ATHOMYOTOMIA OR A DISSECTION of the significative Muscles of the AFFECTIONS of the MIND.  
Being an Essay to a new Method of observing the most Important move of the Muscles of the Head, as they are the nearest and Immediate Organs of the Voluntary or Impetuous motions of the Mind.  
With the Proposal of a new Nomenclature of the Muscles.  
●y J. B. Surnamed the Chirosopher.  — Augebitur Scientia. 
LONDON, ●●●nted by W. W. for Humphrey Moseley, and are to sold at his Shop at the Prince's Arms in St. Paul's Churchyard. 1649.   

THE EPISTLE DEDICATORY.  
To his loving Father Mr Thomas Bulwer.  
Sir,  
IT hath been a laudable Custom with Persons of eminent degree to descend to honour their Sons with directing Books unto them; ●he reciprocation of which affectionate Compliment is a duty well-becoming a Son; moved (therefore) with a certain Filial Decency I made choice to dedicated this Book unto you in regard ●he Argument of it is Provincial ●o Physic, wherein your experience hath crowned your Profession, having ever been Fortunatus in Praxi. You shall find in it that which I use to call the Clockwork of the Head, or the Springs and inward Contrivance of Instruments of all our outward motions, which give motion and regulate the Dial of the Affections, which Nature hath placed in the Face of Man; Being a New light, and the first Irradiation which ever appeared through the Dissections of a Corporeal Philosophy. Could the Times have afforded it, it had come to your hands illustrated with the ornamental Demonstrations of many Figures prepared for it; but indeed the Stationer's cautionary prudence met with an indisposition in me; for I thought that in such new and unexpected matters too great a splendour might possibly have dazzled. I confess I have met with little encouragement in this Design, for all the Physicians and Anatomists that I have hinted it unto have held it scarce feasible, Doctor Wright Junior only excepted, with whom having interchangeably communicated Intellectual Affairs, He showing me the hint of his grand undertaking, which was Anatomia Comparata, that great Defect in Anatomy noted by my L. Bacon in his Book De Augmentis Scientiarum, in return whereof I having first told him of an Achievement of mine in this Art, which I called Vox Corporis, or the Moral Anatomy of the Body; I acquainted him also with this Essay, whose apprehension I found so well possessed with the gallantry (as he was pleased to speak) and the possibility thereof, that he promised me (to testify his approbation,) he would commend it in his first public Lecture of Anatomy in the College; a day much expected by those who had took notice of the most eminent and Divine Impulsions of his Anatomique Genius. But prevented by his much lamented Death, what entertainment this Essay shall meet with among the Sect of Corporeal Philosophers; (having been so infortunately deprived of the advantage of such a Recommendation,) must be left to the Fate of Books. However, I hope it shall find acceptance with you, and be received as an evidence of the proof of that Education you bestowed on me, and of my Duty.  
Your obedient Son, john Bulwer.   

The Scope and use of the Essay for some praevious satisfaction to the Intelligent Readers.  
More especially Physicians and Masters in Anatomy, whose Candour and Indulgency on this Essay is most properly desired.  
HAving resolved to trace the Discoursing Actions of the Head to their Spring and Principle upon which their outward significations depend; when I had passed the superficial parts, and digged a little more than skin-deepe into the Mineral of cephalical Motion, I came to the Muscles, the instruments of voluntary motion; or the instruments of those motions that are done by an earnest affection, that is, from an inward principle. The effects of whose moving significantly appear in the parts moved, when by an arbitrary motion we freely reject or embrace things understood (not with our mind only, but with our mind and body both.) Here I made a stand; and began curiously to inquire and hunt after all the Anatomists both Ancient and Modern that had writ of the Muscles, and the motions of the Head, as well to satisfy myself as to crave in aid of them: and having had a view of as many as I could hear of and conveniently procure, and observed their several veins and Methodical variations no way answering my expectation; An emergent thought suggested to my imagination a notable Defect, hitherto undiscerned in that Art which of late hath attained unto a great perfection, which cast me into an ecstasy of admiration at so strange a Preterition, that among the Conscript Fathers of Anatomy, there hath not been any one who, Datâ operâ, had undertaken a general Survey and Cognomination of the Muscles of the Body, as they are the necessary Instruments of all those motions of the Mind, which are apparently expressed and made manifest by the effect of their use and moving in all the parts of the Body, although more Emphatically, by those operations they have in the Head and the most remarkable parts thereof. Galen in that excellent Commentary De motu Musculorum, wherein he went beyond himself, and showed the greatest miracle of his wit, a Book which all Anatomists kiss with reverence, as containing the Oracles of Myologie, doth not so much as glance at it, but under the general notion of voluntary and arbitrary motion; and in his anatomical Administrations wherein he abundantly prosecutes these motions, and glories to have found out many which were hid and unknown to the Physicians that were before his time, and where he teacheth a Method whereby every single motion may be found out; Nor in his Dissection of Muscles not a word, scarce, pointing to this Intention, not naming many, but only numerically, not three with an imaginable reference to any Emphatical motion of the Mind. And all the Nomenclators since his time, who have undertaken to play with new names, which for memory, brevity of Speech, and perspicuity of the thing, they have imposed upon the Muscles, have omitted the due regard proper to the Spirit and life of their mental significations: whereas the Denomination had been better from the Nature and energetical property of the Muscle, which should by that Rule have been taken from the more extant and pathetical representations of those parts they actuate, and by which they exhibit their Organical significations. More strange yet, that no Artists should have made this the Subject of their Orations, but should have all to this Day, either turned their discourse to the structure only of the Humane Fabric, the perfections or Symmetry of the Body, or the excellency and antiquity of the Anatomiqu● Art, or the Encomiums of the Ancient and modern Anatomists: whereas nothing could have set a greater gloss upon the Art, or have been more glorious and honourable, than together with their Dissections, to have enriched their discourse with a relation of the Essence, Regiment, and proprieties of the Soul, whose well-strung instrument the Body was; Dr. Flood being the first that in his peroration (when he was Praelector of Anatomy in the College of Physicians in London Anno 1620.) exhibited such a kind of Method, together with an Explanation of his Reason, and an Example thereof; which Form he did not magisterially propound unto them, but to declare that the Subject of an anatomical praeludium ought to be the Internal & spiritual man, which is rather to be dissected with living words, than any knife how sharp soever, and so consequently to be discovered and explained by a style of discourse. The field of which subject as it is more ample and spacious than the rest; So the Studious in Anatomy shall never find it barren, but most fruitful; So that every one herein may hit of much variety of invention. If then a Prologue only of this nature is held so convenient by so great an Artist, how much more advantageous and delightful would a discourse interwoven throughout the Dissection? Finding (therefore) that neither the great Parents of Physic, nor their Learned Offspring had pathologized the Muscles, and thence bestowed significant names upon the most remarkable of them; I resolved to attempt the Design, so to take away the blemish which hath fallen upon the Art by the slovenly and careless Denomination of some of them, and the six-footed Barbarismes of those Greek Conjuring names which are fit only for the bombasticall Anatomy of Paracelsus; wherein I was encouraged by observing that half a dozen of Muscles named according to our new intended model, or the Species of their most significant motion; and seem to have been stumbled upon by the way of sport, or a Rhetorical Chance-medley of wit; appear so wonderfully pleasing to our modern and most ingenious Anatomists, that they are still borrowing from on● another those pathetical Apellations, or 〈◊〉 Riolanus calls them, Elegantissima nomina, as if they were much affected with the felicity of that Pen from whence they first distilled, quae omne tulit punctum, for Elegancy, Memory, Brevity, and Perspicuity. 'Tis true many have exercised their pens in discourses of the muscles: But an exact Description of the Discoursing motions of the Muscles none of the Great Professors of Anatomy have so much as thought on; whereas the facility, utility, and delightsomeness of such notions might have invited many; for, what is more easy than to discern the parts manifest to Sense, and the fidelity of an Ocular assurance? that are so subject to our touch, that in the semblances of those motions wrought in the parts by the endeavour of the Muscles, we may not only see, but as it were feel and touch the very inward motions of the Mind; if you ask what delight will hence accrue to the understanding? What is so delightful as to know by what kind of movings those varying motions and expressions of the Head and Face are performed? What Muscle doth accomplish this or that speaking motion? To observe the scheme or outward figure of each Affection in the Countenance? That is the situation of each in its motion, as it is drawn by the Muscles, and to read their significations couched in their names? So that observing these accidents of the Head and Face, the Types and representations of the Affections which are accidents of the Mind, according to the nature of Correlatives, we may find out one by the other. And though it be but Negative ignorance not to be skilled in such matters, and so may be thought a needless Nicety or overcurious Inquisition to know every Muscle of our Head and Face: Yet certainly it cannot but be some disparagement to one that pretends to any ingenuous Education or Reading, to be as a mere Puppet or Mathematical motion, and not to understand why, or after what manner, the Muscles of his Head move in obedience to the Command of his Will; and so to have no better a Head-piece than that, which counterfeiting the natural motions of Speech, uttered its mind to Thomas Aquine, and ●he Learned Friar Bacon. And who ● pray you that is well versed in philosophy, does affect to behold the ●old effects of common Action●●ithout a Discourse of their Causes ●nd intrinsical Agents the Soul ●nd the Muscles? Since that is familiar to Sense, and so by consequence to Beasts, But this is subjected to the Intellect, to wit, the In●ernall Principle of man, wherefore we will think it a thing worthy ●o be corrected with the whip of Ignorance, if any rashly plunge himself into the Muscular Sea of corporal Anatomy, or of the outward man, without any mention of the Inter●all man, since the Soul only is the opifex of all the movings of the Muscles, whose invisible Acts are made manifest by their operations in those ●arts into which they are inserted. Not that any perfection or exact knowledge of this nature can be acquired; since the wisdom of th● Creator in the fearful and wonderful structure of the Head is no● yet fully found out, although it ha● be●ne sought after by illustrious men with much piety and Diligence and therefore that which is most probable, and has the countenance of Authority must pass for truth● To those also that shall hereafter Physically and Ethically handle the Doctrine of humane Affections, this may serve as a Mercurius Ethicus, to give intelligence to all Athenian Pathologists, of the motions of the Muscles which bear the greatest sway in matter of Affection: whereas heretofore Pathology hath been confined, as it were, to Aristotle● Muscle, to wit that principle of inbred Heat, or ever movable substance of Spirit and blood, which seems to frame the several images of all the affections of the Mind; and has had little or no intercourse with the Muscles of the Affections; whereby she has been deprived of a great part of this ornament whereof she is capable. But perchance the moderns have been frighted with the difficulty of such a Design, as supposing such a Muscular Philosophy not feasible or reduceable into an Art: or else if it ever came into their Heads, they thought it a kind of impudence after Galen that glorious light of Anatomy, to endeavour any thing in this kind. Yet Galen in his Book de motu Musculorum seems to have given any one a fair occasion of daring, where he writes, Whereas we have partly found out many things, and partly also intent diligently to make a thorough search after other things; and some other may find out what is wanting. With his leave therefore, I shall endeavour by a light Essay, to take notice of the figure and signatures of those Muscles that belong unto the Head, and are the Authors of the speaking motions thereof, and of the Superficial parts comprised in it, by the way, raising Allegorical inferences from them, and adapting and imposing new names upon them according to their physiognomical significations, which shall be as the Keys of their important action's. Describing the rising and insertion, together with the fibres which modify the Determinate actions of each Muscle that I find instrumental, adjutant, or any way concurring to the expedition of any remarkable gesture of the Head or Face: So ordering the matter, that occasionally, most, if not all the mysteries of voluntary motion shall be brought in, at least in such a manner, as shall be more than sufficient to lay a firm foundation to our virgin Philosophy of Gesture, and to serve my turn for the present occasion. And because none that hitherto have treated of the moving of the Muscles, have driven after this Scope of their significations; I shall name the Authors by whose light I walk, and upon whose Bowl I clap the Bias of the Affections, neither my Margin, nor the nature of an Essay admitting any more critical formalities of quotation. I am not ignorant that such daring attempts and undertake are very obnoxious to envy, and apt to fall under the Censure of Arrogancy and ostentation, imputations I have no reason to fear, since I arrogate not to myself by the conduct of my own light, to have found any new or great thing to add to the Doctrine of Muscular motion, to which (to speak the truth) I think there cannot much be added: neither am I so conceited of these animadversions, as to hope they should be admitted into the School of Anatomy, & straightwise be made Canonical; for, to sit a Novelty of this nature for such an admission, would require a whole College, or rather a national Synod of Anatomists to consult about it; my single Fancy being not therefore par negotio, I have adventured far with little strength and less encouragement to recommend the Design to men of stronger Brains and public Spirits. I think I may with modesty suppose, that I have sprung a new vein, and say that I was enforced to dig my way through, and out of much Oar and Dross, to refine what was fit for my purpose, before I could come to ransack this Secret and undiscovered treasury of the Muscles; or to cast the old me●●●l of their matter into a new ●ld, to make it more illustrious by conjoining it with 〈◊〉 inward motions of the mind, ●●ich set a representative shape 〈◊〉 gloss upon the outward ●●tions of those parts which ●e moved by the Muscles. If ●●ey are contented to allow me 〈◊〉 have been the first that by 〈◊〉 endeavoured to link the muscles and the Affections together in a new Pathomyogamia; 〈◊〉 at lest to have published the 〈◊〉 between Myologus and ●●thology, that any Physio●●gicall Handfaster that can 〈◊〉 them stronger together, might ●e it if he pleased: I ask no ●ore: as for the rest, Veniam 〈◊〉 laude peto. And if the scorbutic wits of this Age, ●ho prefer an idle Head before ●n active, should be loath to afford me that, I can easily comf●●● myself with that of Cremutiu● Tacitus, Suum Cuique posterit rependit, nec deerunt, si Damn●●tio ingruit, qui mei memin●●rint.   

PATHOMYOTOMIA, OR A Dissection of the Muscles of the Affections.  

Sect. I. Of the Honour and Dignity of Animal Motion.  
MOtion, saith the Stagerite, is Perfectio perfectibilis, the perfection of that which is perfectible. 'Tis ultima perfectio Creaturae, Saith the ●ergamite; The highest perfection of 〈◊〉 Creature: for, a living creature, is a ●●ving Creature by moving, and most commodious to him is motion, as that ●hich is also out of his substance, because so soon as he is Animal, he is able to ●ove of himself; and where there is Sense there is also Motion: for, the Sensitive ●lant that hath only the sense of Tact, ●ath likewise some motion, to wit of Dictation, & constriction; therefore Aristotle speaking of Mola, or a false Conception: But because it is not a living Creature, it moves not. Hence when the Great Parent of Nature had come to Animal motion and its instruments, He ceased from his work, having nothing more honourable, as having accomplished the last end in the fabric of the Body; which most Noble and necessary and no way to be despised motion, especially its chiefest and nearest instruments, the Muscles, are in us so far and wide renowned, tha● if we could conceive in our mind all th● organs of motion to be taken out, w● would leave few parts to remain, an● you would not acknowledge Man to be a living Creature; and that not only in regard he is depraved in his structure, but because he hath sustained ● greater loss in being deprived of his motion: For were the abilities that proceed from motion and its instruments, se●parated from the Body, without doubt man would almost cease to be man, an● would degenerate into a Plant or Stock whereupon you could no more observ● those motions of the Muscles which ar● necessary to life, for he could neither follow that which is wholesome, nor avoid what is noisome. He would be left destitute of the grace of elocution, and his mind would be enforced to dwell in perpetual silence, as in a wooden ecstasy or congelation; nay his Soul which is only known by Action, being otherwise very obscure, would utterly lose the benefit of explaining itself, by the innumerable almost motions of the Affections & passions which outwardly appear by the operation of the Muscles. That, as (for Rhetoric) Demosthenes ascribed all to Action; So Physicians in Nature, give the pre-eminence to Animal motion, which is performed by the action of the Muscles. Because all the parts rejoice in Motion, whereas they languish in Rest; and as we know all by Sense, so we do all by Motion.   

Sect. II. That a Muscle is the proper and adequate Agent of the voluntary & pathetical motions of the mind, outwardly expressed in the Body.  
THe nearest and immediate Instrument to the Motive Faculty for the exercise of motion, as that which can only receive the influence thereof, is a Muscle; from whence moving proceeds, as from a Motor, whence among Physicians it is reciprocal and Convertible, to move and to have Muscles: for, no part without the endeavour of a Muscle, although it be illustrated with the presence of a Nerve, is stirred up to any voluntary motion: neither shall you find any member of the Body that is movable, which hath not some Muscle set over it, as Precedent of its significations: all the outward expressions we have or can make, are performed by motion, and therefore signify the affections of the mind, which are motions; the moving of the instruments and parts, answering in a kind of semblance and representative proportion, to the motions of the mind. And there is no Muscle to be found in the Body, but it can expedite such voluntary motion. Since all voluntary actions of the Soul are performed by motion, and all motion necessarily implieth the use of Muscles. Galen sometimes calls these motions, Animal, to distinguish them from the Natural; for we can excite these voluntary motions when we please, u●e them often or seldom, heighten them or abate them, and leave them quite off; which is the Character Galen gives of a voluntary motion. 'Tis true, they who are precise in the definition of a Muscles use, say, it is to be the instrument of free or spontaneous motion, and not v●luntarie: because Beasts have Muscles, unto whom Will is denied, because it presuppos●th Reason. Will being properly an appetite according unto Reason. Fabricius ab Aqua Pend. takes them for unskilful men, who think when they read of Voluntary motion, that it is only competent to men; whereas they by the Will mean not the Appetite contracted, but general and at large, which we call the property of the very Fancy itself, and animal. This Aristotle every where calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is Spontaneus, of ones own accord, and not done at unawars: whence if any will draw it narrower and call it voluntary in men, and Spontaneous in other creatures, he will not be against it, upon this occasion there occurrs another greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is rendered propositum, studium, institutum, voluntas; and this seems almost to signify the same thing which 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, id est, animi appetitus; but differs, that one is common to Beasts, but will and election is only proper to men, of which impetuous motion a Muscle is the Organ. Picholhomenes likes the general definition, and allows not of the vulgar restriction of voluntary motion: the word Spontaneous according to Nancelius, being chosen to show the final cause, & that the definition of a Muscle may be adequate and competent also to the Muscles of Beasts, in whom they are not moved according to voluntary election; indeed, as Archangelus observes, Voluntary motion in man, is both Spontaneus and voluntary; by Spontaneous we must understand the intrinsique Principle of the parts to be moved, which is Cognition, and such appetition with Brutes is the sensitive Cognition and appetite; for these in man there is the intelective cognition and appetite, which is called the will. Yet as Riolanus well observes, all voluntary motion is Spontaneous, but they are not termini convertibiles; for, all Spontaneous motion is not voluntary. Indeed Galen says it boots not, whether you say such motions are done by advice, or freely, or voluntarily. And although as to its principle, voluntary motion is distinguished from animal, as it depends upon the command of Reason: yet we had no need of that distinction, but that we search not only by what instruments these motions are performed, but whence, and after what manner they are made. That therefore Physicians call an animal or voluntary motion which is made by preceding knowledge, either of the Intellect or imagination, whereby the motive faculty is excited, that it may move the members after a divers manner, according to the diversity of the appetite. By all which and divers other places of Galen it appears, that voluntary motion appertains only to Muscles as their office, and that for good reason Muscles are appointed for the proper instrument, as being their common and proper action, motion proceeding from a Muscle, as from both a Principal and adequate Agent; although Averrhoes (in this point crossing Galen) by divers instances, which Laurentius hath sufficiently answered, labours in vain to prove that a Muscle is not the Organ of voluntary motion.   

Sect. III. Of the nature and Constitution of a Muscle.  
AS he that is ignorant of motion, must necessarily be unacquainted with Nature, as the ●enius of Nature infers: so if you know not the moving of a Muscle, you shall be altogether ignorant of its nature, which doth wholly consist in moving; for, moving is a certain action whereby the first habit of the Muscle is changed: which moving, the operation of a Muscle, is so proper to Muscles, that Fabricius hence convinceth Aristotle of ignorance in Muscles, that he is silent of them in his History of living creatures, where he speaks of their moving; which he would never have been, had he been skilled in them. A Muscle being not ordained to any use, but for the cause of certain Action, from whence perchance of the Latines called Musculus a movendo ●he movings of many Muscles in lean ●nd musculous bodies do evidently appear before the skin is taken off. And this Muscle●s ●s much advanced by its proper temperament, being remarkably hot, for as motion begets heat, so heat is much required to motion, which is performed with greater strength and intention of ●he mind, than the acts of sense. But the distinction of Spigelius is worth the ●oting, That, motion cannot scarce 〈◊〉 way properly be said the action of ● Muscle; but rather a certain effect, and ●●e use of its action: for, the motion is of ●he part into which the Muscle is inserted. And the Muscles are chiefly named ●rom the motion of members which are performed by them, not that they are placed in those parts, but that they are ●he Authors of the motions (and consequently of the significations) that appear in those parts. He must therefore ●e well read and exercised in the nature ●f Muscles, who would know of what Actions and Significations every one is ●he Instrument: He should diligently in ●very member, out of the Muscles raise a consideration of the motion of the members: and again out of the motion of the Muscles, the differences of Muscles, for they are Relatives. Motions are the motions of certain Muscles, and Muscles are the Muscles of certain motions. Whence so many voluntary motions a● there are in the Body distinct in place and time, there are so many Muscles at least, defined by their terms and circumscriptions; but although for the most part one Muscle is assigned to one motion, yet there is sometimes two, where a stronger force is required, sometimes one only Muscle to more motions▪ And that we might not always stand in need of so many Muscles as motions, not few of them perform oblique motions, and with the opposite Muscle of the same stock, strait motions. So that a Muscle is destinated to all motions. Hence as the word motion is generally taken for th● Genus, so action which is a doing motion, or a factive motion of the parts, is th● Species, and the signification which action signifies is special, when we say with Aristotle, That action is an impression in the parts moved, or with Galen, Actione● ●n fieri constituuntur, which Factive motion is best understood with Avicens restriction to animal actions performed by ●he ability of the Muscles; which motive ●ctions when they appear in the parts ●oved, for the most part are volu●tary, ●hough they may be also constrained, as ●ne may by violence make me bow my Head to the seeming signification of as●ent. And as the movable parts vary, so ●he actions vary: Some parts are moved ●y themselves, others by the intervening of some other; and again they ei●her change their place, or are stirred up ●n the same place. The Muscles which ●ave their principle of moving from the ●oule, and actuate those parts, are moved ●n the same place, and on their movings●epend ●epend the motion of the parts, which is ●ot so much distinguished by the difference of place, forward, backward, upward, downward, to the right hand, to ●he left, or in orb, but also in the figure of ●he part, which is called Scheme. For, figure●s ●s the situation of a part in motion. Now ●ince every instrument should be so disposed that it may most aptly attain the ●nd unto which it was appointed, and that a Muscle is the instrument of so many voluntary expressions of the mind. Let us see what neat & elegant composure it hath, to give an apt satisfaction to so noble & important motions. The similar parts which concur to the construction of a Muscle, are seven in number, to wit, a Vein, Artery, Nerve, Flesh, Tendon, Membran, & Fat; among which there is a part, without which the action cannot be done, being that part from which action doth first arise, the root or mansion of the faculty, all the others subministring to this, concur and conspire to the end of that one action: Therefore it is not sufficient to know that a Muscle is the Organ of voluntary motion, but there is need of the acutest edge of wit, to find out that part which exists as Prince and chief in it, and which is upon commandment▪ of the Soul, effective of motion. This prerogative of moving a Muscle, is most justly given to the Nerve, as having the greater aptness for motion▪ for all men very well know▪ that the part moves not, but the soul, for the instruments move, because they are moved by it▪ besides, the instruments that serve any faculty, must derive their orginal from that part from whence such a faculty proceeds; Now the Nerves have their beginning from the Brain, and are afterwards dispersed here and there and derived to other parts greater or lesser, according to the diversity of the Action. But there ariseth no small doubt, because Galen in many places calls the Nerves the way of the virtue that depends upon the Brain: whereupon many assuredly take the Nerves to be only the Posts & Conveyors & not Motors, & had rather call them Illatores, tha● Motores, which is far from truth; for although they do bring the intelligence from the Brain to the Muscles, yet withal they do move and work; and they are the Intelligencers and way of conveyance until they come unto the movable parts: but when they are once entered into the composition of the Muscle they become Agents and Motors. Which Marinelius by most clear and pregnant instances out of Galen, maintains and manifestly demonstrates to be true. Now the Brain is the Universal organ of voluntary motion, the great mystery whereof is thus ordered. The Brain commandeth as soon as it hath judged whether the thing is be to be avoided or prosecuted, the Nerves commonly called Illatores or the Posts, for the Intelligence they give, bring the commandment, and Faculty; the Muscle illustrated with the Animal Spirits obeys, and moves the part according to the command of the ●ill: and as a Rider by the moving of his Rains, guides his Horse; so the force of the Soul residing in the Brain, moves the Muscles by the Nerves, as with Rains; for the will is like the Rider, the Nerves to Rains, and the Muscles to the Horse. So it is no motion until it come to the Muscle, for that is truly motion, which is done by the intention and remission of the Muscles.   

Sect. FOUR That the Appetite or Will is the first efficient cause, but not the chief cause of motion, the Spirit and Faculty being the more propinque and conjunct cause, and that besides the commandment of the Will, the endeavour and intention of the mind is necessary thereunto.  
SInce there are divers motions and Actions performed by the members, through mediation of the Muscles who have their virtue, from a faculty, by which Physicians understand that which has a power of Doing or Working, who sometimes call them Powers sometimes Virtues; a Faculty by the definition of Galen being the cause of an Action, for every effecting cause is a Faculty. Now since every work proceeds from some action, and it is necessary some cause▪ should also go before every action, it follows with reason, that as Action is the cause of every work, so some faculty should be the cause of that Action, for nothing is done without a cause, which is an Axiom in Physic; therefore it is altogether necessary to consider the efficient Faculty of Action, and the Cause of work, for how can any thing be done without an Agent Cause? and that which has the power of working? Now this is the animal faculty which gives sense and motion, which suggests cogitation, intellection & memory, and which transmits' sense and motion from the Brain, by the conduct of the Nerves, with the greeks usually called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is Rationatrix, presiding over all the actions and motions that flow from our will, that is from Election and Council, and that by the aid of the Nerves and operation of the Muscles; of the Animal faculty the motive is a species. Albertus where he speaks of the Exterior motive virtue which follows upon the affective, that is upon that which works the inward motion of the mind, very appositely to our purpose, distinguisheth the motive faculty into the appetitive, the affective, and the motive, the first commands the part to be moved, the affective and motive perform the motion of the members, but the affective makes the inward spiritual motion, the motive makes the exterior corporal motion of the members which represents the inward motion. But the actions that are done by the most manifest tone of the Muscles, are those which are produced by that species of motion which they call Pathetic; for, that causeth more violent, extant, and remarkable actions in all the parts of the body; the internal motion of this Faculty or Perturbation Averrhoes calls motum electivum; and there is no creature that at some time or other is not droven to some impetuous action by this inward agitation or perturbation of his mind; which actions in respect of their effect are moral, of their supposed Spring, vital, yet the actions of these vital Ethiques serve the Animal by divers motions of perturbations, which spring from ●he Pathetic Energetique or Ethique faculty, which although of itself it be ●oyde of reason, yet being apt to obey, ●ence there ariseth some conflicts between the Rational and Irrational part ●s the Practic Intellect hath these affection's in Subjection, called pathetical when they are moved by the arbitrament of another, which though they be ●eckon'd among passions, yet in their ●ffects they are actions, and appear so ●o be in their types and external representations in the face and countenance, ●nd other parts of the body. The principle of all motion is the Appetite: whence the sense offering what is desired, the motions are done no otherwise then as you see in Machines', the ●ullyes loosed, one thrusting forward ●he other, but in Machines' without the mutation of qualities, but in us the formal cause of motive heat and spirits is transmitted withal to the parts, hence in anger we wax hot, in fear and sadness cold, for, all these perturbations are done with heat and cold, to wit, the ●hing seen excites the Appetite and this the Affection, which prepare the instrument of the Action. So tha● the Appetive power or will commandeth but moveth not, but after his nod th● Motive faculty ariseth, which flowing b● the Nerves produceth Motion. Yet F●r●nelius his distinction is to be considere● in this business, who will have the Appetite or will to be the first Efficient cau●● of motion, but not the Chief caus● which belongs rather to the Spirit an● Faculty than to the Appetite, and must b● returned thither, & besides the Appeti●● or will we must find out some more propinque and conjuct cause of motion; a●mong others the chief reason is, tha● when the Palsy hath seized on any par● because then the Nerves are destitute 〈◊〉 the Spirits and Faculty, the most effica●cious or strongest Appetite or Will can●not procure a motion, and if you bin●  
Nerve hard with a cord you may command what you will, but there follows no obedience of the Muscle whose Nerve is so stopped, since all notice or intelligence of our will is thereby intercepted from arriveing at the Muscle. Besides, this commandment of the Will seems of little efficacy at all, unless a ●ertaine endeavour and intention of the ●ind be added unto it as a Coadjutor or companion; for if a man would either wrest his eyes divers ways, or set all 〈◊〉 parts together into speaking motion's, shall he forthwith effect it, although ●he instruments be sound and fit for action; of which this in sooth is the only ●ause, that the mind must hoc agere, and cannot take notice of all things at one instant, nor be intent to every single motion. Therefore the Will is not only sufficient, but a certain intention also of the Mind is necessary, to rouse up ●he Motive faculty, otherwise a sleep ●nd languishing in particulars. Wherefore this Animal Faculty which by the ●ectorship of the spirit flows from the Brains into every particle, while it is driven forward by the command of the will and the endeavour and intention of the mind, effects the actions whic● so significantly appear in the Head an● other parts of the Body.   

Sect. V. That it is strange, but not so wonderful that Animal motion should be performed on such a sudden.  
Divers things are required that th● parts should be moved by an Ani●mall or voluntary motion. For we mu●● know, how all that is moved, is compa●● of a Mover and a Movable; Since what soever is moved, is moved of some thing when therefore we are moved, it is neces●sary there should be a compound of ● moving and a movable; the Soul is th● Movens metaphoricum, the moved o● movable the Body, or some part of it; fo● it is the Soul whereby we live and hav● motion. And because the Soul moves no● by a natural propension, but by knowledge and for an end; it would be con●sidered with the sharpness of wit, o● whom it is moved, and with what instru●ments and mediums it moves the Hea● ●nd parts of it, and which are the instruments moved, and the Mediums●etween ●etween the Soul, and the last thing mo●ed. The Principal of local motion (especially which must be immovable) is the ●oule, Appetition is the Medium that moves●he ●he Movable, the Instrument is the Spirit. ●o that there are six things concurring ●o these Actions. immovable as the Soul, ●●moveable partly, and partly movable, as ●he Brain, quatenus a Principle; which ●ove, and are moved, as the Head, which 〈◊〉 moved by the Brain, and moves the ●arts of the Face with it; which are mo●ed alone, as the parts of the Face; the ●edium of the motion, as the Appetition, ●nd Affection, and the Instrument, which 〈◊〉 the Spirit; To this effect Cardan, or 〈◊〉 you will have it as Fabricius ab Aqua ●end. has drawn it out of Galen, and Ari●●●tle: All that appertains and concurs 〈◊〉 local motion is thus universally ordered. As soon as the imagination is for●ed of the object known by the intellect●r ●r sense, whether it be to be prosecuted ●r avoided, straightways the Appetite is ●oved, which forthwith excites and moves withal the passions of the Body, either by heating or refrigerating, either to attain or avoid: The passions, that i● heat, cold, do aptly prepare the motory Instruments, as Aristotle speaks ingeni●ously; Which are according to Galen, th● Brain, the Nerves, the Muscles, an● Joints. The Brain besides its propose● work done by itself, and as it were, ●●●red up by ploughing, and brought fort● out of its proper substance, as the Ima●gination, Appetite, and Passions, 〈◊〉 moreover transmit the Animal Spiri● begotten in and of itself, by the nerve● his branches, as it were by channels 〈◊〉 the muscles, the peculiar allied and pro●per organ of motion; with which for● the Muscles wholly affected and illustra●ted attempt the performance of appare●● motion. Now, although the Muscles 〈◊〉 the instruments of voluntary motion, 〈◊〉 many other things being required to th● act of their motion; whence that by 〈◊〉 mediation (so many causes interceding so suddenly a commotion should 〈◊〉 wrought and introduced into the Me●●bers, is a thing full of miracle! 〈◊〉 hath a pretty Simile to illustrate this b●●siness: As (saith he) in the striking of ●●ring of an Instrument, an eight answers unto an eight: So the Motive Faculty by a wonderful providence of Nature moves the mobile Spirits, and ●hese moved, fly forth with a stupendious obedience to their destinated Organs. As in a Monochord, a Diapason, a Diapente, and a Diatesseron sound only ●t certain intervals, and in the other stops sound not: So certain parts, as soon as may be, obey the soul, sending particular Mandates unto them; for, all ●he parts wait upon the soul, and were framed by Nature to such an aptitude, that being commanded, they presently obey, and are moved as long as the moving faculty flowing from a principle, is not by some impediment debarred from them. But without doubt, saith Marinellus, this is not very perspicuous to reason, how we do move at the Nod of the Will, what part soever we desire, although the most remotest from the head, the foundation of the moving faculty, and that without any interposition of time; But all admiration and astonishment will vanish away, if we suppose that which is most certain, to wit, that the motive faculty while man is awake, or no● oppressed with heavy sleep, doth perpetually flow and travel to the Nerve● which are derived from the Brain, and dispersed through the Labyrinth of th● Body; which virtue since it is, as w● may so say, in the first act in the Toe o● the Foot, the Appetite commanding, i● breaks out into the last act which is motion. Ca●en gives us an example: no time saith he, it found to pass between, whe● you would move your Head, and between the Action itself: As it also happens in the Sense; for in this we expect no time of wounding to feel, but th● Knife at once cuts, and we feel it. And this calls in question that opinion o● the whole School of Barbarians, whic● affirms the Spirits to be transmitted to al● the Members, and by them the virtue● carried & conveyed, they being the proper instrument of the Soul: But if th● virtue is communicated by transmissi●● of the Spirits they would no way communicate on a sudden, but in manifest time; for the Spirit is Corporeal: Bu● we so suddenly as we will move ou● Head or the parts of it, expecting nothing at all the virtue to have an influence upon the motion. For, Nature, as Vallesius well observes, never order any thing to have a power, only to move once: but she once gives that which shall have a power to move many times. And therefore when we attempt any second motion, we have the benefit of that influence which had first enabled the motory parts.   

Sect. VI. That in all outward Actions the Soul commandeth either manifestly, or obscurely, and that we are not stirred up to any such motion by Nature, or Custom.  
IT is very hard and difficult to assign a Cause of so different motions. Galen who was very curious and inquisitive in searching out the cause of the moving of Muscles, at last ingeniously confesseth, ●hat he knew not how the Muscles were moved: the cause of his doubt was, that since the offices of Muscles were unknown to Infants, they seemed not apt to demand their endeavour of them, because it is a voluntary motion; Will is from Knowledge; the end therefore for which we are moved, and the peculiar Instrument of the motion is to be known: therefore since none of these are known to Infants, for good reason we ask why they rather move their lips than their feet, or how they move them? In all motions that are voluntarily performed, there is nothing more obscure or doubtful than this; because I see, saith he, in children, much more in others, that when they would make any outward expression with any Member of their body, thi● they do voluntarily, and this they do by a Muscle destinated and appropriated to that motion, although indeed they know not that Muscle, and not only are they ignorant of this, but even many Physicians; and the consideration of this mystery drives him to 〈◊〉 som● extraordinary hand of Providence to be active in it; for his words are; Because I find the Members of the body to b● moved by a Muscle on which the Creator, who created and fashioned us, and is always present with us, hath prudently bestowed a power of moving when therefore we would make use o● any motion, He moves the Muscle which he hath form and created for that purpose. Scaliger, who takes this confession of Galen for a qualm of Philosophical modesty, tells Cardan, verily Galen knew not many things, which yet he would not have others to know that he knew them not, and with a subtle facility he attempts to resolve this knotty doubt. Will, says he, is twofold, one of Election, as in wise men: another from Instinct, as in an Infant newborn, to suck milk, for when he is grown of age, he will do the same (if need be) with Election, and the force is the same which serves the Soul for the commodity of the Body, and hath a connative Species of its conservation: The Soul therefore moves the Muscles, and therefore moves them. 〈◊〉 thinks the Oeconomy of our 〈◊〉 to be as 'twere a City governed by good Laws, wherein when ●nce the order is established, there is no ●eed of a secret Guide which must represent at every thing that is done: ●o all parts of the Body to what uses ●hey were appointed perform their du●●es without any Teacher, and as Homer feigned that the Instruments of Vulcan moved of their own accord, and those golden Shields to be of such cunning workmanship that they moved of themselves: So the Muscles endued with a convenient structure, perform their work by a certain ingenit virtue. But Marinellus, a Physician of an excellent judgement, conceives not Scaligers distinction of the Will to be consonant to reason; for Will always as it is a Will, supposeth some Election, and Election, Cognition, which least of all exists in Infants: And therefore to feign a Will, to Will something unknown, seems to him a vain forgery. Nor is he satisfied in the example of Aristotle, which is not well accommodated to the business of voluntary motion. For, a Monarch imposeth Laws upon his Citizens who are renowned with a knowing soul, and keep their Prince's commandment in memory▪ But the Muscles the moving and the movable Corporeal parts are, not endue● with any Cognoscent powers; fo● so every animated part were to have ● proper Soul, which were most absurd and repuguant to his own saying, wher● he infers, that it behoves not there should be a Soul in every part, but that it exsist in some Principle or chief part of the Body. Besides, the parts for the performing of motion stand in need of a Spirit or influent heat that makes the motion, according to its nature, impetuous, or some moving Faculty that flows from a principle, but this or that is not moved but by Imagination, or Appetite, the Imagination or Appetite not without the Soul; whence it is to be concluded, that the Soul always commands the motion, and the parts movable do not perform their work from Nature. The Philosopher makes it plain, that motion is done by the Imagination and Appetite; for, the passions aptly obey the instrumentarian parts, the Appetite the Passions, and the Imagination the Appetite; and if in that place he useth the word Nature for the So●le, as some Commentators affirm, (for the Soul is a certain Nature) yet that similitude were incongruous enough and unlike, for, the Soul should be always present and command the parts, and should not move by some instrument, which the Philosopher denies. Perchance some may object, that sometimes we know not nor are awar of some actions we do, and therefore they can not be voluntary nor have any such emphatical signification; this indeed is a thing somewhat doubtful and full of ambiguity in some men's opinions, and has been the cause to make some to imagine that there are many kind of motions that depend not upon our will. But they who have taken this doubt into consideration, have decreed the will to be double, one is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the other is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the first is, vigilantium, proper to them that are awake and heed what they do; the last is Dormientium, or theirs who do a thing in their sleep, or with less intention of the mind. So that in every motion the will commandeth either manifestly or obscurely. Hence it is that we do not always mind the motion of every particle in our head or face, yet all the gestures of the parts which we exercise, even when we know not whether we use them or not, are motions of the soul, since performed by the work of the Muscles. And I think, saith Marinellus, there is no man when he moves after any manner his whole head, distorts his Face, Eyebrow, lip, or nose, or winks with one eye, which sometimes we do not being aware of them, and so against our knowledge and will, yet none are so simple to think they are not the actions of the soul, and done by voluntary motion, and that they proceed not from the soul, because knowledge and command do not so formally precede as in other actions it is wont before appetite; for the Fancy may do its work and move when we perceive it not; and it appears by Aristotle, that motion may be commanded the members although the outward Senses are notably hindered; and whatsoever motion is done by the commandment of a Faculty, is voluntary, it being without all controversy, that all motions the soul exerciseth by the Muscles are arbitrary and so to be called, they being voluntary which Reason and the Will command, called Animal, because common to us with Beasts; For, all motion that the Rational or Irrational Faculty commands the Muscles, is animal, or arbitrary; for since all motion is either natural or voluntary, and that which is done by the Muscles is not natural: it follows than it must be accounted for animal, arbitrary, or voluntary, names which imply all one thing. But all motion which is done by the contraction of the Muscles to their heads is commanded the Muscles by the Soul or Appetite, all such motion therefore is and aught to be called voluntary or animal, for, that contraction of the Muscles which without the help of any extraneous thing are driven to their Heads, & move the members into which they are inserted, is the operation of an animated body quatenus animated, wherefore such motions of the Muscles cannot be done by any other thing, the Soul not cooperating with it: For, all actions equally proceed from the Soul, but receive their Specifique difference from the instruments; Wherefore these are both animal and voluntary motions if the name be put for them both, but if you would call that only voluntary, which is done with our will and assent, and not against our wills, you will be compelled to exclude many other motions performed by the Muscles from the number of voluntary motions. Galen endeavours to salve this doubt; why we do these voluntary actions as 'twere not wittingly or willingly, or as being aware of them, not presuming to have found the cause, but to speak a little more probably: Because, saith he, we are not intent with our whole mind upon them, as many have done actions which they forget to have done in fits of anger and passion, having made but a slight and superficial impression in their minds, as madmen perform many voluntary actions which yet they remember not when they come to themselves; whereas to some actions we adhibit a more indulgent heed, when no way disturbed nor distracted with cares, we are not drawn away to desist from the motion begun; for, Care, the Contemplation of some thing, Custom, or some affection of the mind, may prove impediments to the knowledge of the Command of the will; for if our Cogitation be very intent upon a thing, so that it slights other things which had intended it, it errs from its proper end, which often happens to men when they intent a journey to a certain place, and many times being engaged in other thoughts, do pass it: Notwithstanding it is a thing hard enough to believe, that any one should command and not know that he doth command, and therefore some have dared to affirm, that the beginning of a motion depends upon the command of the will; but the progress of a journey to be done by Custom and Aptitude of parts, since many at that time are turmoiled with divers cares: but it is better to affirm the Cause of such error to be by reason of the mind detained by some cogitation. And with Marinellus we may wonder as much, how such motions are many times done in our sleep, which we forget to have done in our sleep, the soul then working obscurely; for when we awake, we cannot tell whether we had moved any part of our face or no, and so by oblivion are soon induced to say, they were done without our will or privity, which is the case of your Noctambuli (or as Senner●us had rather call them, Somnambuli,) who in their sleeps rise out of their Beds, walk and perform many actions and gestures whereof there is mention every where among Physicians, which gestures and actions are done unwittingly, and when they awake in the morning they remember no such matter, animal motion being stirred up in them by force of a stronger imagination, which are performed by the benefit of the motions of the Hand feet and the other organs serving to animal motion, commanded by the Locomotive pricked forward by the Appetite, stirred up by the Fancy, which taking notice of some object offered unto it in sleep, tenders it to the Appetite either to be avoyed or embraced. To which the command of Reason and the will do concur with the locomotive power, although more obscurely and darkly, the action of imagination being stronger in sleep, but that of rationation, which should direct and moderate the fancy is more obtenebrated, the actions of those who sleep, and those who dream seeming not to differ, but that these rise, the others lying in their beds doing the same things. Another objection may be, that many of these speaking motions of our Head, Face, & other parts of our body are many times done by custom & a habit, rather than by a voluntary motion. Indeed, Zinguer reckons custom among the accidents of the Instrumental cause of the motive faculty, and that it is as 'twere the Vicar of the will and sometimes the Arbiter. But the Master of the subtleties laughs at Cardan for his definition of the double Cause of motion, one the Soul & the Muscles, the other custom. You in vain saith he, multiply things, you in vain bring a name for a thing: For, what is custom? if I should ask, you would spend above two days in deliberation what you were to say, & it would fall out well if you could then come off with credit. Custom is nothing else but a habit, but a habit is not the cause of motion, but a quality added to the motion: because it so adheres to the members, that as Aquilio without C. o● his own accord doth presently answer, brings forth its actions as they are to be done without any inquisition. Custom, indeed, and the aptitude of parts do advance & help forward the doing or perfecting of some motions; and it is wort● our admiration, to see in a Chironomer, who has his soul in his Fingers, the Muscles of his Hand should be directed so swiftly to the Nerves of his instrument, while it may be he is afflicted in mind, his hand being droven by the command of his will to such motions, all the ready variations of his cunning fingers being done by the Nods of the Soul, though unknown unto him; unknown, by reason of long custom, by which such actions become most easy. The modesty of Gal●n will conclude this matter very well. Rashly to judge these motions is ignorance, promptly to pronounce them not voluntary is rashness, and there is no just cause why we should recede from what is evident, and there are evident judgements to be made of voluntary motion; the causes we find not, because we follow not particular actions. He that denies his belief is void of sense. He is rash that pronounceth of uncertainties. He that for the obscurity that is in these, has those in suspicion which are clear, is a Sceptic & of them that delight in Doubts. He that not only suspects but studies to evert those which are clear, for the obscurity that is in them, is an arrant fool.    

PATHOMYOTOMIA OR A Dissection of the Muscles of the Affections.  
Being an Essay to a new way of describing the operative and significative Muscles of those Affections, which are more Conspicuously emphatical in the Demonstrative Actions of the Head and Face.  

THE PROEM. The Prerogative of the Head in point of Animal and significant motion.  
MAn who in respect of the variety and excellency of his Actions is a most perfect Creature, has a Body withal composed of divers parts, answerable to the variety of his Actions; and every way fitted to signify and explain the affections of his Mind; among which, the most eminent and obvious part, the Head, wherein the whole man seems to dwell, hath a prerogative in point of significant motion, and being the Forum of the Affections, hath many advantages for declarative Action of the subordinate and more private parts of the Body. And all this by a good right, as being the Root of the Affections, and the principle of motion. Hence the instruments of voluntary motion, the Muscles, disposed in the Head and Face, are so honourable and remarkable, that if man were deprived of them, he would look like a Socratical Statue; for, his Face would be always in one fixed posture, there might be Fancies but no Vultus, or voluntary explanation of his mind: But it would be like a Cabinet lokct up, whose key was lost. No certain way of entrance into his mind to be found, and so Momus his Cavil would be just; all the inward motions and affections of his mind would be obscured in silence, and become altogether invisible, the countenance, without the moving virtue of the Muscles, ordained in time to measure out the passions and affections of the mind, remaining like a watch, whose spring or Principle, and the wheels that served for motion, were taken out.   

Memb. I. Of the Muscles, the instruments of voluntary motion whereby the general significations of the Head are performed.  
ALthough the Brain itself is not moved by a proper Animal motion, and so needs no Muscle: Yet the rest of the Head requires divers motions, both ●n respect of the whole, as in respect of certain parts, or Members, which as well as their chief are so called, for that ●hey have no proper circumscription on ●very side, nor are every way conjoined ●o others; more especially, that the whole ●ead with its comprised parts, by the benefit of certain Muscles might be enabled ●o move, and by motion, to express the ●ffections of the mind. Now the Head●eing ●eing (as all Bodies are) in a place, its ●otions with other corporal motions must be local; therefore the Head, ●y the Ishmos of the Neck, as it were ●icking to the continent of the Body, as 〈◊〉 a Base or Centre, is apparently moved ●y many affections and energetical mo●●ons of the mind; being oftentimes moved in a place, from a place, to a place, & by a place; but observing still the same centre, to wit the rest of the Body, which persists unmoved, as likewise do all the parts of the Head and Face, when their potential abilities of signification are reduced into act, by any affection or pathetical motion of the mind. But as members, so some actions are compounded, and some simple; the compound soon appear; the simple do last occur; for first we perceive Nods the compound motion of the Head, than the more simple motions, to wit the contractions and extensions of the Muscles where of those Nods consist, and which are the singular parts that effect, or assist the declarative motions of the head: Some of which instruments & their motions, in lean & musculous men do evidently appear without any dissection even through the veil of the skin. These Muscles the instruments of voluntary motion, by which the general discourses o● the Head are performed, are usually reckoned seven pair; whereof every one hath its Action, some being placed before, and some Diametrically opposite behind, and of the Muscles of every pair● one takes up the right side, another the left. Those Muscles are primary and serve the proper motions of the Head, which are done, the Head moved, the Neck unmoved. Archangelus calls these that attend upon the private motions of the Head, Musculos Cephalicos, capital or moving the head. And, the Cylinder of the Neck although a medium between the Head and breast yet most properly referred to the head in respect of the common motions. The Muscles that are set over the conduct of the Neck accomplish ●he common motions of the Head, which ●re those which follow the motion of the Neck, which motions are secundary and ●y accident, for, the Neck being moved, ●he Head necessarily follows, and therefore with as many proper motions as the Neck is moved with, with so many se●undary motions is the Head; these Arch●ngelus calls Musculos Cervicales, from moving the Neck; they are four pair; Which as a kind of Chorus encircling it ●n a Ring, embrace the Head and Neck, ●eing ready pressed to obey the Becks and ●odding Commandments of the will. The ●oure first pair also of the Muscles of the Back are subservient to the motions and significations of the Head and Neck, & are Musculi adjutorij, reckoned by Vesalius & others, among the Muscles of the Head and Neck, although not seated in those parts. The chief commodity of the Neck was to sustain the various motions of the head, wherein there is a new thing & truly admirable, that in the joint of the head the greatest bone is coupled and put upon the least almost, whose nature is so obscure, that it is controverted by many, And Galen, the Miracle of nature, and the most exquisite Interpreter of motion, in weighing the construction of any part, requires not so learned and witty an● Auditor as in the motions of the Head, and with the difficulty of the matter affrighteth his Reader, as Vesalius, in thi● point of Articulation (unworthily scoffing) observes of him. Notwithstanding this is agreed on by both sides, that every motion is performed upon the first or second vertebra of the Neck, whereof in lean and consumed men, we may make an experiment, if we put the index of our Hand about the pit of the hinder part of the head, or nape of the neck; for we shall then perceive the first and second vertebra to be more moved than any of the rest; the motions of the other joints are neither so valid nor manifest, and very difficult to observe, so that they cannot be discerned in the very act, by every man; So obscure are their motions, that unless you bend your whole mind, there is no comprehending of them: but the motions of the Head upon the Neck, which express divers affections of the mind, are so manifest and evident, that they are hid from no man. The structure of the joint being very remarkable? for, sage Nature moderatrix of all opportunities, when she foresaw that many motions were necessary for the Head, and that it could not undergo them unless the bones were round and committed to a simple Article loosely bound, knowing that the security of construction would be repugnant to the variety and agility of motion, and solicitous for the noblest part, though she always in the first place casts for the dignity of the Action, and in the second for the security, consulting for both in this ●oynt, chose rather security, than the variety and agility of motion; for, seeing they were incompatible and could not stand together if it were tie loosely and free to turn every where; she gave it a few motions and those safe, rather than many with the peril of the Head: and because the scope of variety was not to be contemned, therefore provident Nature what she could not with the magnitude and laxity of one Article perform, she recompensed with two smaller, and a multitude of Muscles. For which cause no motion seems to be wanting to the Head. But although the construction or the articulation and composition of the Neck is provided for local and voluntary motion, yet there is no Action of Articles but only a Passion; for so much as the Article or joint acts nothing but only is moved, but to be moved, is to suffer, when not by its proper motion, but by something placed without it is moved, not by itself, but by the Muscle; wherefore if the Action of this joint is a motion, it is not done by acting, but by suffering, and the motions and significations are to be attributed to the Muscles which are the instrumental cause. Lastly, that the Head in violent motions and agitations might not go beyond its bounds and suffer a Luxation, which is deadly, there are four strong ligaments to establish and better secure their motions, which are of great moment to be known exactly by those who would rightly perceive the motion of the Head, or dispute of their significations: Provided and furnished with these accommodations, the Head can with what equipage is requisite, at an instant, attend the motion of the mind, and attempt and dispatch all the important negociations and pathetical affairs of ●he will or Appetite.  

Dissect. I.  
WHen we assent, affirm, yield, grant, vote, confirm, confess, admit, allow, or approve of a thing, etc. we ●re wont to Nod or bend our head forward. Galen ascribes this motion to the Head, where he saith, Flexio fit annuendo: which Vesalius expounding says, He means of ●hat motion whereby we bend or incline our Head forward in assent or approbation. The natural reason of which motion in these senses is, an approving which is made by the Imagination seeing o● hearing somewhat done or said which acordeth very well, and this power remaineth in the Brain or forepart of the Head wherein the Cell and Seat of the Imagination is, when any of these thing give it contentment, suddenly it moveth the same, and after it all the Muscles o● the Body, especially of the Head the chief Sphere of its activity, and so many times we allow of witty sayings 〈◊〉 actions, by bowing down, or Nodding of the Head. The Muscles appointed in a Right motion of the Head to exhibit the yielding flexibility of the will, an● the upper portion only of the pain of Muscles, commonly called mastei●dean or the mamillary pair, because inserted into the Dug-like process of th● Temples, arising with a double original, distinguished with a certain cavity, whereof one begins at the top of th● Sternon, the other proceeds from th● higher part of the Clavicula where it i● joined to the Sternon; Seated in th● forepart of the Neck under the squa●● Muscle of the Cheeks: For when this part of the aforesaid Muscle enjoys the action alone, the Head itself only by the first fibres which are infixed into the first and second vertebre, is moved to assent. Which portion, insooth, hath sometimes a peculiar and clear circumscription or delineation which answers in proportion to those small Muscles which are behind: for since the significations that are performed by the Head alone, are very short and light, and the Head being heavy, by reason of its weight is easily depressed or let down ●o the anterior parts, two such small Muscles were sufficient for this action. If ●ny man would make trial to find after what manner this significant motion of ●he Head is done, having got a fresh human carcase, the other parts besides ●he ligaments of the vertebres being ●aken away, driving the Head forward ●nd backward with his hands, He shall ●asily perceive it to move first by itself, ●nd shall thence conjecture the small Muscles inserted strait into the Head, 〈◊〉 be the chief author's of the motion. Note that whereas this just flexion of assent is caused by the Heads urging and impelling the second vertebre by the benefit of the ligament of the Tooth, the Muscles on each side working together: So if the Right Muscle only be contracted, the Head drawn by oblique fibres, obliquely assents Leftward: the Left Muscle only working, the Head assents forward, but to the Right Hand; which you may see represented in the reins of a Horse. But nothing can better show you how to conceive of the office and function of these Muscles, than if you should put a garter athwart about the hinder part of the Head, bringing it from above the ears on each side-down to the breast; for if you afterwards draw both the end● of the garter together, the Head will give a just Nod of assent: but if you pull the ends by turns one after another, you wil● cause Collateral Nods, such as we us● when the parties to whom we make th● sign are on one side of us. Now fin● these Small Muscles, commonly accounted the upper portion of the mastoidean 〈◊〉 Mammillary pair (though their prope● circumscription seem to give them th● Delineations of a Distinct pair) affor● the Dug-like process of indulgency, expressed by assenting Nods, giving them a proper name from the affection and signification of the mind they help to exhibit, they may be called Parannuens, the assenting, or yielding pair, or the muscles of Approbation. When the Head in assenting is more manifestly bend forward, and compelled to Nod, than the whole Mastoidean pairs work together, the lower portion of those Muscles being most active in the fuller Declaration of the mind which appear under the Oesophagus, a pair seen before the carcase is excoriated in lean, and old men, and men living, being those which in antique Coins were observed with so great diligence by the Ancients; the profoundness of this pair yielding a signature of a deeper assent, and might for Distinction be called par affirmans, the affirming pair, or the Muscles of Concession.   

Dissect. II.  
WHen we would bow low, as in assenting with reverence, or to adore, worship, or profess a submissive respect, the whole Neck with the Head is inclined and lowly bend forward, in which large expression of the Head and Neck, after the second vertebre the third is moved, than the fourth and all the rest, the lower the vertebre is so much the obscurer motion it obtains, and the last the shortest. This motion is performed by the Benders of the Neck, which are two pair, the first pair commonly called Longus, lying under the Oesophagus, is long, arising with a sharp and fleshy beginning from the Body of the fifth vertebre of the Thorax, on the fore part where it is joined to the Rib; this ascending upwards, is annexed collaterally to all the Bodies of the Vert●bres, even to the first of the Neck where both the Muscles touch one another, and with an acute and nervous tendon it ends in the process of the first vertebre, which is the standard or proportion to the body of the other Vertebres, that the Neck might be bend. The second pair of Benders commonly called Triangulate hath a fleshy and large original from the first and upper Rib of the Thorax, afterwards maintaining its course towards the Face, it grows narrow, and is terminated with oblique fibres, in the transverse processes of all the vertebres of the Neck where they look inward; for, these muscles working together, bow the Neck right forward, and so consequently the Head. The first long Muscles which so appear active in these Declarations of the Mind might by our scope of Denomination be called Par reverentiale, the Reverential pair; The other commonly called Triangulare, for distinction, Par adorans, the Muscle of Worship or Adoration, or the Muscles of the yoke of submissive obedience; and that well grounded upon the natural Philosophy of Gesture; The bowing down of the Neck with the Head, naturally implying a professed submission, even to the taking up of the yoke of obedience. This motion may be also collateral, when either of the pairs work alone, for than they incline the Neck and Head forward towards the side of the contracted Muscle.   

Dissect. III.  
WHen we lightly dislike, refuse, deny, or resent a thing, we use a cast-up backward Nod of our Head, a motion diametrically opposite to the forward motion of assent; and this signification of the mind is performed by the extension of the Head according to Gal●n, Extensio fit abnuendo. Vesalius taking upon him to expound Galens meaning in these words, says, they are meant of that motion of Denial wherein we reflect or recline our Head after that manner as the Thracians and most of your Cretans even at this day seem Abnuere, that is, to refuse, and deny; for when they refuse or deny, they move their Heads strait backward, and lift and cast it up, not as we refuse and deny, who drive the head about in a circumduction. Here Divine Vesalius (as Fallopius his superstitious Admirer often calls him) the Anatomique Argus, who never took a nap in Dissection, appears guilty of a drowsy Nod of Cavillation, in making so blind a Comment upon so clear a Text. But indeed, the luck of his divine wit hereabouts failed him and proved mortal, which hath caused such great Digladiations among Anatomists, as to divide them into Sects, one part endeavouring to maintain his Cavil against Galen in point of articulate motion, according to his provincial garb of refusing and denial: The other strongly repulsing the Calumny. But as to the signification of the affection of the mind exhibited by this gesture, none have minded it so far as to undertake a vindication; which since it is not only a mistake of the mind of the noble Pergamite, but comes overthwart to endanger the principles of our universal and natural Language of the Head, I am engaged (saving the reverence due to so great an Anatomist) to make head against him, and to say, Vesalius non vidit omnia. To which purpose, an inference from his own words in that place will serve; For, Vesalius speaking of those anterior Muscles that officiate in the motion of Assent, says, they are altogether contrary to the first four pair of Muscles placed in the hinder seat of the Neck; neither can any thing so exactly show the function of the posterior Muscles, as those Muscles of Assent, for they have the same motion forward, as the other have backward. Being their motions, then, are Diametrically opposite, so are their significations: for if we use, as we do, the flexion of the Head to show our assent, and that properly according to the universal inten●●on of Nature; the contrary motion to that, must as naturally imply dislike, or descent, or resentment. And if we Nod from us when we bid one go, Nodding to us is a gesture of invitation, and calls and bids them come unto us; the first significations being made by the co-operation of the same Muscles of assent, as likewise the Nod of Command, Direction, and Demonstration are; the second, by them he grants to have an Analogical contrariety of situation and motion unto the other; which from thence might be called Musculi imperantes, Dirigentes, Demonstrantes, and Repellentes, the inviting or repelling Muscles. And if Galen had said, Flexio fit repellendo, extensio fit advocando, or invitando, this would have pleased Vesaliu●, who seems to me in this matter guilty of that fault, which Fallopius grown wiser, and leaving off Jurare in verba magistri, is bold to accuse him of, that is, He rather carps at Galens words than his meaning; and here he seems to quarrel at the signification of the word Abnuendo, as if Galen had improperly used that word with restriction to a national garb of speaking by the Head; whereas extensio fit ab●uend●, according to Galens true meaning hath an undoubted reference to the universal and natural way of denial or dislike, which all Nations of the world agree in, being as common to other Nations, and so to Vesalius his Countrymen, as to the Thracian and Cretans: And he might have as well expounded Flexio fit Annuendo, to have been a Thracian or Cretan property. So that Galens extensio fit Abnuendo (even in the natural universality of its signification) may be rationally maintained. Now the instruments of this extension according to Spigelius, whose description (to avoid the confusion and contradiction I find among other Anatomists) I here follow, are four pair, commonly called the extenders of the Head, whereof the first pair, known by the name of Par triangulare, Scalenum, and so called from their figure, and by some Splenium for the resemblance it hath to the Spleen, affording thence a signature for a Splenetique motion of dislike, arising with a twofold beginning, one proceeds from the tops of the fifth, fourth, third, second, and first vertebre of the Breast: The other from the five Snigs of the lower vertebres of the Neck, and with somewhat oblique fibres are inserted into the midst of the occipitium which is between the ears. The second pair of these Extenders, subject to the other, is known by the name of Trigeminum, or Compositum, because endued with a threefold origination, that it seems to b● compounded of three Muscles; the first has an acute beginning, proceeding from the tranverse process of the fourth and fifth vertebre of the Breast, and is inserted into the midst of the hinder part of the Head, therein seeming to have a signature to accommodate a sharp crossness of dislike, which rising from under the Spleen, and ascending to the Breast, and from thence to the Head, hath therein made an impression of resentment; the other ariseth from the Snig of the seventh Vertebre of the Neck, and grows into one with the other before its insertion; the third coming out from the transverse processes of the first and second vertebres of the Breast, is strongly fastened into the hinder part of the Head. The third pair commonly called Recti majores, The right Majors, doth presently occur under these; and proceed from the top of the second vertebre of the Neck, and are inserted into the hinder part of the Head. The fourth pair called Recti minores, seated under the greater, arising from the knob of the first vertebre of the Neck, which holds Analogy with the Snigs of the other vertebres of the Back, and end in the middle occiput under the ends of the Recti majores. By the help of all these Muscles (whose Dualities, multiplicities of principles, and divisions inserted into the Head are not without some signature of disagreement, and dislike) if one pair of them work together in Consort, the Head is extended strait backward, to disallow, or deny; I● one of them work alone, we refuse and deny somewhat obliquely, which oblique averseness answers in the proportion of contraries, the forward collateral Nod of assent, and indulgency. And it is observable, that the long and great Muscles are always first moved in this motion of Refusing, and Denial, but where the Head is extended after a manner to an acute angle, the Right relieve the other, for, the long Muscles cannot perform that action, but it is ever done by the smaller Muscles; which we will therefore call Musculos Abnuentes, the Refusing, and Denying Muscles. But before I end this Section, I must crave leave to smile by way of observation at a great Anatomist, whom I find running away with an error instead of a conceited verity, and one of the sworn Vassals to his judgement, strongly following the Heu and Cry after him; Who having absurdly robbed Galens universal Abnu● of a Muscle, or part of a Muscle, under pretence of a Thracian, or Cretan Recusant, to enrich his Country Abnuo, hath by his envious robbery committed a contempt against the Sanction of Nature, who intending the Head to be the Balance of the Soul, wherein the Cell of Judgement, seated in the midst, as the Tongue of the Beam, to keep the Head in aequilibrio, until the Judgement moved it to incline, or rise, hath to that end (for Counterbalance▪) planted many Muscles behind to counterpoise the inclination the Head hath, by reason of its weight, to propend or weigh down in too easy assents; by reason whereof man is equally disposed in respect of the Organ, according as he sees good, either to approve, or dislike. To speak plainer, Vesalius taking the fourth part of the Muscles Trigemini, which Fallopius makes an exact and distinct Muscle, which the Will useth lightly to descent or refuse by Nodding backward, Vesalius joins this in commission with the Muscle commonly called Superior oblique, and makes it serve to Deny by a circumduction of the Head, from whom Fallopius justly dissents, with Arguments well grounded upon the Philosophy of voluntary or arbitrary motion, and its important significations; discovering wi●hall the occasion of this Vesaliar▪ Deception. Against which abhorred Solecism of Vesalius, Fallopius argues after this manner. If, saith he, the Head cannot be moved round, unless after the moving of the first Vertebre, which is obvolved about the Tooth of the second, it will be necessary that it should be first moved by this Muscle, and upon its moving, the Head also should be turned: but this cannot be done; Therefore it doth follow, that it is not the Instrument of moving the Head round. For let us look to its rising and insertion [which indeed is the rule to discover the course of a Muscles Motion] if the Vertebre is to be turned round, the rising or original of it will be in the occipitium, and the insertion in the transverse process of the said Vertebre. Now let this Muscle act, if in the mean season the Head may be moved, it cannot act, because there is need of the rest of that very part from whence it ariseth if it must draw: If therefore it be granted that the Head may rest, the Muscle working, the Vertebre will be led about, but upon that motion the Head also is wheeled round; therefore it will happen that the Head together and at the same time may be moved and rest. But let us grant the Head to be moved when this Muscle acts [Denial.] Now the quaere is, whether it must be moved with a contrary, or the same motion? If it may be moved with a contrary, a concourse without doubt will ●nsue, and so the Head will not be moved upon the motion of the Vertebre; because the Vertebre would be agitated to the Right Hand, and the Head to the Left, by contrary motion, whereby they would concur and meet together. But let it be the same motion, that both are carried to the Right Hand; I ask again (saith he) which shall have the precedency in motion, the Head, or the Vertebre? 'Tis likely it will be answered, the Vertebre should precede, because that is moved per se, but the Head by accident upon its moving: But the principle or beginning of moving comes from the Head, because the Muscle ariseth from thence, which draws it, therefore it will follow, that the vertebre is moved by the Head; and not the Head by the vertebre, which is against his own opinion. Yet some may answer, that the Head is driven round by this Muscle, beginning at the vertebre and ending in the Occiput: but if this were granted, it would follow, that this Muscle should move the Head per se, and not by the motion of the vertebre, and in its proper Article, which Article according to Vesalius is unfit for circular motion. Wherefore if we should grant this Muscle to serve for the circular motion of Denial, [and not the extensive] some of these discommodities will necessarily follow; which are destructive to that true, nay most true opinion of the Head in orb by accident.   

Dissect. FOUR  
WHen we would mock, deride, contemn, disdain, threaten or rebuke, we use an ironical motitation or wagging Nod by the flexion and reflection of our Head in turns in a quick succession, both which motions, peculiar to the Head, are done in sequence by the Muscles of Assent and Denial making as 'twere a mixed motion, and that emphatical and proper enough, for an irony, where the first action imports approbation, and the second coming in the interim and immediately upon the nick of it before it is fully done, by a contradictory motion compounds it into an irony. Like unto this, is that motion of assent in old men, from whence the Adage came, Omnia omnibus annuit, touching the paralytical indulgency of old men, who are not by the complexion of Age so free, but they instantly recall their grants, for in them this Nu●us and Renutus signify nothing, while that which is by transferring downwards, always succeeds that which is done upwards, and the downward motion again received of the upward, the motion is made double and compounded, while the Head interchangeably changeth place, which trembling is a voluntary motion depraved by ●eason of an equal fight between the moving faculty, and the gravity of the movable part, arising from the imbecility of the moving Function, which Galen approves. Now of voluntary motion which is undergone, not according to Nature, there is one form which is called Tremor, which he proves again, saying, motion in those who will not move a member, we call involuntary, but in them affected with trembling, the motion comes not but from the command of the will; but is said depraved and not according to Nature, although it depend upon the empire of the will, for it wants that convenient motion intended by the institution of the will: for although it be altogether excited ab impetu, yet the motion perisheth, by reason of the imbecility of the faculty. There are some found who deny the Impetus can possibly be separated from the Tremor, because they sometimes see the whole Head to tremble and to be shaken, no will or disposition to move concurring therewith: But they seem not to know, that to keep any part erect, the commandment of the Will is required; because muscles in this, scarce otherwise then in other functions, are strained; & therefore 〈◊〉 you rest a trembling Head upon a cushion, you shall soon stay the trembling, ●nd free it from that motitation. And ●ence it is that we know this motion of ●he Head is voluntary.   

Dissect. V.  
WWen we reject, refuse, or show an extraordinary dislike, we use to turn away our Head. This is the action Vesalius would have so proper and ●eculiar to his Countrymen in point of refusal and denial; Which indeed is like natural and common to all Nati●ns, that of Extension, which Galen●peaks ●peaks of, and this of Circumaction being ●oth significant to show averseness of the Mind, unless you, as Vesalius seems to ●o, will imagine this way of rejection●nd ●nd denial by the Circumduction or turning away of the Head to be the more emphatical of the two, by reason of the obliquity of the Gesture. Yet in the other Natural way of Refusal or Denial by the Extension of the Head, although it is done so strait backwards, the same Muscles when one of ● pair work alone have a power to effect some obliquity, which they often put in practice upon this occasion. The Instruments of this oblique motion of Refusal and Denial are the two pair of circumagent Muscles, commonly called the Oblique Superior and Inferior, from their situation, both of them lying under the Right Extenders, to which they are correspondent in substance and form, exhibiting thereby a signature of some vicinity and likeness in the substance of their significations. The upper pair from the middle of the Occipitium arising near the outer side of the Recti majores obliquely descending, is transversly inserted into the top of the transverse process of the first Vertebre of the Neck. The inferior pair derived from the Spine of the second Vertebre of the Neck ascends obliquely, and is inserted with the former into the transverse process of the first Vertebre. These when they are contracted drive round circularly towards the Spine backward the first Vertebre upon the second, whence it comes to pass that the Head consisting thereupon, is together circularly moved. But because these are somewhat small, the two first extending ●aire, when one of them acts, doth ●ssist the motion; and it seems there is ●reat community and reciprocal intercourses of relation between the Right ●xtenders and the Oblique Superior, for according to some, when the Oblique superior, that is the whole pair, doth ●ork together, their Office is to help ●he Head strait backward to act a ●●ght Refusal or Denial. Well, since the obliquity of these Muscles, their ob●●que descension and ass●nsion, trans●●rie insertion into transverse processes ●o all speak allegorically by their correspondency of signature a serviceable 〈◊〉 for the oblique expression of a ●ejecting mind, turning away by a Refu●●ng gesture, they might be called ●usculi Rejectionis, the Muscles of Re●●ction, Improbation, or Disallowance, or 〈◊〉 Recusants: But most properly, Mus●●li Renuentes; for whereas Abnuo, and ●enuo, are both words significant to ●●port a Refusing or Denying by Nodding of the Head; Whereas Galen says, ●ciensio fit abnuendo, I would say Circumactio, or rather, Semi-circumactio 〈◊〉 Renuendo, which would not only serve for a Distinction, but if Critics woul● give me leave to express my ●antsie in this matter, which is a little out of thei● reach, it would prove as proper to express this Refusal or Dislike perform●● by a backward semicircumduction, as 〈◊〉 does to signify that Refusal or Dislike i● exhibited by a strait backward extensi●● of the Head. Wherefore to adapt 〈◊〉 new Nomenclature to the ancient model; whereas in that, these Muscle are called Obliquus superior, and Obli●quus inferior; according to our Doctrine and scope of Denomination, they 〈◊〉 pass by the name of Re●uens superior, an● Renuens inferior, the superior and inferi●or Muscles of Dislike, or the upper an● the lower Recusants. ¶ That this Action of the Recusant Muscles should not 〈◊〉 undertaken without understanding 〈◊〉 judgement, we have a hint, in that 〈◊〉 motion is so proper to the Head, that 〈◊〉 Neck is destitute thereof; for, this mo●tion, wherein the Head is driven 〈◊〉 rolls as a wheel upon an Axletree, 〈◊〉 a circular motion (though the●● is no exact circular motion in the Head but semicircular only, for we cannot turn our Head in orb, that is quite round) may be done the Neck quiescent, if you strive to look by turns to the Right Hand and to the Left by a circumversion of your Head; for after what manner soever you order the posture of your Neck, this semi-circumaction of the Head is commodiously performed. For when men bend their Neck and the Head inclined therewith, as She●pe-biters in their shameful fear, and rustic bashfulness are wont to do; Or if the Neck be extended, as in Refusal and Dislike it usually is, and in fear, and jealousy, and dread, which makes a man circumspect, and to wear his Beard (as the Spanish Proverb says) upon one shoulder; Or if the Neck be Loftily extended, as in proud men, who look aside upon men, as they say, over one shoulder; Or whether the Neck be bend down laterally to one shoulder, as in languishing of the Mind; in all these we may easily maintain the gyre or circumaction of the Head: which ability of motion was ordered to the Head out of an obsequious regard to the eye, for that which is behind cannot otherwise be seen by the eye, unless the conversion of the Head relieved the Defect, and when we need more than this Capital Semi-circumvolution, the thighs help to turn the Body round. So that the mind is every way fitted with Muscles for circumspection and wary heed. So that the same Muscles which before were called the Recusants, might in reference to these affections of the mind, be called Musculi Timoris, Pudoris Rusticani, Contemptus. The Muscles of Fear, Rustic Bashfulness, and Contempt, or amici circumspectionis, the Friends of Circumspection.   

Dissect. VI  
LIght Displeasure makes us shake our Head, and casts it into a short Ague of Distaste; which gesture we also use when we Dissallow, chide, forbid, rebuke, condemn, doubt, lament, condole, repent, etc. which action is nothing else but a slow and definite trembling, and an effect arising from the same cause that trembling and horror do, namely from the retiring of the Spirits but in a less degree. The muscles by whose operation this important motion is produced are the oblique Muscles of Dislike, moving reprocally by short turns, and so duplifying the single motion of oblique Disallowance, into a redoubled and more ample circle of Distaste. ¶ The quick succession of the same oblique Muscles of one side working alone, and their fellows on the other side taking it by turns to maintain the rotation, accomplisheth (also) that motion of th● enraged and frantic fury of the mind which wheels and swings about the Head in the voluntary and giddy vertigo of Frenzy or Bacchanalian fury. And because some latter Anatomists have gone about to take away this act of circumversion from the Head, if you desire to see ●his motion, having gotten a Humane Carcase, endeavour to remove all the ●arts which are laid over the Head and Neck (the ligaments only left) then ●ut that part of the skull which is cove●ed with hair with a saw in orb, and ●raw out the Brain with a portion of ●he Spinall marrow, afterwards bid another to comprehend the skull on both sides with his Hands, and to hold firm the first and second vertebre, that while you shake the Head you may try whether it may be moved after this manner to the sides and in orb; insooth this motion although in itself somewhat obscure, and is tried in a dead Body, which is not only destitute of natural heat, but hath also by reason of cold the ligaments almost contracted, yet it is not so small, that it may not answer these small Muscles which cause it, and which have no other office than to accommodate the significations of this motion.   

Dissect. VII.  
IN Supplication, tenderness of love and humility; servile respect, flattery, reverence, and obsequious regard, etc. ● moderate bowing the head to one side is ofte● used, the better to move others to compassion, by that languishing posture 〈◊〉 the Head. This oblique motion is of 〈◊〉 second kind of motions, and of the 〈◊〉 differences wherein an oblique motion may be done, this may be truly call oblique; which motion is peculiar 〈◊〉 private to the Neck, according to V●●●salius who challengeth this as a peculiar: for, the Head obtains no peculiar motion of lateral inclination, but is carried to the side by the benefit of the Neck only, and by a secondary motion: for, the Neck unmoved, and rigid, we have no power granted us to bring the Head ●ny way towards this or that Scapula, ●ntill the Neck be turned thither. The ●ntimations of the mind that are exhibited by this lateral motion of the Neck, have no peculiar Muscles assigned ●nto their action, there being not particular and private Muscles allowed to very motion of the mind energetically ●orking out its signification by the mo●●on of the Head: for, this oblique mo●●on is performed when one of the Flex●●s and Extensors of the Neck work together. Eustachius sees nothing to hinder yet he will not affirm it rashly) that 〈◊〉 significations of the mind may be 〈◊〉 exhibited, when two Muscles of 〈◊〉 same side, yet of diyers yokes or ●●njugations, to wit the forward and 〈◊〉 hindermost from the Head inserted ●o the transverse process of the first 〈◊〉 work together, for, the Detriment of moving which necessary followed the security of the Article of the Head, is sufficiently recompensed by Nature with the multitude, magnitude, & various situation of Muscles. So that 〈◊〉 the Flexors and Extensors of one side 〈◊〉 contracted together, the Head following the motion of the Neck, is driven to the Right or left Hand, wherein they obtain their situation, and according 〈◊〉 these work more or less by reason 〈◊〉 their fibres, this strait obliquity 〈◊〉 more emphatical. And although the●● being no proper Muscles assigned to 〈◊〉 action, the Muscles that cause it 〈◊〉 no peculiar Denomination; yet we ma● call that Flexor and Extensor when the appear working together, (especial●● upon the same Right side) 〈◊〉 Supplicationis or Adulationis, the 〈◊〉 of Supplication or adulation, or the 〈◊〉 flatterers: ¶ In extraordinary languishment of the Spirits, and in 〈◊〉 or wantonness of the mind, 〈◊〉 Head usually is seen to fall to the Rig●● Shoulder. But why this Caput 〈◊〉 or mollitiei, this head of languishment effeminacy, should always sink to 〈◊〉 Right shoulder, is a subtlety worth the Scanning. Baldus thinks that in these maladies of the mind, the Neck and Head may incline more to the Right hand than to the Left, because the Muscles on the Left side are more easily resolved than those of the Right, as being ●esse nourished; for that it is more cold ●nd weaker than the Right: which happens because it is less moved and exercised. Now sin●e they who are drenched ●n these maladies of the mind, cannot ●ncline their Heads backward nor for●ard in regard of the vertebras, and those ●rong Muscles implanted in the process ●f the jugall-bone and Breast, it remains ●●erefore, since their Muscles are lax, redounding with overmuch moisture, ●●ey should, as men drowsy, let their ●ead fall to the Right or Left shoulder; 〈◊〉 withal, their Heads abounding ●ith exerementitious humours, cannot 〈◊〉 sustained, but are so inclined, and ●●rchance rather to the Right Hand 〈◊〉 the Left for the aforesaid reason. ●nd indeed they may well be supposed 〈◊〉 to have the Ligaments of the Left 〈◊〉 more slack and remiss, which notes out much softness and superfluous moisture predominant in the Left-side, by which, when the Muscles and Ligaments of that side are loosened, the Head by its weight is bend to the opposite side, as it happens sometimes the Cheeks to be drawn awry to one side, when there is a resolution of the Nerves and Ligaments of the other side.   

Dissect. VIII.  
PRide, Arrogance, Ambition, Insolency, Insultation, Confidence, Disdain, Magnificency, Magnamity, and the odious vanity of Bragging and boasting, bear up the Head aloft, by reason of which garb, such who use it are properly called Cervicosi, that is, Elate▪ and arrogant; which action is performed when all th● hinder Muscles of the Neck and Head and that confused Chaos and heap o● Muscles in the Back, which are like Labyrinth of many ways, work to●gether; for then by drawing the 〈◊〉 strait backward, they extend it an● keep it erect as a Mast of a Ship is 〈◊〉 Cords, which posture is Tonique, an● hath these significations when it is moderately so held without any vehemency; and we might call this action of the Muscles, the Combination, or Conspiracy of Pride and Arrogance: or the Braggadochios plot. ¶ But in fierce audacity, when we would affront, defy, upbraid, and with an execration express cruel anger, we augment the tension of the Muscles, and confirm our Head to a Chamelion-like inflexibility, setting withal our face (with the veins retched out) against others. Anatomists call this, among the five figures of the motion of Muscles, according to Galen, Extreme figure; where there is an immoderate contention, wherein the parts are vehemently stretched out, and wherein the Muscles of both kinds work together, and sometimes beyond their strength; but chiefly when we compel a Member to persist longer in that tension, for we cannot long endure the great stress of the Nervous fibres. But this Tonicall figure may be more or less intense according to the pleasure of the mover. This rigid form of fierce audacity, looks like a Cramp or Crick in the Neck, and makes the Muscles to remain so stretched out, that the Head and Neck seem indeed immovable, but yet in truth the Muscles are moved in conservation of the contracted Muscles, such being the nature of successive motions (as Laurentius speaks) that they are no less done while they are so kept, than when they were first begun: We may call this general concurrence of the Muscles, when they are thus perceived to act with perseverance, Tetanum oppositionis, the Rack of opposition, or the voluntary Crick of stiffnecked Cruelty. But this case of Tonique motion, being absolutely the greatest mystery that relates to Voluntary motion, deserves a better enquiry. First, This Action is of the same kind with Contraction, that is, they agree in the Genus of the Action, but specifically differ: Yet Galen doth not express what Species of motion it is of. So that this Action is not a change of place, but only an Action with immobility. Galen calls that Action of the Muscle without local motion, motum Tonicum, which perchance with him was all one as to retain the part in that place from whence it would recede, unless it were detained by the Action of the Muscle: for, all immobility (as He proves) is not caused by the privation of Action: for, a part that is sustained and held firm in one posture that it stirs not, could not be done, unless they did Act; for else it would be altered, or fall by the weight of the Body. Whence it doth follow, that all immobility doth not depend upon the privation of Action, but upon some Action of the Muscle: But the Action of a Muscle is motion, for, the Action of a part is defined by Galen an Active motion, but rest is contrary to motion. Galen takes this for a hard and difficult question; yet he hath many kinds of this motion from experience and sense; as that of a bird hanging in the Air, and of one swimming against a stream with equal strength, the moving faculty raising it up equal to the weight of its body depressing, and the strength of the swimmer equally contending and striving against the force of the stream. Serpillon imagines this to be an action mixed of tension, and contraction, which Fontanus his Antagonist will not endure to hear of. Galen in a most smooth and admirable modesty of stile goes over the Rocks and depths of this mystery: It is possible (saith he) to find some motion, all the Muscles that are ordered for it ceasing from their Action; and to find a quiescency many Muscles working: For, all motion is not caused by the operation of Muscles, nor all immobility by their rest. Now, whether or no shall we say that they do act and are stretched, but are not moved? And if we fear to say so, we must likewise say that they do not act; for 'tis absurd to confess they do work according to their innate and most proper Action, and to deny them to be moved; But they appear not to be moved; yet because the Muscles act, therefore we say they are moved: but because the whole Member whereof they are a part, nor they themselves apart, do appear to move; therefore for this cause again, we do: not confess they move; where therefore shall a man find a Solution for this doubt. From the name Tonique, as some have done? which comes of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 id est firmo. Fontanus has a good mind to help Galen out in this difficulty, but endeavours it with little success: This only he gathers from the Doctrine of Galen, that Action without motion of the Muscle, is called a Tonique motion; Action with motion, Contraction; motion without Action born of the Contracted part, Extension; the Decidency of the Muscle, a motion from the weight of the part and Muscle. But seeing of the causes of Tonique motion Galen hath written little, Fontanus is at a stand, perchance thinking it would be an impudent Design to attempt any thing in that kind after so great a light of Physic, yet he puts the Quaere, whence this Tonique motion should come▪ and he ventures to conclude, from the motrice faculty commanded, as all other voluntary actions; for, the nearest cause of this motion (as he conceives) is the Animal faculty which moves the Muscles, and it is the part of that to sustain the Members whose part it is to move them; wherein, after his great flourish, he hath made no more progress than the very words of Galen led him to; whom we find concluding, that this Species of Action, whether you call it Tonique, or by another name it matters not much, this is true: That in this Tonique motion, the Muscles are not idle, but act by the Commandment of the Will. From this Tonique motion Taurellus took his Lepid Paradox (as he was wont to call it,) In omni motu est quies, & in ipsa quiete motus. The Muscles most active in this expression of the mind are the two pair of the Extenders of the Neck, the first whereof commonly called Transversarium, ariseth from the transverse processes of the six upper Vertebres of the Breast, are fastened on the outside into all the transverse processes of the Vertebres of the Neck. The second pair commonly called Spinatum, occupies the whole hinder part of the Neck: This takes many Beginnings out of the roots of the Spines' of the seven upper Vertebres of the Breast, and is strongly implanted into the whole lower part of the Spine of the second Vertebre. These two, when they work together, first extend the Neck, and afterward the Head. The first pair might from those workings of the Mind they help to exhibit be called par arrogans, the Arrogant pair or the Muscles of Disdainful Confidence. The other pair of Extenders commonly called Spinatum, for Distinction might assume the name of par insultans, the Insulting or Bragging pair or the Muscles of Insolent Pride, and fierce Audacity.   

Dissect. IX.  
THey who like not a thing that has happened for which there is no remedy but patience, or they who are taken tardy and in the fact, and can no otherwise defend themselves but by a tacit confession; they who flatter, admire, are bashful, fear, doubt, deny, or are illeberall, or would frame an excuse, are wont to shrink the Head and contracted Neck between the Shoulders. There are divers Muscles that concur to the expediting this shrugging, and Chamelion-like expression. The most active (for indeed the action outwardly performed seems to suggest so much) is that Muscle of the shoulder-blade, from its office commonly called Levator, or the Lifter; the Muscles of this Conjugation even before Dissection being obvious and easy to be perceived in all men, especially in Wrestlers; arising from the first, third, fourth, and fifth transverse process of the Vertebre of the Neck, as 'twere in four separated beginnings, is inserted into the higher angle of the Scapula, moving the Scapula forward and to the sides of the Neck; and because the shoulder is joined to the Scapula, by accident it lifts that up also. Lycus among the Ancients was of opinion, that the Head was drawn down to the shoulder by this Muscle. But Galen (who thinks it is better to say this Muscle was form for the Shoulders sake, rather than the Heads,) says, this alone was designed to draw back the whole Shoulders to the Head; Wherefore if we should take away this also from the Shoulders, they would be altogether destitute of such a motion: But it has such a motion, as is evident to all men; therefore it is the Muscle that causeth this motion; if there be any other (as no other there is) this is necessary, and this doth witness its operation in the Shoulders, that a Nerve coming unto it from the Brain, if it be Cut, the same motion of the Shoulders and not of the Head is resolved, of which Nerve Lycus was ignorant as He objects; and in his anatomical Administrations he teacheth a way to discern the motion of this Muscle, which is a general rule, to draw the Muscle to its Head according to the Nature and positure of its fibres● Oribasius also will have this Muscle to draw the Shoulders to the Head, and takes the course to prove it, in placing its original in the Bone of the occiput, and the insertion in the angle of the Scapula. But after what manner soever the motion be done, whether by the Heads drawing up the Shoulders, or the Shoulders drawing down the Head, or both; this Muscle Levator is most active and evident in the motion, when it appears to move the Shoulders upward to receive in the shrinking Head, and makes this Dive-dopper, or Dobchick of the Mind most significantly Emphatical. This motion and signification of the Mind may be thought to be a little furthered by the aid of a portion of that Muscle called by Galen Trapezius, from a Geometrical figure; to wit, that portion, which contracted, works the Scapula upwards, which is according as it may chance to be moved; for, this action of the Head may not be so exactly punctual, as to the Garb, in all men, by reason of the personal proprieties of men. This Muscle is more commonly known by the name of Cucullaris; which Laurentius compares to a Maid's Coif or Kercher, Columbus likens it to a Clout the Women of Cremona wear upon their shoulders; and Vesalius thinks that Franciscans, and the rest of the Orders of Monks borrowed the shape of their Hoods from this Muscle; which being fashioned round like a Hood, that is a little Cell for the Head, it seems to have a signature of absconsion, which it seems to offer the Head, which seems then ashamed to show itself, by helping the Shoulders to rise, which then are most properly Scapul● a scandendo palum, from climbing up the prop of the Neck. The original also of this Muscle being near under the Cell of the Brain wherein the Memory resides (which is now afflicted) & going transversly towards the Ears, which do now male audire; may in an allegorical supposition be thought immediately affected, and to present itself in part as a Monk and Tacite Confessor of the living Monastery of Mount Cephalon, and of the Order of Nature. And indeed such impressions has a melancholy apprehension of such matters made sometimes in the Head of a Hypochondriacal Nichodemus, that they have caused him to shroud his Head in a Hood, and turn Monk and a Recluse from the conversation of men. Another Muscle that assists in this Action, is that which is commonly called Serratus minor, from the fashion of a Saw which it resembles, for, this with its upper Fibres alone, when they are contracted, may seem to cooperate to the significations of this gesture; and the signature of that Muscle seems, either to insinuate the doubtful conflict of those thoughts which draw a man in this case by a various vicissitude, now into one frame of excuse, and then into another, before they can resolve what is best for their turn (so that their thoughts seem, as Festus saith, Serra pugnare, that is, successively to move forward and to recede; and indeed this outward gesture if it chance to be repeated, doth not very much differ from the posture of those who work in a pit with a two-handed Saw:) Or else as Placiades observed, this signature of a Saw may signify Malediction, or as he calls it evil speaking, by reason of the row of Teeth which seem to intimate some Mordacity, of which the Party labouring being very sensible by reason of that hated stridor that is so offensive to the Ears of those who are hit in the teeth with things which it is too late to remedy; that it may be the Mind thereby now put into a sour horror, such as a Saw causeth in the Body when it falleth into knots, bethinks itself what instrument it hath in readiness in the Body (which indeed hath the Signatures of all things,) to fit its purpose in such an intricate nick of irresolution; and not being able soon enough to resolve the Doubt she is in, the Mind seems by using this two-handed-saw Muscle at last resolved, that there is no way but to saw the knot asunder, and to break through with Head and Shoulders. This Muscle lying wholly under the pectoral Muscle (as it is commonly called from its situation) draws the other into consort, and it may be thought to assist when the Fibres of the first of its three Heads work alone; for than they raise the Shoulders a little upwards. The Muscle also Del●oides so called from the figure of the Greek letter Δ and the humeral Triangle, (in the midst whereof the Ancients made their Fontanelloes which are now better made between this and the Muscle Biceps) concurres a little to the Significations of this Gesture. For there is a near relation between the Muscles of the Scapula, the Shoulder, and the Arm or Cubit; and their motions are Cozen-germans, for as the Scapula is moved per se, and the arm together by accident, and the Scapula by accident of the brachial Muscles, which while they draw the Arm by a certain kind of Consecution they lead the Scapula which is annexed unto it together with it. This Muscle having divers Begining of different situations, one whereof ariseth from the Anchor form Process by reason thereof they have divers Fibres. Now when all these Heads of the Muscles work together, the Shoulder is lifted Strait upwards to advance these significations of the mind, and the co-heaving of this Muscle may seem as if it strove to bring this active consultation of the Muscles to an issue, as to cast anchor upon this resolution, That there is no other Defence or Evasion but to bend their power to subhumerate and bear the burden imposed upon them through the errors of the Head. At last the broadest Muscle which with the fellow of its Conjugation cover● the whole Back, having in a manner remained as a Neuter in this Action, unle● the highest of its Fibres had faintly assented to the propositions of the Attollents, begins to declare by a contrary motion; for, this Muscle, from a homely use which it sometimes is put to, being called Aniscalp●●r or Anitersor, an office we could not perform without it, perceiving it was likely to prove but a soul Business, by the action of it more humble Fibres begins to work downwards and draw the Shoulders back which were advanced forward to join ●n suffrage with the pectoral Adductor. And but that we know there is no part or Muscle that thinks its worst employment dishonourable, we might (following the unhappy hint of these Allegories) imagine that this Muscle by some instinct was moved to join in the appeal to the Heart, so to prevent the worst of that employment it might possibly be put unto, having perchance when men's hearts have failed them and sunk lower, been formerly commanded to make good its Nickname, given it by some Barber Dissector, no Chirurgeon, but a Groom of the stool to Anatomy. Thus have we now upon the best hints we could meet with raised, with much liberty of conceit, unexpected Allegories from the instruments of this Action. But the Name which refers to the significations of the Mind exhibited by that Action, must be given to the Muscle most predominant and demonstratively acting therein; which is the Muscle commonly called the Levator of the Scapula. This Action being one of the first I set upon to unridle, being thought by some that nothing of certainly or probability could be said unto it, and objected to me as an Action not possibly to be made tractable to the scope of my Design; At my first entrance into this Enquiry I found this Muscle in Dr. Rheades Anatomy of the Muscles styled the Muscle of patience, which I confess at first sight I took but to intimate the Corporal virtue of a Porter, and not much better than that Patience which the Spaniards call Asininum onus; and seeing it exposed naked without any gloss of interpretation out of his own conceit nor any other authority, it passed with me for a Dull notion and little to my purpose; when considering the Action wherein this Muscle surnamed the Lifter was usually seen in those that like not a thing that has happened, for which there is no remedy but Patience, I saw it might properly stand with the intention of the mind, if it were named Musculus Patientiae the Muscle of Sufferance, or Patience per force; and having thus imposed a name upon it answerable to the signification it often helps to exhibit, Behold I soon saw I was imprudently fallen into the error of the anabaptistical Nomenclators, for, perusing Spigelius, and turning to that place where he describes the Levator of the Scapula, I plainly saw I was forestalled, and that Spigelius wa● before in the Conceit, which prevention by so ingenious an Anatomist pleased me better than if I had so named it first, thinking ever after a little the better of my Fancy, because as they say, good wits jump. For thus Spigelius to the purpose: This Muscle I am wont by way of sport to call Musculum Patientiae, the Muscle of Patience, and he adds his Reason, which is grounded upon the same signification of the Mind exhibited by the gesture caused by the operation of the Muscle. Because when we bear a thing ill, which has happened by chance cross to our Will, we are wont by the help of this Muscle to raise the Scapula with the Shoudlers, ingeminating the bitter name of Patience. So that it may be Doctor Rhead might mean as much as Spigelius, from whom (or some other) he perchance borrowed this name of the Levator, although his silence in the Reason scarce signified what he meant thereby. But this Muscle serves to work the Shoulders to many other significations of the Mind; for, they who would show that they have pity and compassion of ones misery, or are ignorant of the matter they are asked of, make use of the same Muscle. Niggard's also in the action of their illiberality and Denial use the same Muscle; the gesture resulting from thence being made by Aristotle a Character of their cold property; which expression is seen in its pure naturality in Boys, for when they are loath to part with any thing, they use to contract their Shoulders, and reduce them to their Neck and Head, as if they were carried into themselves, as doubting to be dissipated and offended in their substance, if they should be compelled to give any thing away which was in their possession; from which most Emphatical operation of this Muscle to th●● signification of the Mind, the Musc●● might be properly called Muscul●● illiberalis, the Illiberal, Negative, or the Niggard Muscle. So much shall suffice as to the Denominations of this Muscle which is principal in the Action▪ which th● Mind enters visibly in the Head and Shoulders; as for the other Muscles which are but Accessories, they are like to retain their old names, unless some charitable Myotomist be pleased to take pity of their private Condition, and think good to bestow the other significations of this Action as nominal favours severally upon them.    

Memb. II. Of the Muscles serving to the general expressions, or most important motions of the Face or Countenance.  
MAny are the affections of the Mind that appear in the significant motions of the Face, even when ●he Bones are at rest; for whereas some ●arts of our skin are altogether immoveable and pertinacious in their circumduction over the subjacent parts; other ●arts thereof versatile indeed, but they are not actuated with any voluntary motion: the skin of the whole Face participates of motion, which being voluntary, does necessarily imply the use of Muscles, by whose benefit those motions should be orderly and significantly performed. Galen was the first who observed that Broad Muscle which he calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, The broad Mouse-Muscle, and was unknown to the ancient Anatomists, arising from the top of the Sternon and the whole Channel Bone, the upper Spine of the Shoulder-blade, the Spine of the Vertebres of the Neck, and inserted into all the parts of the Head which 〈◊〉 without hair, and the lower jaw, beyond which it goes not, according 〈◊〉 whose variety of originals and the pro●ductions of divers fibres it proves 〈◊〉 Author of so many voluntary motion as appear in the Face; for it so ends 〈◊〉 the Face, that it covers it within as 〈◊〉 a Wizard. Silvius makes it a Horseman Cap or a Riding-Hood, if you take 〈◊〉 so much of it as is covered with the 〈◊〉 Theophilus compares it to a woman's 〈◊〉, which the greeks vulgarly 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and is nothing else but a notable fleshy Membrane, a medium between a skin and a Muscle, which encloseth the Head and Face no less than the Skin, therefore called fleshy, because besides the nature of other Membranes, in some places it is thicker and degenerates as it were into a Muscle, as appears in most parts of the Face, where the skin conveyed along with the Membrane, is the cause why the skin is there movable; hence Creatures who have all their skin movable, for the greatest part have this Membrane growing to ●heir skin. But although the Ancients thought the whole Face was moved in ●ll its significations by the operation of ●his broad Muscle, yet latter Anatomists ●ave found out the Muscles that lie un●er it, whose opportune subjection concurs to the advancement of the ●eaking motions and voluntary dis●urses of the Countenance; there 〈◊〉 for these purposes of the Mind, as 〈◊〉 reckon, forty six, to wit, to the ●otion of the Eyes and Eyebrows ●enty four, to the motion of the 〈◊〉 twelve, and to the rest of the parts ten. These Muscles by the effect of their action are beheld in the motion of the Face, while they move the skin together with them, the parts wherein they are inserted varying according to the variety of the parts. This difference being, as Galen speaks, between the skin, and the eyes, and lips, that under the skin there is a Musculous thin Nature, the Eyes are moved by Muscles, and the Lips by a Nature mixed of a skin and a Muscle: So that the parts of the Face have their significant motions either from the administration of their prope● Muscles, as the Forehead, Eyelids, and Lips, or by reason of the vicinity o● the skin, as the Balls of the Cheek▪ which being destitute of Muscles 〈◊〉 moved together with the next skin; 〈◊〉 that indeed one motion often times fol●lows upon another, by reason of 〈◊〉 common broad Muscle out of whic● the Muscles that move the parts of 〈◊〉 Face are made, there being some 〈◊〉 are common to two Members, as 〈◊〉 of the Nose and upper Lip, and the 〈◊〉 and Cheeks, whose Muscles are 〈◊〉 to each other. Indeed, the Profess of Dissection assign not any action to the skin in general, because it is a simple and similar part, not organical and instrumental; which must be understood of common and visible actions, for private it hath, as nourishing itself by attraction of aliment, though indeed in regard of Tact it hath a common action. But in the Face, it hath a public and local motion that is most Emphatically significant, wherein the perturbations of the Mind discover themselves, being moved in the Face by the straight annexion to Muscles, which are the organs of voluntary motion; for, Nature would have it so ordered, ●hat by the benefit of certain Muscles working under the skin, and affecting ●he parts of the Face, (being all of them furnished in their originals with Nerves from the third Conjugation of Nerves ●hat come from the Brain) Man with ●is very Countenance alone, should ●xpresse all his Will, Mind, and Desire, when at any time it happened ●o be inconvenient or unlawful to open 〈◊〉 in words at length. The reason why ●he Face doth so naturally follow the motions of the Mind, and is an Index of the Affections, is, as Baldus thinks, That Affections being Passions in matter, and in the Body, they are the forms of a certain Body, to wit, of the Mass of Blood; and insooth, a certain passion requireth a certain matter, as Anger Choler, Joy pure Blood, Sadness Melancholy, Astonishment Phlegm; which humours contained in their Natural Vessels and mixed together, furnish the Affections with matter; which while it remaineth about the Heart and the first sensitory, from the image perceived and adjudged to have the cause or matter of molestation or placencie, excited by Heat and Spirits, it is drawn into Act, and is made such in act; from thence the altered Spirits, or vapours with the Spirits are elevated, which by the Arteries coming to the Brain, the Principle of the Nerves, which bring the Commands for motion to the Muscles into which they are inserted, so making them the Instruments of Voluntary motion, pluck and pull it after diver● manners, according to their quality Affecting, Contracting, Dilating, Heating, Refrigerating, more or less drying or moistening: And any the least mutation made in a Principle, there follows a change in those things that depend upon that Principle; Wherefore the Arteries and Nerves that follow the Heart and Brain are changed, and because the Face is nigher the Brain, the chief organ of the Sense, made remarkable by the Cognizanze of the greatest Arteries, and endued with Nerves, & such variety of proper and common Muscles which entertain them: Hence it comes to pass that all changes and passions in or with matter, o● not existing without it, which happen to be done about the Heart, are participated to the Brain, so that the Soul may take notice of them and judge them. All these working upon the Muscles of the Face, after some manner more or less, alter and vary the Face, and move it from its former state, introducing some of their signs therein. Yet we allow not the Heart to be the chief original and seat of the Affections, which are (indeed) originally from the Head; for although in as much as they concern the Body, their chief seat is in the Heart, because that is chiefly altered by them, yet forasmuch as they affect the mind also, it is only in the Brain, because the mind can immediately suffer from this only. And hence it follows that the Head and Face do so manifestly by signs (exhibited by the operation of certain Muscles) express the affections of the mind.  

Dissect. X.  
IN profuse Laughter the motions that appear in the Face are very remarkable, there being not any particle of the Face that is movable, but it is moved by common or its particular Muscles which lie under the skin of the Face, whose actions introduce so notable a change and alteration in the Countenance, whence it is, that man only laughs; because he hath a Countenance furnished with Muscles to declare what is signified thereby. In other Creatures the Face, or Muzzle rather, is dull and heavy, and seems to sleep in an unmoveable habit: Not but that other Creatures are stirred up after their manner to express some signs of exultation and Delight, which supply the place of laughter: but because they do not, as we do, change the Countenance, they are not said to laugh. Erroneous therefore is their Conceit to whom it seems that Laughter is a certain common retraction of the parts towards the principle of the Soul, wherein that conceived joy doth flourish: for they will have them to be contracted and coadunited in that part, wherefore the Muscles of the Face, Throat & the midriff is drawn back to the heart. which is absurd, because the same Species almost of motion is effected in grief, which verily ought not to be done, for grief rather repels, and withal we see that the impetus is rather done ab in●rinseco foras, from the Centre to the Circumference: For many times laughter being begun in those inward parts, it is restrained, and as it were cut off in the midst, nor is unfolded or revealed in the Face. So that the motion of laughter begun within in the middle venture, the terminus ad quem is the extreme part of the Face, where it terminates, because that part is the emunctuary of the senses, by which our mind doth both receive in and utter the affections, since by that part it doth perceive, and in that part the Sensories are instructed; wherefore to it the whole sense, and more over our whole mind doth conspire. Hence therefore proceeds the Equable Emission and intention of Sense in the Face, as it were extant and coming forth. Hence the Air is breathed out thick and short. Hence the Midriff is contracted and the Muscles of the face, because the equable Emission with the alacrity of Sense reaching up to the Sense of the Face, cannot be done without the retraction of those Muscles. In this Dance of the Muscles performed by excessive Laughter upon the Theatre of mirth, the Countenance, the Mouth seems to lead the Chorus; For, Laughter is a motion arising chiefly out of the Contraction of the Muscles of the Lips, in which motion of the Mouth, called Laughter, the parts about the Mouth seem bounded out with certain lines called Rictus, whence Risus. And this contraction of the Muscles of the Lips, is occasioned by reason of the consent they have with the Nerves of the Brain drawn back to their original; and with the Diphragma, the grand Muscle of this and all other passions which is altogether almost nervous and musculous. And because the Lips are Muscles of themselves in respect of their instrumental relation to speech, their engagement in this passion renders them unserviceable for the framing of words; for, the forms & matter of words both are then intercepted; the first by the streighning of the Gorge & Lips, which will not admit of any articulation especially labial: & the latter by the Interjections breaking off the voice at the Larinx. Hence it is we hear men say they could not speak for laughing; nor indeed can we eat in the violence of this passion, the impediment proceeding from this Diduction of the Lips which were given us to eat and drink withal; yet the Mouth is more shut than open, that is it is Dehiscent, yet scarce Dehiscent into a Casme, yet the Lips are so distended and contracted that they discover the Teeth. The Lower-Iaw after a manner inclines inward. And as about the Nostrils and the Region of the Chin, or forepart of the Jaws, a Certain concave of a circular line encompasseth the contracted and wrinkled Cheeks: So the convexity thereof boundeth out the hinder part of both the Jaws on both sides, where a certain hillock lifts up itself; which figure of the mouth and cheeks, together with the wrinkles which appear in the Face of him that laughs, is called Gelasinus. The Nostrils are opener, crooked, hooked, wrinkled and crisped, especially in Derision. The Eyelids in a mediocrity shut. The Eye is somewhat recondit between its Orbite, which a certain corrugation about its outward angle. The Ears indeed are generally conceived to be immoveble in man alone, which yet are moved in some, and appear to shake and to be moved; but this motion is not of the Auricles alone per se, but because they somewhat adhere and are conjoined to the Jaw or lower Mandible, which is chiefly by its appointed Muscles moved in laughter: yet in such as have a faculty as some have in their Ears, as having the auricular muscles bigger than ordinary, this motion may be more evident. The forehead seems exporrect and unfolded, And all these Muscles on the right side are more active, whence the motions on that side are most notable and apparent; insomuch as the Mouth and the Face itself is depraved and distorted, especially in Derision. But this genuine figure of true laughter is somewhat various, according to the various Constitution of the substance of particular persons, in the parts of their face; that as to the individuals, it is almost unutterable, for you shall see in some, in the Chin and in the Cheeks certain concavities then caused like those in the Hands and other members; in some a pleasant p●● or Dimple which is called the Navel of Venus, and the Muscle commonly called Buccinator in which it appears, might be thence called Musculus Gel●sini, or umbilici Veneris, the pleasant Muscle of Love's pretty Dimple; this in some is a rifis, in others a wrinkle; which are occasioned in these parts of the face of those that laugh, because in some perchance the parts of their Face by reason of their unequal contexture or constitution, are not equally contracted, nor swell, for in laughter the Face swells: for, the whole Countenance is poured out and spread with the Spirits that then swell the Muscles, there being a great concourse of Spirits and blood unto the Face, which bear a reat●gstroke in the Action: So that the Muscles of the Face are filled with Spirits after the same manner as a certain member directy opposite unto it which importunately sometimes looks us in the Face, which being filled with Spirits grows stiff and is extended, yet although the analogy be very fair, there is no contraction in that part, but only a great extension and that according to all its Dimensions; which happens by reason of the Spongy and very loose flesh which is not so much in the Face; and withal that Part is very free and at liberty: whereas the Muscles of the Face on both sides and every where adhere most firmly to the bone and skin, that when they cannot be extended every way according to all their Dimensions, there are contracted. Now this figure that compriseth the alterations of every part in the face follows as an effect and consequence of the movings of the Muscles that are proper to the parts, or which being Common have by their conformation a Sympathetic dependency one upon another. But this is not all: for, that which is most remarkable and worthy observation is, that this moving of the parts of the Face although very great, is done & undone on a sudden, and almost in a moment; that is, a man's Face forthwith falls into the posture of laughing, and while in that posture he laughs, he incontinently leaves off the motion; which as it suddenly comes, so it goes; when a man ceaseth from laughter although it be at the highest pitch and screwed up to the very Eela of mirth, it vanisheth away, and needs no time of interposition to abate by degrees, to take out the tracts of the operations of so many and divers engaged Muscles, which incontinently cease from their labour, for as soon as the Conceit and jest is at an end, the laughter being natural, the mouth and parts of the face return to their former situation, the motion being now over; of which sudden beginning and ending of so many concurring motions the Cause may be supposed, the subtlety of the Spirits in their motion, when they ascend to the face: But what kind of moving of the Muscles this should be is somewhat difficult to conjecture, although it is so manifest and evident in appearance. 'Tis true, we can conjecture a Muscle to move or to be moved, for we know a Muscle hath moved its appointed movable, when contracted, it appears shorter and harder; especially if it have a bon● under it, as all the Muscles of the Face have. But here all the parts of the Face, except that perchance of the Forehead, seem to be contracted together; and the whole face, according to the constitution of its substance, to grow stiff and hard; wherefore it seems most probable, that all the Muscles of the face are moved together at once, yet the controversy is somewhat intricate, & they that are for the Negative allege, that the same thing cannot be moved by contrary motions at the same time, as for example; Some Muscles move the Lower-Iaw downwards, and so open the mouth; others by moving the jaw upwards close it; others move it outwards, others inward; others draw it to one side and drive it round; wherefore all of them seem not to Move at once. To which is answered, that things moving in Contraria, in the same movable, if they be of equal virtue, they either do nothing, or if they do, the movable is distracted: but if they be of unequal power and strength, the weaker gives way to the motion of the stronger; yet the prevailing Mover in the conflict or contention obtains not the same vigour, or as much as if it had not contended at all and had moved without opposition; for if all Material Agents (as the learned know) in Doing Suffer also, and after some manner abate of the Degree of their virtue; ●ow much more will it happen when one hath an adversary, although weaker, yet openly, endeavouring against him? Wherefore it may be supposed it doth not move so perfectly as it would, ●f it were not hindered by its Adversary. The way to discover the manner of moving in this Conglobation of Muscles in laughter is, to consider what Muscles of parts of the Face are effectiuè more or fewer, thicker or smaller; for, many moving together are not stronger than fewer if they be all equally qualified, and the great and thick are stronger than the small and slender, as may be made manifest by special example.  
As first, the Muscles that move the lower-Jaw drawing it upwards to close the Mouth, are more and thick, and therefore stronger than those that lead it downwards to open the Mouth; as is well known out of the Anatomy of those Muscles. Now, because in Laughter the Mouth is neither too much closed, nor yet gapes; the Muscles that serve to shut and open the Mouth are moved together; the Mouth not being exactly shut, although the Muscles are more intense which are appointed to shut it; but withal is somewhat opened, by reason of the repugnancy of the opening Muscles. Hence it is that in over Laughter our jaws ache, so that they seem to suffer a luxation, by reason of the contrariety of moving and violent Conflict; for, the Ligaments, Nerves and Fibres are after a manner distracted and drawn into factions. And we may observe that the Masticatory Muscles, (which are better called Lateral from their use) whose fibres by reason of their Divers Heads, which respecting one another after a divers manner are inserted across in manner of the Letter X, do manifest their operation in this motion, for by reason of their Fibres, although they move to the Right hand and to the Left, notwithstanding they can withal not a little move the lower-Iaw either outward and inward. The Muscle called Adducens P●erigoideum, which puts the Chin out forward, with the other Mansorie also which leads the Chin inwards, and when it is produced recalls it back, these by reason of the contrariety of their movings which are done at the same time in Laughter, are very remarkable: Of whose Contraction we may make an experiment, because the Mansorie Muscles being chiefly seated about the Cheeks, do then appear Contracted and somewhat hard, the Chin being perchance somewhat drawn in, because the Muscles are more valid which move the jaws inward; which perchance may not so exactly appear alike in all men, but may differ according to the divers Condition, Composition, or Commension of their parts. The Contraction of the Temporal Muscle which is but small in Men, is little observed; nor that of the double-bellied Depriment which works contrary to the other, for they are small and thin, their employment being easy, because the jaw with its own weight tends downward and hath no need of any strong Retractor, but as a heavy thing, it is drawn down with a little ado, to open the Mouth.  
In the motions of the Lips the contrariety is not very much perspicuous, for they are exercised in two movable Lips; wherefore their Muscles contracted together, they are Contracted, to wit, the upper Lip upward, the lower Lip downwards; whereupon the Teeth are discovered; whence some derive Rideo a Radio. But that we see the upper Lip more contracted than the lower, it hath that property from the more valid Muscles which it hath obtained; ●or although the Muscles of the lower Lip are broader than those of the upper, yet being shorter they gain no advantage by their Breadth; for, the Length of a Cord gives more advantage in Drawing than the Breadth. And that the Lips also in Laughter are moved neither inward nor outward, (which motions, and those indeed contrary every one of them hath, happening by the advantage of certain fibres belonging to their Muscles) the cause is, that they being weaker than the Muscles themselves, moving the upper Lip upwards, and the lower downwards, by good right give way to their motions, neither are they able according to their usual operation to move the Lips inward or outward, especially since they are strongly drawn in on both sides, and extended by the Contraction of the Cheeks, to which on both Hands they are annexed.  
The Muscles which draw out and open the Nostrils, excel so in strength the constringent pai●e, which are somewhat small; that the adverse moving in the Nose is not so perceptible to sense; therefore in Laughter they are strongly Contracted, insomuch as the Nostrils are opened, and especially in Derision are wrinkled; and these Muscles so raise up and Contract the Nostrils, that the Nose seems crooked and hooked, and by that means also the Nostrils become acute.  
We may observe concerning the Eyelids which are two over each Eye, an upper, and a lower Lid, that the upper Lid only, according to Galen, is moved upward and downward by the office of divers Muscles having contrary motions; So that by this Rule and Method, that teacheth all the Muscles in the Face to be moved together at once in Laughter, We should not affirm the Eyelids to be then moved, if the aforesaid Muscles of the Eyelids were of equal strength: But since (as it appreares by the effect) the Muscle that draws it down is stronger, to which the weight also of the Lid itself doth add some advantage, it comes to pass that the Eyelid is a little then moved downward, and the Eye a little closed. And although Aristotle who was not advised of Muscles (much less of the Muscle which late Anatomists have found for that motion) truly affirms the lower-lid to be also moved in man: yet that motion is but small and little better than nothing; and that which is as it were nothing, is to be thought in a manner to be absent. Whatsoever is to be observed of this matter from late Anatomists, this is enough for this purpose, that the upper-Eylid hath obtained two contrary motions, and therefore can neither shut nor open the Eye overmuch in laughter, although it shuts it more; and it is observable that by reason of this contrariety of moving of the upper-Eyelid, that in laughter there is made, by reason of the Contranixion, a certain corrugation or wrinkle about the angle of the Eye, especially the outward angle, which in those that laugh often, are supposed to grow habitual: which some Ladies fearing, will not laugh, lest they should contract wrinkles and look old by breaking in that part which is near the Temples, whose Latin Etymology they much abhor. Hence of some who have but a kind of pink eye we us● to say, they laughed that they had never an eye to see. And because the Ey● is more shut than opened in laughter, 〈◊〉 comes to pass that both the Eyebrows are drawn a little downward, and the● somewhat, yet lightly incline; bo●● the Eyebrows together, especially 〈◊〉 excessive laughter, being necessarily moved: whereas otherwise at pleasure 〈◊〉 can move one of them alone, as 〈◊〉 nictation.  
The Eyes in profuse laughter seem to be retracted or drawn back, and no● a little to be hid within their Orbity But to conclude this to be done by th● Muscles, is to speak to more than th● causes appearing to Sense. It is though the Optic Nerves may be retracted 〈◊〉 well as other Nerves, and why not Which may be by the seventh Muscl● placed about it, which with it fibres 〈◊〉 hath obtained, being strait, may, 〈◊〉 is likely, draw the eye back also. 〈◊〉 whether the other Muscles of the eye 〈◊〉 contracted or no that's a question. Why not? but there is no confident pronouncing this for a certainty, because they appear not to Sense; but if they be contracted, it is most probable that they are all contracted together in this laughter, as the other Muscles of the Face are; and by reason of that contrariety of movings that they have, and perchance equality of strength, the eyes seem rather to rest than to be moved, as any man may make experiment in himself, and may apprehend that while he laughs, his eyes can difficultly be moved to look round with a distinct vision, which is done at the perpendicular Ray, unless he endeavour it by the inordinate motion of his whole Head and Body; which circumspection the Head, nor whole Body ●an Scarce then obtain. But the Author of this experiment will not endure ●o be asked whether the Muscles may ●e then moved, abhorring to be put to ●o difficult a point of Divination. Sure●y the question may be resolved according to the received Philosophy of Arbitrary motion; for if he will admit the Muscles of the Eye to be all moved at 〈◊〉 & together, the motion is Tonique; ●herein although the Muscles seem to be at rest, yet as Galen says, they do, quiet agere, act in rest; Tonique motion being an action with immobility.  
In this excessive laughter, the Forehead (by which we must understand the Musculous skin thereof) hath a peculiar property of itself, and a privilege from the universal contraction of the other parts: for, the Front (which is a thing has been but little observed) is neither moved upwards nor downwards nor knit, although it be very propense and proportional to signify many passions by those motions; but it remains as it were in its natural state, yet smoothly expanded and stretched out insensibly; which motion of expansion is to be referred to the Muscles it hath received, or to its fibres; which (as we may believe) are equivalent; whereby when in laughter by the same reason as other Muscles they are moved together, it comes to pass that the Forehead than doth rather remain immovable, and the motion proves Tonique or strained out; unless perchance it may be moved a little downward for explication, by reason of the somewhat more prevalent fibres.  
The whole Countenance is poured out and spread with the Spirits that swell the Muscles; there being a great concourse of Spirits and blood unto the Face, which bear a great stroke in this action.  
Now this broad and high laughter is the measure and rule of the essence of other, and by its defect, the others may be measured and pondered; for, in low laughter, although the motions of the Face are even then very remarkable and great, yet they are more remiss, in moderate laughter they are more intense; for, these motions of the Muscles have indicible and distinct degrees, or an ●utterable latitude of consideration, here being no Muscle or part in the whole Body, that is out of action if a ●an laugh but a little: for, although ●aughter be more especially a motion ●f all the Muscles of the Face at one time ●nd together; yet it is withal a motion ●ommon to most of the parts of the ●ody. This Dance of the Muscles be●●g like that which is called the Cushion 〈◊〉 or Joan Sanderson, which brings in all that have ability of motion; for, the whole Head is moved, now cast backward, and by and by inclined to the Right or Left Shoulder; because the Muscles that move the Head and Neck arise partly out of the Breastbone and the Channel Bones, and partly also out of the joints of the Breast; wherefore it necessarily follows that in violent laughter, and the agitation of the Diaphragma and pectoral Muscles, the Head should also together be moved. The whole Neck is contracted and made a little shorter; this you may either call the motion of the Head drawn down by its contracted Muscles: or the working of the Levator of the Scapula which causes that shugging of the Shoulders so emphatical in fat-folkes; but what it is, is not very apparent or worthy of so great observation, and seems to accompany the inordinate motions of the whole Head. The Throat seems not a little to tremble, by reason of the Breast being much, suddenly, and often moved: for, the Rough Artery being placed in the internal Region thereof, the great and often respiration shakes the Throat. For since the Midriff is therefore contracted taking this motion from the dilatation of the Heart, and to bear up against the moving of the Sense and Spirit, lest it should to the great endangering of life be emptied and vanish away: or because it behoved these parts so to endeavour for the strength of the motion to be made which is at hand. Hence also the Muscles of the whole Throat and Face endeavour together with them, for they so consent with the Muscles of the Larynx, that unless they be together drawn in, the other can no way be contracted. But what manner of motions these and the rest which follow down to the feet should be, is hard to say, or from what denomination to define them: for, we cannot according to Aristotle, a termino ad quem; for, these motions of the whole Head & Body seem, Career termino certo, and cannot be described but after that manner as men are shaken together, are gestient, tremble, or cannot abide in a place, but leap, start out, lie down, and seem wholly dissolved and impotent. And because there are so many movings of Muscles, and those indeed contrary, those tensions and contractions, if they continue and are daily used, are very hurtful: for, the Muscles of the Face being filled with subtle vapours causing them to strain for the avoidance (as in Skreaking the Muscles are contracted to avoid a vapourous excrement,) the Spirits are thereby much evapourated and spent. As for the rest of the motions let Democritus look to it. Upon this manifest sight of the motion of the Breast (wherein the Midriff is moved, and the Lungs, even up to the Muscle● which move the Cheeks, the various move (from whence some infer as manifold differences of laughter) and because Respiration, which is a moving of the breathing parts is as it were the matter of laughter out of which it is produced, whence comes that succussation of the Lungs and agitation of the Midriff) no man e'er doubted that laughter was a motion, and to be referred to the motive virtue. But upon what principle this motion should depend, since it is done before we are well aware of it, and besides our will, whereas a motion that depends upon Appetite, is Spontaneous, as laughter is concluded to be, and that Faculty being Animal is no way proper to man; That hath been somewhat doubted of; upon which occasion some have unnecessarily multiplied many Entities. But They state the ca●e best who say, that laughter is an operation proceeding from an effect of the Intellective virtue which in the first place is the cause of it, and the chief root, for in all laughter the Intellect is as the first Radix after a manner sustaining the perturbation and dilation of the sense; but the motive power is that by whose commendation it is last of all perfected. We may not therefore when we see men Laughing to be affected with a certain moving of 〈◊〉 Lungs the Midriff and the Muscles moving the Cheeks, think men laugh, when according to their arbitrament or any otherwise they accommodate themselves to the motions of these parts: Or when we see a more remiss laughter out of the moving alone of those Muscles, and a little retraction of the Midriff without the manifest act of Gurgulation, we should therefore believe either that Laughter of itself is such a motion, or that this, at least for the greatest part, is its Nature, since all these may be counterfeited, and may be rather an Image of Laughter; therefore there must somewhat precede in the Soul, and the first Sensitive, that Laughter may be absolute and accomplished in all its numbers. And indeed, that manifest motion d●th presuppose a certain affection of the first Sensitive and Rational part of the Soul, so that perfect Laughter is not only that manifest motion, nor that inchoat motion as they speak in the first Sensitive and its Spirits; for, this is often done, and yet Laughter is suppressed, that it truly seems to be done by halves, and intercepted as it were in the midst. But true Laughter hath both the effects of the intellectual part as the Principle upon which the dilation of the Heart and contraction of the Countenance ensue, it being not only an affection of the Body, but totius conjuncti, of the whole Man.  
So that it is manifest that Laughter is a certain vibration of the Midriff, and of the Muscles of the Mouth, and the whole Face, etc. And that when we laugh the motion of our Face aims at some end, that is, to signify some motion of the Mind, and followeth upon the Connexion of those Muscles that draw the Face in such a sort to some inward parts that are moved by the passion out of which Laughter proceedeth; the Genus whereof occupying the place of the Form is Motus; the matter or Subject are all the parts of the Face, especially the Muscles together; the final Cause is to bring forth Laughter, (which by a kind of magnetical virtue it doth even in another.) But Laughter being no affection, but an outward act proceeding from some inward motion of the Mind; the question is what affection of the Mind this Jubilee and vibrations of so many Muscles should signify? Fracostorius judgeth Laughter to be a sign of two Passions, Joy, and Admiration. Valeriola and Laurentinus take away Admiration, supposing that profuse Laughter is the issue only of Joy. Vallesius states the Controversy. The opinion of Fracostoreus (whatever Bartholinus and others object to the contrary) seems to me most probable, that it is a compounded motion, because in Laughter there are certain contranitencies; for, Admiration makes a kind of suspension in the Head, and Joy a kind of expansion in the Heart▪ (Yet both motions are so sudden that they are done together,) whereby 〈◊〉 comes to pass that when Laughter 〈◊〉 produced, it is not done without som● molestation. And that which seem to confirm this opinion is, that the● are most apt to Laughter who are easily drawn to admire, as Children, Women, and the Common-people: where as Grave men, and Philosophers are lef● prone to Laughter. Another thin● that seems to confirm this opinion is, a new thought of my own, that 〈◊〉 suspension of the Eye, and expansion of the Forehead seem to be Symbolical effects of this mixed Passion. But here the grand Quaere, how Joy that is motion and passion of the Heart, shoul● move the Muscles? for how so ma●● Muscles that are the Instruments of th● Animal Faculty should be moved by a passion of the Heart is worth the scanning. For, you would verily think that the Heart were a Muscle, and the grand Principle that set all the other Muscles in Motion; whereas it is known well enough that the Heart is neither a Muscle, nor of itself can move the Muscles, for, that moves only the Arteries: yet though Joy be a passion of the Heart, Laughter indeed, which proceeds not only from Joy but Admiration, is a passion of the Rationable part▪ (for otherwise Beasts might laugh;) no wonder therefore that the Instruments of the Animal Faculty are moved to discover and bring forth the Admiration conjoined with joy; nor is it a marvel that joy should be expressed by an Animal motion, the Heart not moving the Muscles, but the Animal Faculty consenting with the Vital. So that hereby it is made manifest, that natural Laughter is a free motion, because it is Animal; yet it can hardly be held in sometimes, because although it be Animal, yet it is in the number of them that serve the Natural. And this is the reason why Laughter is originally from the Head and not from the Heart, that notion, intelligence, or imagination, which are functions of the Mind, and accounted among those faculties that reside in the Brain, are brought forth by the Soul; for, who ever (unless a Parasite) laughed before he knew wherefore he laughed? So that Hypocrates Lib. de morbo Sacro, with very good reason deduceth Laughter from the Head, as having its original from thence; for that the first motions begin there, and from thence are communicated to all the subject parts, drawing th● whole Body into Consort, and wit● its universal moving and agitation declares the Sympathy it has with th● Mind and the Brain: as if the Min● sitting enthroned in a high Tower, denounceth so to her Subjects to prepare themselves for Laughter, for there wa● something, which they knew not 〈◊〉 which yet she only saw and knew to 〈◊〉 worthy of Laughter: upon this admo●nition presently the inferior principal parts Contiguous and Connatives t● their High Prince bestirring themselves, do solicit the other lower parts also subject unto them. And first the Brain commands the Nerves, these stir up the Muscles, and they agitate the parts annexed unto them; until the whole Body, as it were to gratify the Mind as a King, signifies its conceived Joy in all the ways and officious demonstration of triumphant gesture it possibly can; and as every part is nigher to its Principle, so much the sooner and vehemently it is moved. And although, to speak according to the modesty of Caesar's Speech in Tully, we are ignorant how Laughter exists, where it is, and from what place it so suddenly breaks out into the Countenance: yet the manner and order of the generation of Laughter may be supposed to be after this manner. When some pleasant quaint novel and conceited object offers itself to the Senses, there is an impression thereof made in the Brain, the Object thus come into the Brain, the Mind is filled with joy, this by the first branch of those Nerves of the sixth Conjugation which goeth into the Heart is carried unto the Heart, with which the Heart affected, impatient of delay, dilates itself: the Heart impetuously moved, the Cawl thereof by consequence is carried from one part unto the other and contracted; and because the Cawl is fastened to the Mediastenum and Diaphragma, there is a necessity also that the very Diaphragma should be violently moved, agitated, and heated by the diffusion of Blood and Spirits that are then increased about that part. Th● passion or motion by the object thus raised in the Heart (such is the consent between the Heart and Brain) is by the other branches of the Nerves of the sixth Conjugation called Nervi p●renici, which bring the motive Spirits from the Brain into the Diaphragma, and by virtue whereof it is very sensible, carried back to the Brain: So that the change of motion in the Heart caused by this Passion, and imprinted, echoed, and expressed in the Diaphragma, and thence conveyed unto the Brain, is as the Ground; and the motion commanded the Muscles by the Brain, is as the voluntary Descant upon it. Concerning the chief corporal Principle, and material Instrument wherewith Laughter is performed, the Learned differ in their Judgements. Democritus thought that that first part and chief Principle was the Spleen, and that the other parts were but as Instruments afterwards subservient to the perfect finishing of the work. Which opinion to others hath justly seemed absurd, because Laughter is performed by the ministerial assistance of certain motion, but the Spleen is beheld neither to be moved, nor to be the Principle of any kind of moving, yet we see those parts to be moved which are in the Breast and middle venture; besides, it is not accounted the prime seat of any faculty of the Soul, much less of the Cognoscent or Animal; therefore it cannot be the prime Principle of Laughter. Others have believed the prime Part by which Laughter is begotten, to be the Diaphragma, for that is a certain Muscle somewhat broad, placed near the Mind, excelling in alacrity of Sense, agile to motions, of itself, in the first place subordinate to Respiration, being of such and of so great importance to the functions of the Soul, that the Ancients by one common consent named it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, quasi mentem vel mentis sedem, and they thought that Frenzies and Delirations arose from thence: Therefore it is no marvel if Laughter also should be first wrought by this part, since it is swift and expedite to swift motions, being a broad Muscle and most plentifully abounding with Sense and Spirit, which is equally dilated through it: (for, Laughter is accounted to be as a certain Dilation,) and is withal the prime Instrument of Spiration, which appears to be in a manner the substance of Laughter, which Aristotle affirms, where he saith, that for this cause the tickling one under the Arms causeth this affection, because the Midriff is fastened in that part, whereby it easily opens and moves the Sense of this Muscle besides our Will; which (indeed) is somewhat apparent to Sense; for, in any the least Laughter the Midriff is manifestly removed and retracted, and the beginning of motion being made there, the other parts, as the Lungs, and Muscles of the Face are forthwith stirred and moved. But because the Midriff is in no manner a principal part of the body, nor the chief seat of the Soul, or of any faculty; therefore neither doth it seem Consentaneous it should be accounted the prime Principle of Laughing; wherefore for some reasons the Body of the Heart hath been by some adjudged the prime seat and original of Laughter. But Physicians who upon the best ground make the Brain to be primum Sensitivum, affirm the Brain to be the Prime Principle of Laughing; but this affection to be made common by consent to the Diaphragma, and that it therefore is the prime Instrument, because it begins to be form, and to appear by this part, the other parts thereupon administering to the operation, wherein it is necessary to use a Distinction for the better clearing of the Point, for it is one thing to be the prime and nearest Principle, and another thing to be the ●rime manifestative Instrument, and perfective of the Form; the Brain is acknowledged the prime and nearest Principle, but the Midriff is the prime manifestative Instrument, and perfective 〈◊〉 the Form. Now the Diapragma 〈◊〉 operation is so evidently seen in 〈◊〉 Face, its motion in this passion bein● attended with so many motions of 〈◊〉 Face and Body, is a Muscle the most 〈◊〉 nowned and famous as the spring of 〈◊〉 the oral motions; whose honourab●● names sufficiently prove its Excellency having obtained a figure peculiar an● common to no other Muscle; bein● broad, thin, and orbicular, and having 〈◊〉 beginning in its midst, from when●● thick fibres run out as from the 〈◊〉 to the Circumference: for it hath a 〈◊〉 of nervous Circle in the middle, whic● is its original, about which another wholly fleshy consists, by which the 〈◊〉 that go out of it are dispersed 〈◊〉 spread out to the Piripheria. The 〈◊〉 proper and Emphatical name it 〈◊〉 obtained with the greeks is 〈◊〉, fro● the word 〈◊〉, that in Latin signi●● sapere, which with us is to savour or 〈◊〉 like, for with this part we have a liki●● of any object, on a motion of inclinnation unto it, to which we are behol●●ing (as Pliny says) for all our men conceits and fine flashes. This musculous Membrane being as it were the Timbrel of the fancy and the Heart, which beaten upon by them, the Muscles of the Face and Body are put into motion, and dance unto the Dorian melody thereof a kind of Morisko expressed in the exultant action of the parts into which they are inserted, deserves to be called Musculus hilaritatis seu facetiarum, the Muscle of joy, Mirth, and Laughter, or of witty conceit, or the Muscle of the motion of inclination.  
Anger, Indignation, and Envy affect the Muscles of the Face, with a kind of Laughter, improperly enough called Sardonian; which being according to Nature, is contained in the other Laugh●er, yet there is some difference, neither do all things▪ which accompany the other natural Laughter appear exactly is this, there may be perchance the same motion of the parts, and almost the same Figure of the Face, but no Sign of Joy or Mirth, but almost always sadness; for the front is cloudy and contracted, and indeed, the Lips only and Teeth are affected, in which adulterate Laughter men do Labijs tantum, & 〈◊〉 enis malis ridere, or ringere rather 〈◊〉 ridere,  
Fear also, and a Sudden fright 〈◊〉 Spectrum, especially if it be horrib●● ridiculous, hath the same effect sometimes upon the Muscles of the Fa●● there being certain effects that do n●●turally break out into contraries, i●●sinuating not themselves into the Bod● corporally, as they say and subjectiv● but immaterially and objectiuè inva●● our senses, for, the Spirits or Radica● moisture by which we know on a su●●den, perceiving some sad object 〈◊〉 spectre and evil, doth perchance fear and flying back betakes itself in manner wholly to its intimate Tow● or Fort, therefore it contracts the me●●bers, and especially the Muscles of t●● Face, as the part by which the Spectrum breaks in most upon our mind's an● Spirits.  
Weeping is a motion contrary i● signification to laughter, representing also some motion of the mind, that 〈◊〉 by Laughter the heart is Dilated 〈◊〉 with it the Breast and the Muscles o● 〈◊〉 Face: So by this they are 〈◊〉. But in the Face by Laughter the parts ●●out the mouth are more emphatically ●●fected: but in weeping the parts about ●●e Eye; which compression expresseth ●●ares, else there is little difference in ●●eir lines, as Painters observe, which consequently requires the action of the ●●me Muscles in both, which is not by ●●ny influence of the lively Spirit which 〈◊〉 Laughter replenisheth the countenance, causing the eyes to sparkle, and 〈◊〉 the Muscles of the Cheeks with a ●●btle vapour: But the contraction of ●he Cheeks in weeping, seemeth to 〈◊〉 from an excrementitious vapour ●hich passeth with the humidity of ●●ares from the Brain into the Cheeks; ●nd forceth Nature to make contraction to discharge itself of that vapour, soyned with the consent, which is betwixt the Muscles of the Jaws and lips ●ith the Midriff, whose remission and contraction being hastened by the con●raction of the Heart in grief, con●●acteth also the aforesaid Lips and ●●eekes, which it causeth by the fourth ●nd sixth pair of Nerves derived into both parts from the marrow of the Chine-bone, in the Neck. These are also the cause of the whole deformity of the Face in grief, which chiefly contracteth the visage in expiration, in which the heart hath more power over the Midriff being slackened, than in inspiration, wherein by dilating of the Chest for use of breath, it is extended.    

Memb. III. Of the Muscles appertaining to the ForeHead, or the Brows and Eyebrows, and employed by the mind in the significant motions thereof.  
THE skin of the Forehead is significantly moved according to the pleasure of our will and that in the opinion of the Ancients from a Musculous and thin substance united to the skin of the Forehead; for, because it could not be that any part should be moved voluntarily in any important motion with out a muscle, our wise Creator foreseeing that, he spread under it a certain thin Musculous substance; for, the Bulk ●nd proportion of Muscles is ordered according as the greatness of the part 〈◊〉 be moved did require. And in this ●lace the skin only is united to a Musculous substance, which although so ●●ited, yet it is so free from the subjected bones, that it may be moved, the 〈◊〉 being the superficial part of the subject substance which is Musculous 〈◊〉 adhering together and grown to, ●●at their motion is both one. This ●●in of the Forehead, which moved by ●●e Musculous flesh that covers the bone ●hereof, and by its tension and corruption demonstrates divers affections ●f the mind, is not only moved by the benefit of a fleshy membrane (which ●●ing under the connate flesh goes into Musculous substance, endowed with strait fibres:) But with two Muscles, ●hich the course of the fibres, and mov●●g which appears in this as in other muscles, (which are not found in a fleshy membrane) do make manifest. ●●●rentius says they meet in the 〈◊〉. Columbus says there is no Muscle in 〈◊〉 midst of the Forehead; yet he will ●●ve them two, one on each side, and their motions different, and proves it by the example of a Cardinal who having the left Muscle cramped with a wound, could not move the one half of hi● Forehead; and indeed at the Top of the Nose where they are also more fleshy, they are so joined, that they may seem one. But that they are two, Anatomy doth not only teach, but reason and experience, for, all the members are double, that the Body might by kep● in aequilibrio; and experience shewe● that if one of them be struck with th● Palsy, or cut across, the motion o● that part is lost, but not of the other; whose motion could not remain entire, if it were one Muscle. Spigeli●● calls them (to note their use) the Muscles of the skin of the Forehead. Bu● Platerus elegantly, an● the first I think that ever let fall a word to this purpose▪ Musculos affectuum animi significativos, th● significant Muscles of the affections. 〈◊〉 besides these frontal Muscules, ther● are sometimes two oc●ipitiall, which receive into them the Muscles of the forehead, and are reckoned to have an influence upon the skin and Muscles o● the Forehead and Eyebrows, So that such men who have these additional Muscles, have larger expressions of their minds and affections appearing in their moved Foreheards. Baubinus says these Muscles of the hinder part of the Head are not found: But Gabriel Fallopius and Platerus show by the example of Antonius Platus, who could move the whole skin of his Head, that there is such a speaking motion in the Cope or outer Cover of the Head. Rhealdus Columbus saith he had a thousand times contemplated this motion (not without pleasure) in the Head of that excellent man Antonius Platus whom they now call Lonigum; for he moveth the whole skin of his Head strongly. Hieronymus Mercurialis hath observed as much in many; Nay Columbus proves this motion by his own example, the skin of whose whole Head was qualified with such a motion ●y virtue of those Muscles. He therefore recalls these Muscles into play, which were passed over by the negligence of others, the utility of this motion being ●ot to be despised. St. Augustine affirms that he saw a man in his time, who could, without stirring his Head, or touching it with his Hands, raise or lift up all the hairs of his Head, and make them fall flat upon his face; afterward he could raise them again and return them orderly to their due places. Which could not be done without the advantage of such extraordinary implements of voluntary motion. Whatsoever inward Cogitation or affection of the mind is attributed by Pliny, or observed by Metoposcopers and others to appear in the Forehead, they are all exhibited by the operation and instrumental assistance of these Muscles and since the Muscles, the instrument of voluntary motion, are found 〈◊〉 the Head, and so near to receive 〈◊〉 the races and convoy of the Nerves ●●bility of motion from the Brain, 〈◊〉 stands to Reason that the Forehead d●●clare the will and the disposition and a●●fections of the mind. Yet to speak 〈◊〉 truth, these Muscles are rather to 〈◊〉 ascribed unto the Brows; and Spigel● showing his warrant from Galen, att●●●butes them to the Eyebrows; for 〈◊〉 Eyebrows have such a command over the Front which appears so obsequious unto the acts of their authority, that the actions may justly be counted theirs. Columbus indeed adds two more proper which the Eyebrows do use, which he affirms that neither Galen, nor Vesalius, nor any other before him did know. And Aquapendens attributes an orbicular Muscle to the Kickshaws.  

Dissect. XI.  
IN Sadness, Grief, and Severity, Dislike, Anger, Threatening, Revenge, and Earnest study, we use to wrinkle or to bend the Brows from the Sinciput to the Eyebrows, which are then knit about the Nose; the reason is, for that Sadness is a certain Contraction of the heat and Spirits towards their Principle, in regard of the apprehension of some ingrateful object, and this effect follows although there be no real cause; the Forehead being deprived of the Heat and Spirits, is wrinkled. The material caus● being a melancholy humour affected and kindled with much heat, which sends up a salt vapour to the Face, which plucks the Muscles of the Forehead. This motion is performed not only by assistance of the fleshy Membrane, which under the Connative flesh endued with many strait fibres goes into a musculous substance: but by the two Muscles on each side of the Forehead; which motion Laurentius from Columbus brings to prove, that the Muscles of the Forehead are two, and not one as some will have it; for, if the Forehead had but one Muscle, this expression of the Mind exhibited by the touching Brows could not be done, of which opinion also Riolanus is. These Pyramidal Muscles united together by oblique fibres from this employment of the Will might be called Musculi severi & minaces, The Severe and Threatening Muscles.   

Dissect. XII.  
PRide, Arrogance, Contempt, and Won●derment, advance and lift up th● eyebrows; so doth affected gravity when 〈◊〉 is full of disdain; the like action of th● Eyebrows arch-like bent they use wh●● are angry, and proudly threaten Revenge; Grief and Sorrow also cause a man to use the same action of his Brows. This motion that exhibits so many significations of the Mind, is performed by the benefit of those Muscles, which arising from the upper parts where the hair ends, descend into the Inferior parts, lifting up the Eyebrows; for, those Muscles of the Forehead are rather to be called (as Spigelius notes) the Muscles of the eyebrows, into which they are implanted, and to whose motion they serve; since they were not designed for the corrugation of the Forehead, but the elevation of the Eyebrows: for, if they are reckoned among the Muscles of the Head that are seated in another part, only because they administer unto the actions of the Head; why should not then these also for the same reason, although seated in the Forehead, be called the Muscles of the Eyebrows? This motion of the Eyebrows Riolanus brings together with Dissection to prove, that the fibres of the Forehead are not oblique stretched out from the top of the Nose towards the Temples, as Columbus will have them; nor that the wrinkles of the skin might obtain a transverse situation; but are carried right downwards as pleaseth Galen, to whom Vesalius and Fallopius yield their suffrage. These Muscles if they remain in the middle figure, as Anatomists speak, (wherein they do perpetually persist unless when at pleasure and our arbitrament they are removed) they detain the Eyebrows in their native posture and situation; whose use of what decency and importance it is, appears in those who by the unskilfulness of Surgeons, and a transverse Dissection of the fibres of these Muscles, have been deprived of the use of these significations of the Mind, and have had their Eyebrows too much humbled, that they have fallen about their eyes. These Muscles from this action might be called Musculi Admirationis, the Muscles of Wonder or Admiration. And because the Occipitiall Muscles (in them that have them) assist▪ as the pair of the Forehead, to draw the skin and Eyebrows upward in these significations of the Mind, they may be called for distinction sake, Musculi, sublimes, Arrogantiae, 〈◊〉, Contemptuosae gravitatis▪ The Lofty Muscles, or the Muscles of Arrogance, the Threatners, and the Muscles of disdainful gravity.    

Memb. IU. Of the Muscle● appointed to the Eyelids for the expediting certain significant motions of the Mind.  
THe Eyelids which are light, most 〈◊〉 and soft, are fitted for a most agile and prompt motion, and to exhibit many significations of the Mind; yet some have thought the lower Lid immovable, and so by consequence not capable of expressing a voluntary motion of the Mind; of which opinion was Galen, who expostulates with Nature, why the lower Eyelid should not participate with the upper in points of voluntary motion? Since it was ordained for the same end, and hath a place no less accommodated for the receiving of Muscles. Nature seems here, as he confesseth, unjust; when she might have divided it equally between them, yet she would gratify the upper with the whole privilege of motion: and not only unjust in that, but in making the lower Eyelid less than the upper, which as other parts should have been equal, yet for that, he applauds the artifice: but his inference from thence, which he says is perspicuous, that it needed no motion, there he fails; the Reason of his Doubt he there shows upon an experiment of observation: and it seems to him to need animadversion, and if he had hit on the right, he promiseth to declare his mind in that Book of Doubtful motions he intended to write. Here, saith he, it is sufficient to say that the subtlety of Nature is such, that many Great men having sought to find it out, yet have not attained unto the full knowledge of it. Vesalius in this follows Galen. Archangelus says the lower Eyelids stand immovable, or immovable of themselves, unless they are stirred up by the motion of the Genae. Weker says they seem to partake of no motion, there being no Muscle allowed unto them to endue them with any instinct of action. Laurentius conceives all the motion, and so consequently the signification, to be performed by the upper Eyelid. Some say that it is after a manner movable. Indeed the motion of the lower Lid, it being less, is very small and obscure; yet not so saith Riolanus, but every man may deprehend it in himself: the other being greater, hath a more evident motion. Bauhinus says both the Eyelids move, as is evident to sense. Paraeus says there is no difference between the lower and the upper Eyelid, than that the upper brings forth a more open and manifest motion: the lower a more obscurer, otherwise Nature had in vain compassed it about with the substance of a Muscle, which late Anatomists have found out. And indeed the Cause of their motion is very admirable; for, it altogether imported them to be endued with a voluntary motion, else there were no use for them. But to all voluntary motions Nature hath provided certain Instruments, which we call Muscles, which move the particles into which they are inserted; for, since we can move them quicker or slower, oftener or seldomer, or altogether refrain their motion, and again excite them to motion, is not he deceived who says their actions are natural and besides our Will? And in vain were they given us unless we could use them at pleasure, and to some signification of the Mind. The Muscles that are designed for the significant motions of the Eyelids are three, one right, and two semicircular.  

Dissect. XIII.  
IMpudence, Contempt, and simple Admiration, cause the Eyes to stare, and require an open Eye; which action proceeding from these intentions of the Mind, is intense and Tonique, or strained into an extreme figure. Paraeus will allow no peculiar Muscle for any such signification of the Mind; But the Broad Muscle performs all, and by its porrection it may serve to open the Eye; who having by an exact anatomical administration of that Muscle, shown how it mingles itself with the skin, and the Muscles of the Lips; when you come, saith He, to the Eyes, you shall teach how by this one Muscle, the Eye is both opened and shut; because it is compounded of a threefold kind of fibres. Although by the opinion of all men that have hitherto written of Anatomy, these actions are said to be done by the force of two Muscles appointed for that purpose, and although in their public Demonstrations these two Muscles are wont to be solemnly shown, yet I think, saith He, the very Demonstrators are no more assured of them than myself. And the ground upon which he took this opinion up is, because to those that separate the fleshy Pannicle or broad Muscle, no other Musculous flesh appears in those places, than what is of that Pannicle, whether you guide your Knife from the front downward, or from the Ball of the Cheek upward: besides, in incisions in the Eyebrows upon urgent occasion, we are prohibited to work them transverse, lest this broad Muscle falling upon the Eye, should make the upper Eyelid or upper cilium immovable: and if any such incision happen by chance, we are bid presently to sew it up; which thing is a very strong argument that the motion of the upper Cilium or the Superior Eyelid is not performed by its own proper Muscles, but wholly depends upon the broad Muscle for performance. But his next Argument is somewhat Philosophical to the Doctrine of voluntary motion. Now (saith he) if there should be such proper Muscles in the upper Eyelid as are described, because when one Muscle acts, his opposite or Antagonist doth cease, and aught to give way and be obsequious: that which is said to open the Eye working, his Opposite obsequiously yielding, it necessarily follows the Muscle of the upper Eyelid will be drawn towards it Principle or beginning, as we see to happen in Convulsions; because the operation of a Muscle is a Collection of that part which it moves, towards its Head; since therefore such a kind of Collection no where appears, therefore he thinks it apparent, that all the motion of the upper Eyelid depends upon this broad Muscle, and that it is the sole Author of this motion, and consequently of these significations of the Mind exhibited thereby. Nor is it to be omitted what Galen affirms, that the skin was endued with a voluntary motion even for this very action, for it was necessary the Eyelids should be much opened when we endeavour to see many external things at one time, which is their intention who in this posture simply admire, or impudently Gaze; for which (a little) the circumfused skin, as well that above in the Forehead, as that beneath at the Ball of the Cheek, hath a voluntary motion, that by extension thereof it might open wide the Eyes. Vesalius speaks of a broad and fleshy Glandule, which seems to him to be a certain vice-Muscle to lift up the Eyelid. But we will conclude with the general opinion of the best Anatomists, that these motions of the Mind are signified by the operation of that Muscle of the Eyelid, which is commonly called Rectus, or the strait Muscle, and from this office Apertor oculi, and Artollens palpebram, the Eye-opener, or the Gazer, placed in the upper region of the Orbit of the Eye, near the Musculus Artollens or Lifter of the Eye, being like also in figure to it, proceeding from the same Principle as the rest which move the Eye, and inserted into the Cartilege of the upper Eyelid, and by its fibres contracted inwards, draws the superior Eyelid upwards, the lower of its own accord subsiding into its place, assisted, according to the intensnes of the Act, in these significations, by the Muscle of the Forehead. So that this Muscle commonly called Attollens palbebram, might be named from the declaration of these affections of the Mind effected by their moving, Musculus Impudicus, vel simplicis Admirationis, the Muscle of staring Impudence, or simple Admiration.  
¶ Another expression of the Mind is sometime performed by this Muscle, to wit, Pride, and Loftiness; for Solomon in a physiognomical Proverb, observed a Generation of men, whose Eyelids were lifted up; and therefore whereas the Attollent Muscle of the Eye is called by Physiognomers Musculus superbus, because it is a sign of Pride to have lofty Eyes: Casserius the expert Anatomist, would rather have the declarations of pride and humility to be drawn from the Eyelids, and especially from the upper Eyelid, for who have this elate, are proud and fierce; they who have it depressed, and shutting as it were half of the Eye, so that they seem to respect the ground, are humble and mild. So that it might be called Musculus Sublimis the Sublime or haughty Muscle of the Eyelids.   

Dissect. XIIII.  
Fear and pusillanimity, cause the affrighted Eyes to twinkle, that is to open and incontinently to shut more than is convenient. Some have thought this motion of the Eyelids to be done by the instinct of Nature, and not upon deliberation or set purpose; for so Aristotle would have them twinkle against things whose occurrence threatens danger, So that the Muscle were unprofitable. But in regard of the preservation of the Eye, against which some dangerous thing is presented it is merely arbitrary: and natural only when it proceedeth from some affection of the Body, unto which it is obsequious, as in the Cynique Spasme, wherein the upper Eyelid is seen to be naturally moved. Casper Hoffman. very well contends that this motion of the Eyelids is merely voluntary by the example of those two Gladiators of whom Pliny makes mention in his Natural History, also by the example of Socra es of whom Aulus Gellius speaks, but that frequent interpellation happens from things that occur from without, especially the air light, etc. Indeed usually it ●s done with no great bent or intention of the mind, as those motions of Election are: but with a kind of remission or slacking of that contention, as they perform actions, who do a thing, as 'twere Drowzily and with less heed; and such never perform a perfect motion, especially Tonique. Now because it is so soon done (as the Proverb speaks) that for the most part we are not aware of its motion, therefore it may be Aristtole rather called it natural than voluntary. 'Tis true, Galen puts this among doubtful motions and those which are not yet found out. The Voluntary and Natural motions (saith he) are mingled in the Eyelids motion, which is done in many men without the assent of the will, and you shall scarce see any one who can so order his Eyelids, as not to move them, and to remain with open eyes until he would close them; and who shuts them but seldom. But this motion is merely Animal, as Ma●inellus and others by many instances affirm, and Galen afterwards confessed his former ignorance in this matter, where he declares the manner how this is done, and reprehends those who were of his former opinion. Some Sophisters (saith he) when they had neither found the moving Muscles, nor ●he reason of the motion, arrived to ●hat point of impudence to deny that motion to have any dependence upon ●ur will, but to be natural, as those ●nvoluntary and necessary motions of ●he Heart, Arteries and other instruments: thinking it better to lie, than to confess their ignorance. ●araeus will have no peculiar Muscle ordained for this action, but to be the work only of the Broad Muscle. But with Spigelius and others we shall declare that this motion of pusillanimity is performed by two semicircular Muscles called Claudentes, the Eye-shutters; one superior, seated in the superior Eyelid, the other inferior; that being greater, this lesser; yet there are not wanting some who would have these to be one single Muscle, which yet are two; and observed ever to be double in men that are somewhat Musculous, and their principles and insertion are distinct, although it be true that their circular fibres do touch each other; to these add, that both of them receive distinct Nerves from distinct places▪ But these Muscles are seated between the fleshy membrane and that which is brought out of the pericranium, of which the superior or greater, ariseth with a● acute beginning out of the inner angle 〈◊〉 the Eye and part of the Eyebrow tha● is next the Nose, and so goes transversly toward the outer angle, and at last is inserted into the outer angle. The lesser being arisen from the top of the Nose near the forward angle of the lower Eyelid, with a sharp beginning likewise, when, being carried transversly, it comes to the middle part of the Eyelid, becomes more fleshy, circuits the external angle, and ascending to the superior Eyelid, it is inserted into it with a broad end. These two Muscles when contracted into themselves, the greater draws down the upper Eyelid, and the lesser attracts and raiseth up the lower Eyelid, so that the lower Eyelid is only lifted up, and that with the second Shutter. Baubinus who would have these two to be but one Muscle by reason of their fibres which are continued says, that this Drawn towards its beginning, at one time moves the upper Eyelid downwards and the lower upward, and so conjoins and shuts both the lids together; which the continuity in circuit and angle, and the moving in the same angle, especially more constrict which is perceived by sight and touch do prove: for, nothing can be constringed and come to a mutual contact, unless some parts be led upward and other parts downward; But in respect of the Eyelids these are two Semicircular Muscles, and separated, each makes a Semicircle, but both joined together they make a perfect circle; but there is a Semicircular Muscle found in each Eyelid as well in the lower as the upper, whose motions are manifest, neither could so quick and frequent a motion be performed by the upper Eyelid alone, since the motion downward requires a longer space than is convenient for so great celerity, wherefore they easier come to a mutual contact, if one be assisted by the other; the lower Eyelid although it have two Right motions, yet it hath not two Right Muscles as other parts usually have for the same occasion; but this Circular Muscle performs both actions. Now these two Semicircular Muscles or one circular which thus shut the Eye in fear and pusillanimity might be called from their manifestation of the mind, Musculi or Musculus Pusillanimitatis, the Muscles or Sphincter of Pusillanimity. But true Cowards who are of the worse Sect of winkers are wont to shut their Eyes very hard, not daring to behold at all what they apprehend so dangerous; to this extreme figure that of Galen is to be applied, who observes that one reason why the circumjacent skin was endued with a voluntary motion was, the relief of this action: for, the eyes that were then to be exactly closed and constringed by all the circumjacent parts, when they fear the incursion of any danger upon them, for that end the bordering skin (both that above in the Forehead, and that which lies below about the balls of the Cheek) being replicated upon itself by a voluntary motion, shuts the Eye according to the timorous endeavour of the mind; and upon this occasion, the Orbicular Muscle of the Eyebrows is not only assistant, but chief Operator, which may thereupon be called Musculus vecordiae, the Dastard Muscle, or the Rank coward's Sphincter.    

Memb. V. Of the Muscles that serve to the significations of the Mind exhibited by the motions of the Eye.  
THe Eyes of man are the most clear Interpreters of the affections o● the mind; wherefore since they were ●or that purpose to be endued with a voluntary motion, and all motions ar● performed by Muscles, therefore th● great Architect gave Muscles to th● Eyes, whereby they are most swiftly moved according to the inward motions of the mind, whence the Eye by th● Philosopher is said to be the mos● movable part of our Body, by which advantage it hath more opportunities to express the motions of our mind▪ Which Muscles are usually accounte● six, because as they say there are bu● six motions in man's Eye, allowing no Muscle for the Tonique motion of th● Eye, which yet many ocular Anatomists do; which Muscle may be divide● into more. If you would observ● the proper motion of these Muscles (when they remain in their seat) bind a thread to every one of them not far from the Tendon, and then draw it, and you shall see how each Muscle works the Eye to that motion which exhibits the signification of the Mind which it was ordained to promote.  

Dissect. XV.  
PRide, Contempt, and Disdain, lift the Eyes upward toward the Eyebrows. The Muscle, the Organ that causeth this lofty motion or exaltation of the Eye is, the great Muscle, the first in order; for, Pride will have the first place, and loves precedency. It is commonly called Attollens or the Lifter, arising from the upper part of the orbite of the Eye, near where the Optic Nerve comes forth, and is inserted into the Coat (called Cornea) of the Eye, where it is clear and near the Iris, by a thin and membranous Tendon, which when it is drawn to its Head, it helps to declare the Pride of such men who are lifted up in their own conceit. Therefore more elegantly and apposite to th● signification of the Mind, named Mus●culus superbus, the proud Muscle; because it lifteth up the Eye with a kind of Di●●dain, or the Elate and proud Muscle, because in such men it doth seem to be round and more prompt to its office, as Sp●●gelius well observes. And although the● is a natural reason for the greatness an● situation of this exalted Muscle, because there is greater strength required to 〈◊〉 up than to pull down: yet it is very re●markable, that it hath a signature for th● signification of Greatness, in that pro●portion it hath to the other Muscles and of loftiness and exaltation of Mind in being placed above in the superior part of the Eye. This Muscle might 〈◊〉 more fitly called Musculus Sanctus, 〈◊〉 Devout or holy Muscle, this being the Mu●●cle by whose operation in the pious a●●fection of the Soul we lift up our Ey● to Heaven in Prayer.   

Dissect. XVI.  
IN Bashfulness, and Shamefaced mod●●sty, and in exhibiting an humble rev●●rence, with a sweet demisseness we dra● our dejected Eyes downward toward the lower Lid. The Muscle that causeth this motion is, the Second of the Eye commonly called Musculus Deprimens, the Depressor or puller-down of the Eye; by some Anatomists (as I find it fitted to my Design) it is called Musculus Humilis, the Humble Muscle; for ●ariation we call it the Muscle of Modesty, or the Bashful Muscle, Not without an Allegorical signature of proportion lesser than the other, although ●he Eye also which with its own weight ●ends downward needed no greater 〈◊〉. And as Humility is opposite to Pride, 〈◊〉 justly seated opposite to the First, and 〈◊〉 the inferior and lower part of the Eye, by that signature of situation shew●●g, that it is fitted to express the lowness of Mind, which it most sweetly 〈◊〉 when it is drawn to its Head. It ●iseth in the inferior part opposite un●● the former Muscle of Pride, and hath 〈◊〉 insertion as the former.   

Dissect. XVII.  
TO turn the apple of the eye towards the Nose, is their peculiar action who are Sour and Severe; for, such are of a Contuitive, Grave, and Cogitabund aspect, such as is seen in those who with some Tragical and Goblin-like look would affright and scare others. The Muscle which when it is drawn to its Head performs this motion and signification of the Mind is, the third Muscle seated in the great Angle, and ariseth from the Orbite of the Eye, near the Origination of the Proud Muscle, and is inserted as the former. It is commonly called Adducens, the To-leader; because it leads the eye inward towards the Nose; & by the Barbarous Bibitorius, the Toss-pot; because they make use of this Muscle who look into the Cup they drink out. Dr Crook calls it the Gleejng Muscle; for that the Eye is usually turned that way in gleejng; we may call it the Squinting Muscle; I say the Tragic or Hobgoblin Muscle, but most opposite and pathetically it may be called Musculus acerbus & severus, the Sour an● severe Muscle.   

Dissect. XVIII.  
waywardness, Indignation, Contempt, and Disdain, sometimes draw the Eye to the lesser angle, or to the Temples; which motion and signification of the Mind is performed by the fourth Muscle opposite to the third, arising and reposed in the outer side, or external Angle of the Eye, and inserted as the former, and commonly called Abducens, or the Fro-leader; for, when this Muscle is drawn to its Head, the Eye becomes the Interpreter of such affections of the Mind. This Muscle I find more significantly called Musculus indignatorius, the Muscle of Indignation, or the wayward Muscle. We call it saith Dr. Crook the S●ue-Muscle, or the Muscle of Disdain. And the obliquity of the situation affords ● signature for the signification of the motion: for, when the Eye assisted by ●his Muscle looks askance or askew upon any, it most properly exhibits an overthwart regard, or slighting Disposition of the Mind.   

Dissect. XIX.  
Wantonness, and Amatorious petulancy make use of a rolling Eye to express their procacity in. Archangelus conceives that this Circular motion of the Eye, and expression of the Mind is done, when all the four first Muscles at divers times without stay successively work. Which is also the opinion of Columbus. Which Fallopius reprehends and says, that they err who think the oblique motions of the Eyes are done by the strait Muscles loosed and stretched by turns, and acting in sequence, denying that out of two or more refracted right motions, a Circular should result; since there is no proportion between a crooked and a strait; we may add with Galen, one motion is not made of many, as figures are made of lines; yet Platerus is of opinion, that if two right Muscles of both sides work together, oblique motions may be also accomplished by their cooperations. But Bau●inus, Vesalius, Spigelius (which is the most true and authentical opinion) attribute this obscure circumversion and rolling expression of the Mind to the fifth and sixth Muscle, which as Vesalius well observes, as they chiefly conduce to Circumversion of the Eye, yet they drive it after a manner upward & downward: So that the whites obliquely cast up & down, cause a leering look, which is called the S●eepes Eye. The fifth Muscle which is the first oblique, and the rolling or circumvolving exterior or inferior from its situation, and Minor because less than the sixth, this is seated in the exterior and internal seat of the Orbite, between the Eye, and the Tendons of the Humble and Severe Muscles, having its original from the rist which is in the lower part of the Orbite, and joins the first bone of the Jaw to the fourth, and is implanted near the Iris with an oblique Line, between the Tendons of the proud and wayward Muscles; whose very situation and insertion show, that love which they serve to express, is a passion compounded of all the other▪ the office of this Muscle is to roll the Eye obliquely downward to the external Angle with a circular mo●ion, and so to turn the sight of the Eye towards the Nose. Yet about the rising and insertion of this Muscle there is great difference of opinion among Anatomists, the most erroneous Archangelus hath well confuted, that is theirs, who would have it to rise and end in the Eye, which is contrary to the Principle of voluntary motion: for, if every thing that moves, is moved upon some Quiescent, and in the moving of the Muscles, the original of the Muscle moving is ever quiescent, it would follow that the Eye in the very self same article of time should be moved and rest, which is impossible. The sixth Muscle, and the second of the Oblique commonly called the interior or superior circumagent, and the Major because the longest of all the Muscles of the Eye (which although it exceed them all in length, yet on the contrary in regard o● its tenuity it is the smallest of all, this not exactly oblique as the other, but partly strait and partly oblique, i● ariseth out of the same place from whence the Adducens or To-leade● doth, and having passed by the Poultry▪ and going over the Proud Muscle, as amorousness many times surmounts men's pride, and brings them to a wanton humility) it is inserted in the upper region of the Eye, between the Tendons of the Proud and Wayward Muscl●; the use of this Muscle is to roll the Eye with a kind of circular motion towards the inner Angle, and so to draw the apple of the Eye from the Nostrils. These Muscles I find according to my Design, called Musculi amatorij, the Rollers, or Muscles of Love, and Circulares, the Muscles of the amorous Circuit; the superior Circulator being also called Musculus Troc●leae, or the Muscle of the Poultry, which is a little Cartilege resembling a Poultry, hung by a Ligament in the concave or upper and lower part of the inner Angle of the Eye, made for the Eyes sake, found out first by Fallopius, and by Laurentius and Aquapendent called his Poultry, serving this Muscle for a promptness of motion, which from thence obtained its name; for, it hath a Canale through which the Chord of this Muscle passeth, and when the Muscle is drawn inward towards its Principle or Head, his Chords or Strings with a kind of circular motion obvolve or roll the Eye to the greater Angle. This is the Muscle most active in this amorous rolling of the Eye, and hath a signature for the facilitating of an easy and amorous insinuation, expediting and facilitating the motion of the other; both of them being not so fleshy as the others and small, have a signature for a swift and nimble moving, to which the round figure of the Eye doth much confer; for, a Spherical figure is most convenient for a swift motion, which precedes all other movings in a wonderful velocity, a circular motion having two advantages of speed beyond any other. Fallopius says he cannot sometimes refrain from Laughing, when he sees in man's eyes Muscles the Authors of Circular motion, and yet that they were not found by the most exercised Anatomists.   

Dissect. XX.  
IN Cogitation, Admiration, attentive Deliberation, and in voluntary Ecstasies of the mind the Eyes are fixed, and the Eyelids remain unmoved, and the Head let down, we contemplate the earth with a set, wist, or museing look; which motion is Tonique, and is done as B●uhirus, Laurentius, Spigelius and others suppose, when the four first Muscles of the Eyes, the Lifter the Depressor the To-leader and the Fro-leader, work together, for then the Eye is drawn inward, fixed, established and contained; which is then according to Nature, when the fibres of all the Muscles are equally intended and stretched out; So that the Muscles seem then to be at rest, though indeed (as we have often said) they do as Galen speaks, quiet agere, act in rest, for every action of the Muscle is a moving. The manner how this is done (as they say) is very remarkable, the four Muscles arise from the Conus of the Orbit of the eye or the root of the Optic Nerves, thence stretched to the Optic Nerve and to the eye in a strait line they ●end to the horny Coat, but before they come thither they end in a broad Tendon whereby they are joined to the Tendons of the other Muscles & seem to constitute a proper membrane, encompassing the whole eye, this tendonous membrane is inserted into the horny Coat in that part where it is pellucid before the Iris or Rainbow of the Eye, Whence it comes to pass that all the Muscles working together the Eye is stayed and established. But Columbus who challengeth the fifth Muscle as discovered first by his invention, affirms that Muscle to come into the aid of the other four, which stays the Eye, as its situation shows, when it is contracted towards its Head, holding the Eye that it fall not out of its Seat. And Laurentius will have all the six Muscles of the Eye to concur and to stretch their fibres to this Balancing or equal fixing of the Eye. This makes Lavellus, Fontanus and others contradict Galen, Vesalius, Fuchius and others that follow him, as if there were no need of a seaventh Muscle. But although Spigelius and others will allow no Muscle to be purposely assigned to this Tonique motion of the Eye: yet Avicen, Fernelius and some late expert Anatomists are for the seaventh Muscle, affirming that the Muscle which is most active and providently designed to this action is, that bulbous and orbicular Muscle which they leave to Beasts, who have need of such a Muscle by reason of their prone aspect, whereas man's os sublime makes it unnecessary. As for them who cannot see this Muscle (if there were any doubt of it) the expression of Fontanus which he useth about Folius his affirming to have sometimes seen the venae lacteae, may be applied. It is easier to believe one that writes affirming he hath seen it, than him who denies he hath seen it: for, because one hath not seen a thing, it doth not straightwise follow that that thing is not, but that which one truly sees, that is, because sense is of things existent. This Muscle therefore that encompasseth the Optic Nerve and the Basis of the Eye, hath a signature of Situation for this purpose, and therefore being the Chief operator it might be called the Tonique Muscule. And because Admiration, Cogitation and attentive Deliberation are a kind of suspension or fixing of the mind, and an intent application (for, the whole force of the mind is fixed upon the thing and therefore it is called an intention) And because Ecstasy is a certain excess of the mind and fancy in Admiration, from whence the Nerves are stretched and the Eyes made immovable in resemblance of the posture of the mind, this Muscle might be called Musculus intentae Cogitationis, voluntariae E●stasis, intentae Deliberationis, the Muscle of earnest Cogitation and Deliberation, or the Muscle of the ecstatical intention of the mind, or the Musing Muscle. ¶ Amazement, Astonishment, and Stupidity, (passions of the mind working in an extraordinary manner upon the same Muscles being then passive) cause such an immovable fixing and staring of the Eye. This is of things formidable and is an affection above an Ecstasy, which has then no name but is called Horror from its effect; for, the Spirits that move the Muscles being made immovable, the Eyes become stiff as horn; for, admiration causeth a tension, fear frigidity, whence the Nerves become distended and as it were congealed. Generally this set motion is the other kind of that aspect which they call Tonique, and is besides nature, when the Eyes remain fixed whether we will or no: which happens (as they usually say) when the faculty that moves the Muscles is resolved, weakened or wholly extinguished; or because those Muscles are all equally gathered and contracted into their Heads.    

Memb. VI Of the Muscles assigned the Ears for certain significations of the mind.  

Dissect. XXI.  
CLaramontius and indeed all Semeioticall Philosophers are here lost, concluding that there is scarce any refluction of the affections into the Ears, and that of themselves they have no order at all to action. Caelius saith they are immovable, or if they be moved that motion of theirs is duller and less preceptible. Galen takes not away all motion from our Auricles, whose substance is (as his words are) but fere immobilis. Athenaeus describing Hercules greedily eating saith he moved his Ears no less than Qu●dr●pedes do; where Causabon besides which he brings out of Eustathius speaks of one Muretus who could manifestly move his Ears. And Hosman says he hath ●eene them that could do as much. Justinian the Emperor had such Ears, and therefore the people among other opprobious indignities offered him in the Theatre, as you shall find in Pro●opius, called him Ass. S. Augustin writes of certain who could at their pleasure move their Ears either one alone or both together. Vesalius also says he saw in Milan a Lawyer one Claudius Sym●nius a Forojuliensian a facetious man, and one Petrus Raviscerius of Geneva a valiant and stout man, who could at their pleasure move their Ears. All the Family of the Flacci o● Rome had this moving of the Ears, and Scipio Du Plesis the Resolver a great observer of the curiosities of Nature says that he himself had seen in Gascoig●● two men who had this moving. And when I was a boy I remember a School-fellow of mine in whom I was wont to observe that by way of sport he would often wag his Ears. So that the Ears although in man for the most part they are immovable, so that their motion is sensibly perceived in very few; yet if it happen that we move them at our pleasure as has been observed in many, that is performed by Muscles; Caelius imagines that these Muscles which are perceived to be so wonderfully moved in some men, is not by reason of the inward motion of the Ear, but by extrusion or excussion of the Muscle that moves the Jaw, which sometimes is drawn so near the Ear that it toucheth it. But indeed the Muscles whose action is motion and the Nerves which are commonly observed about the Ears do declare it to be true that the motive virtue doth flow into the Ears. And Vesalius the great Anatomist affirms that they are moved by reason of their Muscles. Indeed as Casserius well argues, Although the energetical force of moving be only deprehended by the senses as apparent now & then in a few certain men, yet the influence of motion is general into the Ears of all men, which makes them partakers of voluntary motion; for, unless it were so, we must protest against the Doctrine of all Anatomists now from many ages confirmed by most certain, infallible and frequent observations; That motion is not the essential action of a Muscle, seeing there is no auricle but hath its proper Muscles: Neither doth the Sensual immobility of all auricles almost persuade this very thing; for, it is an Elenchus Consequentiae, The motion of the auricles appears not to sense, Ergo they have none: For, although we are to yield to reasons, when the effect appears to the senses; yet where the sense proves defective and reasons may prevail, the effect is not to be denied; for, if as Galen witnesseth, there concur to an Agent a fit situation, a due space of time, a valid force of the Agent and a disposition of matter to receive, what should hinder the effect? these for the most part to be present in the accomplishing the motion of the Ears, even Sense doth teach; wherefore although the motions of the Ears are not made manifest, yet it is not to be denied, but some motion at least and less perspicuous to sense is performed by them. The cause why men do not ordinarily and evidently move the exterior Cartilages of their Ears as other Animals do which have them is, as Baubinus and others conjecture, because those principals of motion are very small, So that Galen ealls them certain Delineaments of Muscles, and they have little threads of Nerves, So that the motive Spirits cannot in sufficient quantity flow into them: and the Ears are too little and Cartilagineous, whereby the little Branches of the Muscles and Nerves cannot be expanded; whence their motions are so rare, and so little perspicuous and obvious to sense, which are greater in such men whose Ears are perspicuously moved. And where the occipitiall Muscles are found, these of the Ears are manifestly discovered. Hence it may be Columbus had this knack of moving his Ears, and he St. Augustine speaks of, both which could move the whole skin of their Heads by virtue of those Muscles, and having them (if Fallopius and Riolanus his affirmation hold) had these Muscles of the Ears manifestly obedient to their wills.  
Another reason why the Ears in men are not ordinarily at least not evidently seen to move is, lest the Sense o● Discipline should be depraved, especially since the ears of man are small wherefore they are moved every way to receive sounds by the most swift motion of the Head, and therefore in Brutes who want that expeditious mobility of the Head, they are greater, to be more capable of sounds from all parts, and to drive away flies, which man can do with his hands. So that to prevent a greater inconveniency and undecency than their ordinary employment could recompense, they are usually suspended from preceptible actions in most men, yet, this is not without a Tacite elegy of the Pleropheria of motion which the face enjoys by its Muscles, to which the surplusage of auricular motion might seem unnecessarily redundant; for, the Face of man is so sufficiently provided of Muscles, the Organs of voluntary motion, which are ever ready to express any motion his will is pleased to concur unto, and make a significant declaration by, that he needs no such additaments as the Muscles of the Ears would make, if they were ordinarily reduced to manifest action, yet such who have these Muscles large enough for apparent action, seem to have a Patent for excellent Pantomimicall utterance, such additional helps, in all probability, giving advantage of supernumerary gestures. Now although to men that can express their affections not only in words, but also by speaking motions, especially in their Faces which are open and discovered, Nature hath seemed to have thought it undecent and unprofitable, to have any great volubility or flexibility (for so we must speak for want of better words) in the motion of their Ears as other Animals, the flexibility of his Head and Neck serving the Ears to all such intents and purposes; yet since these Auricular Muscles (the invention whereof are due to Fallopius) were appositely conspicuous in them by whom they were manifestly moved while they lived, and are not only described by him, but most Anatomists, we will first describe them, and then see whether any thing can be made of their motions. They are usually numbered four, Common, and Proper. Attollens or the lifter up, Deprimens or the pulle● down, Adducens ad interiora the To-leader, Abducens the Fro-leader. The Attollent seated in the anterior part of the Face placed upon the Temporal Muscle the Attollent of the Jaw; From the external end of the frontal Muscle where it is contiguous to the Temporal is inserted into the upper part of the Auricle. The Detrahent seated in the hinder part of the Head fetching its original from the Mammillary process of the Tempils and ends in a Tendon which embraceth the whole root o● the Cartilege of the Ear so, that one portion of it toucheth the upper part, the other the middle, the third the lower part. The forward Adducent or To-leader is a Common Muscle, to wit a particle of that which they usually call Quadratus or the Detra●ent of the Cheeks, this ascending with its fibres is implanted into the root of the Auricle. The backward A●ducent is placed in the Noll arising from the Covers of the Muscles of the Noll is implanted into the hinder part of the Eare.  
Since therefore Nature laid not in these Muscles as intending them for any 〈◊〉 of Hearing, for we hear against our will; some other use they have, since nothing appears in the Body that was made in vain, or hath not some office ●●signed. But our Anatomists that acknowledge, name, and describe these Muscles, nay, appoint their very action's, express not what those Actions ●ay aim at, or are useful unto, no ●ention of any advantage to the Head 〈◊〉 their moving; why should these muscles pass thus by tradition from ●and to Hand, and yet remain as non ●●gnificants? they had as good be non Li●ets. I confess, so novel a thought which for all I can find was never entertained or scanned by any Head) would 〈◊〉 a curious fancy, and such a one 〈◊〉 is, whose Motto is, In nova fert ●●imus, tentata relinquere pernox, to attempt a Comment upon this concealment, and the great silence of preterition in all Dissectors; But having had 〈◊〉 opportunity (since this Design) to observe any one that had this knack o● auricular motion, I shall not suffer my fancy to drive far after a seeming Personality, our Scope being to describe such Actions only, which are generally and universally used by all men, as apparent significations of their Mind 〈◊〉 and indeed there could be little use o● such a Nicety, since few wise men delight much to show their Ears. But a● Columbus would not describe these Muscles because they were but rarely found yet confesseth he had found two of them and at last that he had observed Ear like unto Brutes in men, which I suppose he meant of their motion; So ● shall leave others to guess what proportion these Auricular motions in me● do hold with the movable Ears o● Beasts, who participate with us in point of Animal motion. It is well know● that most of Creatures that have n● Countenance to express the variation of their Sensitive Appetites and Imagination, do express their Senses by certain motions or wagging of their Eared for when they are fearful or affrighted they do auriculis micare, wag their Ears successively erecting and depressing, or ●anging one Ear, the other erect; when ●hey are faint and weary their Ears languish; when they are erect or furious, they 〈◊〉 up their Ears; when they are sick, ●heir Ears flag and appear as it were resolved. Now, as in other Creatures ●he motions of the E●re have their di●●inct significations; so no question they ●ave in those men in whom they are perceived to move, and in most of us, 〈◊〉 we had subtlety enough to note them, ●nd such an open conveniency of observation as we have fo● Auricular motions 〈◊〉 Beasts.    

Memb. VII. ●f the Muscles that serve to the Significations of the Mind, exhibited by the motions of the Nose.  
THe whole Nose is not, indeed, moved, but only the inferior Cartilaginous parts, which Anatomists are wont ●o call the Wings of the Nose; which ●●nce they are movable, and were to be ●oved by a voluntary motion, there was a necessity that Muscles should be inserted into them; for although their chief significations may seem to be performed by the Muscles of the Lips, insomuch as they also touch the Wings of the Nose, even as the first Muscle of the Cheeks or Face, is inserted into the root of the Nose: Yet in those that have great Noses, Anatomists constitute twofold Muscles peculiar to the Nose. These move the Wings of the Nose with a voluntary motion, the other part of the Nose remaining immovable; and being throughout connexed with the skin that lies over them, it administers unto the Motion and Corrugation thereof. So that it is apparent to the Eye that the Nose is moved with a voluntary motion: So likewise it follows and is agreed upon that its motions are accomplished by Muscles, although the Controversy be great among Anatomists concerning their Essence, Original, Number, Figure and Connexion; absurd therefore is their opinion, which deprives the Nose of all voluntary motion, affirming that it is only lightly moved by the intervention and tract of inspired Air, since this exterior motion of the Nose is so manifest, and appears so obedient unto our Will, that no man but may perceive it, especially since in the Dissection of the Nose, you shall find Muscles which no skilful Anatomists can deny to be the true Authors of this Action.  

Dissect XXII.  
SAgacity, Nose-wisdome, and Sensorious Derision, cause a man to crisp and ●rinkle his Nose upwards, the Nostrils being so raised and contracted, that the Nose seems crooked and hooked, and by ●hat means becomes acute. These significations of the Mind are exhibited ●y the Nose, through the operation of ●hose Muscles of the Nose, which are commonly called Abducentes, or Aperi●ntes, or Dilatores, the openers, or stretching Muscles, which are two pair. Cas●●rius (indeed) would have this to be ●ut one Muscle which hitherto hath ●een accounted double, dilating the nostrils by drawing the Wings of the ●ose upwards, that upon any exigency of Passion the Air might have a more plentiful Ingress and Egress; for, otherwise this Muscle would be void of all employment; yet sometimes being not sufficient alone, for some extraordinary necessity, it calls the Muscles of the Cheeks unto its aid, yet when reason requires, one part of it can act alone, the other part resting from action. But they are two pair, the first pair drawing its original from the Jawbone near the first proper pair of the Lips, is inserted partly into the lower wing of the Nose, and partly into the higher part of the upper Lip called the Philtre: The other pair covering both the sides of the Nose resembles a Triangle; For, it ariseth with an acute Origination from the top of the Nose, and descending obliquely by the bones of the Nose it ends in a broad Basis, and is implanted into the wings of the Nose. Fallopius says there are certain fleshy fiber not few of them arising from th● middle of the Eyebrows and the Spin● or Ridge of the Nose, which descending obliquely, are added to the fir●● pair, and implanted into the pinnae o● sides of the Nose to draw or rivel it upwards, which you may reckon for a pair of the Dilators of the Nostrils, or for a part of the first pair it makes no matter which, so we know the use of of it in this revulsive action, and indeed these second pair are very properly by Dr. Rhead, called Erectores, or the Raiser's upwards. When these two pair work together and are forcibly contracted to their Heads, the wings of the Nose are drawn outward and upward▪ whereby the Nostrils are not a little dilated, and the skin of the Nose and the adjacent parts most ironically wrinkled: and because they are continued to the Muscles of the Lips, the upper Lip is drawn up together with the Nose, which sets a speaking emphasis upon the Action. Now because Nose-wisemen use this action, Snuffing up the wind withal, as if they smelled somewhat amiss; and that they arise from between the Eyebrows which are the natural Censors of the Face, and the thrones of Judicature, obliquely descending to draw men as with a proboske, before the tribunal of judgement; And the Nose which from its acuteness in this action is often put for judgement, and dedicated to dry Derision or Sagacity, These Muscles might be significantly and most properly (in reference to the employment they have from the mind) be called Mus●uli Sagacitatis, vel Censoriae judicationis, The Muscles of Sagacity, or Censorious judgement.   

Dissect. XXIII.  
CHoler, fuming and precipitate anger or furious madness cause a man to blow up and down his nostrils with wind, with which sudden and fiery sufflations the nostrils seem to smoke like a Furnace. Galen seems to be of opinion that the first part of this action of the Nostrils was caused by no Muscles, but by inspiration only, and that in vehement inspirations, the wings of the Nose followed the impetuous attraction of the breath; But Vesalius objects, that in very strong in●pirations, the Nostrils may be preserved in this posture. Aristotle (which is no great marvel since he knew not the active force of Muscles) thought that in the profundity of the Nose there was a certain valvula, which was opened with inspiration to give egress to the Air, which upon ceasing of the inspiration, was shut; which Galen refutes, pronouncing it to be a thing very uncertain, and that wants Demonstration, and were to no purpose; and if we should grant it (saith Galen) the motion of this Valvula must either be Animal, natural, or violent. No man will say it is voluntary, because to Animal motion there is no need of a Valvula, (such imaginary things as Henericus Regius hath gone about by demonstration to persuade us unto) ●nd an animal motion obeys our will, ●ut this lid of the Nose is never opened ●ut when we breath; again, a Muscle is ●he instrument of a voluntary motion, but ●n the inner top of the Nostrils there are ●o Muscles: Nor will this motion be na●●rall as that of the Valvula of the Heart, because the motion of the Heart 〈◊〉 perpetual, and is not performed according to our will: And we cannot say it is violent, for Doors are opened by the impetuous rushing in of Air, without attraction of breath. But although the Nostrils in great inspirations are a little elevated, and the wings are brought in as following the impetuous force of the Breath, and in expiration they again reside and are blown out; yet the Nostrils were movable and endued with Muscles for this purpose, because to greater and sudden inspirations and Efflations, they might not a little confer, their mobility wonderfully relieving the mind in such sudden Efflations of anger; not a little assisted by the intercostal Muscles, which according to Galen serve for a plentiful Efflation, and in most vehement respiration, the Muscles above the Breast come into their aid. But although Columbus doth not acknowledge the constringent Muscles, yet we with Spigelius and others that describe them, must attribute this Action chiefly to them, although we can not fully agree with Stephanu● That to the contraction of the wings o● the Nose there are no opposite Muscle● who saith, when the Constringent cease from their action, the Nostrils are forcibly driven out with a Choleric wind. These Constringent Muscles are very small as they can scarce be seen or distinguished, unless in those that have great Noses; and they are two pair, whereof the first pair is external, arising from about the root of the wings, and is inserted into the little Globe of the Nose; the second is internal, and hidden in the cavity of the Nostrils, arising from the bones of the Nose where they end near the Cartilages, and is inserted into the wings of the Nose: That contracted, depresseth the wings; this doth introduce or bring them in, and so shuts the Nostrils. And it may be the orbicular Muscle of the upper Lip, drawing that Lip downward, doth withal constringe and shut the Nostrils, helping a little the attractive action of the Nose. Now because when incensed Choler gets into the Nose, the Muscles commonly called the Constringent are most active to bring wind to this Pepper-Wind-Mill, whereby it is put into a fuming motion, they may be called Musculi magna Spirantes, or Magni Spiritus, or Fumantes, or Excandescentiae, the fuming Choleric, or the Chase Muscles, or the Muscles of precipate Anger, or Magnamity.    

Memb. VIII. Of the Muscles active in the significations of the Mind exhibited by the Cheeks.  
FOr the advancement of the significant motions of the Cheeks, there are two Muscles subservient to each of them, and these Muscles are seldom moved, but in the same motion they draw the Lips into consort of their significations; the Muscles being common to them and the Lips; for, these Muscles are not appropriated as peculiar to the Cheek●, but because they seem more to serve the expressions of the Cheeks, than of the Lips, Spigelius thinks it more fit, with that warning of their Community, to revoke them to the Service of the Cheeks, and so consequently to be the instruments of those voluntary motions which appear in them, which are as Galen observes performed without the motion of the lower Jaw or opening of the Mouth, the Cheek and the skin to which they are annexed being only moved, which motion is evident before Dissection; the Region of their power being that inferior loser part seated without the closed Jaws and is extended from the Chin almost unto the Eyes, and which by the breath recalled by the Lungs and retained in the Lips shut, may be blown up. As for the Balls or Apples of the Cheeks, the seat of Shame, they have no Muscles, but are drawn in consort by the motion of the Neighbouring skin, not having any proper significations appertainng to voluntary or local motion; but although they have no Muscles disposed under them, yet is the skin lose having under it the membrane Periostium, and because its interior part adheres to the Cheeks, and the Superior part is united with the Musculous substance which is under the Forehead, it may be moved together with them. Galen allows us, if we will, to reckon this a fifth Species of skin; but according to its proper Species, it differs nothing from the skin of the whole Body: yet because it hath this peculiar, to be contained and hemmed in by two skins, and those movable, united and cohering with them, by that reason comes to be endued with a voluntary motion; and, therein, now differs from the skin of the whole Animal. So that being not moved per se, but per accidens, having no sensible motion, as not fitted for such an use; the signification of their motions does consequently depend, as Suffragans, upon the motions of the other parts.  

Dissect. XXIV.  
Scorn and Detraction make a man sometimes to distort his Cheeks, and draw one side of his mouth down unto the other side, in imitation of the Cynique Spasme, So that the Cheeks keep not their own situation and figure, but one follows the other; for, when we withdraw our mouth obliquely to the left side, the Muscles are so drawn together, there is a necessity the Muscle of the other Cheek should be drawn to follow the Retraction, which thereupon becomes more extended and longer than the other; for those that are Musculi congeneres, that is, which conspire to one and the selfsame actual expression, which are usually one on the Right side and another on the Left, as often as these Muscles in the opposite parts are pairs in number, magnitude, and strength, the contraction of one makes a relaxation of the other, that part which is contracted drawing the other, to wit the whole Cheek aside unto it, so that it always happens that the relaxed part is carried to the contrary part, for that is drawn by the Muscle that causeth the Action, which contraction of the perverse Cheek happens by reason of the shortness of its Muscle, for, every motion that proceeds from the will seems to be done by the attraction of the Muscles to those parts whence they arise, neither could the attraction of the other Cheek be done unless the opposite Muscle were drawn back to its original, whence it appears that the Depraved figure of the Mouth or Symptom of the function of the voluntary mover hurt, called by Physicians the Cynique Spasme, which this action seems to counterfeit, by this account differs only from the Natural, that it is done besides our will, the Convulsion driving the Nerves and Muscles to the same affect, to which they are led by the Animal Faculty when they keep their natural habit; the Muscles are contracted into their proper heads, and with them they rivel that part into which they are inserted, which indeed is common to the natural and praeternatural Plaise-mouth or Dog-Spasme. This ridiculous, action proceeding from a Detracting Disposition of the mind is performed by the square Muscle of the Cheek by Spigelius called Detrahens Quadratus, the first that suffers convulsion in those that are falling into the Cynique Spasme; the varying conduct of the fibres of which Muscle some being strait, some oblique, and some transverse, are to be well considered of by Surgeons in their incisions in these parts, which some not knowing, by an over free cutting of the transverse fibres overthwart, have caused both Cheeks to run as plucked to one side. This is a thin Muscle although broad and large lying hid next under the skin of the Neck, and encompassing the whole upper Jaw in the Face, draweth its origin from the regions of the snigs of the Vertebres of the Neck, the external part of the Neck, the Scapula, clavicula, and the Breast Bone, ascends by degrees with oblique fibres to the Face, and is implanted into that part of the Chin where the upper Lip is joined unto the lower. This Muscle, which covers the Face, and out of which the Muscles of the Nostrils Eyebrows and Lips are made, being contracted unto itself by aid of those oblique and transverse fibres it hath, the Cheek we command, is drawn awry, the Nose, Eyebrows and Lips following the obliquity of that motion, thereby making this Irony of gesture most complete, for, the Cheek, the Seat of laughter leading, the Nose with dry mockery or Derison follows, the Lips obsequious by a silent Detraction, manifest their agreement to the motion of the Nose, and though they two are in the middle, yet both agree to assist this action on the side stage of Derision, while the Censorious Eyebrows overlooking, by a motion of assent and concurrence applaud the Irony. From the signification of Detraction which this Scheme or figure of motion aptly expresseth, this Muscle may retain the name of Musculus Detrahens, and be called the Detractor, Detractions by Solomon being aptly called Detrahentia labra, Detracting lips, alluding for all we know to this action of the Cheeks, the Lips always moving, when this square Muscle moves, which is common to them and the Cheeks.   

Dissect. XXV.  
ANger, Swelling indignation, Pride, Disdain, Arrogancy, and Ambitious love of praise, puff up the Cheeks of self-conceited men, and make them look big upon others. Spigelius thinks this motion is not performed by the help of any Muscle but only happens by the relaxation of the fibres of the Muscle Buccinator while the breath is retained in the hollow of the Mouth the lips being shut this Muscle is Distended which makes the greatest part of the Cheek. But the Muscle Buccinator being so called from the similitude at least of this affectation of the mind, comprehending all that part which is blown up when we sound a Trumpet is commonly assigned to this action and consequently to the signification of this affectation of the mind. A Muscle thin and membranous, lying under the Square Detractor, interwoven with divers fibres, from whence its divers actions proceed, and is scarce any thing else but a fleshy implexure of fibres; this from the upper part of the Gums of the superior Jaw is terminated in the top of the Gums of the lower-Jaw in the manner of a circle, which since it emulates a circle, and in a circle what ever part is taken the same is both the beginning middle and the end, it matters not whether you say it proceeds from the upper Gums into the lower or from the lower into the upper. This Muscle according to our Design of referring all names to the Affections of the Mind might be called Musculus Ambitiosus, the Ambitious or self-conceited Muscle; and there is a signature of the conceited Capacity of the Mind, in the most capacious figure of this Muscle, which is a Circle, which thus put in motion, by way of ostentation seems to infer to others, how far they can enlarge and extend the Sphere of their ability, even to comprehend all within the compass of their perfection, and personal worth; which lest any man should not sufficiently understand, they are so puffed in mind, that they will strain themselves so far, as to sound the Trumpet of their own Praise, by making an unhandsome use of the Muscle Buccinator. Nor is it altogether unsignificant that this self-conceited and praise-seeking Muscle lies underneath the Detractor; for they that ambitiously arrogate to themselves the merits of applause are very apt to Detract from others; and indeed, Ambition and self-conceited Pride is but Detraction under a Wizard. But if the puff of Anger swell this Orbicular Muscle, he that puffes and chafes after this manner, seems to be his own Trumpeter, and to sound defiance to those against whom he presents himself with Cheeks so inflate.   

Dissect. XXVI.  
Despair makes the Cheeks to fall or sink; they who think the former affectation of the Mind to be performed by the help of no Muscle apposite to that action, conceive this adduction or contraction of the Cheeks is performed by the Muscle Buccinator, which with them is Contrahens alter, as being designed by Nature unto it; and ●t may well be by its Contraction, or the Contraction of its fibres, a motion quite opposite to that of Confidence & self-conceit, being a contrary affection ●r motion of the Mind. But this action ●s not very remarkable unless in proud ●nd confident self-conceited men when ●hey are humbled by a counterbuff of inquisition, and the bladder of their ●ride is thereby pricked, that makes ●hem look like the baffled Sons of Despair.   

Dissect. XXVII.  
Cheerfulness a pleasant and smiling Alacrity cause in many a Dimple in some part of the Cheek, which Anatomists call the Navel of Venus. This is caused by the moving of the same Muscle Buccinator, which after the manner of a Sphyncter encompasseth the Cheeks, which when it is contracted and drawn in, in some part of it makes that Pit or Dimple which so gracefully appears in the Cheeks of some men.    

Memb. IX. Of the Muscles that serve the Mind in the motions of the Lips and Mouth.  
FOr the Declaring the Motions and Affections of the Mind, the Lip● the cover of the Mouth, were to be moved with a voluntary motion; wherefore they have obtained Muscles, without which no voluntary motion can 〈◊〉 performed; for the expediting therefore the significant motions of th● Lips (besides the Muscles common t● them, and the Cheeks) there ar● four pair of Muscles assigned unto them; which is the most received opinion, although Fallopius would add ● new pair; and Riolanus says we may number eleven proper Muscles, besides those two common to the Lips and Cheeks. But their Muscles are but four, because there are but four principal motions: by which four, eight motions are performed. Columbus sails, that by mediation of those four labial Muscles, we perform twelve motions at the least, (for to every motion there are not peculiar Muscles dedicated, but the same Muscles that lift them up draw them also awry, to wit, when one of the Attollents work alone, whereas when they both act they cause a Right motion.) But they all upon occasion receive action and employment from the command of the Will. These Muscles of the Lips are so mingled with the skin, that the fibres do intersect themselves across, from whence the motions of the Lips are very divers, for, because the fibres are diversely mingled and enfolded together, being of two kinds, the external, and Internal, they do not only bring forth Divers, but Contrary motions. But the Commistion of the Lips with the skin is most admirable; for here you cannot say they are laid under, and that they do adhere and cleave to above, as in the Front and other parts of both the Jaws, seeing that in these, we can distinguish and determinate in perspicuous limits, where the Muscle truly ends, and when the skin ariseth. But in the Lips the permistion is so throughout, that both are abolished and confused in one another, as you cannot say this is a Muscle, and this skin, which is common and conflate of both, neither in the whole, or if you should divide them in parts, but you may rightly call them either cutaceous Muscles, or a Musculous skin. Galen where he reckons the several kinds of skins in the Body, counts this the fourth kind, in which the Muscles are lost, (and as we may so say) confounded together with it; for, the four beginnings of those Muscles which come to the Lips are perspicuous indeed, and manifest before they are mingled with the skin; but afterwards are to be found no more, and cannot be separated from its substance; insomuch as he holds it worth our serious consideration, whether Anatomists speak truly or properly in saying, both the Lips are moved by Muscles obliquely inserted into them: or whether we might rather say that the Muscles of both are ex toto cuticular, but assisted by the fibrous Muscles; which Fungous and very movable substance, and unusual composition, deservedly accrewd unto the Lips, by reason of their peculiar action, for unless the substance had been ordered after this manner, those Actions, the Signs of the Affections of the Mind, could not possibly have been done as now they are; or so significantly expressed: neither could the Lips have had such variety of important mo●ions. But hereby so singular and renowned is the choice substance of the Lips, and the various move for which ●hey were ordained, that they are soon ●eady to any kind of use and action, ●hat the Will can call for or require.  

Dissect. XXVIII.  
THey who Contend and Dispute with some beat of Anger when ●hey hear their Adversary, and go about ●o answer them, are observed to open ●he Mouth, and lift up their upper Lip. This motion is performed by the first pair of proper Muscles of the Lips, commonly called Attollens Labrum superius, The Attollent of the upper Lip, which ariseth out of the first bone of the upper Jaw where the Ball of the Cheek is, and is inserted into the sides of the upper Lip near the Wings of the Nostrils; when this whole Pair works together, it lifts the Lip strait upwards, from whence this Muscle might be called Musculus logisticus, the Logistique or Contentious Muscle, o● the wrangling Disputant. But although this Muscle be chief operator in thi● motion, yet we must note with Galen, that the whole substance of the Lip▪ doth much advance the Action. Not● also that when this motion is don● strait upward with the whole Lip● then the whole Pair work together▪ But when one side of the Lip is obliquely lifted up, than one of them is only employed.   

Dissect. XXIX.  
ANger and Discontent of mind▪ cause one to pout or put out th● Lower-Lip, who are then said to han● the Gib, an action most commonly ●eene in children when they are angered. Which motion is performed by the Muscle of the Lower-Lip, commonly called Deprimens, proceeding from that low and interior Seat of the Lower-Jaw where there is a certain asperity, protuberating as it were to the sides of the Chin, and by and by obliquely ascending, is inserted into the midst of ●he Lip; which Muscle from this action might be properly called Musculus ●ristitiae the sad or discontented Muscle.   

Dissect. XXX.  
THey who would Mock, Deride and Contemn others, use to shoot out and bow back the Lower-Lip; this Action as I take it, is performed by the Discontented Muscle when the external fibres of the lower-Lip are strained ●nd stretched out, not a little assisted by the fungous' substance of the Lips which ●s easily filled, and being replenished protuberates: and because this outward Deflection of the lower-Lip, which Galen reckons among the strait mo●ions of the Lip, is performed chiefly by the operation of the external fibres of the Lip, they Deserve to be called Fibres Sarcasmi, the mocking or cont●●melious fibres.   

Dissect. XXXI.  
THey who Scorn and Deride others are many times seen to Distort or wrest their Mouth by drawing it to one side, Like unto the Mouth of a Plaise, or in resemblance of the Cynique Spasm. This ironical and voluntary Torture of the mouth is caused by the operation of the Second pair of the Muscles of the Lips commonly called Abducens, or ad latera trabens, which arising from the Cavity under the balls of the Cheeks is inserted into that place where the Lips meet together and are conjoined. This motion being assisted by the Common Muscle of the Cheeks and Lips commonly called the Square or Detrahent Muscle of the Cheeks, by us called the Muscle of Detraction, whose oblique fibres do not a little Contribute to the signification of the mind exhibited by this oblique motion of the Lips. From which operation the Muscles Abducent have in this signification of the mind they might be properly called Sanniones the Scoffers or the Muscles of Scorn and Derision. Note that this signification of the mind may be exhibited by the mouth drawn to both sides or either side according as the whole pair or one alone doth act.   

Dissect. XXXII.  
EFfeminate and Amatorious affections in the mind make Harlots perpetually to play with their Lips, and sweetly to bite them and suck them in; ● motion observed to be customarily used by such Creatures, performed by the tension of the internal fibres of the Muscles of the Lips, whereby the Lips are drawn to give way inward and to fold themselves in this Right motion as they call i●) of the Lips being much furthered by th●ir fungous Substance which is ●asily Emptied & afterwards contracted. You may call these internal the amorous fibres of the Muscles of the Lips.   

Dissect. XXXIII.  
WE shall see in unhappy Boys that when they would mock and ●eride one another, they thrust out ●heir Lips after the manner of a Hen's rump, which we usually call to make a Mow, which ridiculous gesture is performed by the constringent Muscles, which are compounded of all the ten Muscles of the Lips, and are that Musculous extremities of the mouth, and that fungous and vermilion Substance which we see, and with orbicular fibres encompasseth the outer mouth, and shuts it in like a Sphincter; which Muscle is very conspicuous in them that have great lips. This mock Spincter when by its hairy strings it works this motion, making the mouth a● port Esquiline of Derision, straightens and thrusts out the mouth forward, and is (as Galen and Aviten compare it) like the shutting of a Purse with strings; for in this attraction or corrugation, the Lips are so much increased in thickness, as ther● is of their length taken from them by that action: as if you should, putting two fingers upon them, on each sid● one, and lightly compressing, contract them, you shall advance them into such an altitude & thickness, as you tak● away Latitude by constringing them on each side. By this means the tension of the Muscles while they are diversely distracted at one time, deduceth the extremes to a medium, the fungous' substance of the Lips not a little helping them, for such a substance is easily emptied and replenished; emptied is submitted, and replenished, raised into a tumour. The Professors of Dissection before Galens time, made no mention at all of the priorums or anterior motion of the Lips, neither was he satisfied how this was done, but refers it to his Tract of obscure and doubtful motions whose manner of moving is not fully found out; which ingenious Tract, by the injury of time, (to the great Damage of Anatomy,) is lost, for that which we have under that Title ●s Spurius, as Hofma● thinks, whose ●udgement herein admitted would somewhat weaken the Authority of ●he Quotations of that Tractat. There ●s also as I conceive a concurrence of ●he round membranous Muscle Buccinator which is inseparably trussed about▪ ●ith the Coat of the mouth, so that ●he signature and cooperation of that Muscle seem to exhibit a desire to proclaim as with a trumpet the Contempt and Scorn that is then exhibited.   

Dissect. XXXIIII.  
IN Salutation, Valediction, Reconciliation or renewing of Love, Congratulation, Approbation, Adulation, Subjection, Confederation, but more especially and naturally in ●oken of Love, we use to kiss, which is done by drawing together the Lips into themselves, and a little putting forth the parts that lie loosely scattered about the Mouth, this being the usual Prologue to a Kiss, which cannot be decently done unless we a little contract our Mouth; which significations of our Will are thus exhibited by the moving of the Muscle commonly called the Constringent Pair of the Lips, or Corrugans from puckering the mouth; which is done after this manner, the upper Lip is no● only drawn together, but withal pulled downward, and the lower Lip lifted up, whereby the Lips are Collected and reduced into themselves; this Muscle I find from this employment to be called Osculatorium, because it contracts the Lips when we fasten a Kiss upon another: which name implies only the manner of the outward Action and not any inward Affection of the Mind exhibited thereby, the Latins having no word to signify both, which the greeks have, whi●h whom 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is both to Love and to Kiss. This Muscle from its office might be called the loving pair, Par Dilectionis, or the Sphincter of Salutation. Note that this Muscle is assisted in this signification by the Muscle Buccinator, which is common to the Lips with the Cheek, which Muscle we have named the Muscle of the Navel of Venus.   

Dissect. XXXV.  
THey who mock, wonder and admire are wont to Gape upon one with their mouth. Stupidity, Folly, Idle expectation, and Gree●y attention cause the same Action of the Mouth. The significations of the Mind exhibited by this Gesture are performed by the Action of the pair of Muscles of the lower Jaw, commonly called, Graphoides & Deprimens Biventre; which arising from the Appendix Styloides, when it comes to the Anterior part which is under the Chin, there it is inserted into its Internal seat, which therefore is a little exasperated; this pair when they both work together by pulling down the Jaw, open the mouth into a moderate figure, wherein the Temporal and maxilliary Muscles are at rest. The smallness of this pair of Muscles, as it shows that the motion is easily done, the Jaw with its own weight tending downwards, needing no strong retracter, but as a weighty thing is led downwards with very little ado: so by signature of the Instrument insinuates how prone by Nature the Mind of man is to these kind of significations, implying withal, (that whereas the Mouth is the Gate of the Stomach, and now opened as the Gin of reproach by a double-bellied Muscle, arising from such an Appendix as resembles a Needle or Pin of a Table-Book, and inserted into a part which hath therefore a signature of Exasperation,) an extraordinary Appetite, even canine, with a silent stile to engrave a Scoff in the Face of those against whom exasperated we exhibit this Hieroglyphique of open Contempt, wherein there needs no words, the abused naturally too well knowing men's meaning by their Gaping. Nor is the Caution and Proviso of Nature in the ordering of this Muscle to be passed over in silence; for in the midst between the Bellies of this Muscle there is a Tendon which a certain Membrane growing to the adjacent parts doth involve, resembling a Poultry, contrived to prevent an exception against the General Rule of Muscular motion: for, since these Muscles (as they should have done according to the Species of their intended Action) derive not their original from the lower parts of the Neck, but arise rather from the upper parts, they are reflected about the lower parts of the Jaw, as it were, at a Poultry, not without an allegorical signature of the usual effect of Mockery and scornful Strife, of which a Poultry is the Hieroglyphique, for as that turns as it were returning upon itself, so such kind of Strife begets Strife, that it seems to be rolled upon itself. Neither is this Retraction or Depression of the Jaw performed without the assistance of the Square Muscle of Detraction, which h●th great coherence with the Chin, Contempt and Mockery being never without some kind of Detraction. ¶ There is also a natural Reason for this Action of these Muscles in greedy attention, because the Mind is furthered in that matter by this Action, for out of the very fifth pair the Auditory Nerve there are remarkable branches sent to the Palate, the Bone Hyodes, and the Larynx in the mouth, wherefore from thence, that is by the mouth: sounds may be conveyed to the Ears, even to the Tympanum; for distinction (therefore) we call them Musculos avidae attentionis, the Greedy Gapers, or Muscles of the attentive bent of the Mind. You might call them as well Musculos otiosae expectationis, the Muscles of idle expectation.   

Dissect. XXXVI.  
IN some tedious beavinesse of Mind, in the Dislike and weariness of our absent mind, in the wander, and 〈◊〉 loose and manifest security thereof we of● are drawn to Yawne, an extreme figure, as they call it, of the lower Jaw, wherein the Lips are most distant from one another, one protended upwards towards the Nose, the other drawn down towards the Chin, and with Galen, is one of the two Right motions of the Lips which are altogether strait. These significations of the Mind are performed by the same Muscles as the former motion is, which might likewise hence receive the name of musculi oscitantes, or oscedinis, the yawning Double-bellied Muscles, but more properly, in reference unto the affection of the Mind, we might call them Musculos Hallucinantes, vel fluxae Securitatis, the Nauseous Muscles, or the Muscles of wand'ring Security. This Oscitation (how ever some speak) is from the Animal Faculty, and therefore is performed by Muscles, and is done by the Muscles of the Face, as it were, dilated by deliberation, that the crude vapour may go out, as Pandiculation is a Deliberate Action of the other Muscles of the Body: Neither need it to trouble any one, seeing a thing that is done out of Deliberation, and which seems to proceed from Prudence, to be done by Infants, and of us without considering of it; for, Nature (as Hypocrates says) is Learned without a Teacher. These are done by a certain Instinct, but not such as most men take to be Natural, for we understand this Action to be voluntarily done, because when we please we can begin it and restrain it; And when we make others yawn, it is not done so much by Sympathy as by consent of parts, & conspiration to Action; for, our voluntary motion is done sometimes by Deliberation, and sometimes by Imagination; Imagination always prevents and goes before Deliberation, when therefore the Muscles of the Temples and Cheeks contain any vapour (by Imagination) when one yawns others are moved with that moving, and so they move the Faculty, not so much to expel, as to be a deponent, & to lay down the windy burden with which the Muscles were charged.   

Dissect. XXXVII.  
THey who by silence would express the reverence and regard they have of those who are in presence, use to close their mouth and hold their Lips together; which is performed by the moving of the Temporal attollent Muscle, which filling the whole cavity of the Bone of the Temples, has its beginning from the bone of the Forehead Synciput Temples and Cuniformis is at last inserted with a strong Tendon into the process of the lower Jaw. When this Temporal pair work together, they bring the lower Jaw to the upper, and so close the mouth which is held so still in the posture of silence by the Tonique action of the same Muscles which for the most part is Tonique, unless when we speak or sleep open mouthed, for when we sleep with our mouth closed, the Tonique action of these Muscles is preserved.   

Dissect. XXXVIII.  
ANger, Indignation, Grief, Despair, Jealousy, Wonder, Admiration, and evil Cogitations, 'Cause men many times to bite their Lips, an Action which they also use who meditate and threaten revenge: which affections of the mind are expressed in th● Lips and Teeth by the operation of the internal fibres of the Lips, and the strong Compression of the Teeth occasioned by the forceable working of the temporal Muscles.   

Dissect. XXXIX.  
ANger, Cruel virulency in those that Threaten Revenge, Envy and Virulent Mockery and Insultation make men sometimes gnash and grind with their teeth, and to set them so firmly together that the Cheeks are drawn in o● adverse parts. This action● and virulent expression of the Mind also is performed by the violent Compression of the Teeth by the strong force of the Temporal Muscle.    

Memb. X.  

Dissect. XL.  
IN Derision, Scoffing insultation and contumelious Despite men are seen sometimes to lill out their tongue 〈◊〉 those they Scoff & deride. Concerning this significant motion of the Tongue Auerr●●es is of opinion that it is not done by the aid of the Muscles, but by a proper motion, and would prove thereby that the Nerve and not the Muscle is the first and necessary principle of motion. But Columbus and most Anatomists are of the contrary opinion. Galen indeed is very sceptical about this motion and hath placed it among doubtful and obscure motions which he was not well satisfied 〈◊〉▪ for says he, the Tongue doth not seem when it is extended out in length to go uniformly out of the mouth, for it covers the lower Lip and descends somewhat to the Chin, and that is by reason of the Bridle which is beneath it before, we find not the cause by reason whereof the Tongue is prolix or prolonged until it be visibly put out of the mouth. No motion obeys the will but the motion of a Muscle and no Muscle continued to the tongue distends it until it bring it forth of the mouth, hence for good reason we fall to staggering when we would know after what manner this action of the Tongue is done, and if any motion could be found in the Body which is done by the will without any Muscle there had no ambiguity fallen into this question. Indeed there is a rarity and porofity in the Tongue as in the virile member, but that there should be such virtue in it as we observe the appetite to instill into that Petulant part so that it moves with competent motion and thrusts itself out of the mouth, how this should be done that is to be considered. And yet the action in kissing, which some beastly Lecher's use when their veins are inflate with lust would induce one to think that there were some analogy between the extension of these two unruly members. The difference between the erection of both parts is that the virile member is not only increased in length but in thickness and compass: but the Tongue only in length being not increased in all the dimensions of its body when it goes out of the mouth. And because they who use this Action of the Tongue do it before they can think or understand with what Muscle or motion they should produce it, it is agreeable & meet that the Muscle whose lust was imposed upon it, for this reason should neurr a Satyriasis when it avoucheth lust, and imagines by the aptitude of the thing unto it. So that the cause propinque of the Egress of the Tongue out of the mouth and of P●●iapisme is a thing of very subtle Speculation. It is no marvel that the Tongue voluntarily is moved only by the Muscle. But there is a virtue in it by which it doth indeed weigh what the Intellect doth desire. So that it may move itself with motion for a competent Egress out of the mouth, which doubt in effect insinuates the Tongue itself to be a Muscle, although he speaks not plainly out. But according to the most received opinion this significant action of the Tongue is attributed to the operation of the pair of Muscles called Geneoglossum or Extrahens Linguam, which arising from the asperitity which is in the middle of the lower Mandible, but is in the internal Face, is inserted near the root of the Tongue; this pair contracted, puts forth the Tongue beyond the Teeth and Lips, which pair in respect of this ironical action performed by it, according to our manner shall be called Cynoglossum, the Liller, Dog-muscle, or the Blaring Cynique; or the Muscle of Contumelious Despite. And there is something remarkable in the principle of this motion deserving to be remembered, which Fernelius and Bauhinus have observed, according to whom, it is the only Muscle of the Body that is the opifex of two contrary motions, and hath no fellow; for, every one hath but his simple action whereby it is reduced to its Head, and the Original of the Nerve: But the greatest part of the fibres of these Muscles is carried to the root of the Tongue, but the smallest part of them towards the Tip, so that the parts of the same Muscle produce contrary actions, for, with the greatest part of the fibres drawing to their original, the Tongue is put forth without the Teeth and Lips: but the lesser part of them working, they recall it in, to which revocation some assign the next pair Hypsioglossj which was appointed by nature to withdraw the Tongue strait back; otherwise as Arantius well observes it would follow, that the same Muscle would be both endued with a double action; and together at the same time both act and suffer, which is both contrary to Reason, and the placits of Galen. And it falls not within the compass of my understanding how this out-drawer of the Tongue should perform that assigned office, for it seems to me by its Original to be only qualified with a power to draw the Tongue to the Chin, and therefore I am gravelled with Galen about the manner of this motion, yet am withal inclinable to the judgement of Fernelius, a ferious and an honest man, who says, that because no Nerve is inserted outwardly in the Tip of the Tongue, which should draw or thrust it out, it is more probable to attribute [this ironical eduction of the Tongue] to that Muscle, then with some to confess, that there are certain voluntary motions in us, whereof no Muscle or Nerve is the author.   

Dissect. XLI.  
Of the Muscles serving to express all the vocal intentions and affections of the Mind exhibited by the motions of the Tongue and Lips, and whether for those purposes the Lips and Tongue were made Muscles.  
BY Speech framed by the motion of the Tongue and Lips we have another way to express all the motions of the mind; speech being a free and voluntary motion, which it appears to be in that it may be made or restrained at pleasure, it must therefore be performed by Muscles, and they that carry the greatest stroke in framing the vocal affections of the mind, being the Muscles of the Tongue, and even the Lips whose Muscles serve to order speech have need of its help. And therefore the Tongue in respect of this Office it performs to the Affections stood in need of many Muscles, whose proper Muscles according to some are six, according to some nine, some ten, or five con●ugations, some count them eleven. But not conten● with these, some reckon the substance o● the Tongue among the Muscles, among whom is Stephanus, yet Riolanus saye● that although the Tongue may seem● to be a Muscle because of its wrested, obvolutions and implications like an 〈◊〉 or Lampery, yet it is not, and Bartholinus is of the same mind, because it hath no fibres neither doth move any other part but is moved by its Muscles; others add this reason; for otherwise the motion would be made towards the end, and the Tail of the Muscle would be movable and the Head immovable, but that reason is false as Bartholinus proves, for the principle or beginning of the Tongue is near the Larynx, and as it were arising out of ●he bone Hyodes, it seems not to be Consonant to reason, that the Body of the Tongue should be a Muscle and ●hat as some would have it a double one, for although it have such an Eele-like ●olubility, yet it were strange to the condition of all other Muscles, for, first no Muscle is framed for itself, but ●or another part which is immovable ●f itself, that so it might be moved by 〈◊〉 Muscle. Hence to things that are movable of themselves there was ne●er any Muscle inserted, and therefore ●either in the Brain, nor in the Heart, ●or in the Arteries you shall find any Muscle, because these by an imbred virtue are moved by themselves; i● therefore the Tongue were a Muscle i● would follow that it was made for it sel● since it is inserted into no immovable Body. Secondly, no Muscle moveth i● self, unless by accident, to wit when moving another to whose motion it is appointed it is moved itself, but the tongu● moves itself not for another, wherefore i● is no Muscle. Thirdly, every Muscle acts by fibres, but nature has denied fibred to the Tongue. Fourthly, all Muscle● are invested with a simple dense an● thin Membrane, whereas the tongue i● covered with a thick hard porous and rough skin. Fiftly, it is absurd to say a Muscle moves a Muscle, and that on● Muscle is inserted into another, whenc● if you call the Tongue a Muscle, i● would follow that a Muscle moves a Muscle, for many Muscles are attributed unto the Tongue. Sixtly, if the Tongu● is a Muscle and can perform so many motions by itself, it would show a● error in Nature to have given it other Muscles, for, Frustra fit per plura quo● fieri potest per pauciora, Since therefore Nature hath not in vain granted Muscles unto the Tongue, it will follow al●o that the Tongue can be no Muscle. There are not wanting some who suppose they have excluded the Tongue ●rom the order of Muscles by these following reasons; every Muscle draws us end towards its beginning, which happens contrary in the tongue, for that draws its Beginning towards its end But ●his Reason is false as Bartholinus proves, ●or the Principle or Beginning of the Tongue is near the Larynx, and as ●t were arising out of the Bone Hyode●: Again, the Beginning of a Muscle is immoveable, but they have a movable ●nd, but it is contrary in the Tongue, whose end is rather immovable than ●s beginning. Therefore it is manifest ●hat the Tongue cannot be numbered ●mong Muscles. But this Reason as the ●ther is rejected as contrary to the ocular faith of Anatomy grounded up●● sight of the thing done; Therefore ●●ere is either somewhat that is moved voluntarily besides a Muscle, or all the ●otions of the Tongue are to be attributed to its Muscles. Casserius freely delivers his opinion in this matter. It cannot be but the Tongue should b● endued with a proper motion, and tha● likewise voluntary; for, it is moved after so many manner of ways, and agitated unto so many parts, that i● were ridiculous to affirm all its motions to be performed by Muscles, yet notwithstanding he will not therefore call the Tongue a Muscle, but Musculous, as partaking somewhat of th● Nature of a Muscle, existing as a mean between a Glandulous and Musculous Flesh. But Fabricius ab Aquapendente a most industrious and accurate Anatomist, and the Corypheus' of all the Tribes of Dissectors, who hath subtly Anatomised all the Organs of Speech, seems to me to show very good Reasons why the Tongue and Lips both should be Muscles, that is for the Dexterity o● Speech, and the more ready expressing the Affections of the Mind; for, 〈◊〉 Speech be made by motion, and signify the Affections of the Mind, which are motions without all question, th● moving of the Instruments must be answerable to the movings of the Mind but, since nothing is swifter than th● Mind, deservedly therefore the movings of the Tongue and Lips are very swift, 〈◊〉 those which are to follow the moti●ns of the Mind: It is fit therefore (as ●ature would have it) that such mo●ions should not be performed by the Muscles of the Tongue and Lip, but on●● from their Body as they are Muscles ●f themselves. The Tongue and Lips ●●ve Muscles, as they have Muscles th●y ●re moved of another, and therefore ●ower: but as they are Muscles they ●ove of themselves, and that most swiftly roled and driven, and for this ●ause the Lips and Tongue were made Muscles; the Tongue and the Lips i●●locution are moved of themselves, in ●ther Actions not only of themselves ●ut by another, that is, by the Muscles, ●nd that for celerity and expedition; 〈◊〉, since Nature, with that which in ●oving requires no great strength, requires also the quickness of motion, 〈◊〉 makes the parts to be moved of themselves by mingling the Motory ●ower with the Part to be moved as in ●e Tongue and Lips, which since ●●ey were not to agitate a Bone, but most light Air, and to perform 〈◊〉 quick motions in speaking, for 〈◊〉 cause we judge Speech to be done without the Ministry of the Muscles, only 〈◊〉 the Body of the Lips and Tongu● which if it should not be so done, th● Affections of the Mind would be 〈◊〉 slower in their Delivery. So that th● Tongue is not the chief Instrument 〈◊〉 Speech in regard of its Similar sub●stance, such as is not in the Body, 〈◊〉 in motive Actions we must not loo● for a similar part to be the next 〈◊〉 of motion, because in that it is a co●●pounded Action it requires a compou●●ded part which is the cause of an Action▪ But only as it is movable, & it is 〈◊〉 in as much as it hath received the Facu●●ty of moving, & is a Muscle. Deserved therefore according to our Model 〈◊〉 Denomination may the Tongue an● Lips be called Musculi Rationationis 〈◊〉 orationis the Muscles of Discourse 〈◊〉 Oral Reason.  
Creatori, Capiti nostro, in Quo movemu●  
Cephaledoulia, in Excelsis.    
FINIS.   

Ad eminentissimi acuminis, scientificum utriusque Physiognomiae Protomysten.  
GRata Manus, Facies nunc est gratissima nobis:  
Quae doctâ vultus mobilitate placet.  
●ondita Myotomus nobis mysteria pandis:  
Organa & aspectus mira patere facis.  
●elineas Mures talparum more moventes:  
Musculus o● tenerum flectit ad omne Pathos  
〈◊〉 vultus Rector moderaris habenas:  
Affectus, Fons est Frons, & Origo Caput.  
Ocul●s, sic ipse Manus, sic Ora movebas:  
At nunc in Caus●s ingeniosus eris.  
●cta vides▪ Pulcra est Concordia cordis & Oris  
Dextram Myologi, Pathologia petit.  
●iqua & temnas quasi sesquipedalia verba:  
Nomina quae signant, dum propior● dabis.  
●tomia nova haec, veterum quam nemo priori  
Tentare ausus, & hoc tempore nemo Novus.  
Admirari prope ●es fuit una, at Amice  
●e non mirari est, res odiosa nimis.   

To the daring Advancer of all Somaticall Science his Selected Friend, on his PATHOMYOTOMIA.  
THou Grand Adventurer, wits Magellan  
To whom our Microsme or Isle of man  
By thy all searching Pen's so thoroughly 〈◊〉  
There's now no part in us an unknown land;  
How thriving is thy Fleet in new Designs,  
To bring home not the Mineral but the Mines?  
This pathological Anatomy  
Dear Friend hath wound our admiration hig●  
A strange Essay indeed, that dares to trace  
All the rare Springs and Wards that move a 〈◊〉  
To make Anatomy by Muscles wind  
The swiftest motions of the minged Mind  
Natures high piece of Clockworke this You 〈◊〉  
Reason the Spring winds up, the Muscles all  
Like wheels move this or that way, swift or slow,  
As the Affections Weight doth make them go.  
All the Souls motion's seen, the Head and Face,  
Discovering all, as through a Crystal Case;  
Here the Affections keep an open Mart,  
By Patent sealed by thy Cephalick Art.  
This Itchnographie of thy Art does smile,  
A promise on us, of some stately pile.  
And puts us in good hope abroad to see  
That Masterpiece of Physiognomy,  
Thy Magisteriall Quintessence of Books,  
Or extract Scientifical of looks.  
Then that whereby as a Face-Prophet shown,  
Thou knowst the Affections ' are the Bodies own,  
Whence subtilely thou 'rt wont to ken & trace  
The Critciall Disease-discovering Face,  
That though the humours bedded are within,  
Yet thou canst tract their footsteps in the skin.  
Strange secrecy of Art and mystical,  
To cast our Faces as an Urinal;  
Nay, by a stranger's Face well copied out,  
For to pronounce by Art He hath the Gout.  
Such are thy common Aguries; we may  
Sure trust thy skill, that doth such beams display.  
The last Year styled you Deaf & Dumb man's friend,  
Now Thy Design more deeper doth descend.  
I see Thy knowledge and invention flows  
As far in man as Sense and Motion goes.  
Then take the Chair, where mayst Thou Doctoral sit,  
Command our health's, as Thou hast done our wits.  
Lure down thy soaring Truths, salve every doubt,  
And by convincing practice make them out  
To Faith-bound sceptics, who count nothing good  
Till flat experience make it understood.  
Now to the Art-forsaken Deaf dispense  
Thy skill as Aurist to restore their sense,  
Wert thou once known, Surdasters would come on  
To court Thee for Thy Autocousticon.  
Next as a Linguist teach the Dumb to break,  
Or pick the Padlock lets his Lips to speak.  
Ransom each captived tongue, weak speech improve,  
And the impediments thereof remove.  
Then as a Motist by this healing light,  
Set all our Heads depraved motions right.  
And may success attend, while swelling Fame  
Fills up thy Sails with an All-hea●ing name.  
Tho: Diconson. Med. Templ.   

Judicium 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 cujusdam de hoc opusculo; in quo Sanctioris Anatomiae, & planènovae, Specimen Lectoribus exhibetur.  
QUI Manuum Loquelam, reconditioris Philosophiae Mystes, oculis suis primus hausit; qui● Chirologiam (spissum & operosum opus) primus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, quatuor abhinc annis, publici ●uris fecit; is ipsus Autor, ultra cutem & corticem, oculo●um scalpellum, usque adeo Latenti Capitalium Musculorum Texturae pariter, & Indoli demersit, ut hodie pererudi●um aliud cogitationum suarum & audacis juxtà & felicis industriae por●entum (〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 proditurae rudimentum) prodi●erit, Vulgaribus Ana●micis nostris, & Sciolorum Vappae, ●ec visum usquam, nec auditum. Ac proinde nullius hic noster Manuductionem secutus, nullius exempli premens vestigia, motuum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 dilucidè nobis expedivit. Quin & ipsis Musculis, Affectuum organis & eorundem Pantomimis, nomina concinnè aptavit; & indigitavit insuper, Mentem quasi Corporis Navarcham ad clavum sedentem, moderari Artuum funes, & eosdem huc & illuc pro arbitrio remittere & contrahere. Qui ijdem Musculi dum Animi pathematis sese attemperant, & inserviunt, ejusdem lineamenta depingunt, & quasi aspectui obvertunt; & exteriore modificatione suâ, palam illa faciunt, quae interiore impulsu machinamur. Ut hic libellus omnibus reconditioris Anatomiae studiosis, & usui futurus sit, & voluptati.  
Scripsit I. H. C. W. M.   

A Table showing the chief Heads of the Sections of the Introduction to this anatomical Administration of the significative Muscles of the Affections of the Mind.  

Sect. I. OF the Honour and Dignity of Animal Motion.  
Sect. II. That a Muscle is the proper and adequate Agent of the voluntary and pathetical motions of the Mind, outwardly expressed in the Body.  
Sect. III. Of the Nature and Constitution of a Muscle.  
Sect. IU. That the Appetite or will is the first Efficient cause, but not the Chief cause of mo●ion; the Spirit and Faculty being the more propinque and conjunct cause, and that besides the Commandment of the will, the endeavour and intention of the mind is necessary thereunto.  
Sect. V. That it is ●strange but not so wonderful, that Animal motion should be performed on such a sudden  
Sect. VI. That in all outward Actions the Soul commandeth either manifestly or obscurely, and that we are not stirred up to any such motion by nature or custom.    

A Table showing the Heads of the Dissections of the anatomical Essay, describing the Muscles of those Affections which are more conspicuously emphatical in the ●emonstrative Actions of the Head and Face.  

The Proem The Prerogative of the Head in point of Arbitrary and Significant Motion.  
Membr. I. OF the Muscles the instruments of voluntary motion, whereby the general▪ significations of the Head are performed. 

Dissect. I. JI.III.IU.U.VI.VII.VIII.IX. The anatomical Administration of the Muscles of the Affections, whose operations conduce to the general actions of the Head.    
Membr. II. Of the Muscles serving to the general expressions, and most important motions of the Face or Countenance. 

Dissect. X. The anatomical Administration of those Muscles.    
Membr. III. Of the Muscles appertaining to the Forehead and the Brows or Eyebrows, and employed by the Mind in the significant motions thereof. 

Dissect. XI. and XII. The anatomical Administration of those muscles    
Membr. IV. Of the Muscles appointed to the Eyelids 〈◊〉 the expediting certain significant moti●● of the Mind. 

Dissect. XIII. XIIII. The anatomical Administration of those muscles.    
Membr. V. Of the Muscles which serve to express the significations of the Mind exhibited by the motions of the Eye. 

Dissect. XV. XVI.XVII.XVIII.XIX.XX. The anatomical Administration of those Muscles.    
Membr. VI Of the Muscles assigned the Ears (as i● is likely) for certain significations of th● Mind. 

Dissect. XXI. The anatomical Administration of thos● Muscles.    
Membr. VII. Of the Muscles that serve to the signifi●cations of the Mind exhibited by the motion of the Nose. 

Dissect. XXII. XXIII. The anatomical Administration of the Muscles.    
Membr. VIII. Of the Muscles active in the significa●●●ons of the Mind exhibited by the Cheeks▪ 

Dissect. XXIV. XXU.XXVI.XXVII▪ The anatomical Administration of th● Muscles.    
Membr. IX. Of the Muscles that serve the Mind in the motions of the Lips and Mouth. 

Dissect. XXVIII. XXIX.XXX.XXXI.XXXII.XXXIII.XXXIIII.XXXU.XXXVI.XXXVII.XXXVIII.XXXIX. The anatomical Administration of those Muscles.    
Membr. X. 

Dissect. XL. Of the Muscles serving the Tongue, for some silent expressions of the Mind, with the Anatomical administration of those Muscles.  
Dissect. XLI. Of the Muscles serving to express all the vocal intentions and affections of the Mind exhibited by the motion of the Tongue and Lips, and that for those purposes, the Lips and Tongue were made Muscles.      

Errata.  
FOl. 47. line 9 read motions. fol 107. l. 16· Larynx. fol. 120. l. 26. They. fol. 119. l. 18. 〈◊〉 That. fol. 204. l. 14. read revel.   

An Introduction to the Dissection of the Muscles of the Affections of the Mind, in apparent significations exhibited by the Head,  
In six Sections comprising the Philosophy and general notions of voluntary motion.