JANUAE CLAVIS: OR, lily's SYNTAX EXPLAINED, Its Elegancy from good Authors cleared; its Fundamentals compared with the ACCIDENCE, and the Rules thereof more fitted to the Capacity of CHILDREN. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Plut. Nisi Grammatices fundamenta fideliter jeceris, quicquid Superstruxeris, corruet, Quint. Latinae Linguae docendae rationem à vulgari aliam esse lubens agnoseo, Voss. — Inutilis olim Nè videar vixisse, Hor. Nihil quidquam tam probè aut providè dici potest, quod non vellicare malignitas possit, Lips. By JONATHAN BANKS. London, Printed for the Author, and are to be Sold by Benjamin Clerk in George-Yard in Lumbard-Street, Anno Dom. 1679. THE PREFACE. IN School-Didactics, there are three grand things considered, Grammar, Exercise and Authors: Whereof the first is an Introduction to the last, and the second an Imitation of it, according to the Precepts of the first. And, as there is nothing more necessary (not only to a perfect knowledge of the Tongues, but of all Learning in general) than Grammar: so there hath been scarce any thing in most Centuries and Countries more variously pursued than it. Neither is it a thing so contemptible, but that Persons of Worth and Grandeur have been employed therein; Witness the Egyptian Philadelphus, (for Learning the Glory of that Nation) who blushed not to Write his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. And the Heroic Prince Charlemagne, (truly so Styled, for the Foundation of the Western Empire) who wrote a Grammar for his own Subjects. And though our Nation, before the Happy Conjunction of the Two Roses, had few or none dextrous in this Art; as if the Pens of the Learned had been sufficiently employed, to Write Characters of the Blood, which was effused in that quarrel. Yet afterwards whole Squadrons (not to mention the Compilers of our Royal Grammar) appeared in the world, as Inveterate Champions against that Ignorance, which the middle * Clerici adeò literarum care●ant, ut caeteris stuporiesset, qui Grammaticam didicisset, Math. Paris. Ages had adored. To enumerate which, I shall forbear, and proceed to give the Reasons inducing me to this Attempt, which are these. 1. The English-Tongue in its natural Idiom, is so far different from that of the Latin, in comparison of most Modern Languages, (which seem to be the products of its Corruption,) that it had need (in case of Particles or Signs) to have some subsidiary, to further a Progress therein. And though the Accidence be an English Introduction, and (as by the Learned Dr. Colet designed) may serve as such to the Grammar: Yet will a Subsidiary thereto be not unnecessary. Which supplying its defects with apposite Particles, and clearing some Obscurities, may, without Inconvenience to the Royal Grammar or it, both Explain their Rules, and adapt them to the Elegancy and Idiom of Signs. As a demonstration of which necessity, we have Mr. Walker's Treatise of Particles, (a Tract which acquired him that Fame in the World which his Merit may justly challenge,) and the late exquisite Dictionary of Ingenious Mr. Coles, (which both for apposite Phrases, and Idiomatical Elegancies, seems to have put a Ne plus ultra) which also by their acceptance abroad, do evidence (as * See Brinsl●y's posing of Parts, and Danes' Grammar. Mr. Brinsly and Mr. Danes of old, and of late Mr. Wase) the utility redounding from the use and knowledge of Particles: But all without reference to the public Institution established. And if the Grammar Imposed by Authority (to obey which, Duty commands us) be still to be taught: 'Tis our Province to facilitate our Didactics, and to apply and conform them to those enjoined by Law. For suppose a Boy can make good Latin by these Particles, by the assistance of Mr. Walker's, and Mr. Coles' Tract, and knows not to what Rule in his Accidence or Grammar they do belong (which, as it was not proper, by their Books, he cannot) than he must either be at a loss, or neglect his Grammar: Which is here remedied. 2. A ranking of the Rules in the Accidence, and Grammar together, the better to understand them both; and that by way of Comparison è regione, may be a good mean to facilitate a Progress. Which likewise is the use of most of our Grammarians in the Modern Tongues, comparing that which is to be Learned, with that which is already understood. That great Regulator of School-Polity, Comenius in his Idiomatical Precepts of Elegancy doth use it: And Mr. Hill (in his Preface to Schrevelius' Lexicon) passes an Encomium on it. Not to speak of Mr. Lewis, who makes it his grand and fundamental Principle. 3. A placing of Rules for plain Latin first, and then Rules for Elegancy (according to the Pattern of Nature) will expedite a proficiency; the contrary to which creates confusion. 4. In handling of Government, first Rules ought to be given, and then Exceptions; because the first coming frequently should be first instilled: according to the direction of the famed Stagirite, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 5. Genesis is more easy than Analysis. A Boy will sooner understand his Rules by making Latin, than by parsing. The Preface to the Royal Grammar enjoins this. And Mr. Clark is of the same Opinion. * Preface to Duoe Gram. Which thing may easily be effected by Syncrisis, even in those which have lost their knowledge in the Latin Tongue. To which may be added, a great facility of Construing Latin into English: All which are here endeavoured to be performed. The better to understand this proposed method, I shall offer these following particulars. The Accidence and Grammar (after the giving of the general Rule for a Sign) are compared with Particles; and that Rule by Rule, and Figure by Figure: Unless there remain a major number of Figures or Rules, to which the other Column wants parallels, and only hath blanks. The Rules, Haec variam habent constructionem, etc. are explained by adding the Verbs (excepted from the Rules not mentioned in the Grammar, or however not explained therein,) whose variety is shown, and whose difficulties are cleared by contracted Sentences out of the Classics. Though to all other Rules English Examples are subjoined, to be translated, by beginners, as an Exercise. In this Case Grammarians have been of divers Opinions; Radmus puts his Examples without Rules, and Comenius puts them before his Rules. Conjunctions, Prepositions, (governing both Cases) Interjections, and Rules for Verbs of different significations, are placed after those for words wanting proper Signs, because they do not aptly fall in with the other. Rules for the Case of the Relative in specie, Gerundia sive Gerundivae, etc. Eidem Verbo, etc. Participia regunt Casus, etc. are omitted, because those for the Relative (mentioned in the Accidence) are comprehended under At si Nominativus, etc. And the rest are of a second Consideration, and by Consequence, not necessary; since all their difficulties may be unravelled by Particles, or Signs. The like omission is made of Rules, when Participles become Nouns, Adverbs Prepositions, and those for Modal Government, (for which last, when understood, see farther Oxford Grammar, and Mr. Walker's Particles) as being not altogether necessary for beginners. The two Exceptions in the first Supine, * See Dux Grammat. p. 243. At hoc Supinum, etc. and Ponitur absolutè cum Verbo est, etc. are rejected, as two grand Errors. No Rules of the Anomalous Syntax are explained, but four, which served to be parallels to those of the like Signification in the Accidence. a, † See lib 2 de Em. Stru. is, where the Exception doth but rarely occur, according to the caution of the Critical ●inacer. And (Note) without an, † signifies Variation of the precedent Government. a, * See lib. 2. de Em. Stru. denotes Reference, or Explanation. The rest are obvious. If any object, that the use of this Book may obstruct that of the Royal Grammar: I answer, that both its end, (as is already shown) and it's Method (which only expresses so much of the Rules, as whereby they may be understood) do sufficiently evidence the contrary. To conclude, after the understanding these Praecognita, (proposed as an Essay) the Accidence and Grammar, to consult Mr. Coles' Dictionary, (that excellent Epitome of the Roman Eloquence) Mr. Walker's Phrases, Despauter (published at Rouen by Jesuit Behourt) Vossius de Arte Grammaticâ, Scioppius, Comenius' Elegant Grammar and Atrium, and the elaborate Grammar of Oxford, will be the best way, to avoid the Scylla's of Barbarism, and to obtain the Haven of polite Literature. General Directions for making Latin. Substantives have Number by the English. Case by a Sign or Particle, or without a Sign. Gender by the Signification or Termination in Latin. Declension by the Latin. Adject. have Number, Case and Gender. By the Substantive following: Except they be Participles, or govern a Genit. Declension by the Latin. See further in the Book itself, Mr. Coles' Nolens Volens and Dr. Busby's Introduction. Verbs have Voice, Mood, and Tense by the English. Number and Person by the Nom. Case. Conjugation by the Latin. JANVAE CLAVIS, OR, lily's SYNTAX, etc. SYntax is that part of Grammar, which joineth the Parts of Speech according to Rules. In Syntax there are two Parts Concord, and Government. There are three Concord's, the first between the Nominative Case and the Verb; the second between the Substantive and the Adjective; and the third between the Antecedent and the Relative. The First Concord. Rule 1. Accidence. Grammar. A Verb agreeth with his Nominative Case in Number and Person: As, God made the World. A Verb Personal, &c Verbum Personale cohaeret, etc. That word which answers to the Question Who? or What? made by the Verb, shall be the Nominative Case to the Verb. When you have found out the Verb, etc. The Nominative Case always naturally comes before the Verb. And the Nominative Case shall in making, etc. Except. 1. When a Question is asked: As, Lovest thou? Except a Question be asked, etc. 2. When the Verb is of the Imperative mood: As, Read thou. Likewise if the Verb be of the Imperat. mood &c 3. When Nor, Neither, It, or There, go before the Verb: As There liveth the Master. And sometimes when this Sign It, etc. 4. When the Nominative supplies the place of the English Particle, IF: As, Had he lived, I had died, i. e. if he had lived. Than the Nominative Case is placed after the Verb, or after the Sign of the Mood, or Tense. And then the Nominative Case is set after the Verb, etc. * See Mr. Walker's Art of Teaching, etc. The Nominative Case is often understood in the first, second, or third person in the Latin Tongue▪ when it belongs to Men, or Women. Unless it be expressed 1. Nominativus primae, etc. 2. In verbis quorum, etc. in the first or second person, for Emphasis sake. Rule 2. Two, or more Nominative Cases Singular having a Conjunction Copulative between them, will have a Verb Plural, which Verb Plural shall agree with the Nominative Case of the most worthy person: As, I and thou do learn. Many Nom. Cases Singular, etc. ut supra. Copulatum per Conjunctionem, etc. ut supra. The first person is more worthy than the second, and the second more worthy than the third. Where Note, that the first person, etc. In Figurâ Dignior autem est primae persona, etc. A Verb being placed between two Nom. Cases of different Numbers, may agree with either of them indifferently: so that they be both of one person: As, the Contentions of Christians are a joy to the Turks. When a Verb cometh between two Nom. Cases, etc. Verbum inter duos Nominativos diversorum, &c The Nominative Case may be 1. a whole Sentence. 2. a member of a Sentence. 3. an Infinitive 1. Here Note also, that the Infinitive Mood, etc. 1. Non sempervox casualis, etc. 2. Aliquando Mood. 4. an Adverb with a Gen. Case. 5. a Relative, and yet still it is counted a Substantive in Latin. 2. Where there cometh no Nominative Case between the Relative, &c Oratio, ut etc. 3. Aliquando Adverbium cum Genitiv. 4. Quoties nullus Nominativus, etc. A Verb * There are no such Verbs properly, as Impersonals, Vulgarly so called. See Oxs. Gramm. Ed. 2. Impersonal hath not Nom. Case before it: As, it grieveth me. A Verb Impersonal hath not, etc. Impersonalia praecodentem, etc. A Noun of multitude of the Singular Number, will have in Latin sometimes a Verb Plural. Nomen multitudinis, &c The Adjective agreeth with the ‖ The Substant. answers to the Question Who? or What? made by the Adject. Substant. in Case, Gender, and Number: As, a good Man. 1. The Adjective, whether it be, Noun, etc. 2. But when possession is, signified, etc. 3. When you have an Adjective, etc. 1. Adjectivum cum Substantivo, etc. 2. Ad eundem modum participia, etc. 3. Meus, tuus, suus, etc. An Adjective in Concord is Noun, Pronoun, or Participle. Note 1. When the English word part † This is taken from the Idiom of the Greek, where 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is understood. is the Substantive; the Adjective in Latin, is usually put in the Neuter Gender: As, part of the Wallet. Note 2. * Negotium is understood according to the Latin; or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 according to the Greek. If Thing be a Substantive; there needs no Latin be made for Thing: But turn the Adjective (to which it is joined) into the Neuter Gender, and it becomes a Substantive: As, I did this thing. The Adjective always goeth before the Substantive in English: As, a Fair Woman. 1. Except Substantives to Participles, which always come before: As, a King loving; about to love; loved; or to be loved. 2. When the Adjective governs a Case; or when it passeth its signification to another word following it: As, a Boy desirous of Play. Two or more Substantives Singular having a Conjunct. Copulative coming between them, will have an Adjective Plural, which Adjective Plural shall agree with Many Substantives, Singular having, etc. In Figurâ Copulatum per Conjunctionem Et, etc. the Substantive of the most worthy Gender in the Latin Tongue. * Linater and Alvarez deny the Femin. to be more worthy than the Neuter. In thing a that have Life, the Masculine is more worthy than the Feminine, and the Feminine more worthy than the Neuter. Where note that the Masculine Gender, etc. In Figurâ Dignius etiam est Masculinum genus, etc. But in things not having Life, the Neuter Gender is the most worthy; though the Substantive be of the Masculine or Feminine Gender. But in things not apt, to have, etc. In Figurâ, At eum Substantiva res inanimatas, etc. † Here the Genit. Case of the Primitive is included in the Possessive. Sometimes the Adjective or Relative (in Concord) being included in a Possessive; do answer to the Primitive. 1. Aliquando Relativum, etc. 2. Haec Poss●ssiva Meus, etc. ‖ I have objoyned no Examples, because of their irregularity. A whole Sentence may be the Substantive to the Adjective, and the Antecedent to the Relative. 1. Sometimes the Relative hath, etc. 2. But if the Relative be referred, &c 1. Aliquando oratio supplet, etc. 2. Nec uni●● von solum, etc. In giving an Ans. to a Quest. the Ans. in Latin must be given in the same Case of a Noun; and in the same Tense When a Question is asked, etc. Interrogativum, & ejus Reddi●ivum, &c, of a Verb that the Question was demanded in: As, who gave you this Book? My Master: That is, my Master gave me it. The Answer shall always agree with the Question: If that be supplied in the Answer, which was expressed in the Question: As, In what is there no satisfaction? In the vanity of the World. 1. Except a Question be asked by cujus, cuja, cujum. 2. Or by a word that may govern, etc. 1. Fallit haec Regula; quoties interrogatio fit, etc. 2. Aut per dictionem variae, etc. Observe, that, [Who?] commonly finds out the Substantive; and [What?] finds out the Verb, or Adjective. 3. Or except I must answer by one, etc. Fallit denique cùm per Possessiva, etc. * See Fax Nova Printed 1666. Mr. Jasz-Berenyi, considering the difficulty of this part of Syntax, calls it the 4th. Concord. The third Concord. Accidence. Grammar. Rule 1. The Relative agreeth with his Antecedent in Gender, Number, and Person: As, the man is dead who brought me hither. The Relative agreeth with, etc. Relativum cum Antecedente, etc. The Antecedent is a word that goeth before the Relative, and is rehearsed again of the Relative. The Antecedent is a word, etc. The Relative and the Antecedent differ nothing from the Substantive and the Adjective in Concord, but only in Person, in which they do not agree. The Antecedent answers to the Question Who? or What? made by the Relative: As, in the last Example. When you have a Relative ask, etc. Rule 2. If a Relative come between two Substantives, (called Antecedents) though of different Numbers or Genders, it may indifferently agree with either the former, or the latter: as, the City which is called Paris. When a Relative cometh between two Substantives etc. Relativum inter duo Antecedentia diversorum generum, etc. ‖ See Dr. Busbies' Introd. p. 42. Observe, that in ask a Question, the Relative needs not, [Who] or [What;] but itself is to be made an Interrogative. Government. ALl ‖ Mr. Danes' Grammar. Substantives are governed (or directed in Case) by the word going before them, on which they do depend according to the Sign of a Case; or they are governed of the word going before them, without a Sign. Accidence. Grammar. But Relatives, Indefinites, Interrogatives, and Partitives (whose Substantives in Latin are often understood) being expressed by [Which] [Whom] [What;] in Latin, by qui, quae, etc. Whether uter; how great, how much quantus: How many quotus: How little quantillus. But when there cometh a Nominative Case between the Relative, etc. At si Nominativus, etc. These, or their Substantives (if expressed) are governed of the Word following them, as if it went before them; unless they be the Nominative Case to the Verb: as what dost thou read? Signs of Cases. THe Particles, or Signs in English, by which a Substantive is properly governed (or directed in Case) are [O●.] [To, [For,] [By,] [In,] [At,] [On.] [From.] [Than] and [With.] [A,] [An,] or [The] are no distinct proper Signs of C●ses; because they are common to all Cases, and do sometimes come between the proper Sign, and its Case: As from the School. Rule 1. Accidence. Grammar. Of † So is ('s) See Nolens Volens, p. 9 After a Noun Substantive, or a Noun Adjective, or an Adverb: As, desirous of play. 1. After a Noun Substantive: As, the voice of a King. When two Substantives come together, etc. Quum duo Substantiva, etc. Note,] The Genitive after a Substantive signifying Possession, may be changed into an Adjective Possessive, which Adjective (both in English and Latin) is made of that Substantive, and shall agree with the Substantive coming after, in Case, Number and Gender: As, my Master's Proinde hic Genitivus saepissime, etc. Servant, for the Servant of my Master. * See Mr. Walkers' Particles p. 233. Printed, 1662. And Mr. Coles' Dictionary The like Variation may be used after Substantives, signifying the matter of which a thing is made, by a material Adjective: As, the Staff of Gold, or a Golden Staff. 2. After Adjectives signifying Desire, Skill, or Knowledge, Remembrance, Carefulness, Mindfulness, Fearfulness, and things contrary to them: As, Covetous of Money. Adjectives, that signify desire, etc. Adjectiv● quae desiderium, etc. Note,] [Of] Is a Sign of a Genitive, in [mei,] [tui,] [sui,] [nostr.] & [vestry;] and in [nostrûm] & [vestrûm:] as, the love of me. Some of us. 1. These Genitive Cases of the Primitives, etc. 2. These Gen. Cases, nostrûm, etc. 1. Mei, tui, etc. 2. Nostrûm, & vestrûm, etc. The first is after Substantives, and the other after Adjectives. 3. After English Adjectives made in Latin by Verbal Nouns, Adjectives in Axe: As, bold of wit, audax ingenii. Adjectiva Verbalia in axe, etc. 4. After Nouns Interrogatives Nouns of Number, and after all Adjectives, Partitives: as, none of the Boys. Nouns, Partives and certain Interrogatives etc. Nomina Partitiva, aut Partitivé posita, etc. 5. After Nouns of the Comparative, and Superlative degree: as, Varro the most Learned Grammarian of the Romans. Nouns of the Comparative and Superlative degree, being, etc. 1. Comparativa & Superlativa accepta Partitiué, etc. 2. Comparativum autem ad duo, etc. Note,] These Genitives after Interrogatives, Partitives, Comparatives, and Superlatives, may be varied by these Prepositions, [à,] [è,] [ex,] with an Abl. or with the Preposition [inter,] and with an Accus. 1. Vsurpanturautem cum his Praepositionibus, etc. 2. Accipi. untur autem Partiué, etc. 6. After Participles: as, loving of a Book; greedy of Wine. Participles, when they be changed into Nouns, etc. Participiorum voces, cum fiunt nomina, etc. Sometimes [of] comes after Adverbs of quantity, time and place; and when it doth so, it is a Sign of a Genitive: as, in what part of the Earth. Adverbs of quantity, time, etc. Quaedam Adverbia loci, etc. Exceptions. 1. Excep. [Of] Before words signifying the praise or dispraise of any thing, is a Sign of an Ablat. or a Genitive: As, a man of a great Prudence. Words importing induement of any quality, etc. Laus, & Vituperium rei, etc. 2. Excep. [Of] After Adjectives, signifying Fullness or Plenty, Emptiness or Want, is a Sign of an Ablative, or a Genative: as, full of Riches. Adjectives signifying Fullness, etc. Adjectiva, quae ad copiam, etc. 3. Except. [Of] After the English Adjectives, Worthy, Unworthy, made by Dignus, Indignus; after the Latin Adjectives Viduus, and Orbus; and after Opus and Usus, is a Sign of an Ablative: as, Worthy of Honour. 1. These Adjectives Dignus, Indignus, etc. 2. Opus and Usus when they be, etc. 1. Dignus, Indignus, &c 2. Opus, & Vsus, etc. Note,] * So after Adjectives of Joy or Pride. Sometimes the Latin Adjectives Dignus, and Indignus have a▪ Genitive; but this is mostly in Poets, and a Grecism, which rarely happens. Horum nonnulla interdum, etc. 4. Excep. [Of] After Verbal Nouns ending in Bilis; after Participles of the Preterperfect Tense, and Participles of the Future in Dus, is a Sign of a Dative: as, to be lamented of me. Likewise Nouns Adjectives in Bilis, and Participials in Dus. 1. Verbalia in bilis, etc. 2. Quorum Participia frequentius, etc. 3. Quamvis in his Vsitatior est Datius. 4. Exosus, & perosus etiam cum dandi casu, etc. Note,] That this Dative, may be changed into an Ablative with the Prepositions [à,] [ab,] [de.] Rule 2. [Of] After a Verb, is made by one of these Prepositions, [à,] [ab,] [è,] [ex] (expressed, or understood) or by [de,] if it may be turned into [concerning] foyn to an Ablative Case: as, he is beloved of all men. 1. After Verbs Pasives: as, I am hated of thee. A Verb Passive will have after him an Ablative, etc. 1. Passivis additur Ablativus agenti●. etc. Note,] This Ablative Case after Passives, may be turned into a Dative. And when it is so, it is a Grecism. — Sometimes a Dative of the doer. 2.— Interdum Dativus. 3. Caeteri Casus manent etc. 2. After Verbs of receiving, or distance: as, London is far distant from Athens. Verbs that betoken Receiving, etc. Quaedam accipiendi, & distandi, etc. 3. After Verbs of loading or unloading, filling, depriving or easing: as, I shall ease thee of this weight. Verbs of filling, loading, etc. Verba— implendi onerandi, etc. 4. After the Verb Mereor, to deserve, being foyn with the words, well, better, best; or badly, worse, worst: as, Aristotle deserved well of Alexander. Mereor, cum Adverbiis bene, etc. 5. After Verbs Impersonals of the Passive voice: as, it was studied of him. A Verb Impersonal of the Passive voice, etc. Verbum Impersonale Passivae vo●is, etc. Note, [Of,] After Passives, and Impersonals, may be varied by the Sign, [By.] The Preposition after Impersonal Passives, is not always expressed; but sometimes understood. Yet many times the Case is not expressed, &c Qui quidem Casus, etc. Impersonals derived from Regular Personals, do govern the Cases of the Verbs, of which they are derived. Verbs Impersonals of the Passive Voice, being form, etc. 6. After Neuter Passives having a Passive Signification in English, with an Active Termination, and a Passive Preterperfect Tense in Latin: as, I am Beaten of the Master. Vapulo, veneo, liceo, exulo, fio, etc. Exceptions. 1. Except. [Of] After the Verb [Sum,] when Possession is signified, is a Sign of a Genitive: as, the Duty of a young Man. This Verb Sum, when it betokeneth etc. Sum Genitivum postulat, etc. Note,] This Genitive after Sum, is changed into a Nominative, when the Adjectives, mine, Except, that these Pronouns, Meus &c: 1. Excipiuntur hi Nominativi, Meum, etc. thine, his, hers, ours, yours; or when these Phrases, the part of a man, or a man's part; the part of a beast, or a beastly part, are expressed. And these Nominatives, are made of these Possessive Pronouns, meus, tuus, etc. And those Phrases rendered by humanum belluinum. Which two last do agree with the Substantive Officium for the most part ellipted. 2. At hi● subintelligi videtur Offi●ium, etc. Note,] † See Far. Eng. Rud. p. 21. The former Substantive is to be repeated after the Verb: As, Pecus est Pecus Johannis. 2. Except. [Of] After Verbs of accusing, condemning, admonishing and absolving, is a Sign of a Genitive, or of an Ablative with a Preposition: as, Cicero accused Catiline of Rebellion. Verbs of accusing, &c Verba accusandi, etc. Note,] That always these words, the same, whether, neither, both, 1. Vtitur hic Genitivus aliquando in another, and Nouns of the Superlative degree, are changed, (after these Verbs of accusing, etc.) Or made by the Ablat: Case, with the Preposition [the,] or without it: as, thou accused me of Folly. in Ablatinum, etc. 2. Vterque, nullus, alter, etc. 3. Except. [Of] After these Verbs it repenteth, it irketh, it shameth, it wearieth, it pitieth, being made by the Latin Impersonals paenitet, piget, pudet; taedet, miseret, miserescit, is a Sign of a Genitive: as, it pitieth me of thy misfortune. Some besides the Accusative will have also a Gen. His Impersonalibus subjicitur Accusativ●s cum Geniti●● 3. Rule, [Of] Coming after a Substantive or Adjective, and before the English of the Participle of the present Tense, is a Sign of the Gerund in di: as, desirous of loving. 1. When the English of the Infinitive Mood, etc. 2. And the same Gerund in di, etc. Gerundia in di pendent etc. * See Mr. Coles' Dict. To, or For, before a Noun. 1. Rule, Accidence. Grammar. [To, or For] After a Substantive, Adjective, Verb, or Adverb, are Signs of a Dative Case: as, good for me. 1. After a Substantive: as, a Father to thee. Est etiam ubi in Davum, etc. 2. After Adjectives, signifying profit, or disprofit, likeness or unlikeness, pleasure, or submission: as, pleasant to all. Adjectives that betoken profit, etc. Adjectiva quibus commodum, etc. 3. After Opus, when it is Adjectively put for [necessary:] as, necessary for the house. Opus autem Adjectiuè, etc. 4. After Substantives compounded with [con:] as, a Chamber-fellow to him. Huc referuntur Nomina ex Con, etc. 5. After these Adjectives, common, strange free, made in Latin by communis, alienus, immunis: as, death is common to all men. Communis, alienus, etc. Note, [To] Is sometime made by [add] after instar, and after natus, commodus, incommodus, utilis, inutilis, vehemens, and aptus, with an Accus. as, born to Glory. But this is very rare, and a Grecism. 1. Hic apponitur interdum Pr●positio, ad. 2. Natus commodus, incommodus, etc. 6, After Interrogatives, Distributives, Partitives, and Nouns of Number: as, second to none. In alio vero sensu Dativ. 7. After Adjectives of difference or contrariety: as, contrary to him. Nonunquam etiam Dativ. 8. After Verbs put acquisitively: as, I did it for thee. All manner of Verbs put acquisitively, etc. Omnia Verba acquisitive posita, etc. 9 After Verbs of profit, or disprofit: as, all things answered to my mind. To this Rule, do also belong Verbs betokening to profit, etc. Imprimis, Verba significantia comm●dum, etc. 10. After Verbs of giving or restoring: as, I give this Book to thee. To give or restore. Verba dandi, etc. 11. After Verbs of promising, or paying: as, I paid a Shilling to him. To Promise, or to Pay. Verba promitendi, ac solvendi, etc. 12. After Verbs of Showing: as, I shown my mind to my Lord. To Show. Verba nunciandi, etc. 13. After Verbs of Trusting: as, thou trusted to him. To Trust. Verba ●idendi, etc. 14. After Verbs of Threatening: as, he Threatened Death to the Citizens. To Threaten etc. Verba minandi, etc. 15. After the Verb [Sum] with all its Compounds (Possum only excepted:) as, thou art wanting to thyself. Also Sum with its Compounds except Possum. Sum cum Compositis, praeter Possum, etc. 16. After Verbs Compounded with the Adverbs benè, and malè: as, I have done well for thee. Also Verbs Compounded with been, and male. 17. After many Neuters, and Passives Compounded with the Prepositions, prae, ad, con, sub, ante, post, ob, in, and inter: as, conducit laudi, it availeth to thy praise. Finally certain Verbs Compounded with pre, ad, etc. Dativum postulant Verba composita, etc. 18. After the Verb [Suppetit:] as, Money abounds to the Richman. Huic confine est suppetit. 19 After Verbs Impersonals: as, it is lawful for me. Certain Impersoanls require a Dat. In Dativum feruntur haec Impersonalià etc. 20. After the Participles, or Participal Nouns, exosus, and perosus: as, hateful to me. Exosus, perosus etiam cum d●ndi, etc. 21. Note, Gellius hath exosus in the Signification of the present Tense. And this often happens in Participles of Verbs Deponents; Yet in that sense, because they have no Proper Sign in English, they do govern an Accusative. 22. After Adverbs which do come of Nouns: as, he spoke like his Father. Certain Adverbs will have a Dat. etc. Quaedam Dativum admittunt; etc. Note,] Though these Adverbs which are derived from Nouns have no Sign; Yet will have the Cases of their Nouns. Exceptions. 1. Except. [To] after attinet, pertinet, spectat; and after Verbs of motion, applying, inviting, exhorting, calling, provoking, speaking to, or adding: Expressed by loquor; horror, invito, provoco, voco, addo; and words of the like signification: As also after words signifying fitness, readiness, forwardness, or inclinableness, it is made by [add] with an Accusative Case: as, prone to Lust. 1. After attinet, pertinet, and spectat: as, it appertaineth to (or unto) me. His vero attinet, etc. Note, So sometimes, after confero, and conduco. 2. After Verbs of motion, and before many Appellatives, and names of great places: as, he went to Troy. Nouns Appellatives, or names of great places, etc. Nomina Appellatiuè, & Nomina majorum, etc. Note, The Preposition [add,] is often understood after Verbs of motion. 3. After Verbs of motion, when they come before the proper name of a place. To a place, if the place, etc. Verbis Significantibus motum ad, etc. 4. After Verbs of motion, when they come be●ore [rus,] and [domus:] as Peter went to his house. Likewise confero me Domum, &c Ad hunc modum utimur rus, & domus. Note] The Preposition [add,] is usually ellipted in these two last Rules. 2. Except. [For] Signifying the Cause, and coming after an Adjective, or a Verb, is a Sign of an Ablative Case: as, I Swooned for fear. 1. After an Adjective, as, Pale for Anger. Adjectiv● regunt Ablativum, etc. Note, [For,] hear may be varied by, [with.] 2. After a Verb: as, he grew dumb for admiration. All Verbs require an Ablative, etc. Quodvis Verbum, etc. 3. Exc. [For] After Verbs of Price, is Sign of an Ablative: as, I sold it for a Shilling. The Word of Price, etc. 1. Quibuslibet Verbis subjicitur, &c 2. Vili, Paulo, etc. 3. Sin addantur, & ●, 1. Note, [For,] is sometime understood in the word of Price, and and yet it is made in the Ablative, as if, [For] were expressed. 2. Note, [For] coming after, the English Adjectives, so much, how much, as much, more, less, how much soever, (being put without Substantives) is a Sign of a Genitive: as, he bought it for less. Except these Genitive Cases when they be put, etc. Excipiuntur high Genitivi, etc. But if these Adjectives be joined with Substantives they are put in the Ablative Case. 3 Note, Sometime [Carius dearer,] [Vilius cheaper,] [Melius better,] [Pejus worse,] ●are used in the word of Price. Saving that after Verbs of Price. [For,] otherwise is a Preposition. 2. Rule, [To] After a Verb. and before another Verb, is Sign of the Infinitive Mood Active: as, I desire to read. Also when two Verbs, etc. 1. Quibusdam tum Verbis, etc. 2. Ponuntur interdum figuratè, etc. 3. Poeticé Infinitivus modus, etc. Note. Sometime, [To] is ●llipted, and yet the latter Verb is the Infinitive Mood. Exceptions. 1. Except. [To] After a Substantive of time, place or desire; or after any Substantive, which doth not signify a matter of which a thing is made; and after Adjectives governing a Genit. Case, is made by the Gerund in [di:] as, desirous to play. 1. When the English of the Infinitive, etc. 2. And the same Gerund in di, etc. Gerundia in di, etc. Note, This Gerund among the Poets is often turned into the Infinitive mood. 2. Except. * To. and For (the use of another) are Signs of a Dat. according to ●r. Wase. [To] or [For] After Substantives of things material, or the matter (of which a 1. The English of the Infinitive mood coming Gerundia in dum pendent ab his Praeposititionibus, a thing is made,) as Silver; after these Adjectives; slow, ready, strong, good, fit, apt; after Verbs of exhorting, as horror; of prevailing, as vale, of belonging or appertaining to; as specto, pertineo, attineo; of persuading, ●s moneo, suadeo; of alluring, as allicio; of inciting, as voco, invito, provoco. after a Reason, etc. 2. The Gerund in dum is used after one of these Prepositions etc. inter, [How,] before [To,] after I know, or I know not, etc. Is very Elegant. [For] before [To,] is often redundant. etc. Then [To,] or [For] are made by a Gerund in [dum,] with the Prepositions [ad, ob, inter, ante, or propter:] as, slow to learn. Except. [To] coming after the English Particle [About,] is made by the Participle of the Future in Rus: as, about to read. Note,] So, in [like to,] [ready to.] 4. Except. [To] coming after a Verb, and sometime after a Participle of the preter Tense, betokening Motion, with the Cause of that motion, is made by the first Supine: as, I went to see her. The first Supine hath his Active signification, etc. Prius Supinum Actiuè Significat, etc. 1. Note, The first Supine may be changed into a Gerund in di, with ergô, gratiâ, or causâ. Or * Vide Phrases Wint. p. 396. if it have an Accusative after it, it may be made by a Gerundive Adjective (as they call it,) and causâ, or gratiâ. 2. Note, [To] After a Gerund in dumb, when necessity is signified, may be made by the Subjunctive mood, and ut. 3. Rule, [To be] coming after a Verb and before another Verb, is a Sign, that the latter Verb be put in the Infinitive Mood Passive: as, I desire to be loosed. In the Etymogy. 1. Also when two Verbs come together etc. 2. These Adjectives, [dignus, indignus, and contentus,] may, etc. 1. Quibusdam tum Verbis, etc. 2. Ponuntur interdum figuratè, etc. Exceptions. 1. Except. [To be] After an Adjective, may be made by the latter Supine: as, slow to be taught. The latter Supine hath his Passive, etc. Posterius Supinum Passive significat, etc. Note,] [To be] coming after the English Adjective [meet;] both it, and that Adjective, are made by a Participle of the Future in dus. 2. Note, This latter Supine, is also often varied by the Infinitive mood, which is a Grecism. For the Greeks having no Supines, do render them, by the Infinitive mood. And the same Supine may also, etc. 2. Except. [To be] After a Substantive, or the * Mr. Danes saith, that no Grammarian before Priscian, divided the Pronouns into Demonstratives, etc. Relative [which] (made in Latin by qui,) or after the Verb Sum, is made either by a Participle of the Future in dus, or an Adjective Verbal in bilis: as, he is to be commended. Note, ‖ To, or For, are made by several Prepositions: See their Idiom in Treat. of Particles, p 314. an●. 106. [To be] may be made by esse, or the Subjunctive Mood of Sum; if it come before a Substantive, or a Participle of the Future in dus, or before a Preposition with its Case. [By.] Rule, [By] Signifying the Instrumental Cause, manner, or * See Mr. Coles Dictionary Condition, * So Dr. Hammond in Pract. Catech. p. 46. coming after a Substantive, Adjective, or an Adverb, is a Sign of an Ablative Case: as, she is fairer by much. ●. After an Substantive: as, a better man by a great deal. 1. A Verb Passive, etc. 2. Verbs of comparing, etc. 1. Passivis additur, etc. 2. Forma, vel modus, etc. Note. [By] after many Verbs, is varied by [Of.] 2. After the Adjectives of the Comparative, and the Superlative degree: as, more glorious by much. Nouns of the Comparative degree: having By, etc. 1. Adsciscunt & alterum, etc. 2. Tanto, quanto, etc. 4. After Adverbs of Diversity or Difference: as, otherwise by far. Adverbia diversitatis, etc. 5. After Adverbs of the Comparative, or the Superlative degree: as, he was wounded more easily by much. Adverbia comparativi, & Superlativi, etc. Exceptions. 1. Except. [By] Before a Substantive, and after a Verb Passive, or a Participle Passive, is sometimes made by a Dative: as, he is seen of none. A Verb Passive will have after him sometimes a Dat. Passivis additur— interdum Dativus. Note,] Herein, it may be varied in English, by the Sign, [Of,] But [Bianca,] after Passives, is idiomatically made by, [par,] with an Accusative. 2. Except, [By,] Before the English of the Participle of the present Tense, is made by the Gerund in [do] with one of these Prepositions, [à,] [ab] [è,] or [ex] expressed, or understood: as, the Romans won by yielding. Also the English of the Participle of the Present Tense, etc. 1. Gerundia in do pendent, etc. 2. Ponuntur & absque &c. [ * See Mr. Coles' Dict. From.] Rule, [From] After an Adjective, or a Verb, is a Sign of an Ablat. or it is made by the same Case with one of these Prepositions, [à,] [ab,] [è,] or [ex:] as, he went from me. 1. After Nouns, † It is rarely used after Part. and Interrog. and when it is so; it is forced. Partitives, Interrogatives, and Nouns of Number: as, the first from Adam. Numeralia in alio sensu Ablativum, etc. 2. After the Adjectives, strange, free: as, free from vice. — Alienus, immunis etc. 3. Before a word of time, order, age, or noting original, or term of Action; and after Adjectives of difference or diversity: as, different from me. Nomina diversitatis Ablativum, etc. 4. After the words▪ born, descended sprung▪ created, it is made by natus, etc. as, descended from the Conqueror. Natus, prognatus, etc. Note, 1. Here [From,] may be varied, by [Of,] as, it may be mostly after Verbs. Note, 2. All these Ablatives are governed of a Preposition ellipted. 5. After Verbs of re-receiving, distance, carrying away, differing, delivering, sending, fetching, saving, keeping, hearing, and after Verbs having [away] joined to them: as, God delivered thee from thy Immortal Enemy. Verbs that betoken receiving, or distance, etc. Quaedam accipiendi, etc. 6. After Verbs of motion, and before the proper name of a Place: as, Peter went to Antioch. From a place. etc. Verbis significantibus motum à loco etc. 7. And [from] before the English words, Country, and home, made by rus, and domus: as, John went from home. Domus, and Rus likewise be used. Adeundem modum usurpantur Domus & Rus. Note, The Preposition by which the Sign [From] is rendered in Latin, is often omitted before Proper names of Places, and before Rus, and Domus. Exceptions. 1. Except. [From] After Verbs of taking away, is a Sign of a Dative: as, Paul took away a girdle from me. And this Ablative after Verbs of taking away may be, etc. Vertitur high Ablativus aliquando in Dativum. 2. Except. [From] Before the English of the Participle of the Present Tense, is made by the Gerund in do, with the Prepositions [à] [ab,] [è] [ex,] expressed or understood: as, he was hindered from running. And the same Gerund in do is used, etc. 1. Ponuntur & absque Praepositione. 2. Gerundia in do pendent, etc. Rule, [In,] [At,] and [On.,] [In,] * See Mr. Coles' Dict. ● [At,] and [On.,] Before Substantives of value, time, or occasion, before words of Place, Meat, or Food, Musical-Instruments, and before the Substantives [will] or [pleasure,] [term] or [condition;] are Signs of an Ablative Case: as, in no place. 1. [In,] or [At,] Before the proper names of Places: as, at or in London. Nouns Appellatives, etc. Nomina Appellativa, etc. Note, The Preposition, [In,] governing an Ablative, is here understood, which is sometime expressed for more emphasis, or elegancy. Sometimes the Preposition In, etc. 1. Praepositio subaudita, etc. 2. In, cum significatur, etc. 2. [In,] or [At,] Signifying Time: as, in, or at that Time. Nouns that betoken part of, etc. Quae Significant partem, etc. Note, But these Signs are not often expressed in this sense. Exceptions. 1. Except. [In,] or [At,] After Verbs of * And after consulo pendo, & facio. Esteeming, are Signs of a Genitive: as, he valued thee at nothing. Verbs that betoken to esteem, or regard, etc. 1. Verba aestimandi, etc. 2. Flocci, nauci, etc. 3. Singularia. sunt ista, etc. But the Verb, Aestimo will have a Genitive, or an Ablative: as, I esteem thee much. Aestimo vel Genitivum, etc. 2. Except. [In,] or [At,] Before proper names of Places, of the first or second Declension, and Singular Number, are Signs of the Genitive: as, born at Rome. In a Place, or at a Place, etc. Omne Verbum admittit Genitivum, etc. Note, But if the Proper name want the Singular, it is put in the Ablative: as, bred up at Athens. 3. Except. So [In,] * See Mr. Lewis' Essay, p. 27. or [At,] before home, ground, war, or warfare, are made by a Genitive: as, Crassus is at the War. And these Nouns, humi, domi, etc. 1. Hi Genitivi, humi, etc. 2. Domi non alios secum, etc. Note, But if an Adjective be joined to these words, they are put in the Ablative: as, Crassus was slain in the Parthian war. 4. Except. [In,] or [At,] Before the Proper name of a place of the third Declension, and Plural Number; are Signs * See Syst. Gram. of an Ablative: as, Cicero lived at Tybur. But if the Place be of the third, &c Verum si proprium loc● nomen, etc. 5. Except. [In,] or [At,] Before the English of the Participle of Present Tense, is made by the Gerund in do: as, glorious in Fight. Also the English of the Participle of the Present Tense, etc. 1. Ponuntur, & absque etc. 2. Gerundia in do, etc. [ * In my Opinion, [Than,] aught to be only used after the Comparative degree, and [Then] in other Senses: Let the Learned judge. See Mr. Butlers Eng Gram and Mr. Walker's Part. Printed 1662. Than.] Rule, [Than,] After Nouns and Adverbs of the Comparative degree in the same Sentence, is made by quàm, or it is a Sign of the Ablative Case: as, more Victorious than Alexander, more Eloquent than Tully, and more Fortunate than Caesar. Nouns of the Comparative degree having than, etc. 1. Comparativa cum exponuntur perquam, etc. 2. Adverbia Comparativi, & Superlativi, etc. Note 1. Where quàm is used, the word following must be the same Case with the word, that goes before quàm. But, if neither the Ablative, nor quàm ●e expressed, then mensurâ, or numero are ellipted, if the word following be the Genitive Case. Note, 2. But [Than] after the Adject. [more,] made in Latin by [plum,] is found with a Nominative, Genitive, Accusative, and an Ablative: as, there were more than twenty men. Plus Nominativo, etc. But this is not to be imitated. [Prae,] * See Mr. Coles' Nolens Volens. is thought to be ellipted or understood before the Ablative, for the Sign, [Than.] [With.] Rule, [With,] Signifying the Cause, Manner, or Instrument, is a Sign of an Ablative, when it follows an Adjective, or a Verb: as, my Father went from hence with sorrow. 1. After Adjectives Signifying the Cause: as, great with pride. Adjectiva regunt Ablativum Significantem, etc. Note, Here, [With,] may be varied by the Sign, [For.] 2. After the Adjectives, endued, taken, content: as, content with slavery. These Adjectives Praeditus, etc. Praeditus, captus, contentus. 3 After Verbs of abounding, filling, or loading: as, John abounds with Riches. Verbs of Plenty, filling, etc. Verba abundandi implendi, etc. 4. After any Verb Signifying the Instrument, or manner: as, he was slain with a Sword. 1. All Verbs require an Ablative, &c 2. Afficio, prosequor, etc. 1. Quodvis Verbum, etc. 2. Prosequor afficio, etc. Exceptions. 1. Except. [With,] after the Verbs of comparing or equalling; meeting with, being angry, mingling, and contending, is a Sign of a Dative: as, I met with my Brother. 1. To Compare. 2. To be Angry with. 3. Certain Adverbs will have a Dative, etc. 1. Verba comparand, etc. 2. Verba irascendi, etc. 3. Quaedam Dativum admittunt Nominum. Note, [With,] after aequo or adaequo, may be varied by the Sign, [To.] Most of these Datives (except in Verbs of comparing) be Grecisms, and generally Poetical. 2. Except. [With,] coming before the English of the Participle of the Present Tense, is a Sign of the Gerund in do: as, hot with running. When the English of the Participle of the Present, etc. 1. Gerundia in do, &c▪ 2. Ponuntur absque Praepositione, etc. 3. Except. [With,] Signifying [Society,] is made by [●um.] 〈…〉 lie if 〈◊〉 Particle, [together,] ●●me after i● Dignifying [from,] i● made by, [à:] signifying [at,] is made by, [apud.] Ablativo modi actio●is, etc. Words having no Proper Sign. Rule, Accidence. Grammar. Every Substant. coming without the Signs, [Of,] [To,] [For,] [By,] So Super. [In,] [At,] [On.,] [From,] [Than,] or [With;] or with these general Signs▪ [A,] [An,] or [The,] after Nouns, Verbs, Gerunds, Supines, Participles, or Adverbs, shall be the Accusative Case: as, I love the Master. And that casual word, which cometh next after the Verb, &c And also after these Prepositions, * Farnab. Syst Gram Ad, penes, adversus, cis, circa, circiter, extra. Ultra, post, praeter, propter, prope, ponè, secundum. Per, Circum, circa, contra, juxta, inter, ob, infra. Erga, apud, ante, secus, trans, supra, versus, & intra. 1. In Relatives, which (as is above said) do always go before the word, which governs them: as, what Book do you read? But when there cometh a Nominat. Case between the Relative, etc. as above At fi Nominativus, etc. as above. * The two opposite Rul● in the Gram. and Accid. are mentioned after in the Exceptions 2. After Adjectives signifying the measure of length, breadth, or thickness of any thing: as, a Tree a foot thick. 2. After Verbs transitives: as, death conquers all men. Verbs transitives, etc. Verba transitiva, etc. 3. After Verbs Neuters, as, I have slept a long sleep. Also Verbs Neuters may have, etc. 1. Quin etiam Verba, etc. 2. Sunt quae figuratè, etc. 3. Sed praeeo, etc. Note,] ‖ S●● Ox●. Gram. p. 129. Ed. 1. This Accus. is often changed into an Ablative, which i● governed of a Preposition. Hunc Accusativum mutant, etc. 4. After Verbs of [ask,] [teaching,] [arraying,] and [beseeching:] as, I ask thee this Question. Verbs of ask, etc. Verba rogandi, etc. Note,] * That is the Accus. of the Person. One of these Accus. Cases after Verbs of [ask,] may be changed into an Ablat. wi●h, [à,] or [ab,] Rogandi Verba interdum, etc. † But then they vary their signification. As also Verbs of [arraying,] change their Accus. into an Ablative or a Dative. Vestiendi Verba, etc. Note,] ‖ See Mr. Wase's Gram. [Induor,] [mendor,] [poscor,] [doctor,] [rogor,] will have an Accus. without a Sign: as, Anaxgoras taught strange things. 5. After the Verb [valeo,] signifying, I am worth, or, I am esteemed at so much: as, the Book is not worth that Money. Valeo etiam interdum cum Accusativo, etc. Note,] sometimes a Genitive is set after [valeo:] But than it is governed of an Accusative ellipter. 6. After these Impersonals, [delectat,] [decet,] [juvat,] [●portet,] with the Compounds of [juvat,] and [decer:] as, it delighteth a Delphin, to hear Music. 1. Some will have an Accusative Case: as [d●lectat,] etc. 2. But if he hath neither of these words, etc. Haec Impersonalia: accusandi casum, etc. 7. After the Impersonals. [paenitet,] [tae det] [miseret,] [miserescit,] [pudet,] [piget:] as, it irketh a raw Scholar of his Book. Some besides the Accusative will etc. 1. Illis Impersonalibus subjicitur Accusativus, etc. 2. N●nnulla Impersonalia reminalia remigrant, etc. Note, That a Genit. for the most part is joined to this Accusative. 8. After Gerunds, and Supines: as, God loving mankind, sent his Son to redeem us. Gerunds and Supines will have, &c Gerundia sive Gerundivae voces & Supina, etc. 9 After Participles: as, thou art ready to love thy destruction. Participles govern such Cases, etc. Participia regunt casus, etc. So after [Exosus,] hating, [perosus,] hating, [pertaesus,] weary These Participial voices, perosus, exosus, pertesus, etc. Exosus, perosus, pertesus, actiuè significant, etc. 10. After Adverbs of [showing.] or [upbraiding,] [en,] or [ecce:] as, behold him, [en illum] 1. En, & ecce Adverbia demonstrandi, etc. 2. En, & ●ece exprobrantis aec. Note * See Mr. Lewis' Essay Printed 1674 p. 22. That [ecce] is judged a Verb defective, and so is [en,] too, and sometimes, when they betoken demonstration, or showing they may have a Nominative, as well as an Accusative by a Grecism. Note,] That these Adverbs be all Datives, [Tempori,] [luci,] [vesperi, are judged Ablatives, † Ox●. Gram. p. 146, and then they are resolved by [in,] or [by.] These Datives be used adverbially, tempori, etc. Sunt & high Dativi Adverbiales, &c 11. After the Adverb [cedo,] (though it be by some called a Verb defective:) as, choose what man thou wilt. Cedo flagitantis exhiberi, etc. 12. After Adverbs derived from Prepositions: as, nearer the City. Certain Adverbs will have an Accusative, etc. Sunt quae accusandi casum, etc. Exceptions. 1. Except▪ One Substantive after another, without any Sign belonging to the same; the Substantive coming after, shall be the same Case with the Substantive going before by apposition: as, I being a a Scholar do learn. But if they belong both to one thing, they, etc. Excipiuntur quae in eodem casu, etc. † See Mr. Walkers'● Particles p. 58. [Being] doth sometimes come between two Substantives, and the former of those Substantives, having a Verb agreeing with it, is a mark o● Apposition. 2. Except. A Substantive joined with a Participle, and having no Verb depending on it, is made by the Ablative Case absolute: as, The Master threatening, the Scholars are quiet. A Noun or a Pronoun Substantive, joined, etc. Quibus libet Verbis additur, etc. The * See M●. Lewis' Essay. Ablative Case (by some) is said, properly to be governed of nothing. 3. Except. The word coming without any Sign after Adjectives of measure in [length,] [breadth,] or [thickness,] may be, either an Ablative, or an Accusative: as, a well, three yards deep. The measure of length, breadth, etc. 1. Magnitudinis mensura, etc. 2. Interdum & in Ablativo. Note] Sometime it is put in the Genitive; but than it is a Grecism, or an ellipted Latinism. But this happens carely, and ought not to be imitated. Interdum etiam in Genitivo. 4. Except. The word coming without any Sign, signifying the space between places, may be either the Accusative, or the Ablative, as, London is twenty Miles distant. Nouns that betoken space, etc. Spatium loci in Accusativo, etc. 5. Except. The word coming without any Sign, signifying part of time, may be the Ablative▪ as, no man is wise every day. Nouns that betoken part of time, etc. Quae significant partem, etc. Sometime, it is an Accusative, but very rarely. The Preposition, [per] in the Accusative, and [sub] in the Ablative, seem to be ellipted. Quanquam hic ellipsis, etc. 6. Except. The word coming without any Sign, signifying continuance of time, without ceasing, or intermission, is the Accusative, or the Ablative: as, he lived fifty years. But Nouns that betoken continual term, etc. Quae autem durationem, etc. 7. Except. The word coming without any Sign, after certain Adverbs of quantity, time, and place, and after [instar,] is the Genitive: as, he is no where to be found. Adverbs of quantity, etc. 1. Quaedam Adverbia loci, etc. 2. Instar, aequiparationem, etc. Note, 1. Words of quantity, time, or place, having not the Signs, [A,] [An,] or [The,] are Adverbs; otherwise they are Substantives. Note, 2. There is a great elegancy in these Adverbs, to which the English-Tongue is a stranger▪ 8. Except. [Ergô] for [causâ,] or [gratiâ,] signifying the sake or cause, will have a Genitive: as, for his sake, ejus ergô. Note, That as [To] is sometime ellipted after the English of [Instar;] so is [For] before [Ergô.] 9 Except. The word coming without any Sign after Verbs Substantives; sum, forem, fio, existo; most Passives, and Verbs of gesture, which is the Nominat. Case if there be a Nomin. Case before them: as, God is good. 1. Sum, forem, fio, etc. 2. Also Verbs that betoken bodlly, etc. 3. And generally, when the word, etc. 1. Verba Substantiva, etc. 2. Denique omuia fere, etc. Note, But if any of those Verbs have an Accusative before them; then the word without a Sign, shall be the Accusative: as, I judge him to be a good man. And this is mediate Apposition. And likewise in the Accusative Case: as, non decet, &c▪ 1. Infinitum quoque utrinque, etc. 2. Quamvis in his postremis Exemplis, etc. 10. Except. The word coming without any Sign after the Verbs [to dispatch,] or [to be busy * Vide Treatise of Part. p. 249. about,] [to pity] or [to take pity on,] is the Genitive: as, I pity his condition, misereor status sui. Satago, misereor, miseresco, require, etc. Satago, misereor, etc. But misereor, and miseresco, sometimes govern a Dative; but very seldom, and not to be imitated. At misereor & miseresco rariùs, etc. 11. Except. The word coming without any Sign after [interest, and refert,] shall be the Genitive. Put in, [me,] [thee,] [him,] [her,] [us,] [you] [whom,] it is made by, [meâ▪] [tuâ] [suâ,] [nostrâ,] [vestrâ,] [cujâ,] which are Ablatives Feminine: as, it concerneth my life. Interest, refert etc. 1. Haec tria Impersonalia interest. 2. Adjiciuntur & illi Genitivi, etc. 12. Except. The word coming without any Sign after Reminiscor, obliviscor, recordor, memini, shall be the Accusative or Genitive: as, I remember thy kindness. Reminiscor, obliviscor, etc. Reminiscor, obliviscor, &c 13. Except. The word coming without any Sign after [Potior,] and Verbs of want▪ is an Ablative, or a Genitive: as, I want money. 1. Egeo, or indigeo, tui vel te. 2. Verbs of scarceness, etc. 3. Potior urbis, potior, voto. 1. Verb● abundandi & his diversa, &c: 2. Ex quibus, quaedam nonunquam, etc. 3. Potior, aut Gen. aut Ablat. 14. Except. The word coming without any Sign after fungor, fevor, utor, nitor, sto, (to abide) vescor, victito, and vivo for victito, is an Ablative: as, I use virtue. Likewise Cotor, etc. Fungor, fru●r, & utor &c. 15. Except. The word The apposite Rules in the Accidence and Grammar, are mentioned under To, and Fo●, p. 20. etc. coming without a Sign, to which any thing is gotten, as the end, object, or subject; after Verbs signifying (juvo, adjuvo, laedo, offendo, governing an Accus. being excepted) profit, disprofit, giving, restoring, promising, paying, commending, showing, trusting or believing, obeying or serving, resisting, threatening, pardoning; after Studeo, * Suadere alium Tert a Grecism, and not to be imitated. suadeo, faveo, parco, placeo, adulor, dominor, respondeo, indulgeo, medeor, sum, (with his Compounds) libet, vacat, dolet, (taken Impersonally;) and after most Verbs, Neuters and Passives, (except those mentioned, p. 67.) Compounded † Ex praeeo, praecedo, praevinco, praeverto, or praevertor, geverning an Accus. with the Prepositions, [prae,] [ad,] [con,] [sub,] [ant,] [post,] [ob,] [in,] and [inter,] is a Dative: as it profiteth me nothing. Note, Studeo [to endeavour,] hath an Accus. as, Studer rem ad arma deduci, Caes. signifying, to care for, a Genitive: as, non tui Studet, Cic. Note, Many of these Prepositions, [A] [ab,] [abs,] [absque] [cum,] [coram,] [de,] [è] [ex] [prae,] [pro,] [sine,] are used without a proper Sign; and they all govern an Ablative, which, or without a Sign. Conjunctions. Rule Conjunctions Copulatives, Disjunctives, and [quàm,] [nisi,] [praeterquam,] [an,] do govern like Cases in Nouns, and like Moods and Tenses in Verbs: as, John and Peter did play and learn together. 1. Conjunctions Copulatives, Disjunctives, and these etc. 2. Conjunctions Copulatives, Disjunctives most, etc. 1. Conjunctiones Copulativae, & Disjunctivae, cum etc. 2. Conjunctiones Copulativae, & Disjunctivae aliquoties, etc. Exceptions. 1. Except. When the government is different, they couple divers Cases, in Nouns. And sometime they be put between, etc. Excepto si casualis, etc. 2. When Verbs have the same Mood, and yet different Tenses in the same Mood. And sometime divers, etc. Aliquoties autem similes, etc. Prepositions. A Verb, Compounded with a Preposition, hath often the Case of the Preposition, with which it is Compounded. A Verb Compound, sometimes requireth, &c Praeposit i● in Compositione, etc. The Prepositions [à,] [ab,] [abs,] [ad,] [●um,] [de,] [è,] [ex,] [in,] and [con,] are sometime repeaced after a Verb Compounded with one of them. Verba Composita cum, a, ab, etc. [In,] signifying barely, [in,] governs an Ablative; but signifying [into,] [towards,] [for,] [against,] or [amongst,] it governs an Accusative. Sometimes this Preposition [In,] etc. 1. In pro ergo, etc. 2. Idem cum Accusativo, etc. 3. In, cùm significatur, etc. [Sub,] [under,] governs an Ablative; but [Sub,] [about,] [to,] [a little before,] [a little after,] requires an Accusative. 1. Sub pro ad, etc. 2. Alias Ablativum, admittit. [Super] [beyond] [above,] [at,] hath an Accusative; but [Super,] [in,] [of,] or [concerning,] an Ablative. 1. Super pro ultra, etc. 2. Super pro de, etc. [Subter,] [under,] [clam▪] and [procu●▪] have either an Accusative, or an Ablative. Subter uno Significatu, etc. [Tenus,] governs an Ablative; but in words signifying too (by nature) or wanting the Singular, it hath a Genitive. In the Etymology. Where Note, that if the casual word joined with Tenus, etc. 1. Tenus gaudet Ablativo, etc. 2. At Genitivo tantum, etc. Prepositions are usually understood, especially when we may understand the Sense without them. Prepositions, when they want their Cases, are Adverbs. In the Etymology. 1. Note, also that the voices, etc. 2. Also the voices of, &c Praepositions cùm casum amittunt etc. Interjections. Interjections, have usually no Case. Interjectiones non rar● absolute, etc. But the Interjection [O,] governs a Nominative, an Accusative and a Vocative. Certain Interjections, require a Nominat. O exclamentis, etc. Heu, and * Sic V●ssi●s in ●ynt. & ● at. p 9● Proh (or Pro,) govern an Accusative, and a Nominat. 1. Certain an Accusat. 2. And the same Proh, 3. Certain a Vocative. Heu, & Prô nu●e Nominativo, etc. Hei, and vae govern a Dative: as, woe is me! bei mihi. Certain a Dative: as, hei mihi. Hei, & vae Dativa apponuntur. Oh, (signifying O) governs a Vocative; but ah, vah; and hem (signifying the same) govern a Nominative, or an Accusative: as, vah, Stultitiam. Rules for more Elegant Latin, according to the Accidence and Grammar. Rule, 1. Accidence. Grammar. THe Conjunction, That, may be made by, [quod,] or [ut,] and the Verb put into the Subjunctive Mood, agreeing with its Nominative Case. When the English that, may be, etc. Resolvi potest hic modus, etc. But it may be more elegantly cast away, by turning that which was the Nominative into the Accusative, and the Subjunctive But if Sum be the Infitive Mood, etc. 1. Verba Infiniti modi, &c 2 Quamvis in his postremis, &c Mood into the Infinitive: as, I am glad that thou art safe. Rule, 2. The English word, [to Have,] which may be made by [habeo,] with a Nominative Case, may be more elegantly made by [Est,] in the Singular, and [Sunt,] in the Plural; and then the Nominative is turned into the Dative, and the Accusative into the Nominative: as, I have a Son. est mihi filius. This Verb sum, es, fui, may, etc. Est pro habeo, etc. Rule, 3. The Nominative, or Accusative, after sum, do, verto, (to impute) expedio, and some others, is elegantly changed into the Dative of the * Farnab. Syst. Gram Person: as, Death is an enemy to wicked men. 1. Also when Sum hath after him a Nominat. etc. 2. And not only Sum, &c 1. Sum cum multis, etc. Note, Often, tibi, sibi, and mihi, are added to those Verbs, though there be another Dative. Est ubi hic Dativus, tibi, etc. Rule, 4. These English Particles, whilst, when, if, though, after that, before a Nominative Case, may be left out, and the Nominative Case be turned into the Ablative, and the Verb into a Participle agreeing with the same: as, if Caesar overcome, Caesarevincene. And it may be resolved by, etc. Quibuslibet Verbis additur Ablativus absolutè, etc. Note, The Particle, being, often comes before the Participle, and is understood in the Latin. Rule, 5. Nouns Adjectives signifying manner, or propriety, and Verbs Neuters, and Passives, betokening Sickness, or defect in the body, may have an Accusative, or an Ablative: as, wounded in Body; sacius corpus or corpore. 1. Verbis quibusdam additur, etc. In Figurâ per Synecdochen omnia, etc. Note, But Verbs of vexing, fretting, or disturbing, may have a Quaedam tamen efferuntur, etc. Genitive: as, the Master is vexed in ●ind. This is an ellipsis. * Sec Oxf. Gramm. Note, that in citing that Book, I always mean the first Edition, except p. 3. Rule, 6. Must, or Aught, is used only in the Present Tense, and may be made by debeo: but it is elegantly made by oportet, with an Accusative, or by the Gerund in dumb; and the Nominative (to debeo) turned into the Dative, and the word following (debeo,) which is the Infinitive Mood, is made by the Gerund in dum: as, I must go. And when you have this English must, etc. Cùm signi▪ ficatur necessitas, etc. Note, Here the Verb, Est, is set Impersonally with the Gerund in dum. Rule, 7. Gerunds, if they have an Accusat. after them, are changed into Participles of the Future in Dus. The Gerund in di into the Genitive, the Gerund in do into the Dative or Ablative, and Vertuntur Gerundi● voces, etc. the Gerund in dum* They may be so used in either Number. into the Accusative, and agree with the Substantive following after them: as, desirous of getting gain. 1. Note, These Gerundives, differ from Adjectives and Participles, because they express not the manner of the Substantive. 2. Note, A Gerund in di, may elegantly have a Genitive Plural joined to it. Interdum non invenustè &c. Rule. 8. A Verb Impersonal Passive, is elegantly put for all Persons Active. When a deed is signified to be, etc. Verbum Impersonale Passivae vocis pro singulis, etc. Rule, 9 Adjectives of likeness in guilt, and Adjectives of faithfulness (instead of a Dative) may have clegantly a Genitive: as, faithful to thee. Quaedam ex his quae similitudinem significant, etc. Note, 1. That the Genitive Case of a Substantive after another, is often put (as it were) absolute; the Substantive which governs it, being ellipted: as, Ter. Byrrhiam hujus, [serv●m] being ellipted. Ponitur interdum Genitivus tan▪ tum, etc. Note, 2. This is a Grecism, and answers to Mr. Camden's Rule, in his Greek Grammar, Ponitur interdum Genitivus, etc. The English Pronouns [Mine,] [thine,] [his,] [her,] [ours,] [yours,] do signify Possession, when they have a Substantive coming after them, and are made by [meus,] [tuus,] etc. as, my Book, liber meus. * But in Classic Authors they are used promiscuously. Strictly [mei,] [tui,] [sui,] [nostri,] & [vestri.] should be used, when Passion is signified; and [meus,] [tuus,] etc. when Possession is signified. Nostrûm, and Vest●ûm (of us, of you) are to be used after Distributives, Partitives, Comparatives, and Superlatives; and nostri, and vestri otherwise. The Rules for them in the Accidence and Grammar, are mentioned before. 1. Sui & suus reciproca sunt, etc. 2 Aut annexa per copulam. [Him] [his] [hers] are made in Latin by sui, and suus, when they relate to a Substantive before the Verb; but by ejus, when they relate to a Substantive after the Verb. This is to avoid ambiguity (which the Latin Tongue abhors;) otherwise we may render them promiscuously, when there is no danger of being mistaken. Ipse and Idem, figuratively, are of all Persons. 1. Ipse ex, etc. 2▪ Et Nominibus pariter, etc. 3. Idem, etiam omnibus, etc. We express one next us, by hic; one at a little distance, by iste; and one a great distance, by ille. Haec Demonstrativa, hic, ille iste, etc. We use ille in Commendation; but iste is used in Contempt. Ille▪ tum usurpatur, etc. Ille, is generally referred to the first Substantive, and more remote; but hic is referred to the latter and nearer. Hic, & ille, cum ad duo ante posita referuntur, etc. An Explanation of some Rules in the Grammar, wherein there remains some difficulty, either through variation of Government; or because the Verbs cannot be known without enumeration, and so consequently their Regimen cannot be sufficiently cleared. And first of, Ex his quaedam efferuntur etiam cum Accusativo. Juvo, adjuvo, * So laedere naves Lucretius laedo and offendo do belong to this Rule, and govern an Accusative Case: As, nè pedem in lapidem offendas, Matth. 4. Bez. Quendam offendebat, Cic. vide Farn. Systema Grammaticum, p. 63. and Angl. Rud. p. 22. No other Verbs properly depend on this Rule; and conduco, studeo, incumbo, and confero (put as examples in the Grammar,) in a strict sense are not of the same signification with these . Interdum additur Ablativus cum Praepositione. Aliquando Accusativus cum Praepositione ad. In these two Rules the Preposition is used for Emphasis, mostly in Orators, rarely or never in Poets, who rather use a Dative instead of both. In proper names, [cum,] in this sense betokens a kind of Society. But Examples of either, do but rarely occur. However a beginner ought not to imitate them. Haec variam habent constructionem. According to this Rule, some Verbs govern an Accusative, and some a Dative, which are here enumerated and explained. Impertio, to bestow, or give to, governs a Dative; as, huic rei aliquid temporis impertias, Cic. But Impertio. to greet with a Salutation, an Accusative; as, impertit Parmenonem, Ter. Dono, to give, hath a Dative; as, cui donat, Hor. But Dono, to reward, an Accusative; as, quem donavit honore, Virg. Insterno, to cover, an Accusative; as, tabulis instravit, Virg. But insterno, to spread upon, a Dative; as, terrae insternitur, Statius. Aspergo, signifying only to sprinkle or wet, * Or Figuratively hath either a Dative with an Accusative; as, dignitati labem aspersit, Cic. or an Accusative with an Ablative; as, maculis vitam aspergebas, Id. And sometimes an Accusative alone; as, aspergere cunctos, Hor. Consulo, to give Council or to provide for, a Dative; as, infido consuluisse, Ovid. But Consulo, to ask Council, an Accusative; as, consulit exta, Virg. A qui, bonique consulo, to take in good part, is an Elegancy. † See Oxs. Gram. p. 120. Metuo, timeo, and formido, to be afraid or fearful for another's safety, have a Dative, or an Ablative with a Preposition; as metuit tibi, Plaut. Pro aliquibus Cells. De republic â timeo, Cic. But, when they betoken a fear for a man's self, they have an Accusative; as, formidat acumen, Hor. Deum timeamus, Paulin. Episcop. Dicimus, Tempero, Moderor, etc. The meaning of this Rule is, that these Verbs do govern different Cases according to different Significations, as followeth. * Tempero tibi, i. e. modum impone; tempero te, i. e. rego te. Tempero, to moderate, govern or restrain, an Accusative; as, temperate iras, Virg. But, to spare, a Dative; as, caedibus sibi temperate, Liv. Cic. Moderor, to regulate or govern, is used indifferently, either with an Accusative or Dative; as, moderatur Orationi, Cic. Refero, to relate, return or render, a Dative; as, retulit mihi, Ovid. But, to resemble, to refer, and (sometimes) to relate, an Accusative; as, ensem vaginae refer, Sil. So refer ad senatum, i. e. proponere. Scribo, in Prose, with an Accusative and a Preposition; but in the Poets it hath a Dative: as, nil mihi rescribas, Ovid. So [mitto] [Do,] with a Dative, when I give thee for thy own use; but [do,] with an Accusative, when I give thee any thing for the use of another: as, dare cuipiam, Plaut. Dare literas ad aliquem, Cic. At ex his quaedam, etc. [Accedo▪] to come near, to be added, a Dative, or an Accusative: as, accesserit oras, Virg. Accedit Deo ad similitudinem, Cic. Accedere dicuntur, quae tanquam appendices sunt contractus emptionis, Var. In nominibus propriis oppidorum aut pagorum Accusativum saepius habet, nul â praecedente praepositione, Gouldm. in Verb. Ausculto, to obey, a Dative: as, ausculta paucis, Ter. But, to behold, or hear, an Accusative: as, ludos auscultavi, Non. Constat, to be certain or manifest, an Accusative, with inter; or an Ablative with de: as, constat inter omnes, Cic. Constat hâc de re, Quintil. or a Dative: as, non constat ei colour, Liv. Constant campis, Plin. Convenit, to agree or accord, a Dative or Ablative with de or cum; or an Accusative, with in, ad, inter; and (sometime) an Accusative without a Preposition: as, de hoc parum convenit, Quint. Aliam aetatem aliud factum convenit, Plau●. But constat, and convenit, being most an end used as Impersonals, belong to the Rule, in Dativum feruntur, etc. Certo, dissideo, and pugno, according to the Greek Idiom, govern a Dative, according to the Latin, an Ablative with a Preposition ellipted or expressed: as, bello de re aliqu â certat, Liv. Tibi certet Amyntas, Virg. But certo, to aim at, an Accusative: as certat aliquid, Hor. Pauca ex his mutant Dativum, etc. The meaning of this Rule is, that certain Verbs Compounded with these Prepositions prae, ad, con, sub, ante, post, ob in and inter, do change their Dative into another Case: which Verbs I shall enumerate, to falsify that great ostentation of lily's grand Adversary, who tells the World, that such Verbs cannot be found in rerum nature â. These following Verbs have no proper Sign in English, unless it be comprehended in the Latin. Antecedo, antecello, anteo, and antesto, signifying to excel or surpass; and antevenio, to excel, come before, prevent, have either an Accusative or a Dative; but when prevention is signified, mostly an Accusative: as, Metelli exercitum antevenit, Sal. Tempori anteveni, Plaut. Conscendo, to ascend, to mount, an Accusative: as, equum conscendere, Liv. Inscendo, to climb, an Accusative: as, Inscendere currum, Plaut. Insilio, to leap upon, an Accusative or a Dative: as, defessos, tauros insilire, Suet. Interdico, to forbid, hath a Dative, and an Ablative, or a Dative, and an Accusative, or a Dative alone: as, interdico tibi dom● me â, Liv. cui nemo interdicere possit, Cic. interdicere vestigiis, Plin. It is seldom read with an Accusative and an Ablative. Despauter denies, it to have an Accusative; for, saith he, Omne dat activum, tolle [interdicere,] quartum: Hoc Verbum sextum pro quarto soepius optat. I suppose he meaneth an Accusative of the Person; for otherwise it hath one; as, faeminis usum purpurae interdixit, Liv. Insum, placed in the Royal Grammar as an example of this R●le, cannot properly be so. Obruo, to overwhelm, to cover, an Accusative: as, nox terram obruit umbris, Lucret. Praesto and praecelio, to excel, have a Dative or an Accusative: as, magnum praestet Achillem, Virg. alicui praecellere, Tac. Hem vir viro quid praestet, Ter. But praesto, to perform or make good, an Accusative: as, principem praest●re, Suet. Jusjurandum praestare, Psin. Jun. Spem suam praestare This, Lucan. Hence praestare al●quem, to be surety for a man. Having run through all the difficulties and variations of the Syntax, I will add a word concerning Government, and so conclude. Government will easily be understood, if we consider. [1] Whether there be an Acquisition (to or for) after the Verb. [2.] Whether, if there be none, there be no Object or Subject of the motion of the Verb; for in both these Cases▪ the Substantive must be the Dative. [3.] Wh●ther there be not a Synthysis of those Substantives, which 〈◊〉 influenced by the Verb; for if that be not rega●●ed, it will make the direct subsequent Government be mistaken. And [4.] to observe which substantive belongs to the person, and which to 〈◊〉 thing; for the stress of the Government ●● all obliques lies mostly in the Personal Substantive. And the greatest clashing herein, is generally between the Dative and the Accusative. A great reason of variation in Government, is Idiom, and that is twofold; either of the Verb alone, or according to the structure of the Sentence; and both these are again twofold, either according to the Idiom of the Latin, or according to that of the Greek. Ex. Gr. Facere * See Com. El. Gr. jacturam, dare damnum, and not vice versâ: Both of which have a Transient Substantive and in the same Case, and yet their Idiom differs. So, nil pudet capiti non posse pericula cano Pellere, Pers. Vobis decet, Ter. Magno bellare parenti, Stat. By an imitation of the Greek, for à cano capite, vos decet, magno parent. Moreover some Verbs formerly governed such Cases●, as we now dare not use them in: as, nimis me indulgeo, Ter. Indulgent patientiam flagello, Mart. Which Verb, if so used now, would be little less than Treason against the old King of Grammarians, Priscian. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 FINIS.