A DESCRIPTION Of the ISLAND of JAMAICA;  
With the other Isles and Territories in AMERICA, to which the English are Related, viz.  


Barbadoss,  
St. Christopher's,  
Nievis, or Mevis,  
Antego,  
St. Vincent,  
Dominica,  
Montserrat,  
Anguilla,  
Barbada,  
Bermudes,  
Carolina,  
Virginia,  
Maryland,  
New-York,  
New England,  
Newfoundland.    
Taken from the Notes of Sr. Thomas Linch Knight, Governor of Jamaica; and other Experienced Persons in the said Places. Illustrated with Maps.  
Published by Richard Blome.  
LONDON, Printed by T. Milbourn, and sold by the Booksellers of London, and Westminster, 1672.   

TO HIS SACRED MAJESTY CHARLES II.  
King of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, etc.  
Dread Sovereign,  
THIS small Treatise, or Description, of Your Majesty's Dominions and Territories in America, humbly presents its self unto Your Royal Patronage, by the hands of  
Your MAJESTY'S most humble and obedient Subject and Servant, Richard Blome.   

THE PREFACE TO THE READER.  
HAving the Favour of some Notes from my Honoured Friend Sir Thomas Linch Knight, about the Description of the Island of Jamaica, whose Worth and Ingenuity hath lately merited from his Majesty the Government of the said Isle; as likewise the opportunity of several Papers relating to the Affairs and Description of the other Isles and Territories in America, wherein the English are concerned, which I received from the hands of several of my Friends who are related thereunto, I thought them very fit to be Published. The said Notes and Papers I have digested into a clearer and more compendious Method; being brief Descriptions thereof, which this small Treatise only aimeth at; and not to trouble the Reader with large and unnecessary discourses no ways proper for the Design in hand: for by that means, I might (by the help of a large Print which some Publisher of Books call Ornamental) have put them to an unnecessary charge in Buying, and as great a trouble in Reading. I have also added some Maps for the more utility thereof, which were taken from the Latest Surveys.  
Rich. Blome.   

Errata.  
In Page 126. Line 8. the word [not] to be omitted.   

A NEW SURVEY, OR, Description of the Island of JAMAICA.  
THe Island of Jamaica lieth betwixt the Tropics in the 17. 
It's Situation.  and 18. Degrees of Northern Latitude; and beareth from off the Island of Hispaniola Eastward, about 35. Leagues.  
From the Island of Cuba Northwards, about 20. Leagues.  
From Porto Bello Southwards, about 160. Leagues.  
From Carthagena South-easterly about 140. Leagues.  
From Rio de la Hache in the Continent South-easterly, 160. Leagues.  

The form and Extent of the Isle.  
It is something inclined to an Oval Form, 
It's Form Extent.  being from East to West 170 Miles in length; and from North to South in the midst where it is broadest about 70, it waxing narrower and narrower at both extreme ends.  
From East to West along the the midst of the Isle runs a continued Ridge of lofty Mountain's which are full of fresh Springs, whence flow the many Rivers that so plentifully waters the Island, to the great refreshment and accommodation of the Inhabitants.   

The Soil, Fertility, etc.  
It is in most parts (especially the north) of a rich and fat Soil, 
It's Soil, and Fertility.  being of a blackish Earth, in many places mixed with a Clay, and in some, as the south West Parts, it is of a more red and loose Earth, but every where incomparable apt to produce, and liberally to answer the Cultivators cost and pains for what is planted; being always Springing, and its Trees and Plants never disrobed of their summer Livery, every month being to them as our May, or April.  
Here are many Savanas which are intermixed with the Hills and Woods, 
Savanas', formerly Fields of Indian Maiz.  (especially in the North and South parts, where are great store of wild cattle) which by report were sometimes Fields of Indian Maiz, or Wheat, which when the Spaniards became Masters of the Isle, they converted to Pasture for the feeding of their cattle; bringing hither from Spain, Horses, Cowes, Hogs, and Asenegroes for a Breed, after they had destroyed all the Natives, or Indians, which according to calculation, did amount to about 60000. which cattle did exceedingly increase, witness the great herds of Horses, and other cattle, that are now wild in the Woods; besides the great quantities of Cows that have been Killed by the English, since they became Masters thereof: And these Savanas are the most barren, as being so long made use of without Tillage; yet doth they produce such great Plenty of Grass, that the English are constrained ofttimes to burn it up.   

The Air, and Temperature.  
The Air is here more temperate then in any of the Caribbee Isles, 
The Air & Temperature  as seated more Northerly, and of as mild a temperature (as to Heat) as any place between the Tropics, being always cooled with fresh Breezes, that constantly bow easterly, and refreshed with frequent Showers of Rain, and such Dews that fall in the night (much quickening the growth of what is Planted) that it may truly be called temperate and healthful; and by reason of its continual Verdure (as I have before noted) exceeding Delightful.  
And it is observed that the west and east Parts of the Isle are most subject to Rain and Winds; and the Woods being also thick, and close, rendereth the Air less agreeable, than the North and South Parts, which are more plain and open, and less subject to Rain and Winds. The Mountains which run along the middle of the Isle from one extreme point to the other, are much Cooler than the other parts, insomuch that oft times in the mornings there is small white Frosts.  
This Island is in no parts troubled with those storms of Wind called Huricanes, 
Huricanes not in this Isle.  which all the Caribbee Isles are much pestered with, having sometimes by the violence of those Gusts, their Ships forced out of their Roads; and on Shore, their Houses blown down, and provisions, etc. rooted out of the Earth.   

The Wether.  
The Wether of this Isle is less certain than in the rest of the Caribbee Islands; the most observable wet seasons are in November or May; 
The Winter known only by Rain and Thunder  there being no seemable Winter but by a little more Rain, and Thunder, in the winter months.  
The winds here constantly blow all the day from nine in the morning easterly, and become more fresher as the Sun mounteth higher, by reason of which, at midd-day Travel or Labour is sufferable. But from eight at Night to about eight in the Morning, it frequently blows Westerly; and with these Winds, or Breezes, the Vessels get out of the Harbours, and ply to windward.  
There is scarce any sensible lengthening or shortening of the Days or Nights, 
Days, & Nights almost equal.  but are almost always of an equal length.  
The Sea ebbs and flows seldom above a foot.  
Hurricanes are here never known, as before I have noted; nor hath any Vessel been lost, or cast away on the Coast, since the English were Masters of it.   

The Commodities, which this Island Produceth.  
This Isle hath, and produceth many excellent Commodities and that in exceeding great Plenty, as Sugars so good, that they out-sell those of the Barbadoss 5. s. per Cent. there being at present about Sugar Works, 
Sugars.  which may produce yearly 1710 thousand weight of Sugar, those still increasing, and divers others a going up.  
Cocao, the principal, 
Cocao.  and most beneficial Commodity of the Isle, which I shall anon take occasion to speak of more at large; and that by reason of the aptness of the ground to produce and bear it above other places: here being at present above 60. Cocao Walks; besides abundance of young Walks which are a growing up, and still more a planting, so that in time it will become the only noted place for that Commodity in the world, which is so much made use of by us, and other Nations, but in far greater measure by the Spaniards who alone are enough to take of the product of the Isle; so that there is no fear that it will become a drug, and lie upon the hands of the Planter.  
Indigo this Isle produceth very good, 
Indigo  there being at present more than 60. Indigo Works, which may produce about 50000. weight of Indigo per. Annum, and do likewise much increase.  
Cotton here hath an especial fineness, 
Cotton.  and is by all preferred before that of the Carribbee Isles.  
Tobacco is here indifferent good, 
Tobacco.  being esstemed better than that of the Barbadoss, but it is not much planted, only a sufficiency to serve themselves; the other Commodities being more beneficial.  
Hides, 
Hydes  of which great quantities have been Yearly made, and are found to be very large and good. 
Tortoise Shells.   
Great store of Tortoises are taken on this Coast, whose meat (being excellent) they eat, and their Shells so much esteemed here in England for several curious Works, finds good vent.  
Here are great variety of Woods for Dyers, 
Curious Woods.  as Fustick, Redwood, a kind of Logg-Wood, etc. also Cedar, Mothogeney, Brasilletto, Lignum-Vitae, Ebony, Granadilla, and many other excellent sweet smelling, and curious Woods fit for choice Works, whose names are as yet not known; nor indeed their excellencies; but are exported in great quantities.  
Copper, 
Copper.  they are assured is in this Isle, for they have seen the Ore, wrought out of a Mine here; and by the Spaniards report, the Bells that hung in the great Church of St. jago, were cast of the Copper of this Island.  
Silver may probably be here, 
Silver.  as well as in Cuba, and in the Main; and the English have been showed where the Spaniards had found a Silver Mine, behind the Mountain's west of Cagway.  
Ambergris (according to the Spaniards report) hath been often found on this Coast. 
Ambergris.   
Salt, 
Salt.  this Island might make great quantities, there being already 3. good and very large Salt-ponds, containing near 4000 Acres of ground; but as yet they make no more than for their own use: although there was made in one Year about 10000 Bushels; and the manager thereof, Cap. Jo. Noye, did affirm that he could have made as many Tunns if they had had Vent.  
Saltpetre hath been found in many parts of the Island. 
Saltpetre.   
Ginger grows better in this Isle, 
Ginger.  then in many of the Carribbe Islands; of which here is sufficiency planted.  
Codd-pepper which is so commonly used in all the West Indies, 
Cod-Peper.  grows plentifully here.  
Piement, 
Piement.  or Jamaica Pepper, a spice of the form of East-India Pepper, very Aromatical, and of a curious Gousto, having the mixed taste of divers Spices, grows here in great plenty, wild in the Mountains. But the Spaniards did set a high esteem thereon, and exported it as a very choice Commodity, as indeed it is; and now it is begun to be planted by the English, and will become a good Commodity.  
Drugs are here in great abundance, 
Drugs.  as Guacum, China-Roots, Sasapharilla, Cashia Fistula, Tamerindes, Vinilloes, Achiots or Anetto, which is like to prove a good Commodity. 
Gums.  Here are also dive●● Gums, and Roots, wherewith experienced Planters do cure many Hurts, Ulcers, and Distempers of the Body. And by the report of an intelligent Doctor, which made it his business to search after such things, here are likewise Contrayerna, Cyperas, Aloes, Assole Pie, Adjuntum, Nigrum, Cucumis, Agrestis, Sumach, Acacia, Miselto, with many other Drugs, Balsams and Gums, whose names are not known, or remembered: but the Planters begin to be more expert in these Drugs, and endeavour to increase them, and supply England therewith.  
Cochaneil is produced by a Plant that grows in this Isle, 
Cochaneil.  but as yet the English want experience to husband it; easterly Winds, and many other things being Enemies to its growth, besides the difficulty of making it.  
These with some others are the Commodities that this Island produceth, which if well improved, would soon become the best, and Richest Plantation that ever the English were, (or are like to be) Masters of.  
I shall in the next place give you an Account of the management of a Cocao Walk, with a calculation of its Costs, and Profits, as it was lately estimated by that judicious and great encourager of the Planters, S. Tho. Modiford Baronett, late Governor of the said Island.   

Directions about a Cocao Walk.  

First, take up 5 or 600. Acres of Land, which be sure choose in a good place proper to produce the Cocao, which will cost for the Surveying and Patent 010 l. 0 s.  
For 3 Negro men, and as many Negro women at 20 l. per head 120 l. 0 s.  
For 4 White Servants, with their Passage and Diet for a year 080 l. 0 s.  
For 20 Axes, 20 Bills, and 20 Hoos for them 005 l. 0 s.  
For 6. Negro's Diet, for Six months at 2 s. per Day, until you have some provisions Grown in your Plantation. 018 l. 5 s.  
For an Overseer to look after the Servants, for his Wages▪ and Diet at 40 s. per Month 024 l. 0 s.  
In all 257 l. 5 s.   
And for the employing these Servants in your Plantation as followeth: supposing them to Land, and to be on the Plantation the first of March, and that they have by the middle of that month (as they may very easily) cleared a convenient place, and built fitting houseing for the lodging them. Then put them to falling, cleaning, and planting a Potato piece of 4. Acres, which ten hands will very well do by the middle of April: after this, you may clean, and plant with Rue and Plantin-Trees, until the last of February, which is above 10 Months; in which time they may with ease have cleansed and Planted 21. Acres, besides keeping them clean which are Planted and are still a Planting; and in this time, which completes the Year, you may be full of Potatoes and Corn, and within 2. Months of the new Year, with Plantins, and a small stock of Hogs, and Fowls; so that you will be at no more charge for Provisions for your Servants. And then to keep this clean, and to plant the Cocao-Walk, and for five more Negro Men, and 5. Negro-Women to buy about the first of March following, at 20 l. per Negro comes to 200 l.  
And in that Month you will have Planted Cocao-Trees out of the Nuts, or Seed, betwixt all the Rows of the Plantin-Trees, that are 6. Foot high; so that by the first of June, the whole 21 Acres that were planted the last Year, will be full of Cocao-Trees, and by that time you will have (besides much other work done) 21. Acres of Cocao-Trees in the ground; which in less than 4. years, from the Planting, will begin to bear Cod, and in a year after, produce complete Crops. And according to experience, an Acre doth produce every year about 1000 pound Weight; which at Jamaica is worth 4 l. per Cent. which for the 21 Acres, doth amount unto 840 l. per Ann. Although this last year, by reason their Crops were blasted, it is at present far dearer, the Hundred weight at London being now worth 18. pound Sterling.  
The charges of gathering and houseing the Cocao, is inconsiderable, only clothes or Bags to put it in, which with some other incident charges, may be reckoned at the most (as all things else have been) to Amount to 42. l. 15. s. more, which makes up just 500 l.  
Note, that all this that is Planted, is done in 15. months, and the Cocao bears not completely until the sixth year from the first beginning, or coming; so that you will have four years and nine months at liberty with your Servants, either to increase the Cocao-Walk, building of convenient houses, and making of Garidens for pleasure; or else you may fall on Ginger, Indigo, or some other Commodity for present profit, which perhaps may be necessary for such as cannot forbear their Money, until the Cocao Walk doth come to perfection as aforesaid: after which, you will find sufficient profit as is expressed, Sickness, 
Of Servants.  Mortality, and running away Excepted. Yet it cannot be expected, but that as the Island increaseth in this Commodity, they must somewhat abate the present Price, and content themselves with a more moderate Gaines.  
And according to this Calculation proportionably a greater or lesser Cocao-Walk may be undertaken, and performed.   

Their Cattle.  
In this Isle are greater abundance of Cattle then in most of the English Plantations in America; as Horses, 
Horses.  which are here so plentiful, that a good Horse may be bought for 6 or 7 l.  
Their Cows are very large, 
Cowes.  and so numerous, that although there hath been every Year so many Killed, yet their number seemeth not much to be lessoned.  
Assnegroes and Mules (both wild and Tame) are very many, 
Asnegroes. Mules.  which are found to be very serviceable to the Inhabitants.  
Their Sheep are large, 
Sheep:  and tall, and their Flesh good, but their Wool is long, hairy, and little worth.  
Goats are many, 
Goats.  which thrive exceedingly well, the Country being very fit for them.  
Hogs are here in exceeding great plenty, 
Hogs.  as well those wild in the Mountains, as tame in the Plantations, whose Flesh is far better tasted, and more nourishing and easier to be digested then those of England; which is the reason that it is so much eaten in this Island; as indeed throughout the West-Indies.   

Their Fish.  
This Island hath both in the Rivers, 
Excellent Fish in great plenty.  Bays, Roads, and Creeks, very excellent Fish, and in such abundance that it contributes much to the feeding of the Inhabitants; and those that frequent this Isle, say, that they have few or none of those sorts common to us in England; but such great Variety of those appropriated to the Indies, that it would be too tedious to Repeat the names of them, if they were known or Remembered.  
The principal sort is the Tortoise, which they take plentifully on the Coast; 
Tortoise.  and about 20. or 30. Leagues to the Leeward of port Negril, by the Isles of Camavoes, in the months of May, June, and July, do resort great store of Ships from the Carribbee Isles to Victual and Load with this Fish, it being reputed to be the wholsomest and best provision in all the Indies.   

Their Fowls.  
Here are very great plenty of tame Hens, 
great variety of Tame & Wild Fowl.  Turkeys, and some Ducks; but of wild Fowl infinite store, as Ducks, Teal, Wigen, Geese, Turkeys, Pigeons, Guine-Hens, Plovers, Flemingoes, Snipes, Parats, Parachetoes, with very many others, whose names are not known.   

The Fruits.  
There are great plenty of choice and excellent Fruits in this Island, 
Excellent Fruits.  as Oranges, Pome-granates, Cocar-Nuts, Limbs, Guavars, Mammes, Alumee-Supotas, Suppotillias', Avocatas, Cashues, Prickle-Aples, Prickle-Pears, Grapes, Sower-Sops, Custard-Aples, Dildowes, and many others whose names are not known, or too tedious to name, besides Plantains, Pines, etc.   

Their Herbs, and Roots.  
Here likewise grows very well, all manner of Summer- Garden-Herbs and Roots common to us in England, 
Herbs & Roots.  as Radish, Lettuce, Purseley, Cucumbers, Melons, Parsley, Potherbs, also Beanes, Pease, Cabbages, Colly-Flowers, etc.   

Their Diseases.  
It hath been experimentally found, 
Jamaica very healthful.  that there is no such Antipathy betwixt the constitutions of the English, and this clime, for the occasioning Sickness to be Mortal or Contageous, more than in other parts; for if a good Diet, and moderate Exercises are used, without excess of Drinking they may enjoy a competent measure of Health.  
The Diseases that Strangers are most incident to, 
Diseases strangers are most subject unto.  are Dropsies (occasioned often by ill diet, drunkeness, and slothfulness) Calentures too frequently the product of Surfeits, also Fevers, and Agues, which although very troublesome, yet are seldom Mortal.  
And the reason of the great Mortality of the Army, at their first arrival, was their want of Provisions, together with an unwillingness to labour or excercise, joined with discontent.   

Hurtful things.  
There are upon this Island, very few obnoctious Beasts, Infects, or Plants.  
Here is the Manchonele, 
Manchonele.  which is a king of a Crab, so common in all the Caribbee Isles.  
Here are Snakes, 
Snakes, Guianas'.  and Guianas', but no poisonous quality is observed in them.  
In many of the Rivers, and Land-Ponds, are Alligators, 
Alligators.  which are very voracious Creatures, yet seldom do they pray upon a Man, as being very easy to be avoided, for he can only move forwards, and that he doth with great Swiftness and Strength, and is as slow in turning. Some are 10, 15, or 20 foot long, their backs are scaly and impenetrable, so that they are hardly to be killed, except in the Belly or Eye. They have four Feet or Finns with which they go or swim. They are observed to make no kind of Noise: and the usual course for the getting their Prey, is to lie on the banks of Rivers, and as any Beast or Fowl cometh to drink, they suddenly seize on them; and the rather, for that they do so much resemble a long piece of dry wood, or some dead thing. And as these Alligators are thus obnoctious on the one hand, so are they found to be useful on the other, for their Fat is a Sovereign Ointment for any internal Ache or Pain in the Joints, or Bones. They have in them Musk-codds, which are stronger scented than those of the East-Indies, and by this their strong smell, they are discovered, and avoided; which ●s supposed the Cattle by instinct of Nature, are also sensible of, and do by that means often shun them. They lay Eggs in the Sand lay the waterside, which are no bigger than a Turkeys, which they ●over, and by the heat of the Sun, the young ones are hatched, who naturally creep into the water.  
Here are also Muskettoes and Merry-wings, 
Muskettoes.  a sort of stinging Flies that are troublesome in some parts of the Isle, 
Merry-wings.  but are seldom found in the English Plantations.   

Their Harbours, Roads, and Bays▪  
This Island abounds with goo● Bayes, Roads, and Harbours: th● Principal amongst which are  
Port-Royal, 
Port-Royal.  formerly called Cagway, situate on the extreme en● of that long point of Land whic● makes the Harbour, which is e●ceeding commodious for Shipping and secured by one of the stronge●● and most considerable Castles th●● his Majesty hath in all Americ● in which are mounted about 6● pieces of Ordnance, and is we●● guarded with Soldiers. It is land locked by a point of Land that run 12 miles' Southeast from the mai● of the Island, having the great R●ver that runs by Los Angelos, and● St. Jago falling into it, where Ship● do commonly water, and conveniently wood. The Harbour is 2. or 3. leagues cross in most places, and hath every where good Anchorage, which is so deep, that a Ship of a 1000 Tunn may lay her sides to the shore of the Point, and load, and unload with planks a Float: which commodiousness, doth make it to be the most frequented by Men of War, and Merchants Ships of any in the Island, and as much inhabited by the Merchants, Store-house-keepers, Vintners, & Alehouse-keepers, being the only noted place of Trade in the Isle, and doth contain (since the English became Masters of it) about 800. Houses, being about 12 miles and a half in length, and the houses are as dear-rented as if they stood in well-traded Streets in London; yet it's situation is very unpleasant and uncommodious, having neither Earth, Wood, or Freshwater, but only made up of a hot loose Sand, and being thus populous, and so much frequented, as well by Strangers, as by the Planters, in the negotiation of their Affairs as being the scale of Trade, provisions are very dear. This Town or Port is seated about 12 miles from the Metrapolitan Town of the Island called St. Jago, or St. Jago de la vega, or the Spanish Town; of which I shall treat anon.  
Port-Morant in the Eastern Point, 
Port-Morant.  a very Capacious and secure Harbour, where Ships do conveniently Wood, Water, and Ride safe from the Winds, and about this place is a potent Colony of the English seated.  
Old-Harbour Westwards, 
Old Harbour.  from St. Jago, a good Bay for Ships to Ride in. 
Point-Negrill.   
Point-Negril in the extreme Western Point, very good and sufficiently convenient, and secure to windward, in which men of war do often ply, when they look for the Spanish Ships, whence a little Northwest, was seated the Old town of Melilla, founded by Columbus, after the shipwreck there; which was the 1st place that the Spaniards settled at, and afterwards deserted.  
Port-Antonio seated on the North, 
Port-Antonio.  a very safe land-lock't-Harbour, only the coming in is somewhat difficult, the Channel being narrowed by a little Island that lies off the mouth of the Port, being wholly taken up by the Right Honourable, Charles Earl of Carlisle, Visc. Howard of Morpeth, Lord Dacres of Gilsland, Lord Lieutenant of the Counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland, and one of the Lords of his Majesty's most Honourable Privy Council, etc.  
Here are several other good Bays, 
Other good bays & Harbours.  and Harbours, along the Coast of this Island; the names of which are set down in the Map, amongst which, these are very commodious and good, viz.  

In the South-part  
Michael's Hole.  
Micary Bay.  
Allegator Pont.  
Point Pedro  
palate Bay.  
Lewana Bay.  
Blewfelds Bay.  
Cabaritaes Bay. 

All very good and Commodious Bays for Ships.     

In the North-part  
Porto-Maria  
Ora Cabessa  
Cold-Harbour  
Rio-Nova  
Montega-Bay  
Orang-Bay 

All very good Bays for Shipping.      

The Towns.  
There are at present but three Towns of considerable Note in the Island, to wit,  
St. Jago, 
St. Jago.  or St. Jago de-lavega seated 6 Miles within the Land North-West, in a Plain, by a River, and about 12. miles from Port-Royal already treated of, which makes another of the 3 Towns. This town of St. Jago when the Spaniards were Masters of the Isle, was a large City, and of great Account, containing about 2000 Houses, and for Divine Worship, had 2 Churches, 2 Chapels, and an Abbey; which when the English first took the Isle (under the conduct of General Venables) were destroyed to about 4 or 500 Houses, and its Churches and Chapels to a fewer number, & those that remained were sufficiently Spoilt and haraced. But since the English have made a settlement, this Town is now of considerable account; where the Governor resideth, and where the chief Courts of Judicature are held, which makes it to be well resorted unto, and Inhabited; so that most of its ruinous Houses are in a fair way of being repaired, and in hopes to arrive to a greater largeness then formerly it was, here being several fair and well built Houses: and the Inhabitants live in great Pleasure, where they have their Havana, in which the better sort recreate themselves every evening in their Coaches, or an horseback, as the Gentry do here in Hide Park.  
Passage seated on the mouth of the River, six miles distant from St. Jago, and as many from Port-Royal, where there are about 20 Houses, built for the conveniency of going to Port-Royal; and here is a Fort raised by the English, the better to secure the same.  
In the time of the Spaniards, here were several other Towns which are now of no Account; of which said Towns, these three following were of most north, viz.  
Sevilla feared on the North part of the Island, 
Sevilla.  once beautified with a Collegiate-Church, whose chief bore the title of Abbot: amongst whom was Peter Martyr, who described the History of the West-Indies by Decates.  
Mellila seated in the North East, 
Mellila.  where Columbus mended his Ships at his return from Veragua, where he was near Shipwrecked.  
Orista regards the South-Sea, 
Orista.  in which are many Rocks, and amongst their Banks, some Isles, as Servavilla, Quitosvena, and Serrana, where Augustin Pedro Serrana lost his Vessel, and saved only himself, and here in a solitary and loan Condition passed away 3 Years; at the end of which time he had the company of a Mariner for 4 Years more, that was likewise there Shipwrecked, and also alone saved himself.  
And although there are for the present no more Towns, 
14 Precincts or Parishes in the Isle.  yet the Island is divided into 14 Precincts, Divisions, or Parishes, which are set forth in the Map; many of which said Precincts are well Inhabited by the English, where they have very good Plantations, especially all the southern part from Point-Morant in the East, almost to Point-Negrillo in the West, so far as the ridge or chain of Mountains that runneth in the midst of the Isle; nor are its northerns' Parts, (especially near unto the Sea) without Inhabitants and Plantations, though not so thick as South-wardly about St. Jago, but of late have much increased. And for the better Satisfying the Reader, 
Sre the Map.  the Parts throughout the Island where the English have made their Settlements, are Marked and distinguished in the Map by Ciphers.  
I cannot certainly affirm the number of the English in this Isle, but according to the last survey taken and returned into England some Years since, by Sr. Thomas Modiford, late Governor, each Precinct, or Parish contained as followeth:  
A general Account of the Precincts, or Parishes, Families, and Inhabitants in Jamaica, taken by order of Sir Thomas Modiford, than Governor as aforesaid.  
Parishes. Families. Inhabitants. 
The Names of the Precincts or Parishes in the Isle.  Port-Royal 500 3500 St. Katherine's 658 6270 St. John's 083 996 St. Andrews 194 1552 St. David's 080 960 St. Thomas 059 590 Clarindon 143 1430  1714 15298  
Note, that the Four Parishes on the North-side of the Isle, to wit, St. George's, St. mary's, St. Annes, and St. James, as also the Leeward most Parish called St. Elizabeth, together with these two not named, both adjoining on St. Elizabeth's; the one Eastwards, and the other Northwards, was not as then so particularly surveyed, by reason of their distance, and new Settlements, nevertheless they were found according to Calculation, to amount to about 2000 Inhabitants. But all these parts, as also those seven aforenamed are now exceedingly increased, being supposed to be increased to double, if not triple the number. And the great encouragement of gaining Riches, with a pleasant life, doth invite every year abundance of People to Inhabit here, quitting their concerns at Barbadoes, and other our American Plantations; so that in a short time without doubt it will become the most potent and richest Plantation in the West-Indies.  
And besides the aforesaid number of Inhabitants in the said 14 Precincts or Parishes, there are reckoned to belong to the Island; of Privateers, Hunters, Sloop and Boatmen (which ply about the Isle) at the least 3000 lusty and stout Fight Men, whose courage hath been sufficiently evidenced in their late exploit, and attempt made against the Spaniards at Panama.   

Their Laws  
Their Laws are assimulated (as near as may be) to those of England, 
Their Laws.  having their several Courts▪ Magistrates, and Officers, for the executing of Justice on criminal Offenders, and the hearing and determination of Causes or Controversies betwixt party, and party.  
Having thus made a short desscription of the Island, as to its Situation, Fertility, Commodities, Harbours, Towns, and Precincts, with an estimate of the number of its Inhabitants: In the next place, I shall give you the state of the Isle, when the Spaniards were possessors thereof; and wind up my discourse with some seasonable considerations relating to the English Affairs in America, with reasons to justify the first design in taking it, and why his Majesty should keep and support it. And of these in order.   

The state of the Spaniards in this Island,  
The Spaniards first settled on the Northwest part of the Isle, 
The Spaniards First settlement.  under the Conduct of Columbus, and built the Town of Mellila, but disliking the Situation, removed to Oristana; and finding that also to be ill seated, and unhealthful, again removed, and settled at St. Jago, or St. Jago de la vega, where, with the assistance of the Indians, they built a fair Town or City, which I have already treated of. And in this Town Inhabited all the Spaniards that were in the Isle at the Landing of the English, keeping their slaves at their several small Plantations, or Stanchas', who failed not to bring them store of Fruits & Provisions, which they luxuriously spent in their houses, never intending any thing but to live at ease and plenty: 
The Spaniards inclined to Idleness.  For on this large and fertile Island, there was no Manufacture or Commodity made, except a little Sugar, Tobacco, and Cocao, and those few Ships that came hither, traded generally for Hides, Tallow, Jamaica Pepper, and Cocao, but not to any considerable account. And the number of Inhabitants did not exceed 3000, of which, half (if not more) were Slaves. And the reason why it was so thinly peopled, was, because the Spaniards generally desire to be in Nova Hispana, or Hispaniola; but chiefly, because this Isle was held▪ in proprietership, by the heirs of the Duke of Veragua-Columbus, who received the Revenues, and placed Governors, as absolute Lord of it. And at the first, it was planted by a kind of Portugals, the society of whom, the Spaniards abhors.  
Upon the approach of the English-Army after their landing, the Inhabitants of St. Jago deserted the Town, and betook themselves to the Mountains, pretending a Treaty with the English, until such time as they had secured their Women and Goods, and then did they make several attempts, and upon surprisals, murdered many of the English; but the Spaniards soon growing weary of that wild and mountainous course of Life, perceiving small hopes of expelling the English, divers of the Grandees got into Cuba, who by the Viceroy of Alexico's order, were commanded back, with a promise of a speedy and considerable supply of men; upon which they returned, somewhat encouraged, and dispersed themselves by Families, that they might the better get provisions, and avoid the being discovered by the English; but this necessitous and unusual course of life, killed many of them, and discouraged the rest; for that in all this time there came to their succour, but too Soldiers, and those refused to join with them, as being so few and sickly; so that they marched back to the North of the Island, and at a place called St. Chereras, did fortify themselves, every day expecting a new body of Men to join with them: But the English discovering their quarters, marched against them. Some few months after, about 30 small Companies of the Spanish Forces arrives, and immediately very strongly Fortify Rio Nova, having Ordnance, and great store of Ammunition, yet were they speedily and successfully defeated by the Valour of the English under the Conduct of Leiutenant General Edw. D'oyley. And this grand disaster, with many petty ill successes caused the Spaniards to despair of regaining the Island, and to ship off most of their Plat●● and Women; and the Negroes finding the greatest part of their Masters to be dead, killed the Governor, and declined all obedience to the Spaniards, appointing a Black for their Governor. And such was the necessity of the Spaniards, that instead of giving them fitting correction, they were constrained to Court them for their assistance; but all their policy would not prevail upon them, for soon after did they submit to the English Government, and made discoveries of the Spaniards and Negroes that would not come in with them, and did further assist the English in the taking of them, in which they have been exceeding successful.  
In the year following, the Spaniards quite deserted the Island, except it were about 30 or 40 of their Slaves, who betook themselves to the Mountains, but being afraid of a Discovery, and to be pursued to Death for some Murders they had committed, built themselves Conoas', and in them fled to Cuba, and never since hath any considerable attempt been made upon them.  
The English being thus become Masters of the Island, form themselves into a Body, or Colony: Then did they they begin to settle themselves in Plantations, whilst others betook themselves to the Sea as Freebooters or Privateers, the better to secure themselves against the Spaniards, and force them to a peace by their frequent annoying them, in seizing such their ships which they could meet with, which proved very successful unto them. And this caused the Isle to be much talked of, and had in esteem by the English, who sent them supplies of Men, Provisions, and necessaries. And thus by little and little it became to be so potent as now it is.   

Governors since the English were Masters of the Island.  
This Island (since the English have been Masters of it) hath had four Governors.  
The first, Lieutenant General Edward D'oyley, who before his Majesty's happy Restauration, was Commander in chief of all the English Army by Land and Sea in America.  
The second, the Right Honourable Thomas Lord Windsor, who is now Lord Lieutenant of the County of Worcester.  
The third, Sr. Thomas Modyford Baronet.  
And the fourth, and present, Sr. Thomas Lynch Knight.   

Some Considerations relating to the English Affairs in America, with Reasons to justify the first design into the Indies.  

1. Consideration.  Spaniards would never contract a Peace with the English in America.  

2. Consid.  They have always taken our Merchant's Ships sailing on these Coasts, or forced them into their Harbours by distress of Wether.  

3. Consid.  In the Reign of our late King (when we had Peace with them throughout Europe) they Sacked St. Christopher's, Mevis, Providence, Sta. Cruz, and Tortugas, murdering and carrying away most of the Inhabitants into slavery; for which they never made any reparation.  

4. Consid.  The Indians, who are the natural proprietors of America, do abominate and hate the Spaniards for their cruelty and avarice; and upon every occasion will show their willingness to give themselves and their Countries, freely into the power and protection of the English.  

5. Consid.  The pretended first discovery cannot give them a legal power over the genuine right of the Natives, nor were they the first discoverers of all those Countries that they pretend unto.  

6. Consid.  The Pope's Donation is of little validity, for he hath given them the Crown of England, which of the two he might more legally do, than the Indies; for that the English have been subject to his power, the Indians never.  

7. Consid.  Possession is not of force to create (thought it confirms) a Right, nor can it so alter the property, as to make usurpation (for some time to continue) as a legal, and just pretence of Dominion.  

8. Consid.  It is against the fundamental Laws of Spain to make a peace, and allow of a Trade into the Indies; now there being no medium, war must needs be justifyable where a Peace is not allowable.  

9 Consid.  Their barbarous cruelty in compelling our Merchants, and others which they have took prisoners, to turn their Religion, and to work at their Forts and Mines at Mexico, and elsewhere, from whence they can never return, murdering divers, when upon a Treaty, and after promise of fair quarter, and not Exchanging or Ransoming any, although the English have freely given them some hundreds of Prisoners, doth sufficiently justify any attempt or mischief we can do against them, either in seizing on their Ships, or the landing on their Countries, and the sacking, burning, or taking their Towns and Countries, and the dispossessing them thereof.   

Some Considerations why his Majesty should keep, preserve, and support this Island.  

1. Consid.  Jamaica is large, and capacious, whose extent I have already noted; so that it is capable of receiving very great numbers of People.  

2. Consid.  It is seated in the heart of the Spaniards American Territories; so that the Spanish Ships coming into the West-Indies, and sailing from Port to Port, either make this Isle, or may be immediately met by the Ships which ply on this Coast, which renders it to be of great importance to Us, as well as to the Spaniards: for all the Plate Fleet which comes from Carthagena, steer directly from St. Domingo in Hispaniola, and from thence must pass by one of the Ends of this Isle to recover Havana, which is the common Rendezvous of the Armado, before it returns home through the Gulf of Florida. Nor is there any other way whereby to miss this Isle, because they cannot in a reasonable time turn it up to the windward of Hispaniola, which, though with great difficulty, it might be done, yet by this means they would lose the security of the said united Fleet, which meet at Havana, from all parts of the Bay of Mexica, Nombre de dios, and elsewhere, and so accompany each other home.  

4. Consid.  Jamaica is found to precede all the English Plantations in America, in the very Commodities that are proper to their several Colonies, and produceth also of its own Cocao, Hydes, Tortoise-shells, Wood for Dyers, Gums, Drugs, and other Commodities already treated of; and for Fruits, Fowl, and Fish, infinite store, many of which are unknown unto them. Likewise, such abundance of Horses, and Cows, that none other of the English Blantations can equalise them.  
And as this Island is found thus advantageous in the furnishing us with such good Commodities, 
Commodities Imported, and its Trade  so is it no less profitable in the taking off our Manufactures, and Commodities, as well of the product of this Kingdom, as those from Foreign parts. That is to say, all sorts of Stuffs, Fabrics of Silks, Linen both fine and course, Hats, Gloves, Thread, Tape, Pinns, Needles, Stockings, Shoes; all sorts of Apparel; Wine, Brandy, Strong-Beer; All sorts of Utensils of Iron, and other Metals for Carpenters, Joiner's, Smiths, Cooper's, Mill-Wrights, and other the like Tradesmen, that are found useful for the Planters service, Also, Iron, Brass, Copper, Steel, Led and Tinn unwrought; All sorts of Arms and Ammunition: Also, Servants, and Negro-Slaves: And in a word, all Commodities that are necessary, and useful either for the Back or Belly, are here Vendible. And is observed, that the better the Commodities are (especially Apparel and Ornaments for the Back) the sooner and better are they Vended.  

4 Consid  It appears to be a place of no small concernment, for it hath not only subsisted at the beginning, but bettered its Condition, being settled by an Army (the worst kind of people to plant) that have had such grand discouragements from England, as want of pay, provisions, and recruits of Men; yet amongst themselves talked of all encouragements to Plant, the establishment of Justice and Government, besides, the frequent attempts of the Spanish Forces; and if it thus thrived under these, and such like considerable obstructions, it is more than propable, it will in a short time become a great and profitable Colony both to the King and Kingdom; for when well planted, it may bring into his Majesty some hundred thousand pounds per Annum. Barbadoes (which is so little compared to this) yielding about 10000 l. per Annum, and employing about 150 or 200 Sail of Ships yearly.  

5. Consid.  This Island being so large and so fertile, it is capable of the receiving those great numbers of people, that are forced to desert the Caribbee Isles: Their Plantations being worn out, and their Woods wasted; as likewise those multitudes of Vagrants and Beggars that are so great a charge and shame to the Kingdom, if Transported thither, (would by their labours) live both honestly, and plentifully; here being observed to be no beggars, nor such loose Vagabond people.  

6. Consid.  This Island being well settled, will be capable of itself to carry on a War against the Spaniards in the West-Indies (as occasion requireth) because of the conveniences of its Ports, and its strength of Inhabitants and Shipping, having already about 20 or 30 Sail of Privateers; and will in a short time be so numerous and potent, that they will become so obnoxious to the Spaniards, that probably they will rather admit of a Trade into his Ports (which would prove a grand advantage both to them, and this Kingdom) than suffer so disadvantageous a War. And having thus forced a Trade, would gain the acquaintance of the Natives, and learn their Customs, and method of Trade, being much inclined to love the English rather than the Spaniards.  

7. Consid.  Jamaica seems to be approved above any of the other Plantations, in regard so many from all the English Collonyes have Transported themselves and their Estates to it, who like it so well, that they have no cause or desire to remove.  

8. Consid.  There is now a considerable progress made in the settling of this Isle, there being upon it many Plantations of Cocao, Sugar, Indigo, Cotton, and Provisions; and Inhabited with many thousand of of people. The Planters (for the generality) now living in great delight, and enjoy all things necessary for Food and Raiment in a liberal measure; and were it well Inhabited, it would very much consume the English Manufactures, and encourage Navigation and Merchandise.  

9 Consid.  It cannot be imputed a disadvantage, that Jamaica lieth so far off, for thereby are more Ships employed; and by consequence, more Sailors, Shipwrights, Rope-makers, and many other Tradesmen maintained, whose dependence is thereon. Furthermore, if it lay not so far, we could not expect such Commodities as it produceth, being appropriate to the Clime; neither is it a small advantage to have such Commodities within his Majesty's Dominions (though at a distance) that are both valued and needed by his Subjects and Neighbours, especially the Cocao.  

10. Consideration.  And lastly, to conclude, The English have one more considerable advantage by this Isle, and that is, the Coast of Virginia, being subject to gusts of Wind, the Ships loaden with Goods and Passengers, have been often forced forth to Sea, and so disabled, that they could not ply to any of the outward Caribbee Islands, but have been constrained to bear up, and put into the Spanish Leeward Ports; and likewise, some of our Merchants have been forced out of the Caribbee Isles by Hurricane's (which are there common) and so disabled, that they could not keep Sea, but (as all Vessels thus distressed) have put into some of the Spanish Leeward Ports, where they have always, been made Prizes. Now, Jamaica being so far Leeward, is a convenient Harbour for all Vessels thus distressed; and did some few years since save Three Virginia Ships full of Passengers and Goods, and formerly others; as also some driven by Hurricanes from the Windward Islands: All which, without the conveniency, and assistance of this Isle, had perished.   map of Barbados   

A DESCRIPTION OF The ISLAND of BARBADOES.  
BARBADOSS the most considerable Colony the English hath amongst that Fry of Isles called the Caribbee Isles, or the Antilles.  

It's Situation.  
It is seated in the North Latitude of 13 degrees, 
It's Situation.  and 20 min. and although but of a small circuit, (being accounted not above 8 Leagues in length, and 5 in breadth where broadest, being of an Oval Form) yet is it a potent Colony, being able as occasion requireth, to arm 10000 Fight men, which, with the strength that nature hath bestowed on it, it is able to bid defiance to the stoutest Foe, having been several times (but in vain) assaulted by the Spaniards.   

Its Rivers.  
This Isle is not over-plentifully watered with Rivers, 
Rivers.  or Fresh Springs, there being but one that may appropriate to itself that Name, or rather a Lake, which runneth not far into the Land; yet notwithstanding, the Inhabitants are not destitute thereof, for the Country lying low, and for the most part even, there are several Pools or Ponds; besides, most Houses have Wells or Cisterns which are always supplied with Rain-water.  
Here is also a River, which the Inhabitants call the Tuigh-River, from the top of whose waters is gathered an Oil, which serveth them to burn in Lamps.   

It's Fertility.  
This Isle is exceeding Fertile, 
It's Fertility.  bearing Crops all the year long, and its Trees being always clothed in their Summer Livery, and the Fields and Woods in their Verdure, renders it very delightful to the Inhabitants. But the two principal seasons of the year for Planting, is in May, and November, but the Sugarcanes are planted all the year round, the making of which, is not only very chargeable, but also as dangerous, and subject to casualties, either in the boiling-housing, with the Coppers and Furnaces; in the Filling-room, in the Still-house, or in the Cureing-house.   

Its Commodities.  
The Commodities that this Isle produceth, 
Commodities.  are Sugars, (which though not so white as those of Brazile, yet better when refined, being of a fairer grain) Indigo, Cotten, Wool, Ginger, Logwood, Fustick, and Lignum-vitae. And these Commodities, especially Sugar, Indigo, Cotton, and Ginger, are here in such great abundance, that about 200 sail of Ships and Vessels, both great and small, have yearly their loading; which after Imported in the several Ports of England, and Ireland, is again in great quantities exported to Foreign parts, to our great enrichment; and the rather, for that they are not permitted to Trade with any other Nation but the English, and such of his Majesty's Subjects in New-England, Virginia, and Bermudoes: And in exchange of those Commodities, they take such as are necessary for the use of man, as well for the Back and Belly, as for their Houses, and Plantations; with many of which, they are supplied from New-England, Virginia, and the Bermudoes; together with Servants, and Slaves, as I have noted at the latter end of the description of Jamaica, about page 73. together with several sorts of Commodities and Provisions, which Jamaica hath no occasion of, as Horses, Camels, Assinegroes, cattle; also salted Flesh and Fish of several sorts; Butter and Cheese; but by reason of the great heat of the weather, it will soon stink, and become unfit to eat; so that instead of Butter, they make great use of Oil for their Sauces.  
The Days and Nights are almost throughout the Year, 
Days & Nights almost equal.  of an equal length, the Sun Rising and Setting at 6. except about October, and then there is some small difference.   

The Temperature of Air.  
This Isle is very hit, 
Temperature of Air.  especially for 8 months, yet not so, but that Travel, and Labour is sufferable; but were it not for the cool breezes of Wind which Riseth with the Sun, and bloweth fresher as the Sun mounteth up, it would be unsufferable. And these Breezes always blow from North-East, and by East, unless it be in the time of the Turnado, and then for a few hours it chops into the South, but returns to the same point again. And it is observed, that although the people do so much sweat, yet they have not that faintness as with us, in the months of July and August; neither are they so thirsty, without occasioned by excess of Labour, or Drinking of strong Liquors, which the People are here too much addicted unto, to their great hurt, which if moderately taken, would be as great a preservative to comfort their inward parts, which are left cold, and faint, through their sweeting. Besides, our bodies being accustomed to colder Climates, our spirits are not so vigorous without them in a moderate manner.  
The Air, 
The Air moist.  though hot, is very moist, which causeth all Iron-tools, as Knives, Swords, Locks, Keys, etc. to rust, so that without constant usage, they will soon become eaten up with rust. And this great heat and moisture, doth cause the Plants and Trees to grow so large, and high.   

Their Fruits.  
Here are abundance of Fruits of several sorts, 
Their Fruits.  as Dates, Oranges of two sorts, the one sweet, and the other sharp, Pomegranates, Citrons, Limbs, Lemons, Macows, Grapes, Juneper-Apples, Papayers, Momins, Monbains, Acajous, Icacoes, Cherries, Raisins, Indian Figgs, Cocos, Plantins, Bonanoes, Guavers, Prickle-Apples, Prickle-Pears, Custard-Apples, Million, both land and water, and Pineapples, the rarest Fruit in the Indies.   

Their Fish.  
Here are great store of Fish in the Sea, 
Their Fish.  as Snappers, Crabs, Lobsters, Terbums, Macquerels, Mullots, Cavallos, Parrat-Fish, Cony-Fish, and green Turtles, which of all others are the most delicious, with several other sorts appropriated to this and the rest of the Caribbee Isles. But the Rivulets, or Ponds, have few or no Fish in them.   

Their Beasts.  
Here are no Beasts or cattle but what are Tame, 
Their Beasts.  and brought them; as Camels, Horses, Assinegroes, Oxen, Bulls, Cowes, Sheep, and Goats, and Hogs, which are here in great plenty in every Plantation, it being their common food, whose Flesh is esteemed very good and delicious; but as for Beef, and Mutton, it is very dear, as having but a small stock, but might be soon increased, would they spare ground enough for Pasturage for them from their other occasions.   

Their Herbs and Roots.  
Here groweth divers sorts of English herbs, 
Herbs, & Roots.  and roots, as Rosemary, Lavender, Lavender-Cotton, Mar●erom, Winter-Savory, Time, Parsley, Tansey, Sage, Purcelane, etc. and for Roots, Cabbages, Colworths', Collyflowers, Turnips, Potatoes, Onions, Garlic, Radishes, Lettuce, Taragon, Marigolds, etc.   

Their Birds and Fowls.  
Here are several sorts of Fowls, 
Birds and Fowls.  as Turkeys, Hens, Muscovy-ducks, Pigeons, Turtle-Doves, etc. and for small Birds, great variety; as Thrushes, Blackbirds, Sparrows, etc.   

Their Infects and Animals.  
Here are several Animals, 
Animals, and Infects.  and Infects, as Snakes a yard and a half long, Scorpions as big as Rats, but no ways hurtful to man or beast; Lizzards, which are exceeding harmless, much frequenting the houses, and loving the company of men; Musketoes, Cockroches, and Merriwing, which are very troublesome in the night in stinging; also, here are land-Crabs in great abundance, which are found good to eat. And here is a small Fly which they call Cayovyou, whose Wings in the Night, as it flieth, casts forth a great lustre, and the Indians do commonly catch them, and tie them to their hands or feet, and make use of them instead of a Candle, which is forbidden them.   

Their Trees.  
Here are great variety of Trees. 
Trees.  fit for several uses, as the Locust, Mastic, Redwood, the prickled-Yellow-wood, the Ironwood-Tree, and the Cedar Tree, which are fit for building. Also, the Cassia, Fistula, Coloquintida, Tamarine, Cassavie, of which is made their bread; the Poyson-Tree, and the Phisick-Nut, these have a Physical, and some a poisonous Virtue in them. Also, here are these Trees following, the Calibash, the Shell of whose Fruit, serveth to carry liquid things in, being of the nature of Goards; the Mangrass-Tree, which is of an exceeding greatness; the Roucou, of whose bark is made Ropes, as also Flax, which being spun, is employed to several uses; the Lignum-vitae, the Palmeto, which is very large, and beautiful to behold; with several others.   

Several Caves.  
In this Island are divers Caves, 
Several Caves.  some of which are very deep, and large enough to hold 500 men; and these Caves are often the Sanctuaries of such Negro-slaves that run away, in which they ofttimes lie a good while ere found out, seldom stirring in the daytime, although they are such unwholesome places, by reason of the great damps that are found in them. And it is supposed, that these Caves were the Habitations of the Natives.   

It's Division and Towns.  
This Island is severed into Eleven Precincts, 
It's Division, and Towns.  or Parishes, in which are 14 Churches and Chapels, and here are many places which may not unaptly be called Towns, as being composed of a long and spacious Street, which are beautified with fair houses; and indeed the whole Isle for these many years, is so taken up with Planters (there being no waste ground to be found) that it is throughout beset with Houses, at no great distance from one another.   

It's chief Towns.  
1. 
St. michael's.  St. Michael's formerly called the Bridg-Town, or Indian-Bridg, situate at the bottom of Carlisle-Bay in the Leeward, or Southern part of the Isle, which Bay is very capacious, deep, and secure for Ships, being large enough to entertain 500 Vessels at one time, The Town is long, containing several Streets, and graced with abundance of well-built houses. It is very populous, being the Residence of the Governor, or his Deputy, the place of Judicature, and the Scale of Trade, where most of the Merchants, and Facttors in the Isle have their Storehouses for the negotiation of their Affairs; and from these Storehouses or Shops, the Inhabitants are supplied with such Commodities as they have occasion of, in exchange of theirs, which are the product of of the Isle. The Town is ill seated, the ground being lower than the banks of the Sea, by which means the Spring- Tides doth flow over, and there remaining, doth make a kind of of a moorish bog, which doth occasion it to be more unhealthful than the other parts of the Isle. This Town for its defence, and security of the Ships, hath two strong Forts opposite to each other, with a Platform in the midst, which also commands the Road, all which are well Fortified with great Guns, etc. The principal of these Forts is called Charles Fort, being seated on nedham's Point.  
2. 
Little Bristol.  Little Bristol, formerly Sprights Bay, situate about four League's Leeward from St. Michael's, hath a commodious Road for Ships, is a place well frequented, and traded unto, and is strongly Defended by two powerful Forts.  
3. St. James, formerly called the Hall, seated not far from Bristol, hath the accommodation of a good Road for Ships, and is a place of a considerable Trade, for its defence, besides a large Platform, hath fortified Breast-works; and in this Town is kept for the Precinct, the monthly Courts.  
4. 
Charles-Town.  Charles-Town, seated windeward of St. Michael's, about two Leagues: And on Oyster-Bay, it is secured by two strong Forts, the one to the Windward, and the other to the Leeward, of the Town and Road, with a Platform in the midst. This Town hath the accommodation of weekly Markets, and here is kept the monthly Courts for the Precinct.  
The other Parishes are of less note.   

Other Places on the Sea-Coast.  
Other Places of Name along the Sea-Coast of this Isle, 
Other Places on the Sea-Coast.  beginning Easterly, and so encompassing the Isle, are as followeth:  
Fowl-Bay, Austins-Bay, Maxwells-Bay, where there is a small Isle, Blackrock, The Hole, Spikes-Bay, Balises-Bay, Long-Bay, Clarks-Bay, and Constance-Bay.   

The Inhabitants.  
The Inhabitants of this Isle may be Ranged under 3 heads or sorts, 
The Inhabitants  to wit, Masters, (which are English, Scotch, and Irish, with some few Dutch, French, and Jews) Christian Servants, and Negro-Slaves. And these three sorts are exceeding numerous; for, according to a Calculation not long since made, the Masters, and Servants, did amount to about 50000, and the Negroes to about double the number.  
The Masters, for the most part, live at the height of Pleasure  
The Servants, at the expiration of 5 years, become Freemen of the Island, and employ their times according to their abilities, and capacities; either to get a small Plantation, or to work at day-labour in other Plantations, or else to exercise their Trades, if so capacitated.  
The Negro-Slaves are never out of their Bondage, 
Negro-Slaves.  and the Children they get, are likewise perpetual Slaves. They have but mean allowance of diet, clothes, and lodging; and although held to such hard Labour, and so ill treated, yet are they well contented with their Conditions; and if their Master is but any thing kind, they think nothing too much to be done for them; and therefore 'tis great pity to wrong such poor Creatures.  
The chiefest Stock of a Planter, consists in his Servants and Slaves, but especially the Slaves, who are more numerous. And these they Buy on Shipboard, as men Buy Horses in a Fair, and according as they are handsome, lusty, well-shapen, and young, either the men or women, they give more or less; the general Rates for the Christian-servants being about 10 l. but if one that hath a good Trade, as a Carpenter, joiner, Smith, or the like, then far more: Likewise, a Female that is young and handsome, is highe● valued. The general Rate for the better sort of Negro-men, is 20 l. or 25 sl. sterling; and for Women, about 15 l. for the increase of stock of Negroes, they generally take as many Men as Women.   

The Maintenance of the Servants and Slaves.  
The Maintenance of the Servants, and Negro-Slaves, as to their Diet, Apparel, and Lodging, is very inconsiderable.  
For their Food, 
Their Food.  they are contented from weeks-end, to weeks-end, with Potatoes, Loblolly, made of beaten Maize mixed with water; Cassader-bread common in all the Indies, Bonavist, and such like food that the Plantation affordeth; as for Meat, they are seldom troubled with it, except at Christmas, Easter, and Whitsuntide, and they have Hoggsflesh, according to the custom of the Island; but of late, the servants are allowed weekly, a small quantity of Swines-Flesh, or salted Flesh, or Fish; and when any of the Cattle die of any distemper, or by accident, it is given to the Negroes, who feed like Princes on it.  
Their Drinks are Mobbie, 
Their Drink.  made of Potatoes soaked in water; Perino, made of Casavie-Root and water; Crippo, Kill-Devil, Punch, made of water and Sugar; Plantin-drink, made of Plantins and water; Beveridge, made of Spring-water, Sugar, and the juice of Oranges; and wine of Pines, which is only made of the juice of the Fruit, which is exceeding good and delicious; but this sort, as also the Beveridge, and Punch, the servants are not much troubled with.  
But as for the Master-Planters, Merchants, Factors, and Strangers, their Fair is far otherwise, having their curious-made Dishes, as Custards, Cheesecakes, Tansies; also, Sturgeon, Anchovies, Caviar, Botardo, Neates-Tongues, besides Poultry, Fish, Fowl, Mutton, Beef, Kid, Pork, Beans, Pease, several Roots, and other good Dishes. And, besides the several sorts of Liquors already named, Wines, Strong waters, Brandy, and English-Beer; so that they find no want, and do not consider the condition of those poor wretches, their Servants and Slaves, who are constrained to so hard a labour.  
The Apparel they allow their Servants yearly, 
Their Apparel.  for the men, are 6 pair of Drawers, 12 pair of Shoes, 3 Monmouth-Caps, 6 Shirts; and for the women, 4 Smocks, 3 Petticoats, 4 Coifs, and 12 pair of Shoes, besides, a Rug-Gown to each, to keep them warm, in the night, and to put on them when they come sweeting from their labour. To the Negro-men, they allow but 3 pair of Canvas-Drawers, and to the Women, but three Petticoats.  
But for themselves (especially the better sort) they are exceeding profuse and costly.  
The Lodging of these poor wretches is worst of all, 
Their Lodging.  for having laboured all the day in so hot a Country, without any nourishing Diet, at night they must be contented to lie hard, on nothing but a board, without any Coverled, in their Huts, or rather Hogsties; but Christian Servants are something better Treated, being allowed Hammocks.  
Every Sunday, (which is the only day of Rest, and should be set apart for the service of God) they employ either in the getting of the Bark of Trees, and making of Ropes with it, which they Truck away for Shirts, Drawers, and the like; or else spend the day in Recreation, as Dancing, and Wrestling, which they much delight in, though they are no great Proficients in either; for in their Dancing, they use antic actions, their hands having more of motion than their feet; and their head, than either; nor do the men and women Dance together, but apart; the Music to which they Dance, being a sort of Kettledrums, one bigger than another, which makes a strange and various noise, but whither Harmonious, I leave to the judgement of the Reader.  
It is thought by many, that the Christians should be in danger of being murdered by the Negro-Slaves, who so much over-top them in number, and the rather, for that they are so cruelly used, and for that reason, many are fearful to venture to dwell here. But this Objection may be thus answered; that first, they are such as were brought from several parts of Africa, and do not understand one another's Language; and then they are stirred up with an inb-read hatred against one another, it being the custom in those parts, for several petty Kings to go to Wars against one another; and the Prisoners that are taken of each side, they sell unto us, and other European Nations that come to Traffic with them; also, they are not permitted to touch, nay, hardly to see a Gun, or any other weapon; and being kept in such a slavery, they are fearful of beginning such an Insurrection, it being present death for any that shall in the least be found to act, or contrive such a thing.  
The Management of a Plantation, 
The Management of a Plantation.  aught to be the Master's care, yet few of them (except those of the meaner degree) are without their Overseers, who takes off that trouble from them, whose Office is to call them to work by the Ring of a Bell, at 6 a clock in the morning, to appoint them their sevesal works, to give them due Correction upon any Misdemeanour, or Idleness; he likewise dismisses them at 11 a clock, to go to their Dinner, and calls them again by One a clock by the said Bell, and dischargeth them at 6 at night.  
What I have said in this Treatise of Barbadoes concerning their Servants, and Slaves, may be said in that of Jamaica; for the Servants, and Slaves, are their greatest stock; those they Buy, the Servants for a Term of years, the Negroes for ever; their Apparel which they allow to either being much the same, but their Diet better; and for their labour, it may be said to be much the same, the Island producing the same Commodities.   

The Island of Barbados very strong.  
This Island is very strong, 
The Island very strong  as well by Nature as Art, being sheltered with Rocks, and Shoals; and where nature hath not thus defended it, it is Fortified by Trenches and Rampires, with Pallisadoes, Curtains, and Counterscarves; besides, round about the Isle, regarding the Sea, is standing- Wood: Here are also, for its further Defence, 3 Forts, one for a Magazine for the Ammunition, and Powder to lie in, and the other two for places of Retreats, as occasion serveth. They have also for their further security, a standing Militia, consisting of two Regiments of Horse, and five of Foot, which are Stout, and well-Disciplined men, and always to be Ready on beat of Drum.   

The Government of this Isle.  
This Isle is Governed by Laws assimulated to those of England, 
The Government of the Island.  for all matters either Civil, Ecclesiastic, Criminal, Maritine, or Martial; yet not without some few Laws appropriate to themselves, which are not repugnant to the Laws of England.  
For the Execution of these Laws, they have their Courts of Judicature.  
The Law is administered by the Governor, or his Deputy, and Ten of his Council.  
The Isle is divided into four Circuits, 
The Isle divided into four Circuits.  in each of which, there is an Inferior Court for civil Causes, from which, Appeals may be made to the Supreme Court.  
Here are also Justices of the Peace, Constables, Churchwardens, and Tything-men.  
And for the Administration of Justice, here are yearly 5 Sessions.  
At the Governors' pleasure, he calleth an Assembly for the making of New Laws, (so, as not contrary to those of England) and for the abolishing of Old; which said Assembly is much in the nature of our Parliament, and doth consist of the Governor as Supreme, his Ten Council as so many Peers, and two Burgesses, chosen by the Commonalty out of each of the Parishes.  
The present Governor is the Right Hon. 
The present Governor.  William Willoughby, Baron Willoughby of Parham.  
As concerning the nature of the Sugarcanes, how to Plant them, their growth, cutting, grinding, boiling; the conveyance of the Skimmings into the Cisterns, how to distil it for Spirits; how long it stays in the Cureing-house, before it be good Muscovado-Sugar; together with the making it into Whites, is not my business in this small Treatise, to give the Reader instructions therein, 
See Mr. Ligons Book of Barbadoes page 87.  referring to Mr. Richard Ligons Book of the Description of this Isle.    

A DESCRIPTION OF The ISLAND of St. CHRISTOPHER'S.  
ST. Christopher's, 
It's Situation, etc.  so called from Christopher Columbus, the first discoverers thereof, situate in the Latitude of 17 degrees, and 25 min. in circuit, about 75 miles: The Land lieth high and mountainous in the midst, from which springeth several Rivers, which ofttimes, by reason of the Rains that falleth down the Mountains, are overflown to the detriment of the Inhabitants.  

The Soil, Commodities, etc.  
The Soil is light and sandy, 
It's Soil, and Commodities  and very apt to produce several sorts of Fruits, Provisions, and Commodities; as Sugar, Tobacco, Cotton, Ginger, etc.  
This Isle, by reason of its several great and steepy Mountains, between which, are Springs of hot, and Sulphurous Water, with horrid Precipices, and thick Woods, renders it very impassable through the midst: And the steepy Ascents of the Mountains, are divided into several Stages, or Stories, where are spacious ways.  
On the Seaside there is a Salt-pit called Gul-desac, and not far from the said Salt-pit, there is a small Isthmus of land, which reacheth within a mile and a half of the Island of Nievis, or Mevis.  
This Island is a place exceeding delightful, 
The Isle very delightful, and of a pleasing Prospect.  and of a most delectable Prospect to the Eye of the beholder; for if the Eye be directed downwards, from the top, it hath a Prospect of curious Gardens, which gently descend to the Seaside; and in regard of the continual Ascent of the Isle, the lower Stage or Story, doth not debar the Eye of the pleasant Prospect of that which lieth at a Remoter distance, which is terminated by those high Mountains: And that which maketh the Prospect the more delectable in the several Plantations (which are bounded with Rows of Trees always in their Verdure) are the fair Houses covered with glazed Slate.   

The Division of the Isle, and how Possessed.  
The whole Isle is divided into four Quarters or Cantons, 
The Isle Possessed by the English, & French  two of which, are possessed by the English, and two by the French; which parts are not so well watered, as those of the English, but are better for Tillage, and not so Hilly.  
The English are more Populous than the French, and have two fortified places, one commanding the great Haven, and the other a descent not far from Point de sable.  
The French have Four strong Forts, of which one hath Regular Works like a Citadel, that of most note commands the Haven, and is called Basse-Terre.  
Both the English, and the French, keep constant Guard at their Forts, placed at the entrance of the Paths which leads to the several Wards, for the better security of each other.  
Here are five Churches in those parts belonging to the English, 
Their Churches.  viz. one at Sandy-point, one at Palm-tree, another near the great Road, and two at the Inlet of Cayoune, with many fair Structures.  
The French, besides their several Habitations, dispersed up and down in their quarters, have at Basse-Terre (near the Haven where Ships lie at Anchor) a Town of a good bigness, 
A Town Possessed by the French  whose Houses are well built, of Brick, Freestone, and Timber; where the Merchants have their Storehouses, and is well Inhabited by Tradesmen, and are well served with such Commodities, both for the Back, and Belly, together with Utensils for their Houses, and Plantations, as they have occasion of, in exchange of such Commodities which are the product of the Island. Here is a fair, and large Church, as also a publique-Hall, for the administration of Justice: Here is also a very fair Hospital, built by the General, for such people that cannot get cure at their Houses; where they are well maintained and attended by Doctors, and Physicians, for the recovery of their Healths. Here is also a stately Castle, being the Residence of the Governor, most pleasantly seated, at the foot of a high Mountain, not far from the Sea, having spacious Courts, delightful Walks, and Gardens, and enjoyeth a curious prospect.    

A DESCRIPTION OF The ISLAND of NIEVIS, or MEVIS.  
THe Island of Nievis, 
It's Situation.  or Mevis, lieth not far from St. Christopher's, as I have before noted, and in the Latitude of Seventeen degrees, and Nineteen minutes.  
It is but small, 
Extent.  being not above Eighteen miles in Circuit.  
There is but One Mountain in the Isle, and that is seated in the midst, which is of a great height, but of an easy Access, and clothed with Trees from its Somett to the bottom; and about this Mountain, are the Plantations which reach to the Sea-Shore.  

Springs of Water.  
Here are divers Springs of Freshwater, 
A Spring of Mineral water, and Baths.  and one Spring of a Hit and Mineral Water; not far from whose Springhead are Baths made, which are much frequented for the curing of several distempers of the Body of man.  
It is indifferent Fertile, and hath store of Deer, and other Game for Hunting.  
The Isle is Inhabited by about three or four Thousand, who live well, and drive a Trade for such things as they have occasion for, by exchanging such Commodities as the Isle produceth; as, Sugar, Cotton, Ginger, Tobacco, etc.  
It is a well-Governed Colony, where Justice is duly administered, and all Vices severely punished.  
For the Worship of God, 
Their Churches, etc.  here are three Churches; and for its further defence, and safety, it hath a Fort, whereon are mounted several Pieces, for the security of the Ships in the Road, or Harbour, called Bath-Bay, as also the the public- Storehouse.  
This Isle, as the rest of the Caribbees, are troubled with Muschetoes, Chigos, Murigoins, and other Stinging Flies, which do much Annoy the Inhabitants.    

A DESCRIPTION OF The ISLAND of ANTEGO.  
THe Island of Antego, 
It's Situation.  is seated in the Latitude of 16 degrees and 11 min. It is in Length, 
Extent.  about six, or seven Leagues, and about the same breadth in many places.  
It is of a difficult access, and very dangerous for Shipping, by reason of the Rocks which encompass it.  
It hath some few Springs of Freshwater, 
The Number of Inhabitants.  besides which, the Inhabitants, which are about 8 or 900. have made several Cisterns, and Ponds, for the preserving of Rain-Water.  
The Isle doth abound in Fish, 
Fish.  amongst which, is the Swordfish which of all others, would be the chief in the Sea.  
Here are great plenty of most sorts of Wild Fowl, 
Fowl, & Cattle.  and not wanting in Venison, and Tame Cattle.  
The Commodities that it affordeth, 
Commodities.  are Sugar, Indigo, Ginger, Tobacco, etc.  
The Lord propriator of this Isle is, the Rt. Hon. Will. Ld. Willowby of Parham, who is Governor of the Island of Barbadoes, and some other Isles.   

A DESCRIPTION OF The ISLAND of St. VINCENT.  
THe Island of St. Vincent, 
It's Situation.  lieth in the Latitude of Sixteen degrees.  
It is about 20 miles in length, 
Extent, and Fertility.  and Fifteen in breadth, of a Fertile Soil, yielding abundance of Sugarcanes; which grow Naturally without Planting.  
It is well watered with Rivers, and affordeth many safe Roads, and convenient Bays, for Shipping.  
The English have here some Settlement, but are not very powerful.   

A DESCRIPTION OF The ISLAND of DOMINICA.  
THis Isle is seated in the Latitude of Fifteen degrees and a half. 
It's Situation,   
It is about 12 Leagues in length, 
Extent.  and 8 in breadth.  
On the West side of the Isle, there is a convenient Harbour for Ships.  
It is very Montainous, yet not without many Fertile Valleys, producing several Commodities, but chiefly Tobacco, which is planted by the English; but the Natives which are Cannibals, and very Barbarous, doth much hinder the coming of the English to settle here.   

A DESCRIPTION OF The ISLAND of MONTSERRAT.  
MONTSERRAT, 
It's Extent, Situation.  an Island of a small Extent, 
Fertility, etc.  not exceeding Ten miles in Length, and of a less Breadth.  
It is seated in the Latitude of 17 degree: It is much inclined to Mountains, which are well clothed with Cedar, and other Trees and the Valleys, and Plains ar● very Fertile.  
This Isle is most Inhabited by the Irish, who have here a Church for Divine Worship.   

A DESCRIPTION OF The ISLAND of ANGVILLA.  
THis Isle is seated in the Latitude of Eighteen degrees, 
It's Situation, extent, etc.  and One and Twenty Minutes.  
It Extendeth itself in length, about Ten Leagues, and in breadth about Three.  
The Inhabitants are English, which are Computed to amoun● unto two or three Hundred, who are but poor, the Isle being said not to be worth the keeping.   

A DESCRIPTION OF The ISLAND of BARBADA.  
BARBADA, 
It's Situation, Fertility, etc.  or Barboude, situate in the Latitude of of Seventeen degrees and a half.  
It is an Isle of no great Extent, not exceeding Fifteen miles in Length, nor is it of any considerable Account to the English, who are the Possessors of it: Yet is it found to be of a Fertile Soil, and to be well stored with Cattle, Sheep, etc. and may produce several good Commodities, were it well managed, to the advantage of the Inhabitants.   

A DESCRIPTION OF The ISLES of BERMUDES, OR, The Summer-ISLES.  
EAst of Virginia, 
Their Situation, and Name.  and Carolina, which is a part of Florida, lieth the Isles of Bermudes; so called, from John Bermudes a Spaniard, by whom they were first discovered. They are also called the Summer-Isles, from the Shipwreck that one George Summer (an Englishman) there suffered.  
These Isles lie distant from England, about 15 or 1600 Leagues, from Madera, 1000, or 1200; from Hispaniola, 400; and from Carolina, which is the nearest part of Land, about 300 Leagues.  

Their Extent.  
Of these Isles, 
St. George's Isle.  the greatest called St. George's, is 5 or 6 Leagues long, and almost throughout, not above a quarter, a third, or half a League broad, the others are much less.   

Their Form, etc.  
All these Isles together, form a body like a Crescent, and enclose very good Ports, 
Several good Ports:  the chief among which, are those of the Great-Sound, Herringtons Inlet, southampton, and Pagets; which, with their Forts of Dover, and Warwick, take their names from the several Noble men that were concerned as undertakers.   

The Fertility, Commodities, Fruits, etc.  
The Earth is exceeding Fertile, 
It's Fertility.  yielding two Crops yearly; their Maize they gather in July, and December.  
They have excellent Fruits, 
Their Fruits.  as, Oranges, Dates, Mulberries both White and Red; where breed abundance of Silkworms which spin Silk.  
Their chief Commodities are, OOranges, Couchaneil, 
Their Commodities.  and Tobacco, with some Pearl, and Ambergris, and with these they drive some small Trade.  
They have plenty of Tortoises, which is their ordinary food, whose Flesh is very delicious.  
Their Hogs, 
Hogs.  which the Spaniards formerly carried thither, are greatly increased.  
They have many Fowls, 
Fowls.  and Birds, amongst which, a great many Cranes, with a Seafowl that breeds in holes like Rabbits.  
They have no Freshwater for their occasions, 
Defective in Freshwater.  but that of Wells, and Pits, which Ebbs and Flows with the Sea, there being neither Fountain nor Stream in these Isles.   

No Venomous Beast.  
In these Isles are no Venomous beast, 
Their Spiders.  their Spiders are not poisonous, but are of sundry and various Colours; and in the hot weather, they make their Webs so strong, that ofttimes the small Birds are entangled and catched in them.   

Cedar Trees.  
Here are Cedar Trees, which differs from all others in several respects, but the wood is very sweet.   

The Air and Healthfulness.  
The Sky is almost always Serene, 
These Isles exceeding healthful  and when darkened with clouds, it commonly Thunders, and Lighteneth: And the Air is very Temperate, and so exceeding healthful, that it is rare to hear that any one dyeth of any Distemper, but only Old age; insomuch that many have removed from England hither, only for the enjoyment of a long, and healthful life▪ And those that have made any long continuance here, are fearful o● removing out of so pure an Air.   

The Inhabitants.  
The English first settled themselves on these Isles about the year 1612. 
The Inhabitants and strength of the Isle.  and have now established a powerful Colony, there being at present, about four or five Thousand Inhabitants, who have strongly Fortified the Approaches, which with the Rocks in the Sea, renders them Impregnable.  
 map of Carolina    

A DESCRIPTION OF CAROLINA.  
CAROLINA, a New established Colony, of the English, being that part of Florida adjoining to Virginia, 
Its Bounds, and Situation.  which makes its Northern bounds in the Latitude of 36 degrees; and extendeth itself to the Latitude of 29, which makes its extreme Southern bounds; on the East it is washed with the Atlantic Ocean, and on the West, it hath that large Tract of land which runneth into the Pacifique Ocean.  

It's Temperature, and Healthfulness.  
It is a Country blest with a Temperate, 
This Country very healthful.  and Wholesome Air, the heat in Summer, nor the Cold in Winter, (which is not so much as to check the growth of Plants, Trees, etc. The several Fruits, and Plants, having their distinct seasons, being no ways offensive to the Inhabitants. Neither is the Air thus Temperate, and Agreeable, to the Natives only, but it is as Favourable to the English: And being thus healthful, hath Invited several persons from the Bermudes to settle here; who dwelling in so pure an Air, durst not venture in any other Country. Nor do those from the Bermudes only remove hither, upon the assurance of a happy life, joined with the gaining of Fair Estates, but also, many English from most of the American Plantations, it being generally esteemed one of the best Colonies that ever the English were Masters of; for here is Health, Pleasure, and Profit to be found, which cannot be met with in so large a measure, in any Country of the Indies.   

Their Fruits, Herbs, etc.  
The Soil is Rich, 
Their Fruits▪  and Fertile, and produceth excellent Fruits; as Apricocks, Peaches, Grapes, (of which the English have made good Wine) Olives, Walnuts, Apples, Pears, Plumbs, Cherries, Figgs, Mulberries, Strawberries, water-melons, Marachocks, Quinces, and other Fruits known to us in Europe, which for goodness are no ways Inferior to them; and in the Southern part, Oranges, Limbs, Pomegranates, and Pomecitrons. And indeed, the Earth is very apt to produce, and bring to Maturity, Corn, all sorts of Garden-Herbs, and Roots, etc.   

Its Commodities.  
The Commodities which this Country doth, 
Commodities.  and may produce, are Wines, Oils, Silk, (Mulberry-Trees growing in great abundance in the Woods) Cotton, Indigo, Ginger, Tobacco, etc. And it is believed, that here may be made of the three first Commodities, viz. Wines, Oil, and Silk, such great abundance, to theirs, and this Kingdom's enrichment, that besides what we shall use ourselves, we may have wherewith to furnish Foreign Parts.   

Their Trees.  
Besides the Mulberry-Trees, 
Trees.  here are those of Cedar, Oak, both White and Red, Poplar, Bay, Ash, and Pine; with several others whose names are yet unknown.   

Their Rivers, Fish, and Fowl.  
The Country is very well watered with Rivers, 
Rivers.  there being between Cape-Carteret, and Port-Rasal, which is not above 60 miles, 5 or 6 great Navigable Rivers, which discharge themselves into the Sea, besides several others of less Remark. And these Rivers are plentifully stored with excellent Fish of sundry sorts, which being the same as are found in Virginia, which comes next to be treated of, I shall omit the nameing of them here.  
Here are also great plenty of Wildfowl, 
Their Fowls.  as Geese, Cranes, Swans, Herons, Curlews, Heathcocks, Oxeys, Brants, Dotterels, Widgeons, Teals, and Duck, and Mallard in an undestroyable quantity.   

Provisions in the Woods.  
The Woods are well stored with large Turkeys, Pheasants, Partridges, Turtle-Doves, Wood-Pidgeons, with great variety and plenty of small Birds. Also in the Woods, are great plenty of Deer, with abundance of Hares, Coneys, etc.  
Here are divers delightful, and spacious Savanas.   

The Natives of Carolina.  
The Natives of Carolina, 
The Disposition, etc. of the Natives.  according to the observation of Mr. John Ledener (who made three several journeys from Virginia, to Carolina, about the year 1670. on purpose for a discovery of those parts, and the better understanding the nature and disposition of the Inhabitants) are said by him, to be a people of a ready wit, and though Illiterate, of a good understanding. For the Account of time, (he saith,) they make use of Hieroglyphics, and Emblems of things; likewise they instruct their Children in such things as relates to their Families and Country, which is so preserved from Generation, to Generation; where a battle hath been fought, or upon the settlement of a Colony, they raise a small Pyramid of stone, which doth consist of the number slain, or settled at such a Colony. For Religious Rites, either Devotion, Sacrifice, or Burial, they make a round circle of short Straws, or Reeds, and according to the placing of the said Straws, or Reeds, it is known for what it was made; and to meddle with such Circles, is esteemed no better than Sacrilege.  
He saith, they worship one God; as Creator of all things, to whom their Highpriest offers Sacrifice, but believes he hath something else to do, than to regard Humane Affairs, but doth commit the Government thereof to lesser Deities; that is, to good and evil Spirits, to whom their Inferior Priests makes their Devotion, and Sacrifice. He saith, they believe the Transmigration of the Soul, and when any one dyeth, they Inter with the Corpse, Provisions, and Householdstuff for the Elysium or next World, which they fancy to be beyond the Mountains, and Indian Ocean. He further saith, that from four women, they believe all mankind Sprung, and do therefore divide themselves into as many Tribes; and in their Marriages, they are very Superstitious.  
He saith, they are generally well-proportionate; they are great Favourers of the English, living together in Love and Friendship, and upon all occasions, ready to contribute their assistance unto them. They are generally of a good, and honest meaning, no ways addicted to Vice, or to ExExtravagancies, contending themselves with a mean Diet and Apparel for their present subsistence, not taking much care for the time to come. He further saith, that they are much addicted to Mirth, and Dancing; they are also much prone to Honour, and Valour, which they place above all other Virtues, which doth occasion them to be so continually engaged against one another in Wars: and that side which Fortune Crowneth with Victory, Triumphal Jollaties are performed by them.  
The Country (he saith) is divided into several petty Kingdoms, 
It's Division into Kingdoms.  and the People in the one, keep no good Correspondence with those that border upon them, and on the least occasion, wage War one against another.  
In this Country of Carolina (he saith) that there are several Indian Towns which are generally the Habitation of the King, that commands the Territory.   

The Proprietors of Carolina.  
This Province or Country of Carolina, 
The Proprieters of Carolina.  was first Possessed by the English, about the year 1660, and became a Proprietorship; which his present Majesty K. Charles the Second, granted by Patent to the Right Noble, George Duke of Albemarle, Earl of Torrington, Baron Monk of Potheridge, Peachampe and Teys, Knight of the Noble Order of the Garter, Captain General of his Majesty's Land-Forces, and one of the Lords of his Majesty's most Honourable Privy Council, etc. The Right Honourable, Edward Earl of Clarendon, Viscount Cornbury, and Baron Hide of Hendon, etc. The Right Honourable, William Earl of Craven, Viscount Craven of Uffington, Baron Craven of Hamsted-Marshal, Lord Lieutenant of the County of Middlesex, and Borouh of Southwark, and one of the Lords of his Majesty's most Honourable Privy Council, etc. The Right Honourable John Lord Berkley, Baron Berkley of Stratton, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland for his Majesty, etc. The Right Honourable, Anthony Lord Ashley, Baron Ashley of Winbourn St. Giles, Chancellor of the Exchequer, under-Treasurer of England, one of the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury, and one of the Lords of his Majesty's most Honourable Privy Council, etc. The Honourable Sr. George Carteret of Hawnes in Bedfordshire Baronet, Vice-Chamberlain of his Majesty's Household, and one of his Majesty's most Honourable Privy Council, etc. Sr. William Berkley of in the County of Knight and Baronet, and to Sr. John Colleton of London, Knight and Baronet; and to their Heirs and Successors.  
And the said Lords proprietors, having by their Patent, power to establish a Government, and make Laws for the better Regulation thereof, and the inviting of Inhabitants, have form a Model, (which by the general consent of all the Proprietors) was drawn up by the Right Honourable the Lord Ashley, a person of great Worth, and Prudence; whose knowledge in matters of State, and the Settlement of a Government, is sufficiently praise worthy by all perso●●▪ Which said Model is so well fr●med for the good and welfare 〈◊〉 the Inhabitants, that it is estee●ed by all judicious persons without compare; but the said Model, b●ing too long to be set down in th●● small Treatise, I must be constrained to omit it.   

The Settlements of the English.  
Here are at present two considerable Settlements of the English, for so short a time, the one at Albemarle-River in the North, and the other about the midst of the Country on Ashley River, which is likely to be the Scale of Trade for the whole Country, as being situate very Commodious for Shipping, and in a healthful place.  
 map of New England, Virginia, Maryland and Newfoundland    

A DESCRIPTION OF VIRGINIA.  

Its Bounds.  
VIRGINIA particularly now so called, 
Its Bounds.  hath for its Southern Limits, Carolina; for its Eastern, the Atlantic Ocean; for its Northern, Mariland; and for its Western, that vast tract of Land which runneth into the South-Sea.   

It's Name.  
This Country was said to b● first discovered by Sr. Franc●● Drake (as indeed all this Tract o● Sea-Coast) 
It's Name and why so called.  and was so named by Sir. Walter Raleigh, (a great promoter of this discovery,) in honour of Queen Elizabeth, who the● Reigned.   

The Settlement of the English.  
Much time was spent in the discovery of this Country, with vast expenses in the setting forth of Ships and not without the great loss o● many a poor wretch's life, before it could be brought to perfection; but at length, through the Industry of 
† Capt. Smith, a great Promoter of the English settling at Virginia.  Captain John Smith, and other worthy persons, who took great pains for the advancement of these discoveries, fortune began to smile ●n her, and about the Reign of King James, a Patent was granted to certain persons as a Corporation, and called the Company of Adventurers of Virginia. Afterwards other Patents were granted to them for larger Extents of Land excluded in the former; ●ut the said Corporation committing of several, and frequent Misdemeanours, and Miscarriages, the said Patent about the year 1623. was made Nul; since which it hath been free for all his Majesty's Subjects, to Trade into these parts.   

It's Air and Temperature.  
This Country is blest with a sweet and wholesome Air, and the Clime of late very agreeable to the English, 
Virginia nowvery healthful.  since the clearing o● Woods; so that now few dyeth o● the Country's disease, called th● Seasoning.   

The Soyl.  
It is every where interlaced with delectable Hills, and rich Valleys and of a Soil so Fertile, that an Acre of ground commonly yieldeth 200 Bushels of Corn, and is very apt to produce what is put therein, as English Grains, 
The Soil very Rich.  Roots, Seeds, Plants, Fruits, etc. besides those appropriated to the Country, and other adjacent parts of America.   

Their Fruits.  
Here are excellent Fruits in great abundance, 
Excellent Fruits.  which may be compared with those of Italy or Spain, as Apricocks, Peaches, Melons, Apples, Pears, Plumbs, Cherries, Grapes, Figgs, Pomegranates, Quinces, Maracocks, Puchamines, Chestnuts, Walnuts, Olives, Straberries, Raspberries, Goosberries, and Mulberries in great abundance.  
Of their Apples they make Cider; of their Pears, Perry; and of their Grapes, Wine.   

Their Roots and Herbs.  
They have several sorts of Roots, 
Plenty of Roots, & Herbs.  as Potatoes, Carrots, Turnips, Artichokes, Onions, Cabbages, Collyflowers, Asparagus, etc. And most sort of Garden-herbs, known to us in great plenty.   

Their Fowls, and Birds.  
Here is great plenty of Fowl, 
Abundance of Fowl.  as wild Turkeys, which usually weigh 6 stone; Partridges, Swans, Geese, Ducks, Teal, Widgeons, Dotterels, Heathcocks, Oxeyes, Brants, Pigeons, Cranes, Herons, Eagles, and several sorts of Hawks. And for small Birds▪ innumerable quantities of sundry sorts, as Blackbirds, Thrushes, Red-birds; and above all, the Mockbirds, which counterfeiteth the notes of all Birds.   

Their Wild Beasts, and Tame Cattle.  
They have great store of wild Beasts, as Lions, Bears, Leopards, Tigers, Wolves, and Dogs like Wolves, but broke not; 
Virginia well stored with Beasts, & Tame Cattle.  Buffeloes', Elks, whose Flesh is as good as Beef; Rosconnes, Utchunquois, Deer, Hares, Bevers, Ottors, Foxes, martin's, Poulcats, Wesells, Musk-Rats, Flying Squirrels, etc. And for Tame Cattle, Cowes, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, and Horses in great plenty.   

Their Fish.  
Here is great plenty of Excellent Fish 
Variety of Fish,  as well in the Sea, and Bay of Chesopeack, as in the Rivers, viz. Cod, Thornback, Sturgeon, Grampuses, Porpuses, Drums, Catfish, Bases, Sheepsheads (which makes broth like that of Mutton) Cony-Fish, Rock-Fish, Creey-Fish, White Salmon, Mullets, Soles, Plaice, Mackrel, Trout, Perches, Conger-Eels, Herrings, Crabs, Oysters, Shrimps, Cockles, Muscles, etc.   

Commodities.  
Commodities which this Country doth, 
The Product of the Country  or may produce, are Hemp, Flax, Hops, Rape-Seed, Anniceseed, Wood, Madder, Pot-Ashes▪ Honey, Wax, Silk, (if they would make it, Mulberry-Trees here growing in such great plenty) Saxafras, Sarsaparilla, several swee● Gums, and Balsams of Sovereign virtues, several sorts of Plants▪ Woods, etc. used by Dyers, here are veins of Alomes', Iron, and Copper, sundry sorts of Rich Furs, Elk-skins (which maketh excellent Buff) and other Hides; Pitch, Tarr, resin, Turpentine, Butter, Cheese, and Salted Flesh and Fish, which find vent at the Barbadoss, and other Caribbe Isles; but above all these, their chief Commodity is Tobacco, which they are sure to find vent for, and is the Standard by which all other Commodities are prized; but it were well for the Inhabitants if they would employ their time, about the making of Silk, or some other Commodities, which in a short time would be found more advantageous unto them, & then their Tobacco would not be so great a Drug as of late it is, insomuch that the Merchant ofttimes had rather lose it, then to pay the charges and Duties of Freight, Custom, Excise, etc.  
Here groweth a kind of Flax, called Silk-grass, of which the Indians make Thread, and Strings, and is good to make Linnen-cloth, and Shifts, and would make excellent strong Cables.   

Their Trade.  
Here all Tradesmen, especially Handicrafts finds good encouragement; and for those Commodities aforesaid, the English (who have the sole Trade) bring them all sorts of Apparel, all manner of Utinsills, 
Their Trade.  belonging to Household-stuf, or necessary in their Plantations, or otherwise; also Wine, Brandy, and other strong Drinks; likewise all Silks, Stuf and Cloth, both Linen and woollen, which they convert to several uses according to their Fancies, being now supplied by Tailors.   

Their Trees.  
Here groweth sundry sorts of Trees, of the red and white Oak Black Walnut, 
Several good Woods.  Cedar, Pine Cyprus, Chesnut, Poppler, Ash, Elm, etc. many of which are very good for the building of Ships, and other uses.   

The Rivers.  
This Country is well watered with several great, and strong Rivers which lose themselves in the Gulf or bay of Chesopeak, which gives entrance for shipping in this Country, as also to Mary-Land next adjoining; which said Bay is very large, Capacious, and Comodious for Shipping, being said to run up into the Country northwards near 75 Leagues; its breadth in many places, being 5, 6, or 7 Leagues, and sometimes more, and 6 or 7 Fathom deep, and its opening to the South between Cape-Henry, which beginneth Virginia, and Cape-Charles on the other side opposite, being about 10, or 12 Leagues wide.  
The principal of these Rivers beginning at Cape-Henry, 
It's chief Rivers.  are Pawhatan, now called James-River, being very large & Commodious for ships, and found navigable about 50 Leagues. Pamaunke, now York-River, also large and Navigable, about 20 Leagues. Rapahanock or Toppahanock, likewise a good River and Navigable, about 40. Leagues, which is the last River of Virginia Northwardly, that falls into the Bay of Chesopeack.   

Their Towns.  
Upon, or near, these Rivers for the conveniency of shipping, the English are seated, which at present do amount unto the number of about 30, or 40000, and have some Towns, the chief amongst which, is James-Town, 
James Town.  or rather James City, commodiously seated James-River; the Town is beautified with many fair and well built Brick Houses, and as it is the chief town of the Country; here is kept the Courts of Judicature and Offices of public concern; not far from which, at Green-Spring, resideth the Governor Sir William Berkley.  
Next to James-town may be reckoned that of Elizabeth, 
Elizabeth Town.  seated at the mouth of the said River, a well built Town.  
Also Dales-gift, 
Dales Gift.  Wicocomoco, Bermuda, and others.   

The English Government.  
This Country is Governed by Laws agreeable with those of England, 
Virginia under a good Government.  for the deciding of all Causes both Civil and Criminal; which said Laws are thus made by the Governor, appointed by his Majesty, with the consent of the General Assembly, which doth consist of his Council, and the Burgesses chosen by the Freeholders'.  
And for the better Government, the Country, which is possessed by the English, is divided into several Counties, in each of which are Sheriffs, Justices of the Peace, and other Officers, which are from time to time apppointed by the Governor; The names of the Counties are those of Carotuck, 
The Counties.  Charles, Gloucester, Hartford, Henrico, James, New-Kent, Lancastar, Middlesex, Nansemund, Lower-Norfolk, Northampton, Northumberland, Rappahanock, Surrey, Warwick, Westmorland, Isle of Wight, and York, and in each of these Counties, are held petty Courts, every month from which there may be Appeals to the Quarter-Court held at James-Town.   

The Natives or Indians.  
Virginia was, and yet is the habitation of divers sorts of Indians, which have no dependence upon each other, being of particular Tribes, and having their peculiar King to Govern them; every Indian-Town, or rather poor Village, being the habitation of a King; and these People do rather live at enmity, than amity together. And as to their Dispositions, Manners, Religions, etc. there is found a difference, but most of all in their Languages; so that those People may not improperly be called so many several Nations.  
They are generally a sort of people well proportionate, stout, of a swarthy complexion, their Hair black, and flaggy, which they wear long; they are of a ready Wit, very Subtle, and Treacherous, not much addicted to labour, being too great lovers of their ease; they are much given to Hunting, and going to Wars with each other, their Weapons being the Bow and Arrows, at which they are very expert, being good marks-men; but of late they have got the use of Guns, and other Weapons, through the folly of the English in showing them. They are very loving and obedient to their Kings; in matters of Religion, they observe strange Ceremonies, and their Priests (which are esteemed Conjurers) makes Sacrifices for them. They believe the Transmigration of the Soul, and have strange fancies about the Creation of they World, they believe there is a God, but think he hath something else to do then to concern himself with things below, as too inferior for him, and do therefore not Worship him; but the Devil they worship out of a fear, lest he should destroy them, as having the power of them.  
Their Apparel is but mean, 
Their Apparel  only contenting themselves with something to cover their Nakedness; and for the better defending themselves from the weather, they anoint their Bodies with certain Oils mixed with Bear's Grease.  
Their Houses are no better than our English Hogsties, 
Their Houses.  and are made of Boughs, and covered with Bark of Trees; and in the midst thereof, is placed their Chimney, or Fire-place.  
Their Diet in meaness, 
Their Diet.  is answerable to their Houses, not endeavouring to please their Pallets with curious Sauces, or pompering their Bodies with provokative Meats.    

A DESCRIPTION OF MARYLAND.  

It's Situation and Bounds.  
THe Province of Maryland lying between the degrees of 37, and 50 minutes, or thereabouts, and 40 degrees of Northern Latitude. It hath for its Bounds on the South, Virginia, (from which it is parted by the River Patowmeck, whose Southerly bank divides the Province from Virginia;) on the East, the Atlantic Ocean, and Delaware-Bay; on the North, New-England, and New-York, formerly part of New-England, lying on the East side of Delaware-Bay; and on the West, the true Meridian of the first fountain of the River of Patowmeck.  
The Bay of Chesopeack giving entrance to Ships into Virginia, 
Chesopeak Bay.  and Maryland, passeth through the heart of this Province, and is found Navigable near 200 miles; into which falls the Rivers of Patowmeck, Patuxent, Ann-Arundel, (alas Severn) and Sasquesahanough, 
Its Rivers.  lying on the West side of the Bay; and to the East of the said Bay, those of Choptanke, Nantecoke, Pocomoke, and several other Rivers and Rivulets, to the great improvement of the Soil, and Beauty of this Province.  
The Country of late, since the Felling of the Woods, and the People's accustoming themselves to English Diet, is very healthful and and agreeable to the constitution of the English, 
The Country very healthful  few now dying at their first coming, of the Country's disease, or Seasoning. And as to the Temperature of Air, the heats in Summer, receive such seasonable alleys from gentle breezes, and fresh Showers of Rain; and the Cold in Winter, is of so little durance, that the Inhabitants cannot be said to suffer by either.   

The Soil, etc.  
The Country is generally plain and even, yet rising in some places into small and pleasant Hills, which heighten the beauty of the adjacent Valleys.  
The Soil is Rich and Fertile, naturally producing all such Commodities as are in the precedent discourse set down as peculiar to its neighbouring Colony, Virginia; as all sorts of Beasts and Fowl both Tame and Wild; 
For the Beasts, Fowl, Fish, Fruits, etc. See in the Description of Virginia.  Fish, Fruits, Plants, Roots, Herbs, Gums, Trees, Balsams, etc. as likewise all Commodities produced by Industry, are here found in as great plenty and perfection: But the general trade of Maryland depends chiefly upon Tobacco, which being esteemed better for a Foreign Market than that of Virginia, finds great Vent abroad, and the Planters at home; in exchange thereof, are furnished by the Merchant with all necessaries, for himself, his House, Family, and Plantation.  
Their is a Competent stock of ready money in this Province both of English, 
Their Coins, & way of Trade.  Forreign, and his Lordships own Coin, yet their chief way of Commerce is by way of barter, or exchange of Commodities, which may be judged to be no ways inconsiderable, since 100 sail of Ships from England, and the English Plantations, have of late Years been known to trade thither in one Year.   

The Natives.  
The Natives, as to their Complexion, Stature, Customs, Dispositions, Laws, Religions, Apparel, Diet, Houses, etc. are much the same as those of Virginia, already treated of; being likewise many different Tribes, or sorts of People, and each Governed by their particular King.   

The Government, etc. of this Country.  
This Province of Maryland, his Majesty King Charles the first in Anno 1632, granted by Patent to the Right Honourable Caecilius Calvert, Lord Baltemore, and to his Heirs and Assigns; and by that Patent created him, and them, the true and absolute Lords and Propriators of the same, (saving the Allegiance and Sovereign Dominion due to his Majesty, 
Maryland well Governed.  his Heirs, and Successors;) thereby likewise granting to them all Royal Jurisdictions, and Prerogatives both Military and Civil; as power of enacting Laws, Martial Laws, making of War, and Peace, pardoning of Offences, Conferring of Honours, Coining of Money, etc. And in acknowledgement thereof, yielding and and paying yearly to his Majesty, his Heirs and Successors, two Indian Arrows at Windsor Castle in the County of Berks, on Easter Tuesday; together with the fifth part of all the Gold and Silver Oare that shall be found there.  
For the better inviting of people to settle here, his Lordship, by advice of the General Assembly of that Province, hath long since established a Model of good and wholesome Laws for the ease and benefit of the Inhabitants, with toleration of Religion, to all sorts that profess the Faith of Christ: which hath been a principal motive to many to settle under that Government, rather than in another where liberty of Conscience was denied them.   

It's division into Counties.  
This Province where it is peopled with English, is severed into 10 Counties; to wit, 5 Eastwards of Chesopeak Bay, 
The Names of the Countries  as Cecil, Dorchester, Kent, Somerset, and Talbot; and 5 westwards of the said Bay, as Ann-Arundel, Baltemore, Calvert, Charles and St. Mary's. And in every one of these Counties, there is held an inferior Court every two months for small matters, from which there lieth Appeals to the Provincial Court, held at St. mary's. Here are likewise certain Magistrates apppointed by his Lordship in each County, as Sheriffs, Justices of the Peace, etc.   

Their Towns.  
The Inhabitants (being in number at present about 16000) have begun the building of several Towns, which in few Years 'tis hoped may come to some perfection; as Calverton, Herrington, and Harvy-Town, all Commodiously seated for the benefit of Trade, and conveniency of Shipping, but the principal Town is St. mary's, 
S. Mary's Town.  seated on St. George's River, being beautified with divers well-built Houses, and is the chief place or scale of Trade for the Province, where the Governor his Lordship's Son and Heir, Mr. Charles Calvert hath his House, and where the General Assembly, and Provincial Courts are held, and Public Offices kept; but at present the said Governor doth reside at Mattapany, about 8 Miles distant where he hath a fair and pleasant House. And for the better assisting the said Governor, in matters that concerns the Government of the Province, he hath his Council, etc.    

A DESCRIPTION OF New-YORK.  
Adjoining to Mary-Land, Northwards, is a Colony called New-York, from his Royal Highness the Duke of York, the Proprietor thereof by grant from his Majesty, and is that part of New-England which the Dutch formerly seized, and called the New- Netherlands.  

It's Fertility, etc.  
It is a Country, of a Rich and Fertile Soil, 
This Country very Fertile.  well watered with Rivers, as is Mary-Land already spoken of, and is found to produce the same Beasts, Birds, Fish, Fruits, Commodities, Trees, etc. and in as great plenty.   

It's Town.  
Here is one very considerable Town, first built by the Dutch, and called New-Amsterdam, 
New York  which name is now changed to New-York: It is well seated both for Trade, Security, and Pleasure, in a small Isle called Mahatan, regarding the Sea, made so by Hudsons-River, which severeth it from Long-Island, which said River is very commodious for Shipping, and is about two Leagues broad. The Town is large, containing about five hundred well-built Houses; and for Civil Government, it hath a Mayor, Alderman, a Sheriff, and Justices of the Peace for their Magistrates. For the further security of this Town, here is raised a Fort called James-Fort, which is very strong, and well Defended and Maintained with Men, and Ammunition. The Town is Inhabited by the English, and Dutch, and hath a considerable Trade with the Indians, for the Skins of Elks, Deer, Bears, etc. also for those of Beaver, Otter, and other Furs; and doth likewise enjoy a good Trade with the English.   

The Natives.  
This Country is also possessed with sundry sorts of people, not much unlike the Indians of Virginia, being well- proportioned, Stout, Swarthy, Black haired, very expert in their Bow, and Arrows, which are their chief weapons of War. 
The Disposition of the Natives.  They are courteous to the English, of a ready Wit, and very apt to receive Instructions from them; upon the least Offence, the man turneth away his wife, and marrieth again, and the Children begotten by her, she taketh with her, the man not regarding them. Fornication is here permitted. They observe several Ceremonies in their Religious Rites, and are said to worship the Devil, whom they greatly fear. Their Priests are no better than Sorcerers, who strangely bewitch these silly Creatures. When any woman findeth herself quick with Child, she keepeth herself chaste, or untouched by man until her delivery, the like she observeth in the time of her giving Suck. A strange custom which our European Dames would not well like of! They are very obedient and loving to their Kings: They believe the Transmigration of the Soul; and concerning the Creation of the World, have a strange fantastical opinions. They are much addicted to Dancing, Sports, and Recreations, observing Festival Times.  
Their Habit is but mean, 
Their Habit & Diet, etc.  as the rest of the Indians, yet do they Paint and besmear their Faces with several Colours by way of Ornament.  
There Diet and Habitations are also as mean.  
They are much addicted to go to Wars against one another, and do seldom give quarter to any but the Women and Children, whom they preserve, and make use of for the increasing their strength.    

A DESCRIPTION OF New-ENGLAND.  

It's Situation.  
NEw England is seated North of Maryland, which according to the report of Capt. Smith, hath 70 miles of Sea Coast, where are found divers good Havens, some of which are capable to harbour 500 Sail of Ships from the fury the of Sea, and Winds, by reason of the interposition of several Isles (to the number of about 200) which lie about this Coast.  
And although this Country is seated in the midst of the Temperate Zone, 
It's Situation.  yet is the Clime more uncertain, as to Heat and Cold, than those European Kingdoms, which lie Parallel with it; and as to Virginia, this may be compared as Scotland is to England.   

The Air.  
The Air is here found very healthful, 
The Ayr.  and very agreeable to the English, which makes them possess many potent Colonies.   

Its Inhabitants.  
This Country is possessed by divers sorts of People, 
The Disposition of the Natives much like those of Virginia.  who are Governed by their particular Kings, and do much differ in Customs, and Manners, from one another, as those Indians inhabiting in Mary-Land, Virginia, and other parts of America. And do live generally at variance with each other. They have their several Towns and settlements, and their Riches doth consist in their Furs, and Skins, which they sell to the English.   

When first inhabited by the English.  
This Country became first to be a Colony of the English about the Year 1605, being granted by Patent from King James, to certain proprietors under the name of the Plymouth Company; but divers years were spun out, with great expenses, and not without sundry casualties befalling on the Adventurers, before it became any thing considerable, and in a settled condition.   

Their Rivers, and Fish.  
This Country is well watered with Rivers, the chief amongst which, are Agamentico, Conectecut, Kinebequy, Merrimeck, Mishuin, Mistick, Neraganset, Pascataway, Pemnaquid, Tachobacco, etc. and in these Rivers, together with the Sea, 
Excellent Fish.  are taken excellent Fish, as Cod, Thornback, Sturgeon, Porpuses, Haddock, Salmon, Herrings, Mackeril, Oysters, Lobsters, Crabfish, Tortoise, Cocles, Muscles, Clams, Smelts, Eels, Lamprons, Alewives, Bases, Hollibuts, Sharks, Seals, Grampus, and Whales.   

Their Fowls, and Birds.  
Here are great variety of Fowls, as Pheasants, Partridges, Heathcocks, Turkeys, Geess, Ducks, Hernes, Cranes, Cormorants, Swans, Widgins, Sheldrakes, Snipes, Doppers, Blackbirds, the Humbird, Loon, etc.   

Their Beasts, both Tame and Wild.  
Their Wild Beasts of chief note, are Lions, Bears, Foxes, Rackoons, Moose, Musquashes, Otters, Bevers, Deer, Hares, Coneys, etc. and for Tame Beasts, Cows, Sheep, Goats, Swine, and Horses.  
Amongst the hurtful things in this Country, 
Hurtful things.  the Rattle-Snake is most dangerous. Here are also several sorts of Stinging Flies; which are found very troublesome to the Inhabitants.   

Their Trees, and Fruits.  
Here are sundry sorts of Trees, 
Fruits.  as the Oak, Cyprus, Pine, Chesnut, Cedar, Walnut, Fir, Ash, Asp, Elm, Alder, Maple, Birch, Sassafras, Sumach, several Fruit-Trees, as Apples, Pears, Plumbs, with several others that are growing in Virginia, and Mary-land, which I have already took notice of.   

Their Commodities, and Trade.  
This Country affordeth several sorts of rich Furs, 
Commodities & Trade.  Flax, Linen, Amber, Iron, Pitch, Tarr, Cables, Masts, and Timber to build Ships, also several sorts of Grain, etc.  
The Inhabitants drive a considerable Trade to Barbadoes, and other our American Plantations, in supplying them with Flower, Biscuit, Salt, Flesh, and Fish, etc. and in return bring Sugars, and other Commodities, as well for their own use, as to sell again. They also drive a considerable Trade with England for wearing Apparel, Stuffs, Silks, Cloth, several Utensils for their Houses, Iron, Brass, and such like things that are useful to man and not found amongst them.  
As to the Coins, Weights, and Measures of New-England, and the rest of the American Plantations belonging to his Majesty, they are the same with those of London, but as to Coins, they are not much made use of in Trade, their way being bartering of one Commodity for another; but at Jamaica they have plenty of Spanish Coins, and at Barbadoes those of England.  
The English now Inhabiting in New-England, are very numerous, and powerful, having a great many Towns, many of which are considerable.   

The English Government.  
The Inhabitants are Governed by Laws of their own making, 
The Government of the Inhabitants of New-England.  and have their several Courts, and places of Judicature, and assemble together, at their set times, and places, as well for the making of New Laws, abolishing of Old, Hearing, and Determining of Causes; as for the Election of a Governor, Deputy-Governour, Assistants, Burgesses, and other Magistrates, (every Town having two Burgesses) each County Annually Electing such like Officers, for the looking after the like Affairs in the said Colony. And in matters that concern Religion, and Church-Government, they are very strict and make a great show, being much of the stamp of the Ridgid Presbyterians.   

The Towns.  
Here are several Towns, 
Boston.  as Boston, the Metropolis of New-England, Commodiously seated for Traffic on the Sea-Shore; It is at present a very large and spacious Town, or rather City, composed of several well-ordered Streets, and graced with fair and beautiful Houses, which are well Inhabited by Merchants, and Tradesmen, who drive a considerable Trade for such Commodities as the Country afforeth to Barbadoes, and the other Caribbee Isles, as also to England, and Ireland; taking in exchange such Commodities as each place affordeth, or are found useful to them. It is a place of a good strength, having two or three Hills adjoining, on which are raised Fortifications, with great Pieces mounted thereon, which are well guarded.  
Charles-Town, 
Charles Town.  seated on and between the Rivers Charles and Mistick; it is beautified with a large and well-built Church, and near the River side is the Marketplace, from which runneth two Streets, in which are divers good Houses.  
Dorchester situate near the Sea, 
Dorchester.  where there falleth in two Rivulets. An indifferent Town.  
Cambridg, 
Cambridg  formerly New-Town seated on the River Merrimeck: this Town consisteth of several Streets, and is beautified with two Colleges, and divers fair, and well built Houses.  
St. Georges-Fort, 
St. George's Fort.  seated on the mouth of the River Sagadebock.  
New-Plimouth, seated on that large Bay of Potuxed.  
Reading, 
Reading.  commodiously seated about a great Pond, and well-watered, and Inhabited. In this Town are two Mills, one for Corn, and the other for Timber.  
Salem, 
Salem.  pleasantly seated betwixt two Rivers.   

Other Towns placed Alphabetically.  
Berwick, Braintree, Bristol, Concord, Dartmouth, Dedham, Dover, Exeter, Falmouth, Gloucester, Greens-Harbour, Hampton, Hartford, Haverhil, Hingham, Hull, Ipswich, Lin, Maulden, New-bury, New-Havon, Northam, Norwich, Oxford, Rowley, Roxbury, Salisbury, Sandwich, Southampton, Spring-field, Sudbury, Taunton, Water-Town, Wenham, Weymouth, Woburne, and Yarmouth.  
Most of these Towns beareth the names from those in England, and many of them are of good account, being commodiously seated, either on the Sea-Shore, or on Navigable Rivers, and are well Inhabited. And most of those Towns are known to the Indians by other Names.    

A DESCRIPTION OF NEWFOUNDLAND.  
NEwfoundland is an Island in Extent equal to England, 
It's Situation.  from whence it is distant little above 600 Leagues, lying near half way between Ireland, and Virginia.  
It is situated betwixt the degrees of 46, and 53 of Northern Latitudes, and it is only severed from the Continent of America, by an Arm of the Sea, like that which separates England from France.  

Its Bays, Rivers, Fish, Fowl, Beasts, etc.  
It is Famous for many spacious and excellent Bays, 
Its Bays and Rivers.  and Harbours, and within the Land for the variety of Fresh Springs, whose waters are exceeding delicious.  
It is enriched by nature, 
It's Fish, Fowls, Beasts,  with plenty of Fish, Land, and Waterfowl, and sufficiently stocked with Deer, Hares, Otters, Foxes, Squirrels, and other Beasts which yield good Furs: And though not overrun generally with Woods, it doth afford (besides store of Fuel) abundance of stately Trees, 
Trees.  fit for Timber, Masts, Planks, and sundry other uses.   

The soil and Climate.  
The Soil in most places is reputed fertile; the Climate wholesome, though the rigour of the winter season, and the excess of Heats in Summer, doth detract something from its due praise.   

How Inhabited.  
The North and West part of this Country the Native-Indians Inhabit, 
Its Inhabitants.  though but few in number, and those a more rude and savage sort of People then those of New-England and other places in the adjacent Contenent, already taken notice of.   

Newfoundland first discovered by the English.  
The Island, 
The English the true Proprietors of Newfoundland  of Newfound Land was first discovered by the English, who are the true Propriators thereof, excluding all Foreign right, and justifying the same to belong to the Crown of England only, whose Interest hath been there continued by several, under the Reigns of divers Kings & Queens.  
In the year 1623., 
The Ld. Baltemore the proprietor of Avalon in Newfoundland.  Sir George Calvert Knight, then Principal Secretary of State and afterwards Ld. Baltemore, obtained a Patent of part of Newfoundland; which was erected into a Province, and called Avalon; where he caused a Plantation to be settled, and a stately House and Fort to be built at Ferryland, and afterwards Transported himself and Family thither, and continuing the Plantation by his Deputy, till by descent (after his Lordship's decease) it came to his son and heir the Right Honourable Caecilius, now Lord Baltemore, who by Deputies from time to time, was no less careful to preserve his Interest there, which (though during the late troubles in England, it was by Sir David Kirkes means, for some years discontinued, he was soon reinvested in the same by his Majesty's most happy Restauration.  
There is no part of Newfoundland generally more happy for multiplicity of excellent Bays, and Harbours, than this Province, and where vast quantities of Fish are yearly caught by the English, especially at Ferryland, and the Bay of Bulls. But the whole Coast of the Island, affords infinite plenty of Codd, and Poor-John, which is the chief Commodity of the Isle, which is grown to a settled Trade, for these many years, to the enrichment of all those that Trade thither.   

A great bank of Land.  
East of Newfoundland, 
A great bank of Land.  over against Cape-Ray, at the distance of about 70 miles, lieth a great Bank of Land, of about 300 miles in Length, and not above Seventy-five in Breadth, where broadest. It lies under the Sea many Fathoms deep, so the Ships of a considerable Burden may ride over it: and about this Bank lies dispersed several small Isles, called by St. Sebastion Cabot (the first discoverer) Los Baccaloos', or the Isles of Codfish, from the prodigious quantities of Codfish there found, which were said to obstruct ●he passage of his Vessels.   

The Trade to this Island.  
The French, 
A great Trade here driven.  Dutch, Biscaners, and other Nations that yearly Trade hither amounting to between 3 or 400 Vessels, are assured to find sufficient Freight of Cod and Poor John, which they find good vent for in the straits, Spain, France- and other Countries to their great profit and encouragement.  
And were the English diligent to inspect the advantage that might accrue to this Nation, by settling Plantations on the Island, and raising Fortifications, for the security of the place; we might give Law to all foreigners that come to Fish there, and in few Years engross the whole Fishery to ourselves: the greatest Balance perchance of Foreign Trade.  
FINIS.