VIRGINIA Impartially examined, and left to public view, to be considered by all judicious and honest men. Under which Title, is comprehended the Degrees from 34 to 39, wherein lies the rich and healthful Countries of Roanock, the now Plantations of Virginia and Maryland.  
Look not upon this book, as those that are set out by private men, for private ends; for being read, you'll find, the public good is the Authors only aim.  
For this Piece is no other than the Adventurers or Planters faithful Steward, disposing the Adventure for the best advantage, advising people of all degrees, from the highest Master, to the meanest Servant, how suddenly to raise their fortunes.  
Peruse the Table, and you shall find the way plainly laid down.  
By WILLIAM Bullock, Gent.  
19 April, 1649. Jmprimatur, Hen. Whaley.  
LONDON: Printed by John Hammond, and are to be sold at his house over-against S. Andrews Church in Holborn. 1649.   

To the Right Honourable, the Earl of Arundel and Surrey, and the Lord Baltamore.  
Right Honourable,  
HAD those worthy Gentlemen been so happy, to have laboured for the settling a just & equal Government, and designing the best advantages, as in discovering the country, this labour had been spared; Wherefore he humbly prays, that you'll look on this Piece as through a Prospective, by which you have these places rendered at a nearer distance, & you may easily find the impediments of their happiness; which, with as much ease as turning of the glass, you may remove far off, or out of sight: I must confess, 'tis some boldness for a private person to deal with Governments; but when you shall find I speak your thoughts, for having justice impartially dealt, and this from a smarting sense of injustice done, I am confident you'll excuse me, and the rather, for that I have shortened your lordship's studies, which as I have often heard, are for settling such a Government in these places, as might keep the balance even: and if your Lordships, upon perusal, shall find me only to aim at the general good, I am confident you'll own me to be,  
Your honour's humble servant, WILL: Bullock.   

TO THE governor AND council of Virginia, Health and Prosperity.  
Gentlemen,  
WHat your rules of Government or Justice now are I know not, but what they were you'll find in the ensuing discourse, wherein I strike at no man's person, but at the general abuse. I can speak knowingly of some of your endeavours in former times for Reformation; to which you'll find the way laid down, which may be done without eclipsing any power above you: it is proposed for absolute Freemen, or a people under a higher power; 'tis a becoming garment, and strongly put together: if you shall put it on, it will beautify the body of your little commonwealth, and make all men in love to dwell with you. When you have read this over, you'll find my love hath swallowed up my loss, and that there's nothing more desired, than the flourishing prosperity of unparalelled Virginia, by  
Your loving friend and Servant, William Bullock.   

To his much esteemed Friends, M. Samuel Vassell, captain Richard Cranley, captain Thomas Davis, captain Benjamin Cranley, captain William Ryder, captain Peter Andrews, and the rest of the Gentlemen Adventurers to the English Plantations beyond Sea.  
Most loving Friends,  
DIvers of you having been pleased, to think me able to advise in Cases of this nature, (when in truth, I have been more enabled by your questions put, than you could by my resolves) I determined to join my own experience with such Collections I had made from you, to compose a Tract, which might be useful; wherein I intended to show, how Love, Profit, and Pleasure might be raised, and after maintained by a sweet and orderly Government; and this is that which I present ye: sure I am, if you weigh it well, 'twill be like a pleasant Garden, where you may gather simples for many special uses: and although the Scene be laid in Virginia, yet it may be applied to divers other places. Pray believe, I have not done this for the advantage of telling you in Print, I am your Servant; but the necessity of a Work of this nature, at this time, there never being any before, spurred me on: And since in this, I do but trace your steps, in labouring for the public good, I doubt not but you'll entertain it kindly, and give the Author leave to style himself,  
Your truly loving friend, Will: Bullock.   

To his much honoured Friends, the Knights and Gentlemen that importuned this work.  
HAD you given me more time, I should have been larger in your satisfaction, but this is what six nights could produce, which time you know is all I had; and of this, the recollecting and reading my ancient studies took up much: but what is done (upon examination) you'll find is clear and true: and having finished the work, fear (lest some material thing should be omitted) would not let me sleep, when at last I found I had forgot to tell you that I am,  
Your faithful friend and servant, William Bullock.   

TO THE READER.  
Courteous Reader,  
THis small work is undertaken for the general good, as well of the Inhabitants, as the Adventurers, and therefore requires a familiar pen, and plain matter, more than height of style: the Author had rather do good, then be commended; therefore refused to let the Work be ushered in by the commendation of others: he is not ignorant, what a slight esteem this place hath amongst the generality of the people, and knows a good name is sooner lost then recovered, and that when men join with common fame to destroy a good Work, the devil hath got a victory; wherein 'tis extremely considerable, how great an enemy he hath always been to the Planting of the gospel, especially, in places where (as here) the Natives own him for their God: Therefore let no man wonder, the good of this place hath been so much obstructed, since now they know by whom. I have in this place lost some thousands of pounds, yet cannot harbour an ill opinion, since I am fully satisfied, the fault was only in the men I trusted, and this hath been every losers condition: wherefore let the country suffer no longer under our hard censures; Good Laws duly executed, will make good men, and quickly change the aspect of these places, there wanting nothing else under God to make them flourish. Ambition, amongst other things, hath been none of the least hindrance: Therefore he doth advise all such as intend to be labourers in this Harvest, to study meekness, and the general good: for if it be well considered, 'tis much better to be equal to, than a Justice of Peace, in which sense he speaks himself; and if thou be'st such, then he's thine,  
William Bullock.   

The principal Motive, that drew the Author to this work, was,  
THat finding many Gentlemen have unsettled themselves, with a desire to better their fortunes in remote places, and in this condition, inquisitive after the several Plantations abroad, to the end they might make choice of the best, in which they are much troubled with the various relations both by books and men, whose only aim is to draw all men to themselves; and to further that Work, are liberal to abuse all other places but their own: by which means men are dispersed abroad in several small numbers, at great distances from each other, which is very uncomfortable and disccusolate, whereas if they had been all directed to any one good place, they might have been in this time a great and flourishing people: and finding also (without disparaging of other places) that this country of Virginia is abundantly stored with what is by all men aimed at, viz. Health and Wealth, so that there wants nothing to their happiness that go over, but good Instructions, which were never yet endeavoured, more than to show the place; I thought that man that should kindly take the stranger by the hand, and lead him to it, showing him not only the richest Mines, but also how to dig them, would deserve much thanks.   

I cannot omit, by way of Caution to my dear countrymen, to admonish them,  
That at this time there is much struggling to draw men to new Plantations, never yet seated; and if they will peruse the books that have been set forth in the Infancy of the most of our English Plantations abroad, they shall see with what loss and dangers they have been settled; viz. by having their ships cast away, for want of knowledge of the place; by want of food, till supplies; by strange diseases, never before heard of; by Divisions and Factions amongst themselves, and an innumerable of other Incidents happening to them, whereby the places have been several times deserted, and again Planted, before ever we could keep our footing.  
Wherefore, I shall advise all men to make use of other men's woeful experience, and to dispose themselves to such places as are already Planted, where all difficulties are now overcome.   

THE TABLE.  

SECTION I.  
THe Lands and Bounds— in 1. Reanock. page 2. 2. Virginia. The temperature of the air— 3. Maryland. What this country affords, of Beasts, fowls, Birds, and Fish, for food, and commodity.— viz. 1. Beasts for food. p. 4. 2. Beasts of prey. 5 3. Fowls and Birds for food. ibid. 4. Birds for delight. 6 5. Birds of prey. ibid. 6. Fish, for food and commodity. ibid. 7. For present use, and spending. ibid.  
What Trees, Fruits, roots, and Plants, are naturally found in this country.  
What English Provisions, and what stores are there at this time. ibid.  
What Commodities are here found, growing from Nature. 8   

SECT. II.  
The true reason, how this country's prosperity hath been hindered, which is termed the country's Disease, which hath been— viz. 1. By the Government. p. 10 2. By the commodity that they have always made their Staple. 11 3. By not raising Commodities, to drive a Trade for Ships. ibid. 4. By miscarriage of good designs for Staple Commodities. 12 5. By the Indians. ibid. 6. By malicious slanders. 13 7. By the unfitness of the people transported. 14   

SECT. III.  
How the country may be recovered.— viz 1. By an equal Government; and that Government proposed. p. 18 2. By raising Commodities, for the constant employment of Shipping; which hath made New-England and Barbadoes flourish, and will quickly do this, there being much more advantage in the place. 30 3. By fixing upon corn, Rice, Rape-seed, and Flax; and all the rest of the rich Commodities examined, & how and when to be fall'n upon, but for the present laid by, with the reasons. 33   

SECT. IV.  
A Scale, whereby, after the proportion of 60. li. stock, all men may know how to lay out their money for advantage.— viz. 1. How they shall lay it out in England. p. 35 2. How they shall dispose of themselves when they come over into the country. 36 3. What & how much ground they shall plough and sow, and with what. 38 4. What their first years Crop may produce in the country. 40 5. If they will send it for England, what it shall produce there, and how to ensure it. 42 6. What they may be worth the third year. ibid.  
A great encouragement to people of all degrees. 43   

SECT. V.  
How Passengers may be best transported, for Health, and Charge.— viz. 1. By the old way, with the convenience and inconvenience. p. 46 2. How to go in the old way, and yet save a third part of the Charge. 48 3. A Victualling proposed for the Planter, in his Voyage thither. 49 4. To go by New-England Ships. 50 5. The best, and the nearest way, to go by the Newfoundland Ships, in March, April, or May, where you may go at half the old Charges. ibid.  
When the Gentlemen are over in the country, how they shall dispose of themselves till they be settled. 51  
A great encouragement both for Masters and Servants.— showing, How Masters shall employ their Servants to their best profit, without their oversight, or trouble. 53 How Servants shall work for their Masters, and themselves, without hard labour. 54   

SECT. VI.  
How to reclaim the Indians.— viz. 1. Wherein is first considered Love p. 54 2. Force. 55 It being not to be done either of these two ways, 3. A third way is proposed. ibid.   

SECT. VII.  
An Advice to the Adventurer. pag. 60  
An Advice to the Planter. ibid.  
An Advice to Servants. 62    

The Authors offer to all men; by which they'll find he's unbiased, and in this work hath no private ends.  
He freely offereth to all that shall be desirous to be further satisfied, concerning any particular mentioned in this book, or shall meet with any Objections to any thing therein propounded, to repair to the Author, who will clear all Doubts, and show them the best and newest Draught, or Plot, of the country.   

Read this first, the work next.  
BEfore you cast your eye upon the work itself, look steadfastly upon the Author (and as thou likest him give him credit) whilst he tells thee that he was never in this Place himself he writes of with such confidence; and therefore before he began, he had many struggling thoughts within him, persuading and dissuading. But when he considered, it is no new thing, out of collections to make up the history of a Kingdom; And that the Work is not so much to set out the Country (it having been already done by many experienced men) as to take off that Odium, that malicious tongues have thrown upon it; By discovering the true grounds and reason why the prosperity thereof hath been so long obstructed, and to apply a perfect cure to it: As also having Warrant, that the Places are what he sets them forth, from the discoveries of M. Heriot, M. lain, and captain Smith, Printed near forty years since, and divers several books lately Printed; and also, having discoursed severally, and at several times, with captain Mathewes, captain Peirce, captain Willoughby, captain Clabourne, and divers others the principal men of that Country, here in England, about nine years since, and his own father living there above twelve years, besides captain Andrew's, captain Douglas, captain Pryn, captain Russell, and divers other captains and Masters of Ships, that have constantly used that Trade; and lastly, 20 years' experience of his own, bought with 5000. li. he hopes all cause of doubt will be laid aside.  

SECTION I.  
THere having been already so many books published of God's blessings upon these Places both for Health and Riches, I shall not need to trouble the Reader therewith; the rather, for that the principal end of this work is, Man-Midwife like, to preserve the Mother already in travel, and bring the Child lively into the World, advising how to cherish it in the growth, until it have strength to provide itself, wherefore I shall but give a short touch of them: And first,  

Of the Lands and Bounds.  
THe Continent is upon the East bounded with the North and East Sea, garnished with many delicate Islands of several Magnitudes, and to the West it hath no bounds, until you come to the West and South Sea, which is many miles over: on the South side is many thousand miles of Land; on the North is Land to New-England, and many thousand miles further: the distance between Maryland and New-England, is not above 200 miles by Land, and in this distance there are many English planted, insomuch, that there are Posts which go by Land between Virginia and New-England.  
The Country is full of Hills and Dales, and fine Prospects, and towards the Sea in Virginia very level, yet not without pleasant ascendings, and descendings, but not of height to be called Hills: the body of the Country from the River is generally woody, but not like ours in England, for they are so clear from underwoods, that one may be seen above a mile and a half in the Wood, and the Trees stands at that distance, that you may drive Carts or Coaches between the thickest of them, being clear from boughs a great height, yet in the Summer they agree that the Sun shall injure none that puts himself under their protection, whilst he refresheth himself with Strawberries & Grapes of a most delicious taste, which grow there in abundance. There be many fair Navigable Rivers, rivulets and Springs, embroidered with fresh Marshes and meadows, very delightful to the prospect, sending forth exceeding sweet and pleasant savours that perfume the air, from the sassafras, Strawberrie, & natural Flowers; all which well considered, this place may well deserve the name of the new-paradise.  
Whosoever desires to see the Draught of this Country, may look into smith's travels, or into Mercators Atlas, and there he shall see the whole Continent.  
The soil is a rich black Mould, for two foot deep, and under it a loam, of which they make a fine Brick, and with it plaster their Houses within, & cover it over with Lime made of Oyster-shells, which is much harder and more durable than our Lime in England, made of chalk, and of which there is plenty: the outside of their Houses they commonly cover with Board, or case them with Brick.   

The next in consideration, is the temperature of the air.  
TO speak first of the most Southerly climate, viz. from the degree of 34 to 36, the air is extreme pleasant & wholesome, as it was found by M. Ralph lain, M. Heriot and others, who with their Company sat down upon the Island of Roanock, which is a little to the Southward of that place in Virginia, where now the English are planted, in the year 1585., and continued there one year: the Winter is very little, but 'tis to be observed, that as you pass from one degree to th' other Northerly, the Winter grows stronger and longer; this place is but now upon Planting.  
In that part of Virginia, where now the English inhabit, which is under the degree of 37, and part of 38, the air is pleasant and wholesome, especially to those that are seated above the flowing of the Salt water.  
But for such as are set down within the flowing of the Salt water, it is much like in health as here in England upon the Salt Marshes, which are subject to Agues and Fevers: the Winter is not much above six weeks, which begins in December, and ends about the first of February.  
Maryland is also very pleasant and wholesome, and is further Northerly, viz. part of 38, and 39, and therefore more cold; the Winter longer than in Virginia, but nothing like our Winter in England: whence it is, that some men, in the Months of June, July, and August, finding their constitution of body not so well agreeing with heat, retire themselves in those Months to Maryland, which is but twelve hours' passage by Boat from Virginia, and there enjoy perfect health, although sick when they left Virginia.   

What is in this place found, of Beasts, fowls, Birds, Fish, Trees, Fruits, both for Food and commodity.  

Beasts for Food.  
Elkes, bigger than Oxen, excellent good meat, and the Hide good to make buff.  
dear in abundance, excellent venison, and the skins good clothing.  
racoons, very good meat.  
Hares, Coneys, very good meat.  
Beaver, excellent meat, and the fur Rich.  
squirrels two sorts, good meat.   

Beasts of Prey, yet some of their skins are valuable.  
lions, bears, Leopards, But these and the Elkes are but seldom seen near our English Plantation, their range being up in the mountains.  
Fox's, Wild Cats, Otters, warm furs.  
Martens, minx, Rich furs.  
Wolves, but very few.  
Poulcats.  
Weasells.  
Musk-Rats, so called, for that their cod's are stronger scented than musk-codds' from East India, and never to be worn out.   
There are other sorts of Beasts, but their names are not known to the English.  

Fowls and Birds for Food.  
turkey's wild innumerable, weighing above 50. li. weight.  
Heath Cocks, Pigeons, Partridges, Black Birds, Thrushes, Dottrells, Cranes, Hernes, Swans, Geese, Brants, Ducks, Widgeons, Oxeyes, Abundance, and excellent meat.   

Birds for delight, some for singing, others for sight.  
A Bird that sings after any Birds note.  
Nightingales that sing sweetly.  
Red Birds.  
blue Birds.   

Birds of Prey.  
Eagles.  
hawks of six several sorts.  
owls.   
There is many more that have no English names.  

The next is Fish.  
First, of those that are both food, and may be made a very good commodity, there being in their seasons infinite plenty. 

drums  
Codd  
Herrings  
sturgeon  
Salmon.    
Fish for present spending, and these are, 

Base  
Sheepshead  
Conger  
Eeles  
Trouts  
Mullets  
plaice  
soles  
mackerel  
Brett  
Shadd  
Perch  
Lampreyes'  
Lobsters    
Shell Fish. 

Shrimpes  
creyfish  
crabs  
Oysters  
Cockles  
Muskles     
All these Fish for delicacy far exceed the Fish in colder Climates: There are divers other Fish excellent good for food, but for that they are strange to us, I omit them.  
And that you may not want Bread to all this good cheer, there is plenty of Indian Wheat, Beanes, and Pease.  

Trees above twenty kinds, many no English names.  
Two sorts of Okes,  
Ashes,  
Walnut two sorts,  
elms, Cedar, cypress, Mulberry trees,  
Chesnut trees,  
plum trees,  
Puchamine trees,  
laurel, Cherries, Crahes, Vines, sassafras.   

Fruits.  
Grapes, plums, Strawberries, Raspices, Maracokes; Puchamines, musk-melons, pompions, Apples, pears, Quinces, Apricocks, Peaches, &c.   
There is all sorts of English Fruit trees, insomuch, that out of one Orchard hath been made in one year fifty Butts of Perry, and out of another thirty Butts of cider.  

For Roots, there is,  
Potatoes, Parsnips, onions, Sparragras, Carrots, turnips, artichokes, all sorts of herbs for physic or Pot; all which grow without any such trouble as is taken for them in England, and for delicacy far exceeding the best Gardens here in England.   

For English Provisions.  
There is above thirty thousand Head of cattle, and an infinite number of hogs, in such plenty, that you may buy Beese and pork under sixteen pence a Stone: Wheat and Barley is very cheap; most of them brew their own beer, and have divers public Brew-houses, that brew excellent beer and Ale: Goats flesh, and Mutton, but not yet so plentiful, by reason they have not been suffered to increase, till of late years: There is all sorts of tame English fowl.  
There is above two hundred Horses and Mares, and above seventy Asses; these came thither but of late years.   

Natural Commodities of the country are,  
1. silk grass. Of which, I have seen here in England dressed, exceeding strong, and pure, fine like silk, which without question would make strong stuffs. A piece of Grogram was made of this silk-grass, and presented to Queen Elizabeth.  
silk. In Roanock they found silk-worms bigger than Walnuts, and were informed by the Indians, that higher in the country there were abundance, and bigger.  
Flax, and hemp. Which differs something from ours in the leaf and stalk, but thought to be every way as good.  
alum, Nitrum, Alumem plumeum. Are all to be had from a mighty vein of Earth, that runs all alongst the Sea Coast, on the Southermost part of Virginia.  
Wapock, Of the same value with Terra Sigelata.  
Pitch, tar, Rosin, Turpentine; many Drugs; Wine from three sorts of Grapes; oil from Walnuts, and excellent sweet oil from three sorts of Berries, about the bigness of acorns; divers sorts of fir, Sivet Cats up Roanock River; where is pearl also to be had, Iron, Copper, tin, Lead, divers kinds of sweet gums, several sorts of Dyes, Woad, and Sugar Canes, in Roanock.   
To which you may add, they being now there, and which yields wonderful increase, English corn of all sorts, Rice, Flax, and hemp, Pot-ashes, Rape-seed; and to say no more, you shall not find the Earth ungrateful for any thing you trust her with.  
And to encourage Gentlemen, that are desirous of winning honour, by making Discoveries of such places as may bring the greatest Wealth and Riches to their own Countries, in which they shall not only very much enrich themselves, but eternize their Names; let them peruse M. Henry Briggs (that famous Mathematician) his book printed about 28 years since, wherein he makes it plain, that a Trade from Virginia may be easily driven into the South and West Sea, lying on the backside of Virginia, not far distant from thence, and so consequently to the East Indies, and this by Rivers that have their Rise in the same place, with the great Rivers of Virginia; but as the Virginia Rivers empty themselves into the East or North Sea, so the other Rivers empty themselves into the West or South Sea.  
In the degrees of 34, and 35, they receive three Harvests in five months of the Indian Corn from the selfsame ground, viz. they sow in April, and reap in June; sow in June, and reap in July; sow in July, and reap in August.  
Virginia yields two Harvests in one year, viz. they reap their Wheat in July and then sow Barley, and reap in October.  
Their increase is general from 8 quarters to 12 quarters of an Acre.  
Their Indian corn yields them above 250 quarters for one.  
English fruits that have been transported bear wonderfully, and twice as fair as in England, and in deliciousness far exceeding what they were before; their Apricocks and Peaches grow all on standing Trees, and not against Walls: Let this suffice for the country.    

SECT. II.  
I Am in the next place, in order to the Cure, first to discover the Disease of this Country, and how contracted; 
The country's Disease.  of which,  
The Government is the greatest of all; for no wise man will either transport himself, or send his estate to such a place where is no settled Government, and wholesome laws to preserve men's lives and estates, and to maintain honest commerce.  
The Government is, by governor, council, and Assembly.  
The governor is commonly a Stranger, sent from England, and is to last but three years, in which time, he must not be blamed, if he do his own work.  
Amongst other things, he can call trusties and Debtors to be of the council, which puts the Adventurer to a stand.  
And this well considered, hath gone a great way in the Disease.  
For, by it Justice is stifled, and the Adventurer must never hope for Justice, since the Debtor is by the governor's favour, made both Judge and Party; by which means 'tis clear, the greater the adventure the surer lost, for the Trustee shall be the sooner a councillor.  
In these things I speak experimentally of such as were before, but do not charge the present governors, for by their care the Plantation is in some reasonable condition of recovery.  

Next, by the People.  
The Assembly in manner as it hath been chosen, hath been mischievous, for they have not been elected for their honesties and abilities, but by their great Port, although maintained with an Adventurers purse; and such was the Assembly, when most of them being bound to pay Mony-Debts, made an Act of Assembly, that they should pay their Debts in Tobacco at 12. d. per li. when it was sold at the same time in the country for one penny.  
The Laws were bad, and worse administered, by which means industry was discouraged, and strifes countenanced.  
The counsels time, that should be better spent for the encouraging of others, taken up in hearing, but not determining unnecessary strifes.  
Next, the Disease grows by the commodity they have and do make their Staple; which,  
First, from the very infancy of the Plantation, they have made Tobacco their Staple, which hath been sent for England in such quantities, as many years there hath been some hundred thousand pounds' weight, not worth the fraught and custom, and by this means many a poor Planter hath been destroyed.  
Secondly, Tobacco being once in the ground, is never out of hand till in the hogshead; and, which is the misery of it, the months of June, July, and August, being the very height of the Summer, the poor Servant goes daily through the rows of Tobacco stooping to worm it, and being overheated he is struck with a Calenture or fever, and so perisheth: This hath been the loss of divers men.  
Thirdly, the Tobacco is ripe but once in the year, and Ships go for Virginia at that time when they may have the Tobacco for their homeward fraught, there being nothing else to lade them, which makes many here in England think, that it is a years Voyage to Virginia, whereas if there were other Commodities to lade Shipping, they might go and return in four or five months at the most, by which means many a man that would willingly have gone away in March, had there been Shipping to transport him, is of another mind, or hath otherwise settled himself before September comes, which is the usual time of going.  
Fourthly, that by ships going in this manner, they are pestered with people, who thereby are very much endangered in their healths, and the passenger is at as much more charge in his transportation as otherwise he should be, for he pays 5 l. 10 s. for a man's passage, and keeping his men at charge in the cook's Shops in Saint Katherine's five or six weeks, stands him near in 3 li. a man more, whereas, if ships were constantly going, it would not stand him in above 4 li. 10 s. a man.  
The Indians Treachery, like a malignant disease, hath hindered many friends from visiting it, for the massacre in 1622, wherein was slain 350, hath scared many people from coming to it, which if truly understood would not fright the meanest spirit, since the English, by reposing trust and confidence in the Indian, gave the opportunity, for it was not the strength of millions could injure them. And whosoever shall read the relation of the massacre, set out 1622, will find there is no danger in them, except you give them weapons, and stand still whilst they destroy you.  
And next, the miscarriage of good designs for Staple commodities hath added much, wherein I could instance in particular, by whom the designs of making Pot-ashes, Rape, and Walnut Orle, and other Staples, as also setting up Saw-Mills, were set on foot, and the particular reasons how they came to fail; which was not for want of the Countries being plentifully stored with materials, but by other casualties: the particuculars would take up too much room in this place; My desire being to make this so short as the very essence of the matter will bear, that it may not tire but delight and fully satisfy the Reader: wherefore I will give you some few generals, whereby such may be adminished, as shall come after, how to avoid the mischiefs they fell under.  
1. The first is, that this Country being in itself so rich as is before set forth, many men aiming from small stocks to be suddenly rich, have spent themselves in courting their designs, and when all parties were agreed, not so much money left, as would procure the Licence to marry.  
2. Next, having built their designs upon some one Artificers life, his death hath brought destruction to the work.  
3. Or the work being here formed and sent over, some principal part hath been lost, or broken, and none in that country able to repair the loss, the work hath suffered.  
4. Or else having fully outed themselves at the first, what they intended to adventure, and upon that expecting a sudden and certain return, when in stead thereof they have been saluted with a Bill of Exchange to pay, or a particular to provide a second supply; and being put by their confident expectation, they fall into despair, and since it will not come at the first pull, give it over.  
5. They go in partnership, and upon some petty difference draw several ways, and let the design to the ground.  
6. A sixt is, that when men come fresh over, their Credits are sound, and so soon forget wherefore they came, idling out their time, till their new-contracted Debts overtake them, and so they and their designs are lost: And this I have known to be the loss of many a good design.  
Malicious tongues hath impaired it much: For it hath been a constant report amongst the ordinary sort of people, That all those servants who are sent to Virginia, are sold as slaves: whereas the truth is, that the Merchants who send servants, and have no Plantations of their own, do only transfer their Time over to others, but the servants serve no longer than the time they themselves agreed for in England: and this is an ordinary course in England, and no prejudice or hurt to the servant.  
And lastly, the unfitness of the people transported for the work, or being fit, not well ordered, hath hindered the country's recovery very much.  
The usual way of getting servants, hath been by a sort of men nicknamed Spirits, who take up all the idle, lazy, simple people they can entice, such as have professed idleness, and will rather beg then work; who are persuaded by these Spirits, they shall go into a place where food shall drop into their mouths: and being thus deluded, they take courage, and are transported. But not finding what was promised, their courage abates, & their minds being dejected, their work is according: nor doth the Master study any way how to encourage them, but with sour looks, for which they care not; and being tired with chasing himself, grows careless, and so all comes to nothing. More might be said upon this subject, were it fit: 'tis most certain, that one honest labouring husbandman shall do more than five of these.    

SECT. III.  
HAving thus considered the Disease, and how contracted, I shall prescribe a plain and easy way for the recovery, which shall be, first, by a wholesome and equal Government, that may encourage, delight, and secure all men.  
Before you enter into the Government, observe the Proposer, whom you shall find more employed about the Foundation than the Building, since 'tis found, that the first failing, the second cannot stand: And that he may not appear altogether ignorant of what he undertakes, 'tis fit you should understand, that amongst other things he looked into the fabric of England's laws, and finding Reason the Key, he endeavoured to enter, where at the very first, his Reason quarrelled with that part of the Building. wherein the dissent of fee-simple estates was lodged, since the door only opened to let in the brothers of the whole blood, but was shut against the brothers of the half, although they were the children of one father; and that rather than let them in, though so near, the estate must look an heir of the whole blood, though he can but call Cousin at never so great a distance, who as it were shall snatch the estate away, as if the half brothers were all Bastards. And prying further into this part, he found many mischiefs depending on it; to instance one for all: A man in poverty marries as poorly, and hath a son; the Wife dies, he after marries richly, and hath many children, purchaseth a fee-simple estate, than dies: the son by the first venture, enters and dies; his Cousin, it matters not in what degrees distant, shall wipe the rest of the children of the estate which was brought by their own mother. My reason told me, that the fathers own children should be successively let in before the Cousin of the whole blood: but being satisfied in knowing the harsh reason of this Law, which was only to preserve the estate in the whole blood in a right line; he ventured further, desiring to understand the uniformity, but met such contrarieties of Judgements & Opinions, both in Law and equity, upon the selfsame Cases, occasioned by the strength of Reason, more prevailing with one Judge then another, & Rules in Pleading, accompanied with various Circumstances and Niceties, full of Intricacies, and multitudes of Officers and Offices, (to know which severally, requires an Age) had swelled these Buildings to that vastness, that he plainly saw, it was not one man's whole lives study could make him Master thereof; all which proceeded from the mixture of the Laws of other Nations, who in several times had power over this Kingdom: all which considered, made him retire, and to content himself in seeking upon what foundation this strange and Labyrinth-like building was erected, which he discovered to be politic reason, and then he thought whether (since the groundwork in the general was so good, & those who had the Government so minded) those parts of the foundation, that are so harsh and rugged, might not be altered and made more smooth and equal, and the building made to answer: but he found it could not be, without apparent danger to the whole, since so many with several titles had built their estates upon it.  
Next, he apprehended to take the whole building down, and the foundation from the best of the materials new laid, and then, whether men might not in the mean time, and until the fabric should be again erected, lodge their estates in some safe hand, to be delivered them back, after the structure finished, by some general and free title: he was presently answered; That happily many in possession would willingly consent, but those interessed in estates tail, the heirs of the whole blood, and of the half, the heirs according to several customs, the Lords of manors, and their Customary Tenants, and many more of like nature, would never agree about the redelivery of them back. By which he perceived it was impossible to alter any of England's laws, with Justice to all interests, only some thing might be done to prevent the mischief that lay upon the Subject in the course and proceedings of the laws, and this no better way, then having in all times faithful and able Lawyers, and that there might be some better way found out to make such as intend to profess the Law, to spend more time in their studies, before they undertake to advise men how to lose their estates.  
All which being weighed, he was resolved, that no structure could be so commodious and delightful, as when it is carried up entire, with consideration, that in case the Family increase, there might be additions without defacing.  
Wherefore having by the means aforesaid a little knowledge of the foundation of England's Laws, & having by experience found many mischiefs and inconveniencies to grow from several parts thereof, he considered, whether he might not venture from thence to design a pleasant and entire building, wherewith all men (not otherwise clogged and fettered with estates, held by Ancient and intricate titles & customs) might be taken, and cheerfully contribute to the work: & upon enquiry after a place to set his Frame upon, he found the foreign Plantations were already hard at work about it; but having surveyed their Draught, he clearly saw they had left too many doors for inconveniences, & which was worse, the foundation was mistaken, and so the higher they built, the more dangerous. All which was easy to be rectified, since in respect they were as yet but pined together with their interest under a common title, and slightly fastened with personal ties: being glad of this advantage, that possibly he might be the Author of so good a work, he cheerfully undertook the Modelling the same. And finding that Government is no other than the extraction of power into the hand of one or more, to the end it may be dispensed upon all occasions for the people's good & safety, he considered, that those in whom the power rested, aught to be for wisdom, justice, and integrity, drawn from the very quintessence of the people, which must be done by a through knowledge of each other, whereby they would be able from amongst themselves, to set the best, the first step towards the Government, and they presently to have power over those that chose them, but not to be in the choosers power to call back; the highest power, after, shall by steps raise them according to their abilities, which you'll find more plain in the following Government.  

The Medell of Government proposed.  
First, Before the going over of the company, they together with the Adventurers, to choose thirteen able and fit men to be of the council.  
Secondly, That these shall from amongst themselves 
This prevents strife about elections.  make choice of an able man to be governor; and this to be done by a balloting Box, that it may never be known who was for, or against the Election.  

a This election being simple, gives way, that if there be one man in all the council, although the youngest in degree, fitter than the rest, he may as soon arrive at the Government as any of his Seniors, by which 'tis possible that this Common wealth may be Governed by the wisest and justest men in the Country, which cannot be, when two stand in competition for it, than the one must have it: and this will draw every man to be ambitious to study the good of the country.  Thirdly, That the governor shall be elected in manner following; viz. the eldest of the council to stand first singly for Election, but he to have no hand in it; and in case the Election go on the Negative, than the next of the council in seniority to stand, and so every man of the council shall stand, until the governor be fixed. And in case the Electors shall be even, viz. six to six, it shall be taken in the Negative: But if through Faction the Negative shall go round, so that no man be elected, than the eldest of the council, that first stood for the Election, shall be governor; 
b This is a tie upon the governor, to walk equally and justly before the people.  And he at the years' end shall surrender up the Government, and sit at the Table as eldest of the council: 
c By this the governor, if just, able, and good, may continue his life in the Government.  And then the council shall proceed to a new Election of the governor for the ensuing year; which shall be done in manner aforesaid, beginning first with him that was the late governor.  
Fourthly, The governor and council to agree upon some knowing man of the Law to be secretary.   

That the People may be satisfied of the equality of the Government, and that all men may be encouraged to study the good of the country, they shall find steps raising them to the Government.  
Wherefore I propose, That until the country shall be in a condition to be divided into Shires, Hundreds, and Parishes, the People shall be numbered by Freeholders; and every forty or fifty freeholders, more or less, according to the number that are nearest neighbours, shall be called a Division, by the name of the chiefest man inhabiting amongst them, or by some other name, as shall by the council be thought fit: And these to have power at a certain day and place in every year, to meet within their own Division, and then to make choice from amongst themselves of six able and fit men; and their names being presented to the governor, he 
By this 'tis possible, that the ablest and honestest of the people shall always be in Authority: for this is the first step to the Government.  by himself, in the presence of the council, shall appoint three out of the said six, who for the year following shall be styled the Superintendents of that Division, and shall have such power as is hereafter provided: And at the years' end, the people of every Division shall in like manner meet, 
The people will be careful to choose good, and able men, since those they choose shall immediately exercise a power over them.  and shall make choice of three more from amongst themselves, whose names, together with the last Superintendents, shall be presented to the governor, and he shall out of them, in manner aforesaid, appoint three that shall be Superintendents for the following 
This will encourage men to be just and deserving.  year: By this, the three first Superintendents, if found honest, may still continue.  
The general or Great Assembly shall 
By this means the people shall have an account of the governors and counsels carriage for the general good.  consist of the said Superintendents, who at a certain day and place, every year, as shall be most convenient, without further Summons, shall meet in the Assembly, and in this Assembly, the governor shall have the chief place, and the council to have places there according to their degrees. The secretary of State shall have a place 
By this a good understanding will be had between the governor and the people, and nothing in probability may be presumed shall be moved, whereby the commonwealth shall be in danger.  under the governor, and shall be Speaker in these Assemblies: the governor, for that he is the Head, and hath a power above them all, shall not Vote; but hearing the Debates, and making Objections, he will be the better enabled to use his power in his Negative voice.  
But when the country shall be so well 
This provides, there may be a good council of the wisest & honestest of the people, and by it a confusion of council and counsellors is avoided.  peopled, that there may be 50 of the Division aforesaid, than all the Superintendents shall not come to the Assemblies in manner aforesaid, but the people shall choose one of their three Superintendents, in every Division, to come to the Assembly.  
No Assembly shall sit longer than twenty days.  
Before the rising of the Assembly, the governor 
These 12 are next in degree for councillors, and in the Interim serve for excellent uses, as you shall see hereafter.  shall appoint twelve men of the Assembly to be Assistants to the council, for the year following.  

There shall be a Judge, or Judges.  
There shall be a Treasurer.  
There shall be a Surveyer.   
It must be agreed, when the number of Assembly men be known, what number of Assembly men, and what of the council shall make a Court.   

All laws shall be made in manner following.  
They shall be proposed and debated in the Great 
By this course there can be no surprisals in making laws, but all laws will be truly understood & weighed, before confirmed.  Assembly: And if the Vote of the Assembly be for the Law, than the governor and council by themselves shall debate it; and if it be agreed by them, than the governor (who is also not to Vote with the council) shall consider of it; and if he assent to it, then to be a Law, otherwise not.   

The Power of the Great Assembly.  
Besides their consents to the laws, they shall have 
By this, the people have a tie upon the governor and council, and yet they be not endangered by the people, but upon just & clear grounds.  Cognizance of appeals from the governor and council, and shall examine and punish all bribery that any of the council or secretary shall be found guilty of; and the governor shall also be answerable to them for bribery or injustice done by him: But the governor shall not be questioned, until the Charge, if it be bribery, shall be proved by Oath; and none of the council shall be questioned for any the matters aforesaid, unless the plaintiff make Oath of the truth of the Charge: And then the Charge being upon debate thought fit to be taken into consideration, the party charged shall not be admitted to sit in the Assembly till he be cleared, nor have any Vote upon the debate of his Charge. No single Oath shall charge any more than one man of the council, but there shall be two men's oaths to charge two, and three men to charge three, and so for more. The fame of the parties swearing the Charge, either against the governor or council, shall be first considered, if desired by the party charged; and upon that, the Charge to be accepted, or thrown out.  
The secretary, Treasurer, and 
By this they are Servants immediately to the commonwealth, and not so easily drawn to serve ends.  Surveyor, shall not be displaced, but by the Assembly.  
None of the Assembly, except he be 
It laws established may upon some fond conceit of a self-wise man be struck at, the laws will be always tottering: but if there be any Law inconvenient, let it be showed to the governor, and council, who should best understand the laws, and they being made sensible of it, let them move it.  of the council, shall begin any Motion in the Assembly against any Law already made, upon pain of being dismissed the Assembly, and his other places of trust in the colony.  
All Assembly or Councell-men that shall presume to move any thing tending to the subversion of the Government, or the apparent disturbance thereof, shall be punished according to the merit of the offence, as the Assembly shall think fit.   

The Power of the governor.  
Besides his Negative voice in making of laws, he shall have power to command the due execution of the established laws.  
He shall on a certain day every year, in the presence of the council, choose out of the six presented to 
This may be either by himself, or with the council, as shall be thought fit.  him by every Division, the three Superintendents, and in case any of them die, or upon complant be discharged, than out of the three that shall be presented to him by the Division, whereof he was a Superintendent that was discharged, he shall choose one to supply the place of the dead or discharged Superintendent.  
The people shall not present one man twice in one year to be a Superintendent; all Warrants shall issue out in his name.  
He, by the assent of the major part of the council, shall give such titles to men of desert, as shall be warranted by the Law.  
He shall by himselfed etermine all Causes of appeals in equity under 50. li.  
He shall have an Arbitrary power in all matters concerning the peace, not otherwise provided for by the laws.  
He shall have such allowance, and in such manner for the defraying of his charge, as shall be agreed on by the Assembly.  
He shall have power upon complaint, to discharge any Superintendents, and to send a Warrant to the Division to elect new men, but the party discharged may appeal to the council, by delivering his Petition to the secretary.  
If any Division cannot agree about the choosing men to be Superintendents, than he at the time and in manner aforesaid shall appoint three of that Division, as he shall think fit to be Superintendents.  
He shall treat with all Agents and Messengers from other Colonies, and after advice had with the council shall give answers.  
He shall on a certain day, in manner 
Out of these 12 shall be always chosen men to represent the Adventurers, in examining the trusties accounts,  aforesaid, appoint out of the Assembly twelve to be Assistants to the council for the ensuing year.  
He shall in manner aforesaid, nominate every forty or fifty freeholders of the nearest neighhourhood, that shall choose men to make Superintendents.  
He shall take care of the Adventurers estates in such manner as is hereafter provided.  
He shall, with the advice and consent of the major part of the council, call Assemblies so often as shall be thought fit.  
Upon complant of the Superintendents, he shall examine the trusties of the Adventurers Plantations, and shall prescribe such rules for the prevention of the abuse of the Adventurers, as shall be thought fit, and shall refer the punishment of the trusties to the council.  
Upon the complaint of the Adventurers, he 
By this the trusties shall not prevail with the governor, to get his friends nominated to take the accounts.  (without notice first given to the trusties) shall appoint three of the Assistants to audite and examine the trusties accounts, and report it to the council, who shall see Justice done between the Adventurers and trusties.  
The secretary shall be assisting to him in all the matters aforesaid, to inform the governor what the Law is at all times, as occasion shall require.  
No appeal from the governor, but to the general Assembly, except in case of turning out a Superintendent, who shall appeal to the council.  
He shall determine all differences concerning place either in the council or elsewhere.  
He advising with the council, shall pardon death, but the Judge before whom the matter was tried shall first certify.  
He shall appoint two or three of the Assistants to audite any accounts that shall be in difference.   

The Power of the governor and council joint.  
They shall determine all appeals that shall be brought before them.  
No appeals from them to the general Assembly shall be admitted, until obedience be first given to their Decree.  
These, in all cases that concern the good of the colony, except raising men and money, shall have an arbitrary power, except in such cases as are provided for by the Law.  
These, together with the major part of the Assistants, 
By this, the danger of laying continual burdens upon the people is taken away. This prevents the governor for making a council of his favourites, which if admitted, might be destruction.  shall have power for the raising and levying of men and money for defence of the colony, and an account thereof shall be given at the next general Assembly, which shall be reported there by the Secretary.  
These to have power over their Members, without the consent of the governor, and put out and take in by the former manner of elections, whom they please of the Assistants, but shall not exceed their number, & they shall refer the punishment of a councillor to the Great Assembly, except imprisonment, which they shall have power to do.  
They, together with the governor, shall have power to elect Judges, and remove them, as they shall see cause.  
They shall elect all Officers as are not otherwise provided to be elected.  
They shall have power to question and punish all inferior Officers.   

The Power of a Judge.  
He shall keep his Courts upon such days, and in such places as shall be appointed him by the council.  
He shall issue out his Warrants to the Superintendents, to empanel Juries to attend the Court, and in case the difference happen to be between two men of two several Divisions, than a jury to be made up equally out of both the Divisions.  
He shall sit in Court in the forenoons, and try all Causes properly tryable by Juries, and in case any matter of equity that he shall think fit be offered, he shall after Verdict respite Judgement, and in the afternoon of the same day, shall sit Judge in equity, where the Witnesses being all ready, as may be presumed because of the trial at Law, he shall determine the equity of the Cause: but if it shall appear to him that Witnesses, or papers were wanting, and not by default of the party; Then he shall leave the Cause to the governor, if under 50. li. if above, to the council.  
He shall for discovery of the truth, examine the parties upon their Oaths if desired, but in this case the party's Oath shall conclude the Cause.  
If any captiall Offender be tried before him, and he shall think the Prisoner capable of mercy, than he shall certify the governor thereof, and for the present reprieve the Prisoner.  
He shall refer all accounts to be audited by such men as the governor shall appoint.   

The Power of the Superintendents.  
They shall once in a week or a Fortnight keep a Court.  
They or any two of them shall finally determine all Causes arising within their Divisions, not exceeding 10. li. in which cases no appeal shall be but for apparent Injustice.  
They shall call the parties before them in all other Causes, and end the business if they can, but without coercive power.  
None shall be admitted to sue or petition, unless he allege that the Superintendents have had the hearing of the Cause, and could not end it. and in case the Suggestion be false, than the Petitioner shall pay costs, and be dismissed back to the Superintendents.  
They shall appoint a fit Officer to attend them, who shall be as a Constable, to execute all Warrants.  
They shall have power jointly and severally in all Cases of the Peace, as a Justice of Peace.  
They shall command before them any Trustee of an Adventurers Plantation within their Division, and examine him concerning frauds, or other indirect courses taken, whereby the Adventurers may be in danger to suffer and reprehend him, or certify the governor, as occasion shall require.  
They shall immediately take care of any Adventurers estate, upon the death of a Trustee, and secure it until the governor can be certified thereof, and he take further order in it.  
They shall cause all such Warrants to be executed, as shall be directed from the Assembly, governor, council, and Judges to them.  
No appeal from any Court, but for Injustice, which must be made good in some one particular, otherwise the party appealing, to make reparation to the parties from whom he did appeal, as shall be thought fit by the Court appealed to.   

Concerning Adventurers,  
All Adventurers that send any Adventure, may direct a copy of his Adventure to the governor and council, together with the names of the Trustee; who shall before the governor acknowledge himself to be trusted with the estate, & from this time the whole colony shall take care that he be not injured, by any indirect practice of his Trustee: and without this the colony shall take no care of the estate.  
No Bond or Bill shall bind any Trustee, unless the same be acknowledged before the Superintendents and entered by them into a Book, to whom such Trustee shall give satisfaction for his so running into debt.  
None shall buy or take any Servants, Cattle, Carr, Plough, or utensils belonging to the Plantation of any trusties to pawn, unless it be in manner as aforesaid.  
No Trustee shall be Counted a freeholder, unless he have 100 Acres of his own Land stocked and manned, and a Plough going in it.  
None but freeholders shall be Superintendents.  
All debts to be paid by any Planter in the year to come, shall be acknowledged before the Superintendents of the Division wherein the Planter lives, otherwise not to be recoverable which acknowledgement shall have the force of a Judgement.  
If a Merchant complain of his factor, the governor in presence of the council, shall appoint either two Assistants or any superintendency to take the account and certify the council that Justice may be done.  
If any Planter or Merchant die the Superintendents of the place shall at the perils of their Divisions, immediately seize upon the estate, and shall inventory and appraise it, & if the Executor or he that hath right to the Administration be not in the country to receive the same, than they shall send a Duplicate subscribed by them, of the inventory and Appraizment to the governor, that the same may be entered into the Register.  
The Superintendents may put in such persons to manage the estate and take such security from them, as they shall think fit for the whole Division shall be answerable for the estate to the governor, and the whole colony shall be answerable to the party interessed.  
But if the governor, upon perusal of the inventory, shall find the estate too weak to bear the charge of management, or that there is any dead commodity therein; then he shall direct his Warrants to the Superintendents, to make sale of both, or of the commodity only, as he shall think fit, who shall appoint a day in the ensuing week for the selling thereof. But on the Sunday before the day of sale, the said day, together with the particulars to be sold, shall be published in their own Church, and three more of the nearest neighbouring Churches, and the same at the day aforesaid shall be sold to the fairest bidder, and a Duplicate of their doings herein subscribed, they shall send to the governor, which shall be also entered as a foresaid.  
The Superintendents (for that the Division is to be charged) shall have power to command all debts due to the defunct, to be levied or well secured, so that nothing be lost by their negligence, otherwise the Division to be answerable for it.  
All money that shall be received, shall be paid to the Treasurer for the use of the interessed, who shall not deliver it but upon the governors Warrant.  
By this means, the whole colony is chargeable to make good the estates that shall fall in manner aforesaid.  
Oaths to be drawn for governor, council, Assembly, Judge, Superintendents, Overseers, and other Officers.  
This model will serve, either for a free people that shall sit down of themselves, without any Superintendent Power over them for their protection, or it may well agree with Superintendent Power in any Plantation already settled (Unless the Owner of that Power intend to rule by Will) if the Election of the governor be only altered in this manner; viz. That those who have the Power, shall nominate the first governor, and he not to be displaced but by the Great Assembly; and after the council, in manner as is set down before, to choose three from amongst themselves, out of which, such as have the Power may appoint one to succeed, and till his or their pleasure be known therein, the council out of themselves to elect a man to supply the governor's place.  
The mischief, by sending strangers to govern this country, who neither knows the people nor their customs, neither they him, must be prevented, if ever the country prosper.  
Study this model of Government, and compare it with any other that hath been, or is now in being, and you shall find prevented those mischiefs, that like so many degrees of poison make some giddy, others deadly sick, swelling them to bursting. In it you may, see every man harmoniously working, according to his several endowments of mind and body: first, to preserve it in health, by stifling in the infancy all contentions and love-breaking strifes; next, to feed, clothe, and enrich it, resolving with speed to make their commonwealth flourish; which cannot be doubted, since in it all are so much pleased and delighted: the common people fitting and choosing the stones for this strong and sumptuous Building, the governor and council laying and setting these stones (so provided) for the best advantages, whilst the Adventurer is searching for, and sending materials from all places.   

Another good means to the Recovery must be by raising Commodities for the constant employment of Shipping; and although this speak itself, yet examples will do well.  
And first let us look upon New England, a Plantation begun thirteen years since Virginia, viz. in the year 1620, the ground no more comparable to Virginia, than the North of Scotland, is to the South of England, they have no Sugar, Indigo, Ginger, or any other of the rich Commodities before spoken of, neither will they grow there; yet in this little time of 28 years they are become a flourishing people, and with many gallant Ships built, and every way fitted with materials raised out of their own country; and also ladden with their own Native Commodities, drive a Trade with all the world, insomuch as men shall seldom miss passage for New England from London, once in two months; and by this means, have many fine Towns, and are full of people.  
Next look upon that little Island of Barbadoes not much bigger than the Isle of Wight, which lay languishing of the disease Virginia now groans under, (till within this five or six years past,) you may see how by the strength of an indifferent Staple Commodity, viz Sugar, Indigo, Cotton Wool, & Ginger, it is strangely recovered, that there's whole Fleets of Ships constantly going & coming between it and England, so that Passengers are going, thither constantly, and they are grown to that height of Trade, that it hath been affirmed to me from very good hands inhabiting in that place, that the last year there was from all places employed thither above onehundred Sail of Ships, and they are seldom without twenty, or thirty Sail in their harbour.  
Yet I can well remember the time, when their fame was much worse, than Virginia's now is.  
By this means, they have great numbers of men transport themselves of all degrees.  
And all this is forced, by the commodity; for their Government is not so good that any wise man should be in love with, nor is this Island so extraordinary pleasant to entice men above other places, also the Adventurers have had as indifferent measure there.  
And this well and wisely considered, how much more shall that place flourish, whereby a sweet and harmonious Government all men shall have fair and honest dealing, in a land full of pleasure and delight, yielding abundance of the best Staple commodities in the whole world.   

The next help to the Recovery, must be by the commodity, we are to fix upon, wherefore, we will examine all, and make choice of the best.  
There is without question in this Country, store of Gold, and Silver Mynes, which I could clearly demonstrate, but the discovery will bring ruin to the place, for all Princes, and Potentates claim an interest in Gold and Silver, which they will reach with their swords. I shall say no more of them.  
The next is Sugar, Indigo, Cotton Wool, and Ginger, the very Commodities of the said Island; all which will grow on the Southermost part of Virginia, but yet they will not do the work, for first the Sugar Canes and Indigo seeds to plant, must be brought from the Barbadoes or some other place, and then they are two or three years before perfect; and experienced men will also be wanting, and will be a work in respect of the charge, that but a few can compass: and which is worst of all, the said Islands having gotten the start, will make those commodities drugs, before our Harvest; for in this little time, Indigo is fallen from nine shillings per pound, to three shillings six pence, and I have heard some of the Gentlemen themselves say, that Indigo in a very little time will not quit cost.  
These are fine commodities for wise men to be doing with, indifferent quantities, but not to be the Staples that must do the work.  
The next in consideration, will be Wine, Reisons, Dyes, and drugs; truly great quantities of these, will make them drugs indeed: besides, the time and money spent before they can be brought to perfection, may happily make the poor Planter, with the horse starve, whilst the grass grows.  
Yet I confess all these are very good to be brought on by degrees, without prejudice to the main design.  
The next that offer themselves, are mines of Copper, tin, Iron, and Lead, of all which, there is plenty in Virginia. These are clearly of the best sort of Staples, but they require a great deal of charge and time to bring them to perfection, and there is much of casualty happens in the working raised.  
Therefore, if we run greedily upon them, they may chance to be too heavy for us, either in lifting, or carrying.  
Wherefore my advice is, that these things may be stolen upon, at most leisure time, and when we have built a sure foundation upon Staple Commodities of a quicker production.  
And now will I think of Silk, Pot-ashes, Rape, and Walnut oil: and these are very good Staples. But yet when I consider, we are not all Pot-ashes, nor Oylemakers, nor Masters of the silkworm mystery, nor can presently be at the charge, these are not such as must be built upon for the present Staples.  
I will not say, but a single, double, or treble purse, so as they be strong, may easily with great advantage effect any of the aforesaid Staples; and by degrees, the rest may follow.  
Then we find in the country Masts for Ships, Pitch, tar, Rossine, Turpentine, Clapboard, and Pipestaves: These are good Staples, but gross Commodities, and most of them fitter to be made use of in the country for building ships, and will do well when there are no other Fraughts.  
These in their proportions are sure Commodities, and will help exceedingly, after better Staples are set upon.  
I will now present you with England's Staples, amongst which I find Corn, Hemp, Flax, Rape-seed, Cattle, Wool, to which I will add one more, that cannot be had in England, and that is Rice, I am sure we can all be masters of the Plough, and shall soon be Masters of the rest.  
And here I fix for these reasons.  
First, for that we may all fall to these works so soon as we are landed, and the season come.  
Secondly, because Flax, Rice, and Rape-seed will grow all the country over, and Wheat in all places, where the ground hath been broken up before, of which there is plenty upon every Plantation which is past bearing of Tobacco, yet the best for wheat; and there be divers other places, where wheat will prosper exceedingly, that are not over-rich; for in many places, where the ground was never broke up, 'tis too rich for our English Corn, sending up the Stalk so high, that the wind lays it: and Cattle are there already in abundance.  
The principallest reason is, that many Ships may be yearly laden by a few hands employed in Corn, Rice, Rape-seed, and Flax, and if you observe but the following Scale, you shall find three hands to make yearly above twenty two tons of corn, and Flax: and so proportionably a thousand hands employed in Wheat, Rice, Flax, and Rape-seed, will yearly lade fifty Sail of Ships, of one hundred and fifty tun a Ship; by which it is evident that an infinite Trade by Sea might be suddenly driven, there being already in this place above 15000 men, besides women, and children, and such numbers of Ships constantly coming and going, would quickly people the country: and it is not from the purpose to show the failings of the first Adventurers for want of this foundation, for if you peruse their books Printed 1622, you shall find after they have told you, what the beauties are of the place, that their Commodities they intended, were Cordage, Pot-ashes, Iron, and the like; in all which many hands can make but slow work, as to the lading of Ships, for the advantage of this place is, to raise the best of rough Commodities to be transported. Where hands are plenty, labour is cheap.  
And for the greater encouragement, there is in this country all materials for the building and complete finishing Ships, to carry these Commodities to their Markets: Before I go further, let me recollect myself, and think what a blessed country must this be, where God's blessings severally distributed upon other Countries meet all in one.    

SECT. iv.  
A Scale, whereby after the proportion of 60. li. stock all men may know how to employ their money upon this work.  

This Scale is made for a Master and his two Servants.  
 li. s. d. A Plough every way fitted 02 00 00 Three Spades, three shovels, three Mattocks, two Felling-Axes, two Hatches, one two handsaw, and 1 one handsaw. 01 08 00 Three gallons of Strong Water, and a Case. 01 00 00 One fowling-piece, powder & shot 01 15 00 A Casting Net 01 00 00 Hooks and Lines to fish. 00 05 00 One Iron Pot, one Prying Pan, one Spit, wooden Platters, Dishes and Porringers. 01 00 00 To be invested in linen or Woollen Clothes, Shoes, iron-work, or stuffs, to be carried over. 20 00 00  28 08 00  
This 20. li. thus invested you may be confident to make 40. li. in the country, since you are to deal with them for Cattle, corn, and Flax-seed; this Adventure shall provide Cattle for the Plough, corn, Sow, pigs, and poultry for your House, and to sow.   

For clothing the two Servants.  
Two cloth suits 01 10 00 Two Canvas suits 00 14 00 Two woollen Drawers & two waistcoats 00 14 00 Six Shirts 01 00 00 Four pair of Stockings 00 07 00 Four pair of Shoes 00 12 00 Two Monmouth Caps 00 04 08 Six Neck handkerchiefs 00 04 00 Eight els of strong Canvas to make Bed and bolster. 00 10 00 One Rug and two Blanckets 01 00 00 The abovesaid charge of Servants is 06 15 08 The passage of three will be 16 10 00 Head money to the chirurgeon of the Ship. 00 07 06 The fraught of a hogshead in tonnage 00 15 00  24 08 02 brought from the other side 28 08 00 the total is 52 16 02 Remaining of the 60. li. to be disposed of as he shall think fit, or he may carry another Servant. 07 03 10   

How the Planter shall bestow himself when he first comes over, until he can settle; and what he shall employ himself upon, with a reasonable proposition what in a year, God assisting, may by his labour be produced.  
Now having thus fitted our small Family, I shall advise them, when they come over, how to settle, which shall be in this manner, either for the first year join strength with some Planter there, where he shall find them all willing to receive him, either to diet, or he diet himself, and lodge with them; yet it will be best for him to board; for he may board himself, and his two men for twenty pound a year, and in this I speak much with the most; for myself was offered eight years since, by Captain Matthewes, Captain Pierce, and divers others, to board all my Family at five pound a head, and to have better entertainment than any Gentleman in England for thirty pound a year, and now diet is much cheaper, and of this let no man doubt, since in the North of England, Wales, the Isle of Man, and in the West he may diet at the same rate, and cheaper the reason is, where money and Trade is not quick, diet is cheap, so that if he resolve this course, which is far the best, then much of the abovesaid charge might be saved, insomuch as he might carry over another servant for the same charge, and being thus fitted, I shall advise him, to fall upon some piece of the Planters ground, that is cleared, and left by the Planter, because he hath wrought it out of heart with Tobacco, and is to him of no use, yet the best for this design, of which grounds, there are great quantities, the Planter will give him leave for nothing, or for a very inconsiderable matter, and when his seed is in the ground, than he shall have good time to look out where to fix, and after he hath taken his first years crop, then to remove to that place he intends to settle, where he shall have one hundred, and fifty Acres, for ever; that is to say, fifty Acres for each man he transports; and his Crop by God's blessing, will then enable him to build a pretty house, and treble his strength in Servants; and next year a Gentleman.  
Let not our young Planter fear that he shall want any thing for being new come over, and unengaged in the country, his credit for any thing he shall want, will be as good as the best man's in the country, but let him not be bold with it, lest he forget his errand, and loiter out his time in good fellowship, than which, there can be nothing more dangerous, since he is but now entering into his preferment: This Caveat is good, for it hath lost many a man.  
And now having fitted him to his work, I will advise him in it.  
He shall plough but twenty three Acres, twenty whereof he shall sow with Wheat, and three with Flax, for which work I will allow him eight weeks with two hands, which may with much ease be done, the ground being light: but if the Dutch ploughing comes in use, as I doubt not but this year it will, than one man doth the work of ploughing, and the two spare hands shall fall upon the enclosing the ground that is a ploughing, and after the seed is in the ground, the third hand falls in, there being nothing else to do till Harvest; long before which, I doubt not, but the enclosing 23 Acres will be done, when they may fall to building their new house, or preparing of ground against the next year by enclosing.  
The Harvest being come, the Flax is first to be reaped, which I should have told you before, must not be sown till May, for which work and the beating out the seed, I allow three weeks; then comes the twenty Acres of corn to be reaped, for which I allow three weeks; there needs no trouble of carting till it be threshed, for it shall be threshed or trodden out with Oxen in the Field; I shall allow six days in work for watering of the Flax; for the threshing of the corn I allow ten weeks, but if it be trod or rubbed out as in the Islands with Oxen, a fortnight and less will do it; I allow twenty five weeks for dressing nine hundred stone of Flax, in which a man shall dress but two stone a day, in this work the year is completely spent; in England I know it would be done in two thirds of the time, but I had rather value it as I do, that every man may be satisfied of the truth of the proposition.  
Now, notwithstanding what is so confidently reported of the great increase of this Country, of which truth I am satisfied, I shall only esteem it equal with the best of our English ground; and then five quarters from an Acre of Wheat, and three hundred stone at 4 li. to the stone of Flax, and sixteen bushels of Flax-seed from an Acre shall well content me; if there be more; it will discourage no man, and it is well known, we have some ground in England, that bears near six quarters of Wheat, on an Acre: and divers of the Flax-masters about London have confessed the Proposition for Flax, to be true. Now let us turn our Commodity into money, and see if our labour be not sweetly recompensed.  
 li. s. d. The 20 Acres produceth me at 5 quarters an Acre, 100 quarters, which I value but at 2. s. 6. d. per bushel, which is 20. s. per quarter, and is in toto 100 00 00 The 3 Acres of Flax at 300 stone per Acre is 900 stone, which I value at 1. s. 4. d. per stone, and is 60 00 00 48 bushels of Flax-seed at 5. s. per bushel. 012 00 00 By which it is plain, selling of the commodity in the country, his year's labour produceth 172 00 00  
What a strange Adventure that man runs, that puts himself in Print, he is sure to be judged without hearing. Pray Gentlemen, speak out: but not altogether; and I shall endeavour your satisfaction: you object, that the corn, lying so long in the field, before threshing, must be spoiled, or in great danger; if you will inquire of the honest Gentry of that country; they will tell you the weather at that time is not inconstant, however, with little labour, it might be stackt safe; your second is, who shall buy it?  
Truly Sir, since it is for the Advantage of the work, I will admit your objection, and so am driven to seek a Market, and for want of other Shipping, am forced to send it for England, which in the common opinion, will be sending Sugar to Barbadoes.  
But we are bound to see it, and now  
I lade 100 quarters of Wheat shot in Hold, which is 20 tons, and pay 3. l. per tun fraught, which is 60 00 00 Nine hundred stone of Flax, for which I allow three tun, at 4. l. per tun, which is 12 00 00 The Flax-seed I keep in the Country, for that will sell there. 72  00 It is ten to one you have not less than 4. s. 6. d. a bushel for it in London which is 36. s. per quarter, and is in all 180 00 00 The 900 stone of Flax of Virginia, being far beyond other Flax in colour and strength, I doubt not but it may yield 22. d. per stone. 082 10 00 the total is 262 10 00 Fraught deducted 72 00 00 the ramainder is 190 10 00 The price I would have taken in Virginia for the Wheat and Flax was, 160 00 00 Cleared by this bad Market to petty charges and profit over and above the money I would have sold it for in Virginia, 030 10 00  
And I am confident a worse Market cannot be had, I hope having proposed every thing we buy at the highest rate, and every thing we sell at the lowest rate, and in the worst Market; you will be satisfied of the reality of the proposition, and that it is a sure Foundation for a greater building.  
I see you have something else, pray what is it? you would know what the poor Planter shall do to supply him till the return of his Adventure, and then what shall become of him if his Adventure miscarry?  
Truly you have give me that advantage by your objecting of dangers, that I shall ensure the Adventure and the new Planter at the end of the two first years, shall ensure himself to be in a better condition than the Gentleman that in England hath 200. li. per annum, and shall every year double his estate at the least, and this with much ease.  
Wherefore I must tell you that our Planters credit is strong, either in the country with the Planters, or with the Merchants, for so much if not more than his commodity is worth; his old stock is still the same, and therefore wants nothing, but to pay for his and his man's diet and their wages for the foregoing year, which is 30. l. yet I will allow him to spend the overplus above 100 li. which in the Country was 72. li. or in England will be more, & this 100 l. in goods he shall send by the last Shipping that comes for England, he needs not fear to have his Market forestalled since his commodity is so Staple, and his advantage will be, that he may send his letters of advice to his friends by the first Ships, that they may in England before hand know, what Ships the Adventure comes in, and cause the 100 l. Adventure to be insured, which hath been usually done for 50. s. and the Adventure being arrived in England, I propose it to be laid out for the Planters good in manner following.  
50. li. for the passage and clothing of six men, which it will plentifully do, since they will need nothing but clothes and to pay their passages.  
06. li. In two Guns, powder and shot, Plough, Irons, and Iron-tooles, as he shall appoint.  
30. li to be invested in Commodities as he shall direct to buy more Cattle in the country.  
02. li. 10. s. paid for the Premio of the first insurance.  
11. li allowed for petty charge, and content his friends that shall do his business.  
02. li. 10. s. to ensure the Adventure to Virginia. 100— 00  
And now is our Planter secure of his estate, and when the Adventure comes over, he is nine men strong, and by their reasonable endeavours may against the next return, in the follwing year by the rule aforesaid, have an estate of above 600. li. 00. s. besides his stock, which shows him he is in a happy condition.  
And to encourage the new Flanter, let him consider with himself that it is but two or three years' care, to bring him to this safe harbour, and what pains and labour is taken by the poor Farmer in England, getting his bread with the sweat of his brows, and after eating it with care and sorrow, & all this but to pay his Land-Lord's Rent, and to procure some small subssistance; whereas here is no Rent to pay, and yet the Land twice as good as the best in England, food plenty, cost nothing but taking, which is done with much ease.  
Rice, and Rape-seed are far richer Commodities, and done all with the same or lesser care and labour, these grow best upon the richest ground, and therefore most fit for the country, the increase and profit much greater than those I have taken to illustrate the Proposition by, for my desire was, to examine the meanest of the said Staples; and let the best alone to help themselves.  
If all this will not make Thomas a Believer, let him then inquire of the principallest straits and Spanish Merchants, walking the Exchange, and they shall tell him, that when they can be satisfied that there is either corn, Rice, Hemp, or Flax to be had, there shall be no want of ships, and ready money paid for it, at the rate that I propose, they will tell him a hundred pound hath been usually assured from Virginia for 50s.  
Thus having brought the Planter to happiness in this life, I shall with some few admonitions shake hands and leave him to the God of mercy's protection.  
First, that God be by him and his Family truly served, and before and after work his blessing be duly implored.  
Secondly, I shall advise him that he let not his mind rise with his riches, for that is the ready way to forget that God that gave them, and to make them like the sweetest sins that delight the body, but poison the soul.  
Thirdly, That he halt not between this and any other design, let it appear never so beautiful, but fall close to this, till he hath put himself past danger.  
Fourthly, that he make no use of his Credit, but for absolute necessity.  
For other advice, he shall find them under the title of advice in the end of the book.  
And now let me turn back, and look upon my poor Spirited countrymen in England, and examine first the meanest, that is, the poor ploughman, day-labourer, and poor Artificer, and I shall find them labouring, and sweating all days of their lives; some for fourteen pence, others for sixteen, eighten, twenty pence, or two Shillings a day; which is the highest of wages to such kind of people, and the most of them to end their days in sorrow, not having purchased so much by their lives labour, as will scaace preserve them in their old days from beggary: where by adventuring themselves, in a four, or five weeks' voyage (at most) over the Seas; which is nothing; they may with less labour, and care, in four or five years see themselves in a condition never again to want; but to live like Gentlemen, and that by their own Trades they have been bred in, for where a great Merchant-like Trade is driven, as will be suddenly in this place; all Artificers and handicraft labour is dear, which will appear more plain, if we here in England, consider the difference, between the North parts, where you may have a labourer for four, five, or six pence the day, and London where we pay twelve, fourteen, or sixteen pence the day, the reason is because of the great Trade that's driven at London by Merchants, and the little or Trade in the North.  
Next I shall look upon the poor Yeoman, 
For if 60. li. aforesaid shall produce above 170 l. per annum. 200 li. which is the Estate I here value, may produce much more than 300 l. per annum, and the Master live plentifully.  with ten, fifteen, or twenty pound per annum land, or the value thereof in his purse; which with continual care helps him to eat bread; yet this Estate weighed by the aforesaid Scale, will truly tell him, that being transported to this place he is a Gentleman of three hundred pound a year at least.  
Then come I sadly to look upon the poor Gentleman of fifty, sixty, or a hundred pound per annum, who was happily the youngest son of some Gentleman, of a great Estate, which was settled upon the eldest son and this to keep up the family, only that the younger Children might be quiet, there is some superfluities thereof, thrown amongst them, which together with their Gentility, and the expectation of an elder brother's death, holds them up; till Children and Charge sucks them under misery: Let these men timely bring their estates to this balance, and they shall make themselves Elder Brothers.  
The Merchant is ready for receiving the Commodity, 
Adventurer is in the sense of the book him that sends to plant The Government will preserve this estate with the increase.  and to perform his part; but that is to be done without the Scale: yet I must join him with the Adventurer; for which I know in time he will give me thanks: and my Advice shall be to him, and the Adventurer to bring four or five hundred pound to the Scale, and they will find it profitable without danger: for the Government will make the Scale go true.  
The man of money too, if his heart will serve him, may weigh two or three hundred pound at this Scale, and he will find it in two years, more than balance the yearly use of four or five thousand pound, and the Government for his security, will assure him, that his money is placed secure.  
And lastly, I propose to the Gentlemen or Elder Brothers, (who have had or now have great Estates) that it is good policy to have two strings to their bow, for it hath been a thing taking very much with wise men not to adventure all their estates upon one title, nor in any one County, and their wisdom never appeared so much as in these distracted times; for when the enemy had possession of their estates, in one County they have happily been free in another which was enough to support 

Examine how many Gentlemen have run themselves in debt beyond their estates to supply them in the wars.  
Examine those that lay under the power of both Armies.   them in the storm during the War, but how miserable are the vanquished, it had been happy for them, had their estates been divided in two or three kingdoms, for there is many a gallant Gentleman, who before these wars, had some one, others two, and some three thousand pounds per annum; and now not able to feed their Families: and others living upon their estates have had their bread taken from them to feed taxes, and in the best condition have been content, to receive the ordinary Revenue of their estates, and being full of Children, have been glad to set down under; that their Estates might grow over them, and if they shall bring part of their Estates to this Scale, they shall not only find a safe harbour to retire to, in the worst of the storm; but till then, that little part will be growing, and in a short time swell bigger than the bulk of all the rest.    

SECT. V.  
THe next thing that I am in order to handle is, that until Commodities be raised, for a constant Trade of Shipping, how Passengers may be transported with the best convenience, both for health, and Charge.  
And first I will tell you of the ordinary way, with the Conveniences, and inconveniences, both for health, and Charge.  
The ordinary time of going, is about September, or October, which times Ships have made choice of, in respect the Crop of Tobacco will be ready for their homeward fraught, which is always in, or about December, and so they lade, and return in February, March, or April.  

The Charge.  
 li. s. d. The Servants are taken up by such men as we here call Spirits, and by them put into cook's houses about Saint Katherine's, where being once entered, are kept as Prisoners until a Master fetches them off; and they lie at charges in these places a month or more, before they are taken away. when the Ship is ready, the Spirits charges and the cook for dieting paid, they are Shipped, and this charge is commonly 03 00 00 The Passage Money for a man is 05 10 00 Head Money to the chirurgeon 00 02 06 So that a Servant stands them commonly in 08 12 06 They pay for a Tun of goods fraught 03 00 00   

Health.  
The Ships taking of men by the Pole is extreme Unhealthy, for by this means to make the greater fraught they take so many, that their Ship is pestured, and subject to diseases, which hath happened very often.  
And they being only bound to land the Passengers in Virginia at large, or else in some particular River; they take no further care, but at the place where they themselves design their Ships to go, they set their Passengers on land, which many times falls out to be distant from the Plantations, to which the most of the Passengers are bound some thirty, forty, or fifty miles and more, and some of the Passengers being sickly at their landing, perish before they arrive at their home. And the latter the Ships come to Virginia the worse, for than they are set a shore in the very strength of Winter, which is about the last of December, and being weak are spoiled with cold, whereas if they had been set down at their Plantations, they would soon recover their healths.  
The best and cheapest way for those that intend to go at these time, which for the reasons aforesaid are the worst, as also being longest, in that they go above 200 leagues out of the way, hauling over to the Azoras or Western Islands, for the advantage of the wind.  
Let them upon the Exchange inquire what Passengers are going, and there make a consortship of those who live nearest together in the country, and having made themselves up a considerable number of thirty or forty, let them then bind the Master to set them down with his Ship, at or so near that particular place they design to go to, as the Ship can come.  
But the better way will be, if they can make up so many Passengers a will give a Ship a fraught, then to hire a Ship amongst themselves, to set them down at their place in Virginia, which will make the Planters stock go further by a third part, than it would do by transporting himself as aforesaid; which I demonstrate in manner following.  
Suppose I had 120 Passengers, and 100 tuns of goods.  
I look out for a Ship of 150 Tuns, which will do it very well, and hire her either by the Month or the Voyage, which I shall find best cheap; this Ship I can have for 100 li. a Month, but in respect they will not let her for a less time than five or six Months, and I having no commodity as yet to relade her home, I will therefore agree for the Voyage outward, and after I am set down, let him make his best advantage of any employment he shall meet with, and to perform this service I can have him for 300. l. at the most, the Owners victualling their own Company, and finding all things pertaining to the Ship; but you may observe, if you will take upon you a Flemish bottom, she will go cheaper, which in case a Fleet of Ships went together, I would do.  
Now for that I have observed salt meats which is the Sea diet, doth not so well agree with Land-men, and besides that manner of victualling is very dear, I shall for the Passengers propose a better and more pleasant diet & far cheaper which will not stand you in at above three fourths of the usual charge.  
And first I propose a meat with which the Dutch victual very much, and call it Gruts, which like oatmeal thickens extremely in boiling, and being buttered is a very pleasing and satisfying dish, which I have experienced in Dutch Ships, or otherwise you may have Rice and a little Spice, with Butter or Bag-Puddings with Plumbs, with a little Flesh, Butter, Cheese, and Fish, which well proportioned will both please and fill the Passenger; in diet if the mind be satisfy, the stomach soon agrees.  
And after this rate let us examine the account.  
Victual for 120 men for two Months at 16. s. a man per month is 192 00 00 For freight of the Ship 300 00 00 So that the charge of transporting 120 men and 100 tons of goods is 492 00 00 The former way it will cost you viz. 5. li. 10. s. per man for 120. men is 660 00 00 For freight of 100 tons of goods at 3. l. per tun is 300 00 00 The total of the charge of 120 men and 100 Tnuns of goods by this course is 960 00 00  
By which it is plain you may carry your men and goods, at a very little more than half the charge that you give the other way.  
And I shall desire you to consider what an advantage 'tis to the poor Planter, to have his stock made twice as good as 'twas.  
All this considered, let it justify the Scale, in the charge of Passage.  
The next way is upon New England's Ships, which go and come almost all the year, but this will be after the old Charge, except you take her wholly to Freight, or have a very considerable number toward the same, the difference, which is much will be, you may take your own time to go over.  
But within one year or two, I doubt not, but the Staples aforesaid, will be there in such quantities, men shall pass all the year long at the forementioned easy rate.  
But the last, and best way, will be in the months of February March, April, by our Shipping that go to Newfoundland, those that go first, go to Fish: the last go to take in that fish, all these Ships go light to Newfoundland, except some of the Fishers, who lade salt for the fishery.  
And I am confident, you may have one of those Ships, (and they are commonly of the best, and most warlike Ships of Merchants) of 300 tons for 400 l., and one of these will carry handsomely 200 Passengers and 200 tons of goods; and let us see our condition now.  
The diet of the 200 Passengers for the time in manner aforewith fresh meat is 320 00 00 The Fraught of the ship is, 400 00 00 The total Charge of transporting 200 Passengers, and 250 tons of goods is, 720 00 00 Should you carry them by the old course, the Passage of 200 men at 5. li. 10. s. per man is 1100 00 00 The Fraught of 200 tons of goods, at 3 l. per tun is 600 00 00 The charge in the old way of 200 men, and 200 tun of goods is 1700 00 00  
By which it is plain all parties very well satisfied, the Planter is not at much above one third part of the usual charge.  
Pray mark it, that whereas our Planter by the old way could carry but five men, he may by this carry thirteen.  
Besides which it is extremely to be considered that the Freight being so cheap, there may be store of good horses carried over in a short time; there being as yet in the country, not much above 250 horses and Mares, and that would quickly make them do, what is not fitting every man should know  
Besides that, the Passage is so cheap, it is exceeding 
And if you will look int● the books Printed by the Virginia Company, in 1621., or 1622 you shall find that of 900 men transported in one Fleet, in the time aforesaid here died but one.  advantageous; especially, if you get away in March, your Passage will be pleasant, both for fair weather, and shortness, since now you go not out of your way to the Vs as in the Winter voyage: But you go the straight way: for these two ways differ just as the Bow and string, and your voyage, is sometime under a month, seldom above: for in this time of the year the winds hang Easterly from our Coast, which follows you all the way; nor is this all: for you shall come into the country, the pleasantest time of all the year, when being in the splendour of her beauty, she'll ravish you with delight for welcome.  
Nor are you come at this time to pleasure without profit, but if the pleasures will let you retire to your business, you may fall presently into the ground and before August have a Crop of Flax, Rice, corn, Beanes, and Pease.  
Having now brought the Gentlemen and Yeomen into the country, I'll be their Harbinger, and provide them good quarters till they shall be settled.  
I know it is a common opinion received, that such as go to Virginia, come to a wilderness, and they must lie in the fields, till they can build them a house, such false rumours hath locked up this paradise of the earth from many a deserving man, but the truth is let thy titles be what they will, thou art but a Gentleman, and very many such thou shalt find there, who to prevent thy asking will freely and with all sweet respects invite thee to be their Guest, and Count themselves sufficiently rewarded that you'll entertain their Motion; men of lower condition shall find the like with as hearty welcome to their beef, Bacon, and Bag-pudding, as ever Tom gave Dick, or Winifred gave Parnell in our country; and being thus fitted they will willingly leave you their ground for a crop, or you may look out to seat yourself upon your own, which so soon as you have made choice of, will by the Court be confirmed to you and your heirs for ever.  
I should have fitted you with Servants, before your coming into the country, but since it is only our fancies have been there to take a view against our persons come, we'll not go without Servants.  
And of Servants the best are best cheap.  
Therefore I'll not advise the Spiriting way, which sends Drones to the Hive, in stead of Bees, but that you take stout Labourers and good workmen, giving them honest wages from 3. li. to 10. li. a year according to the quality of the men, for if we in England can pay 2. or 300. li. per annum rent for a farm, and give great wages, we may much better give wages where our ground is twice as good, and no rent paid.  
Besides it keeps a Servant in heart, and makes him at all times willing to put forth his strength in that Master's service, that gives him means to thrive, and taking this course you may pick and choose your Servants.  
Only this I must advise, that you agree with your Servant for four years at least, and considering that you pay his passage, and are at other charges with him, let the charge be proportioned upon the four or more years' wages that he is to serve you, and so deduct it every year.  
And for Servants encouragement, they shall find themselves at the very first in the condition of journeymen for four or five years, and before seven years' end he shall have a fair estate.  
I will in the first place help the weakest to avoid the trouble of the strongest, whom I suppose may have three pound the first year, and presuming for that he went well clothed out of England, it will be all his own at the years' end, with this three pound I'll buy him a Haifer, and send twenty shillings of it into England in some commodity of the country, as to say three or four flitches of Bacon or the like, which he may well do with twenty shillings and more; and for that the Bacon of Virginia surpasseth our English, which I have often experimented here in England, I doubt not but at the least (for I love to value all things of this nature at the least) it will yield him eight groats a stone, and supposing his four flitches way but twenty stone which they'll do (and ten more) he hath here in England for his Bacon two pound three shillings four pence, and this lade out in Pins, Laces, & combs, for the Maids shall in Virginia be double, and now his Cow hath calved, and he hath five pound in his purse, besides his years wages to receive, which tells him he hath now served his Master two years.  
And following this course if I find him at the end of his time with less than sixty pound in his purse, besides his Stock of Cattle, I shall say he hath either been an extraordinary ill Husband or a negligent simple Fellow which if he have not.  
Let him bring his 60. li. to the aforesaid balance and then (if he look up to God) he may see himself fit to woo a good man's Daughter.  
Besides this there are better things, for men will plant very little Tobacco, and at leisure time he may without any prejudice to his Master, plant 50. li. in Tobacco a year, which as the quantity faults will rise in price, and may be worth to him 2. s. 6. d. per li. I have known it sold at 5. s. and 3. s. 6. d. the worst, so that here is 6. li. 5. s. gotten every year, and the employment of this money will rise to a good fain in two or three returns.  
Nor is this all, for he will find in the end of this Book, I shall advise his Master to give him something else.  
Truly I would say something to Maid-Servants, but they are impatient and will not take advice but from a Husband, for if they come of an honest stock and have a good repuce, they may pick and choose their Husbands out of the better sort of people, I have sent over many, but never could keep one at my Plantation three months, except a poor silly Wench, made for a foil to set of beauty, and yet a proper young Fellow must needs have her, and being but new come out of his time and not strong enough to pay the charges I was at in clothing and transporting her, was content to serve me a twelve month for a Wife.  
To conclude this, whereas in England many Daughters makes the father's purse lean, the sons here make the lean pursgs, wherefore to avoid this danger, I shall advise that man that's full of Children to keep his sons in England, and send his Daughters to Virginia, by which means he shall not give but receive portions for all his children.    

SECT. VI.  
The next in order is, how be God's assistance the Indians may be reelaimede wherein I shall first bigin with love.  
ANd when I consider this way hath been attempted but the success: for by it divers honest men have been lost, I shall let love alone to work with Christians, for with Indians it cannot, since there must be an acquaintance to procure familiarity upon which trust and confidence is reposed, which is the common foundation of love, but the Indians being a wild people and of a subtle and treacherous nature, as sad experience tell us we must not acquaint ourselves with them to trust.  
Next I will consider force and that hath been fatal to the Indians, there having been great numbers of them slain.  
And this will not do till they be wholly vanquished, which is a work (although a small number of English may, and can deal with great numbers of (Indians not, to be effected, but with a vast expense both of money and time, in respect of the largeness of the Continent, wherein the country is, being much bigger than many England's, Scotland's and Ireland's together.  
Wherefore and for that this course agrees not with the profession of Christianity, I shall not think of it.  
I will therefore consider of a third way, in which (not leaving our dependence upon God for his assistance) I shall look upon nature.  
And I will examine the ordinary course of taming wild and fierce beasts, these differing from them in nothing, but that they are endued with natural reason.  
It must be observed, the more you thwart nature, the fiercer you make it: And therefore we are first to study, what they are most inclined to: and having found it, then to fit them with those things they naturally are delighted in, and so by degrees you take from them all fear; which is the principal abstacle, and at last reclaim them: this is enough for the general.  
Now to come to our wild people, who being endued with natural reason, I doubt not, but they may more easily reelamed.  
First, therefore I will inquire what most predomminates in nature, and I find ambition to be to the princpall mark that nature aims at.  
For all men are naturally ambitious either of knowledge, honour, or of wealth, to attain which the greatest dangers harshest studies and the hardest labours are made pleasures.  
Therefore we must make use of ambition being the universal net of nature to take these men.  
Now let us look what it is that draws us to this net and we shall find it to be a sense of our own nakedness, and it was the case of Adam and Evah our first Parents, wherefore I shall say, that if the devil could by this means work upon them, to so bad an end, God will assistus by the same means (since it is to a better end) to work upon these it being to his glory.  
Now in order to the reclaiming of these men we must consider.  
First, that they are ignorantly naked in the knowledge of all things, but what they are prompt to by nature for self preservation.  
Secondly, that the country affording plenty of provisions to sustain nature, they take little care for the future.  
Thirdly, that being thus provided, they seek not nor care for commerce.  
Fourthly, that for the reasons aforesaid they are independent upon any other people, and care not to converce with any but themselves.  
Wherefore if ever they be reclaimed it must be.  
First, by making them sensible of their nakedness.  
Secondly, By taking them off from their confidence upon nature, whereby they may take care for the future.  
Thirdly, that they may desire commerce.  
Fourthly, that they may be brought to depend.  
And for that they cannot be talked into a sight of themselves, I shall propose that we gently steal through their nature, till we can come to pull off the scale from their eyes, that they may see their own nakedness; which must be done in manner following.  
Either by making them ambitious of Honour, or by making them ambitious of Riches.  
In the first we must take their Werowances or great men: they already being at that lock of being one better than another.  
In the second, let us not doubt but we shall take them all, for there is but a very few men in the World either Christian or Heathan, that are not taken with it.  
First, I shall advise that slight jewels be made at the public charge of thirty or forty shillings price, and one better than the rest, of some such toys as they shall most affect, which fitted with ribbons to wear about their necks or their heads, as their custom amongst them is; shall be sent from the governor of the Plantation in his own, and also in the name of the People and the governor to distinguish them by some pretty titles, which should be always after observed; as also to make some of them favourites, and to solicit their preferment with their King, & this by degrees will kindle the fire of Ambition, which once in a flame must be fed, and then is the time to work.  
For the second I shall advise, that their nature be observed what way it most points at, and then fit them with what they most desire, and if by degrees you can bring some of them to wear slight loose Garments in Summer, or to keep them warm in the Winter; which if you can effect, the work is half done, and this I am confident is very easy: for a little to the Northward of the place I write of, they are fallen into a way of clothing themselves without course Welsh cloth of blue and Red colours, and the better sort of the Indians in this place do wear Coats of skins, with the fur side next to their bodies in the Winter, and the Skin side in the Summer: and that you may perceive them already coming, they have for the most part altered their old Fashion, of making their Coats, and now in imitation, make them like English cloaks; but this must be at the public charge, they having few valuable Commodities to purchase them, yet the charge will not be great, for I shall advise that this be not practised upon the generality, but upon some one King and his People that are most tractable, and of the nearest neigbourhood, and they are commonly about two hundred or two hundred and fifty Indians, and five or six shillings a man will do it; besides, there will be something to retribute the charge, viz. Beaver, Otter, and other skins, Indian corn, Beanes, and Pease, with other things, so that it is possible the charge may be defrayed, and having won these, you need not fear the coming in of the rest.  
The poor Indian being clothed, his sight is cleared, he sees himself naked, and you'll find him in the snare.  
For now they begin to vie who is the better man, which must be determined by their clothes, and to purchase them, they'll be at their wit's end, since they have nothing valuable, and if you draw the net wisely they are sure.  
But it must be considered, that although their minds be fettered, yet their nature is not tamed, wherefore you must think of proposing some thing to them, that may enable them to be Masters of clothes, which must in no ways trench upon their liberties.  
Therefore in the first place you may propose easy works, and draw them on by degrees, and you shall find, that for themselves they will work, but not for you.  
You shall likewise propose to their King, that if he'll send thirty or forty men to help in your Harvest, he shall have a cloak, or Breeches and Doublet, or the like, and his men should have every one something.  
Or otherwise, set them to peeling of hemp, or breaking of Flax in Winter, where they should for the present, to encourage them, have more than they earned, and then bring them to drive the Plough, or thresh corn, or the like, but in no wise let them continue at any one work to a dislike, but play with them, you still fitting variety of works to their fancies; thus by degrees (God assisting) you shall make them conquer themselves: by this means in two or three years you will draw them to a confidence in you, to trust their Children to be brought up by you, and they'll learn English, which will be a good step to bring them to Christianity. Having brought them thus far, you need not be directed how to lead them further, your own reason and profit will do it; never fear their falling back, for their own ends shall keep them to you, because their minds will prompt them to pride, and they'll cover to be finer than their fellows.  
And now have you opened their eyes, made them care for the future, drawn them to commerce, and made them depend.  
And in the end, by God's mercy to them, make them good Christians.  
Thus have I done with the Indians: only this take notice of, I do not advise that at any hand you suffer them to come into your house, or any further than your field or out-working houses, neither admit more of them to come than you can master, and that they always come without their arms, until you see them so sensible of their poverty, that they come necesitated to work.   

SECT. VII.  
I Am now to advise the Adventurer, Planter, and Servant, of such things as are proper to them.  
Having before advised of the mischief of procuring of Servants, and of the convenience and inconvenience of the usual passage to Virginia, and how to prevent the inconveniency, as also of a better way of passage, and like wise to dispose of yourself in the country when you come first there, and what commodities to fall presently upon, I shall now advise.  

First to the Adventurer.  
First, that whatsoever his design be, not to depend upon the life of any one man for the perfecting the work, but to send two at the least of equal ability, and one to succeed the other in case of death.  
Secondly, that for whatsoever belongeth to Art, that it be here made in England, lest when the work comes over, none be found there able to do it, and so it perish, or if there be any principal in it, that may be endangered to be lost or broken, that he send two of the same for fear of falling.  
Thirdly, that if there be partners in the business, they so Article that the failure to supply his part, shall forfeit it to the rest.  
Lastly, whatsoever the design be, yet send over a Plough or two, for this if their design fail, or until the design be perfected, will turn to account, and make them great gainers.   

Secondly to the Planter.  
First, that they take the Planters leave where for the present they shall reside, and do not neglect the opportunity of falling into the ground with the Plough so soon as the seasons come.  
Secondly, that when the corn is in the ground, than 
choosing of ground.  is the time to look out for the place, they shall after settle themselves upon, in which they must take care not to settle on the places near the ebbing and flowing of the salt water, for they are there, as here in England all aguish, next that they make choice of some place near a navigable River, where they may have the conveniency of fresh Marshes, Meadows, and Fish, and if they can where some pleasant rising Hills be, but at no rate do not struggle too far from Neighbours, for that's disconsolate.  
Thirdly, let them build their Houses of Brick, or otherwise with Timber, let it be done with substantial 
Building of Houses.  complete lengths (since they have Timber enough) which will save half charges in Carpenters work, line it on the inside thick with loam, and cover it with Lime, for that will make it warm in Winter, make your model or plate-form such that when your family shall increase you may add to your buildings without defacing or inconveniencing any rooms.  
Fourthly, examine the ground and sow proper seed in the proper parts, sow not Wheat in the richest, for 
What seed to sow, & upon what ground.  that will be too rich, and will not turn to account, but in your richest sow Rape, Rice, or Flax-seed, and two or three crops of this, will bring the ground to bear Wheat your life after.  
In England choose good Servants, able workmen; and give them good wages, fear not the wages: of every 
Carrying of Servants.  ten Servants let four be boys, and ever after send for good lusty Youths, for they will serve eight or nine years, whereas men will hardly be gotten to serve above four or five, and taking this course the boys will be Men when the men's times expire, and being trained up in the service under good men, they will prove excellent Servants.  
Fifthly, That the servants may do their work without trouble in overseeing, or without fretting or vexing their Master's patience, I shall advise such a 
servant's reward.  way, as they may work for themselves, and their Masters together for be well assured, the best of them; will work more to get themselves a Shilling, then to get you ten, and that they may with much content, and profit to themselves, make their Servants show the best of their abilities, it were good to consider what or how much of any work to be done by a Servant in a day would be satisfactory, and then that being done, he should have an allowance for what he should do more. As for Example; two stone, or two stone and a half of Flax to be dressed in a day is indifferent, I would then give him four pence a stone, for what he should do more: this will extremely encourage the Servant, and very good use may be made of it, or let him have the remainder of the day to plant a little Tobacco for himself, or for any other thing; I have tried all ways, but never found the like.  
Sixthly, That for such Servants as are above the age of twenty years, who can deserve wages in England, give them wages in manner following, viz. three pound the first year, and so increase the wages twenty shillings a year to the end of their time.  
Seventhly, and for youths, when they shall attain to the age of twenty one years, to give wages, and increasing to the end of their time, in manner aforesaid.  
Eighthly, and to undertake to give the Servants. 30 acts of land, at the end of their time, to them and their heirs for ever: which land shall be given the Master, by the Court, for them.  
Ninthly, That they agree with Artificers for shares.  
Tenthly, that they inquire after all advantageous Commodities that are produced from the Earth, and learn how to bring them to perfection.  
Eleventhly, that they inquire after all manner of slight Engines, that will save hand-labour, there being nothing dear in the country but labour.  
Twelfthly, and for that the Masters will be at charge of transporting and clothing them; let that charge be deducted proportionably every year out of their wages.  
Thirteenthly, they must be careful to Covenant with their Servants, to forfeit for every day's work they shall neglect, double the value of their day's labour: but for neglect in harvest, ten times the value.  
Fourteenthly, the difference that may arise between the Master and Servant, upon their Covenants, to be determined by the Superintendents.  
Lastly, They must show their Servants Indentures to the Court, and then they shall have 50 Acres of land for every servant settled upon them, and their heirs for ever, which fifty Acres, is over and above what the Servants shall have.   

For Servants.  
First, they to Covenant with their Masters, not to plant above two hundred weight of Tobacco per annum: whereas heretofore a Servant planted 1500.  
Secondly, this will take off all men's depending on Tobacco, which hath been the fatal commodity of that country, and Masters will find a better way to employ their Servants.  
Thirdly, that they look their Master's Covenant, to give them thirty. Acres of land, and pay them the wages they shall agree for in money, or the Commodity of the country, money worth.  
Fourthly, let the Servant agree with his Master upon the sum laid our for him before his transportation, that he be not abused therein when he contes into the country, and let the same be set down in the Indentures.  
Fifthly, this carefully observed, with the rules before prescribed in this book, will assure the Servant, that at the end of his time, he shall be in a flourishing condition, never more to serve any man.  
A single man that can but pay his passage, may have ten pound a year for his service, and be found meat and drink.  
Lastly, if any Gentlemen or others with their Families, and also Artificers in any Trade, Labourers or Servants shall be desirous to transport themselves for the bettering of their fortunes, either to this place, or any other of the English Plantations abroad, let them repair to the author, who for the love he bears his country, will freely advise them how to dispose of themselves for their greatest advantage, which shall enable them to do much more with one hundred pounds than they could heretofore do for one hundred and fifty pound, of which benefit the Planter shall also have the Advantage, and Servants shall be upon sure terms knowing their work, and their conditions, and they shall see plainly that in a little time, they shall by God's blessing, become men of good estates, he will also advise how they may transport themselves with the best safety in these times, from any danger of being taken.  
And if any Gentlemen that shall not go themselves, but are desirous to adventure, he will direct them how they may best dispose thereof for their advantage, and that in eighteen months they shall be reimbursed their principally money, and after shall, constantly receive much above fifty pound for every hundred pound they adventured at first, and owners of Ships shall have good employment, for their Ships not letting them lie rotting by the Walls, as 〈◊〉 now and heretofore they have done. The author is sensible that these offers are something large, yet let no man doubt of the truth thereof, the being enabled thereto by his dear bought experience, and all men may be satisfied, that it hath been rarely found, that any one particular good work hath been fallen upon, but some one man hath originally been the author, or the original motion hath proceeded from one man's breast. Those rich Mines of the West Indies were first offered by one man to Henry the seventh: but he not having faith enough to believe, or not willing to venture a little money to be satisfied of the truth, refused it: and after, it was offered by the same man to the then King of Spain, who harkened to him; and all the world knows, that from this one man's motion, the Kings of Spain have within this 150 years received from thence many thousand millions of pounds: besides, it hath extremely enriched the Gentlemen, and Merchants of that Kingdom. Many of the like examples might be showed, but they are so generally known to all men, that I'll say no more, only that there was some time spent, after the King of Spain had set footing in the West Indies, before he could come by travel to the mines; and these places the English have inhabited much more time than the King of Spain's Subjects had done in the West Indies, before they discovered that country's wealth. But God, that is the author of all good things, hath not in all this time been pleased to let any man look further than Tobacco; and no man can say, but that he is now pleased freely to offer his blessings bestowed upon these Countries, in the riches thereof, to us, since all this time, there was never any man that had the heart to labour for the general good in this nature before.  
Reader I cannot let thee go till I have again put thee in mind of my Epistle to thee, in which I discovered the great Obstructor of this country's prosperity; who I know being now again alarmed, will fiercely send his Spirits abroad with lies and calumnies to abate the people's courage, since his Kingdom will be so much endangered, by the through planting of this place with Christians; and I am confident he shall no longer prevail: for my Spirit would not let me rest, till I had by this, bid defiance to him and all his subtle practices.  
Therefore be not led by any false reports, for thou shalt find me ready with all freeness to give thee full satisfaction in the truths that any way concerns this Place, or is contained in this Book; and this I freely offer to men of all conditions, whether Masters or Servants. You have my name in the Title Page, and you shall be directed to my Chamber in the Middle-Temple, either by M. Collinson, an Iron-monger in Cornhill, M. Pollington a Haberdasher in Lombard-street, or M. Beadle. Stationer in Pleet-Street, next to the Middle-Temple Gate, or the Shops under the said Gate.     

My time would not permit such care of the press, in Correcting, as was fitting; but since it is right in the matter, I shall desire the Reader to excuse the Printers slips in the manner.  
Pag. 7. join Plants with Roots, and then read for Roots and Plants.  
Pag. 40. the sum of 72 l. next under 12 l. and 60 l. is only the total of the Fraught, and not the value of a particular, as by the placing you may suppose it.  
FINIS.