these Instruments and Unguents, in his Plaister-box, and Salvatory, he must have always in readiness by him these medicines and Instruments following. Viz▪ for Emplasters Diapalma de minio, and the Diachilon-simple, plasters of one of which he is to put some ready spread upon cloth or paper, into his Plaister-box, Paracelsus-plaister, Oxycrotium, Diachilon with gums, and the Mellilotplaister.  
For Unguents Aegyptia cum, Vnguentum Albium or the white ointment, Vnguentum La●●inum or common oil of Bays, Vnguentum Nicotianae Peti or Ointment of Tobacco, Vnguentum Nutritum, Vnguentum Opthalmicum or Ointment for Inflammation of the Eyes, Vnguentum Populion.  
For Oils, Take Oleum Catulorum, oil of Camomile, Lilies, oil of Exeter, oil of Saint John wort compound, of Foxes, Turpentine, Roses, Earthworms, Elder-Flowers, Linseed, Vitriol, and Sulphur.  
Likewise you must have these distilled waters with you, water of Mint, Plantain, Burridg, Bugloss, Succory, Endif, Lettuce, Purslane, Poppy, Roses, Carduus Benedictus or the holy thistle, these for simple waters; Then for Compound, you must have Aniseed, Cinnamon, Aquacoelestis or the heavenly-water, Doctor Stephen's water, Aqua-mirabilis, Aquae-Menthe, or Mint-water, Treacle-water, Spirit of wine, Brandy or Aquavitae, Wormwood-water; Likewise you must have with you strong Lee, white-wine Vinegar, Vinegar of Roses.  
For Syrups, you must have syrup of Wormwood; Vinegar Simple or Compound, of Lemons, Sloes, Diamoron, or syrup of Mulberries, Violets, honey of Roses, Oximel Simplex; Simple or Compound, Oximel Scilliticum, or Oximel of Squils'.  
Then for Conserves, etc. Electuaries, the Conserve of Red-Roses, Barberries, Quinces, Wood-Sorrel and Slowes, London and Venice-Treacle, Diascordium, Mithridate, Confectio Alchermes: for Purging Electuaries, the Lenitive Diacatholicon, Confectio Hamet, Diaprunes Solutive.  
For Pills, you must have Pil-Ruffi Communes, Pil-Choche, Pil-Hiera, Comagarico, Extractum Rudii, Pil-Alofangine.  
For Loho●ks, you must have Lohoch de farfara, or Lohoch of Colts-foot, Lohoch of Poppies, Lohoch of Pine-nuts, Lohoch of Pursley, Lohoch of Fox-Lungs, and Lohoch Sanum & expertum.  
For Troches, you must have Trochisci Albi Rhacis, with and without Trochischi Gordonii, Trochischi Alchakengi, or Troches of Winter-Cherries, Pectoral Rolls, white and black, Troches of Barberies, Troches of Camphire, Troches of Saunders and Rhubarb, Troches de terra Lemnia or earth of Lemons.  
For powders, you must have always in readiness powder to stay flux of blood, and eat away proud-flesh, of which you had receipts before, Aromaticum Rosarum, Diamagaritum Frigidum, diapenidion, Diarodon Abbatis, Diatragacanthum Frigidum, Diatrion Santalon, Pulvis Haly; for purging Powders you must have Diacenne, Pulvis Sanctus or the holy powder.  
For Simples, you must have these roots following, Birthwort long and round, Aron-root, Smallidg, Bistort, China, Turmarick, Dittany, Elecampane, Gentian, Liquorish, Heirodactils, Orrace, Lilies, Polypodie, Rhubarb, and Monk's Rhubarb, Madder and Sarsaparilla, Squils', Turmentile, Turbith, Ginger, Jollap, Guiacum, Liquorish.  
For Herbs, Wormwood, Mallows, Mu●sh-mallows, Beers, Bettony, Carduus Benedictus, Centory, knotgrass, Fumitory, Broom, St. Johns-wort, Hyssop, Baulin, Mint, Plantine, Rosemary, Rue, Sage, Elder-leaves, and buds, Savery, Senna, Stechas, Coltsfoot, Golden-rod.  
For flowers, Rosemary-flowers, Orange, Pomegranate, Camomile, Marigold, Bean, Broom, Cowslip, melilot, Baume, white, black, and red Poppies, Roses, white, damask, and red, Elder, Violet, Saffron.  
For Fruits; Winter-Cherries, Almonds bitter and sweet, Barberries, Figs, Cassia fistularis, Chestnuts, Quinces, Dates, Jujubes, Ivy, Juniper and Bay-berries, Lemons, Oranges, Citrons, Sebestins, Cubebs, Meddlers, Mulberries; all the Mirabolans, Mirtle-berries, Olives, Nutmegs, Peaches, Apricocks, Melons, Damask-pruens, Capers, Cloves and Mace, Cherries black and red, Sloes, Pears, Damosens, Services, Pine-nuts, Raisins of the Sun and Currant, Tamerins, Elder-berries, Sebestines.  
For Seeds; Annis; Cucumbers, Cumin, Fenegreek, Lettuce, Grumuel, Lupins, Pursley, French-barley, Linseed, Fennel, Coriander, Carua, Beanmeal, Barly-meal, wheat-flower, wheat-Bran, Mil-dust and White-starch.  
For Gums, etc. Aloes, Sugar, Camphire, Balsam, Galbanum, Ammoniacum, Arabicum, Trachanthum; Manna, Mastic, Myrrh, Olibanum, Opium, Pitch, Rosin, Turpentine, Dragons-Blood, Scammony, Frankincense, Storax, oil of Olives, new and old, Agarick, Jews-ears, Cantharideses or Spanish-flies, Goose, Duke's, Geese, Dogs, Cats, Man's, Fox, badger's, Bears-grease, Deer and Goats-Suet, Album-Graecum, Virgins-wax white and black, Hartshorn, Ising-glass, the marrow of an Ox, Deer, Calf and Lamb, Roman and Virgin-honey, Musk and Mummy, the Hairs of a Hare, Spermaceti, Alum.  
For Metals and Minerals you must have Verdigreese, Alum, Litharg of gold and silver, Quicksilver, all kinds of Arsenicks, Bolarmanack, Lime-stones, Vitriol, white Roman, and green Sinclere, Choke, Redlead, Terra lemnia, Brimstone, and flower of Brimstone, Troches of red-Lead praecipitat.  
For Instruments, let these be always in readiness, Crows-bills, Catch-bullets straight and crooked, and the Terra bellum, a dismembring-knife, and sharp dismembring-saw, Cauterizing-Iron, head-saw, and Trafine, Speculum-Oris, and Speculum forceps, and a punch for Teeth, small wax-candles, syringes Catheter, cupping-glasses, glister-pot, dyet-pot, mortar and pestle, spatulas, spl nters, sponges, juncks, clouts, rollers, thread & needle, tape, to● weights and scales, serces and strainers, and blood-poringers.   
FINIS.