BRITANNIAE SPECULUM OR, A Short View OF THE Ancient and Modern State OF Great Britain, And the adjacent Isles, and of all other the Dominions and Territories, now in the actual possession of His present Sacred MAJESTY King CHARLES II. Treating of Britain in General.  
LONDON, Printed by Thomas Milbourn, for Christopher Hussey, at the Flower-de-Luce in Little Britain. M.CD.LXXXIII.   

THE PREFACE.  
THis little Treatise is but the first Part of an intended larger Work, the Design whereof (as appears in the Title-Page) is to exhibit, as in a Mirror, a view of the ancient and modern State not only of this our Island of GREAT BRITAIN, but also of Ireland, and all other His MAJESTY'S Dominions and Territories: not by writing a continued Chronicle or History of all the Kings or Princes, reigning successively in them; but only by giving an Account of such signal Mutations, as made any considerable Change in the Administration of the Government either in Church or State.  
In this part (which treats of Britain in general) after a short Description of the Island, and a brief Account of the ancient Inhabitants thereof (from whom not only our present Cambro-britains', but those also of Armorica or little Britain in France are descended) is inserted a Discourse (which, though it may seem a Digression, is neither long nor impertinent) touching the Original and Excellency of Monarchical Government, to which and none other, this our Island has been so fortunate, as to have been Subjected from its very first being inhabited to this very Day.  
Hereunto I was forced by the audacious Scribles of certain profligate Wretches, who, that they may the easilier instigate the Vulgar to a contempt of the Sacred Authority of their Prince, and thereby make way for the overturning of this famous Monarchy, and the introducing of Popular Tyranny in its place, endeavour to debase Monarchy itself, affirming the most High and Sacred Order of Kings, which is the Ordinance of GOD himself, founded in the prime Laws of Nature, and clearly established by express Texts both of the Old and New Testaments, to be a mere human Creature, taking its Original from the Consent of the People, by whom Sovereignty is conveyed unto Kings in trust only, and by Communication, and consequently that the People may (whensoever they please) resume this Power, and call their trusties to an account.  
These are the pernicious Maxims, which so lately intoxicated the three Kingdoms, and are now again for the like purpose taken up by our present Republicans, and daily dispersed by the scurrilous Pamphleteers of these times, one of which (who insolently presumes to dedicate his treasonable Libels to a most Noble and Loyal Peer) falls foul upon the Learned Sr. Robert Filmer for deriving the Regal Authority from the paternal, instituted by GOD himself; though this verity be not only expressly delivered in the Holy Scriptures, which declare, that the first Government in the World was Monarchical in the Father of all Flesh, but was by the very glimmerings of Natural Reason discovered by Aristotle, who, speaking of the Original of Monarchy, saith: The first Society made of many Houses is a Village, which seems most agreeable to nature, as being a Colony of Families, which some call Foster-brethrens, or Children and children's Children. Therefore at first Cities were, and now also Nations are Governed by Kings, because such came together, as were under Kingly Government. For the eldest in every House is King, and so for Kindred sake it is in Colonies, that is, in more Families, which are descended from the same House: whence Homer saith, Every man gives Laws to his Wives and Children. Hence it is by all ancient Writers acknowledged, that the first Commonweals were governed by Monarches; nor indeed was there any other Government known in the World for above three thousand years, till some ambitious Fellows among the giddy Grecians, a People always delighted in Novelties, rebelled against their Sovereigns, and usurped their Authority; as was lately here done by the Rump-Parliament, and is now again aimed at by the Factors for the Good-Old-Cause.  
The better to excite my fellow Subjects to a dutiful Submission to our common Father the King, I have reminded them, that all those Rights and Privileges, to the Preservation whereof (though neither infringed, nor in danger of being so) the popular Demagogues pretend to call them forth, when their real design is utterly to destroy and take away both the Regal Prerogative and the People's Liberties, are originally the Concessions of their Princes; and therefore that, as it is the height of Ingratitude to employ the Favours of their Sovereign to the disturbance of his Government: so it is an excess of Folly, to think to secure their Liberties by the pulling down or weakening that Authority, which, as it first gave them, so is alone capable to protect and maintain them. This, though it may seem strange to those, that have their Heads filled with the Chimerical Conceits of the natural Freedom and Equality of Mankind, and the first founding of Government by the Multitude, upon such Terms and Conditions, as to their Wisdoms seemed fit, is yet clearly manifest from the Histories and Records of all Ages and Nations, and particularly of this Kingdom of England: of which it was well observed by the late Lord Keeper Bridgman, than Lord chief Baron, at the Trial of the Regicides: It is true we have as great Liberties, as any People have in Christendom, in the World: but let us own them, where they are due. We have them by the Concessions of our Princes. Our Princes have granted them: and the King now, He in them hath granted them likewise.  
After this Account of the Original and Excellency of Monarchy, to which Government alone, I briefly show, that this Island has been always subjected, I proceed to the Conquest thereof by the Romans, and thence to such other Mutations, as happened therein unto the time of Cadwalladar, who in the Year 689 quitting his Kingdom, of which the Saxons had gotten the best part, a Period was put to the British Monarchy, the very Name of King of Britain not being so much as heard of till the happy Union of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland by the Succession of His Majesty's Grandfather King James of famous Memory to the Crown of England, whose Genealogy from Cadwalladar I have here set down, clearly demonstrating his present Sacred Majesty to be the true and undoubted Heir of the said British King, as he is also of the Saxon, Norman, and Scotish Kings, and consequently to have a clearer Right to this Monarchy, than any private man can pretend to his Estate.  
After this Relation of such Mutations, as concern Britain in general, I give a general Account of the present Government of this Island. And here according to my Duty, and the Oath of Supremacy, which declaring the King to be the only Supreme Governor, admits neither Equal nor Superior, I assert the Sovereignty of our Lord the King, and show, that there is not in our (nor can indeed be in any) Monarchy any Authority, but what is derived from the Monarch, in opposition to the pernicious Doctrine of Coordinacy, daily by the Ringleaders of the Faction dispersed amongst the People, and endeavoured to be justified by the Author of Plato Redivivus, and T. H. the former of which, speaking of the late Parliamentary Rebellion, saith: This is certain, that wherever two Coordinate Powers do differ, and there be no Power on earth to reconcile them otherwise, nor Umpire, they will, de facto, fall together by the ears. And the latter not only tells us in express terms, that the Parliament derive their Power and Authority from the same Original, the King derives His; but by affirming, that there are Treasons of State other than those, that are declared by the Statutes, and such as the King cannot pardon, would prostitute the Lives of all his fellow Subjects to the Arbitrary Power of any prevailing Faction, which may at any time happen to be in the two Houses of Parliament, or perhaps in the House of Commons alone, the only part (if we will believe the Author of Plato Redivivus) which is now left entire of the old Constitution.  
And because the Heads of the Faction, that they might leave no Stone unturned, which might be made use of for the battering down of this Hereditary Monarchy, have essayed to subvert it by impeaching the Descent of the Crown in the Right Line, I have treated upon the of late much controverted Point of the Succession, which I have demonstrated to be unalterable by any Statute or Act of Parliament whatever, and as such to have been acknowledged by all our Ancient Parliaments, that were neither overawed by Force, nor seduced by Faction.  
Having thus, with what Brevity I could, handled these foregoing matters, I conclude this Part with a short account of the present Monarch of Great Britain, Our Sovereign Lord the KING now Reigning (whom GOD long preserve to the Consolation and Happiness of this Island) of his Queen, and the Princes of his Royal Blood.  
And because the ill-willers to the Peace of this our Israel have raised in the minds of the unthinking Vulgar terrible Fears and Apprehensions of his Royal Highness, whom, the readilier to stir up against him the Animosity of the people, they have audaciously loaded with all the Calumnies and Scandals, which the Malice of Men or Devils could invent, I have endeavoured by a true (though imperfect) Representation of his Gests and Character to remove that Prejudice, which these horrid and malicious Falsities may have created against him in the Spirits of the unwary.  
If these my Endeavours shall prove useful for the reducing of any of my deluded Countrymen to that natural Obedience, which we own to our Sovereign, I shall repute myself abundantly satisfied for my pains, and shall be encouraged to complete the rest of my designed Work.   

THE TABLE.  

A 

ABsoluteness of Paternal Jurisdiction. 57  
Act of Parliament in Scotland, declaring the unalterableness of the Succession. 241  
Adam Monarch of the Universe. 53  
Adraste a Goddess of the Britain's. 27  
Agricola Governor of Britain. 103  
Air of Great Britain. 9  
St. Albanus Protomartyr of Britain. 131  
Ambrose King of the Britain's. 154  
St. Amphibalus Martyred. 132  
Arbitrary Power necessary in all Governments. 58  
St. Aristobulus in Britain. 119  
Armour and Weapons of the ancient Britain's. 48  
Arms of King Lucius. 178  
— of King Vortigern. ibid.  
— of King Aurelius Ambrose. ibid.  
— of Uter Pendragon. ibid.  
— of King Arthur. ibid.  
— of Cadwalladar. ibid.  
— of the King of Great Britain since the Union of England and Scotland. 179  
— of the present Queen of Great Britain. 268  
Attire of the ancient Britain's. 42    
B 

BAngor a Seminary of Learning. 129  
Baptism of the King. 248  
Bardiacus a Garment of the ancient Britain's. 43  
Bards. 28  
Beauty of the British Women. 41  
Belerus a God of the Britain's. 27  
Belisama a Goddess of the Britain's. ibid.  
Bill of Exclusion. 236  
Birth of the King. 247  
— of the Queen. 266  
Boadicea Queen of the Iceni in Britain. 101  
Brachae a Garment of the ancient Britain's. 43  
Britain quitted by the Romans. 143  
British Bishops at the Council of Arles. 139  
— at the Council of Nice. 142  
British Monarchy restored by King James. 156  
Buildings of the ancient Britain's. 48    
C 

CAligula's Attempt against Britain. 93  
Cassibelan. 87  
Chariots of the ancient Britain's. 49  
CHARLES the Is. King of Great Britain murdered by his Fanatical Subjects. 170  
Children of King CHARLES the Is. 269  
Christianity first brought into Britain. 117  
— restored by Constantin. 135  
Cimbri first Inhabitants of Britain. 20  
Claudius Drusus the Emperor in Britain. 98  
Climate of Great Britain. 3  
Coming of the King into Scotland 251  
Commodities of Great Britain 12  
Community of Women amongst the ancient Britain's. 37  
Computation of time by the ancient Britain's. 51  
Conquest of Britain by the Romans. 94  
Constantius Chlorus the Emperor in Britain. 133  
Conversion of King Lucius to Christianity. 123  
Cornage. 111  
Coronotion of the King. 260  
Covinus. 49  
Court of the King, when Prince of Wales. 248  
Cure of the Kings-Evil. 219    
D 

DEparture of the King out of England. 250  
Descent of King James from Cadwalladar. 158  
Diet of the ancient Britain's. 41  
Dimensions of Great Britain. 3  
Discovery of Britain by the Romans. 77  
Disorder of popular Government exemplified in the Roman Democracy. 69  
Distinction of Monarchy into Despotical and Paternal groundless. 57  
Divinity of the King. 212  
Division of Britain. 2  
— of Great Britain. 5  
Dominions of Princes anciently small. 64  
— of the King of Great Britain. 180  
Druids. 29    
E 

EDucation of the King. 249  
End of Government. 67  
Episcopal Sees in Britain. 125  
Escape of the King from Worcester. 252  
Essedum. 50  
Excellency of Monarchy. 67  
Excommunication used by the ancient Britain's. 38  
Extent of Britain taken in the largest Sense. 1    
F 

FRontinus Governor of Britain. 103    
G 

GAlgacus General of the Britain's. 108  
Gauls in Britain. 20  
Gaunacum a Garment of the ancient Britain's. 43  
Genealogy of the King 245  
— of the Queen. 263  
Giants in Britain. 32  
Gods of the ancient Britain's. 26  
Government. 52  
— of Britain always Monarchical. 73  
Government of Britain under the Romans. 112  
— Civil as ordered by Constantin. 113  
— Military. 114  
— after the Romans Depature. 144  
— present of Great Britain. 172  
Greeks in Britain. 21    
H 

HArdiness of the ancient Britain's. 37  
Hesus a God of the Britain's. 26  
Hues a God of the Britain's. ibid.    
I 

St. JAmes the Apostle in Britain. 118  
JESUS CHRIST, the Saviour of the World, born. 116  
Inhabitants of Great Britain. 19  
Invasion of Britain by the Romans. 84  
Jointure of the Queen. 267  
St. Joseph of Arimathea in Britain. 120  
Julius Caesar in Britain. 77  
Jurisdiction of the Druids. 30    
K 

KIng sole Legislator. 204  
— supreme Landlord of all Lands within His Dominions. 206  
King supreme Administrator of Justice. 209  
— has the sole Power of the Sword. 211    
L 

LAnguage of the ancient Britain's. 39  
Laws of the ancient Britain's. 23  
Limited Monarchy. 62    
M 

Manner's of the ancient Britain's. 35  
Manner of Fight used by the ancient Britain's. 49  
St. Marcellus in Britain. 122  
Marriage of the King. 262  
— of the Queen. 266  
Marry Queen of Scotland expelled her Kingdom by Presbyterian Rebels. 169  
Missletoe. 34  
Mixed Monarchy. 63  
Monarchy. 52  
Money of the ancient Britain's. 46  
Monks according to the Rule of St. Mark the Evangelist. 129    
N 

NAme of Britain. 2  
— of the Monarch of Great Britain. 175  
— of the present King. 244  
— of the Queen. 263  
Nations erected at the Confusion of Tongues Seventy two. 55  
Nimrod. 64  
Noah divided the Earth amongst his Sons. 54    
O 

OFfice of the King of Great Britain. 193  
Ogmius a God of the Britain's. 28  
Onvana a Goddess of the Britain's. 27  
Prince of Orange. 286  
Original of Monarchy. 52  
— of the Family of the Stuarts. 162  
Ostorius Scapula Governor of Britain. 99    
P 

PAinting of the ancient Britain's. 44  
St. Paul the Apostle in Britain. 119  
Peace enjoyed by no People without Monarchy. 68  
Period of the British Kingdom. 155  
Persecution of the Christians in Britain. 130  
Person of the King. 188  
St. Peter the Apostle in Britain. 118  
St. Peter Cornhill built. 128  
Petilius Crealis Governor of Britain. 103  
Petronius Turpilianus Governor of Britain. ibid.  
Phoenicians in Britain. 21  
Picts. 22  
Picts and Scots annoy the Britain's. 144  
A Plautius sent into Britain. 94  
Portion of the Queen. 267  
Prerogatives of the King. 193  
Priests of the ancient Britain's. 28  
Prince Elector Palatine. 288  
Proclamations. 196  
Progeny of Cadwalladar continued to his present Majesty. 163  
Punishments of the ancient Britain's. 38    
R 

REcords of the ancient Britain's. 40  
Recreation of the ancient Britain's. 45  
Religion of the ancient Britain's. 25  
Respect of the King. 220  
Restauration of the King. 256  
Right of Government descends to the eldest Son. 54  
Rights and Privileges of the People originally the Concessions of Princes. 61  
Romans in Britain. 28  
Prince Rupert. 289    
S 

SAcrifices of the ancient Britain's. 32  
Saxons. 23  
— hired by the Britain's against the Picts and Scots. 150  
Scots. 23  
Simplicity of the ancient Britain's. 36  
Shipping of the ancient Britain's. 46  
Soil of Great Britain. 10  
Sovereignty of the King. 203  
Queen of Spain 287  
Stature of the ancient Britain's. 40  
Strength of the Monarch of Great Britain. 181  
Succession to the Crown of Great Britain. 224  
Suetonius Governor of Britain. 101  
Suetonius a Britain first Planter of Christianity amongst the Helvetians. 118  
Surname of the King. 244  
Swiftness of the ancient Britain's. 41    
T 

TAramis a God of the Britain's. 26  
St. Timotheus, Son of Pudens, in Britain. 122  
Title of the King. 175  
Traffic of the ancient Britain's. 45  
Trinobantes revolt to Caesar. 90  
Tutates a God of the Britain's. 26    
V 

Valour of the ancient Britain's. 36  
Vortigern chosen King of the Britain's. 146  
— hires the Saxons. 150  
Vortimer chosen an Associate to his Father Vortigern in the Kingdom. 151  
— poisoned by the procurement of Rowena. 152  
Uter Pendragon King of Britain. 154    
W 

WAles subjected to the Crown of England. 166  
Westminster Church built. 129  
Wicker Image. 32  
Winchester Church built. 129    
Y 

Duke of YOrk. 272  
— His Wives and Children. 283      

ERRATA.  
PAg. 18. in the Margin read Gascoign then, p. 31. lin. 18. deal the, p. 32. l. 2. r. so to do. p. 33. l. 27. r. and Bushes. p. 74. l. 12. r. contradicting. p. 81. l. 5. r. unlookt-for Accident. p. 89. l. 13. r. retired. p. 122. l. 21. r. Praxedes. p. 131. l. 17. r. Cassock. p. 135. l. 17. r. particularly, p. 161. l. 18. for not named r. named Nest p. 165. l. 6. r. His inheritance. p. 172. l. penult. r. hereditary, p. 173. l. 9 r. Empire, p. 179 l. 20. r. Droit, p. 188. l. 18. r. manners, p. 199. l. 11. r. Commonweal, p. 216. l. 15. r. thirty fifth, p, 251. in the Marg. r. Scotland. p. 266. l. 13. r. her Mother. p. 292. l. 28. r. fatality.   

OF BRITAIN In General.  

CHAP. I. Of Britain in the largest Sense.  
BRITAIN in the general and more comprehensive signification contains all those Islands both great and small, 
Extent.  which lie about Albion, or Britain properly so called. Ex adverso hujus (saith Ptolomey, speaking of France) Britannia Insula, Albion ipsi nomen fuit, cum Britanniae omnes vocarentur. The whole Dominion of which Islands is at present united under the Command of the King of Great Britain.  

Division.  They are distinguished into the Greater and Lesser: The Greater are Great Britain and Ireland; The Lesser are, 1 The Orcadeses, 2 The Hebrides, 3 Man, 4 Anglesey, 5 The Islands of the Severn Sea, 6 The Sorlinges or Isles of Scilly, 7 Wight, 8 Thanet, 9 Sunderland, 10 Holy Island.   

CHAP. II. Of the Name of Britain, of its Climate, Dimensions, Division, Air, Soil, and Commodities.  

Name.  GREAT BRITAIN, or Britain properly so called, without comparison the best and most flourishing Island of the whole World, is said to have been first named Samothea from Samothes, supposed to have reigned here Anno Mundi 1910. It was afterwards called Albion, either from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Happy, or ab albis rupibus from its White Cliffs, or (more probably) from King Albion. By degrees the Name Britain was appropriated to this Island, the rest having their particular Names. It was called Britain either from two British Words Pride and Cain, signifying Beauty and White, or from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Metals, or from the British Word Birth Painted, the Greeks adding 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Region, or from the Phoenician Word Barat-Anac A Land of Tin, in which sense the British Islands were by the Greeks called Cassiterides, or from King Brutus, reigning here (as is alleged) Anno Mundi 2855.  
It is situated from fifty Degrees six Minutes in the sixteenth Parallel and eighth Climate to sixty Degrees thirty Minutes in the twenty sixth Parallel, and thirteenth Climate; 
Climate  Lying thus under the eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth Climates: Insomuch that the longest Day in the most Northern parts is eighteen Hours and three quarters, and the shortest Day in the most Southern near eight Hours long.  
It is in Length from the Lyzard-Point Southward in Cornwall to the Straithy-head in the North of Scotland, 
Dimensions.  six hundred twenty four Miles; in Breadth from the Landsend in Cornwall in the West to Dover in the East two hundred and eighty; the whole compass thereof (allowing for the Turn and Wind of the Shores) is eighteen hundred thirty six Miles, thus reckoned: From Dunsby-Heate to the Landsend eight hundred and twelve; from the Landsend to the Foreland of Kent, three hundred and twenty; from the Foreland of Kent to Dunsby-Heate seven hundred and four. It is the greatest Island of the whole World, except Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Madagascar, and Groenland, and was therefore by the Ancients (to whom these were unknown) called The other World. It is bounded on the East with the Germane Ocean, dividing it from Belgium, Germany, and Denmark; on the West with St. George's Channel, separating it from Ireland; on the Northwest with the Vergivian or Western Ocean, of which the Ancients knew no Shore; on the North with the Deucalidon Seas; and on the South with the English Channel, parting it from France. It is in form triangular; but by some said to have the Resemblance of a great Snake, the Head whereof with a wide-gaping Mouth, looks toward Norway, and part of Denmark, his Tail extending to the West.  
It is said to have been divided by Brutus into Loegria, 
Division  now called England, Cambria Wales, and Albania Scotland. But it was found by Julius Caesar divided into several petty Provinces or Kingdoms, the Names whereof follow. 

1. Cantii, or the Inhabitants of Kent.  
2. Regni, Sussex and Surrey.  
3. Durothriges, Dorsetshire.  
4. Damnonii, Devon and Cornwall.  
5. Belgae, Somerset, Wilts, and Hampshire.  
6. Attrebatii, Berkshire.  
7. Dobuni, Oxford and Glocestershire.  
8. Catieuchlani, Warwick, Bucks and Bedfordshire.  
9 Trinobantes, Hartford, Essex, and Middlesex.  
10. Iceni, Suffolk, Norfolk, and Cambridgshire.  
11. Coritani, Northampton, Lincoln, Leicester, Rutland, Derby, and Nottinghamshire.  
12. Cornabii, Stafford, Worcester, Cheshire, and Shropshire.  
13. brigants Parisii, Lancashire, York, Richmond, Durham, Westmoreland, and Cumberland.  
14. Ordovices, Flint, Denbigh, Merioneth, Caernarvan, and Montgomeryshire.  
15. Silureses, Hereford, Radnor, Brecknock, Monmouth, and Glamorganshire.  
16. Dimetae, Pembroke, Cardigan, and Caermardenshire.  
17. Ottadini, Northumberland, Teifidale, Twedale, Merch, and Louthien.  
18. Selgovai, Lidesdale, Eusdale, Eskdale, Annandale, and Niddesdale.  
19 Novantes, Kile, Carick, Galloway, and Cunningham.  
20. Damnii, Fife, Renfraw, Cluydsdale, Lennox, Striveling, and Menteth.  
21. Caledonii Gadini, Perth, Strathern, Albin, Argile, and Lorne.  
22. Epidii, Cantire.  
23. Vicemagi, Murray.  
24. Venricones, Mernia, Anguis, Mar.  
25. Tazali, Buquhane.  
26. Cantae, Creones, Cerontes, Rosse, Southerland.  
27. Carnonacae, Carini, Carnabii, Stratnavern.  
28. Simertae, Logi, Caithnes.    
After Britain was conquered by the Romans, it was by them divided into Britannia Prima, Britannia Secunda, and Maxima Caesariensis: The first of these containing the South parts, the second all that Western part, now called Wales, and the third the Northern parts beyond Trent. It was afterward divided into Britannia Major, now called England, and Minor, which is Scotland.  
The Britain's, having received the Christian Faith, did (for the better Government Ecclesiastical) divide the same into three Provinces or Archbishoprics: viz. the Archbishopric of London, containing Britannia Prima; the Archbishopric of York, comprehending Maxima Caesariensis; and the Archbishopric of Caerleon upon Vsk, under which was Britannia Secunda. The Heathen Saxons afterward overrunning the South part of this Island, and dividing it into seven Kingdoms, the King of Kent being first converted to the Christian Faith by St. Austin, the Archiepiscopal See of London was removed to Canterbury; that of Caerleon was translated to St. David's in Pembrokeshire, and at last subjected to the See of Canterbury; the Archbishopric of York, under which was the North of England, and all Scotland, keeping still its first place.  
The Britain's being by the prevailing Saxons forced to retire into the Western parts beyond the River Severn, that part of the Island was by the said Saxons called Walishland, since Wales; the Southern part, by them inhabited, named England; and the Northern part Scotland: and the Name of Britain seemed in a manner lost, till such time as, the Crown of England by indubitable Hereditary Right descending on the Royal House of Scotland, King James of happy memory, Grandfather to our present Dread Sovereign, reuniting the Kingdoms, restored also the ancient Name of Britain, adding thereto the Epithet Great, the better to distinguish it from Britannia Armorica, a Province in the Realm of France.  
The Air, 
Ayr.  though different according to the many Climates, through which it runs, is generally mild and temperate: the continual Breezes, and gentle Winds from the Sea, the very often Interposition of Clouds between the Sun and Earth, and the frequent Showers of Rain qualifying the Heats and Droughts in Summer; and the warm Vapours of the environing Seas mitigating the Cold in Winter, whose Frosts serve only to meliorate the cultivated Soil, and its Snow to keep warm the tender Plants. And though in the most Northern parts of Scotland the Cold is much sharper in Winter, than in any other place of the Island, yet the great Plenty of Wood, and other Fuel hinders the Inhabitants from suffering much thereby. In a word the Cold is neither so piercing, nor the Heat so scorching, as that there should be need of Stoves in Winter, or Grottaes in Summer.  

Soyl.  As the Air is kind and temperate, so the Soil is fertile and wholesome, abundantly watered with Springs and Streams, and in many places with great Navigable Rivers, the most eminent whereof are the Thames, Severn and Humber. There are (especially in the South part thereof, called England) few barren Hills, or craggy Rocks; and though the Northern parts of Scotland are somewhat mountainous, yet there want not (even there) fruitful Valleys, apt for Grain, Grass or Wood Nay, that very Ground, which lies waste and neglected in England, is (by men of no small Judgement) thought far to exceed the Soil of many Provinces on the Continent. The excellency of the Soil is manifested by the Complexion of the Inhabitants, who therein exceed all other Nations of the Universe. It is attested also by those transcendent Eulogies, given her by Ancient and Modern Writers. O happy Britain (said an ancient Panegyrist in the time of Constantine the Great) and blessed above all other Regions: Nature hath enriched thee with all the Benefits both of Heaven and Earth, wherein there is neither extreme Cold in Winter, nor scorching Heat in Summer; wherein there is such abundant Plenty of Corn, as may suffice both for Bread and Wine; wherein are Woods without Wild Beasts, and Fields without noisome Serpents, but infinite numbers of Milch-cattles, and Sheep weighed down with rich Fleeces: And that, which is most comfortable, long Days, and lightsome Nights. And long before that, it was called by Orpheus The Seat of Queen Ceres; as since by Charles the Great The Storehouse and Granary of the whole Western World. So that not undeservedly does our English Lucan sing.  
The fairest Land, that from her thrusts the rest,  
As if she cared not for the World beside;  
A World within herself with wonders blest.  

Commodities.  As this our Island is separated from the rest of the habitable World: so Nature, like an indulgent Mother, has furnished it with so great abundance of all things, necessary for the life of Man, that it may easily subsist without the Contribution of any other part of the World.  

Insula praedives, quae toto vix eget orbe,  
Et cujus totus indiget orbis :  
Insula praedives, cujus miretur, & optet  
Delicias Solomon, Octavianus opes,  said old Alfred of Beverly, speaking of Britain. And should I here go about to enumerate the several sorts of Grain, it bears, its vast abundance of , yielding wholesome and substantial Food, its great Plenty and Variety of Fish, Fowl, Fruit, edible Roots and Herbs, I might be thought by Strangers rather to reckon up the Works of Nature, than to describe the Plenty of an Island. It hath indeed such a constant continuance of all sorts of necessary Food, that the Famine, which so often ravages other Countries, has scarce been felt here these four hundred years. The usual and natural drink of the People is Beer, Ale, Cider, Perry, and in some places Metheglin or Mede.  
As this Island affords its Inhabitants all necessary Food for the support of their Life: so it yields them plenty of Raiment for their defence against the Injuries of the Wether. For it produceth (especially in the South part called England) not only very fine Wool, making excellently lasting, and well-conditioned Cloth; but also such great abundance thereof, as serves not only for the Clothing of all sorts of People from the highest to the lowest; but being manufactured into Cloth and Stuffs, is dispersed all over the World, but especially into High-Germany, Muscovia, Turkey, and Persia, to the great benefit of its Inhabitants.  
And as it thus abounds with Wool: so hath it Linen made therein, inferior to none for its Goodness; nor would it need supply thereof from elsewhere for any use whatever, were the people but so industrious, as they might be, in sowing Flax and Hemp, for the producing whereof they want not fitting Ground, though there be at present (through their Sloth in neglecting to improve it) much Linen imported to the shame and damage of the Nation.  
The Abundance of  here slain furnishes the People with great store of excellent Leather for all sorts of Uses; insomuch that the poorest of them were good Leathern Shoes, whereas in the neighbouring Countries they either wear Wooden Shoes, or none at all.  
For building it wants not any requisite Materials, being well stored with Timber, Iron, Brick, Tiles, Slate, Lime, Led, Glass, and Stone, of which our fine Portland Stone is not much inferior to Marble.  
For fuel there is either Wood, Sea-Coal, or Pit-Coal, almost everywhere to be had at reasonable rates; and where this is wanting, they burn Turfs or Peats.  
For Shipping there is no where better Oak, no where such Knee-timber, as the Shipwrights call it; or Iron to make serviceable Guns.  
For War, Journeys, and Hunting; for Blow, Cart, and Carriages, there is such abundant plenty of Horses, that Asses and Mules, so frequently made use of in France, Italy, and Spain, are here utterly despised.  
Dogs it hath of all sorts, sizes and uses: amongst which the English Mastiff deservedly has the first Place from all others in the World, a Dog, bold and stout as a Lion; and yet (when well bred) gentle and manageable, as a Lamb: and therefore of singular use for the Defence of Families against the Attempts of Thiefs and Housebreakers.  
It produceth likewise, besides a mighty quantity of Tynn, Led and Iron, some Brass and Copper, and hath also Quicksilver, Antimony, Sulphur, Black-Lead, Orpiment red and yellow, Allom, Salt, Hops, Saffron, Liquoris, and divers other beneficial Commodities: and has several Silver-Mines, richer than those of Potosi in the West-Indies, whence the King of Spain has most of his Silver: those yielding usually but an Ounce and an half of Silver in an hundred Ounces of Oar; and these ordinarily six or eight Ounces per Cent. But these Mines, lying deep, are hard to come unto, which in Potosi is otherwise.  
And (as if all this were not sufficient) it yieldeth Physic likewise to the Inhabitants, having in it Hot Baths for the ease of Maims, Bruises, inward Aches and Pains, and abounding in Medicinal Springs.  
And although there be not much Wine made here at present, yet, if we shall consider, that Vineyards were heretofore common in most of the Southern and middle parts of England, we shall easily be induced to attribute this Defect (if it be any) to the better improvement of our Ground, and the cheap and easy Importation of that and other foreign Commodities, the Advantages, it hath from all parts of the World to take in Trade and Merchandise, being so great, as abundantly verifies that of the Old Poet: 
Quicquid amat Luxus, quicquid desiderat Vsus,  
Ex te proveniet, vel aliunde tibi.   
In a word, though this Island is by some Countries in some things excelled, yet if we consider the Salubrity of the Air, free (in a manner) from violent Thunder and Lightning, unwholesome Sereneses, and tempestuous Hurricanes, and well-stored with Birds and Fowls; the Fertility of the Soil, rarely subjected to Droughts, Inundations, or destructive Earthquakes, the Fields being laden with Corn, the Pastures stocked with , the Forests, Parks (of which in England alone there are more, than in all Europe besides) Warrens, and Woods stored with wild Beasts only for Recreation and Food; the Amoenity and Utility of its Seas, Rivers and Ponds, covered with Ships and Boats, and abounding with all sorts of Fish; its Plenty of Metals and Minerals; the strength of its Situation, being so walled and guarded with the Ocean, so well furnished with excellent Shipping and Sailors, and so abounding with commodious Ports and Havens, that it is rightly termed The Lady of the Sea, we may well be permitted to affirm, that for necessary Food and Raiment, for pleasant and wholesome Living, for Safety and Security, it is hardly to be equalled by any Kingdom in the World, and needs not fear the Force of any Neighbouring Nation, but that, which overpowering us at Sea, shall thereby deprive us of our strongest Bulwark, and of an Island make us a Continent. Not without reason therefore did an Ancient Writer thus cry out: Britain, Thou art a glorious Isle, extolled and renowned among all Nations; the Navies of Tharsis cannot be compared with thy Shipping, bringing in all precious Commodities of the World: The Sea is thy Wall, and strong Fortifications do secure thy Ports: Chivalry, Clergy, and Merchandise do flourish in thee. The Pisans, Genoveses, and Venetians do bring thee Saphires and Carbuncles from the East: Asia serveth thee with Silk and Purple, Africa with Cinnamon and Balm, Spain with Gold, and Germany with Silver: Thy Weaver Flanders doth drape Cloth for thee of thine own Wool; 
Cascoign- then under the Crown of England.  Thy Gascoign doth send thee Wine: Buck and Do are plentiful in thy Forests: Droves of Cattle, and Flocks of Sheep are upon thy Hills: All the Perfection of the goodliest Land is in thee: Thou hast all the Fowl of the Air. In plenty of Fish thou dost surpass all Regions. And albeit thou art not stretched out with large Limits, yet bordering Nations, clothed with thy Fleeces, do wonder at thee for thy blessed Plenty. Thy Swords have been turned into Ploughshares: Peace and Religion flourisheth in thee; so that thou art a Mirror to all Christian Kingdoms.   

CHAP. III. Of the Inhabitants: Of the Laws, Religion, Manners, and Punishments of the Ancient Britain's; Of their Language, Stature, Diet, Attire, Recreation, Traffic, Shipping, Coins, and Buildings; Of their Arms and manner of Fight: Of their Computation of Time.  
BRITAIN, being a Country, 
Inhabitants.  so rich in Commodities, so beautiful in situation, and so well stored with every thing, necessary for the support of Human Life, that, if the World had been by its omnipotent Creator fashioned like a Ring, as it is like a Globe, she might well have been esteemed the only Gem therein: it is no wonder, that she has been possessed by many Nations, and coveted by many more; and that, whereas some Countries are still held by their Aborigines, or the first, that laid claim to them, it should be a matter of no small difficulty to find out the first Inhabitants of this Island.  
The first Inhabitants of the Island, now called Great Britain, had their Original (as may be reasonably conjectured from their calling themselves Kumero, Cymro, and Kumeri, which Name was so ancient amongst them, that Cymro and Cymri doth now signify as much as Aborigines) from the Cimbri of the Continent, who are supposed to be the Relics of the ancient Cimmerii, that, proceeding from Scythia into the Countries, afterwards called Sarmatia and Germany, and establishing themselves upon the Seacoasts of Gaul, passed over into this Island likewise, and here seated themselves. But in process of time, and before the Days of Caesar, the Germans Valour decreasing, the Gauls, increasing in Number and Power, recovered their ancient Seats, and proceeded into Britain also, and invaded part of the Cimbri, who had long before placed themselves in this Island; and although they obtained the Seacoasts, and entered far into the Inland parts, and so by long possession came to be called Britain's, yet they were by the more ancient Inhabitants, who esteemed themselves the only Aborigines of the Island, looked upon only as Incroachers.  
Soon after (if not contemporary with the Cimbri) are the Phaenicians supposed to have been in this Island, who, being in the first Ages of the World the best, if not only Navigators, passing through the Straits to discover the Western Seas, first of all the Inhabitants of the Mediterranean found out these Islands, arriving first at the Isles of Scilly, which finding to abound with Tynn, they called in their Language Bratanac, which the Greeks by a Word of like signification rendered Cassiterides. The Phaenicians, afterwards discovering the Western parts of this Island, now called Cornwall and Devonshire, the same name was communicated thereunto, and by Degrees to all the Islands, situated in the Western Ocean.  
The Usefulness of those excellent Commodities, brought by the Phaenicians from Britain, rendered the Greeks very curious in search of the Place, from whence they came, which the Phaenicians as studiously concealed from them: Yet Colaeus having discovered the Western Seas, the Greeks found out these Islands, where they settled vast Colonies, landing first at Man and Anglesey, and introduced into the whole Island a great number of their Religious Ceremonies, and other Customs.  
In the Year of the World 3913. Julius Caesar, being offended with the Britain's for having underhand assisted his Enemies the Gauls, invaded this Nation, but may be said rather to have discovered it, than conquered it: from which he was so far, that Lucan says positively of him,  
Territa quaesitis ostendit terga Britannis. But afterwards in the Time of Claudius the Southern Parts of it were made a Roman Province.  
The Britain's being thus partly subdued by the Romans, some of them, impatient of subjection, sheltering themselves behind the Cheviot Hills, and Mount Grampius, infested the Roman Colonies, and retaining the ancient Custom of painting themselves, when the other Britain's, now civilised, had left it off, were distinguished by the Name of Picts, those only being called Britain's, who were under the Romans Jurisdiction. These Picts inhabited the more Southern Parts of so much of the Island, as was left unconquered by the Romans, the more Northern parts being long before possessed by the Scots, who Anno mundi 3641. coming out of Ireland, seated themselves there, and called it Scotland.  
In the Decay of the Roman Empire the Britain's, deserted by the Romans, and weakened by the many Armies, they had drawn from them, and infested by the Scots and Picts, did in the Reign of King Vortigern call in the Saxons to their Assistance, who by degrees possessed themselves of all the flourishing parts of the Island, driving the Britain's into the mountainous Parts of Wales and Cornwall.  
Of the Laws, 
Laws.  whereby the Ancient Britain's were governed, the most remarkable, that have come to our knowledge, are seven, said to have been made by Molmutius Dunwallo, translated out of the British speech into the Latin by Gildas, and afterwards into the English Saxon by King Alfred. They are these that follow:  
1. That the Temples of the Gods should enjoy such Privileges, that whatever Malefactor should fly thither for Sanctuary, should not be forced from thence, till he had obtained Pardon for his Crime.  
2. That the Ways, leading to the Temples, and the Roads of great Cities, should have like Privileges.  
3. That Plows, Oxen, and other labouring Cattle should enjoy the like Immunities, lest, the Ground being untilled, the People might perish for want of Bread.  
4. That a certain number of Plows should be used in every County of the Land, with severe Penalties to be inflicted upon those, that should lessen the Number.  
5. That no Oxen or labouring Beasts should be seized for Debt.  
6. That Buying and Selling should be by certain set Weights and Measures.  
7. That Thiefs and Robbers should be severely punished.  

Religion.  The great Goodness and Wisdom of GOD having created Man for the Enjoyment of himself, and all other things for the use and service of Man in order to his attaining of this sublime End, it is but just, that Man should pay a Sovereign Adoration and Respect to this bounteous Creator, and a punctual Obedience to all his Commands. The true Manner of performing this Adoration was by Adam, who received it of GOD himself, taught his Posterity; but they deviating from his Precepts, and becoming guilty of all sorts of Impieties, the Almighty sent an universal Deluge, which washed away all Mankind (eight Persons only excepted) from off the Face of the Earth.  
The Posterity of Noah, who with his Wife, his three Sons, and their Wives, alone escaped this common Calamity, too soon forgetting the severe Punishment, inflicted upon the former Generation of Men for their Irreligion, left the Service of the true Deity, adoring the Inventions of their own Heads, and the Works of their own Hands: so that amongst all the Inhabitants of the Earth there were anciently none but the Jews, who Worshipped the true GOD in the true manner.  
No wonder then, that the Religion of the ancient Britain's was Paganish Superstition, they having many Idol-Gods, the chief whereof were these, that follow.  
1. Taramis, or the Thunderer, the same with Jupiter, to whom, as to many other of their Gods, they offered human Sacrifices.  
2. Tutates, or Mercury, who was esteemed the Inventor of all Arts and Sciences, and particularly of Letters, and the Sickle; as also the Leader in in all Journeys, and Guide in all Ways; and whose Patronage was esteemed to be of a wonderful Efficacy for promoting Gain in Money, or any kind of Merchandise. To his Honour there were Mounts cast up, and consecrated, especially where many Ways met, and his Statue erected upon them, pointing to the Ways.  
3. Hesus, the same with Mars, the God of War and Peace, called also Camulus: from whom came Camulodunum or Mars-Hill, now Maldon in Essex. To him also were Men sacrificed.  
4. Hues, or Bacchus, whose Priests were called Eubages. Of the Feasts of this God Pliny is supposed to speak, where he says, That the Britain's died themselves like Aethiopians at some solemn Sacrifices, and performed their Worship with Men and Women going naked.  
5. Belenus, who was the same with Apollo, represented by the Britain's with an Harp. His Priests were called Paterae.  
6. Belisama, or the Moon, The Queen of Heaven, viz. Diana, the Sister of Apollo, called also Ardurena and Ardoena, the Goddess of Woods and Mountains. She had sometime a Temple in London, where now stands the Cathedral of St. Paul.  
7. Onvana, or Minerva, to whose Honour there was a Temple erected, where is now the Cathedral of Bath.  
8. Adraste, or the Goddess of Victory, supposed to be the same with the Venus armata of the Cytheraei and Lacedæmonians, and the Venus Victrix of the Romans. In Temples, and in Groves, called by her Name the Groves of Adraste, they sacrificed to her Prisoners alive.  
They are thought also to have worshipped Ceres and Proserpina, to whom and other Infernal Deities were performed Nocturnal Sacrifices, where many abominable Lusts, and horrid Villainies were committed.  
In these parts likewise was Worshipped Ogmius or the Phoenician Hercules, who was represented an Old and decrepit Man, bald-pated, white-haired, wrincle-skinned, and Sunburnt, having a Globe in one hand, and a pair of Compasses in the other.  
Besides these they had also for God's Portenta (saith Gildas) ipsa diabolica paene numero Aegyptiaca vincentia Many ugly Spectres, merely Diabolical, exceeding in number even those of Egypt. Some of which Representations were remaining even to his days in the Ruins of their Cities, having deformed Lineaments, and stern and grim Countenances.  
For the performance of their Sacrifices, and other Superstitious Ceremonies of their Idolatrous Religion, they had many Priests and Instructers, the chief whereof were the Bards and the Druids. The Bards, who are justly esteemed the most ancient Order in Britain, and were long before the Druids, being supposed to have their Original from the Phoenicians, were made use of in the Deifying of Great Men, composing in Verse the Praises of the Gods and Heroes, and the whole Body of their Divinity: till that, the Druids, who were brought in by the Greeks, getting the upper hand, they degenerated by degrees into common Ballad-singers, and those, that before sang of the Immortality and Essence of the Soul, the Praises of the Gods, and the Encomiums and Virtues of Great Men, gave themselves up now to the composing of Mystical Rhymes, Charms, Spells, and Incantations: to which, as the Britain's of old, so the Welsh are even at this day prodigiously addicted.  
The Druids, succeeding, did not totally abolish the Customs and Opinions of the Bards, but retained the most useful of them, particularly the Doctrine of the Immortality of the Soul, to which they added that of its Transmigration, first taught by Pythagoras, about whose Time, or not long after, the Greeks are supposed to have entered this Island. These grew so powerful, that they not only became the sole Interpreters of Religion, necessarily present in the exercise thereof, without whom neither public nor private Sacrifices could be performed; but were made Judges also of all Controversies and Crimes, and absolute Determiners of all Disputes about Inheritances and Bounds of Lands, issuing out their Excommunications for Non-performance of their Decrees even upon the Temporal Magistrates themselves, and making themselves feared by having it in their power to determine, whose Blood would be the most acceptable Sacrifice to the Gods. No wonder therefore, that they were exempted from War, and Taxes, and enjoyed many other great Privileges and Immunities.  
Their Jurisdiction extended over the whole Island and some part of Gallia, and they were subject to two Primates: one of which, under whom were the Northern Druids, had his Residence in the Isle of Man; the other, under whom were the Southern, in Anglesey. Yet Caesar writes, that they were subject but to one Chief, who was constituted by Election. This being a Place of Great Repute, there were in its vacancy many Competitors, insomuch that the Secular Power was sometimes engaged in the Quarrel, each Prince endeavouring to strengthen his Authority by advancing a Favourite of his own to that Seat. They had once a year a solemn Meeting at Chartres in France, but their chief Residences were in the Isles of Man and Anglesey, whither resorted both from Britain and Gaul those, who desired to be initiated in their Ceremonies, where they continued sometimes near twenty years to be instructed in the Mysteries of their Religion, which they were not permitted to carry away any otherwise, than in their Memories. When Britain was invaded by the Romans, the the Southern Druids retired to Anglesey, and the Northern to Man: at length those of Anglesey, being driven out of their Seat, repaired likewise to Man, where they continued till such time, as King Cratilinth Anno Domini 277. with great difficulty expelled them.  
They taught among other things, that the Life of a Man, either in a desperate Sickness, or in the Perils of War, could not be secured, unless another suffered in his stead: wherefore in such Cases they either sacrificed Men, or vowed so do after their delivery. The most acceptable Sacrifice to their Gods were esteemed Murderers, Robbers, and such like Criminals, but where those were wanting, Innocents' often suffered. They made in some places the Image or Statue of a Man, the Limbs whereof were made of Osier Twigs, woven together like Basket-ware: this they filled with live Men, and setting it on fire, caused the poor Creatures to perish in the Flames and Smoke.  
The first Occasion of erecting these Wicker Images is supposed to have been in Detestation of the Slavery, they suffered under the Phoenicians, who, being Men of a vast and exceeding Stature, had for a long time subdued, and kept them under, and were (no doubt) those Giants, whom the British Histories say to have so long infested the Land. The Tradition of whose being in Cornwall was preserved to the days of Havillan the Poet, who lived about four hundred years since. Whose Verses concerning Cornwall are these.  
— Titanibus illa  
Sed paucis famulosa Domus, quibus uda Ferarum  
Terga dabant Vestes, Cruor Haustus, Pocula Trunci,  
Antra Lares, Dumeta Thoros, Caenacula Rupes,  
Praeda Cibos, Raptus Venerem, Spectacula Caedes,  
Imperium Vires, Animos Furor, Impetus Arma,  
Mortem Pugna, Sepulchra Rubus: Monstrisque gemebat  
Monticolis tellus: sed eorum plurima Tractûs  
Pars erat occidui, Terror, majorque premebat  
Te Furor, extremum Zephyri, Cornubia, Limen.  
— Here lodged of Old  
A Race of Titans, impious and bold:  
Their Bodies with raw Hides they clad, allayed  
With Blood their Thirst, of hollow Trees they made  
Their Cups, their Beds were Moss Bushes, Dens  
Their Houses were, their Chambers craggy Pens:  
Their Hunger Prey, Rape did their Lust supply:  
The Sport of slaughtering men did please their Eye:  
Force got them Rule, Fury them Courage gave,  
Rage Arms, a Battle Death, a Grove a Grave:  
These Monsters dwelled on Hills, and did molest  
Each Quarter of the Land, but most the West,  
Thou, Frighted Cornwall, never having Rest.  
The Druids officiated only in Groves of Oak, planting for that purpose very many up and down the whole Island: for they highly venerated this Tree, and more especially the Missletoe growing thereon, without a Branch whereof they performed no Sacrifice, and which, being found on a Tree, was esteemed a sure Sign, that the GOD, whom they were then about to serve, had made choice of it. This was by them gathered with many Superstitious Ceremonies and great Devotion. 1. They observed, that at the time of gathering it the Moon was to be neither more nor less than six days old. 2. Having prepared their Sacrifices under the Tree, they brought thither two young Bullocks milk-white, whose Horns were then, and not before, bound up. 3. The Priest, clothed in white, climbed the Tree, and with a golden Bill cut down the Missletoe, which was received below in a Soldiers white Cassock. 4. They blessed the Gift, mumbling over many Orisons. The Missletoe, thus gathered, was reputed a Sovereign Antidote against Poison and Barrenness.  
Caesar, at his coming into Britain, 
Manners.  found it Inhabited by two sorts of People: The more inland parts by such, as esteemed themselves 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or to have had their Original out of the very Soil, they lived in, quos natos in Insula ipsa memoria proditum dicunt, as he has it; The Maritime parts being possessed by such, as resorted thither from Gaul and Belgium, for the sake either of Traffic or Conquest. The want of observing this Distinction is the Cause of the seeming Contradictions, that are found in such Writers, as discourse of the Manners and Customs of the ancient Britain's.  
Those on the Seacoasts were more civilised, had Houses, Orchards, Gardens, tilled and manured their Grounds, and agreed very much in manners with the Gauls; but the Inlanders for want of Converse, and living in a perpetual State of War, were more rude and barbarous, symbolising with the Germans, from whom they are thought to have had their Original.  
The Britain's are generally represented by most Authors to be of a kind and gentle Disposition, not having the Craft and Subtlety of other Nations, but a fair-conditioned People, of a plain and upright Dealing.  
That they were valorous, none can doubt, who considers, with what difficulty, notwithstanding the many Divisions and Quarrels amongst their own petty Princes, they were subjected to the Romans; how serviceable they were to them afterwards in their Wars; how vigorously, though then very few, their Land having been dispeopled by the Romans, they withstood the numerous Forces of the Saxons, whom their own Invitation first gave footing amongst them; and, when overpowered by them, they were forced to retire into the more Western Parts of this Island, how stoutly they maintained their Liberties against the English Kings both of the Saxon and Norman Race; and how by a voluntary Submission, rather than Force, they were brought under Subjection to the Crown of England: Since which time they have been outgone by none in Loyalty and Fidelity to their Prince.  
The Inlanders had all things amongst them in common, and would not admit of any Propriety, insomuch that ten or twelve of them promiscuously made use of the same Women, Brethren with Brethren, and Parents with their own Children, the Issue, which was bred up by a common Stock, being more particularly reputed his, who had the first Enjoyment of the Mother's Virgin Embraces.  
They enured themselves to all Hardship, being able to undergo any Cold, Hunger, and Labour whatever: so that they would stick themselves in Bogs up to their very Heads, continuing there many days together without any Sustenance.  
The Britain's were generally very much addicted to Magic, as are their Descendants the Welsh even to this very day.  

Punishments.  It was the Custom of the ancient Britain's, that, when any great man died, his Relations made Enquiry (if there were Suspicion) amongst his Wives concerning his Death, who, if they were found guilty, were punished with Fire and other Torments: From whence Sir Edward Cook derives the Law of England at this day for burning those Women, who kill their Husbands.  
Thiefs and Murderers were reserved by them to be offered in Sacrifice to the Gods: and so were Captives, taken in their Wars.  
The greatest Punishment, not capital, amongst them was Excommunication, which was issued out by the Druids not only against private, but also against public persons. Those, upon whom this Censure was inflicted, were accounted impious and profane, uncapable of any Honourable Office, and excluded the Benefit of the Law, none daring to approach them, or converse in talk with them, though at a distance, for fear of being infected by them.  
The old Language of the Britain's, 
Language.  who have been above all other Nations curious to preserve it entire without any mixture, was the same (setting aside some small Variations) that is spoken at this day not only by the Britain's of England, but also by those of Armorica in France. Which although it has in it many Phoenician, and more Greek Words, yet the Idiom of it, as to the main, appears to be Teutonick, and the Words, which they received either by Trading with the former Nations, or the Invasion of the Gauls, seem much to be modelled to that Dialect.  
Besides this general Language of the Country, the Greek, or at least a Dialect thereof, was preserved entire amongst the Druids, who not only therein concealed the Mysteries of their Religion, which they committed not to Writing, but delivered down by a Traditionary Conveyance to those only, who admitted themselves of that Order, and underwent the Severities of a long and tedious Discipline: But their Records also were preserved in the Greek Tongue and Characters, which, unintelligible by the Vulgar, none could have Recourse unto, but Persons of Repute and Learning: Nor were they permitted to take any thing away in Writing, but by Memory only, the Trust of keeping these things being reposed in some persons, who for their singular Fidelity, Integrity, and Learning were chosen for that purpose.  

Stature.  The ancient Britain's were of Stature taller than the Gauls (whose Expression concerning them to Caesar was, that other Nations seemed as Nothing in their Eyes) their Hair not so yellow, nor their Bodies so compact, knit, and firm, having but bad Feet to support them; but the other Lineaments of their Body were well made, and their Features excellent. The Goodness of their Constitution was such, that they are said to have lived to the Age of an hundred and twenty Years. Strabo says, that he saw very Youths amongst them taller by half a foot than the tallest men. Nor were the Women less remarkable for Beauty, than the Men for Stature. Yet were not the Complexions of the People every where the same: the North Britain's being fair, having large Limbs, and long yellow Hair, as the Germans; the South Britain's swarthy, and having curled Hair like the Spaniards; the Coast, lying upon France, agreeing in Language, Customs, and every thing with the Gauls.  
They were so exceeding swift of Foot, that, laying their Hands on the Manes of their Horses, they could equal them in their Race.  
Their Diet was simple, not dainty; 
Diet.  and that of the inland Britain's very spare and mean: for living continually in War, and frequently shifting the Places of their Abode, not much unlike the Cossack's in the ukraine, they tilled not any Ground, kept no Sheep, nor made any Cheese; but satisfied their Hunger with any sort of Prey, as Venison, Natural Fruits, and Milk, and many times with Roots and Barks of Trees. They esteemed it unlawful to eat either Hare, Hen, or Goose. The Sea-coast or Gaulish Britain's had Gardens and Orchards, manured their Grounds with Marle, howed their Corn, and brought it in by Sheaves; but never threshed more than for present use only. These were daintier in their Diet than the former, having particular Dishes in great Request, the most delicate whereof was the Chenerotes, a Fowl somewhat less than Wild-Geese. The Britain's had also a kind of Food, of which eating but the Quantity of a Bean, they did for a considerable time after neither hunger nor thirst. Their usual drink was made of Barley, a thing in former Ages unknown to any Nation of Europe, the Britain's only excepted: to whom this Custom is (not improbably) conjectured to have been brought by the Phoenicians from Egypt.  

Attire.  Man, being created in a State of perfect Integrity, had before his fall no other Clothing, but his own Innocency. But no sooner had he transgressed the Command of GOD by eating the forbidden Fruit, but being divested of that Robe of Purity, wherewith he was clad in his Creation, he grew ashamed likewise of his external Nakedness, which he sought to cover with Figleaves. Soon after he received from GOD himself a Coat of Skins, and this was the first Original of Apparel, which Pride, playing upon conceited Opinions of Decency, has since infinitely varied in matter, form, and fashion, still continuing to do the same.  
Of the Old Britain's, the Inlanders were for the most part clothed with Skins, some few only going naked. The Sea-coast or Gaulish Britain's had the same sort of Habits, as the Gauls: The most remarkable whereof were Gaunacum, whence our Word Gown, which was a thick Covering, made of course Wool, having a Nap on both sides like Freeze, worn by the Gauls and better sort of Britain's to keep out the Cold; and Bardiacus, a Garment of divers Colours woven together, the gaudy Show whereof was no doubt very pleasing in the eyes of the Britain's; to which may be added Brachae, a Garment common both to the Gauls and Britain's, descending below, and covering the knees: of which Marshal saith, Quam veteres Brachae Britonis pauperis.—  
The Hair of their Heads, and upper Lips they wore long, but shaved it off in all other parts.  
In Caesar's Days the Britain's painted their Faces, Hands, and such other parts of their Bodies, as were commonly exposed to sight, with Woad, that they might appear more terrible in Battle. But in after Ages amongst those Britain's, who, being by the Romans driven out of their possessions, betook themselves both Men and Women to their Arms, and were reduced to a Savage Life, this use of Painting, practised before only in Time of War, and that by none but men, grew into such Request, partly, because it was (as they fancied) terrible to their Enemies, and partly, because wanting , they had no other distinction of their Dignities, that the Women, as well as the Men, painted all their Bodies with terrible Creatures, and because by their being exposed naked in the Fields, and often subject to wet weather, their Painting was apt to wash off, they made Incisions into their Flesh, whereby to keep it in. From hence in process of time, these painted Britain's were called Picts.  
About the same Time also, as it is not improbably conjectured, was the Custom taken up of wearing Iron Rings about their Necks and Bellies, which being first begun by a necessity of Carriage, was afterward esteemed an Ornament.  
The chiefest Recreation of the Britain's, 
Recreation.  whose Habitations were most in the Woods, was Hunting, they having excellent Dogs for that purpose: insomuch that Strabo witnesseth, that the Dogs, called Agasaei, so much esteemed by the Greeks, were of British Race, which Dogs are by us to this day called Gase-hounds.  
The Trading of the ancient Britain's, 
Traffic.  though not to be compared with that of Aftertimes, was not yet so inconsiderable, as they would persuade us, who affirm, that it consisted chief in Ivory Boxes, Shears, Onches, Bits and Bridles, Wreaths and Chains, with other Conceits made of Glass and Amber: For Strabo, relating their Traffic, says, that, in exchange for Tin and Lead, Skins and Furs, they received Earthen Vessels, Salt and Brazen Ware of the Phaenicians, who were the first, that traded hither, and so industriously concealed this Navigation from others, that a certain Master of a Ship, being jealous of a Roman Vessel, that followed him, for to learn this Traffic, purposely ran his Ship upon the Sands, and having brought those, by whom he was followed, into the same Destruction, himself escaped Shipwreck, and received Satisfaction for his Losses out of the public Treasury.  

Shipping.  Their Shipping indeed was very mean: for they had only certain little Skiffs, the Keels and Footstocks whereof were made of slight Timber, but the Bodies were wound and wrought with Osiers, and covered with Leather.  

Money.  For the better supply of the mutual Necessities of Mankind, People at first bartered or exchanged (according as occasions required) one Commodity for another; but that being found troublesome, some one or other Commodity was every where found out to be the Standard of Commerce and Traffic. This amongst all civilised Nations terminated in Gold and Silver, which, as most beautiful, pliable, portable, and least Subject to rust, were (even in the Days of Abraham) chosen to be the Instruments of Exchange, and the Measure of all other things, and were at first paid only by weight, till the Romans about three hundred years before CHRIST first invented the Art of Coining.  
Yet have not these two Metals so far prevailed, but that other matter hath been, and in divers places still is used for Money. The ancient Britain's particularly instead of Money made use of Iron Rings, sized at a certain Weight, and besides these of brazen Pieces, some of which had a figure of a Shield embossed, and on that side a certain Image, the Device being within: which kind of Coin was in use in no other part of the World, except in some places, belonging to Greece.  

Buildings.  The Buildings of the Sea-coast Britain's were many, and like to those of the old Gauls: The Inlanders had no Houses but certain cumbersome Woods stood them instead of Cities and Towns: for when they had by felling of Trees encompassed a spacious round plat o● Ground, and fortified it with Rampires and Ditches, they built there for themselves Huts and Cottages, and for their  set up Stalls and Folds, making thither their Retreat and Resort, to eschew the Invasions of their Enemies  

Arms.  The Britain's, (being as we have observed) a People very swift of foot never burdened themselves with an Armour, which they could not a their pleasure fling off. Their Defensive Arms were only Shields; for Offensive Weapons they had short Spears at the lower end of which was fastne● a round Bell of Brass, which at th● beginning of a fight they shook with great Courage, conceiting, that such a rattling Noise did dismay the Enemy. They had also Daggers, and Swords, which those, who went naked, girt about their Bodies with Iron Chains.  
The different Interests of the many petty Princes, 
Manner of Fight.  amongst whom this Island was divided, keeping them in continual Wars, the Britain's must of necessity be well-experienced Soldiers: But their Manner of fight was so peculiar to themselves, that Caesar related it for a Wonder in the Western Parts. They fought in a Body, called Caterva, or Caturfa, as the Romans had their Legion, and the Macedonians their Phalanx.  
Their usual manner of fight was in Chariots, of which they had several sorts, the most remarkable whereof were the Covinus and the Essedum.  
The Covinus was a sort of Chariot, carrying no men at all, but only him, that guided it. It was exceedingly well harnessed and armed, having at both Ends of the Axletrees Hooks and and Scythes fastened, so that driving furiously into the Enemy's Battle, they made whole Lanes of slaughtered men, the Scythes cutting off those in the middle, who did not speedily make way, and the Hooks catching up those, that had escaped the Scythes.  
The Essedum carried many persons, who, as the Charioteer road through all the parts of the Battle, bestowed their Darts, which, with the terrible appearance of the Horses, and the rattling Noise of the Wheels, usually broke the Ranks of their Enemies. When they had wound themselves in amongst their Enemies, they leapt out of their Chariots, and fought on foot, the Charioteers in the mean time driving out of the Battle, and drawing up their Chariots, whither they retired, when overpowered by the Enemy. In the managing their Chariot-Horses daily Practice had rendered them so expert, that driving forcibly down a steep Hill, they could stop, and turn short in the midst of their Career, run upon the Beam, stand upon the Harness, and skip presently back into their Chariots.  
The Horses, used by the Britain's in their Chariots, were small and swift: their Harness was not only substantial, but also curiously wrought & engraven, as may be gathered from these Words of Propertius, Esseda caelatis siste Britanna jugis.  
The Britain's begins their day at Sunset, 
Computation of Time.  which Custom they are supposed to have learned from the Phaenicians, who, as all other Eastern Nations, used the same manner of Computation, which they received from the Jews, who were taught by Moses, that the Evening and the Morning were the first Day. Thus, what the Romans called Septimana, is in the British Tongue to this day called With-nos. and in English a Seven-night, the Abbreviation of Seven Nights.  
From the same Original also was their Observation of the New Moon, in whose first Quarter they began not only their Months, and New Years, but their several Ages likewise, which were comprehended in a Cycle of thirty Years.   

CHAP. IU. Of Government: of Monarchy, its Original, and Excellency: Britain always governed by Monarches.  

Government.  OF Government there neither are, nor can be more than three Species: For the Sovereign Command of a State must either reside in one, which is Monarchy; or in some principal persons, which is Aristocracy; or in the whole Body of the People, which is Democracy.  

Monarchy.  Of these the best and only perfect (not to say, only lawful) kind of Government is the Monarchical, not only as having the nearest Resemblance of the Divinity, but as being the first, and only Natural Government of Mankind, and under which the Subject has ever found the greatest Happiness, and suffered ●he fewest Inconveniences.  

Original.  The Original and first Institution of this most excellent Government was from GOD himself; who, having created Adam, commanded him to multiply, and replenish the Earth, and subdue it, and to have Dominion over all Creatures, constituting him thereby Monarch of the Universe.  
The Posterity of Adam had no Right to possess any thing, but by Grant or Permission from him, or Succession to him, who, when his Children grew up, and came to have Children of their own, over whom they also had a Command and Power, assigned them their distinct Territories by Right of private Dominion, yet still with Subordination to himself, who was Lord-paramount over his children's Children to all Generations. Absurd therefore is the Fancy of those, who imagine an independent Multitude, having a natural Right to Community: A thing, which never had any Being, but in the Chimaerical Brains of the Assertors. An Opinion this is, which cannot be maintained without the great Scandal of Christianity, and opening a Door to Atheism by denying the Creation of Adam.  
Adam then was Father, King, and Lord over his Family; a Son, a Subject, a Servant, a Slave, were then one and the same thing. Nor was he tied to govern by any Laws, but that, which was by his Creator implanted in his Breast, called therefore the Law of Nature, which if he transgressed, he (as all succeeding Monarches) was accountable to GOD alone, from whom he received it.  
From Adam this Right of Sovereignty was to descend to his eldest Son, to whom GOD himself (even in his Father's Life-time) speaking of his younger Brother, said: Unto thee shall his Desires be subject, and thou shalt rule over him.  
This was the Foundation of Government before the Universal Deluge: which (washing away all the rest of Mankind from the face of the Earth) left this Universal Sovereignty to Noah, who with his Wife, his Sons, and their Wives, only remained alive. By Noah was the whole World divided amongst his three Sons: From one of which, their Sons, or Nephews, scattered abroad after the Confusion of Babel, do most of the civilest Nations of the Earth labour to deduce their Original.  
The Posterity of Noah, to secure themselves (as they thought) from being destroyed by another Flood, went about to erect a Tower, the Top whereof, they intended, should reach up to Heaven. But to show, how vain all humane Designments are, which think to contest with the Dispensations of Divine Providence, the Almighty sent amongst them a Confusion of Tongues, and dispersed those, who were congregated into one place, over the Face of the whole Earth.  
By this Dispersion there were (according to the generally-received Opinion) seventy two distinct Nations erected, all which were not confused Multitudes, left at Liberty to choose what Governors or Government they listed; but so careful was GOD even in that Confusion to preserve the Paternal and Monarchical Authority, that he distributed the Diversity of Languages according to the Diversity of Families, having Fathers for Rulers over them. This appears plainly in the sacred Text, where, after the Enumeration of the Sons and Grandsons of Japhet, immediately follow these Words: By these were the Isles of the Gentiles divided in their Lands: every one after his Tongue, after their Families, in their Nations. So again of the Children of Ham it is said: These are the Sons of Ham, after their Families, after their Tongues, in their Countries, and in their Nations. And again of the Children of Shem: These are the Sons of Shem, after their Families, after their Tongues, in their Lands, after their Nations. The Conclusion of the whole being thus: These are the Families of the Sons of Noah, after their Generations, in their Nations: and by these were the Nations divided in the Earth, after the Flood.  
However therefore the Manner, used by Noah in the Distribution of the Earth amongst his Posterity, be uncertain; yet most certain it is, that the Division itself was by Families from Noah and his Children, over which the Fathers were Rulers, enjoying as absolute an Authority and Dominion, as ever any Monarch since the Creation pretended to.  
Agreeably to this Account of the Original of Monarchy, delivered in in holy Scripture, doth Plato in his third Book of Laws affirm, that the true and first Reason of Authority is, that the Father and Mother, and simply those, that beget and engender, do command and rule over all their Children.  
Groundless therefore is that Distinction, which some men make of Monarchy into Despotical and Paternal: since no Master has Right to exact a more absolute and unlimited Obedience from his Slave, than is due from the Child to the Father.  
Of the Absoluteness of this Paternal Jurisdiction Examples are frequent in Holy Writ. Thus we find, that Abraham commanded an Army of three hundred and eighteen Soldiers of his own Family; and that Esau met his Brother Jacob with four hundred Men at Arms. Thus Abraham concluded a Peace with Abimelech, and ratified the Articles by Oath. Thus Judah sentenced Thamar, his Daughter-in-Law, to be burnt for playing the Harlot. Which three Acts of making War, concluding Peace, and giving Judgement of Life or Death, are the chief marks of Sovereignty, that can be found in any Monarch.  
As the Original therefore of Monarchy was of Divine Institution: so its Power was uncontrollable; nor can it be otherwise without the Destruction of the Government itself. Rightly then (whatever Milton in his Justification of the blackest Treason, that ever Eye beheld, says to the contrary) is a King defined by Salmasius He, who has the Supreme Power in the Kingdom, accountable to none but GOD, who may do, what he pleases, and is free from the Laws.  
Ridiculous then (if not Malicious) are the clamours of those, who daily fill the World with Outcries against Arbitrary Power: For there never was, nor ever can be any People governed without a Power of Legislation, which Power must of necessity be Arbitrary, and is an inseparable Concomitant of the Supreme Governor or Governors, and must therefore in a Monarchy reside in one.  
The Question than is not, whether there shall be an Arbitrary Power, without which not any Government can one Moment subsist; but who shall have this Arbitrary Power, whether one man, or many: that is in effect, whether the Government shall be Monarchical, or not?  
Nay it has been seen, that those very Persons, who clamored so much (and with so little reason) against an Arbitrary Power in their Prince, have themselves exercised the Height of Arbitrary Power over their fellow Subjects, punishing them by Imprisonment, and other Penalties, not for the Breach of any known and certain Laws; but of unknown and uncertain Privileges: and ascending to that Excess of Insolence, as (even against all Law, Reason, and Equity) to declare it Criminal for any one to lend Money to his King.  
It is an ancient Tradition, which has every where obtained Reputation, that Noah, as Lord of all, was Author of the Distribution of the World, and of private Dominion, and that by the appointment of GOD himself he confirmed this Distribution by his last Will and Testament, left at his Death in the Hands of his Eldest Son Shem, by which he warned all his Sons, that none of them should invade any of their Brother's Dominions, because Discord and Civil War, would thence necessarily follow.  
Thus we find, that in all Nations the Princes were at first Lords of the whole Lands, as well as of the whole Inhabitants, amongst whom they divided such part thereof, to be held by such Tenors and Services, as they judged most convenient. Instead then of Empires being founded in Property (as some men love to speak) the Natural dominion of the Prince was the Original of all Propriety.  
Monarches at first governed by no stated Rule or Law, but by immediate Edicts or commands of their own Wills, as they in their own Judgements thought fit. But when Kings came to be so busied with Wars, and distracted with public Cares, that private persons could not have access to them, to learn their Pleasure upon every occasion, than did they both for the Ease of themselves, and their people, set down Laws, by which they would ordinarily govern, reserving to themselves nevertheless Liberty to vary from them, as oft as they in their Discretion should think fit. Afterwards Princes graciously condescended to call to their Counsels several of the Chief men of their Kingdoms, and in time to admit likewise of Deputies from their People, without whose Advice and Consent they would neither make new, nor abrogate old Laws. Thus all those Rights and Privileges, which licentious people make their pretence of contesting with their Sovereigns, had no other Original but the Gracious Concessions of Princes, which though they are so far bound to keep, as that, when in a settled Kingdom the Prince leaves to govern according to Law, he is guilty of very great Injustice; yet where he sees the Laws rigorous or doubtful, he may (to the People's great Happiness, lest otherwise Summum jus should prove Summa injuria) mitigate and interpret them. And whenever any powerful Faction shall, by making ill use of the Grace and Bounty of the Prince, endanger the Subversion of his Government, the Safety of the People, whom GOD has committed to his Care, being the Law-paramount over all others, obliges him to make use of that Arbitrary Power; whereof (though in the exercise of it he may restrain himself, yet) he can never be divested, to secure himself and people from the Contrivances of malicious and ill-designing Persons.  
Those therefore, that argue for Limited or Mixed Monarchies, do in effect only plead for Anarchy and Confusion. For either these Limits must be such Laws and Bounds, as the Monarch has set himself to Govern by, to the Observance whereof though he may by Promise so far engage himself, that he cannot (as has been said) ordinarily transgress them without the Sin of Injustice; yet this Promise of his, which is but an After-act of Grace, not dissolving that absolute Subjection, which preceded it, his Power (if he will sinfully put it forth to act) is no less Arbitrary, than it was before the making of the Promise.  
Or if you will imagine these Bounds of the Monarch's Power to be ab externo, and not from the free Determination of his own Will, than (the Subject, as they say, not being legally bound to subjection, in case the Prince commands beyond the Law) if there arise a Dispute between the Monarch and the meanest of his Subjects about the Legality or Illegality of his Commands, either the Monarch himself must be Judge, and then farewell Limitation; or else the whole people, or some part of them, and then farewell Monarchy; or else there must be no Judge at all, and then farewell Government.  
So likewise in that, which they call a mixed Monarchy, or a Government, composed of Monarchy, Aristocracy, and Democracy, either the Sovereign Power must be Originally in the Monarch, and derivatively only in the others, and then farewell the Mixture; or else it must (though acknowledged to be an indivisible Beam of Divine Perfection) be originally shared amongst them all, and then farewell the Monarchy. So also in this Mixture (as they call it) of Power, if a Difference arise between the Prince and the States, there being (according to their Principles) no Authoritative judge to determine it, the Government is dissolved, and every man left at liberty to side with that Part, which in his Reason and Judgement stands most for public Good, more than which the Wit of Man cannot say for Anarchy.  
The unlimited Jurisdiction of Kings is so strongly asserted in Scripture, that it occasioned one, who writ in justification of the late Rebellion, to affirm, That to make a King by the Standard of GOD's Word, is to make the Subject's Slaves for Conscience sake. Than which, I know not, whether any thing can be said more impious.  
The Paternal Empire, as it was in itself hereditary, so was it, as other Goods are, alienable by Patent, and seizable by an Usurper. Thus amongst the first Fathers of Families, dispersed by the Confusion of Babel, was Nimrod, who, being (no doubt) by good Right Lord or King over his own Family, and not contented therewith did against Right enlarge his Empire by violently seizing on the Rights of other Fathers of Families, and laid the Foundation of the first of those great Kingdoms, which for the vast Extent of their Dominions were called the four Monarchies of the World. Yet this Power he got by Usurpation, and not by any Election of, or Faction with the People or Multitude.  
The Dominions indeed of Princes anciently were but small, consisting generally but of Cities apiece, with the adjacent Territories. Thus in a little Corner of Asia nine Kings met at once in Battle: In the small Circuit of the Land of Canaan Joshuah destroyed one and thirty Kings: Adonibezek made seventy Kings, whose Thumbs and Toes he had cut off, to feed under his Table: Two and thirty Kings came to Benhadad King of Syria: and seventy Kings of Greece went to the Wars of Troy.  
But in process of Time, partly by Conquest, partly by Lineal Succession, and partly by the Session of many little Princes, these Petty Kingdoms were united, and greater Monarchies erected. Whence, though Kings are not now the Natural Parents of their Subjects, yet they all either are, or are to be reputed, the next Heirs to those Progenitors, who were at first the Natural Parents of the whole people, and, as such, succeed to the Exercise of Sovereign Jurisdiction, not only over their own Children, but over their Brethren, and all that were subject to their Fathers.  
As long as the first Fathers lived, they were properly called Patriarches; but when the Fatherhood itself was extinct, and the Right only descended to the next Heir, they were more significantly styled Kings and Princes.  
If through Negligence the Knowledge of the true Heir to any Kingdom be lost (for the Right itself never can) yet does not the Supremacy devolve to the multitude, who never yet had right to Rule, or choose their Rulers; but to the Princes and independent Heads of Families, and (because the Dependency of ancient Families is frequently obscure, and worn out of Knowledge) to such persons, as the Wisdom of the precedent Monarches thought fit to adopt for Heads of Families, and Princes of Provinces These, and none but these, have it such Case alone Power to consent in uniting or conferring their Fatherly Right of Sovereign Authority, o● whom they please. Nor does the person, thus elected, hold his Power as a Donative from the People, but from GOD, from whom alone he receives his Royal Charter of Universal Father, though testified by the Ministry of the Heads of the People.  
And although I do not say, that all popular Governments are so far unlawful, as to oblige them (things being, as they are) to subject themselves to Monarchy; yet this I must aver, as a most undoubted Truth, that no other Government, but Monarchy, had ever any lawful Original, there never having been any Nation, which was not for many years governed by Kings, until Wantonness, Ambition, or Faction of the People made them attempt new ways of Regiment: which Mutations always proved bloody, and miserable to their Authors, and happy in nothing, but the short time of their Duration.  
The Excellency of Monarchy is not only manifest by the Divineness of its Original, 
Excellency.  but also by the singular Advantages, it has over any other Form of Government.  
The chief End of Government is, that the People may (according to the Apostle) Led a quiet and peaceable Life in all Godliness and Honesty. Consequently whereunto we find, that in all Monarchies, both before the Law of Moses, under it, and ever since, whether Grecian, or Barbarian, Jewish, or Pagan, Christian, or Turkish, a singular Care has been taken for Religion, the Priests whereof have been always had in such Respect and Veneration, as to have an eminent Share in the Administration of the Government. But in all popular States, their main Devotion being exercised only in opposing and suppressing Monarchy, their next is to exclude the Clergy from meddling with Government, wherein the United Netherlands and Venice (of which it is commonly said, that the one hath all Religions, and the other none) do at this day agree.  
As for Peace, it is well known, that no people ever enjoyed it without Monarchy. The Lacedæmonians preserved themselves by warring, and when they had gotten the Empire, were presently undone: for they could not live at rest, knowing no better Exercise than that of War: And whereas the main Preservatives of Peace are the Durability and Order of the Government, if we examine the most flourishing Democracy, that ever was in the World, viz. that of Rome, we shall find, that the Duration thereof from the expulsion of Tarquin to Julius Caesar was but four hundred and eighty years, whereas both the Assyrian Monarchy lasted without interruption at least twelve hundred, and the Empire of the East fourteen hundred ninety five.  
And from Order they were so far, that, during these four hundred and eighty years, there was not any settled Form of Government in Rome: for having once lost the Natural Power of Kings, they could not find whereon to rest. They first chose out of the Senators annual Consuls, who had, during the short Time of their Government, full Regal Power: About sixteen years after the first Creation of Consuls, the Commons by Sedition prevailed, and chose among themselves Tribunes of the People to preserve their Liberty: About forty years after they left Tribunes and Consuls, and chose ten Men to make them Laws: These after three years they displaced, and set up Tribunes and Consuls again: Not long after they demanded, that one of the Consuls might be chosen out of the Commonalty, which after a Dispute of threescore and eighteen years they carried by the stubbornness of the Tribunes, who, for five years together hindering the Election of the greater Magistrates, forced the Nobles to yield to their Request, lest an Anarchy should destroy them all: Sometimes they chose Dictator's, who were Temporary Kings, sometimes Military Tribunes with Consulary Power: One while the Senate made Laws, another while the People: In fine such and so frequent were their Alterations in Government, that the best Historians are not able to find any perfect Form of Regiment in so much Confusion. And if the Government of Rome may be said to have been for some time popular; yet it was so to the City of Rome alone, all the rest of the Dominions being shared into Provinces, over which their Proconsul's, Propraetors, and Legates exercised Regal Authority: so impossible it is to govern a Kingdom, much more many Kingdoms by the whole or greatest part of the People.  
And though Rome in the time of her Popularity bred many admired Commanders (several of which were but very ill requited by the People) by whose Conduct she gained such Victories abroad, as amazed the World; yet even then did the Tragical Slaughter of her Citizens at home deserve Commiseration from her vanquished Enemies. Nor were all of them able to support her in times of danger; but in her greatest Troubles she was forced to create a Dictator, whose Authority was absolute and unappealable, testifying thereby, that the last Refuge in Perils of State is to have recourse to Regal Authority.  
And whatever may be pretended to be the Inconveniences of Monarchy, yet cannot it be denied, but that they are all outweighed by the Sedition, which necessarily attends Popularity: There not having been a quarter of the Blood shed in Rome by the Cruelty of all her Tyrannical Emperors, as was by Seditions in the last hundred years of her glorious Commonwealth, when the Blood was sucked up in the Market-places with Sponges, the Current of the River Tiber stopped with the slaughtered Bodies of Citizens, and the Common Privies stuffed full of them. For the Cruelty of Tyrants rarely extends any farther, than to some particular persons, that offend them: so that a King can never be so notoriously vicious, but he will generally favour Justice, and maintain Order, except in the particulars, where he is swayed by his inordinate Passion. For the Multitude of People, and the abundance of their Riches, whose Bodies do him service in War, and whose Goods supply his present Wants, being the only Strength and Glory of every Prince, Natural Love to himself, if not Affection to his People will make him desirous to preserve the Lives, and protect the Goods of his Subjects, which, as it cannot be done without Justice, so if it be not done, the Prince's Loss is thereby the greatest. But in a popular State, every man knowing, that the Public Good does not depend wholly upon his Care, they all mind chief their private Benefit, none taking the Public to be his own Business: whence it follows, that every man (as it is said of Israel, when they had no King) does that, which is right in his own Eyes. And this is the Original of that unnatural State of War, which some are pleased to miscall the Natural Liberty of Mankind, where every man pretending a Right to every thing, there is none, that can have the least Security of any thing, he enjoys, nor yet of his very Life: since he may be deprived thereof by any one, that shall prove stronger than hinself.  
The Island of Great Britain has always had that happiness, 
Britain always Governed by Monarches.  as never to be subject to any other Government, but the Monarchical. Not that the whole Island was always under the Command of one Monarch, (which as some say) it never was till since the Uniting of the Crowns of England and Scotland by King James, there being at Caesar's Arrival here no fewer than four Kings found in Kent alone. But that these were so many Sovereign Princes, reigning absolutely over their own small Dominions, who, at the Invasion of the Romans, joined together in a Confederacy for their mutual Defence, of which they made by common Consent Cassibelan their Head. The Words of Caesar are Summa imperii bellique administrandi communi consilio permissa est Cassivellauno: from whence some would infer, that the Britain's had no King in time of Peace, but that Cassibelan was by Consent of a great Common Council chosen King and General against his Landing: Contracting herein Caesar himself, who not only affirms, that there were four Kings within the County of Kent, whose Names he likewise gives us; but also describes Cassibelans' Territory to have been bounded by the River Thames, which divided it from the Maritime Provinces, and to have extended eighty Miles from the Sea, telling us withal, that, whereas before his Arrival Cassibelan was in continual Wars with the Neighbouring States, the British Princes, in this common danger of foreign Invasion, united in a defensive League, and unanimously chose him for their Leader.  
Nor was Britain brought under the Power of the Romans, till that, the Popular State of Rome being after manifold Alterations ruined by its own Strength, Civil Contentions had at last resettled the Government into a Monarchy.  
And although the Invasions of Foreigners, the ill Conduct of our Kings, the Ambition of the Princes of the Blood, the Faction of the Nobility, and the Sedition of the Vulgar have sometimes caused Disturbance in the State; yet never was there any Attempt to abolish Monarchical Government in this Island, till such time as, a certain  Frenchman, having invented a new fangled Ecclesiastical Government, agreeing (said King James) with Monarchy, as GOD with the Devil, which by animating the People to Rebellion against, and Expulsion of their Lawful Prince, he introduced into Geneva, his Fanatical Disciples here in Great Britain, labouring to establish their Diana of the Presbyterian Discipline, and combining with certain Gentlemen, who by reading the Books of such ancient Historians, as, living under Popular States, decried Regal Authority by the Name of Tyranny, and extolled the Popular by the Name of Liberty (though never any Tyrant was half so cruel as a Popular State) had imbibed Democratical Principles, raised a formidable Rebellion against the Father of his present Sacred Majesty, who, being by the Presbyterians outed of all his Regal Prerogatives, made a private man and a Prisoner, and charged with the Gild of all the Blood, shed in the Rebellion, was by their younger Brethren the Independents (consequently thereunto) under a pretended Form of Justice barbarously beheaded on a Scaffold, erected for that purpose before the Gates of his own Royal Palace: Giving occasion to that (no less true, than) witty Saying, That the Independents murdered Charles Stuart, but the, Presbyterians killed the King.  
But tho, after this horrid Murder of the best of Kings, all the Art● that the Malice of Men or Devil● could imagine, was made use of t● change this Kingdom into a Commonwealth; yet so naturally are the People of this Island inclined to submit to nothing but Monarchy, that the● could find no settlement (having in th● space of twelve years tried no fewer, than five several sorts of Regiment) till the universal Genius of the Isle by mighty, though invisible, Influence concurred to recall their exiled Sovereign, and re-establish their ancient Government.   

CHAP. V Of the Discovery, Invasion, and Conquest of Britain by the Romans.  
ABout the Year of the World 3913, 
Discovery.  and fifty three years before the Birth of CHRIST, the Britain's, having notice, that Julius Caesar, the Roman General in Gallia, displeased with them for having assisted the rebellious Gauls, intended to invade their Country, and fearing the Consequence of his Ambition, and usual Success, to avert his Design, sent Ambassadors to him with promise of Hostages and Obedience to the Roman Empire. These, after Audience given, he sent back, promising them fair, and exhorting them to continue firm in these Resolutions: and with them his Confident Comius, on whom he had bestowed the Kingdom of Arras to signify to them his Intentions of coming speedily over in person, giving him private Instructions to manage his Interest secretly with the Princes and States of Britain, and to gain a Roman Party in the Island.  
Gaesar in the mean time, having sent Caius Volusenus to spy out the Coasts, drew down his Forces into the Country of the Morini about Bulloign, from whence was the shortest Passage into Britain. Here he commands a general Rendezvouz of all his Naval Forces, summoning from all parts his Shipping.  
Volusenus after five days Sail being returned with such small Discoveries, as, not daring to land for fear of the Britain's, he had been able to make from aboard his Ship, Caesar, who had with him two Legions, ordirily amounting to five and twenty thousand Foot, and four thousand five hundred Horse of Romans and their Allies, having embarked the Foot in eighty Ships of Burden, besides the Galleys distributed amongst the Commanders, and commanding the Horse, whom he sent eight Miles upward to another Haven, where eighteen Ships, appointed for them lay wind-bound, to follow him with speed, about the third Watch of the Night with a good Gale set off for Britain: In sight whereof coming by Ten in the Morning, and finding that Place, which was a narrow Bay, close environed with Hills, upon every one whereof he beheld Multitudes of armed men, no way commodious for Landing, having called a Council of War, to whom he imparted the Discoveries, made by Volusenus, and gave necessary Orders, his whole Fleet being now come up, about three in the Afternoon he weighed Anchor, and with a favourable Wind and Tide removed eight Miles thence to a plain and open Shore, commonly supposed to be about Deal in Kent.  
The Britain's, who watched his Motions, sending their Horse and Chariots before, their Infantry speeding after, undauntedly assaulted the Romans under their very Ships, and gave them so smart a Welcome, that Caesar himself, though endeavouring by all means to excuse it, could not yet deny, but that the resolute Opposition of the Britain's made his Soldiers forget their wont Valour.  
By the help nevertheless of his Galleys, which, as more apt for Motion, he commanded to row up against the open side of the Enemy, the unusual strangeness whereof, together with the Rattling of their Oars, and the fierce Battery of the Engines set up in them, made the amazed Britain's stand a little at a Bay; and by the great Courage of the Standard-bearer of the tenth Legion, who, seeing, that the Romans, fearing the Depth of the Sea, or (more probably) the Readvancement of the Enemy, durst not quit their Ships, having first invocated the Gods, leapt over board and with his Eagle advanced, marched boldly against the Britain's, the Foot were with much difficulty disembarkt, and the wearied Islanders after a sharp dispute forced to retire, whom Caesar for want of his Horse, that were yet kept back by the wind, was not able to pursue.  
The Britain's, finding themselves overmastered, had now made their Peace, sent in some Hostages, and promised more, and several of their Princes had submitted themselves and States to Caesar, lying encamped, as 'tis thought, upon Barham-Down, when an unlookt-for Accident put them upon new Counsels. For the eighteen Ships, which had been left behind to transport the Roman Horse, being four days after Caesar's Arrival come within sight of the Camp, were by a sudden Tempest dispersed, and that Night most of them lost: Their Galleys also, which had been haled ashore, being the same Night covered with a Springtide, and their Ships, that lay off at Anchor, sorely shattered.  
This the British Princes perceiving, and from the Compass of their Camp, which without Baggage was the smaller, guessing at the Number of the Roman Forces, consulted together, and, secretly one by one withdrawing from the Camp, resolved to stop all Provisions, and to protract the Business unto Winter: judging, that if they could now destroy their Enemies, or intercept their Return, none would ever after dare to invade them.  
Caesar from his own Condition, and the Britain's neglecting to send their Hostages, suspecting, what was like to happen, got up, what Corn he could, and with Materials fetched from the Continent, and the Remains of such Ships, as were quite spoiled, repaired the rest: so that by the indefatigable Industry of his Soldiers all of them, but twelve, were in a short time made serviceable.  
While this was doing, Caesar advertized by the Sentinels at the Camp-Gates, that an unusual Dust was seen to arise from that part of the Country, whither the seventh Legion was gone forth to forage, taking with him the Cohorts of his Guards, and commanding all the rest, but two, who were to keep the Camp, to speed after him, came very opportunely, to assist his Legion, that was now overborn by the Britain's, who, not doubting but their Enemies would on the morrow return to that Place, which they had only left unreaped of all their Harvest, had laid themselves in Ambush, and, whilst the Romans were dispersed, and busy at their Labour, set upon them, killed some, and routed the rest, and had now enclosed them with their Horse and Chariots, when Caesar's Arrival caused the Britain's to retire, and he, not thinking it convenient to offer them Battle, drew off his Legions to the Camp.  
Foul weather for many days after hindering all Action on both sides, the Britain's by dispatching Messengers into all parts, signifying to what small number their Enemies were reduced, the great Hopes, there was of Spoil, and of freeing their Country from future Invasion, if they could now make the Romans a severe Example, had got together great Multitudes both of Horse and Foot, whom Caesar having after a fierce Encounter put to flight, pursued, as far as he could, and in his return burnt and laid waist all about him. The Britain's the same day sent Ambassadors to him to treat of Peace, who, glad no doubt, that he could return with some Show of Honour, whereas, if they had delayed but a little he must either have forsaken the Island, or else perished for want of Provisions, enjoined only (for so great a Breach of Faith) a double number of Hostages, to be sent him into Gallia, and about Midnight set Sail for the Continent, whence sending to Rome an account of his Attempt, the Senate for this Discovery decreed twenty days of Thanksgiving to the Gods.  

Invasion.  The Britain's not sending their Hostages, Caesar, at his Departure (according to annual Custom) for Rome, commanded his Legates to provide, what possible Shipping they could, ordering them to be low-built for the easier Fraughtage, and better haling ashore, and flat-bottomed for the more convenient Transporting of Horse.  
Finding at his Return six hundred such in readiness, with twenty eight Galleys, and above two hundred Adventurers, and other Hulks, in all a thousand, about Sunset with sieve Legions and two thousand Horse hoisting Sail from Port Iccius, he was at Midnight becalmed: so that at  descrying the Island to bear left of him, he turned about with the Tide, and by the unwearied Labour of his Soldiers, who cheerfully tugged at the Oar, came up about Noon near the same Place, which the year before he had found so convenient for Landing.  
At his Arrival no Enemy was seen, the Britain's, who had been there in great Numbers, being withdrawn into the higher Countries, terrified with the Sight of so vast a Fleet.  
Having landed his Army, encamped to the best advantage, and learned of some Fugitives, where to find the Britain's, leaving Quintus Atrius with ten Cohorts and three hundred Horse to guard his Ships, about the third Watch of the Night he advanced with his main Body twelve Miles into the Country, where upon the Banks of a River, commonly thought to be the Stowr in Kent, he sees embattelled the British Forces, who with their Horse and Chariots, having possessed themselves of the upper Ground, smartly opposed the Romans March; but repulsed by their Enemy's Cavalry, retired into the Woods to a Place, fortified both by Art and Nature, cast up, as it seemed, in time of Wars amongst themselves, the Passages whereto were on all sides blocked up with huge Trees, felled and laid overthwart one another, within which they did their utmost to keep out the Romans, till the seventh Legion, having raised a Mount, and locked their Shields close over their Heads like a Roof, without much loss of Blood took the Place, and drove the Britain's from their Holds, whom yet Caesar would not pursue through unknown ways; but, Evening drawing on, more wisely employed the Time in fortifying another Camp, and refreshing his Soldiers.  
Next Morning early three Bodies of Roman Horse and Foot, sent to seek the Enemy, were not yet got out of sight, when News, coming Post from Q. Atrius, that most of the Fleet, wracked that Night by a sudden Tempest, lay split on the Shore, made Caesar call back his Forces, and return to his Ships: of which finding about forty▪ utterly lost, and the rest so shattered, as not to be new rigged without much Labour, he assembled, what Shipwrights he could, both from his own Legions, and the Continent, sending Orders to Labienus, whom he had left to make good the Port in Gallia, to fall a Building more; and in ten day's time, not respiting his Soldiers either Night or Day, drew up all his Ships, and entrenched them within his Camp.  
This done, leaving there the former Guard, he marched up to the same Wood, where he had defeated the Britain's, whom he finds now repossessed of that Place with far greater Numbers, under the Command of Cassibelan, chosen by the British Princes, whom common Danger had now united, for their chief Leader: who with his Horse and Chariots stoutly fought the Roman Cavalry in their March, but being somewhat overmacht, retreated to the Woods and Hills, whither the Romans too eagerly pursuing them, the Britain's, rallying again, cut off the forwardest, and after a while, when Caesar, who thought all over, was busied about the entrenching of his Camp, of a sudding breaking out of their Coverts, fiercely assaulted the very Stations of his Guards and Sentries, and whilst two of the choicest Cohorts, drawn out of two Legions, and sent to the Alarm, stood at small distance from each other, amazed at the Novelty and Fierceness of the Fight, charged back again through the midst without Loss of a Man.  
Next Morning the Britain's showed themselves upon the Hills, and, though not so boldly as before, skirmished with the Roman Horse; but about Noon, Caesar having sent forth three Legions, and all his Horse to seek Fodder, they suddenly set upon the Foragers, and charged up after them to the very Legions and their Standards, where they were courageously repelled by the Romans, whose Horse, well seconded by their Foot, so closely pursued them, that the Britain's, not having leisure to rally, stand, or descend from their Chariots, were many of them slain, and the rest generally routed.  
Cassibelan, after this Overthrow, resolving in a manner to change the whole Nature of the War, disbanded many Auxiliary Forces, that had from all parts been sent him, and with the choicest of his Men, and four thousand Chariots, which he judged sufficient to hinder the Enemy's Incursions, set himself to attend Caesar's March: Who, advertized thereof, drew his Army toward the Frontiers of Cassibelans' Kingdom, which was bounded by the Thames, fordable only in one Place, conjectured to be about Coway Stakes near oatland's, where Cassibelan, having caused the Bank to be set with sharp Stakes, and the Ford knocked full of them, covered with Water, had drawn up his men in great numbers to oppose the Passage of the Romans, who, having notice of this Stratagem by their Captives, with greater Circumspection entered the River, first the Horse, than the Foot, wading up to the Neck in Water, so resolutely, and so fast, that the Britain's, having bestowed a few Darts upon them, reti●… into Woods and secret Coverts, where lining with their Horse and Chariots the Roads, through which Caesar was to pass, and driving the Inhabitants and their  into places of security within the Woods, with continual and unexpected Sallies upon the Roman Horse, cutting off some, and terrifying others, they compelled them so close together, that they could not fetch in Prey or Booty without ill success.  
The Affairs of Caesar, who had nothing left in his way but empty Fields and Houses, had now but a bad Aspect, his Army, whose Horse durst not stir out of the Protection of their Foot, being almost starved, when a Dissension, arising among the Britain's, brought them joyful News of a Supply. The Trinobantes, one of the most potent States amongst the Britain's, out of an old Grudge against Cassibelan, who had slain their King Immanuentius, and forced his Son Mandubratius, called also Androgori●… and Androgius, to secure his Life b● Flight into Gallia, sent Ambassador to Caesar, imploring his Protection● promising Obedience to the Roman State, and desiring Mandubratius, who was then with Caesar, to be sent to take Possession of his Father's Crown. Caesar granted their Request, having first demanded forty Hostages, and Provisions for his Army, which they sent in, and had their Confines protected from the Soldier.  
By their Example did several other States also submit themselves, from whom Caesar having learned, that Cassibelians chief Seat, supposed to be Verulam (near the now St. Alban) was not far off, fenced about with Woods and Marshes, and full of Men and  went thither, assaulted it in two Places, and after some Dispute forced the Britain's to fly out at a Postern Gate, and leave the Plunder of the Town to the Enemy, by whom many of them were cut off in their Flight.  
Yet did not Cassibelan desert himself, but sending into Kent, directed Cingetorix, Carvilius, Taximagulus, and Segonax, four Kings, reigning in those Countries, who still kept faithful to the Union, to raise, what Forces they could, and assault the Camp, where the Roman Shipping was entrenched; but these Kentish Soldiers being raw and unskilled, not able to endure one Sally, were totally routed, and Cingetorix made Prisonor.  
Cassibelan, informed of this Defeat, and seeing the treacherous Defection of so many States, for the Preservation of himself and Country, by the Mediation of Comius of Arras sent Ambassadors to Caesar, who, having enjoined him not to Molest Mandubratius and the Trinobantes, settled the Annual Tribute to be paid by the Britain's to Rome, and received Hostages, with a great number of Captives put off to Sea, having at twice embarked his whole Army. Returning to Rome, he offered to Venus Genitrix, the Patroness of his Family, a Corslet of British Pearls, as a Testimony of his Glorious Enterprise.  
Julius Caesar having now taken his last Farewell of Britain, the Romans, hindered partly by Civil Dissensions, and partly by other more urgent Affairs, had not the least Thoughts of making any farther Attempt against it for twenty Years together, when Octavius Augustus, now settled in the possession of the Roman Empire, having advanced as far as Gallia, in order to the reducing of Britain, was diverted by a Revolt in Pannonia: as he was seven Years after by the unsetledness of Gallia, and the coming of the British Ambassadors thither to him; and the Year following by new Commotions, arising in Spain. Being so often crossed in his Designs upon Britain, he no more bend his thoughts that way, being satisfied with the Respects, paid him by the British Princes, who courted his Friendship with Gifts offered in the Capitol, and other obsequious Addresses. The like amicable. Correspondence they held also with his Successor Tiberius, whom more highly to oblige, they courteously entertained, and sent home the Soldiers of Germanicus, cast by Tempest on their Shore. Caligula indeed, to whose Protection, Adminius, Son of Cunobelyn, banished by his Father, had betaken himself, making semblance to invade Britain, brought down all his Army to the Belgic Shore, where being informed, that the Britain's, having levied the Strength of their Nation, stood ready to oppose his Landing, if he should make any attempt upon them, he commanded his Soldiers, whom he supposed to have Lyncean Eyes, to take a full view of the British Forces, and having encouraged them not to fear their great Numbers, with unmatchable Valour rowed a Stones cast or two from the Shore, where resolutely defying the Britain's, he caused the Engines of Battery to be set up, the Trumpets to sound a Charge, and the Soldiers to fall on, but no Enemy appearing, he ordered them to plunder the Ocean of its Shells, and therewith fill their Helmets and Laps; and that the Memory of so Heroic an Enterprise might not be lost, he erected in the same place an high Tower, wherein Lights were set to direct Mariners in their Courses by Night, the Ruins whereof, sometimes seen at Low-Water on the Coast of Holland, are to this day by the Inhabitants ealled Briten-huis.  

Conquest.  The Britain's, for well-near an hundred Years after the departure of Julius Caesar, had been governed by their own Princes, unmolested by the Romans, to whom after the first breaking out of the Civil War they paid not any Tribute, except such easy Customs, as were levied on the Commodities, wherewith they traded into Gallia, when, intestine Divisions among themselves making way for a Roman Conquest, Claudius Drusus, now the third time Consul, instigated by the persuasions of Bericus (of whom there is no farther knowledge) and other Fugitives, whom the Britain's demanding, he had refused to deliver up, and they for that cause had denied farther Amity with Rome, resolved upon an Invasion of Britain, sending Orders to Aulus Plautius the Praetor to transport thither the Legions, lying in Gallia, who, complaining, that they must now be put to make War beyond the World's end, were at last with much difficulty prevailed upon, and from three several Ports set sail for Britain; but meeting with cross Winds, were driven back and disheartened, till in the Night a Meteor darting Flames from the East, and directing, as they fancied, their Course for this Island, they again put to Sea, and landed without opposition, the Britain's, who had heard of their Unwillingness, having neglected to provide against them, and now retiring into the Woods, where they intended to wear them out with Delays, as their Predecessors had formerly done Caesar.  
The British Armies were commanded by two young Sons of the deceased Cunobelyn, who, keeping their Forces separate, were by Plautius, after he had with much difficulty found them out, easily overcome, first Caractacus, than Togodumnus: Whereupon the Dobuni, formerly subject to the Catieuchlani, submitted themselves to the Conqueror, who, leaving a Garrison there, marched on to a certain River, where finding the Enemy, who thought, the Romans without a Bridge could not possibly get over, lying on the farther side careless and secure, he sent first the Germans, that were in his Army, whose Custom it was armed to swim with ease the strongest Current: These, having got footing on the other side, spent, as they were commanded, all their Darts on the Britain's Horses, which, falling dead in their Harness, rendered the Chariots, wherein consisted their chief Art of fight, not only unserviceable, but cumbersome, when Vespasian with his Brother Sabinus, sent by Plautius to second them, unexpectedly assailing those, who were least ware, with great slaughter forced the Enemy to retire: Who, yet the next day reuniting, with such Courage fought the Romans, that the Victory hung in suspense, till Caius Sidius Geta, in danger of being taken, valiantly recovering himself, turned the Scales on the Romans side, for which he afterwards at Rome received high Honours.  
The Britain's, after this, drew back to the Mouth of the Thames, which acquainted with the Shallows and Flats, they easily crossed, whom, their Enemies, unadvisedly following, were in great hazard of being lost; yet the Germans getting over by swimming, and others by a Bridge a little higher, so encompassed the Britain's, that they did great Execution upon them; but too eagerly pursuing them into Bogs and Marshes, lost as many of their own.  
Plautius, who in these Engagements had lost many of his Soldiers, perceiving the Courage of the Britain's rather inflamed, than cooled, by their Defeats, and their Rage exasperated by the Death of Togodumnus, slain in one of the former Encounters, durst not proceed any farther; but having been commanded by Claudius on any great Emergencies of Affairs to give him speedy Intelligence, accordingly sent to him, who, waiting ready with a vast Preparation, marched through Gallia, leading with him (so apprehensive was he of the Difficulty of this Enterprise) besides his Roman Legions, and the Auxiliaries of Germane and Gauls, many armed Elephants, to meet the naked Valour of the undaunted Britain's.  
Having with this Equipage crossed the Channel, he directly joined Plautius, who with the Residue of his Men lay encamped at the Mouth of the Thames to secure his Landing, and having past the River, discovered the Britain's, who, having the Courage, but wanting the Conduct of old Cassibelan, scrupled not with daring Manhood to combat in open Field almost the whole Power of the Roman Empire, whereby being overcome, Camalodunum (now Maldon) the Royal Seat of Cunobelyn, with many other important Places, some by Force, others by Treaty, were yielded up to Claudius, who for these Successes was often by his Army saluted Imperator, a Title before this time never given above once to any in the same War, as if there could not Honour enough be given to so great Achievements.  
Claudius, having disarmed the Britain's, but remitted the Confiscations of their Goods, for which they, who (by their former long acquaintance with the Romans) were well-skild in all the Arts of Flattery, erected Temples, and offered Sacrifices to him, as to a God, leaving Plautius to subdue, what remained, returned to Rome, whence he had been absent only six Months, and in Britain but sixteen Days, sending before him the News of his Victories to the Senate, who for such transcendent Merits decreed excessive Honours: Arches, Triumphs, annual Solemnities, and the Surname of Britannicus both to himself and Son.  
From this Time Britain may be reckoned amongst the Provinces of the Roman Empire, whereunto it now began to be subjected, though not without great Resistance of the Inhabitants, who after the departure of Claudius gave Plautius' Work enough to deserve at his Return to Rome a petty Triumph, riding on the Emperor's Right hand into the Capitol, Triumphal Ornaments and other Honours being given also to Vespasian, who in these Wars had subdued two powerful Nations, above twenty Towns, and the Isle of Wight. Nor was Ostorius Scapula, the Successor of Plautius, less busied, the Britain's, who were not yet subdued, at his very first Coming making Incursions upon those, who had submitted to the Romans; but he, by an unexpected Assault overcoming them, and disarming all those, of whom he had any Suspicion, placed many Garrisons upon the Rivers Sabrina and Antona. Then having vanquished the Iceni, and spoiled the Country of the Cangi, supposed to be a small Territory in Cheshire, he was come to the Irish Sea, when he was recalled by Commotions amongst the brigants, whom, by punishing some, and pardoning the rest, he soon quieted, and having planted Camal●dunum with a Colony of Veteran Soldiers, he marched forth against the Silureses, who under the Command of Caractacus, upon whose Courage and Conduct they very much relied, were at a place (supposed to be Caer Caradoc on the West Edge of Shropshire) not without great Slaughter of the Romans, whom, not able to endure the Galling of the British Darts, they forced to make a Testudo of their Shields at length overcome, the Wife and Daughter of Caractacus taken Prisoners, his Brethren reduced, and I himself by Cartismandua, Queen o● the brigants, to whom he fled fo● Protection, treacherously delivered up to the Romans, against whom he had held out nine years, and by them sent to Rome, where the Gallantry of his Deportment in his Afflictions procured Pardon for himself and all the rest. To Ostorius, whose Actions were esteemed equal to theirs, that had brought in Bonds to Rome the greatest Princes, was a Triumph decreed by the Senate.  
After this, though those Britain's, that were yet unsubjected, did with perpetual Skirmishes and Excursions so infest the Roman Province, that the very Vexation of it cost Ostorius his Life, yet did the Romans still keep their Hold, and by Degrees extend their Conquests: till about the third year of Nero, Boadicea, Widow to Prasutagus, King of the Iceni, who at his death had made the Emperor Co-heir with his two Daughters, taking advantage of the Absence of Paulinus Suetonius the Governor, who, having subdued many British Nations, was busied in conquering the Isle of Mona (now called Anglesey) to revenge the barbarous Usage, herself and Daughters had received from the Romans, solicited the Britain's, already by the Oppressions of Catus Decianus the Procurator, Seneca the Philosopher, and others deeply discontented, and by the intolerable Licentiousness of the Soldiery highly exasperated, to a Revolt; and having sacked Camalodunum, routed Petilius Crealis, and cut his Legion to Pieces, destroyed London and Verulam, and slain seventy thousand Romans and their Allies, she endangered the utter Extirpation of the Roman Government in this Island, when Suetonius, who was opportunely returned out of Anglesey, having got together about ten thousand men, at one Battle overthrew her Army of two hundred and thirty thousand, fourscore thousand whereof he slew, with the loss only of four hundred Romans, and as many more wounded: the Grief of which Defeat, assisted (as some say) by Poison, put a Period to the Life of Boadicea.  
Britain, which was well-nigh lost, being thus by one Battle recovered, the vindicative Nature of Suetonius, who, though otherwise a very worthy person, over-proud of his Victory, gave too much way to his Anger against the Britain's, caused those, that were yet untamed, to stand out, encouraged the rather thereunto by the Differences between him and the new Procurator Julius Classicianus. But Suetonius being recalled, his Successor Petronius Turpilianus, set himself wholly to quiet the Province, without making any new Attempts, so that thenceforward the Britain's, who lived unmolested, beginning to suck in the Pleasures of Vice, were more enslaved by the Roman Luxuries, than ever they had been by their Arms.  
In this posture Affairs continued here, till that Vespasian, having taken possession of the Empire, sent hither Petilius Crealis, who had many Battles with the brigants, over whom though he obtained some Victories, yet he had always enough of War. His Successor Julius Frontinus subdued the stout and warlike Nation of the Silureses. But Julius Agricola, sent into Britain in the last year of Vespasian, extended the Roman Limits beyond all his Predecessors: For at his very entrance into this Government he overthrew, and almost extirpated the whole Nation of the Ordovices, and gained the Isle of Mona, from the Possession whereof the Rebellion of the Britain's had called back Suetonius. After which by proportionating with Equality the imposed Tribute, removing the Exactions and exorbitant Fees of Officers, and bridling the Extravagance and Licentiousness of his Domestics and Soldiers, he brought the People to be in love with Peace, which before seemed no less formidable to them, than War itself: So that having first by many Inroads terrified the Enemy, and then by his gentle Demeanour alured them, several Cities, which hitherto had refused to bend, voluntarily submitted to him, gave Hostages, and received Garrisons, for which he providently chose Places of such advantage, that never any of them was either forced, yielded up, or quitted. Then encouraging the Britain's, who before lived rude and scattered, to build Houses, Temples, and Places for Public Resort, he taught them the Institutes and Customs of a Civil Life, causing their Nobleman's Sons to be instructed in the Liberal Sciences, and by preferring the Wits of Britain before those of Gallia, bringing them, who before hated the Roman Language, to be in love with the Latin Eloquence. Now likewise came in the Gown, and other Fashions of the Romans, and by Degrees all those Incitements of Vice, and Voluptuous Living, which the Luxurious miscall Civility.  
Glota and Bodotria (called at this day Dunbritton and Edinborough Friths) two opposite Arms of the Sea, disjoined only by a Neck of Land, with all the Creeks and Inlets on this Side, being now held by the Romans, and the Enemy shut up (as it were) in another Island, Agricola passed over into, and subdued Nations, till then unknown, supposed to be the Orcadeses, and other Scotch Isles, and placed Garrisons likewise in that part of Britain, which faced Ireland, at the Conquest whereof he also aimed, courteously entertaining for that purpose one of the Irish Kings, driven out of his Country by Civil Wars, whom he kept with him for a fit Occasion.  
But an Apprehension of a general Rising of the Nations beyond Bodotria called him away from this design: for understanding, that they had forelaid the Passages by land, he commanded his Fleet to bear along the Shores, and up the Friths and Harbours, himself with even Marches keeping up close to it, so that both Land and Sea Forces joined commonly at night with Shouts and loud Greetings: Which much daunted the Britain's, not accustomed to see their Sea so ridden.  
Yet the Caledonians, generally taking Arms, and attacking sundry Castles, struck no small Terror into several of the Roman Commanders, who, concealing their Fears under the Name of cautious Counsel, advised the General to retreat on this side Bodotria. But he, whose Resolutions were otherwise, having Intelligence, that the Enemy would fall on in many Bodies, divided also his Army into three parts: Which the Britain's learning, changed Counsels, and with all their Forces assailed by night that part of the Roman Army, which they knew to be the weakest, whom surprising between Sleep and Fear, they had now begun some Execution, when Agricola, who was informed of their March, following them at the Heels, commanded the lightest of his Horse and Foot to charge on their Backs, the whole Army soon seconding them with a Shout: So that by approach of Day the Caledonians, finding themselves encompassed with the glittering Roman Ensigns, after a sharp Fight betook themselves to their old Refuge, the Woods and Boggs, or else that day had probably made a total End of the War. The Romans, reencouraged with this Success, and now boasting, who but ere while trembled, with one voice cried out to be led on, as far as there was any British Ground. Nor did the Britain's, who imputed that Day's Victory not to the Valour of their Enemies, but to the Policy of their General, abate any thing of their Stoutness; but arming their Youth, and conveying their Wives and Children to places of Safety, with solemn and sacred vows bound themselves to mutual assistance against the common Adversary.  
In the mean time a Cohort of Vsipians, here in Britain, having slain their Centurion, and other Officers in a Mutiny, fearing Punishment, fled to Sea without any Pilot in three Pinnaces, and being driven at random about the Coast, used Piracy, where they landed, till, after various Fortunes, taken first by the Suevians, afterwards by the Frisians, they were sold into Britain, where being known, they first discovered to the Romans, that Britain was an Island.  
The Summer following Agricola, having gained this Knowledge, sending forth his Navy to scour the Coasts, and by various and uncertain Landings to divert and disunite the Enemy, with a flying Army, wherein were many Britain's, whose Courage and Fidelity he had long experienced, came as far as the Mountain Grampius, where the Caledonians to the number of thirty thousand were assembled under the command of Galgacus, whom both his Birth and Merit made their chief Leader. He by his rough Oratory in detestation of Servitude and the Roman Yoke having augmented the Eagerness of his Followers, and Agricola having incited his by exhorting them to Glory and Victory, the Armies joined Battle, where after a vehement and various Contest the Romans clearly won the Day, ten thousand of their Enemies being slain, and the rest so totally discomfited, that the next day there was not a Man of them to be seen, all being fled, none knew whither.  
Agricola, informed hereof by his Scouts, Summer being far spent, and it being now no fit Time to divide his Forces, leads his Army amongst the Horesti, thought to be the Inhabitants of Eskdale in Scotland, from whom having received Hostages, he commanded his Navy to sail round Britain, whilst himself with slow Marches, that he might awe the new-conquered Nations by his Delay in passing, placed his Men in their Winter Quarters. His Fleet, having prosperously and speedily compassed the Isle, put in at the Port Trutulensis, now Richborough, near Sandwich, from whence it first set out.  
Agricola, envied by the Emperor Domitian, in the fourth year of whose Reign, Anno CHRISTI 86. this Victory was gotten, was soon after recalled, leaving his Province to his Successor quiet and secure.  
The Roman Province in Britain, extended thus by Agricola as far as Glota & Bodotria, or the Friths of Dunbritton and Edinburgh, was by the Emperor Hadrian, following the Advice of Augustus and Tiberius to gird the Empire within moderate Bounds, reduced to a narrower Compass. For he, giving the Northern Nations, no longer now called Britain's, but henceforth first Caledonians, afterward Picts & Scots, more Room to Inhabit, quitted the colder and more barren Soils, reserving only the most delicate Part of the Island, which, to hinder the Caledonian Boars from breaking in and rooting it up, he enclosed (like a precious Garden-Plot) with a mighty Wall of fourscore Miles in length from the Bay of Itun (or Solway-Frith) on the Irish Sea to Tinmouth on the Germane Ocean: Which Wall, decayed by the Injuries of Time, and the Incursions of the Enemy, was re-edified by the Emperor Septimius Severus, who fortified it with a deep Trench, and many Turrets, erected at such convenient Distances, that the Sound of a Trumpet, though against the Wind, might be heard from one to another. In the same Wall also is said to have been artificially set a Brazen Trunk, which, running from Tower to Tower, served upon the Invasion of the Enemy to give speedy and secret Intelligence. But this Wall now lying along, and no Pipe remaining, many Tenants at this day hold Farms of the King in Cornage, whereby they are obliged by winding of an Horn to give Notice to their Neighbours of the Enemies Approach.  
Agricola, having thus conquered all the Southern Part of this Island, abrogated most of the ancient Rites and Customs of the Britain's, in the Room whereof the Roman Laws, Usages, and Learning began here to Flourish. Their humble Cottages he changed into fair Houses and stately Palaces, superb Porticoes, and sumptuous Baths: Their Diet was now more curious, and their Apparel more magnificent: Their cumbersome Chariots were turned into the Coaches and delicate Litters of Rome, and for the Convenience of Travel Roads and Causies began to be made through the whole Island, and paved with Stone.   

CHAP. VI How Britain was governed under the Romans.  
BRITAIN, not being annexed to the Roman Empire till after the Division of Provinces made by Augustus, had this Privilege above other Nations, that it was never subject to any Consular or Proconsular Deputy after the manner of other Provinces; but was always esteemed to be Praesidialis, or under the immediate Protection of the Emperor, held by his Garrisons, and governed by Lieutenants, sent and recalled at his sole Will and Pleasure.  
The Britain's had also (even within the Roman Pale) for a time Kings of their own, the last of which was Lucius, surnamed Lever-maur, who flourished in the time of the Emperor Commodus Antoninus. This, though it carried with it a certain show of Liberty, was yet only the usual Method of the Roman State, first practised in the Time of their Democratick Government, when their Insolence was such, as to make Kings the Instruments of their Ambition, whom they first drew up with Plumes of Majesty, and seemed even to adore; but, when their Turns were once served, with as great Contempt and Ingratitude (according to the constant Humour of Commonwealths) they trampled upon them.  
For the governing of Britain one Legate was thought sufficient, till the Emperor Septimius Severus, finding by experience, that it was a Province too great and powerful to be trusted in the hands of one Man, first divided it into two Governments, committing the North part thereof to Virius Lupus, and the South to Heraclitus.  
From the Time of Constantin the Great there were no more Propraetors or Lieutenants in Britain: For he, having ordained four Prefects of the Praetorium, viz. of the East, of Illyricum, of Italy, and of Gaul, and two Leaders or Commanders of the Forces, the one of the Foot, the other of the Horse, in the West, whom they termed Praesentales, ordered the Government of Britain in this manner.  
For Civil Government there ruled over Britain the Perfect of the Praetorium in Gaul, whose Vicegerent was the Vicar General of Britain, honoured with the Title Spectabilis, and having under him (according to the number of the Provinces) two Consular Deputies, and three Precedents, who had the hearing of Civil and Criminal Causes.  
For Military Affairs, there ruled the Leader or Commander of the Foot in the West, under whom were the Count of Britain, the Count of the Saxon Coast along Britain, and the Duke of Britain, every one of which was likewise styled Spectabilis.  
The Count of Britain seemeth to have ruled the Inland parts of the Island, having with him seven Companies of Foot, and nine Troops of Horse.  
The Count of the Saxon Coast along Britain, who defended the Maritime parts against the Saxons, and is by Ammianus called Comes tractûs Maritimi, had for Defence of the Seacoasts seven Companies of Foot, two Guidons of Horse, the second Legion, and one Cohort.  
The Duke of Britain, who defended the Frontiers against the Barbarians, had the Command of thirty eight Garrison-Forts, wherein fourteen thousand Foot and nine hundred Horse kept their Stations: so that in those days (according to the Computation of Pancirolus) Britain maintained about nineteen thousand two hundred Foot, and seventeen hundred Horse in ordinary.  
Besides these, the Comes sacrarum largitionum, who managed the Emperor's Finances, had under him in Britain the Rationalis or Auditor of the Sums or Revenues of Britain, the Provost of the Augustian Treasures in Britain, and the Procurator of the Gynegium in Britain, where the  of the Emperor and his Soldiers were woven.  
The Comes rerum Privatarum had also his Rational of private State in Britain, to say nothing of other inferior Officers.   

CHAP. VII. Of the first introducing of Christianity into Britain: The Conversion of King Lucius: The Persecution under Dioclesian: The Establishment of the Christian Faith by Constantin.  
AS the rude and barbarous Manners of the Britain's gave place to the Roman Civility: so the Bloody Cruelties of their Idolatrous Superstitions were abrogated by the Introduction of Christian Religion, for the admittance whereof a Passage was opened by means of the Correspondence between Britain and the rest of the Roman Empire.  
It was in the Year of the World 3966. the two and fortieth of the Emperor Augustus, fifty three Years after the first Arrival of Julius Caesar in Britain, and the third Year of the British King Cunobelyn, the whole World then enjoying a general Peace, that the Prince of Peace, our ever-blessed Lord and Saviour JESUS CHRIST, the only eternal Son of GOD, was miraculously born of a pure Virgin in Bethlehem, the City of David.  
This our glorious Redeemer, having for the space of three and thirty years led a Life, no less poor and painful, than holy and exemplary, offered himself upon a Cross to his eternal Father for to expiate the Sins of Mankind in the eighteenth year of the Emperor Tiberius, who, having received an Account of the Death of this Saint of Saints, as also of his great Virtue, and stupendious Miracles, from Pilate, then Governor of Judea, published it in the Senate, by whom he would have had CHRIST admitted into the number of the Roman Gods; but they, displeased, that Pilate wrote only to the Emperor, and not to them, would by no means consent thereunto.  
The Emperor however forbidding upon pain of Death all persons to persecute the Disciples of JESUS, 
Christianity brought into Britain.  the glorious Gospel, preached by his Apostles, upon whom, the better to enable them thereunto, he had fifty days after his Resurrection conferred the Gift of speaking unknown Languages by the Descending of the Holy Ghost, did even in the Days of this same Tiberius so far extend itself, as to spread its bright Beams upon this remote and frozen Island of Britain.  

St. James  In the Year of CHRIST 41. being the third of Caligula, the holy Apostle St. James, returning out of Spain, visited amongst other countries' this our Island, and here preached the Gospel, the effects whereof were so prevalent, that many stiffnecked Britain's submitted themselves to the easy Yoke of our Redeemer. Amongst these there is recorded one Suetonius, born of noble Parentage, who, being converted to the Christian Faith here in Britain, undertook a Voyage to Rome, that he might be more perfectly instructed by St. Peter, by whom being baptised, and named Beatus, he was after sufficient Instruction employed in the Apostolical Office of teaching others, and became the first Planter of Christianity amongst the Helvetians.  

St. Peter.  The great hope of happy Success is supposed chief to have induced St. Peter, when the Jews were banished Rome by the Fmperor Claudius, in whose second year he came thither, to repair into Britain, where he continued a long time, converting several Nations, and erecting many Churches, till warned by Angels, after he had constituted and ordained Bishops, Priests, and Deacons, he returned to Rome, and was there soon after crowned with Martyrdom.  
A tedious impatience to see the horrible Actions of Nero forced St. Paul also to quit Rome, 
St. Paul.  and disperse the precious Seed of the Gospel even as far as Britain. This is expressly testified by Venantius Fortunatus, who, in his Poem upon the Life of St. Martin, speaking of St. Paul, saith. 
Transit & Oceanum, vel quâ facit Insula Portum,  
Quasque Britannus habet Terras, atque ultima Thule.   
With St. Peter or St. Paul, 
St. Aristobulus.  one of whose Disciples he was, is St. Aristobulus supposed to have come into Britain, where being made a Bishop, he preached the Gospel of CHRIST, and having constituted Churches, and Ordained Priests and Deacons, here happily ended his Life.  

St. Joseph of Arimathea.  About the latter End of Nero's Reign and before the blessed Apostles St. Peter and St. Paul were consummated by a glorious Martyrdom, Suetonius Paulinus being Roman Lieutenant in Britain, St. Joseph of Arimathea, sent hither (as some say) by St. Peter, or (as others) by St. Philip the Apostle, with eleven Companions, entering into this Island, addressed himself to the British King Arviragus, who not only gave them permission freely to convert his Subjects, but extended also his Liberality to them, affording them a place of Retreat in an Island, called at that time Avalon, or the Isle of Apples, afterwards by the Britain's Iniswytrin, or the Glassy Island, by the Saxons in the same sense Glastney, and by the Latins Glasconia. Here the Holy Men made it their first Work to build for the Worship of the only true GOD a Temple or Church, which they dedicated to the Memory of the Holy Mother of GOD, and perpetual Virgin Mary, the Walls whereof were on all sides made of Rods, wattled or interwoven. In this the Fervour and Piety of our primitive Christians was so great, that it was deservedly called the Mother of Saints. The Memory of this Building was preserved by an Inscription cut in Brass, and heretofore fastened to a Pillar in Glastenbury Church, which, being rehearsed by Bishop Godwyn, Sir Henry Spelman caused to be entirely transcribed, and put into his Collection of British and English Counsels. To this their Solitude did St. Joseph and his Companions frequently repair, both to repose themselves after their Labours, and by undistracted Prayers to renew their Courage and Patience in their Apostolical Employment, laying thus the Foundation, and giving Example both of Active and Contemplative Life. Here did St. Joseph after near twenty years painful Labours change this mortal Life for an immortal one in the Year of our Lord 82. With him are said to have been buried two Silver Vessels, which he had brought along with him, filled with the precious Blood of our Saviour JESUS CHRIST.  
The Faith, thus planted by these Holy Apostles, daily here increasing, the British Christians are said in the Year of our Lord 100 to have sent an Ambassador to St. Clement, than Bishop of Rome, desiring him to communicate to them the Rites and Orders of celebrating Divine Service.  
About the latter end of Trajan's Reign, the Roman Bishop St. Evaristus, sending a Message to the Britain's, exhorted them to the Christian Faith: The verities whereof the better to propagate, his Successor St. Alexander sent hither certain Apostolical Preachers, amongst whom are thought to have been St. Marcellus, afterwards Bishop of Triers, and St. Timotheus, Son of Pudens a Roman Senator, and Brother to the Holy Virgins St. Praxedes and St. Pudentiana, whose Mother is by many supposed to have been the Famous British Lady St. Claudia. These gathered into a Flock the Remainders of those, who had been converted by St. Joseph of Arimathea and his Companions, confirming them in the same Faith, which, thus watered, spread so far, that Anno Domini 141. there are said to have been Baptised in Granta (since called Cambridge) nine Doctors and Scholars.  
About the Year of the Lord 181. the British King Lucius, 
Conversion of King Lucius.  who had hitherto been kept by its Poverty and want of Worldly Splendour from embracing the Christian Religion, to a Liking whereof an Account of the constant Perseverance of the Christians at Rome amidst their great and horrible Persecutions had induced him, being now by the Emperor's Lieutenants Pertinax and Trebellius informed of the Favour, shown to the Professors of Christianity by the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, who, having obtained a famous Victory by the Christians Prayers, set forth an Edict in their behalf, as also of the Increase of their Number by the Conversion of many of the chiefest Roman Senators, began to hearken to the Admonitions of such, as taught that Religion here in Britain, the Fountain whereof understanding to be at Rome, and not knowing of any Ecclesiastical persons in Britain of Authority sufficient to establish here a New Church, sent Elvanus of Avallonia, and Medwinus of the Province of the Belgae with Letters to St. Eleutherius, then sitting in St. Peter's Chair, desiring from him more perfect Instruction, and a greater Authority for settling the common Affairs of Christianity. St. Eleutherius, together with the same Messengers, one of which (to wit Elvanus) he is said to have consecrated a Bishop, sent over to him two Reverend Prelates, whose Names were Phaganus and Diruvianus, commissionating them not only to instruct and Baptise the King, and such others, as should embrace the Christian Faith, but also to order and establish all Ecclesiastical Affairs in the Kingdom. But whereas the King desired, that his Messengers might bring with them the Roman Laws, according to which he would order the Civil State of his Kingdom, the holy Bishop sent him word, that those Laws were not necessary for the Constitution of a Christian Common-Weal, since that in them many things were established, that ought not to be observed by the Professors of Christianity.  
These Messengers being arrived, the King, his Queen, his Sister St. Emerita, and his whole Family were washed in the Laver of Baptism, whose good Example a great number of his People soon followed. A Testimonial of this Conversion is yet remaining in the Library of Sir John Cotton, being a Coin of this King, bearing his Image, his Name LUC, and the Sacred Sign of the Cross, the common Badge of Christianity.  
This done, these four holy Men employed themselves in Preaching the Gospel of CHRIST through all the Provinces of the Kingdom, disputing daily with the Druids, and by the help of the King's Authority and Zeal abrogating their abominable Superstitions, whose horrid Sacrifices of humane Blood had caused the Romans long since to prohibit them in Gaul, and consecrating Priests and Bishops, and designing for Episcopal Sees those Places, where formerly the chief of the Druids, whom by a Title, borrowed from the Romans, our Historians, writing in Latin, frequently term Flamines and Archiflamines, had their Residence. The Names of the Cities, that were then in Britain, compassed with Walls, and fortified with Towers and Gates, for each of which a Bishop was intended, are as followeth. 

1. Cair Guintwick, now Winwick in Lancashire.  
2. Cair Mincip, Verolam near St. Alban.  
3. Cair Liqualid, now Carlisle.  
4. Cair Meguaid, now Meivod in Montgomeryshire.  
5. Cair Colun, now Colchester.  
6. Cair Ebranc, now York.  
7. Cair Seiont, afterwards Cair Custeint, near Carnarvan.  
8. Cair Caradoc in the Borders of Shropshire.  
9 Cair Grant, now Cambridge.  
10. Cair Maunguid, now Manchester in Lancashire.  
11. Cair Lundein, now London.  
12. Cair Guorthigirn in Radnorshire.  
13. Cair Ceint, now Canterbury.  
14. Cair Guiragon, now Worcester.  
15. Cair Peris, now Portsmouth.  
16. Cair Daun, now Doncaster in Yorkshire.  
17. Cair-Legio, now Westchester.  
18. Cair Guricon, now Warwick.  
19 Cair Segeint, now Silcester in Hampshire.  
20. Cair-Leon on Usk in Monmouthshire, now quite demolished.  
21. Cair Guent, now Winchester.  
22. Cair Britto, now Bristol.  
23. Cair Lerion, now Leicester.  
24. Cair Draiton, now Dragton in Shropshire.  
25. Cair Pentavelcoit, now Ilchester in Somersetshire.  
26. Cair Urvac, now Wroxcester in Shropshire.  
27. Cair Calemion, now Camlet in Somersetshire.  
28. Cair Lindcoit, now Lincoln.    
Three of these were designed to be Metropolitical Cities, the Title of Archbishops not being then in use, viz. London, York, and Cairleon upon Vsk: the first whereof was York, being at that time not only a Colony of the Romans, but the Place, where the Emperor's Palace and Courts of Judicature were kept. The first Metropolitan of London was St. Theanus, for whom the King built a Church in the place called Cornhill, which was consecrated to St. Peter.  
In the Year of CHRIST 186. the holy Prelates Phaganus and Diruvianus, going to Rome, obtained a Confirmation of all, they had done in Britain, from St. Eleutherius, from whom at their Return hither they presented the King with an hallowed Crown.  
These Holy men being now come back, there were more Churches built, particularly that of Westminster, which which was even from its first Foundation deputed for the Burial of our Kings, and that of Winchester, to which the King granted great Immunities, settling on it ample Revenues, and placing therein Monks, living according to the Rule, delivered by St. Mark the Evangelist.  
Nor was the Devotion of King Lucius content only to build Churches and Monasteries, but he erected also Seminaries of Learning, of which that of Bangor was most remarkable, wherein at the coming of St. Augustin into England there were more than two thousand Monks.  
Christian Religion being thus settled in Britain, King Lucius, out of his Zeal to propagate the Gospel, is said to have relinquished his Crown, and passed over into Bavaria and Rhaetia, together with his Sister St. Emerita, where being Crowned with Martyrdom, he was buried at Curia or Chur: after whose Death the Romans suffered no more British Kings within their Province.  
St. Phaganus and Diruvianus, travelling over the whole Island, teaching and baptising the Inhabitants, visited the Isle of Avallonia, where they built another Oratory, dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul, and having established there a Succession of twelve persons in memory of St. Joseph and his Companions, are supposed there to have ended their Days, Anno Domini 191.  

Persecution under Dioclesian.  The Christian Faith, thus settled in Britain, flourished here, unmolested by any Persecution till the Year of our Lord 286. when Dioclesian, being now in the third year of his Reign, took for his Companion in the Empire Marcus Valerius Maximianus. These two Emperors, the former whereof▪ assumed the Surname Jovius, as the other did Herculius, designing wholly to extirpate Christianity out of the World, raised a more dismal Persecution against the Professors thereof, than ever any of their Predecessors had done, and this their supereminent Cruelty they extended so far, that the Isle of Britain, which in former persecuting Emperors times had been exempted from participating with the Sufferings of other Nations, was now made a Scene of Blood, and the very first Theatre, whereon these bloody Emperors began to Act those Tragedies, whereat Mankind stood amazed.  
The first, that suffered under their cruel Edicts, was our glorious Protomartyr St. Albanus, who, being an Inhabitant of Verulam, descended of an illustrious Roman Family, and the Emperor's Procurator in Britain, courteously (though himself yet a Pagan) entertained a certain reverend Christian Priest, named Amphibalus, then newly come from Rome into Britain, by whom being converted to the true Faith, he lent him at his departure his own Military Cassock, woven with Gold, that he might the better escape: for which being accused before the Judge, constituted for that purpose, and owning himself a Christian, he was after various Torments beheaded, the Executioners Eyes falling to the Ground with the Martyrs Head. To his Honour after the ceasing of the Persecution were several Churches erected, one particularly in the Place, where by shedding his Blood he had triumphed: Which St: Germanus Bishop of Auxerre in France, visiting, that he might here pay his thanks to GOD, for his Victory over the Pelagian Heresy, took from the Place, where the Martyr's Blood had been shed, a Lump of Earth, which he carried with him into France. This no doubt occasioned the Mistake of those, who affirmed the Body of St. Alban to have been carried hence into France by St. Germanus.  
Not long after St. Amphibalus, taken among the Cornabii, where a great Multitude of People were, as they attended to his Preaching, slain by the Pagans, was brought to Rudburn, a Village three Miles from Verulam, where his Belly being ripped open, and his Guts fastened to a Stake, set in the Ground, he was by cruel whipping forced to walk about it, enwrapping it with his Bowels, his Body likewise being torn with Knives and Lances, till at last he yielded up his Soul to GOD: After which his Body was by a certain Christian privately taken away, and buried.  
Many more were here likewise Crowned with Martyrdom, two of the most remarkable whereof were St. Aaron and St. Julius, considerable Citizens of Caer-Leon upon Vsk.  
Besides those, who suffered Martyrdom, many persecuted Christians, which were left, hide themselves in Woods, Deserts, and Caves of Rocks, expecting from GOD, the just Judge of all, when he would please to execute his Judgements on their Persecutors, and restore Safety and Liberty to their own Souls.  
The British Christians thus absconding, the Rage of their Enemies extended itself upon their Churches, all which by this Tempest were either utterly destroyed, or turned into places for the Idolatrous Worship of the Gentiles, as that of Westminster was into a Temple of Apollo, so that in several Provinces of this Island there remained no Marks at all of Christian Religion.  
Tho the Britain's for about nine years groaned under this Persecution, yet it was sooner mitigated here, than in any other part of the Empire. For Constantius Chlorus, who by the virtuous demeanour of his Wife Helena, a Christian Lady, Daughter to Coilus a British Prince, had been brought to a secret Liking of their Religion, being by Maximian, who, constraining him to divorce Helena, had given him his Daughter to Wife, chosen Caesar, as Galerius was by Dioclesian, came into Britain to subdue the Usurper Alectus, where he put a stop to this Issue of Blood, so that, the British Church enjoying Peace, whilst in all other Provinces of the Empire Cruelty and Slaughter were Triumphant, the Christians here began to repair their demolished Churches, to build new ones in honour of their late Martyrs, and Publicly to celebrate Divine Mysteries and solemn Festivals.  
Maximian and Dioclesian after twenty years fruitless Cruelty voluntarily deposing themselves from the Empire, the Western Provinces fell to Constantius, who, choosing rather to govern well, than much, resigned Italy and afric to Galerius, esteeming them too remote from the Seat of his Residence, which he held in Britain: Into the Northern parts whereof he was drawn by some Commotions amongst the Picts, whom having removed beyond the Limits prescribed them, he fell sick at York, where, having embraced the true Faith, he piously ended his days, Anno CHRISTI 306. leaving his Empire to his eldest Son Constantin, born in Britain of his beloved Wife Helena, by whom he was solemnly buried.  
Constantin, 
Christianity restored by Constantin.  who (though flying from it) was forced to yield to the Soldiers, saluting him Emperor, although not yet a Christian, yet having from his Infancy been bred up to the Love of Christians, and imbued by his Mother with the Principles of their Religion in his tender Youth, indulged them the same Peace and Security through all his Dominions, and particulary in Britain, as they had enjoyed under his Father Constantius. Hence several Churches were rebuilt and replenished within this Island: whereof two of the most famous were those of Winchester and Abingdon, to the latter of which belonged no fewer than five hundred Monks living by the Labour of their Hands in Woods and Deserts, and resorting every Sunday and Holiday to the Monastery to perform their Devotions: besides whom there constantly remained there sixty, daily attending to celebrate Divine Service.  
In the Year of our Lord 311. Galerius being dead, there remained in the Empire four Persons, by whom the respective Provinces were supremely and independently administered: Gaul and Britain by Constantin; Italy and afric by Maxentius; the East by Maximinus; Pannonia, Greece, Illyricum and Thrace by Licinius. Whereof Maxentius, under whose Tyranny all Italy (especially Rome) groaned, refusing Conditions of Peace, offered him by Constantin, whom he would not admit into fellowship in the Empire, Constantin, concluding a War against him to be both just and necessary, and sensible, that his Adversary was superior to him in strength, had recourse to Divine Assistance, and uncertain amongst such a Multitude of Gods, to which he should address himself, calling to mind, how former Emperors had to their own Ruin been abused by the deceitful Oracles of their false Gods, resolved to put his Trust in the only true GOD, worshipped by his Mother Helena all her Life-time, and by his Father Constantius towards his latter end, to whom when he had offered up his Prayers, the Almighty was pleased by a stupendious Miracle in the sight of his whole Army to declare, how acceptable this was to him. For the Emperor saw manifestly in the Heavens over the Sun, which had now passed his Meridian, and began to decline, the Sign of the the Cross, figured by a resplendent Light, together with these Words inscribed, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: Which Spectacle caused great Admiration in himself, and his whole Army, then attending.  
To Constantin, distracted with great Doubts about the Portent of this Vision, did our Lord, bearing the same sign, which had been shown him from Heaven, appear in his sleep, commanding him to cause a Representation thereof to be framed, which he should make use of, as a firm Guard, whensoever he was to join Battle with his Enemies.  
The Day appearing, the Emperor, having declared this Vision to his Friends, called together the most skilful Jewellers, that could be found, to whom having described the Pattern of the Sign, which he had seen, he commanded them to make the Resemblance thereof in Gold and Precious Stones, which he always made use of, as a sure Defence against all hostil Violence.  
Constantin, encouraged with this glorious Testimony of Divine Assistance, armed with the Cross both on his Helmet and Forehead, and having this Triumphant Banner (to which the Roman Eagle now gave place) born before his Army, passed the Alps, and coming into Italy, fought Maxentius before the Walls of Rome, whose Army being discomfited, the Tyrant, having cast off his Marks of Authority, adventured himself to the River Tiber, where he was drowned.  
Soon after Constantin met Licinius at Milan, to whom giving his Sister Constantia for Wife, he prevailed with him not only to subscribe to an Edict for giving free Liberty to Christians, and restoring to them all their Churches, that had been seized on, but also to join with him in a Letter to Maximinus, Emperor of the Eastern Provinces, to grant the same Freedom within his Dominions, to which Maximinus, though with some unwillingness, consented.  
In the Year 314. Constantin, then residing in Gaul, was much distracted by the Factions of Schismatics amongst the Christians. For the repressing therefore of the Seditions, raised by the Donatists, he was necessitated to command a General Assembly or Synod of the Western Empire to meet at Arles, where there were present above two hundred Bishops: amongst whom were these three from Britain, Eborius Bishop of York, Restitutus Bishop of London, and Adelfius Bishop of Colonia Londinensium or Colchester, which some, affirming Colon: Londinens: to have been mistakingly written by the Transcribers for Colon: Camalodun: interpret Maldon in Essex.  
In the Year 317. Licinius, contrary to his Covenant with Constantin, beginning to persecute the Christians, was by him in two Battles overthrown. After which though there was a new League made, and all the Eastern Provinces together with Thrace assigned to Licinius; yet he, renewing the War, was slain the next year, and a firm Peace given to the Christian Churches all the World over.  
Now began Constantin to publish Laws for the advantage of Christianity, ordaining, that Clergymen should be excused from all manner of Civil Offices and Duties, to the end they might not by the envious Malice of any be withdrawn from the Service of GOD. For to encourage likewise the Love of Virginity and Single Life, he abrogated the Roman Laws against Celibacy, and appointed a certain Measure of Wheat yearly to be given to all Widows, and those, who observed a Virgin Life. He ordained also, that all Judges, Inhabitants of Cities, and Tradesmen should rest on the Venerable Day of our Lord; but Countrymen were permitted to employ themselves in cultivating their Grounds, because that, many times no Day being more commodious for ploughing or digging the Vines, a common Good, granted by Divine Povidence, ought not to be lost. He prescribed likewise a Form of Prayer, to be used upon all Sundays both by Citizens and others.  
In the Year of our Lord 324. Constantin, who, according to a Custom, frequently practised by the Christian Converts of those primitive Times, had hitherto delayed his Baptism, to cleanse his Conscience, stained with the Blood of many Innocents', amongst whom was his own Son Crispus, put to Death upon the false Accusations of his Stepmother Fausta, was washed in the Laver of Regeneration, being Baptised at Rome by the Holy Bishop Sylvester, and while he was yet in his white Robes, then usually worn for seven Days after Baptism, made several Laws for the advancement of true Religion.  
1. He declared that CHRIST was the only true Lord, and commanded, that he should be adored throughout the whole Empire.  
2. He appointed severe Punishments to be inflicted on those, who by word or deed should dishonour him.  
3. He ordained likewise Penalties for those, who should persecute or molest any Christians. He gave also Imperial Privileges to the Roman, and great Immunities to all other Churches, and conferred many Gifts upon several Ecclesiastical Persons.  
The year following, to suppress the Heresy of Arius, he caused a Council to be assembled at Nice of three hundred and eighteen Bishops, where a Decree was likewise made for an Uniformity in the Observation of Easter, about which the Church had been much disquieted. Hereunto agreed those of the Church 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
In the Year 326. died St. Helena, Mother to the Emperor, who, with great Care and Industry having found out the Cross, whereon our Blessed Saviour suffered, and the Manger, wherein he was born, built in the same place a Church, dedicated to Christian Devotion, for which she was by the Jews, Enemies to all, that own any thing sacred in Memory of our Saviour, despitefully called Stabularia. About the same time Constantin, returning into the East, expressed his Zeal against Idolatry, shutting up the Temples of the Heathens, and making severe Laws against their Sacrifices.   

CHAP. VIII. Of the quitting of Britain by the Romans: The State thereof after their departure.  
IN this Island did the Roman Government continue till the time of the Emperor Honorius, 
Britain's quitted by the Romans.  in the fifteenth year of whose Reign, being the Year of our Lord 410. and four hundred sixty and two years after the first Arrival of Julius Caesar on the British shore, the Britain's, the Flower of whose Youth had been from time to time drawn out by the Romans, whose Forces also were now called from hence for the defence of Italy against the Goths, not having Power sufficient to defend themselves from the Incursions of their Northern Enemies, sent their Messengers to the Emperor, humbly craving his Protection. But he, not able to afford them any Assistance, Rome itself being then besieged by Alaric, by whom it was the same year taken, sent them Letters, exhorting them to stand on their own Guard, and acquitting them of the Roman Jurisdiction.  

State thereof after their Departure.  The Romans thus relinquishing all Care and Protection of Britain, the Government devolved on its own petty Princes, who independently ruled the several Provinces thereof. But they, unable to support themselves against the daily Inroads of the Picts and Scots, again sent Letters to Honorius, who, compassionating their Miseries, the Fear of Alaric being now over, sent a Legion to their Assistance, who, having with great Slaughter driven back the Picts beyond the Marches, and cleared the Frontiers, caused a Rampire to be built cross the Island from the Frith of Edinburgh to the City Alcluith on Dunbritton, as Agricola formerly had done.  
No sooner were the Romans departed to the defence of France, but the Picts, breaking down this Wall, slightly cast up of Turfs only, and pouring into the Province like a Torrent, laid all waste, wherever they came, the Scots likewise out of their Carroghs or Leather vessels, wherein they used to pass the Scitick Vale, landing in whole Swarms, and making havoc of whatever came in their way.  
The Britain's, thus bandied between two merciless and insolent Enemies, yet once more sent Ambassadors to Rome, who with rend Garments, and Sand on their Heads, mournfully supplicating Valentinian the third, than Emperor, that he would not suffer a Province, which had been so serviceable to the Romans, to be the Subject of Barbarian Scorn and Insolence, excited in him such Pity of their Complaints, that to succour them he sent certain Regiments, who, coming unexpectedly upon those ravenous Spoilers, surprised them with terrible Slaughter.  
The Britain's thus rescued, and the Province cleared of the Enemies, the Romans gave them their help to build another Wall of Stone, twelve foot high, and eight broad, traversing the Island in a direct Line from East to West, where Severus had walled before, between certain Cities, placed as Frontiers to keep off the Enemy, and along the South Shore, from whence Hostility was also feared, they erected Towers at certain distances for safety of the Coast.  
This done, having instructed the Britain's in the Art of War, leaving them Patterns of their Arms and Weapons, and exhorting them manfully to resist the Invaders of their Country, they took their last Farewell, never purposing to return.  
The Romans being finally departed, and their Resolution of not returning known, the Scots and Picts, more confidently than ever issuing out of their Holes, seized upon all the North part of the Island even as far as the Wall, which, not fearing to be dispossessed, they, as natural Inhabitants, planted and manured: Not content herewith, they assaulted the Garrison on the Wall, whence with their Hooks and Engines pulling down some, they put the rest to flight, themselves taking possession of the Frontier Cities, and having with such ease broken into the Province, pursued the Britain's into the Inland Countries, bringing destruction still along with them.  
The better to withstand the frequent Inroads of these cruel Enemies, the Princes, after the example of their Ancestors in the days of Julius Caesar, resolved to choose a General Captain of the whole Nation, and to establish the Kingdom in his Line.  
For this high Dignity there were two considerable Competitors: Aurelius Ambrose, descended of a noble Roman Family, and (as it is supposed) Son of Constantin, who in the days of Honorius pretended to the Roman Empire; and Vortigern, Prince of the Damnonii, or, as some writ, Consul of the Gevissei, Inhabitants of the South-Western parts about Cornwall or South-Wales: Which Principality, it seems, he had governed well enough to be esteemed not unworthy to be preferred above his formerly Fellow-Princes.  
Ambrose therefore, with his Brother Uter Pendragon, retiring into lesser Britain in Gaul, quitted both his Pretence and Country to Vortigern, who, the Choice thus falling on him, was in the Year 438 anointed King: For, that in those ancient times of British Government the solemn Ceremony of anointing their Kings was in use in this Island, is clear from the Testimony of Gildas.  
Vortigern, thus advanced to the Throne, governed a while his Principality with Moderation. In the eighth year of his Reign the Picts, who after their miraculous Discomfiture by St. Germanus had for the most part kept within their own Territories, now breaking in afresh, miserably wasted all those Provinces of Britain, which had formerly been subject to the Romans: and this Invasion they continued the year following with such violence, that after much Bloodshed, and horrible Devastation of the Country, the Britain's, having no other Refuge, wrote to Aetius, than Precedent of Gallia, this short, but lamentable, Epistle, recorded by Gildas.  To Aetius, the third time Consul, the Groans of the Britain's. 
The Barbarians drive us to the Sea, the Sea beats us back upon the Barbarians. Between these two we are exposed either to be slain with the Sword, or drowned: and to avoid both we find no Remedy.  
But in vain were these Supplications, the Romans, who could scarce secure the heart of their Empire, infested with the Huns and Vandals, not being able to afford them any assistance. Many therefore of the Britain's, seeing themselves thus rejected, wearied with flying from place to place, and spent with the terrible Famine, which had long afflicted them, yielded themselves Slaves to their Savage Enemies; but others, more resolute, taught by their Miseries to seek aid from Heaven, retired to inaccessible Mountains and Caves, whence with Courage and Success they often assaulted these ravenous Spoilers, recovering from them their Booty, and driving them back to their own Quarters.  
These hostil Invasions therefore a while ceasing, the Britain's set themselves to cultivate their Ground, which with scarce credible Plenty abundantly recompensed their Labours.  
No sooner were their Enemies departed, and their pinching Hunger allayed, but their Piety likewise vanished, in the room whereof succeeded excessive Luxury, accompanied with all sorts of Vices, infecting not the Laity only, but the Clergy also, who ought to have been Guides to others. And although GOD sought to reclaim them by his Scourge of Pestilence, by which such Multitudes perished, that the Living were not sufficient to bury the Dead; yet were they with this Severity nothing at all amended, but like Solomon's Fool, though scourged, yet they felt it not.  
Gods' Patience therefore being spent towards a People, which grew worse both by Prosperity and Adversity, he so far infatuated their Counsels, that they themselves invited from a remote Country Enemies, far more savage and barbarous than either the Picts or Scots.  
The Northern Spoilers, whom fear of the Contagion had kept within their own Borders, the Infection now beginning to cease, readvanced into the Inland Country, against whose Incursions the better to provide, King Vortigern summoned a general Council, where by common Advice it was resolved, that Ambassadors should be sent into Germany to hire the Saxons to their assistance: an Army of which in the year 449 landing in Britain under the Conduct of Hengist and Horsa, the Britain's, by their Help overcoming their Enemies, who were come as far as Stamford in Lincolnshire, gave them great Possesions in that part of the same County, now called Lindsey, where they built Thong-Castle.  
King Vortigern, falling in love with Rowena, Daughter to Hengist, divorced his Queen, a virtuous Lady, by whom he had three Sons, named Vortimer, Catigern, and Pascentius, to make his Bed vacant for this Pagan, whom he bought of her Father with the Kingdom of Kent: who soon after, taking advantage at the Discontent of the Britain's for this Act of their King, picked a Quarrel, and making a League with the Picts, laid waste the Country.  
The Saxons Power increasing by the coming over of fresh Supplies, the British Laity first, and afterwards the Clergy represented their Danger to the King, whom, either not believing, or not regarding their Complaints, they in the sixteenth year of his Reign deserted, and followed his Son Vortimer (choosing him, as some say, for their General, or, as others, for an Associate to his Father in the Kingdom) under whose Conduct they had many Conflicts with the Saxons, and that with various Success: in one of which, the Vanguard being led by Aurelius Ambrose, newly come out of Little Britain to assist Prince Vortimer, the main Body by Vortimer himself, and the Rear by his Brother Catigern, Catigern was slain, and buried at Alestrew, now called Aylesford in Kent, where a Monument erected for him, is at this day corruptly called Keith-Coty-House.  
This Proceeding of the Britain's (though the more , in that they did not presume to depose their King, which yet Parker in his Antiquities of the British Church not only affirms they did, but (like a true Calvinist) commends them for so doing; but only without, or (perhaps) against his Consent chose themselves a Leader against their Enemies) as it was not justifiable, nor yet approved by all the Britain's, many of which took not well this advancing of the Son against the good Liking of the Father: so was it fatal to Vortimer himself, who, having six years enjoyed this Dignity, lost both that and his Life, being poisoned by the Procurement of Rowena. After his Death Ambrose returned again into Britain in France.  
Hengist and his Saxons, who under Pretence of a Treaty of Peace had slain three hundred of the British Nobility, and by detaining Vortigern Prisoner had extorted from him the Counties of Essex, Sussex, Surrey, Norfolk, and Suffolk for his Ransom, growing daily more and more powerful, whilst Vortigern lurked ingloriously in his Castle Gener● amidst the inaccessible Mountains of the Country, now called Cambria or Wales, and the middle Provinces of the Realm, left without any Defender, being exposed to the fury of the Enemy, the Britain's, deserted by their King, were forced to seek one abroad.  
They directed therefore Messengers into Little Britain to Ambrose and his Brother Uter Pendragon, beseeching them with all speed to quit that Country, and repair into their own, to the end that expelling both the Saxons, and their hated King Vortigern, they might receive the Crown of Britain.  
The Princes upon this Invitation returned, attended with Ships, and armed Soldiers, and being arrived here, had a great Battle with Hengist, wherein though the Britain's were worsted, yet the Saxons received such Loss, that they both gladly continued quiet. The Fury of the Saxons thus allayed, Ambrose marched into Wales, where setting fire to the Castle of King Vortigern, he consumed both him and his to Ashes: After whose Death by Consent of the Nobles he assumed the Crown Anno CHRISTI 481.  
In the Year of our Lord 496. Pascentius, the Son of Vortigern, with an Army of Germans came against Ambrose, by whom being discomfited, he fled into Scotland: Whence about five years after returning with an Army, and understanding, that Ambrose lay sick, he hired a certain Saxon, named Copa, who, feigning himself to be a British Monk and a Physician, poisoned the King, Pascentius in the mean time and all his Captains being slain by Uter Pendragon, who in the head of the King's Forces marched out against him.  
The Line of Vortigern being thus extinct, and Ambrose now dead, the Realm was without any Competitor governed by Uter Pendragon, under whom and his Successors the Britain's had continual Struggle with the Saxons, by whom being at last outed of the best part of their Country, they retired beyond the River Severn, and in those parts fortified themselves, a Period being put to the British Kingdom in the Year of our Lord, 688. about two hundred seventy eight years after that Honorius had by Letters of Discharge quitted the Britain's of the Roman Jurisdiction, two hundred and fifty from the Reestablishing of the British Monarchy by the Election of King Vortigern, two hundred thirty nine after the first Arrival of Hengist and his Saxon Auxiliaries, and in the third Year of Cadwalladar, who was the last, that was dignified with the Title of King of Britain, his Successors being styled Kings and Princes of Wales.   

CHAP. IX. Of the Restauration of the British Monarchy by King James: His Descent from Cadwalladar.  

The British Monarchy restored by King James.  THe conquering Saxons, having possessed themselves of all the Southern parts of the Isle, except what lies beyond the Severn, and the mountainous Country of Cornwall, whither they had forced the Britain's to retire, gave to the Country, held by themselves, first the Name of East Saxony beyond Sea, and afterwards that of England: That Part of the Island, which was still enjoyed by the Britain's, they called Wales, the Inhabitants Walsh or Welsh-men, and their chief Governors Kings and Princes of Wales. Hereby was the Name of Britain banished as it were the Island for above nine hundred years, till such time as, the Line of Henry the VIII th'. (whose three Children, Reigning successively, died Issueless) being extinct, the Crown of England by indubitable Hereditary Right fell to James the VI th'. King of Scotland, whose Great Grandmother was Margaret, eldest Daughter to Henry the VII th'. King of England. This famous Monarch (as is manifest by his Genealogy hereunto annexed) lineally descending from Cadwalladar, the last King of the Britain's, not only restored the British Line to the Throne, but the Name of Britain also to the Island, causing himself immediately upon his Coming to this Crown to be styled King of Great Britain.  

The KINGS And Princes of WALES, 
Descent of King James from Cadwalladar.  from whom is Lineally descended the Royal Family of the STVARTS, now actually swaying the Sceptre of GREAT BRITAIN.  

CADWALLADAR King of Britain, driven by the Saxons to forsake his Native Country, sojourned with his Kinsman Alan, King of Little Britain in France, whence designing again for Britain, he was by an Angel admonished in a Vision to go to Rome, where he ended his days Anno Domini 688. With him died the British Monarchy.  
Edwal Ywrch, left by his Father at his Departure for Rome in Little Britain with his Cousin Alan, who sent his Son Ivor with a Navy into Britain, where he was the first King of Wales. 

1. Roderick Molwynoc, who in the Year 720. succeeded his Cousin Ivor, the Son of Alan, in the Kingdom of Wales.  
2. Fermael, who died without Issue in the Year 763.     

RODERICK MOLWYNOC, King of Wales, had Issue.  
1. Conan Tindaethwy, King of Wales. 

Esylht, Queen of Wales, married to a Nobleman named Mervyn Vrych, descended in the right Line from Belinus, Brother of Brennus, King of Britain. His Mother was Nest, Daughter to Cadelh, Prince of Powys, whose Father was Brochwel Yscithroc, Prince of Powys, that in the Year 617. fought against the Saxons at Bangor. 

1. Roderick Mawr, King of Wales, who by his Wife Engharad, Daughter to Meyrick, Prince of Cardigan, had a numerous Issue. He divided Wales into three Talaiths or Kingdoms: Giving to Anarawd, his Eldest Son (to whom the other two were Tributaries) Gwyneth or North-wales; to Cadelh, his second Son, Deheubarth or Southwales; to Mervyn, his third Son, Mathraval or Powys. 

1. Anarawd, King of North-wales, and Sovereign of all Wales, died in the year 913. leaving behind him two Sons. 

1. Edwal Voel, King of North-wales, and Sovereign of all Wales who had a numerous Issue.  
2. Elise, slain with his Brother, King Edwal Voel, in the year 940. 

Conan, who died without Issue.  
Trawst a Daughter, married to a Nobleman, named Sitsylht.      
2. Cadelh, King of Southwales, and, after the Death of his Brother Mervyn, of Powys, from whom descended the Kings and Princes of Southwales.  
3. Mervyn, King of Powys, who, being slain in the year 900. was succeeded by his Brother Cadelh, King of Southwales.    
2. Gwyriad, who together with his Brother King Roderick was slain in the Year 877.    
2. Howel, who, rebeling against his Brother, was by him overcome, and forced to fly into the Isle of Man, where he died Anno. 819.     

TRAWST, the Daughter of Elise, by her Husband Sitsylht, had Issue.  
Lhewelyn, who married Angharad, the Daughter and Heir of Meredyth, King of Southwales. This Lhewelyn in the Year 1015. raised a great Power against Aedan, the Son of Blegored, who had usurped the Kingdom of North-wales, whom with his four Sons having slain, he took to himself the Name and Authority of King of Wales. 

1. Gruffyth, who in the year 1037. having slain in battle Jago, King of North-wales, assumed the Kingdom to himself. 

A Daughter, not named, married to Fleance, Son of Bancho, a Scotch Nobleman, cruelly murdered by Macbeth, King of Scotland, whose Fury Fleance escaping, fled into Wales, where being kindly received by King Gruffyth, he privately married his Daughter, whereat the King, who by his Daughters being with Child had found out the Marriage was so highly offended, that he caused Fleance to be killed, and his Daughter imprisoned, who was soon after delivered of a Son, which was named 

Walter, who, going into Scotland, grew into such Favour with King Malcolm the IIId. that he was by him made Lord High Steward of Scotland, receiving the King's Revenues of the whole Realm, by the faithful Discharge of which Office, he merited for for himself and Posterity the Surname of Stuart.      
2. Rees, slain at a place, called Bulendune, in the year 1053.    
2. Conan, slain with his Brother Lhewelyn in the year 1021.   
This was the Rise and Original of the Royal Family of the Stuarts, which has now for above three hundred years been in possession of the Crown of Scotland, and about fourscore the sole Monarches of Great Britain. But though this Descent be of the Younger House, as coming from Elise, second Son of Anarawd, the first King of North-wales; yet that his present Majesty of Great Britain is by Right of Primogeniture the next and undoubted Heir to Cadwalladar, will manifestly appear by the following Table, representing   

The Progeny Of Cadwalladar, continued from Edwal Voel, the eldest Son of Anarawd, to our present Dread Sovereign King CHARLES the IId. now swaying the Sceptre of Great Britain,  

EDWAL VOEL King of North-wales, and Sovereign of all Wales, eldest Son of Anarawd, first King of North-wales, and Grandson of Roderick Mawr, King of Wales, had Issue.  
1. Meyric, who was deprived of his Inheritance, first by his Cousin Howel Dha, the eldest Son of Cadelh, first King of Southwales, & afterwards by his own Brethren Jevaf and Jago. In the year 973. he had his Eyes put out by his Nephew Howel, the Son of Jevaf, and soon after died in Prison, leaving behind him two Sons.  
2. Jevaf, who with his Brother Jago after the Death of Howel Dha, usurped the Kingdom of North-wales, being the Right of their eldest Brother Meyric. About the year 967. he was Imprisoned by his Brother Jago, and in the year 973. set at liberty by his Son Howel, who chased Jago out of the Land, and took the Kingdom to himself.  
3. Jago, who together with his Brother Jevaf in the year 948. after the Death of Howel Dha, usurped the Kingdom of North-wales, which of right belonged to their elder Brother Meyric.   

MEYRIC, the Son of Edwal Voel, had Issue  
1. Jonaval, who in the year 985. was slain by Cadwalhon, the Son of Jevaf, and left no Issue  
2. Edwal, who in the year 992. recovered his Grandfather's Inheritance, and after six years was slain by Swain King of Denmark. 

Jago, who, being under Age at his Father's Death, was deprived of his Inheritance by Aedan the Son of Blegored, slain in the year 1015. by Lhewelyn, the Son of Sitsylht, who being in the year 1021. killed by Howel and Meredyth, the Sons of Edwin, Jago recovered his Kingdom, but was in the year 1037. slain by Gruffyth, the Son of Lhewelyn. 

Conan, who, being by Gruffyth ap Lhewelyn driven out of his Inheritance, fled into Ireland, where he married the Daughter of Alfred, King of Develyn. 

Gruffyth, who, in the year 1078. bringing a great Army of Irishmen and Scots into Wales, and joining with Rees ap Theodor, the Heir of Southwales, recovered his Grandfather's Kingdom. He is the last, to whom the Wel●… Historians give the Name of King.         

GRUFFYTH, Son of Conan, had Issue.  
Owen Gwyneth, Prince of North-wales, and Sovereign of all Wales. He died in the year 1169. leaving behind him a numerous Issue. 

1. Jorwerth Drwyndwn, deprived of Inheritance by his younger Brother David. 

Lhewelyn, Prince of North-wales, and Sovereign of all Wales, for his Heroic Acts surnamed the Great, who in the year 1237. being weakened by a Palsy, and vexed with the Rebellion of his Base Son Gruffyth, sent Ambassadors to Henry the IIId. King of England, submitting himself to his Protection, condescending to hold his Principality of him, and promising upon all Occasions to assist him to the uttermost of his Power. He died in the year 1240.    
2. David, who, usurping the Right of his eldest Brother, succeeded his Father in the Principality, which he held till the year 1194. when he lost it to his Nephew Lhewelyn, the right Heir.     

LHEWELYN, the Son of Jorwerth, by his Wife Joan, Daughter to John King of England, had Issue.  
David, Sovereign Prince of Wales, who submitted himself and his Principality to his Uncle Henry the IIId. King of England, doing him Homage and Fealty for the same. He died in the year 1246. without Issue.  
Gladys Dhu a Daughter, married to Ralph Lord Mortimer of Wigmor, by whom she had Issue 

Roger Mortimer, Lord of Wigmor, who ought to have succeeded his Uncle David in the Principality of Wales; but the Welsh Nobility out of their Aversion to the English, not regarding his Right, did their Homage to Lhewelyn and Owen Goch, Sons of Gruffyth, Bastard-brother to the last Prince, who divided the Principality between them, till that Lhewelyn in the year 1254. having taken his Brother Owen Prisoner in battle, enjoyed alone the whole Principality. But in the year l282, Lhewelyn being slain by one Adam Francton an Englishman, all Wales was by Edward the Is. brought in Subjection to the Crown of England, and has so continued ever since. The Eldest Son of Roger Mortimer by his Wife Maud, Daughter of William de Bruse Lord of Brecknock, was 

Edmund Mortimer, Lord of Wigmor.       

EDMUND MORTIMER, Lord of Wigmor, had Issue.  
Roger Mortimer, Lord of Wigmor, who married Joan, Daughter and Heir of Sir Peter Genivil, was created Earl of March by King Edward the IIId. and afterwards attainted. 

Edmund Mortimer, Lord of Wigmor, married Elinor, Widow of William de Bohun, Earl of Northampton, one of the Daughters and Heirs of Bartholomew Badelsmer, Lord of Leeds in Kent. 

Roger Mortimer, Lord of Wigmor, restored by King Edward the IIId. to the Earldom of March, and all his Grandfather's Inheritance, Honours, and Possessions, the Attainder being repealed. 

Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March, and Lord of Wigmor, married Philippe, Daughter and sole Heir of leonel, Duke of Clarence, in whose Right he was Earl of Ulster. He died at Cork in Ireland Anno 1381.         

EDMUND MORTIMER, Earl of March had Issue  
Roger Mortimer, Earl of March and Ulster, Lord of Wigmor, Trim, Clare, and Connaght, who married Elinor, Eldest Daughter and one of the Heirs of Thomas Holland Earl of Kent. 

1. Roger Mortimer died without Issue.  
2. Edmund Mortimer died without Issue.  
3. Anne Mortimer, married to Richard Plantagenet, Earl of Cambridge, by whom she had Issue 

Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York, Earl of Cambridge, March, and Ulster. 

Edward the IVth. King of England and France, and Lord of Ireland. 

1. Edward the Vth. King of England and France, and Lord of Ireland, murdered in the Tower left no Issue.  
2. Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York, murdered with his Brother King Edward, left no Issue.  
3. Elizabeth, eldest Daughter to Edward the IVth. married to Henry the VIIth King of England and France, and Lord of Ireland.           

ELIZABETH, eldest Daughter to King Edward the IVth. by her Husband King Henry the VIIth. had Issue  
1. Arthur, Prince of Wales, died before his Father, and left no Issue.  
2 Henry the VIIIth. King of England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith. 

1. Edward the VIth. King of England, France and Ireladd, died without Issue.  
2. Marry, Q. of England France and Ireland, died without Issue.  
3. Elizabeth, Queen of England, France and Ireland, died without Issue.    
3. Margaret, eldest Daughter to Henry the VIIth. married to James the IVth. King of Scotland, by whom she had Issue 

James the Vth. King of Scotland. 

Marry Queen of Scotland, who was by her Subjects, infected with Calvinism (of which it is truly observed, that it never entered into any Country but by Rebellion) expelled her Kingdom, and forced to fly for shelter into England, where (so implacable is Presbyterian Malice) they never left persecuting her, till they had brought her (after eighteen years' Imprisonment) to end her days upon a Scaffold. By her Husband Henry Lord Darnley, Son to Matthew Stuart, Earl of Lenox, she had Issue 

James the VIth. King of Scotland, who after the Decease of Elizabeth Queen of England, as next Heir, enjoyed the Crown of this Realm, whereof he was no sooner possessed, but he reassumed the Title of Great Britain. 

1. Henry, Prince of Wales, died before his Father, and left no Issue.  
2. CHARLES the Is. King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, a Prince of incomparable Virtues and Endowments, who was on the 30th. of January 1648. barbarously and inhumanly murdered before the Gates of his own Royal Palace by a traitorous Crew of villainous fanatics, so secure in their own Thoughts of having thereby extirpated Monarchy out of this Island, that they insolently set up on the Royal Exchange in the place, where his Statue (which they maliciously decollated) had been erected amongst those of his Predecessors, this Inscription: Exit Tyrannus, Regum ultimus. 

1. CHARLES the IId. by the Grace of God King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, now reigning. Whom GOD long preserve.  
2. The Illustrious Prince, James Duke of York and Albany.  
3. Marry, Mother to the present Prince of Orange.  
4. Henrietta, Mother to the present Queen of Spain.    
3. Elizaheth, married to Frederick, Prince Palatine of the Rhine, by whom she had a numerous Issue.             

CHAP. X. Of the present Government of Great Britain in general.  
OF Monarchies some are Hereditary, the Crown descending either only to the Heirs Male, as has long been practised in France; or to the next of Blood without Distinction of Sex, as in Great Britain and Spain. Others are Elective, where, upon the Death of every Prince, another is chosen to succeed, without any respect to the Heirs of the Predecessor, as is used in Poland.  
Of Hereditary Monarchies some are dependent, holden of earthly Potentates, to whom the Princes are obliged to do Homage for the same, as is the Kingdom of Naples, holden at this day of the Pope by the King of Spain: Others are independent, whose Princes acknowledge no Superior upon Earth, but hold only of GOD and by their Sword.  
Of this latter sort is the Empire of Great Britain, being an Hereditary Monarchy, consisting of two Provinces or Kingdoms, governed by one Supreme, Absolute, Independent, Undeposable, and Unaccountable Head, according to the known Laws and Customs of each Kingdom.  
It is a Free Monarchy, challenging, above many other European Kingdoms, an Exemption from all Subjection to the Emperor, or Laws of the Empi- too which as the Northern Part of the Island, or Kingdom of Scotland was never subject; so the Southern part, since called the Kingdom of England, being abandoned by the Romans, who had by force obtained the Dominion thereof, the Right of Government by all manner of Laws reverted to the ancient Inhabitants, to the last of whose Kings, viz. Cadwalladar our present Sovereign is (as appears by the precedent Genealogy) by Lineal and Legitimate Descent the true and unquestionable Heir.  
And as it is exempt from all foreign Jurisdiction and Dominion, so likewise is it free from all Interregnum, and many other Domestic Mischiefs, whereunto Elective Kingdoms are ordinarily subject.  
It is a Monarchy, wherein the Grace and Bounty of its Princes, rendering the subordinate Concurrence of the three Estates necessary to the making and repealing of all Statutes or Acts of Parliament in either Realm, have afforded so much to the Industry, Liberty, and Happiness of the Subject, and made the Yoke of Government so easy, and its Burden so light, that, were it not for those malevolent and Fanatical Spirits, which by sowing Jealousies amongst the People, and raising Animosities in their Minds against their Prince, endeavour to deprive us of the benefit of our Parliaments by rendering their Meetings unpracticable, our Condition might well be envied by all other Nations of the Universe.   

CHAP. XI. Of the Monarch of Great Britain, and therein of his Name, Title, Arms, Dominions, and Strength: Of his Person, Office, Prerogative, Sovereignty, Divinity, and Respect.  
TO the Monarch of Great Britain is given in English, which is the Language most generally spoken through his whole Dominions, the Name King, which hath its Original from the Saxon Word Koning, and intimateth that Power and Knowledge, wherewith every Sovereign should especially be invested.  
The Modern Title, used by the Monarch in all Treaties with foreign Princes, and in all public Affairs, relating to his whole Dominions, and stamped upon his Coin, is By the Grace of GOD King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith; but in all Writs and other public Instruments, referring to the particular Concerns of either Kingdom of England or Scotland, the two Kingdoms are distinctly, named that Kingdom having the Precedency in such Instrument, which is therein particularly concerned.  
To the King alone belongs Dei Gratiâ, taken simply and in the strictest sense, as holding his Regal Dignity by the Favour of none but GOD; the Archbishops and Bishops, to whom that Title is also sometimes given, must understand Dei Gratiâ & Regis: For though their Character and Spiritual Function be from GOD alone; yet their Baronies, Dignity, and Interest in the State, and even that external Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction, which they exercise (and that legally in their own Names) within his Majesty's Dominions, are from the Grace and Bounty of the Prince.  
Defender of the Faith was (as appears by a Charter of King Richard the IId. to the University of Oxford) anciently given to the Kings of England, and therefore not so much conferred upon, as confirmed unto King Henry the VIIIth. by Pope Leo the Xth. for a Book written against Luther in Defence of some Points of the Roman Faith, and since the ejection of that Religion continued in the Crown by Act of Parliament.  
The Title of Grace, since appropriated to Archbishops and Dukes, was first given to the King about the Time of Henry the IVth. as about the Time of Edward the IVth. that of High and Mighty Prince, since also given to Dukes. To Henry the VIIIth. was given first Highness, since the Style of all the Princes of the Blood, than Majesty, and now Most Excellent and Sacred Majesty.  
The King of Great Britain in his public Instruments and Letters uses, as his Predecessors have ever done since the Time of King John, Nos We in the Plural Number; but before his Time Kings used the Singular: Which Custom is still practised in the Ends of Writs and Patents Teste meipso.  
The Word Sir, answering to the Latin Dominus, and supposedly the same with Cyr, an Abbreviation of the Greek Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which, prefixed before the Christian Name, is given only to Baronet's, Knights of the Bath, and Knights Bachelors, is the ordinary Appellation, used in speaking to all persons of the better Rank from the King to the Gentleman; though in France the Word Sir or Sire is reserved only for the King, as is with us, Great Syr.  

Arms.  Arms are Ensigns of Honour, born in a Shield for Distinction of Families, and descending, as Hereditary, to Posterity; yet not generally fixed, unless in the Kings of Europe, in Great Britain or France, till after the Time of the Holy War about four hundred years ago.  
Our first Christian King, and the first Christian King of the whole World, Lucius bare Argent, a Cross Gules, in the first Quarter a Cross Patee Azure.  
After the Desertion of this Island by the Romans King Vortigern bore Gules, a Cross Or. Aurelius Ambrose bore Gules, a Griffin Sergreant Or. Uter Pendragon bare Or, two Dragons endorsed Vert, crowned Gules. King Arthur bare Vert, a Cross Argent, on the first Quarter Our Lady with her Son in her Arms. Cadwalladar, the last King of the Britain's, bare Azure, a Cross Patee on three parts, and fitched on the fourth, Or.  
The Sovereign Ensigns Armorial of the King of Great Britain, since the Uniting of the two Crowns of England and Scotland, are as followeth.  
In the first place, Azure, three Flower-de-Lys Or, for the Regal Arms of France, quartered with the Imperial Ensigns of England, which are Gules, three Lions Passant Guardant in pale Or; in the second place, Or, within a double Tressure counter-flowered de Lys, a Lion Rampant Gules for the Royal Arms of Scotland; In the third place, Azure, an Irish Harp Or, stringed Argent, for the Royal Ensigns of Ireland. All within the Garter, the chief Ensign of that most Honourable Order; above the same an Helmet, answerable to his Majesty's Sovereign Jurisdiction; upon the same a rich Mantle of Cloth of Gold, doubled Ermine, adorned with an Imperial Crown, and surmounted for a Crest by a Lion Passant Gardant, Crowned with the like. Upon a Compartment, placed underneath, in the Table whereof is his Majesty's Royal Motto Dieu & mon Droet, stand the Supporters, being a Lion Rampant Gardant Or, Crowned as the former, and an Unicorn Argent, Gorged with a Crown, having thereto a Chain affixed, passing between his Forelegs, and reflext over his Back, Or.  
The Arms of France are placed first, because France is the greater Kingdom; and also for that those Arms from their first Bearing have always been the Ensign of a Kingdom, whereas the Arms of England were originally of Dukedoms, having been brought to England from Normandy, and Aquitain by William the Conqueror, and Henry the IId. and probably likewise, that the French might be thereby more easily induced to acknowledge the English Title.  
The Motto Dieu & mon Droit, GOD and my Right, first given by King Richard the Is. to intimate, that he held not his Empire of any, but of GOD alone, was afterwards taken up by Edward the IIId. when he first laid Claim to the Crown of France.  

Dominions.  The Dominions of the King of Great Britain are at this day in possession the Islands of Great Britain and Ireland, containing three Kingdoms of large Extent, with all the other Isles lying in the British Sea, being above four hundred in all, great and small, some whereof are very considerable, together with all the adjacent Seas even to the Shores of the Neighbouring Nations. As a Mark whereof all Ships of Foreigners have anciently demanded leave to fish and pass in these Seas, and do at this day lower their Topsails to all the King's Ships of War. And therefore Children, born upon those Seas (as it sometimes happens) are esteemed natural born Subjects to the King of Great Britain, and therefore need no Naturalisation, as do those, that are born out of his Dominions. He hath likewise in possession the Isles of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney and Sark, being Parcel of the ancient Duchy of Normandy; besides the profitable Plantations of New England, Virginia, Barbados, Jamaica, Maryland, Bermudos, Carolina, New-York, and other places in America, with some in the East Indies, and upon the Coast of Africa.  
The Strength of the Monarch of 
Strength  Great Britain since the Union of the two Kingdoms has never yet been fully tried, the Parliaments of the two last Kings, infected with the pestilential Principles of Presbyterianism and Democratism, having upon all occasions proved refractory to their Designs, and rather catching at all Opportunities of diminishing the Royal Prerogative, and augmenting the (falsely so called) Liberty of the People, being (to speak truly) only a Privilege to Tyrannize more uncontrollably over their Fellow-Subjects; than any ways endeavouring to support and maintain the Grandeur and Glory of the King and Kingdom: insomuch that there was invented a most unnatural Distinction of Subjects into Royalists, and Patriots, as if any man could show himself a Lover of his Country by braving and opposing the Father of it; whereas the Relation between King and Kingdom is so great, that their Well-being is reciprocal. And though for some time after his Majesties Return the Parliaments of all his three Kingdoms seemed to vy, which of them should most readily comply with their Sovereign's Desires and Designs; yet the Fanatical and Antimonarchical Faction (who ever since his Majesty's happy Restauration have been secretly blowing the Coals of Rebellion, and by their sly and false Insinuations have continually laboured to disquiet the Minds of the People with pretended Fears of Popery, and ungrounded Jealousies of (I know not what) Arbitrary Power) have so far of late prevailed, that the Loyalty of many unthinking persons has been strangely staggered, and their Spirits so exasperated, that several of the English Commonalty have by the Artifices of these Seditious Boutefeus' been brought to such a forgetfulness of the Duty, which by all Divine and Humane Laws they owe unto their Prince; that some Parliaments have of late seemed perfect States of War, wherein a prevalent Faction in the House of Commons, instead of readily affording their Assistance to their Sovereign for the strengthening and supporting of his Government against Foreign and Domestic Enemies, have (under Pretence of securing the Privileges and Liberty of the People) been tugging and contending to ravish away the Regal Prerogatives from the Crown, and, by importuning his Majesty (contrary to his often-declared Resolutions of never consenting to so great an Injustice) to alter the Succession of the Crown from its lineal and legal Descent, to subvert this ancient and hereditary Monarchy by ruining its firmest Foundation.  
But the Intrigues of the Faction having been laid open by his Majesty's Gracious Declaration of the Reasons, inducing him to dissolve the two last Parliaments, and by the seasonable Publication of that Horrid Association, a Copy whereof was produced at the late Proceed against the Earl of Shaftsbury, in whose Closet it was proved to have been found, the Mists, which these Religious Jugglers, for the better concealing their damnable Designs, had cast before the Eyes of the People, are so far dissipated, that whenever his Majesty shall in his Princely Wisdom think fit to call another Parliament, it may well be hoped, that the People, from whose Eyes the Scales, which have so long blinded them, begin now to drop off, will choose themselves such Representatives, as in their Testimonies of Loyalty and Submission to their Sovereign will eagerly strive to outgo the very best of their Predecessors; such, as will by their unanimous Acknowledgement of the unalterableness of the Succession (as has been lately done in Scotland) assert the Sacredness of the British Monarchy; by their Care to put a Stop to the Debauchery of the Press, whose prolific Womb, daily teeming with new Monsters, fills every Corner of the Nation with Seditious Pamphlets, will take away those continual Incentives to Rebellion; by undeceiving the deluded Vulgar will free us from that Charm, under which we have now almost these four years lain (as it were) bewitched; and by readily complying with all his Majesty's just and honourable Desires and Designs, will enable him to vindicate his own and the Nations Honour against all external Oppositions or internal Rebellions: And then it will not be easy to comprehend, what great things his Majesty, so Loyally assisted, may attempt and effect, especially if we shall but consider, how the mighty Power of the King of England, before the Conjunction of Scotland, and total Subjection of Ireland, both which were usually at enmity with him, has been notoriously known to the World, and sufficiently felt by our Neighbor-Nations.  
The Island of Great Britain is (by a present learned Writer, to whose Collections I am not a little indebted) not unfitly said to resemble a great Garrison-Town, not only fenced with strong Works her Port-Towns, and environed with a vast and deep Ditch the Sea, but guarded with excellent Outworks, the strongest and best built Ships of War in the World, and so abundantly furnished within with Men and Horses, with Victuals and Ammunition, with  and Money, that, if all the Potentates of Europe should (which GOD forbidden) conspire against it, they could hardly distress it: Insomuch that we may well be permitted to affirm, that, as her own Natural Commodities are sufficient to maintain her, so nothing, but her own unnatural Seditions, is capable to destroy her.  
Thus admirable is the Defensive Strength of the Monarch of Great Britain; nor can his Offensive Puissance but be formidable to the World, when it shall be considered, that being Master of the Sea (as, if he be not wanting to himself, or his Subjects to him, he must be) he may in some sort be said to be Master of every Country, bordering thereupon, and is at liberty, where, when, and upon what Terms he pleaseth, to begin or end a War, for the carrying on of which he is well able, whenever he shall think fit so to do, to raise of Englishmen (besides Auxiliaries of valiant Scots and Irish) two hundred thousand Foot, and fifty thousand Horse (so many having been computed, during the late Rebellion, to have been in Arms on both sides, and that without any considerable miss of them in any City, Town, or Village) whose natural Agility of Body, Patience, Hardiness, and Resolution is so great, and their fear of Death so little, that scarce any Nation of the World, upon equal Terms, and Number, has ever been able to stand before them either at Sea or Land. For the transporting of an Army his Majesty hath at command near two hundred Ships of War, and can hire as many, or more stout English Merchant Ships, not much inferior to Ships of War, all which he can soon Man with the best Sea Soldiers (if not the best Mariners) in the World. And for the maintaining so vast a Fleet sufficient Money may for a competent Time be raised by a Moderate Land-Tax, and for a long time by an easy Excise, to be laid only upon such Commodities, as naturally tend to the occasioning of Pride, Idleness, Luxury, Wantonness, and the Corruption of good Manner's.  

Person.  That the Persons of Monarches have in all Ages of the World been esteemed sacred, and (as such) received a more than ordinary Respect and Veneration from their Subjects, is so manifest from the concurrent Practice of ancient and present Times, that it cannot with any show of Truth be contradicted.  
The Patriarches of the old World were not only Kings, but Priests, having in themselves all Fullness of Jurisdiction, and taking no less Care for the instructing of those, whom GOD had subjected to them, in the manner of performing their Adorations to their Creator, than in teaching them the Laws and Institutes of a Civil Life. And though the Almighty was pleased amongst his own peculiar People the Israelites, after their Departure out of the Land of Egypt, to separate the Spiritual and Temporal Functions, entailing the Priesthood upon Aaron and his Posterity, into whose Office it was not lawful for their Kings themselves to intrude, yet were they in all Civil matters subject to the King's Authority, who was (as were also the Priests) anointed with Oil, to intimate the Sacredness of his Person.  
When the Kings and Princes of the World began to submit their Crowns and Sceptres to the Cross of our Redeemer, and instead of Persecutors to become Protectors of the Church, this sacred Ceremony of Anointing was again restored, and Monarches thereby admonished, that, as their Persons were sacred and Spiritual, so it was no less a part of their Duty to take care of the external Regulation and peace of the Church, than of the Civil Government of their States. Yet were there anciently none anointed, but the two Emperors of the East and West, the Kings of France, England, Sicily, and Jerusalem: amongst whom the Monarch of Great Britain may lay as ancient a Claim to this Holy Unction, as any other Prince of Europe, the very first Kings of this Island, after it was freed from the Jurisdiction of the Romans, having been anointed. By reason of which Unction, it was in the Reign of Edward the IIId. declared, that the Kings of England were capable of Spiritual Jurisdiction.  
Of this Sacred Person of the King, of his Life and Safety so singular a Care is taken, that the Laws of both the Realms, whereinto this Island is divided, do herein agree, that it is High Treason, only to imagine or intent the Death of the King: And because likewise by imagining or conspiring the Death of the King's Councillors, or Great Officers of his Household, the Death of the Sovereign may ensue, and is usually aimed at, all such Conspiracies, though never taking effect, are punished with Death, though in all other Capital Cases no man is put to Death, unless the Act follow the Intent.  
Nay in so high an esteem is the King's Person had, that to offend against those Persons and Things, whereby he is represented, as to kill some of the Crown Officers, or any of the King's Judges, executing their Office, to counterfeit the King's Seals, or his Moneys, is made High Treason, because by all these his Sacred Person is represented. And so horrid is this Crime of High Treason, that besides the Loss of Life and Honour, the Criminal forfeits all his Estate Real and Personal, his Wife loses her Dower, his Children their Nobility, and all their Right of Inheritance to him or any other Ancestor, and are to be ranked amongst the Peasantry and Ignoble, till the King shall please to restore them. For so heinous is this Offence, that the Law can hardly endure to see the Posterity of the Offender survive him.  
And rather than Treason against the King's Person shall go unpunished, the Innocent shall in some cases suffer: for if an Idiot or Lunatic (who, having no Will, cannot possibly be said to offend) shall, during his Ideocy, or Lunacy, kill or go about to kill the King, he shall be punished as a Traitor; though not being Compos mentis, he can neither commit Felony, Petit Treason, or any other sort of High Treason,  
So tender a Regard is moreover had of this most precious Person of the King, that no Physic ought to be administered to him, but what his Physicians prepare with their own Hands, and not by the Hands of any Apothecary; nor are they to use the Assistance of any Surgeons, but such, as are sworn Surgeons to his Person.  
This Person of the King in his Natural as well as Politic Capacity is every Subject to defend with his own Life and Limbs. For, the King being Father of his Country, it should seem a pleasant thing to every Loyal-hearted Subject to lose Life or Limb in defending him from Conspiracies, Rebellions, or Invasions, or assisting him in the Execution of his Laws.  
The Office of the Monarch of Great Britain (and indeed of every Christian Prince) 
Office.  was by the Holy Roman Bishop St. Eleutherius described to our first Christian King Lucius: Which Description, recorded in the Laws of St. Edward the Confessor, King of England, is, as followeth. A King, being the Minister and Delegate of the Supreme King, is appointed by GOD for this end, that He govern this Earthly Kingdom and People of our Lord, and above all that he govern and venerate his Church, defending it from all, who would injure it: That he root out of it, and utterly destroy all Evil-Doers.  
For the better enabling themselves to discharge this great and weighty Office (to the just and upright Performance whereof every King at his Coronation obliges himself by solemn Oath) 
Prerogatives.  the Monarches of Great Britain have reserved, as inherent in their Crown, certain extraordinary Powers, Preeminences, and Privileges, commonly called Royal Prerogatives, some of the most remarkable whereof, in which, as being necessary for the Preservation of the Government, and the Safety and Interest of the People, the Laws of both Kingdoms agree, do here follow.  
The King solely and alone has by his Royal Prerogative, without any Act of Parliament, the absolute Power of declaring War, making Peace, sending and receiving Ambassadors, entering into and concluding Leagues and Treaties with any Foreign Prince or State. He has the sole Disposing and Ordering of the Militia by Sea and Land, raising Forces, Garrisoning and Fortifying Places, setting out Ships of War, and Pressing Men, if need require. He alone disposes of all Magazines, Ammunition, Castles, Fortresses, Ports and Havens, and has the laying out and employing, as he pleases, of all Public moneys or the Revenues of the Crown and Kingdom. He appoints the Metal, Weight, Purity, and Value of Money, and may by his Proclamation make any Foreign Coin to be lawful and Current Money within his Dominions.  
By his Royal Prerogative, he may of his mere Will and Pleasure convoke, adjourn, prorogue, remove, and dissolve Parliaments, and may to any Act, passed by them, give or refuse (without rendering any Reason) his Royal Assent, without which a Bill is but a mere Cadaver, a lifeless and inanimate Lump. He may at his pleasure increase the number of the Members of Parliament by creating new Barons, and bestowing Privileges upon other Towns to send Burgesses to Parliament: Yea, he may call to Parliament by Writ any one, whether Alien or Native, whom he in his Princely Wisdom shall think fit, and may refuse to send his Writ to some others, that have sat in former Parliaments.  
His Majesty alone hath the Choice and Nomination of all Magistrates, Councillors, and Officers of State, of all Bishops, and other high Dignities in the Church, of all Commanders, and other Officers at Sea and Land; the bestowing of all Honours of the higher and lower Nobility; the Power of determining Rewards for Services, and Punishments for Misdemeanours.  
He may by his Letters Patents erect new Counties, Bishoprics, Universities, Cities, Burroughs, Hospitals, Schools, Fairs, Markets, Courts of Justice, Forests, Chases and Free-Warrens.  
He hath by his Prerogative Power to enfranchise an Alien, and thereby to enable him to purchase Houses and Lands, and to bear some Offices. He hath Power to grant Letters of Mart or Reprisal, Safe Conducts, etc.  
No Proclamation can be made, but by the King: Between which and a Statute as the Difference originally was not great, the King making the latter by the Common Council of the Kingdom, whereas in the former he had but the Advice of his great Council of the Peers, or of his Privy Council only: So what Judgement Parliaments have formerly had of Proclamations, appears by these Words of a Statute, made in the one and thirtieth year of King Henry the VIIIth. Forasmuch as the King, by the Advice of his Council, hath set forth Proclamations, which obstinate Persons have contemned; not considering what a King by his Royal Power may do: Considering that sudden Causes and Occasions fortune many times, which do require speedy Remedies, and tha● by abiding for a Parliament, in the mean time might happen great prejudice to ensue to the Realm: And weighing also, that his Majesty, which by the Kingly and Regal Power, given him by GOD, may do many things in such Cases, should not be driven to extend the Liberties, and Supremity of his Regal Power, and Dignity, by wilfulness of froward Subjects: It is therefore thought fit, that the King with the Advice of his Honourable Council should set forth Proclamations for the good of the People, and Defence of his Royal Dignity, as necessity shall require.  
The King only can give Patents in case of Losses by Fire, or otherwise, to receive the charitable Benevolences of the People, without which none may ask it publicly.  
The King by his Prerogative is Vltimus Haeres Regni, and the Receptacle of all Estates, when no Heir appears: For this cause all Estates for want of Heirs, or by Forfeiture, escheat to the King. All Spiritual Benefices, for want of Presentation by the Bishop, are lapsed at last to the King. All Money, Gold, Silver, Plate or Bullion, found (and the Owners thereof not known) belong to the King: and so do all Wayfs, Strays, Wrecks, not granted away by him, or any of his Predecessors. All Wast Ground, or Land, recovered from the Sea; all Land of Aliens, dying before Naturalisation; all things, the property whereof is not known; and all Gold or Silver Mines, in whose Ground soever they are found, belong to the King.  
In the Church the King's Prerogative is very great. He only hath the Patronage of all Bishoprics: None can be elected Bishop, but whom he hath first nominated; None can be consecrated, or take possession of the Revenues of any Bishopric without his special Writ or Assent. He is the Nursing-Father of the Church, and hath Power to call a National or Provincial Synod, and with the Advice and Consent thereof to make Canons, Orders, Ordinances and Constitutions, relating to the Government and Polity of the Church, wherein (as it was affirmed by Christopher Wray, Speaker of the House of Commons in the thirteenth year of Queen Elizabeth) the Prince's Power is absolute.  
The King has Power, upon Causes only known to himself, to dispense by Non Obstantes with General Laws, made in Parliament, and with the Penalties for transgressing them, where such Penalty is appropriated to himself alone; to mitigate the Rigour of the Laws, where Equity and Conscience require Moderation, to alter or suspend any particular Law, that he judges hurtful to the Commonwealth; to pardon a Man, legally condemned; to grant special Privileges to particular Persons, Colleges, and Corporations, and if any Doubt arises concerning such Privileges, he only has Right to interpret them. To him, and the Judges, constituted by him, does it belong to interpret all Statutes, and to determine, and pass Sentence in Cases, not defined by Law.  
These are some Branches of that Jus Coronae, of that Regal Prerogative, of the name whereof however some persons are afraid, yet may they assure themselves, that the Case of Subjects would be desperately miserable without it: since the King's just Rights are the best Preserver of the People's Liberties, being an impregnable Bulwark against all popular Invasions and illegal Powers. Nor have there ever been found any greater Oppressors of the People, than those, who under pretence of asserting their Liberties have endeavoured to lessen the Royal Authority. Thus in the great Contest between Henry the IIId. King of England, and the Barons, about the pretended Liberties of themselves and the People, the King being forced at length to yield, the Lords, instead of that glorious Freedom, which they promised the Nation, engrossed all Power into their own Hands under the Name of the twenty four Conservators of the Kingdom, behaving themselves like so many Tyrants, acting all in their own Names, and in Juntoes of their own, wholly neglecting, or else overruling Parliaments. But then not agreeing among themselves, four of them (viz. the Earls of Leicester, Gloucester, Hereford and Spencer) defeated the other twenty, and drew the entire Management of Affairs into their own hands: Yet it continued so not long, Leicester getting all into his own Power, who being slain in Battle, the King recovered his Authority, and the People their true Liberty.  
Many of these Prerogatives, those especially, that concern Justice, and Peace, are so essential to Royalty, that they cannot be separated from it, but by the destruction of the Monarchy itself. Not without reason therefore did the Estates of England, assembled in Parliament in the Reign of King Edward the IIId. declare, that they could not (though the King himself should desire it) assent to any thing, which tended to the Disherison of the King and his Crown, whereunto they were sworn. The King therefore, as he is by his Office Debtor Justitiae, obliged to administer Justice to his People, so is he in Conscience bound to maintain the Rights of the Crown in possession, and to endeavour the recovery of those, whereof it has been dispossessed. And how dismal the Effects have been, whenever any King, neglecting the religious observance of this part of his Duty, has been prevailed upon to give way to the lessening of his Royal Prerogative, we have a sad Example in his Majesty's Father of Blessed Memory, who parting (though but only Pro illa vice) with his absolute Power of dissolving Parliaments, and giving it to the two Houses, they never ceased farther encroaching upon his Prerogatives, till he himself was barbarously murdered, the Government wholly subverted, and all the Liberties of the People trampled under foot. To him therefore, that shall seriously consider the many fatal Mischiefs and Inconveniences, which necessarily follow the Diminution of the King's Prerogative, it will seem no Paradox to affirm, that it is the Subjects great Interest to be far more solicitous, that the King maintain and uphold his own Prerogative and Preeminence, than their Rights and Liberties, which, as they had no other Original but the Grace and Bounty of the Prince, so must they of necessity perish, when he is no longer able to protect them. It is not therefore to be wondered, that a right Apprehension of such pernicious Consequences made his Sacred Majesty refuse his Royal Assent to a Bill, presented him for the raising of the Militia, though it was (if passed into an Act) to have continued in force but six Weeks: Because the Tendency of the Bill being to put out of his Possession the Posse Regni, or absolute command over the Forces of the Realm, he could not answer unto GOD, by whom alone he is entrusted with his Regal Power for the Safety and Well-Government of his Subjects, the abandoning (though for so short a time) the Protection and Defence of the People, committed to his Charge.  
Whatever things are proper unto Supreme Majesty, Sceptres and Crowns, 
Sovereignty.  the Purple Robe, the Globe or Golden Ball, and Holy Unction, have as long appertained to the British Monarch, as to any other Prince in Europe. The Antiquity of anointing Kings in Britain has been already shown out of Gildas; and as for the other four, they are by Leland, a famous Antiquary, ascribed unto King Arthur, who began his Reign in the Year of our Lord 506. Which was as soon, as they were ordinarily in use with the Roman Emperors.  
The King of Great Britain is an absolute and unaccountable Monarch, a Free Prince of Sovereign Power, not holding his Kingdom in Vassalage nor receiving his Instalment or Investiture from another; Nor does he acknowledge Superiority to any, but to GOD alone.  
He is not only the Supreme, but sole Legislator within his Dominions. The Power of making Laws (whatever some Antimonarchists pretend to the contrary) rests solely in him. And although the Gracious Condescension of our Kings has been such, as to render the subordinate Concurrence of the Estates of each Realm a Condition, requisite to the making of new, or abrogating of old Laws within the respective Kingdoms; yet are they not thereby admitted to any Share in the Sovereignty, their Power being wholly derivative from the King, who is Caput, Principium, & Finis Parliamentorum, the three Estates, when assembled in Parliament, being as much his Subjects, as every particular Man of them is, when the Meeting is dissolved. All Bills, passed by them, are but so much dead matter, till quickened by his Royal Fiat, which alone gives Life and Form to all their Proceed. Nor is it ex debito Justitiae, but of his Special Grace, that he passes such Acts, as are presented to him. Thus Henry the IIId. gins his Magna Charta with Know ye, that WE of our mere and free Will have given these Liberties. Thus we hear King Edward the Is. saying: The King of his special Grace for Redress of the Grievances of His People sustained by his Wars, and for the Amendment of their Estate, and to the intent that they may be the more ready to do him Service, the more willing to assist and aid him in time of need, Grants. 28. E. 1. c. 1. And although of later times Laws are said to be made by Authority of Parliament, yet if we look into our ancient Statutes, we shall find the meaning to be, that The King Ordains, the Lords advise, and the Commons consent.  
Those than are much mistaken, who affirm the Parliament to be (at the least) as Essential a Part of the Government as the Prince: Which if it were true, whenever the Parliament is dissolved, the Government would be so too. But this with the Pernicious Maxim of Coordinacy, or sharing the Sovereign Power between King, Lords, and Commons, with other treasonable and Antimonarchical Doctrines, daily dispersed amongst the People, and with the utmost of his Art industriously asserted by the Author of a late seditious Book, entitled Plato Redivivus, together with his audacious Proposals, aiming to take all the Flowers out of the Imperial Diadem of the British Monarch, are most fitly to be answered in Westminster-Hall, as tending no less to the subversion of our Government (which being purely Monarchical, may be without the two Houses, whereas they cannot be without the King) than those traitorous Designs, for which Coleman and his Accomplices paid their forfeited Lives to the Justice of the Laws.  
The King of Great Britain is Lord Paramount, supreme Landlord of all the Lands within his Dominions, all landed men being mediately or immediately his Tenants by some Tenure, or other. By the Laws and Ordinances of ancient Kings (saith Sir Edward Cook in the first part of his Institutes) and especially of King Alfred it appeareth, that the first Kings of this Realm had all the Lands of England in Demesne; and the great Manors and Royalties they reserved to themselves and of the Remnant they, for the Defence of the Realm, enfeoffed the Barons of the Realm with such Jurisdiction, as the Court Baron now hath. The King (as it is evident by the Rolls of the Chancellery in Scotland, which contain their eldest and fundamental Laws) is Dominus omnium bonorum, and Dominus directus totius Dominii, the whole Subjects being but his Vassals, and from him holding all their Lands as their Over-lord. Thus none, but the King, hath Allodium and Directum Dominium, the sole and independent Property in any Land. Upon this Ground no doubt it was that Sergeant Heal in the three and fortieth year of Queen Elizabeth said in Parliament, He marvelled, the House stood either at the granting of a Subsidy or time of Payment, when all we have, is her Majesties, and She may lawfully at her pleasure take it from us; and that She had as much Right to all our Lands and Goods, as to any Revenue of the Crown; And he said, he could prove it by Precedents in the time of Henry the IIId. King John and King Stephen. And upon the same Ground was it resolved by the Judges in the beginning of the Reign of King James, when there was a purpose to have taken away Tenors by Act of Parliament, That such a Statute had been void, because the Tenors were for the Defence of the King and Kingdom. And although since that the Tenors, which gave a Dependency upon the Crown, and were the greatest Safety to the King and People, have been taken away, and thereby a great Blow given to Monarchy; yet let those, who have the Fee, the Jus perpetuum, and the Vtile Dominium, have a care, lest by following the mischievous Advice of Plato Redivivus, and abusing the Grace and Bounty of the Prince by endeavouring to draw the Sovereignty to themselves, they necessitate not their King, for the Preservation of himself and People, to have Recourse to his Prerogative, which is a Pre-eminence, in Cases of Necessity, above and before the Law of Property or Inheritance: For the Prevention whereof it is to be wished, that either by an Act of Resumption of the ancient Demesns of the Crown (which was a sacred Patrimony, and by Law unalienable) or by such other way, as the Wisdom of the Nation shall think fit, a Royal Support, adequate to the Charges of the Crown, be made for the King to defend his Kingdom and protect his People: so that he may not be reduced to the Infelicity of having a precarious Revenue out of the People's Purse, and to be beholden to a Parliament for his Bread in time of Peace, which is no good Condition for a Monarchy.  
As the Legislative Power is solely in the King, so he alone has the Sovereign Power in the Administration of Justice and Execution of the Law. He is the Fountain of all Justice, which by his Judges, and other inferior Officers, as so many Crystal Pipes, he conveyeth to his People. We will (saith Edward the Is't. in his Book of Laws, written at his appointment by John Briton, Bishop of Hereford) that our own Jurisdiction be above all Jurisdictions in our Realm, so that in all manner of Felonies, Trespasses, Contracts, and all other Actions Personal or Real, We have Power to render or cause to be rendered such Judgements as do appertain without other Process, wherever we know the right Truth, as Judges. All Jurisdiction (say the Scotch Laws) stands and consists in the King's person by reason of his Royal Authority and Crown, and is competent to no Subject; but flows and proceeds from the King, having Supreme Jurisdiction, and is given and committed by him to his Subjects, as he pleases. The King than is the sole Supreme Judge, all other Judges being his Deputies, to whom whatsoever Power is by him committed, yet is the last Appeal always to be made to himself, who may therefore (as his Predecessors formerly have done) sit in any Court, and take Cognizance of any Cause: but in Treasons, Felonies, etc. the King, being plaintiff, sits not personally in Judgement, but doth perform it by his Delegates.  
From the King of Great Britain, who, being the only Supreme Head, is furnished with Plenary Power and Jurisdiction to render Justice to every Member within his Dominions, there lies no Appeal in Ecclesiastical Causes to the Bishop of Rome, whose Authority ever since the Reformation has been here wholly abrogated; nor in Civil Matters to the Emperor, who for above twelve hundred years has not had the least Shadow of Pretence to any Jurisdiction within this Island; nor in either to the people, who both in themselves, and by their Representatives in Parliament, as well Conjunctim as Divisim, are his Subjects, and owe Obedience to his Commands.  
To Legislation and Judicature, which are solely and supremely in the King, is necessary the Power of the Sword (without which all other Power is nothing) for forcing Obedience to the Laws, and Judgements given both in Criminal and Civil Causes. This, having in virtue of their Sovereignty been always indisputably enjoyed by the Monarches of this Nation till the time of the late Rebellion, was since his Majesty's Restauration by a Parliament, as truly zealous for the happiness of their King and Country, as ever this Nation saw, in proper and express Terms declared to be the Right of the King only without either of his Houses of Parliament, the contrary Position thereunto, asserted by the rebellious Members of the Parliament of 1640. having been the chief Means of overturning our Government, and bringing Confusion and Misery upon this flourishing Kingdom.  

Divinity.  So great was the Veneration, shown to the ancient Christian Emperors by their Subjects, that they gave them (though imperfectly only and Analogically) the Titles of Your Everlastingness, Your Divinity, and the like, belonging essentially and perfectly to GOD alone: Who, to show the great Power, by him given to Sovereign Princes, and to beget in the Hearts of their People an higher Esteem, and more reverend Awfulness of them, which failing, all Confusion, Impiety and Calamity break in upon a Nation, is himself pleased, as is manifest in Holy Writ, to bestow upon them the Title of Gods, as being his Vicegerents, and representing his Majesty and Power upon Earth.  
Nay so excessive was the Respect of the good Christians of those times, that they were wont to swear by the Majesty of their Emperor, as Joseph sometimes did by the Life of Pharaoh. And this Custom seems to be justified by Vegetus, a learned Writer of that Age, being practised only to create in the Subjects a greater Reverence for these Earthly Deities.  
In like manner the Laws and Constitutions of this Monarchy attribute to the King, whom they regard as GOD upon Earth, divers Excellencies, which belong properly to none but GOD. Thus as GOD is perfect, so the Law will have no Imperfection found in the King: No Negligence, no Folly, no Infamy, or Corruption of Blood, all former Attainders (though even made by Act of Parliament) being ipso facto purged by the Accession of the Crown.  
To the King is attributed Infallibility and Justice in the Abstract: The King cannot err; The King can do no wrong. To the King is likewise ascribed a Kind of Immortality: The King never dies; as being a Corporation in himself, that lives for ever: For all Interregna being unknown in these Kingdoms, the same Moment, that one King dies, the next Heir is fully and absolutely King without any Coronation, Ceremony, or Act to be done.  
The King is also in some sort said to be Omnipresent. He is in a manner every where, in all his Courts of Justice, in all his Palaces: Therefore it is, that all his Subjects stand bare in the Presence Chamber, wheresoever the Chair of State is placed, though the King be many Miles distance from thence.  
He hath also a kind of Universal Influence over all his Dominions. His Fatherly Care is extended to preserve, feed, instruct and defend the whole Commonweal. His War, His Peace, His Courts of Justice, and all His Acts of Sovereignty tend only to preserve and distribute to every person within his Territories their particular Rights and Privileges.  
By his Power of creating to the highest Dignity, and annihilating the same at pleasure; and much more by his Prerogative of pardoning those, whom the Law has condemned, he is invested with a kind of Omnipotency, whereby he can restore to life those, that are dead in Law. And this Power of pardoning condemned Criminals is of such Benefit to the Lives and Estates of the People, that without it many would be exposed to die unjustly.  
The King alone in his own Dominions can say with GOD, whose Representative he is, Vengeance is Mine: For all Punishments proceed from him in some of his Courts of Justice, it not being lawful for any Subject to avenge himself.  
The King alone is Judge in his own Cause, though he delivers his Judgement by the Mouth of his Judges.  
But in nothing doth the King more resemble the eternal Deity, than in the Plenitude of his Power to do, what he pleases, without being opposed, resisted, or questioned by his Subjects. Nemo quidem (saith Bracton) de factis ejus praesumat disputare, multo minus contra factum ejus ire. Let none presume to search into his deeds, much less to oppose them. Nor is this a Privilege, belonging only to the King of Great Britain, but a Prerogative inherent in every Sovereign Prince by virtue of his Sovereignty. Where the word of a King is, there is Power: and who may say unto him, what dost thou? saith the Spirit of God by the mouth of the Royal Prophet Solomon. For Kingly Power, being by the Law of God, hath no inferior Law to limit it. The Emperor (saith Saint Augustine) is not Subject to Laws, who hath Power to make other Laws. Accordingly it is delivered by the great Lawyer Ulpian for a Rule of the Civil Law, Princeps Legibus solutus est, The Prince is not bound by the Laws: Agreeable whereunto is what is said in the Laws of England, Potestas Principis non est inclusa Legibus. The Power of the Prince is not included in the Laws. Hence no doubt it was, that Mr. Grivel in the Thirty first year of Queen Elizabeth said in Parliament, That he wished not the making of many Laws: since the more we make, the less Liberty we have ourselves, Her Majesty not being bound by them. Yet is not this so to be understood, that Kings have hereby a right to do Injury; but that it is Right for them to go unpunished by their People, if they do it. The King cannot be impleaded for any Crime. No Action lieth against his Person: For the Writ goeth forth in his Name, and he cannot arrest himself. If he should (which God forbidden) violently seize upon the Estate of any Subject, having no Title by Law so to do, the only Remedy is by Petitioning him to amend his Fault, which if he shall refuse to do, it will be Punishment sufficient for him to expect, that GOD, who has given him his Prerogative of being above all Laws for the good only of them, that are under the Laws, and for the Defence of his People's Liberties, will severely avenge the Cause of oppressed Loyal Subjects.  
But although whatever the King shall do, he is not questionable for it by his Subjects; yet there are divers things, which he cannot do Salvo Jure, Salvo Juramento, & Salva Conscientia sua. For by an Oath, taken at his Coronation, the King obliges himself, and indeed without any Oath he is by the Law of Nature and Christianity (as are all other Christian Kings) obliged to procure the Safety and Welfare of his People, to protect and defend them against their Enemies, to maintain and preserve them in their Properties, just Rights, and Liberties, to administer upright Justice with Discretion and Mercy, and in order thereunto to consent to the enacting of good Laws and repealing of Bad. Thus the King can do nothing unjustly, nor can he divest himself or his Successors of any part of his Regal Power, Prerogative, and Authority, inherent in the Crown, and necessary for the Government and Protection of his People. Two things there are especially, which having somewhat of Odium in them, the King doth not usually do without the Consent of his Parliament, that is, make new Laws, and impose new Taxes: the one whereof seems (and does but seem) to infringe the People's Liberties, and the other to entrench upon their Properties. To take away therefore all Occasions of Disaffection to the Anointed of the Lord (styled in Holy Scripture the Breath of our Nostrils, and the Light of our Eyes) the Wisdom of our former Princes, his Majesty's Royal Ancestors, has contrived, that for both these there should Petitions first be made by the People to the King.  
Tho these and divers other Prerogatives do rightfully belong unto, and are enjoyed by the Monarch of Great Britain; yet doth he ordinarily govern his people by the known Laws and Customs of his Kingdoms, making use of his Royal Prerogative for the Benefit, not Damage of his Subjects, in some rare and extraordinary Cases only.  
Hereunto may be added a singular and Miraculous Privilege, enjoyed by the Kings of Great Britain, quatenus Kings, conferred first by the Divine Benignity upon that Blessed King of England, St. Edward the Confessor, and ever since continued to his Successors, which is, by the Imposition of their Sacred Hands to drive away and cure that stubborn Disease, called the Struma or Scrofula, and by us commonly from this supernatural manner of its Cure the Kings Evil.  
Upon certain days almost every Week, during the cold Seasons, his Majesty graciously permits all, that are afflicted with that Disease, having been first carefully viewed, and allowed by his Surgeons, to be brought into his Royal Presence: Where an appointed Form of Divine Service (consisting of some short Prayers, pertinent to the Occasion, and two Portions of Holy Scripture, taken out of the Gospel) being read, the King at the pronouncing of these Words (They shall lay their hands upon the Sick, and they shall recover) gently draws both his Hands over the Sore of the sick person, the same words being repeated at every Touch.  
And at these Words (This was the true Light, which enlighteneth every Man, that cometh into this World) he putteth about the Neck of each Sick person a piece of Gold, called (from the Impression) an Angel, being in value about eleven Shillings Sterling.  
This evident Cure is by many malignant Nonconformists, those true Sons of Belial, daily despising, and speaking evil of Dignities, ascribed to the Strength of Fancy and exalted Imagination; but little do they reflect, upon how many tender Infants, no way capable of such Transports, this stupendious Cure is effectually performed.  

Respect.  In consideration of these and many other transcendent Excellencies, to no Prince, or other Potentate in Christendom is done more Honour, Reverence, or Respect, than to the Monarch of Great Britain: All his Subjects at their first Addresses kneel unto him; At Table he is served on the knee; All persons (the Prince or other Heir apparent not excepted) are bareheaded in his Presence; In the Presence Chamber (though the King be not there) all men are not only uncovered, but do, or aught to do Reverence to the Chair of State.  
The King's only Testimony of any thing, done in his presence, is of as high a Nature and Credit, as any Record: And in all Writs, sent forth for the Dispatch of Justice, he useth no other Witness but himself, viz. Teste meipso.  
As the King of Great Britain is thus reverenced and respected at home, so is he no less honoured and esteemed abroad. For if he be regarded solely as King of England, we shall find, that the Emperor was accounted Filius major Ecclesiae; the King of France Filius minor; and the King of England Filius adoptivus: That in General Counsels the King of France took place on the Emperor's Right Hand; the King of England on his Left; the King of Scots having Precedency next before Castille: And that, though since the time of the Emperor Charles the Vth. the Kings of Spain have challenged the Precedency of all Christian Princes, (which nevertheless they have within this twenty years yielded to France) yet in the time of our King Henry the VIIth. Pope Julius gave it to the English before the Spaniard.  
But if looking upon him, as succeeding to the ancient British Kings (whose true and undoubted Heir he is by Lineal and unquestionable Descent) we shall consider the Antiquity of his Predecessors, either as Kings (Reigning here above a thousand years before the coming in of the Romans, His Majesty, now regnant, being from the first British King's the hundred thirty nineth Monarch) or as Christians, this Island having not only shown to the World the first Christian King, named Lucius (whence the Title of Primogenitus Ecclesiae rightfully belongs to the King of Great Britain) but given to the Church the first Christian Emperor, even the famous Constantin, here born of there-nowned British Lady St Helena, by whose Example and Encouragement the Faith was generally received throughout the whole Empire: The Independency and Absoluteness of his Authority, holding of none but GOD, and having in his own Dominions neither Superior nor Equal: The Eminence of his Royal Dignity, State, and Titles, his Realm not having been only styled an Empire, and his Crown Imperial, but this Island both in ancient and later Times having been regarded as another World, whereof the Monarch is sole Lord and Emperor: The Martial Exploits and Achievements of his Ancestors abroad, amongst whom is the first Christian Worthy, and first Founder of Martial Knighthood, the famous King Arthur, in whose Heroic Acts there is Truth enough (all, that is thought fabulous, being rejected) to render him renowned to all posterity: The Gallantry and and Stoutness of his People, arising from their Freedom, the Plentifulness of their Country, and Generality of their Wealth: His long-lined Royal Extraction, wherein His Majesty, now Reigning, excels all the Monarches of the Christian (if not of the whole) World: The Hospitality, and Magnificence of his Court, than which no Court in Christendom is served with more punctual Attendance and State: The Diversity of Nations, and differing maternal Tongues, subject to his Command; The admirable Laws and Constitutions of his Government: The Greatness of his Power by Sea and Land both Offensive and Defensive: These and many other his Prerogatives considered, We may well be permitted to affirm, that (besides the Preeminence he may challenge by his just Right to the Crown of France) the Monarch of Great Britain (except the Precedency, which he, as all other Christian Princes, acknowledges to the Emperor) if he go not before, yet at least ought not to come behind any King whatsoever.   

CHAP. XII. Of Succession to the Crown of Great Britain.  
THE Monarch of Great Britain has Right to the Imperial Crown of this Island by Inheritance, according to the Laws of GOD and Nature, and the fundamental Constitutions of the Realms of England and Scotland, which both agree in this, That, upon the Death of the King, the next of Kindred, though born out of the Dominions of Great Britain, or born of Parents, not Subjects of Great Britain, is immediately King before any Proclamation, Coronation, Publication, or Consent of Peers or People.  
The Rule of Inheritance, given by GOD himself to the People of Israel, is this: If a man die, and have no Son, than he shall cause his Inheritance to pass unto his Daughter. And if he have no Daughter, than ye shall give his Inheritance unto his Brethren.  
Agreeably to which Rule, the Crown of Great Britain descends, as an inalienable Heritage, from the Father to the eldest Son and his Heirs; for want of Sons, to the Eldest Daughter, and her Heirs; for want of Daughters to the Brother and his Heirs; and for want of Brethren, to the Sister and her Heirs.  
And so unalterable is this Course of Descent, that no Act, no Crime, no Attainder of Treason, can bar the next of Blood from being King in the instant of Time, his Predecessor does not so much die, as by a State- Metempsychosis transmit his Life, his Breath, or his Soul into the Nostrils, the Body of his Successor.  
For Hereditary Monarchy being (as it has been clearly demonstrated) an immediate Ordinance of GOD, founded in the Prime Laws of Nature; and the Laws of GOD and Nature being (as all Christians acknowledge) absolutely immutable, it is a Madness to think, that any Act of Parliament can change this unchangeable Law, or, with the least Colour of Justice, altar the Right of Succession.  
This was well known to all our ancient Parliaments, that were neither overawed by any prevailing Faction seduced by designing Intreaguers, nor yet vainly flattered themselves with an Omnipotent Power to create and annihilate Kings: In one of which the States of the Realm unanimously answered King Edward the IIId. ask their Advice in matters, relating to the Crown: That they could not consent to any thing in Parliament, that tended to the Disherison of the King, and his Heirs, or the Crown, whereunto they were sworn. From whence Sir Edward Cook concludes, That it is a Law and Custom of Parliament, that no King can alien the Crown from the right Heir, though by consent of the Lords and Commons. And elsewhere affirming King John's Resignation of the Crown to the Pope to have been utterly void, he alleges this Reason: Because the Royal Dignity is an Inherent inseparable to the Royal Blood of the King, descendable to the next of Blood to the King, and cannot be transferred to another.  
And although by the Treasons and Conspiracies of ambitious, disloyal, and designing Persons, the Crown has now and then been transferred from one Family to another, yet does it appear in Story, that since the time of the Norman Conquest the right Heir was never yet kept out beyond the second Descent. And to the Honour of English Parliaments we can aver, that never any Usurper (though armed with Power) laid claim to the Crown in Parliament, but by pretending to be of the Right Line; nor did ever the Parliament allow of such Pretence, if false, but when awed by Fear and a vast Army. And whenever, the Terror of such armed violence being removed, the true Heir was enabled to claim his Right, the Parliament, notwithstanding all such pretended Acts, readily submitted themselves to their legitimate Prince, as being bound thereunto by the Laws of GOD and Nature.  
Thus although Henry, Duke of Lancaster, backed by an Army of forty or fifty thousand men, under Pretence of a feigned Title from Edmund Crouchback, forced his Natural Sovereign, King Richard the IId. first to resign, and afterwards to be deposed from his Crown, which, waving his former pretended Title, he caused to be entailed upon himself, his four Sons, and the Heirs of their Bodies, by Act of Parliament, whereby he thought to have secured it to his Posterity for ever; Yet, notwithstanding these cautious Provisions, seconded by, the Valour and prodigious Success of that noble Prince Henry the Vth. when in the year 1460. this Entail was alleged against Richard Duke of York, laying claim in Parliament to the Crowns of England and France, as being the next Heir to Lionel Duke of clarence, elder Brother to John of Gaunt, of whom the House Lancaster was descended, the Duke of York unanswerably replied, That, if King Henry the IVth. might have obtained the said Crowns of England and France by Title of Inheritance, Descent, or Succession, he neither needed, nor would have desired, or made them to be granted to him in such wise, as they be by that Act: Which (said he) taketh no place, neither is of any force, or effect against him, that is right Inheritor of the said Crowns, as accordeth with the Laws of GOD, and all Natural Laws. Which Answer of the Duke of York, and his Claim to the Crown, was by the same Parliament expressly recognized and declared to be Good, True, Just, Lawful, and Sufficient.  
And when in the same year Edward Earl of March, eldest Son to the said Duke of York, upon the death of his Father, took possession of the Crown by the Name of King Edward the IVth. his Title was in full Parliament by all acknowledged in these Words: Knowing also certainly, and without doubt and ambiguity, that by Gods' Law, and the Law of Nature, He (viz. the said King Edward) and none other, is, and aught to be true, R ghtwise, and Natural Liege and Sovereign Lord: And that he was in right, from the Death of the said Noble and Fam us Prinee his Father, very just King of the same Realm of England. And so little Respect was given to the aforementioned Act of Entail, that it was not so much as repealed, being esteemed from the very beginning null and void in itself. Nor indeed were any Acts of Henry the IVth. Vth. or VIth. (styled Kings in Deed and not of Right) deemed to be in force, but such, as were expressly confirmed by Edward the IVth. in the same manner, as his Sacred Majesty, now reigning, confirmed the judicial Proceed of the late Usurpation.  
As little Success had that Monster of Nature, Richard Duke of Gloucester, who, being by the Interest of several factious Lords chosen Protector to his Nephew, the young King Edward the Vth & having by that means gotten into his hands the military Force of the Nation, pretending, that the Children of his Brother King Edward the IVth. were illegitimate, laid claim to the Crown, which he not only entailed by Act of Parliament upon himself and his Issue, but the better to secure it in his Line, caused the Innocent young King, and his only Brother, the Duke of York, to be barbarously murdered in the Tower; yet did he within three years lose both his Crown and Life to Henry Earl of Richmond, on whom and his Heirs it was again by Act of Parliament entailed, which yet would little have availed him or his Posterity, had he not prudently ( to his promise, by which several of the Nobility were induced to assist him) married Elizabeth, eldest Daughter of King Edward the IVth. and immediate Heiress of the Crown, whereby, happily turning his Usurpation into a lawful Sovereignty, he secured himself in the Throne.  
But that his Issue by any other Lady could not have had better Success against the Princely House of York, than Adonijah had against Solomon, may more than probably be presumed, if we shall consider, what Fate attended the many mad Acts, made by Henry the VIIIth about the Succession.  
This haughty Prince, whose capricious Humour none of his Parliaments durst gainsay, having after above twenty years' Cohabitation divorced his Queen, a chaste and virtuous Lady, did in the twenty fifth year of his Reign disinherit by Act of Parliament the Lady Mary his Daughter by her, settling the Crown by special Words, for want of Issue Male, on his Issue Female by the Lady Anne Bullen: To the observation of which Act the whole Nation was obliged, by an Oath, imposed the year following, the Refusal of which Oath was adjudged Misprision of Treason. And yet in the twenty eighth year of his Reign he bastardized and made illegitimate to all intents and purposes (as he had done formerly the Issue of Queen Katherine) the Issue betwixt him and the Lady Anne Bullen, barring them to claim, challenge, or demand any Inheritance, as Lawful Heir, or Heirs to him by Lineal Descent; making it Treason for any one (notwithstanding their former Oath) by Words, Writing, Printing, or any other exterior Act directly, or indirectly to call any of the Children, born under the unlawful Marriages of Katherine and Anne Bullen, legitimate; and enacting, that in case he had no Issue by Jane (his then Queen) he might dispose of the Crown to whatsoever person or persons, he pleased, the whole Nation being bound to the observance of this Law by the Sanctimony of an Oath, the refusal whereof was made High Treason. After all this, in the thirty fifth year of his Reign he by another Act entailed the Crown on himself, Prince Edward, and the Princess Mary and Elizabeth, (without repealing the former Acts, or taking the least notice of their being so signally bastardized) and for default of Heirs of their Bodies, on such person or persons, as he should nominate by his Letters Patents under his Great Seal, or by his last Will in writing, signed by his most Gracious Hand, the whole Nation being again sworn to observe his pleasure herein: Consequently whereunto he by such his last Will and Testament solemnly bequeathed the Crown, upon failure of his own Issue, to the House of Suffolk, being the Issue of his younger Sister Mary, excluding by that means from the Throne (as much as in him, and his Act of Parliament lay) the Issue of his Elder Sister, whose Royal Blood he affirmed the cold Air of Scotland to have frozen up in the North. Yet, when after the Death of his three Children, reigning successively, these disinheriting Statutes (the last whereof was confirmed by Act of Parliament in the first year of Queen Elizabeth, in whose thirteenth year there passed also an Act, That it should be Treason, during her Life, and a Praemunire afterwards, to assert, that the Imperial Crown of England could not be disposed of by Act of Parliament) came to the Test, they had not the Honour to be repealed, but were held null and void from the beginning, as being notoriously repugnant to the Laws both of GOD and Nature, and the common Customs and Constitutions of the Realm. And the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and the Commons assembled in Parliament (notwithstanding all these unrepealed Acts) having confessed the Inestimable and unspeakable Blessings accrueing from the Union of England and Scotland under one Imperial Crown in the Person of King James, lineally, rightfully, and lawfully descended of the most Excellent Lady Margaret, Eldest Daughter of the most renowned King Henry the VIIth. and the high and noble Princess Queen Elizabeth, his Wife, eldest Daughter of King Edward the IVth. proceeded to the Recognition of his Title in these Words: We, being bounden thereunto both by the Laws of GOD and Man, do recognize and acknowledge that immediately upon the Dissolution and Decease of Elizabeth, late Queen of England, the Imperial Crown of the Realm of England, and all the Kingdoms, Dominions, and Rights, belonging to the same, did by inherent Birthright, and lawful and undoubted Succession descend and come to your most Excellent Majesty, as being lineally, justly, and lawfully next and sole Heir of the Blood Royal of this Realm: And that by the Goodness of GOD Almighty, and lawful Right of Descent Your Majesty is under one Imperial Crown of the Realms and Kingdoms of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland the most potent and mighty King. And thereunto we most humbly and faithfully do submit and oblige ourselves, our Heirs, and our Posterities for ever. And some years after it was by all the Judges of England expressly resolved in calvin's Case: That King James his Title to the Crown was founded upon the Laws of Nature, viz. by inherent Birthright, and Descent from the Blood-Royal of this Realm.  
All Acts of Parliament then for excluding from the throne the next Heir of the Blood Royal, on whom the Crown descends by the Laws of God and Nature, by inherent Birthright, and undoubted Succession, being ipso facto null and void, it is not to be wondered, that his present Sacred Majesty so constantly declared, that he would never consent to alter the Descent of the Crown in the right Line, as not being willing, by showing his People a Method of disposing the Succession, to shake at the same time the Title of his own Possession: Since it is evident, that the Heir apparent, or next of Blood hath the same Right to enjoy the Crown after his Predecessors Death, as the Actual Possessor hath to it, during his Life; and consequently, that the People have no more Right to disinherit the one, than to depose the other.  
Nor can any man be blamed for apprehending, that some such thing might be aimed at by the first Projectors of the Bill for excluding his Royal Highness from the Succession, if it shall be considered, that the chief Sticklers for that Bill insisted on the Deposition of Edward the IId. contrived by a lecherous Queen and disloyal Parliament, and that of Richard the IId. who was for pretended Misgovernment removed from the Throne by a Parliament, overawed by an Army of forty or fifty thousand men, and Henry the IVth. substituted in his stead; that during the Heat of these debates, the Answer to the Great and Weighty Considerations (wherein, besides many other treasonable Passages, the Author has these express words: I hope there are very few in this Nation, that do not think it in the Power of the People to depose a Prince, who really undertakes to alienate his Kingdom, or give it up into the hands of another Sovereign Power, or really acts the Destruction or general Calamity of his People) was publicly sold before the very Doors of Parliament; and that the same House of Commons, which was with so much eagerness hurried on to the passing of that Bill, was also prevailed upon to importune his Majesty in behalf of the publisher of that pernicious Appeal from the Country to the City, which by affirming, that No Government, but Monarchy, can in England ever support or favour Popery, endeavours not only to destroy the King, but even Kingship itself.  
But well far the noble Lords of England, who (with a Nolumus Leges Angliae mutari) rejected that abominable Bill; which, though it would, if passed into an Act, have been of no greater Force or Validity, than the Wild Ordinances of the Rebellious Parliament of 1640. yet might it (as they were) be made use of to induce the deluded Multitude to hazard their Souls, Bodies, and Estates by a damnable Opposition of their Lawful Sovereign, and to raise up a Contest in this Nation, not unlike to the old Yorkish and Lancastrian Quarrel, the Thoughts whereof every good man must certainly dread, when he shall seriously consider, how that War lasted about sixty years, and cost the Kingdom its whole Treasure, and the Lives of above two hundred thousand of the Commons, besides several Kings and Princes, and Nobles without number.  
So sensible was the renowned Queen Elizabeth of those fatal Consequences, which necessarily attend so unjust an Act, as that of altering the Succession, that, although for Reason's obvious enough (and needless here to be mentioned) she yielded to pass an Act, whereby it was made Treason to say, that she and her Parliament could not dispose of the Crown, yet could she never be brought to give her Consent to the actual disposing thereof, though the next Heir, then alive, was not only a Papist, but her own Rival to the Throne. Nay she was so averse to any such Act, that (as Camden tells us) She never heard any thing more unwillingly, than that the Title of Succession should be called into question. And therefore she sent Mr. Thornton Reader of Law in Lincolns-Inn, to the Tower, because in his Reading he called in question the Queen of Scots Title to the Crown. And when the Lord Keeper Bacon was accused by the Earl of Leicester for having intermeddled against the Queen of Scots Right to the Succession, and for being privy to a Book, wherein Hales went about to derive the Title of the Crown of England, in case the Queen should die without Issue, to the House of Suffolk, Hales was therefore committed to the Tower, and Bacon, though denying it, was not without great difficulty restored to favour. So likewise, when in the eighth year of her Reign, Bell Mounson, and a great Number of the House of Commons, thought it their Right, as Representatives of the whole Kingdom, whereof they do not in reality represent the sixth part, to decide & settle the Succession, the Queen by a Princelike Speech in the Parliament-House speedily suppressed their Insolence. In like manner when in the thirty fifth year of her Reign Mr. Peter Wentworth and Sir Henry Bromley delivered a Petition to the Lord Keeper, desiring the Lords of the Upper House to be Suppliants with them of the Lower to Her Majesty for entailing the Succession of the Crown, for which they had a Bill ready drawn, the Queen highly displeased hereat, charged her Council to call the Parties before them: Whereupon Sir Thomas Henage, sending for them, commanded them to forbear the Parliament, and not to go out of their several Lodgings. They were after called before the Lord Treasurer, Lord Buckhurst, and Sir Thomas Henage, by whom Wentworth was committed to the Tower, Sir Henry Bromley, and other Members of the House of Commons, to whom he had imparted the matter, being sent to the Fleet. So careful was this prudent Queen to keep the People from presuming to intermeddle with the Succession.  
The same Consideration, that the Altering or Diverting the Succession in an hereditary Monarchy, where the Kings (deriving their Royal Power from GOD Almighty alone) do succeed lineally to the Crown, according to the known Degrees of Proximity in Blood, cannot be attempted without involving the Subjects in Perjury and Rebellion, and exposing of them to all the Fatal and Dreadful Consequences of a Civil War, not only caused the Estates of Scotland in their very last Sessions of Parliament, from an hearty and sincere Sense of their Duty to recognize, acknowledge, and declare, That the Right to the Imperial Crown of that Realm is (by the Inherent Right, and the Nature of the Monarchy, as well as by the Fundamental and unalterable Laws of the Realm) transmitted and devolved by a Lineal Succession according to the Proximity of Blood; And that upon the Death of the King or Queen, who actually Reigns, the Subjects of that Kingdom are bound by Law, Duty and Allegiance to obey the next immediate and lawful Heir, either Male or Female, upon whom the Right and Administration of Government is immediately devolved; And that no Difference in Religion, nor no Law, nor Act of Parliament, made, or to be made, can alter or divert the Right of Succession and Lineal Descent of the Crown to the nearest and lawful Heir, according to the Degrees aforesaid; nor can stop or hinder them in the full, free and actual Administration of the Government, according to the Laws of the Kingdom; but obliged also His Majesty, for the preservation of the Peace and Tranquillity of that Kingdom, with Advice and Consent of the said Estates of Parliament, to declare, That it is High Treason in any of the Subjects of that Kingdom, by Writing, Speaking, or any other manner of way, to endeavour the Alteration, Suspension, or Diversion of the said Right of Succession, or the debarring the next lawful Successor from the immediate, actual, full, and free Administration of the Government.  
Nor is it to be doubted, but that the Commons of England, who now begin to grow sensible of those Precipices of Ruin, whereinto they were ready to tumble through the Contrivances of of those malicious Incendiaries, that by terrifying the People with panic Fears of Popery and Arbitrary Power endeavoured to kindle a Fire of Rebellion in this Nation, will, whenever it shall please His Majesty to call a Parliament, show themselves no less Zealous (than the Scots have done) to assist and defend (according to their Oaths) the King's Rights and Privileges, the chiefest whereof, upon which all the rest depend, as on a Corner Stone, is the unalterable Hereditariness of the Monarchy, and thereby defeat the Designs of those cursed Achitophel's, who labour by involving us in Confusion to establish their beloved Democracy, the very worst of Tyrannies.   

CHAP. XIII. Of the present Monarch of Great Britain: His Name, Surname, Genealogy, Birth, Baptism, Court, Education, Departure out of England, Coming into Scotland, Escape from Worcester, Restauration, Coronation, and Marriage.  

Name.  THe now-reigning Monarch of Great Britain is CHARLES, the Second of that Name. His Name of Baptism, in Latin written Carolus, in English CHARLES, in the Germane Language Churl, is contracted from Careal, which is itself an Abbreviation of the old Teutonick Garedel, and signifies All or wholly Noble. Not improperly then was this Name given to this Prince, whose Subjects may justly glory in the Enjoyment of that Happiness, for which Solomon pronounces a Land blessed, that their King is the Son of Nobles.  

Surname.  Tho Surnames are neither used by Sovereign Princes, nor necessary to them, as they are to other inferior persons; whose Surnames preserve the Memory of their Relations and Families; yet as Bourbon and Austria, which were but the Possessions of their Progenitors, are now generally esteemed the Surnames of the Present French and Spanish Royal Families: So Stuart or Steward, the Abbreviation of the Saxon Word Stedeward, signifying the same, as Locumtenens in Latin, and Lieutenant in French, which was originally but the Name of Office to Walter (Son of Fleance by the Daughter of Gruffyth ap Lhewelyn King of North-wales, and Progenitor to Robert the IId. King of Scotland, from whom our present King is descended) who was by King Malcolm Canmore created Grand Seneschal or High Steward of Scotland, has by Prescription of Time and long Vulgar Error so far prevailed, as to be accounted the Surname of the now-Royal Family of Great Britain, and of many other Families, descended from him. Nor is this Name unfit for any King, as being in his Kingdom the Steward, Lieutenant, or Vicegerent of Almighty GOD.  
Our Sovereign Lord the King, 
Genealogy.  now reigning does for Royal Extraction, and long Line of just Descent excel all the Monarches of the Christian, if not of the whole World, being lineally and lawfully descended from, and by Right of Primogeniture next Heir unto the British, Saxon, Norman, and Scotish Kings and Princes of this Island, his Grandfather King James, who by along Descent of Royal Ancestors was was derived from Malcolm Canmor King of the Scots, and the Lady Margaret his Wife, Sister and Sole Heir of Edgar Atheling, the last surviving Prince of the English Saxons, joining the Saxon and Scotish. Titles to the British and Norman, already united in the Person and Posterity of Edward the IVth. King of England.  
He is from the first British King's the hundred thirty ninth, from the Scotish, in a continued succession for almost two thousand years, the hundred and ninth, from the Saxon the forty sixth, since the Norman Conquest the twenty sixth, from the Uniting of the Royal Families of York and Lancaster the eighth, and since the Union of England and Scotland the third sole Monarch.  
He is the first, that was born Prince or Heir apparent of Great Britain, and hath in his possession larger Domininions than any of his Royal Ancestors.  
His Father was Charles the Martyr, and his Mother the Princess Henrietta Maria, Daughter to Henry the Great, Sister to Lewis the XIIIth. and Aunt to the present Lewis the XIVth. most Christian Kings, a Lady, who needeth no other Character, than what is found in the seventh Chapter of that unimitable Book, compiled by him, that best knew her. From these two Royal Stocks, he hath in his Veins some of all the Royal Blood of Europe concentred.  
This most Excellent Prince was born on the twenty ninth of May, 1630. at the Royal Palace of St. James', 
Birth.  near Westminster, over which there was the same day at noon by thousands seen a Star impending, and soon after the Sun suffered an Eclipse, which was by some even at that time regarded as a sad Omen, that the Power of this Prince should for a while be eclipsed and that some Subject, signified by the Star, should have more than ordinary Splendour.  

Baptism.  On the twenty seventh of June following he was baptised by Dr. William Laud, than Bishop of London, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, who was in the year of our Lord 1644. by a pretended Ordinance of the rebellious long Parliament, barbarously murdered for his Fidelity to his Sovereign.  
His Godfathers were his two Uncles the most Christian King Lewis the XIIIth. and Frederick, Prince Elector Palatine of the Rhine, then called King of Bohemia, represented by the Duke of Richmond, and Marquess of Hamilton, his Godmother being his Grandmother Maria de Medicis, than Queen-Mother of France, whose Substitute was the Duchess of Richmond. He had for his Governess Mary Countess of Dorset, Wife to Edward Earl of Dorset.  
In May, 1638. he received the Order of Knighthood, 
Court.  being immediately after made Knight of the Garter, and installed at Windsor. About which time he was by Order, not Creation, first called Prince of Wales, having all the Revenues of that Principality, with divers others Lands annexed, and the Earldom of Chester granted unto him, and holding his Court apart from the King.  
In the eighth year of his Age being taken from the Charge of his Women, 
Education.  he had for Governor William, than Earl, afterward Marquis, and lately Duke of Newcastle, and after him Thomas, late Earl of Berkshire; and for Tutor or Preceptor Dr. Brian Duppa, than Dean of Christ-Church in Oxford, soon after Bishop of Chichester, after that of Salisbury, and lately of Winchester.  
In October 1642. the two Houses having, out of their superabundant Loyalty, and great Zeal for the preservation of their Sovereign, raised an Army to divest him of his Sovereignty, he was with his Father at the Battle of Edge-Hill, and not long after was at Oxford committed to the Care of William Marquis of Hertford, whom, after his own happy Restauration, he restored to the Dignity and Precedency of Duke of Somerset.  
In the fifteenth year of his Age he was sent by his Father into the West of England, to perfect an Association, begun there in the end of the foregoing Summer. And not long after there was a Marriage proposed between him and the Infanta Joanna, eldest Daughter to the King of Portugal, since deceased.  

Departure out of England.  The year following, Barnstable being taken, and Exeter besieged by the Rebels, he withdrew from Devonshire into Cornwall, from whence he passed into the Isle of Scilly, and thence to the Queen his Mother, being at St. Germains near Paris.  
In the year 1648. a Considerable part of the Royal Navy, encouraged thereto by Captain Batten, formerly Vice-Admiral to the Earl of Warwick, being put into his Power, he endeavoured to rescue the King his Father out of the impious hands of his rebellious Subjects. But failing of Success, he was forced to retire to his Sister at the Hague, where not many Months after upon the sad News of the barbarous Murder of his Royal Father, he was first saluted King, & soon after proclaimed in Scotland and most Towns of Ireland, being yet under nineteen years of Age.  
In the latter end of the year 1649. he received, being then in Jersey, 
Coming into England.  a Message from the Committee of Estates of Scotland, brought by Mr. George Windram of Liberton, and the March following met the Scotch Commissioners at Breda in Holland, and about the beginning of June 1650. being invited by a solemn Message from the Estates of that Kingdom, he took Shipping at Scheveling, and having escaped the danger both of a sudden Storm, that cast him upon certain Danish Islands, and of a Fleet of English Vessels, sent out under Popham to intercept his passage, arrived at the Spey in the North of Scotland, from whence all along his way to Edinburgh he was entertained with the general Joy of the People, several of the Towns, by which he passed, making him considerable Presents. On the fifteenth of July, he was again solemnly proclaimed King at Edinburgh Cross, and was the first of January following crowned at Scoon, the accustomed place for Coronation of the Kings of Scotland.  

Escape from Worcester.  Being invaded by an Army from England, he was forced to quit that Kingdom, and try his Fortune in this which he entered the sixth of August 1651. and on the twenty second of the same Month came to Worcester, where on the third of September was fought that fatal Battle, in which though his Majesty acted with such marvellous Gallantry and Conduct, that he won applause from his very Enemies, yet he unfortunately lost the Day, and his whole Army, himself not without a Providence, unparallelled in History, escaping the Hands of his bloodthirsty Enemies, who not only by public Act promised a Sum of Money to those that should discover him, but likewise threatened the Penalty of High Treason to any, that should conceal him. For being in the very Heart England, and a thousand pounds set upon his head, he was forced to wander about in disguise for six Weeks, and to appear in many Places and Companies, before he could find a fit opportunity of Transportation. During which time though he were seen and known to many person, divers whereof were excessively indigent, and therefore liable to be tempted by the proposed Reward, divers of the Female Sex, and so not only most unapt to retain a Secret, but also very subject to be terrified by the threatened Penalty, and divers besides all this of the Roman Religion, which alone (the very Principles thereof having been always clamored against, as reputed to teach nothing but Treachery and Disloyalty to Princes, and the Lawfulness of breaking Faith with Heretics) might have made his Majesty afraid to trust them; yet was he still most miraculously preserved, and at length by one Tetershal, since a Captain in his Majesty's Navy, (whose Wife, suspecting the Business, was so far from disencouraging him, that she said, She cared not, if she and her little ones begged their Bread, so the King were in safety) transported from Bright-hemstead near Shoram in Sussex to Feccam near Havure de Grace in Normandy, whence he posted directly to Roven, and having thence dispatched Letters to the French Court, he was met the Queen his Mother, the Duke of Orleans, and many Persons of Quality, and by them conducted to Paris, where with his Royal Brothers, and divers of the British Nobility, Clergy, and Gentry, he was for some years received and treated as King of Great Britain.  
There by his Excellent Wisdom and Address, mediating with the Prince of Conde, and the Duke of Lorraine, then in the Head of two great Armies against the French King, he quenched the newly-kindled Fire of an universal Rebellion, raised against him, and was a Means of restoring Cardinal Mazarine, who had for fear of the Princes of the Blood withdrawn himself to Colen, to his former Authority and Greatness.  
In the year 1654. His Majesty, understanding, that upon a Treaty of Peace between the French King and Oliver Cromwell, then styling himself Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, one of the chiefest Articles, insisted upon by the Usurper, was the excluding of him with his Relations and Followers out of France, to prevent a ceremonious Expulsion, voluntarily departed thence into Germany, making his first place of Residence at the Spa, whence after a few Months he went to Colen, where was discovered the Correspondence between Thurloe, Cromwel's Secretary, and Manning, one of the King's Secretary's Clerks, who, for giving weekly Intelligence to the Usurper of the Transactions in his Majesty's Court, was deservedly shot to death.  
After the Rupture between Cromwell and the King of Spain, he was by Don John of Austria, who, being Governor of the Low-Countryes for his Catholic Majesty, sent the Count of Fuensaldagne to offer him in the name of the Spanish King all possible Service and Assistance, invited into Flanders, where making his Residence for the most part at Bruges, he continued till a little before Sir George Booths Rising in Cheshire, when he removed privately from Brussels to Calais, whence having notice from my Lord Mordant of the disappointment of much of the design, he went to Bulloign, and thence to Reven, whither Dr. Allestry bringing him News of Sir George's being in Arms, he went thence by Caen to St. Maloes', where being in preparation of a Vessel to transport him into. England, he received the fatal Tidings of Booths Defeat.  
Thence his Majesty went to Fontarabia, to be present at the Treaty of Peace, managed upon the Borders between France and Spain by the two chief Ministers of those two Kings, where he was with all imaginable respect entertained by Don Lewis de Haro, Plenipotentiary for his Catholic Majesty, from whom he received large Promises of Assistance both with men and money, and a Present of twenty thousand Crowns for defraying the Expenses of his Journey.  
There receiving Advice from the Lord Mordant of the Disorders in England, he returned through France toward Brussels, staying by the way some few days with his Royal Mother at Paris.  

Restauration.  In the year 1660. Perceiving a general Inclination in his Subjects to receive him, he providently, upon Advice sent him by General Monk, the late Duke of Albemarl, removed from Brussels to Breda within the Dominions of the United Netherlands, whence he sent Letters, bearing date the fourteenth of April, to the Lords, to the Speaker of the House of Commons, to the General's Monk and Montague, and to the City of London, together with a gracious Declaration for the composing and quieting the minds of his Subjects. These were on the first of May, read in Parliament, and on the eighth he was with great Solemnity proclaimed in the Cities of London and Westminster. The Tenor of the Proclamation, agreed upon by the Lords and Commons, clearly expressing the Hereditariness of this Monarchy, and consequently the unalterableness of the Succession, is, as followeth.  
Although it can no way be doubted, but that His Majesty's Right and Title to his Crown and Kingdoms is, and was every way completed by the Death of his most Royal Father of Glorious Memory without the Ceremony or Solemnity of a Proclamation: Yet, since Proclamations in such cases have always been used to the end that all good Subjects might, upon this occasion, testify their Duty and Respect; And since the armed Violence, and other the Calamities of many years last passed, have hitherto deprived Us of any such Opportunity, wherein we might express our Loyalty and Allegiance to his Majesty; We therefore, the Lords and Commons now assembled in Parliament, together with the Lord Mayor, aldermans, and Common Council of the City of London, and other Freemen of this Kingdom now present, do, according to Our Duty and Allegiance, hearty, joyfully, and unanimously acknowledge and proclaim, That upon the Decease of Our late Sovereign Lord King CHARLES, the Imperial Crown of the Realm of England, and of all the Kingdoms, Dominions, and Rights belonging to the same, did by inherent Birthright, and lawful and undoubted Succession, descend and come to his Most Excellent Majesty CHARLES the Second; as being lineally, justly, and lawfully next Heir of the Royal Blood of this Realm; and that by the Goodness and Providence of Almighty GOD, He is of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, the most Potent, Mighty, and Undoubted King: And thereunto we most humbly and faithfully do submit, and oblige Ourselves, our Heirs and Posterities.  
May the twenty third his Majesty, after a magnificent entertainment at the Hague by the States of Holland, and an humble Invitation of English Commissioners, sent by the Lords and Commons, then assembled at Westminster, embarked at Scheveling, and with a gallant Fleet, and gentle Gale of Wind landed at Dover on the twenty fifth and on the twenty ninth, being his Birth day, his Majesty, then just thirty years of Age, entered into London, accompanied with his two Brothers, attended by most of the Nobility and Gentry of the three Kingdoms, and received with the most Universal Joy, Acclamations, and Magnificence, that could possibly be expressed.  
This wonderful Restauration of his Majesty after so many years' Dispossession, his irreconcilable Enemies, who were fully possessed of the Government, being supported by an Army of thirty thousand experienced and victorious Soldiers in Eng and, all fostered up in an Aversion to Monarchy, besides the trained Militia of the Nation, amounting to a far greater number, and wholly consisting of chosen men of the like Principles, attempted and effected without Blood, Blows, Bargain, or Obligation to any foreign Prince or Potentate, by the Generosity and Prudence of that Noble Captain George, late Duke of Albemarl, whose Courage and Conduct this present Age cannot but admire, and our Posterity will with difficulty believe, was so signal a Dispensation of Divine Providence, which not only raised up that Noble Instrumont, but darted likewise on a sudden into the Hearts of the People a Desire of their Sovereign, which, like Lightning, running over his Kingdoms, made them burn with eagerness for his return, that the Great Turk, hearing thereof, openly declared, that, if he were to change his Religion, he would adore and worship the GOD of the King of Great Brtain.  

Coronation.  On the two and twentieth of April, 1661. His Majesty, according to the ancient Custom of his Royal Predecessors; made a glorious and splendid Cavalcade from the Tower to Westminster, where the next day, being the Festival of St. Geopge, he was Crowned with great Ceremony by Dr. William Juxon then Archbishop of Canterbury, to whom that Office belonged in right of his See, the Coronation-Sermon being preached by Dr. George Morley, than Bishop of Worcester, now of Winchester.  
On the eighth of May following began a Parliament at Westminster, as remarkable for their Loyalty and Zealous Affection to the Service of their Sovereign, as that of 1640. is notorious for Disloyalty and Sedition. In this Parliament were condemned, as illegal, and destructive to the Government, all those Factious and Antimonarchical Doctrines, first broached by the Rebels of the late times, to justify their audacious Impieties, and now again revived (no doubt for the same purpose) by the scurrilous Pamphletiers of this our Age, who by their more than Jesuitical Equivocations eluding the plain and express Words of an Oath, purposely framed to countermine and prevent such seditious Opinions and Practices, which, as they formerly have, so may again be made use of to involve us in Confusion and Misery, endeavour (as much as in them lies) to render all Profession and Promises of Allegiance and Fidelity, made by Subjects to their Prince, invalid, and of none effect.  

Marriage.  On the twenty eighth of the same Month His Majesty declared to his Parliament his Intention to marry the Infanta of Portugal, who accordingly in May 1662. being landed at Portsmouth, was there espoused unto him by Dr. Gilbert Sheldon, than Bishop of London, lately Archbishop of Canterbury.   

CHAP. XIV. Of the Present Queen of Great Britain: Her Name, Genealogy, Birth, Marriage, Portion, Jointure, and Arms.  
THE present Queen of Great Britain is Donna CATHARINA Infanta of Portugal. Her Name Catharina, 
Name.  originally Greek, signifies a Woman of excelling Purity and Chastity.  
She had for Father John the IVth. 
Genealogy.  King of Portugal, and is lineally descended from John of Gaunt, King of Castille and Leon, Duke of Lancaster, and fourth Son to Edward the IIId. King of England, as here appeareth.  

John of Gaunt, besides several other Children, had a Daughter, named  
Philippe, married to John the Is. tenth King of Portugal, by whom she had Issue 

Edward, the eleventh King of Portugal. 

Alphonso the Vth. twelfth King of Portugal. 

Emanuel, second Son, who Succeeded his Elder Brother John the IId. dying Issueless, and was the fourteenth King of Portugal. 

Edward Infante, sixth Son. 

Catharina, married to John, Duke of Braganza, and, after the Death of her Uncle Henry the seventeenth King of Portugal, true Heir to the Crown, from which she was barred by the Arms of Philip the IId. King of Spain. 

Duke of Braganza. 

John Duke of Braganza, who in the year 1640. recovered his Inheritance, and reigned over Portugal by the Name of John the IVth. 

The Infanta Donna Catharina, Queen Consort of Great Britain.                   
Her Majesty's Mother was Donna Lucia, Daughter of Don Gusman el Bueno, a Spaniard, Duke of Medina Sidonia, lineally descended from Ferdinando de la Cerde, and his Wife Blanch, Daughter to St. Lewis, King of France, who relinquished to her his Right and Title to Spain, derived to him by his Mother Blanch, eldest Daughter and Heir of the Spanish King Alphonso. She was a Lady of that admired Magnanimity and Prudence, that the King her Husband trusted so much of the Reins of Government to her masculine and politic Spirit, as occasioned a jesting Spaniard to say: That it was not the Portugal Force, but the Spanish Policy, which kept that Kingdom from the Catholic King.  
The Queen of Great Britain is the only Sister of Don Alphonso the VIth. the two and twentieth King of Portugal, born in the year 1642, and hath one Brother more, named Don Pedro born 1648, and now called Prince Regent of Portugal.  

Birth.  She was born the fourteenth of November. 1638, at Villa Vicosa in Portugal, her Father, who (though right Heir to the Crown of Portugal) was then only Duke of Braganza, being the most potent Subject in Europe: for a third part of Portugal was even at that time holden of him in vassalage.  

Marriage.  Having been most carefully and piously educated by Mother, she was at the Age of two and twenty desired in marriage by Charles the IId. King of Great Britain: And the Marriage, not long after concluded by the Negotiation of Sir Richard Fanshaw, Ambassador of his Majesty of Great Britain in the Court of Portugal, and of Francisco de Melo, Conde de Ponte, Marquis de Sande, Extraordinary Ambassador from the King of Portugal, being solemnised at Lisbon, on the twenty third of April, 1662. being the Festival of St. George, Patron both of England and Portugal, she embarked for England, and was by his Excellency Edward Earl of Sandwich, Vice-Admiral of England, safely conducted by a Squadron of Ships to Portsmouth, where being met by the King, she was remarried to him.  
From Portsmouth she was by his Majesty brought to Hampton-Court, where she continued till the three and twentieth of August following, when coming up thence by Water, she was with great Pomp and Magnificence received at Chelsey by the Lord Mayor and Aldermen of London, who waited on her thence by Water to Whitehal.  
The Portion, 
Portion.  brought by her Majesty, was eight hundred Millions of Reas, or two Millions of Crusadoes, amounting to about three hundred thousand Pounds Sterling; the City of Tangier on the Coast of afric; and the Isle of Bombaim near Goa in the East-Indies; together with a Privilege, that any Subjects of the King of Great Britain may trade freely in the East and West-India Plantations, belonging to the Portugueses.  
Her Jointure, 
Jointure.  agreed upon by the Articles of Marriage, is thirty thousand Pounds Sterling per Annum, to which the King, as a Testimony of his great Affection to her, has added ten thousand Pounds per Annum more.  

Arms.  Her Arms, as Daughter of Portugal, are Argent, five Scutcheons Azure , each Scutcheon charged with five Besants Argent Salterwise, with a Point Sable. The Border Gules, charged with seven Castles, Or. This Coat was first worn by Don Alphonso, the first King of Portugal, as well in memory of a signal Victory, obtained by him over five Kings of the Moors, as in honour of the five Wounds of our blessed Lord and Saviour, who just before the Battle appeared crucified unto him, a voice being heard, as once to Constantin the Great, In hoc Signo vinces: before which time the Portugal Arms were Argent, a Cross Azure.  
Her Majesty is a Personage, endowed with rare Perfections both of Mind and Body, a Lady of transcendent Piety, Modesty, and Charity, and many other eminent Virtues.   

CHAP. XV. Of the present Princes and Princesses of the Royal Blood of Great Britain.  
THe Glorious Martyr CHARLES the Is. King of Great Britain, had by his Queen Henrietta Maria, Daughter to the most Christian King Henry the IVth. four Sons and five Daughters. His Sons were, 

1. CHARLES-JAMES, born at Greenwich on the thirteenth of May, 1629. baptised immediately by Dr. Web, one of his Majesty's Chaplains then in attendance, and afterwards a Bishop in Ireland, lived not above two hours.  
2. CHARLES, our present Sovereign, whom GOD long preserve.  
3. JAMES, now Duke of York and Albany.  
4. HENRY, born at oatland's, on the twentieth of July 1640. declared by his Royal Father, Duke of Gloucester, but not so Created till the thirteenth of May 1659. He lived till above Twenty, and died unmarried the thirteenth of September 1660. almost four Months after His Majesty's happy Restauration, bereaving thereby these Nations of those fair Hopes, which had been generally conceived from his Noble and Princely Endowments.    
His Daughters were, 

1. MARY, born the fourth of November 1631. married on the second of May 1641. to Count William of Nassau, Eldest Son to Henry Prince of Orange, to whom she was, the February following, conveyed by her Mother into Holland. The Prince, her Husband, died in the beginning of November, 1650. leaving her Great with child; soon after whose Death she was delivered of a Son, being the present Prince of Orange. Coming into England to see her Brother, whom the Divine Bounty had miraculously restored to his Throne, she here ended her days the twenty-fourth of December, 1660. being little above nine and twenty Years of Age. Her Loss, was exceedingly bewailed by All, who had the honour to know her, as being a Lady of universal Goodness and Charity.  
2. ELIZABETH, born on the eight and twentieth of December 1635. a Princess of incomparable Virtues and Abilities, Died the eighth of September, 1650 at Carisbrook in the Isle of Wight of Grief for the Murder of her Father.  
3. ANNE, Born the seventeenth of March 1636. Died very Young.  
4. CATHARINE, Died almost as soon as Born.  
5. HENRIETTA, Born at Exeter on the sixteenth of June 1644. and at the surrendry of that Town brought to St. James', whence she was afterwards, by her Governess the Lady Dalkeith, conveyed into France to the Queen her Mother, by whom she was Educated in the Roman Religion. About the Age of Sixteen Years she came with the Queen-Mother into England, whence after six months' stay, returning into France, she was Married to Philip Duke of Anjou, only Brother to the present French King, by whom she had Issue two Daughters, the Elder whereof is Queen of Spain, the Younger being deceased. She was a Princess of incomparable Beauty, and Gallantry of Spirit, and Died suddenly at Paris, in June 1670. being Six and Twenty Years of Age.    

Of the Duke of York.  
HIS present Majesty of Great Britain having no Issue by his Queen, and having by his Royal Declaration (which he has caused to be Registered in Chancery, and which not any good Subject, nor indeed not any rational Man, can choose but believe) solemnly protested, That he was never Married to any other Woman: The first Prince of the Blood, and Apparent (or, according to the new-coined Distinction, Presumptive) Heir of the Crown, is His Royal Highness, JAMES Duke of York and Albany, Earl of Ulster, Knight of the most noble Order of the Garter, third Son of CHARLES the Is., and and sole surviving Brother of our sacred Sovereign CHARLES the IId.  
He was Born at  in the Strand on the fourteenth of October, 1633. & was immediately at the Court-Gates proclaimed Duke of York. On the four & twentieth of the same Month he was Baptised, having for Godfathers the King of Denmark, represented by the Earl of Arundel, and the Duke of Orleans, by Prince Harcourt, and for Godmother the Queen of Bohemia, whose Substitute was the Duchess of Buckingham.  
He was in his Infancy committed to the Government of the Lady Hatton, but when he grew up, had for Governor Henry Lord Jermin, now Earl of Saint Alban, and for Preceptor Dr Broughton of Brazen-Nose College in Oxford.  
In February, 1641. He was by the King his Father sent for from London to Greenwich, that he might accompany him thence to York.  
Having been by special Command called Duke of York from his Birth, he was on the seven & twentieth of January, 1643. (having the Year before received the Order of the Garter) so Created by Letters Patents at Oxford; but without the Solemnities, usual in such Cases, the Iniquity of those Times not admitting thereof.  
After the Surrendry of Oxford to the Rebels in the Year 1646. His Royal Highness was conveyed thence to London, and at St. James' committed with his Brother the Duke of Gloucester, and his Sisters the Princess Elizabeth and Henrietta to the Tuition & Care of the Earl of Northumberland and his Lady.  
Here he continued unto the three and twentieth of April, 1648. when having with Colonel Bampfield, sent over purposely on that Design by the Queen his Mother, contrived an escape, after he had received the usual Visit of his Guardian the Earl of Northumberland, he lingered out the remainder of the Evening (that he might avoid the suspicion of his Attendants) in the Chamber of his Brother the Duke of Gloucester, and at a fit Opportunity retiring into the Garden, by the help of a Key, which he had borrowed of the Gardener, he quickly got to the place, where he was expected by the Colonel, by whom, being disguised in the Habit of a Girl, he was conveyed to Dort, whence he went immediately to his Sister the Princess of Orange, and thence soon after to his Royal Mother then at Paris.  
Thence he came to the Prince of Wales, his Brother, then endeavouring with part of the Navy, which had submitted to him, to rescue his Royal Father out of the Traitorous hands of the villainous Rebels, by whom he was kept Prisoner in the Isle of Wight.  
But that Design being disappointed, his Royal Highness returned to the Court of France, where he continued, till he was about twenty Years of Age, when going into the Campagne, he performed under that great Commander, the Marshal de Turenne, such eminent Services for the French King against the Spanish Forces in the Netherlands, that before the Age of one & twenty, he was made Lieutenant-General of the whole Army, and was by Turenne himself, then lying desperately Sick, recommended to his most Christian Majesty, for the fittest person he could nominate to be General of his Army, as being so Noble, Valorous, and fortunate a Commander, that his Affairs could not (in all humane probability) but prove Successful under his Conduct.  
Notwithstanding which, upon a Treaty between the French King, and the English Usurper Cromwell, he was in the Year, 1655. (though not without some Compliments and Apologies for his Dismission) advertized to departed with all his Retinue out of the French Dominions by a prefixed time: Which he accordingly did, having been first visited by the Marshal de Turenne, and divers other French Grandees, as also by the Duke of Modena, then in France about some important Affairs.  
His Royal Highness then, having taken His leave of the King and Court of France, and being attended by the Earl of St. Alban, and several other English Lords, took His Journey towards Bruges in Flanders, the Residence at that time of the King His Brother, who, having upon foresight of the Event of the Treaty prudently withdrawn himself out of France, was by Don John of Austria, Governor of the Low-Countries for the King of Spain, solemnly invited into those parts.  
The Duke in his way touched at Brussels, where he was magnificently entertained by Don John, to whom he proffered his service in the wars against the French King, then leagued with the English Rebels against Spain. Which being with many thanks accepted, his Magnanimity and Dexterity in Martial Affairs won him so much esteem, that a little before his Majesty's happy return he was offered in the Name of the Spanish King the high Dignity of Admiral of Castille.  
In the year 1660, He returned with the King his Brother into England, of which being Lord High Admiral, and in the year 1665 in the War against the United Nether-Lands, commanding in Person the whole Royal Navy, he with unmatchable Valour, and extraordinary Hazard of his Princely Person, which was besprinkled with the Blood of those, that fell by his side, obtained after a sharp dispute on the Seas between England and Holland a signal Victory over the whole Dutch Fleet, sinking many of their ships, blowing up their Admiral Opdam, and by sacking of Scheveling making Amsterdam itself to tremble. For which great services, so sensible was the Parliament, how much the English Nation was indebted to him, that, as a small acknowledgement of his Merit, and a grateful testimony of their Affections, they made him a Present of an hundred thousand pounds.  
In September 1666, the City of London labouring under a terrible Fire (whether occasioned by the supine negligence of the Baker and his servants, in whose house it began; or by an Hellish combination of malicious Persons, there having been executed the April before eight Fanatical Plotters, who confessed at Tyburn, that they had so contrived that Fatal Scene, that it could not miscarry, their Prediction, as to the Fire, though not as to the rest of their intended Tragedy, proving true to a day) he exposed his Person to a thousand Dangers to rescue it from Destruction, breaking open Pipes and Conduits for Water, reaching Buckets as nimbly as any of the common people, clearing the Streets of the Crowds, that hindered the people from carrying away their goods, appointing his servants and Guards to conduct them to secure places, and in fine for several nights and days with unwearied industry appearing in all parts, giving necessary orders to prevent the farther spreading of the Conflagration. In requital of which his never to be forgotten Pains and diligence for the suppressing of those Flames, some ungrateful and audacious Villains have impudently dared to calumniate him, as the Author of that dreadful Fire, than which Hell itself cannot forge a falser or blacker Lye.  
In the year 1672 he again in a second War against the United Netherlands commanded the whole English Fleet, behaving himself with such gallantry, that notwithstanding the many notable disadvantages of wind and tide, being at Anchor, when set upon, and the succeeding Mist, he after a long and fierce encounter put the Dutch to flight, though with exceeding great peril of his Life, having in the heat or the engagement (when Refitting would have lost the benefit of his Orders and Action) changed Ships oftener, than great Generals at Land have done their Horses. Insomuch that De Ruiter himself acknowledged His Royal Highness to exceed all the Admirals in Christendom as much by His Bravery as by His Birth.  
In the Year 1678. after the discovery of the Popish Plot, some Sons of Belial (that they might more freely vent their malice against the Royal Family) impudently and falsely calumniated his Royal Highness, not only as having publicly professed the Romish Religion, which yet is so palpable an Untruth, that it needs no Confutation; but also (though in direct contradiction to the depositions of Oats and Bedlow the chief discoverers, the last whereof even at his death acquitted him) as the Author of the Plot, which yet he was so earnest to have sifted to the Bottom, that (as the Earl of Danby in his Printed Case tells us) It had never been brought upon the Stage, but for the Duke's Importunity. Yet were these Surmises, how ridiculous and groundless soever, so cunningly by seditious Boutefeus' insinuated into the belief of the giddy Multitude, that his Majesty, at whom these envenomed Arrows, though seemingly shot at his Brother, were directly aimed, thought it convenient, Because he would not leave the most malicious men room to say, he had not removed all Causes, which could be pretended to influence him towards Popish Counsels, and that he might thereby discern, whether Protestant Religion and the Peace of the Kingdom were as truly aimed at by others, as they were really intended by himself, to deprive himself of the Conversation of his Royal Highness by commanding him to departed the Kingdom: To which Command the Duke paying an entire submission and obedience, on the third of March 1679. took leave of his Majesty, and, after a short visit to his Daughter, the Princess of Orange, in Holland, retired with his Family to Brussels in Flanders.  
Thence his Royal Highness, having about the latter end of August following received the unwelcome News, that the King his Brother was seized with a fit of sickness, hastened over to Windsor to visit him, protesting, that, although his Loyalty and Fraternal Affection had obliged him to perform this Duty, he was ready upon his Majesty's first Command not only to return into Flanders, but to go to the farthest part of the Earth.  
On the Seventeenth of September, He came with His Majesty, by the infinite mercy of Heaven recovered from His sickness, to London, and on the Twenty-eighth of the same Month departed again for Flanders, whence returning about the middle of October, He took his journey by order of the King on the first of November for Scotland, where by his prudent Conduct (being by His Majesty constituted High Commissioner of that Kingdom) He quieted the dangerous Commotions, raised therein by certain furious and factious Zealots, and restored it to full peace and Tranquillity.  
Coming into England about the latter end of March 1682, He was by His Majesty then at Newmarket, received with the greatest Testimonies of affection imaginable. Returning again about the middle of May by Sea towards Scotland, to fetch thence his Duchess, He was by the singular Providence of Almighty GOD delivered from eminent danger of drowning, The Gloucester a Third Rate Frigate, whereon he was embarked, by the negligence of the Pilot striking on the sands, and sinking under Him, His Plate, and whatever else was aboard, being lost, several Persons of Quality, who accompanied him, and of his Servants and Seamen about two hundred Persons, whose unparallelled affection and generous Loyalty (when there was no hope of safety for themselves) with shouts of joy gave thanks to Heaven for the preservation of His Royal Highness, being swallowed up by the Waves.  
So sensible were all the Loyal Engglish of the great damage, that would have befallen these Kingdoms by the loss of so Heroic a Prince, that several parts of this Nation have in their Addresses to the King since the return of their Royal Highnesses, not only congratulated the happy deliverance of his only Brother, but have also humbly supplicated their Sovereign, that he would no more permit him, who is next after his sacred Majesty their chief hope and comfort, to be separated from his Royal Presence.  
His Royal Highness had for His first Wife AND, eldest Daughter to Edward, Late Earl of Clarendon, and Lord High Chancellor of England. She Died at St. James', on the one and Thiriteth of April 1671. having made him Father of a numerous Issue, whereof are living, 

1. MARY, Born the Thirtieth of April 1662., whose Godfather was Prince Rupert, and Godmothers' the Duchess' of Buckingham, and Ormond. On the fourth of November, 1677. She was by Dr. Henry Compton, Bishop of London, and Brother to James, late Earl of Northampton, married to William of Nassaw Prince of Orange.  
2. ANNE, born in February 1664, whose Godfather was Dr. Gilbert Sheldon, late Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, her Godmothers' being her Sister the young Lady Mary, and the Duchess of Monmouth.    
In November 1673, His Royal Highness was by Dr. Nathanael Crew, Bishop of Durham, and Son to John Lord Crew, secondly married to JOSEPHA-MARIA d'Este, Daughter of Alphonso the IIId. late, and Sister to Francis present Duke of Modena, her Mother being Laura Martinozza the present Duchess Dowager. By her he hath had several Children, of which is living one only Daughter, named,  
CHARLOTTA MARIA, born the fifteenth of August 1682. and Baptised the day following by Dr. Henry Compton, Lord Bishop of London; her Godfather being the Duke of Ormond, and her Godmothers the Countesses of Arundel and Clarendon.  
Though the ambitious and designing Adversaries of His Royal Highness employ their utmost Artifice to cloud and conceal from the eyes of the People his many admirable endowments and Princely qualities; yet cannot they with any colour of Truth deny him to be a most Glorious and Honourable Prince, not only of a most high Spirit and invincible Courage? but also a Commander of great experience both at Land and Sea, where he has not only several times exposed his Life for the safety and honour of this Nation, but also, wherever he appeared, carried victory along with him, which in his absence was not found: He is of a quick apprehension, and sound judgement, sedulous and diligent in Business, wary in Counsel, speedy in execution, and in his resolutions constant and inflexible: He is a kind Brother, a dutiful Subject, an obliging Husband, a tender Father, a firm Friend, and an excellent Master. In his Word and Promises strictly Faithful, and in payment of his Debts punctually just. He is brave and generous, liberal but not profuse, manages his own fortune discreetly, and yet keeps the best Court and Equipage of any Subject in Christendom. He is affable and courteous to all, and (however the inveterate malice of his restless and factious Enemies may have possessed some credulous Persons to the contrary) of no persecuting or vindicative Spirit, nor hath any thing in his whole Conduct to be excepted against, much less dreaded. He is in a word, what the French call un honneste homme, A Person endowed with all the good Qualities, that make a man truly valuable, and seems born to retrieve the sinking glory of the English Nation.   

Of the Prince of Orange.  
AFter the Duke of York & his Issue the next Heir to the Crown of Great Britain is William Frederick Henry of Nassaw, Prince of Orange and Stadtholder of the united Provinces, only Issue of the Princess Royal Mary, Eldest Daughter of our late martyred Sovereign King Charles the Is't. and Wedded on the second of May 1641. to William of Nassaw, only Son of Henry Prince of Orange, than Commander in chief of all the Forces of the State's General both by Land and Sea,  
He was born at the Hague on the fourteenth of November 1650 being nine days after his Father's decease. He had for his Godfathers the Lords States General of Holland & Zealand, and the; Cities of Delft, Leyden and Amsterdam and for Godmothers the Queen of Bohemia and the old Princess of Orange.  
His Governess was the English Lady Stanhope, than Wife to the Heer Van Hemuliet. Being eight years of Age, he was sent to the University at Leyden.  
On the fourth of November 1677. being then near Seven and Twenty years of Age, he espoused the Lady Mary, eldest Daughter to His Royal Highness, James Duke of York.  
His Revenue is about threescore Thousand Pounds Sterling per Annum, besides Military advantages, enjoyed by his Father and Ancestors, amounting to about thirty thousand Pounds Sterling per Annum more.  
He is a Prince of great valour and courage, in whom the High and Princely Qualities of his Ancestors have always appeared, and a great Lover of Soldiers.   

Of the Queen of Spain.  
THe next Heir (after the forementioned) to the Imperial Crown of Great Britain is Her most Serene Majesty the present Queen Consort of Spain, Daughter of the Princess Henrietta, youngest Sister to His present Sacred Majesty of Great Britain, by the most illustrious Prince Philip, now Duke of Orleans, only Brother to the most Christian King Lewis the XIVth. now reigning.  
She was born in the year 1663. and was in December 1679 Married to Charles the IId. King of Spain.   

Of the Prince Elector Palatine.  
THere being left alive no more of the Offspring of King Charles the Is't. the next Heirs to the Imperial Crown of these Realms are the Issue and Descendants of Elizabeth late Queen of Bohemia, only Sister to the said King, who was on the fourteenth of February 1612 married to Frederick the Vth. Prince Elector Palatine of the Rhine, afterwards styled King of Bohemia.  
Of these the first is Charles, the present Prince Elector Palatine of the Rhine commonly called the Palsgrave, from the High-Dutch Psaltzgraffe, Palatii Comes,, Grandson to the said Queen by her eldest Son Charles Lodowick Prince Elector Palatine of the Rhine, lately deceased. His Mother was the Lady Charlotte, Daughter to William the Vth. Landgrave of Hesse, and to Elizabeth Emilia of Hanaw. He was born on the one and thirtieth of March 1651. and has lately married the Sister of Christiern the Vth. present King of Denmark.  
This Prince hath a Sister named Lovise, born in May 1652, and now married to the Duke of Orleans, only Brother to the present French King.   

Of Prince Rupert.  
NExt unto the Prince Elector Palatine and his Sister is the illustrious Prince Rupert, Duke of Bavaria and Cumberland, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Earl of Holderness, and Knight of the most noble Order of the Garter, born at Prague on the seventeenth of December 1619, not long before that very unfortunate Battle, there fought, whereby not only all Bohemia was lost, but the Palatine Family was, for almost thirty years, outed of all their possessions in Germany, till that in the year 1648 by the Famous Treaty at Munster Charles Lodowick, eldest Brother to this Prince, had the Lower Palatinate restored to him, for which he was constrained to quit all his right to the Upper Palatinate, and to accept of an eighth Electorship, at a juncture of time, when his Uncle Charles the Is't. King of Great Britain (had he not been embroiled at home by an horrid Rebellion) had been the most considerable of all other at this Treaty, and the Prince Elector, his Nephew, would have had the greatest advantages there.  
Prince Rupert, at the age of thirteen years, marched with the then Prince of Orange to the Siege of Rhineberg.  
At the Age of eighteen he commanded a Regiment of Horse in the Germane Wars, and being at the Battle of Lemgou in the year 1638 taken by the Imperialists under the command of Count Hatzfield, he continued a Prisoner above three years.  
About the beginning of September 1642 he came into England with his Brother Prince Maurice, to offer his service to the King his Uncle against a factious Party of the two Houses, than rebelling against him, and being within a fortnight after his arrival put in command over a small Party of those Forces, which the King had at that time gathered together, marched with them into divers parts of Warwickshire, Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, Worcestershire, and Cheshire, his Forces still increasing as he marched.  
Being about the middle of October following made General of the Horse to the King, he soon after fought and defeated Colonel Sandys near Worcester; on the three and twentieth of the same month routed the Rebel's Horse at Edg-Hill; and on the second of February following took Cirencester, and therein eleven hundred Prisoners and three thousand Arms.  
On the fourteenth of April 1643. he recovered Litchfield, taken the March before by the Rebels; on the eighteenth of June he routed Sheffield and Hambden in Chalgrove-Field, being the very place, where Hambden, who soon after died of his wounds there received, first executed the Parliaments Commission for the Militia against the King's Authority; on the twenty seventh of July he took the City of Bristol; he was on the twenty-fourth of January following created Earl of holderness and Duke of Cumberland, the Male-Line of the Cliffords being extinct in Henry the Last Earl; and on the two and twentieth of March he raised the siege at Newark, having got a complete victory over Sr. John Meldrum, who lay before it with eight thousand men.  
On the twenty-seventh of May 1644 he forced Rigby, commander for the Rebels, to departed from before Latham House, wherein that magnanimous and incomparable Lady Charlotte, Countess of Derby, had been eighteen weeks closely besieged, and the next day stormed and took the town of Bolton; on the third of July having relieved York, wherein the then Marquis, afterwards Duke of Newcastle, had been nine weeks besieged by three Armies, under the command of Manchester, Fairfax, and Lesley, he fought the great Battle of Marston-Moor, wherein though at first he had much the better, yet by a wonderful and unexpected Fatality, the fortune of the day turned, and the Rebels obtained the victory.  
On the twenty-second of April 1645 he defeated Massey at Lidbury; on the seventh of May, fetched off the King from Oxford, which Fairfax was about to besiege; and on the one and thirtieth of the same month took Leicester by assault.  
In the year 1646, the Forces of the King his Uncle at Land being totally defeated, he transported himself after the surrendry of Oxford into France, and was afterwards made Admiral of such Ships of War, as submitted to His present Sacred Majesty, than Prince of Wales, to whom after divers disasters at Sea, and wonderful preservations, having been blocked up the most part of one Summer in the Port of Kingsa●e by Popham, and another in ●hat of Lisbon by Blake, and having l●… his Brother the valiant Prince Mau●… about the Caribbe Islands by an Hurricane, he returned to Paris, in the latter end of the year 1652, where now almost the whole Royal Family of Great Britain were met together.  
Departing thence with his Majesty in the year 1654., he went into Germany, where partly at the Imperial Court of Vienna, and partly at Heidelbergh, the chief Seat of his Brother the Prince Elector Palatine, he passed his time in Princely Studies and Exercises till his Majesty's happy Restauration: after which returning into England, he was in the year 1662. made a privy Councillor, and in 1666, being joined Admiral with the late Duke of Albemarl, first attacked the whole Dutch Squadron in so bold and resolute a manner, that he soon put them to flight.  
He enjoys a pension from his Majesty of four thousand pounds Sterling per Annum, and the Constableship of Windsor Castle.   

Of the rest of the Issue of Elizabeth late Queen of Bohemia  
AFter Prince Rupert, the next Heirs to the Crown of Great Britain are three French Ladies, Daughters to Prince Edward lately deceased, a younger Son of the Queen of Bohemia. Of these the eldest is married to the Duke d' Enguien, eldest Son to the Prince of Conde, and the second to John Frederick Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburgh at Hanover. The Princess Dowager, Mother of these three Ladies, is Sister to the late Queen of Poland, and Coheir to the last Duke of Nevers in France.  
These three Ladies have amongst them a Revenue of above twelve thousand pounds Sterling per Annum.  
Last of all is the Princess Sophia, youngest Daughter to the Queen of Bohemia, whose eldest Sisters are deceased unmarried.  
She was born at the Hague on the thirtieth of October 1630, and was in 1658 married to Ernest Auguste, Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburgh, Bishop of Osnaburgh, by whom she hath three Sons and a Daughter.  
She is said to be one of the best Address, and most accomplished Ladies in Europe.    
FINIS.   

Books Printed for and to be Sold by Christopher Hussey, at the Flower-de-Luce in Little-Britain.  

A Sure Guide to the Practical Surveyor, in two Parts. 

The First, Showing how to Plot all manner of Grounds, whether small Enclosures, Champain-Ground, Wood-Lands, Mountains, and Dales, by the Semicircle, Plain Table, and Chain. As also, How to find the Area, or Content thereof, with the manner of Protracting, Reducing, and Dividing the same; and also how to enclose a Manor lying in a common Field, with the drawing of a Perfect Draught or Map there-of, and how to deck and beautify the same. And likewise how to convey Water from any Springhead to any appointed place.  
The second. Showing how to take the Ground-Plot of any City or Corporation: As also the Mensuration of Roads, Highways, and Rivers, with the manner of making a MAP of any County or Kingdom. The like never before extant. By John holwel, Philomath.    
The Glorious Lover. A Divine Poem, upon the Adorable Mystery of Sinners Redemption. By B. K. Author of War with the Devil, Psalm 45.1. My Heart is inditing a good matter.  
The History of the Court of the King of China. Out of French.  
The young Anglers companion. Containing the whole Art of neat and clean Angling. Wherein is taught the readiest way to take all Sorts of FISH, from the Pike to the Minnow, together with their proper Baits, Haunts, and time of Fishing for them, whether in Mere, Pond, or River.  
As also, The Method of Fishing in Hackney-River, and the names of all the best Stands there; with the manner of making all sorts of good Tackle, fit for any Water whatsoever. The like never before in Print. By WILLIAM GILBERT, Gent.