New and Rare Inventions of WATER-WORKS showing the Easiest ways to RAISE WATER higher than the SPRING. By which Invention The PERPETUAL Motion is proposed Many hard Labours performed And Varieties of Motions and Sounds Produced A Work both useful Profitable and delightful for all Sorts of People.  
First Written in French. by ISAAK de Caus a late Famous Engenier: And now Translated into English by John Leak.  
LONDON. Printed by Joseph Moxon: and Sold at his Shop in Cornhill, at the sign of Atlas. 1659.   

THE PREFACE.  
BEcause The Raising of Water higher than the Spring (after the way principally intended in this work) seems to be opposite to the common received Opinion of all times, I have thought it not only sufficient to teach the Construction of the engine proper thereto, but also (for more ample satisfaction) to premise certain Propositions to precede, in place of Principles; only to make you understand the Effect of that Motion, by the Cause thereof; that so the way may be more accessible to the other Phneumatike Inventions; viz. [engines moving by the force of Air.] To come to which, it must first be considered that all the Elements whether simple or mixed, have two principal motions, viz. Natural and Accidental.  
The Natural motion is that whereby each Element searcheth and draweth itself towards the place assigned thereto by the Divine Providence in the Creation.  
The Accidental motion is that which is moved by any outward Force, different from the First: Now although divers things seem to move contrary to their order, without any external agitation: yet the reason is, that their contrary motion is caused, to hinder some other greater Accident. As for example, It shall be shown that the Water to shun Vacuity, mounteth contarry to the ordinary Course thereof; because Vacuity is more repugnant to Nature then the contrary motion of that Element: as shallbe seen by the principle Propositions, which serve as a foundation of this Invention; which are founded upon this Principle of Nature, That there can be no Vacuity in the Elementary sphere, whereof the Earth and Water do supply the inferior part, and the Fire and Air (which encompass them) the superior part; and each of them are said To be heavy or light, according as naturally they are near or further from the centre; But in these four it will be necessary to have a regard as well to certain things whereof the Air and Water are capable, as to those wherein they cannot suffer Accident: as the Water which although it may be extended by the intermixture of Air, or atenuated and converted into Air by the means of Heat, which resolves it; yet nevertheless it cannot be pressed, that is to say, that a certain quantity of Water cannot be forced by compression to be contained in less space than its Natural extension: and the Air on the contrary may be restrained and put up, being pressed; or rarified and extended, being moved beyond the other accidents whereof it is capable. These things shall hereafter be Demonstrated by Propositions founded upon Experience; which I have thought to be more convenient for this purpose then to involve the Reader in a labyrinth of Geometrical Propositions; which (although most exact) yet are not altogether pertinent for Instructions in this Subject. As for example, If we should build upon this Rule of Archimedes, That the Superficies of the Water is Spherical (when it is not moved) which Superficies hath for its centre that of the whole Earth; there will follow a Subjection that we must hold in the Demonstrations; viz. That the Superficies of the Water is Circular, which (in the like case as is that whereof we speak) is esteemed plain of every one; and that, First, Because the difference is undescernable: and Secondly, Because it cannot make a defect in any operation whatsoever; (a liberty therefore which is not permitted in the mathematics.) That therefore, with other reasons have moved me to omit those demonstrations which seem to me to be too punctual for this purpose.  
Note also that when I speak of Water, I mean Water equally heavy, without making any difference, although in case of necessity there must be had a regard thereto; chiefly if the difference be such as in the Waters of certain Rivers whereof Pliny speaketh, wherein nothing will sink to the bottom; as in the Water of the Lake Alphaltite, and in the Water of Arethuse which runs towards Siracuse, and that because of their extreme weight, which returns heavy things to the top, as Quick Silver doth the metal, which sink not in it (although it be liquid) because it is more weighty. And in this we must make a distinction, that metals and heavy Solids sink in Water according to the figure they have: For Copper, Silver, and Gold sinks not in ordinary Water, if it be beaten out in plates or thin leaves: but if it be contracted into a more solid form it sinks forthwith to the bottom. But these and the like things I shall treat of in a Commentary upon the books of Archimedes, concerning Weights, and Things sinking in Water.   

The theory of the Conduct of WATER.  

PROPOSITION. 1.  
The air may be pressed, but not the water.  
 
To give an example whereof, let there be two vessels A and B, of one form, matter, and bigness, the which let be full of Water; it is most certain that in either of those vessels the Water cannot be pressed, so as the one of those vessels may contain the least part that may be more than the other: but when they are only full of air, I say that the said air may be pressed, and one of those vessels may contain more than the other: which shall be thus Demonstrated. Let the said vessels A and B be made very close on all parts, and at the bottom of the vessel B let there be a small hole E, to which the pipe ED is fastened, the other end thereof D is fastened to the upper part of the vessel C, the which is also made very close one every side, and containing about a third part of the vessel B, and to make the Water enter therein with force, it will be necessary to fasten the pipe F near to the bottom of the vessel C, the which shall be made as high as may be, that it may give so much the more violence to the Water, the which entering the small vessel C, shall make the air that is therein to ascend into the vessel B, the which shall contain more air than A by the quantity which was in C, and so the air shall be pressed in the said vessel B; the which may be seen if you make a small hole in the said vessel, by the which the said air shall come forth with violence. But if you pierce the vessel A there will not be the same effect, because in it the air is not pressed. But it is here to be Observed, that although the air may be pressed, it is but only to a certain degree, which is about a third part: and for proof thereof, If the vessel C were as great as B, it were impossible that the said vessel should be filled with water, but that the air shall often break forth, and that because B is not capable to contain so much air: therefore let it be held that the air may be pressed in a close vessel to a certain degree. There is another way to force the water with violence into the small vessel, by the means of a Seringe, as in the second Figure.   

PROP. 2  
The water cannot enter into a vessel, but there must come forth as much air, except the water be sent in by force.  
 
TO Demonstrate this, let there be a vessel as A, and let the pipe X be fastened in the cover thereof, so that it may near touch the bottom of the said vessel; and let the small vessel D be fastened to that end of the pipe which is without the vessel: Then if you pour water into the said vessel A until it comes to be of the height V, which is the end of the pipe, and then the air being shut in in the vessel A, hinders the water which is in D from entering into the vessel A. But it is to be noted in this Rule, that if the water be forced into the vessel A with violence, it may be filled to a third part or thereabouts, and the said violence is caused if the pipe X be made very long, or if you force the water in with a Seringe, as hath been said; and as may be seen in the second figure.   

A corollary. PROP. 3.  
It follows by the contrary reason that if a vessel be full of water it cannot be emptied, so that the air shall not enter therein.  
 
AS let the vessel or Vial D be proposed, which let be full of water, and let it be reversed, so as the mouth or neck may touch the water, which shall be set under it in a vessel; it is certain that although the mouth of the said vial be downwards, no water shall run out, because the air cannot enter to supply the place of the water that should run out.   

PROP. 4.  
There can be no vacuity.  
 
THis is that which hath been said in the Preface: the proof whereof may be gathered from the foregoing corollary, and divers other examples, whereof here is one: If you have a Copper pipe B, whereof the end C is in the water, and let the other end D be open, to the end that the Pestle A may be put therein, which shall be like to those which are used for Pumps and Forcors of water; and that the said end A, well environed with leather, to the end that putting water in E it may not run through to B; then if A be raised to the point F, the water X which is level with the point C, shall ascend to B, to supply so much place as is between A and F; so the water ascends higher than the level, that there should be no void place left in B.   

PROP. 5  
If the air be pressed in a vessel wherein there is water, and that you give it passage by some pipe, the said water shall come forth with violence.  
 
If the air be pressed in the vessel X, (let it be by means of a Seringe or by a pipe, as hath been said before,) it is certain that then when the water hath passage, it comes with a great deal more force than if it came forth from an open vessel, as B.   

PROP. 6.  
If the water Descends with violence into two equal vessels, there shall enter more water into that vessel where the water Descends from the highest place, and the air shall be more pressed therein, and there shall be the same rate or proportion between the quantity of water contained in those vessels, as there is between the heights from whence the Water hath descended.  
 
LEt there be two vessels B and C, to which the water descends with violence by the pipes M and N, the longest of which is N, From whence it follows that there enters more Water in the vessel C then in B, and there is the same rate of the Water D to the Water O, as there is of the length of the pipe N, to the length of the pipe M. And it also follows from hence, that in the vessel C, where there is more Water, the Air shall be more pressed then in B, and the effects thereof may be seen by the small pipes P and X, of the which two P casts the water highest; because the Air is more pressed in the vessel C, then in the vessel B, in the same manner as before we may proportion the air of the two vessels to the heights of the Water springing forth by the small pipes P and X, the which ought to be equal.   

PROP. 7.  
All heavy things whatsoever weigh more in the Air then in the water.  
ALthough that every heavy body hath always in its self its proper weight, yet nevertheless they are also considered diversely, according to the place where they are placed, as it is certain that wood weighs nothing in the water, because it doth not des end towards the centre of the Earth, which is proper to all heavy things; But if it be in the air, it falls towards its centre with weight: wherefore we may say that it weighs more in the Air then in the Water: and so we may say of all Bodies, although they are heavier than the Water, for although they fall towards their centre of gravity in the Water, yet it is not with such swiftness. It is not necessary to show here by what quantity the said heaviness is more weighty in the air then in the Water; sending the Curious to the Books of Archimedes, concerning things falling in the Water: where it is demonstrated that heavy things weigh more in the air then in the Water, by the quantity of Water, which is equal to them.  

A corollary.  
It is here to be Observed that Waters are of diverse weights, and they say that on the Territories of Cara in Spain, there be two fountains, in the one of which divers things being put, sink to the bottom; the which being put in the other, float at top. They report the same thing of the Lake of Sodom. and of the fountain of Arethus. The which effect comes to pass by reason of the weight of the Water: and from hence we may infer, that one and the same thing weighs more in lighter Water, then in heavier water.    

PROP. 8.  
Water weighs upon that which sustaineth it, according to its height.  
 
I Have given this example, because that divers deceive themselves upon this subject, which have thought to raise Water, not considering the weight, when it comes to be raised very high. That which is then to be understood by this Proposition, is that the sucker C, being at the end of the pipe M, to sustain the Water which is within the said pipe, that the Water weighs upon it according as the height thereof shall be in the pipe. As let us suppose that the Water be in the pipe as high as D, and that it weighs 20 pounds, if we fill the said pipe to E, which is as much again, it shall weigh 40 pound, and if we double it again, it shall weigh 80 pound: And according to the greater or lesser height of the Water within the pipe M, the sucker C shall be harder or easier to lift up; which is that which ought to be considered, when the water is to be raised very high: to the intent to proportion the thickness of the pipes to their height: so as the Water that is in them may not be too heavy for the moving force. It is also to be Observed that in Cisterns the force of the Water ought not to be taken from the bottoms where the pipe is soldered, but from the superficies of the water which is in them: as may be seen in the Cisterns A and B: wherein the water that is in B hath more force, because it is higher than A, although the pipes are of equal thicknesses and lengths.   

PROP. 9  
The water naturally ascends to the level of the place from whence it did descend.  
THis proportion is very intellegible, and is as much as to say that if there be a Spring as B, the water whereof enters into the Receiver C, and if there be a pipe as D descending right down or obliquely, the water shall ascend therein to E, which is the level or height above of the vessel C: and if the said vessel be not full but to the point F, the Water shall not ascend through the pipe D, but to the point G, the level of the said point F, and although the pipe coming from the vessel C, be not drawn so high, if the end of the pipe through which the Water passeth be small and the pipe great, it shall ascend to its level; but according as the ends of the pipes through which the said Water passeth are greater, so the Water is deficient in its height. This may be seen in the figure by the small pipes XZP.  
  

PROP. 10.  
Of the crooked Pipe, by which the water is darwn forth.  
 
THis pipe is in use in divers places, and hath been treated of by Hero of Alexandria. But it must not be here omitted, because it falleth several times in use for our subject, and also to understand the reason thereof: this pipe than is called by divers a Syphon: and hath that end which is without the vessel longer than the other; And if the Air be drawn forth which is within the said pipe when it begins to run, it shall not cease until it have emptied the vessel as high as the other end; And that which in effect may seem strange of the said Syphon, is, that the Water riseth higher than the top of the vessel by the said pipe: the reason whereof shall be given thus. Let the vessel be B, and the Syphon CVX. And let the top thereof be V and the end VX longer than VC, then when the Air which is in it, is drawn forth by the end M, the Water of the vessel B enters therein to fill the place. Now it being full the Water contained from V to X being more heavy than that from V to C, makes it run towards M. And as that Water cannot run forth of the pipe, unless there enters something therein to fill the place, and the Air cannot enter the water by any place of the vessel B, the Water shall ascend until it comes to empty itself to the height of C, and then the Air entering therein the course of the water shall cease.   

PROP. 11.  
Of another kind of Syphon: and how the Air may be drawn forth by the means of another vessel.  
 
THere may be made divers kinds of Syphons, but behold here one which seems to be most different: which nevertheless depends upon the same reason with the former. Let the vessel be B, and let the pipe DC be soldered to the bottom passing through it: Then let one end of the pipe AXZ be put about it, so as the end X may be closed and soldered so as the water may not enter but by AZ, but AZ must not touch the bottom: therefore the pipe AXZ shall be fastened to the pipe D by two small tennons M and N, and it must be observed that the said pipe AXZ ought to be made of such a thickness that the Water contained between it and the pipe D may be equal to the water which is in D; the which being done the Water may be drawn forth by D, and perform the same effect as the former. But if either the one or the other of those Syphons contains so much Air that it cannot be drawn forth by aspiration, there shall be made a vessel as P very close and soldered on all parts, and it shall have one end F to join with D, the which vessel fill with Water, and join F and D together without taking Air, then if you turn the cock R the Water that runs forth from the vessel P shall draw the Air of the Syphon. And make it run.   

PROP. 12.  
The water runs equally by the means of a Syphon, if the end by which the Water of the said Syphon ascends doth only touch the Superficies of the water of the vessel.  
 
BEcause that in the foregoing pipes the Water runs not equally, being slower at the end then at the beginning. It shall be shown in this example how it may run equally, that is if to the end A of the pipe AC a small vessel of any matter be put, let it be what it will, so it may float upon the Water, and the end A of the pipe AC be put through the same, so as the end may touch the superficies of the Water, it is certain that the end C shall run equally, which is not so in other Syphons, the which run always swifter at the beginning then at the end.   

PROP. 13.  
The farther that the moving force is distant from the centre of motion, the more force it hath.  
The force moved with the wheel XO is understood by a Tree or Axis marked with DAM.  
From hence doth result the force of the Leaver, the which hath more force when it is handled at the farthest distance from the burden.  
And on this likewise depends the reason of the tree of the Screw press which is an engine of great force.   

PROP. 14.  
If a Wheel be turned by divers Pinions, to whose Axis any weight be fastened, the lesser Pinion shall be capable to move the greater weight: but it shall not turn the wheel so fast: and there shall be such rate or proportion of the quantity of one weight to the other, as is the difference of numbers of the Teeth of the said Pinions: and the times of raising the weights shall have also the same proportion the one to the other.  
LEt the toothed wheel be A, the number of Teeth whereof let be 100 if this Wheel be led with divers Pinions, and the same force moves them, that Pinion shall give the most force to the Wheel to raise any weight whose number of teeth is the least: But the said Wheel shall turn slower, as hath been said. And herein behold the Example, If the Wheel A be turned by the Pinion C of 10. Teeth, and be capable to raise a weight of 200. and instead of the Pinion of 10. teeth, it be turned by a Pinion of 5. than it the force to raise 400. But as the weight is double in gravity to the first, so also it shall be as long again a raising up, because the Pinion being 10. and the wheel 100 the Pinion ought not to be turned above 10. times to make a whole turn or revolution of the Wheel: But if the Pinion be 5. it must make 20. turns before the Wheel makes one, because the number 5. is contained 20 times in 100 And so as the Pinion C is double to the Pinion F, the weight raised by F, shall be double to the weight raised by C, And the time of the raising it shall be also double.   

PROP. 15.  
If two Wheels are equal in Form and Matter, and there be unequal Weights fastened to their axtrees, they cannot be moved by the same Force in the same Time.  
THis Proposition doth in some sort result from the former, as may be seen in the Demostration.  
Let there be two equal Wheels D and F, of 96. Teeth, and let there be fastened to the Axis G a weight of 300, and to B, one of 400; and let it be supposed that the Pinion T, of eight teeth moves the said weight by the means of the force of one Man. It is certain that if there be put to the Wheel F, a Pinion equal to T, that the same Man or the same Force which was only made to turn T, will not suffice to turn a Pinion equal to it in the Wheel F, because of the weight V, which is heavier than M: If then you would move the Weight V by the same force; you must put to the Wheel F a Pinion which hath such proportion to T, as the weight M hath to the weight V. Now the Pinion T being of 8. the Pinion X must be of 6. because that there is the same rate of 8. to 6. as of 400. to 300. and the same Pinion X of 6. teeth being moved by the force aforesaid, the weight V shall be raised; but not in the same Time, because there are made but 12. Turns of T, to make one Turn of D, and there must be 16. Turns of X to make one Turn of F.   

PROP. 16.  
If two unequal Weights be put to the ends of the Beam of a balance, and if they be hanged on a point which divides the Beam into two parts having the same rate the one to the other, in length, as the said weights have in heaviness, Those weight although unequal shall be in equal balance, if the lighter be put to the end of the longest part of the Beam.  
LEt the unequal Weights be D and E, and let D be 15. pound weight and E 6; I say that they being at the end of the Beam of the balance AB if they be hanged on a point as C, so as the part AC may have such proportion to the part CB, as the weight E to the weight D; D being at the shortest distance from the centre of the Beam shall not weigh more than E, which is at the longest end: because the weights are heavy in proportion according to their distance from the point on which the Beam of the balance is hanged.  
Now if the Beam of the balance be divided into 7 parts there shall be 5. parts on the one side of the centre, and 2. on the other; which are in the same proportion as the Weights 15. and 6; because 6. is the two fifths of 15, as 2. is of 5. And if the difference of the Weights D and E, were greater or lesser, they shall always be in equal balance, if the Beam be hanged from a point which divides it as is before said. You may see other Examples in the Figures following P, which differ from this.  

A corollary.  
From hence it follows, that two equal Weights are not alike heavy if they be put at the end of a Beam which is hanged from unequal parts: And it must be observed that although the two sides of the Beam are in equal balance, if they are of unequal length, equal weights shall weigh unequal.  
As for example, If the Beam AB be hanged in C, so as CB may be longer than AC by a fourth part, and yet AC and CB be in equal balance, because the part AC is thicker than the part CB, yet if the equal weights D and F, be put to the ends of the Beam AB, the weight F shall weigh a fourth part more, which is the difference of BC and AC.    

PROP. 17.  
The manner to shut and open the Cocks of the Phneumatique engine, by the means of Water.  
IN the Construction of the Phneumatique engine which causeth Water to mount higher than the Spring, There is required a vessel which ascends and descends by means of the Water to turn the Cocks; therefore I have put here certain examples, among which you may choose the most convenient both for that engine, and for the other engines.  
Now behold the effect of the Vessel, in which there is a Syphon, which shall be something lower than the height of the Vessel; and the said Syphon shall be larger than the Pipe which gives Water to the Vessel; when M is empty the weight L shall turn the Cock towards it, but when the Pipe H, hath filled M, than the said M weighing more than the weight L, shall draw back the Cock towards itself, and then the Syphon beginning to run shall make M lighter than the weight L, and so the Cock shall be turned back again.  
There may be also made another Vessel as F, which may be so hanged upon the handle as it may be movable upon two Pins, and may over-turn and empty the water when it is full. And to perform this, the Pins must not be diametrically opposite, but more towards one side then towards the other; Now because the said Vessel being empty should return of itself, the counter-poise E must be put to the lighter side, to balance it equally; this being done, if there be a weight (as hath been said in the aforegoing Proposition) which shall be heavier than F, that Vessel F shall be at the highest when it is empty, but when it is half full being heavier than D, the said Vessel shall descend towards F, and being full it shall empty itself towards X: and being empty it shall be again lighter than the Weight, and return to its first place; where it shall be till it be filled again to descend.  
The reason of the emptying may be gathered from the corolary of the 16. Proposition.  
There may be also made another manner of Vessel for the same use: as you may see in the Figure SZX.   

PROP. 18.  
Of the Value or Suspiral.  
IT will be also necessary for the understanding of the following engine to demonstrate the manner of the value of Copper which openeth itself by intervals; to the intent that if the Air may enter into the Vessels from beneath, and shut itself when the said Vessels are full; to the end that the Water pass not out by it. The which value shall be figured thus; Let HIKL be a small box of Lead, about one inch and a half in diameter, and 3 inches long very well Soldered, within the said box is the value GDCE made after this manner: GD is a small Pipe of Copper, about ¼ of an inch; and towards the end D there are two small props which hang the tongue or value of Copper C, which falls upon the hole D, to shut it when there is need, there is also to the box HIKL a small Pipe XM, the lower part of which is soldered to the Pipe OC.  
Then to see the effect of the said value; Let us suppose that there is two Pipes to the Pipe CO, the one to empty it, and the other to fill it: and let the Pipe X be stopped, which is that which fills the said Vessel, and let B be opened; then the Water that comes from the Vessel draws in the Air by the small Pipe DG, and lifts up the Copper tongue C and B: Being stopped it shuts itself and when the Water hath filled the Vessels CO, and HIL, the said Water pressing the value against the end C, there shall no Water come forth.   

PROP. 19  
Of the Cock with four Vents.  
 
THis Figure following is set down to show more distinctly the manner of the Cock D; whose barrel is pierced in 4 places; to the end that the key C turning either one way or the other, in the required time, the Water may sometimes run out by E, and sometimes by F; and that F or E may run when the hole of the key C shall agree with the one or the other of them: It shall also empty by means of the Vessel M, as the Cock H shuts, when one of the Pipes is opened, and then when the said Pipe shuts to make the other Run, than the Cock shall open again by means of the counterpoise GL, and the pulleys K. As you see it in the figure.   

A Description of the engine by which part of the Water is raised higher than the Spring.  
TO come to the Construction of this engine. First let there be made 4. Pipes of Copper, or of thick Lead sufficient to bear the strength of the Water and Air, and let them be 6. inches in Diameter, and 6. or 7. foot long, marked in the Figure with the letter A, and let the little Pipes E be Soldered to the ends of them at the bottom, so as the Water may be communicated from one to the other: furthermore let there be Soldered four small Pipes F, above the Pipes A, to the intent that the Air be communicated from the one to the other: also let four little Pipes marked with the figure 3 be Soldered, which are those by which the Water ascends; and they must be Soldered a travers above the great Pipes, and the end entering within almost to the bottom. Moreover there must be four other great Pipes made like to the first, the which shall be put as much lower as you would raise the Water higher than the Spring, and let the small Pipes D be Soldered in them, to the end that the Air may enter there when the Water enters by the Pipes C, and therefore let them be Soldered above; and let there be four Pipes at I communicating all the Water to the Pipe GH, and let the Cock L be Soldered to the bottom of that Pipe and above at the top let the value K be Soldered, made as is before described in the 18th Proposition: and let the Pipes D and F be made common by one Pipe: moreover let the small Vessel S be made, which may have the sides about the height of one foot; and upon the bottom of it by the base of the Emboiteure let there be Soldered the Cock N, to which Cock let there be the Pipes O and P, the which Pipe P shall go almost to the bottom of one of the Pipes marked with A, and O shall be conducted almost to the bottom of the Pipes C: also at the top of the Vessel S, let there be the small Pipe V, to give Water to the Vessel Y, when it is required: which Vessel Y shall be of Copper, having a small hole at the bottom. Concerning the motion whereof, it hath been declared in the foregoing Examples. There must be also a Counterpoise M, to the intent that when the Vessel Y shall be empty it may draw back by its weight as well the Vessel as the Cocks, in their place  
Behold here somuch as concerns the fabric and disposition of the Pipes. We come now to the effect.  
Let T be the height of the Spring, and let the Water run into the Vessel S, and let the Pipe P be open, than the Vessels A shall be filled, and when they are full the Water shall begin to run by the small Pipe V into the Vessel Y, the which being full (and then being heavier than the weight M) shall descend towards R, and shut both the Cock L and the Pipe P, and then the Water falling into S shall run by the Pipe O into the Pipes C, the Air of which Pipes passing through the Pipe D into the Pipes F presseth the Water which is in A, and constrains it to ascend by 3. Now when A is empty and C full, the Vessel Y shall be also made light by means of the small Pipe Z, which empties the said Vessel about the same time as C is filled: then the same vessel Y ascends again in its place, and P opens as it was before to fill the Pipes A. And so this engine moves continually, by which the Water is raised higher than the Spring, of the height as is between the Pipes A, and the Pipes C.  
Behold here that which was to be demonstrated touching this engine, which among all the Phneumatique engines, is that which with less force raiseth greatest quantity of Water: And as concerning other inventions to Conduct the Water of Springs or Falling Waters, or to make them Navigable, or to raise Water out of Rivers by divers ways, in great abundance for the use of Towns, royal Houses, or palaces, shall be demonstrated in that which follows.  
It is here to be noted that the Frame of Timber upon which the Pipes are put, and the pulleys fastened in the foregoing Figures, are not there described: Because they would have hindered the full Sight of all the parts of this engine.    

The Explanation of the PLATES and FIGURES Following.  

The first Plate, Eigure I. To raise Water by the currant of a River, and the force of a Pump.  
THIS engine commonly called a Pump, is called by Vitruvius and Hero, the Stesibique engine, retaining the name of the Inventor thereof; which was Stesibius of Alexandria. I will show three ways to raise Water by this engine. The first shall be by the currant of a River (as the Figure shows) where there is a water Wheel, and at each end of the axletree of the said Wheel is a handle of strong Brass, and forged to sustain the force and weight of the said Wheel: and if the said Wheel be ten feet broad, and twelve feet in Diameter, the said handle shall be at least four inches square, and shall be rounded in the middle at the places marked with A, and there shall be also two pieces of wood called Levers marked with the letters B and C, fitted to the arm of the said handles, the one of which riseth, and the other goeth down when the Wheel turns: and the said Levers shall be also fitted to two arms or branches marked with D and E; the which raiseth the Buckets and Suckers of the Pumps Alternately, and so the Water shall be raised to the Vessel F; And from thence you may conduct it whither you please. As concerning the height which it ought to rise; I am of opinion that it must not be constrained to rise more than thirty feet in height with one Pump; as shall be taught in the following problem: the great Pipe G, is the place where the Sucker lies, which sustains the Water when the Buckets or Suckers of the Pumps are not lifted up. The Figure with the ordinary practice which is had of Pumps, will make you easily understand this engine. And if the currant of the River be strong, and it is required to have store of Water; you may make the Diameter within the barrels ten or twelve inches, and the height eight or nine Foot: And to make it well, the Buckets ought to rise and fall four foot; and when they are at their greatest height that they may have four foot of Water above them, to the intent that the Air may not escape; for if the Water be not high enough between the top of the Barrel and the Bucket, the Air will pass through the Water by bubbles, and make the engine useless: and especially when the Water is forced to rise above fifteen or twenty foot. Therefore you must take heed that that accident do not happen. The proportion also of the Pipes MNO shall be about four inches in Diameter, if the aBrrels be twelve: if the said Barrels be less, the said Pipes shall be less in proportion.   

The Explanation of the Second Figure. Plate II. Another way to raise Water by means of a falling Water.  
THis other manner of raising of Water, is done by a falling Water, raised so as it may fall upon the Wheel A, to turn it; and in turning it to raise the Water of the Pump B, to 24. or 30. feet high, and the other side C takes the said Water in the first elevation in the Trough D, and may raise it from thence 24. or 30. feet high. The aforegoing Figure will give the manner and way of the raising of the Water in the first height: and the second height is done after the same manner, as may easily be comprehended by the Figure: the which Figure is not made high enough according to the proportion of the measures; because the Paper would not permit: but you may easily imagine the said height, as it ought to be.   

Explanation of Plate III. To raise the Water of a Spring, or River by the force of Horses.  
BUt if there is not a River strong enough, nor a falling currant, the Water may be raised by the means and force of one Horse, or more, according to the quantity and the height which is desired. This present design is made to raise the Water 60. foot high, and four Horses will raise about 60. in an hours time, which is about 30000. pound weight. Therefore first let there be a straight axletree of wood, a foot square, and 60. foot high, marked with A, the which turns between two Pins, and above near the end, there is a Wheel of 24 Teeth, marked with B, the which turns a lantern or Pinion of 12. Staves, marked with C, and a Wheel of eighteen Teeth, marked D. But there are but nine Teeth in the half of the Circumference, the other half is void; and there are also two other Wheels, marked with E and F, of equal bigness, and also nine Teeth on each Wheel; and let the toothed part of all the three Wheels be put above: then there must be a pulley put above marked with G, over which a Cord must pass, the which must be fastened by the two ends to the Axeltrees of the Wheels C and F, so as turning about one of the Wheels it may unturn the other: as you may see, and better consider in the Figure of the orthography following. Then you must put the said Wheels E and F, against D, so as D turning always the same way may make E turn half a turn, and then when it shall be in the last Tooth, the first of the Wheel F shall represent itself against the Wheel D, because the Wheel E shall make it turn back again, by means of the common Cord and Pully G: and after the said Wheel D hath catched the first Tooth of F, it shall continue to the ninth; and afterwards the first of the Wheel E shall represent itself again. And so the two Wheels E and F shall turn forward and backward half a turn alternately: and to the axletree H and L there shall be fastened two strong Cords, which shall draw up the two Buckets which go into the Barrels M and N, and have about three feet play, rising and falling; and they shall be made of Brass, well fitted within the Barrels, and that they may descend of themselves without being constrained: And so there is no Leather put about the Buckets, as is ordinarily done in common Pumps. And it is to be noted that the swifter the Buckets come up, so much the more Water they raise, which may be observed in all sorts of Pumps.  
It is also to be noted that the two Transverse pieces OP aught to be but one piece, to the which the other transverse piece Q ought to be joined, in the which the four ends of the Axeltrees of the Wheels BCEF do turn.   

The Explanation of Plate iv. This Plate gives a larger demonstration of the former, by means of the orthography.  
FOr the better understanding of the foregoing Figure, I have represented here the plain of the orthography; to the end that by it you may understand the motion and meetings of the three Wheels EDF. Let then each of those Wheels have nine Teeth in the half Circumference, and let that part of the Wheels that hath the Teeth in them be turned upwards, so as the first Tooth of the one meet with the Teeth of the Wheel D, when the last of the other hath passed beyond it: and there must be a Cord marked RS to go in a pulley marked T, the which shall be firmly fastened to the two Axtrees, as may be seen in the Figure. So as if the Teeth of the Wheel E be entered, it shall make the Wheel F to turn half a turn by the Cord which is fastened to the axletree of the said Wheel, and shall present the first Tooth V when the last of the Wheel E marked with X shall be passed: and so the Wheel F making its half turn, shall make E to return as it was before; so as by means of these half turns (turning and returning) the Buckets of the Pumps shall be raised and depressed, as if it were with a turning handle: And the difference which is between the said handle and this present Invention, is, that the said handle doth not raise the Bucket Perpendicularly, as this present Invention doth, the which is much better. Likewise to raise the Water very high, and in such abundance, it is necessary that the said handles be very strong, as hath been said before. And if you will not use the said handles to the foregoing engines to raise the Water by the means of Water Wheels, you may use this present Invention.  
As concerning the Barrels, if you would spare the quantity of Brass or Lead which they ought to have in making of them 30 or 40 foot long, you may make them only of 4 foot long, of the Diameter of the Bucket, and over them viz. at ZY fit small Pipes into them: as you may see in the Figure.   

The Explanation of Plate V. To make a dial with the course of a natural Fountain, the which shall move very true, without being subject to be word up daily.  
LEt the course of the Fountain be from the Pipe marked with A, the which shall be hollow within about the Diameter of a writing quill, the Water whereof shall fall into the Vessel B, to which there shall be two Pipes, that is one marked with C, Soldered to the bottom of the said Vessel, which hath a small Cock marked D; then there is a small emptying Vessel marked with E, and the said Vessel shall be fastened to a small Lever marked with FG, made as the Figure demonstrates, with a hinge to bend only one way: and the end of the said Lever shall be entered in one of the Teeth of a great Wheel, marked with HI, so as the Vessel E descending the end of the Lever G shall raise the Tooth in which it is entered, somewhat more than one Tooth, to the intent that the greater Leaver L may fall into the next Tooth, and stop the Wheel HI: there shall be also a counterpoise marked O, fastened to the Lever FG, to draw down the end G, when the Vessel E is empty, and so the Water falling in the said Vessel shall make it heavier than the conuter-pois O, and then it shall descend and raise the end G, and move the said Wheel H one Tooth: and the Water falling always shall fill the said Vessel and make it to overturn, and then the counter pois O being heavier than the empty Vessel shall again draw down the end G, and the other above marked with L shall stay the wheel that it shall not return: The said Wheel must have 60 Teeth; and so the Water which falls in the Vessel E being so justned by the Cock D, that every minute of an hour the said Vessel may overturn, and by that means the Wheel HI shall make one Turn in an hour: and then you may make a Pignon to the arbour of the said Wheel having six Teeth, the which may move a Wheel of 72 Teeth, and by that means the hand above M shall show the course of the 12 hours, and that beneath shall show the course of one hour: and when the said dial shall be well justned, it shall continue a long time without alteration. You must also note that it is necessary that the water of the Vessel B be as high as the Pipe P, to the intent that the said Water fall always equally in the emptying Vessel; and that it may so do, it is necessary that there fall somewhat more Water into the said Vessel B, then there runs forth by the Pipe C: and the overplus shall run out by the Pipe P.   

The Explanation of Plate VI. To counterfeit the Voice of small Birds by means of Water and Air.  
LEt there be two Vessels marked with A and B, that marked with A shall be filled with Water, and that marked with B very close and Soldered on every side, than the Pipe CD, must be Soldered one end to the bottom of the Vessel A, and the other passing to the upper part of B, and that the end D may be so far distant from the bottom of B as is necessary to let the Water pass, there must be a Cock marked with P, to the said Pipe, to open and shut it when it shall be required: There must be also made the Pipe GH, by which the Air may pass through the said Vessel A, or else it shall be conducted to the place where you would make the Birds to Sing; to the end of which shall be fitted a small Whistle like to those which the Organ makers do make, to represent the Song of a Nightingale, and the said Whistel shall be put into the Water; and so when you open the Cock F, the Water shall descend to the lower Vessel, and the Air which is in the said Vessel shall issue forth by the Pipe GH, the which shall make the Whistel to sound which is at the end of the said Pipe, and then you may put to it an Artificial Tree, upon which you may put some Birds of Wood or metal, painted like as the natural.  
As concerning the Figure of the Globe DB, it may serve for pleasure to cast the Water very high by the Pipe A, after that you have forced it in with violence with the Seringe C.  
And for the manner of the Whistle put into the Water, you may see it Figured in the following Figure at the place marked with K.   

The Explanation of Plate VII. To add a Swan or other figure to the singing of the Birds spoken of before, which shall Drink or Sip up as much water as you shall present to her Beack.  
THis is only the difference between this and the foregoing Figure, that the Vessel above marked with A is close and Soldered on every side: it shall have a small receptacle or Funnel N to fill it, the which being full and N stopped, when you open the Cock F the Water entering into the lower Vessel shall make the Air pass forth, and so make the Birds Sing, and the Water passing out of the upper Vessel A shall sip up by the Beack of the Swan all the Water or liquour which you shall put under her Beack.  
It hath been said before that K is the Figure of the Whistle put into the Water to imitate the Singing of Birds.   

The Explanation of Plate VIII. To make an engine which shall move of itself.  
THere have been divers Men which have traveled to find out a motion which they have called (without knowledge) Perpetual, or without end, a thing very ill considered and ill understood, because all that which hath a beginning is subject to have an end; and the word Perpetual or without end ought to be applied to God alone, who as he had no beginning, cannot also have an end, so as it is folly and deceit in Men to make themselves believe that they can make perpetual Works; seeing that themselves are mortal, and subject to an end: so also are all their works: Therefore I will leave those words of Perpetual or without end, and will show the fabric of an engine which shall move of itself, seeing it is entertained of the four Elements, of which it is composed; and the reason of its motion shall be Heat or want of Heat, which shall serve as a counterpoise to that engine: as may be seen here by the Construction. Let there be a Vessel of Lead or Copper, about a foot and a hal● square, very close and Soldered on every side, which shall have a Pipe in the middle, marked with DE, the end E shall be near the bottom of the Vessel, leaving only room for the Water to pass, the other end D shall be well Soldered against the top of the Vessel, and it shall have also a vent marked with F: afterwards you must raise up the two sides of the engine NM, so as the Axtree O with the pulley G may turn easily, and may show the motion of the said engine without the side M: the motion of which engine with the Index is opposite to the said Axtree: there must be also the border PQ Soldered upon the Vessel, the which shall serve when you will to put Water into the Vessel; and also when the Water ascends by the Pipe ED that it might not scatter abroad: all this being well and justly made, power Water into the said Vessel by D E, till it be about the third part full; and while you put the Water in open the vent F, But when the Water is in, stop it very well. Then you must have a little ball of Copper very light, marked with the letter L, the which may float upon the Water, and shall be fastened by a small thread, so as the said ball may Ascend and Descend by the Pipe DE, when the Water riseth and falls: also the said thread to which the ball is fastened must pass over the pulley G, to the end of which thread is fastened a small counterpoise R, as the whole may be well seen in the Figure. Afterwards you may put the said engine in a Chamber, where the Sun shines in at Noon: Then when it is made a little hot the ball is raised up, and the counterpoise depressed, which will turn the Index, and will show the height that the ball is mounted, and as it is colder the ball Descends, and so as the Times change so the ball riseth and falls. You must note that if the Vessel be one foot and a half high, and being filled a third part with Water, there shall remain one foot for the ball to rise and fall: and making the pulley four inches in Diameter, than it shall turn one Turn if the ball be raised up to the end D, so that dividing the dial into twelve equal parts, each part shall show an inch that the ball hath risen or fallen.  
As concerning the use of this engine, it will serve to show the temper of the Air, and whether the days are hit, or Cold, or Temperate.   

The Explanation of Plate ix..  
IN this Plate there are two Figures marked with 1 and 2, the first marked with 1, is a Clock of an other manner, which may be made in places where there is found no running Spring. First there is made a Vessel of Copper or Lead, as the Figure A; the which shall hold about a Hogshead of Water: this Vessel shall be square and somewhat higher than it is broad, in which there shall be a little Vessel of Copper, marked with F, which shall be also square, very close, and Soldered on every side; the which is to float upon the Water of the said Vessel A: afterwards there must be a Syphon, or Crooked Pipe, made as the Figure BCD doth demonstrate, the which must pass through a Pipe of Copper, which shall be in the middle of the little Vessel: and the said Pipe must pass from one part of the said Vessel to the other, and the Syphon must enter into it with some force; and the end of the said Syphon must enter into the Water of the Vessel A: and above at the point C there is fastened a Cord passing over the pulley L, and at the other end the counterpoise E shall be fastened, and there shall be fastened an Index to the end of the Axtree I, the which shall show the Hours on the dial OP: and after the Vessel A is filled the Vessel F is put into it, as hath been said, and also the Syphon and counterpoise: then you shall draw the Water of the said Syphon at the end D, with the mouth: and because the said end is lower than the level of the Water of the Vessel A, the said Water shall have its course and shall fall in an other Vessel marked with H, and according to the measure that the Water of the said Vessel Descends, the small Vessel F Descends with the Syphon; which causeth the pulley to turn, and consequently the Hand of the dial. To justen the course of the Hours, you must lengthen or shorten the Syphon in the Copper Pipe of the small Vessel: for putting the said Syphon more into the Water it shall run Swifter, and on the contrary drawing it back it shall make it run flower: it must also be noted, to make it go very true, it is necessary to fit a small Pipe to the end D, the end of which, where the small hole is by which the water runs shall be of fine Gold; to the intent that the said hole may not wear, which it will do if it be either of Lead or Copper: and when the Vessel A shall be near empty, you shall raise it again with a small Pump marked with G.  

In the second Figure of this Plate marked by the figure 2. There is declared the manner of a very subtle engine, to raise a standing Water, by means of the Sun.  
THis engine hath a great effect in Hot Places, as in Spain, and Italy, because the Sun shines in those places almost always with great Heat; especially in the Summer. The construction whereof is thus. You must have four Vessels of Copper well Soldered round about, each of which shall be about a foot square, and eight or nine inches high; the said Vessels are marked with ABC and D: and there must be also a Pipe marked with E, put upon the said Vessels, to which Pipe there shall be Soldered four branches, each branch being marked with the letter F, the said branches shall be Soldered to the top of the Vessels passing almost to the bottom of each Vessel: Then there must be Soldered a Sucker marked with G to the middle of the Pipe, made and placed so that when the Water Springs out of the Vessels it may open, and being gone forth it may shut again: You must also have another Pipe at the bottom of the said Vessels marked with P, to which there is also four branches, the which shall be all Soldered against the bottoms of the said Vessels, and also a Sucker marked H, to the end of which there is a Pipe which descends to the bottom of the Water, the which shall be in a cistern or Vessel marked with I: there shall be also to one of the Vessels a hole or vent, marked with M. So placing the engine in a place where the Sun may shine upon it, power Water into the Vessels by the hole or vent M, the which Water shall be communicated to all the Vessels by means of the Pipe P: and the said Vessels must have about a third part of their content in Water; and the Air which was in the place of the said Vessels shall pass out by the passages 3, 4, 5, 6, afterwards you must stop all those passages very close, so as the Air may not come out of the said Vessels; and than the Sun shining upon the said engine shall make an expression, because of the heat (as hath been shown in the foregoing problem) which causeth the Water to rise from all the Vessels to the Pipe E, and pass forth by the Sucker G, and the Pipe N, and then fall into the Basin O, and from thence into the cistern I: and when there shall be a great quantity of Water run forth by the violence of the heat of the Sun, than the sucker G shall return; and after the heat of the day is passed, and the Night shall come, the Vessels (to shun vacuity) shall draw the Water of the cistern by the Pipe and Sucker HP, and shall fill the Vessels as they were before: so as the motion shall continue so long as there is Water in the cistern, and that the Sun shines upon the Vessels: And you must observe that the two Suckers G and H must be made very light, and likewise very just, so as the Water may not descend by them when it is raised.    

The Explanation of Plate X. An engine by which the force of the foregoing Fountain is increased.  
IF you desire to raise the Water five or six foot high, the foregoing engine cannot raise it, if the Sun do not shine upon it with great violence: and to increase the force of the Sun, it is necessary that the Vessels of Copper be made in manner as this present Figure doth declare: and upon the side AB there are put Burning Glasses, the which shall be well fitted to the Copper, so as no Air may come forth, the said Glasses are marked (the two great ones of every Vessel) by the letters CD, (and the small ones) EFGH, and the side of the Vessel L must be put towards the South, to the end that the Sun shining upon the said Burning Glasses may assemble the rays of the Sun within the said Vessels, the which will cause a great heat to the Water, and by that means make it spring forth in great abundance, and also higher if it be required: and as to the other sides of the Vessels where the Glasses are, they shall be put towards the West, for the Sun shins very hot afternoon: and you must observe that if the great heat makes all the Water to run out which is within the said Vessels, that is to say the third part of their contents, than you may put in more than the third, viz. a half of the content by the vent, as hath been said before. I have also made this present Figure greater than that which went before: and as concerning the upper Sucker, it may be in the Vessel which sustains the Basin of the Fountain: And the Burning Glasses may be as large as they are drawn in the Figure AB, and they must be thick in the middle, as the said Figures do declare.  

The manner to make a Cement, to Cement the Glasses to the Vessels, so as the Air may not come forth.  
TO make a Cement to endure the heat of the Sun, and to bind well to the Glass, take five or six pieces of quick Lime, the which being covered with Brick-dust, power a little Water upon the said Brick-dust, the which shall slake the Lime, and reduce it into powder: and you must be careful that you wet not the Lime too much: being so brought into powder, then temper it with old Cheese, mixing also about one third part of the said Brick-dust: then Cement well the joinings of the said Glasses with the Vessels of Copper. There is also another Sort of Cement to be made, the which is also very good for this effect: that is to say, of Glass ground with linseed oil, and mixed also with a little Slaked Lime: This last is also very good against the Water, and will not be moistened in any manner as the first, which serves only for things that are out of the Water.    

The Explanation of Plate XI. An engine to Saw Wood very readily by the force of a water Wheel.  
THis engine is very common among the Mountains of the Country of Swisser Land, with which they Saw great quantity of Firr Boards: the said engine is necessary to be in a great city, or in a Forest, where there is great store of Wood to Saw, either in Boards or other form: This here is not altogether like those used by the Swissers, for they make the pieces of Timber to come to the Saws by means of certain Toothed Wheels with a rochet; but because of the oft reparations of the said Toothed Wheels, I think always to avoid their use as much as I can. So I have put the two counterpoise each about two or three hundred pound weight, the one whereof is marked with A, and the other with B: the Cords on which the Counter-poises hang are fastened to two movable pieces of wood which slide upon two other fixed pieces of wood, by means of certain small pulleys that may be within a hinge, and so the said Counter p●is always drawing the said movable pieces of wood: and the piece which is to be Sawed being fastened between the said movable pieces, which shall come always forward and the Saws rising and falling shall Saw the said piece with great speed: you may put two three or four Saws at the least upon the same frame, so far asunder as the thickness of the Boards which are to be Sawn shall require. And when the piece of Timber is Sawn, then one or two Men with a Lever shall turn a Rowlet to which a strong Cord is made fast, which shall draw back the said piece, and draw up the counterpoise, and then you may put the piece a little toward one side, so as the Saws may take the said piece again.   

The Explanation of Plate XII. An engine of great service to Bore Elms or other Trees to make Pipes to convey Water, and for other uses.  
LEt there be a water Wheel to the Axtree, whereof let there be fastened a Wheel of thirty six Teeth or more, according to the swiftness of the Water Wheel, for if it turn slow there must be the more Teeth, and there must be a Pinion of six, which is turned by the aforesaid Toothed Wheel, as may be seen in the Figure: and to the Axtree of the said Pinion there shall be joined a long Auger, marked with the letter A, which shall be put through a hole marked with B, to be opened and shut as occasion shall require, as in a turner's Lathe: then the Tree to be bored is to be placed fast upon a frame, marked with CD, so as the said frame may slide easily by the means of certain little Wheels which are in the hollow thereof, and turn upon strong pins, so as one Man may put forward or draw back the said Tree when it shall be fastened upon the said frame; and so the Auger turning, the Man shall put the end of the said Tree against it, and when it hath entered it two or three inches, he must draw back the said Tree, to draw out the chips of the Auger, otherwise it will be in danger of breaking: and so you must continue always to draw back the said Tree at the piercing of every three or four inches, to take away the Chips, till the hole be quite through: And afterwards if you would have the hole wider, you must take such an Auger as the Figure E represents, which shall widen the hole which was before made.   

The Explanation of Plate XIII. A rare and necessary engine, by which you may give great relief to Houses that are on Fire.  
THis engine is much practised in Germany, and it hath been seen what great and ready help it may bring: for although the fire be 40▪ foot high, the said engine shall there cast its Water by help of four or five Men, lifting up and putting down a long handle in form of a Lever, where the handle of the Pump is fastened: the said Pump is easily understood. There are two Suckers within it, one below to open when the handle is lifted up, and to shut when it is put down, and an other to open to let out the Water: and at the end of the said engine there is a Man which holds the Copper Pipe A, turning it to and again to the Place where the fire shall be.   

The Explanation of Plate XIIII. To represent divers Birds which shall Sing diversely when an Owl turns towards them: and when the said Owl turns back again, they shall cease their Singing.  
THis motion hath formerly been represented by Hero of Alexandria, but not with so great variety of Birds, as I will here represent it. Therefore let there be a water Wheel, as A, the which shall turn in a Case of Lead or Copper marked with C, the which case shall serve to keep the Water from scataring abroad and spoiling the motion, and the Axtree of the said Wheel shall rest upon two round holes, which shall be on the sides of the said Case, and at one end of the said Axtree which cometh through the same Case there shall be a Pinion of 8 Teeth, marked with D, which shall turn a Barrel of 12. or 15. inches; also there must be 3 conveyances for the wind, marked with EFG, to which there are Soldered 3 Cocks, whereof the Keys are made as MO, to the end that when the Barrel turns the pins Q and R they may make the said conveyances open to let the Air into divers Whistels, the which shall make several different Tunes, according to the fabric of those Whistles, and the disposition of the Pins and Touches Q and R. And moreover you may give a certain motion to the tails and Beacks of the Birds; if you put certain strings to the Keys of the Cocks: as the Figure declares.  
As concerning the motion of the Owl, which turns forward and backward in a certain space of Time, the motion of it may be seen by the turning Vessel X, and the small Lever 3, and 4. where there is the counterpoise 8, for this Vessel descends when it is full, and makes the counterpoise to rise, and the pin of the Lever stops the Barrel by means of the pin marked 6, which is at the end thereof; and so the Birds cease their Singing: then when the Owl shall be towards them, and when the Vessel X is void, she shall turn again by the means of the counterpoise, and the Barrel shall begin to turn: As the Figure will demonstrate to you very exactly.   

The Explanation of Plate XV. An engine by which Galata shall be presented, which shall be drawn upon the Water by two Dolphins, going in a right line and returning of herself, while a Cyclope plays upon a flageolet.  
LEt there be a water Wheel marked with L, the breadth whereof is separated in the middle, and that on one side the Boxes where the Water falls be made to turn toward the right hand, and on the other side they be made to turn toward the left hand: and to the Axtree of the said Wheel there is a Pinion which turns a toothed Wheel marked with Z, and the said Wheel hath an Axtree also divided into two parts, marked with I and H, and to the said Axtree are two Chains fastened, so that when the said Axtree turns, one of the said Chains may turn about it, and the other unturn; the which Chains pass about the pulleys GF, and are both fastened to the pulley B, but one shall pass by E, so as when one turns the Axtree IH by the means of the water Wheel, the one of the said Chains may draw the said pulley B towards the motion: but if the water Wheel be made to turn the other way, than the Chain which passeth through the pulley E shall draw the pulley B to itself, and the other Chain shall let it go in proportion: and as concerning the said pulley B, it shall be put upon a Pipe of Copper, so as there may be a Plate of Copper under the said pulley, between the two long stones C and D, so as the said pulley may slide easily upon the said Stones. Then there shall be a small Box of Lead or Copper marked with P, about a foot and a half long and broad, to which there is a Valve Soldered to the bottom, marked with R, and at the end of the base thereof a Pipe marked with N, and at the middle of the said Box, on the side there is a Pipe marked with O, and between the space of the said Pipe and the bottom of the said Box there is a small Pipe which shall let Water into the Basin marked with S, Which shall be fastened to two turning Buckets marked▪ VT, so as when the Vessels shall be full of Water, that it may be heavier than the cover of the Valve R, and on the contrary, when the said Vessel shall be void, the cover of the said Valve must be heavier, to the intent that it may shut and draw the said Vessel up, and so when the Water shall run into the said box by the Pipe V it shall rise up to the Pipe O, and fall upon the side of the water Wheel L, then the said Wheel turning, shall turn I, and consequently the Axtree IH, so as the Chain shall turn about I and unturn H, than the Figure of Galatea shall move towards the pulley E, because it is drawn thither by the said Chain which turns about the Ax●ree I, the small Vessel S must be so proportioned, that being fed by the small Pipe, it may be full or near full and draw up the Valve when the Figure of Galatea shall be near the pulley E, and then the Water which shall be in the said box, shall fall by the Valve upon the other side of the water Wheel, and make it turn the other way, so as the Chain H must turn about the Axtree on the side H, and unturn on the side I, which will be the cause to make the Figure turn toward the motion, and so the pulley B shall be drawn (upon which the Figure is placed) sometimes forward, and sometimes backward, according as the double water Wheel shall turn, sometimes by the Water that runs by the Valve R, and sometimes by that which runs by the Pipe O, which is done divers times by means of the small Vessel S and the turning Buckets T and V, for when the Vessel S is empty the Valve R is shut, and the Water riseth up to the P●pe O to make the water Wheel turn one way, and when S is full it opens the Valve, and then all the water falls by the Valve R on the other side of the water Wheel, which makes it turn the other way: and so successively.  
As concerning the Cyclope playing upon the flageolet, the motion shall be showed in the following Figure.  
It is to be noted that the little box marked with P, is here represented open on one side, to the intent to sh●w the Valve R.   

The Explanation of Plate XVI. An engine by which the Sound of the flageolet shall be represented by the course of the Water.  
HEre shall be represented the engine proper to make the flageolet Sound to the Cyclope of the precedent plate: Therefore let there be a Musical Wheel marked with A, about 4 or 5 foot in Diameter, perfect round, and divided with Teeth, as you may see in the Figure, so as a Pinion of 8 Teeth marked with B may turn the said Wheel; and to the arbour of the said Pinion there shall be a Wheel having 32 Teeth, marked with D, which another Pinion marked with C shall turn, and to the arbour of the said Pinion C there shall be a water Wheel marked with F, about 2 foot and a half or 3, foot in Diameter, which shall be turned by the water descending from the Pipe G, and so when the said water Wheel shall turn it shall cause the Musical Wheel to turn, by means of the other Wheels: afterwards there shall be put the Summer marked with H, the fabric whereof shall be shown at large, so as the Keys of the said Summer shall be Parallel at half an inch dist●nce from the Musical Wheel: afterwards div●de the said Musical Wheel in 25, or 30. equal parts, each part in turning shall be an ordinary measure of music: and moreover all the said parts shall be divided into 8 equal parts, to put on crotchets upon each division, if it be required, of which there are 8 for one measure; and if you will you may put on Demi crotchets, or Quavers: afterwards the pins are to be put upon the said Wheel ¾ of an inch above the Superficies of the said Musical Wheel, so as when the Wheel shall turn, the said pins may touch the Keys of the Summer and put them down and cause them to open the Valus of the said Summer: as concerning the Pins they shall be put according to the Tune that you desire the flageolet to play. That which is here set down begins thus, And when you would change the Tune, it may be done by dismounting the Pinion B, out of the Musical Wheel by means of the Rest of Iron, upon which the Pinion shall be put, and loosening a small Screw which holds the said Rest in its place, than the said Rest being drawn from its hole, the said Pinion shall be disjoined from the Musical Wheel, which may be turned with the hand: you may fit any other Tune upon the said Wheel: the 12 holes that are in the Summer serves to convey the wind of the said Summer by the conveyances of Copper or Lead, to the Organ Pipes, to represent the Sound of the flageolet; all which shall be joined to the Figure of the Cyclope. The construction of the said Pipes shall be taught hereafter: the hooks which hang at the Cords PO, serve to draw up the Musical Wheel, that if there be any fault in the Valves within the Summer it may be helped by opening the said Summer before, as is done ordinarily, the great conveyance marked with S may be of Wood 4 inches square, to conduct the Wind to the Summer, which shall come from the Bellows, as shall be taught.   

The Explanation of Plate XVII.  
IN this Plate is represented the Figure of Neptune, which shall turn Circularly with certain Tritons, and other Figures, which shall cast forth Water in turning. The Wheel work belonging to the motion of these Figures shall be declared in the following Plate.   

The Explanation of Plate XVIII. This Plate declares the motion, and wheelwork of Neptune, and other figures represented in the foregoing Plate.  
LEt there be a water Wheel marked with A, which turning, shall turn a Toothed Wheel marked with B, the Pivot whereof shall rest upon a straight piece of wood, and the arbour above marked with PQ, shall be fastened firmly to a Pipe of Copper marked with Sir, and at the end thereof there shall be a small Receiver, where the water shall fall: Then there shall be a great Pipe marked with TV, which shall be also fastened to the arbour, a little lower than R, so as the said Pipe may turn upon another marked with pointed lines which shall be interlaced (marked also with pointed lines,) and the said great Pipe, and that in the middle shall be Soldered firmly to the bottom of the Reserve of Lead maked with CD, and the great Pipe XV shall be Soldered to a great Wheel marked with EF, which shall be within two inches of the bottom of the said Reserve▪ so as when the Wheel below B turns, the said Wheel EF may also turn; because they are fastened in one common Axtree: then on the top of the great Pipe there shall be another small Pipe marked with GH, which shall be Soldered against R, so as the Water Descending by the said Pipe may spring forth by the end H, and so when the water Wheel turns, the said Figures may be upon the said turning Wheel; and you may place Neptune upon the end H, so as the water may come to his Trident which he holds in his Hand, and to the Noses of the Horses which draws him, and the two Tritons upon M, and the Cupid which leads the Dolphins upon N: And you may likewise put certain other Figures upon Z; and to the intent to cover the Pipe which descends from S to the Base of the Reserve, you may make a Rock, as you may see in the foregoing design, which may descend from the top of the groat where the said motion shall be, almost to the bottom of the Reserve, without touching it, nor also any of the Pipes, to the end that all may turn freely, and the Reserve must be always full of Water a foot high, to the intent that you may not see the motion of the Wheel EF in turning.   

The Explanation of Plate XIX. An engine by which you may make a pair of Organs to Sound by the means of Water.  
THis engine is very like to that demonstrated in the 16 Plate, the difference is that, this here is seen foreright, and that other upon one side: the Musical Wheel marked with A may be of five or six foot in Diameter, which shall be turned by a Pinion of eight Teeth, to the Axtree whereof shall be fitted a Wheel of twenty four Teeth, Which shall be turned by a Pinion on whose Axtree the water Wheel C is fastened: the Keys are marked with D, and the Summer with F: the construction whereof shall be caught afterwards: the three Registers marked GHI, are different the one from the other. And to the intent that the noise of the motion may not be heard when the Organs play, it is good that there be a wall of a foot thick between the Registers and the said motion, the conveyances of the wind are of Copper, which coming from the Summer to the Registers pass through the said Wall.  
As concerning the Bellows to give wind to the Pipes; the motion of them shall be shown in the next problem, and also how to put the music upon the Musical Wheel.   

The Explanation of Plate XX. An engine by which the Bellows of the foregoing engine may be lifted up to give Wind to the Pipes of the Organs.  
THere are two manners to give Wind to the Pipes of the Organs in Hydrautique Instruments, the one is with Bellows made with thin Boards joined together with Leather, the other is with the Air which comes from Cisterns by want of Vacuity, as shall be taught hereafter. At the present I will show how to raise the said Bellows by means of a water Wheel, as you may see by this present design, where the long branch of Iron or Copper divided into four turning handles, make the said Bellows to rise the one after the other, by means of the said water Wheel.   

The Explanation of Plate XXI. The representation of the Musical Wheel, to serve for Plate 19  
TO demonstrate entirely the engine of Plate 19 I will put here the representation of one part of the Musical Wheel as big as the natural, to the intent that you may perfectly see how the Pins put down the Keys of the Organ: the said part doth only represent six measures, the one of which shall be marked with Black or Gray all along the said Wheel, and the other shall be marked with White, to the intent that the divisions may more easily be discerned, which shall be Parallel to the Keys: and if you will you may pierce the holes upon each division to change the Pins, when you would change the tune: Then you shall put the said Pins so as they may touch upon the Keys about the thickness of one of the said Pins, and so as the one touch not harder than the other. Always when you come to Demi-Crochets or Quavers, whereof there are sixteen in one measure, it will be good that they do not touch so hard as the others, to the end that one Pin do not touch before the other have passed beyond the Key, which is to be observed in all the other measures, otherwise there will be a confused music.  
As concerning the construction of the Musical Wheel, it is necessary that it be of Oak, very dry, and the pieces well joined and Glued together, to the intent that it do not swell neither on the one side nor on the other: As for the Pins they shall be of Brass or of hard Wood. Further-more you shall observe that in this present Figure, there is but half the Keys designed: also many of the notes are wanting to the said Figure, because the Paper was not large enough to draw it so large as the Natural: but that which is here designed may serve to give understanding to the rest.   

The Explanation of Plate XXII. To make Organs, or Trumpets of Organs, to Sound always when the Sun shall be South, without any other principle of motion, but the heat of the Sun and the Water.  
LEt there be a Vessel of Copper or Lead marked with A, very close and Soldered on every side, and let it have a Syphon marked with C, which may be so made that the end which is within the Vessel be near to the bottom, and that the height of the said Pipe or Syphon be near the height of the said Vessel, than the other end shall come forth of the Vessel to run into the Vessel D.  
And to order it so as the Sun may not heat the Vessel A till Noon, Behold how you are to proceed: Let there be a Tablet made to the said Vessel of strong Lead or Copper, marked with B, (as if it were the Cover of the said Vessel half lifted up) well Soldered to the said Vessel, and let the said Vessel be Invironned with a small Wall of Brick, so as there may be only the side before open to the Sun, and that the said side be exactly placed toward the South. It is certain that this being well done, that the Sun shall not shine against the said Vessel, but just at Noon; and than the rays shine against the angle which the top of the Vessel makes with the Table B, and by that means heats the top of the said Vessel, which shall make a compression in the Vessel, so as the water shall run forth by the Pipe C. Let there also be made a great Vessel marked with F, into which the water of the Spring which is to make the motion runs continually, and at the bottom of the said Vessel there is a Valve marked with G, at the lower end whereof there is a Pipe with a Cock marked with H, which serves to temper the course of the Water, which shall fall upon the water Wheel which is below.  
So when the Sun shall be directly South (as hath been before said) his rays shall shine against the vessel A, which shall cause a compression of the water which is within, which shall run forth by the Pipe C into the vessel D, which being half full shall descend and open the Valve G, which being open the water of the vessel F shall run upon the water Wheel and make the Musical Barrel to turn, as hath been shown before; and the Pins that are put upon the said Barrel, shall touch the Keys M▪ which being put down shall open the Valves which are under the Summer X, and the wind that shall be in the said Summer, shall make the Pipes of the Organs or Trumpets Sound which are above the Summer. Now Wind may be given to the said summer after two several manners▪ that is to say, by a Reserve, which is filled with the water which falls upon the water we'll, or by Bellows which are raised by another water Wheel, which shall move when the Vessel D descends, and shall open also a Valve, as that is marked with G: but because the Instrument must stop just at the point where it began, (when the Musical Barrel hath made one turn) to the end that when it begins to Sound another time, the music may be of a just measure.  
Behold how it is made to stop. You shall make a small Vessel of Copper marked with E, which shall have a small hole in the bottom, and shall be so placed that the Cord which holds it shall be fastened to a ring near the Valve G, and the water which shall fil● the said Vessel shall be conveyed by the Pipe marked with L, so as when the Valve G is opened forthwith the water shall run into the said Vessel, and when the water of the Vessel F, shall be a little abated, than it shall run no more into the Vessel E, which shall always empty the water which is in it by the small Hole at the bottom. And the time that the said Vessel E empties must be fitted to the time that the Wheel requires to make one turn, and the said Vessel being empty the Valve G shall fall down again, because it ought to be made in a manner heavier than the two Vessels E and D, when they are empty: and on the contrary, when one of the said Vessels is full, that they may be Heavier than the said valve: And as concerning the vessel D it is necessary that it empty rather then E, because it need not keep so exact a measure as E. And see here how it empties, when it is half full with the Water which descends by the Pipe C, then it draws down itself, and that marked with E, also because it it Heavier than G, and at the same instant G opens, and the water descends upon the Wheel and into the two vessels, and when D is full than the Vessel turns the top downwards and empties, and in the same time the water of the Vessel F abates and is lower than the height of the Pipe D, the water shall run in no more, but the end of the Pipe L must be somewhat lower than that of D, to the end that the water may there run longer. It remains to show how the Pipe A is filled again with water:  
Therefore let there be put a Pipe with a small valve under the said vessel, after the same manner as in the foregoing Figure, and after that the Heat of the Sun hath made the compression, and that one part of the water of the said vessel shall be run out after the Sun hath passed the said vessel, to shun vacuity it shall fill again by the said valve as hath been taught in the 14th problem.  
In Sum, if all the parts of this motion be well ordered, you shall have the desired Effect with admiration to the Hearers.   

The Explanation of Plate XXIII. To make an admirable engine, the which being placed at the foot of a Statue, shall send forth a Sound when the Sun shineth upon it, so as it shall seem that the Statue makes the said Sound.  
COrnelius Tacitus in his History maketh mention that there was in Egypt a Statue of Memnon, which did send forth a certain Sound, when the Sun shined upon ●. Pausmias is said to have seen the said Figure, and that the Sound was like to the Sound of the strings of an Harp when they break.  
The Demonstration of this present Figure doth arise from that which hath been shown before in the 9th and 10th Plate, which teacheth to raise the water in a vessel of Copper or Lead (with the Heat of the Sun) by means of a valve A. Now when the water shall be in F, it shall be transported into C by the Syphon B, which casting its water into C shall make the Air breath forth of it, and animate the two Organ Pipes, which with the engine may be put in the Figure or in the Pedestal, or otherwise, if the engine be put at a distance you must use conveyances for the wind, and so the Pipes only may be in the Figure, which being of Brass and hollow shall have no Air but by the mouth by which the Sound of the Organ Pipes shall come forth.   

The Explanation of Plate XXIIII. In this Plate is Figured the inside of the Musical Summer, for the Organs or Hydrautique engines, which we have spoken of before.  
THe Summer which is spoken of in the 16th and 19th Plate is here (for more easier understanding) represented three several ways, that is to say, By the Plane or Ignography, by the Orthography or Profile, and by the Senography or Perspective: the Valves are marked with M, the Groves by E, the Springs by H, and the Keys by L  
As concerning the Covering of the Summer and valves, and the matter of the Summer which ought to be of Oak, well dried, we might say divers things, and extend it more at large, but I think that it is not here needful, I will only add that which the excellent Poet Dubartas saith upon this subject in the following Verses.  
Where, as (by Art) one selfly Blast breathed out  
From panting Bellows passeth all about  
Wind Instrument, enters by th' under Clavers 
Dubartas fol 181.   
Which with the Keys the Organ Master quavers,  
Fills all the Bulk, and severally the same,  
Mounts every Pipe of the Melodious Frame  
At once reviving lofty Cymbals Voice  
Flutes sweetest Air, and regals' shrillest noise.  
But concerning the systems and Measures of the Organ Pipes, both in Length and Breadth, Covered or Open, and also of the manner of the Registers, great conveyance of the Wind, and the Trembling stop, &c. Is refered to a particular Treatise of the Construction of Organs.   

The Explanation of Plate XXV. A sluice to render falling Waters Navigable.  
AMong all sorts of sluices which may be produced to retain the Water, and render Rivers and likewise small falling Waters Navigable; I have observed this here to be the most excellent:  
It is placed between Venice and Padua, upon the falling water which is between the two Cities, which by Art hath been rendered Navigable for the facility of come●s between the two Towns.  
It is to be observed that the water A which is towards the Spring or Head of the falling Water is always very much higher than the water B, which is at the bottom of the second sluice: Now to make the Boats and Barges Ascend or Descend, they are tied to an Iron ring during the time that the Water contained between the two sluices Rises or Falls; let it be either to Ascend towards A▪ or Descend towards B. The Ingenious Reader may easily see the effect of these S●uces, without more words, and making other description then that which is described in the Figure.   

The Explanation of Plate XXVI.  
BEsides that which hath been handled before concerning Pumps, I have thought good also to add this manner of force-Pump, which is one of the best Inventions, and of which I have seen the experience: That which is here of great advantage, is that the forces do Rise and Fall Perpendicularly in their Barrels: It is easy to comprehend by the Figure that there are four places in the arbour which are Hollowed or Channelled, and in the half of the Channels there are Pins A E, encountering with Pins which are in P H, they make them to Descend, and in Descending they raise B N without being hindered by the Pins that are therein, because they pass by the void place of the Channels marked with D C, and so they rise and fall each in his turn, and force the water with great violence to 50, or 60▪ foot height, or higher, if it be required.   

 

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