A VINDICATORY SCHEDULE, Concerning the New CURE of FEVERS: CONTAINING A Disquisition Theoretical and Practical, of the New and most Effectual Method of Cureing continual Fevers, first invented and Delivered, by the Sagacious Dr. Tho: Sydenham.  
ALSO SHOWING, By way of Preliminary, the Indispensible Charge lying on Physicians, to Improve themselves, and the ART, with the Reasons why many palpable Improvements in Medicine, make so little progress.  
Where a new Hypothesis of Fevers, for establishing this Method, is laid down, and several Phoenomena are clearly Resolved; Applied, and brought home to the Confirmation thereof.  
With an Appendix of Sanctorius his Medicina Statica, for clearing the Doctrine of Insensible Perspiration, whereupon that Hypothesis is founded.  
By ANDREW BROUN, M. D.  
EDINBURGH, Printed by JOHN REID, at his Printing-house in Bell Wind, at the head of the Court of Guard, 1691. To be sold be john Mackie. In the Parliament Closs.   

TO The Right Honourable JAMES LORD VISCOUNT of STAIR Lord GLENLUCE and STRANRAVER, LORD PRECEDENT OF THE COLLEGE of JUSTICE.  
My LORD,  
THAT this Essay comes not from Raillery, or Picque, and to pay home the World in its own coin; nor yet in an ostentuous manner to impose upon Men, in a matter of such moment, I know no such effectual way to evince; as by first subjecting it to the Touchstone of so exquisite and solid a Judgement as your Lps, you my L●being the great Master of Justice & Reasoning, must also be a Judge most sufficient, of what is Relevant or Consequential here: And further your learned Elucubrations in Natural Knowledge (so very near of Kin to Medicine) giving evidence that your Lordship is no Judge incompetent whither or not there be any sound Philosophy in mine.  
By very good consequence then, your Lordship's public Character, bringing your eminent Qualifications upon the public Stage, to exert themselves for general Utility, (the only Heroic Action Man is capable of,) at once giving you the opportunity, and making it your concern, to contribute all your Talents for the public good and as a no small mean to that end for the Improvement of Medicine also, does notably both qualify your Lp: a very fit Patron for such a Subject; & encourage me to implore your protection thereto life & health being so great Blissing and Benefits to Mankind, makes it indeed no small part of the Politicians Interest, to lay out himself all manner of ways consistent with his Capacity and Function, for the advancement of Medicine, in relation to the preservation and procurement thereof to the People: as was lately done by the Viceroy of Naples, in ordaining several consults to that purpose.  
Now besides such Consults as these to be authorized by the public, I know no such effectual course for the growth and improvement of Medicine, as that your Lordship and others in Authority, endued with capacity, would be pleased to set a part some piece of your time, to pry into the Medical Art; and indeed this is so far, from a digression from your main work, that being an extraordinary piece of service for the Public, it seems no small part thereof: f●r thus being in a manner Censors over Physicians, you would both excite their Industry, and Scarborow such as Labour to Shelter themselves there, out of the Starting Holes of Artifice and Prudence.  
And thus may be in part, Recompensced the Detriment that Medicine, and in Consequence the Public Sustains, by that Arts being under the misfortune to be Rivalled of the most pregnant Spirits by these other Studies of Law and Policy; Such being for the most part alured to the Culture of these Disciplines, leaving Medicine to these of a lower Rank.  
And indeed in this Branch of the Politicians duty, that most Stupenduous Wit, the Lord Verulam has so successfully Laboured, that giving a Precedent, he has also given a Pattern hereof; For that Fulgent Beam of Learning amidst so many dispatches and blandishments of the Court, did not only display a great many Resplendent Rays of the first & true Experimental Philosophy, and descending into, ●aked up the Bowels of all Arts and Sciences: but dived so deep into the Penetralia of Medicine, as may give us an earnest (to be remembered with regrate, that his Stairs did not dispose him alone to that Study) what such an acute and Penetrating Spirit was Capable of in that Art, had the whole edge of his Vivacious Engine been bended to Medicine, the Force indeed of the mind like all other things being diffused giving more Faint Hits then being recolected & Intent upon one Subject it's able to do.  
And seeing your Lordship's Stars has disposed you also beside Medicine, and conducted you unto the spacious Fields of the Law, where you have made such ample Excursions & Progress to the great Honour & Credit of this Nation, albeit with less general Advantage to the whole world, then if you had been a Son & Cultivator of this our Art; Yet it must be Confessed that you have done Nobly, and made a Notable Essay to repair that Damnage to Medicine, that having several Sons, all of most pregnant Spirits (the eldest whereof, called thereto by the greatest of Men, who must also be the best Judge of Men deservedly sits at the Helm of this Nation,) Your Lordship has bestowed one to labour in this Art also, who having already given so eminent a specimen of Sagacity, by his imbraceing this method of the Cure of Fevers, it cannot be questioned, but time will complete in him all these Expectations becoming the Son of such a Father.  
Emulation and Envy notwithstanding of al● the Attempts they are capable of, can never be able to cloud Your Lordship's auspicious conduct, suitable to the station that Providence put you then in; and that in the times of greatest danger this Nation was in; your Lordship being like another joseph by Providence kept at that time in the Government to allay and wand off the current of the oppression of these times, but when designs became to be poussed with that violence, that they were too hard for such mild measures, your Lordship's Station then made you capable of; another cast of Providence, as a proper expedient, sent you into that Country where was contrived, adjusted, and from which shortly thereafter was brought over, Our Deliverance. What your Lordship's part was in this Transaction, though reason of State may still conceal, yet the care & concern with which that great Instrument of Our Liberation still follows your Lordship, gives full evidence that you did act a part suitable to yourself in that Juncture also.  
And indeed your Lordship's Family falling under so benevolent Aspect of that Heroic PRINCE (Now our Sovereign) has a notable opportunity put into your hands, to signalise your Nobility with a true and radiant Lustre, in your being Instrumental to bring about such Improvements as are suitable to the Soil and Genius of this Country, by such culture as your Lp: and other public Spirits, knows it by Industry or Reformation capable of & would quite change the figure of this languishing Nation: And among others the Improvement of the desolate state of Medicine also, of which upon some representation made by me thereof, your Lordship was very sensible, and to this purpose it's humbly represented, as a proper expedient, that public Authority would be pleased to Incite and Encourage the College of Physicians here, by authorising them to such Consults as these lately held at Naples, to make all apposite Overtures for the Instauration of Medical Practice.  
If I had borrowed to this Essay any materials from the rich Mine of your Physiologia, this critical Age might have constructed it a forestall of your Lordship's Patronage, and attributed your protection rather to recompense, than to the product of an unbayessed Judgement, and withal as your Lordship's exquisite Thoughts are uncapable of any accession from my minuteness, so I humbly depositate mine at your Feet as a Testimony of my Veneration, and take the liberty to Subscribe myself,  
Your Lordships, Most Humble, Obedient, AND Faithful Servant, ANDREW BROUN. From my Study, Edinburgh, the 13th. of july. 1691.   

TO ALL INGENIOUS AND FAITHFUL Physicians.  
IF we consult Antiquity, it will be found, that the generality of Physicians for a succession of Ages, did rather rely on the discoveries already made by the immortal Hypocrates, than endeavour to find out new ones. They esteemed themselves sufficiently qualified for their Office by the knowledge of his Writtings, in which they believed all Medical Skill ●as comprehended; so that in process of time they came to be of such Authority that to entertain Sentiments of the Nature and Cure of Diseases differing from these already received, was a Heterodony not to be tolerated. And obtained till Galen's days, who had the confidence to descent from Hypocrates, the great Restorer of Medicine, about the Nature and Cure of Several Diseases, which for the most part he strains to a Theory agreeable to the Philosophy of his time, that pesters not only Medicine, bu● Theology likewise, and that to this day. And though in the Aetimology of Diseases he wrists the Symptoms to his preconceived Notions; yet such was the genius of the succeeding Ages, that they were content to follow him as a Pattern, and to acknowledge him for a Text; so his Works in succession of time came to be equally esteemed with Hippocrat's, and then nothing was to be received that was not agreeable unto them. And as this for some Ages did manifestly hinder all advance in Medicine, so of necessity it creates a vast Opposition to all new Inventions; of which the Physiological Discoveries in the beginning of this Age are an Instance with a witness. And though they had the demonstration of our Senses to support them; yet the Credit and Reputation of the ancient Theory, (that was quite overturned by them) was such, that with difficulty they were brought to have reception. If it so fared than with the Discoveries that were not only reasonable, but demonstrable by our Senses; what can we expect shall be the Fate of those that have not that advantage to pretend to? especially if we consider that what we plead for, is, A new Cure of Fevers, that is, to encounter the opposition of the received practice of all former Ages; which generally speaking was far more solid than the Theory.  
I should indeed then both fail of my design, and evacuate the Merit of my Attempt, (so be it may justly challenge any) if I should offer this my Mite to the advancement of Medicine, and not do it with all the imaginable Circumspection, and Observation capable to mitigate that opposition, and make it acceptable; As first, not to present and submit it to you, whose Experience in Medicine, is able, solidly to determine whether the reasoning here be conclusive or not: And whose Probity and Candour, will never suffer you in a matter of such import, to be biased from proferring the Sentiments of a well balanced judgement; to you then I offer it to be seriously considered, whether or not the method I here endeavour to vindicate, shall not only through time, be without censure, but at length, (as some of the most eminent Physicians in this place, are already of Opinion) will wholly prevail, to the great Credit of Medicine and the inestimable good of Mankind▪ which will indeed fully satisfy the longing wishes' of him that is.  
A Real Well wisher of You, and the ART, A. B.   

AN ATTESTATION Of the Mr. of FORBES His Case.  
Edinburgh, 7 August, 1691.  
THE Master of Forbes coming from London falls sick of a Fever at Newcastle, where he lay three weeks, and parting from that before his Recovery, he fell again exceeding ill at Edinburgh; where considering his own desperate condition, and the multitude of ineffectual remedies used in his last Fever, for a whole month together; And further hearing that there was a New Method of ●ureing FEVERS, practised by some in that place; he resolved with Advice of his Honourable Relations, in this Extremity to try the New Method, and accordingly Dr. Broun was called, so with Dr. Burnet, the Ordinary, and Dr. Bruce, their Advice, that Method was prosecuted, as in a very dangerous Case; so by the Blessing of GOD, with very good success, upon that Noble Patient: And now because some persons envious of the good of Mankind, and the improvement of Medicine; would smother this singular Instance of the Efficacy of that Method; And do therefore maliciously give it out, That this Noble Patient was under no Fever: But the symptoms under which he laboured, being conspicuous to all that visited him, are here Represented to the Curious, attested by himself and his Lady, who attended him constantly; And by several other Persons of Honour and Credit, who did frequently Visit him, As follows, 

A Frequent Pulse.  
Watching and Raving.  
Continual Vomiting.  
Frequent Fainting, and total Dejection of Appetite.  
Extreme Weakness, and heavy Sickness.    
ALSO,  
Such excessive drought, that he thought he burned within, and was so unquenchable, that he drank Four Scots Pynts, and more, of cold Water, in twenty four hours.  
All was remitted, and Cured by Bleeding once, and Purging him five times, and quieting after each time, till all the Symptoms abated.  
There having been some debate among the Physicians, concerning the method of Curing this Fever, is a Demonstration, that it was no weak one: Besides, that such of them as now have the confidence, to say, It was no Fever. Did frequently in most of our presence own it to be such,  


Sic Subscribitur,  
WILL. Mr. of FORBES.  
ANNA FORBES.  
RO. GORDON of Gordonstoun.  
JA. FORBES, Coll.  
J. BRODIE, of that Ilk.  
SAM. FORBES of Foveran.  
DA. FORBES, Advocate.  
JOHN FORBES, of Forbestoun.     

THE PREFACE  
IF any shall marvel why, unto the great number and bulk of Books under which, as a surcharge, this World in a manner groans; I should add one: Let him know, that this reprimand does very little concern the Physicians of this Nation; for while the Physicians of all places besides, has liberally proffered to the World their sentiments in Medicine, ours has been so little taken with the Itch of writing on that subject, that they have modestly kept their thoughts to themselves. And indeed I, as one of the least, should have been swallowed up with silence, in the vast gulf of time with the rest; unless the like case, that is reported to have befallen the Son of Croesus, had befallen me: For he having been from his birth dumb; seeing a Soldier set upon his Father, (the vehement fervency breaking the bonds that keeped his Tongue fettered) cried out, Soldier do not kill Croesus! and indeed the like seeming to have happened to me, has had likeways the same effect: For I having been always Tongue-tied as to this manner of speaking (that is writing) until I perceived the Endeavours of some, to attack not only my Name and Fame, but which is far more; to assault with Calumnies and Reproaches, the most genuine and solid Methods of Medicine, about the Cure of Continual Fevers, invented and delivered by that Expert Dr Thomas Sydenham, and very earnestly embraced by me, as having found them most successful by experience: In so much, that for some time bygone, in which Fevers have been very fatal to this place, there has been few that died thereof, which fame (as much tenacious of depraved fictions as a Messenger of Truth) has not scattered far and wide, to have been destroyed by me, or this Method: Whence fearing a danger yet more from ●his, that by the neglect of this most excellent Method, in this manner noted with Infamy, many of my Countrymen and Neighbours may be endangered or lost; what wonder is it then, if so great evils private and public, excite in me such an ardour, as bursting the bonds of my Tongue also, make me pour forth these faltering words.  
And further, as in some cases evil manners use to beget good Laws; so perhaps in this caise, Reproaches and Calumnies producing Defences against them, may also produce and display more plainly the truth and real improvements.  
Since than my Reputation seems to suffer Martyrdom for the Public Concern and Safety, all kind of reproaches being liberally bestowed on me, for this Cause, and seeing I despise my Private utility in respect of the public Commodity; And neglect the dictates of Self-interest, that whispers to me, that it were easier to go in the broad way with the multitude; or at least to keep such a notable Improvement to myself, then to have left that way; and invite all to be partakers with me in that discovery: I hope then what I write will be the more acceptable to all good and ingenuous Men.  
Having also set before me that mark and more Noble Aim, the general good of Mankind; I suppose I may reach it the more happily by treading the path of true Virtue; and injuring or reproaching no Man: Yea, not so much as indirectly; unless when I am hampered in the difficulty, requiring private Reputation or Commodity to be offered up for public safety: As when these offer to start up in the way to bar● out this or any other Improvement.  
As few in this place, are ignorant of the occasion which gave rise to the Calumnies with which I complain this Method and myself to be blundered, so there is few that know the real truth and Circumstances of the thing as it was acted: Wherefore I presume it will not be unacceptable to ingenious Persons to hear a faithful Relation of the whole matter.  
If by virtue of the advancement with which the writings of the Sagacious Dr. Sydenham had before enriched Medicine, the rest of his dictates should vindicate to themselves as their due, authority and trust; I, for my part, did always think that these were most deservedly to be bestowed upon them: Especially since I had found his former Improvements, being subjected to the Touchstone of Experience and Practice, so seldom to defeat the expectation and wishes.  
But in the Year 1687 perusing the first Edition of his Schedula Monito●ia, where he delivers as confirmed by manifold experience, not only a new, but a quite contrary Method to the common, of Curing Continual Fevers: I did long hesitat, thinking that either he, or all other Physicians were grossly deceived, about the Cure of Fevers; if not, as their Patients use to be, they were in an high Delirium; and lest the preconceived opinion that I had of the Man's Ingenuity should so far impose upon my Credulity, as to draw me into an error likeways with him; and make me to experiment that method, when I knew not but I might run the hazard to sacrifice some to my Temerity; nothing could settle my tossed thoughts below the sight and knowledge of the thing itself.  
Presently therefore hastening to London, and having met with the Man, and exposed the occasion of my coming, I found all these tokens concerning him and his Practice, that use to beget in marry and prudent People making serious Inquiry, Trust and Knowledge. Then after some Months spent in this Society, returning home as much overjoyed as I had gotten a Treasure; I presently set myself to that Practice: Which has proved so successful to me, that since that time, of the many Fevers that I have treated, none were unoured, except my Lord Creichton, whose case is related here: And another Woman, whose dangerous circumstances made her condition hopeless.  
And among those that were cured, as there were some afflicted with that disproportion of the Symptoms and other circumstances commonly denoting malignity; which may extol the efficacy of the Method: So there were some of my nearest Relations, as my Wife & six of my Children, taken also with pernicious Fevers thereby likeways cured, which is an evidence of my sufficient proof of the Method: But in the mean time what proportion of these that are medicate by the common Method is lost? which whither it be by the force of the Disease, or by the Method, it seems highly the Physicians concern to inquire.  
Coming then to my Lord Creichton the sixteenth day of his Fever, when he was given over by all for dead, his Grave clothes being prepared, I did reason with myself, if, exposing the credit of this Method; yet in the Infancy to such an hazard, it should receive the foil, it would surely be a difficult task to bring it in grace; especially with the Vulgar: But on the other hand weighing, if I could astipulate the Method with one or more of such Instances of success, that this would by great steps, and more than the ordinary progress of many Years, elevate its Authority and Credit; And so I should, hastening that pace of Improvement to the great benefit of Mankind, superate these obstinate difficulties put by humane Infirmity, not to say worse, making such always slow in advance: For in so far only as they have Authority, the best and most salutiferous Methods do only stretch their Protection and Safeguard. And further, I being seized with a most ardent desire of the safety of that Noble Person, there was scarce any thing that I esteemed too much to expose to hazard, if it did bring any glimpses of hope of his Recovery: For all the hope that remained with me of his Health, seemed to lie in the prosecution of that Method as the caise would bear.  
But surely Divine Providence esteeming me unworthy of such auspicious success, or to work so stupenduous a miracle; And also finding me altogether Incapable to bear so prodigious a Fortune, did therefore suppress and defeat my hope, and perhaps Ambition, in the Fate of that Noble Person.  
Now follows the History of his Disease from the time that I did first see him.  
In the 16th day of his Fever (the chief symptom whereof being a high and difficult breathing, threatening suffocation, and that all along the Disease.) He was taken with a grievious Paroxysm, wherein he lay several hours Dumb and Deaf, neither (like a Man expiring,) did he know these standing about him, under this fit his asthmatick Paroxysm did remit, by the use of an antiparalitick electuary his Speech and Hearing returned, but accompanied with a high Delirium. This morbific Matter being now turgide and movable, and further Fluctuating from one place to another, and the translation thereof into the Lungs being again impendent, by asthamatick and anhelous Symptoms beginning; seemed to insinuate the Indication of Derivation and Evacuation of that Matter, and that not only according to the rules of this Method, but also of the common Method, both coninciding in this point of Indication in a Body (Especially such as this patient had) filled with viscuous Humours; his Strength and appetite being moderately consistent, and some glimpses likeways of Concoction appearing in the Urine.  
There is then Administered to him in the 18th. day, a lenient potion in partited Doses, which gave several Stools without any Pain or prostration of Strength; after which the anbelosity and Fever seemed much to be alleviat, and the Delirium altogether to be gone, in the Evening a sleepiness seized him, and in the night he had several stools; Neither the day following was the looseness altogether stopped, now his strength & appetite being consistent, & the dejections being more urgent in frequency then quantity; No Indication did yet persuade the interposing a check to them; And the sleepiness continuing admonished caution in the use of the Paregorick; Yet toward night it was determined by he use thereof to Moderate, but not to stop the looseness. Here the Curative Indication in respect of the disease, and Conservative Indication in respect of the Strength interferring, required great Caution, least aiming at the Cure of the Disease by indulging the looseness, the Strength might be infringed, or on the other hand, when the Strength should be consulted by binding up of the Belly, the Disease and Morbific matter should become more Impacted, and Regurgitate on the Pulmons, then having exhibit that night two small Doses of the Paregorick, I seemed to hit the mark: With which Method throw the whole course of the Disease he was treated: Giving less or more Vent to his Belly by the counsel of the more pressing Indications, and that by the use or abstinence of the Paregorick interposing a Moderately warm Diet, and expectorating Lohoch, restaceous Powders, and volatile Salts, in small partited Doses. And indeed this Method seemed in so far successful that every one that visited him had great hopes of his Recovery, until the 24th. day of his Sickness in the morning, the Morbific matter falling again precipitantly into the Lungs, (notwithstanding his Belly being soluble, and neither, in respect of the most pressing Indication, too much) raised again an high and Vebement breathing, most difficult expectoration of viscid Phlegm, which threatened to stifle him, with an intention of the Fever, all which increassing, towards midday, this Noble Person Expired.  
And here it comes to be observed, for the Influence it might have upon this Patient, that, that day the Air was infected with the thickest Mist has been seen, now how much such Air Influences many Bodies Disposed to receive the impressions thereof, notwithstanding the closness of Rooms and Fires, many can testify by the effects thereof in themselves, and is further very clear from the Doctrine of Perspiration, by which appears how much the Impurity of the Air contributes both to stop the perspirable matter, and to difficultate the Bloods passage throw the Lungs; As will be clear afterwards.  
In the Body being opened all the Bowels and solid Parts were found to be sound, and his Disease to be only in the Fluides, for the Wind-pipes in the Lungs were so puffed up with viscide phlegm, that aTub being fixed to the Trach-artery, and blown as hard as one of the bystanders could do, yet the Lungs could not be stretched to any further dimension.  
This then is the case that has raised such a Storm of Calumny against this Method: And indeed least Men should think that there is no case so full of difficulty and danger, which will not yield to an effectual Method, therefore this, although in many it has been formerly effectual, could only prolong his Life for eight days; and make such a turn in his condition, as to give no small signs of recovery; with a perfect tranquillity all that time both in his Body and mind.  
But now to return to the Method, which can be no more convelled by this singular Instance, yea by many more if they could be given, than other methods may be, under which there are so very many that daily miscarry, especially seeing this method is so much confirmed by the experiences of many Physicians both at London, and here Practising it so successfully; that it is rare if at all, any Person does die under it: By which its use and security is sufficiently confirmed.  
Moreover, in this Essay, I have further attempted to show how rational a Method it is; And that in favours of such Palates, as can relish nothing without that.  
And the Reasonableness thereof will be more obvious to any that will with me perpend the progress of the Operation of the economy, and remark that the animal oeconomy is founded in a Mechanic structure, to wit, in matter and motion: Upon whose Integrity and Vigour the soundness of the economy, and from whose Labefaction, the vitiation thereof depends, and so this Machine like other Engines has a principle measure and end of its motion: The principle is the first Impellent or Impetum Faciens, according to Hypocrates, or the Archaeus according to Helmont, or the Spirits according to the common opinion, the necessity whereof is clear in the sequel of this discourse: to the measure of the motion there is required the due Energy of the Impellent, and the Aptitude and Sequacity of the movable matter; To which when it is liquid, there is required also the due Aperture & Smothness of the passages throw which the motion is to be made.  
The Energy of the Impellent vitiate is either primary, and not depending upon the Fault of the movable matter, and this seems a case altogether beyond Art to repair: Or its Fault is dependent, and that is either when its Energy is augmented, as when the Humours or Organs do not yield to its due Impulse, then to attain its end, it adds more force; Which often making the motion to be propagated beside the design, terminates in Collisions and Reflections; As if the Impellent were affected with Fury or Anger: As is seen in Convulsions, and Histerick Affects, and in Fevers.  
Or the Impellent may be vitiated by its Energy diminished, as when it is stupefied and Inviscat by gross Humores, as is seen in many Chronic Affects.  
The Aptitude of the movable matter in the solid parts is vitiate by their rigidity, which depends upon gross Humours that fill up their Fibres, or their Junctures or Hinges, upon which in their motion they are turned: the fault in the liquid parts, such as the Humours, whither Alimentitious or Excrementitious, depends upon there grossness or viscosity also: which soon begets slowness, Imprinting a blemish upon the functions, & eluding the end of the oeconomy; Notwithstanding the Incitation of the Impellent, and its outmost Effort to attain the end of the oeconomy.  
The faults of the Channels & Vessels consists either in their straitning obstructing or Scabricity? Which always depend, unless when they are from an external and compressing Cause, upon the same grossness of Humours stuffing their Channels, Coats, or Fibres.  
So the fundamental cause of most, if not all, Diseases, seems to be the grossness of the Humores causing their slowness, making soon bad Impressions upon the functions; To overcome which, providing the Impellent be veget and not Inviscat, it stirs up struggle, whence comes Orgasimes, Reflections & other depravations of motion, as consequential to the attempts for obtaining the due measures of its motion.  
Now from this Easy & Obvious Hypothesis the Nature of Fevers is here clearly enucleat, whilst Authors feign many Chimerical Phantasms to explain the Phaenomena, by which they become rather the more Intricat.  
It seems likeways not improbable that the movable fluid Matter, being deprived of its due motion, acquires various Configurations of its minute parts which make it troublesome to the Fibres or Channels of the Vessels: and this seems withal to be the Immediate Material cause of many Depravations of motion, such as Refractions, Reflections, and Collision raised by the incitation of the Impellent; and so from the complication of these, the variety of symptoms, and the indefinite multitude of Diseases is begotten.  
And even as that motion of the blood, commonly called Circulation or Circuit of the blood, did strangely lie in the dark, for many Ages; and was with difficulty received by many, because, which was often brought to its reproach, that although it seemed to illustrate the Theory of Medicine, yet it made no improvement in the practice thereof: so now that noble invention will not only be delivered from that reproach, but will be yet further embellished, if we can evince this motion of the blood vitiated, viz. its slowness depending upon grossness to be, if not of most diseases, yet the nearest and continent cause of continual Fevers: And moreover if it can be shown of what Concatenation or Complication of causes this nearest cause by order or congress is fomented; how many fruitful & solid indications altogether formerly in the dark, may there be drawn from thence? especially seeing we may be furnished with sufficient means to satisfy these indications & that either by the correction, intercepting, or eradicating of those causes being distinctly known.  
And so I have expede this method of the famous Sydenham Theoretically and Practically with as much Brevity and Perspicuity as I could: but with what fruit or fate I know not; but if this essay be received with the same Ingenuity it is offered, if it do not reach to the full design, it will at least as is hoped be favourably constructed: For many may run at a prize, but only one enjoys it: And amongst all that have attempted to make discoveries, none has been so happy as to discover all; but one has found out one thing; and another an other thing: And Chance rather than Art hath led many Searchers beyond their Intentions to discover notable things: Some whereof may bring light, and other some may bring Fruit to medicine; out of which the succeeding Ages by a prudent choice, may perhaps gather materials to compile a more solid Systeme, especially of Practical medicine; then is yet extant: To which whither or not this attempt may contribute any thing, let others judge; but not these, that by their precipitant sentences against this method, have made themselves parties in this Plea.  
If no other advantage come of this design, this at least I hope may be the effect of it, that as the barking of the little Dogs raises the courage of the great ones, so these aims may rouse to the more profound diving into the sublime and obscure Nature of Fevers; these. Quibus ex meliori luto finxit praecordia Titan. But whatsomever benefit or advantage may come to the Public by this design, unto myself praise, or advantage, I expect none; because herein having engaged against so many, who perhaps esteeming themselves obscured, and consequence not a little injured, will necessarlie therefore become picqued; and follow closely the opportunity and advantages of their resentment.  
It being also very certain that in proportion as this Essay appears fraught with any benefit to Mankind, that the wicked Serpentine brood still big with malice, and envious of the good of Men, and which was never more Dominant then at this time; Will rake all the corners of Hell for Venom to bespatter it with; And this may be a Grave mark, by which Honest Men that are not so very Penetrating, may Judge whither it contains any thing useful or not.  
And as it falls out for the most part in the World, that man makes but a sorry bargain, who gratifies one to the (although but supposed) detriment of another; the resentment of the injury often proving more heavy, than the result of gratitude for the benefit done can any ways allay: Revenge being a natural, is also a rank thriving-weed in the mind of man; Whereas gratitude being like an exotic plant requires diligent culture to make it grow there.  
But above all, benefits done to the public, meeting with least acknowledgement and recompense, (having so many concerned have for the most part therefore none concerned) do therefore strangely expose the Benefactor to the resentments of th●se that suppose themselves injured, for private and public Interest seem to be always at war, where the public receives the foill: And indeed therefore I might have consulted my own praise and profit more, by treading the broad way, and beaten path with the multitude, though with ever so much hurt to Mankind.  
But this is not all, for the World is no more Barren of gratitude and acknowledgement, than it is fertile and productive of Calumnies and slanders: And these levelling at reputation and Goodname, throw them oftentimes wounding our Fortunes, (the Integrity and Increase of the one depending much on the soundness of the other) makes him that steals ones Goods, only so much the less falter, than him that wrongs their name, in respect he that steals does it with design rather to advantage himself, than to wrong his neighbour: but he that wounds one's name, doing it maliciously, has nothing for most part by the loss, and even this atrocious crime, being of deeper die, has also many more entangled therein, then people are well awar: for not only the first broaching and venting of calumnies with design, is culpable, but also all that propagate the same; since it is no more certain, that fire dies without fevel, than that injurious calumnies and slanders die without their being kept in life, by their being propagate and handed from one to another: the heaviest part than of the guilt seems to lie in that propagating, and so on the Propagator: And the want of an injurious design in them that do it, can no more excuse here (all the strength of excuse lying in the like stupid inconsideration of the necessary consequences of such deeds) than he that either hands, or trains with fuel a Fire, though kindled by another, into the Thatch of a Man's house, can be excused by pretending Inadvertance or inconsideration; the effects of the one being as obvious as the other: And so the matter being duly considered, makes the one case of no less atrocious guilt than th● other.  
IF any quarrel the Language, or Style, let him remember the case of the Son of Croesus: This being the first Essay I have made to speak after this manner, no wonder, it be not so very Articulate, as Use (which perfites all things) would have made it.  
But however defective it seems to be in this point; yet some judicious and Ingenious persons have given such a Testimony of it, as may perhaps make me be lifted up, above measure; Wherefore I hear there is sent a Messenger of Satan to buffet me, which being likely necessary, is not unacceptable to me, loftiness of mind, indeed blasting the best and noblest Actions of Men.   

The Contents.  
EQuity and Law makes the unskilfulness of Physicians highly culpable. 
Page 1.  Qualifications requisite to acquire Skill, are first Acuteness. 
Page 3.  Next their being sequestrate from other Employments or Divertisements. 
page 5.  Diligence and Industry also requisite. 
ibid.  The causes of their Negligence, either the impunity of it here. 
page 6.  Or, The Ignorance of the strickness of the obligation lying on them to diligence. 
pag. 7.  The Nature and extent of that obligation cleared from Law and Equity. 
page 7.  The great difficulty he has in his Practice to avoid both the extremes, first of hurting, next neglect of the Means ought to have been used, make the utmost diligence necessary. 
page 9  A Model of the Physicians Diligence, and first, The general Diligence of accomplishment. 
page 15.  Nixt, The particular Diligence described, and how it begets experience. 
page 19  To which is required, A journal of the Physicians Practise. 
page 22.  Where, by the way, the vanity of many observations in Medicine is remarked. First, Because Diseases are not sufficiently unmasked. 
pag. 25.  Next Diseases are not sufficiently specified. 
page 27.  The Benefit and Necessity of the Physicians diligence illustrated further. 
page 28.  Why Recent Writters especially Sydenham▪ have afforded the best means of Improvement 
page 29.  The evil consequences of Sloth in Physicians. 
page 30.  Too great throng of Practice hinders Improvement. 
page 32.  The success of Artifice and Personal Prudence hinders Improvement in Physicians, and some means thereof described. 
page 34  The accession that the Vulgar have by their errors about Medicinal Practice to hinder the Physicians Improvement cleared: And first, By their groundless and preconceaved Opinions of Physicians. 
page 38.  And that especially founded of their wrong notion they have of Experienced Physicians; where Experience in Medicine is descrived. 
page 42.  The Vulgar opinion of the vanity and uselessness of Medicine an enemy to Improvement; wher● that Opinion is fully considered and confuted. 
page 49  The uncertainty of Prognostic in Medicine. a great pillar of that Error considered and removed. 
page 56.  Upon what the Arbitrament concerning Medicinal Practice does depend. 
page 60.  The disparity betwixt the Arbitrament concerning the practice of Policy or Law, and that of Physic. 
page 62  Only from practice comes Improvement in Medicine as in the Philosophy called experimental, and the great necessity to improve medicine farther that way, but especially to improve that part of Medicine Concerning the Cure of Continual Fevers which is a Disease of such ●●titude extent and danger. 
page 67.  The common and Diaphoretick Method in Fevers considered and rejected. 
page 71.  Refrigerants, Temperers of Acrimony, Aperients and Inciders considered and rejected. 
page 74.  The most probable Method proposed. 
page 76.  Motives to this Method from the Authors sydenham's Ingenuity and Sagacity and the Prodigious Dangers he escaped: and the Reputation be at length got both Abroad and at Home. 
p. 78.  Where Dr. Morton and Harris their Praise of the Author is related. 
page 90.  To confirm more and illustrate this Method further to the Curious, there is an Essay made to fit it with an adequat Theory; which leads to the inv●stigating the Nature of Fevers, and for that purpose to discuss all former Opinions about them, and first the common Opinion discussed. 
page 93.  The Opinion of Willis, Cartesius, Paracelsus, Helmont, Silvius and Barbet, all proposed and discussed. 
page 96.  A New and Mechanical Hypothesis of Fevers suitable to Bonteko, proposed. 
page 100  The Foundation of the Mechanical Scheme, laid down. 
page 101.  Some Difficulties about the Hypothesis answered. 
page 106.  And that Scheme further traced. 
page 109.  How Heat is generated in Fevers cleared by this Scheme. 
page 111.  The consideration of the Concatenation of the causes of Fevers confirm also this Scheme. 
page 117.  Where Insensible Perspiration is descrived, and the accession which its lesion has to generate Fevers, confirms further the Hypothesis. 
page 118.  The rest of the remote causes and their progress to the generation of Fevers considered where a Mechanical Hypothesis of Digestion in th● ventricle, is proposed. 
page 131  The Natural Phaenomena in Fevers made to confirm this Hypothesis in Fevers, such as Thirst Pains, Inquiettude, Anxieties, Dilirium, and Spots. 
page 138.  The Phaenomena of Helper● and Hurters also considered, confirm the same, and how Bleeding confirms it, and several curious Phaenomena concerning Bleeding, solved conform thereto as 
page 143.  How Bleeding helps in Hemorhagies. 
page 147.  The reason why the worst Blood is first evacuate. 
page 152.  Why ill Blood comes sometimes first sometimes last. 
page 152.  Why People lie down upon the approach of a fit of sickness. 
page 153.  Why it's easiest to bear Blood-letting lying on a Bed. 
page 154.  An Objection from the Bloods not coagulating when drawn in Fevers answered: 
p. 155  Purging in Fevers considered from Reason and Authority, 
page 156  Some practical cautions concerning purging in Fevers, 
page 161  The benefit and season of using Paregoriques' in Fevers, 
page 165  The hurt of mere Diaphoretiques in Fevers. 
page 166  The hurt of a method direct to A crisis, 
p. 167  A difficulty tak●n from the Author's Constitutions answered, showing that this method agrees with all constitutions of years: 
p: 168  The further Helpers and Hurters in Fevers considered, confirm this Hypothesis, as Salts, volatile and fixed, Alcalin and Testaceous Concrets: 
page 170  The Benefit of Cuppings, Leeches and Frictions confirm the same. 
page 174.  The Phaenomena of Hutters confirm this Hypothesis, as l●ing always in the naked Bed. 
page 176.  Why Hurtful to lie with the Head too low, shown by this Hypothesis. 
page 178.  Some other difficulties concerning the Hypothesis answered, at first how the Blood gives no signs of that grossness in its passage thorough the Lungs. 
page 179.  Where by the way the progress of Sanguification is considered. 
page 180.  As also how A pthisis or Consumption is bred; with some signs of the approach of this Disease taken out of Mortouns Pthisiologia. 
page 182.  The Phaenomena of a Fever in A pthisis▪ confirms this Hypothesis. 
page 184  Another difficulty how this Grossness of the Blood does not rather produce Tumours and Inflammations, than Fevers, answered. 
page 185.  An Appendix of the Statical Doctrine of Sanctorius, with the description and use of the weighing Chair. 
page 189.  Of the Weight and Nature of insensible Perspiration. 
page 190.  Concerning Air and Water's influence thereon. 
page 192.  Of the influence Aliements' Meat and Drink has thereon. 
page 20●.  Of Sleeping and Walking. 
page 203  Of Exercise and Rest. 
page 205.  Of Venery. 
page 207  Of the passions of the mind. 
page 20●    

ERRATA  
Epistle to Physicians page 1. line ult. read Heterodoxy, p. ● l. 24 for that, r th●, p. 4. l. 3. del. th●, p. ●. l. 8. for choiching r. choosing. p. 16. l. 7. for choicing r. choosing. p. 17. l. 10. for samen r. same. p. 21 l. 12. del. be. p. 24. l. 16. for stirring r. steering: p. 25. l. r. for enter r. centre, p. 26. l. 27, del. of th●se. p. 28. l. 11. r. comprehend, ibid. l. 24. r. affects, p. ●2. l. 25. r. too. p. 38 l. 6 r. chioce, p. 42 l. r ● r. their p. 48 l. ult. r. therefore, p. 54 l. 10 r. of p. 61 l. 7 r. subsidiary, p. 62 l. 21 r. measures p. 65 l. 17●. one. p. 66 l. ● r. thorough for throw all throughout. p. 67 l. 19 del. to, p. 72 l. 25 r. from ratio cination only, p. 90 l 3 r. had never, p. 103 l. 11. deal. proportionable, p. 104 l. 5 r its, ibid. l: 9 r. ordinary, p. 107 l. penult. deal. their, p. 119 l. 2, for which r. so this. p. 131 l. 20 r. of the, p. 135 l. 8 r. infirmity, p. 140 l. 13. visive, p. 143 l. 16 r. it be. l. 22. deal. a. p. 145 l. 1 r. was near, for throw, r. all along thorough.  
Epistle to the Physicians, pag. 2. lin. 9 for Etymology Etiology, in the Preface, pag. 13. lin. 2. for Or●simes, Or●asm●, pag. 13. lin. 12. for Approve, r: Disapprove, pag. ●10. lin. 1. for Evacuationly, read Evac●u●●●●●ly.   

Act of Council.  
AT Edinburgh the Twenty third Day of july 1691 Years, anent the Supplication given in to the LORDS of Their MAJESTY'S Privy Council, be Mr. Andrew Broun Doctor of Medicine; Showing, That, where the Petitioner has Compiled and Printed a Treatise, entitled, A Vindicatory Schedule about the New Cure of Fevers, he humbly conceived, their Lordships would not deny him the ordinary Privilege allowed to Authors, and Composers of Books: And therefore, humbly Supplicating the said LORDS would be pleased upon consideration of the Premises to give an● grant sole Privilege and Licence of the Printing of the foresaid Treatise, in whatsomever Language, to the Petitioner, or his Order, for the space of Nineteen Years: And to Discharge all Persons from Printing. Reprinting, or Importing, and Vending of any of the said's Books within this Kingdom for the said space, without the special Licence of the Petitioner, or his Executors, or Assigness; And that under the pain of Confiscation thereof, to his, or their behoof, beside what farther Punishment their Lordships should think fit, as the said Petition bears. The LORDS of Their MAJESTY'S Privy Council, having considered the above Petition, given in to them be Mr. Andrew Brown, Doctor of Medicine; They grant the desire thereof.  
Extracted by me, DA. MONCRIEF Cles. Sti. Concilii.   

A TABLE For explaining the hard words of this Book to the Vulgar.  

Abdomen, (signifies) The paunch or rim of the belly, including the skin, fat, and muscles thereof.  
Attrition, A grinding or braying.  
Antecedent cause, The cause of a disease immediately before the nearest cause.  
Capillary vessels, As small as hairs,  
Cathartick, A purgative Medicine.  
Coagulation, Congealing.  
Crisis, The sudden termination of a disease.  
Crase, The temper of the parts or blood.  
Concatenation, A chaining of causes, and effects.  
Continent cause, The immediate cause of a disease.  
Diaphoresis, A breathing out thorough the superfice of the body by sweat or otherways.  
Diaphragma, The Midrife.  
Endemical disease, Which is very common in a place  
Fibres, The small shreds constituting the fleshy or nervous parts.  
Foams, The fevel of a disease.  
Glands, Kernels.  
Globuls, Little balls such the blood are full of.  
Grumafite, The solid parts of the blood that subsides,  
Hemoragies. Fluxes of Blood.  
Heterogeneous, Another kind.  
Hypothesis, A supposition, or the plate form of any thing represented.  
Identitions, The same.  
Idea, The representation of any thing in the mind.  
Intestines, The guts.  
First impellent, The first mover in the body.  
Lixivial, Belonging to lie made of ashes.  
Maze, A labyrinth.  
Muriatique, Briny. 

Mesentery, The membran keeping the guts together    
Neotericks, New Writers.  
Orgas●e, A tumult or commotion,  
oesophage, The w●sane. 

Animaloecono●●●, the order in government of the animal.    
Paregorick, A quieting Medicine.  
Paroxysm. A sit of a disease.  
Perspiration, The great evacuation continually made throw the pores o● the body.  
Pulmonick, Belonging to the lungs.  
Phe●ome●●, Appearances or effects of hidden causes.  
Phlebotomy, Blood-letting.  
Regimen. The government of the six things called not natural.  
Scabrieity, Roughness.  
Scheme, A figure or representation of a thing.  
Smegmatique, Belonging to soap.  
Spumosity, Frothiness.  
Staguation, The pooling of running liquor.  
Systole and Diastole. Contraction and Dilatation.  
Susceptibility, Capacity of receiving impressions.  
Specify. so particularise.  
Specifique, Proper.  
Serosity, The watery part of the Blood or Humours.  
Tone, The firmness of the parts as to their contracting and dilating.  
Tenuity, Thinness.  
Trach-artery, The Windpipe.  
Vatillant. Tottering.  
Viscuous, Glewy.  
Venivicle, Stomach.  
Venesection, Blood-letting.    

A VINDICATORY SCHEDULE, CONTAINING A Disquisition Theoretical, and Practical, of the New, but most Effectual Method of Curing Continual Fevers, Invented, etc.  

SECT. I. Clearing, that the infallible Principles of Law, Equity, and Reason, and the necessary consequences thereof, applicable to the Physician▪ does both oblige and direct him to get light in this subject, and in the other means of his Improvement.  
IF the Profession, that seems most deservedly, to be entrusted with the Standard of justice, whereby Humane Actions are commensurable, 
Equity and Law, makes the unskilfulness of Physicians, highly culpable.  does give out, and determine, that to be a quasi delict, or kind of Crime, when a Judge, through unskilfulness, gives an unjust Sentence, though thereby we only suffer in our Goods and that Damnage be also reparable, by a Revise, or the cognizance of an higher Tribunal: And further if that Profession, does calculate the Attrocity of Crimes, according to the degree of hurt done, together with the the kind of Negligence occasioning it, which if Supine and Affected, and in matters of great moment, and trust, makes then so gross an fault, that being equivalent to fraud or dole; and thus giving the essential thereof, it constitutes likewise a a true Crime:  
May not truly then, the unskilfulness of Physicians, arising from incapacity or negligence; especially, when supine and pertinacicious, and that also under a trust so great, either bringing, or permitting, (while it is in the power of Art to prevent it) the irrecoverable loss of Life, justly carry the taint of a true, and no small Crime: Tho' withal such, as rather for want of competent judges, then for want of sufficient and crying Gild, is reserved wholly to the last Tribunal.  
And it being also very sure, that by how much the danger and loss, from the unskilful performance of Medicinal practice, is greater; and the difficulty of attaining to skill therein, is also more, then in that of the Judge, or any other offices whatsomever; by so much it requires both greater judgement, and more Labour, and Industry in the Undertakers; and that as well for their accomplishment therein, as for the particular discharge thereof: And indeed such as are rather suitable to the Import and Difficulty of the work, than to the Capacity, or Ability of the Operator. It seems therefore, that the only Innocence capable to protect, from the Imputation, and Impeachment of this Crime, is commensuarable in proportion to the vigour of the understanding, and activity of Industry, in prosecuting the Qualifications requisite, for the particular, and faithful discharge of this practice.  
Whence seem Trespassers here, all those, who not being above the ordinary gifts of Mind, 
Acuteness requisite in Physicians.  nor endued with a singular Acuteness; althô altogether unapt; yet do ingire themselves into this Study, and Practice. That the saying of Petrar●h de remedy Vtr. Fortun. Lib. 1. Dial. 7. Tha● nothing is more odious to wisdom, then too grea● Acuteness, may have its due use in Morals, and Conversation, where the observation, and stopping at every punctilio, does rather amusing retard, then enlightening direct: Yet the self same exactness, and penetrating, which though in Morals, and perchance also in Common Prudence, is debased into Preciseness, and Caprice, in Medicne, (as exalted to Medical Prudence) does really adopt the true Sons of Art; For in taking a Survey of the works of Tetchy Nature, in relation to become a Moderator therein, nothing being so Minute, and Latent, but (as capable of, so oft signal for influence,) deserves likeways expiscation and eventilation: The practice therefore of Medicine requiring, as a large and full, so a distinct and accurate prospect; to comprehend all things, that can instruct the Physician, in relation to the knowledge and cure of Diseases, and many of these, by their Minuteness as well as Sublimity, escaping the less curious inquiry. It seems then, it's only the most exact dyveing, (as liable to the fewest of such escapes) that can of right entitle, to any degree of eminency, and perhaps sufficiency in this Employ; Or at least, nothing can propitiate for the defect of this, but the proportionable increase of Industry and Diligence, sometimes equaling this acuteness in search and discovery.  
In the next place seem culpable here, these who albeit endued with pregnancy of Wit, 
§ 3. And they being sequestrate from other Employs, or Divertisements.  yet do exercise the practice, by way of parergon, or by-work; and labour therein, following an other employ, or study; perhaps also of that perplexedness, and moment, requiring likewise their whole endeavours: and thus serving two rigid Masters, and parting their labour betwixt them, they do most unworthily, apprehend themselves, to discharge sufficiently the diligence agreeable to Medicine, which, considering the Intricacy and Import thereof; can be satisfied with nothing less, than the continual, and vigorous bending, and intention, even of the most acute and perspicacious mind thereupon; & without notable and injurious impairment, can never suffer any such invasion of its right, or to be rivalled by considerable waist of time, bestowed ei●her on Occupation, or Diversion, beside itself: Excepting always, the care and concern due to the chief Interest of everlasting happiness, Properly, and Significantly, termed the general calling.  
In the next degree come here censurable, 
4. § Diligence and Industry requisite.  any who althô appearing of competent enduements of mind; and further, exercise this Practice alone, yet (as the craving importance and intricacy of this Art altogether requires) are so far from the due and closely following, or by serious inquiry, from the careful anticipating, all the expedients of Improvement, that they shift and decline the opportunities; yea already dressed improvements, laid to their hand: these indeed giving a semblance to have sloth for their ascendant, and pertinacy for their predominant, come thereby so far short of the necessary and possible progress, that they are still Stationary; And while the Art itself is in advance, they may be said in a manner to be retrograde, in true and solid skill.  
Now these being either more knowing persons, and consequently, conscious of the fault of their negligence, yet presumeing the altogether impunity thereof, 
5. §. The causes of their negligence either the impunity thereof here.  they easily venture on the perpetration of any crime, escaping the tribunal of Men; or being less knowing, and so less conscious and wicked; then labouring under fundamental errors and mistakes; no wonder they make only such a superstructure thereon, as is suitable to the Laws of incuriousness and ease.  
For they being altogether in the dark, as to the Nature of that Obligation, 
6. § Or ignorance of the strictness of the Obligation lying on them.  they put upon themselves, by undertakeing a Profession, that does certainly oblige them, to such exact discharge, as makes the least errors, both of Commission, & Neglect, especially when (as often they are) of dangerous, and Fatal Purport; to be placeable to the undertakers acount: If by any qualification from Capacity, Diligence, & Scrutiny, these might have been evited, no wonder then (since they have no distinct, and clear Impressions of this) they should have likeways no Stimulating Impressions from this.  
Now the strictness of the Obligation, 
7. § The Nature and Extent of it cleared from Law and Equity.  lying upon the Physicians, in relation to their diligence, is not only deduceable from the nature of trust in general, which Lawyers (clearly giving out as obliging to the diligence of prudent men,) make accountable for the lightest errors and escapes: But also from the nature of these trusts, that being the subject matter of a profession, seem therefore to imply as a supervenient, so a stricter tye, than simple trusts do; the very setting up to a profession, importing no less, then as the undertakers asserting his Capacity, so a kind of invitation, to be trusted therein: and this certainly putting him under ●n accountableness for mere neglect, of any sort; seems to put him likeways under a stricter obligation, to accomplishment, than these trusts do others, which being the subject of no profession, are indifferently committed unto, and administered by any: for the Mandator choicing a person that by no character of profession, gives out himself qualified for the trust, he can expect or exact no more from him, but suitable to the Skill and Qualifications he really has: Now Medicine, beside what is common to it, with other both trusts, and professions implies yet a stricter Tie: for almost in all other employments, the Qualifications being so far discernible, that importing the Employers' acquiescence, from his choice, in that measure of skill, he finds or might find, him he trusts, endued with; he cannot justly charge him with the escapes, especially of Skill, he saw or might easily perceive him liable to: but in the Profession of Medicine, the Qualifications lying so deep, that it is hard to perceive, whether they be there, or not; this makes it difficult likeways, to make a solid election, where to place that Trust: Here therefore being Trust, upon Trust. Viz. Not only the Patients trusting himself, to the Physician's Skill; but also the tru●ting the sufficiency of that Skill, to the Physician himself: This must therefore necessarily, put the Physician likeways, under the double obligation, as well to sufficient capacity in his Employ, as the faithful discharge thereo●: For could the Patient clearly discern, where the most eminent qualities, deserving such a Trust, were lodged; he would only choice to lodge there likewise, the Trust of the great concern of his Health, and it may be Life also. Now if simple Trust, oblige to such exactness, as makes the least Errors chargeable, what accuracy does this agregation of Trust, (as being the subject both of a Profession, and of one so momentuous, and intricat, that it includes a double trust) oblige unto.  
The espcapes of mere Neglect though (rather for want of the Physician's sufficient Sense, 
§. 8.  than through his Innocence) giving no check; yet these being often equally, fatal here, with errors of Commission, should not this undoubtedly therefore, prompt him to such an Indefatigable, Vigorous, and Universal Search, as may justly give him, the infallible Assurances, that even these escapes, (under the qualification of might, and should have helped,) shall never rise in judgement against him, it being a very sure, though sad and frequently incurred Certification, that in so far, as the Physician fails, in this diligence, in the proportion to the consequence of the Escapes, arising from the neglect thereof; he is undoubtedly rendered guilty, even of a Criminal though secret deceit in his trust.  

§. 9  The Physician in his Practice, being to march in an extraordinary narrow path, environed on the one hand, with the dangers of escape, and neglect; and on the other hand, with the perils of positive and plain hurting: So than he often studying too cautiously, or rather ignorantly; to avoid hurting, may be miserably frighted into, the timorous neglect of the eradicating, and only effectual Remedies, and contrarywayes, by serious Incumbency on these, he may rub on the other extreme of hurting: There seems therefore to be nothing, but the sure evidences, and plain instructions, of this assiduous, and serious Application, that can obtain to him a full and positive exoneration, bearing, that he has altogether freed both these, (indeed very close lying together) extremes: Or that any declension, ●o either side; (whose frequency is as certain, as itself is secret) is so much venial, that being unavoidable, and therefore of the nature of casual, he can nowayes be made acountable for it, however, that the difficulty to avoid hurting the Patient, is more than is commonly apprehended, will be plain, by considering that these Remedies that to a mean Tincture of Skill, appear innocent, (and this though a silly one, is the best Commendation many can, and do give, their Remedies and Methods) yet these innocent Remedies, may by a greater degree of Knowledge, discovering much enveaglement of crossing circumstances in the Disease, be descried really dangerous; and farther, another Remedy, that this degree of Knowledge, may in place of these acquiese in, by an higher pitch of Skill, (armed with more perspicacity) may justly be repudiat: And so through all the degrees, unto the farthest attainable pitch of humane Art, (which unto a degree of farther Skill may also yet appear short) the greater may still see more, than the lesser: So it is plain, that as no attainable proportion of knowledge can absolutely secure the Artist even from real hurting, so it's only the outmost attainable proportion, can atone for the guilt of it.  
And on the other hand, if we turn to the consideration of neglect; we will find it may lie in a point not a whit less Nice, 
In how nice a point neglect may lie and the coming under the possibility thereof, alarms sufficiently to inquiry.  and Important: As when a Patient is (notwithstanding of all the Physician's endeavours) lost; yet if there could have been any Remedy in Nature or Art, which serious application, consideration, or other diligence, might have made known to the Physician; and by which he might have saved his Patient, then and in this case, of whom, and of what dies the Patient, I pray you?  
Now this bare possibility of Neglect, albeit overly considered, and under the Notion of a Peradventure only; it gives small impression on the mind; yet the concernment it carries to the saving or losing the Life of Man, being closely laid home, cannot but raise such an anxiety in any thinking or tender Physician, (especially under the clamorous Rumours, seeming to impeach him of so important and gross negligence) as nothing can calm, but a serious, impartial, and thorough Inquiry, at experience. And this the rather he may be prompted to, because such experience lying open to his view, as the result of other men's Industry, does not oblige him to try by himself what he reckons dangerous and new experiments; and than it is not doubted, but the issue of this will (putting off all ambiguity) resolve this peradventure into a certainty: Unless it happen as may reasonably be feared, that such a restiness, as needs to be so hard spurred on to the duty of Inquiry, will also in trifling the Survey of Experience, altogether defeat the hopes of true discovery: But at length as there seems to be nothing that can approve these Remedies, given out by the sure experience of others to be of all yet known the most effectual; but as palpable evidences of their ineffectualness, built on the like exact experience; so it is hoped none will let their logic out go their honesty so far, as to bring any such agrument against them. And withal it would be noticed, (as it frequently falls out in other matters) that althô such mistakes as (in these that are willing to be informed by evidence) are easily curable; yet the longer they be wilfully and tenaciously maintained against light; (beside the execution and havoc they in the mean time do make) they do thereby become the more confirmed and habitual; and make the delivery therefrom, if ever, always with more difficulty, torture, and remorse; than otherways it would be.  
Now from all these, as it is certain that palpable inconsideration, inconcernedness, and neglegence; may equipe out plain incurious ignorance, and inconvinceable pertinacy under the colours of discreet and marry caution; so the conclusion of the whole terminates in this, that the only directive light the understanding is capable of, doth arise from the sparkles made by the collision, and smart strokes of this brisk scrutiny; and also that the alone solid peace the mind is calmed by, flows from the Reflection and Conscience of this ingenuous labour and inquiry throughly and sincerely performed.   

SECT. II. Containing a Model of the Physician's diligence by which it will be plain, that Industry alone furnishes the Motives, Opportunities, and Means of Improvement.  
FOr further manifesting of all this, it seems necessary to give a scheme & draw a Landscape of this diligence; which being plainly done will serve as a Directive to the Physician in this dangerous & difficult road: for it being thus in whole subjected to his vieu, will manifest the proportion symmetry, and direct tendency of all the parts of this diligence to the great end of his Inprovement, and to the Discharge of these strict Ties lying upon him by his trust and profession. But such a Figure being only obvious and taking to the eye of a perspicacious mind, any other never being able to discern Order or Use herein, (because rather replenished with prejudices against Industry, than susceptible of any persuasive Impressions of its conduceableness to true knowledge and skill) will let it pass both in portraiture and in the life altogether uncopied and unregarded.  
In prosecution then of this, 
The general diligence of his accomplishment.  it comes to be remarked, that though the trust of the Physician, as being always versant in particulars, may seem likeways acquitted by a diligence and discharge also particular; yet this particular in its Qualification and due Exercise, altogether depending upon and being the product of a diligence more general, and of accomplishment; the delineating then of this seems first to be required.  
This diligence then of accomplishment equally respecting all the Subjects of Medicinal practice seems to consist in acquiring such a stock of Learning and Knowledge, as may serve for particular exercise and discharge; and this Knowledge by the accession of all New Practical discoveries is still to be on the improving hand, for when Advance is possible, (it being always necessary;) this diligence cannot endure any measure of Skill to be stationary: And moreover this knowledge only consists in the Imprinting the mind with such solid and genuine notions of the operations of Nature, in the production, various fa●eing, and cure of diseases; as will direct in choicing and following the most effectual measures also to their cure by Art; and these directive impressions may be most completely & effectually gotten, (beside what the Physicians own particular and serious contemplation affords him) by the diligent quest of, exact search into, and profound meditation upon (for perfunctorious trifling and scruffing is never more unseasonable than here) the works and writings of such Authors, who having given the truest Histories of Diseases, and therein unraveling Nature's Intrigues have proven thereby the best Interpreters of her mysteries, and of such as have descended into the farthest and lowest specifications of diseases, by bringing most light to the knowledge thereof, have also brought most fruit of practical and methodical Cure: And further of such as by the native clearness and succinctness of their method of treating these things, illustrate the mind with a more clear and durable impression thereof: and moreover there being several notable practical Observations incidently occurring in Authors, who deliver the same in no systematical method of Diseases, and also to be met with in common Medical conversation; Now these to serve their prope● expedients, being difficult to be fallen on, and more difficult to be exactly remembered; by means of this general diligence deserve (being picked out) to be orderly classed up; beside, the light that the samen so disposed (increasing the stock of Knowledge) do bring to Theory, that (being thus in order also more easily run over) they may be more expeditely brought forth upon their proper and particular Exigencies of future practice.  
And indeed this Concupiscence in the Physician, 
§. 2. The benefit of this Diligence.  thus to appropriate the Labours of others, to pluck the better Fruits of their Lives, to drain the sweet, and extract the quintessence of their Works; is so far from any injury unto them, that with the grateful acknowledgement of their Merit and Praise, it is the most due retribution of justice; and there seems nothing left us to palliate our ingratitude if we neglect this, but with a Criminal breach of our Trust, Cruelty to Mankind, and Unkindness to our selves: That inquiry and search being the only apposite mean of our improvement, and including so comprehensive a Benefit, as to be the only proper Expedient, in proportion to our Diligence herein to lengthen the short Life, (our compiling together the acquisition of many Lives, at least compensing the disadvantage of the shortness thereof) and also after this manner overcoming the length and difficulties of this long Art, to shorten the length thereof by our speedy disciplinating therein. And further the Nourishment and Vigour of the Mind, being thus also promoved, this Labour and Exercise stands in the same relation of Utility and Necessity thereunto, as the natural Appetite, Assumption, and Digestion of Aliement does to the Body; for without this Food of the Mind taken in and digested; though under the vizard of a polite Personal, prudence, some personating Skill and Learning, are by undiscerning Persons esteemed for well furnished, robust, and quadrate Champions in Medicine, and so do easily fa●cinat the Mobile, in most of things (but most of all in this abstruse Art) grasping at shadows for substances; yet to the discerning how squalide, languishing, and truly enervate a Figure do these make.  
The other kind of Diligence required in the Physician, 
The particular Diligence begets experience.  because versant about particular & individual cases called particular (and also in its due Qualification, depending upon the former accurately discharged: and farther by its exact exercise reciprocally advancing the general stock of knowledge by experience for fabricando fabri fimus) does consist first in that outward care & attendance due by the Physician; but the neglect of this reflecting too sure, sensible, & pungent inconveniencies on the Physician himself, makes for the most part, upon that account, the sensible Diligence to be sufficiently intent and bended; unless sometimes when Age and Prudence, pretending Value, & thereby Right, have procured a patent of Reputation from Opinion, (which rarely consults Merit) to raise the price thereof, then with Advantage and Safety it may, and for keeping of its Honour it must, become more remiss, and be made a rarity of: Tho' Medicine gives no Monopolising Prehemenencies by vulgar Opinion; and this Diligence gives neither Dispensation nor Privilege, but suitable to the necessity of the present exigency. And next, but withal, more especially this particular Diligence does consist, in the secret, inward, and conscientious Industry, making an exact Expiscation of all concurring outward and visible causes, and other circumstances, with the accurate observation of all the Phoenomena and narrow consideration likewise, of the disposition of the Body; by which Light may be brought to, or a genuine idea given of, the continent cause, or essence of the Disease in hand; This Cause always lying invisible and secretly couched, in the disposition of the Body, betwixt these two visibles of outward causes and Phoenomena. And this Diligence here also requires the consigning of these to Writing; that with more leisure and effect (all being duly pondered) there may be farther discovered, what effects the given causes are apt to produce in the Body; for by the Contemplation of their Nature, may be known what will be the consequence of such seditious Disturbers their invading the economy; where comes likewise to be considered the disposition of the Body, and its susceptibility either of impressions altogether different from, or of more grave effects, than these ordinary resulting from such causes use to be; this commonly resolving in an Idiosyncrasia or Propriety of temperament: and thus also the Physician, may consider fully the Phoenomena, what News and Report they do bring from the inward troubled state of the Oeconomie; where it is also observable, though these Phoenomena being often in disguise, impose upon, and deceive the Unexpert; yet being soon unvisarded by the sagacious Artist, they may be made to tell, (without dissimulation) the truth: So by making a judicious calcule of the given causes, disposition of the Body, and appearances; there may be in most cases more than a probable computation also be made, and a true Idea thereby had, wherein the discomposure of the Oeconomy doth immediately consist: and for restoring of it, solid and sure Measures adjusted and taken, and that either by means of the Physician's proper, but solidly founded experience, or that of the more eminent Practitioners likewise being consulted. And this method of consigning the Patient's case to write, and for the same use and end, was the custom and practice of that famous Practitioner Theodor: D. Maynerne of whom Harres in his Pharmocologia anti Empyrica, relates, That in Chronical cases, especially such as would permit deliberation, he used not to shake his Consultation out of his Sleive, but commited all the circumstances and Phoenomena of the disease to his Diaries, about which he consulted his dumb Doctors, & by summing up all their Councils, having gotten a true Idea of the Disease, he did thence take his indications.  
Moreover this exact consignation of the Patient's case to writing, 
§. 4.  being equally conducible to the Physician, seems to be of far more necessity to him (by reason of the far greater import and difficulty of his Practice) than that usual exactness in Lawyers, their taking up the state of their Clients causes likewise in writing, is unto them: For the damnages of their negligence though more perceivable, are yet more tolerable and reparable than the same in Medicine; where it is scarce permitted to fault twice, and over the Brink the dearest Life is irrecoverably precipitated.  
This particular industry doth farther require the inserting also into a journal as a proper conservatory thereof, 
§. 5. An journal of the Physicians practise requisite.  the whole history of the Physicians daily practice● therein being particularly comprehended the Medicines given to each Patient, with the effects thereof: For by such an exact History; he will be surely directed, how to take his measures, and make more safe and ready hits, in their cases, who having been formerly his Patients, stand there recorded as the subjects of any remarkable circumstances, or scene of medical Practice: There being truly few but something various and singular in their Temper, doth discover itself; which concerning their security and safety, concern also the Physicians diligence and fidelity, to be carefully put in record, and without this record as a compass to steer by, he will be in hazard either to commit some error of precipitancy, or to lose time (which the quick current of some cases may render extraordinary value able & precious) in reiterating those irksome & Nauseous (though hover Trials) to familiarize their nature, temper, & constitution, that at first his caution did necessarily put him upon. And such Physicians who neglecting this, (especially under the throng of many Patients, or considerable intervention of time) do not more carefully take up & preserve such Lineaments, of their Patient's Constitutions, as their occasions of medicating them does afford; save what alone their Memory can give them thereof; since thereby they seem altogether to transgress & violate the only condition inferring the benefit of their being the ordinary, deserve they not likewise to forfeit that endearing relation and the privileges thereof; which like Love though it should cover many of the Physicians Infirmities; yet scarce any of such important and gross Negligence, where for so small and easy coast, they forego so great a Benefit to their Patients.  
And moreover, this journal serving the Physician for a Map of the various uniformity of the operations of Nature, and these even by his own Survey drawn from the Life; the serious and frequent view thereof, (by giving him more solid, full, and bright Ideas of Diseases and their ●ures only begets that so much talked of (but rarely found) experimental Knowledge, which in proportion to its solidity will surely direct the steady stirring of his Course in after practice: And that the solid experience in Medicine (though after never so much practice) can nowayes so fully and exactly be produced as by such an exact Historiography, is altogether clear from the multiplicite complexity, inveiglement, and variety medical Caises are always circumstantiat with, which undoubtedly therefore require to be most exactly and fully collected, represented, and specified, to imprint and conserve in the Mind all these genuine Ideas, that are necessary to bottom all these reflexive, comparative, and discursive Acts of the Judgement, requisite to compute, conclude, and enter in, true and consequential experience. Moreover, this diligence of compiling an exact History of his Practice, (wherein that of others faithfully communicate to him, may also be comprehended) is clearly resembled in its method, and also in its utility confirmed by that diligent care of Lawyers, when they do collect and digest into certain classes and heads, all Decisions and Practices of particular Cases: These indeed being seriously considered and pondered; by imbrightning, unravilling & specifying their notions of Law, does give them the truest Impressions of Right, which (denoting also experience in Law) must undoubtedly enable them by more certain Hits, to make the most solid application of these legitimate Notions to particular occasions.  
But it may perhaps, 
§ 6. Whence is the vanity of the many Observations in Medicine, diseases not being sufficiently unmasked.  and not unreasonably, be objected, that the palpable multitude and vanity of such Observations in Medicine, wherewith the World is pestered, would therefore seem to discharge any farther progress in that road: But if it be narrowly canvassed, whence it is that so few of those Observations being brought again to be reacted on the Stage, of Practice, does either answer the Authors Brags, or our expectation founded thereon: Not to call in question the Author's Ingenuity, the true reason of this will be rather found to be their want of sufficient Skill, to have set down the Diseases in these Observations, both sufficiently unmasqued, and specified: This surely has in the re-experimenting these Observations, often evacuate the Cure: For first, community of Symptoms and Phoenomena in Diseases in these Observations, always has been found to class them under one common Type; while many times the Diseases of one Type, really disguise themselves under the Phoenomena of another Type, so, thus the diagnostic and Disease being mistaken, the Cure falls to be so in consequence; and this as it is mentioned and observed, so it is exemplified by our eminent Author, who has indeed been the first that suitable to the true genius thereof, has showed the Proteus like nature and fashion of Histerique affects, that disguise themselves under the appearances and symptoms of many other Diseases, as under these of these of the Colic, Gravel, etc. and abundance of others and which being plied with the Remedies appropriate for these Diseases are indeed more exasperate than lenified, but soon yield to an Antihisterick method.  
And next many Diseases which in these observations go under one general type as a species, 
§. 7. Next Diseases not being sufficiently specified.  & they made only numerically distinct, are really rather distinct species under that Type as a Genus; and may differ as much among themselves, as one Type does from another: No wonder then that Diseases and their Remedies being set down in Observations, with little regard to this particular specification, if the proper Remedy of one species (often being mistaken) prove ineffectual to cure another species: And this important and farther specification is first also observed and instanced by the same Author, in the Small Pox, which all antiquity had without distinction of the two species of distinct and confluent confusedly treated: For beside the different Therapeia evincing this distinction and specification, that notable Symptom of a diarhaea so noxious in the distinct, & nothing so, but rather beneficial, in the confluent, with sundry other differences betwixt them, does more fully make this appear.  
So that to do any thing effectually in way of observation, Diseases require both to be most curiously and carefully unmasked, and more particularly and farther specified, and the cures which before were in gross bulk and confusion, ought specially to be sorted by detail: viz. To every real Disease and proper Species, it's own true genuine and particular Cure.  
The serious exercise of this double Diligence, 
The benefit and necessity of this diligence.  does not only comprehended the Improvement of younger Physicians, but more eminently, pointing thereat, doth recommend the charge of the Elder, yea Eldest Ones: These being altogether capable by larger and firmer steps, to make both surer and farther advance in this road, the only way leading to any pitch of Skill, in this inexhaustible Art.  
And Moreover while Nature's fecundity (especially impregnat by men's Exorbitances and accidental Contingencies) does alarm us with continual Inundations of complicat, disguised, and obstinate Effects; should not then Humane Wit and Sagacity, impregnat also by Labour, Search, and Industry, prove as broody to discover and obviate both their violent and subtle Assaults.  
And surely herein as in all the foregoing means of our Improvement, the recent Writers seem to have most successfully laboured, 
Why recent Writters afford the best means of Improvement.  it being those that alone having had the great advantage to be set on their Predecessors Shoulders, must undoubtedly therefore have a larger and better prospect of things; althô withal some of them by reason of that prospect, found it altogether necessary for making true survey and more happy discoveries in some Diseases, to take up altogether better ground, and new stations, and have in consequence laid down more solid and sure measures of practice; and the advantage of others of them being in that they themselves have been Contemporary with the discovery and Specification of the true Cure of some Diseases: while some others qualify their advantages and fortunes yet higher, by having had the sagacity to be the Discoverers of these themselves: 
The great merit of D Sydenham.  Now every one of these circumstances singlely, being ground sufficient to recommend recent Writters, (each whereof from these Advantages has made some peculiar improvement) how much then must the Combination of them all, in the person of the Noble and Famous D. Sydenham, (who seems indeed to have made the same proportion of Improvement with these his Advantages, as the suffrage of several learned Physicians hereafter to be mentioned bears witness) recommend and endear these his Labours to all that are mainly either concerned for the benefit of Mankind, or curious of the Improvement of Medicine: But these indeed are too vast capacious and laborious designs, to be hampered within (and perhaps also interferring with) the narrow, petty, and homeward Projects, the far greatest part are only capable of.  
From all which it will be plain, 
§. 9 The evil consequences of Sloat●.  that as on the one hand these that travel in the way of Diligence, (catching the Opportunities, spurred on by the Motives, and guided by the Means, and thus being in the strait road) will certainly both land in Accomplishment, and likewise necessarily take in their way thereto all profitable Discoveries: So on the other hand, these that slight Diligence, (baulking the Opportunities, sitting the Motives, evacuating the Means, and being therefore clearly out of the way to accomplishment,) No wonder, that (never meeting therewith) they be neither capable nor sensible of excellent Improvements.  
And farther, as these that earnestly contend in this way of Diligence, by tracing sure and clear steps, can only get these true and genuine Impressions of things, that will enable them to make the solidest Decretory judgement concerning the validity of any Improvement, and whereupon they may found true Experience: So these that linger & deviat, are thereby prone to have their judgement (which restless must still be forming some Ideas, though Chimerieal ones) so depraved & wrested, by the allay of vain Hypotheses, and Prejudices of empty Theory; that they necessarily do caress and substitute a partial, unexact, and suppositious, in place of true Experience: Not much unlike a Garden, that without diligent Culture, becoming naturally all overspread with useless and noxious Weeds, yields neither Pleasure nor Profit. And thus it seems may be unridl'd that Paradox, why some Physicians notwithstanding of all the Light, Certainty, and Profit therein, may yet remain unprosalyted to excellent Methods: And also, that they may (at a blind Adventure, levelling at Innovations) be really found to hit and beat down excellent Improvements.   

SECT. III. Showing that too great throng of Practice, hinders both Improvement, and faithful Discharge of the Physicians Employment; And that Reputation the occasion of that hindrance is rather the effect of Artifice; and popular Errors then of true Industry.  
AS a necessary consequence of all has been said comes the Censure of such Physicians, who (because thereby also straying from the true method and means of Improvement) althô endued with understanding, and nowayes slothful; yet undertake at once, the Cure and Care of more Patients than their Ability; yea, that of the most complete Artist, according to the due steps and measures can thoroughly expedite: And thus that bottom that would otherways carry through, and land safely a convenient number may (being impestered and thronged) be so overloaded, as to loss or hazard all. Every Pasture may be overlaid with too many Cattle; and every Field may be exhausted by two much Corn growing thereon; every Cart or Ship may be overburdened: Yea, every particular Artificer whose work when it is incomplete all perceive to be so; may also undertake more than he can dispatch; and no hurt comes thereby to any but delay: But only the Physician and Lawyer (and sometimes by a plurality or largeness of the Benefice, also the Clergymen) setting down no bounds of their capacity and undertaking; but conform to the limits of their Trust; profess such a kind of transcendent ability as is like a little Omnipotency: Because forsooth for the most part no evidence can be had, but their Faith; that the Trust is honestly discharged. And though it be hard to set down positive bounds in this matter, their capacity being the true measure of every Ones undertaking; and althô the Sagacity of some be improveable to that height of dexterity, that they can make surer hits on the wing, than others do poring from their rests; yet this seems to be far from warranding by too much undertaking, to lay a necessity on themselves to be always extemporaneous in their Resolutions, and to mar the evident and possible advantage of such Sagacity, that rather pointing thereat, it does encourage, yea oblige, to the fulfilling the great expectation, that the uttermost Improvement of that Acuteness by sufficient deliberation does really promise.  
Whosoever then is involved in more Business and Practice, then will permit him to discharge the Diligence due to every Case and Patient, and that both in the general and particular course, as he thus baulks the means of his accomplishment, and never meets with occasions of Improvement, so he necessarily bungles and scruits his work, and deceives his Trust: and seems to have reputation rather the conquest of his Artifice then merit: And such (though hurried unto precipitancy by a pretended necessity, and straitness of time, but really by avarice) shall undoubtedly be charged with the consequences of their Errors (though covered with the earth) no less than the rest of the unqualified Labourers in Medicine.  
So then in the last and most eminent degree seem Criminal all such, who from Incapacity or Negligence, wanting Skill, do yet (as a succedaneum thereof) successfully bestow all their Wit, Industry, and Care, in the Improvement and Artifice of Personal Prudence, 
The success of Artifice and personal Prudence hinders Improvement.  rather than Medical Prudence; in laying down measures to acquire Fame and Reputation, rather than by true Knowledge or Merit to deserve them: all that such commonly find proper to aspire unto in Medicine, is first, a great Bustle of external care, & a most obsequious, and delectable Compliance (for if their Skill be not very sufficient, they give it both cheerfully and also in good measure) unless when the adult Grandour of mere Reputation is improven to that degree by Artifice also, to enfranchise from such truckling; and then any thing looking that way, becomes so Meritorious, that it goes on the borders of Supererogation and Munificence: And the next Artifice such follow, is to be Masters and accurate Displayers of some plausible and common though false Scheme of Theory; exactly calculate for the Meridian of vulgar Capacity and Curiosity: Now this is enough to show it quite Antipods to Truth and Nature itself, common Capacity being never able to reach the Mysteries of Nature, nor depths of the Medical Art: To which Theory by a dexterity sufficient to subdue popular Rudity, they make all the Phoenomena in Diseases and the Method of Cure exactly to stoup; and thus gratifying vulgar Curiosity, they amuse easy credulity into a profound veneration of their Learning and Skill; and that indeed by a learned and flourishing discourse, which unto common people clinks as good articulate and clear sense, as the Bell does to the Fool.  
Now these being only garnished with the outside, and wanting the Soul and Life of a Physician, seem much to resemble the like in Religion going under the Name of Hypocrites, for as they under the mask thereof, simulating true Piety, and escaping all Humane eyes, are only unvailed to the Searcher of Hearts; even so does Medicine nourish the like spurious brood, close wrapped up in the glistering Veil of empty appearance, dazzling the eyes of such as see no more than Skin deep, and only discoverable by the Sons of Apollo: Neither is Piety itself, or at least the profession thereof, esteemed so sacred by some as to be exemed from being a proper expedient of this Artifice, the vulgar having so great an esteem of a Physician with probity; under the Banner therefore of Religion, the shortest and easiest cut to esteem & Reputation in this profession seems to lie: But Religion can indeed give no more Improvement in this then any other Art, where it may happily for Conscience sake quicken Industry, and better the Heart; but little the Head: Yea, the only spurr that stimulats to bear out against the tedium of laborious Scrutiny, seems to lie in the perspicacious glances of the mind clearly discerning the utility, yea and necessity of labour and diligence; for indeed grosser Heads, though with honest Hearts; easily closing with every thing, find neither the pungency of need nor profit, to subject their received sentiments to the Touch stone of accurate examination.  
And moreover, all these Artifices and many more most commonly and successfully being exercised by the weaker sort of Physicians, who are also themselves weak Men, and even over the weaker sort of People, such as Women, and even the weakest of these also, do owe their success to this, that the Physicians Judgement and Capacity, being much of a size with theirs, breeds first Sympathy and Concord, next brings forth Affection, and at last, trains them up to a firm adherence to the Physician: And this though a less glorious, is no ungainful Conquest: For these being thus gained to his side, by reason of their multitude and noise, together with their ordinary privileges of Importunity and Opportunity, with their frequent usurpations of Impertinency, prove no unsuccesful nor contemptible Trumpets of his Reputation.  
But on the other hand, this unskilfulness in ingenious or good Men, when under the Veil of any Artifice, doth also catch the wary and prudent in a more latent, and consequently more dangerous hazard in their choose of a Physician, because judicious Persons by a short and easy reasoning are able to establish sound Conclusions against weaker Men exercising this Practice, but to draw just consequences against these of more parts, the Bowels of Art must necessarily be searched into, which by way of By work to do, is above the most profound Judgements, especially under the diversion of other Occupations.  
And as in most other Crimes beside the principal Actors, 
The precipitant Judgement of the vulgar and their preconcei●ed opinion hinder improvement and is fatal to people, though it be the basis of Reputation.  there are oftentimes also Complices, who according to the degree of their accession, are likewise culpable, and make the Principal in some manner excusable; how much than think you does contribute to foment & cherish, and consequently to extenuate this unskilfulness in Physicians, the precipitant headless and ignorant Judgement of People frequently Interposed concerning Physicians and their Practice, with the fruits of whose Unskilfulness upon this account they themselves not undeservedly seem to be chastised: For Opinion being the Monarch, bearing greatest sway in the minds of Men, has his Dominion upheld for most part by appearances, mistakes and errors, these being the most Plausible wares and Passable Coin in that state; conform therefore to the same measures, the Honours and Dignities of that Court fame, and Popular applause, and the apanages thereof, are entailed on shadows rather than the substances of true merit: And this Empire likewise extending itself over the Province of Medicine, thorough the misrepresentations brought therefrom to that court, in depressing true merit to exalt the umbrage thereof, exercises most of its Tyranny and arbitrary Government there: For vulgar capacity the only Inteligencer coming with news from Medicine, never being able to descend into the depths and unfold the mysteries of Medical prudence, is in stead thereof taken and deceived with the Prudence of the Physician only commensurable to that capacity, and for juno Embracing the Cloud brings very false reports of desert from the Medical state: thus the way to Skill and Reputation being far laid asunder, lays also on the Physician an invincible necessity, suitable to the Laws of another great Monarch of this world interest, to improve personal Prudence glistering Ware in the Court of Opinion, and thereby also is loosed, or slackened his Allegiance to Medicine, by his being put under the constraint to neglect the study and exercise of Medical prudence, because it is circumstantiate with tedious uselessness here, and perhaps noxious by its frequent interfeiring with the profitable Art and use of Personal Prudence.  
Mankind also being for the most part rather delighted with the Freedom and Liberty of ease, (especially it without loss and not Impeaching on Interest) then with the Yoke of honest labour, and bending of serious Industry, and there being in all human affairs no case so much favouring, yea Inviteing, yea Tempting to sloth, as Medicinal Practice is, (the fruits and effects of all other Arts and Labours carrying a more obvious impress of Industry and Skill than this Practice does, where it is truly difficult to mark the subtle, and fine Steps, by which Art sets the cause a going to produce the effect; or to observe the secret and hidden Concourse it has to Facilitate it, this for the most part both makes Spectators ignorant, whither Art, Nature, or chance produces the effect, & cools the Physician's industry. And further, such being the Apish humour of popular ignorance, that inimitation of its direct contrary knowledge, it must still be judging, sentencing, & drawing conclusions, by a reasoning, so ill counterfeit that it bears rather the Character of Madness; The vulgar (being apt to mistake every consequent in Medicine, for the effect of Skill) often confound by their sentences, the chances or sequels of the Ignorant, with the effects of the Skilled, and so becomeing Prodigal wasters of the reward due to Skill, by misplaceing that recompense upon its contrary Ignorance, they take off the allurement, to Industry the Parent of Skill, thus adding to its difficulty, they deprive Mankind for the most part of the benefit thereof. And moreover the favourable Judgement of the vulgar concerning the Physician turning always to the bias of a forestalled Opinion, that is to be Imposed on them either by his Prudence, or some other by-respect (it being very hard to have true knowledge of his skill) makes it altogether necessary for the Physician to endeavour by Artifice, and Culture to become one of the most modish and plausible Gallants in the Court of opinion.  
And so People madly choosing rather to be artificially Imposed on, than honestly and Skilfully dealt with all, and being willing to purchase the gratification of their humours, curiosity, & caprice, though at the cost of their better concerns, health and life, comes to be the great tentation of Physicians to waste their Spirits and time, in studying and exerciseing Practice on the humours of the mind rather than these of the Body, to obtain favour, and esteem to themselves, rather than health to there Patients, in the mean time neglecting as nothing contributive to these Purposes, all study and care of acquireing true and solid Skill or Medical Prudence, preconceived and pre-acquired opinion serving as a refuge & sanctuary from all effects of Unskilfulness, and scarce any real Skill or Innocence being able to weather out the blasts of an evil and ground, less opinion, without the help of Artifice.  
And further years in the Physician seldom fail to contribute a good Equipage for a preconceived Opinion, and that under the notion of Experienced; 
The vulgar Errors of the preconceived opinion of experienced, discovered.  these indeed serving with little other assistance to set up the Aged on some pinnacle, of fame: Such being the fond Opinion of the populace, because Nature brings all things to maturity and ripeness through time, therefore they think this Relation and Ally of Nature the Physician however insipid, vapide and crabbed stuff he be compacted of, that he must be mellowed and brought to the Ripeness of Experienced also thorough time: But a quite other thing is Experience, then is commonly conceived, and not being always the product of time in a Physician it seems rather to be the Product of sagacious Industry (after a long contemplating) making such an exact Observation of all the concurring Causes and Circumstances going to make up any Phoenomena or Effects, as may beget in the Physician an habitual Promptitude (so far as human Power can reach) to produce or ward off these effects or Phoenomena, Pro re nata; And this Experience is only gotten (as was before Intimated) by the Considering and Pondering the most exact, clear, and full Histories of Nature's Operations, and Phoenomena, whereby the best Notions of her Laws, Customs, and Constitutions being Imprinted in the mind; The surest Directive Ideas likeways will arise therefrom, how to moderate Supply and Regulat her as the case requires.  
For in the conduct of Nature, as the onward concurring and visible causes do empty and waste themselves in the production of the nearest Continent Cause of the Phoenomena, and with concurrence of, and allowance to the Susceptibility of the subject they do further stamp their Effigies thereon, so does that Continent Cause (with the same Concurrence and allowance) manifest and characterise itself by these Phoenomena: And Nature having (though exceedingly various and multiplicite) yet a Certain Uniformity herein, and the Comprehension thereof only rendering her in proportion thereto tractable by the Artist, this most surely be the alone thing that denominats Experience in Medicine: And further as the study of these Histories is the road only leading to experience, whosoever then takes any other way, with how much so ever Assiduity & Application he contend to make progress toward Experience, shall be found walking at random and widening his distance always to stray the more therefrom.  
That a long and constant Practice is not alone sufficient to acquire this dexterity & experience, will be farther plain by considering the difficile delicate & untractable Genius of Nature, not improperly comparable to that of a Captious tetchie and easily irritate master, which makes his service as the exercise of a very Circumspect Prudence, so an exceeding hard task: Yet this Master having a servant, who by his diligence and Caution observes Curiously what things, and by what order & concourse of circumstances, either in his Master or the things themselves, these making their impression him, use (by grating or cherishing him) to excite or lenify his evil Humour or Canker: And who likeways faithfully treasures up in his mind or otherways, these his observations to be employed as directives for the advantage of his future service, this servant is not only capable to perform to his Master pleasant and profitable Service, but calming his severities, moderating and governing him, may exercise a kind of dominion over him: (as it has been observed that some wyllie Servants in the like circumstances have done) When another Servant void of this warrieness and prudence, though growing old in his service, thorough inadvertancy or carelessness, misguiding his Affairs, does still exasperate him, and shall never render him placable, nor any thing mitigate the nature of his despotical dominion: The same very way the prudent and cautious Physician, Nature's Minister, carefully observing her genius, and by his circumspection diligently catching and using all the opportunities to serve her (thereby sopiting all her severities) will undoubtedly become a Moderator and Arbiter thereof, and in consequence have his prudent Service recompensed by Nature's subjecting unto the political dominion of the Physician. Whence, it is clear, that Experience and Skill being almost identified and acquired & exercised by the same conditions and measures, old age therefore in a Physician, is no more capable alone to produce Experience, then in other Men it begets Wisdom and Prudence in the rest of Humane Affairs.  
Yea, Years are very far from bringing on apace with them such a deep rooted and solid experience in Medicine as may yield a fruitful Harvest of effectual Practice, where the Aged (and Age bringing on apace with it sloth) have only grown old in these Hypotheses of Theory, and Methods of Practice founded thereon (now of late perhaps both convicted of error) in which they were at first instituted, they sticking as closely by these as others to the Religion, in which from their Infancy they have been educated, such indeed being the power of education, which upon most has a dominion and empire, but upon these exercises a tyranny, in keeping them manacled in the chains of chimerical prejudices, and fetters of theoretical errors so much the more hurtful to Mankind, as being really damages under the pretext and show of profitable helps: Especially where sloth & ease is in the play which freights them to go to School again, or enter into a new Apprenticeship; or Vanity and Pride, which lays aside the professing any thing importing the reproach of that vain knowledge that did formerly puff them up: Which indeed would not so much depress them as the perseverance therein, does both them and the Common good of Mankind. To err indeed is Humane, but to preserve therein, notwithstanding of the Light, and in a matter of much import, seems Diabolical.  
From all which, it is plain, that as Artifice in the Physician and Error in the people is the best soil and compost in the natural climate of Opinion of the most fragrant and luxuriant Reputation, so real Improvement and Art transplanted into that clime, are likely (as exotic Plants) to give a very flaccid and languishing Figure.  
How deplorable then is it, That Medicine which being for the solace of our Miseries should be, and that by our own faults, so depraved as to conspire with them against us, and prove but a miserable and deceitful▪ Comforter, in so far as the Artist is put under the strong land invincible necessity, by its being most easy, advantageous, and honourable, to prosecute his own ends, although with the neglect of these of his Art: And that he should be put under the pusling difficulty to consult both his own credit and his Patient's Health, he being obliged to acquire and exercise at once qualifications wholly satisfying and advancing his reputation, but of no further use. Any other Skill apearing perplexed intricat and superflous, from the care whereof vulgar Opinion and Error has wholly Emancipated him: Because interfeiring with his esteem at lest nothing advancing it.  

The vulgar Error of the vanity of Medicine considered & disproved.  Neither seems Medical industry and Improvement under any better circumstances of thriveing or advance, by another Opinion that being pretty triumphant in the world is Endemical to those, who think themselves wiser, as being less credulous or apt to be Imposed upon by Artifice and Prudence then the former sort: Such thereof only look on Medicine as an Art big with great Pretensions, which being brought forth without the Mid-wifery of simple Credulity amount to nothing worth the while; and so run to the other Extreme (the Badge likewise of professed Ignorance) of doubting and diffidence, and consequently, Contempt of all Medical Endeavours: Now this opinion deems the conduct of our Lives toward their Period, committed either to Rigid and Inexorable Fate, incapable in its Carrier of any Stop, or to Tottering and Wavering Chance unmanageable by the discretest conduct; and therefore it excludes as vain all means of Health and Life: The former Opinion despirits and depraves Industry; this taking aim at Personal Prudence, quite extinguishes and kills Medical Prudence: That tempts to Imposture this Brands the most serious and successful Endeavours therewith: That incourages hopes from the Physicians Endeavours, (since all Dangers under the visage of evitable, confound less than the same allayed with no measure of hopes to escape) and this starving all hopes is enough alone to kill the Patient, and make the King of Terrors more terrible, and fearful, implying the ground he has advanced unto, to be recoverable only at his discretion, and his earnest assaults to be past remedy: And it is indeed from no small mixture of this base Alloy in the Opinion of some, who using the Physicians help, & altogether uncapable of Privacy to their Escapes, by putting so small value on their Pains & Industry, that the aspiring Improvement in this Art is likeways clogged.  
But indeed this robbing of Art, to enlarge and dignify Nature's Empire over and with all effects, may be properly both resembled and confuted, by takeing a glance of that grossness which possessed the Indians, when they took Ships for great Animals, here being nothing but the not comprehending the Artificial Intrigue of their structure (the chief cause of their Phoenomena) that gave rise to that Mistake and Error.  
So likewise, there being many products that to a shallow and overly view, althô they bear the Resemblance rather of Nature than Art; (as a Watch appeared to a certain King of the Indians to be a living Creature, when he asked what kind of Food it lived on) yet such Products, to those having the Eyes of the Mind capable by a more diving, sagacious, and polished Inquiry, to make exact and full survey, will impress and display their true Nature: This Capacity being the absolute condition to get true Knowledge without mixture of Imposture; no wonder then, through want thereof, that the busy, active, and restless part of Man, which is still judging be precipitat unto Mistakes and Errors in the Dark.  
And indeed this Turkish fixing of Fate, in spite of all Endeavours, did it ever hinder any to pull his drowning Friend out of the water, or a Choking bone out of his Throat? the stop put to Death in his full Carrier and the warding of the most potent and direct Thrusts of Fate being here conspicuous, and Diseases being as certain, though more private, and hardly stopped Leaks to let in Death at, which never makes passages, but only enters in at these which Nature has left open, when Art fails to observe and close them; & also seeing the faculties of the Mind as well as the Organs of the Body, by their natural Strength and Exercise, by Application, or other Artificial Helps, may attain to many degrees of Perspicacity, Activity, and Perfection, beyond what they will be without these, or in one Man under the Advantages of these, more than in any other without them, that the difference (especially in sensible things) is even Stupenduous: Why may not then such Improvement (upon the ground of Natural Vigour) make the Mind Susceptible of many Impressions giving both Light and Knowledge to espy these private Posterns Death makes use of, and also to find the means to stop & close them, & here also be had as certain evidences of warding off death, as in the other caise, though as proper only to these having such enduements, as the seeing the danger and relief of a drowning Man is proper only to these that are not blind.  
And that Conspiracy frequently entered into against our Lives, by Death's Agents, second Causes, though through its depth, and cunning it's above the Vulgar sight to discover and capacity to prevent and stop, yet as it may be reached by the eye of the sagatious circumspect Medical Politician, may also be counteracted by his power and Art.  
And it being also very probable, that (the Body seeming a curious machine) motion is the main ingredient, if not the very Essence of our Lives, the period whereof consists in a total and permanent stop put thereto, and the Integrity of that motion depending on the soundness of the first mover, the matter moved, and the passages through which motion is made, it seems this Machine is as well as others subject to many disorders, and as other engines have their particular Arts subservient to their Regulation and Redintegration, which by picking out the causes thereof, may by convenient instruments and means remove their Stops and help their Disorders, why may not Art likewise take place, in relation to the distempers of the economy of man, were it for no more than to save the Irritancy of a great part of the Creation, which seem pregnant with these advantages to Mankind, but being rejected for Instruments, or Means here, seem of little or no use at all: And further what great difference both in the Advantage and Pleasure may be perceived betwixt Nature going wild at random and liberty, and the same subjected to Artificial Culture and Improvement: As may be seen in the difference betwixt wild Fields and well cultivat Gardens; yet such as neither perceive, nor know Arts Influence here, would certainly give the honour of these improvements only to Nature.  
And as Nature furnishes Matter in some cases for Art to work on, though in others Nature furnishes only occasion by its stopps, & disorders, into which it may be brought rather from other causes, than any thing within itself; And so may not Art be useful as a Confederate and alley to help and rectify Nature in the Straits and Disorders of the machine of our Bodies: And as in the Regulating and Helping of all other engines there may be employed several degrees of Art and Skill, as for example in a most Curious and Ingenious clock, the disorders especially such as come by misguiding, may some o● them be restored by the proper Skill of the owner while for others that are more difficult, he must borrow the Advice Help and Instruments of a more Expert Artist, yet these that does not know or believe there are any more expert must conclude that the Master's proper Skill and Instruments always does the Fait: Why may it not be just so about this machine the keeper & master whereof Nature, making considerable Efforts and Essays for redentigration of its disorders, but when these are frustraneous than the acce●sion of the Skill and Tools of the Expert Physician is seasonable, unless it fall out here as likeways in other Machine's it often times falls out, that the disorder tending to its dissolution, be in the order of Reparation incurable, and so requiring the Capacity and Skill of an yet higher Artist, contriver and maker of that engine, import rather the Creation of a New than the Reparation of the Old one: Neither does this so much disparage the skill of the lesser Artist as extol the admirable & inimitable Art of the first and chief Architeck, in displaying so much Stupenduous Skill in that curious Contrivance of a piece of work, which being maimed in its substantial and Essential parts and motions is nowayes Redintigrable by minor Artists.  
Now the fruitlesness of Physicians endeavours resolves always in some of these; (viz.) Either in the want of due administration of such promising helps as the Art does really afford, and that either by the fault of the Patients or other assistants: This is by an unjust Ignorance Pinned on the Physician: And nixt it may depend on the Physicians not discovering and curing what through Art and Industry, being perceivable, is also curable: And this does indeed taint him with a certain, though most part secret Gild, which the Critics in Medicine suspecting, at adventure by an Ignorant Justice may casually Hitt, but scarcely know: Or finally the unsuccesfulness of Physicians Practice depends upon the case, being by Art & Industry, either Indiscoverable or Incurable or both, especially such as sudden Accidents and Essential Breaches which do no more concern him to repair, then to be a Creator. Now the most conceited Pretenders to the Arbitrament of the Physicians Fame, are altogether in the mist justly to determine them, when such caises do occur.  
And farther, there seems nothing more persuasive of the vanity of his Endeavours, than the discreet Physicians unwillingness to be brought on the Rack of Prognostic of the event of the Disease, 
The uncertainty of Prognostic, a great pillar of that Error considered, & removed  this being the question he is first and most importuned with, and a quack Expedient extraordinarly gratifying Curiosity, seems also to be the earnest of a more solid Skill: And if he venture thereon, as he luckily hits, or unluckily misses, it does not fail accordingly either to add to, or pair, both his Authority, and that of the Art: But the wiser being shy therein, it is constructed by most, to spring from a consciousness of such uncertainty in the Art and Practitioner, as puts all Endeavours on the borders of Frustraneous and Vain, and that the Cure when it falls out must be rather an effect of Nature or chance, then of Art and Skill.  
But surely, Prognostic seems to contribute no more to the Cure of Diseases, than Palmistry does to the conduct of our Lives and Fortunes, and any Dexterous Hitt therein is improven more to advance the Physicians Personal Value and Ends, than these of his Art, and raises more a tottering Reputation, then is either the Product or Manefesto of any solid Skill: And Prognostic being always most sure on the worst side, let all therefore beware that put too much stress thereon, lest they get their doubts cured to their greater coast, & put the Physician sometime in the straight (to save the credit of his Reputation built on that of his Prediction) to neglect, not to say worse, the plausible means of Cure: Or at least, that these satisfying marks of his Skill, be rather suitable to the usual events of the vain and empty Methods he makes use of in the like cases.  
Now farther, althô Medicine be seated with much more disadvantage for a Prospect to make a certain Predication, than other Professions, in which the claim laid to the wished effect cannot be denied, yet these cannot contend with Medicine in the certainty of Prognostic: As for example, in Law where the Rights or Strength of both Parties is fully laid open; yet there is often as much diffidence & uncertainty to which side the Balance will cast: And in War where circumstances concurring to bring Light to Prediction, may be yet more in the Dark then in Law, but not so much as in Medicine, for though the Strength and Courage of both sides, with sundry other considerations affording probable Conjectures towards a conclusion concerning the event, may be discerned; yet there may be unseen Stratagems, and accidental Contingences, which may make promising Victory both to hover and light on the unexpected side: And yet all these difficulties, or uncertainties in the determining the event, do not so much disparage and make appear vain the Endeavoures of these useful and noble Professions, as they serve to quicken the Eyes of Circumspection, and raise the value and glory of brave and ingenious Behaviour in desperate and dangerous Cases, whither successful or not: But indeed in these Arts the wit and direction in the conduct being palpable, where the miscarriage of the success may be pinned, is also alike visible. Now Medicine though as to Prediction it has equal certainty with these Arts, yet it has the misfortune to be under far worse circumstances, yea, and even under insuperable difficulties as to the certain and axact knowledge of the present posture and state of Affairs about which it is to be an Actor: For being often to act a Scene within the Curtain, when itself stands without, and having none to consult therein, but very subtle and infidious Intelligencers the Phoenomen● and Symptoms, (for true and sure Intelligence, being the life of War; Is likeways the Soul of Medicine) and because there is much difficulty, there is need of great sagacity to unridle and decipher the mysterious appearances bringing Light to the present condition of Affairs, and any Light gotten, should rather put the Artist upon just measures how to act then to predict; and make his endeavours ●un in this, that his hands may not come too short to help such timous discoveries as are made by his Eyes.  
But in sum, all this matter being both acted in masquerade, and among such a crowd of common Enemies second causes roving up and down, (and having more power and influence than is perceived require also always stricter Guards than is believed) some whereof either by inadvertance or mere accident, may impinge one and overturn the fairest appearances of Escape and Recovery; no wonder then that there can be no more certainty either in the Conduct or Prediction, than the circumstances & the unalterable nature of the thing does determine & allow: And the Inference of the vanity and emptiness of Medicine in its conduct from the uncertainty of Prediction of the event of that conduct, equally militating against other known and commendable Arts, seems of no more import in the one than the other case.  
It being never considered among all this Bustle of Totturing and Wresting Medicine to the Touchstone of very incompetent Judgements, 
Upon what does the Arbitrament concerning the Medicinal Practice depend.  that the only Solid and Prudent knowledge in Medicine turns upon the Cardanal hinge of the true understanding & uptaking of the genuine and true propagation of effects from their causes; In the due comprehension whereof as the Physicians Skill is eminently denoted, so the same gives only right and title to the Arbitrament of the Physicians Fame and Merit: And sometimes matters here are so obscure from their depth or sublimity, that the quickest perspicacity of profoundest Artists will falter and hallucinate, and be modestly ambitious of the Epithet due to the happy Inquirer.  
Faelix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas. 〈◊〉 while blind Ignorance and Percipitant Imprudence Spurs on, almost every one to arrogat to be an Arbiter therein, but how deservedly will appear, if we consider that Health and Recovery is still the work of Nature primarly, and the subsidary Help of the Physician is designed only to remove Impediments, now how does this Arbiter of Physicians know whither the Direful symptoms arising in a Disease, be the effects of obstacles put by the preposterous Ignorance of the Physician and Regimen, rather than the Native products of the Disease; Yet after the recovery from this Disease, when perchance, nature attacked both by the Malady & the method, was almost brought to succumb, and only by the vigour of temperament escapes, notwithstanding by mean● of the Physicians Prudence, never calling Nature to the plea, this Arbiter precipitantly and ignorantly gives sentence approbative of the Cure, as redeeming from a prodigious Danger, but in the mean time if any Interpreter or Proxy were admitted or sent from Nature to expound and speak, it would clearly evince that the Method made all these terrifying symptoms, which is evident and palpable from this, that in some diseases as for example, the Small Pox (which is little noticed by the most part) in so far as you indulge a hot and Cordial Method and Regimen, which indeed is the most usual in this Disease, all the horrible dangerous symptoms fall on proportionably, which Disease being treated with a contrary Method and Regimen, all these do vanish or lessen; Unless the former error has engraven them too deep.  
justice, Law, and Policy consist in the consideration of what contributs to the good & integrity of the Society, 
The disparity betwixt the Arbitrament Concerning Practice and Policy▪ and that of Physicians  wherein is comprehended that of every single Person; The due prosecution whereof, by these entrusted therewith is obvious to the prespicacious Judgement of most if not all, and though some endeavour to Mountebank it also in State, and with the stock of public Authority, favour & influence drive private and by-trade, yet the tendency of the measures being by the Balance of sound reason examinable, there can scarce be any considerable or lasting deception therein, every Man almost being Master of as much reason as may with a little education qualify him to judge therein, so the honest Practitioners of these Disciplines are rarely destitute of their due merit and applause, or Impostors or Ignorants under any Mask able to rival them.  
But it is far other ways in Medicine which consisting all in matters of fact and experiment drawn out of the Phaenomena of Nature and Practice bears no other trial of reason then what is Commensurable by them: for as Nature has its proper Laws and Customs, so Medicine that Moderats Nature, has its proper Measures for attaining its ends, suited to these, the adequatness whereof are only conspicuous to the Adept and Sons of Art, and these genuine and true Sons of Art are only among themselves (as it's talked of the Brethren of the Rosy Cross) mutually conspicuous, escaping the sharpest sighted of all others seeing no more but Skin deep in this Cryptick Art.  
Hence it is that these have only usurped Fame and Reputation in this Art, who having strained & violently bended Medicine by excogitating or feinging Specious & Rational Theories, by which, although without real foundation, the wits of learned Men have been extremely charmed, and the Inventors have thereby enhanced greatFame & Reputation to themselves, but whosoever having their heads stuffed with such rational Theories shall attempt to Practise conform & pilot by them, will find they are nothing but wild fire leading into devious & dangerous paths: It's therefore only Solid and Sound Practice that must yield a true Theory, 
Only from Practice comes Improvement in Medicine.  and such will altogether quadrate with practice, and be farther useful thereto, as is plain in several Mechanic Arts E: G: In dying where the variety of colours, and their Multiplicit Generation and Conversion furnishes the Philosopher with fine Speculations, but none of these are solid, Profitable, or for the further improvement of the Art, unless such as are taken from the practice, or agreeable thereto, so the Mechanic gives Laws to the Philosopher.  
And indeed this method of beginning at experiments to establish Theory has given both name and solidity to the Philosophy of this Age, 
As it is in Philosophy called Experimental.  and discovered the vanity and infirmity of that of the former Ages.  
Neither was Philosophy more empty, which from Aristotle's days, until of late received small Improvement, than was Medicine which from Hypocrates time so much strayed from advancement, that leaving his Methods, to wit, of discribing the true Histories of Diseases, and drawing Indications therefrom; All Writers almost deliver the Histories of Diseases superficially, without particular branching, or descending into their Specifications, but comprehend under one Type these that differ much from one another; as also, what they deliver, being according to their Theoretical Hipotheses, is more to confirm these, then to illustrate the Disease in its Natural Figure and Shape, from which can only be drawn Indications that are tottering: and to supply these defects, they heap up so great a Mass of Receipts, that the wavering Election, mistaking the Remedy of o●e Species for another, rarely hits the Mark: And farther, the most part following close the footsteps of their Predecessors seem rather to have Copied then Written.  
Does not then Medicine wrapped up many Ages with Philosophy, in the same Fate of Obscurity, by the mist of empty Theory? require likewise with it to be experimentally enlightened and advanced; for it is not to be judged, that time which has rypned and brought to perfection all other Arts, should leave Medicine altogether Stationary, as incapable of farther Culture, becomes it not therefore all generous and sagacious Physicians, having entered the right path of Diligence leading to true Improvement, with all their might to liberate this noble Art, from the chains of Errors and Fetters of Prejudices, and to make it splendidly triumph over all Calumnies and Detractions, to which it has been so long, especially throw vain Theories, obnoxious; and that by enquiring, so far as Nature's Light whetted with Industry will go, into a solid and experimental Improvement, and only by such safe conditions and measures as are adequat and proper for acquiring thereof, and thereupon to found a genuine and solid Theory: which will not only enlighten the understanding with true Impressions how these experiments are produced, but will also give direction to apply the same true Notions to farther experimental Improvements.   

SECT. IV. That the great advantage and import of the Improvement of the Cure of Continual Fevers, making it highly the Physicians concern, to advance it, makes also what is already said, as a Praeliminary; not improper: where also is shown that the common Indications and Diaphoretick Method, Commonly used in Fevers, being considered, aught to be disaproved; and that the Author's Method proposed being also considered, aught to be embraced.  
AS in all Humane and Worldly concerns, there is nothing more Valuable and Precious to Men, than the Life and Health of themselves, and their dearest Relations, without which all other Worldly Comforts are unrelishing; So among all humane studies and Arts (the effects of men's endeavours to ward off, or alleviat to their Miseries, and Calamities) there is none whose due Prosecution and Improvement is more acceptable than Medicine: In like manner, there seems to be no subject in that Art, that partaking more of the general advantage, requires more to be Improven, than this Subject of Continual Fevers does: And that by reason of its extent, (for with its Pendicles it takes up the half of all the Diseases that Men are afflicted with) and of its danger and Precipitant invasion; It being the Disease that by a Sudden eruption and Devastation, in a trice overturnes our Hopes and Comforts, doth therefore make the loss of Life more bitter and grievous; This Disease seeming to Envy and Prevent other Languishing Distempers, or Wrinkled Age, in the spoil of Beauty, and ruin of Strength, triumphs in their Sudden and Unexpected downfall; And by the cruel Ravage it makes, outdoes a leisurely dissolution in dismal effects both upon the Souls and Estates of many Mortals; Men being thereby in surprise hailed out off the arms of seemingly perfect Health, & Security, & throw the vale of miserable delirium stupidity, or Distraction, precipitated into the Shades of the other World: life here being taken by furious storm, has all the dreadful effects of a Pitiful saccage, while a leisurly dissolution gives opportunity for Preparation to make Peace with the great Monarch whose Messenger Death is, and for a honourable and happy Surrender: And now since all this is done under the Presidence of a Government, whose trust makes it the concernment thereof to inquire narrowly, whither negligence or mistake may give occasio to the Course of so sudden a Devastation, this makes it no less the Credit of Faithful Physicians, than the Common interest of Mankind, to put the Cure of this disease to appear in the first rank for Trial, Reformation, and Improvement; And may also show the reason and necessity of our going so far back and making a Ramble, to rally up the whole force of that obligation lying on the Physician to diligence and Improvement, and to conjure down negligence, and arraign all vulgar errors and mistakes capable to stifle or deprave Improvement in this particular Subject, or any other in that Art; Such indeed seeming to stand like Mountains in the way, by serious consideration therefore deserve first to be removed and leveled  
In Pursuing then of this Improvement of the Cure of continual Fevers, it comes to be observed, that althô the remote and Antecedent cause of this, and most part of other Diseases, seems to be a load of Humours often viscide, yet scarce do we understand the specifical essence of this or that humour, which excites this or that symptom, and produces the variety of diseases, except in so far as the nature of the place it clogs produces the symptoms, (and this being a purely Mechanical reason gives but little light to the specifique quality thereof) far less can we tame these noxious humours with specifique or appropriate Remedies, which were indeed the best experimental improvement, were it known; unless in somuch as the cortex pernvianus seeming to be the specifique of intermittents is known; And although some essay to explain the essence of Diseases, & lodge it in such modification of the figure, quantity, and motion of the particles of matter, in respect of the pores, fibers, and channels of any Bowel or Organ; which make obstruction, impression of pain irritation, convulsion, and the rest of the symptoms competent to this or that Organ, which modifications seeing they cannot as yet be determined, and pitched on, as by their subtlety escaping the Edge of the sharpest Engine, neither can these be reached or subdued by way of Indication.  
Therefore as yet all our certain cure and curative indications, are directed not against the continent and nearest cause, but only against the antecedent cause, or fuel of the disease; to wit, to carry off the load of humours, and not to attack its specifique, and evil quality, that being seldom if ever hit, and if at any time, but by a very faint blow▪ and althô the specifique cure providing it were known, would be both the shortest and surest, yet this cure might lie open to the like hazard that sometimes falls out in the Cure of intermittents, by the copious use of the bark, which as our worthy Author observes are sometimes thereby translated into a scrobutique rhumatisme, the morbifique matter, being divested of one specification or modification, puts on another.  
Seeing there is no specifique cure pretended to, in continual Fevers, their cure must then lean on some indication; 
The common and diaphoretique method considered.  which false Theory and long custom, has made to degress and decline to the satisfying the common indication of attenuation of the Febril matter, and expulsion thereof throw the pores of the skin; some forcing it by a milder, some by a stronger, and all urging it by some degree of Diaphoresis but still without any triumphant or solid, yea rather, with many lamentable and funest experiences.  
This indeed were no unfit Design or Method if the morbifique matter were so thin and little, and sticking in the superfice of the Body; that it might easily yield to the impulse of Diaphoretiques: But on the other hand where the matter or at least the fuel of the Disease is copious, viscide, and besets the first ways the Ventricle, intestines, and mesentery; in so far as you attenuate and force that matter by Diaphoretiques in proportion ye shall translate and turn the antecedent cause lurking there, into the continent and nearest cause of the Disease, to wit, by subliming that viscide and obstructing matter into the mass of Blood, and habit of the Body; which shall further exasperate the tumult of the Fever, and overwhelm the natural efflux and reflux of the Blood, and thereafter this matter being carried from the mass of Blood into Head, and region of the nerves; will likewise excite there symptoms competent to them being so infested, till at length nature unable to wrestle under such a load of viscous matter poured in upon the Blood and Nerves, wholly despirited and overwhelmed must succumb.  
And that such an viscous, slimy, and copious Matter is at least the antecedent cause and fuel of many Fevers, 
The Foams in Fevers considered  perchance also of all, can be made evident not from any Ratiocination, but from Antopsia or Sense itself.  
For in several Fevers, especially these accompanied with delirium or raving, there has frequently been seen a great quantity of such touch phlegm, sometimes evacuat by stool, sometimes by Vomit; and that only by putting the Finger into the Throat; after which evacuation almost an total ease of all the Symptoms, but chiefly of the delirum or raving did follow; until that after some days the matter recruiting and regurgitating, and bringing the same Symptoms required a reiterated evacuation; which was signalised with the former benefit; and so forth, as the plenty of the matter required, until a perfect Evacuation Cured the Disease: What novice in Medicine will judge such plenty of Viscidity and Slime could be with advantage or safety forced into the Mass of Blood, to be expelled throw the Pores of the Skin; or that it can be so attenuate, especially under the languid natural Heat of Persons in Fevers, that it be noways hurtful or obstructing, when it comes to the small capillar Vessels.  
As to the rest of Medicaments used in Fevers, as Refrigerants subservient to the indication of Refrigeration; 
Refrigerants considered.  since it can be shown that heat is nothing of the essence of Fevers, & that their proper effect is to increase the viscidity & tenaciousness of the humours (perhaps the continent cause of Fevers) they do rather hurt then help: As likewise, these that are called Temperers of Acrimony, and Sweetners of the Blood seem to be no more profitable, 
Temperers of Acrimony & sweetners of the blood  in regard Acrimony consists in such a modification of the particles of Matter, in their figure or motion, in relation to the texture of the Organs or Bowels, bringing trouble or pain thereto; and we scarce knowing where in that Modification making the discrepancy betwixt the Agent & Patient does consist, we can hardly form thereto an adaequat Indication: And althô this mitigative Indication could be found and satisfied, since it does nought to the Disease or its Cause, by prosecuting thereof, you advantage no more, then if ye should apply Anodyne Balsams to the ●kin, sore with whipping; and yet still whip one.  
And farther, since all these Symptoms commonly supposed to arise from Acrimony, are only the result of the efforts of Nature struggling to ride itself of the Disease, and are raised various according to the genius of the matter besetting, and the organ beset; although these could be perfectly subdued, when the Disease and its cause are untouched, what if the Disease restrained in one Symptom, shall break out into a more dangerous one; so little coercible or obsequious proves Nature to any preposterous and undiscret management, that thereby rather are translated, then extinguished or directed, its irregular and impetuous motions; not ve●y unlike as when a Dam of water is kept up by a Bank, without drying up, or diverting the source that increases it, as it is stopped at one breach, it will always make or find another.  
As for Aperients and Inciders, 
Aperients and inciders.  they being much about the same Nature, have the same Inconvenience with Diaphoretiques; Especially where there is a Copious foams, or great Obstructions in the Capillar Veins; For by there grating and grinding off Particles from the mass of gross and viscide Humores, they must exceedingly increase these obstructions; every little particle seeming to be of a like Nature with the whole, and scarce, when in any quantity, subjugable by the motion of the Blood, or capable to be so attenuate as to pass easily the smallest channels of the Vesells; Such then being brought there, cannot but have an obstructing effect. And farther these things being narrowly considered will also make the Truth of that Observation of of our Noble Author past all doubt, that many and most dangerous Symtpomes of Fevers, are the native effects of the method, rather than of the Disease.  
Leaving then this Diaphoretique method, 
The true method proposed that is most probable.  until we find out a specifique cure of Fevers, since we cannot levelly directly a● the essence of the Disease, we being most part in the dark as to that, what hinders us as is usual & successful in many other diseases, & which impartial well balanced experience has found to be also so here, but that we may prosecute the Indication taken from the antecedent cause or fuel of the Malady, by purging; and so by intercepting the sustenance, to starve that Enemy we cannot get within handy blows of: Is it because in Fevers the tumult and commotions in the regions of the Body, in that tottering state of the Oeconomy would be so heightened by the spurs off the Purgative, as to brake out into more furious and incompescib●e Symptoms? and the Orgasm that was formerly only in the Mass of Blood, should thereby break over also into the Region of the Nerves and Head, and so beset, pervert, and overwhelm the first springs of Motion and Life.  
Now althô this difficulty seems not impertinently to be started, yet whosoever shall lay a great weight thereon, will betray great inconsideration and inadvertance to what our Noble Author has delivered concerning the reasonableness of this Cure, for he clearly shows both by reason and experience, that the Inconvenience and tumult arising from the irritation of the purgative, is very efficaciously restained by the immediately preceding Phlebotomy, & the subsequent use of the Paregorick; and how happily the Catharick is administered under this double check, these that have never tried it cannot so much as dream; Notwithstanding what ever is said to the contrary by famous Authors concerning the use of Purgers and Paregoricks in Fevers: which althô it be true in the case (which is that mentioned by them) where these are administered separately & without respect to this order and method of our Author, that they may not only be unprofitable but hurtful, but according to this his Method, these means are in that order Connected and Ranked, that they become wholly beneficial; For the preceding Phlebotomy, and Cathartick paves the way to, and makes safe the effecacy of the Paregorick, and the Preceding Phlebotomy and subsequent Paregorick infallibly Checks and Bridles any noxious Energy of the Cathartick; As more fully shall be be shown afterward. But in the mean time it may be considered that these Practical Phaenomena, beside the rational appearances they bear, are by such repeated accurate and evident experience confirmed, that they can no more by Arguments be convelled, or their evidence by reasoning stifled, than the most sensible and palpable experiments in Nature can be.   

SECT. V. Motives to this Method from the Author's Ingenuity Ability, and the prodigious Hazards he escaped, and also from his Reputation both at Home and Abroad.  
SInce than it is obvious to all that the usual manner of the cure of continual Fevers is so uncertain and unsuccesful, that it should prompt all good and wise Physicians, at least from commiseration of Mankind, to search and try all ways for a better, yea, and when Men worthy of Trust, whose ability and intergrity may not only deserve, but command Trust, do from their undoubted and certain experience, compliment them with laying to their hand a more sure and complete Method of cure: the Inaptitude or Impropriety whereof none can, save from fictitious & chimerical prejudices affirm or assert, but noways from knowledge or experience; in which case as its the part of (even the most rigorous) caution, to suspend Judgement, so it gives the most grave and profound marks of Folly and Arrogancy, to pronounce peremptorly any thing concerning a matter of Fact and Experiment, altogether unknown to them. He than that wants Courage or Faith to Experiment it himself, necessarily must watch the occasion to behold the Practice of others having this Method for conduct, and so getting a Mature and deliberate knowledge of the thing, he may then with some reason pronounce his Opinion concerning it.  
Whosoever then shall do otherways, and either chide or Condemn this Method or only contemn or neglect it; Let him have a care, least being suported by prejudicated Opinions and Errors, he be found to lay an Ambush for, and assault the truth, and to Sacrifice to his contumacy and sloth the Lifes of the Sick, and the Tears of their Friends: this matter being now so circumstantiat by such clear Evidences and Proofs, that an Error or mistake therein cannot be as invincible Ignorance excusable, but as affected, supine, and contumacious negligence, representing a true and attrocious Crime is culpable; In respect this method is as clearly (as the Sun at noon) displayed in the last writings, (emitted at length with the Approbation of the College of Physicians of London; And likewise by the private experience of other eminent Physicians approven) of that incomparible, sagatious, and expert Practitioner, D: D: Sydenham, Who, Alace! to the great loss of Medicine, departed this life the 29 December, 1689▪ Whose former Writings being most acceptable to the learned World, and acknowledged to have brought no more pleasure than profit, most deservedly aught to concilitate Favour, Trust and Authority to this his last Schedule, as to his Letter will and Testament: Neither can it go well away with good Men to think, that this great Man so oft by strange and special Providences plucked out of the very jaws of Death, has be●n preserved for an Imposture, so dismale to Mankind: Thò I cannot stay to reckon all the Dangers among the Calamities of the late Civil Wars, (where he was an Actor) that passed with great difficulty over his head, 
An unparallelled danger he escaped.  as his being left in the Field among the dead, and many other dangers he met with: yet there is one that representing rather a miracle than a common providence, cannot be passed over, which as I had from his own mouth, is thus, at the same time of these Civil Wars, where he discharged the office of a Captain, he being in his lodging at London, and going to bed at night, with his clothes loosed, a mad drunk fellow, a Soldier likewise in the same lodging, entering the Room, with one hand gripping him by the breast of his Shirt, with the other discharged a loaden Pistol in his bosom, yet, o strange! without any hurt to him, most wonderfully indeed, by such a narrow shield as the edge of the Soldier's hand, was his breast defended; for the admirable providence of God placed & fixed the tottering hand that gripped the Shirt into that place & posture, that the edge thereof and all the Bones of the metacarpe that make up the Breadth of the hand, were Situate in a right line betwixt the mouth of the Pistol and his Breast, and so the Bullet discharged neither declining to the one side nor to the other, but keeping its way thorrow all these Bones, in crushing them lost its force and fell at his Feet, O! Wonderful Situation of the hand, And more Wonderful course of the Bullet! by any Industry or Art never again Imitable! And moreover within a few days the Soldier, taken with a fever arising from so Dangerous and Complicat a Wound, died; surely providence does not bring forth so Stupenduous Miracles, but for some great and equivalent end.  
And further can it be thought that this great Man, 
His Sagacity and Ingenuity marred his Reputation.  who in all the course of his life, gave so full evidence of an ingenuous generous and perspicatious Spirit, would or could die an Impostor and Murderer of Mankind (which imputation to deserve, he frequently professed, would be more heavy to him, than any Punishment could be) for he it was, despising the blandishments of the world, popular applause, Riches and Honour, yea his own Health wasted with intense and assiduous Meditations and thoughfulness, that liberally sacrificed them all for the Public good; In so far, that after he had long weighed and expended the common and received Methods of curing most Diseases & therrfore had forsaken & relinquished them as vain and improper, and after his intimate search into the bowels of Nature he had discovered others more aposite and Powerful; He thereby only gained the sad and unjust recompense of calumny and ignominy; and that from the emulation of some of his collegiate Brethren, & others, whose indignation at length did culminat to that height, that they endeavoured to banish him, as guilty of Medicinal heresy, out of that illustrious Society: & by the whisper of others he was baulked the Employment in the Royal Family, where before that he was called among the first Physicians. Behold now the World governed not by Opinion, but by perverse Prejudice and mistakes▪ And not only the due Fame and Praise of Virtue and Worth smothered, but Virtue itself oppressed: But what wonder that his Noble discoveries should be tossed with the same fate, among many other notable Inventions, the discovery of the Circulation of the Blood long was; which althô it did illustrate and embellish; and, beside the the self evidence it bore, did most extraordinarly enlighten the theory of Medicine, yet was it long kept at the door; and that throw the prejudice of Men, occasioned by their uncuriousness to be at any Pains for discoveries themselves; and by Pride, hating to receive light from; or to be beholden therefore, to the labours of others; and thus they choice to part with any improvement, before they hazard ever so little of their esteem: after the same manner, and from the very same Principle, but with much more loss and detriment to Men (by the same, proportion that real profit exceeds mere Pleasure, and that Practical and useful inventions do exceed mere Theoretical ones) seemed his useful and Practical Observations and discoveries to have been treated.  
And though it may be thought that the courage of this Magnanimous Man, which being rather whetted then dashed, did still persevere in his begun Methods, soon might have weathered out this Storm, which not being universal but rather endemical, was only within the confines of one City, and perhaps but of one Tribe and class of Men; yea and it may be only of one faction of that Tribe; yet often such is the force of calumny, that the malevolent endeavours of a very few, and these very weak Men may, like one that can faster pull down, then twenty can rear up, so far blast Reputation as to make it very hard for Innocence, yea for the greatest merit itself, to set up the head; and that by reason of the Rude and Ignorant vulgars' quick and ready susception of false aspersions, in the production whereof the World is very broody, which therefore being in plenty, are cheap, and easily come by; Few being willing or able to purchase knowledge or the true representation of things, at the coast of serious inquiry examination and trial, the neat price thereof. But at length as truth & light after they are smothered in one place, do break out with more brightness in another, so these efforts carried his Fame and Renown throw all the Corners of England, and also into foreign Nations: and the opposition he got, inspiring with commiseration of suffering merit some no small Men, brought several such over to a constant and faithful adherence to him: althô at the coast of some piece of Reputation, (that requiring to be buoyed up with a complacency oftentimes interfeiring with honesty) & among the first, that favoured him, as the truly eminent and worthy D. Goodall, had the sagacity to receive the best Characters of him, and of his practice: So had he the ingenuity & courage, to be the chief, that in his behalf Cartelling ignorance and malice, made way for the due propagation of his most deserved fame: And indeed in process of time Sydenham was by Letters from many eminent Physicians thorough England, saluted the worthy Improver and Restorer of Medicine; As (among many others,) by D. Brady, Professor of Medicine in the University of Cambridge: And by D: Paman, Public Orator of that University, and Professor of Medicine in Gresham College, and by Dr. Cole, Physician in Worchester, as may be seen in there Epistles ●mitted with his works.  
And to show how his Writings were received abroad, among many other testimonies can be given, these few may suffice; In Ettmullerus, the famous Professor of the University of Lipsick his works, he is frequently made honourable mention of, by the Character of the Accurate and Elegant Sydenham.  
And Doleus the chief Physician to the Landgrave of Hess, being to put forth his Encyclopedeia Medica, by an Epistle directed to D. Sydenham, entreated that he would give him an Encomium to prefix to his Book; To which he answered, that he was ready to give such as he thought the Book after it was perused by him could deserve, which delay Doleus being, it seems, a little impatient of, the Book, containing also very honourable mention of Sydenham, was set forth with a fictitious Elogium under his name: Now it being always precious, and not common and mean things that use to be forged or stolen, this seems not an impertinent Argument of the Fame and Authority of Sydenham, both with him, and wherever he might expect his Books would come.  
In France likeways, the worthy D: D: Spon Physician at Lions, in his Epistle written in 1681, to the Abbot of Sylvecane does wonderfully extol his praise; especially, his dexterity of cureing Fevers, which he says, are so constantly cured by him at London; that he goes under the name of the Fever cureing Doctor: Yet Spon does wonder that his methods are so little either there, or any other where, followed by others.  
At length, even in London itself, time did, as it does in most other things, help to ripen and promote Truth, and settle these tumults that were raised in men's minds & hindered its appearance, because not only a new but a contrary method in cureing most Diseases, and which appeared to charge the most part also with ignorance, and error, seemed to be obtruded be obtruded on them: & no wonder that Men puffed up with self-love, did with difficulty swallow over such an harsh morsel: but the rancour being somewhat remitted, there wanted not several ingenious & honest Physicians, that did acknowledge his merit, among whom was that Famous D: Michelthwait, who when near death, (the time that the fume of passions being evanished, gives both a more clear perception, and ingenuous and sincere expression of truth,) did profess that notwithstanding of the attempts of severals against the methods of Sydenham, yet these would yet prevail and triumph over all other methods.  
Neither wanted there another Class of Physicians, who though they had no less wit and understanding, yet had much less honesty than the former; these indeed perceiving the efficacy of his practice, did readily imitate it themselves, but were so much Plagiaries, that far from acknowledging the Author, they were the foremost to calumniate him, & it may be his methods too; and lest they should be taken in the crime, had also the subterfuge, either of adding some trifling thing to his inventions, or saying, they were Masters of these methods before he did write or publish them.  
Then at length, Truth by its native force prevailing wholly over Error, as Light doth over Darkness, by the help also of time, brought forth in the year 1688. The second Edition of his Schedula Monitoria, (as the first Edition was, likewise under Protection and Patronage of the worthy D: Goodal, who had been an assistant to him in much of tha● Practice) and also sealed with the College of Physicians at London, their Approbation annexed to the Book: Where the Author delivers this new Method of the Cure of Fevers, most faithfully and clearly, and even that very same which the first Edition contained, and came forth without their Approbation: But it seems the short space of an year or thereby, betwixt the first and second Edition of that Schedule, did conciliate so much favour to the Author, and the work, that they declared the second edition and the Method therein contained, to be worthy and useful; and not pernicious; As some ridiculously affirm, preferring their private judgement taken on a Superficial view, and perhaps only by Hearsay; To the mature and deliberate judgement of that Honourable and learned Society.  
But the Honesty and justice of others more Eminently Displaying itself, does elevate his Praise somewhat suitable to his desert, and give him such Panegyrics, as without sufficient merit in the Subject, have never been consigned to Books or Letters, by such Wise Prudent and Learned Men, as these do evidently in their late Writtings manifest themselves to be; And because in the mouth of two or three witnesses every thing is established, so many, whose works are now at hand with us, may therefore suffice.  
The first is then, that Famous D. Morton, 
D. Morton his Elogium of D. Sydenham,  in his Treatise of Pthisical Diseases or consumptions lately emitted, where like another Hercules, he does indeed assault that Herculean Disease, with a Method both new and profitable: For according to that common axiom, Qui bene distinguit bene docet; he has most judiciously instituted the several species & degrees of that disease, according to which he has most reasonably instituted the Indications, and ●ure to be varied: And when in his preface to the Reader, he is proposing the several means of the Improvement of Medicine, he judges and that very rationally, that it consists alone in practical Observations, describing Diseases in their real and true Appearances; and therefore he chides the sloth of some Physicians, that seem to bury with themselves a great treasure of practice, which they might have acquired: Then he concludes, saying, if I were able to hold forth the renown of so great a Man as our Sydenham, I should extol his name to the skies, and set him for a noble Example for the most experienced Practitioner to walk by? For this Man, being of great Age, and having his natural sagacity, wherewith he is extraordinarly endued, further polished with long use and experience; never ceases to improve and illustrate with his Learned Writings, the practical part of Medicine, both to the great comfort of the sick, and the great Credit and Advantage of the Art: And that these praises did proceed from nothing, but the very conscience of the merit of the Man; This Book came forth when Sydenham had almost bidden adieu to the world, and Dr: Morton was scarcely known to him by the face.  
The other Testimony is of that notable London practitioner D: Harris, 
D. Harris his Elogium.  in his Book lately emitted, concerning The acute Diseases of Children, which containing several remarkable Observations, do also contain his Testimony from the page 45. unto the 51. In these words, saying, after I had used for some years the like Method in Cure of children's Fevers I durst not venture on the same in adult Persons, until I most happily met with the first edition of the Monitory Schedule of that incomparable Practitioner D. Sydenham, and finding that Method approven of in adult Persons by the experience of that most Sagacious Man, as much overjoyed as I had gotten a great favour from Heaven, I presently set on to try that Method in adult Persons also, and found it no less successful than I had found it before in Children, and a little after he proceeds, saying, For his discovery of the Cure of Fevers, and many other his notable Improvements, I hope that every Age, so long as Medicine shall flourish, shall publish his Name; for the great Ornament and Light of this Age. Sydenham has with an extraordinary Courage and Ingenuity completed the Cure of Fevers, both by sufficient Reason, and by Experience, and Practice, concerning which, others have given nothing but words.   

SECT VI Containing the Opinion of some Authors concerning the Nature of Continual Fevers, and the same from Reason rejected, which makes it necessary to inquire for a more probable one, in relation to the clearing their nature, and this Method of their Cure.  
NOw to make this Method every way complete, it is convenient as was insinuate in the beginning, after the manner that a practical Discipline ought to be treated, to essay, if from this Experiment and Method of Cure of Fevers, we can draw any unstrained and probable Theory: Which inquiry necessarily presuposes the Nature and Essence of Fevers, seeming yet altogether to lie in the dark, to be narrowly searched into and exposed: Having first weighed and eventilate what the Ancients and neoterics has delivered concerning the Nature and Essence thereof.  
The first then, and which is the Opinion common to most Authors, placing the Essence of a Fever in a Preternatural heat kindled in the heart, 
The Opinion that Fevers consist in heat.  and diffused by the Blood through all the Body? indeed seems a very improper Metaphorical Description: For the Heart is compared unto a Chimney, neither is there a fuel capable of accension determined, there being no fuel in the Body proper to foment a Fire but all as liquid and aqueous contrary thereunto: And although in a Fever there be a great heat, the same can be made clearly to depend upon another Principle, than any thing of accension, as shall be afterwards shown: and also seeing intense Heat is only accidental to a Fever, and may be absent therefrom or present therewith; It can be nothing of its essence, more than the rest of the symptoms are; for in the cold Paroxysm of Intermittents it is absent for a while, with the presence of an Intense cold: And in some algid Fevers it is always absent; yea, in fevers that are esteemed malignant, it is very mild, and nothing beyond the degree usual in health; for it's reckoned commonly a sign of malignity when the heat does not rise proportionably with the other Symptoms. And farther if Heat were of the Essence of Fevers, in respect there is no distinct Species of Heat, but all the difference thereof is gradual by Intention or Remisson, it must undoubtedly follow that there can be no distinct Species of Fevers, but only that they are gradually different; which is against the commonly received Opinion.  
As to that qualification of Heat, that it is preternatural: It may be obvious to any that seriously perpend the matter, that no Heat is preternatural. though its cause may be said to be so: For Heat is nothing else but a natural and genuine Passion, imprinted in the ●ense by the presence and energy of a calorifique Efficient: Neither can it be any more said to be against Nature, than pain can be: It being most natural for pain to be raised upon the action of a dolorifique Efficient: And so forth, necessarily and naturally all the rest of the Passions are made by impressions of the object impressing, in the subject receiving. But that the speculation of Heat must be more subtle, then to be enlightened by the common and dark explications thereof, may appear from that common Phoenomenon of the breath, which being leisurely blown out, imprints upon ●he hand a sense of Heat when this same breath with force blown out, gives a sense of coldness thereon: this diversification insinuates the Impression of Heat to consist in a modification of the motion of the Particles, perhaps in a thwart, transverse, and tottering motion, some thing resembling Refraction, or Reflection; And that cold on the other hand is Imprinted by a direct motion: from which a true Idea of Heat subservient to the true explication of Fevers, may be perhaps clearly drawn afterwards.  
Nixt follows the opinion of Willis, 
Willis his Opinion of effervescence in Fevers.  who reasonably rejecting that of the Ancients, placed his in a notable effervescence of the blood & humours: This ingenious Philosophical Physician doth with great fervour bend both his own Brain and the Subject, to establish a certain effervescence in the blood of the Feverish persons, proportionable to the Fermentation of Liquors: He nowayes taking notice that all the Circumstances and Conditions requisite to the fermentation of Liquors, are not only wanting in the generation of Fevers, but the contrary are present free eventilation, and rest of Liquors to be fermented, being necessary conditions: But in the blood the eventilation stopped, frequently is the cause and condition of Fevers: And further, the circuit motion of the blood will hinder its fermentation; as it falls out in Liquors which are to be fermented requiring rest: Neither did any ever see in the Blood of Persons in Fevers, any signs of fermentation, but rather tokens of viscosity and grossness; Signifying coagulation: Neither can the Phaenomena in Fevers, be so commodiously explained from that Effervescence, as from the contrary Coaleseence; of which afterward.  
There is another Opinion of Cartesius affirming a Fever to be the Perturbate mixture of the Blood, 
Cartesius his Opinion.  which description does rather darken the subject, unless he should teach us in what the Natural mixture did consist; And how the Perturbation thereof should excite a Fever, and the manner of the dependence of the Phaenomena upon that Perturbation; And seeing he seems to insinuat a determinate Order and Position, to be naturally requisite to the Particles of the Blood, and the Disturbance of these to make a Fever; It is very difficult to understand, how the Particles of the Blood should be carried from the Heart so rapidly throw the small branches of the Artry's, and keep that Order; or how they should again make up their ranks in their reflux throw the Veins back again to the Heart.  
As for the Opinion of Paracelsus 
Paracelsus and Helmon● their Opinions.  making a Fever to be the accension of Sulphur and Niter or an Universal Excandescence of the Bal●om and Mercury of life; and that of Helmont making it an Imparity of one part of the Archaeus that thereby is affected with Wrath and Indignation; Because they seem altogether enigmatical & vain, & bring more obscurity than light to this dark Subject, therefore we leave them both.  
Next follows the Opinion of that Hero in Medicine, Silvius, who has placed the Pathognomick sign of a Fever in the Pulse preternaturaly frequent, having conjoined therewith Trouble, Pain, or the blemish of any function requisite for the felicity and ease of Life: The cause whereof, which makes to him the Essence of Fevers, is either first a too great and Permanent Rarefaction of the Blood made by a violent Heat breaking out of the Effervescence of the Blood? Or secondly, any Acrimonius, Acide, Lixivial, or Muriatique salt carried thorough the Veins, together with the Blood and gnawing the Parenchyma of the Heart: or thirdly, any flatulent halitous Matter brought with the Blood to the Heart, and augmenting the expansion thereof: Fourthly, any sharp or hard thing in the Pericardium, or other ways externally grating upon the Heart. This Great-Man to whom Medicine this day is much indebted, as being the first that clearly discovered the Errors and Dilusions of the Schools, has also found out a more efficatious and sure practice in many Diseases: Yet he (there being none able for all things) has fallen into some Errors of Theory, about his triumvirate Humour, and the effervescence of these Humours in the Intestines and Heart; and about the motion of the Bile towards the Heart: All which subsequent and more accurate anatomical Inspection having found to be otherways: his Hypothesis of Fevers being established upon these, must necessarily fall: Yet these that reject this his Theory do embrace his Practice in the Cure of Fevers.  
In the last place, follows the Opinion of Barbet, placing a Fever in the circulation of the Blood increased; which Opinion since it seems directly contrary to what we think most probable, with the confirmation then thereof, it will necessarily of itself vanish.   

SECT. VII. Containing a New and Mechanical Hypothesis of the Essence of Fevers, with the cause efficient and occasional of the frequency of the Pulse, and that matterial or occasional cause also farther Mechanically traced.  
IT seems very probable, that all the Physicians holding the former Opinions have Erred, 
The occasion of these Errores discovered.  and the Fountain of all their mistakes appears to be that fundamental error, as the accurate Bontikoe observes, that they took the immediate efficient cause of the motion of the heart to be the blood, and that the frequent motion thereof and the Arteries, did always depend upon some alteration of that blood; but that this must be otherways seems plain, because the Heart of some Animals being cut out when they are alive, and holden in the hand, will beat a long time without a drop of Blood: So the motion of the Heart seems not to depend on the Blood, but on some other cause, perhaps on the influx of the animal Spirits, proceeding from the Brain, by the remainder whereof inviscate in the Heart, the motion seems to be continued after the separation thereof from the Body.  
The next fundamental Error, and observed likeways by the same Author, seems to be, that they esteemed the intention of Heat always to depend on the rapide efflux or circulation of the Blood; and that it was both a sign and effect thereof: The contracy of which appears by an Inflammation or Tumour, where the Member affected is vexed with a great Heat, and kind of Fever▪ which is oft times communicate to the whole Body, and here it is clear, that the Blood is rather stagnant then swiftly moved, and the Fever that is communicate from the Inflammation, certainly showing a near resemblance betwixt them, persuades that a certain degree of Incrassation from this Fountain of Co-agulation: And accompanied also with a frequent Pulse, does affect the Blood, as the Ignorance then of the concurring occasional cause of that frequency of the Pulse, gave rise to all the Errors about this subject, so the bringing to Light the true cause thereof, will make all these Errors vanish.  
For clearing then of this, 
The Scheme of the New hypolsices of Fevers laid down.  it is to be considered, that the Body of Man being a curious Machine the motion wherewith it is en●ue●, like other Machine's as it has an efficient cause, so it has a final cause thereof; And in respect the final cause is always the reason of placing the efficient cause, and that the Idea thereof is still in the mind of the Architeck before the Idea of the efficient; This makes the Idea of the efficient to be always shaped subservient to the Idea of the final Cause; And must also make the structure of the efficient in the Fabric of the machine to be moulded to that final Cause likewise, & instructed & qualified Suitable to attain the end of the motion, that is to say, that it may have a faculty of Intention and Remission to be regulate and moderate according to the exigence and necessity of the final, to be productive of the end of its being put there; At least in so far as the Contrivance of a Mechanism will go: As in a Watch whose Spring is so contrived that it may be bended or Slackened for attaining the end of its motion. And it seems also probable that in every motion in Nature, it's only the end that both puts the Efficient, and sets it a going; and therefore it must be still by that end, that the motion must be regulate, Heightened or diminished: As it is seen when Mariners do exercise the Pump of the Ship, it's always with respect to the breaking in of Water at the Leaks; Which being in great quantity does excite to frequent and vigorous Pumping to save the Ship.  
Much after the same manner it seems probable that this motion of the Heart which is nothing but a Pump designed to lay in the alimentitious Juice, and so has for its end a proportionable proportional reparation of the functions and parts suitable to their Consumptsion and Waste; And that by the sending to them throw the Channels of the Arteries the arterial Blood, which is to be dispersed in such quantity and time, as may answer to the reparation of their Consumptsion and Waste; The Body consisting, which seems to deny it all consistence, in a continual Flux, and succession of new parts coming in place of the old that are wasted, like a River which has nothing Identitious but the Channel: And so this final cause would seem to require an efficient whither that be the first Impellent, the Archaeus or Spirits endued with a capacity and aptitude not only to continue, but also to incite and quicken this motion according to the exigence of the final, as when the Intervention of any stops or Impediments of the motions of the Blood does Intervene, to overcome which its necessary that the efficient of the motion be bent to Superate these stops and gain 'tis end, than it must necessarily double its Force and Strokes? Otherways every light Impediment or Obstacle which were equivalent to, and of equal moment, and Force with, the moderate and odinare career of the motion of the Blood would put a stop thereto: And indeed there is in a River something of a resemblance of this faculty, though from an other kind of efficient, yet for the same or the like end; For any Impediments put to bar or damn up a River are soon overpoised by the swelling Force of the Water above them, till in proportion it overcome the strength of the stop: Now if it were otherwise, every Impediment equivalent only to the present current of the River, either put by Accident, or Design would interrupt their course, to the great hurt of Mankind, and the blemish of the World's fabric.  
Seeing then the returns of Reparation to the parts and functions ought to be made, both in time and quantity in proportion to the waste, by the efflux of the Arterial Blood from the Heart as the vehicle, and thorough the arteries, as the conduits of these recruites; When this is done vegetlie, integrally, without any stop or delay, then redounds felicity, ease, and integrity, of the functions and life: But when that efflux is retarded or stopped, either by reason of the Blood itself, or some stopage in the extremities and small channels of the vessels; or by reason of immoderate and unusual waste beyond the proportion of the ordinary supply, (as falls out in immoderate exercise and motion;) And, so I say, when by reason of any these causes, the heart cannot convey and lay in the desired supplement in due proportion and timeously, by strokes repeated at the usual intervals, than it does, by precipitating the strokes, and straiting the intervals of the pulsations, endeavour, what in it lies, to overcome the slowness of the motion of the Blood, & to come so near as it can to the due and proportional distribution of nutriment▪ in respect of the wa●te: But if, notwithstanding of these sedulous endeavours of the heart by the redoubling of the pulsations, that slowness of the Blood, shall by a gradual increase of the thickness, and of obstructions in the capillary vessels, prove yet so obstinare as still to be augmented, than this leads strait to the porch and gate of Death; Death being nothing else but a total and permanent cessation, and defect of this distribution.  
If there remain yet any difficulty to comprehend this Scheme, 
An objection against this Hypothesis answered.  because this incitation of the pulse, being only a natural action, and proper to the Animal part, thus circumstantiate, is made too like an effect of Reason, and savours too much the acting for an end, or of a voluntary motion, to be applicable here: To answer this reasonable doubt, since it is very plain that Nature in the structure of the outward parts of Animals has acted so much Reason and Design, as importing clearly that the Idea of their end has regulate their fabric; has also made the structure of all their parts terminate into such a perfection of the Animal, that the most rigid survey can find nothing wanting: As is most ingeniously displayed by the Honourable and Learned Boil, in his Treatise of the Final Causes of natural things: Why should not the same Architect also have instructed the Function and inward parts with faculties to be exerted less or more, according to the particular exigence of the Animal: But especially that radical and fundamental one of supplying all the rest with sufficient provision and nourishment; that it should be endued with a faculty to accelerate, when the nourishment either by its fault or immoderate waste, is more than it ought, in its Returns, delayed: Otherways every light cause that did retard the accession of reparation or did waste it much beyond the ordinary recruite; would soon precipitate the Animal into inevitable ruin.  
And also, seeing most Animals are endued with swifness beyond their ordinary pace, whereby they flee dangers; why should they not be endued with the like inward faculty, to escape dangers internal that frequently threaten them. And indeed all these efforts which we call from Irritation giving a Resemblance of such a faculty as this, argue as much reason and acting for an end as this, that's here laid down does; For the Impression made in the place, being resented in the Brain the Fountain of Sense and motion; the Irritation or endeavour to be rid of the offending cause has its effects in the place first invaded or beset: and why should not the starving of the parts as much querelous as the surcharge of them is, be as well heard, and have also its relief; so far at their least, as motion can help them.  
And there is yet a clearer resemblance of such a natural Action as this to be seen in the Pupil of the Eye, which without consent of the will Contracts and delates itself so much as is needful for the commodity of seeing, viz. Dilating where there is too little Light to let in more, and convey the Species into the Eye; and Contracting when there is too much Light, and letting in only so much Light, as is necessary to Paint the Species in the Eye.  
And althô there is a Phaenomenon and case in Fevers which seems to oppugn this Hipothesis, yet it is hoped that the same being duly considered, 
Another deficulty solved  will rather confirm and clear it and the Cas● is this, in some Fevers the Pulse is not altered as to the frequency or Vigour yet these portend great & imminent danger: which Phaenomenon or slowness of the Pulse comes from this, that althô the final Cause of its motion be here craving enough of the acceleration of the Pulse for reparation in proportion to the waste, yet it seems the efficient or Impellent of this motion or the first spring thereof that should answer exactly the exegencies of the final; Is either stupefied, attacked, or befettered; and so there is no struggle or essay to overcome the Impediments, and Supply proportionably the waste: And as this case is of all Fevers the most dangerous, commonly giving the name of malignant, so it brings the economy, for the most part, soon to dissolution.  
To unfold yet further this paradoxical Hypothesis, if any desire to know upon what nearest and immediate cause this slowness of the motion of the arterial blood, or delay of Reparation which excites the pulse to acceleration does depend; unto this not impertinent inquiry that an apposite answer may be made; it is to be adverted, that the blood is made up of innumerable little globules swimming in a limpide watery serum: As, being observed by Loewenhoek, with help of the microscop, is also delivered and described by him: and as it's very probable that these Globules do naturally require to be of such a bulk, figure and number, and the serosity wherein these swim, doth also require to be of such tenuity and quantity, as may best facilitate the motion and course of the Blood throw the small channels and conduits betwixt the Arteries & veins: In which passage for the most part it depositates its nutritious parts, or particles: So it is very probable that slowness of the blood's motion, to overcome which the heart excites frequent pulses, doth for the most part proceed either from the number or magnitude of these Globules augmented, or some vitiation of their spherical figure, as their scabricity, and the like; Or further, thorough the viscidity of the serum into which as a vehicle they swim, and are carried: And though from any of these alone this slowness of the blood may clearly proceed, yet it is certain that the ingemination and complication of these causes, rendering the groseness of the Blood more intense; may also render the slowness of its motion more contumacious.  
To conclude then, as by this scheme here laid down, seems indeed may be given pretty clearly, both a rational discovery, & a Mechanical solution of the nature & phenomena of Fevers; so it appears that former explications thereof, having raised so many fumy efferveseences, and turbid fermentations concerning them, could never yet bring the matter to a digested, pellucide, and defecat conclusion but having clouded the eyes with the mist of ●iry phantasms, still left the mind boiling and working in the tumult of commotion, doubt and difficulty.   

SECT. VIII. Showing that the Heat in Fevers is the ●ffect of the slow Motion of the Blood: And how Heat is made, & may be consistent with that slowness.  
SInce by what is said the rapid Circulation of the Blood in Fevers seems to be overturned; And that the rapid motion thereof was the only adequate Reason commonly given, to solve the Phaenomenon of Heat in Fevers; Because swift and violent motions used often times to produce Heat in Bodies: althô we perceive motion to produce Heat in no bodies; but where it is acompanied with grating and grinding of hard & solid parts on upon another; but never in fluids; and so we find the violent motion of the Body produces Heat therein by the attrition which the Museules make on themselves, and the adjacent parts: Which also produces a thickness of the Blood, and in consequence slackens its motion: It remains to inquire to what parent this off spring of Intenss and Feverish Heat can be most properly legitimate: The inquiry into this Phaenomenon may not only discover how Heat is made, but will perhaps also further establish the Hipothesis of Fevers already laid down: For if we take a view, and find that all these things which as external causes bring Imoderate Heat, that the same do bring on a pace with them thickness and crassness of the Blood; Which is necessarily followed with the slowness of its motion; And so to supply the parts with proportionable reparation suitable to the waste that is made, the Acceleration is stimulated, and frequent pulses are excited, in proportion to that thickness and slowness of the Blood: as it falls out in vehement motions of Body and Mind; Great and long heat of the Sun, and fire; the excessive abuse of strong Liquors, and in perspiration impeded, etc.  
In the vehement motion of the Body, beside the above mentioned grateing of the muscles upon one another, and upon the parts adjacent exciting heat, there is also such a waste of spirits and particles of the Blood and humours which in motion do exhale, that, to make proportionable supply and refocillation with the arterial blood, the heart is made to mend its pace; As also that copious eruption of exhalations, which sometimes comes to the degree of sweat, leaving the Blood, and Humours more gross and thickened, must necessarily also increase the slowness of its motion, which therefore crave greater and repeated force to squeeze it forward into these narrow Channels: And so from all these circumstances, in violent motion there is raised a paroxysm as to Heat and Pulse altogether resembling a Fever: Which is mu●h after the same manner also produced by all the rest of external causes exciting Heat; but with this difference, that the Heat coming from the abuse of spirituous Liquors (as appears by the Spirit of Wine, which being poured upon Blood doth immediately co-agulate the same) comes from their immediate incrassating and coagulating effect upon the Blood: Which Incrassation has likeways and for the same cause, that stimulating effect upon the Heart. And how stopped perspiration produces Heat shall be in its due place shown.  
Whence we may conclude, that all Intense Heat grivous to the Body, is the genuine effect of the grossness of the Blood; as it is clear by the contemplation of the Community of the Causes, and the Community of the Phoenomena Natural and Practical belonging to both, and shall afterward more fully be shown.  
Having thus far premised, It remains to clear how this Thickness and Grossness of the Blood produces also intense Heat: And that the same Heat does not establish, but rather evert both the Effervessence of the Blood and the swiftness of that motion thereof, by some called the circulation, and by others the circuit of the Blood.  
In prosecution whereof, it is to be noticed, that in the natural state of Health, the Heat is more strong and veget, then in the valetudinary state, where it is fretting and with trouble felt: For in the state of Health the Rays of Heat (now whither or not these be thickly compacted together troops of Spirits it seems not worth the while to contend) these Rays (I say) do cheerfully and pleasantly glide with the arterial Blood throw the Channels of the Arteries, in a fluid, sequacious and yielding enough; and by passages open sufficiently, toward all the Bowels, Organs, and Habit of the Body; for their refoccilation, in which for the most part they are consumed: And so from the continual efflux of these Rays cheerfully accomplshed, does result the felicity and ease of Life, and integrity of the functions of the Oeconomy.  
But in the state of sickness, and chiefly in the heat of Fevers, these rays or Companies of Spirits flowing throw a visevous & crass-medium, such as the arterial Blood than is, and also approaching the narrow Channels of the arteries partly obstructed and partly beset with scabricity by means of this viscous Blood; these rays (I say) must undoubtedly, in there passage throw that viscid and unequal Medium, suffer refraction; And in their approach to the extremities of the arteries thus obstructed or vitiated they must suffer Reflection or Collision: Such modifications then of the rays of heat seem likely to produce the same effect on the sense, that the like modifications of the rays of Light and of Sight do: It being known that the diversity or inequality of the medium throw which these pass, and by which they are refracted; Or the variety of the superficial textures on which these inciding; are therefrom also reflected; doth occasion Impressions on the organ of Sight, whereby the object is represented either some way depraved or greater, or more multiplied, than it would be represented without such refractions or reflections: So it seems not very Improbable, that the rays of Heat passing throw the medium of crass unequal and not sufficiently Diaphanous Blood, that they should be several ways refracted, and so coming to the Organ of feeling, that is, the nerves dispersed every where throw the Body, that therefore they should imprint therein a greater sense of Heat then usual: Or otherways by reflection, which comes to the same purpose, as when these rays are darted throw the trunes of the Arteries, & incid upon the small Channels obstructed either in whole or in part by this crass Blood, they must necessarily, being reflected several ways impinge on the Nervs the sensorie of Heat; and affect them with more brisk twitches then if they did glide smoothly along the trunks, and by open passages were dispersed, and exhausted in there designed ends.  
And that the sense of intense heat is made much after the same manner, seems clear by the Instance mentioned before, to wit when the breath is with a wide mouth slowly exhaled, it gives the sense of heat upon the hand; Because the Particles of the breath are not carried straight and directly forward, but being dispersed by an Oblique transvorse and rec●illing motion, they undergo a Modification much resembling refraction; And coming so modified to the nerves of the hand, imprint thereon the sense of heat when these very same Particles flowing out forcibly, give no sense of Heat, but of Cold: The Particles being strait and direct in their motion undergo no such modifications.   

SECT. IX. Showing that Fevers being treaced up to their Fountain. viz. The outward causes, in that quest this grossness of the Blood and Humours presents itself. Where insensible Perspiration is touched, and how much the same lesed contributes the generation of Fevers. And how indigestion of the Stomach is also accessary thereto, with a new Hypothesis of digestion proposed.  
TO comprehend more fully and clearly this dark subject of Fevers, its necessary to trace the same up to the very fountain and spring, according to the Concatenation of causes and effects, which termmate in that production called a Fever; And whose presence is testified by all the various Phaenomena, that as Irradiations & beams are darted therefrom: Now if in this Inquisition we find all such causes concurring and concatevat as produce that thickness and grossness of the Blood, and that these Phaenomena can be nowayes so comodiously resolved; As by there being made likewise depending on that grossness and the product thereof: and also that the Practical Phaenomena of Hurters and Helpers have their immediate effect, in respect of this grossness or what depends always thereon, the slowness of the Blood; then with a certainty little below a demonstration, we may conclude according to the alleged Hipothesis.  
Here then the Procatartick and external causes, as first in operation deserve the first consideration; Such are errors about the six things commonly called not Natural, viz. Air, Aliment, Motion and Rest, Sleeping and Watching, Excretion and Retention, and Passions of the mind: For the errors about some of these using to generate, and about others of them to retain and accumulate, crudities Peice meal which serve for the antecedent or potential cause of a disease; and this antecedent cause gradually by its own tendency, and sometimes more quickly by some great error superveining favouring this or that disease; Is acuate and form into the continent cause or very essence of the disease itself.  
And even as the life of Man thorough Infirmity and Misfortune is encumbered and involved in manifold straits difficulties, 
Insensible Perspiration.  and sometimes necessities, whereby he must transgress the measure and bounds and run into the excess or defects, of the use of these things; Which would surely make his life both very miserable, and without any comfort; but that it would likewise be very short: Were it not that the bountiful architect, giving as well an evidence of Providence and Art as of Commiseration, and tenderness has contrived these bodies exceedingly commodious in the multiplicity and convenient situation of excretory passages, by which the noxious matter accumulate being expelled, the errors hapening about these none natural things might be amended; and that not only throw the Guts and Bladder, these sensible and patent ways, (serving also sometimes for extraordinary turns as well as for their ordinary and natural Excretions;) but by another indeed most ocult, and obscure; yet no less certain and obvious to the mind and reason, and more adequat and oftener serving, to these extraordinary, though necessary Excretions: And that is insensible Perspiration, which sends forth continually throw the Pores of the whole Skin such a quantity of excrementitious Rays, as does twice exceed all other sensible Evacuations; and is the Excrements of the third and last Conco●tion.  
And indeed such a wonderful work of Nature should by lurking always not have had as much certainty & evidence as it demonstrats sagacity and providence; and so the Ignorance of Men should have intercepted, & smothered their admiration and gratitude; if the most ingenius Sanctorious a Sanctorio Physician & Professor of Milan, by divine Influence had not above all exception demonstrat to the world the reality, necessity, and measure, together with Rules for the regulation, of this Perspiration insensible: After whom for Forty Years almost now since elapsed, Mortals have so much forgot themselves, that they have not only neglected (in so far as I know) to improve this Doctrine delivered by him (perhaps tending more to the conservation and also to the recovery of Health, than all other means whatsomever preservative or curative) but also to receive or make any Benefit or Fruit of his Industry and Discovery: Except what the most acure belinus Physician and Professor of Pisa, and Ettmullerus Professor in Lypsick have observed of it. And indeed that most accurate and piercing wit Sanctorious, delivers all his Observations approven to the eve by the Balance; for having weighed the Body and all the aliment taken, in 24 Hours time, the next Morning, he again weighs the Body before the Excretiones sensible of Belly and Bladder, and after the evacuations does the same again, and the difference betwixt these two last weights goes to make the weight of the Excrements, which is much within the weight of the aliement taken in, the weight of the Body remaining the same it was the former day: As for example, Suppose the weight of the whole aliment be 8 pound, the next morning the Body being weighed before and after evacuation of the Belly and Urine, the difference making the weight of the Excrements may be about 3 pound: The rest of the 8, being 5, evaportating by insensible Perspiration: But in this computation some consideration is to be had to the Urine excerned the former day, which in sober People is little, & for the most part the recre●ment of the Liquors taken in the third day before, & as that most exact observer by thirty years' Experience found the business so or so to hold in the state and continuation of health; it was likewise very obvious unto him, & may be so too unto any considering person seriously pondering the mater that this subtle, insensible, & because little noticed often times vitiated evacuation, although but in part, any long time lesed, that it must, heaping up copious morbifique matter, sow the seeds and become the fuel of manifold Diseases; which any slender and dispositive cause may soon precipitate into the continent and immediate cause of a Disease: Therefore that sagacious Man observes from statical Experience, that the foreseeing of the approach of Diseases is more certain and timeous, by the observation of the perspiration, then from the Lesions, of the Actions.  
The due expulsion of this perspirable matter depends upon the integrity of all the concurring causes thereof, whither efficient, matterial, or instrumental: And as an efficient here (beside the first impellent the common efficient of all the motions of the Body) the Air by its elasticity and expansive power seems to have no small influence thereupon, for the Air being in the act of inspiration drawn into the lungs, and the vesicles thereof filled thereby, by the Heat of the lungs it is also rarefied, and thereby requiring a greater room, does also by its force distend these vesicles; whose structure being with a narrow entry and large cavity, the Air therein contained and in expiration compressed, is not all in proportion to that compression expelled at the orifice of the vesicle; but some thereof must be forced also into the small branches of the pulmonick vessels; & be mixed with the Blood in the pulmonick vein returning to the heart; and this air being once gotten into the capillar Veins of these pulmonick Vessels by the continual expansion and contraction of the Lungs throw which these Vessels are interspersed; that air is pressed and driven on with the Blood towards the greater trunks of that Vein: For the motion therein being made from a lesser cavity unto a greater; is by that structure of the Organ more easy; and the Bloods advance facilitated and its regress hindered: So that by the motion of the Lungs alone, and without any Pulses; it is not only thus carried to the left ventricle of the Heart; but receives its whole compliment and perfection in the progress, by the continual agitation of the Lungs, which do attenuat and grind and most intimately commix it with the air, as appears by the Blood in that Pulmonick Vein, which has its colour more florid and is itself more spumose, and rarified then before its ingress in the Lungs, and that alone by the Airs congress and agitation therewith. And further, the mixture of the Air with the arterial Blood is clear, by that Experiment of Mayow, Page 144. who putting venal Blood into the pneumatick engine, and pumping of the Air therefrom found it made only a small ebulition: But having used arterial blood so, it made a wonderful expansion and boiled up into a great deal of spumosity, and that by reason of the great Quantity of Air contained therein, which expanding upon the weakening the pressure of the ambient Air, does dilate itself, and the Blood in which it is inviscate in proportion to the pressure of the Air that remained after the Pumping. And further the ingress of the Air into, and mixture thereof with the blood, is clear by this phaenomenon, that the superfice and extremities of the body, become tumified when the body is heated by motion; for then there are ordinarily more frequent and greater inspirations of Air into the Lungs, which the violent motion of the Body disperses thorough the several Members. As also, the same is made further evident, because the Hypothesis gives only the clear solution how the skin rises upon the application of cuping glasses, for the Air within the Body finding the Air within the Glass, not of equal resistance, doth by its elasticity expand itself and raise the flesh therewith. And moreover the Airs influence and activity for promoving of perspiration as an efficient, is plain, by the abovementioned experiment of Mayow, for the arterial blood appears turgid with such arerious particles, because these by their volatility serve to sweep off the perspirable matter: And further, that same blood exhausted and stripped off these aerious particles, is by the Veins carried back to the Lungs, to be of new impregnate therewith. And likewise, the Necessity and Utility of the Airs sweeping and sifting thorough the Body, by its entry at the Lungs and going throw the Arteries, and out again at the pores disperse devery where throw the superfice of the Body; appears from this as Helmont observes tractat de blas hum▪ that heat alone is not sufficient to expel all these re●rements that are in the Blood and Body; For Heat in its operation, as in destellation leaves always a great remander or caput mortuum: Yea, as Boil observes in the origin of forms the most limpide rain water being a hundred times redistilled leaves always some Earthy and fixed recrements, that can be altered by no vehemency of fire, so that to eliminate and expel this perspirable matter, without recrements; beside the action of heat, there is further required some other proper volatilising efficient, which the Air may be clearly judged to be: For as Helmont and Tachenius observes, timber putriefying in the free Air gives by calcining little or no fixed Salt: And dry Herbs give far less quantity thereof, then green Herbs do; For this reason, that the Air being the proper menstruum of that Salt; Yea even of the same Salt within our Body does dissolve & extract it. And likewise the influence that pure Air has upon our Bodies, and which is observed by Helmont, must be also from this reason; For in serene and cold Air we eat and digest better Because that Air not being Saturat with fuliginous and noxious Particles; In running its course throw the Body, sweeps out powerfully the perspirable matter, and for the like reason these that Sail long on the Sea, eat very much and have fewer sensible excrements then otherways: Because the continual and swift motion of the Body not only promoves digestion and distribution of the aliement (as will be shown afterward) but also promoves perspiration, by the continual agitation and shaking of the Body; Which loses any of the Particles of the perspirable matter that incline to stick in the passages and pores, and so the Air more easily sweeps off that perspirable matter. And also, (as our worthy Author Sydenham observes) long riding has the same effect and it may be thought for the same reason, and the effects of both these motions, are likewise observed by Sanctorius, in his Aphorisms, Sect 7. where he shows that riding respects most the expulsion of the perspirable matter above the Loins: And that ambling is most wholesome, but trotting unwholesome: and that the being long carried in a Boat or in a Litter is also most wholesome as disposing to perspiration.  
It follows next to be shown that the due expulsion of this perspirable matter seems further to depend upon the integrity of the instrumental, matterial and nearest causes thereof, such as, The strength and firmness of the Fibers and Glands of the skin, The convenient aperture of these passages and pores thorough which it must go. And lastly, the sufficient tenuity and sequacity of that perspirable matter. But what things help or hurt here, will be too great a Digression to mention, seeing the Author Sanctorius may be consulted concerning it himself; and because that very useful Treatise is scarce to be had; we have therefore placed down after all, a select parcel of his Statical Aphorisms: It remains then only now to show, that one or more of these requisites to perspiration being vitiated; that perspirable Matter may be retained and accumulate about the borders of the capillary vessels; until by its burden and bulk it provok the Fibers to its expulsion by sweat, all sweat especially giving ease coming from a great and undue collection of perspirable Matter, seems therefore never to be a Natural Excretion, or to have place or use in perfect Health, and is only profitable in so far as it shuns a greater evil, and carries the same respect to the Excrements of the third concoction, that a Flux of the Belly does to these of the first or second; and those that sweat most, perspire lest in the Natural order & manner, as Sanctorius shows Aphoris. Sect. 1. That Sweeting is not good, because it abates the strength of the Fibers, yet seeing it diverts a worse evil, it may be called respectively good.  
But if Nature, either out of Sluggishness or Weakness, do not provide against the retention of this perspirable Matter by Sweat or some otherways, it being still farther accumulate threatens a Disease, and very often a Fever, after this manner; for this perspirable Matter retained, being wholly excrementitious and unapt to be endued with Spirits degenerates into viscosity, and it may be into Purulency: and lying into the confines of the Veins, among the fibres of the Flesh, which being irritated by its bulk and uselessness, do wring it out into the Channels of these Veins: And so being easily absorbed by the refluent Blood, it infects by its viscidity and Purulency the Particles and globuls of the Blood; Increassing there bigness and vitiatng there Spherical figure: Which Blood thus vitiat, being carried back to the Heart by the Veins, and from it into the Arteries to be dispersed throw the whole Body, is with much difficulty admitted into the small capillary vessels, by reason of the disproportion of these globuls unto the conduits, or their scabricity; making their passage difficult: so that the heart is forced to double its pulses to drive on the Blood, to supply the craving parts with their due nourishment. And albeit oftentimes the heart doth by this assiduous labour overcome these obstructions, (for the vigorous agitation of the Blood, and of these globuls upon an another, doth so attenuate and polish them, that they are made to pass without sticking, and so many thereof as are not redintegrable, as perspirable matter are expelled:) Yet sometimes these obstructions by their obstinacy from the copious Retention and the continual Accession of perspi●able Matter, may not only elude these strenuous endeavours of the Heart, but also be so increased, that, starving all the Functions, they may overwhelm the Oeconomie, and put a total and permanent stop to the motion of the Blood; which really and formally makes extinction of Life.  
Now that the Progress and Pedigree of a Fever may be after this manner, is much more probable, because it is very consonant to the Sentiment of Sanctorius, who in the first Section of his Aphorisms, declares, That, the perspirable Matter retained, neither being discussed by Nature nor by a Fever superveening, presently disposes the Body to a Malignant Fever: By the which may be understood a Fever of the highest degree; that depends upon contumacious Obstructions, and is extraordinary dangerous: And in the next Aphorism, he says, Such as are in Fevers grow worse and worse if their perspiration be diverted by excessive applications of Medicines from an unskilful Physician.  
And so seems to be acted the first seen of a fever, which seldom proves tragical, unless by a preposterous officiousness: For by the strength of Nature alone, or by some little Art, viz. By Sweeting, Bleeding, and other easy means, it is for the most part brought to an happy conclusion.  
Unless, which very oft falls out, a Mass of crude Matter generated from the Errors in the other Non-natural things, and lodged in the first ways, as the Ventricle, Intestines, Meseraick Veins, becoming (as it is very apt to do) a fuel to this Disease make it both long and dangerous: Now this Crude Matter seems to be nothing else but the Recrements of the imperfect & perfunctorious Digestion of the Stomach and other Bowels: the search therefore into the cause of such Recrements amassed up, directly lead us in relation to the discovery, first to make inquiry how perfect and natural Digestion is made.  
Then passing over the commonly received Fermentation the Aliments in the Stomach, 
A mechanical Hypothesis of Digestion.  which seems justly to be rejected here for the same Reason that Effervescence is repudiat in Fevers, this operation not only succeeding always without Eventilation or Rest, the requisites to Fermentation, but altogether refusing them: And so this action of the Stomach seeming much more intelligible to be made Mechanical, does rather consist in a grinding or attenuation of the Aliments, by which they are made chyle, for the requisites to completely expede Digestion are first the contraction of the Ventricle, and closely embracing of the contained Aliment: and next the gentle and continual compressive rolling of the Aliment already closely embraced by the Stomach; and that by the continual motion of the Diaphragma depressing it, and the motion of the abdomen again repressing it: Which motions reciprocally coming and going upon the Aliment close Embraced in the Stomach, may be thought to have upon it the like mellowing effect that the rolling of the hand upon an Apple or other fruit always has; and that by the continual attrition the Particles of the Aliment have upon one another, they are mellowed into Chyle. And further what may be the Joint effect of the Stomaches Embracing and Contracting itself closely upon the Aliment to promove this atrition of the Particles, will further appear, by the consideration of the effect of Monsieure Papines' digester, by which bones are softened, with no other artifice but by the vessel so contrived, that it Embraces the contained matter with compression upon all sides; by which these Stems & Vapours, which in ordinary boiling break out, being Imprisoned, do make their Rambles throw the whole contained matter, and give such twitches thereon, that they do so far attenuate the Bones as to make jelly of them.  
Now beside this compression and rolling of the Aliment contained in the Stomach by the Diaphragma and abdomen the chief Instruments to make the Chyle, the pouring in of certain Liquors from the Glands, to macerate the Aliment, seems likewise to cooperate to the same purpose: As also the continual influx of Spirits by the great Nerves that comes to the Stomach, seems as well the promovers of that intestine motion bringing first Attrition, next Concoction, as they are Authors of other admirable actions in the Body done by their stupenduous Elasticity, such as the motion of the Muscles. And beside all these, there seems to contribute likewise to the Concoction of the Aliments, there being impregnat with Aereous Particles, while they are chewed in the mouth, these also serving to subtilise and rarify them: And for this use the Wind-bladder in Fishes which is always filled with air, has a Conduit to their ventricle, as is observed by Needham: And for this reason also it may be, that serene and clear air does contribute exceedingly both to Appetite and Digestion: And the Meat thus impregnat with the air coming to the Stomach is the fitter to be acted upon, and volatized by the Spirits, which also are of an aereal nature, and the Spirits influence to Concoction is plain by this, that these that are affected with Intense Grief and Sadness, or indulge anxiety and thought fullness, by which the Spirits are diverted from the Office of Chylification, do not digest, but find a weight about their Stomach, and have likewise the other tokens of bad Digestion upon their Body, and also Appoplectick Persons do eat and digest double the quantity of Aliment that they do when they are whole; which seems to be only for this reason because the influx of the animal Spirits, being denied throw the rest of the Nerves, takes the course more liberally throw the wand'ring pair and intercostal Nerves going to the Stomach & Bowels (whose safety Nature studies longest to maintain) so these places being most copiously imbued with Spirits, do perform their Actions more vegetly. All which is learnedly treated, with the reasons for rejecting of Fermentation in Digestion, by Conradus Brunuerus in his Diatriba de Lympha & usu Pancreatis.  
Now from this it would seem to follow that these belchings that happen in bad digestion, are as well the cause as the sign thereof: for the stomach sending up throw the oesophage these Steemes that with their Careers throw the Mass of the contained Aliment should attenuate & comminute it into Chyle, is a clear Argument of the laxity and infirmness of its Tone; And that it is not able to Imprison them, and by straight Embracing the Aliment and themto keep them there, in Inviscate at there work: and this contraction of the Stomach to Embrace the Aliment upon all sides is so necessary, that any vacuity how ever little betwixt the Aliment and the Stomach, is frequently the cause and occasion both of indigestion and of the sending up of these eructations: that vacuity being a receptacle for these steams which finding themselves at liberty from the Embraces of the Aliment, by their volatility & expansiveness distend the Ventricle, thus proving troublesome to it, they force their passage at the mouth thereof, and are voided by way of belching and ructation: And this is also observed by Sanctorius in his Staticks where he finds that less quantity of Aliment then the usual being taken in, does neither digest nor perspire, because the Stomach scarce contracting more than its ordinray is not so far constricted as to touch the Aliment on all sides.  
Moreover to confirm this Hypothesis of the Stomaches Digestion by gentle rolling of the contained Aliment, the benefit that in most chronic Diseases comes by long riding seems to be no small adminicle: For these Diseases for most part coming from crudity and the recrements of the Indigestion, which beget obstruction, by this continual motion & jogging of the Body in riding, are not only removed, but actual Digestion is thereby extraordinarly promoved; and that by agitation of the contained Aliment making Atrition of the parts thereof upon one another: And what alterations motion and agitation alone is able to produce in liquids is seen in the churning of Milk, whereby Butter is made; and that without any Fermentation or Effervescence.  
Having thus far digressed to essay how Digestion is made; it plainly follows that Indigestion leaving the Particles of the Aliment less comminuted, attenuat, and mellowed, resolves in the Congestion of a Mass of crude Humours lodged into the first ways, and ready to be a Fuel to begin or increase any Disease, especially a Fever, For althô any part of this crude Matter being carried into the Blood, while it is under a Brisk & Vigorous circuit, Efflux and Reflux, for the most part is soon attenuated and subjugated, and by that sprightful motion eliminated by insensible Perspiration; Yet in the case when the Blood is acting the former scene, these gross Particles and Viscous matter, being carried into the Mass of Blood, do both augment the Number and grossness, and vitiat the figures of the globuls of the Blood, and so putting more obstructions in the small vessels, puts also more Contumacious bars to the motion: and thus the Lungs, the Forge, and the Heart the Pump of the motion of the Blood making life, being beset on both sides, viz. By the crudities ascending by the lacteal Vessels on the on side, and by the perspirable matter retained on the other Hand both hindering by obstruction the effectual making and distribution of the arterial Blood; Comes all these Phaenomena arguing the presence of a Fever; and for the most part one of the highest degree or first rate.   

SECT. X. The Natural Phaenomena in Fevers made to confirm this Hipothesis, such as Thirst, Pains, Inquietudes, Anxieties, Delirium, and Spots.  
ANd that a Fever proceeds from Obstruction, especially in the Capillary Vessels, may be easily conceived by any who were ever taken with a Fever themselves, if it did not ascend to that height to bring along with it Stupidity, for they cannot forget the continual and frequent Pulsations, wherewith they were then afflicted in the Head, Back, and all the Extremities; which certainly denoteth Obstructions, and difficult passage of the Blood throw the small Vessels of these parts, upon which the Blood, endeavouring to open these closely doors, did continually batter and beat; when in the state of Health no such thing is felt; because the Blood enjoys a free passage thorough these Channels clear and open.  
But to confirm this Hypothesis farther, it remains to show how the most ordinary Natural Phaenomena in Fevers may be made to agree therewith.  
And first as to Thirst in Fevers, it seems not to be an effect of Heat, as is commonly believed; but is another Branch which springs from the same Root of grossness of the Blood, and of Obstruction depending thereon, that Heat itself does likeways come from: It is not therefore the Heat that dries the Tongue, jaws, Throat, Oesophage, and Ventricle; but it is the defect of the watering these places with the Lymph and spital; because the Lymphal and Salival Glandes', being in like manner affected with the same Obstruction from the crasness of the Humours, either do not secerne their proper liquor from the Blood, or do not excerne and squeeze it out on these parts.  
The Phaenomena of Pains of all sorts inquietudes, and anxieties, may also be resolved in that same fountain of obstructions; For the rays of Heat, or Spirits not being able to run their course, and career; by reason of the gross Medium and obstructions; do therefore resile and recoil on all hands, and by their brisk twitches on the membranous parts endued with exquisite sense, they raise pains, and uneasiness: and acting their scenes in every organ they do excite Symptoms Competent thereunto.  
And in the Brain Delirium or Raving seems to be raised much after the same manner, 
How delirium is made  for it appears only to be the Direct and Regular motion of the Spirits by Refraction and Collision perverted, imprnting a Troubled Chattered and False Imagination; Much after the same manner as there is a deception Imprinted in the Fancy, when an Oar appears broken, the one half thereof ●eing only in the Water; And that because of the Refraction or Distortion of the visible rays coming to the Eye: So than it is very probable the Spirits within the Brain, at the least the nervous juice their vehicle or medium, being generate of that crass and unequal Blood the parent of these Refractions and Perversions acted in the Mass of Blood, that thereof also may be generated such nervous juice as will make the Spirits obnoxious likeways, by Refractions and Depravations of their motion, to produce all these Phaenomena competent to the region of the Brain & Nerves: And that by reason of the Obscurities or Inequalities of their medium, that is the nervous juice, throw which these Spirits do pass.  
And that these Delusions are raised much after this manner is farther clear, by pondering that familiar deception of the Touch, which is made and exercised by crossing the Foremost finger with the Mid-finger of the same Hand above it; and with the points of the two fingers thus placed, if ye shall touch any little Ball, you will not only think, but swear it to be two, neither will you any ways be delivered from this error but by the Eyes: The true reason of this delusion seems to be from the distortion of the nerves, which necessarily induce a depravation of the Impressions made and conveyed by the nerves unto the Brain: And as this distortion in its manner & effect resembles very much the refraction of the visive rays misrepresenting the object in the Organ, so it bespeaks a delirium or depraved Imagination to come from some refraction of the spirits within the Brain As concerning the eruption of spots in Fevers, 
How spots are made  there seems nothing more persuasive to confirm the Hypothesis: For these altogether resemble the marks made by strokes on the Skin; And these marks are also made by the stagnation & coagulation of the Blood in the small Channels bruised and distorted; which remain until new Blood superveening, both cleanse and repair these Channels, and restore to the skin its usual colour; which is soon done when the Mass of Blood is entire and not infected with an obstructing Grossness: After the same manner these Spots in Fevers happen; but with this difference, that they come not from the bruising of the Channels; but from the thick and gross Blood stopping and coagulating in these Channels; and tinging the Skin with blewness or redness: And in Fevers the difference betwixt red and purple Spots as to the cause is the same, that is betwixt these from an external cause: Blue Spots being from a greater stroke and contusion, beget a more intense Coagulation of the Blood; and the red from a less, produce a lesser effect; for every Light external cause is apt to make the Skin red; as the bits of the Fleas often do: And so a lesser coagulation in Fevers begets red spots, and a greater makes purple Spots.   

SECT. XI. That the Phaenomena of Helpers and Hurters, in Fevers confirm this Hypothesis: And first how Bleeding a Helper confirms the same: And several other Phaenomena concerning Bleeding, ●leared according to this Hypothesis.  
THE nixt point both bringing light to the Theory and fruit to the Practice of the Cure of Fevers, is the exact consideration of the Practical Phaenomena, the Helpers and Hurters in Fevers; And how they do the same.  
And the first is Bleeding, which by the consent of almost all is granted to be very beneficial; but if by this Theory is be cleared how it is so, it may perhaps have its effect further improven also thereby; Now it's certain that for the most part Bleeding Cools the Body, Calmes and slackens the Pulse, and allays almost all violent Symptoms? In so much that being celebrated to one in the Fury and Fever of a Drunkenness it allays that also; But how it does this is to be inquired: It's certain that the immediate effect of Blooding is the Emptying or depletion of the vein that's cut, and the nixt effect to this must be that the Blood that's poured forth of the Vein that's cut, not going back to the Vena Cava or great Vein, must be in consequence a proportionable Depletion of that Vein also; Because the usual accession of Blood from that Vein cut is intercepted; Now this Ebb made in that great Vein must certainly make the rest of the Veins that feed it flow with greater Force and Quantity thereunto likeways; Because the moment of Resistance in the great Vein thereby being less than it was, is also less than the Pressure of the Veins feeding it, which must make them empty themselves therein with greater freedom and force than they did before. And this in consequence, diminishing the pressure of the Blood in the whole Veins which lay against the Arterial Blood, must make the arterial Blood from all the Arteries go into all the Veins with more freedom also: When before the whole Veins being choke full, by the resistance & contranitence of the venal against the arterial Blood, the arteries emptied themselves with difficulty into the veins & any obstructions betwixt the Arteries & Veins could not easily yield to the Pressure of the Arterial Blood; Because the Venal Blood being throng, and Regurgitating its Resistance was equivalent to the Pressure of the Arterial Blood: And so little or no advance being made in the motion of the Arterial Blood toward the Veins, it could not sweep and clear these passages betwixt them & the Veins: Not very unlike, as when a Mill-Wheell stands still and has its motion stopped by back Water, there being an equivalent weight with that which should force it about hinging on the other side of it; But when the back Water is removed off, or falls low, than the motion goes on as before: even so it is here that any sudden Depletion of the Veins, as taking away the Resistance, gives the Arteries freedom to squirt the Arterial Blood more freely into the Veins; And consequently to sweep away all stops and rubbish in the way.  
But it is to be observed here, that upon the opening of any Vein, this scouring of the Passages is most effectually performed in these conduits that are betwixt the Arteries and that Vein: These Arteries being first, and most sensible of the removal of the counter Balance that lay against them, catch the opportunity, by emptying themselves precipitantly into that Vein, to sweep powerfully the interjacent Passages.  
From this may be offered a proposal for improvement of Phlebotomy, 
A Proposal for improvement of Phlebotomy.  to wit, if it may not be thought the most effectual and most universal way to clear the Obstructions throw the whole Body, that in place of Bleeding in one Member the same were used at the four Extremities: And also in the same quantity which is used in one Bleeding; and that by opening the Vein in each Arm & in each Foot: For thus there being at once made a depletion of so many Veins containing a counter Balance against the Arteries answering to them, the Arterial Blood would, by its quick springing into these Veins, powerfully scour all these Passages betwixt them and these Veins: from which would follow a sudden, cheerful, and universal efflux of the Blood from, and Reflux thereof back again to, the Heart; which motion was before slowly, partially, and superficially performed; for the Arteries not emptying themselves cleaverly enough into the Veins, there is little room made in them to receive the returning Venal Blood, so there follows almost a stagnation in both: Notwithstanding of the frequent and assiduous attempts of pulsation of the Heart.  
If we consider further the other Phoenomena of Phlebotomy, we will also find that they concur both to the establishment of this Solution, and of the principal Hypothesis: As the benefit thereof in Hemorhagies, 
How Blooding helps in hemorhagies.  which has been violently strained by the patrons of Effervescence, and of the rapide motion of the Blood to favour their Theories, but being narrowly pondered, will appear both to evert theirs, and establish this: For Hemorhagies, especially these in Fevers, come most part from the Arteries, not because the Blood than circulates more rapidly, for in that case meeting with no obstruction▪ it would have no occasion to burst the Vessels: But rather because it is not received a pace into the Veins as it is sent from the Arteries, breaking its bounds and bursting its Vessels, it's poured out another way: And the proper Remedy of this being Phlebotomy doth clear this; because it diminishes the pressure of the venal Blood lying on the Borders of the Arteries, whereby they overcome and work off any obstructions betwixt them & the Veins; and emptying themselves easily therein, the Blood does no more deviat into those Ruptures. But that this Remedy may be more speedily effectual, it would seem to require the opening of the Vein that directly answers to the Artery that is broken, as more immediately taking of the contranitency lying on it: At least this would be done after the opening of one at more distance, which althô oftentimes at first is to be done, yet sometimes it falls out to be done without effect, and then this immediate Vein ought to be opened.  
And farther, an Hemorhagy from the venal Blood turgent, & bursting the Vessels, or from Acrimony contracted by its Stagnancy, corroding them, yielding likeways to this Remedy gives also the same Confirmation: For the Stagnation of Blood in great quantity in the Veins, does not only swell their Coats and weaken their Tone, (by which they contract to thrust the Blood back to the Heart;) but may also so far stretch them, as to make a Rupture: And this is most effectually cured by Phlebotomy, for the Veins being emptied, the Coats shrink in, and the Rupture is closed: And farther the Blood upon that emptying, making its Circuit more quick to and from the Heart, is nowayes apt to devia● or secede again into these Ruptures. And here by the way may be observed, why an Hemorhagy from the Veins, is not so usual as from the Arteries, & if it fall out it is more easily stopped in them then the Arteries: the reason of which is both from the different Nature of the Blood contained in these Vessels and the different structure also of the Vessels themselves, in respect of the motion of the blood therein: For the Arterial Blood being more spirituous and volatile is easily evacuate at any chink: 
Other Phoenomena of the motion of the Blood cleared.  As also the Blood in the Arteries, making its progress from a wide place of the Channel unto a narrower, any obstructing matter it meets with, is by its motion more impacted and riveted into the narrower part of the Channel: Which occasions the Arterial Blood to burst its passage another way: Whereas the motion of the Blood in the Veins is from a narrower place of the Channel into a wider; so any obstruction is easily carried before the Blood. As also it occurrs here to be observed, that for the self same reason the Arterial Blood, though it make no faster advance from the Heart, than the Venal makes its return to it; and also althô it be more spirituous and volatile than the Venal; Yet it needs the help of Pulsation to carry it on which the Venal needs not: The reason of this seems to be the same different structure of these Vessels in respect of the Blood's motion in them: For the Arterial Blood making its progress; as is said, always from a wider place of the Artery unto a narrower, needs the force of the Pulse to drive it forward: But the Venal contrarywayes moving from a narrower place of the Vein into a broader, is served with less force; the contraction of the Coats of the Vessels, with the help of Respiration at every turn pressing on the great Veins within the Trunk of the Body, and the Valves hindering its return, is sufficient alone to carry it back to the heart.  
There is moreover another Benefit to be remarked in Phlebotomy, beside the simple depletion of the Veins and the former beneficial consequence thereof, 
The reason why the worst Blood is first evacuated.  & that is this, if the Vessels or the Arteries situated beyond the Orifice made in the Vein, do contain any Labefacted, Rheumatic, or Purulent Blood, such is most part voided; the more opime and pure being retained: The reason of this Phoenomenon appears to be thus, when the circuit of the Blood is not throughly perfected, many of the Globuls or Particles thereof, stagnating become torpid and purulent, and such for the most part are accumulat toward the inner Superfice of the Trunk's of the Vessels, the more Opime Part being carried in the middle of the Channel toward the Heart: As is observed in a River or Torrent which always drives Heterogeneous & grosser Bodies toward the Brink: This seems the true state and disposition of the Blood in the Veins, when Phlebotomy being used, exhibites such Blood, for the Vein being opened, such Blood as is nearest the Superfice of the Vessel comes first out, which diminishing the Pressure of the venal Blood on the borders of the Arteries adjacent, the Arterial Blood rushing into the veins, Embraces and caries along with it the opime Particles of the Blood unto the heart, leaving these behind that are unapt or incongrous to the genius motion & Embraces of the Spirits: Whence it happens that more of these, vitiat Particles are heaped up together toward the side of the Channel; For such by their congruity and similitude involved in mutual Embraces stick closely by others; And so this stream of labefacted Particles coming first out at the orifice of the Vein does not only close it to the opimer Blood; but they following close stick to one another & make like a Thread Spungius out at the Orifice.  
And it is known with how much the greater Stream the Blood springs forth of the Vein cut, by so much the more it appears Labefacted, and the Patient has also more ease thereby: Because the Blood stagnating & turgent in the Veins, the Labefacted part thereof no ways obeying the motion of the Spirits, & of the Opime Blood but deviating into corners is easily thrust out at Chinks and Holes.  
In so far as Concerns the first and last coming out of this vitiated Blood, 
Why the ill Blood comes first or last.  and the appearing thereof also thus different in the measures receiving it; It would seem when it comes first out that these Particles either lay most in the Veins, or that the Contranitencie of the venal Blood, against the Arteries being lesser, such Particles are also soon casten off from the Arterial Blood coming into the Veins: But on the other hand when these Particles lie deeper in the Arteries or Capillary vessels? Or where the Stagnation or Cantranitence of the venal Blood being more, yields only to a greater effusion of Blood, the segregation and expulsion of these Particles is slower, & the labefaction appears most in the last measures. For which reason, and also in the case where the Patient can more easily bear the same quantity of Blood to be evacuat by degrees, rather than all at once; it would not be impertinent always to make some stops of the Orifice, till the Blood being cooled give the marks of its temper; whence may be made a computation of the due measure and quantity of the present Evacuation.  
From all these things thus transacted, it is evident that the integrity of the Functions, and the serenity of Health does depend on this motion and circuit of the Blood duly performed; except it be in the affects of the Brain and Nerves, the Foundation whereof is also laid by some latent vice of this motion of the Blood: And farther that this course may throughly proceed, and that the reflux of the Venal Blood may not only furnish matter to the efflux of the Arterial Blood, but also that the Venal by its stagnating may not overbalance it, or with its weight hinder the arterial Blood to squeeze out any obstacles of its motion sticking into the Channels of the Veins; 
Why People lie down upon a fit of sickness.  such is the wonderful providence of nature (I say to dispatch the encumbrance of this Motion, epecially from the weight of the venal Blood pressing against the Arteries) that sick People without considering so much, are put at once under the Remedies and effects of their evils, by their lying down upon the approach of any fit of Sickness: For, as the Famous D. Lower has observed in Tractatu de Cord, the native Gravity of the venal Blood below the Heart augments its pressure against the arteries more when the Body is upright, than when that situation is changed into a plain level posture, by lying down; for then the venal Blood flowing like a River in a l●vel Channel; and so being more easily carried back to the Heart, both takes off the contranitencie from the Arterial Blood, & does at the same time supply the Heart with Matter for new Arterial Blood; and also hands about the motion of the Arterial Blood into the veins, and thus the Symptoms impendent are warded off.  
And much for the same reason it is, 
Why Blood letting i● easiest when lying a bed.  as is observed to good purpose by several Practitioners, that sick People can with more safety & ease endure Phlebotomy lying on a Bed, then sitting upright, because in that situation the Pressure of the venal Blood against the Arterial being less, is not only with less quantity of Blood let out taken off; but also the intercepted course of the venal Blood to the Heart in that posture is sooner redintegrated.  
If there shall yet remain any doubt of the Verity or Probability of the Hypothesis of the slowness of the Blood in Fevers from the viscosity & crassness and the obstruction of the Channels thereby, 
An Objection of the Bloods not coagulating when drawn in Fevers answered.  because the blood drawn off feverish persons oftimes remains without any solid coagulation: from which many Authors have deduced the tenuity of the Blood.  
But the more closely consideration of this Phaenomenon will show it far otherways, for it is certain, that Blood drawn does coagulate, the crass and heavy Particles subsiding, and the thinn and watery Parts sweeming above, upon this very reason that the serosity is endued with suitable Levity and Tenuity, and the clotty parts have their due ponderosity and crasness, with such dimension in respect of the tenuity of the serosity, as may make the separation: So that by the Levity and Tenuity of the Serum, the grumous parts fall to the bottom; and on the other hand by the gravity and proportionable dimension of grumosity the serosity sweems on the top: But if after refrigeration the Blood remain without distinct serosity and grumosity, it truly denotes either the tenuity of the serum to be vitiated, and its viscosity augmented; Or the gravity, at least the dimensions, of the solid Particles in respect of the serosity to be altered! And so the Solid Parts and Globuls of the Blood are kept in the Embraces of the serosity; Each balancing another so equally that no Percipitation or Secretion of the Crass from the thinner parts is made.   

SECT. XII. Purging in Fevers considered from Reason and Authority.  
THE next practical Phaenomenon to be considered with its use and utility in Fevers, and how it clears the supposed Hypothesis is Purging, as coming in the Method of our Author immediately after Phlebotomy: And is only required when there is plenty of Fuel to nourish the Disease lodged in the first ways, the Stomach, Intestines, Mesentere: Which by its emitting of Crudities into the Region of the Blood introduces new Obstructions, the former being scarce well subjugat and subdued; and causes the continuance of the former Scenes in a Theatre very much disposed thereto: And that by joining forces with the Perspirable matter retained, scarce yet eliminated: whose choke Nature severally and separate would be able to sustain; but being altogether unequal to their joint assault, without fresh supplies she must thereto yield and succumb: Then is most welcome the approach of the Cathartick with its force & power, as only sufficient to intercept and divert the Enemy's Provision and Forage from this Coast.  
But farther, to evince the security, utility, yea necessity of this auxiliary of Nature in this Intestine War; it's to be considered that this Method of our Author is not only exactly adapted to the Concatenation and Complication of causes making and fomenting this War; but thereby all the Auxiliaries are drawn up and planted in that Order and Battalion Form, that each of them does both back and make good each others assault; And bridle and restrain their Depradation, Ravageries and Exorbitancies: For the Cathartick and Paregorick Forces charging the Enemy severally and alone, instead of Auxiliaries often prove Depredatory: So then in the first place comes Phlebotomy, whereof the proper & direct effect is not more to be considered, than the Respective & preparative relation it has to the cathartick, (often times to be given on the back of it;) comes to be remarked: Which in that order administered as it operats; gently and without tumult; So does it more efficaciously then being administrat otherways. And this as it is observed by the most famous Silvius is comunicat as a remark very useful in Practice. And though there can be no such persuasive Arguments for this as experience; Yet for satisfaction of the curious inquirer of the reason thereof, & that they may have an adequat idea of the Phenomenon (perhaps also bringing light as well in other cases as this,) I shall make this essay to give a reason therefore.  
It seems probable that all tumult and commotion in the Body, with anxieties and trouble accompanying it, has its rise from the complication of their causes, and according to their Intention or remission is more or less, viz. From the energy of the Impellent faculty or explosion of the Spirits, exciting frustraneous Essays to pass themselves throw their Medium▪ or to carry matter throw proper passages destinate for that end: and these Essays are frustraneous either because of indisposition and inaptitude of the matter throw viscosity or grossness; Or because of the closness or Scabricity of the passages: And so these explosive motions of the Spirits terminate in collisions, repercussions, & irksome touches of themselves; Or of that movable matter upon the Walls, and Fibres of the Vessels and Bowels inducing therein Irritations, spasms, anxieties, and troublesome sense: some being affected principally & some by consent: in which tumultuating state the Functions deprived of their due Incomes and Recruites, do also languish; and consequently become lank in their office: So then on the approach of the Adventitious irritating and stimulating force of the Cathartick, either under a present Orgasme thorough the foresaid cause, or under a Disposition or Proclivity thereunto; there must necessarily a Tumult arise; or one already begun be heightened; there being so much of an additional cause put, as the Commotion of the remainder of the crude humours stirred up by the Purgative; which being thereby somewhat atenuate, are easily carried into the Blood; and do by their viscosity and grossness, which makes their unaptitude to go throw the small Channels and Vessels, stop and close these Channels.  
But by Venesection, the Obstructions as was shown, being much resolved, and the course of the Blood in a manner restored, these Spirits incitat and irritate by the Purgative enjoying a free course throw a pure medium, do excite no tumults, & also these particles of commoved matter meeting with a brisk motion of the Blood & patent channels, are soon dissipate, scattered and expelled by perspiration insensible.  
And the Benefit of Connecting immediately together Phlebotomy and cathartics in Fevers has been the successful Practice of many famous ancient Authors (yet none thereof adverted the beneficial use of the Paregorick after the Cathartick) as Riverius in his Practice of medicine, 
Authorities purging for in Fevers.  Lib: xuj. Of the pestilent Fever, chap 1. In that most cruel Fever that raged at Montpelier which took away the half of these that were infected therewith, althô the sick People had the eruption of parotides, & were brought to extreme weakness, yet he, induced with the unsuccesfulne●s of all other Methods Cured them with Bleeding and Purging: So that none that were so treated by him died. And Silvius Delaboe that, deservedly to this day famous, professor & Practitioner of Medicine at Leyden, does in the first Book of his practice, Chap: 29. Institute his Cure, yea of Burning Fevers with Blooding and purging; the purge to be given even▪ within an hour after the Blooding: And he appoints both to be reiterated till the Fever become much thereby subdued. And Donckers that Famous Practitioner in Cologne in his treatise of the Petechial Fever, which is the same with a Malignant Fever, does follow much the same Method, beginning with Purging & Bleeding in that Fever: and gives with all this Practical Caution in the use of Purgatives, that, especially to these whose Constitutions and Strength are not known; 
Some Practical Cautions Concerning Purging in Fevers.  they be administered, not in one whole Dose; but in partited Doses: For a larger quantity that way given, will have a more mild and a far more effectual operation, than a less quantity by the third given at one Dose will have. But above all which I have yet observed to contribute to the secure & effectual present operation of cathartics in Fevers, 
Other Cautions.  there is nothing to be compared to volatile Salts, with which the Doses given to Febricitants being well imbued; The anxieties, tumults, and faintings; Using to arise during the time of the operation are extraordinatly checked and supressed: But yet if by the present disposition of the Body, there be such a proclivity to Orgasmes and Anxieties, in the time of the operation; That these volatiles given in this manner are not sufficient to Bridle them: It may be surely as I have frequently observed, and to great surprise, as it were like an Enchantment done, by the reiterated administration of these volatiles at that time in a convenient vehicle: Which has seldom or never been observed to fail of the designed effect; And makes the purgative absolve its operation without any troublesome or hurtful symptom; And the reason of their effects seems to be by the intimately commixing the Volatile Salt with the Cathartiek, or the Superadding it, so that wherever the Cathartick coming exerts its stimulating force and operation with uneasieness, it is attended also with the opening and atenuating efficacy of the volatile making its operation easy.   

SECT. XIII. The benefit and season of using Paregoricques in Fevers: and there Diaphoretique virtue commended, and the danger of other Diaphoretiques: with a doubt from the Author Sydenham's Constitutions of years answered, and this Method shown to be common to all Constitutions.  
BUT at length when the Fuel or matter being the antecedent cause of the disease is so plentiful and Contumacious, that being only raked up & troubled by the Purgative, it therefore does send into the Blood more crudities and viscosities than the Motion and Crasis of the Blood only newly restored can fully subdue, and which appears always most sensibly and palpably by an Ingruescence of anxieties' uneasiness, and sickness after the Purgative: Then does most opportunely come the third and last auxiliary, (the sole invention of our Noble Author Sydenham) to be at this season used: and this occasion does not only securely bear, but Invites and Implores for the use of the Paregorick; By which not only are stroaked and repressed these stimulating Impressions stamped on the Spirits, by the commotion of the crudities diffused throw all the Regions of the Body, which are thereby contaminated with viscosity and obstruction; But also a sequacity, attenuation and yielding in that viscide and obstruent matter, is obtained by the Paregorick; Which, bringing on sleep and rest does refocillate and recruit all the functions, whose Integrity and Vigour cannot miss to perform piece meal the attenuation of the relics of that viscide matter. And thus the Tumult apt to arise upon the Purgative being intercepted by the Paregorick; an other Cathartick may be administered under the pacification obtained by the former Paregorick which having also brought off some of the Fuel of the disease, its Tumultuary effect may be likeways prevened by a subseqent Paregorick: And so comodiously and safely we may Purge and Quiet by turns, as the quantity and tenacity of the matter requires, and make the Purgative exert its desired effect without any Noxious one; Until the evacuation of the whole foams, and in consequence the Famishing of the continent cause of the disease: And for any small relics of the matter, that escaping the Purge having got in, do fluctuat in the Mass of Blood and yet do molest and trouble it; These will be easily and safely eliminated by the diaphoretic force of the paregorick still to be continued: with which diaphoretic virtue it is clearly testified to be endued, by several famous Authors, from their sure experience, As Wedelius in his Opiologia, and Ettmullerus in his Treatise de vi Diaphoretica opii, both (avouching many other Authorities for it) clearly manifest the same.  
And how acceptable must the use of the paregorick be unto Nature, in respect of its quieting virtue, under this confusion and imminent consternation of the economy? For it may be easily supposed that Nature, wearied by wresling with the disease, would very gladly embrace and cherish a truce; as if she would hold a Counsel to deliberate; (which now may be securely done, the strength of the Enemy being in some measure broken and intercepted by the Cathartick) and to put to execution her resolutions, unto which sleep and rest is eminently subservient, especially coming in this order.  
But that which more evidently contributes to this purpose, 
The hurt of mere Diaphoretiques in Fevers.  and commends the use of the Paregorick, is its having the joint virtue to be both Quieting and Diaphoretic; in which it excels all other Diaphoretic, which by their Impetuous & Precipitant Stimulating crude Matter toward obstructed Channels, do both raise a great confusion there, and rivet and fix that matter more therein: Much after the like manner, as when a House suppose a Church is filled with People▪ and this People being struck with some sudden terror, should all strive to go out together; this sudden and universal press of going out, will certainly both beget such a Confusion, that each will hinder▪ other attempts to get out, and make the essay of all to be in vain, every one proving like a wedge to keep in one another: While after the usual and ordinary way, Patience, Order, and Quietness, will afford to all an easy egress; by making these at more distance from the Doors, to wait until a way be open to them, by the removal of these that are nearest thereunto. So much after the same manner it may be apprehended, that a great and perilous Confusion will arise in the Body filled with crude and viscuous Humours, whereby the impulse of Diaphoreticks, they are all carried in Choke toward the superfice of the Body: In which journey the more crude and viscuous Matter lurking in the first wa●es, as obnoxious to the first and most valide impulse of the Diaphoreticks is propelled into the Blood; by which is motion already vitiat or vaccillant comes to be more obstructed: And beside there is also thereby more Matter driven toward the Pores already stopped and distorted, then can be expelled by them; which must be sent back again in the Blood, and from that to the Head and Nerves, where it will act dangerous Tragedies. But to make this Evacuation happily by Diapho●eticks, Nature and Reason seems to dictat that it ought to be gone about the just contrary way; first by opening the Pores and roborating the Fibres, to invite the nearest and perspirable Matter sticking in the supersice of the Body to exhale; then that which is next and mixed with the Blood, by a patent way may be solicited to perspire; and at length if ever happily, the Crudities in the first ways may be enticed forth by this path with Diaphoreticks.  
And it is not to be questioned, 
The hurt of a method directed to a Crisis.  but many of the Symptoms; and these most dangerous ones in Fevers, has their rise from the Method and Regimen directed toward the course of a crisis: which will be evident both by pondering what is already said, and also if it be observed, how many dangers attend on all hands, in the course of a Crisis, made either by Nature or Art, because for the most part Nature stands hover with an equal Balance, whither to determine the Crisis to Life or Death: For often the plenty or tenacity of the Matter, makes Nature's endeavours terminate either in no Concoction, or in one without excretion: But if by hard toil it elaborate an Excretion, it is often intercepted by a Funest, or at the least by an Irksome Translation into an other Disease; as by the morbi●ick Matters being poured out upon some Noble and Internal part: Whereas the Method of our Noble Author, being free of all th●e Dangers and Labyrinths, never tarries on the Crisis; but smothering the Disease in the Egg, suffers it not to run its usual Tragedies.  
Moreover, it is here seasonably and seriously to be noticed, 
A difficulty answered showing that this Method agrees with all constitutions of years.  by all that will consider the benefit of this Method, that it must not be supposed bounded within the narrow limits of the Fever of one Constitution; and that it doth not enlarge its Jurisdiction and Empire over all Continual Fevers: For when our Expert Author did at the first draw his sagacious Observations, concerning acute Diseases, from the prototype Nature, he did most properly then impress the variety of Symptoms, and Cures of Diseases befalling several Sets of Years, with the name of distinct Constitutions: Tho' the variety and differences of the Diseases of these Constitutions seem to import no more but what might depend on the more or less plenty or contumacy of the morbific Matter, which made its easy or difficult Concoction or Elimination: Therefore according to the Method of a Crisis, he leveled in these Constitutions, as the genius of that Intention would permit: So it was only the difference of the Cures by way of a Crisis that did with him entitle different Constitutions of these Years.  
But in the last Constitution of which he treats in his Schedula, most happily falling on a method that did sure with that constituon; and expending it further, he did find it a method that did quite alter all the former measures, and conduct of the cure of Fevers, and consequently his constitutions: and that it was a method which made the practice of the cure to run in an other channel, and which did take up different indications, & passed over the needless & dangerous conduct of Nature throw the maze of a crise; As that this method did save the strength of Nature, from a laborious prodigal and uncertain profusion: and was a method that profitably and securely anticipated the crise, he did therefore most reasonably judge it, as I received it from his own mouth, that it would agree with all manner of continual Fevers: neither can there be yet any solid experience brought into the field, that will weaken this Conclusion, while the daily practice of sundry Physicians offers itself to all that will notice it, clearly establishing the efficacy of this method.   

SECT. XIV. The further Helpers in Fevers considered, and how they work and confirm the Hypothesis; such as fixed and volatile Salts, Alcaline and Testaceous Concrets; and also Cuppings, Leeches, and Frictions. Wherealso some Phoenomena of Hurters are considered; as the continual Sweats in Fevers: And the continual lying in bed: And lying with the head much Depressed: For all which, Reasons are given confirming the Hypothesis.  
IT remains in the next place to inquire into other Helpers and Hurters in Fevers, how they Operate, and if the explication of such Phoenomena can bring any light to the foresaid Hypothesis: And first, as for helpers volatile, and fixed salts, are by the consent of all granted to be very effectual, which although in the case of a copious foams they seem not to be ●afe, yet the clearing how they work, may show as that they are effectual, so when they are fit: then to answer this it would be noticed, that as the state or crasis of the blood may be vitiate two ways, so there may be so many ways stops and bolts put so the motion thereof inducing its slowness and making it need more frequent or greater pulses to drive it on to distribution; And first, when the serosity of the Blood, endued with due tenuity serves for a fit vehicle for the globuls, but these globuls are vitiated either by their bulk, number, or in their figure; that is by scabricity, all which vi●es severally, much more when they are complicate, makes these globuls stick and stop in the small passages and channels of the vessels; and so baricade up the course of the Blood, that there are raised frequent and violent pulses of the heart and arteries to remove them, and carry on the blood. The next fault in the crase of the Blood is, when the due proportion in the number, bulk and figure of these globuls is kept; yet the tenuity of the serum is vitiated by viscidity; and this fault also makes the Blood slow in its passage throw the small vessels; to overcome which the heart does excite great and frequent pulses likewise; In the first case, where the globuls are only vitiated, and the serum entire; the sick are infested and weakened with sweats; Because the frequent pulses drive away the serosity of the Blood out at the pores, (which is called the dissolution of the crase of the blood) leaving the globuls cruded up together in the small vessels.  
And in this case fixed and Alcaline salts, testaceous and marine concrets, made in subtle powder seem much to help, because all these concrets consisting (as is known) of particles very rough, scabrous and rigid, the minutest particles whereof, where ever they go carrying that Figure with them: so than such being mixed with the blood and carried along with it must necessarily, impinging on the obstructions and scabricities in the small channels, not only scour and clear them, but likewise by their continual Attrition of the Globuls of the Blood, they must polish and grind these globuls, and make them fit for passage thorough these channels.  
As to the other state and crase of the Blood where the Serosity being viscide makes the slowness of the Blood's motion, here as there are no sweats, so it's difficult to raise, & dangerous to attempt them.  
Before any remedy can be justly leveled for the removal of this fault of the Blood, it must be first inquired in what this viscosity does consist: it seems then that viscosity being a degree of Solidity and Firmness, and the first step from Fluidity thereunto, and that Fluidity consisting in the actual and due Motion of minutest parts of the Liquors, viscidity then must Import some abatement and diminution, as of their due Fluidity, so of their Motion; And that either from the weakness of the Principle of that Motion or the unaptitude of the matter to receive and obey Impressions of that Principle; As having some glewy viscous matter mixed therewith: But whatever it proceids from, it is certain that the outward or sensible Rest in Liquores that naturally aught to be moved, is a concurring Cause to there viscosity, so the agitation of Liquors does altogether take off there viscosity; As may be seen in the example of Ale, which being ropie and viscuous is by tossing and agitating thereof in a Bottle closely stopped, soon brought to leave its viscosity: So than the viscosity of the serum of the Blood seems to be the effect of its want of due motion; And is further a cause to hinder that due motion of the efflux and reflux; And as this viscosity seems originaly to depend upon the serum not being duly Impregnat and Irradiat by the Spirits, which do make it diaphanous and subtle; so the want of this irradiation, may depend upon its viscosity, hindering that irradiation, and so as these causes may hinder its due motion; that want of due motion also does exceedingly contribute to its viscosity, and check the influx of the Spirits: And thus every one of these are mutually causes and effects to one another. Yet unto these Effects from whatsomever of these causes they be produced, seem much conducible all such things which give copious Matter to the generation of Spirits; and also which give them being generated also Spurs; such as are all volatile Salts, which for this reason are known to break and attenuate all viscosity: But these are indeed to be used with moderation and warriness in Fevers, lest we should spurr faster than we open and clear the way; and so these Spirits too much incited should waken up or exasperate all these Scenes of Confusions and Tumults to which the Blood is very prone under this state.  
It is certain, that long experience has found the use of Cuppings, Leitches, and Frictions to be very beneficial in these Fevers: The cause wherereof being enquired into, will also confirm this Hypothesis: For these being used in several places of the Body, as they always are when beneficial, by their raising the Flesh and Skin, they do shake and lose throw all the circumambient parts, that congealed and clotted Blood obstructing the capillary Veins; which does facilitate the arterial Blood to run more easily throw them, and that by clearing these Passages of Obstruction. And for Frication and Rubbing of the Skin, that makes such Impressions on the capillary Vessels, by pressing them hither and thither, that it must necessarily force the obstructing Matter into motion again: And moreover the benefit, that even in Fevers, has redounded to some by riding, yea when the Patient was necessitate to be held on Horseback for a while, can be no other ways accountable, but by the Impressions that the jogging of the Body makes on the fixed and coagulated Humores, to set them again a going.  
Now as to these Phaenomena which are hurtful in Fevers, it is no less certain that these being duly pondered, will also confirm this Hypothesis, for it is clear that in many Fevers the sick are poured forth all in Sweats; And that without any ease thereby, but rather with great hurt and weakening: Therefore as our experimented Author observes these ought not to be indulged, but rather checked.  
Now this Phaenomenon may be easily solved, by considering that the serosity of the Blood is in this case, by the frequent Pulses squeezed out from the Globuls, whereby the Blood being much thickened, the obstructions are increassed: while Sweats called critical and giving ease (which rarely fall out in long and great Fevers: Because these are nourished of a copious and viscide fuel in the first ways:) fall out in diseases only caused by perspirable matter first attenuat and comminuted and nixt expelled by Sweat, and as this evacuation, is altogether the effect of Nature, so it rarely succeeds happily by stimulating Medicines: Which after its wisely argued, is most reasonbly concluded by Sydenham in his Schedula Monitoria.  
And further as our Author observes and daily experience also confirms, 
Continual lying in the naked Bed why hurtful in Fevers  it is very much Hurtful to Persons in Fevers to lie continually in the naked Bed: For the continual Heat of the Bed doth exceedingly lash, enervat, and relax the tone and firmness of the pores and fibers; Whereby they shrink and creep in; And so retain the perspirable matter which ought to be evacuate throw them, and this matter retained recoiling on the Blood does much increase all the tumult and disorders there: But by exposing of the Body to a moderate refrigeration by putting on the clothes some Hours in the day, the Natural Heat is both Concentrate to expel that perspirable Matter; and the Tone and Firmness of the Pores and Fibres are restored to give a free passage to it. And this is very suitable to the Experimental doctrine of Sanctorius, who finds and Declares reasonably that, the inward heat being by the external heat too much diffused, is not sufficiently Concentrate, & bended to expel the perspirable matter; as it happens in Aestival heat that is very troublesome to the Body, not so much because of any vehement Impressions it makes thereon, For every part of the Body is hotter of itself then the external heat affecting it; But because of the detension of the Perspirable matter through the defect of sufficient Concentration of the Internal heat to expel it. And indeed this state of the internal heat does also render i● subject to several indirect and refractive Motions, instead of the direct motion by which the perspirable matter should be sweeped ●orward, and expelled: so the lesion of perspiration upon these reasons seems in this case to be amended by the Patients keeping out of the naked Bed several hours of the day, and lying on the top of the Bed with their clothes on: And in that Situation rather than the upright posture of the Body, the vacillant reflux of the Blood unto the heart is also promoved as was shown.  
And also as our Author observes, 
Why hurtful to lie with the head too low.  it is hurtful in Fevers and several other Diseases to lie with the Head much depressed; it being more conducible to lie with it raised somewhat; because in that posture the lighter & finner Particles of the Blood, 
* De pass. anim part. 1. cap. 10.  as Des Cartes thinks are sublimed up to the brain for the generation of nervous Liquor and Spirits; and the grosser and heavier parts are carried by a descent downward: And so in that posture only there is an ascent of the Blood throw the Arteries unto the Head, in so much that the subtlest Particles thereof, prove alone obsequious to the Impulse: And if it chance that any grosser parts mixed therewith, do endeavour likeways to ascend; they secede and turn off at the axillary Branches: So that nothing but the most sublime parts of the Blood in this posture does ascend, like the subtle Spirits of Wine which are only carried so high, as is fit to separate them from the Phlegm: But when the head lies level with the Body, and that especially in Sickness, and when the Blood is vitiated in its Particles and Motion; because then and in that posture there is no ascent to the Head, nor descent to the rest of the Body; the grosser parts of the Blood being carried indifferently to the Head do there generate Obstructions: Which must certainly produce all such Phoenomena as are competent to the Brain and Nerves being affected.   

SECT. XV. Some Difficulties concerning the Hypothesis Answered.  
IF perhaps there remain any difficulty in the mind concerning this Scheme, because it may be thought that the Blood being always first strained throw the narrow Vessels of the Lungs, before it come to have difficult passage in the small Vessels betwixt the Arteries and the Veins, that it should leave or Imprint some marks of its grossness in the Lungs: To Answer this difficulty it is fit to premise something concerning the progress and pedigree of Sanguification: And therefore it may be reasonably thought very likely that the Lungs are not only the Colatory for, and Test of, the Bloods sufficient Attrition and Comminution; but also they by their Braying and Levigating thereof, give the same the outmost Perfection and Compliment: 
The manner of Sanguification.  which they do by their continual motion and agitation: For their contraction and dilatation meeting with the Pulse of the Blood coming from the Heart into the Lungs, must necessarily make such impressions on the Particles of the Blood going throw the Arteries of the Lungs, as will attenuate, smooth, and polish them, and thereafter the Lungs sends them thus levigated and intimately mixed with the Air back again, and that under the notion and name of Arterial Blood unto the Heart, to be dispersed by it as a Pump throw the whole Body.  
And indeed that the Blood receives its outmost perfection in the Lungs, and not in the Heart; As is commonly accounted, is clear from this, that the Blood which is sent from the right Ventricle of the Heart by pulsation unto the Lungs, is nothing different from the rest of the Venal Blood; While the same Blood being immediately sent back to the left ventricle of the Heart from the Lungs, has before it enter the heart, both the colour, consistence, and rarefaction proper to the Arterial Blood; And differs nothing from the Arterial Blood in the Aorta or great artery.  
Now in the case of a Fever althô the grosser Particles or Globuls of the clotted Blood returning from the Veins into the Lungs, are grinded and levigate over again, and then the Blood gives small token of its fault; Because being so near, it is also under the brisk impressions of the Heart's motion, and also being crumbled by its passage throw innumerable ramifications, and small capillary vessels in the Lungs, while they are likeways under a perpetual Systole and Diastole; it is so attenua● and grinded that any tendency to coagulation or obstruction is soon put off; But yet when such Blood comes to the extremities of great Arteries, where the force and strength of pulsation cannot be propagated in proportion to the Blood's slowness, there than it must loiter and stop.  
And moreover in some Fevers, which are indeed very dangerous ones, the slowness of the Blood's passage even throw the vessels of the lungs is conspicuous; that always making high, difficult, & frequent breathing.  
And moreover the Blood is also depurate and defecate from its crudities and viscosities by its passage through the Lungs; And so by their taking care of the whole, and endeavouring to repair the faults of the other functions they smart for them, and become the Seat of many Disease's themselves: for that same viscosity and grossness of the Humores does frequently make blemishing Impressions on them, by obstructing & tumefy their glands, many of which obstructions are shaken off by the force of respiration, but not always. For althô the Motion of the Systole and Diastole of Lungs, contrarying always the direct Motion of the Blood in the vessels of the Lungs must subtilise & attenuat the Blood; So that it sticks not easily in the Channels of the Lungs: yet often the fault of the former functions is so deep ingrained, that the Blood sent here cannot be sufficiently attenuated, and the crudities and viscosities expelled by the glands of the Lungs; But does obstruct and tumefie them; And breeds that disease called P●hisis, or Consumption of the Lungs: Now this Disease being of as universal extent among Chronic Diseases, as a Fever is among acute ones; is most Learnedly treated by Dr: Morton in his Pthifilogia: But alas! as he wisely observes, the Practice in this Disease is rarely attended with success; For this reason that the Disease steals on the Patient unawares; And before he perceives he is irrecoverably taken with the Distemper; It is then hoped, it will be thought no impertinent or useless digression, if to instruct every one against the surprise of such a remediless attack, there be transferred here from his work, which is in Latin, such apposite signs, as may admonish every one of the approach of that Disease; and put them upon their guard in case of imminent danger, to provide the timeous help of a faithful and skilful Physician. The first sign he gives is, 
The signs of an ī●minent Consumption given by D Morton.  The Descent from Parents that have been Pthisical: For this Disease seems most hereditary of all Distempers. (2) An evil frame of the Breast, whether natural, or accidental; and that is either narrow or straight. (3) A small Voice and Halow. (4) White and soft Skin, with a thin habit of Body. (5) A soft and Phlegmatic habit of the Muscules.) (6) Oppression or Weight in the Breast. (7) Thoughtfulness, anxiety, sadness, and anger without a manifest cause. (8.) The Suppression of usual evacuation by Issues, old Ulcers or any other usual. (9) Spitting of Blood. (10) A continual haughing of Viscide and black phlegm in the ●orning. (11) Salt or sharp phlegm haughted up. (12) A proneness to copious evacuation of spittle, either with or without an evident cause. (13) An continued and increasing prostration of appetite without any other Disease accompanying it, and with oppression of the Stomach, and Spontaneous La●●itude in time of digestion. (14) A Troublesome and continual Heat especially in the Soles of the Feet, and Palms of the Hands, chiefly after meat with a Pulse something too frequent. (15) A shortness of Breath with difficulty of respiration. (16) A great disposition to the Cough, which is brought on frequently, either by a slender or no evident Cause at all, which is the most evident sign of an imminent Pthisis. And the more of these signs there be, the more still is the danger.  
Now this Disease having always a Fever accompanying it, 
The Phaenomenon of the Fever in a consumption confirms the Hypothesis.  and that with an exacerbation some hours after Meat answering exactly to the time when the Chyle comes to the Blood, doth also confirm the foresaid Hypothesis of Fevers: For the chyle coming with the Venal Blood unto the Lungs to receive there its attrition and perfection; While they are affected with obstructions and tumours in ●heir glands, that must be superficially done; And many of the Particles of the Blood do therefore return back to the Heart without sufficient elaboration, which coming to the small Channels o● the Arteries betwixt them and the veins, pass there also with difficulty: So that to distribute the nourishment a frequent Pulse is raised, until the Particles, by often passing that way, be yet farther polished & attenuated: And so passing with greater ease the Fever and Pulse is remitted.  
If any shall yet judge that this grossness of the Blood should be rather productive of tumours and inflammations, 
Another difficulty about the supposed Hypothesis answered.  then of Fevers: It is to be considered that Fevers and Inflammations have that common to them both, that they use to be generate together: And also Fevers do depend on tumours & inflammations, which shows they are near of Kin to one another: but yet they seem to differ in this, that Fevers depend on an universal, although lesser grossness of the Blood, which makes it with difficulty pass the small vessels; and tremors depend as upon greater grossness, so upon total obstruction of the Blood or other Liquores in some particular vessel; And oftentimes they are generate and propagate by compression: And perhaps it is the perverse figuration of some particles of the Blood, or humours in respect of the Pores and Channels of a vessel, which wholly stopping makes a total stagnation therein: and this stagnation making a compression on the neighbouring vessels, and these again upon the next adjacent, affects them all with stagnation likeways. And thus that obstruction that begins in a point, may have the sphere of its activity so extended as to infect all the neighbouring parts with that tumour, as is seen in a Thorn which pricking the Flesh do●s compress the next adjacent vessels, and makes the Blood to stagnate therein; And they again compressing these nixt to them, produce therein the like effect; And so forth until the compression spend its Impression & force. Now in this case these Tumours being made of the Blood and Humours. That should slip throw the Channels when they do stop & coagulate there the humours are again set a going by the use of these things that add Spurs to the Spirits and attenuate viscosity, such as volatile Salts, and also by such things as grate and grind gross Humours such as fixed salts, etc. which internally used are all dissolvers of tumors. And farther▪ as we find that the impurities which do cleave to garments worn, called sweatiness, and which being bred of the perspirable matter sticking there, do yield to nothing but smegmatique mixtures, so the coagulations therefrom within the body may yield to such internally used.  
And indeed it seems that there is as much forcein the grossness & viscosity of the humours, & obstruction depending thereupon as will produce not only Fevers; but the most of all chronic Diseases also: But that the various faces with which Diseases appear, proceeds as from the Degree of grossness and obstruction, and from the nature of the place or organ affected therewith; so from the impression that is thereby made on the impellent or the disposition of the Body, exciting either resentment and irritation; or only grief and languishing; And although in Fevers from the present disposition, the impellent is for the most part irritated, and strives to shake off the cause of the malady; yet in chronic Distempers, from another disposition, it is less commoved, and rather groans under, then resents the invasion and oppression; And these different effects from the like occasional cause in the natural body, are paralleled by the like different consequences springing from the same occasional causes in the body politic; For Tyrrany and Arbitrary Government exercised upon a Heroic and Generous spirited People; uses to beget War; but all the impression it makes on a servile and despirited Nation, resolves only in languishing and depopulation: And the parallel may be yet carried farther, for as tyranny & oppression of a People is often shaken off by civil Wars; and they thereby brought into a vegete and flourishing state; so Chronic distempers in the natural body, are often loosed by a superveening Fever, and the body thereby is brought into a sound and healthy condition.    

An APPENDIX concerning The Statical Doctrine of Sanctorius.  
NOw in regard the due comprehension both of this Hypothesis; and of the Practice of the Cure of Fevers; and also of almost the whole Theory of Medicine; seems to depend upon the right and full understanding of the Doctrine of insensible Perspiration; the whole fundamental conclusions whereof are demonstrable to the Eye by the Balance. Also the due observation and regulation 
The Weighting. Chair.  of that Evacuation and Indications taken therefrom, contributing more to the preservation of Health and Cure of Diseases, than all other indications or means whatsomever: it will be then not thought superfluous to insert here the description and use of Sanctorius' Weighting Chair, and also some select Theorems taken out of his statics, whereby, the Reader having got a Tincture of that Doctrine, may be fully cleared of its use and fruitfulness.  

The Description and Use of the WEIGHING CHAIR.  
THe Chair is hung about two inches from the Floor upon the short end of the Balance, and the Weight on the long end of it being removable hither and thither, serves for two uses; first having placed ourselves therein we find out the daily insensible Perspiration of the Body, and next seating ourselves likewise in this Chair during the time of our Repast, and placing the Weight in such a place of the Balance as answers to the quantity of Aliment we intent to take, we perceive by the Chairs coming to the ground when we have taken the due proportion of Mear and Drink, beyond which, and short of which, we are always prejudiced.  
Now the Balance may be fastened to a Beam in the Room above that where you take Refection: For it may be thought unseemly in the same Room; especially by reason of the Unlearned to whom all things unusual seem ridiculous.   

SECT. I. Of the Weight, Measure, and Nature of Insensible Perspiration.  
Aphorism First.  
IF the addition of these things that are deficient, and the substraction of those that are exuberant, be daily made as to Quantity and Quality such as it ought to be; lost Health would be recovered, and the present preserved.  
II. If the Physician be only capable of judging the sensible Addition and Evacuation, and knows not to regulate the insensible Perspiration; he does not Cure, but deceives his Patients.  
III. If the Aliment taken in one day amounts to eight pound weight, the insensible Perspiration amounts to five pound, or thereabout; yet there is some variety therein according to the diversity of Natures, Climates, Seasons, Age, Aliment, etc.  
IU. And this may be easily computed having weighed the Aliments taken in by sitting in the Chair, having duly placed the Weight: then weighing the Body the nixt morning before and after sensible Excretion: The weight of the sensible being only found to come to three pound or thereby, the rest being five must of necessity go by insensible Perspiration.  
V. This insensible Perspiration is made throw the Pores of the Body, which are transpirable in all its parts: Or by respiration performed by the Mouth coming out with the breath, which commonly amounts to half a pound a day.  
VI What quantity of perspiration is convenient for every One in order to continue his Health may be found out thus, observing in the Morning after a somewhat plentiful Supper over Night what the Perspiration in the space of twelve hours comes to, suppose it comes to 50 Ounces, than another Morning after Fasting over Night, but with this condition, that thou didst not exceed at Dinner the day before, make the same observation, as suppose the Perspiration to have amounted to 20 Ounces: So having made these observations, pitch upon that proportion of Meat and other Non-natural causes which may reduce the perspiration to the mean betwixt 50 and 20 Ounces, and that will be 35 ounces: thus mayest thou live a long and healthful life, and happily an hundred years.  
VII. The weight of the body being augmented without increasing the aliment, or the retention of the sensible excrements, is a sign of wanting perspiration.  
VIII. If the body be brought to the same weight that it was formerly by more copious urine, or stools, than the ordinary; it begins to decline from health.  
IX. Plenty of perspiration, and much sensible evacuations are inconsistent together: and copious sensible evacuations with perspiration deficient are evil.  
X. That weight of the Body is the standard of health, when one can ascend a steep place with ease.  
XI. The weight of the Body is diminished by the evacuation either of sensible or insensible crude matter, or by sensible or insensible concocted Matter: The latter conduces to health; and the former takes away the Excess, but leaves an evil quality behind.  
XII. Insensible Perspiration attended with sweeting is not good, because sweeting abates the strength of the Fibres: Yet it may be accounted good in respect it ma●es a diversion from a greater evil.  
XIII. Insensible perspiration is visible, when the nutriment is too copious, or when the natural heat is languishing, or throw violent motion.  
XIV. To apprehend one's self to be lighter when really they are not so, is a most wholesome state.  
XV. The first seeds of Diseases are sooner known by the alterations of perspiration, then from the lesion of the Actions.  
XVI. The perspirable matter retained, neither being resolved by Nature, nor by a Fever superveening, disposes the body presently to a malignant fever.  
XVII. Labour and pain of the body hinders Perspiration.  
XVIII. The least cold in the night time hinders Perspiration.  
XIX. Frequent tossing in the Bed in the Summer time hinders Perspiration.  
XX. The internal causes hindering Perspiration, are, either the occupation of Nature any otherways: Or the diversion of the perspirable Matter some other way; or the weakness of the strength to expel it.  
XXI. clothes very burdensome hinder Perspiration.  
XXII. After the twelfth hour from the taking of Meat there is scarce perspired half a pound, and then is the season of giving Aliment, or Medicaments.  
XXIII. To Aliment or Medicat in the hours of the Morning before that, which is the time of the greatest Perspiration, does hurt; because it diverts the Perspiration.  
XXIV. The external causes hindering Perspiration, are, Air Cold, Foggy, and Moist: Swimming in cold water, Meats Grass and Viscide, Intermission, of Exercise of Body & Mind; and in robust Persons, abstinence from venery.  
XXV. The external cold hinders Perspiration in weak Persons; but augments it in robust Persons.  
XXVI. By Yawning and Streatching of the Joints there is great endeavours of Nature to void the perspirable matter retained.  
XXVII. The summer heat is very troublesome, when Perspiration is retained.  
XXVIII. Venery, actual frigidity of the Body, too plentiful drinking, and supping as Young Men do, too great Anger, and much Exercise; All these shorten the Lives of old Men.  
XXIX. Insensible perspiration being quite obstructed in the Brain, causes Apoplexy: in the Heart causes palpitation, and in the Matrix causes Suffocation, and in the ignoble parts causes Gangrene.  
XXX. Vomiting diverts both urine and perspiration.  
XXXI. The Knees being actually Hot, helps both Sleep and perspiration.  
XXXII. The Flux of the Belly is Cured by promoving perspiration viz: By Bathing:  
XXXIII. These that urine more than that they Drink, perspire little.  
XXXIV. Hypochondriack Persons are much eased, if their Bodies be rendered perspirable by frequent Baths, and by a Moistening diet.  
XXXV. Insensible Perspiration being promoved by Fomentations, before the Body be purged, draws more to the superfice thereof than it can perspire.  
XXXVI. Any place of the Body being very cold in the winter, hinders the Perspiration of the whole.  
XXXVII. To lie in the Summer time with the Body uncovered, hinders Perspiration.   

SECT. II. Concerning Air and Water.  
1 Could Air and washing with cold Water, does heat robust Bodies, but refrigerates weak ones.  
2 Warm Air and warm washing unless Crudities gain-stand, help Perspiration, and refrigerate the internal Bowels.  
3 Water that is heavy and Air that is foggy, turn the perspirable Matter into an Ichor or sharp Matter; which for the most part causes a Cachexy, or evil disposition of the Body.  
4 In a cold and clear Air Perspiration is likeways stopped, because the Pores are condensed: Yet because the Fibres are also roborated, therefore the retained perspirable Matter is neither felt, nor does hurt.  
5 In a foggy Air the perspirable Matter is retained, and the Pores are filled, and not condensed, and the Fibres are relaxed, and not roborated: And therefore the perspirable Matter retained both hurts and is felt.  
6 A cold superveening to a warm day, especially the usual quantity of drink being taken, stops about a third part of the Perspiration that day.  
7 Weak persons are most hurt by the sudden approach of cold.  
8 A pleasant Cool coming upon Bodies heated, hurts them more than the greatest coldness of Air or Water; because the first obstructs and relaxes the Pores; and the last obstructs and ●oborats them.  
9 A pleasant southerly Air with violent exercise, is oft times very dangerous; for the Air brings the stoping of the Perspiration, and the exercise brings the acrimony thereof.  
10 Weak persons in the Winter evacuat the Perspirable Matter retained by Urine, and robust Persons in Summer.  
11 Long Droughts are wholesomer than continual Rains, for they make the Body lighter.  
12 In the Summer we are troubled with heat, not because of the heat of the Air, for every place of our Body is hotter than the Air; but because the Summer Air does not sufficiently concentrat the internal heat; but suffers it to diffuse, whereby it is less powerful to dispel the perspirable Matter; which being retained becomes Acrimonious, and so becomes troublesome to us.  
In the Summer in the day time, but in the Winter in the night time, robust Bodies perspire most.  
14 Want of Perspiration in the Summer brings a Malign Fever; but in the Winter scarce brings any hurt: The perspirable Matter retained turning far sooner Acrimonious in the Summer, than in the Winter.  
15 Sleeping in the open Air in the Summer with the Body uncovered, hindering very much Perspiration, proves exceedingly dangerous.  
16 The perspirable Matter retained, is not apt soon to hurt the internal Bowels, unless it become acrimonious by external heat, by violent motion, or by its long stay.  
17 The hurt of immoderate Venery is in some manner allayed by cold immediately succeeding heat, which concentrats the internal heat.  
18 In the Summer nights by the variety of the temper of the Air, Bodies are very much disposed to Fevers.  
19 From the Autumnal Equinoctial, until the Winter Solstice, there is every day about a pound of perspirable matter retained.  
20. Autumnal Diseases shall be escaped, if your body be not of more weight in Autumn than it was in Summer.  
21. You shall be troubled with no Disease in the autumn if ●ou meet the supervenient cold with sufficient clothing, and by the use of Diuretics, keep the body in the same weight it was before.  
22 Those that are troubled with diseases in the Winter arising from the plenty of humours, are to be purged in the Autumn, but not in the Spring: and are to be brought to the weight that they had in the beginning of Summer.  
23 When Diseases come from an evil quality, the Body is to be purged in the Spring; for the Summer increases most the evil quality.  
24 Those that throw off their clothes early in the Spring, or are too long in putting them on in the Autumn, do fall into Fevers in the Summer, and into Distillations and Defluxions in the Winter.  
25 Health would be preserved even to the extremity of Age, if the Body were kept in an usual weight all the four Seasons of the year.  
26 The increase of weight is always in the beginning of Autumn, and the diminution thereof in the beginning of Summer; and there is more danger in the increase, than in the diminution.  
27 Air too moist or windy hinders Perspiration.   

SECT. III. Of Aliments, Meat and Drink.  
1. ALiments that make the Body heavy, are such as are taken copiously, or such as are difficult to digest: and these that keep the Body light, are such as we are accustomed to, and such as are easily evaporated.  
2. A full and a void Stomach both divert Perspiration; the full Stomach by Corruption of the Meat, and the void Stomach attracts it▪ that it may be filled.  
3. Robust Persons do discuss too great plenty of Meat eaten by Perspiration, less robust Persons by Urine, but weak Persons turn the Chyle into Corruption.  
4: If the usual Super be intermitted, the Stomach being empty, the perspirable Matter is both retained, and becomes acrimonious, & so the Body is disposed to hot Diseases.  
5. Unusual abstinence from Aliment does sometime hurt.  
6. The use of Swine's flesh, especially dried in the smoke, hinders Perspiration.  
7. That kind of Meat perspires best, whose weight is least found in the Stomach; for where there is a difficulty of Digestion, there is also a difficulty of Perspiration.  
8. That Meat gives the best Perspiration, whose Excrements come away consistent and solid.  
9 The time when the Body has lest Perspiration, is when the Body is full of Meat especially of variety.  
10. Drinking of water hinders insensible perspiration, but advances sensible.  
11. To eat presently after immoderate exercise of Body or Mind is hurtful.  
12 Eating and Drinking copiously, doth oftentimes obtund the Acrimony of the perspirable Matter retained, and does hide the infirmities of the inward parts, which oftentimes upon abstinence or purging of these Bodies does break out.  
13. Meat that easily perspires (though of small nourishment) doth better repair the strength decayed by too mu●h venery, than Meat of greater nourishment, but of difficult perspiration.  
14, Onion's Garlic, Wedder Mutton and Pheasant's flesh but especially the Cyreniack juice, help the perspiration of Meats that are difficult to perspire.  
15. Meat very little in quantity not being embraced by the Stomach, neither digests nor restores the Body, nor perspires well.  
16 Insensible perspiration is the excrement of the third Concoction, so that the first not being perfected, the third cannot be accomplished.  
17. The corruption of Meat makes weariness, because it diverts perspiration, and this corruption is known by a Celiack Flux, by which the Meat comes away with the excrements undigested.  
18. The Coldness and Clamminess of the juice of Cucumbers is kept in the Veins; And other unwholesome juices, though of easy concoction, by obstructing perspiration, cause Malignant Fevers.  
19 None will fall into a disease, if they be careful to provide against the heaping up of Crudities.  
20. The Supper taken with the mind troubled, does not digest.  
21. To drink betwixt the Dinner and Supper is hurtful, but if so much the drink be less at Supper, the hurt is diminished.  
22. An uniform Diet wants the benefit of one that exceeds sometimes twice or thrice a Month, for the Expultrix faculty being stirred up by the redundancy, excites so great a perspiration, as without the Statickes none would believe.  
23. In a cold Body, Hony nourishes, and perspires well, but in a hot, turning to Bile, it hurts.  
24. There is nothing that hurts perspiration more, than to drink when the Chyle is making in the Stomach   

SECT. FOUR Of Sleeping and Waking.  
1. THE perspiration in Sleep accompanied with sweeting, is no more than it use to be without it.  
2. In quiet Sleep there is a greater perspiration than in violent Exercises.  
3. A weariness after Sleep is a sign that the Body is of greater weight than the Body can long bear.  
4. Perspiration is more impeded in Sleep by a Southerly cold Air, than it is hindered in those that are awake by the greatest cold.  
5. Those that go to Bed with the Stomach empty, perspires less by a third than they would do otherways.  
6. Sleep is most proper four hours after Meat, for them the first concoction is near absolved, and perspiration succeeds best.  
7 When the sleep is shorter than the usual, there is something of perspirable matter retained, which unless it be expelled afterward puts them in hazard of a Fever.  
8. Streaching of the Joints after sleep is made by the plenty of perspirable matter well prepared for expulsion: So there is more perspired in half an hour then, than in three hours at another time.  
9 Those that give to sick People Medicines two hours after sleep (which is the season of most plentiful perspiration) does rather hurt then help them.  
10. If there be any thing of the last days perspirable matter remaining▪ and that be not excerned by an afternoons sleep, after that sleep the head is affected with a weighty pain.  
11. If four hours after the beginning of sleep the Meat corrupt in the Stomach than is perspiration stopped and watching succeeds.  
12. There is no reason that oftener makes watching than the corruption of the Meat in the stomach.  
13. Sleep is more profitable in the Winter than in Summer; For in the Winter by the dawning of the day the Body becomes more warm, and perspires better than it does in the Summer.  
14. A little of any generous Wine or of Garlic procures sleep and perspiration, but too much of either of them hinders it, and causes sweeting.   

SECT. V. Of Exercise and Rest.  
1. In violent motion the perspiration is for the most part of crude and inconeocted juices.  
2. Sweat is always from a violent cause and hinders due perspiration.  
3. The Body perspires more in rest then when it is oft turned from side to side by frequent agitation.  
4. In a long jurney those that are cheerful or angry, weary least.  
5. Exercise after the seventh unto the twelfth hour from taking Meat, resolves more in the space of an hour, than three hours of another time does.  
6. Rest disposes Bodies extraordinarly to perspiration, yet long rest makes sick Bodies heavier, which fomenting their sickness, brings death.  
7. Pains of the Feet coming from long lying are cured by walking, but these that come by much walking are cured by rest.  
8. The exercise of the Body evacuats sensible Excrements; but that of the mind insensible ones.  
9 By too much exercise the Excrements of the first and second Concoction are eliminate by the superfice of the Body, which binds the Belly.  
10. Continual exercise of both Body and mind makes Bodies lighter, brings quickly old Age, and untimely Death.  
11. Violent exercise in Bodies filled with crude Juices, evacuates less than usual of sensible Excrements, but of the insensible, almost nothing.  
12. In sleep the Body perspires more than in exercise, and thereby the Belly is also made soluble.  
13. Frictions and Cupping Glasses in those filled with crude Juices hinder perspiration.  
14. Violent exercise where the wind blows is evil, for the wind stops the perspiration, and the motion makes it acrimonious.  
15. Riding promoves the perspiration most in the parts above the Loins: Ambling is most wholesome, but Trotting unwholesome.  
16. The motion of a Boat or a Litter long used, disposes extraordinarly to perspiration.  
17 Violent motion of a Coach, evacuates the unconcocted perspirable Matter, and hurts the solid Parts and the Reins.  
18. The exercise of the Pennystone disposes very much to perspiration.  
19 Perspiration wanting to persons in health is promoved by Exercise.  
20. By immoderate exercise the Fibres grow hard, whence comes old Age; but softness of the Fibres, keeping them open, makes long life.  
21. A Youthful Face is long preserved by avoiding sweeting or perspiring too much throw heat.   

SECT. VI Of VENERY.  
1. TOo much Abstinence, and too much Use, both hinder Perspiration.  
2. Venery does good, when after the next sleep there is no weariness found.  
3. Immoderate Venery with a Person very much desired, hurts least.  
4. After an inclination to Venery to forbear, does bring agility of the Body.  
5. The present effect of immoderate Venery is the Refrigerating the Stomach; and the subsequent is the hindering of Perspiration: Whence come Palpitations in the Eyebrows, and in the joints, and thereafter in the principal Members.  
●. Immoderate Venery hurts most in the Summer.  
7. Those that in Venery purposely do not emit Sperm, fall into tumours of the Testicles.  
8. Immoderate Venery after the Stomach hurts the Eyes, generates the Stone, Catarrhs, and Palpitation of the heart.  
9 Flatulent Aliments after Venery, such as Oysters and New Wine, are pernicious.  
10. While Venery is to be used, little or nothing is to be eaten: And while you must eat, little or no Venery.  
11. Venery prompted by Nature is beneficial, but prompted by the mind, hurts both mind and memory.  
12. After exercise venery is unwholesome; After Meat not so much, but after sleep it is most wholesome of all.   

SECT. VII. Of the Affections of the Mind.  
1 BY Sadness and Fear the light● of the perspirable mater only is perspired, the weightier remaining: by Gladness and Anger both perspire: whence Sadness and Grief breeds obstructions, Hardness 〈◊〉 the Parts, and H●pochondriack affects.  
2. Nothing makes Perspiration more fr●● than a Contented Mind.  
3. Sadness and Grief hinders the gross● perspirable matter to be evacuat; And th● retained, by every light Cause bege● Fear and Sadness.  
4. The Acrimony of the perspirable mat●● retained by Grief, is taken off by Cheerfulness.  
5. These that go to Bed sad at nig●● perspire little.  
6. Melancholy is overcome either by 〈◊〉 free perspiration or by continual consolation of the Mind.  
7. Cheerfulness without an evident Cause that proceeds from the Perspirati●● succeeding well, makes the Body beco●● lighter  
8. Moderate joy evacuationly the superfluous Matter; but Immoderate joy that that's useful.  
9 A Surprising joy hurts more than that which is foreseen: for it makes the Spirits totally exhale.  
10. joy persevering many days hinders Sleep, and dissolves the Strength.  
11 Aliments that promove Perspiration make Cheerfulness, and these that hinder it make Sadness.  
12. These that are of a Choleric Nature are much hurt by immoderate Exercise: so Hippocrates forbade such to use frictions and wrestle.  
13. The Body at rest perspires more, if ●he Mind be exercised: Then when the Body is exercised and the Mind idle.  
14. So the immoderate Exercise of the ●ind, hurts more than that of the Body.  
15. The Body would wither and perish without the exercise of the Mind, but not contrary ways.  
16. A vehement motion of the Mind is ●either settled by Rest nor Sleep.  
17. Such as in Game do very earnestly ●esire to gain, do not Play but Labour, and 〈◊〉 exceedingly divert Perspiration.  
18. A Moderate Victory is more wholesome than a Glorious One.  
19 Study with change of Affections is longer endured, than under one Affection of the Mind.  
20. Study without all Affections scarce endures an hour, with on Affection scarce four; with frequent change of Affections, as in the the play of the Dice, it will be endured Days and Nights  
21. To be sometimes Merry, sometimes Sad, and then again Angry, and nixt afraid This change of Affections helps Perspiration more than one of the best Affections always continuing does.   
FINIS.