A DIALOGUE Between a Country Gentleman and a Merchant, Concerning the Falling of GUINEA's: WHEREIN The whole Argument relating to our MONEY is Discussed.  
LONDON, Printed by John Astwood for Samuel Crouch, at the corner of Popes-head-Alley in Cornhill, 1696.   

A DIALOGUE Between a Country Gentleman and a Merchant, etc.  Merchant. 
SIR, you are well met: Pray when came you to Town? and what's the best News in the Country?  Gentleman. 
I came to Town last Night, Sir, but for News I have none good: We are quite confounded, and know not what to do either in receiving or paying of Guinea's; and we think you Citizens are to blame for Petitioning the Parliament to have them brought down, when if they were let alone they would pass more currently than any Money we have at 30 s. a piece, and every one would be quiet and contented.  Merch. 
Ay, Sir, But we see further than you do in this Matter, and therefore cannot be contented, because we know we shall have no Silver left in a little while, if Guinea's are kept up above the old Value.  Gent. 
We have Silver little enough already, tho' Gold be plentier than ever 'twas, and d'ye think they won't carry that away too when we shall lower it? What is it keeps it here now, and brings us in more, but our making it pass for more than 'twill in any other Country? I think if we were wise, we should raise our Silver also, and so keep both at home.  Merch. 
Well Sir, since that's your Opinion, and it seems so plausible, that I doubt a great many more lie under the same Mistake, I'll try if I can bring you to a righter understanding of this matter; in order whereto, I'll first ask you, What d'ye think our silver has been carried away for? and for what will it continue to be sent away?  Gent. 
We think it goes to pay the Army in Flanders, and that more will go, till we have none lest, if some better care bened taken.  Merch. 
Don't you see the Parliament finds it for our safety to maintain the War abroad, and therefore do appropriate part of the Taxes every year for the payment of the Army; and would you then have the King keep the Money at home in his Exchequer, and let that part of the Army that is abroad starve the while?  Gent. 
God forbid; I had much rather pay towards the maintaining an Army abroad, than let the French come and plunder us at home, and at last reduce us into French Slavery. Then we must be forced to pay what they will please to take, and now no more can be taken from us than what we by our own consents in Parliament give. But why can't we send out Goods, our own Manufactories, to pay our Army, and keep our Money at home?  Merch. 
You may be assured that we do yearly send as much Goods as the Foreign Markets will take off, but we can't force 'em to buy more than their Occasions require: And as Matters stand now, that is not enough to supply all we want?  Gent. 
But I have heard that Money may be remitted by Bills of Exchange, and so we need not send away our Silver and Gold  Merch. 
You must know, Sir, that Bills of Exchange will signify nothing, unless we put a value in the Persons Hands on whom we draw to pay them withal: Now as I told you before, if all the Goods which our Neighbours can take off from us be not of Value sufficient to pay to pay all the Money we have occasion to use there, if we draw Bills for above the Produce of our Goods, we must send Silver or Gold to pay our Bills, there being no other way to enable our Correspondents to do it.  Gent. 
Well, Sir, I am now satisfied that it is not possible for us to maintain our Army abroad, without sending out some of our Silver and Gold; that is to say, so much as the Goods our Neighbours buy of us fall short of raising the Value we want in those Countries; but I should have thought that this difference could not have been so great, as to have required such large Quantities as they say have been sent.  Merch. 
Now you bring me to the matter; and as I have been telling you, that the Produce of our Trade abroad is not at this time sufficient to pay for all the Foreign Commodities which we bring home for our own Expense, and maintain our Army also, yet as you have well guessed, that Occasion would not have drained our Silver so fast, but 'tis the vast Stock of Gold that hath been brought over, hath robbed us of great quantities of our Silver.  Gent. 
Why, Sir, is it Matter of Complaint, that we have plenty of Gold brought into the Kingdom? are we not so much the richer for it? how can that rob us of our Silver?  Merch. 
We should indeed be the richer, if we imported Gold as the Produce of our Trade, and not at an Over-value; but I see, Sir, your Understanding is not quite opened in this matter; pray consider, if we could not before pay our Army without sending out some silver, do you think that Foreigners gave us their Gold for nothing? or will you not rather believe our Silver went to pay sored?  Gent. 
I now see what you drive at, 'tis to show me that much of our Silver hath been sent abroad to buy Gold; but I have been told that Foreigners sent their Gold hither to buy Goods, and I know the Country had a brisk Trade all the last Summer in selling their Manufactories at extraordinary rates.  Merch. 
The Matter doth indeed look so, but it's all a Fallacy, and I'll show you plainly how this Business proceeded; and there's too much reason to doubt that 'twas projected amongst ourselves, by some Persons who would let slip no opportunity of raising their own private Fortunes, though it were to the ruin of the Public; for we saw plainly that the Guinea's were raised upon us the beginning of last Summer by artifice, and 'twas at first given out that they would soon come to 30 s. the Pretence for it being the badness of our Money; immediately upon this we had great store of Gold brought over in all the Men of War and Yatchts that came from Holland, not only in Guineas, but also in the Coins of Holland, Germany, Denmark, and all those Adjacent Countries.  
These Traders in Gold then fell to buying up the Silver so fast, that in a little time they run it up from 5 s. 8 d. to 6 s. 9 d. or 7 s. per Ounce; and as that rose, they struck in for all the Bills of Exchange they could find, and those were presently brought to above 25 per Cent. loss to us. 'tis true, that the badness of our Money gave some reason for this: But 'tis observable, that before these Guinea-Jobbers did by such means administer the occasion, People did not begin to disesteem the Value of our Money, but did as it were rely upon the Honour of the Government to make good the deficiency at sometime or other: Then they fell upon buying up our Manufactures, or any thing else they could lay their Hands on, for which they could put off their Guinea's amongst us, and hope to sell it again in some Country or other for silver, tho' it were at a lower price than it cost them. It's true, that our People were not so silly as not to make an advance upon their Commodities, when they saw such a Demand: Yet even that advance was less than the worth of their Goods, when they were paid in Guinea's at 30 s. and you'll find at last that this was but a bad Trade for the Kingdom, when you come to consider that all the Bills or Silver these Gold-Traders sent over, was what would otherwise have gone to supply the King's Occasions, who must send so much silver the more in lieu thereof; and that the great advance upon all Foreign Exchanges which was chiefly occasioned thereby, was some hundreds of thousand pounds' loss to the Nation, not only in the aforesaid occasion of paying our Army, but also in the maintaining of our Fleet abroad, and furnishing that at home with Naval Stores, which must cost the dearer perhaps by one third part: That all these Goods of ours, were not bought up to supply the demands of any Foreign Market, but do yet lie the greatest part of them on hand, and you may now buy them cheaper in Holland than here, so that we must not expect any great demand for our Manufactures till this glut is gone off; and in the end, I doubt the Nation must lose little less than a Million of Money by the fall of this dear bought Gold, altho' those Persons that have taken care to put off their Gold in time, may bear little of this Loss.  Gent. 
I now see plainly that our suffering so great a rise upon Guinea's, hath been very prejudicial to us; but now since they are up, why can't we keep them up, and save all that loss?  Merch. 
To answer you to that, you must consider, that whatever People may form in their Imaginations, there is as it were a Standard for the Value of Gold, which is pretty nearly assented to by most of the People of Europe; and the highest proportion it bears to Silver is as one to sixteen; and our Guinea at 21 s. 6 d. is the Extent of that: Now than if we should continue to value our Gold above this Proportion, our New Money would infallibly be sent away as fast as it comes out of the Mint to buy more Gold, where it can be done to profit: And I can assure you, that at this time somewhat less than sour of our New Crowns, and two Shillings, will buy a Guinea in Holland; and is it not plain then that these People will continue this Trade as long as they can get profit by it, and that when Gold is reduced to its true value, their Trade must cease.  Gent. 
But if we raised our Silver in proportion to the Gold, they could not then make Profit in sending it abroad to buy Gold.  Merch. 
That's true, Sir, but we should by that means run the Nation into as great, nay, greater Mischiefs.  Gent. 
How can that be? for if we are content to take it so amongst ourselves, and could buy the same quantity of Provisions or Clothing as we do now for 30 s. when five Crowns were made to pass for 30 s. where's the harm on't?  Merch. 
If it were to be imagined, that we could be entirely separated from the rest of the World, and should have nothing to do with other Countries, it might do well enough; but as we are People as largely concerned in Trade and Commerce as almost any other, we must have regard to other Nations in this Matter.  Gent. 
Why, Sir, I am told that the price of Silver is risen amongst all our Neighbour Countries.  Merch. 
How d'ye mean risen, Sir?  Gent. 
That our Crown is really worth 6 s. or more, of their Money.  Merch. 
Which is downright Nonsense; You'll pardon me, Sir, I intent no reflection upon you but upon the absurdity of the Notion, and the Broachers of it, being sorry to see how much it hath obtained upon many honest Gentlemen, who are not acquainted with Foreign Affairs; and I will convince you of the inconsistency of it, by undeniable arguments. You must know then, that there is no such thing as six pounds, six shillings, or sixpence, (understanding the same value by it as we do) in any part of the World, but under the English Monarchy. The French make their computation by Livres, Sols and Deniers, the Dutch by Guilders, Stivers and Groots; in like manner all other Governments have Denominations, or Valuations for their Money, peculiar to themselves: Now these are only as Foreign Languages, not understood but by such as are conversant in them; but People that are concerned in Foreign Trade soon come to understand this Money Language, and are able as it were to translate it into the Language of their own Country; so that if one English Man would ask another that is a Trader, what a French Crown was wont to pass at in France? he would be apt to answer him according to his Understanding in English, that it passed for 4 s. 6 d. because the silver in such a piece is worth nearest that Value in our Coin, yet the most proper answer would be, that it passes for three Livers, or sixty Sols, but then that would have been all Foreign Language, and unintelligible to him: In like manner an Inhabitant of France would be as much puzzled, if you should tell him that an English Crown passes for 5 s. but if you tell him 'tis worth 3 Livers and 6 Sols, he understands you presently, and 'tis after this manner that the Mistake of calling the Coins of one Country after the Denomination of another is introduced. But now you'll readily agree with me, that if the French King should raise the Denomination of his Crown, and cause it to pass among his own People for 4 Livers, we should still esteem it worth no more than 4 s. 6 d. as we did before, because it had nothing added to its former weight of Silver; so that in reality the true value of Money is only to be reckoned by the weight of the Silver and Gold that it bears, and 'tis altogether needless for us to trouble our Heads with the nice distinction of extrinsic, intrinsic, and real Value, for it must all be resolved into this one Proposition of Weight, every Man's or Nation's Riches being truly to be measured, according to the more or less weight of Silver which they possess: And that I may give you an infallible Demonstration that silver is only a standard to its self, and as such, is not capable of being raised or lowered with respect to Foreigners: If you should carry an ounce of fine silver into Holland, in expectation of Profit, do you think that a Dutchman would give you an ounce of his fine silver, and a penny weight more, for your encouragement to come again: You may certainly resolve yourself that no Nation is so foolish.  Gent. 
This, Sir, seems so reasonable, that I know not how to argue against it, but yet we find it otherwise in fact amongst ourselves; for yourself told me just now, that silver had been risen from 5 s. 8 d. to 6 s. 9 d. and 7 s. per Ounce.  Merch. 
You'll please to note, Sir, that I had the Caution to say, that it could not rise (in that sense) with respect to Foreigners; and yet I'll make it as plain to you, that (excepting a small matter) silver is not really capable of rising and falling amongst ourselves; for this seeming and nominal Advance upon it was indeed no advance at all, for you must note, that he that bought silver at 7 s. per Ounce, was to pay for't either in Guinea's at 30 s. (and in that sort of Payment his Ounce of silver was indeed worth about 7 s. 3 d.) or in the clipped and counterfeit Money, of which perhaps the true value of what was called 7 s. might not be 4 s. but you may assure yourself, that none of these Buyers of silver would give a new milled Crown and a 6 d. for an ounce of silver, because they know how to throw them into the melting Pot, and bring out above the weight of an ounce; and this Rule is so certain, that it can never vary more than such a Value, as People will be content to give for silver when they have occasion to transport it, rather than incur the danger of the Law by melting down, or transporting the currant Coin; and that difference (when our currant Money was good) hath rarely been known to be more than 3 d. or 4 d. per Ounce: If you should yet have the least scruple, pray try whether you can by any sort of reasoning persuade yourself, that an Ounce of ●nncoyn'd Silver can have more real Value in it than an Ounce of Silver of the same fineness coined into Money, as a late Ingenious Author hath well observed.  Gent. 
Sir, I thank you, you have effectually convinced me in this poinr, the Matter is self evident.  Merch. 
Yet before I have quite done with this Argument, I would show you in what sense Silver may be said to rise in its esteem, and that is only when any Country may be brought to such a want of it, as they must be content to part with their Product or Manufactures for a less weight of it than formerly, which if Riches is to be reckoned from the plenty of Gold and Silver, is an infallible sign that such a Country is declined in its Riches, and growing poor. But this is not the case of our Neighbours the Dutch, with whom some People would have us think that silver is grown dearer; for on the contrary, we rather give more weight of silver for their Commodities than formerly. And this leads me on to show you how, if we should be once reduced to a necessity of raising the denomination of our Coin, it might be truly said of us, that we are not only grown poorer, but should be in a manner put out a of condition to recover riches again; for however indifferent it might seem to Country Gentlemen to submit to the raising of our Crown to pass for 6 s. because that 6 s. might buy as much Provision or Clothing as it would when the Money was at the old weight, and therefore seems to be no inconvenience, if we were content amongst ourselves; yet the matter will appear to be far otherwise, when we come to consider ourselves as a Trading Nation, and that National Riches are no otherwise to be acquired but by our Commerce with Foreigners; and to show you after what manner this advance of our Money would affect us in that respect, I will suppose that a Foreigner brings hither 20 Ounces of Silver, which (to avoid Fractions) I will call 20 Crowns, or five Pounds, and with this he buys 10 yards of our Cloth: The next year he returns again with the like quantity of Silver, and finds that we have altered the Denomination of our Money, and will allow him 6 l. for his 20 Ounces, so that he can then have 12 Yards of the same sort of Cloth for the same weight of Silver, which the Year before bought him but 10 Yards: Is it not plain that we hereby give away, or lose two Yards of Cloth in ten? Or to put it the other way, will not this lessen the whole produce of our Nation with respect to Foreigners full one fifth part? altho' we must pay as much Silver for all that we buy of them as we now do. An unhappy Device: And sure all Men that love their Country, when they shall come thus to understand it, will oppose such a Design with all their power. But I would have you consider its Consequences a little further; as we compute the value of our Estates by Money, the Man that hath an Estate in Land, which would now sell for 1200 l. which I'll compute at 4800 Ounces of silver, if he should come to sell it after the Money should be so advanced, will the Money he should receive then, altho' they call it 1200 l. weigh above 4000 Ounces? he that hath 600 l. or 2400 Ounces per Ann. in Leased Rents, will this New Money bring to his Coffers more than 2000 Ounces? and though he hath 600 l. in Name, hath he not certainly lost a 100 l. in value? Is not this a plain robbing the Landed-man of one fifth part of his Estate or Substance? In like manner, if a Man hath lent 120 l. or 480 Ounces at Interest, should he receive any more than 400 Ounces of Silver for his 120 l. and would he not utterly lose the 80 Ounces? A Man that by his good Husbandry used to lay up 60 l. or 240 Ounces of Silver yearly, towards the increasing of his Estate, or raising Portions for his Children, must he not lose the 6 th'. part of his Industry, when he shall come to have but 200 Ounces, that is 40 Ounces of silver less than his old 60 l. would have yielded him. In short, would it not be a lowering the whole value of all the rest of the Nation in that proportion, for no other end but to advantage those Men as much who had large hoards of Money by them? But I should not omit to show how it will touch the Public: If the King hath now occasion to use two Millions yearly abroad for the payment of the Army, the Fleet in the straits, and providing Naval Stores, etc. when the Money should be thus raised, and would weigh one sixth part less, will Foreigners think you abate him one Ounce of the Old Weight of what he shall send in Silver? And will not the Merchant that furnishes him with Bills have as much more Money in Tale as will make good the old weight, because he must pay by that weight abroad? And is it not then plain, that this part of the King's Money will fall short by one third part of a Million? and must not this naturally heighten the next Years Tax? Thus than it must affect us at home, and I think I need use no more words to show you that Foreigners do not at all regard the raising the Denominations of the Coin of their Neighbours, and will never esteem it otherwise than by its weight; for which reason 'tis a great Folly to think, if (as is beforesaid) we shall continue to have occasion to use more Money in Foreign Countries than we can put there by the produce of our Trade, that we can avoid sending so much Silver or Gold as will make up the Balance in its Value by weight, although we should double or treble the Denomination of our Coin amongst ourselves.  Gent. 
But, Sir, as you have grounded the main of the Argument upon a supposition that our Goods would continue to be bought for the same number of Pounds, Shillings and Pence, as before the raising of the Money; suppose we raise our Commodities proportionably, and make the Stranger pay 12 s. for a Yard of the same Cloth he bought before for 10 s. shall we not then keep up our Markets abroad, and bring home as much Silver for our Manufactures as before? and would not all things run as smooth at home, when we sold every thing from one to another as much higher in Price as the difference of the Money?  Merch. 
What good would it then do us to raise the Denomination of our Money, if we must then give just so much more for every thing we buy? is not this puzzling ourselves to no purpose, if it should have no worse effect? But I thought I had shown you clearly, that all our Debts, the Rents arising from Lands leassed out, the King's Revenue, etc. would then be paid in so much a less proportion of Silver, and then the King, Creditors and Land-holders' will be in a fine Condition, when they must receive all that is due to them in a lesser Value, and yet pay the old value for all they buy; would not this be plainly the doing a great deal of Injustice and Injury to a great many, and doing real good to none? But yet I'll tell you, Sir, 'tis my Opinion that it would be more likely that our Product and Manufactures would by degrees fall to the old Denominations of Price, for that I have observed it to have had that consequence in other Nations, where this Trick of raising their Money hath been practised; and shall we not then infallibly fall under the Mischief of Beggering ourselves, as I have formerly shown you?  Gent. 
I must confess this raising our Money doth seem to be attended with many inconveniencies, with respect to ourselves, but I have been told the Nation is greatly in debt to Foreigners, who would be apt to carry away our New Money, as fast as coined, to pay themselves, should we not by this means prevent them, and by paying our Debts with less Money save so much to the Nation?  Merch. 
If we are in debt to Foreigners, we are doubtless obliged to them for the Credit they have given us, and ought we not in prudence as well as Justice to be tender in preserving that Credit, lest if we should ever hereafter have the like Occasion, we should find no Nation that would trust us. Doubtless it ought to be the greatest Care of Governments to prevent as much as possible the running into Debt, but if such Debts are once contracted, it highly concerns them that they be discharged punctually, justly and honourably, otherwise they lose their Reputation with all the World, as a great Nation that might be named hath too apparently done. 'Tis not to be doubted that some Foreigners have been large Contributors towards the great Sums that have been paid into our Exchequer upon the Million Adventure, the Lives, and other Funds, and all that Money was paid in fair and true value, before the Cheat of Guinea's, and the advancing the Exchanges: Neither can these People withdraw this Money, as is suggested, for they can only receive the Interest accrueing by it, as it comes in gradually. Can any Man then that hath the least regard to Justice and Honour entertain so base a thought as to persuade the breaking through the Sanction of our Acts of Parliament, and the falsifying our Contracts, that we might pay these People in Money of a less Value than they really brought us? I must indeed confess that our Nation hath been greatly abused by the bringing in Gold, and the Extravagance of the Exchanges this last Summer, but I am much of the Opinion that those Traders kept turning the Penny, and continually sent Effects for the carrying on the Trade: So that I hope though it cost us dear, yet that we cannot remain much in debt for that. And to speak my Mind, I believe, if the Truth were known, that Trade was chiefly managed for the account of Natives of our own Country, and Foreigners that live amongst us, and not of the other side of the Water. And though I will not argue against our taking Satisfaction of the Persons that have injured us, yet I think we were better let them alone till we can find them out, than seek such a general Revenge that may fall least upon them, and do more hurt to those kind Neighbours that have done us good by trusting us with their Estates, and most of all to ourselves, by plunging us into those fatal Mischiefs, which I have before noted.  Gent. 
Sir, I must acknowledge, that you have very much opened my Understanding in these things, and I am now fully convinced, that 'twould be ruinous to us to raise our silver, and no less to hold up Guinea's higher than 21 s. 6 d. if that be, as you say, about the proportion that other Countries keep between them. But pray, Sir, is there then no way for us to keep our Army abroad, and avoid the sending out of our Silver or Gold to maintain them?  Merch. 
If we could furnish our Army with the greatest part of the Provisions they need abroad, protect our Foreign Trade, lessen our Expense of Foreign Commodities, (which I would earnestly recommend to all Gentlemen to reform as much as possible in their own Families) and manage all our Affairs with such good Husbandry, as to bring all our Foreign Charge within the compass of the Value which we can put into Foreign Countries by the exportation of our Merchandizes, we might do it, otherwise 'tis impossible. For the whole Matter of bringing silver into the Kingdom, or carrying it out, may be resolved by this easy thought, if we live within the Bounds of our Exports, we cannot send out our Money unless we will give it away for nothing; but if we spend more than we export in Goods, we must send out our silver as long as we have any, because Foreigners will not furnish us with what we want longer than we pay them to the full.  Gent. 
But now, Sir, since the Guinea's are so largely dispersed into the Hands of the Common People through the Nation, will it not be very hard upon them to bear so great a loss? and may it not be reasonable for the Parliament to give a recompense for this loss?  Merch. 
I would have all the Tenderness possible for the People, but if they will foolishly run themselves into a loss that they had warning to have avoided, seeing the King's Receivers did all along refuse to take them at the advance, they are the less to be pitied; and 'twas their easy giving way to it that made it possible for the ill Men that contrived it to put this abuse upon the Nation; whereas if all had been of my Opinion, (not to distinguish myself from many others who were always of the same Mind) they would never have made them pass currant for 23 s. for 'twas long before I would take any, and never after but when I knew where to put them away again presently. I could wish indeed that the Persons who invented and promoted this Trade could be found out, and made to repair the loss so far as they were able; and it being said the Parliament are passing an Act, by which they will appoint Commissioners to be named through the Kingdom, who shall take in all the clipped and silver Money, though of a base allay, (which hath not been paid into the King for Taxes) and give the People broad or new Money in Exchange for it, I think every one is much to blame who will not rather choose to take what is due to him in any sort of silver Money, by which he cannot lose, than in Guinea's at the present rates, because he may well expect to lose whatsoever he takes them at above 21 s. 6 d. And upon these Considerations there may be good reason to believe that the Parliament will not at this time lay an Additional Tax upon the Nation to make good the deficiency of Guinea's, which the People that have them have brought upon themselves, when they find so much difficulty to raise Money enough to supply the unavoidable necessity of the Government. And I must farther give you my Opinion, that I think the People in whose hands they now are, may best bear the loss: For as to the meaner sort of People, their stock seldom reaches so high as to be Possessors of Guinea's; the middle sort of People, such as Farmers or Tradesmen, have commonly as much occasion to pay as receive, and therefore it must be a fault in them if they have many upon their hands, and what loss may befall them they may the more contentedly bear, because 'tis not to be doubted but that, (generally speaking) they have gotten more by the raising the prices of their Goods in consideration of such pay. The greatest Quantities than I should think to be now in the Hands either of such who have kept them out of a Covetous Design of gaining by them, through a send imagination that they would rise to 35 s. or more, by the scarcity of the Silver Money, whilst it was passing through the Mint; or of such who have been the Traders in them, neither of which deserve Consideration.  Gent. 
But pray Sir, have we not indeed reason to fear that we shall not have Money to answer our Necessary Payments whilst the silver is in coining?  Merch. 
Truly, Sir, I can have no such fearful apprehensions of it, for there's nothing to hinder any Man from keeping the possession of his own proper Cash, till he can change it for better, and therefore all People that have now Money enough to serve their Occasions, will have no need to want; the Bills and the Guinea's (which will circulate quicker than before, when the shall pass at 21 s. 6 d. and no body fear to lose by them) will continue, as they have for some Months past, to supply us in the larger Payments; and for Market-money Labourers Wages, etc. a small Quantity will serve that occasion, it being always in Motion; so that there's not the least reason to doubt but that enough of the present Money will be kept for that use, till better comes out to change it.  Gent. 
I heartily thank you for the great satisfaction you have given me in these difficult matters, and shall not presume to detain you with further Questions.  Merch. 
I shall be very glad, Sir, if I have been able to make you so far Master of the Argument, as that you can convince your Neighbours, that there is a Necessity for the falling of Guinea's, if we ever desire to see the New Money plenty amongst us, and that they were better contentedly to submit to the loss which will befall them when they have but ten, than to be subject to the greater loss which they must bear, if through the importation of greater quantities they should come to be Possessors of fifteen; as also, that the raising the denomination of our Money must have a direct tendency to beggar the Nation.  
FINIS.   

Some Books lately Printed for Samuel Crouch.  
AN Essay on the State of England, in relation to its Trade, its Poor, and its Taxes, for carrying on the War against France. By John Cary, Merchant in Bristol.  
A Letter from an English Merchant at Amsterdam, to his Friend at London, concerning the Trade and Coin of England.  
Sir Thomas Row's Speech at the Council-Table, about the Alteration of the Coin, in July 1640. With some Observations thereon.  
Some Thoughts concerning the better Security of our Trade and Navigation, and carrying on the War against France more effectually: Humbly offered to Consideration.  
Some Remarks on a Report containining an Essay for the Amendment of the Silver Coins. By Mr. William Lownds.  
Considerations, requiring greater care for Trade in England, and some Expedients proposed.  
A New Discourse of Trade, wherein is recommended several Weighty Points relating to Companies of Merchants, the Act of Navigation, Naturalisation of Strangers, and our woollen Manufactures, the Balance of Trade, and the Nature of Plantations, and their Consequences, in relation to the Kingdom, are seriously discussed. And some Proposals for Erecting a Court of Merchants for determining Controversies relating to Maritine Affairs, and for a Law for Transferring of Bills of Debt are humbly offered. The Second Edition. By Sir Josiah Child.