portrait of Lord Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke 
PRVDENS QVI PATIENS.  
Juris prudentium eloquentissimus et Eloquentium Juris prudentissimus    

AN ABRIDGEMENT OF The Lord COKE'S COMMENTARY on LITTLETON: Collected by an unknown Author; yet by a late Edition pretended to be Sir Humphrey Davenports Kt.  
AND In this Second Impression purged from very many gross ERRORS committed in the said former Edition.  
With a TABLE of the most remarkable things therein.  
LONDON: Printed for W. Lee, D. Pakeman, and G. Bedell. 1651.   

To the READER.  
Courteous Reader;  
THis little Book was lately sent abroad with many gross Errors, as an Abridgement of the Lord Coke Comment on Littleton, under the Name of Sr Humphrey Davenport Kt (long since deceased) though indeed many very material things in the Lord Coke Comment is not in the late Edition or Abridgement at all hinted or mentioned. If thou art curious to understand the Law, be pleased to consult the large Volume (which is an exact learned Work, and curiously corrected, and approved by all learned in the Common Laws) but if thy leisure (for the present) will not permit thee to read that learned Work at large, know that thou mayest, for Twelvepences, have this Compendium, and be welcome to the careful Publishers hereof, who desire thy benefit and the public good.  


W. Lee.  
D. Pakeman.  
G. Bedell.   From our Shops in Fleetstreet, Nou. 24. 1651. Monday.   

 portrait of Sir Thomas de Littleton 
The true portraiture of judge Littleton the famous English Lawyer    

CAP. I. De Feodo Simplici.  
FEodum simplex idem est quod haereditas legitima, vel pura. Tenant in fee simp. 1. He hath the estate in the land. 2. He holdeth the land of some superior Lord. 3. He is to perform the services due, and 4. He is thereunto bounden. 5. By Doom and judgement. Praedium domini regis est directum dominium, cujus nullus Author est nisi Deus. Subjectus habet utile dominium. Bract. l. 1. c. 8,  
Fee ex feif (i) praedium beneficiarum. Fee divided into 3 parts, viz. simple or absolute, conditional, qualified, or base. Bract. 263. & 207. Pl. Com. Walsing c. Di. 252, 253. Fee signifies that the land belongs to us and our heirs, and in this sense the King is said to be seized in fee. It is also taken, as it is holden of another by service, and that only belongeth to the subject. Brit. 205. 207. Item dicitur feodum alio modo ejus qui alium feoffat, & quod quis tenet ab alio, ut sit qui dicat, talis tenet de me tot feoda per servitium militare, and Fleta saith, poterit unus tenere in feodo quoad servitia, sicut dominus Capitalis, & none in dominico; alius in feodo, & dominico, & none in servitio, sicut libere tenens alicujus; and therefore if a stranger claim a Seignory, and distrain, and a vow for the service, the Tenant may plead, that the Tenancy is extra feodum, etc. Of him (that is) out of the surrendry, or not holden of him that claimeth it, but he cannot plead horse de son fee, unless he take the Tenancy, that is, the State of the land upon him. 2 Ass. p. 4. 12 Ass. 38. 12 E. 3. tit. horse de son fee 28. (( i. b.) ignoratis terminis, ignoratur & ars. Si un annuitie soit grant all home & à ses heirs ceo est fee simple personal.  
Simplex idem est quod purum, & purum dicitur, quod est merum & solum sine additione. Simplex donatio & pura est, ubi nulla addita est conditio sive modus simplex enim datur quod nullo additamento datur, every fee is not legitimate; for a disseisor, abator, intruder, usurper, etc. hath a fee, but not a lawful fee, fo. 2. a.  
Si un alien purchase trens, etc. Le roy sur office trove eux aura, home attaint de felony, and capacity de purchaser, sinon pur le benefit del roy, Dier 283. An Alien Merchant whose King is in league with ours, may take a lease for years of a house for habitation, as incident to commercery, and as necessary to his trade and tratfique, but not for the benefit of his Executors or Administrators; for if he die possessed of the lease, or relinquish the Realm, the King shall have it, 5 Mar Br. tit-denizen 22.  
If a man commit felony, and after purchase lands, and is attaint, the Lord of the fee, shall have the Escheat, 49 Ass. p: 2. 49 E. 3. 11.  
If any sole corporation, or aggregate of many, religiosus vel alius, ecclesiastical or temporal; purchase Lands in fee, without licence, they cannot retain, for if the mesn Lords make default, and do not enter, etc. the King shall have the Lands, etc. 7 E. 1. De Relig. per alienation in Mortmain les Seignors perdont lour escheats, and in effect the service de chivaler per defence del royalm, ward, marriage, relief, etc. Et pur ceo fut dit mortmain quod rend. nul. service.  
Stat. delig. 7 E. 1. per quod quae servitia ex hujusmodi feodis debentur, & quae ad defensionem regni ob initio provisa fuerunt, indebite subtrahuntur, & capitales domini eschaet. suas ammittunt. M. Ch. c. 36. Praelatus ecclesiae suae conditionem meliorare potest, deteriorare nequit. Est enim eccle, ejusdem conditionis, quae fungitur vice minoris. Sed nullum simile quatuor pedibus currit. (2. b.) Brac. l. 2. f. 12. &. 32 Si feme covert purchase Lands, etc. Le baron poit disagreer & divest tout lestate; but albeit her husband agreed thereunto, after his death she may wave the same, and so may her heirs also, if she herself agreed not, etc. After the decease of her husband. The Queen is an exempt person (by the common law) from the King, and may purchase and grant, etc. Vxor is a good name of purchase, without a Christian name, and so it is, if a Christian name be added and mistaken. V●ile enim per inutile non vitidtur, 1. H. 5. 8. Purchases are good in many cases by a known name, or by a certain description of the person without either surname, or name of Baptism, as uxor: I S or primogenite filio I.S. or rect. hered. I. S. But regularly in writs the demandant or plaintiff is to be named by his Christian name & surname, unless it be the case of some corporations, or bodis politic (3. a.) 8. E 3. 437. qui ex damnato coitu nascuntur inter liberos non computentur. Bastardus est quasi nullius filius. A man makes a Lease for life to B. the remainder to the eldest issue male to be begotten of the body of Jane S. whether the same issue be legitimate or illegitimate B. hath issue a bastard on the body of I. S. this Son or issue shall not take the remainder, because in Law he is not his issue. M. 38. & 39 el. in bre. de err.  
A Bastard may purchase by his reputed name to him and his heirs, although he can have no heir but of his body, 39 E. 3. 11. 24. 17. E. 3. 42. 35. As. 13. 41. E. 3. 19 An office which concerns the benefit or safety of the commonwealth, etc. granted to a man which is unexpert, and hath no skill or science to exercise or execute the same the grant is merely void, and the party disabled by law, to take the same, pro commodo regis & populi. Dier 150.  
An infant or minor is not capable of an office of Stewardship of the Court of a Manor either in possession or reversion. No man though neven so skilful etc. Is capable of a judicial office in reversion, but must expect until it fall in Possession, l. 11. 2. Sect. 378. The King is capable of an office, not to use, but to grant. A purchase is, etc. when one cometh to lands by conveyance or title; and not by tort, as by disseisin, etc. Note that purchasers of lands, tenants, leases, and hereditaments, for good and valuable consideration, shall avoid all former fraudulent and convin conveyance, estates, grants, charges, and limit of uses, of or out of the same. Stat. 27 El. cap. 4. (3. b.) 13 El, c. 5. l. 3. 80. Twines c. States of inheritances of lands, are either certain or unmoveable, whereof Littl. here speaketh; or incertain and movable, as if partition be made between two Copartners of one and the self same land, that the one shall have it the first year, and the other the second year alternis vicibus, etc. (4. 2.) l. 1. 87. F. N. B. 62. Between pastura & pascuum the legal difference is this, that pastura in one signification containeth the ground itself called pasture, and by that name is to be demanded. Pascuum is wheresoever  are fed, of what nature soever the ground is, and cannot be demanded in a praecipe by that name, (4. b.) many things may pass by a name, that by the same name cannot be demanded by a praecipe, for that doth require a more perscript form) but whatsoever may be demanded by a praecipe, may pass by the same name by way of grant, Ibid. (5. b.) If the feoffor be bound to warranty, and so to render in value, then is the defence of the title at his peril, and therefore the Feoffee in that case shall have no deeds that comprehend warranty, whereof the Feoffor may take advantage. Also he shall have such charters as may serve him to deraign the warranty paramount; but other evidences which concern the possession, and not the title of the land, the Feoffee shall have them. (6. a.) l. 1. 1. & 2. There have been eight formal or orderly parts of a deed of feoffment, viz. 1. The premises. 2. Habendum. 3. Tenendum. 4. Reddend. 5. The clause of warrant. 6. The in cujus rei testimonium sigillum, etc. 7. The date. 8. The clause of his testibus.  
The office of the premise of the deed is twofold, 1. Rightly to name the feoffor and the feoffee; and 2. to comprehend the certainty of the lands to be conveied, etc. Either by express words, or which may by reference be reduced to a certainty, for certum est quod cert. reddi potest, etc. Vide libr. The Seal is of the essential part of the deed. The date many time's antiquity omitted, for that the limitation of prescript or time of memory did often in process of time change, and the law was then holden that a deed bearing date before the limited time of prescript, was not pleadable; and therefore they made their deeds without date, to the end they might allege them within the time of prescription. The date was commonly added in the Reign of Ed. 2. & 3. (6. a.) quae sunt minoris culpae sunt majoris infamiae. Reg. he that loseth liberam legem, becometh infamous, and can be no witness: As if a Champion in a writ of right become recreant or coward. But oftentimes a man may be challenged to be of a Jury, that cannot be challenged to be a witness, and therefore though the witness be of the nearest alliance or kindred, or of counsel, or tenant, or servant to either party, (or any other exception that maketh him not infamous, or to want understanding, or discretion, or a party in interest) though it be proved true, shall not exclude the witness to be sworn. 22 Ass. 12. 41. If a witness be outlawed in a personal act, he cannot be joined to the Jury; but yet that is no exception against him to exclude him to be sworn as a witness to the Jury; for that he with others should join in verdict with the Jury in affirmance of the deed, the party should be barred of his attaint, because there is more than twelve, that affirm the verdict. But note, there must be more than one witness, that shall be joined to the inquest, Inst. 6. b.  
Max. Witnesses cannot testify a negative, but an affirmative; when a trial is by witnesses, the affirmative aught to be proved by two or three witnesses, as to prove a summons of the Tenant, or the challenge of a Juror, etc. But when the trial is by verdict of 12 men, there judgement is not given upon witnesses, etc. but upon the verdict, etc.  Probatio duplex viva, sc. per testes mortua par chartas, etc. presumptio triplex. 

1. Violenta.  
2. Probabilis.  
3. Levis seu temeraria.   
Many time Juries together with other matters, are much induced by presumptions. In case of a Charter of feoffment if all the witnesses be dead, etc. Then violent presumption which stands for a proof, is continual and quiet possession: for, ex diuturnitate temporis omnia praesumuntur solenniter esse acta. Also the deed may receive credit per collationem sigillorum scripturae, etc. Glan. l. 10. c. 12.  
A wife cannot be produced either against, or for her husband, quia sunt duae animae in carne una. In some cases women are by law wholly excluded to bear testimony, as to prove a man to be a Villain. Mulieres ad probationem Status hominis admitti non debent. Fleta l. 2. c. 44.  
In an information upon the statute of usury, the party to the usurious contract, shall not be admitted to be a witness against the usurper, for in effect he should be testis in propria causa, and should avoid his own bonds, etc. Smith's case T. 8. J. in C.B. & Brit. 134. He that challengeth a right in the thing in demand, cannot be a witness; for that he is a party in interest. Britton fol. 134. (6. b.)  
Tenementum, is a large word not only to pass lands and other inheritances which are holden, but also offices, rents, commons, profits apprehender out of lands, etc. wherein a man hath any franktenement, and whereof he is seized ut de libero tenemento. But haereditamentum, is the largest word of all in that kind, for whatsoever may be inherited, is an haereditamentum, be it corporeal or incorporeal, real, or personal, or mixed.  
(6. a.) If a man by deed give lands to another, and to his heirs, without more saying, this is good, (ut res magis valeat, quam pereat) if he put his seal to the deed, deliver it, and make livery accordingly. So it is if A give lands, to have and to hold to B and his heirs, this is good by construction of the Law: but when form and substance concur, then is the deed fair and absolutely good. (fol. 7. a.) In ancient charters, etc. there was never mention made of the delivery of the deed, or any livery of seisin endorsed: for the witnesses named in the deed, were witnesses of both, ib.  
Witnesses are very necessary, for the better strengthening of deeds, fol. 7. b.  
Haeres legitimus est quem nuptiae demonstrant, and is he to whom Lands, Tenemenrs, and Hereditaments, by the act of God, & right of blood, do descend of some estate of inheritance, for Solus Deus facere potest haeredem non homo; haeres ab haerendo, nam qui haeres est, haeret, vel dicitur ab haerendo quia haereditas sibi haeret, etc. Vide libr. Partus cui natura aliquantulum ampliaverit vel diminuerit, non tamen superabundanter, bene debet inter liberos connumerari. Si inutilia nostra reddidit, ut si membra tortuosa habuerit, non tamen is partus monstrosus. Bract. l. 5. f. 437.  
A denizen by the King's Letters Patents, cannot be heir, etc. But otherwise is it, if he be naturalised by Act of Parliament: and if one be made denizen, the issue that he hath afterwards shall be heir to him. An alien cannot he heir, etc. Propter de sectum subjectionis. Fol. 8. a.  
Where the Sons by no possibility can be heir to the Father, the one of them shall not be heir to the other; as if an alien cometh into England, and hath issue, etc. l. 7. Calvin's Case.  
A man attainted of Treason or Felony can be heir to no man, nor any man heir to him, propter delictum. A man hath issue two sons, and after is attaint, etc. And one of the sons purchase Lands, and dieth without issue, the other brother shall be his heir, for the attainder, etc. corrupteth the lineal blood only, & not the collateral blood between the brethren, which was vested in them before the attainder. But if a man after he be attainted have issue, etc. Autrement est. In case, where filiatio non potest probari, the child may choose his Father.  
A man by the common law, cannot be heir to Goods or Chattels, for haeres dicitur ab haereditate. Haeres astrarius: so called ab astre, i. e. an hearth of an house; cum Antecessor restituat haeredi in vita sua haereditatem, etc. fol. 8. b.  
Si uxor dicit se esse praegnantem de ipso defuncto cum non sit, habeat haeres brevium de ventre inspic. nemo est haeres viventis; apparens dicitur.  
If a man give land unto two, & haeredibus, omitting suis, they have but an estate for life, for the uncertainty. 10 H. 6. 7. Pl. Com. 28. b.  
Ceux parolx (ses heirs) tantsolement font lestate denheritance en touts Feoffments and grants.  
Here Littleton treateth of purchases by natural persons, and not of bodies politic or corporate.  
As the heir doth inherit to the ancestor, so the successor doth succeed to the predecessor, and the executor to the Testat.  
An ancient grant must be expounded as the law was taken at the time of the grant. 17 E. 3. 25. b.  
Sub vocabulis (haeredibus suis) omnes haeredes propinqui comprehenduntur, & remoti, nati, & nascituri. fo. 9 a. Fleta l. 3 c. 8.  
The law is precise in prescribing certain words to create an estate of inheritance, for avoiding of uncertainty, the mother of contention and confusion. Pl. Com. 163.  
There be many words so appropriated, as that they cannot be legally expressed by any other words, etc. Some to estates of lands; some to tenors; some to persons; some to offences; some to forms of Original Writs; some to warrant. etc.  
Satus dicitur à stando. An estate of inheritance granted by the great Seal, etc. is descendible according to the course of the common law.  
Hereditas est duplex. 

Corporata, viz. Of Lands and Tenements, which may pass by Livery, by Deed, or without Deed.  
Incorporata, as Advowsons', Commons, etc. which cannot pass by livery, but by Deed.    
The Deed of incorporaet inheritances doth equal the livery of corporeate.  
all I. S. habend. sibi & success. sive haered. suis en fee s. Si. soit per Letters Patents.  
A conveyance by feoffment cleareth all disseisins, abatements, intrusions, and other wrongful or defeasible estates, where the entry of the feoffor is lawful, which neither fine, recovery, nor bargain and sale by deed indented and enrolled doth. Sometime, when an estate of freehold only doth pass, improperly it is called a feoffment.  
Done est nosme general plus que nest feoffment, car done est general à touts choses moebles & nient moebles, Feoffment est riens forsque del soil.  
If a man devise lands to a man in perpepetuum, or to give, and to sell etc. A fee simple doth pass by the intent of the devisor. Fol. 9 b.  
A man deviseth land to one & sanguini suo, that is, a fee simple, but if it be semini suo, it is an estate tail. Br. tit tail 21.  
So that, ceux parolx ses heirs tantsolement, etc. Extend not 1. To last Wills, and Testaments. 2. Not to a fine, sur conusans de droit come ceo, etc. 3. Nor to certain releaseth. 4. Nor to a recovery. 5. Nor to a creation of Nobility by Writ.  
But out of This rule of our Author, the Law doth make divers exceptions; as, 1: If the Son infeoff the Father, as fully as the Father enfeoffed him. 2. In respect of the consideration, as if lands be given in frankmarriage generally. 3. If a feoffment or grant be made to any corporation aggregate of many persons capable. 4. In case of a sole corporation, as if a feoffment in fee be made to a Bishop, habendum, etc. In libera elemosina. 5. In grants sometimes, as if one coparcenor for owelty of partition grant a rent to the other generally, etc. Ipsae etenim leges cupiunt ut jure regantur. 6. By the Forest Law, if an Assart be granted by the King to another habendum & tenend. sibi in perpetuum, he hath a fee simple without this word (heirs) fol. 10. a.  
And this rule, etc. extendeth to the passing of estates of inheritances, in exchanges, releases, or confirmations that enure by way of enlargement of estates, warranty, bargains and sales by Deed indented and enrolled, etc. In which, this word (heirs) is also necessary, for they do taptamount, to a Feoffment or grant, & ubi eadem ratio, ibi idem jus.  
A man may purchase lands to him and his heirs, 1. By Feoffment. 2, By Grant. 3. By Fine which is a Feoffment of Record. 4. By common recovery, in nature of a Feoffment of recovery. 5. By Exchange. 6. By Release to a particular Tenant. 7. By confirmation, etc. which are in nature of Grants, etc. 9 By bargain and sale by Deed, etc. Ordained by Statute. 10. By devise, by custom of some particular place, and by Will in Writing, generally by authority of Parliament. 27 H. 8. ca 16. 32 H. 8. ca 2. 34 H. 8. cap. 5.  
If a disseisin, abatement, or intrusion be made to the use of another; if cesty que use agreeth thereunto in pays, by this bare agreement he gaineth a Fee Simple without any livery of seisin, etc.  

Sect. 2.  
Linea recta semper praefertur transversali. Proximus excludit propinquum, & propinquus remotum, & remotus remotiorem, fol. 10. b.  
Proximum Sumitur duplici sc. 

Jure propinquitatis, and he that is, thus next, etc. is mediately inheritable.  
Jure representationis, and so one is immediately inheritable, and accounted in Law next of blood.    
A Lease for life is made to A. the remainder to his next of blood, in this case, he that is next of blood, and capable by purchase, shall have the remainder, though he be not legally next to take as heir by descent; note the diversity.   

Sect. 3.  
Maxim so called, quia maxima est ejus dignitas & certissima autoritas, atque quod maximè omnibus probetur. Pl. come. 27:  
Lineal ascent is prohibited by the law, but not Collateral, etc. fo. 11. a.  
Littleton's proofs and arguments drawn from the common law, are first, from the maxims, rules, intendment and reason of the common law. 2. Ab autoritate & pronunciatis. 3. A rescriptis valet argumentum. 4. From the form of good pleading. 5. From the right entry of judgements. 6. A praecedentibus approbatis & usu. 7. A non usu. 8. Ab artificialibus argumentis consequentibus & conclusionibus. 9 A communi opinione jurisprudentium. 10. Ab inconvenienti. 11. A divisione, vel ab enumeratione partium. 12. A Majore ad minus, & à minore ad majus, à simili, à pari. 13. Ab impossibili. 14. A fine. 15. Ab utili, vel inutili. 16. Ex absurdo. 17. A natura & ordine naturae. 18. Ab ordine religionis. 19 A communi praesumptione. 20. A lectionibus jurisprudentium.  
From Statutes his Arguments and proofs are drawn. 1. From the rehearsal or preamble of the Statute. 2. By the body of the law diversely interpreted, sometimes by other parts of the same statute, which is benedicta expositio, & ex visceribus causae; Sometime, by reason of the common Law.  
But ever the general words are to be intended of a lawful act, and such interpretation must ever be made of all statutes, that the innocent may not be damnified, etc. fol. 11. b.  
There be divers laws in England: As first, lex Coronae. 2. Lex & consuetudo Parliamenti. 3. Lex naturae. 4. Lex communis Angliae. 5. Statute Law. 6. Consuetudines. 7. Jus belli, in republica maximè conservanda sunt jura belli. 8. Ecclesiastical, or Canon Law in Courts in certain cases. 9 Civil Law in certain cases, only in Courts Ecclesiastical, but in the Courts of the Constable, and Marshal, and of the Admiralty. 10. Lex Forestae. 11. The Law of Marque or Reprisal. 12. Lex Mercatoria. 13. The Laws and Customs of the Isles of Jersey, Gernsey, and Man. 14. The Law and privilege of the Stannery. 15. The Laws of the East, West, and middle Marches, which are now abrogated.  
A man that claimeth as heir in fee simple to any man by descent, must make himself heir to him that was last seized of the actual freehold, and inheritance; where the uncle cannot get an actual possession by entry, or otherwise, there the Father cannot inherit, etc.  
Warranties' shall descend to him that is heir at the common law. Fol. 12. a.  
And a warranty shall not go with Tenements, whereunto it is annexed, to any special heir, but to the heir at the common law.   

Sect. 4.  
None shall inherit any lands as heir, but only the blood of the first purchaser. Plow. 447. refert à quo fiat perquisitum. Fleta l. 6. c. 1. 2. Bract. l. 2. fo. 65. 67.  
Multa transeunt cum versitate, quae par se non transeunt (vid. libr. fo. 12. b. 5 E. 2. Avowry 207. Whensoever lands do descend from the part of the Mother, the heirs of the part of the Father shall never inherit, & è converso, 39 E. 3. 29. fol. 13. a.  
Escheat i.e. cadere, excidere, vel accidere, quod accidit duobus modis, aut perfectum sanguinis; aut per delictum tenentis, atque illud est.  
Per judicium 〈◊〉 modis. 

aut quia suspensus per collum.  
aut quia abjuravit regnum.  
aut quia utlegatus.    
In an appeal of death, etc. hanging the Process, the defendant conveyeth away the land, & after is outlawed, the conveyance is good, & shall defeat the Lord of his escheat; but otherwise is it if a man be indicted of felony, etc. for in the case of Appeal the Writ containeth no time when the felony was done, and therefore an escheat can relate but to the outlawry pronounced; but the indictment containeth the Time when the Felony was committed, and therefore the escheat upon the outlawry shall relate to that time.  
If lands holden of I. S. be given to a Dean and Chapter, Major and Commonalty, and to Their successors, etc. And after such body politic or incorporate is dissolved, the donor shall have again the Land; (for that the cause of the gift or grant faileth:) and not the Lord by Escheat. But no such condition is annexed to the estate in see simple vested in any man in his natural capacity, but in case where the donor or feoffor reserveth to him a tenure, and then the law doth imply a condition in law by way of escheat, fol. 13. b.   

Sect. 5.  
Descent is a means whereby one doth derive him title to certain lands, as heir to some of his Ancestors. Quod prius est, dignius est, & qui prior est tempore, potior est jure.   

Sect. 6.  
Nul auna trens. de fee simp. per descent come heir, etc. Si non que il soit heir dentier sank.  
The half blood, is no blood inheritable by descent, being not complete and perfect. Fol. 14. a.   

Sect. 8.  
Lands, etc. shall descend to him that can make himself heir to him that was last actually seized of the Freehold of the land, etc. Fol. 15. a.  
Whether the seisin of a rent reserved upon a seize for life be such an actual seisin of the land in the eldest son, as the sister in a writ of right may make herself heir of this land to her brother; admitting there be son and daughter by one venture, and a son by another venture. Vid. lib. Qu. 7 H. 5. 34. per Hals & Lodington. * 35 Ass. p. 2.  
When an entry shall vest or divest an estate, there must be several entries into several parcels of land, etc. but where the possession is in no man, but the freehold in law is in the heir that entereth, there the general entry into one part reduceth all into his actual possession. Fol. 15. b.  
Possessio fratris de feodo simplici facit sororem esse haeredem. 11 H. 4. 11. l. 3. Ratcliffs case.  
All the lands and possessions whereof the King is seized in Jure Coronae, shall secundum jus Coronae, attend upon and follow the Crown.  
The quality of the person doth alter the descent.   

Sect. 9  
Inheritance is not only intended, where a man hath Lands, etc. By descent of inheritage, but also by purchase. Fol. 16. a. 7. H. 4. 5. * 6. E. 3. 30.  
A man may have inheritance in title of Nobility, by creation, by descent, and by praescription. By Creation, by Writ and by Letters Patents. If he be called by Writ to the Parliament, he hath a Fee simple in the dignity, etc. Without any words of inheritance; but if he be created by Letters Patents, the state of inheritance must be limited by apt words, or else the grant is void. The creation by Writ is the ancienter, by Letters Patents the surer; for he may be sufficiently created by Letters Patents, and made noble, albeit he never sit in Parliament.  
Simulier nobilis nupserit ignobili de sinit esse nobilis; that is if she gain her Nobility by marriage. But if a woman be noble by descent, etc. It is otherwise. Fol. 16. b. l. 4. 118. Acton's Case.  
Littleton citeth no Authority, but when the Case is rare, or may seem doubtful; Prespecua vera non sunt probanda. Vide Librun, etc.   

Sect. 10.  
Placitum, á placendo, quia bene placitare super, omnes placet. Fol. 17. a.  
Seized, is properly applied to Freehold, possessed, to Goods and Chattels. Bract. lih. 4. f 263.  
Demain, of the hand, i.e. manured by the hand, or received by the hand.  
Seisitus, etc. in dominico suo ut de feodo, sc. de tres, etc. D● qunx home poit aver un manuel occupation, etc. Seisitius ut d● feodo sc. de Advowson, etc.  
 de feodo, is to be understood positively; where (ut) denotat ipsam veritatem, & non similitudinem rei. Idonea persona for the discharge of the Cure should be presented freely, etc. By the Patron, Guardian in Socage shall not present to an Advowson because by the Law he can meddle with nothing, that he cannot account for. Fol. 17. b.  
Advocatio, is an advowing or taking into protection; & est jus patronatus. 7 E. 3, 4. 45 E. 3. 5.  
Two coparceners, one of them shall have a writ of right of Advowson de medietate advocationis; for in truth she hath but a right to a moiety: but where there be two Patrons, and two Incumbents in one Church, each of them shall have a Writ of Advowson de advocatione medietatis.  
Two fee simples absolute cannot be of one and the selfsame land, fo. 18. a.   

Sect. 11.  
And yet the several persons by Act in law, a reversion may be in fee simple in one, and a fee simple determinable in another by matter ex post facto; as if a gift in tail be made to a Villain, and the Lord enter, the Lord hath a fee simple qualified, and the donor a reversion in fee; but if the Lord infeoff the donor, now both fee simple are united, and he hath but one fee simple in him: but one fee simple cannot depend upon another by the grant of the party: as if lands be given to A, so long as B hath heirs of his body, the remainder over in fee, the remainder is void.   

Sect. 12,  
A purchase is always intended by title, and most properly by some kind of conveyance for money or some other consideration, or freely of gift.  
An heir-loom, is called principalium or haereditarium. Si un monument soit deface in lesglise, le heir del Ancestor poit aver son action, etc. 9 E. 4. 24.    

CAP. II. De Fee Tail:  

Sect. 13.  
TAllium, derived of tailler scindere. Modus & conventio vincont legem. Fol. 19 a.  
Before the statute of West. 2. De donis conditionalibus, the heir in Tail had no Fee simple absolute at the common law, though there were divers descents. Annuities and such like inheritances as cannot be entailed within the said Stature, remain at the common law.  
If the King before the statute, etc. had made a gift in tail etc. in this case, if the Donee had no issue, and before the statute had aliened with warranty, and died, and the warranty had descended upon the King, this should no● have bound the King of his reversion without assets: b● otherwise it was in the case of a common person, fol. 19 b. 6 E. 3. 56. 45 Ass. p. 6. The King can do no wrong, Pl. c. 246.   

Sect. 14, 15.  
Not only all corporate inheritances which are or may b● holden, but also all inheritances issuing out of any of those inheritances, or concerning or annexed to, or exercisible within the same though they lie not in tenure, may be entailed. As Rents, Estovers, Commons, etc. Or Uses, Offices Dignities which concern lands, or certain places, etc. But if the grant be of an inheritance mere personal, or to be exercised about chattels, and is not issuing out of land, &c As the grant of an annuity of the office to be falconer, master of horse, etc. Such inheritances cannot be entailed, because they savour nothing of the reality. Fol. 20. a. 7 E. 3. 363.  
In these cases the grants, etc. hath a fee conditional, and by his grant or release he may bar his heir, as he might have done at the common law, viz. In grant de personal inheritances. Pl. C. Manxels c.  
Idem semper proximo antecedenti refertur. fol. 20, b.  
These words (de son corpse) are not so strictly required but that they may be expressed by words that amount to as much. 5 H. 5. 6.  
Voluntas donatoris in Charta doni sui manifestè expressa observetur. Quer. etc.  
If a man make a charter of feoffment of an acre of land to A. and his heirs, and another Deed of the same acre to A and the heirs of his body, and deliver seisin according t● the form and effect of both deeds; it shall enure by moities, i.e. to have an Estate Tail in the one moiety, with the Fee Simple expectant, and a Fee Simple in the other moiety, etc. Fol. 21. a. 2 H. 6. 25. 45 E. 3. 20.   

Sect. 17.  
Robert gave the reversion of lands, which Agnes his wife did hold for life to Stephan de la More, Habendum post mortem dictae Agnetis in liberum Maritagium cum Johanna filia ejusdem Roberti, and it is adjudged that is a good Estate Tail. 5 E. 3. 17.  
Four things be incident to a frankmarriage. 1. That it be given for consideration of marriage, etc. 2. that the woman or man, that is the cause of the gift, be of the blood of the donor. 3. If the gift be made of a thing which lieth in tenure (as of Lands, etc. A rent Common, etc.) That the donees hold of the donor at the time of the Estate in frankmarriage made. 4. That the donees shall hold freely of the donor till the fourth degree be past, fo. 21 b. *  
These words (in liberum maritagium) did create an estate in fee simple at the common law. And these are such words of art & so necessarily required, as they cannot be expressed by words aequipollent, etc.   

Sect. 18. *  
Feodum talliatum, i.e. haereditas in quandam certitudinem limitata, viz. Quell issue inheritra per force de tiels dones, & come longement lenheritance endurera.  
A gift made to a man & haeredi masculo de corpore suo Reg. Judic. fol. 6. Haeredi unide corpore, etc. An exception from the rule, that all estates Tail were fee simple at the common law. 39 Ass. pl. 20.   

Sect. 19 *  
Whensoever the Ancestor takes an estate for life, and after a limitation is made to his right heirs, the right heirs shall not be purchasers, fol. 22. b. Vide Libr. Non est haeres viventis. And no diversity when the law creates the estate for life, and when the party. A man seized of lands in fee by Indenture makes a Lease for life, the remainder to the heirs male of his own body, this is a void remainder. So it is of a gift entail, the remainder to his own right heirs for the reversion is in the Ancestor, who during his life beareth in his body, all his heirs. And the donor cannot make his own right heir a purchaser of an estate tail without departing of the whole Fee simple out of him. Vide Libr. Dier 156.  
If a man make a Feoffment in Fee to the use of himself in tail, and after to the use of the Feoff in Fee, the Feoffee hath no reversion, but in nature of a remainder, albeit the Feoffor have the Estate tail executed in him by the Statute, and the Feoffee is in by the common law. Dier 362. b.  
Whosoever is seized of Land hath not only the estate of the land in him, but the right to take profits, which is in nature of the use, & therefore when he makes a Feoffment in Fee without valuable consideration to divers particular uses, so much of the use as he disposeth not is in him as his ancient use in point of reverter. Fol. 23. a. Vide Libr. Dier. 12. Fealty is incident to every tenure (exc. frankalm.) and cannot be separated from it.   

Sect. 20.  
Certain Rules touching degrees, &c: The first is, That a person added to a person in the line of consanguinity maketh a degree. 2. So as how many persons there be, take away one and you have the number of degrees. 3. It is to be noted that in every line the person must be reckoned from whom the computation is made. Vide Libr. gradus dicitur à gradiendo, quia gradiendo ascenditur, & descenditur. Fol. 24. a. Vide, etc.   

Sect. 21.  
Exempla illustrant, non restringunt legem. Aequitas est convenientia rerum, quae cuncta coaequiparat, & quae in paribus rationibus paria jura & judicia desiderat; & jus respicit aequitatem. Aequitas enim est perfecta quaedam ratio quae jus scriptum interpretatur & emendat. Bract. lib. 4. Fo. 186.   

Sect. 22 & 23.  
De dones fait en le tail, la volunt del donor senr. observe. And these words (queux doient inheriter) imply a diversity between a descent and a purchase. Fol. 24. b. Vide libr. Br. t. done 42. t. nosme 1. & 40. A gift is made to a man, and to the heirs female of his body, the donee is capable by purchase, and the heir female by descent. Fo. 25. a.   

Sect. 24.  
Quaecunque que ser. inheriter per force d'un done en le tail fait as heirs males, covient conveier son title tout per les heir males. Fol. 25. a. Vide 28 H. 6. t. devise c. 18. 1. *  
A devise may create an inheritance by other words then a gift can, yet cannot a devise direct an inheritance to descend against the rule of law. Vide lib.  
In an Estate Tail, etc. The male must make his conveyance by males, and the female by females.  
If A hath issue a son and a daughter, and dieth, and the son hath issue a daughter and dieth, and a Lease for life is made, the remainder to the heirs females of the body of A. In this Case the daughter of A shall not take, because she is not heir. But albeit the daughter of the son maketh her conveyance by a male male, she shall take an Estate Tail by purchase, for she is heir and a female. Fol. 25. b. 11 H. 6. 13. 9 H. 6. 25.   

Sect. 25.  
No cross remainder, or other possibility shall be allowed by Law, where an Estate is once settled, etc. and taketh effect. As if Lands be given to two husbands and their wives, and to the heirs of their bodies begotten, they have a joint estate for life, and several inheritances. 24 E. 3. 29. a.   

Sect. 29. & 30.  
20 H. 6. 36. Vide lib. * 5 H. 4. 3. a. Fol. 26. b. A man by Deed gave lands to Em. late wife of I.M. habend. etc. praedict. E. & haered. I. M: de corpore ejusdem E. procreate. In this case the son and heir of I.M. begotten on the body of Em, took no Estate with Em. in the lands, because he was named after the habendum.  
A man seized of two acres of land in fee simple hath issue two daughters and dieth, and the one coparcenor giveth her part to her sister, and to the heirs of the body of her father.  
In this case the donee hath an estate tail in the moiety of the donors' part; for the don●● is not entire heir, but the donor is heir with the donee, and she cannot give to the heirs of her own body, and the don●● hath the other moiety of her sister's part for life. Les heirs, & says heirs differ.  
For if lands be given to the son, and to his heirs of the body of his father, the son hath a fee simple. But if the land be given to the son, and to the heirs of the body of, etc. en. est. ta. f. 27. a.   

Sect. 31.  
Every estate tail within the statute of Westm. 2. must be limited either by express words, or words aequipollent of what body the heir inheritable shall issue. The grant of a subject shall be taken most strongly against himself. * Fo. 27. b. Vide libr. 18 Ass. p. 5. Armouries are descendible to the heirs males lineal or collateral.    

CAP. III.  

Sect. 32.  
TEnant in Tail after possibility of issue extinct, hath certain privileges in respect of the privity of his estate, & of the inheritance that was once in him, which Tenant in Tail himself hath, and which Lessee for life hath not. As 1. He is dispunishable for waste. 2. He shall not be compelled to atturn. 3. He shall not have aid of him in the reversion. 4. Upon his alienation no writ of entry in consimili casu, lieth. 5. After his death no writ of intrusion doth lie. 6. He may join the mice in a writ of Right in a special manner. 7. In a praecipe brought by him he shall not name himself Tenant for life. 8. In a Praecipe brought against him, he shall not be named barely Tenant for life, fo. 27. b.  
And yet he hath four other qualities agreeable to a bare Lessee for life, and not to an Estate in Tail. 1. If he make a Feoffment in fee, this is a forfeiture of his estate. 2. If an estate in fee, or in fee tail, in reversion or remainder, descend or come to this Tenant, his estate is drowned, and the fee or fee tail executed. 3. He in the reversion or remainder shall be received upon his default. 4. An exchange between a bare Tenant for life and him is good; for their estates in respect of their quantity are equal, so as the difference stands only in the quality.  
The state of this Tenant must be created, altered, etc. by the act of God, and not by the limitation of the party, ex dispositione legis, & non ex provisione hominis. Vide Sect. 33. fol. 28. a. l. 11. Lewes' Bowls.    

CAP. iv Courtesy D'engleterre.  

Sect. 35.  
A Man seized of an advowson or rent in fee, hath issue a daughter, who is married and hath issue, and dieth seized, the wife before the rent became due, or the Church void, dieth, she had but a seisin in law, and yet he shall be Tenant by the courtesy, because he could by no industry attain to any other seisin. Et impotentia excusat legem.  
But if the wife in this case die before her entry into lands, etc. it is otherwise. Vide lib. foe 29. a. Dier 55. 3 H. 7. 5.  
A man shall not be tenant by the courtesy of a bare right, title, use, or of a reversion, or remainder expectant upon any Estate of Freehold, unless the particular Estate be determined during the coverture. * If an estate of freehold in Signories, Rents, Commons, etc. be suspended, a man shall not be Tenant by the courtesy. As if a Tenant make a Lease for life of the Tenancy to the Seignioress, who taketh a husband & hath issue, the wife dieth, he shall not be tenant etc. But if the suspension be for years, he shall be Tenant by the courtesy, fo. 29. b. Vide li. 1 E. 3. 6. If a woman maketh a gift in Tail, and reserve a rent to her and her heirs, and the donor taketh husband and hath issue, and the donee dieth without issue, and the wife dieth, the husband shall not be tenant by the courtesy of the rent; for that the rent newly reserved, is by the act of God determined, & no Estate thereof remaineth. But if a man be seized in fee of a rent, and maketh a gift in Tail general to a woman, she taketh husband and hath issue, the issue dieth, the wife dieth without issue, he shall be Tenant by the Courtesy of the rent, because the rent remaineth, fol. 30. a.  
Four things do belong to an Estate of Tenancy by the Courtesy, viz. Marriage, seisin of the wife, issue and death of the wife. But it is not requisite that these should concur, etc. at one time, and therefore if a man taketh a woman seized of lands in fee, and is disseised, and then hath issue, and the wife die; he shall enter, and hold by the courtesy. So if he hath issue which dieth before the descent, etc. Vide lib. By the custom of Gavelkind, a man may be Tenant by the courtesy without having any issue. 9 E. 3. 38.  
If after issue, etc. in this case the husband maketh a feoffment in fee, and the wife dieth, the feoffee shall hold it during the life of the husband, & the heir of the wife shall not during his life in sur cui in vita; for it could not be a forfeiture, for that the estate at the time of the feoffment was an Estate of Tenancy by the Courtesy initiate and not consummate. Vod. l. Dier 363. 34 E. 3. Cui in vita 13.  
In divers Cases a man shall by having of issue, be Tenant by the Courtesy, where a woman shall not be endowed, etc. 7 E. 3. 6. 17 Ed. 3. 51.  
A man shall be Tenant by the Courtesy of a Common Sans number, but a woman shall not be endowed thereof. A man entitled to be Tenant by the Courtesy, maketh a feoffment in Fee upon condition, and entereth for the condition broken, and then his wife dieth, he shall not be Tenant, etc. for his title, etc. was inclusively absolutely extinct by the Feoffment. * Vide librum. fo. 30. b.  
Trs sona done all Beron & feme, & a les heireo que le baron ingenera de corps sa feme, en ceo case ambideux ont estate en la T, i'll, pur ceo que cen parol (heirs) nest limit a lun plius que a lautre.   

Lect. 28.  
Nul poit enre Tenant in tail appears possibility d'issue extinct, forsque un des donees ou le donee en special tail: ne un ques serra puny de waist, pur lenheritance que fuit lun foits en luy. Mes cesty en le reversion poit enter, sil alien en fee.   

Sect. 36  
Baron priest feme enheritrix, Sil ad issue per luy ne vife, il scera Tenant per le Courtesy.  
I (trust me) was even now so full of my Courtesy, that I had almost forgotten my craft in the tail, wots you what I mean? why, the two last precedent Sections. * If any before stay behind, I'll bring them after with a witness, Thomas More, Thomas de la More Antecessor meus, miles, creatus fuit, in Parliamento, cum Edwardus Princeps ille niger, dux cornubiae creatus fuerit. Anno Regni Reg. Edwardi tertii undecimo. Anno Dom. 1337.    

CAP. iv Dower:  

Sect. 36.  
LA feme serra endow de la 3. part des trens, etc. que sueront a sa baron durant le coverture; issint que el pass l' ago de 9 ans al temps del mort sa baron. lib. 2. fol. 93. Binghams' Case.  
Dower in the common Law, is taken for that portion, etc. which the wife hath for term of her life of the lands or tenements of her husbands, etc. Propter onus matrimonii, & ad sustentationem suiipsius & educationem liberorum, cum fuerint procreati, si vir praemoriatur. Does, ex donatione, & est quasi donarium, because the law itself doth (without any gift) of the husband himself give it to her; it is commonly taken for the third part which she hath of her husband's lands, etc. After his decease. lib. rub. c. 70. Bract. l. 2. s. 92.  
To the consummation of this dower, three things are necessary, viz. Marriage, seisin, and the death of her husband. s. 31. a.  
Secundum consuetudinem regni mulieres viduae, etc. Debent esse quietae de tallagiis, etc. doti ejus parcatur, quia praemium pudoris est. Ockam f. 40.  
Where lands or tenements descend to the husband, before entry he hath but a seison in law, and yet the wife shall be endowed; for it lieth not in the power of the wife to bring to be an actual seison as the husband may do of his wife's land, when he is Tenant by the Courtesy F. N. B. 149.  
Grandfather, Father and Son, the Grandfather, and father die, etc. In this Case: does de dote peti non debit; if lands descend to the Father; otherwise is it in a purchase, if the Grandfather infeoff the Father, etc. Vide lib. 5. E 3. t. dutch. 249. Paris c. Non debent mulieribus assignari in dotem castra quae fuerunt virorum suorum & quae de guerra existunt, vel etiam homagia & servitia aliquorum de guerra existentia. Fo. 31. b. Pat. 1. E. 1. Part. 1. m. 17.  
Tenant in Fee Taile general maketh a feoffment in Fee, and takes back an estate to him and to his wife, and to the heirs of their two bodies, and they have issue, and the wife dieth, the husband taketh another wife, and dieth, the wife shall not be endowed, for during the Coverture, he was seized of an estate Tail special, and yet the issue which the second wife may have, by possibility may inherit. Vide lib. 41. E. 3, 30. Dier. 41.  
Albeit of many inheritances that be entire, whereof no division can be made by meats and bounds, a woman cannot be endowed of the thing itself, yet she shall be endowed thereof in a special and certain manner. As of the third part of a piscary, tertium piscem, vel jactum retis tertium, etc. Fo. 32. a. 17. E. Dow. 104.  
A woman shall not be endowed of a common sans number en gross, nor of an annuity, etc. Nor of Rents, etc. If the freeholds of the Rents were suspended before the coverture. But a woman shall be endowed of Tithes of the third part of profits of Courts, Fines, Heriots, etc. De nullo quod est sua natura indivisibile, & secationem sive divisionem non patitur nullam partem habebit, sed satisfaciat ei ad vi●lentiam, Brac. 97. Brit. 146.  
If the heir improve the value of the Land by building, etc. And on the other side, if the value be impaired in the time of the heir, she shall be endowed according to the value at the time of the assignment, and not according to the value, as it was in the time of her Husband. 30. E. 1. Vouch. 298.  
It is not necessary that seisin should continue during the coverture; for albeit the husband alieneth the Lands, etc. or extinguisheth the Rents, etc. Yet the woman shall be endowed. But it is necessary that the marriage continue, for if that be dissolved the Dower ceaseth. Vbi nullum matrimonium, ibi nulla does; but this is to be understood when the husband and wife are divorced à vinculo matrimonii, as in case of precontract, consanguinity, affinity, etc. And not à mensa & thoro only, as for Adultery. In case of elopement, she shall lose her Dower, but she is not barred of her appeal. Sponte virum mulier fugiens & adultera facta dote sua careat, nisi sponso sponte retracta. Folly 32. b. Myrrh. ca 5. Sec. 5. li. Intract 224. If a man seized of Lands in Fee took a wife, and enfeoffed eight persons, Writ of Dower was brought against these eight persons, and two confess the action, and the other six plead in Bar, and descend to issue, the demandant shall have judgement to receive the third part of two parts of the land in eight parts to be divided, and after the issue being found for the demandant against the six, the demandant shall have judgement to recover against them the third part of six parts of the same land in eight parts to be divided, and so in some cases, where the husband was sole seized, the wife shall not be endowed in severalty by meats and bounds. M. 2. and 3. Eliz. Dier 187. b.  
Nota. The endowment by meats and bounds, according to the common right, is more beneficial to the wife then to be endowed against common right; for there she shall hold the land charged, in respect of a charge made after her title of Dower. It is necessary for the wife after the decease of her husband, as soon as she can to demand Dower before good testimony; for otherwise she may by her own default lose the value after the decease of her husband, and her damages for detaining of her dower. Vide lib. Et Dotes suas habere non possunt sine placito. The mean values and damages are to be recovered against the Tenant in a Writ of Dower. M. 8. and 9 Eliz. Rot. 904. conj. Banco. Vid. etc.  
If the wise be past the age of 9 years at time of the the death of her husband, (albeit he were but 4 years old) she shall be endowed, quia minor non potest dotem promereri, neque virum sustinere; nec obstabit mulieri petenti minor aetas viri. So that albeit concensus non concubitus facit matrimonium, and that a woman cannot consent before twelve, nor a man before fourteen. Yet this inchoate or imperfect marriage (from the which either of the parties, at the age of consent, may disagree) after the death of the husband shall give Dower to the wife, Fo. 33. a.  
Est, uxor de facto, & de jure. Fol. 33. b. Vid. etc. Only she that is a wise, & de jure in favorem vitae, shall have an Appeal, etc. But a wife de facto, shall have Dower, if divorce be not had, etc. 50. E. 3. 15 10. E. 3. 35.   

Sect. 37.  
Rationabilis dos est cujuslibet mulieris de quocunque tenemento tertia pars omnium tium, etc. quae vir suus tenuit in dominico suo ut de feodo, & c  
By the custom of Gavelkind the wife shall be endowed of the moiety, so long as she keep herself sole and without child, which she cannot wave, and take her thirds for her life: for consuetudo tollit communem. legem. Stat. de consuet. Canciae, etc. And as customs may enlarge, so it may abridge and restrain it to a fourth part, etc. Senentia signifieth widowhood, fo. ●3. b. in fine marg.   

Sect. 39  
Affidare est fidem dare, & sponsalia dicuntur futurarum nuptiarum repromissio & conventio.  
But (this) Dower ad ostium ecclesiae is ever after marriage solemnised; for that before marriage the woman is not entitled to have dower; certainty is the mother of quiet and repose, Fol. 34. b.  
The Law hath provided, quod vidua post mortem mariti sui non det aliquid pro dote sua, & maneat in Capitali messuagio mariti sui per 40. dies post obitum mariti sui, infra quos dies assignetur ei dos sua nisi prius ei assignata fuerit, etc. & habeat rationabile estoverium suum interim in Communi, yet because there was no penalty, etc. inflicted, the Tenant of the land may drive her to sue for her Dower. Mag. Chart. ca 7.  
If the heir, etc. put her out within the 40 days, etc. She may have her Writ de quarentina habenda. A jointure made in satisfaction of Dower, is now the furest way, etc. fol. 34. b.  
Wheresoever the Writ demands Land, Rent, etc. In certain, the demandant after judgement may enter or distrein before any seisin delivered to him by the Sheriff upon a Writ of habere facias seisinam. But in Dower, etc. the demandant cannot enter, etc. until execution sued, for the Writ demandeth nothing in certain. Assignment of Dower must either must be by the Sheriff, by the King's writ, or else by the heir or other Tenant of Land by consent and agreement between them.  
If the husband make several feoffments of several parcels, and dieth, and one Feoffee assign Dower to the wife of parcel of Land in satisfaction, etc. The other Feoffees shall take no benefit of this assignment, because they are strangers thereunto and cannot plead the same. But in that case, if the husband dieth seized of other lands in see simple, etc. And his heir endoweth the wife of certain of those lands in full satisfaction, etc. This assignment is good, and the several Feoffees shall take advantage of it. And therefore if the wife bring a writ of dower against any of them, they may vouch the heir, etc. So as there is a privity in this respect between the heir and the feoffees, and by this means, the same assignment may be pleaded by the heir that made it. 33 Ed. 3. tit. Judgm. 254, etc.  
The assignment must be certain, and absolute, and by such as have a freehold, or against whom a writ of dower doth lie, etc. fol. 35. a. Vide lib.  
There needeth neither livery of seisin, nor writing to any assignment of dower, because it is due of common right. Assignment must be of some part of the land, or of a rent, etc. issuing out of the same, Dier 91.   

Sect. 40.  
Tenant for life of a carve of land, the reversion to the father in fee, the son and heir apparent endoweth his wife, etc. Ex assensu patris. Tenant for life dieth, the husband dieth, this is no good endowment, etc. because the father at the time of the assent, had but a reversion expectant upon a freehold, whereof he could not have endowed his own wife; and albeit the Tenant for life died, living the husband yet, quod initio non valet, tractu temporis non convalescet. Fo. 35. a.  
If the heir apparent be within age, yet the endowment ex assensu patris is good; but otherwise it is of dower ad ostium ecclesiae. 2 H. 3. Dower 199. Fo. 35. b.  
Ten things are necessarily incident to a deed, viz. First, Writing. 2. In Parchment or Paper. 3. A person able to contract. 4. By a sufficient name. 5. A person able to be contracted with. 6. By a sufficient name. 7. A thing to be contracted for. 8. Apt words required by Law. 9 Sealing. 10. Delivery.  
Tradition of a deed (only) to the party to whom it is made, is sufficient; and then when words are contrary to the Act which is the delivery, the words are of none effect, non quod dictum est sed quod factum est inspicitur. But it may be delivered to a stranger as an escrow, etc. Because the bare Act of delivery to him without words worketh nothing, fol. 36. a. H. 12. R. in C.B. Dier 95.  
Cartarum alia regia, alia privatorum, & regiarum alia privata, alia communis, & alia universitatis. Privatorum, alia de puro Feoffamento & simplici, alia de Feoff. conditionali, sive conventionali, alia de recognitione pura, vel conditionali, alia de quiet clamantia alia, de confirmatione, etc. Verba intentioni, non è contra debent inservire.  
Carta non est nisi vestimentum donationis, sive orationis. Fleta l. 6. ca 28. Nemo tenetur armare ad versarium suum contra se. Scriptum est instrumentum ad instruendum quod mens vult. Carta est legatus mentis. Benignae sunt faciendae interpretationes cartarum, propter simplicitatem laicorum, ut res magis valeat quam pereat. Bract. l. 2. fo. 94, etc.  
Nihil tam convenias est naturali aequitati quam voluntatem domini volentis rem suam in alium transferre ratam habere. Blow. Com. fo. 161. b.  
Re, verbis, scripto, consensu, traditione Junctura vestes sumere pacta solent. Pl. Co. 161. Verba cartarum fortius accipiuntur contra proferentem. Generale dictum generaliter est intelligendum. Verba debent intelligi secundum subictam materiam. Carta de non ente, non valet.   

Sect. 41.  
A jointure was no bar of Dower at the Common Law. For a right or title that one hath to a Freehold cannot be barred by acceptance of collateral satisfaction. But now by the statute of 27 H. 8.  
If a jointure be made to the wife according to the purvieu of that statute, it is a bar of her Dower.  
Six things are required to a perfect Jointure. 1. It is to take effect for her life in possession or profit presently after the decease of her husband. 2. That it be for term of her own life, or greater estate. 3. It must be made to herself, and to no other for her. 4. It must be made in satisfaction of her whole dower, and not of part. etc. 5. It must be either expressed, or averred to be in satisfaction, etc. 6. It may be made either before or after marriage. If the jointure be made before marriage, the wife cannot wave it, and claim her dower at the Common Law; but if it be made after marriage, she may wave the same, etc. Fo. 36. b. Vide, etc. Dier 358.  
The wife shall not be barred of her jointure, albeit her husband commit Treason or Felony, as she shall be of her Dower ad ostium Eccle. etc. By the Common Law. But now at this day by the statute of the 1 Ed. 6. c. 2. and 5 Ed. 6. c. 11. The wife of a man attainted of Felony shall not lose her dower.  
A jointure made to the wife, under or above the age of nine years is good; and so if Dower ad ostium ecclesiae, etc. being made by assent, etc. Consensus tollit errorem, fol. 37. a.   

Sect. 43.  
Lou le certainty appiert queux terres, &c. Feme avera per la Dower, la le feme entra apres la mort sa baron, sans assignment de nulluy.   

Sect. 45.  
The wife shall not be endowed of lands, etc. which her husband holdeth jointly with another at the time of, etc. Of his death: for the jointenant which surviveth claimeth the land by the feoffment, and by the survivorship, which is above the Title of Dower, etc. But Tenants in common have several freeholds and inheritances, and their moities shall descend to their several heirs, and therefore their wives shall be endowed, fol. 37. b.   

Sect. 46.  
Lissue en le Tail, poit enter sur la possession la feme endow add . eccles. apres la mort sa baron.  
The husband is seized, etc. being within age he cannot by a voluntary Act bind himself: but otherwise is it where he doth an act, whereunto he is compelled by Law. Fo. 38. a. And so an Infant cannot endow his wife aed osti. eccls. but he may endow her ex Ass. patris; because the Father is sole seized, etc. And the Son hath nothing, etc.   

Sect. 48.  
Guardian in chivalry, etc. Is not possessed of the Land until he doth enter, because it is permanent; of the wardship of the body he is possessed before seizure, because it is transitory.  
After the guardian hath entered, etc. A Writ of Dower lieth against him, and not against the heir who is Tenant of the Freehold; because the Law hath trusted him to plead for the heir within age, that is in his custody, and also for his own particular interest, etc. Fo. 38. b. Vide & quaere. 44. E. 3. 13. 4. H. 6. 11.  
If the heir (before the garden enter) endow the wife of more than she ought, and the garden assign over his Estate, his Assignee shall have no Writ of Admesurement, because it was a thing in action: But the garden himself shall have a Writ, etc. Stat. West. 2. ca 7.  
And so shall the heir have a Writ etc. At full age: and some have said, that in that case he may have it within age. Fo. 39 a Vide, etc. F.N.B. 149.  
Judicium quasi juris dictum, the very voice of Law and right, and therefore judicium semper pro veritate accipitur. In every judgement there ought to be three persons, actor, reus, & judex. Fo. 39 a.  
The common Law giveth this privilege to the Land holden by Knight's service, viz. That it shall not be dismembered; but the whole Dower taken of the Lands holden in Socage, for that the Knight's service is for the defence of the Realm, which is pro bono publico, and therefore to be favoured.   

Sect. 49. Sect. 50.  
Lou le judgment est fait en Court le roy, ou en aut. Court, etc. le feme poit perender ses vicines & en lour presence endow luy inper meats & bounds de la pluis beale, etc. que el ad come garden en socage, & cei en solvanon del Garden en Chivelry durant le nonage lenfant.   

Lect. 52.  
If a man taketh a wife seized of Lands, etc. In Fee hath issue, and after the wife is attainted of Felony, so as the iss●● cannot inherit to her, yet he shall be Tenant by the Courtesy, in respect of the issue which he had before the Felony, and which by possibility might then have inherited. But if the wife had been attainted of Felony before the issue, albeit he hath issue afterwards, he shall not be Tenant, etc. Fo. 40. a. Except the wife be actually seized, the heir shall not make himself heir to the wife, and this is the reason that a man shall not be Tenant by the Courtesy of a seisin in Law. Lib. 8 fo. 34. in Pains Case.   

Sect. 53.  
Si Teniments sont dones a un home, & a les heirs quae il engendera de corps sa feme, en tiel case la feme nad riens, etc. Vnc'si le baron defy sans issue, me la feme ser. endow, per ceo que lissue que el per possibility puissoit aun. per. me le baron puit enheriter.  
A man seized of land in general Tail, taketh wife, and after is attainted of Felony, before the Statute of 1. E. 6. The issue should have inherited, and yet the wife should not have been endowed: For the Statute of West. 2. ca 1. relieveth the issue in tail, but not the wife in that case. But at this day if the husband be attaint of Felony the wife shall be endowed, and yet the issue shall not inherit the lands which the Father had in Fee simple. If the wife elope from her husband, etc. she shall be barred of her dower, and yet the issue shall inherit.   

Sect. 55.  
The Law hath inflicted five punishments upon him that is attainted of Treason or Felony. 1. He shall lose his life by an infamous death of hanging, etc. 2. His wife shall lose her Dower. 3. His blood is corrupted, his children made ignoble if, etc. And cannot be heirs to him. 4. He shall forfeit all his Lands, and Tenements. 5. All his goods and Chattels. But the wife of a man attaint of Felony shall be endowed by force of the statute in that case provided.  
If the heir be vouched by the Tenant in the Writ of Dower in the guard of the garden, The garden shall plead it as well when he comes in as vouchee, as when he is Tenant. Also if the Lands holden in socage be not equal to the lands holden in chivalry, some say that the defendant in the Writ of dower, must have assets in her hands to the value of her Dower, so as he shall not be partly indower against the garden, and partly retain in her own hands. 18. E. 3. 4. But by 25. E. 3. 52. b. auterment est que est melior opinion, etc.    

CHAP. VI Tenant a Term de vie.  

Sect. 56.  
IF Tenant per term dauter vie dyeth, living cesty que vie, he that first entereth shall hold the land during that other man's life; and he is in Law called an Occupant, because his title is by his first occupation. And so if Tenant for his own life grant over his Estate to another, if the grantee dyeth, there shall be an Occupant; so it is if Tenant by the Courtesy or Tenant in Dower grant over his Estate, or hers, etc. Fo. 41. a. l. 6. 37. nullum tempus occurrit regi in this case.  
There can be no occupant of any thing that lieth in grant, and that cannot pass without deed, because every Occupant must claim by a que estate, & aver. the life of Ce ' que vie. It were good to prevent the incertainty of the estate of the Occup. to add these words (to have and to hold to him and to his heirs during the life of Ce ' que vie) and yet the Lessee may assign it to whom he will, or if he hath already an Estate for another man's life without these words, than it were good for him to assign his Estate to divers men and their heirs, during the life of Ce ' que vie. Lit. 167. Dier 253.  
If a Lease be made to A, etc. For term of his own life, and the lives of B. and C; the lessee hath but one freehold, which hath this limitation, during his own life, and the lives of two others; and here note a diversity between several estates in several degrees, and one Estate with several limitations; for in the first, an Estate for a man's own life is higher than for another man's life; but in the second it is not. l. 5. Rosses case.  
If Tenant for life infeoff him in the remainder for life, this is a surrender, and no forfeiture; and albeit an Estate for term of a man's own life be but one Freehold, yet may several Freeholds in certain Cases be derived out of the same, Vide libr.  
A. and B. joint-tenants, A. for life and B. in Fee, join in a Lease for life, A. hath a reversion, and shall join in an action of Waste. Tenant for life and he in the reversion join in a Lease for life, it is said that they shall join in an action of waist, and that the lessee for life shall recover the place wasted, and he in reversion, damages. Fo. 42. a F.N.B. 59 F. 13. H. 7. 15.  
If a man make a Lease of a Manor worth 20. l. per annum to another until 100 l. be paid, in this case, because the annual profits of the Manor are incertain, he hath an estate for life, if livery be made determinable upon the levying of a 100 l. Fol. 42. a.  
And yet in some Cases a man shall have an incertain interest in Lands, etc. and yet neither an Estate for life, for years, or at will. As if a man by his will in writing devise his lands to his executors for payment of debts, and until his debts be paid; in this Case the executors have but a chattel, and an incertain interest in the land until his debts be paid; for if they should have it for their lives, then by their death their estate should cease, and the debts unpaid; but being a Chattel, it shall go to the executors of executors, etc. And so note a diversity between a devise and a conveyance at the common Law in his life time. l. 8. manning's. The Law which abhorreth injury and wrong, will never so construe any Act, etc. as it shall work a wrong; whensoever the words of a Deed, or of the parties without Deed may have a double intendment, and the one standeth with Law and Right, and the other is wrongful and against Law, the intendment that standeth with Law shall be taken, Fo. 42. b.  
The Law more respecteth a lesser estate by right, than a larger estate by wrong.  
Tenant in tail made a Lease to another for term of life generally, and after released to the Less●e and his heirs; albeit between the Tenant in Taile and him a Fee simple passed, yet after the death of the Lessor, the entry of the issue in Tail was lawful; which could not be, if it had been a Lease for the life of the Lessee, fo● then by the release it had been a discontinuance executed.   

Sect. 57  
Tenant per vie ad franktenement, & null altar de meind. Estate. Many that have capacity to take, have no ability to infeoff, etc. As Aliens borne, Tratiors, Felons, etc. Idiots, madmen, a feme covert, an infant, a man by dures, etc. For the feoffement, etc. of these may be avoided. Brit. foe 88  
In judgement of Law, the King as King cannot be said to be a minor, for when the Royal body politic of the King doth meet with the natural capacity in one person, the whole body shall have the quality of the Royal politic, etc. omne majus trabit ad se quod est minus.  
A Licence for alienation grew by the Statute of the 20. H. 3. 20. Ass. pl. 17. by Skipwith. vide lib.  
By the Statute 1 E. 3. ca 12. & 34. Ed. 3. cap. 15. Although the King's Tenant in chief, etc. do alien all or any part without Licence, yet is there not any forfeiture of the same, but a reasonable fine therefore to be paid.  
The Statute of 18. E. 1. De quia Emptor, etc. hath in effect as to the common persons, taken away the Statute of Mag. Charta cap. 32. for thereby it is provided, Quod liceat unicuique libero homini trans suas, etc. Seu partem inde ad voluntatem suam vendere, ita quod Feoffatus teneat, etc. de capitali domino. Note first, that this word liceat, proveth that the Tenant could not, or at least was in danger to alien parcel of his Tenancy, etc. upon the said Act of Mag. Charta. 2. That upon the Feoffment of the whole, the Tenant shall hold of the chief Lord. 3. That the Tenant might enfeoff one part to hold pro particula of the chief Lord. But this Act (the King being not named) doth not take away the Kings Fine due to him by the Statute of Mag. Charta. Tenant by Statute Merch. Statute Staple, or Elegit, are said to hold land, ut liberum Tenementum, until their debt be paid; and yet they have no Freehold, but a Chattel, etc. But (ut) is similitudinary, because they shall by the Statutes have an Ass. as the Tenant, of the Freehold shall have: and yet nullum simile est idem. 28. Ass. p. 7. w. 2. c. 18. St. Merc. 13. E. 1. 27. E. 3. c. 9 23. H. 8. c. 6. F.N.B. 178.    

CHAP. VII. Tenant for Term of years.  

Sect. 58.  
THere be three kinds of persons who at this day may make leases for three lives, or XXI years, etc. which could not so do when Littleton wrote: viz. 1. Any person seized of an estate tail in his own right. 2. Any person seized of an estate in Fee simple in the right of his Church. 3. Any husband and wife seized of any estate of inheritance in Fee simple, or Fee tail in the right of his wife, or jointly with his wife, before the coverture, or after: And these are made good by the Statute of 32. H. 8. But the Statute of 1. Eliz. 13. El. 18. El. and 1. Reg. Jac. are disabling. Vide libr. etc. l. 5. fo. 6.  
If two several Tenants of several Lands, join in a lease, for years by Deed indenture, these be several leases, and several confirmations of each of them, from whom no interest passeth, and work not by way of conclusion in any sort, because several interests pass from them. Fol. 45. a. Vide & quaere.  
Whensoever any interest passeth from the party, there can be no estoppel against him. H. 44. El. R. 1459. ca 8.  
Leases for lives or years are of three natures, some be voidable by entry, and some void without entry. Vide, etc. 32. H. 8. c. 28. l. 3. 59 60. 33. H. 8. Dy.  
Entry Terminus (in Law) doth not only signify the limits and limitation of time, but also the estate, and interest that passeth for that time. As if a man make a Lease for 21. years, and after make a Lease to begin à Fine & expiratione praedicti termini, etc. and after the Lease first made is surrendered, the second Lease shall begin presently: but if it had been to begin post finem & expirationem predict 21 ann. etc. the second Lease should not begin, till after the first Term etc. be ended by effluxion of time. (Fol. 45.) l. 1. 154. l. 8. 145. Pl. c. 198.  
Terminus annorum certus esse debet & determinatus. Id certum est quod certum reddi potest. 14. H 8. 14.  
The years must be certain when the Lease is to take effect in interest or possession. l. 1. 155. 156. l. 6. 34. 35.  
If the Parson of D. make a Lease of his glebe for three years, and so from three years to three years, so long as he shall be Parson, this is a good Lease for six years, if he continue Parson so long, first for three years, and after that for three years; and for the rest uncertain. Terminus vitae est incertus, etc. And therefore if a man maketh a Lease for 21 years if I.S. live so long, this is a good Lease, and yet certain in incertainty. 1. Pl. c. 273.  
Any estate for life, being an estate of Freehold, against whom a Praec. quod red. doth lie, is an higher and greater estate than a Lease for years. Fo. 45. b.  
Albeit a Lease for years must have a certain beginning and a certain end, yet the continuance thereof may be incertain, for the same may cease and revive again in many Cases. Vide etc. (Fo. 46. a.) 6. E. 6. Dy. 72. accord.  
If a feme covert leavie a fine alone, If the husband enter and avoid the fine, and die, the whole estate is so avoided, as it shall not bind the wife after his death. If a woman be endowed of an Advowson which is appropriated, and she present, and her Incumbent is admitted, instituted, and inducted, albeit the Incumbent die, yet is the appropriation wholly dissolved; because the Incumbent which came in by presentation, had the whole state in him. 2. E. 3. 8. per Scroop.  
A release made to Tenant for years, is not good to him to increase his estate before entry; but he may release the rent reserved before entry, in respect of the privity.  
Neither can the Lessor grant away the reversion by the name of the reversion before entry. But the Lessee before entry hath an interest, interest termini grantable to another. (Fo. 46. b.) Vide etc. D. 454. 567. If a lease be made to a baron and feme for term of their lives, the remainder to the executors of the survivor of them, the husband grant away this term and dieth, this shall not bar the wife, for that the wife had but a possibility, and no interest. H. 17. El. B. R.  
If a lease be made by Indenture, bearing date 26. Maii, etc. To have and to hold from the making hereof, or from henceforth, it shall begin on the day in which it is delivered, etc. But if it be à die confectionis, than it shall begin the next day after the delivery. l. 2. 5. Pl. Com. 148. l. 5. Fo. 1. Dy. 286. & 307. l. 5. f. 1.  
A rent must be reserved out of lands or tenements, whereunto the Lessor may have recourse to distrain, and therefore a rent cannot be reserved by any common person out of any incorporeal Inheritance, as Advowson, Common Offices, Corrodie, Malcture of a Mill, Tithes, Fairs, Markets, Liberties, Privileges, Franchises, etc. But if the Lease be made of them by Deed for years, it may be good by way of contract, to have an Action of Debt; but distrain the Lessor cannot. Neither shall it pass with the grant of the reversion, for that it is no rent incident to the reversion. But if any rent be reserved in such case upon a Lease for life, it is void; for that no action of debt doth lie. (Fo. 47. a.) l. 7. 23. l. 10. 59 30. Ass. p. 5.  
Note a diversity between an exception, which is ever part of the thing granted, and of a thing in esse, and a reservation which is always of a thing not in esse, but newly created or reserved out of the Land or Tenement demised. Ex verbo generali aliquid accipitur. Vide etc.  
Valuable things shall not be distrained for rent, for benefit and maintenance of Trades, which by consequent are for the Commonwealth; as cloth in a Tailor's shop, etc. 7. H. 7. 1. b.  
Nothing shall be distress for rent, that cannot be rendered again in as good plight, etc. but for damage pheasant it is otherwise, Vide, etc. 11. H. 7. 14. a. 21. H. 7. 39 b. & 2. H. 4. 15.  
For rend due the last day of the Term, the lessor cannot distrain, because the Term is ended. Fo. 47. b.  
Note a diversity between a rent reserved upon a Lease for years, reserving a yearly rent: the lessor may have several actions of debt for every years rend. But upon a bond or contract for payment of several sums, no action of debt lieth till the last day be past. In every contract there must be quid pro quo, for contractus est quasi actus contra actum. Vide, etc. l. 2. 15. a.  
If the Lease be made by Deed Poll, the Lessee is not estopped to say that the lessor had nothing at the time of the Lease made; but if it be by Deed indented, then are both parties concluded, etc. 20. E. 4. 10. 2. E. 2. 253.  
Si hom pt. Lease de son tr. dem. per fet. indent. lestop. ne continue apres le term expire. M. 31. 32. El. in 8. Fo. 4●. a.   

Sect. 59  
Il ne besoigne asc' livery de seisin desire ft. allessee per ans, mes il poit enter quant il voit per force de m. le Leas: mes lou franktenement passa. auterment est.  
A livery in Deed, may be done either by a solemn act and words, as by delivery of the ring, or haspe of the door, etc. And the Feoffor saying, here I deliver you seisin and possession of this house, in the name of all the Lands and Tenements contained in this Deed, according to the form and effect of this Deed. Or by words without any ceremony or act; as the Feoffor being at the house door, or within the house, saying, here I deliver you seisin, etc. in the name of seisin & possession of all the Lands, etc. contained in this Deed. For if words may amount to a livery within the view, much more it shall upon the land. (Fo. 48. a.) 4. 41. E. 3. 17. b. 41. As. p. 10. l. 6. 26.  
These words, secundum formam cartae, are understood according to the quantity and quality of the effectual estate contained in the Deed. 7. E. 4. 25. 29. Ass. 40.  
If A. by Deed give land to B. to have and to hold after the death of A. to B. and his heirs, this is a void Deed, because he cannot reserve to himself a particular estate; and construction must be made upon the whole Deed, etc. Fo. 48. b. Vide, etc. M. 33. 34. El. B. R. Hog. & Xs.  
A livery in Law is when the Feoffor saith to the Feoffee being in view of the house or land (I give you yonder Land to you and your heirs, and go enter, etc. and take possession thereof accordingly) and the Feoffee doth accordingly in the life of the Feoffor enter, this is a good Feoffment, for signatio pro traditione habetur.  
And livery within the view is good, where there is no Deed of Feoffment. 9 E. 4. 39 38. E. 3. 11.  
And note, a livery in law, shall be perfected and executed by an entry in law. 38. Ass. p. 23.  
If a man be disseised, and make a writing of a Lease for years, and deliver the Deed, and after deliver it upon the ground, the second delivery is void, for the first delivery made it a Deed; and for that the Lease for years must take effect by the delivery of the Deed, therefore the Deed delivered when he was out of possession was void. But so it is not of a Charter of Feoffment, for that takes effect by the livery and seisin. But if the Lessor had delivered it as an escrowe, to be delivered as his Deed upon the ground, this had been good. (Vide libr.) l. 3. 35. Jennings. Brag.  
Of Freehold and inheritances some be corporeal, as lands, etc. these are to pass by livery of seisin, by Deed or without Deed; some be incorporeal, as Advowsons', Rents, Commons, etc. These cannot pass without Deed, but without any livery. Et est traditio de re corporali de una persona in personam de manu, etc. & quia non possunt res incorporales possideri sed quasi, ideo traditionem non patiuntur, etc. Bract. lib. 2. c. 18.  
In some cases a Freehold shall pass by the common law, without livery of seisin: as if a house or Land belong to an office, by the grant of the office by Deed, the house, etc. passeth as belonging thereunto. Vide etc. So if the house belong to a Corodie, by the grant of the Cor. the house passeth. 31. H. 6. 16. 8. H. 7. 4.   

Sect. 60.  
Lease est fait per ans, le remainder ouster a un altar per vie; en cest case livery de seisin est requisite, ou auterment riens passa a celluy en remainder.  
But livery cannot be made to the next in remainder, because the possession belongs to the Lessee for years; and for that the particular term, and all the remainders in law make but one estate, and take effect at one time, therefore the livery is to be made to the Lessee. Remanere, is a residue of an estate depending upon a particular estate, and created together with the same. A man being absent cannot take a Freehold by a livery, but by his Attorney being lawfully authorized to receive livery by Deed, unless the Feoffment be made by Deed, and then livery to one (Jointenant) in name of both is good. (Fo. 49. b.)  
If a man deliver a Deed without saying any thing, it is a good delivery, but to a livery of seisin of land words are necessary. Vide, etc.  
A man makes a Lease for years to A. the remainder to B. in Fee, and makes livery to A. within the view: this livery is void, for no man can take by force of a livery within view, but he that taketh the freehold himself.  
By the entry of the Lessee he is in actual possession, and then the livery cannot be made to him that is in possession, for, quod semel meum est, amplius meum esse non potest. Vide, etc.  
Affectio tua nomen imponit operi tuo. Bract. lib. 1.  
But the dissonr infeoff, the dissee and others, albeit the disseisee came to take livery, he is remitted to the whole.   

Sect. 62. etc.  
An exchange of Lands, etc. is good without livery of seisin. And in case of a fine which is a Feoffment of Record, of a devisor by a last will, of a surrender of a Release, or confirmation to a Lessee for years, or at will. In all these cases and some other, a Freehold, etc. may pass without livery, Fo. 50. a.  
In exchanges many things are to be observed. First, that the things exchanged need not to be in esse at the time of the exchange made, (I grant a rent newly created out of my Lands in exchange, for the Manor of D.) this is a good exchange. 2. There needeth no transmutation of possession, and therefore a Release of a rent, or estovers, or right to Land in exchange for land is good. 3. The things exchanged need not to be of one nature, so they concern Lands or Tenements. As Land for rent or Common, etc. Vide, etc. Fo. 50. b. But annuities, etc. which charge the person only, cannot be exchanged, etc.   

Sect. 64, and 65.  
There be five things necessary to the perfection of an exchange: 1. That the Estates given be equal, viz. that there be equality of the quantity of the estate, as if the one hath a Fee-simple, etc. the other shall have a like Estate, etc. But equality in value of Lands in an exchange, is not requisite; neither equality in the quality or manner of the estate. 2. That this word (excambium exchange) be used, which is so individually requisite, as it cannot be supplied by any other word, or described by any circumlocution. 3. That there be an execution by entry or claim in the life of the parties. 4. That if it be of things that lie in grant, it must be by Deed. 5. If the L●nds be in several Counties, there ought to be a Deed indented; or if the thing lie in grant (as an Advowson, etc.) albeit they be in one County, fol. 51. a. & b.  
The agreement of the parties cannot make that good which the law maketh void.   

Sect. 66.  
The interest of the term doth pass and vest in the Lessee for years before entry; and therefore the death of the Lessor cannot divest that which was vested before.  
Infants, Feme coverts, persons attainted, outlawed, excommunicated, villains, aliens, etc. may be private Attorneys to deliver seisin, fo. 52. a. vide & quaere.  
The authority of an Attorney is twofold, expressed in his Warrant, and employed in law; both which he must pursue; and if he do less, it is void. 12. Ass. p 24.  
There is a diversity between an Authority coupled with an interest, and a bare Authority. fo. 52. b. vide etc.  
The Custom that enableth the Lord of a Manor to grant a greater estate, enableth him to grant a lesser. Omne majus continet in se minus. H. 36. El. R. 492. Barnes B. R.  
A letter of Attorney may be contained in a Deed of feoffment, beginning, Omnibus Christ fidel. etc. for one continent may contain divers Deeds to several persons: but if it be by Indenture, etc. it is otherwise.  
Though the Attorneys warrant be general, to deliver seisin: yet he cannot deliver seisin within the view; for his warrant is intendable (or employed) in law, of an actual and express livery, and not of a livery in law. P. 3. El. in C.B. in Yachams case.  
Oportet quod donationem sequatur rei traditio, etiam in vita donatoris, & donatorii. Bract. l. 2. fo. 16.  
Therefore a letter of Attorney to deliver livery of seisin after the decease of the Feoffor, is void. But this is to be understood of sole persons, etc. and not of a Congregation aggregate of many persons capable. 18. H. 8. 3. 11. H. 7. 19   

Sect. 67.  
There be two kinds of Wastes, viz. Voluntary and Actual, or Permissive. Waste may be done in houses, by pulling them down, or by suffering the same to be uncovered.  
If the Tenant do or suffer Waste to be done in houses, yet if he repair them before any action brought, there lieth no action of Waste against him; but he cannot plead, quod non fecit vastum, but the special matter.  
If the tenant build a new house it is waste, and if he suffer it to be wasted, it is a new waste, 42. E. 3. 21.  
If the tenant suffer the houses to be wasted, and then fell down Timber to repair the same; this is a double waste, 44. E. 3. 44. F. N. B. 59 B.  
Note, there is a waste, Destruction, and Exile. Waste properly is in houses, gardens, and in timber-trees, either in cutting of them down, or topping of them, or doing any act whereby the timber decays. The cutting of dead wood, that is, ubi arbores sunt aridae, mortuae, cavae, non existentes marhemium, nec portantes fructus, nec folia in aestate, is no Waste, Dier. 332.  
If the tenant cut down underwood (as he may by law) yet if he suffer the young germains to be destroyed, this is destruction, 20 E. 3. Waste 32. 10 H. 7. 2.  
Exile or destruction of Villains, or tenants at will, or making them poor, where they were rich when the tenant came in, whereby they depart from their tenors, is Waste, fol. 53. a. & b. vide libr.  
If the estate of the reversion continueth not, but is altered, the action of Waste, for Waste done before (which consists in privity) is gone.  
An action of waste doth lie against the Assignees of tenant by the Courtesy, and of tenant in Dower, and against the Assignee of the Guardian in Chivalry: in all other cases the action of waste shall be brought against him that did the waste. fo. 54 a. vide, etc.  
An Infant, a Baron and Feme, shall be punished for waste done by a stranger; and so shall the wife that hath the estate by survivor, for waste done by the husband in his life time, if she agree to the estate. F.N.B. 36. b.  
If a lease be made to A. for life, the remainder to B. for life, the remainder to C. in fee: After the death or surrender of B. in the mean remainder, an Action of waste doth lie. But if a lease for life be made, the remainder for years, the remainder in fee, an Action doth lie presently during the term in remainder.  
But if a man make a lease for life or years, and after grant the reversion for years, the lessor shall have no Action of waste during the years; for he himself hath granted away the reversion, in respect whereof he is to maintain his Action. Otherwise it is, if he had made a lease in reversion, which had been but a future interest, etc. Vide etc. 4. E. 3. 18. F. tit. Waste.  
No Action of waste lieth against a Guardian in Soccage, but an action of trespass: Nor against Tenant by Statute Staple, etc. or Elegit. Stat. Marlebridge, cap. 17. F. N. B. 59 E.  
See in the Register five several writs of waste; Two at the Common law, for waste done by Tenant in Dower, or the Guardian; and three by special or statute Law, for waste done by Tenant for life, for years, and Tenant by the courtesy.  
Qui haeret in littera, haeret in cortice. Vide etc. As tenant for half a year is within the remedy of Stat. Gloc. ca 5. which giveth waste against a lessee for life or years.  
Lessee for life, the remainder to him for 21 years, he hath both estates in him so distinctly, as he may grant away either of them: For a greater estate may uphold a lesser, but not è converso. fol. 54. b.  
If a man make a lease for life to one, the remainder to his Executors for twenty one years, the term for years shall vest in him: For even as an Ancestor and an Heir are correlativa, as to inheritance (as if an estate for life be made to A. the remainder to B. in tail, the remainder to the right heirs of A. the fee vesteth in A. as if it had been limited to him and his heirs) even so are the T●stators and Executors Correlativa as to any Chattel.    

CHAP. VIII Of Tenant at will.  

Sect. 68  
EVery lease at will must be in law, at the will of both parties. Possessio precaria & nuda & pro voluntate domini potest revocari, fol. 55. a. Fleta. l. 3.  
Tenant at will shall reap the crop which he sowed in peace, albeit the lessor doth determine his will before it be ripe; for that the estate of the lessee is uncertain, and it is good for the Commonwealth that the ground be sown. And this is not only proper to a lessee at will; but to every particular tenant that hath an estate incertain. And therefore if tenant for life soweth the ground, and dyeth, his executors shall have the Corn. And the same law is for lessee for years of tenant for life. So if a man be seized of land in the right of his wife, etc. his executor shall have the Corn. But if husband and wife be joint-tenants of the land, and the husband soweth the ground, and the land surviveth to the wife, it is said that she shall have the Corn, Dier 316.  
But where the estate of the lessee being incertain, is defeasible by a right Paramount, or if the lease determine by the act of the lessee, as by Forfeiture, Condition, &c There he that hath the right Paramount, or that entereth for any forfeiture, etc. shall have the Corn. fol. 55. b. l. 5 106  
If a disseissor sow the ground and sever the Corn, and the disseissee re-enter, he shall have the Corn, because he entereth by a former title, and severance or removing of the Corn altereth not the case; for the regress is a continuation of the Freehold in him in judgement of law from the beginning.  
If the husband and wife make a lease at will of the wife's land, reserving a rent, and the husband die, yet the lease continueth. So if a lease be made by two to two others at will, and the one of the lessors or of the lessees die, the lease at will is not determined, etc. l. 5. 10. Hensteads case, Dier 269. b. *  
Quando lex aliquid alicui concedit, concedere videtur & id fine quo res ipsa esse non p●test. 14. H. 8. 2.  
If the lessee at will be disturbed of his free entry, egress and regress to carry away his Corn, etc. he shall have his action upon his case, and recover his damages; for whensoever the law giveth any thing, it giveth also a remedy for the same, fo. 56. a.  
Any Inhabitant of Southwark having by custom a watering place for , which being stopped, may have an action. etc.   

Sect. 69. and Sect. 70, 71, & 72.  
Messuagium, containeth Buildings, Curtelage, Orchards and Garden. A Praecipe lieth not the Domo, but de Messuagio.  
Nothing that is contrary to reason is consonant to Law.  
Si home fait un ft. de feoffment de terre etc. a un altar, & deliver a luy le fait, mes nemy livery de seisin, en ceo case le feoffee enter, & tener a volunt, etc.  
The lessor hath no remedy at all against tenant at will for permissive Waste, fo. 57 a. If tenant at will grant over his estate, and the grantee enter, he is a desseisor, and the lessor may have an action of trespass against him, though the grant is void, for the will is determined.  
A Trespass or Transgression passeth that which is right. Transgressio est cum modus non servatur nec mensura: debet enim quilibet in suo facto modum habere, & mensuram. Nota, in the lowest offences there are no Accessaries, but all are Principals, as in Riots, Routs, Forcible entries, etc. and so in the highest offence, which is Crimen laesa Majestatis, there be no Accessaries; but in Felonies there be Accessaries both before and after.  
Si le lessor sur tiel leas a volunt reserve a luy un annual rent, il poit distr. per se rend arere, ou aver de ceo un action de debt.  
Note, he may distrain, etc. and yet it is no rent service, for no Fealty belongeth thereunto, but a rent distrainable of common right, fo. 57 b.  
Tenant at will is always by right, and tenant at sufferance entereth by a lawful lease, and holdeth over by wrong. Sic vide diversitatem.  
Note a diversity between particular estates made by the terretenant, and particular estates created by act in law; as if a Guardian after the full age of the heir, continueth in possession, he is not tenant at sufferance, but an Abator, against whom an Assize of Mortdanc. doth lie, etc. F.N.B. 196.    

CHHP. IX. Tenant by Copy.  

Sect. 73.  
TEnantes per Copy de Court-Roll out use daun. terres, etc. a eux & a lour heirs in fee fee tail, ou a terme de vie, etc. a volunt le sur. solonque le custom del Manor.  
Eundum veteres aut ex scripto qui Bockland; aut fine scripto qui Folkland dicebatur, possidebant.  
Curia, Court is a place where Justice is judicially administered, and is derived à cura, quia in curiis publicis curas gerebant. Court Baron, so called of the Baron who is Lord of the Manor, fo. 58. a. or for that it hath relation to the Freeholders.  
As there may be a Court Baron of Freeholders only, without Copiholders, and then is the Steward the Register; So there may be a customary Court of Copiholders only, etc. then is the Lord or his Steward the Judge.  
And when the Court Baron is of this double nature, the Court Roll containeth as well matters appertaining to the customary Court, as to the Court Baron.  
Manerium dicitur a manendo, secundum excellentiam sedes magna fixa & stabilis. Et sciendum est quod Manerium poterit esse per se ex pluribus edificiis coadjuvatum five villis & Hamletis adjacentibus Poterit etiam esse Manerium & per se & cum pluribus villis, & cum pluribus Hamletis adjacentibus, quorum nullum dici poterit Manner. pierce, sed villae suae Hamlettae, poterit etiam esse per se Manerium Capitale, & plura continere sub se Maneria non Capitalia, & plures villas & plures Hamlettas quasi sub uno Capite, aut dominio suo. Bract. l. 4. fo. 212.  
Tenant for years, Tenant by Statute Merch Staple, Elegit, Guardian in chivalry, etc. who are not properly seized but possessed, are domini pro tempore, not only to make admittance, but to grant voluntary Copies of ancient Copyhold Lands which come into their hands. Fo. 58. b.  
And in some special Case an estate may be granted by Copy, by one that is not dominus pro tempore, etc. As if the Lord of a Manor, by his will in writing, deviseth that his executor shall g●ant the Customary Tenements of the Manor according to the custom of the Manor for the payment of his debts, and dieth, the executor having nothing in the Manor, may make grants, etc. Consuetudo, properly signifieth a custom, as here, etc. But legally it signifieth also Tolles, Murage, Pontage, etc.   

Sect. 74. and 75.  
Et tiel Tenant ne poit alien sa terre per fait, etc. Fo. 59 a.  
But when a man hath but a right to a Copyhold, he may release it by Deed or by Copy, to one that is admitted Tenant de facto. l. 4. 24. b. Kite & Queinton.  
For is facere i.e. extra legem seu consuetudinem facere, to do a thing against or without Law or Custom, and that legally is called a forfeiture.  
Si tiel tenant voit alien sa terre a un aut. il covient, etc. de surrender les tenements en asc' Court, etc. en le main le signior, all use celuy que at avera le state.  
Ils nont altar evidence concernant lour tenements, forsque le. Copies des Rolles de Court.  
Of Fines due to the Lord by the Copyholder, some be by the change or alteration of the Lord, and some by the change of the Tenant; the change of the Lord ought to be by the Act of God, otherwise no Fine can be due, but by the change of the Tenant either by the act of God, or by the Act of the party a Fine may be due. Of Fines taken of Copyholders, some be certain by custom, and some be incertain; but that Fine though it be incertus, yet must it be rationabilis. Fo. 59 b. Vide, etc.  
The Lord of a Manor is described by Fleta, as he ought to be, in these words. Fleta lib. 2. ca 65. & 71.  
In omnibus autem & supra omnia decet quemlibet dominum verbis esse veracem, & in operibus fidelem, deum & justitiam amantem, fraudem & peccatum odientem, voluntariosque, malevolos, & injuriosoes contemnentem, & apud proximos pietatem vultumque motibilem & plenum, ipsius enim interest potius consilio, quam viribus uti, propriove arbitrio: non cujuslibet voluntarii juvenis menestralli vel adulatoris, sed jurisperitorum virorum fidelium & honestorum, & in pluribus expertorum consilio debet favere. Qui bene sibi vult disponere & familiae suae, scire veram executionem terrarum suarum, necessarium erit, ut perinde sciat quantitatem suarum facultatum, & finem annuarum expensarum.  
Quae omnia distinctè scribantur in membranis, ut perinde sagacius vitam suam disponat & facilius convincat mendacia compostariorum.   

Sect. 76, and 77.  
If by custom, Copyhold may be entailed, the same by like custom by surrender may be cut off.  
Some have holden that there was a Formodon in the discender at the common Law. 10 E. 2. Formedon. 55, etc.  
Si le fignior ousta tiels tenants, etc. ils nont aut. remedy, forsque de sure a lour signiors per Petition; car auterment ils ne serrent dits tenants a volunt le Signior, etc. Mes le Seignior ne voile enfreind le Custome que est reasonable en tiel case. Mes Brian. H. 21. E. 4. dit que, fi tiel tenant per le custom paiant ses services soit eject per se Signior, que il avera action de trns. verse luy. Et issint Danby M. 7. Ed. 4. dit, que le tenant per le custome en cibien inheriter daver son tenr solonque le custom, come cesty que ad franktenement all common ley.    

CHAP. X. Tenant per le vergs.  

Sect. 78.  
Custom que nest pas encounter reason poit bien estr. admit seneschallus is derived of Sein an house or place, and Schalc. an Officer or Governor; some say that Sen is an ancient word for Justice, so as Seneschal should signify Officiarius justitiae. In this place it signifieth an Officer of Justice, viz. A Keeper of Courts, etc. Fleta. lib. 2. ca 66. Describeth his Office at large most excellently.  
Providiat sibi Dominus de Scneschallo circumspecto & fidels, viro provido & discreto & gratioso, humili, pudico, pacifico, & modesto, qui in legibus consuetudinibusque provinciae & officio Seneschalciae se cognoscat & jura domini sui in omnibus teneri affectet, quique sub ballivos domini in suis erroribus & ambiguis sciat instruere & docere, queque egenis parcere, & qui nec prece vel pretio velit a tramite Justiciae deviare, & perverse judicare, cujus officium est, Curias tenere Maneriorum & de substractionibus consuetudinum, serviciorum, reddituum, fect' add Cur. Mercata, Molendina domini, & ad visus francpledg: aliarumque libertatum domino pertinentium inquirat, etc.   

Sect. 79.  
Ballivus, Bailiff signifieth a safe Keeper, or protector. Praefectus or Praepositus, Reve, signifieth a disposer or director. Vide Fleta lib. 2. cap. 67. Where he treateth of the Office of the Bailiff. And cap. 69. Of the office of the Reve, or reeve, etc.  
Ballivus autem Cujuscunque Manerii esse debet in verbo verax, & in opere diligens & fidelis, ac pro discreto appruatore cognitus plegiatus & clericus, qui de communioribus legibus pro tanto officio sufficienter se cognoscat, & quod sit ita justus, quod ob vindictam seu cupiditatem non quaerat versus tenentes domini nec alios, etc.  
Praepositus autem tanquam appruator & cultor optimus, etc. Domino vel ejus Seneschallo palam debet presentari cui injungatmr officium illud indilate, non ergo fit piger aut somnolentus sed efficaciter & continue commodum domini adipisci nitatur & exarare, etc.   

Sect. 80, etc. 81.  
Whatsoever is not against reason may well be admitted and allowed. This is not to be understood of every unlearned man's reason, but of artificial and legal reason warranted by authority of Law. Lex est summa ratio Fo. 62. a.   

Sect. 81, 82, 83, etc.  
Tenant per le Custom, etc. sont appelles tenants per base tenure, pur ceo que ils nont asc' franktenement per le course deal common ley. Tiel tenant en asc' lieux doit repair measons, etc. Auxi il ferra fealty. Mes tenant a volunt per le Common ley, nemy; & si tiel tenant que est ejus per Lease all Common lay mor. & son heir enter, le lessor avera action de●trns. enuns. luy; auterment est de tenant a volunt per le Custom, etc. Vide Diversitat. etc.  
Consuetudo Manerii est observanda. But if there be no Custom to the contrary, wast either permissive or voluntary of a Copiholder, is a forfeiture of his Copyhold. The doing of fealty by a Copiholder, proveth that so long as he observes the custom of the Manor and payeth his services, he hath a fixed estate. Vide Cook. Report. lib. 4. fo. 21, 22, 23, etc.   
Finis Libri primi.   

Liber Secundus.  

CHAP. I. Homage.  

Sect. 85.  
HOmage est le pluis honourable service, et le pluis humble service de reverence, que franktenant poit fair a Son Signior. 1. It is most honourable, etc. For, honour plus en in honorante, quam in honorato. 2. It is pluis humble de reverence, for the Tenant when he doth his Homage is, discinctus, nudo capite. Ad pedes domini super genua projectus. Ambas manus vinctas inter manus domini porrigit, & per verba omni supplici veneratione plena, he saith, jeo deveigne vostre home, etc.  
Debet quidem tenens * manus suas utrasque ponere inter manus utrasque domini sui, per quod significatur ex parte domini protectio, defensio, & warrantia; & ex parte tenentis reverentia & subjectio. Fo. 65. a.  
Homagium ligeum, is due to the King only.  
The King is sovereign Lord, or Lord paramount, either mediate or immediate of all and every parcel of land within the Realm; for all the Lands, etc. were originally derived from the Crown. 18 E. 3. 35.  
Item videndum est quis potest homagium facere. Sciendum est quod quilibet liber homo tam masculus qu●m faemina, Clericus & Laicus, Major & Minor, dum tamen electi in Episcopos, post consecrationem hom. non faciant, quicquid fecerint ante, sed tantum fidelitatem. Conventus autem hominum non faciet de jure sicut nec Abbas, nec Prior, eo quod tenent nomine alieno sc. nomine Ecclesiarum. Mirror cap. 1. S. 2. & ca 2. Sect. 1. & 2. Fo. 65. b. *  
Nil sine prudenti fecit ratione vetustas .. Fo. 65. a.  
Nûnquam prospere succedunt res humanae, ubi negliguntur divinae. Fol. 64. b.  
Sex horas somno, todidem des legibus aequis.  
Quatuor orabis, des Epulisque duas.  
Quod superest ultro sacris largire camenis.   

Sect. 86. and 87.  
Nota, in old Books and Records, the Homage which a Bishop, Abbot or other man of Religion doth, is called fealty, for that it wanteth these words (cieo deveign vostre home) But yet in judgement of Law it is Homage, because he saith, I do to you homage, etc. and so of a Woman.  
Argumentum ab inconvenienti plurimum valet in lege.  
Non solum quod licet, sed quid est conveniens est considerandum, nihil quod est inconveniens ē licitum.   

Sect. 89. and 90.  
Nul fer. homage, mes tiel que ad estate in fee simple ou en fee tail, en son drt. dem. ou en droit dun altar.  
Si un home ad several tenancies queux il tient de severall seignieurs, per homage, donques quant il ft. homage a un des seignieurs, il dirra en le fine de son homage fait, salve la foy que ido doy a nature seignieur le Roy & a mes auters seignieurs.  
Non Corporation aggregate of many persons capable, shall do homage; because that homage must be done in person, and a Corporation, &c. cannot appear in person. But an Abbot in nature of a sole Corporation shall do homage; because the Covent are all dead persons in law. Vide, etc. foe 66. b. * lib. 4. 11. l. 7. 10.  
Contra negantem principia non est disputandum.  
A Parson or Vicar of a Church that hath a qualified fee, and yet to many intents upon the matter but an estate for life, can neither receive homage nor do homage, as a Bishop, etc. that a fee absolute may.  
Tenant per le Courtesy, etc. ne far homage, etc. per ceo que il adonque and estate forsque per term de vie. Et Nota.  
He that cannot receive homage in respect of the weakness of his estate in the Seignory, shall not do homage if he hath a like estate in the tenancy, fo. 67. a. vide lib. etc.  
Primogenita filia tantum faciet homagium Domino pro se & omnibus sororibus suis. Quia omnes sorores sunt quasi unus haeres de una haereditate, 14 H. 3. tit. Praerog. 5.  
Every tenant in common shall do several services.  
If homage be parcel of a Tenure, it is a presumption that the Tenure is by Knight's service, unless the contrary be proved.    

CHAP. II. Fealty.  

Sect. 91, 92, 93, and 94.  
TEnant for years shall do Fealty, Littl. fo. 29. nu. 132.  
Sciendum est quod non per procuratores nec per literas fieri poterit homagium, sed in propria persona tam domini quam tenentis, capi debet & fieri. Bract. lib. 2. fo. 8.  
Mes le Seneschal del Court le Signieur ou Baylife poit purender fealty pur le Seignieur. Item tenant a term de vie far fealty & encore il ne far homage. Sic vide diversitatem.  
The tenant must do fealty in person, because he must be sworn unto it, and no man can swear by the Common Law by Attorney or Proctor, foe, 68 8.  
Whosoever is above the age of 12 years, is to take the Oath of Allegiance, and he is to be sworn in the Turn, unless he be within some Leet, and then in the Leet.    

CHAP. III. Escuage.  

Sect. 94.  
SCutagium (id est) servitium scuti.  
Nomina si nescis perit cognitio rerum.  
Bracton saith, Item scutagium dicitur quòd talis praestatio pertinet at scutum quòd assumitur & servitium militare, fol. 68 b.  
Every Tenure by Escuage is a Tenure by Knight's service. Sed non è converso. But note here the wisdom of Antiquity, Mavult enim princeps domesticos quam stipendiarios bellicis apponere casibus, lib. rub.  
Quant le Roy fait royal voyage en escoce, etc. donque il que tient per un fee de Chivaler, etc. covient err oue le Roy per 40. jours, bien & convenablement array pur le guerre, & sic de caeteris, etc.  
In the ancient Treatise, De modo tenendi Parliamentum tempore Regis Edw. filii Regis Etheldredi, it appeareth, That Comitatus (to wit) an Earldom constat ex viginti feodis unius militis, quolibet feodo computato ad viginti libratas. Baronia constat ex 13. feodis, & 3. parte unius feodi militis secundum comput' praedictam; unum feodum militis constat ex terris ad valentiam, 20. l. fol. 79. a.  
A Marquisdome consists of the Revenue of two Baronies, which amount to 800 Marks. And a Dukedom consists of the Revenues of two Earldoms, viz. 800 pounds per annum, fol. 79. b.  
Note, That the relief of a Knight, and all above him which be Noble, is the fourth part of their yearly revenue, as of a Knight 5, which is the fourth part of 20, etc.  
Edward the eldest Son of King Edw. 3. called The Black Prince, was the first Duke in England after the Conquest; and Robert Vere Earl of Oxford in the reign of R. 2. was the first Marquis. Et Dominus de Bellomonte was the first Viscount created by King H. 6.  
A voyage Royal is not only when the King himself goeth to War, as Littleton here saith, but also when his Lieutenant, or Deputy of his Lieutenant goeth.  
He that holdeth by Castle guard or Cornage, holdeth by Knight's service, and yet he shall pay no Escuage, because he holdeth not to go with the King to War.  
Sir Richard Rocgesly Knight did hold Lands at Seaton by Seargeanty, to be vantrarius Regis, the Kings fore Footman when the King went to Gascoigne, donec per usus fuit pari solutarum precii 4d. that is, until he had worn out a pair of shoes of the price of four pence.  
And this service being permitted to be performed when the King went to Gascoigne to make war, is Knight's service. See an ancient Record, Rot. de finibus Termino Mich. 11. Edw. 2.  
If the tenant peravaile goeth with the King, it excuseth all the means, etc. For one tenancy shall pay but one Escuage, F.N.B. 83, 84.   

Sect. 96.  
Albeit the Tenure is, That he which holdeth by a whole Knights fee aught to be with the King, etc. to do a corporal service, yet he may find another able man to do it for him. But it may be objected; That in some particular cases the tenant might find a man, but not when he himself is able without all excuse or impediment. To this it is answered, That sapiens incipit a fine. And the end of this service is for the defence of the Realm, and so it be done by an able and sufficient man, the end is effected.  
2. Seeing there are so many just excuses of the tenant, it were dangerous, and tending to the hindrance of the service, if these excuses should be issuable, Multa in jure communi contra rationem disputandi pro communi utilitate introducta sunt.  
3. Both Littleton and the book in 7 Ed. 3. giveth the tenant power, without any excuse to be showed, to find an able and sufficient man, and oftentimes Jura publica ex privato promiscue decidi non debeut.  
Praepostera lectio, & praepropera praxis, are enemies to learning, fol. 70. b.  
Cessante ratione legis, cessat ipsa lex. If Mayor and Commonalty convey over their Lands holden by Knight's service to any natural man and his heirs, now Homage-ward, etc. belong to the Tenure, etc.  
Note, That every Bishop in England hath a Barony, and that Barony is holden of the King in Capite, and yet the King can neither have Wardship or relief.  
Nemo militans Deo implicetur' secularibus negotiis.  
Ferdwit in Saxon' significat quietanciam murdri in exercitu. Worscet signifieth, Liberum esse de oneribus armorum, fo. 71. a. Fleta lib. 1. cap. 42.  
Miles haec tria curare debeat, corpus ut validissimum & perniciosissimum habeat, arma apta ad subita imperia, caetera Deo & Imperatori curae esse. Livius.  
Sapiens non semper ita uno gradu, sed una via, non se mutat sed aptat. Qui secundos optat eventus, dimicet arte non casu. In omni conflictu non tam prodest multitudo quam virtus. Vegetius.  
Est optimi ducis scire & vincere, & cedere prudenter tempori. Multum potest in rebus humanis occasio, plurimum in bellicis. Polybius.  
Quid tam necessarium est quam tenere semper arma quibus tectus esse possis. Vegetius.  
Concerning the point in Law demurred in judgement in the 7 Ed. 3. here mentioned by Littleton. The Law accounteth the beginning of the 40 days after the King entereth into the Foreign Nation, for then the War beginneth, etc. Vide, etc.  
The knowledge of the Law is like a deep Well, out of which each man draweth according to the strength of his own understanding. And as the Bucket in the depth is easily drawn to the uppermost part of the water (for nullum elementum in suo proprio loco est grave) but take it from the water, it cannot be drawn up but with great difficulty; for albeit the beginnings of this study seem difficult, yet when the Professor of the Law can dive into the depth, it is delightful, easy, and without any heavy burden, so long as he keep himself in his own proper element. Justiciari de banco, etc. Communia placita non sequantur Cur' nostram sed teneantur in aliquo certo loco. Mag. Charta.  
He which demurreth in law, Moratur, or Demoratur in lege. Matters in Law are decided by the Judges, and matters in fact by Juries. Now as there is no issue upon the fact, but when it is joined between the parties; so there is no Demur in law, but when it is joined, &c Vide & quaere, fol. 71. b.  
In some cases a man shall allege special matter, and conclude with a Demur; as in an action of Trespass brought by I. S. for the taking of his Horse, the defendant pleads that he himself was possessed of the Horse, until he was by one I.S. dispossessed, who gave him to the Plaintiff, etc. the Plaintiff saith, that I. S. named in the Bar, and I.S. the Plaintiff, were all one person and not divers; and to the Plea pleaded by the Defendant in the manner, he demurs in law, and the Court did hold the Plea and Demurrer good, for without the matter alleged he could not demur. Now as there may be a demur upon Counts and Pleas, so there may be of Aid, Prior, Vourcher, Resceit, Waging of Law, etc. There is a general Demur, that is, showing no cause; and a special Demur, which showeth the cause of his Demurrer. Also there is a Demur upon pleading, etc. and there is also a Demur upon Evidence, Vide Lib. fol. 72. a.   

Sect. 97, 98. and 99  
No escuage was assessed by Parliament since the eighth year of the reign of Edw. 2. fol. 72. b.  
Quemadmodum incertitudo scutagii facit servitium militare, ita certitudo scutagii facit socagium.  
Si home parle generalement descuage, il ser. entend' &c. descuage noncertaine que est service de Chivaler, & tiel escuage trait, a luy homage, & fealty, car fealty est incident a chesc' manner de service forsque a le tenant in Frankalmoigne. Verba equivoca & in dubio posita intelliguntur in digniori & potentiori sensu.  
Tenure in capite ex vitermini, is a Tenure in Gross, and it may be holden of a subject, but being spoken generally, it is secundum excellentiam, intended of the King, for he is caput reipublicae, fol. 73. a. Escuage can be assessed only by Parliament, and not by the King.   

Sect. 101.  
Les seignieurs poient distrein per Escuage assess. per Parliament, ou ils en asc' cases purront au. breve le roy direct' as viconts de in les counties, etc. de levier tiel Escuage per eux, Vide de Regist.  
Writs are the foundations whereupon the whole Law doth depend. Fitzherbert in his Preface to his Nat. Br.  
Breve sicut regula juris rem quae est breviter enarrat, non tamen ita breve esse debeat quin rationem & vim intentionis contineat. Bract. lib. 5. fo. 413, etc.  
Of Writs some be Original, and some be Judicial.  
Also of Originals, Quaedam sunt formata sub suis casibus & de cursu, & de communi consilio totius regni concessa & approbata, quae quidem nullatenus mutari poterint absque consensu & voluntate eorum; & quaedam sunt Magistralia & saepe variantur secundum varietatem casuum, factorum & quaerelarium As Actions upon the Case, which vary, etc. Item brevium originalium, alia sunt realia, alia personalia, alia mixta. Item, etc. alia sunt patentia sive aperta, & alia clausa.  
Certain it is that the Original Writs are so artificially and briefly compiled, as there is nothing redundant or wanting in them; of which one said, That it was impossile to comprehend so much matter, so perspicuously, in fewer words.  
Brevia judicialia saepius variantur secundum varietatem placitorum proponentis & respondentis.   

Sect. 102.  
Mareschallus exercitus, in Saxon Marischalk, i.e. equitum Magister. Marshal is either derived of Mars, or of Marc an horse, which signifieth in the Saxon tongue a Master or Governor.  
I read of six kinds of Certificates allowed for Trials by the Common Law: The first whereof Littleton speaketh, in time of War out of the Realm by the Marshal, etc. 2. In time of Peace out of the Realm. As if it be alleged in avoidance of an Outlawry, That the Defendant was in Prison at Bourdeaux, etc. it shall by tried by the Certificate of the Mayor, etc. 2 E. 4. 1. b. 4 E. 4. 10. 3. For matters within the Realm, 5 E. 4. 30. the Custom of London shall be certified by the Mayor and Aldermen by the mouth of the Recorder. 4. By Certificate of the Sheriff upon a Writ to him directed, 10 H 10. in case of Privilege, if one be a Citizen or a Foreigner. 5. Trial of Records by Certificate of the Judges in whose custody they are by Law. All these be in Temporal causes. 6. In causes Ecclesiastical, as loyalty in Marriage, general Bastardy, Excommengment, Profession, etc. which are to be tried by the Certificate of the Ordinary.  
Also if a Subject of the King be killed by another of his Subjects out of England, in any Foreign Country, the wife, or he that is heir of the dead, may have an Appeal for this Murder or Homicide before the Constable and the Marshal, whose sentence is upon the Testimony of Witnesses or Combat, fo. 74. a. vide lib. Stat. 1 H. 4. cap. 14. 13 H. 4. fol. 5. etc. Anno 25 El, etc.    

CHAP. IV. Knights service.  

Sect. 103.  
TEnure per homage, fealty & escuage est a tener per service de Chivaler, & trait a luy guard, marriage & relief.  
Si haereditas teneatur per servitium militare, tunc per leges infans ipse, & haereditas ejus, etc. per dominum feodi illius custodientur, etc. Fortesc. ca 44.  
Audacter quilibet facit quod se scire non diffidit.  
Amongst the Laws of St Edward the Confessor, it is thus provided; Debent enim universi liberi homines, etc. secundum foedum suum, & sciendum tenementa sua arma habere, & illa semper prompta conservare ad tuitionem regni, & servitium dominorum suorum juxta praeceptum domini Regis explendum & peragendum, Lambert foe 135. a.  
And William the Conqueror confirmed that Law, etc.  
And therefore if after the Lord hath the Wardship of the body and land, the Lord doth release to the Infant his right in the Seignory, or the Seignory descendeth to the Infant, he shall be out of Ward, etc. for he was in Ward in respect he was not able to do those services which he ought to do to his Lord, which now are extinct, & cessante causa, cessat causatum, fol. 76. a.  
Regularly there be six incidents to Knight's service, viz. Two of Honour and Submission, as Homage and Fealty, and four of Profit, as Escuage, Ward, Marriage and Relief.  
Also these be other incidents to Knight's service besides these; as aid per fair fitz Chivalrer, and aid per file marier, etc.  
Relevium is derived from Relevare; Quia haereditas quae jacens fuit per antecessoris decessum, relevatur in manus haeredum, & propter factam relevationem facienda erit ab haerede quaedam praestatio quae dicitur relevium. Bract. lib. 2. ca 36. fo. 84. By custom the heirs of him that holdeth in Socage may be in a word. * By the common Law, the heir shall not be in ward, unless he claim as heir by descent. Vide Libr.  
In many Cases the heir shall be in ward, albeit the Tenant died not seized, &c nor in the Homage of the Lord.  
But if one levy a fine executory (as fur grant and render) to a man and his heirs, and he to whom the Land is granted and rendered, before execution dieth, his heir being within age entereth, he shall not be in ward, for his ancestor was never * tenant to the Lord. Vide, etc.  
If the disseisie die his heir being within age, the Lord shall have the wardship of the heir of the body of the disseisee; and if the disseisor dieth seized and his heir within age, the Lord may seize the wardship of his heir also, and of the Land also, etc. Vide, etc.  
For the ease of the heir, and for avoiding of danger, etc. The heir for the most part (after his full age) sueth out a special livery, which containeth a beneficial pardon, etc. Fo. 77. a. Vide & quaere.  
A common person shall have nothing in ward but that which is holden of him. But the King by his Prerogative shall not only have such Lands, etc. which the heir of his Tenant by Knight's service in Capite holdeth of others, but such inheritances also as are not holden at all of any, as rent-charges, rent-seck, Fairs, Markets, Warrens, Annuities, etc. Fo. 78. a. Stamf. pr. Fo. 8. *  
The Law is changed, since Littleton wrote in many Cases both for the marriage of the body, and for the wardship of the Lands, and a fare greater benefit given to the Lords, than the common Law gave them, and some advantage given to the heirs, which before they had not.  
As if the Father had made an estate for life or a gift in tail of Lands holden by Knight's service to his eldest Son, or other heir apparent within age, the remainder in Fee to any other, and died, the heir should not have been in ward, for this was out of the Stat. Merlebridg: But at this day the heir shall be in that case in ward for his body and a third part of his land. So if the Father had enfeoffed his eldest Son within age and a stranger, and the heirs of the son, and died, the son should have been out of ward; but at this day he shall be in ward for his body, and for a third part of his moiety. Fo. 78. a Vide, etc.  
The benefits that grew to the subject by acts of Parliament, were, that Tenants in Fee simple, might devise their lands in such manner and form, etc. Also that the Father might infeoff his eldest Son or other heir lineal or collateral holden by Knight's service, and two parts of the Land shall be out of ward. Lib. 8. fo. 83. & fo. 163.  
And both the Statute of 32 and 34 H. 8. Concerning Wills and Wardships are many ways prejudicial to the heirs: as, if Tenant by Knight's service make a Feoffment in Fee to the use of his wife and heir heirs, or to the use of a younger Son and his heirs, or wholly for the payment of his debts. In these cases, although nothing at all of the Lands so holden descend to the heir, but he is disherited of the same, yet his body shall be in ward.  
In facto quod se habet ad bonum & malum, magis de bono, quam de malo lex intendit. Lex intendit vicinum vicini facta scire. Nulla impossibilia aut inhonesta sunt presumenda, vera tamen & honesta, & possibilia. Lex semper intendit quod rationi convenit. By intendment of Law the heir is not able to do Knight's service before his full age of 21. years, and therefore hath a guardian, etc.  
A woman hath seven ages for several purposes appointed to her by Law: as, seven years for the Lord to have aid pur file Marr. Nine years to deserve Dower, 12. years to consent to marriage, until 14. years to be in ward, 14. years to be out of ward, if she attained thereunto in the life of her ancestor; 16. years for to tender her marriage if she under the age of 14. at the death of her Ancestor, and 21. years to alienate her Lands, goods and Chattels. Fo. 78. b. 35. H. 6. 40. Bract. l. 2. c. 37.  
A man also by the Law for several purposes hath divers ages assigned unto him, viz. 12. years to take the oath of Allegiance in the Torn or Leet. 14. years to consent to marriage, 14. years for the heir in socage to choose his guardian, and 14. years is also accounted his age of discretion. 15. years for the Lord to have aid pur faire fitz Chivaler: under 21. to be in ward to the Lord by Knight's service: under 14. to be in ward to guardian in socage: 14. to be out of ward of Guardian in Socage, and 21. to be out of ward of Guardian in Chivalry, and to alien his Lands, Goods, and Chattels. 34. E. 1. St. 3. F. N.B 202.  
But put case the Lord cannot have the wardship of the Land, as if the Lord before the age of 14. grant over the wardship of the body, the grantee cannot have the two years because he cannot hold over the Land, and the Lord which hath the wardship of the land only should lose the benefit of the two years because he hath the lands only and cannot tender any marriage, therefore in this cause the heir female shall enter into her land at her age of 14. years.  
Cessante causa cessat effectus; & cessante ratione legis cessat beneficium legis. Vide, etc.  
If the Lord tender a convenable marriage to the heir within the two years, and she marry elsewhere within those two years, the Lord shall not have the forfeiture of the marriage, for the Statute giveth the two years only to make a tender: Lib. 6. fo. 71. Lord Darcies Case. And if after such tender, etc. the heir female refuseth, than the Lord shall hold the Land until her age of 21. years, and further until he hath levied the value of her marriage. Statute of West. 1. 31. Ass. p. 26.  
The tender of a marriage to an heir female before the age of 14. is void (i.e.) where the Lord may hold the Land for the said two years, for then the Statute appointeth the time of tender; but where the Lord cannot have the two years he may tender, etc. At any time after the age of 12. and before 14. for so he might have done at the common Law. L. 6. 71. Darcy. Le Seignor. nauna les 2. ans apres les 14. ans, mes lou l' heir female est dens l' age de 14. ans nient marry all temps de Mort son Ancestor.   

Sect. 104. and 105.  
The time of agreement or disagreement, when they marry infra annos nubiles, is for the woman at 12. or after, and for the man at 14. or after, and there need no new marriage if they so agree, but disagree they cannot before, etc. But if a man of the age of 14. marry a woman of the age of 10. at her age of 12. he may as well disagree, as the may, though he were of the age of consent; because in contracts of Matrimony either both must be bound, or equal election of disagreement given to both, and so è converso, if the woman be of the age of consent, and the man under.  
Dominus non maritabit minorem in custodia sua nisi semel. Fo. 79. b. Vide, etc.   

Sect. 107. and 108.  
Per le stat. de Merton. ca 6. nul disparagement est, mes lou celuy que est en gard en. marry deins lage de 14. ans.  
There be four kinds of disparagements. 1. propter vitium animi. 2. Sanguinis. 3. Corporis. 4. propter jacturam privilegii. Vide Libr.  
Of disparagements at large, Vide Libr. in Fo. 80. etc.  
Magna Charta, is, Charta libertatum; magnum in parvo. Et magna fuit quondam magnae reverentia Chartae. Periculosum existimo quod bonorum viror. non comprobatur exemplo. Usage is a good interpreter of Laws, & non usage is an intendment that the Law will not bear it.   

Sect. 110. and 111.  
It is in the election of the Lord, whether for the single value the Lord will tender a marriage or no; for he shall have the single value without any tender. Lib. 6. fo. 70. L. Darcies Case.  
If the heir male before any tender, marrieth himself within age, he shall pay but the single value of the marriage. Fo. 82. b. Vide Libr.  
He that holdeth by Castlegard, holdeth by Knight's service but not by Escuage; for Escuage is due when the King maketh a voyage royal out of this Realm, and the Tenant maketh default, but Castlegard is to be done within the Realm, etc. l. 4. Luttrels' Case, and l. 6. Gregory's Case.  
Relief is no service, but an improvement of the service, or an incident to the service, for the which the Lord may distrein, but cannot have an action of debt; but his executors or Administrators may have an action of debt, and cannot distrein.  
A Knight's Fee consisteth of 20 land, and he payeth for his relief for a whole Knight's Fee, the 4th part of his Fee, viz. Five pound, and so according to the rate. In some case the heir shall pay relief, when he was within age, at the time of the death of his Ancestor. The Lord upon every descent ought to have either wardship or relief. Fo. 83. b. Vide, etc.  
And in some case one Lord of the heir of one Tenant shall have both wardship during his Minority, and relief at his full age. Vide, lib. etc.   

Sect. 114.  
Nul ser. ingard de son corps a asoun Signior. vivant son pier, etc. Fo. 84. a.  
Where the Lord hath a double interest in the wardship of the body, one as Lord, and another as Father; in that case the wardship by reason of nature cannot be waived, and claim made in respect of the Seignory. Vide lib. etc. 35. H. 6. 55. l. 7. fo. 13. Calvin's Case.   

Sect. 115. and 116.  
L' statute de ann. 4. H. 7. ca 17. done le Gardianship del use, sicome del seisin in demesne.  
Guardian en droit en chivalry est lou le Signior. en. seize de gard de terre & de! heir per cause de lon Seignory. Mes ore si il grant le guard, etc. le grantee est appell guardian en fait. Fol. 85. a. Br. t. grant. 85 Dyer 371. 381.  
If a man make a Lease for years of a villeine, this cannot be done without Deed, neither can the Lessee assign it over without Deed; because it is derived out of a Freehold that lieth in grant: but the warship of the body is an original Chattel, during the Minority derived out of no Freehold, and therefore as the Law createth it without Deed, so it may be assigned over without Deed, the wardship of an Advowson cannot be granted without Deed. Causa qua supra. Vide Divers.    

CHAP. V Socage.  

Sect. 117.  
OMnium rerum ex quibus aliquid exquiritur nihil agricultura melius, nihil uberius, nihil dulcius, nihil libero homine dignius. Cicero lib. 1. offic.  
Virg. Lib. 1. Georg.  
O Fortunatos nimium, sua si bona norunt  
Agricolas, quibus ipsa procul discordibus armis  
Fundit humo facilem victum justissima tellus.  
Nullum laborem recusant manus quae ab aratro ad arma transferuntur, etc. Fortior autem Miles ex confragoso venit, sed ille unctus, & nitidus in primo pulvere deficit. Seneca in Epist.  
In the Book of Doomsday, Land holden by Knight's service was called Taniland, and Land holden by Socage, was called Reveland. Fo. 86. a.  
Nota, that the legal signification of (agium) in composition termineth service or duty, as Homagium, the service of the man, etc. Vide Libr. a woundy mistake (fignum pro termino.)  
Ex donationibus autem feoda militaria, vel magnam serjeantiam non continentibus oritur nobis quoddam nomen generale, quod est socagium.  
It is a presumption where homage is due, that the land is holden by Knight's service.   

Sect. 118. and 119.  
Home poit tener per fealty tantum, & est a tener en Socage Car chescun tenure, que nest pas in Chivalry est tenure en Socage. Here Littleton speaketh of Tenors of common persons, for grand Serjeanty is not Knights service, and yet is not a Tenure in Socage, Vide etc. And note, That some Tenors in Socage are named à causa, and some and the greater part ab effectu  
Socagium idem est quod servitium Socae, & Soca idem est, quod caruca. s. un soak, ou un carve.  
As carucata terrae, a plough land may contain houses, mills, pasture, meadow, wood, etc. as pertaining to the plough, so under the service of the Plough, all services of tillage or husbandry are included.  
Although the cause whereupon the name of Socage first grew be taken away, yet the name remains the same it hath been, and is used to distinguish this Tenure, from a Tenure by Knight's service.  
Nomina si perdas certè distinctio rerum perditur.   

Sect. 120. and 121.  
Escuage certain, is not in rei veritate servit' scuti, which is to be done by the body of a man; but it is servitium Crumenae, of money, which is to be drawn out of the purse, and that is in effect a Tenure in Socage.  
If a rent be paid for Castlegard, it is clear a Socage Tenure; but if a sum in gross or other thing be voluntarily paid or given by the tenant, and voluntarily received by the Lord in lieu of Castlegard, yet the Tenure by Knight's service remaineth, vide lib. 4. fo. 88 in Lutterels Case.  
Rend service is accompanied with some corporal service, as fealty at the least, Sect. 122.   

Sect. 123.  
If lands holden in Soccage be given to a man, and the heirs of his body, and he dieth, his heir within age, the next Cousin of the part of the father, albeit he be worthier, shall not be preferred before the next Cousin of the part of the mother; but such of them as first seizeth the heir shall have his Custody, fo. 88 a.  
If A. be Guardian in Soccage of the body and lands of B. within age of 14 years. A. shall be Guardian per cause de guard. But an Infant, etc. that is not in the custody of another, cannot be Guardian en Soccage, because no Writ of Account lieth against an Infant.  
Alium regere non potest, qui seipsum regere non novit. Bract. lib. 2. fo. 88  
Minor minorem custodire non debet, alios enim presumitur male regere, qui seipsum regere nescit, Fleta lib. 1. cap. 10.  
Haeres sokmamii sub custodia capitalium dominorum non erit, sed sub custod' consanguineorum suorum propinquorum, hoc est, eorum qui conjuncti sunt jure sanguinis, & non jure successionis, ex parte quor' non descendit haereditas, etc.  
Hereby not only an immediate descent, but all possibility of descent is excluded. Vide lib. foe 88 b.  
The father Guardian in Soccage must by law be accountable to the son, both for his marriage, and also for the profits of his lands, which he should not if he had the custody, etc. in this case as father in respect of nature.  
And the act of the law never doth any man wrong, sic vide diversitatem, etc.  
Guardian in Soccage shall not forfeit his interest by outlawry or attainder of Felony or Treason, because he hath nothing to his own use, but to the use of the heir.  
Legitima aetas, as the Statute of Merlebridge, 52 H. 3. speaketh; or plena aetas, as the Writ of Account doth render it, are to be understood secundum subjectam materiam, that is of the heir of Soccage land, whose lawful and full age as to Guardianship is 14 years.  
And as to the recital of the Statute, it is evident, That an action of Account did lie against Guardian in Soccage at the Common Law, Vide lib. foe 89. a. *  
If the Guardian receive the rents and profits, etc. and he be rob without his default or negligence, he shall be discharged thereof. But otherwise it is of a Carrier, for he hath his hire, and thereby implicitly undertaketh the safe delivery of the goods delivered to him. H. 38. Eliz. inter Woodlief & Curteis.  
Note, it is necessary for any that receiveth goods to be kept, to receive in this special manner, viz. To be kept as his own, or to keep them at the peril of the owner. To be kept, and to be safely kept, is all one in Law, sic vide diverfit' Pascha, 43 Eliz. Southcote and Bennet.  
The Guardian en Socage shall account for the marriage of the heir: so for so much as any man bona fide had offered for the marriage unto him.  
Le enfant all age de 18 years poit fair son testament, etc.  
Nota, Executors could not have an action of Account at the Common Law, in respect of the privity of the account; but the Statute of Westm. 2. cap. 23. hath given the action of account to Executors, the Statute of 25. E. 3. cap. 5. to Executors of Executors, and the Statute of 31 E. 3. cap. 11. to Administrators.  
The Guardian en Socage is bounden by Law, That the heir be well brought up, and that his Evidences be safely kept.   

Sect. 124. and 125.  
Sed quaere si apres lage de 14 ans, etc. This quaere came not out of Littleton's quiver; for it is evident, That after the age of 14 years, Guardian en Socage shall be charged Bailiff at any time when the heir will, either before his age of 21. years, or after.  
Guardian en Chivalry ad le guard a son proper use, & Guardian en Socage, and le guard a son use, mes all use del heir.  
Et si Gardian en Socage defy devant asc' account fait per luy all heir, de ceo le heire en sans remedy, per ceo que nul bre. de account gift tenus les execut' sinon pur le roy tautsolement.  
For albeit in an action of account against a Guardian in socage, etc. the defendant cannot wage his Law, yet in respect of the privity of the matters of account, and the discharge resting in the knowledge of the parties thereunto, an action of account lieth not, etc. but that is helped by Statute. Vide, etc. foe 90. b. Rot. Parl. 50. E. 3. nu. 123.  
The King's Treasure is Firmamentum belli, & Ornamentum pacis. Nullum tempus occurrit Regi.  
Prerogative extends to all Powers, Preeminences and Privileges, which the Law giveth to the Crown. Stans. Praer. 5. 10.   

Sect. 126, & 127, 128, 129.  
Le snr. auna del heir son tenant pur relief, tant come le rent amount que il paya per an, ouster le rent, etc.  
Of corporal service, or labour or work of the tenant, no relief is due, but where the tenant holdeth by such yearly rents or profits which may be paid or delivered.  
Et le snr. poit incontinent distrain per relief; sinon que il soit tiel service, que nest donques an esse, sicome le tenant tient per un prose, & defy en yver, etc.  
For Flowers, that are fructus fugaces, cannot be kept, and therefore are not to be delivered till the time of growing; (otherwise it is of corn, etc.)  
Lex spectat naturae ordinem, non cogit ad impossibilia.  
Impossibile est quod naturae rei repugnat.   

Sect. 130, & 131, 132.  
Il est reason que le snr & says heirs ont asc' service fait a eux per proun & testifier que la terre est tenus de eux, fol. 92. b.  
An Escheat is a casual profit, quod accidit domino ex eventu, & ex insperato.  
Of incidents there be two sorts, s. 

Separable, as rents incident to Reversions, etc.  
Inseparable, as Fealty to a Reversion or Tenure.    
Where the Tenure is by Fealty only, there is no relief due, fol. 93. a. vide lib.  
Lessee per ans ferra fealty all lessor, per ceo que il tiel de luy, auterment est de tenant a volunt; car il nad asc' sure estate.  
And because the matter of an oath must be certain, therefore tenant at will shall not do fealty.    

CHAP. VI Frankalmoigne.  

Sect. 133.  
OF Ecclesiastical persons some be 

Regular, and they live under certain Rules, and have vowed three things; True Obedience, perpetual Chastity, and Wilful Poverty.  
Secular, as Bishops, Deans and Chapters, Archdeacon's, prebend's, Parsons, Vicars, etc.    
All Ecclesiastical persons may hold in Frankalmoigne be they Secular or Regular; but no Lay person, etc.  
By the ancient Common Law of England, a man could not alien such lands as he had by descent, without the consent of his heir; yet he might give a part to God in Free-almoigne, or with his daughter in free marriage, or to his servant in remuneratione servitii, fol. 94. b. Glanville l. 7. cap. 1. fo. 44, 45. acc.  
Lands must be given to a Corporation aggregate of many by deed, and they have a Fee simple without these words (Successors) for the body never dies.  
Otherwise is it of a sole Corporation. But yet out of the general rules the case of Frankalmoigne is excepted. And there is a diversity, when the head and body both are capable, as Dean and Chapter; and when one, as in case of Abbot or Prior and Covent.  
Ancient Grants shall be allowed, as the Law was taken when such Grants were made.   

Sect. 134.  
Decanus is derived of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which signifieth Ten, for that he is an Ecclesiastical secular Governor, and was anciently over ten prebend's or Canons at the least in a Cathedral Church, and is head of his Chapter. Capitulum est Clericorum congregatio sub uno Decano in Ecclesia Cathedrali. And Chapters be twofold, viz. the Ancient, and the Later. The ancient Deans come in, in much like sort as Bishops do; for they are chosen by the Chapter, by a Congee de estier, as Bishops be, and the King giving his Royal assent, they are confirmed by the Bishop; but they which are either newly translated, or founded, are Donative, and by the King's Letters Patents are installed, fo. 95. a.  
Ecclesiastical persons have not capacity to take in Succession, unless they be bodies Politic, as Bishops, Archdeacon's, Deans, Parsons, Vicars, etc. or lawfully incorporate by the King's Letters Patents, or Prescription.   

Sect. 135.  
Of Tenors, some be Spiritual, and some be Temporal; and of Spiritual, some be incertain, as Tenors in Frank-almoigne, and some be certain, as Tenors by Divine service. Again, Divine service is twofold, either Spiritual, as Prayers to God; or Temporal, as distribution of Alms to poor people.  
Since Littleton wrote, the Book of Common Prayer, etc. is altered; yet the Tenure in Frankalmoigne remaineth, and such Prayers and Divine service shall be said and celebrated, as now is authorized: for the change is by general consent etc. of Parliament, 2 E. 6. c. 1. 5. & 6. c. 1. 1 El. c. 2. whereunto every man is party.  
And as Littleton hath said before in the case of Soccage, Sect. 119. The changing of one kind of Temporal services into other Temporal services, altereth neither the name nor the effect of the Tenure: so the changing of Spiritual services, etc. altereth neither the name, etc.  
Frankalmoigne est le pluis haute service.  
— fuit haec sapientia quondam  
Publica privatis secernere, sacra profanis.  
Tant solement divine & spiritual service en destr. fait per terres etc. tenus en Frankalmoigne.   

Sect. 136. and 137.  
No distress can be taken for any services that are not put into certainty, nor can be reduced into any certainty.  
Oportet quod certa res deducatur in judicium.  
And yet in some cases there may be a certainty in uncertainty: as a man may hold of his Lord to shear all the sheep depasturing within his Manor; and the Lord may distrain for this uncertainty, 7 E. 3. 38.  
Ordinarius, so called, Quia habet ordinariam jurisdictionem in jure proprio, & non per deputationem; as a Bishop, etc.  
Where the right is Spiritual, and the remedy thereof only by the Ecclesiastical Law, the conusans thereof doth appertain to the Ecclesiastical Court, fo. 96. a.  
And so where the Common or Statute Law giveth remedy in foro seculari (whether the matter be spiritual or temporal) the conusance of that cause belongeth to the King's Temporal Courts only, etc. fo. 96. b.  
There were within this Realm 118 Monasteries founded by the Kings of England. So all Bishops, etc. which hold of the King by Barony, and are Lords of Parliament, called by Writ, etc. Ante fol. 83. & 69.   

Sect. 138. and 139.  
Nihil quod est inconveniens, est licitum, fol. 97. b.  
It is better, saith the Law, to suffer a mischief (that is peculiar to one) then an inconvenience that may prejudice many, 42 Ed. 3. 5. 28 E. 3. 395. 20 H. 6. 28.  
There is no Land that is not holden of some Lord or other, by some service Spiritual or Temporal.  
Nihil quod est contra rationem est licitum. For Reason is the life of the Law; nay, the Common Law itself is nothing else but Reason, which is to be understood of an artificial perfection of Reason, gotten by long study, observation and experience, and not of every man's natural Reason: for, Nemo nascitur artifex.  
Neminem oportet esse sapientiorem legibus.  
Si un Abbot, etc. alien his lands holden in Frankalmoigne to a secular man in fee simple; In this case, albeit the Alienor held not by fealty nor any other terrene service, but only by Spiritual services, and those incertain, yet the Alience shall hold by the certain service of fealty, fol. 98. a.   

Sect. 140.  
Il est ordeigne per lestatut Quia empt. terrum fait 18 Ed. 1. que nul poit alien, ne grant terres, etc. en fee simple a ten de luy mesme.  
Alienatio, licet prohibeatur, consensu tamen omnium in quorum favorem prohibita est, potest fieri, & quilibet potest renunciare juri pro se introducto.  
Praesumitur rex habere omnia jura in scrinio pectoris sui. Dispensatio est mali prohibiti provida relaxatio, utilitate seu necessitate pensata, vide libr. & quaere, fo. 99 a.  
By Prescription the successor of an Abbot may pay relief.   

Sect. 141.  
Nul poit tenure terres etc. en frankalm. forsprise del grantor on de ses heirs. Here (or) hath the sense of (and) etc. For the heir cannot take any thing in the life of the ancestor, neither can the heir take any thing by descent, when the ancestor himself is secluded. Vide, etc. As a man cannot grant lands in Tail and reserve a rent to his heirs. 15. E. 4.  
The tenure in frankalmoigne is an incident to the inheritable blood of the grantor, and cannot be transferred or forfeited to any other. But it is not an incident inseparable, etc. For the Lord may release to the Tenant in frankalmoigne and then the tenure is extinct, and he shall hold of the Lord Paramount by Fealty. As in Littl. S. 139. And if the Seignory be transferred by act in Law to a stranger, thereby the privity is altered, and the tenure changed. Fo. 99 b.  
And a Bishop with assent of his Chapter, etc. may give Lands in Frankalmoigne, to hold of them and their successors, by licence, etc. Always the Seignory nearer to the Land, drowns the Seignory that is more remote, etc.   

Sect. 142.  
L●mesne est tenus de acquiter son Tenant en frankal. de Chesc ' manner de service, que asc' Signior. Paramount de luy void demand. He is also to aquitt. him of improvement of services, as if he be distrained for relief, aid per file mar. etc. Also for suit service to a hundred; but for suit real in respect of resiance within any hundred, etc. it is otherwise. There be three kinds of Acquitals. 1. An acquittal by Deed. 2. An acquittal by prescription. 3. An acquittal by tenure; and that is four manner of ways. 1. By owelty of service, for service acquits service. 2. Tenure in Frankalm. 3. Tenure in Frankmar. 4. Tenure by reason of Dower. F. N. B. 135. etc. There be six Writs in Law maintainable before any molestation, etc. As 1. A man may have his Writ of Mesne before he be distreined. 2. A Warr. Cartae, before he be impleaded. 3. A Monstraver. before any distress or vexation. 4. An Aud. quer. before any execution sued. 5. A Curia claudend. before any default of enclosure. 6. A ne  vexes, before any distress or molestation: and these be called, brevia anticipantia.  
Nota, the Plaintiff in a Writ of Mesne, may choose either process at the common Law, or upon the Statute of West. 2. And upon process given by the said Statute, viz. Summons, Attachment, and grand distress, if the Mesne cometh not, he shall be forejudged: and the judgement is, quod T. (le mesne) amittat servitia de A, (le Tenant) de tenemtis praedictis, & quod omisso praedicto, T. praefat. R. (le Signior. Paramount) modo sit attendens & respond. per eadem servit. per quae T. tenuit. Also if the Tenant be not acquitted, after he hath recovered in a Writ of Mesne, he shall have a Writ of Distringas ad acquietand. Fo. 100 Vide, etc. F.N.B. 138.  
If two joint-tenants bring a Writ of Mesne, and the one is summoned and severed, the other cannot fore-judge the Mesne, for he ought to be attendant to the Lord Paramount, as the Mesne was, and that cannot he be alone. And so if there be two joint-tenants Mesnes, and in a Writ of Mesne, brought against them, one maketh default, and the other appears, there can be no fore-judger. Vide Libr. & quaere. If the Daughter, the Son being in venture sa mere, before judged, it shall bind the Son that is born afterwards; for he had no right at the time of fore-judgement.    

CHAP. VII. Homage Auncestrel.  

Sect. 143. etc.  
HOm. Aunc. est lou un tenant tient sa terre de Son Seigper Homage, & m. le tenant & says Ancestors que heire il est ont tenus m. la terre del dit Signior & de ses ancestors, etc. de temps dont memorie ne court, per homage, & on't st. a eux homage. Tiel Signior doit garrant. son tenant queunt il en implede de la terre, etc.  
Auxi●il doit acquiter le tenant envers touts Signors Paramount luy de chesi manner de service. Mes si le Seignior navoit recieve pas homage del tenant, etc. Nede asc' de ses ancestors il poit disclaimer en le tenancy quamnt il est vouch, & issint oust le tenant de son guarantee.   

Sect. 145.  
Est tanta & talis connexio per homagium inter dominum & tenentem, quod tantum debet dominus tenenti, quantum tenens domino, praeter solam reverentiam. Bract. Fo. 78. Glan. li. 9 ca 4. & Brit. Fo. 170. a.  
Ancient continued inheritance on both parties hath more privilege and account in Law, than inheritances lately or within memory acquired. Fol. 101. a.  
Warrantus, vouchee is either to defend the right against the demandant, or to yield him other Land, etc. in value, and extendeth to Lands, etc. of an estate of Freehold, or inheritance: and not to any Chattel real, personal, or mixed, saving only in case of a wardship granted with warrant; for in the other cases concerning Chattels, etc. The voucher shall have his action of Covenant, if he hath a Deed, or if it be by parol, than an action upon his Case, or an action of deceit, etc.  
The process whereby the vouchee is called is a Summon. ad Warr. whereupon if the Sheriff return that the vouchee is summoned and he maketh default. Mag. Cape ad valentiam is awarded, when if he make default again, then judgement is given against the Tenant, and he over to have in value against the vouchee. But if the Sheriff return that he hath nothing, then after Writs of Alias, and pluries, a Writ of sequatur sub suo periculo shall be awarded, etc. and the demandant shall not have judgement to recover in value, because the vouchee was never warned. Vide Libr. Fo. 101. b.  
When the tenant being impleaded within a particular jurisdiction (as in London, etc.) Voucheth one to war. and prays that he may be summoned in some other County out of the jurisdiction of that Court: this is called a foreign voucher. By the Civil Law every man is bound to warrant the thing, that he selleth or conveyeth, albeit there be no express warrant, but the Common Law bindeth him not, unless there be a warranty either in Deed, or in Law, for, Caveat emptor, etc.  
There be three kinds of disclaimer, i. e. in the Tenancy; in the blood, and in the Seignory. F.N.B. 197. & 151. b.  
In the case of Homage Auncestrel (which is a special warranty in Law, by the authority of Littleton) the Lands generally that the Lord hath at the time of the voucher, shall be liable to execution in value, whether he hath them by descent or purchase. But in the case of an express warranty the heir shall be charged but only for such Lands as he hath descent from the Auncestrel which created the warranty. F.N.B. 152.  
And note, the Lands of the vouchees shall be liable to the warranty, that the vouchee hath at the time of the voucher; for that the voucher is in lieu of an action, and in a Warr. Cartae, the Land which the defendant hath at the time of the Writ brought shall be liable to the warranty. Fo. 102. a.  
Upon a judgement in debt, the Plaintiff shall not have execution, but only of that Land which the Defendant had at the time of the judgement, for that the action was brought in respect of the person, and not in respect of the Land. Vide Lib. etc.  
If a man give Lands in Fee with warranty, and bind certain Lands specially to warranty, the person of the Feoffor is hereby bound, and not the land, unless he hath it at the time of the voucher. 32. E. 1. voucher 292.   

Sect. 146.  
En Chesc' case lou le Signior poit disclaimer, etc. Et de ceo poit disclaimer en Court de Record, son Seignory en extinct & le rerant tiendra del Signior procheine Paramount, etc.  
Meliorem conditionem Ecclesiae suae facere potem praelatus deteriorem nequaquam; and again, Ecclesiae suae condici. melior. facere possunt sine consensu, deteriorem non possunt sine consensu.  
Expedit reipublicae ut sit finis litium, vide fol. 103. a.  
If an action of Debt upon an Obligation against an Abbot, the Abbot acknowledgeth the action, and dieth, the successor shall not avoid Execution, though the Obligation was made without the assent of the Covent, for he cannot falsify the Recovery in an higher action. Et res judicata pro veritate accipitur; and this is but a Chattel, 7 Reg. 2. tit Abbot 7.   

Sect. 147, and 148.  
If the tenant make a feoffment in fee upon condition, and dieth, his heir performeth the condition, and re-entreth, the Homage ancestrel is destroyed in respect of the interruption of the continuance of the privity and estate, 1. Mich. 14, & 15 El.  
Tenant que fist homage all peer, ne far homage all fits, fo. 103. b. vide le except. a ce rule.   

Sect. 149, 150, etc.  
Fealty est incident a chesc' atturnment del tenant grant le seigniory est grant None shall do homage but the tenant of the Land, to the Lords of whom it is holden, fol. 104. a. 8 Ed. 4. 27. b. *  
The recovery of the signory differeth from the alienation of the Lord, which is his own act, or the descent of the signory to the heir, which is an act in law; for that by the Recovery, the state of him that received the homage is defeated, for it shall not lie in the mouth of the tenant, to falsify the recovery which was against his Lord, etc. for that the tenant had nothing therein, etc.  
If a man had made a Lease for years to begin at Michaelmas, reserved a rent, and he had suffered a Common Recovery before Michaelmas, the Recoverer should distrain for rent, which the lessor before the recovery could not, 28 H. 8. Dyer 41. fol. 104. b.  
The tenant ought to seek the Lord to do him homage, etc. for this service is personal, etc. but rent may be paid and received by other; and therefore a tender of the rent upon the land is sufficient, fo. 105. a.    

CHAP. VIII. Grand Sergeanty.  

Sect. 153.  
GRand Sergeanty, est lou home tient ses terres deal Roy per les services que il doit faire en son proper person, come de port. le banner del Roy, out sa lance, etc.  
Ceo tenure en ten. per service de Chivalry; mes le livery paiam all Roy pur reliese, le value (ouster les charges & reprises) des terres pur a S. 154, & 158.  
Magna Sergeanty; i. e. Magna Servitium: because it is greater and more worthy than Knight service; for this is Revera servitium Regale, and not Militare, only.  
This Tenure hath seven special properties: 1. To be holden of the King only. 2. It must be done when the tenant is able in proper person. 3. This service is certain and particular. 4. The Relief due, etc. differeth from Knight's service. 5. It is to be done within the Realm. 6. It is subject to neither Aid pur fair fits Chivaler, or file marriage. And 7. it payeth no Escuage, fo. 105. b. 11 H. 4. 34. F.N. B. 83.  
There were divers Lords Marshals of England before the reign of R. 2. yet King R. 2. created Tho. Moubrey Duke of Norfolk, and first Earl Marshal of England, per nomen Comitis Marischalli Angliae. in Rot. pat. 20. R. 2.  
Thesaurus Regis rospicit Regem & Regnum; And Census Regis est anima reipub. fol. 106. a. Dyer 4 El. 213.  
Where the Grand Sergeanty is to be done to the Royal person of the King, or to execute one of those high and great Offices, there his tenant cannot make a Deputy without the King's licence, etc. But he that holdeth to serve him in his War within the Realm, or by Cornage, may make a Deputy, fol. 107. a. vide libr. etc. qu.    

CHAP. IX. Petit Sergeanty.  

Sect. 159.  
PEtit Serjeanty est lou home tient, etc. del Roy, de rend. all Roy annualment un ark, ou un Espee, etc. petit choses touchant le guerre. Et tiel service ne forsque Socage en effect.  
If one holdeth Land of a common person in gross as of his person, and not of any Manor, etc. and this Seignory escheateth to the King (yea though it be by Attainder of Treason) he holdeth of the person of the King, and not in Capite, because the original Tenure was not created by the King. And therefore it is directly said, That a Tenure of the King in Capite, is when the Land is not holden of the King, as of any Manor, Castle, Honour, etc. but of his Crown.  
Nota. A man may hold of the King in Capite, or of his Crown, as well in Socage, as by Knight's service, fol. 191. 4.    

CHAP. X. Tenure en Burgages.  

Sect. 162.  
ESt lou les tenants deins le Burgh sont tenus deal seignieur del Burgh per cert' rent, etc. & tiel tenure ne forsque tenure en Socage.  
Burgh is an ancient Town holden of the King or any other Lord, which sendeth Burgesses to the Parliament, fo. 109. a. l. 10. 123. Major de Lynns C.  
A City is a Borough incorporate, which hath, or (within time of memory) have had a Bishop: and though the Bishopric be dissolved, yet the City remaineth; as Westminster. Cambridge an ancient City, Mich. 7. R. 1. Rot. 1. vide libr. foe 109. b.  
Cities were instituted for three purposes: 1. For conservation of Laws, whereby every man enjoyeth his own in peace. 2. For tuition and defence of the King's Subjects, and for keeping the King's peace in time of sudden uproar. And 3. For defence of the Realm against outward and inward hostility.  
There is lex & consuetudo Parliamenti, quae quidem lex quaerenda est ab omnibus, ignorata à multis, & cognita à paucis. Of the Members of this Court of Parliament, some be by descent, as ancient Noblemen; some by creation, as Nobles newly created; some by succession, as Bishops; some by election, as Knights, Citizens, and Burgesses, fol. 110. a. ante Sect. 3.  
The Jurisdiction of this Court is so transcendent, that it maketh, enlargeth, diminisheth, abrogateth, repealeth and reviveth Laws, Statutes, Acts and Ordinances, concerning matters Ecclesiastical, Capital, Criminal, Common, Civil, Martial, Maritine, etc. None can begin, continue or dissolve the Parliament but by the King's Authority.  
Of this Court it is said, Que il enim de tresgrand honour & justice, de que nul doit imaginer chose dishonourable.  
Habet Rex Cur' suam in Concilio suo in Parliamentis suis praesentibus Praelatis, Comitibus, Baronibus, Proceribus, & aliis viris peritis, ubi terminatae sunt dubitationes judiciorum, & novis injuriis emersis nova constituuntur remedia, & unicuique justitia prout meruerit retribuetur, Pl. c. 398. b. d. Pet. St. c. 55. fo. 164. Flet. l. 2. c. 2.  
The King of England is armed with divers Counsels; as first, Commune Concilium, and that is the Court of Parliament. 2. Magnum Concilium, and this is sometime applied to the Upper House of Parliament, and sometime out of Parliament time to the Peers of the Realm. 3. The Privy Council. And 4. the King's Council for Law matters, and they are his Judges of the Law.   

Sect. 165, etc.  
Ascun Burghs ont tiel Custom, que le puisne fits inherita, etc. Consuetudo quandoque pro lege servatur, in partibus ubi fuerit more utentium approbata, & vicem legis obtinet, longae vi enim temporis usus & consuetudinis non vilis authoritas. Longa possessio (sicut jus) parit jus possidendi, & tollit actionem vero domino. Bracton.  
Of every Custom there be two essential parts; Time out of mind, and Continuance and peaceable usage without lawful interruption.  
If Lands be within a Manor, Fee, or Seigniery, the same by the Custom of the Manor, etc. May be devisable; or of the nature of gavelkind, or of Borough English. 21. Ed. 4. 53. 54. otherwise is it. In an upland Town etc.  
Nota, That in special Cases a Custom may be alleged within a Hamlet, a Town, a Burgh, a City, a Manor, an Honour, an Hundred, and a County: but a Custom cannot be alleged generally within the Realm, etc. For that is the Common Law. Fo. 110. b. F.N.B. 122. Dyer 54. By some Customs the youngest brother shall inherit.   

Sect. 166. and 167.  
Item en asc' burgh's per le oustom. feme avera pur sa Dower touts les tenement que feront a sa baron, etc. And this called Frank Bank. Here is employed by (&c.) that in some places the Wife shall have the moiety of her Husband's Lands, so long as she lives unmarried, as in Gavelkind. And of Lands in Gavelkind a man shall be Tenant by the Courtesy, without having of any issue.  
In some places the Widow shall have the whole, or half, Dum sola & casta vixerit, etc. F.N.B. 150.  
Item, home poit deviser ses terres qui il ad en Fee simple, deins mesme le Burgh, etc. A devisor per son Testam. is to speak by his Testament, what his mind is to have done after his decease. Testamentum est duplex, 1. In Scriptis. 2. Nuncupatinum, seu fine scriptis. The devisee, cannot take goods, etc. without the assent of the Executors; otherwise it is of Lands devised by Custom.  
If a man hath Lands holden by Knight's service in Capite, and lands in Socage, he can devise but two parts of the whole; But if he hold lands by Knight-service of the King, and not in Capite, or of a mean Lord, and hath also Lands in Socage he may devise two parts of his Land holden by Knight's service and all his Socage Lands. Vide lib. & quaere. Fo. 111. b.  
If a man make a Feoffment in Fee of his Lands holden by Knight's service to the use of such person and persons, and of such Estate and estates, etc. As he shall appoint by his Will, in this case by operation of Law, the use and State vests in the Feoffor, and he is seized of a qualified Fee. In this Case if the Feoffor limit Estates by his will, by force and according to his power, there the use and the Estates growing out of the Feoffment are good for the whole, and the last will is but directory. Vide Lib. etc.  
If a gift in Tail, or a Lease for life be made the remainder in Fee, this remainder is not within the Statute.   

Sect. 168. Fo. 112.  
By no conveyance at the Common Law a man could during the Coverture either in possession, reversion or remainder limit an estate to his Wife. But a man may by his Deed Covenant with others to stand seized to the use of his wife, or make a Feoffment, etc. to the use of his Wife, and now the state is executed to such uses by the Statute of 27 H. 8. for an use is but a trust and confidence, which by such a mean might be limited, by the husband to the wife,  
Omnia quae sunt uxoris sunt ipsius viri, non habet uxor potestatem sui sed vir. Bract. lib. 2. ca 15.  
Virro & uxor sunt quasi unica persona quia caro una, & sanguis unus, res licet sit propria uxoris, vir tamen ejus custos, cum sit caput mulieris. Bract. 5. tract. 5. ca 25. al. 2. Baron. 10 H. 720. Extrix delcen que use, poit vend. terres devisi.  
In contractibus benigna, in testamentis benignior, in restitutionibus benignissima interpretatio facienda est voluntas testatoris est ambulatoria usque ad mortem.  
The first grant and the last will is of greatest force.  
Cum duo inter se pugnantia reperiuntur in testamento ultimum ratum est. If a feme covert be seized of Lands in Fee, she cannot devise the same to her husband; because she is sub potestate viri, etc.   

Sect. 169. of 113.  
Item per tiel custome home poit deviser per sen testamentum que les executors point aliewr les tenements in Fee, etc. pur cert. sum. de money a distribute. pur son alme, & issint. poies' veir icy un case ou home poit fair loyal estate. & encore il navoit riens en les tenements all temps del estate ft. quia consuetudo ex certa causa rationabili usitata, private communem legem. Here it appeareth that the Executors having but a power, as Littl. putteth the Case, to sell, they must all join in the sale. Fo. 112. b. Vide, etc. Dyer 177.  
But if a man deviseth Lands to his executors to be sold and maketh two Executors and the one dieth, yet the survivor may sell the Land, because as the state, so the Trust shall survive; and so note a diversity between a bare trust, and a trust coupled with an interest. 39 Ass. p. 17. Dyer 210. and 371.  
By the Statute of 21 H. 8. it is provided that where Lands are willed to be sold by Executors, that though part of them refuse, yet the residue may sell. Lib. 1. 173.  
Mine advise to them that make such devise by will is, to make it as certain as they can, as that the sale be made by his Executors or the survivors or survivor of them, if his meaning be so, or by such, or so many of them as take upon them the probate of his will, etc. And it is better to give them an authority than an estate, unless his meaning be they should take the profits of his Lands in the mean time, and then it is necessary that he deviseth, that the mean profits till the sale shall be assets in their hands, for otherwise they shall not be so. Vide lib. (foe 113.) Stat. 32. H. 8. c. 2. 34. H. 8. cap. 5.  
Consuetudo prescripta & legitima vincet legem. But no Custom or prescription can take away the force of an Act of Parliament. Praescriptio est titulus ex usu & tempore substantiam capiens ab autoritate legis, A title taking his substance of use and time allowed by the Law. 12 E. 4. 1. 2 M. Br. pr. 100 6 E. 6. Dy. 31. 45. Ass. 8.   

Sect. 170.  
I. S. Seized of the Manor of D. in Fee prescribeth thus: that I.S. his ancestors, and all those whose estate he hath in the said Manor, have time out of mind of man had and used to have common of pasture, etc. in such a place, etc. Being the Land of some other, etc. as pertaining to the said Manor. A Custom, is in this manner: A. Copyholder of the Manor of D. doth plead, etc. that all the Copyholders, etc. have had and used to have common of pasture, etc. in such a waist of the Lord, parcel of the said Manor. But both to customs and prescriptions these two things are incident inseparable, viz. possession, or usage: and time: Possession must have 3 qualities, it must be long, continual, and peaceable. S. 170.  
Note, 1. To what things a man may make a title by prescription without Charter; and 2. How it may be lost by interruption. For the first, as to Franchises and liberties as cannot be seized as forfeited, before the cause of forfeiture appear of Record, no man can make a title by prescription, etc. as to the goods and Chattels of Felons, etc. to make a Coroner, etc. l. 5. 109. l. 9 29.  
But to treasure trove, waifes, estraies, etc. to hold Pleas, etc. A man may make a title by usage only, etc. Without any matter of Record (Fo. 114. 6.) 9 H. 7. 11. 20.  
And for the second, it is to be known that the title being once gained by prescription or custom, cannot be lost by the interruption of the possession, for 10 or 20 years, but by interruption in the right, as if a man have had a rent or common by prescription, unity of possession of as high and perdurable estate is an interruption in the right. Vide, etc. (Fo. 114. b.)  
A Modus decimandi was alleged, Mich. 42. and 44 Eliz. in banco Reg. by prescription time out of mind for tithes of Lambs, and thereupon issue joined, and the Jury found that before 20 years then last passed there was such a prescription, and that for this 20 years he had paid the Lambs in specie; and it was objected first, that the issue was found against the plaintiff, for the prescription was general, for all the time of prescription, and 20 years fail thereof. 2. That the party by payment of tithes in specie had waived the praescription or custom. But it was adjudged for the plaintiff in the prohibition, for albeit the modus decim. had not been paid by the space of 20 years, yet the prescription being found, the substance of the issue is found for the plaintiff. Vide Lib. etc. M. 43. and 44 Eliz. B.R. Nowell and Hicks.  
Note, all the prescriptions that were limited from a certain time, were by Act of Parliament, as from the time of H. 1. After that, from the time of H. 2. By the Statute of Merton; and from the time of R. 2. By the Statute of Westm. 1. But the prescription of time out of memory of man, was at the Common Law, and limited no time. Memory or knowledge is twofold. First, by knowledge, by proof, as by Record, or sufficient matter of writing. 2. by his own proper knowledge. 28. Ass. 25. 11 H. 7. 21. Dy. 273.  
There is a diversity between an Act of Parliament in the Negative, and in the Affirmative: for an Affirmative Act doth not take away a custom, as the Statute of Wills of 32. and 34 H. 8. Do not take away a custom to devise Lands, etc. Also there is a diversity between Statutes that be in the Negative: for if a Statute in the Negative be declarative of the Ancient Law, that is in Affirmative of the common Law, there as well as a man may prescribe, etc. Against the common Law, so a man may do against such a Statute. Fo. 115. a. Vide & qu. M. Carta. c. 35.  
None shall cut down any trees of his own within a forest, without view of the Forester. Statute 34 E. 1. 4. Forrest. Rast. But a man may prescribe to cut down his woods, etc. 16 El. in le Escheq.  
The common Law appeareth in the Statute of Mag. Cart. and other ancient Statutes: (which for the most part are Affirmative of the Common Law) in original writs, in judicial Records, and in our books of terms and years. Acts of Parliament appear in the Rolls of Parliament, and for the most part are in Print. Particular customs are to be proved. Fo. 115. b.   

Sect. 171.  
Every City is a Burgh, but every Burgh is not a City. And it appeareth by Littleton, that a Town is the Genus, and a Borough is the species, for he saith that every Borough is a Town, but every Town is not a Borough. Et sub appellatione villarum continentur Burgi & Civitates. Fortescue cap. 24.    

CHAP. XI. Tenure en Villeinage.  

Sect. 172.  
TEnure en Vill unage en pluis properment qut un villain tien terres, etc. Solonq. le custom del Manner, ou auterment a la volunt son Signior, & de fair a son Signior villeine service; Nul terre tenus en villenage ne unqs. fer. home frank, villain.  
Villain, à villa; quia villae adscriptus est.  
And therefore a Tenure in Villeinage is twofold, one where the person of the Tenant is bond, and the Tenure servile, the other where the person is free, and the Tenure servile. Serva terra liberos de sanguine existentes, villanos facere non potest; quia licet faciunt opera servilia, tamen non faciunt ea ratione personarum, sed ratione tenementorum, etc.  
A villain, is called Nativus, à nascendo; quia plerumque natus est servus. Fo. 116. b.  
Est autem libertas, naturalis facultas cjus quod cuique facere libet * nisi quod de jure, aut vi prohibetur. Servitus est constitutio de jure gentium, qua quis domino alieno contra naturam subjicitur. Bract. l. ca 6. It was ordained, for the cruelty of some Lords that he that killed his villain, should have the same judgement as if he had killed a freeman, and thereupon they were called Servi, quia servabantur à dominis, & non Occidibantur, & non à serviendo.  
Servitude was first inflicted upon Cham for dishonouring of his Father Noah. Ante vini inventionem inconcussa libertas: non esset hodie servitus si ebrietas not fuisset. Ambrose.  
When the villain hath an estate of any thing certain, the Lord shall have it, as a Rent, Commons Certain, etc. But the Lord shall not take advantage of any Obligation, or Covenant, or other thing in action made to the villain, because they lie in privity, and cannot be transferred to others D. & St. c. 43. 22. Ass. p. 37.  
Quicquid acquiritur servo, acquiritur Dom. Fo. 117. a.  
The Statute of Donis Condic. giveth remedy to the issues of the Donee (in Tail) that have capacity and power to take and retain such a gift. Pl. C. 555. Walsing. c.  
Modus & conventio vincunt legem.   

Sect. 174.  
Aliud est tenere liberè, & aliud tenere per liberum Servitium. Fleta. l. 3. c. 13. Myrrh. ca 2. Sect. 18.   

Sect. 175  
Chesc. villain, ou est un villeine pur tille de prescription sc. que il & says Ancestors ont este villeines de temps dont memorie ne Court, ou il est villain per son confession dem. en court de Record. And every Court of Record is the King's Court, albeit another may have the profit, wherein if the Judges do err, a Writ of error doth lie. But the County Court, the 100 Court, etc. are no Courts of Record; and therefore the proceed therein may be denied and tried by Jury, and upon their judgements a Writ of error lieth not, but a Writ of false judgement, for that they are no Courts of Record, because they cannot hold Plea of debt or tre●●●●s, if the debt or damages do amount to 40. s. or of any trespass. Vi & armis. l. 6. 11. 12. Jentlemans' Case.   

Sect. 177.  
I'll serr. adjudge le folly del seignieur s'il neutra pas quent les terres, etc. sont en le maine de son villeine.  
For before entry, the Lord hath neither jus in re, nec jus ad rem: sed, nullum tempus occurrit Regi.  
The act of law, i. e. the descent or escheat may as well prevent the Lord of his entry, as the act of the party by alienation, fo. 118. a. 9 H. 6. 21.  
Goods or Chattels are either personal, as a horse and other beasts, householdstuff, etc. or real, as terms for years of Lands, etc. Wardships, the interest of tenant by Statute Staple, etc.  
Nota, That as the title of the Lord to his villains lands, beginneth by his entry; so his title to the goods beginneth by the seizure of them.  
Si le seignieur claim les biens & feisist parcel en nosm. de seisin de touts les biens que le villeine ad ou aver poit, etc.  
Such a claim doth not only vest the goods which the villain than hath, but also which he after that shall acquire and get.   

Sect. 179.  
Le seignieur poit maintenant claime le reversion de son villain, car en altar form il ne poit vener all reversion.  
And the Lord cannot claim the reversion, but upon the Land, and he by his coming upon the Land for that purpose is no Trespasser.   

Sect. 180.  
Issent le seignieur, etc. poit vener all esglise & claim le Advowson ac son villain, etc. for every claim or demand to divest any estate or interest, must be made in that place, which is most apt for that purpose.  
Advowson of a Church is the Right of Presentation or Collation to the Church. Every Church is either Presentative, Collative, Donative, or Elective.  
If the Church be Presentative, the Church is full by admission and institution against any common person; but against the King it is not full before induction, fo. 119. b.  
Incumbent, of incumbo, i.e. to be diligently resident, id est, obnixe operam dare, 10 H. 6, 7.  
A Church Presentative may become void five manner of ways, viz. 1. By Death. 2. By Creation. 3. By Resignation. 4. By Deprivation. 5. By Session, as by taking a Benefice incompatible, fo. 120. a. F.N.B. 31, 32.  
By the Statute of 31 Eliz. the Presentation, Admission, Institution, and Induction into a Benefice by Simony, are made void; which before were but voidable by Deprivation. Note: If the Church becometh void, albeit the present avoidance be not by law grantable over, yet may the Lord of the villain present, etc. and thereby gain the inheritance of the Advowson, etc. because it is not merely a Chose in action; for if a feme covert be seized of an Advowson, and the Church becometh void, and the Wife dieth, the husband shall present, etc. but otherwise it is of a bond made to the wife, because that is merely in action, 14 H. 4. 12. 43 E. 3. 10. 39 E. 3. 5. 4 H. 6. 5.   

Sect. 181.  
Ou le villain & says Ancestors ont este regardant all Manor, fi le seignieur grant mes les villeine par son fait a un altar, donques il est villeine en gros. He is called Regardant to a Manor, because he hath the charge to all base and villainous services within the same, etc. and his service is not certain, but he must have regard to that which is commanded him. In gross, is that which belongs to the person of the Lord, and belongeth not to any Manor Lands, etc. Auxi sont villaines en gros par prescript. etc. Myrrh. c. 2. sect. 18.   

Sect. 183.  
A man cannot prescribe in any thing by a que estate, that lieth in grant, and cannot pass without Deed or Fine, but in him and his Ancestors he may, because he comes in by descent, without any conveyance. Neither can a man plead a que estate in himself, of any thing that cannot pass without Deed, but in another he may, as in bar of an avowry, the Plaintiff may plead que estate in the signory in avowant, 39 H. 6. 8. fo. 121. a.  
When a thing that lieth in grant is but a conveyance to the thing claimed by prescription, there a que estate may be alleged of a thing that lieth in grant, as a man may prescribe, that he and his Ancestors, etc. in an hundred, have time out of mind, etc. had a Leet, etc. 11 H. 4. 89. The Plaintiff shall not entitle him by a que estate, but he must show how he came by it, but after avowry made the Plaintiff shall plead a que estate, because he is now become as a Defendant, 9 E. 4. 3. b.  
A man may plead a que estate of a tenancy in tail, or an estate for life, so as he averreth the life of them, otherwise it is of a lease for years, or at will, 41. Ass. 2. A Disseisor, Abator, Intruder, Recoverer, or any other that cometh in the post, shall plead a que estate, 22 H. 6. 34. 6 E. 4. 12. 31 H. 8. que estate, Br. 48.  
A que estate must be alleged in the tenant or defendant himself, and not in one in the mean Conveyance from whom he claimeth, 11 H. 4. 81. 9 E. 4. 3. 1 E. 6. quae estate, Br. 49.  
A Deed pleaded aught to be showed to the Court, because every Deed must prove itself to have sufficient words in law, whereof the Court must adjudge, and also to be proved by witnesses, and other proof if the Deed be denied, which is matter of fact, fo. 121. b. A manor may pass by livery of seisin without Deed, with all things appertaining, etc. without saying, cum pertinent, etc.   

Sect. 184.  
Nul chose en regardant a un Manor, etc. forsque villeine, mes aute● choses come Advowsons', &c. sont appendants, etc.  
Appendants are ever by prescription, but appurtenants may be created in some cases at this day, fo. 121. b.  
Things incorporeal which lie in grant, as Advowsons', Villains Commons, etc. may be appendent to things corporeal, as a Manor, house, and lands; or things corporeal to things incorporeal, as Lands to an Office. But yet they must agree in nature and quality, for a Common of Turbary, or of Estovers, cannot be appendent or appurtenant to land, but to a house to be spent there, vide lib. etc.  
Item, Nothing can be properly appendent or appurtenant, etc. unless the principal or superior thing be of perpetual subsistence and continuance. Offices of fee, are of perpetual subsistence, either being in esse, or in that they are grantable over, fo. 121. a. vide, etc.  
Note, That an Advowson at one turn may be appendent, and at another turn in gross; as if the Manor be divided between Coparceners, and every one hath a part of the Manor, without saying any thing of the Advowson appendent, the Advowson remains in Coparcenary, and yet in every of their turns, it is appendent to that part which they have, and so it is if they make Composition to present against common right, yet it remains appendent. But if upon such a partition an express Exception be made of the Advowson, than the Advowson remains in Coparcenary and in gross, and so are the books reconciled, 13 E. 2. qu. imp. 170, 9 El. Dyer 249. 2 H. 7. 5. vide, etc.  
If a man purchase part of the Land wherein Common appendent is to be had, the Common shall be apportioned, because it is of Common right, but not so of a Common appurtment, or of any other Common of what nature soever. But both Common appendent and app●●●ment shall be apportioned by alienation of part of the Land, etc. and for Common appurtment one must prescribe, i. e. for Beasts not commonable, as Swine, Goats, etc. l. 4. 35, etc. Tirringhams' Case.  
A Common in gross appertaineth to no Land, and must be by writing or prescription. Fo. 122. a.  
If a tenancy escheat the Lord ne in cresa son common car en aper● all dems. & nemy all services.  
A man may prescribe to have Sepa●alem pasturam, or to have solam vesturam terrae, from such a day till such a day, and hereby the owner of the soil shall be excluded to pasture or feed there. So a man may prescribe to have separalem piscariam in such a water, and the owner of the soil shall not fish there, but if he claim to have Communiam piscariae, or liberam piscariam, the owner of the Soil shall fish there, 3 E. 3. 29. 30. 20 H. 6. 4. 10 H. 7. 24.  
A man seized of Land, whereunto Common is appendent, and is disseised, the Disseisee cannot use the Common until he entereth into the land, etc. because it should be a prejudice to the tenant of the soil; for if the Disseisee might do it, the Disseisot also might put on his , which should be a double charge to the tenant. But otherwise it is in case of an Advowson appendent, etc. 19 H. 6. 33. vide Sect. 541.   

Sect. 185. and 186.  
Si home voile en Court de Record soy conuster dost villeine, que ne fuit villeine adevant, tiel est villeine en gross.  
This is intended wheat he is brought into Court by course of Law, Vide libr. etc. foe 122. b. 26. Ass. 62. 37. Ass. 17.  
Feme que est utlage enim dit waive, waiviata, i. e. derelicta, left out, or not regarded, and not utlegata, or exlex; for that women are not sworn in Leers, or Tourns, as men which be of the age of 12 years or more be, vide. etc. Reg. Orig. 132. 3 H. 5. tit. oulawry Statham.   

Sect. 187, &c  
Lex Angliae nunquam matris sed semper patris conditionem imitari partum judica. Surculus totum alimentum ā stipite capit, poma tamen edit sua. Fortescue c. 42.  
Si mulier serva copulata sit libero, etc. quod partus habebit hereditatem & mater nullum dotem, quia mortuo vito libero redit in pristinum statum servitutis nifi haeres ei dotem secerit de gratia●. Bract lib. 4. fo. 298. b.  
A child was born after the father deceased per undecim dies post ultimum tempus legitimum (sc. nine months, or forty weeks) mulieribus constitutum: and it was adjudged, Quod dici non debet filius, etc. Trin. 18. E. 1. Rot. 61. Beaf. coram Rege.  
Un villeine n'avar action envers son seigneiur; mes en special cases, etc. il poit aver action, etc. sicome appeal de mort son pere, etc. Auxi un Niefe avant un appeale de Rape en v●rs sa seignieur. W. 1. c. 13. W. 2. cap. 35.   

Sect. 191, and 192.  
The Villain shall have an action as Executor against his Lord, and it is no plea for the Lord to say, that the Plaintiff is his villain, for he shall not be enfranchised by the user of this action, because he hath it by a gift in Law to the use of the Testator, and not to his own use. Note, Damages recovered by the Executor in an action of Trespass shall be assets, and yet they were never in the Testator, 21 E. 4. 4. b. 1 H. 4. 6.  
Not only tenant in tail, and tenant for life of a Villain, shall have the perquisite of the Villain in fee, but tenant for years, and tenant at will also shall have it in fee; for the law respecteth not the quantity of the estate, but the law respecteth the quality; for in what right he hath the Villain, in the same right he shall have the perquisite, etc. For if a man hath a Villain in the right of his wife, and after he is entitled to be tenant by the Courtesy in his own right, he shall have the perquisite to him and his heirs, vide lib. etc. foe 124. b.  
Protestation is an exclusion of a Conclusion, that a party to an action may by pleading incur; or it is a safeguard to the party which keepeth him from being concluded by the plea he is to make, if the issue be found for him: but in this case without a Protestation, albeit the issue be found for the Lord, the Villain shall be en franchised. S. 192 Pl. c. 276. in Greysbrooks' Case.   

Sect. 193.  
Three things be favoured in Law, Life Liberty, Dower.  
Trial, is to find out by due examination the truth of the point in issue or question between the parties, whereupon Judgement may be given.  
Quaestio juris, shall be tried by the Judges either upon a Demur, special Verdict, or Exception, for cuilibet in sua arte perito est credendum, & quod quisque norit in hoc se exerceat, & ad quaestionem juris non respondeant juratores: But quaestio facti shall be tried by the Verdict of Twelve men, fo. 125. a, vide, etc.  
If the Jury cometh out of a wrong place, or returned by a wrong Officer, and give a Verdict, Judgement ought not to be given upon such a Verdict, qu. etc.  
Every 〈◊〉 must come out of the Neighbourhood of a Castle, Manor, Town, or Hamlet, or place known; out of a Castle, etc. as some Forests, etc. for that the inhabitants, etc. may have the better and more certain knowledge of the fact, 3 E. 3. 73. 20. H. 6. 30, 7. H. 4. 27.  
Every plea concerning the person of the Plaintiff, etc. shall be tried where the Writ is brought. Where the matter alleged extendeth into a place at the Common Law, and a place within a Franchise, it shall be tried at the Common Law.  
In an action against two, the one pleads to the Writ, the other to the action, the plea to the Writ shall be first tried, for if that shall be found, all the whole Writ shall abate, and make an end of the business, 8 E. 4. 24.  
In a plea personal against divers Defendants, the one Defendant pleads in bar to parcel, etc. and the other pleads a plea which goeth to the whole. sc. to both Defendants; this last plea shall be first tried: for in a personal action the discharge of one is the discharge of both; but in a plea real it is otherwise, 15 E. 4. 25. b. etc. vide lib. &c, fo. 125. b. 9 H. 6. 46.  
Where an issue is joined for part, and a Demur for the residue, the Court may direct the trial of the issue, or judge the Demur first, etc. l. 5. 36 b.  
Omnis consensus tollit errorem, fol. 1126. a. *  
Issue, exitus, a single, certain and material point issuing out of the allegations or pleas of the Plaintiff and Defendant, consisting regularly upon an Affirmative, and Negative, to be tried by Twelve men; and it is twofold; A special Issue, as here in the case of Littleton; or general, as in Trespass, Not guilty, in Assize, nul tort, nul disseisin, etc. And as an Issue natural cometh of two several persons, so an Issue legal issueth out of two several Allegations of adverse parties, vide Sect. 414.  
An Issue being taken generally, referreth to the Count, and not to the Writ, 7. E. 3. 34. vide. etc.  
A special Issue must be taken in one certain material point which may be best understood and best tried. 20 E. 3. Issue 31. 22. E. 4● 28.  
An Issue shall not be taken upon a Negative pregnant, which implieth another sufficient matter, but upon that which is single and simple, as Ne dona pas par left. imply a gift by Parol, therefore the Issue must be Ne dona pas more do & forma. 21. H. 6. 9: b. 16. E. 4, 5.  
An Issue joined upon an Absque hoc, etc. aught to have an Affirmative after it: Two Affirmatives shall not make an Issue, unless it be left the Issue should not be tried. 18. Eliz Dyer 253. 22. H. 6. 19 11. H 4. 79.  
Some Issues be good upon matter Affirmative and Negative, albeit the Affirmative and Negative be not in precise words; as in Debt upon a lease for years, the Defendant pleads that the Plaintiff had nothing at the time of the lease made, the Plaintiff replies, that he was seized in fee; etc. this is a good Issue. 2 H. 7. 4. 5. H. 7. 12. 26. H. 8. in formedon.  
Where the Issue is joined of the part of the Defendant, the entry is & de hoc ponit se super patriam; but if it be of the part of the Plaintiff, he entry is & hoc petit quod inquiratur per patriam, 26 H. 8. 3. 18 Eliz. Dyer 353.  
There be Negative pleas, that be issues of themselves, whereunto the Demandant or Plaintiff cannot reply, no more than to a general Issue, which is, Et praedictus.  
A, similiter, As if the tenant do vouch, and the Demandant counterplead, That the vouch or any of his Ancestors had any thing, etc. whereof he might make a feoffment, he shall conclude, Et hoc petit quod inquir' per patriam, & praed' tenens similiter. So in a fine Pleaded by the tenont, etc. the Demandant may say, quoth parts finis nihil habuerunt, & hoc petit, etc. And so in a Writ of Dower, the Tenant plead unques seisie Dower, he shall conclude, Et de hoc point se, etc. 22. H. 6. 57 59 3. H. 7. 9 12. E. 4. 13.  
Filiatio nou potest probari, and therefore the issue must be whether the wife was ensenit the day of her husband's death. 41. E. 3. 11. b.  
A protestation availeth not the Party, that raketh it, if the issue be found against him; except in some special Case *, as if a man enter into warranty, and taketh by protestation the value of the Land, albeit the plea be found against him, yet the protestation shall serve him for the value. 10 E. 4. Protest. 5. Vid. S. 192. * 30 E. 3. 14.   

Sect. 194.  
Si le Signior Mayhem son villeine, il ser. de ceo indite a le suit del roy, & sil soit de ceo attaint il ferr. un fine all roy. Mes le villain nava, etc. appeal de Mayhem, because that in appeal he shall recover but damages, which the Lord after execution might take again, and so the judgement inutile & illusory, and the Law never giveth an action, when the end of it can bring no profit or benefit to the pl. 1 H. 4. 6. b.  
Mahemium (i. e.) membri mutilatio Indite (i. e.) an accusation found by an equest of 12. or more upon their oath: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, to accuse.  
Finis Sumitur tripliciter. 

1. For a pecuniary punishment for an offence, etc. against the King.  
2. For a sum given by the Tenant to the Lord▪  
3. For the highest & best assurance of lands.    
If a praecipe be brought against an infant, and hanging the Plea, he cometh of full age, he shall be amerced for the delay after his full age. Lib. 5. fo. 49 Vaughan's Case.  
So if the demandant or plaint, be nonfute, or judgement given against him, he shall be likewise amerced pro falso clamore. Vide lib. fo. 126. b. etc.  
If a Writ do abate by the act of the demandant or plaintiff, or for matter of form, the demandant or plaintiff shall be amerced, but if it abate by the act of God, as by the death of one, etc. it is otherwise. Lib. 8. fo. 60. b. Bechers Case.  
Wit, wita, Bote, wera or were old Saxon words, signify amerciament or compensation, etc.  
Ransome ne forsque redemption de pain corporel pro fine des deniers. Mirror ca 1 S. 1. and 3.  
Ransom is ever when the Law inflicteth a corporal punishment by imprisonment, (and so is also a fine) but otherwise it is of an amerciament.  
Always at the common Law when the Defendant should lose life or member, the writ said Felonice, etc.  
And now albeit the Law be changed (for the Plaintiff shall recover but damages (yet the writ of appeal saith still felonice. Vita & membra sunt in manu, seu protestate regis. Bract. Lib. 1. fo. 6.  
This offence of Mayhem, is under all felonies deserving death, and above all other inferior offences.  
Inter crimina majora minimum, & inter minora maximum. Inutilis labour & fine fructu non est effectus legis. Non licet, quod dispendio licet. Sapiens incipit à fine. Lex non praecîpit inutilia.  
Therefore the Law forbiddeth such recoveries whose ends are vain, chargeable and unprofitable.   

Sect. 195.  
Demandant and Tenant, in real actions; plaintiff, and defendant in actions personal and mixed. In a personal action brought by A. B. against C.D. the defence is, and praed. C.D. defendit vim & injuriam quando, etc. Et damna, & quicquid quod ipse defendere debet. Vide libr. etc. fo. 127. b.  
The defendant in this and the like action can plead no Plea at all before he make himself party by this part of the defence. 1 E. 4. 15.   

Sect. 196. etc.  
6. Manners de homes y sont queux sils suont action judgement poit estr. demand sils serront respous, etc. 1. Lou villain suist action euvers son Signior. 2. Lou hom. est utlage, sur act. de debt trns. etc. ou indictment 3. Vn alien, etc. 4. Un home que per judgement done envers luy sur un brē de praemunire facias, etc. en horse del protection le roy. 5. Un home enter, etc. en Religion. 6 Un home que est excommenge per le ley de St. Esglise. Sils sorront respondus, etc. This is the legal conclusion of the plea, when the plea is in disability of the person. Fo. 128. a.  
By the common Law, the plaintiff, or defendant, the demandant or Tenant could not appear by attorney, without the King's special Warrant by Writ, or Letters Patents.  
Abusion en a reteiner Attorney sans brens de la Chancery, Myrrh. ca 5.  
Attorneys point estr. touts ceux, aux queux, le voile suffer, fems ne poient este. Attor. ne ensans, ne serfs, ne nul que en en garde non auterment faut de foy, ne nul criminous, ne nul essoigne, ne nul que nest a le foy le roy nul que ne poit este Counter, etc. Mir. ca 2. Sect. 21.  
If an executor, etc. Sueth any action, utlary in the plaintiff shall not disable him, because the suit is in altar droit, 21 E. 4. 49. b. 21 H. 6. 30. b.  
In a Writ of error to reverse an utlary, utlary in that suit, or at any stranger's suit shall not disable the plaintiff, because if he in that action should be disabled, if he were outlawed at several men's suits, he should never reverse any of them. 7 H. 4. 40.  
When any man pleads an outlawry in disability of the person he must show forth the Record of the Outlawry, Maintenant sub pede figilli (because the plea is dilatory) unless the Record be in the same Court. But if he plead an outlawry in bar, if it be denied, he shall have a day to bring in. 6 Eliz. Dyer, 228. F.N.B. 241. Stanf. pl. cor. 105.  
Note, there be two kind of appearances before the Quinto exactus, to avoid the outlawry, viz. an appearance in Deed, i.e. to render himself, etc. and the other is by appearance in Law, i. e. by purchasing a supersedeas out of the Court where the Record is, etc. Tr. 44. El. in Co. banco inter Mere & dolburie.  
If the ground or cause of the action be forfeited by the Outlawry, then may the Outlawry be plead in Bar of the action, as in an action of debt, detinue, etc. But in real actions, or in personal, where damages be incertain, (as in trns. of Battery, of goods, of breaking his clo●e, etc.) and are not forfeited by the outlawry, their outlawry must be pleaded in disability of the person. 9 Eliz. Dyer 262. 7 H. 4. 4. b. l. 5. 109. Foxleyes' C.  
In the reign of King Alfred, and after the Conquest, no man could have been outlawed, but for Felony, the punishment whereof was death, Mir. c. 1. S. 3.  
Vtlagatus & waiviata capita gerunt Lupina, quae ab omnibus impunè poterunt amputari, merito enim sine lege perire debent, qui secundum legem vivere recusant. Fleta lib. 1. cap. 27. But now the Law is changed, for avoiding of inhumanity, etc. Vide 2 Ass. Pl. 3. 2 E. 3. tit. Coron. 148.  
In Bractons' time, and somewhat before, process of outlawry was ordained to lie in all actions that were, qu. vi, & armis, which Bracton calleth delicta, for there the King shall have a fine. But since by divers Statutes Process of outlawry doth lie in Account, Debt, Detinue. Annuity, Covenant, Action sur le Case, Action sur le Statute. De 5 R. 2. and in divers other common or civil actions, Bract. lib. 5. fo. 421. 8 H. 6. 9 b. 40 E. 3. 5, etc. 35 H. 6. 6. 40 E. 3. 2.   

Sect. 198.  
If an alien had issue in English before his denization, that issue is not inheritable to his Father; but if his Father be naturalised by Parliament, such issue shall inherit.  
Ligeantia est vinculum fidei, ligeantia ē legis essentia. Et est duplex, 1 Perpetua, & ista ligeantia est aut nata, aut data. 2 Temporanea, quae ē aut localis, aut limitata, sc. denizatio pro vita, etc. Vide libr fo. 129. a.  
A man may be born out of the realm of England, yet within the legiance, as in Ireland etc.  
An alien that is in league shall maintain personal action, for an alien may trade, etc. but not real or mixed actions. An alien that is condemned in an information, shall have a Writ of error to relieve himself, & sic. etc.  
If an alien be made a Prior or Abbot, the Plea of Alien nee shall not disable him to bring any real or mixed action concerning his house, because he is in altar droit. 29 E. 3. Br. Denizen 15. Sic vide diversitat.  
In Littleton's Case the tenant or defendant shall neither plead alien nee to the Writ, or to the action, but in disability of the person as in villainage or outlawry; and Littleton is to be intended of an Alien in league; for if he be an Alien enemy, the defendant may conclude to the action. Liure de entries Alien. 1.   

Sect. 199.  
The judgement in a Praemunire, is that the defendant shall be from thenceforth out of the King's protection, & his lands and tenements, goods and chattels forfeited to the King, and that his body shall remain in prison at the King's pleasure. And a man might do to him as to the King's enemy, and a man may lawfully kill an enemy. 24 H. 8. Brook Coron. 196.  
But by the Statute 5 Eliz. ca 1. It is not lawful for any person tn slay any person attaint. in praemunire, etc. Tenant in tail attaint. in a praemunire shall forfeit the Land, but during his life. Vide lestat. 16 R. 2. c. 5.  
There be three things whereby every subject is protect. viz. Rex, lex, & rescripta regis. The law is the rule, but it is mute; The King judgeth by his Judges, and they are lex loquens The process and the execution which is the life of the Law, consisteth in the King's Writs. Rex tuetur legem, & lex tuetur jus.  
A man attainted of Treason, or Felony, is disabled to bring any action, for he is, extra legem positus, and accounted in Law civiliter motuus. 4 E. 4. 8.  
There is a general protection of the King, and this extends to all the Kings loyal subjects, etc. and there is a particular protect. by Writ, etc. And this is of two sorts, one to give a man immunity from actions or suits. The second, for the safety of his person, servants and goods, lands, etc. from unlawful molestation, or wrong.  
The first is of right, and by law, the second are all of grace, (saving one) for the general Protection implieth as much. Of the first sort some are, cum clausula (volumus) and of these protections,  
There be four kinds, viz. 1 Quia profecturus. 2 Quia moraturus. 3 Quia indebitatus nobis existit of the matter. 4 When any sent into the King's service in war is imprisoned beyond Sea. The former two are for staying of suits and actions in general; and for these, nine things are to be observed. 1 The cause of granting the protect. must be expressed, etc. and it is of two natures, the one concerns service of war, as the King's Soldier, etc. The other wisdom and counsel, as the King's Ambassador, pro negotiis regni, both these being for the public good of the Realm, private men's actions and suits must be suspended for a convenient time; for jura publica anteferenda privatis, & jura publica ex privatis promiscue decidi non debent. A man in execution, in salva custodìa, shall not be delivered by a protection. 5 Mar. 162 Dyer.  
2 These protections are not allowable only for men of full age, but for men within age, and for women as necessary attendants upon the Camp, and that in three Cases, quia lotrix, seu nutrix, seu obstetrix. 19 H. 6. 51. Vide libr. & qu. foe 130. a F. N.B. 28. l.  
Corpor. aggreg. of many are not capable of protect. profecturae, or moraturae, for the Corpor. it is invisible.  
In every action or plea real, or mixed against two, etc. a protection cast for the one doth put the plea without day for all, as in debt, etc. 9 E. 3. Prot. 80, 81.  
3 A protect. profecturae must not be purchased, pendente plito. unless it be in a voyage royal: But otherwise it is, of a protect. Moraturae. 3 H. 6. prot. 2.  
A protection cannot be cast, but when the party hath a day in Court, and when if he made default, it should save his default, etc. 4. (6 H. 22.  
If a man hath a protection and notwithstanding plead a plea yet at another day of continuance, after that a protection may be cast, so at a day after an exigent, but after appearance he cannot cast a protection in that term, until a new continuance be taken, * 22. F. 3. 4.  
And no protect. either Profect. or Morat. shall endure longer than a year and a day, next after the rest or date of it. 39 H. 6. 39 *  
4. The protection must be to some (certain) place out of the Realm of England. Lib. 7. fo. 8. Calvin's Case.  
5. In some actions Protection shall not be allowed by the Common Law as appeals of Felony, and Mayhem; so it is where the King is sole party, etc. And, in a Decies tant. where the King and the subject are plaintiff.  
But in late acts of Parliament, Protections in personoll actions are expressly ousted. Bract. Lib. 5. 139. etc.  
In a Writ of Dower unde nihil habet, in a qu. imp. or ass. of Darr. presentment, in ass. of no diss. In a qu. non misit, etc. no protection is allowable. Vide.  
By act of Parliament no protection shall be allowed in attaint nor in action against a Gaoler for an escape; nor in pleas of trns. or other contract made, etc. after the date of the same protection. 23. H. 8. ca 3.  
Note in judicial Writs which are in nature of actions where the party hath day to appear, there a protection doth lie, as in Writs of Scire fac. upon Recoveries, Fines, judgements, etc. So it is in a quid juris clamat, etc. But in Writs of execution, as habere fac. Scis. Elegit, execution upon a Statute. cap. ad Satisf. Fieri fac. There no protection can be cast for the defendant. causa qua supra. 13. E. 3. Prot. 72.  
6. No Writ of protection can be allowed, unless it be under the great Seal, and it is directed generally, Libr. 2. fol. 17. Lanes Case, lib. 8. fol. 68 Trallops Case, 35. Hen. 6: 2.  
7. The Courts of Justice are to allow or disallow of the Protection, etc. be they Courts of Record or not, and not the Sheriff, or any other Officer, 43 E. 3. Prat. 96.  
8. The protection may be cast by a stranger, or by the party himself; an Infant seem convert, etc. may cast a Protection for the tenant or Defendant. And the Defendant or tenant casting it, he must show cause wherefore, etc. but a stranger need not show any cause, but that the tenant or Defendant is here by Protection, 21. E. 4. 18. 38. H. 6. 131  
9 A protection may be avoided: 1. By the casting of it before it be allowed. 2. By repeal thereof after it be allowed; by disallowing of it mnny ways, as for that it lieth not in that action, or that he hath no day to cast it, or for material variance between the Protection and the Record, or that it is not under the Great Seal, etc. 3. After it be allowed by innotescimus, as if any tarry in the country, without going to the service, etc. over a convenient time after he had any Protection, or repair from the same service, upon information thereof to the Lord Chancellor he shall repeal the Protection by Innotescimus, 13. R 2. cap. 16. 21. E. 4. 20. vide lib. foe 131. a & b:  
As to the third Protection, cum clausula volhmus, the King by his prerogative is to be preferred in payment of his duty or debt, by his Debtor, before any Subject, Register 281. b.  
Thesaurus Regis est fundamentum belli & firmamentum pacis.  
By the Statute of 25 E. 3. cap. 19 the other creditors may have their actions against the King, debtor, and proceed to judgement, but not to Execution, unless he will take upon him to pay the King's debt, and then he shall have Execution for both the two debts.  
But in some cases the Subject shall be first satisfied, viz. where the King is entitled to any fine or duty by the suit of the party, as in a decies tantum. And so if in an action of Debt, the Defendant deny his Deed, and it is found against him, he shall pay a fine to the King, but the Plaintiff shall be first satisfied, 41. E. 3. 15. 4. E. 4. 16. 17. E. 3. 73. 29. E. 3. 13.  
The fourth Protection cum clasula volumus, is when a man sent into the King's service beyond Sea, is imprisoned there, so as neither Protection, Profection or Moration will serve him, and this hath no certain time limited in it, F. N. B. 28. c.  
Of Protections cum clausula nolumus, that are of Grace, vide lib. 7. fo. 9 Calvin's Case, Regist 280.  
The protection cum clausula nolumus, that is of Right, is, That every Spiritual person may sue a Protection for him and his goods, and for the Fermors of their lands, &c, that they shall not be taken by the King's Purveyor, not their carriages or cattles taken by other Ministers of the King; Which Writ doth recite the Statute of 14. E. 3. F. N. B, 29, 30.  
Albeit Queen Eliz. maintained many wars, yet she granted few or no Protections; and her reason was, That he was no fit Subject to be employed in her service, that was subject to other men's actions, lest She might be thought to delay justice, fol 131. b.   

Sect. 200.  
Vn home que est enter profess religion, est civiliter mortuus or mortuus seculo,  
To three purposes, Profession, i. e. the civil death, hath not the effect of a natural death: 1. This civil death shall never derogate from his own grant, nor be any mean to avoid it; for if tenant in tail make a Feoffment in fee, and enter into Religion, his issue shall have no Formedon during his life. 2. It shall never give her a vail, without whose consent he could not have entered into Religion, and therefore his wife shall not be endowed until his natural death. But if the wife, after her husband hath entered into Religion, alien the land which is her own right, and after her husband is deraigned, the husband may enter, and avoid the alienation, 31 E. 1. Dower 176. 21. E. 4. 14. 3. It shall not work any prejudice to a stranger that hath a former right.  
If a disseisor is professed, so as the lands descends to his heir, this descent shall not toll the entry of the disseisee.  
A woman cannot be professed a Nun during the life of her husband, 5 E. 4. 3.  
But if a man holdeth lands by Knight's service, and is professed, etc. his heir within age, he shall be in Ward, 31 E. 3. Collusion 29.  
If one joint-tenant be professed, etc. the land shall survive to the other, 21 R. 2. Judgement 263.  
An Abbot, etc. may sue and be sued, etc. for any thing that concerns the house of Religion, Bract. foe 415.  
A wife is disabled to sue without her husband, as much as a Monk is without his Sovereign, 4 H. 3. Br. 766.  
And yet the wife of Sir Ro. Belknap Justice of the Common Pleas, who was exiled beyond Sea, did sue a Writ in her own name, without her husband, he being alive; whereof one said, Ecce modo mirum, quod faemina fert breve Regis non nominando virum conjunctim robore legis, 2 H. 4. f. 7. a. And King E. 3. brought a qu. imp. against the Lady of Maltravers, 10. E. 3. 53. And King H. 4. brought a Writ of Ward against Sibyl B. 1. H. 4. 1. b.  
And Tho. of Weyland being abjured the Realm for Felony, in the year before, Margery de Mose his wife, and Richard, son of the said Tho. exhibited their Petition of Right into the Parliament, Anno 19 E. 1. for the Manor of Sobbir, wherein her husband had but an Estate for life jointly with her, and the inheritance in Richard the son by fine.  
The Earl of Gloucester Lord of the fee (who claiming the land by Escheat) had taken the possession thereof) alleged, Quod non fuit jure consonum quod aliqua foemina intraret in aliquas terras vivente marito suo, etc. Tamen Coram Consilio Domini R. vocat' Thesaurar' & Baron. & Justiciariis de utroque Banco concordat' est, quod praedicta Margeria rehabeat talem seiseinam, etc. secundum perportum finis praedict' &c. Vide lib. foe 33. a.  
If the husband had aliened the land of his wife, and after had been abjured the Realm for Felony, the wife shall have a Cui in vita in his life time, 31 E. 1. Cui in vita, 31.  
The wife of the King of England is of ability and capacity to grant and to take, to sue and to be sued, as a feme sole by the Common Law. And such a Queen hath many Prerogatives; as, she shall find no pledges, for such is her dignity, as she shall not be amerced, 18 E. 3. 1, & 2. The Queen shall pay no Toll, N. B. 235. The Writ of Right shall not be directed to the Queen, no more than to the King, but to her Bailiff, F.N.B. 1. F. But a Protection shall be allowed against the Queen, but not against the King: neither shall the Queen be sued by Petition, but by a Praecipe, 21 E. 3. 13. 11 H. 4. 76. b.  
If A. be bound to the Abbot of D.A. is professed a Monk in the same Abbey, and after is made Abbot thereof, he shall have an action of Debt against his own Executors, 4 E. 4. 25. 6 E. 4. 4. 22 H. 6. 5. 45 E. 3. 10. a. 5 H. 7. 25. b.   

Sect. 201.  
Excommunicato interdicitur omnis actus legitimus, ita quod agere non potest, nec aliquem convenire, licet ipse ab aliis possit conveniri. Excommunicatio nihil aliud est quam Censura à Canone vel judice ecclesiastico prolata & inflicta privans legitima Communione Sacramentorum & quandoque hominum, Bract. lib. 5. fo. 415. & 426, etc. F.N.B. 64. F.  
None can certify Excommengment, but only the Bishop, or one that hath Ordinary Jurisdiction, and is immediate Officer to the King's Courts. As the Archdeacon of R. or the Dean and Chapter in time of vacation.  
The Common Law disallows all acts done in disability of any Subject of this Realm by any foreign power, as things not authentic, whereof the Judges should give allowance, 16 E. 3. Sxcom. 4. N.B. 64.  
For the manner of Election of Bishops, vide le statute of 25 H. 8.  
None but the King's Courts of Record, as the King's Bench, etc. Justices of Gaol-delivery, etc. can write to the Bishop to certify Bastardy, Mulierty, loyalty of Matrimony, etc. for it is a rule in Law, That none but the King can write to the Bishop to certify. Nullus alius praeter Regem potest Episcopo demandare inquisitionem faciendam, Bract. l. 3. 106.  
Jour. is the day of appearance of the parties, or continuance of the plea. And in all Summons upon the Original, there be 15 days after the Summons before the appearance. But if the Original be returned tarde, and Summons alias goeth forth, there be nine Returns between the Teste and the Return, 8 H. 6. 20. 8 Eliz. Dyer 251.  
And before the Statute of Articuli super Chart. cap. 15. 28 E. 1. in all Summons and Attachments in plea of Lund, there shall be contained the term of 15 days. But by consent other than common days may be taken, 11 H. 6. 23  
The use of the King's Bench at this day is, That if the offence be committed in another county than where the Bench sits, and the Indictment be removed by Certiorari, there must be 15 days between every Process, and the Return thereof, etc. Lib. 9 118 Zanchers Case, fo. 134. b. vide, etc.  
There is dies specialis, as in an Assize in the King's Bench or Common Pleas, the Attachment need not be 15 days before the appearance. F. N.B 177. cap.  
The day of Nisi prius, and the day in bank, is all one day as to pleading, but not to other purposes, 21 H. 6. 10. 20. vide & qu. fo. 135. a.  
Resummons or Reattachments, are Writs that the Demandant or Plaintiff, after he hath obtained the Letters of his Absolution, may sue out to bring the Tenant or Defendant again into Court, to have day to answer unto him; and these Writs do lie in all cases when the plea is discontinued, or put without day, either in this case, or in case where the Demandant or Tenant hath his age, or for the non venue of the Justices, or in case of a protection or Essoign de service le Roy, etc. Bracton, lib. 5. 425. Brit. cap. 74. l. 7. 29, 30.  
Note, That in the case of Excommengement, the Writ shall not abate, but the plea to be put without day, until the plaintiff purchase his Letters of Absolution, etc. but in the other five cases (sc. of a Villain, etc. ante fo: 55. a.) the Writ shall abate, fo. 135. b.  
But in the case of Outlawry the writ shall abate if he obtain not his pardon. 44 E. 3. 27.  
At this day Idiots, Madmen, etc. may sue, for the Suits must be in their name, but it shall be followed by others. An Idiot shall not appear by Guardian or Prochein amy, or Attorney, but he must be ever in person, 33 H. 6. 18. F. N. B. 27. G.  
But an Infant or a minor shall sue by Prochein amy, and defend by Guardian, 27 H. 8. 11. 20 E. 4. 2. F. N. B. 27. H.   

Sect. 202, 203, 204.  
Si lenfant all age de 14 ans enter en religion, & est profess, le gaodein nad aver remedy (quant all guard le corpse) forsque breve de ravishment de gard enve●s le sovereign del meason, & l'entry d'asc' estaut de pleine age que en heire lenfant en congeable: & legardein en tiel case nad asc' remedy pur le terre, etc. Manumittere idem est quod extra manum, vel extra potestatem alterius ponere.  
Every Manumission is an enfranchisement, but every enfranchisement is not a Manumission, Myrrh. cap. 2. Sect. 18.  
There be two kinds of Manumissions: 1. Express, when the Villain by deed in express words is manumissed and made free. 2. Employed, by doing some act, that maketh in judgement of Law, the Villain free, etc.  
Libertinum ingratum leges civiles in pristinam redigunt servitutem, sed leges Angliae semel manumissum semper liberum judicant gratum & ingratum, Fortescue, cap. 46. fol. 137. b.  
There be some cases wh●re the Villain shall be privileged from the seizure of the Lord, etc.  
1. Ratione loci, as if a Villain in the ancient Demesn of the King a year and a day, without claim or seizure of the Lord, the Lord cannot seize him, etc. so long as he remains and continues there, 39 E. 3. 6. b. F.N. B. 79. a.  
2. Ratione professionis, as if he a Monk be, etc. Gla●v. l. 5. cap. 5.  
3. Ratione dignitatis, if he be made a Knight, etc. Britt. fo. 79.  
4. Ratione matrimonii, as if a Neife marry a freeman, she is privileged during the marriage, etc. But if the Lord himself marry the Neife, than she is enfranchised for ever, Myrrh. c. 3. sect 18. acc. Doct. & S●u. 141.  
If a Niefe ●e regardant to a Manor, and she taketh a freeman to husband by licence of the Lord, and the Lord make a feoffment in fee of the Manor, the husband dyeth, the feoffor shall have the Neife, for that during the marriage she was severed from the Manor, * and so is lib. 29. Ass. (which is falsely prin●ed) to be understood.  
If two Coparceners be of a Villain, and one of them taketh him to husband she and her husband shall not have a Nuper obiit against her Coparcener, but after the decease of her husband she shall, 16 H. 3. Nuper ob. 17.  
When the Lord enableth the Villain to have an action against him, as for Debt, or Annuity, etc. or if he sue against his Villain an Action of Debt, or of Covenant, etc. or giveth to the Villain a certain and fixed estate in Lands, etc. as a lease for years by Deed, or without Deed, this is an enfranchisement for ever. But if the Lord atturn to his Villain, etc. or if he release all his right in black Acre, and the Villain is not thereof seized, this is no enfranchisement, because it is void, and can give no cause of action, fol. 138. a. 11 H. 7. 13.   

Sect. 208.  
The Tenant infeoffs the Villain of the Lord, and a stranger * upon by Collusion; in this case although the Lord may enter upon the Villain for the moiety, yet may he have a Writ of Ward against them both, without enfranchisement of the Villain; for if the Lord should enter upon the Villain, then should the signory be suspended, and then could he not have a Writ of Ward against the other, vide etc.  
There is a Nonsure before appearance at the return of the Writ, or after appearance at some day of continuance.  
A Nonsute is ever upon a demand made when the Demandant or Plaintiff should appear, and he makes default.  
A Retraxit is ever when the Demandant or Plaintiff is present in Court, etc. and this is either Privative, as upon demand made, that he depart in despite of the Court having made default, &c, or Positive, as when he saith, that he will not prosecute his plea, etc. sed abin●e omnino se retraxit, etc. fol. 139. a. *  
Also a Retraxit is a bar of all other actions of like or inferior nature; qui semel actionem renunciavit amplius repetere non potest. But Reg. a Nonsute is not so, but that he may commence an action of like nature, etc. again, lib 8. fo. 58. Bechers Case.  
But yet for some special reasons. Nonsute in some actions is peremptory: as in a qu. imp. if the Plaintiff be Nonsute after appearance, the Defendant shall make a Title, and have a Writ to the Bishop, etc. and the Incumbent that cometh in by that Writ shall never be removed, 5 E. 3. 35. lib. 7. fo. 27. b. Sir Hugh Portmen c. So it is in a Writ de Nativo habendo in favorem libertatis, 6 E. 2. Vill. 26. F. N. B. 78. c. And in an appeal of Murder, Rape, Robbery, etc. in favorem vitae, 9 H. 4. 1. Pl. Com. 148 a. 171. And in an appeal of Mayhem, for the Writ saith, Feloni●è Mayhemavit, 43 Ass. 39 And in Attaint; and the reason is, for the faith that the Law gives to the Verdict, and for the fearful Judgement that should be given against the first Jury, if they should be convicted; and therefore upon the Nonsute the Plaintiff shall be imprisoned, and his pledges amerced; but if the Process in an attaint be discontinued, the Plaintiff may have another Writ of Attaint, because upon the Nonsute there is a Judgement given, but not upon the discontinuance, F. N. B. 108. d. 32 Ass. 13.  
Nonsuit before appearance is not peremptory in any case, for that a stranger may purchase a Writ in the name of him that cause of action hath. *  
In realor mixed actions the Nonsuit of one Demandant is not the Nonsuit of both, but he that makes default shall be summoned and severed, but Reg. in personal actions the Nonsuit of one is the Nonsuit of both, unless it be in certain particular cases. * F. N. B. 35. b. as in personal actions brought by Executors, etc. lib. * 6. fo. 25. Ruddocks Case, And in an Aud. quaer. concerning the personalty * vide & qu. lib. foe 139. a.  
In a quid Juris clamat, the Nonsuit of the one, is the Nonsuit of both, because the tenant cannot attorn according to the grant, 20. E. 3. Severance 17.  
Some actions follow the nature of those actions whereupon they are grounded, as the Writs of Error, attaint, Scire fac ' etc. If a real action be brought by several Praecipes against two or more, if the Demandant be Nonsuit against one, he is a nosuit against all, for as to the Demandant it is but one Writ under one Teste, 47. E. 3. 6. b.  
Severance is twofold; viz. by Summons ad sequend' simul, and that is when one of the Demandants or Plaintiffs never appeared, and by award of the Court of Nonsuit, without any Summons, and that is after appearance, fo. 149. b.  
At the Common Law upon every continuance or day given over, the Plaintiff might have been Nonsuit, and therefore after Verdict given, if the Court gave a day to be advised, at that day the Plaintiff was demandable, and therefore might have been Nonsuit, which is now remedied by the Statute of 2 H. 4. cap. 7. But after demur in law joined, if the Court doth give a day over, at that day the Demandant or Plaintiff is Demand, and may be Nonsuit, for that is not helped by any Statute, 2 H. 5. 5. and after an award to account, the Plaintiff may be Nonsuit, and so note a diversity between an interlocutory award of the Court, and a final judgement, l. 11. fo. 39 41. Medcalves Case.  
Albeit the Lord be Nonsuit, yet the enfranchisement of the villain doth remain, for that grew by the appearance to the Writ. So it is if the Writ do abate.  
Wheresoever the Lord giveth to the villain a just cause of action, he is enfranchised. Kellaway. 134.  
But if the Lord sue his vill. by appeal of Felony, where he was indicted of the same before, this shall not enfranchise the villain, and although he be acquitted upon the appeal, for he shall recover no damages against his Lord. W. 2. c. 12. 22. Ass. p. 39 14 H. 7. 2.   

Sect. 204. and 210. etc.  
None ought to pay fines for the marriage of their daughters without licence of the Lord, etc. but villains of blood, or freemen holding in Villeinage. 43 E. 3. 5.  
Additio probat minoritatem. Haereditas inter masculos jure civili est dividendae. Fort. c. 40.  
Haud facile emergunt quorum virtutibus obstat  
Res angusta domi—  Horace. 
By the Statute of 31 H. 8. a great part of Kent is made descendable to the eldest son. 18 H. 6. c. 1.  
For 

In plures quoties rivos deducitur amnis  
Fit minor, aec unda deficiente, perit.     

Sect. 211. and 212.  
There is a special kind of Borough of Engl. as it shall descend to the younger son, if he be not of the half blood, and if he be, then to the eldest son. 32 E. 3. tit. age 81. within the manor of B. in Comit. Berks, there is such a custom, that if a man hath divers daughters, and no son, and dieth, the eldest daughter shall only inherit, and if he have no daughter but sisters, the eldest sister by the custom shall inherit, and sometime the youngest. M. 10. Ja. eliot's c. Brit. 187. b.  Hor. 
Imberbis juvenis tandem Custode remoto,  
Gaudet equis, Canibusque, & aprici gramine Campi,  
Cereus in vitium flecti, monitoribus asper,  
Vtilium tardus provisor, prodigus aeris,  
Sublimis, cupidusque & amata relinquere pernix.  
Nil homine insirmum tellus animalia nutrit  
Inter Cuncta magis— Home.  
Aliquis non debet esse judex in propria causa. 10 E. 3. 23. 2 H. 3. 4. H. 4 H. 4. Salop. Coram Rege  
Praescription que est encounter reason, ne doit est. allow quia malus usus abolendus est. In consuetudmibus non diuturnicas temporis, sed soliditas rationis consideranda est. Fo. 141. a.  
Rex, etc. pro coni utilitate terrae Hiberniae, & pro unitate terrarum, provisum est quod omnes leges etc. quae in Reg. Angl. tenentur, in Hybernia teneantur, &c Sicut Johannes Rex cum illic esset, statuit & firmiter mandavit, etc. Rot. pat. 30 H. 3. Vid. lib. 141. b.  
By an Act of Parliament tent. 10 H 7. est enact, que touts stat. ft. in England devant cela temps ferront in force in Royalme de Ireland.    

CHAP. XII. Of Rents.  

Sect. 213.  
Rend service est lou le tenant tient la terre de son Signior per service and certain ●ent, & le Seignior poit distr. pur ceo de common right. Rend is reserved out of the profits of the Land, and is not due till the Tenant or Lessee take the profits: for reddere nihil aliud est quam acceptum aut aliquam partem ejusdem restituere; seu reddere est quasi retro dare. Lib. 10 148. Cluns' Case. Pl. Com. 138, 139, etc. Browning. c.  
A rend service cannot be reserved out of any inheritance, but such as is manurable; whereinto the Lord may enter, and take a distress, as in Lands, etc. Reversions, Remainders, and as some have said out of the herbage of Lands, and reg. not out of any inheritance incorporeal, or that lie in grant. Lib. 5. fo. 4. Signior Mountjoyes c. l. 7. f. 23. Butts c. Pl. come 139. By Act of Law one rent or service may issue out of another. 3, H. 6. 21. And though it be out of Lands, etc. Yet it must be out of an estate that passeth by the conveyance, and nor out of a right, 10 E. 4 3. b. As if the disseisee release to the disseisor of the Land, reserving a rent, the reserve is good, Fo. 144. a.  
Non debet esse reservatio de proficuis ipsis, quia ea conceduntur, sed de redditu novo extra preficua, 38 H. 6. 38. a Fol. 142. a.  
The common Law is the best and most common birthright that the subject hath for the safeguard of his lands, etc. 2 H. 4. c. 1. Justice is the daughter of the Law, for the Law bringeth her forth.  
A rend service may be reserved without Deed, 35 H. 6. 34.   

Sect. 215, etc.  
Ou home sur un done en Taile ou lease, etc. voile reserv. a lu rend service, il covient que le reversion, etc. Soit en le donor ou lessor, etc. This is not to be understood only of a reversion immediately expectant upon the gift or Lease, for if a man make a gift in tail, the remainder in tail, reserving a rent, and keep the reversion in himself, this is a rend service. Fo. 142. b.  
Reserver, sometimes hath the force of saving or except. so as sometimes it serveth to reserve a new thing, viz. a Rent. 8 E. 4. 48. Sometime to except part of the thing in esse that is granted. 35 H 6. 34. In the grant of a reversion, the rent may be excepted, but not the services. If a man make a gift in tail, without any reservation, the donee shall hold of the donor by the same services that he held over. The Law regardeth equity and equality without any provision or reservation on the party, B. f. 100 Ipsae etenim leges cupiunt ut jure rega●tur.  
But if the Lessor for life or years reserveth nothing, he shall have fealty only, which is an incident inseparable to the reversion. 38 E. 3. 7. Littl. foe 4.   

Sect 217. and 218.  
Rend must be reserved to him from whom the state of the Land moveth, and not to a stranger, 18 E. 2. Ass. 381. But some do hold that otherwise it is in the case of the King, 35 H. 6. 36 *  
Note, that upon a reservation of a rent upon a feoffment in Fee by Deed Indenture, the feoffor shall not have a Writ of annuity, because the words of reservation, as Reddendo, etc. are the words of the Feoffor, and not of the Feoffee, albeit the Feoffee by acceptance of the State is bound thereby, 33 E. 3. Annuity 52. 1 H. 4. 5.  
And it is holden, that a reservation upon a Feoffment in Fee made by Deed Poll, is good, 8 E 4. 8.  
Auxi si un home Seni. de cert. terre grant per unft. Poll ou per Indentare un annual rend issuant horse de m. la terre a un altar in Fee, ou in fee tail, ou per term de vie, etc. ovesque clause de distress, etc. donques ceo est rend charge, & si le grant soit sans clause de distress donques il est r. sack i. e. redditus siccus.  
Also a man may have a rent by prescription, 19 E. 3. Title 34.   

Sect. 219.  
If a man grant by his Deed a rend charge to another, and the rent is behind, the grantee hath election to bring a Writ of annuity, * and charging the person only, etc. or to distrain upon the Land, and to make it real, * and charging the person only, to make it personal. Put case that A. be seized of Lands in fee, and he and B, grant a rend charge to one in fee, this prima fact is the grant of A, and the confirming of B. but yet the grantee may have a Writ of Annuity against both. Two men grant an annuity of 20 l. per an. to another, although the persons be several, yet he shall have but one annuity: But if the grant be, Obligam. nos, & utrumque nostr. The grantee may have a Writ of Annuity against B either of them, but he shall have but one satisfaction, 16 E. 2. tit. annuity 47. If a rend charge be granted to a man and his heirs, he shall not have a Writ of annuity against the heir of the grantor, albeit he hath Assets, unless the grant be for him and his heirs. 2 H. 4. 13. Dyer 17 Eliz. 344. b. Vide etc. Fo. 144. b.  
But Littl. is to be understood with some limitation: for of a rent granted for owelty of partition, a writ of annuity doth not lie, because it is of the nature of the Land descended. Also of such a rent as may be granted without Deed a Writ of annuity doth not lie, though it be granted by Deed. 29 Ass. p. 23.  
Note, as to elections, these diversities following.  
1 When nothing passeth to the Feoffee or Grantee before election, etc. There the election ought to be made in the life of the parties, etc. But when an estate or interest passes immediately to the Feoffee, Donee, or Gaantee, there the Election may be made by them, or by their heirs, or executors, Lib. 2. fo. 36. etc. Sir Row. Hayward's c.  
2 When one and the same thing passeth, etc. and the Donee, or grantee hath election in what manner or degree he will take this, there the interest passeth immediately, and the party, his heirs or executors may make election when they will.  
3 When election is given to several persons, there the first election made by any of the persons shall stand.  
4 In case an election be given of two several things, always he which is the first agent, and aught to do the first Act, shall have the. election. 2 H. 7. 23. a.  
5 When the granted is of things annual, and are to have continuance, there the election remaineth to the grantor (in case where the Law giveth to him election) as well after the day as before; otherwise it is when the things are to be performed unica vice. 9 E. 4. 36. and ●3 E. 4. Grantee for life, etc. aught to bring his Writ of annuity in the disjunctive, else the judgement, etc. shall determine his election for ever: herein Fitzh. is mistaken.  
6 The Feoffee by his act and wrong may lose his election and give the same to the Feoffer: as if one infeoff another of two acres, to have and to hold, the one for life, and the other in tail, and he before election make a Feoffment of both, in this case the Feoffer shall have election to enter into which of them he will, etc.  
Note that this determination of the election of the grantee must be by action or sure in Court of Record. If the grantee doth bring a Writ of annuity, and at the return thereof appear and account, this is a determination of his election in Court or Record, albeit he never proceedeth any further. F.N.B. 152. a. 5 H. 7. 33. b So if the grantee bring an Ass. for the rent, and make his plaint, he shall never after bring a Writ of annuity. 10 E 4. 17.  
For an Anvowry in Court of Record, which is in nature of an action, is a determination of his election before any judgement given. F. 145. b.  
It is a general rule, that the plaintiff must have the property of the goods in him at the time of the taking. 3 E. 3. 74. 6 H. 4. 2. But yet if the goods of a villain be distreined, the Lord of the villain shall have a Replevy, because the bringing of a Replevy amounts to a claim in Law, and vests the property in ●he plaintiff. But in that case if the goods of a villain be taken by a trns. the Lord shall have no Replevy. because the villain had but a right. 33 E. 3. Repl. 43. F.N. B. 69 F.  
Property ought to be tried by Writ. 30 E. 3. 22.  
A man cannot claim property by his Bailiff or servant, for that, if the claim fall out to be false, he shall be fined for his contempt, which the Lord cannot be unless he maketh claim himself, for nemo punitur pro alieno delicto. 5 E. 3 38. 11 H. 4. 4. fo. 145. b.  
In a special case a man may have a Replevy of goods not distreined, as if the Mesner put in his catrell in lieu of the  of the tenant peravaile, that he is bound to acquit, he shall have a Replevy, etc. 34 H. 6. 47.  
It is against the nature of a distress taken, &c: to be irreplevisable. 31 E. 3. Gage Delium. 5. And Bract. Lib 4. fo. 233. a. and b. Saith, E●dem modo de via obstructa, per breve quod justiciet propter comem utilitatem, ne transeuntes ire diu impediantur, quia hoc esset commune damnum, & in hoc vicecomes & Justiciarii faciant sicut super detensionem averior. contra vadium plegii propter commune utilit. ne animalia diu inclusa pereant.  
If the beasts of divers several men be taken, they cannot join in a Repleg, but every one must have a several Repl. and so in a Repleg. it is a good plea, to say that the property is to the plaintiff, and to a stranger, and where there be two plaintiffs, that the property is to one of them. 28 E. 3. 92. 2 E. 4. 23.  
Electio semel facta, & placitum cestatum ō patitur regressum Quod semel in electionibus placuit amplius displicere non potest.  
Note, a diversity between the case (* fo. 65. a.) aforesaid of the grant of the rent, where he may take it either real or personal, and when a man may have election to have several remedies for a thing that is merely personal, or merely real from the beginning. As if a man may have an action of account, or an action of debt at his pleasure, and he bringeth an action of account, and appear to it, and after it Nonsuit, yet may he have an action of debt afterwards, because both actions charge the person. So it is of an Ass. and of a Writ of entry in the nature of an Ass. etc. 28 E. 3. 98. b. 27 E. 3. 89. b. Fo. 146. a.   

Sect. 220.  
By this Section it appeareth, that when in a general grant, the Law doth give two remedies, that the grantor may provide, that the grantee shall not use one of them, and leave the party to the other. But where the grantee hath but one remedy, that remedy cannot be barred by any proviso, for such a proviso should be repugnant to the grant. 28 H. 8. Dyer. 9 b.  
And if a man by his Deed grant a rent Charge out of land provide. that it shall not charge the Land, albeit the grantee hath a double remedy, yet the proviso is repugnant, because the Land is expressly charged with the rent, but the Writ of annuity is but employed in the grant, and therefore that may be restrained without any repugnant, and sufficient remedy left for the grantee; for which cause Littl. putteth his case of the restraint of bringing a writ of annuity. Also our Author putteth his case of a rend charge continuing; and of a rend charge issuing truly out of Land, 9 H. 11. 53. 11. H. 8. etc. mala grammatica non vitiat cartan. For the Law that principally respecteth substance, doth judge sometimes a double negative, to be a negative, according to the intent of the parties, and not according to grammatical construction.   

Sect. 221.  
A. grants that B. shall distrein for such a yearly sum of money in his manor of D. in judgemeet of Law the Manor is charged with the rent, but the person of the grantor cannot be charged, because he expressly granteth no rent, * for that would charge his person, but that the grantee should distrain, etc. which only chargeth the land. Fo. 146. b.  
If a rent be granted out of the Manor of D. and the grantor grant over, That if the rent be behind, the grantee shall distrein, etc. in the Manor of S. this is but a penalty in the Manor of S. But both Manors are charged, the one with the rent, the other with the distress for the rent, the one issuing out of the land, and the other to be taken upon the land, lib. 7. fo. 23, etc. in Butts Case.  
Quoties in verbis nulla est ambiguitas, ibi nulla expositio contra verba expressa fienda est.  
And if in this case, this shall amount to the grant of a rent out of the Manor of S. then the grantor shall be twice charged; and so the Law by construction against the words, and the intention of the parties, shall do injury to the grantor, etc. fo. 147. a.  
And there is no diversity in this case, when the Manor of S. lieth in the same county, and when it lieth in another county, for the words in both cases are all one, and there is no reason to say that he shall fail of a Recovery by Assize, lib. 7. f. 3. Bulwars Case, 1. Ass. p. 10. Vide etc.  
If a man grant a rent out of three acres, and grant over, that if the rent be behind, that he shall destrain, etc. in one of the acres, this rent is entire, and cannot be a rent seck out of two acres, and a rend charge out of the third acre; and therefore it is a rent seck for the whole, and yet he shall distrain for this in the third acre, vide & qu.  
A. doth bargain and sell land to B. by Indenture, and before Inrolment they both grant a rend charge by Deed to C. and after the Indenture is enrolled; by the operation of the Statute, it shall be the grant of B. and the confimation of A. But if the Deed had not been enrolled, it had been the grant of A. and the confirmation of B. and so quancunque via data the Grant is good.  
Home seize the 20 acr. grant rend 20 s, horse de chesc. acre. etc. le grantee auna 20 l. 22. H. 6. 10. b.   

Sect. 222, etc.  
Si home ad un rent charge a luy & a ses heirs issunt horse de cert' terre, sil purchase asc' parcel de cel a luy, & a says heirs, tout le rent charge est extinct, & l'annuity auxi, pur ceo que rent charge ne port estr. per tiel Manor apportion, mes si tiel parcel descend, etc. (S. 224.) a le fits, auterment est. Auxi per purchase de parcel, etc. rend service point estre apportion.  
A rend charge by the act of the party may in some case be apportioned: As if a man hath a rend charge of 20 s. he may release to the tenant of the land 10 s. and reserve part, for the grantee dealeth not with the land, as in case of purchase, Hill. 14. Eliz. in Communi Banco F. N. B. 152. d. e.  
If tenant pur altar vie, by his Deed grant a rend charge to one for 21 years, Cesty que vie dyeth, the rend charge is determined, and yet the grantee may have during the years a Writ of annuity for the arrearages incur. after the death of Cesty que vie, because the rend charge did determine by the act of God, and by the course of Law, Actus leg is nulli facit injuriam. Wards cited in lib. 2. In Heywards case foe 36.  
There be divers kinds of rend services which are not within the Statute of Quia empt. terrae, and yet such rend services are apportionable by the common Law. As if the lessor recover part of the land, etc. in an action of waste, or enter for a forfeiture in part, etc. Lib. 6. f. 1. etc. Bruerton. c. Lib. 8. f. 105. &c. Talbots case. So likewise if the lessor grant part of the reversion to a stranger, the rent shall be apportioned, for the rent is incident to the reversion. Lib. 8. fo. 79. Wildes case.  
A rend service may be extinct for part, and apportioned for the rest, but a rend service cannot be suspended in part by act of the party, and in esse for other part.  
For if the lessor desseise the lessee, the rent is suspended for the whole, and cannot be apportioned for any part. But otherwise it is where the lessor enters lawfully, as upon a surrender, forfeiture, etc. Where the rent is lawfully extinct in part. 21. E. 4. 29.  
And yet by act in Law a rend service may be suspended in part, and in esse for part. As if the tenant give a part of the tenancy to the Father of the Lord, in tail, the Father dieth, and this descends to the Lord, in this case by act in Law the Seignory is suspended in part and in esse for part, and the same Law is of a rend charge. 30. Ass. p. 12.  
And when the Guardian in chivalry entereth into the Land of his ward within age, now is the Seignory suspended: but if the wife of the tenant be endowed, etc. Now shall she pay to the Lord, the third part of the rent, 33. E. 3. Dower 138, this case I should have put first Tho. More.  
Item, a Seignory may be suspended in part by the act of a stranger, as if two jointenants or corperceneis be of a Seignory, and one of them disseise the Tenant of the Land, the other joint-tenant or copercener shall distrain for his or her moiety. 27. E. 3. 88  
Concerning the apportionment of rents there is a difference between a grant of a rent, and a reservation of rent. 22 H. 4. 17. A man against his own grant shall not take advantage of the weakness of his own estate in part. vide lib: etc. Fo. 148. 6.  
And note a diversity between a rent in gross, and a rent incident to a reversion.  
If a man grant a rend charge out of two acres, and after the grantee recovereth one of the acres against the grantor by a Title Paramount, the whole rent shall issue out of the other acre: But if the Recovery be by a faint Title by Covine, than the rent is extinct in the whole, because he claimeth under the grantor, Doct. & Stud. l. 2: c. 17.  
And yet in some cases a rend charge shall not be wholly extinct, where the grantee claimeth from and under the grantor. As if B. make a lease of one acre for life to A. and A. is seized of another acre in fee; A granteth a rent-charge to B. out of both acres: and doth waste in the acre which he holdeth for life, B. recovers in waste, the whole rent is not extinct, but shall be apportioned, etc. for that, Nullus Commodum capere potest de injuria sua propria.  
If the King give two acres of land of equal value to * another in fee, fee tail, for life or for years, reserving a rent of Two shillings, and the one acre is evicted by a Title Paramount, the rent shall be proportioned, F. N. B. 234. b.  
If an entire service be pro bono publico, as Knight's service Castlegard, etc. though the Lord purchase part, the service remains: but when entire services are for the private benefit of the Lord, it is otherwise, lib. 6. fo. 1, 2. bruerton's Case. Sed vide lib. etc. fo. 149. a.   

Sect. 223. and 224.  
Reg. it holdeth, That quae in parts dividi nequeunt, solida à singulis praestantur, Vide los reports bruerton's Case, lib. 6. Talbots Case, l. 8. f. 104.  
It there be Lord and Tenant by Fealty and Herriot service, and the Lord purchase part of the land, the Herriot service is extinct, and yet it is not annual because it is entire and valuable. But otherwise it is of Herriot Custom, fo. 149. b.  
If the tenant giveth to the father of the grantee of a rend charge part of the rent in tail, and this descend to the grantee, the rend charge shall be apportioned, and so by act in law a rend charge may be suspended for one part, and in esse for another. 30. Ass. p. 12, fol. 149. b.  
And so it is if the father be grantee of a rent, and the son purchase part of the land charged, the father dyeth, and the rent descends to the son, the rent shall be apportioned: and so it is if the grantee grant the rent to the tenant of the land, and to a stranger, the rent is extinct but for a moiety 34. H. 6. 41. b.  
If a man hath Issue two daughters, and grant a rend Charge to one of them out of his land, and dyeth, the rent shall be apportioned; and if the grantee in this case infeoffeth another of her part of the land, yet the moiety of the rent temaineth issuing out of her Sister's part, because the part of the grantee in the land by the descent, was discharged of the rent.  
But in all these Cases where the rend charge is apportioned by act in law, yet the Writ or Annuity faileth; for if the grantee should bring a Writ of Annuity, he must ground it upon the grant by Deed, and then must he bring it for the whole, 9 Ass. 22. 5. R. 2. Annuity 21.  Annua nec debitum judex non separat ipsum. 
Also in respect of the reality, the rent is apportioned, but the personality is indivisible, etc.  
If Execution be sued etc. upon a Statute Merchant or Staple, and after the inheritance of part of those lands descend to the Conusee, all the Execution is avoided, for the duty is Personal, and cannot be divided by act in Law, Pl. Com. 72. 15. E. 4, 5.  
If the father within age purchase part of the land charged, and alieneth within age, and dyeth, the Son recovereth in a Writ, Dum fuit infra aetat. or entereth; in this case the act of the Law is mixed with the act of the party, and yet the rent shall be apportioned; for after the recovery or entry, the Son hath the land by descent, fo. 150. vide, etc.  
A relation or fiction of Law shall never work a wrong, or charge to a third person, but in fictione juris semper est aequitas. lib. 3. fo. 29. Butler and Baker's Case.  
●s if the Feoffee grant a rend charge, all feoffer & son seem & all heirs deal Baron' feme recover Dower; le rent charge ferra apportion' & el distreinam, etc.   

Sect. 225.  
If there be Lord and Tenant by Fealty and Rent, and the Lord by his Deed reciting the Tenure, release all his Right in the Land, saving the said rend; the signory remains, and he shall have the rent as a rend service, and the fealty incident to it, etc. 12 E. 4. 11. 9 E. 3. 1.  
If the Donee hold of the Donor by fealty and certain rent, and the Donor grant the services to another, and the tenant attorn, the rent shall pass as rend seck, fol. 150. b.  
If there be Lord and Tenant by fealty and certain rent, and the Lord grant the rent in tail, or for life, saving the fealty; and further grant, That the grantee may distrain for it, albeit the reversion of the rent be a rend service, yet the Donee or Grantee shall have it but as a rent seck, and shall not distrain for it 7 E. 3. 2, 3. adjudge.  
Whereas in an Assize for a rend service, all the tenants of the land need not be named, but such as did the disseisin; yet in Assize for the rent seck, which sometimes was a rend service, all the tenants must be named, as in case of a rend charge, albeit he was disseised but by one sole tenant, 4 E. 2. Ass. 449. 26 H. 8. Dyer 31.  
But if the Lord of a Manor release the Fealty to his Tenant, saving the rent; or that a Mesnalty become a rent by Surplusage, those that are now sack (and sometimes were service) are part of the Manor; but a rend charge cannot be part of a Manor, 31 Ass. 23. 22 Ass. 53.   

Sect. 226, etc.  
If there be Lord and Tenant by Fealty and Rent, the annual rent, which is a profitable service, is of higher and more respect in Law, than the fealty, and therefore by the grant of the rent, the Fealty shall pass as incident, etc. but it is an incident separable, and therefore may be by a saving, as Littleton hath said, separated by it. And so when the Tenure is by Fealty and rent, and the rent be recovered, the Fealty shall includedly be recovered, 44 E. 3. 19 26 Ass. 38. 8 E. 4. 28.  
So long as Homage continues, the Fealty cannot be divided from it, vide lib. etc. 151. a.  
Note a diversity between these corporeal services of Homage, Fealty and Escuage, which cannot become seck or dry, but make Tenure, whereunto Distresses, Escheats, and other Profits be incident; and other corporeal services, hast ●o Plough, Repair, Attend, etc. And all Rents whatsoever, for they may become seek, and make no Tenure.  
Rend and Fealty are incident to the Reversion, viz. Rend separably, and Fealty inseparably, 12 E. 4. 3. Doct. & Stud. lib. 2. c. 9  
The incident shall pass by the grant of the Principal, but not è converso. Accessorium non ducit sed sequitur suum principale. fo. 152. a.  
If the Tenant infeoff the Lord Paramount, and his wife, and their heirs, in this case the Mesnalty is but suspended; for if the wife survive, both Mesnalty and signory are revived, 7 Ass. 2. 7 E. 3. 20.  
It is said, that if there be Lord Mesne and Tenant, each of them by Fealty and 6 d. the Lord confirm the state of the Tenant to hold of him by Fealty and 3 d. that the Mesnalty is extinct. So it is if ●he Lord release to the Tenant; for whether the Lord purchase the Tenancy, or the Tenant the Seignory, the Mesnalty is extinct. 8 H. 6. 24. fo. 152. b.  
So if there be Lord and Tenant, and the Tenant make a gift in tail, the remainder to the King, the Seignory it extinct, 4 & 5 P. & M. Dyer 154. Lex citius tolerare vult privatum damnum quam publicum malum, 13 H. 4. 3. 40. Ass. p. 27.  
No man can hold one and the same land immediately of two several Lords. And one man cannot of the same land be both Lord and Tenant.  
It is Reg. true, Res inter alios acta alteri nocere non debet. Et factum unius alteri nocere non debet; which are true, with this Exception, unless an inconvenience should follow, etc.  
Quando lex aliquid alicui concedit, concedere videtur & id sine quo res ipsa esse non potest: And therefore if a man maketh a lease for life, reserving a rent, and bind himself in a Statute, and the Cognisee hath the rent extended, and delivered to him, he shall distrain for the rent, because he cometh to it by course of Law, 13 H 4 Avowry 237.  
La ley voet plus toft suffer un mischiefe que un inconvenience; & pur ceo si Mesne tient per 12 d. & tenant per 5 s. & le seignieur purchase le tenancy, le signory del Mesnalty en extinct. Et le mesne auna 4 s. come rent seck de le seignieur.   

Sect. 233.  
Si home que ad rent seck est un foits sei, d'asc' parcel de le rent, & apurs le tenant ne voile payer le rent aver, il auna ass. de novel diss.  
A rent seck or rend charge may be demanded after it is behind at any time, etc. for, Remedies for Rights are ever favourably expounded, M. 41. E. 4 adjudged.  
If the demand be made upon the land, and the rent is not paid, whether the tenant be present or absent, yet this is a denial in Law, etc.  
Disseisina, is a putting out of a man out of seisin, and ever implieth a wrong. But dispossessing or ejectment is a putting out of possession, and may be right or by wrong, Bract. l. 4 f. 161. Myrrh. c. 2. s.  
Disseisin est un personal trespass de tortius ouster del seisin.  
Where the Statute of Merton (20 H. 3.) saith, Disseisitus de libero tenemento. Littleton expounds it to extend to a rent seck or rend charge, albeit they be against common rights, yet a man hath a Freehold in them, 40. Ass. 23. ac.  
And he that granteth omnia tenementa sua, a rend charge or a rent seck, doth pass, 14 E. 4. 4. 11 H. 6. 22.  
Recuperare, i. ad rem per injuriam extort ' sive detentam per sententiam Judicis restitui.  
Execution is the obtaining of actual possession of any thing acquired by Judgement of Law, or by a Fine executory levied, whether it be by Sheriff, or by the entry of the party, vide Sect. 504.  
If the Recovery in Assize, etc. be had against one, and he and another redisseise the Plaintiff, he shall not have a Redisseisin; for he●e is alius, and he cannot have a Redisseisin against the former disseisor alone, because he is joint-tenant with another. For joint tenancy in a Writ of Redisseisin, is a good plea, and a stranger shall not be subject to double imprisonment and double damages, 33 E. 3 Redisse●st 17. 9 H. 4. 5. F.N.B. 118. e.  
A Redisseisin doth lie against the disseisor which doth redisseise, and his Feoffee after the second disseisin, for otherwise the redisseisor might prevent the Plaintiff of his redisseisin.  
If the Mesne recovereth a rent when it is a rend service, and after the rent becometh a rent seck by surplusage, and doth redisseise him of the rent, he shall have a redisseisin; for the substance of the rent remains, though the quality be altered.   

Sect. 234.  
He that is of a Jury, must be liber & legalis homo. 9 E 4. 16. First he ought to be dwelling most near to the place where the question is moved. 2. He ought to be most sufficient both for understanding, and competency of estate. 3. To be least suspicious, that is, to be indifferent as he stands unsworn. Vide S. 102. 193. Ad questionem facti non respondent Indices. Ad quaestio juris non respondent lu●atores. Calumniare to challenge, i. e. to except against them in Court that are returned to be jurors. Fo. 155. b.  
It is most necessary, that jurors be omni exceptione majores; forasmuch as men's lives, etc. are to be tried by them.  
Nota, that there is a principal cause of challenge to the array, and a challenge to the favour, Fol. 156. a. Vide & nota.  
The challenge to the array is in respect to the cause of unindifferency or default in the Sheriff, or other officer that made the return, and not in respect of the persons returned, where there is no default in the Sheriff, etc. for if the challenge to the array, be found against the party that takes it, yet he shall have his particular challenge to the Polls, that is to the particular persons; and these be of four kinds, i.e. peremptory, principal, which induce favour, and for default of hundredors, fo. 156. b.  
A man may challenge peremptorily, without showing any cause, and this only is in case of Felony, etc. In favorem vitae. Vide, etc.  
Principal challenges to the Poll may be reduced to four heads. 1. Propter honoris respectum, as no Peer of the realm is to be sworn on Juries, l. 6. 52.  
2. Propter defectum, patriae, libertatis, liberi tenementi; Hundredorum, for vicini vicinorum facta praesumuntur scire.  
3. Propter affectum; and this is either working a principal challenge, or to the favour, and again a principal challenge is either by judgement of Law without any act of his, as if the Juror be of blood or kindred to either party. Brit. f. 135. if the Juror have part of the Land that dependeth upon the same title, Bract. foe. 18  
If a witness named in the Deed be returned of the Jury, etc. f. 23. Ass. 11. Fo. 157. a. Vide & nota. Or upon his own act, as if the Juror had given a verdict before, for the same cause, albeit it be reversed by Writ of error, or if after verdict Judgement were arrested. So if he hath given a former verdict upon the same title or matter though between other persons. 8 H. 5. 10. 18. E. 4. 12. 21. E. 4. 74. fo. 157. b. Vide, etc.  
If a Juror hath been an arbitrator chosen by the plaintiff or defendant in the same cause, and have been informed of or treated of the matter, this is a principal challenge. 9 E. 4 46. But a Commissioner chosen by one of the parties for examination of witnesses, etc. may upon cause he challenged so favour. l. 9 fo. 71. Peacock's Case.  
Challenge concluding to the favour must be left to the conscience of the triors, etc. As if the Juror be of kindred, or under the distress of him in the reversion or remainder, or in whose right the Avowry or justification is made, etc.  
These be no principal challenges, because he in reversions, etc. is not party to the Record, otherwise it is if they were made parties by Aid, Rescepit, or voucher, and yet the cause of favour is apparent; so it is of all principal causes if they were party to the Record. 10. E. a. 12. vide, etc.  
4. Propter delictum, as if the Juror be attainted or convicted of treason or felony, etc. for repellitur à sacramento infamis, So it is if a man be outlawed in trespass, etc. Mirror. cap. 3. d' attaint. Fol. 158. a. Vide, etc.  
Nota, the array of the Tales shall not be challenged by any one party, until the array of the principal be tried; but if the plaintiff challenge the array of the principal, the defendant may challenge the array of the Tales, (and there the one of the principal, and the other of the Tales, shall try both arrays) after one hath taken a challenge to the Poll, he cannot challenge the array. 9 E. 4. 27. 9 H. 5. 11.  
If a panel upon a ven. fac. be returned, and a Tales; and the array of the principal is challenged, the Triors which try and quash the array, shall not try the Array of the Tales; for now it is as if there had been no appearance of the principal panel; but if the riors affirm the array of the principal, than they shall try the array of the Tales. 9 E. 4. 46. 7. E. 6. Dyer. 78. When any challenge is made to the Polls, two triors shall be appointed by the Court, and if they try one indifferent, and he be sworn, than he and the two triors shall try another, and if another be tried indifferent, and he be sworn, than the two triors cease, and the two that be sworn in the Jury shall try the rest. 22. E. 4. Chal. 61. 62. If the plaintiff challenge ten, and the defendant one, and the twelfth is sworn, because one cannot try alone, there shall be added unto him one challenged by the plaintiff, and the other by the defendant. 7. H. 4. 41. If the cause of challenge touch the dishonour or discredit of the Juror, he shall not be examined upon his oath, but in other cases he shall be examined upon his oath to inform the triors. 49. E. 3. 1. 2.  
Fems ne serfs, ne enfans, ne nul infamies, ne nul que nen fise tenant, ne poet estr. bone summonere. Brit. ca 121. Vide libr. Fo. 158. b.  
Of an Ass. of no disseim Vide l. 8. f. 45. jehu Webs case.  
Whensoever a Statute giveth a forfeiture or penalty against him which wrongfully detaineth, or dispossesseth another of his duty or interest, in that case he that hath the wrong shall have the forfeiture, etc. and not the King. P. 29. Eliz. between the Queen and Wood, and so it was adjudged, etc. M 4. ja. Re. and note, that the Act of Parliament do●h give a temporal remedy at the Common Law to Parsons, etc. for an ecclesiastical duty, and to lay men proprietaries of tithes the like remedy, but they have election either to sue for the triple value at the Common Law, or for the double value in the Ecclesiastical Court, or for substraction of tithes there also. Vide & nota 159. a. etc. 2. E. 6. ca 13. Donee triple value all party grieve p. praedial dimes detain per tort, etc.   

Sect. 235. 236.  
Payment of any money (or of any valuable thing) in the name of seisin of a rent seck, before any rent become due, is a good seisin of the rent▪ to have an Ass. (of no disseiss.) when it is due, and that which is given in the name of seiss. etc. worketh his effect to give seisin, and yet it is no part of the rent, nor shall be abated out of the rent. S. 565.  
The grant and delivery of the Deed (and atturnment) is no seisin of the rent: and a seisin in Law which the grantee hath by the grant, is not sufficient to maintain an Ass or any other real action, but there must be an actual seisin. Fo. 160. a.  
Also of a rent sack (and so it is of a rend charge) home poit aver ass. de mortd. ou Bre. de Ayel, ou de Cosinag. & touts auters manners dactions reals, come la case gift, sicome i poet aun daesc' altar rent.  
Hereupon some have gathered, that a man shall have a Writ of right of a rent seck, or of a rend charge, albeit they be against common right. F. N. B. 6. 14. E. 4, 5.   

Sect. 237.  
Sont 3. causes de disseisine de rent service sc. rescous. replevin. & enclosure; car per tiels choses le Seignior en disturbe de le mean per que il doit aun & vener a son rend, sc. de le distress.  
But you may make six disseisins of a rend service: Rescous of a distress, resistance to distrein, Repl. inclos. counter pleading of the title, and vouching of a Record and sailing. Fo. 160. b.  
In some cases the Tenant may make Rescous, etc. 1. if no rent be behind when the distress is taken. 2. If the Tenant tender the rent to the Lord, when he is to take the distress, and yet the Lord will distrain, etc. 3. If the rent be behind, and the Lord destreine the Cattles of the Tenant in the high way within his Fee. 4. If the Lord will distrain, averia Carurae, where there is a sufficient, etc. to be raken beside.  
5. If the Lord coming to distrain had no view of the Cattles within his Fee, though the Tenant drive them off purposely, or if the Cattles of themselves after the view go out of the Fee, or if the Tenant after the view remove them for any other cause, than to prevent the Lord of his distress. In all these cases if the Lord distrain the Tenant may make rescous. Vide les autorities en ceux cases (1.) 6. E. 4. 11. b. F. N. B. 102. E. Lib. 4. f. 11. Bevills' c. 8. H. 4. 1. (2) 17 E. 3. 43. Rescous 14.  
If a man come to distrain for damage pheasant, and see the beasts in his soil, and the owner chase them one of purpose before the distress taken, if the owner of the Soil disterine them, the owner of the cattles may tescue them, for the beasts must be damage fesant at the time of the distress. 16. E. 4. 10. Lib. 9 fo. 22. in case de avowry.  
There is a diversity between a Warrant of Record, and a war. or an Authority in Law; for if a Capias be awarded to the Sheriff to arrest a man for felony, albeit the party be innocent, yet cannot he make rescous. But if a Sheriff will by authority which the Law giveth him arrest any man for Felony which is not guilty, he may rescue himself. 14. H. 7. 20. tit. Just. de. peace 9  
To counterplead the Plaintiff in an Ass. by which he is delayed, maketh him that pleadeth it a disseisor. Otherwise it is if he had pleaded nul tort, etc. 24. Ass. 3. 29. Ass. 52. Brit. Fo. 108.  
If any man be disturbed to enter and manure his Land, this is a disscisin of the Land itself: for qui adimit medium dirimit finem; & qui obstrnit aditum destruit commodum. 26. Ass. 17. 3 E. 4. 2. par Littleton.  
Sont 4. causes de disseisin de rent charge sc. Rescous, replevin, enclosure, & denier. and you may add a Fifth, oiz. reststance to distrain, counterpleading, and vouching a Record and failer thereof.  
Denial is a desseisin of a rend charge as well as of a rent seck, albeit he may distrain for the rend charge as well as for rend service. Nota. that when Books say that detainer of a rend charge or sack is a disseisin, it must be intended upon a demand made, 14. E. 4. 4. Et Sont 2. causes de disseisin de rent seck, viz. denier & enclosure.   

Sect. 240.  
Maxim paci sunt contraria vis & injuria.  
Omnes illos dicimus armatos qui habent cum quo nocere possunt, etc. Bract. Lib. 4. f. 162.  
Armorum appellatione non solum scuta & gladii & galeae continentur, sed & fustes & lapides, as the Poet.  
Jamque faces & saxa volant, furor arma mini●●rat. Virgillius 1. Aeneid.  
Sed vim vi repellere licet, modo fiat moderamine inculpatae tutelae, non ad sumendam vindictam, sed ad propulsandam injuriam. Vide Sect. 589. Where a disseisin shall be by way of admittance of the owner of the rent.  
Since Littleton's time a right profitable Statute 32. H. 8. ca 37. hath been made for the recovery of arrearages of rents in certain cases, etc.  
First, When Littleton wrote, the Heirs, Executors or Administrators of a man seized of a rend service, rend charge, rend seck, or fee fame, in fee simple or fee tail, had no remedy for arrearages incurred in the life of the owner of such rents. But now a double remedy is given to the Executor or Administrator for payment of debts, etc. viz. either to destrain, or to have an action of Debt.  
2. The preamble of the Statute concerning Executors or Administrators of Tenant for life, is to be intended of Tenant pur altar vie, so long as Cesty que vie liveth, who are also so hol●en by the said double Remedy: but after the estate for life determined, his Executors or Administrators might have had an action of Debr by the Common Law, but they could not have distrained, which now they may, etc. l. 4. 49. Ognels' Case. Dyer 375.  
3. If a man make a lease for life or lives, or a gift in tail, reserving rend, this is a rend service within the Statute.  
4. The action of debt must be brought against them that took the profits when the rents became arrere, or against their Executors or Administrators, but the distress may be taken upon the land, be it in the Tenants hands, or of any other that claims by or from him; i. e. from, or under him by purchase, gift or descent, and not above him, as the Lord by Escheat claimeth, etc. by reason of his Seignory, which is a Title Paramount, l. 7. 39 Lillingtons Case, 11. H. 4. 94.  
5. Lord and Tenant, rent is arrere, the Lord grants his Seignory, and dyeth, The Executor shall have no remedy for these arrearages, because the grantor himself had no remedy for them when he died, in respect of his grant; and the act is accordingly.  
6. If the Tenant make a lease for life, remainder for life, remainder in set, Tenant for life pays not the rent due to the Lord, the Lord dyeth, Tenant for life dies, the Executor cannot distrain upon him in remainder, for he claims not by descent by or from Tenant for life. And so it is of a Reversion.  
But if a man grant a rend charge to A. for the life of B. and letteth the lands to C. for life, the remainder to D. in fee, the rent is arrear for divers years; B. dyeth, C dyeth, A. may destraine D. in remainder for all the arrearages, by the latter branch of the Statute, 22. H. 8. l. 5. 118. Edridges' Case.  
7. For the arrearage of a Nom. Paenae, and for relief, or for Aid pur fair fits Chivaler, etc. This Statute giveth no remedy.  
For arrearages of the Nom. Paenae, the grantee or his Executor, etc. may have an action of Debt, for Relief the Lord must distrain, but his Executor by the Common Law shall have action of Debt, W. 1. c, 36. F. N B. 122.  
Note, all manner of arrearages of rents issuing out of a Freehold, or inheritance, whether they be in Money, or Corn, Cattle, etc. within the Statute; but work days, or any corporal service, etc. are not.  
8. If a Feme sole seized of a rent in fee, taketh husband and dyeth; the husband by the Common Law should not have the arrearages due before marriage, but now the Statute giveth him remedy for the same. L. 4. Ognels' Case.     

Liber Tertius.  

CAP. I. Of Parceners.  

Sect. 241.  
OUr Author having treated in his two former Books, 1. Of Estates of Lands and Tenements; and in his second Book of Tenors whereby the same have been holden: Now in his third Book doth teach us divers things concerning both of them: as 1. the Qualities of their Estates. 2. In what cases the entry of him that Right hath may be taken away. 3. The Remedies, and in what Cases the same may be prevented or avoided. 4. How a man may be barted of his Right for ever, and in what Cases the same may be prevented or avoided, vide lib. & Nota, fol. 163.  
2 ou● 3 parceners sont forsque un heir a lour Auncest '; for albeit where there be two parceners, they have moities in the lands descended to them, yet are they both but one heir, vid. S. 8. vers. fin.  
Nota diversitat ' between a Descent, which is an act of the Law, and a Purchase, which is an act of the party. For if a man hath two daughters, etc. and one of them is attaint of Felony, the father die h● the one moiety shall descend to the one daughter, and the other shall escheat. But if a man make a lease for life, the remainder to the right heirs of A. being dead, who hath issue two daughters, and one is attainted, etc. the remainder is void for the whole, for that both the daughters should have been but one heir. Fleta l. 5. c 9 & l. 6 c. 47. fo. 164. a. vide & qu.  
Sunt autem plures participes quasi unum corpus in eo quod unum jus habent, & oportet quod corpus sit integrum & quod in nulla parte sit defectum.  
If lands be given to a man, and to the heirs females of his body, and he hath issue a Son and a Daughter, and dyeth, the Daughter shall have the land by descent; but if a remainder be limited to the heirs females of the body of I. S. etc. the daughter shall never take it by Purchase, for that she is not heir female of the body of I. S. because he hath a Son. And when the right heir doth claim by purchase, he must be a complete heir in judgement of Law.  
And as they be but one heir, and yet several persons, so have they one  in the land so long as it remains undivided in respect of any strangers Praecipe. But between themselves to many purposes they have in Judgement of Law several Free-holds, for the one of them may infeoff another of her part, and make livery, 10 E 4. 17. E. 3. 46. fol. 164. a. vide & qu.  
Note a diversity, inter descensum in capita, & in stirpes.  
If a man hath issue two daughters, and dyeth, this descent is in capita, viz. that every shall inherit alike. But if a man hath issue two daughters, and the eldest daughter hath issue three daughters, and the youngest one daughter; all these four shall inherit, but the daughter of the youngest shall have as much as the three daughters of the eldest, ratione stirpium, and not ratione capitum, for every daughter hath a several root etc.  
Men descending of daughters, may be Coparceners as well as women, and shall jointly implead and be impleaded.  
Item est alia actio mixta, quae dicitur actio Familiae hirciscundae, & locum habet inter eos qui communem habent haeredit' etc. Et locum habet ut videtur, inter cohaeredes, ubi agitur de proparte sororum, vel inter alios ubi res inter parts & cohaeredes dividi debeat sicut sunt plures forores, quae sunt quasi unus haeres, vel inter plures fratres, qui sunt quasi unus haeres ratione rei quae divisibilis est inter plures masculos, etc. Bract. l. 2. fol. 66. 71, etc. & l. 5. fol 443. b. vide & qu.  
Sunt aliae res haereditariae quae veniunt in partitionem, quae ●um dividi non possunt conceduntur uni, ita quod aliae cohaeheredes alibi de communi haereditate habeant ad valorem, sicut sunt vivaria, Piscariae, parci, vel saltem quod partem habeant pro defectu, sicut secundum piscem, tertium, vel quartum, vel secundum act●m tertium vel quartum retis. Item in parcis secundam, tertiam, aut quartam damam. Bract. l. 2. 76. fo. 165. a.  
Regnum non est divisibile.  
Praterea sceptrum Ilione quod gesserat olim  
Maxima natarum Priami—  Virg. 1. Aeneid. 
If there be two Coparceners of certain lands with Warrant, and they make partition, etc. the Warranty shall remain, because they are compellable to make partition.  
Tho. de Eberston in Foresta de Pickering, had kept time our of mind a Woodward for keeping of the Woods parcel of that Manor, and had the bark of all the Trees felled, etc. as belonging to his Manor; and this was adjudged a good prescription. Itin. Pickr. 8 E. 3. Rot. 34.   

Sect. 243, & 244, 245.  
If Coparceners make partition at full age, and unmarried, and of sanae memoriae of lands in fee simple, it is good and firm for ever, albeit the the values be unequal; but if it be of lands entailed, etc. it shall bind the parties themselves, but not their issues unless it be equal. Or if any be Covert, it shall bind the husband, but not the wife or her heirs. It shall not bind the Infant, etc. Modus & conventio vincunt legem. Pacto aliquid licitum est, quod sine pacto non admittitur. Quilibet potest renunciare juri pro se introduct' Conventio autem privatorum non potest publico juri derogare.  
Aei●ne●ia semper est perfren da propter privilegium aetatis, sed esto quod filia primogenita relicto nepote, vel nepte in vita patris vel matris decesserit, praeferenda erit soror antenata tali nepoti vel nepti quantum ad Ecisnetiam quia mortem parentum expectant.  
If there be divers Coparceners of an Advowson, and they cannot agree to present, the Law doth give the first presentment to the eldest, and this privilege shall descend to her issue, nay her Assigns shall have it, and so shall her husband that is tenant by the Courtesy, etc. But it is otherwise of a partition in Deed by the act of the party. Sic vide diversit' fol. 166. b.  
Cujus est divisio, alterius est electio.  
Dedi vobis possessionem quam dividetis sort.  Numb. c. 26.  

Sect. 247.  
If one Coparcener maketh a lease pur ans, yet a Writ of Partition doth lie; but otherwise is it, if one or both make a lease for life, because none in simul & pro indiviso tenent, and the writ of Partition must be against the Tenant of the Freehold, 11 H. 4. 3. F.N.B. 62. g.  
And if one Coparcener disseise another, a Writ of Partition doth not lie, etc. for that non pro indiviso tenent, etc. 4 H. 7. 9 11 Ass. 23.  
If two Coparcerners have two Manors by descent, and they make partition, that the one shall have one Manor for one year, and the other the other Manor for this year, and so alternis vicibus to them and their heirs, this is a good partition, Temps. E. 1. partit. 21. F.N.B. 62. 1.  
Of partitions in Law, some be by act in Law without Judgement, and some be by Judgement, and not in a Writ de Partit. fac.  
If there be Lord, three Coparceners Mesnes, and Tenant, and one Coparcener purchase the Tenancy, this is not only a partition of the Mesnalty, being extinct for a third part, but a division of the Seignory Paramount, for now he must make several Avowries, 26 H. 6. 7.  
If one Coparcener make a Feoffment in fee of her part, this is a severance of the Coparcenary, and several Writs of Praecipe shall lie against the other Coparcener, and the Feoffee, 37 H. 6. 8. So it is if two Coparceners have issue and die, 17 E. 3. 15, & 16.  
Et si asc' des parceners sont enget ou disturbe de sa seisin per ses auters parceners, ou plusor, all disseisee viendran● ass per several pleint sur les parceners & recovera, mes nemy a tener en severalty, mes en common solonque ceo que avant le fist, etc. Britton fol. 112. a. And this seemeth reasonable, for he must have Judgement according to his pleint, and that was of a moiety, and not of any thing in severalty; and the Sheriff cannot have any warrant to make any partition in severalty, or by Metes and Bounds. Lib. 6. fol. 12, & 12. Morrices' Case.   

Sect. 248.  
Si parceners ne voilont agere a partition dost. fr. enter eux, donque lun poit aver breve partition fac. envers les auters, etc. & le vic. en son propter persona alera a les terres, etc. & per le serement de 12 loyal homes de son bail, etc. ilserra partit. enter les parties, etc.  
There is a book in the Exchequer, called Doomsday, dies judicii. Sententia ejusdem libri inficiari non potest, vel impune declinari, ob hoc nos eundem librum judiciarum nominamus.  
Sheriff is the Reve of the Shire, Praefectus Satrapiae, Provinciae, or Comitatus, & habet triplicem custodiam, 1 Vitae Legis, 2. Vitae Reipublicae. Vicecomes dicitur, quod vicem Comitis suppleat. Marculphus saith, This Office is, Judiciaria Dignitas. Lampridius, That it is Officium Dignitatis. Forter saith, Quod Vicecomes est nobilis Officiarius. Fortesc. c. 24. R. 2. cap.  
Verum quod modo vocatur Comitatus, olim apud Britones temporibus Romanorum in Regno isto B●tan. vocabatur consulatus, & qui modo vocantur Vicecomites tunc temporis vice-consules vocabantur; ille verò dicebatur vice-consul qui consul absent ipsius vice supplebat in jure & in foro. Lambert. fol. 129. 12.  
Bailiff is an Officer concerning the administration of Justice of a certain Province. Flet. l. 2. c. 67.   

Sect. 249, 250.  
Et de la partition que l' viscount ad issint ft. il. fer. notice la Justices south son seal, & les seales de ches● ' de les 12. etc. this etc. doth imply, That the principal Judgement upon the partition so returned, is, Ideo consideratum est per Cur' quod partitio firma & stabilis in perpetuum teneatur. Lib. 11. fol. 40. Metcalves Case.  
Partition per agreement per curer parceners' poit estre, auxibien per parol sans fait, come per fait. But a partition between joint-tenants is not good without Deed, albeit it be of lands, and that they be compellable to make partition by the Statute of 31 H. 8. c. 10. and 32 H. 8. c. 32. because they must pursue that act by Writ de Partit. fac. And a partition between joint-tenants without Writ, remains at the Common Law, which could not be done by Parol. And where books say, That joint-tenants made partition without Deed, it must be intended of Tenants en Common, and executed by livery, S. 290. 3 H. 4. 1. lib. 6. 12, 13. 2 Eliz. Dyer 179. 28 H. 8. Dyer 29. 1▪ Mar. Dyer 98.  
Nota, between joint-tenants there is a two fold privity, viz. in estate, and in possession; between tenants in common, there is a privity only in possession, but parceners have a threefold privity, viz. in estate, in person, and in possession.   

Sect. 251, etc.  
A rent may be granted for owelty of partition without Deed. So it is of Common of Estovers, or a Corody, or a Common of Pasture, etc. albeit they lie in grant, etc. But if rend be granted out of other lands, then descended to the Coparceners, than there must be a Deed, 1 Mar. Dyer 18.   

Sect. 253, etc.  
Mes tiel rent en rent charge de common droit eroe reserve pur egality de partit. Et nota, that Reservation here, is taken for a Grant.  
I. S. seized of lands in fee, hath issue two daughters, R and A. Bastard eigne, and Mulier puisne, and dyeth, R. and A. enter and make partition: A. and her daughter are concluded for ever, 21 E. 3. 34, 35. 11 Ass. 23.   

Sect. 256, 257, 358.  
2 parceners prent Barons, si parit. fait perenter eux * soit equal etc. donque il ne poit estre apurs defeater, etc.  
Judicicis officium est, us res ita tempera rerum  
Quaerere, quaesito tempore tutus eris.  
An unequal partition in the Chancery, shall not bind an Infant, F.N.B. 256, 259, 260, etc. But it may be avoided either by Scire sac. in the Chancery, or by a Writ de partit. fac. at the Common Law, 21 E. 3. 31.  
A partition made by the King's Writ de partit. fac. by the Sheriff by the Oath of 12 men, and Judgement thereupon given, shall bind the Imfant, though his part be unequal, causa qua supra, so. 171.   

Sect. 259.  
Si asc' fait, feoffment, grant, release, confirmation, obligation, ou altar escript' soit fait per asc' devant son plein age sc. 21 ans ou si asc' deins tiel age soit Bayliff ou receivor a a sc' home, tout sera pur nient, etc. Auxi home devant le dit age ne sera my jute en Enquest, etc.  
Fait, is an instrument consisting on three things; viz. Writing, Sealing, and Delivery, comprehending a Bargain, or Contract between party and party, man or woman.  
Obligation, is commonly taken in the Common Law for a Bond containing a penalty with condition for payment of Money, or to do or suffer some act or thing, etc. And a Bill is most commonly taken for a single Bond without condition, f. 172. a.  
An Infant may bind himself to pay for his necessary Meat, Drink, Apparel, necessary Physic, etc. and likewise for his good tea●●ing, and instruction, whereby he may profit himself afterwards. But if he bind himself in an Obligation or other Writing, with a penalty for the payment of any of these, that Obligation shall not bind him, 18 E 4. 2. lib. 9 fol. 87. Pinchons' case.  
Also other things of necessity shall bind him, as a presentation to a Benefice, for otherwise the laps shall incur against him. And it an Infant be Executor upon payment of any debt due to the Testator, he may make an Acquittance, but in tha● case a Release without payment is void, and generally what soever an Infant is bound to do by Law, the same shall bind him, albeit he doth it without suit of Law. 2 M. Dyer 104.  
An action of account doth lie against a Bailiff that hath administration and charge of lands, goods. etc. for the profits which he hath raised or made, or might by his industry or care have reasonably raised, or made (his reasonable charges and expenses deducted) Brit. fol. 62. 70. 41 E. 3. 39  
An Account against a Receiver, is when one receiveth money to the use of another, to render an account, but upon his account he shall not be allowed his expenses and charges: Except in some cases; As if two joint Merchants occupy their Stock, etc. in common; one of them naming himself a Merchant, shall have an account against the other naming him a Merchant, and shall charge him as Recep ot denariorum ipsius B. ex quacunque causa & contractu ad comm unem utilitatem ipsorum A. & B. provenient sicut per legem mercatoriam rationabiliter monstrare potuit, 43 E. 3. 31. 30 E. 1. Account 127. 10 H. 7. 16. lib. Intrat. 17, 18, 19 F.N.B. 118.  
So as there be but three kinds of Writs of Account, viz. 1. Against one as Guardian. 2. Against one as Bailiff. And 3. as Receiver, F. N. B. 219. d.  
And to maintain an action of account, there must be either a privity in deed by the consent of the party, 2 Mar B. Account 89. F. N. B. 117. Pl. Com. 542. 2 H. 4. 12. 4 H. 7. 6, etc. or a privity in law ex provisione legis, as against a Guardian, etc.  
Minor surare no potest. Bract. l. 5. f. 340. b. For an infant cannot make his Law of Non-Summons, 13 E. 3. Ley 50. and therefore the default shall not prejudice him. 2. Mar. Dyer. 104. 105. But an infant of the age of 12 years shall take the oath of allegiance, &. Vide Sect. 85. 91.  
An infant cannot upon his oath make his Law in an action of debt, 1. H 7. 25. 15. E. 4. 2. and the husband and wife of full age for the debt of the wife, before the converture shall make their Law. 9 E. 4. 24. 15 E. 4. 2.  
Grant is a conveyance of a thing which cannot pass without Deed, as advowsons, rents, etc. Lib. 3 f. 63. Lincol. Coll. c.   

Sect. 260, 261.  
The reversion expectant upon an estate tail is of no account in Law, for that it may be cut off by the Tenant in Taile. Tres. in fee S. and fee Taile descend all 2. files, etc. If the youngest daughter alien part of the Lands in Fee simple and dyeth, so as a full recompense for the lands entailed descends not to her issue, she may waive the taking of any profits thereof, and enter into the Land entailed, for the issue in tail shall never be barred without a full recompense, though there be a war. in Deed, or in Law descended. Foyes▪ 173. a.  
If a man be seized of three Manors of equal value in Fee and taketh wife, and chargeth one of the Manors with a re●● charge, and dyeth, she may by the provision of the Law take a third part of all the Manor and hold them discharged, b● if she will accept the entire Manor charged, it is holden that she shall hold it so. 26. E. 3. Dower 133. 18. H. 6. 17.  
A partition of lands entailed between perceners, if it be equal at the time of the partition shall bind the issues in tail for ever, albeit the one do alien her part. Dyer 1. Mar. 98.   

Sect. 262.  
When the privity of the estate is destroyed by the Feoff. of one parcener, upon eviction of a moiety by force of an entail against the other, she shall not enter upon the alienee. But in the case that Littleton putteth (of disseisin of an Infant, etc.) when the privity of the estate remaineth, and the part of one is evicted, she shall enter and hold in Coparcenary with her other copercener, and so it is in the case of an exchange. 15. E. 4. 3. a. per. Littleton Lib. 4. 221, etc. Bastards c.  
If the whole estate in part of the p●●p●●ty be evicted, that shall avoid the partition in the whole, be it of a Manor that is entire, or of acres of ground, etc. that be several; for the partition in that case implieth for this purpose both a war. and a condition in Law, and either of them is entire, and giveth an entry in this case into the whole. 13. E. 4. 3. 42. Ass. 22. & Lib. 4. ante, etc.  
Also if any estate of freehold be evicted from the Coparcener in all, or part of her p●●p●●ty, it shall be avoided in the whole. vide. libr. & nota Fo. 170. a, ex great.  
If but part etc. be evicted, as an estate in tail, or for life, leaving a reversion in the Copercener.  
Where one Copercener taketh benefit of the condition in Law she defeateth the partition in the whole. But when she vouched by force of the war. in Law for prrt, the partition shall not be defeated in the whole, but she shall recompense for that part Sic nota diversit. 5 E. 3. Tit. Voucher 249.  
Also; there is another diversity between a recovery in value by force of the warranty upon the exchange & upon the partition, for upon the exchange he shall recover a full recompense for all that he loseth: but upon the pahtition she shall recover but the moiety or half of that which is lost, to the end that the loss may be equal. There are more and greater privities in case of partition in persons, blood, and estates, than there is in exchanges, 19 H. 6. 26. 18. E. 2. t. aid. 171.  
When the whole Privity between Coparceners is destroyed, there ceaseth any recompense to be expected either upon the condition in Law, or warranty in Law (by force of the partition) Fo. 174. a.  
If one coparcener maketh a Feoffment in Fee, and after her Feoffee is impleaded, and voucheth the Feoffer, she may have aid of her coparcener to deraign a Warrant Paramount, but never to recover pro rata against her by force of the warrant in law upon the partition, for by her alienation she hath dismissed herself to have any part of the land, as Parcener. And as parcener she must recover pro rata, etc. 31. E. 3. 24. 11. H. 4. 22, 23. And yet in some case the Feoffee of one coparcener shall have aid, etc. and therefore if there be two coparceners, and they make partition, and the one of them infeoffs her Son and Heir apparent, and dyeth, the Son is impleaded, he shall pray in aid, etc. for that the warranty between the Mother and the Son is by Law anulled, and therefore the Law giveth the Son, albeit he be in by Feoffment, to pray in aid of the other parcener to deraign the Warrant Parramount: wherein note the great Equity of the Common Law, 43. E. 3. 23. Pl. Com. 32. E. 1. tit. Aid 178.  
But if a man be seized of lands in fee, and hath issue two daughters, and make a gift in tail to one of them, and die seized of the Reversion in fee which descends to both Sisters, and the Donee of her issue is impleaded, she shall not pray in aid, etc. either to recover pro rata or to deraign the Warrant, etc. for that the other Sister is a stranger to the State tail, whereof the eldest was sole tenant, and never partition was or could be thereof made, 2 H. 6. 16.  
Albeit it is in the power of the Tenant tail to cut off the Reversion: yet if the Infant enter before it be cut off, the Law hath such Consideration of this Reversion, that she that loseth it shall enter into her Sister's part, and hold with her in Coparcenery, for that the privity between them was not wholly destroyed.   

Sect. 263, 264.  
Si le part dn parcener soit defeat per loyal entre, etc. el poit enter & occupier ovesque les altar parceners, etc. & eux compeller de fair novel partition, etc.  
Breve de partit, fac. gift pur parceners tantsolement. Et ciel breve gift envers tenant per le curt ' & encore il men ne poit aū tiel breve.  
Albeit that the Tenant by the Courtesy be an estranger in blood, yet the Writ de partit. fac. clearly lies against the Tenant per Courtesy, because he continueth the state of Coparcenery, 3. E. 3. 47.  
Also if two Coparceners be, and one doth alien in fee, they are Tenants in Common, and several Writs of Praecipe must be brought against them; and yet the parcener shall have a Writ of partition against the alienee at the Common law, 28 E. 3. 5.  
If there be three Coparceners, and the eldest taketh husband, and the husband purchase the part of the youngest, he and his wife shall have a Writ of Partition against the middle Sister at the Common Law, because he is seized of one part in the right of his wife who is a parcener, Dyer 1 Mar. 98. F. N. B. 52, Regist.  
Since Littleton wrote, by the Statute 31 H. 8. c. 1. 32 H. 8. cap. 32. vide Sect. 290. one joint-tenant, or tenant in common, may have a Writ of Partition against the other, and therefore the alienee of one parcener may have a Writ of Partition against the other parcener, because they are Tenants in common.  
So Tenant per Courtesy shall have a Writ, etc. upon the Statute, for albeit he is neither joint-tenant nor tenant in common, for that a Praecipe lieth against the parcener and tenant per Courtesy, yet he is in equal mischief as another tenant for life. Br. tit. Partit. 141. Dyer 3 M. 128. A. & 7 Eliz. 243.    

CHAP. II. Parceners by Custom.  

Sect. 265, etc.  
PArcenery per le Custom est lou terres descend a les fits en Gavelkind, etc. & in Wallia, haereditas partibilis est inter haeredes masculos. Sect. 212. Stat. Walliae 12 E. 1.  
Sons are parceners in respect of the Costom of the fee or inheritance, and not in respect of their person, as Daughters and Sisters, etc. be Bracton l. 5. fo. 428.  
Hodgepodge, est de mitt. les terres leigne soer en frankmarriage, & les terres deal altar soer en fee simple ensemble, & donques partit. serre fert, etc. Vide Sect. 6. 266. etc.  
There must be a Custom alleged in some County, etc. to enable the wife or children to the Writ de rationabile parte bonorum, Regist. 142. 34 E. 1. Detin. 56. 7 E. 4. 21.  
But such as be reasonably advanced by the Father, etc. shall have no further part of the goods; for the words of the Writ be, Nec in vita patris promoti fuerunt. 3 E. 3. Detin. 156. 40 E. 3. 18. fo. 176. b. vide & nota.   

Sect. 268. and 269.  
After this putting into Hodgepodge, and partition made, the lands given in Frankmarriage, are become as the other lands which are descended from the common Ancestor; and of these lands if she be impleaded, she shall have aid, etc. So if he Coparcener that hath a rent granted to her for owelty of artition, hath the rent, as it had descended to her, etc. Brit. cap. 72. 10 E. 3. 37. 29 Ass. 23.  
Et tout foits sur tiel partit' les terres dones en frankmarriage demurgent a les Donees, & a lour heirs solonque le forme de le done. Car lauter parcenter navoit riens de ceo, etc. vide lib. so. 177. b.  
Quod est inconveniens, aut contra rationem, non est permissum in lege.   

Sect. 271, 272, 273.  
Dones en frankmarriage fueront per la common ley deu●●● lest. west. 2. & tout temps puis ad este continue, etc.  
The gifts do continue, but not the estates, 12 H. 4. 11.  
Item tiel mitter en Hodgepodge, etc. est lou les auters terres ou tenements que ne fuer' Dones en frankmarriage descend de les Donors en frankmarriage tousolement, etc.  
Si les terres dones in frankmarriage sont de tant egall va. pur le an. que le remnant sont ou de pluis valtie en vain tiels tres, etc. ser. mis en Hodgepodge, &c:  
Lex non praecipit inutilia, inutilis labor stultus.  
The Law shall adjudge of the value, as it was at the time of the partition, fo. 179. a. vide & nota, unless the land be improved or decayed by the proper act or default of the parties.   

Sect. 174, etc.  
Nota, que terres ne ser. mis, &c forsque ou ils discend en fee simple car de terres discendus en fee tail partit. serra fait sicome nul tiel done en frankmarriage ad este fait; for the issue claimeth per formam doni, & voluntas donatoris, etc. observetur.  
If the Ancestor infeoff one of his daughters of part of his land, or purchase lands to him and her, and their heirs, or giveth her part of his lands in tail, yet she shall have a full part of the remnant of the lands in fee simple, for the benefit of putting, etc. into Hodgepodge, is only appropriate to a gift in frankmarriage (quia maritagium cadit in partem) which shall be accounted as parcel of her advancement, 13 E. 2. tit. Tail. Bract. l. 2. fo. 77.   

Sect. 276.  
Nota, that modus & convent vicunt legem; & consensus tollit errorem. But if partition be by the King's Writ, than every parcener must have his part, 24 H. 3. tit. partit. 19    

CHAP. III. Of joint-tenants  

Sect. 277.  
THere be joint-tenants by other Conveyances than Lîttleton here mentioneth; as by Fine, Recovery, Bargain and Sale, Release, Confirmation, etc. So there be divers other limitations, etc. As if a rend charge be granted to A. and B. habendum to them two, viz. to A. until he be married, and to B. until he be advanced to a Benefice, they be joint-tenants in the mean time, etc. And if A. die before marriage, the rent shall survive; but if A. had married, the rent should have ceased for a moiety: & sic è converso, on the other side.  
If an alien and a subject purchase lands in fee, they are joint-tenants, and the survivorship shall hold place; Et nullum tempus occurrit regi upon an office found, 7 E. 4. 29. 11. H. 4. 26.   

Sect. 278.  
Omnis rati-habitio retrotrahitur & mandato aequiparatur.  
Nota, That seeing Coadjutors, Counsellors, Commanders, etc. are all disseisors, albeit the disseisor which is tenant dyeth, yet the Assize lieth against the Coadjutor, etc. and tenant of the land, though he be no desseisor.  
The Demandant and others in a praecipe did disseise the tenant to the use of the others, and the Writ did not abate, for the Demandant was a disseisor, but gained no tenancy in the land, for that he was but a Coadjutor, 50. E. 3. 2.  
A man disseised tenant for life to the use of him in the reversion, and after he in the reversion agreeth, etc. he is a disseisor in fee, for by the disseisin the reversion was divested which (some say) cannot be revested by the agreement of him in the reversion, for that it maketh him a wrong doer, and therefore no relation of an estate by wrong can help him.   

Sect. 27. 9  
Disseisin est properment lou un home enter eu asc' terres, &c: lou son entre nem pas congeable & ousta celuy que ad franktenement, etc. This description, etc. is understood only of such lands, etc. whereinto an entry may be made, and not of Rents, Commons, etc.  
Every entry is no disseisin, unless there be an ouster also of the free hold; as an Entry and a Claimer or taking of Profits, etc. 3 E. 4. 2. 34 Ass. 11. 12. Pl. Com. 89. Parson de Honey-lane.  
Now as there be joint-tenants by Disseisin, so are there joint-tenants by Abatement, Intrusion, and Usurpation.   

Sect. 280.  
Nota que le nature de joint-tenancy est, que le survivor auna solement lentier tenancy solunque tiel estate que il ad, si le jointure soit continue, etc. mes auterment est de parceners.  
Although survivorship be proper to joint-tenants, yet it is not proper quarto modo: for if a man letteth lands to A. and B during the life of A. if B. dyeth, A. shall have all by the survivor, but if A. dyeth, B. shall have nothing.  
Two or more may have trust or authority committed to them jointly, and yet it shall not survive. But with a diversity between a naked Trust, etc. and a Trust joined to an estate or interest. 2. There is a diversity between Authorities created by the party for private causes, and Authority created by Law for execution of Justice, Ex gr.  
As if a man devise that his two Executors shall sell his land, if one of them die, the survivor shall not sell it, but if he had devised his lands to his Executors to be sold, there the survivor shall sell it, 39 Ass. p. 17. 30 H. 8. tit. Devise B. 31 Dyer. 3 El. 190. Br. tit. Conned 190.  
If a man make a Letter of Attorney to two to do any act, the survivor shall not do it: but if a Venire fac. be awarded to four Coroners to impannel and return a Jury, and one of them die, yet the other shall execute and return the same.  
If a Charter of Feoffment be made, and a Letter of Attorney to four or three jointly or severally to deliver seisin, two of them cannot make livery, because it is neither by them four or three jointly, nor any of them severally, 38 H. 8. Dyer 62 27 H 8. f. 6.  
But if the Sheriff upon a Capias directed to him, make a Warrant to four or three jointly or severally, to arrest the Defendant, two of them may arrest him, because it is for the execution of Justice, which is pro bono publico. Pasch. 45 Eliz. in Banco Reg. inter King & Hobbes. (Not of that kind of the infidel of Malmsbury)   

Sect. 281, 282.  
Survivor holdeth place regularly as well between joint-tenants of goods and chattels in possession or in right, as of Inheritance or Free hold, fo. 182. a.  
Si un obligation soit f●. a plusors pur un debt celuy que survequist avera tout le debt ou duty, & issent est daverts Covenants & Contracts, etc. Mes, Jus accrescendi inter mercatores pro beneficio commercii locum non habet, F.N.B. 117. E. 38. E. 3 7.   

Sect. 283.  
Terres sont dones a 2. homes, & a les heires de lour 2. corpse engendres, en cen case les donees ont joint estre pur lour 2. vies, & encore ils ont several inheritances entant que ils ne poient aver per nul possibility un heir enter eux engendre, sicome home & feme point aver, etc.  
Note, albeit they have several inheritances in tail, and a particular estate for their lives, yet the inheritance doth not execute, and so break the joint-tenancy, but they are joint-tenants for life, and tenants in common of the inheritance in tail.  
Here a diversity is employed, when the state of inheritance is limited by one Conveyance, as in this case it is, there are no several estates to drown one in another: but when the states are divided into several Conveyances, their particular estates are distinct, etc. and the one drowns the other. As if a lease be made to two men for term of their lives, and after the lessor granteth the reversion to them two, and to the heirs of their two bodies, the juynture is severed, and they are tenants in common in possession; and it is further employed, that in this Case of Littleton's there is no division between the estates for lives, and the several inheritances, because they cannot convey away the inheritance after their decease, for it is divided only in supposition of law, and to some purposes the inheritance is said to be executed, 12 E. 4. 2. b.  
If a man make a lease for life, and after granteth the reversion to the tenant for life and to a stranger, and to their heirs, they are not joint-tenants of the reversion, but the reversion by act of law is executed for the one moiety in the tenant for life, and for the other moiety he holdeth it still for life, the reversion of that moiety to the grantee, 39 H. 6. 2. b.  
And so it is if a man make a lease to two for their lives, and after granteth the reversion to one of them in fee, the jointure is severed, and the reversion is executed for the one moiety, and for the other moiety there is tenant for life, the reversion to the grantee. Vide Westcotes Case, lib. 2. fo. 60, 61.  
If lessee for life granteth his estate to him in the reversion and to a stranger, the jointure is severed, and the reversion executed for the one moiety by the act of the Law, 7 H. 6.  
If a man make a lease for life, and grant the reversion to two in fee, the lessee granteth his estate to one of them, they are not joint-tenants of the reversion, for there is an execution of the estate for the one moiety, and an estate for life, the reversion to the other of the other moiety.  
Si home voet lesser terre a un auter par fait, ou sans fait, nient pheasant mention que estate il avoit, & fert livery, etc. en ceo cas le less add estate pur tinere de sa vie.  
Quaelibet concessio fortissimè contra donatorem interpretanda est. Legis (autem) constructio non facit injuriam. Pl. Com. in Throgmortons' case.  
If a lease be made to two, habendum, to the one for life, the remainder to the other for life, this doth alter the general intendment of the premises. Et semper expressam facit cessare tacitum, 30 H. 8. tit. Joyntenans▪ Br. 53. Dyer foe 361. Pl. Com. 100  
Nota, where the grant is impossible to take effect according to the letter, there the Law shall make such a construction as the gift by possibility may take effect, Benignae faciendae sunt interpretationes cartar. propter simplicitatem laicorum ut res magis valeat quam pereat, fo. 183. b.  
Cognitio legis est copulata & complicata. Tunc unumquodque scire dicimur cum primam causam scire putamus: scire autem propriè est rem ratione & per causam cognoscere. Arist. 1 Metap. Virg. 1. Georg.  Felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas. 
If a gift be made to two men, and the heirs of their two bodies begotten, the remainder to them two and their heirs, they are joint-tenants for life, tenants in common of the estate tail, and joint-tenants of the fee simple in remainder, for they are joint purchasers of the fee simple, and the remainder in fee is a new created estate, but the reversion remaining in the Donor, or his heirs, is a part of his ancient fee simple, Dyer 14 Eli. 309.   

Sect. 284.  
Lou terre en done a. 2. females & a les heires de lour 2. corpse ingendres. It hath been said, that the husband, etc. should be Tenant pur le Courtesan ' living the other sister, 17 E. 3. 51. 78. and that the issue of the one should recover the moiety in a Formedon, living the other sister, 44 E. 3. Tail 13. 7. H. 4. 16. Corbets c. l. 1. fo. 8. 84. 6. 4. Mar. Dyer 145. But Littleton hath resolved this doubt, Vid. foe 183. a.  
If a man give lands to two men and one woman, and the heirs of their three bodies begotten, they have several inheritances. For the Law will never intent a possibility upon a possibility. Fo. 184. a.   

Sect. 285.  
If a fine be levied to two and to the heirs of one of them by force whereof he is seized, he that hath Fee dyeth, and after the joint-tenant for life dieth, and an estranger abates in this case the heir may either suppose the Fee simple executed, and have an Ass. of Mordanc. ou briefe de droit: or he may have a scire fac. to execute the fine, or maintain a Writ of intrusion by which the heir supposeth that the Fee was not executed. 11 H. 4. 55. F.N.B. 196. and 219. and he shall term it a remainder; and yet when Land is given to two, and to the heirs of one of them, he in the remainder cannot grant away his Fee simple.   

Sect. 286.  
2 Jointenants de terre, etc. celuy que survesquist claima & ad la terre per le survivor, & nemy ad, ne poit de ceo claimer rien per descent de son compagnon, etc. Mes auterment est de parceners, etc. and the diversity is, for that the Survivor doth claim above the grant, etc. and the heir by descent under, etc.  
If two joint-tenants be of a term, and the one of them grant to I.S. that if he pay to him 10. l. deut. Mich. that then he shall have his term, the grantor dyeth before the day, I.S. pays the sum to his executor at the day, yet he shall not have the term, but the survivor shall hold place, for it was but in nature of a communication, but if he had made a Lease for years to begin at Mich. it should have bound the Survivor. 14 Pl. 8. 22. Pl. Com. 263. b. Hales case. Ius accrescendi praefertur oneribus, & alienatio rei praefertur juri accrescendi.  
If one joint-tenant in Fee simple be indebted to the King, and dieth, no extent shall be made upon the land in the hands of the Survivor. 40 Ass. 36. F. N. B. 149. Pl. Com. 321.  
If a recovery be had against one joint-tenant who dyeth before execution, the Survivor shall not avoid this recovery, because that the right of the moiety is bound by it.  
If one joint-tenant in Fee take a Lease for years of a stranger per ft. indent. and dyeth, the Survivor shall not be bound by the conclusion, because he claims above it, etc.  
If two joint-tenants be in Fee, and the one make a Lease for years reserving a rent, and dyeth, the surviving Feoffee shall have the reversion by survivor, but not the rent, because he claimeth in from the first Feoffer which is paramount the rent. Dyer M. 2. & 3. El. 187. Lib. 1. f. 96. and Lib. 6. fo. 78, 79.  
If one joint-tenant granteth a rend charge out of his part, and after release to his joint companion, and dieth, he shall hold the land charged, because he claimeth not by the survivor, in as much as the rel' prevent. the same. 33 H. 6. 3 a. 9 El. Dyer 263. fo. 185. a.  
But all men agree, that if A. B. and C. be joint-tenants in Fee, and A. charge his part, and then release to B. and his heirs and die, that the charge is good for ever; for B. cannot be in from the first Feoffer, because he hath a joint companion at the time of the release made, and several Writs of praec. must be brought against them. 37 H. 8. tit. alienation. Br. 31. 10 E. 4. 3. b.   

Sect. 287  
Jus accrescendi prefertur ultimae voluntati.  
Although an in●ant, est unum indivisible tempore quod non ē tempus nec pars temporis, ad quod tamen parts temp. connectuntur, and that instans est finis unius temporis, & principium alterius: yet in consideration of Law, there is a priority of time, in an instant, as here the survivor is preferred before the devise, which Littleton distinguisheth by these words, post mortem, & per mortem. Pl. Come Fulmerstons' case.  
Two femes joint-tenants of a Lease for years, one of them taketh husband, and dyeth, yet the term shall survive; for though all chattels reals are given to the husband, if he survive, yet the survivor between the joint-tenants is the elder Title, and after the marriage the feme continued sole possessed, for if the husband dyeth, she shall have it, and not the executors of the husband, but otherwise it is of personal goods, fol. 185. b. vide etc.  
Inprimis autem debet quilibet qui testaverit, dominum suum de meliore re quam habuerit recognoscere, & postea ecclesiam de alia meliore, etc. Fleta, lib. 2. cap. 50.   

Sect. 288.  
Chesc' joint. est sei del terre que il tient joint. per my & per tout. & sic totum tenet & nihil tenet, sc. totum conjunctim, & nihil per se separatim; and albeit they are so seized, yet to divers purposes each of them hath but a right to a moiety, as to enfeoff, give, or demise, or to forfeit or lose by default in a Praec. 40. Ass. 79. Brit. cap. 35.  
A communi observantia non est recedendum.  
If two joint-tenants be, and both they make a feoffment in Fee upon condition, and that for breach thereof one of them shall enter into the whole, yet he shall enter but into a moiety, because no more in judgement of Law passed from him; and so it is of a gift in tail, or a Lease for life, etc. Pl. come. browning's c.  
If two joint-tenants make a feoffment in fee, and one of the feoffors die, the feoffee cannot plead a feoffment from the survivor of the whole, because each of them gave but his part, but otherwise it is on the part of the feoffees, 14 E. 4. 5. fol. 186. a.  
Two joint-tenants de terres, etc. And one of them by Deed indent●● bargain and sell the Lands, and the other joint-tenant dyeth, and then the Deed is enrolled, there shall pass but a moiety, 6 E. 6. Tit. Faits enrol. 9 Br.   

Sect. 289.  
En grant de rent charge per joint. etc. les tenements demurg. touts foits come ills fuer. adevat. sans ceo que asc' ad asc' drt. daun asc' parcel de les tenem. for'rs. eux me. & les tenem. sont en tiel plight come ils fueront devant le charge etc. mes ou leas en ft. per un joint. a un aut. per term de ans etc. maint. per force de lease, le lessee ad drt. en m. la terre se de tout ceo que a son lessor affiert, & daun ceo per force de lease durant son Feme. Fo. 186. b.  
If two joint-tenants be of an Advowson, and the one present, etc. and his Clerk is admitted and instituted, this in respect of the privity shall not put the other out of possession, but if that joint-tenant that presenteth dyeth, it shall serve for a tittle in a Qu. Imp. brought by the survivor. 11 H. 4. 54. 10 E. 4. 94. 1 H. 7. 1. b. 9 El. Dyer 259. 6 E. 4. 10. b. Doct. & St. 116. F. N. B. 34. u. But yet if one jointenant or tenant in common present, or if they present severally, the ordinary may either admit or refuse, etc. such a presentee, unless they join in a presentation and after the six months he may present by lapse. But if two coperceners be etc. and they cannot agree to present, the eldest shall present, and if her sister doth disturb her, she shall have a qu. imp. and so shall the issue and the Assignee of the eldest, and yet he is tenant in common with the youngest, and so tenant per Courtesy of the eldest shall present. 38 H. 6. 9 5 H. 5. 10. F.N.B. 34.   

Sect. 290.  
Jointenants (fills violont) fair partition, etc.  
But this partition must be by Deed. Vide Sect. 249. 318.  
But jointenants for years may make partition without Deed 18 Eliz. 350. b. Dyer. Since Littleton wrote, joint-tenants and tenants in common are compellable to make partition by writ Stat. 31 H. 8. c. 1. 32 H. 8. c. 32. Sect. 264. 247. 259. F.N.B. 9 b. 62. b. lib. 6. Fo. 12, 13. Morrices c.  
If one joint-tenant or tenant in common disseise another, and the disseisee bring his Ass. for the moiety, though the plaintiff prayeth it, yet no judgement shall be given to hold in severaltie, for then at the common Law there might have been by compulsion of Law a partition bteween joint-tenants and tenants in common, and by rule of Law the plaintiff must have judgement according to his plaint or demand, 187. a.   

Sect. 291. etc.  
Baron & feme sont forsq. un person en ley. vir & axor sunt quasi unica persona, quia caro una, & sanguis unus. Lib. 4. fo. 68 Tokers' c. Pl. come 483. nichols ca  
If an estate be made to a man and a woman and their heirs before marriage, and after they marry the husband and wife have moities between them. If a Feoffment be made to a man and a woman, and their heirs with warranty, and they entermarry, and after are impleaded and vouch, and recover in value, moities shall not be between them; for though they were sole when the warranty was made, notwithstanding at the time when they recovered and had execution they were husband and wife, in which time they cannot take by moities. Fo. 187. b. Vide, etc.  
A right of Action, and a right of entry may stand in jointure. Vide Sect. 302. F.N.B. 193. k.  
A right of action, or a bare right of entry cannot stand in jointure with a freehold or inheritance in possession; and therefore if the husband make a Feoffment of the moiety, this was a discontinu. of that moiety, and the other joint-tenant remained in possession of the freehold and inheritance of the other moiety, which for the time was a severance of the jointure. Statute of 32 H. 8. ca 1.  
If two joint-tenants be of a rent, and one of them disseise the tenant of the Land, this is a severance of the jointure for a time, for the moiety of the rent is suspended by unity of possession, and therefore cannot stand in jointure with the other moiety in possession, Pl. come 419.  
Nihil de re accrescit ei, qui in re quando jus accresceret habet. A State of Freehold cannot stand in jointure with a term for years: nor a reversion upon a Freehold, with a Freehold and inheritance in possession. Neither can a seisin in the right of a politic capacity stand in jointure with seisin in a natural capacity. 37 H. 8. 8. 3 E. 4. 10. Fo. 188. a. Vide, etc.  
In all cases where the joint-tenants pursue one joint remedy and the one is summoned and severed, and the other recover, he that is summoned, etc. shall enter with him: but where their remedies be several, there the one shall not enter with the other till both have recovered. Littleton cap. Remit. the last case. If Lands be demised for life, the remainder to the right heirs of I. S. and of I. N. I. S. hath issue and dyeth, and after I. N. hath issue and dyeth, the issues are not joint-tenants; for the one moiety vested at one time, and the other at another time. 24 E. 3. 29. And yet in some cases there may be joint-tenants, and yet the estate may vest in them at several times: As if a man make a Feoffment in Fee to the use of himself, and of such wife as he should afterwards marry, for terms of their lives, and after he taketh wife, etc. 17 El. Dyer. brent's c.    

CHAP. IU. Of Tenants in Common.  

Sect. 292.  
joint-tenants have the Lands by one joint title, and in one right; but Tenants in Common by several titles, or by one title and by several rights, which is the reason that joint-tenants have one joint freehold, and Tenants in Com. have several freeholds, only this property is common to them both, viz. that their occupation is individed, and neither of them knoweth his part in several. Vide Sect. 296.  Addition probat minoritatem. 
If Lands be given to two Bishops (or to two Abbots) to have and to hold to them two and their successors; in respect of their several capacities, albeit the words be joint, yet the Law doth adjudge them to be severally seized. Vide Sect. 200. 7 H. 7. 9 b. 16 H. 7. 15. b. 10 E. 4. 16. b. Fo. 189. b. 190. a.  
If a Corodie be granted to two men and their heirs, because the Corodie is incertain and cannot be severed, it shall amount to a several grant to each of them one Corodie; for the persons be several, and the Corody is personal.   

Sect. 297.  
If Lands be given to J. Bishop of N. and and his successors, and to J. Overl. Doctor of D. and his heirs being one and the same person, he is Tenant in Common with himself, 13 Hen. 8. 14.  
But our Author's rules do not hold in Chattels reals, or personals: for if a Lease for years be made, or a ward granted to an Abbot and a secular man, or to a Bishop and secular man, or if goods be granted to them, they are joint-tenants, because they take not in their politic capacity. An express estate controls an employed estate. Si home sei de cert. terre infeoffe un aut. deal moiety de m. la terre, etc. Such a feoffment is good by parol without writing, and such an uncertain estate shall pass by livery, 21 E. 4. 22. b. 10 Eliz. Dyer 28. 33 H. 6. 5. a. vide Sect. 299. fol. 190. b. quaere etc.   

Sect. 301.  
Expressio eorum quae tacitè insunt nihil operatur.  
In case of Leases for life it is more beneficial for the Lessor to have the jointure severed then to have it continue.  
Vbi eadem ratio, ibi idem jus esse debet, for, ratio est anima legis, & ratio potest allegari deficiente lege. But it must be ratio vera & legalis & non apparens. Arg. à simili, is good in Law, sed similitudo legalis est casuum diversor. in't. se collatorum similis ratio, Quod in uno similium valet, valebit in altero, Dissimilium dissimilis est ratio.   

Sect. 302.  
Two joint-tenants, si lun de cux lessa ceo que a luy affiert a un aut. pur term de sa vie, per tiel Lease le franktenement en sever de le Jointure, & per cest le reason le reversion que en dependant sur in le franktenement en sever del jointure & si lessor mor. vivant lessee pur vie le reversion discenda all heir del lessor, & nemy devienda a lauter joint. joint-tenant per le survivor.  
Vn franktenement ne poit per nature de joynture estre anex a un reversion, etc. fo. 191. b. vide etc.  
If two joint-tenants be of a Lease for 21 years, and the one letteth his part for certain years part of the term, the jointure is severed and survivor holdeth not place, for a term for a small number of years is as high an interest, as for many more years. Hil. 18 Eliz. Com. Banco.  
If two joint-tenants make a Lease for life reserving a rent to one of them, the rent shall enure to them both, because the reversion remains in jointure, unless the reservation be by Deed indenture, and then he only to whom it is reserved shall have it. fol. 192. a. quae. 27 Hen. 8. 16. a. 7 E. 4. 25. vide lib. etc.  
And so it is if such a Lessee for life should surrender to one of them, it shall inure to them both, for that they have a joint reversion. But if the Lessee grant his estate to one of them, no part of it shall inure to his companion, because for the moiety belonging to his companion, it is in esse in him to whom the grant is made, the reversion to the other in fee, 5 E. 4. 4. 38 H. 6. 24. b.  
2 Joyntenants font lease pur vie remainder a son comp. in fee, ceo en bon remainder de son moiety & all on comp.   

Sect. 303.  
If the Jointure be severed at the time of the death of him that first deceased, the benefit of survivor is destroyed for ever, vide S. 291.  
Two joint-tenants in fee, and the one letteth his part to another for the life of the lessor, and the lessor dyeth, some say that his part shall survive etc. for by his death the lease was determined; and others hold the contrary, for that at the time of his death the jointure was severed, for so long as he lived the lease continued. And secondly, that notwithstanding the act of any one of the joint-tenants, there must be equal benefit of survivor, as to the freehold. But here if the other joint-tenant had first died, there had been no benefit of survivor to the lessor without question, fol. 194. Vide & nota.   

Sect. 304, 305.  
If two joint-tenants be of 20 acres, and the one make a feoffment of his part in 18 acres, the other cannot release his entire part, but only in two acres, for that the jointure is severed for the residue.  
Nota, upon a Release that creates, or enlargeth an estate, or inures by way of Mitter le estate, a Rent may be reserved, but not upon a release that inureth by way of Mitter le droit, or which inures by way of Extinguishment, fol. 193. b. *  
Of a release inuring by way of extinguishment made to the husband, the wife shall take benefit, or to the wife, the husband shall take benefit. But otherwise it is of a Release which inures by way of Mitter l'estate. * 10 E. 4. 3. b. 21 H. 6. 8. b. *  
En ascun case un release vera de mitter tout le drent que il que fert le release ad celuy a que le release en fait. Vide S. 306. f. 194. a.  
An usurpation shall work a Remitter to one that hath a former Right, F. N. B. 35. Right and wrong cannot consist together, 194. a.   

Sect. 307.  
Et en asc' case un release vera per voy dextinguisment, & aydera le joint-tenant a que le release ne fuit fert etc. sicome un home soit disseisee, & le disseisor fort feoffment a 2. homes in fee, si le disseisee release per son f●rt a un des feoffees cel release vera a ambideux etc. pur ceo que les feoffees ont estate per la ley scil. per feoffment & nemy per tort fert a nulluy &c.  
The reason of the diversity between the desseisors and their feoffees, is for that the feoffees coming in by Title and Purchase, are intended in Law to have a Warranty (which is much esteemed in Law) and therefore lest the Warranty should be avoided, the Release shall inure to both the feoffees in favour of purchasers, and so the right and benefit of every one saved. And therefore in ancient time if the feoffee of a disseisor had continued in seisin quietly a year and a day, the entry of the disseisee had not been lawful upon him, 20 H. 3. Ass. 432.   

Sect. 311.  
Note, that in real actions, and in actions also that are mixed with the personalty, Tenants in common shall sever, because they have several Freeholds etc. Come si 2 tenants in common sont disseisees, ills doient aver 2. Ass. pur ceo que ils fueront seisees per several titles etc. Vide lib. fol. 195. b. Auterment est de joint-tenants.   

Sect. 313.  
Quant a sure des actions que touchant le realty, y sont diversities perenter parceners que sont eins per divers descents & tenants in common. Vide Sect. 241.   

Sect. 314.  
If two Tenants in common be, and they grant a rent of 20. s. per annum out of their land, the Grantee shall have two rents of 20. s. Pl. Com. Hill and Granges Case, 171. vide Sect. 219.  
But if they two make a gift in tail, a lease for life, etc. reserving 20. s. rend to them and their heirs, they shall have but one 20. s. for they shall have no more than themselves reserved. And albeit the reservation of rents severable be in joint words, yet in respect of the several reversions the law makes thereof a severance, fol. 197. a  
Lex spectat naturae ordinem, vide Sect. 129. & lex neminem cogit ad vana seu inutilia, lib. 5. fol. 21.  
The law wils that in every case where a man is wronged and endamaged, that he shall have remedy.  
Aliquid conceditur, ne injuria remaneret impunita quod alias non concederetur, 31 E. 3. 35. 3 E. 3. 19 a.  
Tenants in common shall join in a Qu. imp. because the Presentation to the Advowson is entire, 5 H. 7. 8. 33 H. 6. 11. 6 E. 4. 10.  
Also Tenants in common of a Seignory shall join in a Writ of Right of Ward, and Ravishment of Ward for the body, because it is entire, 6 H. 4. 6, 7.  
If two Tenants in common be of the Wardship of the body, and one doth ravish the Ward, and the one Tenant in common releases to the Ravisher, this shall go in benefit of the other Tenant in common, and he shall recover the whole, and the release shall not be any bar to him. And so it is if two Tenants in common be of an Advowson, and they bring a Qu. imp. and the one doth release, yet the other shall sue forth and recover the whole Presentment.  
Two Tenants in common shall join in a Detinue of Charters, and if one be Nonsuit, the other shall recover.  
It is said that Tenants in common shall join in a Warr. Chartae, but sever in Vourcher, 18 E. 3. 56.   

Sect. 315.  
Item Tenants in common averont un action joynt-tenement, & recoveront joynt-tenement lour damages, quant l' action est en le personalty, & nemy en le realty, etc.  
Note, a diversity between a Chatel in possession, and a personal chose in action belonging unto them: As if two Tenants in common be of land, and one doth a trespass therein, of this action they are joint-tenants, and the survivor shall hold place, 22 H. 6. 12. S. 319, 320.  
But if two Tenants in common be of goods, as of an horse, etc. there if one die his Executors shall be Tenant in common with the survivor, fol. 198. a.  
If two Tenants in common be of an Advowson, and a stranger usurp, so as the right is turned to an action, and they bring a Writ of Qu. imp. which concerns the realty, the six months' pass, and the one dyeth, the Writ shall not abate, but the survivor shall recover, otherwise there should be no remedy to redress this wrong. And so it is of Coparceners, and this is one exception out of our Author's rule, 14 H. 4. 12. 38 E. 3. 5. 37 H. 6. 9 b. 10 El. Dyer 279. F.N.B. 35. Pl. Com. Seignieur Barkleys' Case.  
But if three Coparceners recover land and damages in an Assize of Mordane ' albeit the judgement be joint, that they shall recover the land and the damages, yet the damages being accessary, though they be personal, do in judgement of Law depend upon the Freehold, being the Principal, which is several. And though the words of the judgement be joint, yet shall it be taken for distributive: And therefore if two of them die, the entire damages do not survive, but the third shall have Execution according to her portion, and this is another Exception, 14 E. 3. Execution 75. 45 E. 3. 3. b. But if all three had sued Execution by force of an Elegit, and two of them had died, the third should have had the whole by survivor, till the whole damages be paid.   

Sect. 317, 318.  
En avowry pur rend tenants en common covient sever, car ceo en en le realty, come le Ass. en supra.  
Tenant's en common poient bien fair partition enter eux sils voilont etc.   

Sect. 321.  
Lou divers persons ont chateux reals ou personals en common, & pur divers Titles, si lun de eux mor' ses executors tienderant & occupier. ceo ovesque eux que survesquont etc.   

Sect. 322, 323.  
Albeit one Tenant in common take the whole profits, the other have no remedy in Law against him, for the taking of the whole profits is no Ejectment: but if he drive out of the land any of the  of the other Tenant in common, or not suffer him to enter and occupy the land, this is an Ejectment, etc. Whereupon he may have an Eject. firmae for the one moiety, and recover damages for the entry, but not for the mean profits, fo. 199. b.  
Note a diversity between actions which concern Right and Interest (as of Eject' firmae, Eject' de guard, quare ejecit infr. Term. of a Chattel real upon an expulsion or Ejectment) and actions concerning the bare taking of the profits rising out of the land, or doing of Trespass upon the land, as here by the Examinations do appear, for the right is several, and the taking of the profits in common, 21 E. 4. 11. 22. 22 H. 6. 50. 58. 10 H. 7. 16. F.N.B. 117. a.  
The second diversity is between Chattels reals that are apportionable or severable, as leases for years, Wardship of Lands, Interest of Tenements by Elegit, Statute Merchant, Staple, etc. of Lands and Tenements; and Chattels reals entire, as Wardship of the body, and a Villain for years, etc. for if one Tenant in common take away the Ward or Villain, etc. the other hath no remedy by action, but he may take them again.  
Another diversity is between chattels reals and chattels personals; for if one Tenant in common take all the chattels personals, the other hath no remedy by action, but he may take them again: And herein the like Law is concerning chattels reals entire, and chattels personals for this purpose. But of chattels entire, as of a Ship, Horse, or any other entire chattel real or personal, no survivor shall be between them that hold them in common, 10 H. 4. Trespass 178. 11 H. 4. 3.  
And Tenants in common shall not join in an Eject' firm &c. for that such actions concern the Right of Lands which are several, 21 E. 4. 11. 12. fo. 200. a.  
If two Tenants in common be of a Dove-house, and the one destroy the old Doves, whereby the flight is wholly lost, the other Tenant in common shall have an action of Trespass, and he cannot plead in bar Tenancy in common, 47 E. 3. 22. b.  
And so it is if one Tenant in common etc. destroy all the Deer in a Park, etc. 4 E. 2. Trespass 233.  
And so it is, if one Tenant in common carry away the mere stones, etc. 1 H. 5. 1. 2 H. 5. 3. And if two Tenants in common be of a folding, and the one of them disturb the other to erect Hurdles, etc. 13 E. 3. Trespass 212. 18 H. 6. 5.  
If two several owners of houses have a River in common, etc. if one of them corrupt the (Water) River, the other shall have an action upon his Case, 13 H. 7. 26.  
If two Tenants in common or joint-tenants be of an house or Mill, and it fall in decay, and the one is willing to repair the same, and the other will not, he that is willing shall have a Writ de reparatione fac. pro bono publico, F. N. B. 127.  
All those Books which affirm that an action of Account lieth by one Tenant in common or joint-tenant against another, must be intended, when the one maketh the other his Bailiff, for otherwise never his Bailiff to render an Account is a good plea: F.N.B. 118. 1. 10 H. 7. 16. 2 E. 4. 25. Westm. 2. cap. 23.  
If there be two Tenants in common of a Wood, Turbary, Piscary, etc. and one of them doth waste against the will of his companion, his companion shall have an action of Waste. vide lib. foe 200. b. & Nota.  
Some do hold that an action of Waste doth not lie upon the Statute W.C. 23. against Tenant in common, etc. for destroying the whole flight of Doves, 47 E. 3. 22. 50 E. 3. 3.  
Note, that one Tenant in common may infeoff his companion, but not release, because the Freehold is several. Joyntenants' may release, but not infeoff, because the Freehold is joint: but Coparceners may both infeoff and release, because their seisin to some intents is joint, and to some several.   

Sect. 324.  
Quant un home voile merrer un feoffment fait a luy, ou un done en tail, ou lease pur vie d'ascun terres etc. la il dirra par force de quel feoffment etc. il fuit seisee, etc. Mes lou un voile plead un lease ou grant fait a luy de chattel real ou personal, la il dirra, per force de quel il fuit possess, etc.  
When a man pleads a lease for life, etc. which passeth by livery, he is not to plead an entry, for he is in actual seisin by the livery itself. Otherwise it is of a lease for years.    

CHAP. V Of Estates sur Condition.  

Sect. 325.  
COnditio dicitur cum quod in casum incert' qui potest tendere ad esse aut non esse confertur.  
Condic' est 2 ex 

1. Facti, i. e. upon a condition expressed by the party in legal terms of Law.  
2. Juris, i. e. Tacitè created by law, without any words used by the party.    
Littleton subdivideth Condition in Deed, into Condition precedent (of which it is said, Condic' adimpleri debet, priusquam sequatur effectus) and Condition subsequent.  
Again, of Condition in Deed, some be Affirmative and some Negative, and some in the Affirmative which imply a Negative. Some make the estate whereunto they are annexed, voidable by Entry or Claim, and some make the estate void ipso facto without entry, etc. Also of Condition in Deed, some be annexed to the rent reserved out of the land, and some to collateral acts, etc. some be single, some in the conjunctive, some in the disjunctive, Mirror cap. 2. 8. 15. 17. fol. 101. b.  
Sur Condic' en fait en, sicome un home per fait indent, infeoffa un altar in fee render certain rent, etc. Here Littleton putteth one Example of six several kinds of Condition: 1. Of a * Condition * single, in Deed. 2. Of a Condition subsequent to the estate. 3. Of a Condition annexed to the rent. And 4. a Condition that defeateth the estate. 5. A Condition that defeateth not the estate before entry. And 6. a Condition in the Affirmative which implieth a Negative (as behind or unpaid implieth a Negative) viz. not paid. Bendloes en Trespass, 5 Mar. Et en cest case si le rent ne soit pay, etc.  
The Land is the principal debtor, for the rent issueth out of the Land, and that is the place of demand, appointed by Law, and the demand must ever be made at the most notorious place; and the last time of demand of the rent is such a convenient time, before the Sunsetting of the last day of payment, as the money may be numbered and received. 40 Ass. 11. 49. Ass. 5. 15. Eliz. Dy. 329. lib. 4. Burroughes c. f. 72. etc. Pl. Com. 70. and 172. Hill and Granges c. Lib. 5. f. 114. Wades c.  
If a rent be granted payable at a certain day, and if it be behind and demanded that the grantee shall distrein for it, in this case the grantee need not demand it at the day, but if he demand it at any time after, he shall distrein for it. Lib. 7. f. 28. mands c. Mich. 40, 41. El. Stanley, etc. Regularly it is true, that he that entereth for a condition broken shall be seized in his first estate; or of that estate which he had at the time of the estate made, etc. 8 H. 7. 7. b. 1. Limitation in respect of impossibility. 4 H. 6. 2. Lib. 8. Fo. 43. etc. Whittinghams' c. 5. H. 7. a.  
2. Limitation in respect of necessity: Fo. 202. a. Vide, etc.  
3. In some cases the Feoffor by his reentry shall be in his former estate, but not in respect of some collateral qualities; as if a Copyhold escheat; and the Lord make a Feoffment in Fee upon condition, and enter for the condition broken; for that the custom or prescription for the time is interrupted.  
Lord and Tenant by Fealty and rent, the Lord is seized of his rent, and granteth his Seignory to another in Fee upon condition, the Tenant attorn. and payeth his rent to the grantee, the condition is broken, the Lord distreins for his rent and rescous is made, he shall be in his former estate, and yet the former seisin shall not enable to have an Ass. without a new seisin. 15. Ass. 12. Tenant in tail, It. Feoffment in Fee Sur. condition. 8 H. 7. 7.  
If tenant for life ft. Feoffment, etc. and ent. pur condition broken, the state is reduced, but the forfeiture is not purged. 43. Ass. 47. 13. E. 4. 4.   

Sect. 327.  
When the Feoffor is satisfied either by perception of the profits, or by payment, or tender and refusal, or partly by the one, and partly by the other. Fo. 203.  
The Feoffor by his reentry gaineth no estate of freehold but an interest by the agreement of the parties to take the profits in nature of a distress.  
If a man make a Lease for life with a reservation of a rent, and such a condition, if he enter for the condition broken and take the profits of the land Quousq. etc. he shall not have an action of debt for the rent arere, for that the freehold of the Lessee doth continue; and therefore the book (to the contrary 30. E. 3. f. 7.) is false Printed, and the true case was of a lease for years.  
Note a diversity, viz. If a man make Aleas pur ans. reserve a rent with a condition, that if the rent be behind, that the lessor shall reenter and take the profits until thereof he be satisfied, there the profits shall be counted as parcel of the satisfaction, and during the time that he so taketh the profits, he shall not have an action of debt for the rent. But if the condition be that he shall take the profits until the Feoffor be satisfied, etc. without saying thereof, etc. There the profits shall be taken to be no part of the satisfaction, but to hasten the lessee to pay it. 27 H. 8. 4. And as Littleton here saith, that until he be satisfied, he shall take the profits in the mean time to his own use. 31 Ass. pl. 26. Vide lestatute de Morton c. 6. and c. 7. without this word (inde.)   

Sect. 329.  
If a man by Indenture letteth Lands for years, provided always, and it is counted and agreed between the said parties, that the lessee should not alien; it was adjudged that this was a condition by force of the proviso, and a Covenant by force of the other words. Vide Sect. 220. Dyer 28 H. 8. fo. 13. 27 H. 8. fo. 14. 15. Signior Cromwell's c. Lib. 2. fo. 71. Lib. 8. 89. Frances c.  
Vn Feoffment in Fee en fait rendition rend, etc. Sur. condition, etc. en cest case lestate del Feoffee en defeasible, si le condition ne soit perform, etc. vide Sect. 325.   

Sect. 330.  
Inesse potest donationis modus, conditio, sive causa. Scito quòd (ut) modus est, (si) condi. (quia) causa. 4. Mar. Dyer 138. b.  
If a man grant an annuity pro una acra terre, this word pro showeth the cause of the grant, and therefore amounts to a condition; for if the acre of land be evicted by an elder title, the annuity shall cease, for cessante causa cessat effectus, 24 E. 3. 34. 9 E. 4. 20. 14 E. 4. 4. 15 E. 4 2.  
But if A. pro consilio impenso make a Feoffment or a Lease for life, of an acre, or pro una acra terrae, etc. Albeit he denieth counsel, or that the acre be evicted, yet A. shall not reenter, for in this case there ought to be legal words of condition or qualification, for the cause or consideration shall not avoid the state of the Feoffee, and the reason of this diversity, for that the state of the land is executed, and the annuity is executory, fol. 204. a. vide etc.  
If a man make a Feoffment in Fee, ad faciend. or faciendo, or ea intention, or ad effectum, or add proposit. that the Feoffee shall do, or not do such an act, none of these words make the state in the land conditional, Hill. 18 Eliz. in Com. Ban. Dyer 138. Pl. Com. 142. d. & st. lib. 2. c. 34. It was adjudged H. 40 Eliz. Rot. 161. Browne, etc. That a Lease for years was but a contract, which may begin by word, and by word may be dissolved, Pl. Com. 142. Sometime in case of lands, etc. (casa) shall make a condition; as if a woman give lands to a man and his heirs, causa matrimonii prolocuti, and if she marry the man, or the man refuse to marry her, she shall have the land again to her and to her heirs. But otherwise it is if a man give land to a woman, etc. For the man may and aught to ask advise of learned counsel, 34 Ass. 1. 5 H. 4. 1.  
Quod non licebit, to the lessee dare, vendere, etc. Sub poena forisfacturae, amounts to make the Lease for years defeasible, 3 E. 6. Dyer 65, 66. 4 Mar. 138.   

Sect. 331, 332.  
Quae dubitationis causa tollendae inseruntur, communem legem non laedunt, & expressio eorum quae etc.  
Mortgage, i.e. mortuum vadium. Vivum vadium, is,  
As if a man borrow 100 l. of another, and maketh an estate of lands unto him, until he hath received the said sum of the issues and the profits of the land, so as in this case, neither money nor land dyeth or is lost.  
Vivum autem dicitur vadium, quia nunquam moritur ex aliqua parte quod ex suis proventibus acquiratur.   

Sect. 334.  
Feoffment en fait en mortgage, le feoffor mor' devant le jour de payment des deiners etc. Si l'heir deal feoffor tender le money all mes le jour, etc. & le feoffee ceo refuse etc. donques poit le heir enter en le terre, pur ceo que il ad interest de droit en le Condition, etc.  
Et le feoffee en ceo case nad asc' remedy daver le money per le Commonley, Sect. 335.  
The Condition descends unto the heir, and therefore the Law that giveth him an interest in the Condition, giveth him an ability to perform it; and hereby the intent of the Condition is performed, and the Feoffee doth receive no damage, etc. fol. 205. b.  
The Executor or Administrator of the Mortgagor, or in default of them, the Ordinary may also tender, Sect. 337.  
If the Condition annexed to lands, be possible at the making of the Condition, and become impossible by the act of God, yet the state of the Feoffee etc. shall not be avoided. Pl. Com. 456. Wraths Case. 14 Hen. 7. 3. 15 Hen. 7. 1. 14 Ed. 4. 3.  
But where a Condition of a Bond, Recognizance, etc. is possible at the making of the Condition, and becomes impossible by the act of God, or of the Law, or of the Obligee etc. there the Obligation etc. is saved, and the reason of the diversity, because the state of the land is executed, and settled in the Feoffee, and cannot be redeemed back again but by matter subsequent, viz. the performance of the Condition. But the Bond etc. is a thing in action, and executory, whereof no advantage can be taken, until there be a default in the Obligor, 15 H. 7. 18. 9 Eliz. 262. Dyer lib. 5. 22. Laughters Case. 38 H. 6. 2. Brit. c. 36. fol. 89, 99, 114, 130.  
But if the condition of a Bond etc. be impossible at the time of the making of the condition, the Obligation etc. is single. And so it is of a Feoffment in fee with a condition subsequent, that is impossible, the state of the Feoffee is absolute; but if the condition precedent be impossible, no state or interest shall grow thereupon, 14 Hen. 8. 28. 10 Hen. 7. 22. 5 Eliz. Dyer 222. Pl. Com. 22. 272. Fuller's Case. fol. 206. b.  
If A. be bound to B. that J. S. shall marry J. G. before such a day, and before the day B. marry with Jane, he shall never take advantage of the Bond, for that he himself is the mean, that the condition could not be performed, 4 H. 7. 4. 30 H. 8. Dyer 42.  
The Law distinguisheth between a Condition against law for the doing of any act that is malum in se, and a Condition against law, that is either repugnant to the State, or against some Maxim or Rule in Law: As  
1. If a man be bound upon Condition, That he shall kill J.S. the estate is absolute, and the Condition void, 4 H. 7. 4. But if a man make a Feoffment in fee upon Condition, that the Feoffee shall kill J.S. the estate is absolute, and the Condition void, Pl. Com. 133. browning's Case.  
2. If a man make a Feoffment etc. that he shall not alien (or that the Feoffee shall not take the profits, etc.) this Condition is repugnant and against Law, and the state of the Feoffee is absolute. But if the Feoffee be bound etc. that he or his heirs shall not alien, this is good, for he notwithstanding alien if he will forfeit his Bond, etc. 20 Ed. 4. 8. 21 Hen. 7. 11. 30. 27 Hen. 8.  
Albeit a convenient time before Sunset be the last time given to the Feoffor to tender, yet if he tender it to the person of the Mortgagee at any time of the payment, and he refuseth it, the Condition is saved for that time, vide S. 325.  
Guardian in Socage may render in the name of the heir, because he hath an interest, etc. vide S. 401. Hill. 28 Eliz. in Banco Reg. inter Walkins.  
If the Mortgagee accept of a strangers tender in the name of the Mortgager, etc. this is good, etc.  
Omnis ratihabitio retro trahitur, & mandato aequiparatur, 36 Hen. 6. tit. Bar 166.   

Sect. 335.  
The Obligor tenders the money at the day etc. and the Obligee refuseth the same, yet in an action of Debt upon the Obligation, if the Defendant plead the tender, etc. he must also plead that he is yet ready to pay the money and tender the same in Court. But if the Plaintiff will not then receive it, but take issue upon the tender, and the same be found against him, he hath lost the money for ever, 22 Hen. 6. 39 lib. 9 fol. 79. H. Peytoes' Case.  
And the reason wherefore the money is not lost by the tender and refusal, is not only for that it is a duty and parcel of the Obligation, but also for that the Obligee hath remedy by Law for the same.  
Liberata pecunia non liberat offerentem, 8 E. 2. tit. Assize, Ass. 389.  
When the Condition is collateral to the Obligation, a tender and refusal is a perpetual bar, 7 Hen. 4. 18. 5 Mar. Dyer 150. 21 E. 4. 25. 31 Ass. 25. Pl. Com. fol. 6.  
Obligor makes a lease and a release to the Obligee, and his heirs, this amounts in law to a feoffment; and albeit this be a collateral Condition, yet it is well performed.  
Cuna dicitur à cudendo, of Coining, etc. In French, Coin signifieth a Corner. Some say that Coin dicitur à 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i. e. Communis, quod sit omnibus rebus communis. Moneta dicitur à monendo, not only because he that hath it, is to be warned providently to use it, but also because Nota illa de authore & valour admonet. lib. 5. fol. 114. Wades Case, lib. 9 fol. 78.  
Pecunia dicitur à pecu. Omnes en. veterum divitia in animalibus consistebant. Arist. l. 5. c. 8.  
Nummus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quia lege fit non natura, 9 Hen. 5. Stat. 2. cap. 7.   

Sect. 336, & 337.  
Note, he that hath interest in the Condition on the one side, or in the land on the other, may tender, fol. 207. b. & vide Sect. 334.  
Auxi en case de Mortgage, si nul jour de payment soit limit, & le feoffor mor. etc. donques le temps de le tender est pas.  
Note divers diversities. *  
1. Between a Feoffment in fee with Condition for the payment of a sum of money, where no time is limited; and the Condition of a Bond, etc. 21 E. 4. 38. b.  
2. Between a Condition of an Obligation, which concerns the doing of a transitory act without limitation of any time as payment of money, delivery of Charters, etc. for there the condition is to be performed presently, i.e. in convenient time; and when by the condition of the Obligation the act is local, for there the Obligor hath time during his life to perform it, as to make a feoffment etc. if the Obligee doth not hasten the same by request.  
3. In case where the Condition is local, when the concurrence of the Obligor and the Obligee is requisite (as in the said case of the Feoffment) and when the Obligor may perform it in the absence of the Obligee, as to acknowledge satisfaction in the Court of King's Bench, for there he must do it in convenient time.  
4. Where the Condition concerneth a transitory or local act, and is to be performed to the Feoffee or Obligee, and where it is to be performed to a stranger: As if A. be bound to B. to pay 10. l. to C. A. tenders to C. and he refuseth, the Bond is forfeit. But if the act had been by the Condition to be made to the Obligee, or to any other for his benefit a tender, etc. shall have the benefit, because he himself is the cause that the Condition could not be performed, 22 E. 4. 13. 10 H. 7. 14. b. 35 H. 8. Dyer 56. lib. 5. fo. 23. Lamb's Case * 8 E. 4. 14.  
5. Between a Condition of an Obligation and a Condition upon a Feoffment, where the act that is local is to be done to a stranger, and where to the Obligee or Feoffor himself: for the stranger shall be enfeoffed as soon as conveniently may be, otherwise it is of the Feoffor, etc. for the privity of the Condition, etc. Lib. 6. fo. 31. Boothies' Case, l. 2. fo. 79. b. Seignieur Cromwel's Case. 21 E. 4. 41. 2 E. 4. 3, 4. 4 E. 4. 4. b. 26 H. 8. 9 b.  
6. When the Obligor or Feoffor is to infeoff a stranger as hath been said, and when a stranger is to infeoff the Feoffee or Obligee: As if A. infeoff of black acre, upon Condition, that if C. infeoff B. of white acre, A. shall re-enter, C. hath time during his life, if B. doth not hasten it, etc. and so of an Obligation, fo. 108. b.  
7. But in some cases albeit the Condition be collateral, and is to be performed to the Obligee, and no time limited, yet in respect of the nature of the thing, the Obligor shall not have time during his life to perform it. As if the Condition of an Obligation be, To grant an Annuity to the Obligee during his life, payable at Easter; this Annuity must be granted before Easter, etc. Dyer 14 Eliz. 311.  
8. When the Obligor, Feoffor or Feoffee, or a stranger etc. is to do a sole act, as to go to Rome, etc. they have time during life, etc.  
The Executor etc. may (when a man is limited) pay the money, vide S. 334. l. 5. fo. 96, 97. Goodales' Case.  
If I infeoff one in fee upon Condition to make a gift in tail to I.S. and he refuseth it, and a tender and refusal is made, there the Feoffor shall not re-enter, for it was intended, that the Feoffee should have an estate in the land. And so it is if the Condition be, That the Feoffee shall grant a rend charge to a stranger, 2 E. 4. Enter Congeable 25.  
But otherwise it is if the Condition be to infeoff I. S. and his heirs, and a tender and refusal is made, etc. 19 H. 6. 34.  
When the Executors make a tender, and the Feoffee refuseth, albeit the heir (who hath a Title of Entry) be a third person, yet is he no stranger, but he and the Executors also an● privies in Law. Concerning goods and chattels, either in possession or in action, the Executor doth more actually represent the person of the Testator; then the heir doth the person of the Ancestor. For if a man bindeth himself, his Executors are bound, though they be not named, but so it is not of the heir.   

Sect. 338, 339.  
En touts cases de Condition de payment de certain sum en gross touchant terres etc. si loyal tender soit unsoits refuse, celuy que doit le tender money en de ceo assouth & discharge pur touts temps apres; i. e. for ever to make any other tender, but if it were a duty before, though the feoffor enter by force of the Condition, yet the debt or duty remaineth: As if A. borrow 100 l. of B. and after mortgage lands to B. and he refuse it, A. may enter etc. and the land is freed for ever of the Condition; but yet the debt may be recovered by action etc. But if A. without any loan, debt or duty preceding, infeoff B. of land upon Condition for the payment of 100 l. to B. in nature of a gratuity or gift; in that case if tender be made, and he refuse, B. hath no remedy therefore, fol. 209. b. Vide Libr. etc.  
The Agreement precedent doth guide the payment subsequent, and the payment ought to be real, and not in show or appearance, 18 E. 4. 18. 19 H. 6. 54. 20 E. 3. Account pag. 70.  
If the Condition upon Mortgage be, To pay to the Mortgagee or his heirs the money, etc. and before the day of payment the Mortgagee dyeth, the Feoffee cannot pay the money to the Executors, etc. for, In hoc casu designatio unius personae est exclusio alterius, & expressum facit cessare tacitum, Lib. 5. etc. Dyer 2 Eliz. 181. 44 E. 3. 1. b. fo.  
If a man make a Feoffment in fee upon Condition, That if the Feoffor pay to the Feoffee his heirs or assigns 20 l. before such a Feast, and before the Feast the Feoffee maketh his Executors, and dyeth, the Feoffor aught to pay the money to the heir, and not to the Executors, for the Executors in this case are no Assignees in Law. And the Feoffee hath an estate in the land which he may assign over, and where there may be Assignees in Deed, the Law shall never seek out, or appoint any assigns in Law, 27 H. 8. 2. 4 Mar. 140. a. M. 23, 24. El. in Curia Wardorum inter Randall & Browne. 2 El. Dyer 181. Pl. Com. Chapman's Case. 186. 188. 17 Ass. Pl. 2.   

Sect. 240.  
Comment ascun. ont dit que le feoffor en tenus de tender etc. sur la terre tenus in Mortgage, pur ceo que le condition en dependant sur le terre, uncore ceo ne prove que le feasans de le condition deste perform, covient erre fait sur la terre etc. & lestate de la terre en dependant sur la condition etc.  
The money is a sum in gross and collateral to the Title of the land, and the Feoffor must tender the money to the person of the Feoffee, and it is not sufficient for him ro tender it upon the land, 8 E. 4. 4. & 14. 11 H. 4. 62. 17 Ass. p. 2. 21 H. 7. Kelway 74. 16 Eliz. Dyer 327. l. 4. f. 73. Boroughs Case 21 E. 4. 6.  
Otherwise it is of a rent that issueth out of the land, 8 E. 4. 2.  
But a corporal service is issuing out of land, as Homage, etc. must be done to the person of the Lord, 21 Ass. 3. 7 E. 4. 4. 21 E. 4. 17. 19 Eliz. Dyer 354. lib. 8. fo. 92. Frances Case.  
If A. be bound to B. with condition that C. shall infeoff D. on such a day, C. must give notice to D. thereof, and request him to be on the land at the day to receive the Feoffment, and he is bound to seek D. and to give him notice, 2 E. 4. 3. & 4.   

Sect. 341, 342.  
Est diversity quant all tender de le rent que en issuant horse de la terre, & deal tender davert sum en grosse que nem pas issuant. etc.  
If the Condition be broken for nonpayment of the rent, yet if the Feoffor bringeth an Assize for rent due at that time, he shall never enter, etc. because he affirmeth the rent to have a continuance, and thereby waveth the Condition. And so it is if the rent had a clause of distress, etc. and the Feoffor had distrained for the rent, for nonpayment whereof the Condition was broken, he should never enter for the Condition broken, but he may receive that rent, and acquit the same, and yet enter, etc. But if he accept a rent due at a day after, he shall not enter, etc. because he thereby affirmeth the lease to have a continuance, 14 Ass. 11. 45 Ass. 5. 6 H. 7. 3. Pl. Com. 133. 22 H. 6. 57  
It will be a good and sure thing, to set down in Conveyances every thing in certainty and particularity; and not to trust only to a Precedent, without advice of learned and well experienced men. For as the rule is concerning the state of a man's body, Nullum medicamentum est idem omnibus; so in the state and assurance of a man's lands, Nullum exemplum est idem omnibus, fo. 212. a.   

Sect. 343, 344.  
Lou le lieu de payment est limit, le feoffee nem. oblige. de receiver le payment en nul auter lieu etc. Mes encore si il receivst etc. ceo est assets bone etc.  
The place is but a circumstance, etc.  
Nota diversit. 1. When the Condition is for payment of money, there if the Feoffee or Obligee accept an horse etc. in satisfaction, this is good; but if the Condition were for the delivery of a horse etc. albeit the Obligee, etc. accept money etc. for the horse etc. it is no performance of the Condition. The like Law is if the Condition be to acknowledge a Recognizance of 20 l. if the Obligee or Feoffee accept twenty pound in satisfaction of the condition it is not sufficient in Law, etc. And so it is of all other collateral conditions 3 H. 7. 4. b. 11 H. 7. 20. 21. 19 E. 4. 1. b. 22 E. 4. 24. l. 9 f. 78. 12 H. 4. 23.  
2. When the money is to be paid to a stranger there if the stranger accept an horse, or any collateral thing in satisfaction of the money, it is no performance of the condition, because the condition is strictly to be performed in that case. But if the condition be, that a stranger shall pay to the obligee, etc. a sum of money, there the obligee (being party, etc.) may receive a horse, etc. in satisfaction. l. 5. f. 17. Primels' case.) * Vide 4. H. 7. 4. Dyer 35 H. 8. 56. 27 H. 8. 1. If the obligor or lessor pay a less sum either before the day, or at another place than is limited by the condition, and the obligee * or Feoffee (* lessee) receiveth it, this is a good satisfaction. Vide lib. foe 212 b.   

Sect. 345.  
Vn annual rent reserve all estranger, en sum. engross.  
This reservation is merely void. l. 8. f. 70. 71. words in a condition shall be taken out of their proper sense, ut res magis valeat quam pereat. 6. E. 2. enter. Cong. 55. recipere. 8 Ass. 34. Revertere.  
But if A. be seized of certain Lands, and A. and B. join in a Feoffment in fee reserving a rent to them both, and their heirs, and the Feoffee grant that it shall be lawful for them and their heirs to distrain for the rent, this is a good grant of a rent to them both, because he is party to the Deed, and the clause of distress is a grant of the rent to A. and B. But if B. had been a stranger to the Deed, than B. had taken nothing, and upon this diversity are all the Books which prima fancy seem to vary reconciled. 18 E. Ass. 381. 26 H. 8. 2. 31 Ass. p. 31.  
Arg. a divisione est fortissimum in lege. Sect. 381.   

Sect. 346. etc.  
Nota 2. choses, 1. nul rent (que properment en dit rent) poit estr. reserve sur asc' Feoffment, done, ou lease, forsque tantsolement all Feoffor, donor, etc. ou a lour heirs. 2. Null entre, ou reenter (que en tout un) poit estre reserve, ne done a asc' person, forsque, etc. all Feoffor, etc. Littleton's meaning is, that either the Feoffor, etc. may reserve the rent to himself only, or to himself and his heirs. Fo. 213. b.  
If a man make a Feoffment in Fee, reserve a rent to him or his heirs, it is good to him for term of his life, and void to his heir l. 5. fo. 111. Mallories case.  
If two joint-tenants without a Deed indenture make a lease for life reserving a rent to one of them, it shall enure to them both, in respect of the joint reversion, and so it is of a surrender, etc. 5 E. 4. 4. a. 27 H. 8. 16. S. 58.  
But if Tenant for life, and he in the reversion join in a Lease for life, or a gift in tail by Deed reserving a rent, this shall enure to the Tenant for life only, during his life, and after to him in the reversion, for every one grants that which he may lawfully grant. M. 36. and 37. Eliz. in Banco R.   

Sect. 347.  
Nothing in action, entry, or reentry can be granted over, for avoiding of maintenance, suppression of right, and stirring up of suits. No stranger shall take advantage of a condition that requireth a reentry.  
But of limitations it is otherwise. As if a man make a lease Quousq. i e. until I. S. come from Rome, the lessor grant the reversion over to a stranger, I. S. comes from Rome, the grantee shall enter, because the estate by the express limitation was determined. Pl. Com. 27. F. N. B. 201. l. 10. fo. 36. Marry Portingtons' case.  
2. Another diversity is, between a condition annexed to a freehold, and a condition annexed to a Lease for years; for a Lease for years may begin, or end without ceremony; but an estate of Freehold cannot, etc. And of a void thing an estranger may take benefit, but not of a voidable estate by entry. 10 Ass. pl. 24. Pl. Com. 36. 11 H. 7. 17.  
3. Diversity between a reservation of a rent, and a reentry, for a rent cannot be reserved to the heir of the Feoffor, but the heir may take advantage of a condition which the Feoffor could never do; as if I. infeoff another of an acre of ground, upon condition, that if mine heir pay to the Feoffee, etc. twenty shillings, that he and his heirs shall re-enter, this condition is good, etc. for he is privy in blood, and shall enjoy the Land as heir to me. Pl. 313. Scho. 15. E. 4. 14. a.  
And if a man have a Lease for years, and demise, or grant the same upon condition, etc. and die, his executors or administrators shall enter for the condition broken, for they are privy in right, and represent the person of the dead. Vide 21 H. 7. 18. a. foe 214. b. etc.  
If cesty que use had made a Lease for years, etc. upon condition, the feoffs should not enter for the condition broken, for they are privy in estate, but not privy in blood. 27 H. 8. 1.  
4. Diversity is in case of a Lease for years, where the condition is that the Lease shall cease or be void, and where the condition is that the lessor shall reenter, for there the grantee as Littleton saith, shall never take benefit of the condition: And note that where the estate or Lease is ipso facto void, by the condition or limitation, no acceptance of the rent after can make it to have a continuance: otherwise it is of an estate or Lease voidable by entry. Pl. 136. browning's case.  
5. Diversity between condition in Deed, and condition in Law.  
As if a man make a Lease for life, there is a condition in Law annexed unto it, that if the lessee doth make a greater estate, etc. that then the lessor may enter of this and the like condition in law, which do give an entry to the Lessor, the lessor himself and his heirs shall not only take benefit of it, but also his Assignee and the Lord by escheat, every one for the condition in law broken, in their own time.  
6. Diversity is between the judgement of the common Law, and the Law at this day by force of the Statute of 32. H. 8. ca 34. for by the Common Law no grantee, or Assignee of a reversion could take advantage of a reentry by force of a condition. But now by the said Statute, it is otherwise. By which act it is provided, that as well every person which shall have any grant of the King of any reversion, etc. of any Lands, etc. which pertained to Monasteries, etc. as also all other persons being Grantees or Assignees, etc. to or by any other person or persons, and their heirs, executors, successors and Assignees, shall have like advantage against the Lessees, etc. by entry for nonpayment of the rent, or for doing of waste, or other forfeiture, etc. as the said lessors, or grantors themselves ought or might have had. 26 H. 6. tit. entreconge. 49.  
Upon this act divers judgements, etc. have been given, which are necessary to be known.  
1. That the said Statute is general, that the grantee of the reversion of every common person, as well as of the King shall take advantage of condition. Pl. 175. 76. Hill and Granges case M. 10. and 11 Eliz. 180. Dyer.  
2. That the Statute doth extend to grants made by the successors of the King, albeit the King be only named in the Act.  
3. That where the Statute speaketh of Lessees, that the same doth not extend to gifts in Tail 14. El. Dyer 309. Winter's case.  
4. That where the Statute speaks of Grantees and Assignees of the reversion, that an Assignee of part of the estate, of the reversion may take advantage of the condition. As if Lessees for life be, etc. and the reversion is granted for life, etc. So if Lessee for years be etc. and the reversion, etc. the grantee for years shall take benefit of the condition in respect of this word (execution) in the Act. Pl. 69. Kidwellies' case 7 E. 3. 54. and Vide Dyer 309.  
5. That a grantee of part of the reversion shall not take advantage, etc. As if the Lease be of three Acres, reserving a rens upon condition, and the reversion is granted of two acres, the rent shall be apportioned by the act of the parties, but the condition is destroyed, for that it is entire, and against common right, lib. 5. fol. 54. Knight's Case, Winter's Case, etc.  
6. That in the King's case, the condition, etc. is not destroyed, etc.  
7. By act in Law a condition may be apportioned in the case of a common person, as if a Lease for years be made of two acres, one Burrough English, and the other at the common law, and the lessor having issue two sons dieth, each of them shall enter for the condition broken, and likewise a condition shall be apportioned by the act and wrong of the Lessee, as in the Chap. of Rents, l. 4. f. 120. Dumpers Case.  
8. If a Lease for life be made, reserving a rent upon condition, etc. the Lessor levies a fine of the reversion, he is Grantee or Assignee of the reversion, but without atturnment he shall not take advantage of the condition. P. 20. El. in Com. Ba. Duke's Case lib. 5. 112. b. Mallories Case.  
9 Diversity between a condition that is compulsory, and a power of a revocation that is voluntary: for a man that hath a power of revocation, may by his own act extinguish his power, etc. in part, as by levying of a Fine of part, and yet the power shall remain for the residue, because it is in nature of a limitation, and not of a condition. P. 39 El. and 40, 41 H. Earl of Salisburies' case in Court of Wards, 14 El. Dy. 39  
10. If the Lessor bargain and sell the reversion by Deed indenture and enrol. the Bargainee is not in the Per by the Bargainor, and yet he is an Assignee within the Statute.  
So if the Lessor grant the reversion in Fee, to the use of A. and his heirs, A. is a sufficient Assignee, etc. because he comes in by the act and limitation of the party, albeit he is in the Post, and the words of the Statute be To, or By, and they be Assignee to him, although they be not by him: but such as come in merely by act in Law, as the Lord of the villain, the Lord by Escheat, etc. shall not take benefit of this Statute.  
11. If the Lessor bargain and sell the reversion, etc. Or make a Feoffment in Fee, and the Lessee reenter, the grantee, or Feoffee shall not take advantage, etc. Without making notice to the Lessee, l. 8. f. 92. Frances Case.  
And 12. albeit the whole words of the Statute be for nonpayment of the rent, or for doing of waist, etc. yet the Grantees and Assignee shall not take benefit of every forfeiture, etc. but only of such conditions as either are incident to the reversion as rend, or for the benefit of the State, as for not doing of waist, for keeping the houses in repair, for making of fences, scouring of ditches, for preserving of woods, etc. and not for payment of any sum in gross delivery of corn, wood, etc.  
So as other forfeiture, shall be taken for other forfeitures, like to those examples which were there put, (viz.) of payment of rent, and not doing of waist, which are for the benefit of the reversion, Dyer 309.   

Sect. 348, 349.  
Seign. & Tenant, & le tenant ft. lease pur vie rend. rend, etc. & apres il mor. sans heir, etc. Note, that the Lord by Escheat shall distrain for the rent, and yet the rent was reserved to the lessor and his heirs, but both Assignees in Deed, and Assignee in Law shall have the rent, because the rent being reserved of inheritance to him and his heirs, is incident to the reversion, etc. The Guardian, etc. shall in the right of the heir take benefit of a condition, by entry or reenter, by the common law, 21 H. 7. 18. 17. Ass. 20. 18. Ass. pl. 18. lib. 7. f. 7. Earl of Bedford's Case, otherwise it is of Assignees.  
Si terre soit grant a un home pur 2. ans sur condition que sil payroiit all grantor deins les 2. ans 10. l. donques il averoit Fee, etc. Si livery de feign. soit sait en ce case, donques le grantee avoit le franktenement & le Fee sur●m. le condition.  
Note, First, A condition precedent. 2. A condition which createth an estate may be made by parol without deed. 3. Livery, etc. in this case must be made before the lessee enter; for after his entry livery made to him that is in possession is void. 4. If no livery be made, no Fee simple doth pass. 5. It is inconvenient that the Fee should pass without livery, etc. 6. Argumentum ab inconvenienti, is forcible in law. vide Sect. 60. fol. 216. a.   

Sect. 350.  
Si terre soit grant a un home pur term de 5 ans, sur condition que sil paya all grantor deins les 2 primer ans 40 M. que adonque il avant fee, ou auterment forsque pur les 5 ans, & livery est fait etc. per force del grant, o'er i'll ad fee simple condition, etc. Many are of opinion a against Littleton in this case, and their reason is, because the Fee simple is to commence upon a condition precedent, and therefore cannot pass until the condition be performed. And that Littleton here of a condition precedent, doth (before performance) make it subsequent; and they avouch many Authorities, as 31 E. 1. Feoffments & Faits 119. 12 E. 2. Voucher 265. 7 E. 3. 10. Pl. Com. 272. Says Case. 44 E. 3. Attaint 22. 43 Ass. p. 41. 10 E. 3. 39, 40. 10 Ass. 15 Ass. 161. Pl. Com. 135. browning's Case. 6 R. 2. tit. quid juris clamat, 20. And generally the Books are cited that make a diversity between a condition precedent and a condition subsequent, 15 H. 7. 1. a. 14 H. 8. 18. 20. 3 H. 6. 6. b. And lastly, they cite Dyer 10 El. 281. and in Say and Fuller's Case. Pl. 272. the opinions of Dyer and Browne, vide lib. fol. 217. a.  
Notwithstanding all this, there are those that defend the opinion of Littleton, both by Reason and Authority. By Reason, for that by the Rule of Law, a Livery of Seisin must pass a present Freehold, and cannot give a Freehold in futuro. 2. It cannot stand with Reason, that a Freehold should remain in the lessor, against his own Livery of Seisin, seeing there is a person able to take it. A Livery of Seisin cannot expect.  
And they say further, That seeing all the Books aforesaid prove that such a Condition is good, and that the Livery made to the Lessee is effectual, by consequence the Freehold and Inheritance must pass presently, or not at all; and it is not rare, say they, in our Books, that words shall be transposed and marshaled, so as the Feoffment or Grant may take effect, Pl. 171. Hill and Granges Case. 10 Eliz. 3. lib. 8. fol. 74. Signior Staffords Case. Pl. 487. Nichols Case.  
And further they take a diversity in this case between a lease for life, and a lease for years. For in this case of a lease for life, with such a Condition to have fee, they agree that the Fee simple passeth not before the performance of the Condition, for that the Livery may presently work upon the Freehold: But otherwise it is in case of a lease for years.  
Also they take a diversity between Inheritances that lie in grant, and that lie in livery, fol. 217. b.  
They also make several Answers to the Authority before cited: for, as to the case in 31 E. 1. they say, That either the case is misreported, or else the law is against the judgement:  
For the case is but this, That a man make a lease of a Manor to B. for 20 years, and after the 20 years B. shall hold the Manor to him and his heirs by 12. l. rent, and (as it must be intended) maketh Livery of Seisin; in this case it is clear (say they) that B. hath a Fee simple maintenant, for there is no Condition precedent, etc.  
As for the case in 12 E. 2. the case is, That J. de M. made a Charter to J. de Burford of Fee simple, and the same day it was covenanted between them, That J. de B. should hold the same Tenements for 8 years, and if he did not pay 100 Mark at the end of the term, that the land shall remain to J. de B. and his heirs. In which case say they, there is a repugnancy etc. for the Covenant being made after the Charter. could neither alter the absolute Charter, nor upon a Condition precedent give him a Fee simple that had a Fee before.  
To all the other Books, viz. 7 E. 3. etc. they say, that being rightly understood, they are good law, for in some of those Books, as in 10 E. 3. 10 Ass. etc. it appeareth, That there was a Charter made in surety of the Term, which say they must be intended thus, viz. A man maketh a lease for years, the lessee enters, and the lessor makes a Charter to the lessee, and thereby doth grant unto him, that if he pay unto the lessor 100 Mark during the term, That then he shall have fee, etc.  
In this case, say they, there need no livery seisin, but doth enure as an Executory grant by increasing of the state, and the fee simple passeth not before the condition performed, Pl. 487. Nichols Case. And therefore Littleton warily putteth his case made all at one time by one Conveyance, and a Livery made thereupon.  
And this diversity (say they) is proved by Books, 10 E. 3. 54. 32 E. 3. Garr. 30. 43 E. 3. 35. 20 Ass. Pl. 20.  
And they add, That Littleton had seen and considered of the said Books, and hath set down his Opinion, etc. Fol. 118. a.  
Benign lector utere tuo judicio, nihil enim impedio. Conditi● beneficialis quae statum construit benigne secundum verbor' intentionem est interpretanda, odiosa autem quae statum destruit strictè secundum verborum proprietatem est accipienda, Lib. 8. fol. 90. Frances Case.  
Note, a precedent Condition to increase an estate must be performed, and if it become impossible, no estate shall rise.  
Regularly when any man will take advantage of a Condition, if he may enter, he must enter, and when he cannot enter, he must make a claim, because a Freehold and Inheritance shall not cease without entry or claim, and also the Feoffor or Grantor may wave the condition, Pl. 133. b. Browning.  
If a man bargain and sell land by Deed indented and enrolled, with a proviso, That if the Bargainor pay etc. that then the state shall cease and be void, he payeth the money, the state is not revested in the Bargainor before a reentry. And so it is if a bargain and sale be made of a reversion, remainder, advowson, rend common, etc. l. 2. f. 50. Sir Hugh Cholmleys' Case, fo. 218. vide & nota.  
But the said Rule hath divers Exceptions:  
1. In this present case of Littleton, for that he can make no entry, he shall not be driven to make any claim to the reversion, for seeing by construction the Freehold and Inheritance passeth maintenant out of the lessor: by the like construction the Freehold and Inheritance by the default of the lessee shall be revested in the lessor without entry or claim, l. 1. f. 174. Digs Case, 20 E. 4. 19 20 H. 7. 4. b.  
2. If I grant a rend charge in fee out of my land upon condition; if the condition be broken, the rent shall be extinct, etc.  
3. If a man make a feoffment unto me in fee upon condition that I shall pay unto him 20 l. at such a day etc. before the day I let unto him the land for years, reserving a rent, and after fail of payment, the feoffee shall retain the land, etc. and the rent is extinct, etc. for that the feoffor could not enter, etc. for he himself was in possession, and the condition being collateral, is not suspended by the lease: otherwise it is of rent reserved.  
If a man make a lease for 40 years, and the lessor grant the reversion to the lessee upon condition, and after the condition is broken, the term was absolutely surrendered. And the diversity is when the lessor grants the reversion to the lessee upon condition, and when the lessee grants or surrenders his estate to the lessor, for a condition annexed to a surrender, may revest the particular estate, because the surrender is conditional. But when the lessor grants the reversion to the lessee upon condition, there the condition is annexed to the reversion, and the surrender absolute, 7 E. 4. 29. 14 E. 4. 6. 45 E. 3. 8 E. 2. Ass. 395. A Guardian in Chivalry took a Feoffment of the Infant, etc. 50 E. 3. 27. Vide lib. foe 218. b.  
Ou le feffor poit loialment enter pur le condition enfreint etc. la il nad franktenement devant son entry etc. S. 351.   

Sect. 352.  
It is necessary when a day is limited, to add to the condition, that the Feoffee or his heirs do perform the condition; but when no time is limited, than the Feoffee at his peril must perform the condition during his life (although there be no request made) or else the Feoffor or his heirs may re-enter. And when the Feoffee is to give the land to the Feoffor and his wife in Tail before Michaelmas, etc. and if the Feoffee die before the day, the state of the heir of the Feoffee shall be absolute, 15 H. 7. 13. 33 H. 6. 26, 27. 9 Eliz. Dyer 262. Pl. 456. lib. 2. f. 79. Signior Cromwel's Case.  
If a man make a Feoffment in see upon condition that the Feoffee shall make a gift in Tail to the Feoffor, the remainder to a stranger in fee, there the Feoffee hath time during his life, because the Feoffor who is party and privy to the condition, is to ●ake the first estate. But if the condition were to make a gift in Tail to a stranger, the remainder to the Feoffor in fee, there the Feoffee ought to do it in convenient time, for that the stranger is not privy to the condition, and he ought to have the profits presently.  
A condition that is to create an estate, is to be performed, by construction of Law, as near the condition as may be, and according to the intent of the condition, albeit the letter etc. cannot be performed. But otherwise it is of a condition that destroyeth an estate, for that is to be taken strictly, unless it be in certain special Cases, etc. As if a man mortgage his land to W. upon condition, that if the Mortgagor and I.S. pay 20 s. at such a day to the Mortgagee, that then he shall re-enter, the Mortgagor dyeth before the day I.S. pay the money to the Mortgagee, this is a good performance of the condition. But if a man make a lease to two for years, with a proviso, if the lessees die during the term, the lessor shall re-enter, one lessee alien his part and die, the lessor cannot re-enter, but the Assignee shall enjoy the term so long as the survivor liveth, because the lease by the proviso is not to cease till both be dead, 30 H. 8. Condition. Br. 190. 33 H. 8. joint-tenants. Br. 62.  
Note a diversity, when the feoffee dyeth, for then the condition is broken; and when the feoffor dyeth, for then the estate is to be made as near the intent of the condition as may be, 2 H. 4. 5. fo. 219. b.  
Note, That after the decease of the husband, the state is not to be made to the wife, and the heirs of her body by her late husband engendered, and so to have an estate of Inheritance, as she should have had by survivor, if the estate had been made according to the condition, but only an estate for life without impeachment of Waste etc.  
Sans impeachment per action de Waste, extends but to the action, etc. Lib. 11. fo. 83. l. 9 f. 9 l. 2. 23.   

Sect. 353, 354.  
Note, That the feoffee hath time during his life to make the estate, unless he be reasonably required by them that are to take the estate. This is to be intended of parties or privies, and not of mere strangers, for there the state must be made in convenient time, fo. 220. a.  
Si feoffment soit fait sur condition que le feoffee re-enfeoffor plusors homes, a av. & tener a eux, & a lour heirs etc. & touts ceux que devient av. estate mor' devant afc' estate fait a eux, donque doit le feoffee fair estate all heir celuy que survesquist de eux, a aver & tener a luy, & les heires celuy que survesquist, 220. b.  
The reason wherefore the Habendum is thus limited etc. is, for that if it were made to the heirs of the heir, than some by possibility should be inheritable to the land, which should not have inherited if the estate had been made to the survivor and his heirs, and consequently the condition broken.   

Sect. 355, 356.  
Of Disabilities, some be by act of the party, and some by act in Law, and some by act in praesenti, and some in futuro.  
The feoffee is disabled when he cannot convey the land over according to the condition in the same plight, quality and freedom, as the land was conveyed to him, 13 H. 7. 23. b. 32 E. 2. Bar 264. 21 Ass. 28. 38 Ass. pl. 7.   

Sect. 357.  
Si le Feoffee sur condition d'enfeoffer un altar, etc. fait lease pur ans a commencer all jour a vener; this is a present disability and cause of entry, for that the land is not in that freedom, etc. as it was conveyed to the Feoffee, and after the State made over according to the condition the land shall be charged therewith. l. 2. f. 59, 60. Julius Winningtons' case.  
Plight signifieth not only the estate, but the habit and quality of the land, and extendeth to rend charges, and to a possibility of Dower. Vide S. 289. fo. 221. b.  
If the feoffee were married at the time of the feoffment, than the dower can be no disability, because the land shall remain, etc. as it was at the time of the feoffment made unto him.  
The Feoffee being disabled at any time, though the same continue not, yet the Feoffor may re-enter.  
And note a diversity between a disability for a time on the part of the Feoffee; and on the part of the Feoffor. For if a man make a Feoffment in fee upon condition, that the Feoffee before such a day shall reinfeoff the Feoffor, the Feoffee taketh wife, and the wife dieth before the day, yet may the Feoffor re-enter for that, maintenant by the disability of the Feoffee the condition is broken: But so it is not by the disability of the Feoffor, or his heirs, for if they perform the condition within the time it is sufficient. 21 E. 4. 55. Trin. 18 El. in C. Ban. Sir Th. Wiat's case.   

Sect. 358.  
If the Feoffee be disseised, and after bind himself in Statute Staple, etc. or take wife, this is no disability in him, for that during the disseisin, the land is not charged therewith, etc. Fo. 222. a. Note, there are other disabilities implied. 18 Ass. pl. ultimo. 19 E. 3. 39 Lib. 2. fo. 80. b. Snr. Cromwel's case.  
If a man grant an advowson upon condition that the grantee shall regrant the same to the grantor in tail. In this case if the Church become void before any regrant, or before any request made by the grantor, he may take advantage of the condition, because the Advowson is not in the same plight, etc. P. 14. El. in Com. ban.  
If the Feoffee suffer a recovery by default upon a feigned title, before execution sued the Feoffer may reenter for this disability. 44 E. 3. 9   

Sect. 359, 360.  
If an agreement be made between two, that the one shall infeoff the other upon condition in surety of the payment of certain money, and after the livery is made to him, and his heirs generally, the State is holden by some to be upon condition, in as much as the intent of the parties was not changed at any time, but continued at the time of the livery. 34 Ass. pl. 1. 13 E. 3. Estopp. 177.  
Vn Feoffment sur condition que le Feoffee ne alienam a nulluy, cest condition est void. So it is of a devise, grant, release, confirmation, etc. whereby a fee simple doth pass. 33 Ass. 11. Doct. & St. 39 124. 13 H. 7. 23. 21 H. 6. 34. a. 8 H. 7. 10. b. Arg. ex absurdo. Vide S. 7 22. fo. 213. a. Vide, etc.  
Iniquum est ingenuis hominibus non esse liberam rerum suarum alienationem; & rerum suarum quilibet est moderator, & Arbiter. & Reg. Non valet pactum de re mea non alienanda. But these are to be understood of conditions annexed to the grant or sale itself, in respect of the repugnancy, and not to any other collateral thing.  
Some have said that a man may grant a rend charge newly created out of Lands to a man and his heirs upon condition, that he shall not alien that, that is good, because the rent is of his own creation, but it is against the reason of Littleton, etc.  
Before the Statute of Quia empt. ter. the Lord might have restrained the alienation of his Tenant by condition, because the Lord had a possibility of Reverter; and so it is in the King's case at this day, because he may reserve a tenure to himself. 14 H. 4. 13 H. 7. 23. 21 H. 7. 8. l. 5. 56. Knight's case.  
If A. be seized of bl. acre in fee, and B, infeoff him of wh. acre upon condition, that A. shall not alien B. acre, the condition is good; for it is annexed to other land, and ouster not the Feoffee of his power to alien the land whereof the Feoffement was made, and so no repugnancy, etc. And so it is of gifts, or sales of Chattels reals, or personals.   

Sect. 361.  
If a Feoffment in fee be made upon condition, that the Feoffee shall not infeoff F.S. or any of his heirs or issues, etc. this is good. Pl. Com. 77. a. 8 H. 7. 10. b. 21 E. 4. 47. a.  
If the feoffee in this case infeoff I. N. of intent that he shall infeoff I.S. this is a breach of the condition; for, quando aliquid prohibetur fieri ex directo, prohibetur & per obliquum. Fo. 223. b. 10 H. 7. 11. D. & St. 124. 13 H. 7. 23. In ancient Deeds, etc. there was commonly a clause, Quod licitum sit donatori● rem datam dare vel vendere cui voluerit, except. viris Religiosis et Judais, Brac. l. 1. fo. 13. a.   

Sect. 362.  
A double Neg. in legal construction, shall not hinder the Neg. 33 Ass. 11. 21 H. 7. 11. Vide S. 220.  
If a man make a Lease for years, or for life upon condition that they shall not grant over their estate, or let the Land to others, this is good, and yet the grant or Lease should be lawful. 21 H. 6. 33. 31 H. 8. Dy. 45. 27 H. 8. 17, 19  
Quilibet potest renunciare juri pro se introducto. Dy. 33 H. 8. fo. 48, 49. lib. 6. 40, 41. Sir Ant. Mildmayes case.  
Note, that to estate tail, etc. there be divers incidents. 1. To be dispunished of waste. 2. That the wife of the donee in tail shall be endowed. 3. The Husband, etc. shall be Tenant by the Courtesy. 4. That, Tenant in tail may suffer a common recovery: and therefore if a man make a gift in tail upon condition to restrein him of any of these incidents, the condition is repugnant and void in Law. 22 E. 3: 19 17 El. 343. Dy. And note, that a collateral warranty or a lineal with Assets in respect of the recompense, is not restrained by the Statute of Donis Conned. no more is the Common recovery in respect of the intended recompense. 13 H. 7. 24. b.  
If a man make a feoffment to a Baron and feme in fee, upon condition that they shall not alien, to some intent this is good, and to some intent it is void: for to restrain an alienation by Feoffment, or alienation by Deed, it is good, because such an alienation is tortuous and voidable: but to restrein their alienation by fine is repugnant and void, because it is lawful and unavoidable: Whatsoever is prohibited by the intent of any Act of Parliament, may be prohibited by condition.   

Sect. 363.  
A man makes a gift in tail to A. the remainder to him, and to his heirs upon condition that he shall not alien: some are of opinion, that this is a good condition, and shall defeat the alienation for the estate tail only, and leave the fee simple in the alienee; for that, the condition in Law extends only to the estate tail. 11 H. 7. 6. etc. fo. 224. a.  
But a gift in tail may be made upon condition that tenant in tail, etc. may alien for the profit of his Issues.   

Sect. 364. * Nota.  
Home poit donor terres en taile sur condition que si le tennant en le taile ou ses heires alienont en fee, ou en taile ou pur terme daut. vie, etc. & auxy que si touts issues veignants del Tenant in tail soient morts sans issue; que donques bien lirroit all donor & a says heirs d' enter, etc. & partiel voy le droit del tail poit eren solve apres discontent in all issue en le tail, si ass ' y soit, issint que per voy dentre del donor, ou de ses heirs, le taile ne serra my defeat per tiel condition. Littleton to make the condition good, addeth an alienation which amounted to a wrong, and he restraineth not the alienation only, but added, and die without issue, to the end that the right of the estate in tail might be preserved, and not defeated by the condition, but might be recovered again by the issue in tail in a Formedon. Si plures conditiones ascriptae fuerunt donationi conjunctim omnibus ē parendum, & ad veritatem copulative requiritur quod utraque pars sit vera. Brac. l. 2. fo. 19 Pl. 76. Wimbesh case, and 107. Fulmerstons' case. But, si divisim, cuilibet, vel alteri eorum satis ē obtemperare & in disjunct. sufficit alteram partem esse veram.  
If a man make a Lease to the husband and wife for 21. years, if the husband and wife, or any child between them so long shall live, and then the wife die without issue, the Lease shall continue, for the disjunctive referreth to the whole. Pl. 30 El. Com. ban. Baldwin and Cock, Trupennies case; and so it is if any use be limited to certain persons, until A. shall come from beyond Sea, and attain unto his full age, or die; if he doth beyond Sea come from, or attain to his full age, the use doth cease. H. 35 El. Trans per sur. Mordant. ban. R.   

Sect. 365.  
Il en common erudit. que home per plee ne defeatera asc' estate de franktenement per force dasc' tiel condition. Sin que il mer●●● le propo●e de condition en escript, etc. Si non en special cases, etc. Mes de chattels reals, sicome de Lease pur ans, auterment est; & issint en de dones & grants, the chattels personals, and contracts personals, etc.  
Be the action real, personal, or mixed, if a condition be to defeat a freehold, it is Reg. true, that a Deed must be showed forth in Court. Because every Deed ought to approve itself, that it be sufficient in Law, and that the Court shall adjudge: and secondly be proved by others, and this concerns matters of Fact, as sealing and delivery, and belongs to the jurors. 9 E. 4. 25, 26. 14 H. 8. 22. b. 28 Ass. pl. 1. l. 10. fo. 92. Dr Layfields case. 11 H. 7. 22. b.  
Upon a gift in tail, or a Lease for life a rent may be reserved without deed, but a condition with reentry cannot be reserved without deed in this case. 45 E. 3. 21. a.  
By the Statute of 3 and 4 E. 6. ca 4. and 13 El. ca 6. the exemplification or constat under the great Seal of the inrolment of any Letters Patents made since the 4 of Feb. 27 H. 8. or after to be made, shall be sufficient to be pleaded and showed forth in Court as well against the King, as any other person by the Patentees themselves, etc. Dyer 1 El. 167. 12 H. 7. 12. b.  
A constat Inspeximus, etc. aught to be had only of the inrolment of Record, and no deed, etc. can be enrolled, unless it be duly and lawfully acknowledged. Lib. 8. fo. 8. The Prince's case. l. 5. fo. 52, 53. Page's case.  
If Guardian in Chivalry in right of the heir enter for a condition broken, he shall plead the state upon condition without showing of any Deed, because his interest is created by the Law; and so it is of a Tenant by State Merch. etc. and of Tenant in Dower, etc. 20 H. 7. 5. 35 H. 6. Manors des faits 11. b.  
But the Lord by escheat albeit his estate be created by law shall not plead condition to defeat a freehold without showing of it, because the Deed doth belong unto him. A Tenant by the Courtesy shall not plead a condition made by his wife, etc. without showing the Deed.  
But lessees for years, and all others that claim by any conveyance from the party, of justify as servant by commandment, etc. must show the Deed, 14 H. 8. 8. Pl. 149.  
R. brought an ejection firm against E. of the Manor of D. which he had for years of the demise of C. etc. E. maintained his entry, etc. and shown no deed, and the plea was good, because the thing was executed, Vide le case fo. 226. a. 44 E. 3. 22. Nota the defendant being issue in tail was remitted to the estate tail.  
If land be mortgaged upon condition, and the morgagee letteth the lands for years, reserving a rent, the condition is performed, the morgagor reenters, in an act of debt brought for the rent, the lessee shall plead the condition, and reentry without showing forth the Deed. 45 E. 3. 68 Finch. 10 H. 4. 9 b.  
If a woman give land to a man and his heirs by deed, or without generally, she may in pleading aver the same to be causa matrim. prolocuti, albeit she hath nothing in writing to prove the same. 9 E. 4. 25, 26. 14 H. 8. 22. b. 11 H. 7. 22. b. F.N.B. 205. b.   

Sect. 366.  
Item Comt. que home ne poit en asc' act' pleaded un condition que concerne le franktenement, sans manurer escript de ceo; encore poit home estre aid sur tiel condition per verdict de 12. homes prize alarge en Ass. de no. diss. etc. Vide S. etc.  
Judicium, est quasi juris dictum. l. 8. fo. 155. l. 9 f. 13. l. 11. f. 10. Ex facto jus oritur. fo. 266. Vide etc.  
Omnis conclusio boni & veri judicii sequitur ex bonis & veris promise. & dictis Jurator. Trin. 33 E. 1. in Thesaur. utile per inutile non vitiatur. M. 28 El. & 29. Gomershall account in Ban. R. 32 E. 3. Cessavit 25. 5. 484, 485.  
If the matter and substance of the issue be found, it is sufficient. S. 58. 35 Ass. 8. 1 H. 4. 6. b. 27 H. 8. 22. b. Pl. 515. l. 4. f. 53. Raulins case, and Pledols' case. H. 31. El. Sutton, etc. Come ban.  
Estopper which bind the interest of the Land, as the taking of a lease of a man's own land by deed indenture etc. being specially found by the Jury, the Court ought to judge according to the special matter; for albeit estopper Reg. must be pleaded and relied upon by an apt conclusion, and the Jury is sworn ad verit. dicendam, yet when they find veritatem facti, they pursue well their oath, and the Court ought to judge according to law. So may the Jury find a warranty being given in evidence, though it be not pleaded, because it bindeth the right, unless it be in a writ of right, when the Mesc. is joined upon the Mere right. 34 E. 3. Droit 29.  
After the verdict recorded, the Jury cannot vary from it, Pl. Fremans' case. 11 H. 4. 2. 20 Ass. 12. 5 H. 7. 22.  
An issue found by verdict shall always be intended true until it be reversed by attaint, and thereupon, etc. no Supersedeas is grantable by Law.  
If the Jury after evidence at Bar, etc. do at their own charges eat or drink either before or after they be agreed on their verdict, it is finable, but it shall not avoid the verdict. P. 24 H. 8. Just. Spilman Ban. R. 29 H. 8. 37. Dier P. 6 E. 6. Com. Ban. 11 H. 4. 16, 17. 24 E. 3. 75.  
The King cannot be Nonsuit, for he is ever present in Court in judgement of Law. 21 E. 3. 18.  
The condition is executed by reentry, and yet the Lessor after his reentry, shall not plead the condition without showing the deed, because he was party and privy to the condition, for the parties must show forth the Deed, unless it be by the act and wrong of the party; but an estranger which is not privy to the condition, nor claimeth under the same, shall not after the condition is executed in pleading, be forced to show forth the Deed. Pl. 92. 9 H. 7. 3. Lib. 9 12, 13. Downams' case. 31 Ass. p. 21. 10 H. 4. 9  
Note, that a special verdict or at large, may be given in any action, and upon any issue, be the issue general or special. 8 E. 4. 29. 11 Eliz. Dyer 283, 284.  
Discretio ē discernere per legem quid sit justum. Si à jure discedas, vagus eris, & erunt omnia omnibus incerta. l. 10. fo. 4. case the Sewers.   

Sect. 367.  
A verdict is twofold. 1. A verdict at large, or a special verdict, because it findeth the special matter, etc. Or leaves it to the judgement of the Court. 2. A general verdict, that is generally found according to the issue, as if the issue be not guilty, to find the party guilty, or not guilty generally, etc. There is also a verdict given in open Court, and a privy verdict given out of Court before any of the Judges of the Court.  
To find the special matter is the safest way for the Jury where the case is doubtful.   

Sect. 369.  
Lease pur vie rendt. rend & reentry sur condition, etc. & ceo est sans fait; lessor enter pur non payment, etc. lessee enter sur le lessor et luy disseist, etc. en cen case le disseisee navera Ass. et enc' si le lessee soit pl'. et le lessor defendant, i'll bar. se lessee par verdict de Ass. etc. Mes en ceo case lou lessee est defendant sil ne voile plead le lease pur vie, etc. en bar. mes plead nultort nul diss. donques le lessor recovera per Assize, 4 El. Dyer 207. 8 El. Dyer 246. A lease for life, the reversion to the Plaintiff was a good bar in Assize, and also that a lease for years, the reversion to the Plaintiff might be pleaded in an Assize; and so of a Feoffment with Warranty.  
And note a diversity, viz. of a lease for life, the Tenant shall plead it in bar. But in case of a lease for years, or of an estate of Tenant by Statute or Elegit, the Defendant shall not plead in bar, as to say, Ass. non, etc. but justify by force of the lease, etc. and conclude, & issint sans tort. And if the Tenant of the Freehold be not named, he shall plead Nul tenant de franktenement nosme en le breve; and in the case of the Feoffment with Warranty, he must rely upon the Warranty, 18 E. 4. 10. 12 Ass. 38.   

Sect. 370.  
Si Indenture soit bipartite, ou tripartite etc. touts les parts del endent' ne sont que un fait en ley, & chesc' part deal endent' est auxi de grand force & effect, sicome touts les parts ensemble, l. 5. fol. 20. Styles Case. An Indenture may be without words, but not by words without indenting. A Deed poll, because it is cut even, polled, etc.  
Note, That if the Feoffor, Donor or Lessor, seal the part of the Indenture belonging to the Feoffee, etc. the Indenture is good, albeit the feoffee never sealeth the Counterpart belonging to the feoffor, fo. 229. a. 9 E. 4. 18. Pl. 134.   

Sect. 371, 372.  
A communi observantia non est recedendum, & minimè mutanda sunt quae cert' habuerunt interpretationem; Magister rerum usus, 17 El. Dyer 342. 12 H. 4. 12. 30 Ass. 31.  
It is provided by the Statute of 38 E. 3. cap. 4. That all penal bonds in the third person be void; wherein some of our books seem to differ etc. But the Statute was principally intended of the Courts of Rome; in which Courts bonds were taken in the third person: So as such bonds made out of the Realm are void, but other bonds in the third person are Resolved to be good as well as Indentures in the third person, 40 E. 3. 1. 2 H 4. 10. 8 E. 4. 5.  
Brevis via per exempla, longa per praecepta. It is a safe thing to follow approved Precedents; for, Nihil simul inventum est, & perfectum.   

Sect. 273. Fol. 230. b.  
Si en l'endenture fait en le 3. person, ou en le 1. person mention foit fait que le grantor avoit mice solement son seal & nemy le grantee, donques est l'endent' tantsolement le fait le grantor. Mes lou mention est fait que le grantee ad mice son seal etc. donques il est le fait d'ambideux &c.  
The feoffee is no way made party to make it, being made in the first person, but only by the clause of putting his Seal thereunto. Vide Lib. etc.   

Sect. 374.  
If A. by Deed indented between him and B. let lands to B. for life, the remainder to C. in fee, reserving a rent; Tenant for life dyeth, he in remainder entereth into the lands, he shall be bound to pay the rent, because he agreeth to have the lands by force of the Indenture, 50 E. 22. 3 H. 6. 26. b. fo. 231. a.  
An Indenture of lease is engrossed between A. of the one part, and D. and R. of the other part, which purport a demise for years by A. to D. and R. A. sealeth and delivereth the Indenture to D. and D. seal the Counterpane to A. but R. did not seal and deliver it. And by the same Indenture it is mentioned, that D. and R. did grant to be bound to the Plaintiff in 20 l. in case that certain conditions comprised in the Indenture were not performed. And for this 20 l. A. brought an action against D. only, and sued forth the Indenture.  
The Defendant pleaded, That it is proved by the Indenture, that the demise by Indenture was made to D. and R. which R. is in full life, and not named in the Writ, Judgement of the Writ. The Plaintiff replied, That R. did never seal and deliver the Indenture, and so his Writ was good against D. sole. And there the Counsel of the Plaintiff took a diversity between a rent reserved, which is parcel of the lease, and the land charged therewith, and a sum in gross, as here the 20 l. is; for as to the rent, they agreed, That by the agreement of R. to the lease, he was bound to pay it, but for the 20 l. that is a sum in gross, and collateral to the lease, and not annexed to the land, and groweth due only by the Deed, and therefore R. said he was not chargeable therewith, for that he had not sealed and delivered the Deed. But in as much as he had agreed to the lease which was made by Indenture for the same sum in gross, and for that R. was not named in the Writ, it was adjudged that the Writ did abate, 38 E. 3. 8. a. vide 44 E. 3. 11, 12.  
Qui sentit commodum, sentire debet & onus: & transit terra cum enere.   

Sect. 375.  
Le feoffer poit pledere condition en fait Poll; pur ceó que il est privy all fait &c.  
Felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas.  
Et ratio melior semper praevalet.  Fol. 231. b. 
If the Deed remain in one Court, it may be pleaded in another Court without showing forth: Quia lex non cogit ad impossibilia. 40 Ass. 34. l. 5. 75. b. Wymarks. 12 H. 4. 8. F. N. B. 243.   

Sect. 376.  
When divers do a Trespass, the same is joint or several, at the will of him to whom the wrong is done; yet if he release to one of them, all are discharged, because his own Deed shall be taken most strong against himself; but other wise it is in case of Appeal of Death, etc. As if two women be jointly and severally bound in an Obligation, if the Obligee release to one of them, both are discharged; and seeing the Trespassers are parties and privies in wrong, the one shall not plead a Release to the other, without showing of it forth, albeit the Deed appertain to the other, 27 E. 3. 83. 13 E. 4. 2. 15 E. 4. 26. 21 E. 4. 72. 22 E. 4. 7. 13 H. 8. 10. 34 H. 8. estrange all fait 21.   

Sect. 377.  
Semper quaere de dubiis, quia per rationes pervenitur ad legitimam rationem, etc. Ratio, est radius divini luminis.  
If a man hath an Obligation, though he cannot grant the thing in action, yet he may give or grant the Deed, viz. the Parchment and Wax to another, who may cancel, and use the same at his pleasure.  
Omnia praesumuntur legitimè facta, donec probetur in contrarium. Injuria non praesumitur, fo. 232. b.  
There be three kinds of unhappy men: 

1. Qui scit, & non docet. Infelix cujus nulli sapientia prodest.  
2. Qui docet, & non vivit. Infelix qui recta docet cum vivit inique.  
3. Qui nescit, & non interrogat. 

Infelix qui pauca sapit spernitque doceri.  
Inter cuncta leges, & percunctabere doctos.       

Sect. 378.  
Estates que homes ont sur condition en ley, sont tiels estates que ont un condition per la ley a eux annex, comment que ne sont specifie en escript: sicome home grant person fait a un auter le office del Parkership pur term de son vie, le estate que il ad en le office sur condition en ley sc. que le Parker bien & loialment guardian le Park, etc. (issint est de offic' de Seneschalship etc.) auterment bien lirroit all grantor & a says heirs de luy ouste etc. Quia in eo quo quis delinquit, in eo de jure est puniendus, 15 E. 4. 3. l. 5 E. 4. 26. 28 H. 8. Bendloes etc. Lib. 6. fo. 50. 95. 96, 99 Mich. 33 E. 1. Coram Rege in Thesaur' levesque de durham's Case.  
Forresta est tuta ferar'mansio non quarumlibet, sed silvestrium, non quibuslibet in locis, sed certis & ad hoc ideonis, unde Foresta E. mutata in O. quasi feresta, hoc est, ferarum statio. Ockam. vide Bract. fo. 231. & 316.  
Non-user of itself without some special damage, is no forfeiture of private Offices; but Non-user of public Officers which concern the administration of Justice, or the Commonwealth, is of itself a cause of forfeiture, Pl. 379, 380. 2 H. 7. 11. 30 H. 6. 32 etc.  
There is a diversity between Officers that have no other profit, but a collateral certain fee, for there the grantor may discharge him of his service; as to be a Bailie, Receiver, Surveyor, Auditor, etc. the exercise whereof is but labour and charge to him, but he must have his Fee: for the main Rule of Law is, That no man can frustrate or derogate from his own grant to the prejudice of the grantee, 18 E. 4. 8. 31 H. 8. Grants Br. 134. 34 H. 8. ibid. 93. 11 El. Dyer 285.  
But in all cases where the Officer relinquisheth his Office, and refuseth to attend, he loseth his office, fee, profit, and all.  
There is another diversity, where the grantee, besides his certain fee, hath profits and avails by reason of his Office, as the Office of Stewardship of Courts, there the grantor cannot discharge him of his service or attendance, for that should be to the prejudice of the grantee, 22 H. 6. 10. 3. 6 E. 6. Dyer 72.  
Conditions in Law be of two natures, i.e. by the Common Law, and by Statute; and those by the Common Law are of two natures, i.e. the one is founded upon skill and confidence, as here the Office of Parkership; the other without skill or confidence; whereof some by the Common Law, and some by the Statute. By the Common Law, as to every estate of Tenant by the Courtesy, Tenant in Tail after possibility, etc. Tenant in Dower, Tenant for life, for years, Tenant by Statute Merchant, or Staple, by Elegit, Guardian, etc. there is a condition in Law secretly annexed to their estates, that if they alien in fee, etc. that he in the reversion or remainder may enter, etc. or if they claim a greater estate in Court of Record, etc. Pl. Com. 373. a. Sir H. Nevil's case. 21 E. 4. 20. 93. l. 8. f. 44. Wittinghams' case, concerning condition in law founded upon Statutes, for some of them an entry is given, and for some other a recovery by action: where an entry is given as upon an Alienation in Mortmain, etc. and the like where an action is given, as for Waste against Tenant for life and years, etc.  
As for Example, admit that an office of Parkership be granted or descend to an Infant or feme Covert; if the conditions in law annexed to this office which require skill and confidence be not observed and fulfilled, the office is lost for ever, because it is as strong as an express condition. But if a lease for life be made to a feme covert, or an Infant, and they by Charter of Feoffment alien in fee, the breach of this condition in Law, that is, without skill, etc. is no absolute forfeiture of their estate. So of a condition in Law given by Statute, which giveth an entry only. As if an Infant or feme Covert with husband, aliens by Charter of Feoffment in Mortmain, this is no bar to the Infant or feme Covert. But if a recovery be had against an Infant or feme Covert in an action of Waste, there they are bound and barred for ever.  
And note, that a condition in Law by force of a Statute, which giveth a recovery, is in some case stronger than a condition in Law without a recovery: for if lessee for life make a lease for years, and after enter into the land and make Waste, and the lessor recover in an action of Waste, he shall avoid the lease made before the waste done, (because of necessity the action of Waste must be brought against the lessee for life, which in that case must bind the lessee for years, or else by the act of the lessee for life, the lessor should be barred to recover locum vastatum, which the Statute giveth.) But if the lessee for life make a lease for years, and after enter upon him, and make a Feoffment in fee, this forfeiture shall not avoid the lease for years.  
Reg. A man that taketh advantage of a condition in Law, shall take the land with such charge as he finds it.  
And a condition in Law, is as strong as a condition in Deed as to avoid the estate, or interest itself, but not precedent charges to avoid, but in some particular cases. Vtique fortior & potentior est dispositio legis quam hominis. Vide S. 419, 429, 430. fo. 234. a.  
For Offices in any wise touching the Administration or execution of Justice, or Clerkship in any Court of Record, or concerning the King's Treasure, Revenue, Account, Customs, Alnage, Auditorship, King's Surveyor, or keeping of any of his Majesty's Castles, Forts, etc. Conditions in Law are annexed, etc. 3 H. 7. c. 11. 7 E. 6. c. 1. 5 E. 6. c. 16.  
And note, that all Promises, Bonds and Assurances (for such Offices &c.) as well on the part of the bargain or, as of the bargainee, are void, etc. Nulla alia re magis Rom. Respub. interiit, quam quod Magistratus officia venalia erant. M. 13 Ja. R. lib. 3. f. 83. Colshils' case. Aerod. fo. 343.  
Jugurtha going from Rome, said to the City, Vale venalis Civitas, mox peritura si emptorem invenias. Sallust. 12 R. 2. cap. 2.   

Sect. 379.  
The Oath of a Beadle (or under-Bayliff) of a Manor, is, That he shall duly and truly execute all such Attachments and other Process as shall be directed to him from the Lord or Steward of his Court, and that he shall present all Pound-breaches, which shall happen within his Office, and all Chattels waved, and Estrays.   

Sect. 380.  
Si lease soit fait all Bar. & feme, a aver & tenant a eux durant le coverture enter eux, en cen case ils ont estate pur term de lour 2. vies, sur condition en ley, sc. si un de eux defy, ou que devorce soit fait enter eux, donques bien lirroit a lessor & a●ses heirs dentr. etc.  
Durante, dummodo, dum, quamdiu, donec, quousque, usque, ad, Tam, Diu, ubicunque, are words of limitation, 37 H. 6. 27. 10 Ass. 4. 11 Ass. p. 8. 7 E. 4. 16. 9 E. 4. 25, 26. 14 H. 8. 13.  
Divorces, à vinculo Matrimonii are these, causa praecontracti, causa metus, impotentiae seu frigiditatis, Assinitatis, consanguinitatis, etc. Divorce, à mensa & Thoro, dissolveth not the marriage à vinculo Matrimonii, for it is subsequent to the marriage, as causa Adulterii, 18 E. 4. 28. 24 H. 8. 8. Bastards. 11 H. 4. 14. 76. Vide S. 399. 32 H. 8. c. 38.  
A man married the daughter of the sister of his first wife, and it was declared by Act of Parliament to be good. Tr. 2. Ja. Rot. 1032. Ri. Parson's case, fo. 235. b.   

Sect. 381.  
Logic teacheth a man not only by just argument to conclude the matter in question, but to discern between truth and falsehood, and to use a good method in his study, and probably to speak to any legal question.  
Arg. à divisione. Pl. Com. 561. b. Vide S. 345.   

Sect. 383.  
Note a diversity, viz. when a man deviseth that his executor shall sell the land, there the lands descend in the mean time to the heir, and until the sale be made, the heir may enter to take the profits. But when the land is devised to his Executors to be sold, there the devise taketh away the descent, and vesteth the state of the Land in the Executor, and he may enter and take the profits, and make sale according to the devise, and the mean profits taken before the sale, shall not be Assets, so as he may be compellable to pay debts with the same, and therefore he must sell the lands assoon as he can, for otherwise he shall take advantage of his own Laches.  
A man seized of certain lands holden in Socage, had issue two daughters A. and B. and devised all his lands to A. and her heirs, to pay unto B. a certain sum of money at a certain day and place, the money was not paid, and it was adjudged that those words, To pay etc. did amount in a Will to a Condition, because the land was devised to A. for that purpose; otherwise B. should be remediless. Et interest Reipublicae suprema hominum testamenta rata haberi: and the lessee of B. upon an actual ejectment recovered the moiety of the land against A, M. 31. and 32 El. Ban. R. Crickmers' case, Dyer 6 E. 6. fo. 74. 7 E. 6. 70. Judicium pro veritate accipitur, Fo. 236. b.   

Sect. 384.  
Defaire, i.e. to defeat or undo, infectum reddere quod factum est. There is a diversity between inheritances executed, and inheritances executory, as lands executed by livery etc. cannot by Indenture of defeasance be defeated afterwards; and so if a disseisee release a disseisor, it cannot be defeated afterwards, etc. but at the time of the release etc. the same may be defeated etc. for, Quae incontinenti fiunt inesse videntur, Bract. l. 2. f. 16. 17 Ass. p. 2. 30 Ass. p. 1. 11. But rents, annuities, conditions, warranty, etc. that be inheritances executory, may be defeated by defeasances made either at that time, or at any time after, and so the Law is of Statute, Recognizance, Obligation, and other things executory, 20 Ass. p. 7. 7 E. 4. 29. Brown and Bestons' case, Pl. 131. 28 H. 8. Dy. 6. 27 H. 8. 15.  
If a man seized of lands in fee, and having issue divers sons, by Deed indented covenanteth in consideration of fatherly love etc. to stand seized of three acres of land, to the use of himself for life, and after to the use of Thomas his eldest Son in Tail; and for default of such issue to the use of his second Son in Tail, with divers like remainders over; with a Proviso, that it shall be lawful for the Covenantor at any time during his life, to revoke any of the said uses etc. This Proviso being coupled with an Use, is allowed to be good: but in case of a Feoffment, or any other Conveyance, whereby the feoffee or grantee etc. is in by the Common Law, such a Proviso were merely repugnant and void, 27 H. 8. cap. 10. And first in the case aforesaid if the Covenantor who had an estate for life, do revoke the uses according to his power, he is seized again in fee simple without entry or claim. 2. He may revoke part at one time, and part at another. 3. If he make a Feoffment in fee, or levy a Fine etc. of any part, this doth extinguish his power but for that part, whereas in that case the whole condition is extinct; but if it be made of the whole, all the power is extinguished. So as to some purposes, it is of the nature of a condition, and to other purposes in nature of a limitation. Lib. 1. fo. 173, 174. Digges case. l. 1. f. 107. Albainers' case. l 10. f. 143. Screops case. Lib. 7. fo. 12, 13. Sir Francis Englefields case. 4. If he that hath such a power of revocation hath no present interest in the land, nor by the Leasor of the estate shall have nothing, than his Feoffment or Fine, etc. of the Land is no extinguishment of his power, because it is mere collateral to the Land. 5. By the same conveyances, that the old uses be revoked, may new be created and limited where the former cease ipso facto by the revocation, without either entry or claim. 6. That these revocations are favourably interpreted, because many men's inheritances depend upon the same.  Ex paucis dictis intendere plurima possis.   

CAP. VI Descent que tollent entries.  

Sect. 385.  
DEscendere, i.e. ex loco superiore in inferiorem movere. Brit. fo. 115 215. Vide S. 5.  
The Civilians call him, haeredem qui ex testamento succedit in universum jus testatoris. But by the Common Law he is only heir which succeedeth by right of blood. Haeres dicitur ab haerendo, quia, qui haeres en, haeret, hoc est, proximus est sanguine illi cujus est haeres. So as he that is hares, sanguinis est haeres & he●us haereditatis. Nota, in ancient time, if the disseisor had been in long possession, the disseisee could not have entered upon him, Brit. Fo. 115. Likewise the disseisee could not have entered upon the Feoffee of the disseisor if he had continued a year and a day in quiet possession. But the law is changed in both these cases, only the dying seized being an act in Law, doth hold at this day. 1 Ass. 13. 9 Ass. 15. Lamb. explic. fo. 120. 70. Porro autem quam maritus sine lite & controversia sedem incoluerit, eam conjux & proles sine controversia possidento, siqua in illum lis fuerit illata viventem, eam haeredes ad se (perinde atque is vivus) accipiunto.  
And one of the reasons of this ancient Law may be, that the heir cannot suddenly by intendment of Law, know the true state of his title. Vide lib. foe 237. b.  
To a descent that taketh away an entry, a dying seized is necessary, but a man to other purposes may have lands by descent, though his Ancestor died not seized. 11 H. 7. 12. 40 E. 3. 24.  
Descents of inheritance incorporeal which lies in grant, as Advowsons', Rents, Commons in gross, etc. do not put him that right hath to an action; otherwise it is of houses and lands. 6 H. 4 4. 15 E. 4. 14. F.N.B. 143. 9 7. H. 4. 12. 5. 2. Ass. p. 9  
A recovery is had against Tenant for life, where the remainder is over in fee, Tenant for life dieth, he in remainder enters before execution and dieth seized, the entry of the recoveror is lawful, because he is privy in estate, otherwise it is if the descent had been after execution. 3 E. 4. 6. 12 E. 4. 19 3 H. 7. 3. 6 E. 4. 11. 7 H. 7. 15. 5 H. 7. 31. 10 H. 7. 5. b. 5 H. 7. 2.  
A. recovereth an Advowson against B. in a Writ of Right, and hath judgement final, the incumbent dieth, B. by usurpation presents to the Church, and his clerk is admitted and instituted, B. dieth, A. is out of possession, and the heir of B. is not so bound by the judgement either in blood or estate, but that he shall present, 45 E. 3. qu. imp. 139. B. levies a fine to A. of an advowson to him and his heirs, after the Church becomes void. B. presents by usurpation, and his Clerk is admitted and instituted this shall put A. the Conusee out of possession. 8 E. 2. Qu. imp. 166. Albeit the usurpation were in both the said cases before execution, yet it put the rightful Patron out of possession. So note a diversity between a recovery of Land, and of an Advowson.  
Now by the Statute made since Littleton wrote, it is enacted that except the disseisor hath been in the peaceable possession of such Manors, Lands, etc. whereof he shall die seized by the space of five years next after such disseisin, etc. without entry or continual claim, etc. that there such dying seized, etc. shall not take away the entry etc. 17 H. 6. 1. Lestat. 32 H, 8. c. 33. Sect. 422, 426. Pl. 47. Wimbishes case. Fo. 231. a. vid. etc.  Ad ea que frequentius accidunt, jura adaptantur. 
The Feoffee of a disseisor is out of the said Statute, and remains as at the Common Law, M. 4. & 5 El. Dyer 219.  
But if a man make a lease for life, and the lessee for life is disseised, and the disseisor die seized, within 5 years the lessee for life may enter; but if he die before he doth enter, it is said that the entry of him in the reversion is not lawful, because his entry was not lawful at the time of the descent.   

Sect. 386.  
If a disseisor make a gift in Tail, and the donee discontinueth in fee, and disseise the discontinuee, and dyeth seized, this descent shall not take away the entry of the disseisee, for the descent of the fee simple is vanished and gone by the Remitter, and albeit the issue be in by force of the estate Tail, yet the donee died not seized of that estate, Fol. 238. b.  
If a disseisor make a gift in Tail, and the donee hath issue, and dyeth seized, now is the entry of the disseisee taken away; but if the issue die without issue, the entry of the disseisee is revived, and he may enter upon him in the reversion and remainder, 9 H. 7. 24.  
So if there be Grandfather, Father and Son, and the Son disseise one, and infeoff the Grandfather, who dyeth seized, etc. the entry is taken away; but if the Father dyeth seized, and the land descend to the Son, now is the entry of the disseisee revived, and he may enter upon the Son, who shall take no advantage of the descent, because he did wrong unto the disseisee, 13 H. 4. 8, 9 33 H. 6. 5. b. per Moyl. 34 H. 6. 11. a. per Cur. S. 393, 395. 13 E. 3. Br. Ent. cong. 127. vide & qu.  
If a disseisor make a lease to an Infant for life, and he is disseised, and a descent cast, the Infant enters, the entry of the disseisee is lawful upon him.  
Of Writs of Entry sur disseisin there be four kinds:  
The 1. is a Writ of Entry in the nature of an Assize, 19 H. 6. 56. 9 H. 5. 9  
2. A Writ of Entry sur disseisin in le per, Brit. fo. 264, etc. 〈◊〉 E. 3. 216.  
3. A Writ etc. en le per & cui, as where A. being the feoffee of D. the disseisor maketh a feoffment over to B. there the disseisee shall have a Writ of Entry sur disseisin of lands etc. in which B. had no entry but by A. to whom D. demised the same, who unjustly and without Judgement disseised the Demandant: These are called gradus, degrees, which are to be observed, or else the Writ is abateable; for sicut natura non facit saltum, ita nec lex, 22 E. 3. 1. b. F.N.B. 192.  
4. A Writ of Entry sur disseisin en le post, which lieth when after a disseisin the land is removed from hand to hand above the degrees, 14 H. 4. 40. vide etc.  
No estate gained by wrong doth make a degree, and therefore neither abatement, intrusion, or disseisin upon disseisin, doth make a degree. Neither doth every change by lawful Title work a degree; as if a Bishop or an Abbot etc. disseise one and die, where his successor is in by lawful Title, for though the person be altered, yet the Right remains where it was, viz. in the Church, and both of them seized in the same Right, etc. An faciunt gradum de Abbate in Abbatem sicut de haerede in haeredem? Et videtur quod non magis quam in computatione descensus, quia etsi alternetur persona, non propter hoc alternatur dignitas sed semper manet, Br. l. 4. f. 321.  
If a disseisor by Deed enrolled convey the land to the King, and the King by his Charter granteth it over, the disseisee cannot have a Writ of enter en le per & cui, but in le post, for the King's Charter is so high a matter of Record, as it maketh no degree, 22 E. 3. 7. F.N.B. 191. k.  
Also an estate of a Tenant by the Courtesy, or of the Lord by Escheat, or of an execution of an Use, by the Statute of 27 H. 8. or by Judgement or Recovery, or of any others that come in, in the post, work no degree, 5 E. 2. Entry 66. 7 E. 3. 360.  
But a Tenancy in Dower by assignment of the heir, doth work a degree, because she is in by her husband; but assignment of Dower by a disseisor worketh no degree, but is in the post, 36 H. 6. Dower 30.  
When the degrees are past, so as a Writ of Entry in le post doth lie, yet by event it may be brought within the degrees again; as if the disseisor infeoff A. who infeoffs B. who infeoffs C. or if the disseisor die seized, and the land descend to A. and from him to C. now are the degrees past; and yet if C. infeoff A. or B. now it is brought within the degrees again. 44 E. 3, 4, 5. 5 H. 7. 6.  
If the disseisor make * a lease for life, the remainder in * fee, Tenant for life dieth, he in the remainder is in the per, because he now claimeth immediately from the disseisor, and both these estates make but one degree, 50 E. 3. 27.  
Note, there be divers other Writs of Entry, besides this of entry sur disseisin, as a Writ of Entry ad Terme qui praeter' in casu proviso, in confirm' casu, ad come. legem, sine assensu capituli, dum fuit infra aetat' dum non fuit compos mentis, cui in vita, sur cui in vita, Intrusion, cessavit, etc. and that which hath been said of one may be applied to all.   

Sect. 387.  
If a disseisor make a lease to a man and his heirs, during the life of I. S. and the lessee dieth living I. S. this shall not take away the entry of the disseisee, because he that died seized, had but a Freehold only, and heirs were added to prevent an Occupant, for the heir in that case shall not have his age. Pl. 16 El. Com. Banco. Lamb's Case. Dyer 8 El. 253. 7 H. 4. 46. 8 H. 4. 15. 11 H. 4. 42. 17 E. 3. 48.  
But if the King's Tenant for life be disseised, and the disseisor die seized, this descent shall not take away the entry of the lessee for life, because the disseisor had but a bare estate of Freehold during the life of the lessee. *  
If the heir of the disseisor die before he enter, the entry of the disseisee is taken away; and yet in pleading, the second heir shall make himself heir to the disseisor, etc. 24 E. 3. 47. An infant is disseised, and after cometh to full age.   

Sect. 388, etc.  
En discents que tollent entry, il covient que celuy que mor' seisee ad fee & franktenement all temps de son morant, on fee tail & franktenement all temps, etc. fo. 239. b.  
Note, the law doth ever give great respect to the estate of Freehold, though it be but for term of life.  
A descent in the collateral line doth take away an entry, as well as in the lineal.   

Sect. 390.  
A dying seized, and a descent, and not a dying seized, and an Escheat, doth take away the entry: for the descent is the worthier Title. But if the disseisor die seized, and the heir of the disseisor die without heir, the disseisee cannot enter upon the Lord by Escheat. So as there is a diversity as touching the descent, when after a descent cast, the issue in tail dieth without issue, and when after a descent cast, the heir in feesimple dieth without heir, for he in the reversion, or remainder upon a state Tail, claimeth in above the state Tail; but the Lord by Escheat claimeth in under the heir in fee simple, 37 H. 6. 1. 9 H. 7. 24. b.   

Sect. 391, 392.  
Note, a diversity between a Right, for which the Law giveth a remedy by action, and a Title, for which the Law giveth no remedy by action, but by entry only. For example; The feoffor upon (* this case in) Condition, hath a Right to the land, * and therefore his entry may be taken away, because he may recover his right by action; but the Feoffor or Donor that hath but a condition, his Title of Entry cannot be taken away by any descent, because he hath no remedy by action to recover the land. And therefore if a descent should take away his entry, it should bar him for ever, 3. 3 Ass. 11. 24. 21. H. 6. 17.  
Also he that hath a Title to enter upon a Mortmain, shall not be barred by a descent, Br. Mortmain 6. 47 E. 3. 11.  
And so it is, where a woman hath a Title to enter, Causa matr. praelocuti, 40 Ass. 13.  
And so it is where the Freehold in Law is cast upon the Devisee, and the heir before any entry made by the Devisee, enter, and dyeth seized.  
And so it is of him that entereth for consent to a Ravishment, P. 32 El. Com. Ban. Martin Trot of London, 41 E. 3. 14. per Finchden. P. 1 Ja. Com. Ban.  
To this may be added, as a like case, the Kings Patentee, before he enter, etc.  
Another reason, wherefore a descent shall not take away the entry of him that hath a Title to enter by force of a Condition etc. is, for that the Condition remains in the same essence that it was in at the time of the creation of it, and cannot be devested, or put out of possession, as Lands and Tenements may.   

Sect. 393.  
8 E. 2. Enter 75. 24 E. 3. 40. 38 Ass. p. 26. 11 H. 4. 11. 7 H. 5. 3. 36 H. 6. Dower 30. fo. 241. a. le heir endow la feme de le disseisor etc.  
If there be Lord, Mesne and Tenant, the Mesne doth grant to the Tenant, to acquit him against the Lord and his heirs, the Lord dies, his wife hath the Seignory assigned to her for her Dower, and distraineth the Tenant; albeit the grant was to acquit him against the Lord and his heirs only, yet because she continued the estate of her husband, and the reversion remained in the heir, this grant of Acquittal did extend to the wife, 31 E. 1. Mesne 55. Nota etc.  
If after the dying seized of the disseisor, the disseisee abate, against whom the wife of the disseisor recover by confession in a Writ of Dower, in that case though the descent be avoided, yet the disseisee shall not enter upon the Tenant in Dower, because the recovery was against himself: but if he had assigned Dower to her in paiis, some say he should enter upon her.  
Donor in Tail reserves 20 s. rent, and dies, the Donee takes wife, and dies without issue, the heir of the Donor enters and endows the wife, she is so in of the estate of her husband, that albeit the estate Tail be spent, and the rend reserved thereupon determined, yet after she be endowed, she shall be attendant to the heir, in respect of the said rend.  
And so it is of Lord and Tenant, the wife that is endowed, shall be attendant for the due services; but if any services be encroached, albeit that encroachment shall bind the heir, yet the wife shall be Contributory but for the services of right due, 10 E. 3. 26.  
Nota, albeit the disseisor after a descent taketh to him but an estate for life; yet when the disseisee doth enter upon him, he shall thereby divest the reversion, for a Freehold is that whereupon a Praecipe doth lie; and therefore the entry of the disseisee is as available in Law; as if he had recovered it in a Praecipe. And so it is if a disseisor make a lease for life, and grant the reversion to the King, etc. 25 E. 3. 48. Pl. C. 553. Vide S. 302, 388.   

Sect. 394.  
Si un feme seisie de terra en fee, dont jeo aye droit & title dent. prent baron, & ont issue enter eux. & puis la feme defy seisie, & apres le baron defy, & lissue enter, etc. en cen case jeo poy enter sur le poss. lissue, pur ceo que lissue ne vient a les tenements immediate par discent apres la mort. sa mere, &c. eins per le mort. deal pier, 9 H. 7. 24. 37 H. 6. 1. An immediate descent may take away an entry for a time, and immediately may be avoided by matter ex post facto. But if a dying seized, take not away the entry of him that right hath at the time of the descent, it shall not by any matter ex post facto take away his entry. If a disseisor make a gift in Tail, the remainder in fee, and the donee dyeth without issue, leaving his wife privement enceint with a Son, and be in the remainder enters, and after the Son is born who entered into the land, this descent shall not take away the entry of the disseisee; because the issue cometh not to the lands immediately by descent etc.   

Sect. 395.  
Disseisor enfeoff son quire en fee, & le pier mor. seisie, etc. cenne tolla entry etc. Reg. it is true, that albeit a descent be cast, and the entry of the disseisee taken away, yet if the disseisor cometh to the land again, either by descent or purchase, of any estate of freehold which is employed in the (etc.) the disseisee may enter upon him, or have his Assize against him, as if no descent or mean Conveyance had been, quia particeps criminis. 15 E. 4. 23. a. 11 E. 4. 2. 18 E. 4. 25. a. 33 H. 6. 5. b. 34 H. 6. 11. 12 H. 8. 9 24 H. 8. 3. 9 18 H. 8. 5. 5 H. 7. 29. Ass. 54. 39 E. 3. 25, 26.   

Sect. 396, 397.  
Note, that Ass. mort. Antecess. non tenet inter conjunctas personas sicut fratres & sorores &c. for these are privy in blood, Brac. l. 4. f. 261, 282. 29 Ass. 11. F.N.B. 196. b.  
Albeit the eldest son hath issue and die, and after the youngest son or his heir enter, and many descents be cast in his line, yet may the heirs of the eldest son enter in respect of the privity of the blood, and of the same claim by one Title; but otherwise it is if the Feoffee of the youngest son die seized etc. and admit that the youngest son be of the half blood to his brother, yet he is of the whole blood to his Father; and therefore if he enter by abatement (and so gain a fee simple) and die seized, it shall not bar his elder brother of his entry. But if the eldest son enter, and gain an actual possession and seisin, than the entry of the youngest is a disseisin, Br. enter 27.  
Si le puisne frere ent. apres le mort. le pier & mor. seisin etc. leign. frere poit ent. sur lissue, etc. pur ceo que ambiz. les freres claim per m. le title, auterment en ou leigne frere ent. etc. & puis en disseisin per le puisne frere, que mort. seisee etc.  
If the Father make a lease for life, and hath issue two Sons and dyeth, and the Tenant for life die, and the youngest Son intrude, and die seized, this descent shall not take away the entry of the eldest: But if the Father had made a lease for years, it had been otherwise; for that the possession of the lessee for years maketh an actual freehold in the eldest Son. Fol. 243. a. 22 E. 4. 4.  
If two Coparceners be, and they severally present to the Ordinary, yet the Church is not litigious, because they claim all by one Title. Doct and St. cap. 30. fol. 117.  
If upon a Writ ad diem clau. extr. the youngest Son be found heir, the eldest Son hath no remedy by the Common Law, because they claimed by one Title; but otherwise it is if they claim by several Titles. But this is now helped by the Statute of 2 E. 6. c. 8.  
If two Parsons be in debate for Tithes which amount to above the fourth part, and one man is Patron of both Churches, no Judicavit doth lie, for that both Incumbents claim by one and the same Patron, 2 H. 7. 12. a.  
There is a great diversity holden in our books, where one hath a colour or pretence of right, and when he hath none at all, 2 E. 2. Bastar. 19 21 E. 3. 34. 22 Ass. 85. 11 E. 3. Ass. 88 21 H. 6. 14. 11 E. 3. Age 3. Sect. 400.   

Sect. 398.  
When one Coparcener enters generally, and taketh the profits, this shall be accounted in Law the entry of them both, and no divesting of the moiety of her sister, 21 Ass. 19 21 E. 3. 7. 27. 32. 4 H. 7. 10. 16 H. 7. 4. fo. 243. b.  
If the privity of Coparcenary be once destroyed, a dying seized shall take away entry, etc. 28 Ass. 30. Vide S. 710.   

Sect. 399.  
Filius natus, vel filia nata ex justa uxore, appellatur in legibus Angliae filius mulieratus, seu filia mulierata. Glanvil. lib. 2. ca 2. Bract. 5. ca 10. Brit. ca 70.  
Bastardus dicitur à graeco verbo Bassaris, i. Meretrix seu concubina. Vide S. 188. Fleta l. 1. c. 5. vide S. 380.  
Manseribus scortum, notho moechus dedit ortum.  
 seges è spica, sic spurius est ab amica.  
If the husband be within the four Seas, and the wife hath issue etc. in that case, filiatio non potest probari. Bract. lib. 4. fo. 278, 279. 7 H. 4. 9 43 E. 3. 10. 29 Ass. 54.  
If the issue be born within a month, or a day after marriage, between parties of full lawful age, the child is legitimate, 18 E. 4. 28. fo. 244. ●.  
It is holden, that the mulier be within age at the time of the dying seized (of the Bastard) that nevertheless he shall be barred, because the issue of the bastard is in judgement of Law become lawful heir, and the Law doth prefer legitimation before the privilege of infancy, & justum non est aliquem post mortem facere bastardum, qui toto tempore vitae suae pro legitimo habebatur, 5 E. 2. Descent. Br. 49. 31 Ass. 18. 22. Pl. Com. Stowels case, 10 E. 3. 2.  
If a man hath issue a Son being bastard eigne, and a daughter, and the daughter is married, the Father dyeth, the son entereth and dyeth seized, this shall bar the feme covert, 13 E. 1. Bast, 28. and the descent in this case of Services, Rents, Reversions expectant upon estates tail, or for life, whereupon rents are reserved, etc. shall bind the right of the mulier, but a descent of these shall not drive them that right have to an action, 14 E. 2. Bast. 26. So if the bastard die seized, and his issue endoweth the wife of the bastard, yet is not the entry of the mulier lawful upon the Tenant in Dower for his right was barred by the descent, Sir Ri. Ledfords' case, lib. 8. 101, 102.  
Ass. Mortdanc. lieth not between the bastard and the mulier in respect of the proximity of blood, and the bastard being impleaded or vouched shall have his age, 21 E. 3. 34. b. 30 Ass. p. 7. 11 E. 3. Age 3. 5 H. 7. 2.   

Sect. 400.  
At a Parliament holden 20 H. 3. for that to certify upon the King's Writ, that the son born before marriage is a Bastard, was Contra Com. formam Ecclesiae; Rogaverunt omnes episcopi, magnates ut consentirent quod nati ante Matrimonium, essent legitimi, sicut illi qui nati sunt post matrimonium quantum ad successionem haereditariam, quia Ecclesia tales habet pro legitimis: Et omnes Comites, & Barones una voc● respondent, Quod noiunt leges Angl-mutare, quae huc usque usitatae sunt & approbatae. Stat. de Merton cap. 9 Bract. l. 5. fo. 410. 417. ●0. Ass. pl. 10.  
Note, that the law more respecteth him, that hath a colourable title, though it be not perfect in Law, than him that hath no title at all. Vide S. 39   

Sect. 401.  
Est diversity lou Bastard continued lafoy possession tou● sa vie sans interruption, & lou le mulier enter & interruption, le possession de tiel Bastard. Reg. none shall enter but the mulier, or some other by his commandment. M. 38. & 39 El. Com. Banco, Vide 31 H 8, enter. cong. Br. 23.  
Omnis ratibabitio retrotrahitur, & mandato aequiparatur. 4 H 7. ca Vide Sect. 334.  
But in the case of the Bastardeigne, Garden en Socage, or garden in Chivalry may enter, for they are no strangers.  
If an Infant make a Feoffment in fee, an estranger of his own head cannot enter to the use of the infant, for the State is voidable. But where an infant, or a man of full age is disseised, an entry by a stranger of his own head is good and vesteth presently the estare in the Infant or other disseisee. So it is if Tenant for life make a Feoffment in fee, an estranger may enter for a forfeiture in the name of him in the reversion, and thereby the estate shall be vested in him. P 39 El. Come, Banco per Cur. 10. H 1. 16, 7. E 3. 69, 6. E 3. 6● pe● Thorp.  
If the Mulier enter upon the Bastard, and the Bastard recover the land in an Ass. against the Mulier, now is the interruption avoided, and if the bastard die seized, this shall bar the Mulier.  
The possession of the King when he hath no cause of seizure shall be adjudged the possession of him for whose cause he seized. 2. Ass. 9 fo. 245. b. Vide, etc.  
And note, that the bastard must enter in vacuam poss. and continue during his life, without interruption made by the Mulier. Acts without words, may make an entry, but not words without an act, viz. an entry, etc. Pl. 91. Parson de Honi●awes case. 35. H 6. 24. 1 E 3. 21 E 4. 3 21. E 4. 5. 5. E 60, 21. H. 6. 9   

Sect. 402.  
Null laches ser. adjudge en un Infant, lou descent è eschew durant son nonage. 33. E 3. qu. imp 46. But in some other cases Laches shall prejudice an infant, as if he present not to a Church within six months; for the Law respecteth more the privilege of the Church (that the cure be served) than the privilege of Infancy; and so the public repose of the Realm concerning men's Freeholds and inheritance shall be preferred before the privilege, etc. in case of a Fine where the time gins in the time of the Ancestor. Pl. 372. So non-claime of a villeine, of an infant by a year and a day, who hath fled into Ancient demesne, shall take away the seizure of the infant; and if an infant bring not an appeal of the death of his Ancestors within a year and a day, he is barred of his appeal for ever, for the law respects more liberty and life, than the privilege of infancy; and note, that Littleton putteth his case, that an Infant shall enter upon a descent, when a stranger dyeth seized, but he put it not so before in the case of the Bastardeigne. B. Tenant in tail, infeoffs A. in fee, A. hath issue within age and dyeth; B. abateth and dieth seized, the issue of A. being still being within age, this descent shall bind the infant; for the issue in tail is remitted, and the Law doth more respect ancient right in this case, than the privilege of an infant that had but a defeasible estate. 11. E. 4. 1. 2. F.N.B. 35. (35) m, And it is said, if the K●ng dieseised of lands, and the land descend to his successor, that this shall bind an Infant, for that the privilege of an infant in this case hold not against the King. 35. H. 6. 60. Fo. 246. a.   

Sect. 403.  
Si bar. & feme come en droit sa feme ont title & droit denter, etc. & Tenant delterre mor. seisie, etc. These words are general, but are particularly to be understood, viz. when the wrong was don● to the wife during the Coverture; for if a feme sole be seized of lands in fee, and is disseised, and then taketh husband; in this case the husband and wife, as in the right of the wife, have right to enter; & yet the dying seized of the disseisor in that case shall take away the entry of the wife after the death of her husband, and the reason is as well for that she herself when she was s●●e might have entered & recontinued the possession; as also it shall be accounted her folly, that she would take such a husband, which would not enter before the descent. 9 H 7. 24. a. 2, E 4 25. 7 E. 4. 7. b. 15. E. 4 Descent 30. Negligentia semper habet infortunium comitem. Laches le baron ne turnara la feme etc. all prejudice Note a diversity, albeit reg. No Laches shall be accounted in infants or feme Coverts, as is aforesaid, for not entry or claim to avoid descents, yet Laches shallbe accounted in them, for no performance of a condition annexed to an estate of land. For if a feme be enfeoffed either before or after marriage reserving a rent, and for default of payment a reentry, I● that case the Laches of the baron shall disherit the wife forever. 20. H. 6. 28. b.  
And so it is of an Infant, his Laches for not performing of a condition annexed to a State either made to his Ancestor or himself, shall bar him of the right of the Land for ever. 31. Ass. p. 17. 42. E. 31. Pl Com. 55. 10. H. 7. 13. H. 7. 35. H. 6. 41. Pl. 136. b. Pleta lib. 2. ca 50.  
If a man make a Feoffment in fee to another reserving a rent, and if he pay not the rent within a month, that he shall double the rent, and the Feofee dyeth, his heir within age, the Infant payeth not the rent, he shall not by this Laches forfeit any thing. But otherwise it is of a feme covert, and the reason of this diversity is, for that the Infant is provided for by the Statute. Non current usurae contra aliquem infra aetatem existen. etc. Stat. Mert. ca 5  
But that Statute doth not extend to a condition of a reentry, which the Infant ought to perform, etc.   

Sect, 405  
If an idiot make a Feoffment in fee, he shall in pleading never avoid it, etc. But upon an office found for the King the King shall avoid the Feoffment, for the benefit of the Idiot whose custody the Law giveth to the King. 3● H, 42, b Abb, 5, E 3. ●0. Brit. c 28 fo. ●6. 25, Ass, p, 4, 35. Ass, p, 10 32. E 3 scire fac. 100LS. Stanf. pr, ●4.  
Upon all which books, there have been four several opinions concerning the alienation, or other act of a man that is non compos mentis. ●c.  
1. That he may avoid his own act by entry, or plea.  
2. That he may avoid it by writ, and not by plea.  
3. That he may avoid it either by plea, or by writ; and of this opinion is Fitzh. in his N, B, 202.  
And 4. Littleton here is of opinion, that neither by plea, not by writ, nor otherwise he himself shall avoid it, but ●is heir (in respect his Anc. was non comp.. &c,) shall avoid it by entry, plea, or writ, for it is a maxim of the Common Laws, that the party shall not disable himself. Lib. ●. fo. 126, 127. Beverl●es case. But this holdeth only in civil causes for in criminal causes, as felony, etc. the act of wrong of a mad man, shall not be imputed to him, for that in those causes, actus non facit rerum, nisi mens sit rea, et, furiosus solo furore pun●tur. And so it is of an Infant until he be of the age of 14. Foyes, 247. b  
Also if the Father disseise the Grandfather, and make a Feoffment in fee, (&c) without warranty, the Grandfather dyeth, albeit the right descend to the Father, yet he cannot enter against his own Feoffment; but if he die, his Son shall enter and avoid the State of the Feoffee 16, Ass, 27, 21, H, 7, 31, Stanf. ●6 b 8, E 3, 2, Coron, 413, 414, 351, 22 E 3 ibid., 12, 4, 2 H. 7, 2, 3, E, 3. enter Cong. Statham. 12, E, 4, 8. 39 H, ●. 4 Abbr ass 89. 39 H. 6. 43. 15. E. Descent 30.  
If Lands ●e given to two, and to the heirs of one of them, he that ha●h the fees shall not have an action of waste upon the Satut of Gloc. against the joint tenant for life, but his heir shall maintain an action of waste against him.   

Sect. 406, 407, 408.  
A Dum fuit infra aetat ' lieth as well for the Ancestor himself after his full age, as for his heir.  
And note, where an Infant disseisor aliens the lands in fee, that if the descent be cast, the Infant being within age, he may enter at any time, either within age ●or after his full age. And so it is if an Infant make a feoffment etc. he may enter &c, and so in both cases may his heir, 43 E, 3, Enter cong, yet N, B, 126, b, F, N, B, 192. 45 E, 3, 21.   

Sect, 40●. fol, 2●8 a.  
Tenant in Capite makes a Feoffment in fee to the use of the feoffee and his heirs, until the feoffor pay 100 l. to him or his heirs, the feoffee dyeth, his heir within age; now hath the King the Wardship of the body, and is entitled to the guard of the land. But if the feoffor pay the 10● l. according to the limitation, the Wardship is devested, both for the body and the land: and so it is in case of a Condition, for the descent which is the cause of Wardship, is utterly defeated; and, Cessante causa, cessat causatum, Dyer 13 Eliz foe 298 299, So as there is no difference, where the descent is disaffirmed by a Right Paramount as where the estate was never lawful (as in the case of an Infant) and where the descent is affirmed for a time, the estate being lawful and being after defeated by matter ex post facto, by a Title of reentry.   

Sect. 410.  
Disseisor ad issue & enter en Religion etc. This descent shall not bar the entry of the disseisee, for that the descent cometh by the Deed of the Father. And the Law respects the original ●ct and that is his entry in●o Religion, which is his own act, whereupon the profession followed, whereby the descent happened, for Cuiusque rei potissima pars principium est. And, Origo rei inspici de●et, Pl. Dame Hales Cases 6 E. 3. 4●, etc.  
But it is said in the case of a bastardeigne, and Mulier puisn●, s●ch a descent shall binge the Mulier, and such an hei● by descent shall have his age, to E 3. 55, fo. 248. b.  
Nota if a man be Tenant or Defendant in a real or personal action, and hanging the suit, the Tenant or Defendant enter into Religion; by this the Writ is not abated, because it is by his own act. And so it is of a Resignation, but otherwise it is of a Deposition or Deprivation, because he is expelled by judgement, and yet his offence &c was the cause thereof. Sed in praesumptione legis, judicium redditur in invitum, ●8 E. 4. 19 9 E. ●. 25. 52. 7 E. 4. 15. Bract. lib. 4. fol. 189.   

Sect. 411.  
No descent or dying seized can be of a Chattel.  
A man seized of an Advowson in ●e●, grants three Avoidances one after another, and after the Church becomes void, and the Grantor presents, and his Clerk is admitted and instituted, and after the Church becomes void again, the Grantee may present to the second Avoidance, for that he was not put out of possession thereof; for as the lessor having the Freehold and Inheritance, cannot disseise his lessee for year's, having but a Chattel, that any descent may be cast, to take away his entry: so in the said case the Grantor hath the Franktenement and the Fee of the Advowson rightfully, so as he cannot make any usurpation, to gain any estate, etc. Also in respect of the privity, etc. the usurpation of the Grantor not put the Grantee out of possession for the two latter Avoidances, Hill. 18 El. Com. Banco.  
Claim daver terres pur term d'ans, nest pas expulsment de le franktenement del heir que est eins per descent.   

Sect. 412, 413.  
Time of Peace is the time of Law and Right; and time of War is the time of Violent Oppression, which cannot be resisted by the equal Course of Law, Come silent leges inter arma, fo. 249. b.  
Succession of Bodies Politic or Corporate, is in the post, and the heir of the natural man is in the per, 7. E 3. 25 a. 5 E. 3. 13. & 3●.  
A Body Politic is so called, because it is to take in Succession, framed (as to that capacity) by Policy; and it is also called a Corporation, or a body incorporate, because the persons are made into a Body, and are of capacity to take and grant, etc. And this body Politic or Incorporate may commence and be established three manner of ways, viz. by Prescription, by Letters Patents, or by Act of Parliament. Every Body Politic or Corporate is either Ecclesiastical or Lay; Ecclesiastical, either Regular, as Abbots, Prior's &c. or Secular, as Bishops, Deans, Archdeacon's, Parsons, Vicars, etc. Lay, as May or and Commonalty, Bailiffs and Burgesses, etc. Also every Body Politic or Corporate is either Elective, Presentative, Collative, or Donative; and again it is either sole, or aggregate of many: And this Politic etc. Body aggregate of many, is by the Civilians called Collegium, or Vniversitas, Lib. 3. fo. 73. Dean and Chapter of Norwich.    

CHAP. VII. Continual Claim.  

Sect. 414, etc.  
SI disseisee fait Continual Claim a les tenemenes in la vie le disseisor comment que le disseisor de vie seisee en fee, & la terre discendist a son heir, encore p●it le disseisee enter sur la possession le ●erre etc. Nul po●t fair continnal Claim mes quant il ad title d●vant etc. S 416. And yet in some cases a Continual Claim may be made by him that hath Right and cannot enter.  
If Tenant for years, Tenant by Statute Staple, Merchant or Elegit, be ousted, and he in the reversion disseised, the lessor, or he in reversion may enter to the intent to make his Claim, and yet his entry as to take any Profits, is not lawful during the Term: And the lessor or he in the reversion in that case may enter to avoid a collateral Warranty, or the lessor in that case may recover in an Assize, and so (as some have holden) may the lessor enter in case of a lease for life, to this intent, to avoid a dis●ent or a Warranty, Dyer 19 El. Pl. Com. 374. 15 H 7, 3, 4. jacobius Case. 28. H 6, 28. S 442. 45 E 3, 21.  
If the disseisee make continual Claim, and the disseisor die seized within the year, his heir within age, and by Office, the King is entitled to the Wardship, albeit the entry of the disseisee be not lawful, yet may he make continual Claim to avoid a descent, and so in the like, 7 H 6. 40. Con. Claim 1 Dounclers Case, 5 E 4, 4.  
No continual Claim can avoid a descent, unless it be made by him that hath Title to enter, and in whose life the dying seized was, 22 H 6, 37. 9 H. 4. 5. a. 15. E 4, 22. a.   

Sect. 415. fol. 251. a.  
A continual Claim may be made as well where the lands are in the hands of a feoffee etc. by Title, as in the bands of a Disseisor, Abater or Intruder by wrong.   

Sect. 416.  
Note, that a Forfeiture may be made by the alienation of a particular Tenant, either in paiis, or by matter of Record.  
1. In paiis of lands and tenements which lie in Livery, where a greater estate is by liver●, than the particular Tenant may lawfully make, whereby the reversion or remainder is divested, vide S 581, 609, 610. 611, 17 El. Dyer 339. 16. El. Dyer ●2●.  
A particular estate of any thing that lies in grant, cannot be forfeited by any grant in fee by Deed; for that nothing passes thereby, but that which lawfully may pass, 3●. E 3. Devise 21, 15 E 4, 9 vide S 608.  
But if Tenant for life or years of land, the reversion or remainder being in the King, make a feoffment in fee, this is a forfeiture, and yet no reversion or remainder is di●ested out of the King; and the reason is in respect of the solemnity of the feoffment by livery, tending to the King's disherison, 35 H 6, 62. Tr. 32 El. in Informat' de intrusion verse Rebinson. Exchequers.  
2. By matter of Record, and that by three manner of ways: 1. By Alienation. 2. By Claiming a greater estate than he ought. 3. By affirming the reversion or remainder to be in a stranger.  
1. By Alienation, and that either divesting, as by levying of a Fine, or suffering a Common Recovery of Lands, whereby the reversion or remainder is divested: or not divesting, as by levying of a fine in fee, of an Advowson, Rend Common, or any other thing that lieth in the grant: And of this Opinion is Littleton in our Books; and so note two diversities, 1. Between a grant by Fine (which is of Record) and a grant by Deed in paiis; and yet in this they both agree, That the reversion or remainder in neither case is divested. 2. Between a matter of Record, as a Fine, etc. and a Deed recorded, or a Deed enrolled, for that worketh no forfeiture, because the Deed is the Original, 15 E. 4. 9  
2. By Claim, and that may be in two sorts; either Express, as if Tenant for life, will in Court of Record claim fee, or if lessee for years be ousted, and he will bring an Assize, ut de libero tenement: or Employed, as if in a Writ of Right brought against him, he will take upon him to join the Misce upon the mere Right, which none but Tenant in fee simple aught to do. So if lessee for years do lose in a Praecipe, and will bring a Writ of Error, for Error in Process, this is a Forfeiture, 15 E. 4. 29. 36. H. 6. 29. 2 H. 6. 9 4. El. Dyer. 9 H. 5. 14. 22 Ass. 31. 18 E. 3. 28. 16. Ass. 16.  
3. By affirming the reversion or remainder to be in a stranger, and that either actively or passively.  
Actively, by five manner of ways; as  
1. Tenant for life pray in aid of a stranger, whereby he affirms the reversion to be in him.  
2. If he Attorn to the grant of a stranger; and there note also a diversity between an Attornment of Record to a stranger, and an Attornment in paiis, for an Attornment in paiis worketh no Forfeiture.  
3. If a stranger bring a Writ of entry in casu proviso, and suppose the reversion to be in him, if the Tenant for life confess the action, this is a forfeiture.  
4, If Tenant for life plead covinously, to the disherison of him in the reversion, this is a forfeiture.  
5. If a stranger bring an action of Waste against lessee for life, and he plead Nul waste fait, this is a forfeiture, or the like, 21 E. 3. ●4. a. 5 E. 4. 2. 24 H. 8. Forf. br. 87. lib. 2. fo. 55, 56. Bucklers Case. 24. E. 3. 68 1 H. 7. 15 Ass. 3.  
Passively, as if Tenant for life accept a Fine of a stranger Sur conusans de droit come ceo, etc. for hereby he affirmeth of Record, the reversion to be in a stranger, 3 M. Dyer 148.  
Note, that the Right of a particular estate may be forfeited also, and that he that hath but a Right of remainder or reversion, shall take benefit of the forfeiture, as if Tenant forlife be disseised, and he levy a Fine to the disseisor, etc. fo. 152. a. 13 E. 4, 4.  
If Tenant for life make ale s● for life, or a gift in Tail, or a Feoffment in fee, upon Condition, and enter for the Condition broken, yet the Forfeiture remaineth. So it is of Tenant in Ta●l, apres possi ilit● etc. tenant per le Courtesy etc. Tenant for years, Tena●●●y statute Merchant &c, 39 Ass. 15. 43 E. 3 Enter co●g 3 ●2. H 5. 7 39 E. 3. 16. 45 E 3. 25.  
If Tena●●●or life in remainder make continual Claim, and the Alien ●f the first Tenant for life die seized, then may he in the remainder for life enter, and the right of entry, which he gained by his entry, shall go to him in the remainder in fee, in respect of the privity of the estate. And so it is of him in the reversion in fee, in like case, for he is also privy in estate.  
If Tenant i● Tail, the remainder in fee, with garr. have judgement to recover in value, and die before execution, without issue, he in remainder shall sue Execution, for he hath right thereunto, and is privy in estate. So if a Seignory be gra●te●●o one by Fine, the grantee for life dyeth, he in remainder shall have a per que servit, for he hath right to the remainder, and is privy in estate,   

Sect 417,  
It is not sufficient to tell one generally what he should do, but to direct him how, and in what manner he shall do it.  
Note, that the entry of a man to recontinue his Inheritance or Freehold, must ensue his action for recovery of the same, Mich. 14 ●5 El. Rot. 1458. in the Earl of Arundels' Case, lib. foe 252, b.  
But if a disseiser had let severally three acres to three persons for years, there the entry upon of the the lessees in name of all the three acres, shall recontinue and revest all the three acres in the disseisee, for that the disseisee might have had one Assize against the disseisor, because he remained Tenant of the Freehold for all the three acres, 7 Ass. 18. 12 E. 4. 10 36 H 6. 27. 32 Ass. p, 1,  
If I infeoff one of one acre of ground upon Condition, and at another time I infeaffe the same man of another acre in the same county upon Condition also, and both the Conditions are broken, an entry into one acre in the name of both is not sufficient, for that I have no right to the land, nor action to recover the same, but a bare Title. But an entry into one part of the land, in the name of all the land subject to one Condition, is good, although the parcels be several, and in several Towns. And so ne'er a diversity between several rights of entry, and several Titles of entry, by force of a Condition, 11 H. 7. 25. Dyer 16 El. 33●.  
Ennosme de tout etc. dont il ad Title d'entry; here in a large sense Title of entry is taken for a Right of entry.  
If I b●i●g an Assize of two acres, if I enter into one hanging the Writ, albeit it shall revest that only acre, yet the Writ shall abate, 5 H. 7, 7. 4 E, 4, 19 12 E, 9, 11. a,   

Sect. 418,  
Nota, A man may make a feoffment of lands in another County, and make livery of seisin within the view, albeit he might peacably enter and make actual livery, and so may he show the Recognitors in an Assize the view of lands in another County: But a man cannot make an entry into lands within the view, where he may enter without any fear (for it is one thing to invest, and another to divest) 3● E, 3, 11, 38 Ass, 3, fo 253, a,  
If livery of seisin be made of parcel of the Tenements, etc. in one Town, in the name of all etc. All the said Tenements etc. pass by force of the said livery etc. Agr. à minore ad majus: if it be so in a Feoffment passing a new right, à multo fortiori, it is for the restitution of an ancient right, as the worthier and more respected in Law, which holdeth Affirmative. Vide S. 438.   

Sect. 419,  
Fear of imprisonment sufficeth to avoid a Bond or a deed; for the Law hath a special regard to the safety and liberty of a man. But note a diversity between a Claim or an Entry into Land, and the Avoidance of an act or deed for fear of Battery, 4 E 4, 7. 11 H 4, 6: 8 Ass, 25, vide S 434, 10, 2, cap, 49. 13 H ●. Dures 2●  
If a man hath Title to enter into any Lands or Tenements, if he dares not enter etc. for doubt of maiming &c. if he goeth, and approach as near to the Tenements as he dare for such doubt, and by word claim the lands to be his; this entry in Law is as forcible i● Law, as an entry in Deed; and upon such an entry in Law an Assi●e doth lie, as well as upon an entry in Deed; and such an entry in Law shall avoid a Warranty, etc. vide S 378. 11 H 6, 5●.  
But note a diversity here, between an entry in Law and an entry in Deed; for that a●●ontinual Claim of the disseisee being an entry in Law, shall vest the possession and seisin in him for his advantage, but not for his disadvantage; And therefore if the diss●isee bring an Assize, and hanging the Assize he make Continual Claim, this shall not abate the Assize, but he shall recover damages from the beginning: but otherwise it is of an entry in Deed. Vide S 442. Pl. Com. 93. Parson of Hony lanes Case.  
Arg. ab autor' est fortissimum in lege. 38 Ass. p 13,   

Sect, 421, 422.  
Where a Continual Claim shall divest an estate, in any other person, in any lands or tenements, there he that maketh the Claim ought to enter into the land, or some part thereof: But where the Claim is to bri●g him that maketh it into actual possession, there a Claim within the view sufficeth; as upon a descent, the heir having the Freehold in Law, may claim land within the view to bring himself into actual possession: and in that sense is the opinion of Hull, and the Court to be intended, 9 H 4, 5, etc. But yet the entry in to some parcel in the name of the residue is the surest way, vide S. 177. & 11 H 6. accord with Li●tleton) 51.  
At the Common Law upon a fine or f●●ll judgement given in a writ of right, the party grieved had a year and a day to make his claim. So the wife or heir hath a year and a day to bring an appeal of death, etc. After judgement given in a ●ea●● action, the plaintiff within the year and day may have habere sac. s●si●am and in an action of debt, etc. a Capias, fieri fac or a L●vari facias.  
A protection shall be allowed but for a year and a day and no longer, and in many other cas● Vid. S. 385. 426. 14. H 4. 36. 7. E. 3. 37. Pl. 356. 357. 367, Brit. foe 45. b.   

Sect. 423, 424. 426.  
Il covient a luy que fist claim, etc. de fair un cl' deins cheese ' an & jour prochein apres chesc' claim fait durant la vie son adversary, & d●●●u●s a quecunque temps que son Adversary mor. Seisee son entry ne ser. toll per nul tiel dis. cent. Brit. foe 209. Dy. 17. Eli. 345.  
Si disseisor mor. Seise● dein l'an & jour, etc. per que les tenements descend a son heir, ●n cen case l'enter le disseisee en toll car l'an & le jour que a●droit le lessee en tiel case ne serre pris de temps de title dent. a luy accrue, mes tautsolment del temps de claim per luy fait en le manner avantd. & pur cest causeil serre bo●e pur tiel disseisee pur fair son cla●me en auxi breve temps queil puissoit apres le disseisin, etc.  
This in case of a disseisor is now helped by the Statute of 37. H, 8. ca 33. For if the disseisor die seized within five years after the disseisin, though there be no cont. claim made, it ●●all not take away the entry of the disseisee, but after the five years there must be such continual claim as was at the Common Law: But that Statute extended not to any Feoffee or donee of the disseisor immediate, or mediate, but they amain still at the common Law, Vi. S. 385. 422.   

Sect. 428, 429.  
Item sicome en dit en les cases mises lou home ad title dent. pur cause dun disseisin, etc. mes la ley en, lou home add droit dentr. par case d●asc' aut title, etc. Here is employed abators or intrudors, and not only their disseissors, but the Feoffees or donees of disseissors, abators, or intruders, or any other so long as the entry is cong. and here title is taken in his large sense to include a right. V Sect. 650. and 659.  
Si tenant in tail immediate puis tiel claim continua son occupation en les tenements ceo en un disseisin, etc. a celuy que sist tiel claim, & sic par conseque le tenant adonques ad fee simple.   

Sect. 430, 431.  
The disseisee shall have an action of trespass against the disseissor, and recover his damages for the first entry without any regress, but after regress ●e may have an action of trespass with a continuando, and recover as well for all the mean occupation as for the first entry; and note that Littleton doth here include costs within damages.  
Ou il poit aver un breve sur lestat. 5 R. 2. ca 7. Supposant par son breve que son adversary avoit entry en les terres, etc. celuy que fist le claim, etc. & par tiel action il recover ses damages, etc. i.e. that he shall recover damages for the first tortuous entry, but not for the mean profits, though he made a regress. 37. H. 6. 35. 2 E. 4. 18. 21 E 4. 5. 74. 38. Ass. 9 44. E. 3. 20. 10. H 7. 27. Keilwey 1. b. And here note that also he shall recover his costs of suit. 2 E. 4. 24. b. 9 E. 4. 4. b. 16. H. 7. 6. a. Fo. 257. a. One or more may commit a force, three or more may commit an unlawful assembly, riot or rout. A multitude is not restrained to a certain number, but left to the discretion of the judges. A writ of forcible entry is grounded upon the Statute of 8 H. 6. ca 9 and lieth where one entereth with force, or where he enters peaceably and detaineth it with force, or where he enters by force, and detaineth it by force; and in this action without any regress the plaintiff shall recover triple damages, as well for the mean occupation, as the first entry by force of the Statute; and he shall recover triple costs also. 3 E 4-19, 24. F. N. B. 240. etc. 11 E. 4. 11. b 6 H 7. 12. 22 H 6. 57,  
If three or four go to make a forcible entry, albeit one alone use the violence, all are guilty of force, 10 H 7, 1●.  
Note that there is a force employed in Law, as every trespass, & Rescous et disseisin implieth a force, and is vi et armis, and there is an actual force, as with weapons, number of persons, etc. and when an entry is made with such actual force, an action doth lie upon the said Statute. Vide Sect. 240, 54 H 6, 20.   

Sect. 433.  
Qui per alium facit, per seipsum facere videtur.  
If an infant or any man of full age have any right of entry into any lands, any stranger to the use of the infant, etc. may enter into the lands, and this Reg. shall vest the lands in them without any commandment precedent or agreement subsequent. But if a disseisor levy a fi●e with proclamation according to the Statute, a stranger without a Commandment, etc. within the five years cannot enter in the name of the disseisee to avoid the fine; and that resolution was grounded upon the construction of the Statute of 4 H. 7. ca 24. But an assent subsequent within the five years should be sufficient, omnis enim ratihabitio etc. 7 E 3, 69, 11. Ass p 11, 39 Ass. p, 18, 10 H 7, 12. a. 3 H 8. entry conque et faux recovery 29. lib. 9 fo. 106 a. L. Audeleyes' case 45 E 3. Release 18. and Breve 589, 20 E 3. 62 par Thorp.   

Sect. 434.  
Reg. it is true that where a man doth less than the commandment or authority committed unto him, there the act is void; and where a man doth that which he is authorized to do and more, there it is good for that which is warranted and void for the rest. Impotentia aut●n excusat legem. 1 H. 4 3. 12 Ass. 24. 26. Ass. 39, V S 419. 46. E 3. petition 18. 33. H. 6. 8. Lex non permittit aliquod inconveniens.  
Albeit the Recluse or Anchorite be shut up himself, etc. yet to avod a descent, he must command one to make claim, and such a recluse shall always appear by Attorney in such cases, where others must appear in proper person. 43 E 3. 8. b. 30. a.   

Sect. 436.  
Quant home est in prison & est disseise, & le disseisor mor feign etc. The disseisee shall not be bound in this case, for that by the intendment of Law he is kept without intelligence of things abroad, and also that he hath not liberty to go at large to make entry or claim, or seek counsel; and so note a diversity between a Recluse, who might have intelligence, and a man in prison. Pl. Com. 360. Stowels' case.  
But if he be disseised when he is at large, and the descent is cast during the time of his imprisonment, this descent shall bind him. 9 H 7. 24. Vide lib. foe 259. a.   

Sect. 437.  
Si t●el que est en prison soit utlage en action de debt ou trespass, ou en apucal de Robbery, il reveria tiel utlage, per b●eve de error.  
Outlawries may be reversed, either by plea, or by writ of error. By plea when the defendant cometh in upon the Caput utlagati. etc. he may by plea reverse the same for matters apparent, as in respect of a supersedeas omission of process, variance, or other matter apparent in the Record, and yet in these cases some hold, that in another term the defendant is driven to his writ of error. 2 E 4. 1, 4 E 4. 10. a 1 E 4. 73, 11 H 7. 5, 21 H 6. 50, 9 H 4●, ●3. El. Dy. 192. 2 El. 176. 37. H 6. 19  
But for any matters in fact, as death, imprisonment, service of the King, etc. he is driven to his writ of error, unless it be in case of felony, and there in favorem vitae, he may plead it, But albeit imprisonment be a good cause to reverse an outlawry, yet it must be by process of Law in invitum, and not by consent or covin; for such imprisonment shall not avoid the outlawry, because upon the matter it is his own act. 8. H 4. 7, 21 H 7. 13, 39 H 6. 1, H 7. 1. 1 E 4. 2, 27 H 8. 2, 38. Ass. p. 17. V S. 439.   

Sect. 438.  
Auxi si un recovery soit per default verse tiel que est en prison, il avoidam le judgement per breve de error, etc. For he shall have no writ of descent, because the summons was according to law by summoners and v●iors, and the land taken into the King's hand by the Pernor. Fleta. l. 6. ca 67 & 24. W. 2 ca 48 4 E. 2. descent 51.  
Defalta, is legally taken for non appearance in Court.  
There be divers causes allowed by law for saving a man's default. 1 By imprisonment. 2. Per inundationem aquarum. 3. Per tempestatem. 4. Per pontem fractum. 5. Per navigium substractum per fraudem petentis; non enim debet quis se periculis & infortuniis gratis exponere, vel subjacere. 6. Per minorem aetatem. 7 Per defensionem summonitionis per legem. 8. per mortem Attornati si tenens in temopre non novit. 9 Si petens essionatus sit. 10. Si placitum mittatur sine die, 11. per breve de war. Dici. 3 H. 6. 46. 38. E 3. 5. 12. H. 4. 13. 5 H 7. 3. F.N. B. 17. 4 H 5. challenge 153. Br. Saviour defendant 45.  
Legally records are restrained to the Rolls of such only as are Courts of Record, and not the Rolls of inferior, nor of any other Courts which proceed not secundum legem & consuetudinem Angl. Pl. 79. b. m. ●. and 8. Dy. 242. 17 E 349, 11. H 4. 26. b 2▪ H 6. 34 error Br. 73. 7 H 7. 4, 19 Ass. 7. l. 4. fo. 52. Rawlins case Brit. cap. 17. l. 6. fo. 11. jentlemans' case, and 30. 45. lib 7. fo. 30. l. 8. fo. 60 b and 67. a. foe 260. a.  
During the term wherein any judicial act is done, the Record remaineth in the breast of the judges of the Court, and in their remembrance, and therefore the roll is alterable during that term, as the judges shall direct; but when that term is past, than the Record is in the Roll, admits no alteration, averment or proof to the contrary, 7 H 6 2●, 19, H, 6, 6  
If the Tenant or defendant be in prison, he shall upon motion by order of the Court be brought to the bar, and either answer according to Law, or else the same being Recorded, the law shall proceed against him, and he shall take no advantage of his imprisonment 18, El. Dy. 353. 3. m. Die, 12●, Pl. 232. Signior Barkleyes' case; 16. H 7, 11. b. 22. H 8, Record Br. 65, 39 H 6, 4, 3 El. Dy. 187. lib. 6, fo. 15. Eden's case.  
If a man in prison shall not be bound by a recovery by default, for want of answer in Court of Record in a real action which is matter of record à multo fort. a descent in the Country which is a matter of deed, shall not for want of claim bind him that is in prison. Quod in minori valer, valebit in majori; & quoth in majori non valet, nec valebit in minori. 7 H 6, 18, 8, H 6, 16. V.S. 418.  
A man in prison by process of Law to be kept in salva & arota custodia: but yet, Carcer ad homines custodiend●s, non ad puniendos dari debet.   

Sect. 439.  
If a man be upon the Sea aof England, he is within the Kingdom of England, etc. And yet a tum mare is out of the jurisdiction of the Common Law, and within the jurisdiction of the Lord Admiral, 6 R 2 Protection 46. V S. 1, 8. 440 441. 677.  
And note, Littleton saith not, beyond the Sea, or extra 4 Maria, for a man revera may be infra 4. maria. and yet out of the realm of England.  
But infra. 4. Maria; or extra, is taken by construction to be within the realm of England, or dominions of the same, 3 R. 3. continual claim 13. 4. E 3. 46.  
If a man be out of the realm, and a recovery is had against him in a praecipe by default, it seemeth that he shall not avoid the recovery; or by that means, a man might be infinitely delayed of his freehold and inheritance, whereof the Law hath so special regard; and few or none go over, but it is either of their own free will, or by suit, for what cause soever, and he is not in that case without his ordinary remedy, either by his writ of higher nature, or by a quod ei deforcrat. But outlawry in a personal action shall be avoided in that case, quia de minimis non curat lex, and otherwise he should be without remedy. V S. 437. and note the diversity between that case of the imprisonment, and this of being beyond Sea. Fo. 260 b nota, &c,   

Sect. 440.  
Excusatur quis quod clameum non opposuerit, ut si ●ote tempore litigii fuit ultra mare quacunque occasione. Ve●us & constans opinio. Brac. l. 5, f 436. and 163. Brit foe 21, 216. 26 H 8, c, 18, 5 and 6 E. 6, ca, 11.  
By certifitate a thing done beyond Sea may be tried. F.N. B 196, 29, Ass. 11. l 7, f. 26, 27. Calvin's case. Stat. 25 E 3, de proditionibus doth declare, that it is treason by the common Law to adhere to the enemies of the King within the realm or without, if he be thereof proveablement attaint of overt, fact. and that he shall forfeit all his lands, etc. Certain it is, that for necessity sake the adherence without the realm must be alleged in some place within England; and if upon evidence they shall find any adherency out of the realm, they shall find the delinquent guilty, 5 R 2, Trial 54. 35, H. 8, ca, 2, fo, 261, b. * Dyer, 360, contr, * When part of the act, especially the original is done in England and par● out of the realm, that part that is to be performed out o● the realm, if issue be taken thereupon, shall be tried he● by twelve men, and those twelve shall come out of the pla●● where the writ is brought: for example it was convenant●● by Indenture by charter party, that a ship should Sail fro● Blackney haven in Norfolk to Muttrel in Spain, and there rema●● by c●rtain days, 48 E 3, 3, 11, H 7, 16, 1 R, 3, 4.  
In an action of Covenant brought upon this Charte● party, the Indenture was alleged to be made at Thetford Norfolk, and upon pleading the issue was joined, wheth●● the said ship remained at Muttrel etc. and it was adjudge That this issue should be tried at Thetford where the acti●● was brought, because there the Contract took his Original etc. P 28 El, Constant, & Hughin, Ban, R l 6, fo, 47, Dowdales' Case.  
An Obligttion made beyond the Seas, may be sued here in England in what place the Plaintiff will 2 E 2, Oblige. 15, Whether Bourdeaux in France be in Islington or no, is not traversable. Vide! fo, 261. b.  
If a man be disseised before he go over Sea, or cometh into the Realm again before the descent, the descent shall take away his entry   

Sect, 441  
By the Statute of 4 H 7, cap, 34, five years after Proclamations made upon the Fine, are given to him that right hath to make his claim, or pursue his action, where the Common Law gave him but a year and a day; but this Statute extends only to Fines, and not to Non-claim upon a judgement in a Writ of Right: and therefore the Statute of ●● E 3, 16, which ousteth Non-claim, only to Fines levied, extendeth not to a judgement in a Writ of Right to this day: and therefore the Common Law in that case remaineth etc. viz that claim must be made within a year and a day after judgement.  
Also if a Fine be levied without Proclamations, or without so many as the Law requireth, than the Statute of Non-claim doth extend to such a Fine, l 3, fo. 44, etc. Case deal fines, l 1. fo. 96, Shelleys Case, l 2, f 93, Binghams' Case, l 8, f 100, Lechfords Case, l, 91 f 139, etc. Beaumands Case, l 10. f ●9, b Lampots Case, & 99, a l 9, f, 105, Margaret Podgers Case, l 5. f 124, Saffins' Case, l 1●, 96, Seymors' Case, l 8, f 72. Greysleys Case, l 11, ●65, 7●, 78. Pl. Com. Smith and Stapl. Case, Stow's Case, and Howels Case. Bract. 435, Brit. 216 foe 262, a  
Finis finem litibus imponit.  
A feme covert; also they in reversion or remainder expectant upon any estate of Freehold, are helped by the Statute of 4 H 7, vide lib. foe. ●62, b   

Sect. 442.  
In a Writ of entry sur disseisin against one, supposing that he had not entry but by I. S. who disseised him, the Tenant said that I.S. died seized, and the land descended to him, and prayed his age: the Plaintiff counterpleaded his age, for that he arraigned an Assize against S. who died hanging the Assize, and he was ousted of his age, for that the bringing of the Assize amounted to a Claim, 24 E 3. 25. 9 E 2. Age 1●1.  
If Tenant in Dower alien in fee with Warranty, and the heir in the reversion bring a Writ of entry in Casu proviso &c and hanging the plea, the Tenant dyeth, the heir shall not be rebutted or barred by this Warranty, for that the Praecipe did amount to a continual Claim, 3 E 3. Garr. 62. Fleta l. 6, c. 52, Bract. l. 5, fo. 436, Fo. 263, a. Nota etc.  
If the goods of Villain (before any seizure etc.) be distrained, the Lord may have a Replevin, and the very bringing of the Writ doth amount to a Claim of the goods and vesteth the property in the Lord, 33 E 3, Repl. 43, ●2 E 3, 18. b, 9 H ● 25. Nemo debet rem suam sine facto, aut defectu suo emittere.   

Sect. 443.  
If an usurpation be had to a Church in time of vacation, this shall not prejudice the Successor to put him out of possession, but that at the next avoidance he shall present, F. N. B. 34 M.W. 2, c, 5. imp. excus. etc.  
When there is no Dean or Mayor, the Chapter or Commonalty in that case cannot make claim, because they have neither ability nor capacity to take or to sue any action. But during the vacation of the Abathy of D. if a lease for life or a gift in Tail be made, the remainder to the Abbot of D. and his Successors, this remainder is good, if there be a● Abbot made during the particular estate, 2 H 7, 13. 40 As. 26. 34 E ●. Garr. 29. Qu. de dubiis etc.  Inter cuncta leges, & percunctabere doctos, Hor. 
As, Collatio peperit arts, so Collatio perficit arts.  
Crescente scientia, cresunt simul & dubitationes.  
Autortias' Philosophorum, Medicorum & Poetarum, sunt in causis allegandae & tenendae, fo. 264. a.    

CHAP. VIII. Of Releases.  

Sect. 444,  
REleases are of two sorts, viz. a Release of all the right which a man hath either in lands and tenements, or in goods and chattels. Or there is a Release of actions real, of or in lands or tenements; or personal, of or in goods or chattels; or mixed, partly in the realty, partly in the personalty, vide S 4●2,  
Remis. Relax. & quiet, clamasse, are proper words of releaseth, and be much of one effect, besides there is Renunciare, Acquietare, and there be many other words of Release, as if the lessor grants to the lessee for life, that he shall be discharged of the rent vide. S 532.  
Express releaseth must of necessity be by Deed. Releases in Law are sometime by Deed, and sometime without Deed. As if the Lord disease the Tenant, and make a Feoffment in fee by Deed or without Deed, this is a Release of the Seignory. And so it is if the disseisee disseise the heir of the disseisor and make a Feoffment &c, this is a Release in Law of the right. And the same Law is of a right in action, 27 H 8. 29. Use 34 H 6. 44. Attaint. 3 E 3. 38. 21 E 4. 21. Pl. Com. de la mere.  
If the Obligee make the Obligor his executor, this is a release in law of the action, but the duty remains, for the which the executor may retain so much goods etc. 8 E 4. 3. 21 E 4. 2.  
If the feme Obligee take the Obligor to husband, this is a Release in Law. So it is if there be two femes Obligees, and the one take the debtor to husband, 11 H 7. 4, ●0 H 7. 29 8 E 4. 3.  
If an Infant make the debtor his executor, this is a good Release in Law of the action. But if a feme execu●rix take the Debtor to husband, this is no Release in Law; for that should be a wrong to the dead, and in Law work a Devastavit, which an act of Law shall never work. M. 30 & 31 E●. adjudged.  
Note a diversity between a Release in Deed, and a Release in Law ● for if the heir of the disseisor make a lease for life, his right is gone for ever. But if the disseisee doth disseise the heir of the disseisor, and make a lease for life, by this Release in Law the right is released but during the life of the lessee; for a Release in Law shall be expounded more favourably, according to the intent of the parties, than a Release in Deed, which is the act of the party, and shall be taken most strongly against himself, 30 E 3. 24, 32 E 3. sc. fac. 102.  
Ius, includeth not only a right, but also any Title or Claim, either by force of a Condition Mortmain etc. for the which no action is given by Law, but only an entry.   

Sect. 446, fol. 265. a.  
Null droit passa per un release; forsque le droit que le relesior ad all temps del release fait.  
Note, a man may have a present right, though it take effect in possession but in futuro: As he that hath a right to a reversion or remainder; and such a right he that hath it; may presently release, Brit. foe 101.  
The Baron makes a lease for life and dieth, the Release made by the wife of her Dower to him in reversion is good, albeit she hath no cause of action against him in present, 16 E 3. Bar. 245. Hoes Case, 5. part. fo. 70. 71.  
If there be Grandfather, Father, and Son, and the 〈◊〉 disseise the Grandfather and make a Feoffment in fee, the Grandfather dyeth, the Father against his own Feoffment shall not enter; but if he die his Son shall enter. And so note a diversity between a Release, a Feoffment, and a Warrant: A release in that case is void; a Feoffment is good against the Feoffor, but not against his heir; a Warrant is good both against himself and his heirs, 39 H 6. 43, 21. E 4. 81. 9 H 7. 1. b 2 E 3. 38 1● H 4. 33.  
Note three diversities, 1. Between a Power, and an Authority 〈◊〉 a Right. 2. Between Powers and Authorities themselves. 3. Between a Right and a possibility, 43 E 3. 17. 42 E 3. 24. per Finchden. 17 E 3. 67.  
As to the 1. If a man by his will deviseth, that his executors shall sell his land, and dieth, if the executors release all their right and title to the heir, this is voids; for they have but only a bare Authority. And so it is if cestu● que use had devised, that his Feoffees should have sold the land; albeit they had made a Feoffment over, yet might they sell the Use; for their Authority in that case it not given away by the liver●, 1, H 7. 11.  
As to the second, there is a diversity between such Powers and Authorities as are only 〈◊〉 the use of a stranger, and nothing for the benefit or him that made the Release (as in the case before) and a Power or Authority which respecteth the benefit of the Releasor, as in these usual powers of revocation, when the Feoffor etc. hath a power to alter, change, determine or revoke the uses (being intended for his benefit) he may release; and where the estates before were defeasible, he may by his release make them absolute, and seclude himself from any alteration or revocation, l. 1. Alban●●s case, 10. H 6. 4.  
As to the third, before judgement the Plaintiff in an action of debt releaseth to the Bail in the King's Bench all Demands, and after judgement is given, this shall not ba● the Plaintiff to have execution against the Bail, because at the time of the release be had but a mere possibility, and neither Ius in re, nor Ius ad rem, but the duty is to commence after upon a contingent, and therefore could not be released presently.  
So if the Conusee of a Statute etc. release to the Conusor all his right in the land, yet afterwards he may sue execution; for he hath no right in the land till Execution, but only a possibility, 25 Ass. p. 7. 27 E 3. Execut. 130. P. 38. El. Rot. 521. Borough and Grey.   

Sect. 447.  
En Releases de tout le droit que home ad en cert' terres, etc. il covient a celuy a que le release est fait en asc' case, que il ad le franktenement en les terres en fait, ou en ley al temps de release sait, etc. This must be intended of a bare right, and not of a release of right, whereby any estate passeth as to a lessee for years, 49 E 3. 2●.  
Also it must be intended of a right of Freehold at the least, and not to a right to any term for years, or Chattels real; as if lessee for years be ousted, and he in the reversion disseised, and the disseisor maketh a lease for years, the first lessee may release unto him, all which is employed in the first, etc.  
Also in some case a Release of a right made to one that hath neither Freehold in deed nor in Law, is good; as the Demandant may release to the Vouchee, and yet the Vouchee hath nothing in the Land, for that when the Vouchee enters into the Warranty, he becomes Tenant to the Demandant, and may render the land to him in respect of the privity; but an estranger cannot release to the Vouchee, because in rei veritate he is not Tenant of the Land, 7 E 4. 13. 20 H 6. 29. 5 H 7. 41. 18 E 3. 12. 8 H 4. 5. vide Sect. 490, 491.  
And so it is if the Tenant alien hanging the Praecipe, the Release of the Demandant to the Tenant to the Praecipe, is good, and yet he hath nothing in the land, 20 E 4. 14. 12. Ass, p. 41.  
In time of vacation an Annuity that the parson ought to pay, may be released to the Patron in respect of the privity; but a release to the Ordinary only seemeth not good, because the Annuity is Temporal, 8 E 3, 81. 46 E 3, 6. b, 21 H 7, 41.  
If a disseisor make a lease for life, the disseisee may release to him; for to such a release of a bare right there needs no privity. But if the disseisor make a lease for years, the disseisee cannot release to him because he hath no estate of free hold. And yet in some case a right of Freehold shall drown in a Chattel, as if a feme hath a right o● Dower, she may release to the Guardian in Chivalry, and her right of Freehold shall drown, because the Writ of Dower doth lie against him, and the heir shall take advantage by it. And note, That by a Maxim, a right of entry or a chose in action cannot be granted or transferred to a stranger. Myrrh. cap. 2, S 17.  
If a man be disseised of an acre of land, the disseisee hath jus proprietatis, the disseisor hath jus possessionis; and if the disseisee release to the disseisor, he hath jus proprietatis & possessionis, & Reg.  
When a naked right to land is released to one that hath jus possessionis, and the other by a mean title recovers the land from him, the right of possession shall draw the naked right with it. For example; if the heir of the disseisor being in by descent, A. doth disseise him, the disseisee release to A. now hath A. the mere right to the land; but if the heir of the disseisor enter into the land, and regain the possession, that shall draw with it the mere right, etc. Br. l 2. f. 32. Brittf●. 8●. 121.  
But if the Donee in Tail discontinue in fee, now is the reversion of the Donor turned to a naked right: if the Donor release to the discontinuee, and die, and the issue in Tail recover the land etc. he shall leave the reversion in the discontinuee; for the issue in Tail can recover but the estate Tail only, and the Donor cannot have it against his release; but if the disseisee enter upon the heir of the disseisor, and infeoff A in fee, & the heir of the disseisor recover the whole estate, that shall draw with it the meet right, and leave nothing in the Feoffee.  
Another diversity is observable, when the naked right is precedent before the accquisition of the defeasible estate, for there the re-continuance of the defeasible estate shall not draw with it the preceding right, As if the disseisee disseise the heir of the disseisor, albeit the heir recover the land against the disseisee, yet shall he leave the preceding right in the disseisee. So if a woman that hath right of Dower disseise the heir, and he recover the land against her, yet shall he leave the right of Dower in her, 5 Ass. 1, 10 Ass. 16. 50 E 3, 7, 30 Ass. ● E 3. entry 56.  
Another diversity is to be noted, when the mere right is subsequent, and translated by act in Law, there albeit the possession be recontinued, yet that shall not draw the naked right with it; as if the heir of the disseisor be disseised, and the disseisor infeof the heir apparent of the disseisee, being of full age, and then the disseisee dyeth, and the naked right descends to him, and the heir of the disseisor recover the land against him, yet doth he leave the naked right in the heir of the disseisee.  
So if the discontinuee of Tenant in Tail infeoff the issue in Tail of full age, and then the discontinuee recover etc. yet he leaveth the naked right in the issue, 12 Ass. 41. 27 E 3, 84, 488. 23 H 8. Restore all action Br, 5. vide S 473, 475, 478, 487,  
But if the heir of the disseisor be disseised, and the disseisee release to the disseisor upon Condition, If the Condition be broken, it shall revest the naked right. And so if the disseisee had entered upon the heir of the disseisor, and made a Feoffment in fee upon Condition, if he enter for the Condition broken, and the heir of the disseisor enter upon him, the naked right should be left in the disseisee. But if the heir of the disseisor had entered before the Condition broken, than the right of the disseisee had been gone for ever, 38 E 3, 16, 9 H 7, 24   

Sect, 448,  
Natural seisin is the freehold in deed, and the civil the freehold in Law. Bract, l 4, f 206, 236, Brit, f, 83, b, Vide S 680,  
If a man levy a fine to a man Sur Com &c, Come, ceo, etc. or a fine Sun conusee de droit tantum, these be feoffments of record; and the Conusee hath a freehold in Law in him before he entereth. 42 E 2, 20, 10, H 6, 14, 17, E 3 7, 8, 2 E 3, 31.  
Upon an exchange the parties have neither freehold▪ in Deed nor in Law, before they enter; so upon a Petition the freehold is not removed until an entry, 11 H 4, 61, 21, H 7, 12  
If Tenant for life by the agreement of him in the reversion surrender unto him; he in reversion hath a freehold in Law in him, before he enter, 32 E. 3, Bar. 262, 4●, Ass. ●, 13, H 4, Surr. 10  
Upon a livery within view, no freehold is vested before an entry, 31 E 3, 12, Foyes, 266, b  
If a man do bargain and sell land by Deed indenture, and intollen●●●●, the freehold in Law doth pass presently, and so when use, are raised by covenant upon good consideration. If a Tenant in a praecipe, being seized of Lands in fee, confess himself to be a villain to a stranger, and to hold the land in villainage of him, the stranger by this acknowledgement is actually seized of the freehold, and inheritance without any entry, 17 E 3, 77, 18, E 4, 25   

Sect, 449, 450, 451 Fo. 267, a,  
A release of all the right may be good to him in revo●sion, (or to him in remainder in deed, ● E 3, 5●,) albeit he hath nothing in the freehold, because he hath an estate in hi●, ● E 4, 13, 14, H 4, 32, b, 41, E 3, 17, 49, E 3, 28, case ult  
For he to whom a release is made of a bare right in lands and tenements, must have either a freehold in deed or in Law, in possession, or a state in remainder or reversion in fee, or fee tail, or for life,  
But note that the state which maketh a man Tenant to the praecipe, is said to be the freehold, 3, E 2, enter 7. F. N.B. 20. E.   

Sect. 452. Fo. 267. b.  
Note, that as a release made of a right to him in reversion or remainder, shall aid and benefit him that hath the particular estate for years, life, or estate tail: So a release of a right made to a particular Tenant for life, or in tail, shall aid and benefit him or them in remainder. Sils ceo peient monster.  
The one cannot plead the Release made to the other, without showing of it, for that they are privy in estate.  
There is a diversity between several estates, in several Lands and several estates in one land; for if two Tenants in Common of Lands, grant a rend charge of forty shillings, out of the same to one in fee, and the grantee release to one of them, this shall extinguish but twenty shillings, for that the grant in judgement of Law was several: But if one be Tenant for life of lands, the reversion in fee over to another; if they two join in grant of a rent out of the lands, if the grantee release, either to him in the reversion, or to Tenant for life, the whole rent is extinguished; for it is but one rent, and issueth out of both estates.   

Sect. 454. Fo. 68 a.  
Note two diversities, 1 Between a Seignory or rend service, and a rend charge: for a Seignory or rend service may be released, and extinguished to him that hath but a bare right in the land, in respect of the privity, betwenn the Lord and the Tenant in right; for he is not only as Tennanr to the avowry, but if he die, his heir within age, he shall be in ward and if of full age he shall pay relief, and if he die without heir the land shall escheat. But there is no such privity in case of a rend charge, for there the charge lieth upon the Land.  
The second diversity is between a Seignory, and a bare right to land: for a release of a bare right to land, to one that hath but a bare right, is void. But a release of a Seignory to him that hath but a right, is good to extinguish the Seignory.  
Nota; Seignory, rend or right, either in praesenti, or in future, may be released five manner of ways; and the first three without any privity. 1. To the Tenant of the freehold in deed or in Law. 2. To him in remainder. 3. To him in reversion. The other two in respect of privity, as 1. Where the Lord releaseth his Seignory to the Tenant being disseised, having but a right and no estate at all. 2. In respect of the privity without any estate or right, as by the demandant to the vouchee, or donor to the donee, after the donee hath discontinued in fee. vid. S. 455. l. 10. fo. 48. Lampets' case.  
If the Lord hath accepted services of the disseisor, than the disseiser cannot enforce the Lord to avow upon him, though his beasts be taken, &c 20 H. 6. 9 b. 2 E 4. 6. a.  
But some do hold, that if there be Lord and Tenant, and the Tenant be disseised, and the disseisee die without heir, the Lord accepts rend by the hands of the disseisor, this is no bar to him; contrary it is, if he avow for the rent in Court of Record, or if he take a corporal service, as homage or fealty; for the disseisor is in by wrong: but if the Lord accept the rent by the hands of the heir of the disseisor, or of his Feoffee, because they be in by title, this shall bar him of his escheat, which is to be understood of a descent or a Feoffment, after the title of escheat accrued; for if the disseisor make a Feoffment in Fee, or die seized, and after the disseisee die without heir, than there is no escheat at all, because the Lord hat● a Tenant in by title, 7 E 6. escheat Br. 18. F.N. B. 1440. 7. H 4. 17, 2 H 4. 8. 6 H 7. 9 vid. S. 556. Upon the Statute, 21 H 8. ca 19 These four points are to be observed.  
1. That the Lord hath still election, either to avow according to the Common Law, by force of the Statute, by reason of this word (May.)  
2. Albeit the purview of the act be general, yet all necessary incidents are to be supplied, and the scope and end of the act to be taken; and therefore though he need not to make his avowry, upon any person certain, yet he must allege seisin by the hands of some Tenant in certain within 40. years.  
3. That if the avowry be made according to the Statute, every plaintiff in the replevin, or second deliverance, be he Termor or other, may have every answer to the avowry that is sufficient; and also have aid, and every other advantage in Law, (disclaimer only excepted) for disclaim he cannot, because in that case the avowry is made upon no certain person.  
4. Where the words of the Statute be, if the Lord distrain upon the Lands and Tenements holden, yet if the Lord come to distrain, and the Tenant enchase the beasts which were within the view, out of the land holden, ●. there the Lord distrain, etc. in judgement of Law the distress is lawful, and as taken within his fee and Seignory, and the Statute being made to suppress fraud, is to be taken by equity L 9 so. 136. Ascoughs' case, 27 H 8. fo. 4. 32 H 8. ca 2. l. 9 f. 36, ●ackna●● case, 34 H 8. Avow. Br. 113. l. 9 f. 22, case davow. 11 H. 7. 4. 34 H 6. 18. 16 E 4. 10. 21 H 7. 40.   

Sect. 445. Fo. 269.  
Note a diversity between a release of a rend service out of Land, and a release of right to land. As if a Lease be made to (F.) one for life reserving to the lessor and his heirs a certain rent.  
If the lessee be disseised, and after the lessor release to the lessee and his heirs all the right which he hath in the Land, and after the lessee enter, albeit in this case the rent is extinct, yet nothing of the right of reversion shall pass:  
But admit that the Donee in tail, (in such case) make Feoffment in fee, and the donor release unto him and hi● heirs, all the right in the Land, this shall extinguish the to ●t, because the Lord must avow upon him, and yet the Tenant in Tail, after the Feoffment hath no right in the Land, but the reason is in respect of the privity, and that the donor is by necessity compellable to avow upon him only, etc. 1 H. 5. garr. 43. 14. H. 4. 38. l. 3. fo. 29. l. 6. 58 10. E. 3. 26. 48. E. 3 8. b. 31. E. 3. guard. 116. 5. E. 4. 3 7. E. 4. 27. 15. E. 4. 13. Trin. 18. Eliz. Sir Tho. Waits case in Com. Banco. Nota, etc.   

Sect. 457, 458.  
Si veray Tenant que est disseisin reign deal fi●gn. per service de chivalry & mor. (son heir eant deius age) le siegn, avera & seisam le guard del heir: mes si tiel tenant fist Feoffment in fee, etc. auterment est. 12 H. 4 13. 36 E. 3. guard. 10. 6. H 7. 9 37 H. 6. 1. 32. H. 6. 27. 7. E. 6. guard. Br.  
There be four manner of avowries for rents and services, etc. viz.  
1. Super verum tenentem, as in the case here put.  
2. Supra verum tenentem in forma praedicta, as where a Lease for life, or a gift in tail be made, the remainder in fee.  
3. Upon one as upon his Tenant of the Manor, omitting (very) and this is when the Lord hath a particular estate in the Seignory, and so shall the donor upon the donee, or lessor upon the lessee.  
4. Sur la matter, en la terre, as within his fee and Seignory. As where the Tenant by knight's service maketh a Lease for life reserving a rent, and die, his heir within age, the garden shall avow upon the lessee. 2 H. 4. 24. 12. E. 4. 42. 26. H. 6. avowry 17. 9 El. Dyer 257. 5. H 7. 11. 7. E. 4. 24. 20. E. 3. avow 131. 47. E. 3. fo. ult. 38. H. 6. 23. Now by the Statute 21. H. 8. ca 19 The very Lord may avow as in Lands within his fee and Seignory, without avowing upon person in certainty.  
Note a diversity, if Tenant in Tail, make a Feoffment in fee, yet the right of the Tenant in tail remains, and shall descend to the issue in tail. But when the Tenant in fee simple make a Feoffment in fee, no right at all remains of his estate, but when the whole is transferred to the Feoffee. Also the Lord is not compellable in that case to avow upon the Feoffor, but if he will, as Littleton here saith, he may avow on the Feoffee, but so it is not in case of tenant in tail, Fol. 269. b.  
Note a diversity, between actions and acts which concern the right, and actions and acts which concern the possession only; for a writ of customs and services lieth not against the Feoffor, nor a release to him shall extinguish the Seignory. So if a rescous be made, an Ass. shall not lie against the Feoffor, and him that made the Rescous, because the Feoffee is Tenant and in Ass. the surplusage encroached, shall be avoided; for these actions and acts concern the right, but of a seisin and avowry which concern the possession, it is otherwise; and if the Lord release to the Feoffor, this is good between them, as to the possession, and discharge of the arerages, but the Feoffee shall not take benefit of it, for that, it extended but to the right. But the Feoffor shall plead a release to the Feoffee, for thereby the Seignory is extinct, as if the lessee for life doth waste, and grant over his estate, and the lesser release to the grantee, in an action of waist against the lessee, he shall plead the release, and yet he hath nothing in the land; and so in waist shall Tenant in Dower, or by the courtesy in the like case, and the vouchee, and the Tenant in praecipe after a Feoffment made, and so in a contra formam collationis.  
Nota, etc. If there be Lord and Tenant, and the rent is behind for divers years, and the Tenant make a Feoffment in fee, if the Lord accept the service, or rend of the Feoffee due in his time, he shall lose the arrearages due in the time of the Feoffor, for after such acceptance, he shall not avow upon the Feoffor, nor upon the Feoffee, for the arrearages due, etc. But in that case if the Feoffor dieth, albeit the Lord accept the rent or service by the hand of the Feoffee due in his time, he shall not lose the arrearages, for now the Law compelleth him to avow upon the Feoffee; and that which the Law compelleth him unto, shall not prejudice him. 4 E. 3. 22. 7. E. 3. 8. 7. E. 4. 27. 29. H. 8. avow. Br. 111. l. 3. fo. 65. 66. Pennants' case 7. H. 4. 14. 2. E. 4. 6 3. 4. H. 6. 46. 47. E. 3. 4. Vide lib. etc.   

Sect. 459.  
If a man make a lease for years, the Remainder for years; and the first lessee doth enter, a release to him in remainder for years is good to enlarge his estate. 22. E. 4. Surr. 6.  
But if a lease be made to begin at Michaelmas, reserving a rent, and before the day the lesser release all the right that he hath in the land, this cannot enure to enlarge the estate, but to extinguish the rent in respect of the privity. M. 39 & 40 El in Scacc. Sir H. Woodhouse, and Sir Will. Paston.  
A man grants the next avoidance of an advowson to two, the one of them before the Ch. become void (for after it becomes void, it is but a thing in action) may release to the other; for although the grantor cannot release to them to increase their estate, because their interest is future, and not in possession; yet one of them to extinguish his interest may release to the other in respect of the privity. P. 38. El. Qu. imp. per Bonnet, verse levesque Norwich in Com. Ban.  
Note that, seeing lessee for years hath interest termini, before every he may grant it over, albeit for want of an actual possession, he is not capable of a release to enlarge his estate, Pl. Com. 423.  
But if a man make a release for life, the remainder for life and the first lessee dieth, a release to him in remainder, and his heirs, is good before he doth enter to enlarge his estate, for that he hath an estate of a freehold in Law in him.   

Sect. 460. and 461.  
A release to a Tenant at will is good, because between them, there is a possession with privity; but a release to a Tenant at sufferance is void, because he hath a possession without privity. 21. H 6. 37. 2 E. 4. 6. b. 7. E. 4. 27. 8. 4. 16. 29. H. 6. Rel. 6. Fo. 270. b.  
But if a man enter into Land of his own wrong, and take the profits, his words to hold it at the will of the owner cannot qualify his wrong, but he is a disseisor, and then the release to him is good, or if the owner consent thereunto, than he is a Tenant at will, and that way also the release is good. Temps H 8 Tenant a. vol. l. 5. 2. E. 4. 38. 13. E. 3. Ass. 86.  
But there is a diversity, when one cometh to a particular estate in land by the act of the party, and when by act in law; for if the Garden hold over, he is an Abator, because his interest came by acts in Law. 10. E. 4. 9 10.  
Privity is fourfold. First, Privies in estate, as between the donor and donee, lessor and lessee, which privity is ever immediate.  
2. Privies in blood, as the heir to his Ancestor, or between Coparcerners, etc.  
3. Privies in representation, as executors, etc. to the Testator.  
4. Privity in tenure, as the Lord and Tenant, etc. which may be reduced to general heads, Privies in Deed, and Privies in Law Old N.B. 117. 137. l. 4. fo. 23. Walkers case l. 4. f. 123. etc. Vide S. 454.   

Sect. 462. and 463.  
When a Feoffment is made to a future use, as to the performance of his last Will, the Feoffees shall be seized to the use of the Feoffor, and of his heirs in the mean time. And reason would, That seeing the Feoffment is made without consideration, and the Feoffor hath not disposed of the profits in the mean time, that by construction and intendment of law, the Feoffor aught to occupy the same in the mean time. And so it is when the Feoffor disposeth the profits for a particular time in praesenti, the use of the inheritance shall be to the Feoffor and his heirs, as a thing not disposed of, 35. H. 6. Subpoena 22. 15. H. 7. 12. b. 37. H. 6. 36. 11. H. 4. 52. 7. H. 4. 22. 1. M. 1 11. Dyer.  
And note a diversity between a Feoffment at lands at this day upon confidence, or to the intent to perform his last Will, and a Feoffment to the use of such person and persons, and of such estate and estates, as he shall appoint by his last Will; for in the first case the land passeth by the Will, and not by the Feoffment; for after the Feoffment the feoffor was seized in fee simple, as he was before: but in latter case the Will pursuing his power is but a direction of the uses of the feoffment, and the estates pass by execution of the uses which were raised upon the feoffment, but in both cases the feoffees are seized to the use of the feoffor and his heirs in the mean time, l. 6. fo. 17, 18. Sir Edw. Cleres' Case. fo. 271. b.  
Note, uses are raised, either by transmutation of the state, as by Fine, Feoffment, Common Recovery, etc. or out of the state of the owner of the land by bargain and sale, etc. or by Covenant upon lawful cosideration, Dillon and Frayns case, l. 1. etc. fo. 113.  
There cannot be two uses in esse, of one and the same land.  
But if A. disseise one to the use of B. and doth bargain and sell the land for money to C.C. hath an use, and here be two uses of one land, but of several natures, the one, viz. upon the bargain and sale to be executed by the Statute, and the other not. But since Littleton wrote, all uses are transferred by Act of Parliament into possession, 27. H. 8. cap. 10.   

Sect. 464. Fol. 272. a.  
By the Statute of 2. H. 5. cap. 3. Stat. 2. it is enacted, that in three cases, he that passeth in an Enquest, aught to have lands, tenements to the value of 40. s. viz. 1. Upon Trial of the death of a man. 2. In Plea real between party and party. And 3. In Plea personal, where the debt, or (or and) the damages in the Declaration amount unto forty Marks, 28. H. 8. Dyer. fol. 9 9 H. 5. fol. 5. 15. H. 7. 13. b. 5. E. 4. 7. a.  
The surest construction of a Statute, is by the rule and reason of the Common Law. Uses were at the Common Law.  
When the Law gives to any man any estate or possession, the Law giveth also a privity, and other necessaries to the same.  
Since Littleton wrote, the said Statute of 2. H. 5 is altered: for where that Statute limited 40. s. now a later Statute hath raised it to 4. l. and so it ought to be contained in the Ven. fac. 27. El. cap. 6.  
Nota. An use is a trust or confidence reposed in some other, which is not issuing out of the land, but as a thing collateral, annexed in privity to the estate of the land, and to the person touching the land, viz. that Cesty que Use shall take the profit, and that the Terretenant shall make an estate according to his direction. So as Cesty que Use had neither jus in re, nor jus ad rem, but only a confidence and trust, for which he had no remedy by the Common Law, but for breach of trust, his remedy was only by Subpoena in Chancery. Fortescue cap. 25, 26 etc. Pl. Com. 352. b. in Dalameres case. & 349. b. l. 1. fo. 121 122, 127, 140. ●hudleys case, l. 2. fo. 58, 78 l. 6 fo. 64. l. 7. fo. 13 & 34. Vide Fortescue ut ante etc. How Jurors shall be returned, etc.   

Sect. 65. Fol. 273. a.  
It is a certain rule. That when a Release doth enure by way of enlarging of an estate, that there must be privity of estate, as between lessor and lessee, donor and donee, Fleta l. 5. cap. 34. 15. H. 7. 14. 22. E. 4 4.  
But a Release to him that in rei veritate (albeit there be privity in Law, and a tenancy in supposition of Law) hath no estate, cannot enure to him by way of enlargement, for how can his estate be enlarged that hath not any? Vide Libr.  
If a Tenant by the Courtesy grant over his estate, yet he is Tenant as to an action of W●ste, Attornment etc. and yet a Release to him and his heirs cannot enure to enlarge his estate, that hath no estate at all.  
If I grant the reversion of my Tenant for life to another for life, now shall not he have an action of Waste. But if I release to the grantee for life and his heirs, now he hath the Fee simple, and shall punish the Waste done after, 48. E. 3. 16. a. per Persay and Finchden, 41. E. 3. 17. a. 7 E. 4. 17.  
It is further to be observed, that to a release which enureth by way of enlargement of the estate, there is not only required privity and an estate, but sufficient words also in Law, to raise or create a new estate.  
If a man make a lease to A. for term of the life of B. and after release to A. all this right in the Land, by this A. hath an estate for term of his own life, for a lease for term of his life is higher in Judgement of Law, than an estate for term of another man's life, vide 16. H. 6. Release 45. 22. E. 2. Rel. Statham.  
Nota, when a Release doth enure by way of enlargement of an estate, no inheritance, either in fee simple or fee tail, can pass without apt words of inheritance: But there is a diversity between a Release that enureth by way of Mitter lestate, and by way of enlargement of the state, 9 El. Dyer 263.  
If there be three joint-tenants, and one release to one of the other all his right; this enureth by way of Mitter lestate, and passeth the whole fee simple without these words Heirs. But if there be two joint-tenants, & the one release of them all his right to the other, this doth not to all purposes enure by way of Mitter lestate, for it maketh no degree, and he to whom the release is made, shall for many purposes be adjudged in from the first Feoffor, and this release shall vest all in the other joint-tenant without these words (Heirs) 40. E. 3. 41. 46 E. 3. 19 H 6. 33 H. 6. 5. 10 E. 4. 3.  
But if there be two Coparcerners, and the one release all his right to the other, this shall enure by way of Mitter testate, and shall make a degree, and without these words (Heirs) shall pass the whole fee simple.  
And note, that to a release that enures by way of Mitter lestate, there must be privity of estate at the time of the Release, 37 H. 8. Alienat. Br. 31. 8 H. 4. 8. 40 Ass. 5. 19  
If two Coparcerners be of a rent, and the one of them take the Terre tenant to husband, the other may release to her, notwithstanding the rent be in suspense, and it shall enure by way of Mitter lestate, and she may release also to the Terretenant, and that shall enure by way of extinguishment. But if she release to her sister, and to her husband, it is good to be seen how it shall enure. *  
Nota, some releases do enure by way of enlargement of estate, some by way of Mitter lestate, some by way of Mitter le droit, by way of Entry and Feoffment, and some by Extinguishment, vide Littl. foe 68, 69.   

Sect. 467. Folly 274. a.  
Reg. he that hath a fee simple at the time of the Release made of a right, etc. needeth not speak of his heirs; for a release of a right for a day is sufficient, etc. But if a man be disseised of two acres, he may release his right in one of them, and yet enter into the other, vide 6 E. 3. 17. alias 6. E. 3. 17. 12. E. 3. descent F. 29.  
So note a diversity, between a release of part of the estate of a right, and a release of a right in part of the Land.  
Again, note two diversities, 1. Between the quantity of the estate in a right, and the quality thereof, for albeit the disseisee cannot release part of the estate, yet may he release his right upon condition, 4. E. 2. Release 50. 43. Ass. 12. 17. Ass. 2. 31. Ass Ass. 13 21. H. 24.  
2. Diversity is between a right, which is favoured in Law, and a condition created by the party which is odious in Law, for that it desceateth estates; and therefore if a condition be released upon condition, the release is good, and the condition void, fo. 274. b.  
An express Manumission of a Villain cannot be upon condition, for once free in that case, and over free. Also an Attornment to a grantee upon condition, the condition is void, because the grant is once settled But this is to be understood of a condition subsequent, and not of a condition precedent, for in both cases the condition precedent is good. But Letters Patents of Denization made to an alien, may be either upon condition subsequent or precedent, and so may the King make a Charter of Pardon to a man of his life, upon condition as is abovesaid, Rot. Parliament. 18. H. 6. 11. 29. Ap Guilliams, case, 10. E. 3. c. 2. 3. H. 7. f. 6.   

Sect. 469.  
Lou home ad forsque droit a la terre, & nad riens in le reversion ne in le remainder in fait; si tiel home release tout son droit a un que est tenant de le franktenement, tout son droit ale, comment que nul mention soit fait de les heires celuy a que le release est fait. To a release of a right, made to any that hath an estate of Freehold in Deed or in Law, no privity at all is requisite. Lessee for life letteth the same land over to another for term of the life of his lessee, the remainder to another in fee; A release in this case by the first lessor to the lessee, doth not enure by way of Mitter le droit, for than should he have the whole right, but as it were by way of extinguishment in respect of him that made the release; and that it shall enure to him in the remainder, which is a quality of an inheritance extinguished, but yet the right is not extinct in deed.   

Sect. 471. Fol. 275. b.  
If a disseisor make a lease for life, the remainder in fee, albeit they to some purposes are as one Tenant in Law, yet if the disseisee release all actions to the Tenant for life, he in the remainder shall not take benefit of this release, for it extendeth only to Tenant for life, l. 8 fo. 148. Edw. Althams' Case.  
Also if the disseisor make a lease for life, and the disseisee release all actions to the lessee, this enureth not to him in the reversion. And so our Author is to be understood of a release of Rights, and not of a release of actions to the Tenant for life, as to or for the benefit of him in the remainder or reversion.   

Sect. 472. Fol. 276. a.  
If Tenant for life be disseised by two, and he release to one of them, this shall enure to them both, for he to whom the release is made, hath a longer estate than he that releaseth, and therefore cannot enure to him alone to hold out his Companion, for than should the release enure by way of Entry and grant of his estate, and consequently the disseisor to whom the release is made, should become Tenant for life, and the reversion revested in the lessor, which strange transmutation of estates in this case the Law will not suffer, 13. E. 4. Descent. F. 29.  
But if lessee for years be ousted, and he in the reversion disseised, and the lessee release to the disseisor, the disseisee may enter, for the term of years is extinct and determined. And so it is if Donee in Tail be disseised by two, etc. But if the King's Tenant for life be disseised by two, and he release to one of them, he shall hold out his companion, for the disseisor gained but the estate for life. So if two joint-tenants make a lease for life, and after to disseise the Tenant for life, and he release to one of them, he shall hold out his companion, for the disseisin was but of an estate for life.  
If Tenant for life be disseised by two, and he in the reversion and Tenant for life join in a release to one of the disseisors, he shall hold out his companion, and yet it cannot enure by way of entry and Feoffment. But if they severally release their several Rights, it shall enure to both the disseisors.  
But here in Littleton's Case, where Tenant in fee simple is disseised by two, and release to one of them; this for many purposes enures by way of entry and Feoffment, and therefore he to whom the release is made, shall hold out his companion, and be made sole Tenant of the fee simple. Mes fi un disseisor infeffa 2 etc. auterment est. For that the Feoffees are in by Title, and are presumed to have a Warranty, which is much favoured in Law, and the disseisors are merely in by wrong, 21 H. 6. 41.  
If two men do gain an Advowson by usurpation, and the right Patron release to one of them, it shall enure to them both, for seeing their Clerk come in by admission and institution, which are judicial acts, they are not merely in by wrong: for an usurpation shall cause a Remitter, F. N. B. 31. M.  
But if a lease for life be made, the remainder for life, the remainder in fee, and he in remainder for life disseise the Tenant for life, and then the Tenant for life dieth, the disseisin is purged, and he in remainder for life hath but an estate for life. And so note a diversity where the particular estate for life is precedent, and when subsequent, 19 H 6. 21. 38. H. 6. 28. Case de Occup.  
Where our Author putteth his case of one disseised, put the case that two joint-tenants in fee be disseised by two, and one of the disseisees release to one of the disseisors all his right he shall not hold out his companion, because the release is but of the moiety, without any certainty.  
If a man be disseised by two women, and one of them take husband, and the disseisee release to the husband, this shall enure to the advantage of both the disseisors, because the husband was no wrong doer, but in a manner by Title.  
If two disseisors be, and they make a Lease for life, and the disseisee release to one of them, this shall enure to them both, and to the benefit of the lessee for life also: for he cannot by the release have the sole possession and estate; for part of the estate is in another. And so it is if the disseisors make a lease for years etc.  
But the mortgage upon condition having broken the condition, is disseised by two, the mortgager having Title of entry for the condition broken, releases to the one disseisor, albeit they be in by wrong, yet the release shall enure to them for two causes: 1. For that they are not wrong doers to the Mortgager, but to the Mortgagee; and by Littleton's case it appeareth, that wrong is done to him that made the Release. 2. That he that makes the Release, hath but a Title by force of a condition, and Littleton's case is of a right. Like Law is of an entry for Mortmain, or a consent to Ravishment, etc.   

Sect. 473.  
Note, that a release by one whose entry is lawful to him that is in by wrong, shall purge and take away all mean estates and titles.  
If A. disseise B. who infeoff C. with warranty, who infeoff D. with warranty, and E. disseise D. to whom B. releases, this doth defeat all the mean estates and warranty, causa qua suprae, 11. H. 4. 33. 9 H. 7. 25. 2. E. 4. 16. 21. E. 4. 78. 12. Ass. 22. vide 3. H. 6. 38.   

Sect. 474. Fol. 276. b.  
If the disseisor make a lease for life, and the lessee make a feoffment in fee, and the disseisee release to the Feoffee, this release shall take away the entry of the disseisor for the alienation which was made to his disinheritance, he having the inheritance by disseisin, so as he could have no warranty annexed to it, and Tenant for life forfeited his estate. But if the entry of the disseisee were not lawful, it is otherwise; as the Book of 9 H. 7. 25. is, of an estate Tail, mutatis mutandis. Vide l. foe 277. a.   

Sect. 475.  
Abate. Vide N.B. 115. Brit. cap. 51. Bract. l. 4. cap. 2.  
Abatamentum, is an entry by interposition.  
A Disseisin is a wrongful putting out of him that is actually seized of a Freehold, and Abatement is when a man died seized of an estate of Inheritance, and between the death and entry of the heir, an estranger doth interpose himself, and abate.  
Intrusion, 1. properly is when the Ancestor died seized of any estate of inheritance expectant upon an estate for life; and then Tenant for life dieth, etc. and an estranger doth interpose himself and intrude.  
2. He that enters upon any of the King's demesns, and taketh the profits, is said to intrude upon the King's Possessions, F.N.B. 203. Fleta. l. 4. cap. 30. Pl. Com. case de Mynes.  
3. When the heir in ward enters at his full age without satisfaction for his marriage, the writ saith quod intrusit. F.N. B. 141. F.  
Deforciamentum, comprehendeth not only these aforenamed, but any man that holdeth Land, whereunto another man hath right, be it by descent or purchase, is said to be a deforcer.  
Usurpation hath two significations in the common Law, one when an estranger that no right hath presenteth to a Church, and his Clerk is admitted and instituted.  
2. When any subject doth use without lawful warrant Royal franchises, he is good to usurp, etc.  
Purprestura est, etc. generaliter quories aliquid sit ad nocumentum regii tenementi, vel regiae viae (vel aliquarum publicar.) vel civitatis, etc. Glanv. l. 9 ca 11. Brit. foe 28. 29.  
And because it is properly, when there is a house builded, or an enclosure made of any part of the Kings demesne, or of an high way, or a common street, or public water, or such public things, it is derived of the French word Pourpris, which signifieth an enclosure, but specially applied, as is aforesaid by the common Law. Sic nota differentiam inter disseisinam, Abatamentum, Intrusionem, deforciamentum, & usurpationem, & purpresturam.   

Sect. 476. Fo. ●77. b.  
But if the Feoffee upon condition make a Feoffment in fee over without any condition, and the disseisee release to the second Feoffee, the condition is destroyed by the release, before the condition broken or after; for the state of the second Feoffee was not upon any express condition, as Littleton here putteth his case, and he may have advantage of the release, because it is not against his own proper acceptance, as Littleton speaketh in the next Section. L. 1. fo. 147. Mayowes' case.  
But if it be a wrongful title, such a title is taken away by a release. As if A. disseised B. to the use of C.B. release to A. this shall take away the agreement of C. to the disseisin, because it should make him a wrong doer, as if the disseisor be disseised, the disseisee release to the second disseisee, this taketh away the right of the first disseisor had against the second; and a relation of an estate gained by wrong, shall never defeat an estate subsequent, gained by right, against a single opinion, not affirmed by any other in our books 14. H. 8. 11. per Portm.  
Si disseisee release all Feoffee sur condition ceo namendre lestate le Feoffee, etc.   

Sect. 477. Fo. 478 a.  
Home navera advantage per un release que serre enconter son proper acceptance, & encounter son grant dem. & count. que asc' ont dit que lou enier de h●me est congeable sur un tenant sil release a mes le tenant, que ceo availoit a le tenant, sicom il ust enter sur le tenant, & puis luy infeoffa, etc. ceo ne● pas voier en chesc' cas. Car si le disseisee, ust enter sur le Feoffee sur condition & puis luy infeoffa donques est le condition tout defeat, mes il ne pas void per asc' tiel release saint entry fait, etc.  
If A. and B. be joint disseisors, and B. grant a rend charge, and the disseisee release to A. all his right, A. shall avoid the rend charge, because it was not granted by him, and so not within the reason of our author.  
If two disseisors be, and they infeoffee another, and take back an estate for life or in fee, albeit they remain disseisors to the disseisee, as to have an Ass. against them, yet if he release to one of them, he shall not hold our his companion, because their state in the land is in by Feoffment,  
If there be two disseisors, and they be disseised, and they release to their disseisor, and after disseise him, and then the disseisee release to one or both of them, yet the second disseisor shall reenter; for they shall not hold the land against their own release.  
If a disseisee release to one of the disseisors to some purpose, this shall enure by way of entry and Feoffment, viz. as to hold out his companion. But as to a rent Charge granted by him, it shall not enure by way of entry and Feoffment, for if the disseisee had entered and enfeoffed him, the rend charge had been avoided,  
But it is a certain rule, that when the entry of a man is congeable, and he release to one that is in by title (as here to the Feoffee upon condition is, it shall never enure by way of entry and Feoffment, either to avoid a condition, with which he accepted the land charged, or his own grant, or to hold out his companion.  
And where it appeareth by our author that acts done by the disseisor shall not be avoided by the release of the disseisee; It is to be noted, that acts made to the disseisor himself, shall not be avoided by the alteration of his estate by the release of the disseisee, as if the Lord before the release had confirmed the estate of the disseisor to hold by lesser services, the disseisor shall take advantage of it, and so of estovers to be burnt in the house, and the like Law is of a warrantty made unto him.  
If an alien be a disseisor and obtain letters of denization, and then the disseisee release unto him, the King shall not have the land, for the release hath altered the estate, and it is as it were a new purchase, otherwise it is if the alien had been the Feoffee of a disseisor. Fo. 278. b.  
If the Lord disseise the Tenant, and is disseised, the disseisee release to the second disseisor, yet the signory is not revived, for between the parties, the release enures by way of entry and Feoffment as to the land; but not having regard to the Seignory; and for that the possession was never actually removed, or revested from the disseisor, who claimeth under the Lord, the signory is not revived. But if the Lord, and the stranger disteise the Tenant, and the disseisee release to the stranger, there the Seignory by operation of Law is revived, for the whole is vested in the stranger, which never claimed under the Lord; and in that case if the Lord had died, and the land had survived, the Seignory had been revived.   

Sect. 478 Fo. ●79. a.  
Note, that where the Law in one case, doth give a man several remedies and of several kinds, there is a great art and knowledge for him to choose his aptest remedy. 28. E. 3. 98. 9 E. 4 46. 21. E. 4. 55. 41. E. 3. 10. 2. H. 4. 12. 41. E. 3.  
A man makes a gift in tail, the remainder in fee, Tenant in tail dieth without issue, an estranger intrudes, and he in remainder brings a Formedon, and recovered by default, and makes a Feoffment in fee, the intrudor reverse the recovery in a writ of deceit and entry, he shall detain the Land for ever, and the Feoffee shall not have a writ of right. And so likewise if a disseisor die seized, and a stranger abate, and the disseisee release to him, the heir of the disseisor shall enter, and detain the land for ever. 9 H, 7. 24.  
Dormit aliquando jus, moritur nunquam; Right may be trodden down, but never trodden out, for where it hath been said, that a release of right doth somewaies enure by way of extinguishment; it is so to be understood, either (as Littleton doth here) in respect of him that makes the release, or in respect that in construction of Law, it enureth not alone to him to whom it is made, but to others also, who be estranger to the release, which as hath been said, is a quality of an inheritance extinguished.  
As when the heir of the disseisor is disseised, and the disseisor make a Lease for life, the remainder in fee, if the first disseisee release to the Tenant for life, this is said to enure by way of extinguishment, for that it shall enure to him in remainder, who is a stranger to the release, and yet in truth the right is not extinct, but doth follow the possession, viz. The Tenant for life hath it during his time, and he in remainder to him and his heirs, and the right of inheritance is in him in the remainder. 14 H. 8. 6. b.   

Sect. 479. and 480.  
Here Littleton putteth a diversity between releaseth, which enure by way of extinguishment against all persons, and whereof all persons may take advantage; and release which in respect of some persons enure by way of extinguishment, and of other persons by way of mitter le droit. Or between releases which indeed enure by extinguishment, for that he to whom the release is made, cannot have the thing released; and releases which having some quality of such release, are said to enure by way of extinguishment; but in troth do not, for that he to whom the release is made, may take the thing released. 11. H. 7. 25. 37. H. 6. bar. 39 38. E. 3. 10.  
And here Littleton putteth cases, where releases do absolutely enure by extinguishment; as 1. Of the Lord and Tenant; for the Tenant cannot have service to be taken of himself, nor one man can be both Lord and Tenant. 2. A man cannot have land, and a rent issuing out of the same land. 3. A man cannot have land, and a common of pasture issuing out of the same land. Fo. 280. a.  
The mesne being a feme entermarry with the Tenant peravaile, if the Lord release to the feme, the Seignory only is extinct, but if the release to the husband, both Seignory and mesnalty are extinct, and in this case if the Lord release to the husband and wife, it is a question how the release shall enure; but it is no question but that a release may be made to a measualty, or a Seignory suspended in part of the estate. 19 H. 6. 19  
The Lord may release his Seignory to the tenant of the land for life or in tail, & sic de coeteris. But so cannot one release a right or an action, etc. 13. E. 3. Extinguishment. Br. 45. and voucher F. 120.  
Note, that by the release of all his right in the Seignory or the Land, the whole Seignory is extinct without any words of inheritance. 12. H. 4. Release 21. 18. E. 2. ibid. 5. 26. H. 8. 57 41. Ass. 6.  
If there be Lord and Tenant by fealty and rent, the Lord granteth the Seignory for years, and the Tenant atturn, the Lord release his Seignory to the Tenant for years, and to the Tenant of the land generally, the whole Seignory is extinct, and the state of the lessee also. But if the release had been to them and their heirs, than the lessee had had the inheritance of the one moiety, and the other moiety had been extinct, Vide lib. etc.   

Sect. 481 & 482.  
Here it appeareth by Littleton, That if a man make a lease for life, the remainder in fee and Tenant for life suffer a recovery by default, that he in remainder should not have a Formedon by the common Law: for Littleton saith, that he had not any remedy before the Statute. Neither is there any such Writ in that case in the Register, albeit in some books mention is made of such a writ, W. 2. ca 5. 34. E. 3. Formedon. 31. 11. E. 3. ibi. 31. 8. E. 3. 59 F. N. B. 117. b. 7. H. 7. 13.  
Mes si celuy en le remainder ust entry sur le Tenant pur vie & luy disseisist, & apres tenant entry sur luy, & apres tenant pur term de vie, per tiel recovery perde per default & mor. ore celuy en remainder bien poit aver breve de droit envers celuy que recovera, pur ceo que le mice Seignory join solement sur le meer droit, etc.  
Here a disseisin gotten by wrong, and defeated by the entry of him, that right hath, is sufficient to maintain a writ of right against the recoverer in this case; for albeit the seisin is defeated, between the lessee for life, and him in the remainder, yet having regard to the recoveror, who is a mere stranges, and hath no title, it is sufficient against him. But otherwise it is, against the party himself, that defeateth the seisin, and the law is propense to give remedy to him that right hath. 7. E. 3. 62. 38. E. 3. 37. Jur. utr. 1.  
Lands are let to A. for life, the remainder to B. for life, the remainder to the right heirs of the heirs of A. A. dieth, B. enters and dieth, a stranger intrudeth, the heir of A. shall have a writ of right of the seisin, which A. had as Tenant for life, Fo. 281. a.  
If Lands be given in tail to A. the remainder to his right heirs, A. dyeth without issue, the Collateral heir of A. shall have a writ of right of the seisin of A. 4. E. 3. 16. 17.  
And so note a diversity between a seisin to cause possess. fratris, etc. for there is required a more actual seisin, and a seisin to maintain a writ of right. 40. E. 3. 8. 42. E. 3. 20. 37. Ass. 4. (14. E. 4. 24. 7. H, 5. 4. 11. H. 4. 11.   

Sect. 483. 484.  
Note a diversity; where the issue taken goeth to the point of the writ or action, there modo and forma, are but words of form; as in Littleton's case of the writ of entry in casu proviso, and so is the (etc.) well explained in this Section.  
But otherwise it is, when a collateral point in pleading is traversed, as if a feoffment be alleged by two, and this is traversed modo and forma, and it is found the feoffment of one, there modo and forma is material. So if a feoffment be pleaded by deed, and it is traversed absque hoc quod feoffavit modo & forma upon this collateral issue, modo & forma are so essential, as the Jury cannot find a feoffment without deed. 9 H. 6. 1. 40 E. 3. 35. 21. E. 3. 4. 22. F.N.B. 205. 206. g. 40. E. 3. 5. 32. H. 8. issue Br. 80. 12. E. 4. 4.  
Here is another diversity to be observed, that albeit the issue be upon a collateral point, yet if by the finding of part of the issue, it shall appear to the Court, that no such action lieth for the plaintiff, no more than if the whole had been found, there modo & forma, are but words of form as here in the case which Littleton putteth of the Lord and Tenant appeareth. 10. E. 4. 7. 8. E. 4. 15. 20. and 21. E. 4. 3. Merlbr. cap. 3.  
If the matter of the issue be found it is sufficient, and this rule holds in criminal causes. Pl. Com. 101. v. 6. E. 3. 41. b. 9 H. 7. 3. 13. H. 7. 14. 8. E. 3. 70. 8. Ass. 29. & 39 5. H. 4. 22. 7. H. 4. 11. Pl. Com. 92. 3. Mar. Dyer. 115. 116. 40. E. 3. 35. 31. E. 3. account 58. 28. Ass. 48.  
The lessee covenants with the lessor not to cut down any trees, etc. and binds himself in a bond of 40. l. for performance of covenants; the lessee cuts down ten trees, the lessor brings an action of debt upon the bond, and assigneth a breach that the lessee cutteth down twenty trees, whereupon issue is joined, and the Jury find that the lessee cut down ten, judgement shall be given for the Plaintiff, for sufficient matter of the issue is found for the Plaintiff.   

Sect. 485. 486.  
An assault, battery, or taking of goods, etc. alleged in another county, cannot be traversed without special cause of justification, which extendeth to some certain place; as if a Constable of a Town in another county arrest the body of a man that breaketh the peace, there he may traverse the county (but he must not rest there) but all other places saving in the Town whereof he is Constable.  
And so it is of taking of goods, the Defendant justifies for damage feisant in another county, he must as before traverse.  
But where the cause of the justification is not restrained to a certain place, that is so local as it cannot be alleged in any other Town, etc. then albeit the action be brought in a foreign county, yet he must allege his justification in the county where the action is brought.  
In an action upon the case, the Plaintiff declared for speaking of slanderous words, which are transitory, and laid the words to be spoken in London, the Defendant pleaded a concord for speaking of words in all the counties of England, saving in London, and traversed the speaking of the words in London: the Plaintiff in his Declaration denied the concord, whereupon the Defendant demurs, and Judgement, etc. for the Plaintiff. Tr. 30. El. Kings Bench. Inglebert and Jones, & Com. Pleas. Pasche 38. El. Rot. 1656.  
It is an ancient Principle in Law, That for transitory causes of action, the Plaintiff might allege the fame in what place or County he would.  
It is better that it be turned to a default, than the Law should be changed, or any innovation made, 2. H. 4. 18. 38. E. 3. 1.  
A man did grant a rent, that the grantee should hold the distress against gauges and pledges, and yet he shall gauge delivery, for otherwise by this new invention all Replevins shall be taken away, 4. E. 3. cap. 5. 4. H. 4. cap. 2.  
Where the Jury is bound to find as well local things in many cases, as transitory in other Counties, Vide lib. 6. fol. 46. Dowdales' Case, 3. E. 3. Ass. 446. 14. H. 4 35. 5. H. 5. 2. 37. H. 6. 2. 7. E. 4. 45. 18. E. 4. 1. 13. H. 7. 17. 2 Mar. Br. att. 104. 20. El. Dyer 171. 19 H. 6. 48. 28. H. 8. Dyer 29. 12. H. 8. 1.  
Reg. by the Common Law, if the Defendant hath cause of justification or excuse, then can he not plead Not guilty, for then upon the evidence it shall be found against him, for that he confesseth the battery, and upon that issue cannot justify it, but he must plead the special matter, and confess and justify the battery.  
If in battery the Defendant may justify the same to be done of the Plaintiffs own assault, he must plead it specially, and must not plead the general issue; and so of the like.  
In trespass of breaking his close, upon Not guilty, he cannot give in evidence, that the beasts came through the Plaintiffs hedge, which he ought to keep, nor upon the general issue justify, by reason of a rent charge common, etc. 25. H. 8. Br.  
In Detinue, the Defendant pleaded non detinet, he cannot give in evidence, that the goods were pawned to him for money, and that it is not paid, but must plead it, but he may give in evidence a gift from the Plaintiff, for that proveth he detaineth not the Plaintiffs goods, 22. H. 6. 33. 20. El. Dyer 276. 2. M. Dyer 212.  
If two men be bound in a bond jointly, and the one is sued alone, he may plead matter in abatement of the Writ, but he cannot plead Non est factum, for it is his Deed, though it be not his sole deed, lib. 5. fo. 119. Whelpdales' case, vide etc. foe 283. a.  
Reg. whensoever a man doth any thing by force of a Warrant or Authority, he must plead it.  
But all that hath been said must be under two cautions;  
1. That whensoever a man cannot have advantage of the special matter by way of pleading, there he shall take advantage of it in the evidence: For example, the Rule of Law is, That a man cannot justify in the kill or death of a man, and therefore he shall be received to give the especial matter in evidence, as that it was se defendendo, etc.  
2. That in any action upon the case, Trespass, Battery, or of false imprisonment against any Justice of Peace, Mayor, or Bailiff of City, etc. in any his Majesty's Courts in Westminster or elsewhere, concerning any thing by any of them done by reason of any of their Officers aforesaid, and all other in their aid or assistance, or by their Commandment, etc. they may plead the general issue, and give the special matter for their excuse or justification in evidence, 7. Ja. c. 5. 23. H. 8. c. 5.  
Probationes debent esse evidentes (i.e.) perspicuae & faciles intelligi.  
If the Trespass were done the 4. of May, and the Plaintiff allegeth the same to be done the 5. of May, or the 1. of May, when no trespass was done, yet if upon the evidence it falleth out, that the trespass was done before the action brought, it sufficeth, 19 H. 6. 47. 5. E. 4. 5. 21. E. 4. 66. And Littleton saith, That the Jury may find the Defendant guilty at another day than the Plaintiff supposeth.  
Note, That the Law of England respecteth the effect and substance of the matter, and not every nicety of form or circumstance. Qui haeret in litera, haeret in Cortice, & apices juris non sunt jura.   

Sect. 487. Fo. 283. b.  
Note a diversity, when the possession is first, and then a right cometh thereunto, the entry of him that hath right to the possession shall gain also the right, 50. E. 3. 78. Vide S. 447.  
But when the right is first, and then the possession cometh to the right, albeit the possession be defeated (as here in Littleton's case it is by the heir of the disseisor) yet the right of the disseisee remaineth. A, dyeth seized, and the Land descendeth to B. his Son, before he enter, an estranger abate and dieth seized, B. enter, against whom the heir of the Abator recovers in an Assize, B. may have a Writ of Mortdan. and recover the land against him. And if the disseisin had been done to A. etc. then after the recovery in the Assize, B. should have had a Writ of entry in the per, because the heir that is in by descent, is in the per.   

Sect. 490. & 491.  
En praecipe quod red. If the Tenant alien the land, hanging the Writ, & puis le Demandant release a luy tout son droit, etc. cel release est bone, pur ceo que il est suppose terre tenant per le suit del Demandant & uncore il nad riens en la terre al temps de release fait. Item si en praecipe etc. le tenant vouch, & le vouchee entry en garr' si apres le demandant release etc. all vouchee, co est assets bone, pur ceo que apres le vouchee avoit entry en le garr' il est tenant en ley all demandant, etc.  
But if after the vouchee hath entered into Warranty, and become Tenant in Law, an Ancestor collateral release to the vouchees with Warranty, he shall not plead this against the Demandant, for that the release by the estranger is void, 10. E. 4. 13. 12. Ass. 41. 7. E. 3. 6. 8. H. 7. 5. Dyer. 17. El. 341. Sect. 447.   

Sect. 492. Fol. 285. a.  
Nota, there be two kinds of actions, viz. concerning 1. Placita Coronae, or Placita Criminalia. 2. Placita Communia, seu Civilia. Of actions concerning Common Pleas, quaedam sunt ad rem, quaedam in personam, & quaedam mixtae, Vide S. 444. Actio nihil aliud est quàm jus prosequendi in judicio quod sibi debetur. Or Action nest altar chose que loyal demand de son droit. And by the release of all actions, causes of action be released, but within a submission of all actions to Arbitrement, causes of action are not contained, lib. 8. 153. Althams' Case, 35. H. 8. Dyer 57 5. Mar. 217. 36. H. 6. 8. vide 42. E. 3. 22, 23.  
Note a diversity: A man by his own cannot alter the nature of his action; and therefore if the lessee for life or years do waste, now is an action of Waste given to the lessor, wherein he shall recover two things, viz. the place wasted, and triple damages. But by act in Law the nature of the action may be changed; as if a man make a lease pur term daughter vie, and the lessee doth waste, and then Cesty que vie dieth, an action of Waste shall lie for damages only, because the other is determined by act in Law, 14. H. 8. 14. 23. H. 8. Br. Waste.  
And again hereupon is another diversity to be observed, that in case when an action is well begun, and part of the action determined by act in Law, and yet the like action for the residue is given, there the Writ shall not abate, but proceed. But where by the determination of part, the like action for the residue remaineth not, there the action well commenced shall abate. 9 E. 4. 50.  
But if Tenant pur altar vie bring an Assize, and Cesty que vie dieth, hanging the Writ, albeit the Writ were well commenced, yet the Writ shall abate, because no Assize can be maintained for damages only. Also an action of Waste must be ad exbaereditatem, 2. H. 4. 22. 6. E. 2. breve 807. vide etc.  
If a Writ of Annuity be brought, and the Annuity determineth, hanging the Writ, the Writ faileth for ever, because no like action can be maintained for the arrearages only, but for the annuity and arrearages, 34. H. 6. 10. 9 E. 4. 39 14. H. 7. 31.  
But where damages only are to be recovered, there albeit by act in Law, the like action lieth not afterwards, yet the action well commenced shall proceed; as if a Conspiracy be brought against two, and one of them die hanging the Writ, it shall proceed, 22. R. 2. breve 888. 18. E. 4. 1. And in an Assize of No. Diss. a Writ of Annuity, Qu. Imp. and other mixed actions, a release of actions reals is a good plea, and so it is of a release of actions personals, 2. H. 4. 13. 9 H. 6. 57  
But if three joint-tenants be disseised, and they arraign an Assize, and one of them release to the disseisor all actions personals, this shall bar him, but it shall not bar the other Plaintiffs for having regard to them, realty shall be preferred, & omne majus trahit ad se minus dignum. 30. H. 6. Bar 59 45. E. 3. fo. 6.  
So it is in a Writ of Ward brought by two, etc.  
Nota diversit. In real actions where damages are not to be recovered by the Common Law, as in an Assize, etc. but are given by the Statute, there a release of all actions personals is no bar, as in the Writ of Dower. Entry sur disseisin in le per etc. Mordane. Aiel etc. Mert. cap. 1. Dower, Gloc. cap. 1.   

Sect. 493, 494. fol. 258. b.  
A Release of actions personals is a good bar in a Qu. imp. because it is a mixed action, 22. H. 6. 27. b.  
A disseisor that hath nothing in the land, may plead a release of actions personals, because damages are to be recovered against him, 11. Ass. 9 18. E. 3. 2. 23, 24.  
And the Tenant in an Assize shall plead a release of actions personals to the disseisor, for that plea proveth that the Plaintiff hath no cause of action against him, 13. H. 4. 2. a.  
If the disseisee release to the disseisor all actions reals, and the disseisor maketh a Feoffment in fee, and an Assize is brought against them, the Feoffee shall not plead the release to the disseisor, for that he is not privy to the Release, for a release of actions shall only extend to privies.  
If the disseisee release all actions to the disseisor, and die, this doth bar him but for his life. So note a diversity between a release of right, and a release of actions, 19 H. 6. 23. a.   

Sect. 496. Fol. 286. a.  
If the disseisee release all actions to the heir of the disseisor which is in by descent, he hath no remedy to recover the land; but yet the disseisee hath a right, for that he hath released his actions and not his right.  
If the heir of the disseisor make a Feoffment in fee to two, and the disseisee release to one of the Feoffees all actions, the survivor shall not plead this Release.  
Note, when a man hath several remedies for one and the selfsame thing, be it real, personal or mixed, albeit he release one of his remedies, he may use the other, 19 Ass. 3. 30. E. 3. 19 6. 21. H. 7. 23.   

Sect. 498. Fol. 286. b.  
If the Plaintiff in an action of Detinue of Charters which concern the inheritance of his land, can declare of one Charter in especial; the Defendant shall not wage his Law, 41. E. 3. 2. 8. H. 6. 18. 28, 29. 10. H. 6. 20. 21. H. 6. 1. 14. H. 6. 4. 14. H. 4. 23, 24, 27.  
An action of Detinue for Charters doth sound in the realty, for therein Summons and severance lieth; and in Detinue of goods a Capias doth lie, but for Charters in special a Capias lieth not, and yet a release of actions personals in a Writ of Detinue of Charters, is a good bar, 20. H. 6. 45. 19 E. 3. Severance 14.   

Sect. 499. Fol. 287. a.  
In a Writ of Dower the Tenant pleaded that before the Writ purchased A. was seized of the Land, etc. until by the Tenant himself he was disseised, and that hanging the Writ A. recovered against him, etc. Judgement of the Writ, and adjudged a good plea; in which plea, the Tenant confessed a disseisin in himself, 15. E. 4. 4. b.   

Sect. 500 Fol. 287. b.  
Placitorum) criminalium alia majora, alia minora, alia maxima, secundum criminum quantitatem; sunt enim crimina majora & dicuntur capitalia eò, quod ultimum inducunt supplicium, etc. Minora verò quae fustigationem inducunt, vel poenam pilloralem, vel tumboralem, vel carceris inclusionem etc. Bract. lib. 3. 101. b.  
Criminalium quaedam sententialiter mortem inducunt, quaedam verò minime. Fleta. lib. 1. c. 15.  
Appellum signifieth Accusatio; and the Appellant; Accusator is peculiarly in legal signification applied to Appeals of three sorts:  
1. Of wrong to his Ancestor, whose heir male he is, and that is only of death, whereof our Author here speaketh.  
The 2. is of wrong to the husband, and is by the wife only of the death of her husband to be prosecuted.  
The 3. is of wrongs done to the Appellants themselves, as Robbery, Rape, and Mayheme. The word Apellum is derived of Appeller, to call, because Appellans vocat reum in judicium. Glanv. l. 7. c. 9 aestimatio capitis (i.e.) so much as one paid for the kill of a man. Fleta lib. 1. cap. 42. Hoved. fol. 344.  
You shall not read of any Insurrection or Rebellion before the Conquest, when the view of Frankpledge and other ancient Laws of this Realm were in their right use.  
A release of all actions real and personal cannot bar an Appeal of Death, because that release extendeth to common or civil actions, and not to actions criminal, 21. H. 6 16.  
Roberia, is a felonious taking away of goods de la Robe, that is, from the person, 22. Ass. 39 W. 1. c. 20.   

Sect. 502. Fol. 288. a.  
En appeale de Mayhem un release de touts manner's actions personals est bone plea, etc. for that every action wherein damages only are recovered by the Plaintiff, is in Law taken for an action personal, 21. H. 6. 16.   

Sect. 503. Fol. 288. b.  
Before that time that the Outlary appear of Record, the Defendant doth not forfeit his goods, nor the Plaintiff can be disabled, nor any Writ of Error doth lie in that case, 28. Ass. 49. 12. E. 3. Vtlage 3. M. 4. & 5. Eliz. Dyer 222. S. 197.  
If a man by process upon the Original be Outlawed, there he shall be restored to nothing in the personalty against the Plaintiff. But whereby the Outlawry he forfeited all his goods and chattels to the King, he shall be restored to them; also thereby he shall be restored to the Law, and to be of ability to sue etc. but if the Plaintiff in a personal action recover any debt etc. or damages, and the Defendant be Outlawed after Judgement, there in a Writ of Error brought by the Defendant upon the principal Judgement, a release of all actions personals is a good plea. And so it is where a Judgement is given in a real action, a release of all actions reals is a good bar in a Writ of Error thereupon.  
And in this special case here put by Littleton, wherein the Plaintiff is to recover, or to be restored to nothing against the party; yet for that the Plaintiff in the former action is privy to the Record, a release of a Writ of Error to him is sufficient to bar the Plaintiff in the Writ of Error of the Suit, and vexation by the Writ of Error. And so note, that an action real or personal doth imply a recovery of something in the realty, or personalty, or a restitution to the same, but a Writ implieth neither of them, 1. H. 4. 6. 13. E. 4. 1, 2. 26. H. 8. 3. b. 29. Ass. 35. 47. E. 3. 6. 35 H. 6. 19   

Sect. 504. fol. 289. a. & b.  
A release of all actions reg. is no bar of execution, for the execution doth begin when the action doth end. And therefore the foundation of the first is an Original Writ, and doth determine by the Judgement; and Writs of execution are called Judicial, because they are grounded upon the Judgement, 13. H. 4. Rel. 53. 19 H. 6. 3. Where a Capias ad Sat. lieth at the Common Law, and where it is given by Statute, vide Sir William Herbert's case, lib. 3. fo. 11, 12.  
Maxims in the Law concerning Executions. Ea quae in Curia nostra rite acta sunt, debitae executioni demandari debent; parum est latam esse sententiam nisi mandetur executioni. Executio juris non habet injuriam. Executio est fructus & finis legis. Juris effectus in executione coufistit. Prosecutio legis est gravis vexatio, executio legis coronat opus. Boni judicis est judicium fine dilatione mendare executioni. Favorabiliores sunt executiones aliis processibus quibuscunque.  
When Littleton wrote, by force of certain Acts of Parliament, execution mtght be had of lands (besides by force of the Elegit) upon Statute Merchant, Statute Staple, and Recognizances taken in some Court of Record, and since he wrote upon a Recognizance or Bond taken by force of the Statute 23. H. 8. before one of the Chief Justices, or the Mayor of the Staple, and Recorder of London out of Term, which hath the effect of a Statute Staple, 11. E. 1. Stat. de Acton Burnel, 13. E. 1. de Mercat. 27. E. 3. c. 22. 23. H. 8. cap. 6. 25. E. 3. 53. & vide 32. H. 8. c. 5. a profitable Statute, concerning executions of Lands, Tenements, etc. Sed opus est interpret. Vide fo. 289. & lib. 4. fo. 66. Fulwoods' Case.  
If a man have a Judgement given against him for debt or damage, or be bound in a Recognizance, and dyeth, his heir within age, or having two daughters, and the one within age, no execution shall be sued of the Lands by Elegit during the minority, albeit the heir is not specially bound, but charged as Terretenant, 15. E. 3. Age 95. 24. E. 3. 28. 29 Ass. 37. 29. E. 3. 50. 47. Ass. 4. 47. E. 3. 7. lib 3. f. 13. Brook Age 33.  
And so against an heir within age no execution shall be sued upon a Statute Merchant or Staple, nor upon the obligation or recognizance upon the Statute, 23. H. 8. for it is excepted in the process against the heir. Neither if the heir within age endow his mother shall execution be sued against her during his minority, Temps E. 1. 402. 417. fo. 290. a.  
Vide le statute 13. Eliz. cap. 5. made against fraudulent Feoffments, gifts, grants, etc. Judgements and Executions, as well of lands and tenements, as of goods and chattels, to delay, hinder or defraud Creditors, and others of their just and lawful Actions, Suits, Debts, Damages, Penalties, Forfeitures, Heriots, Mortuaries and Releases. Sed opus est, etc. Lib. 3. fo. 80. etc. Troyns Case, l. 5. f 67. Gooches Case, l. 6. f. 18. Pakemans' Case, l. 10. f. 56. the Chancellor of Oxford's Case. See the Statute of 3. H. 7. c. 4. & 50. E. 3. c. 6. M. 12. & 13. Eliz. Dyer 295. 18. Eliz. 451. Dyer.  
Elegit is a judicial Writ, and is given by the Statute, either upon a recovery for debt or damages, or upon a Recognizance in any Court. The words of the writ be Elegit sibi liberari, etc. By this Writ the Sheriff shall deliver to the Plaintiff Omnia catalla debitoris (exceptis bobus & afris Carucae) & medietatem terrae. And this must be done by an Enquest to be taken by the Sheriff. W. 2. c. 18. W. 2. c. 18.  
Fieri fac. is a Writ mentioned in the said Statute, but is a Writ of Execution at the Common Law, and is called a Fieri fac. because the words of the Writ directed to the Sheriff be, quod fieri fac. de bonis & catallis, etc.  
But note, that a Capias ad satisfac. is not mentioned in the said Statute, because no Capias ad satisfac. did lie at the Common Law upon a Judgement for debt, etc. or damages, but only when the original action was Qu. vi & armis &c. but later Statutes have given a Capias ad satisfac. where debt etc. or damages are recovered, Lib. 3. fo. 11. Sir William Herbert's Case.  
And note, that these three Writs of Execution ought to be sued out within the year and the day after Judgement; but if the Plaintiff sueth out any of them within the year, he may continue the same after the year, until he hath execution.  
And to none of these Writs of executions the Defendant can plead; but if he hath any matter since the Judgement to discharge him of execution (as a release of all executions &c.) he may have an Audita querela, and relieve himself that way.   

Sect. 505. Fol. 290. b.  
Scire fac. is a judicial Writ, and properly lieth after the year and day after Judgement given. But because the Defendant may thereupon plead, this Scire fac. is accounted in Law to be in nature of an action, and therefore a release of all actions is a good bar of the same, and so is a release of executions, etc. 19 H. 6. 3. (4.) 18. E. 4. 7.  
This Writ was given in this case by the Statute of W. 2. c. 45. for at the Common Law, if the Plaintiff had surceased to sue execution by fieri fac. or levari fac. a year and a day he had been driven to his new Original, 8. E. 3. 297, 298. 18 E. 3. 33. l. 3. 12.  
Note, that every Writ whereunto the Defendant may plead, be it Original or Judicial, is in Law an action.   

Sect. 507. Fol. 291. a.  
Note a diversity between a release of all actions, and a release of all suits. If a man release all suits, all execution is gone, for no man can have execution without prayer and suit, but the King only. 26. H. 6. Exec. 4 l. 8. f. 153. Ed. Althams' case. Brook tit. Rel. 87.  
So if the body of a man be taken in execution, and the Plaintiff release all actions, yet shall he remain in execution, but if he release all debts or duties it is otherwise, 26. H. 6. Exec. 7.  
If A. be accountable to B. and B. release him all his duties, this is no bar in an action of account, for what shall fall out upon the account is incertain, but duties do extend to all things due that is certain, and therefore dischargeth Judgements in personal actions and executions also, 20. H. 6. per Paston.   

Sect. 508, 509, 510, 511. Fol. 291. b. 292. a.  
There be two kinds of Demands or Claims. Pl. Com. Stiles Case, 359, etc. 

1. Express or in deed, as in all real actions.  
2. Employed or in Law; as 1. In all actions personal. 2. In actions of Appeals. 3. Of execution. 4. Of Title or right of Entry either by force of a condition, or by any former Right. 5. Of a rend service, rend charge, common of pasture etc. verte fol.    
All which Littleton here and in the two next Sections following, putteth but for example, for by the release of all Demands, other things also be released, as rents seck, all mixed actions, a Warranty which is a Covenant real, and all other Covenants real and personal, Estovers, all manner of Commons, and profit appender, Conditions before they be broken or performed, or after, Annuities, Recognizance, Statute merchant, or of the Staple, obligations, contracts, etc. are release and discharged, 38. H. 8. tit. Release, Br. 9 6. H. 7. 7. 15. 20. Ass. p. 5. 40. E. 3. 22. 49. E. 3. 7. b. 50. Ass. p. 6. 13. R. 2. Avow. 89. Althams' case ante lit. Sec. 748. Dy. 5. Eliz. 217.  
Quaerela à quaerendo, this properly concerneth personal actions of mixed at the highest, for the plaintiff in them is called quaerens. And yet by a release of all quarrels, all actions real and personal are released; likewise all causes of action are released thereby, albeit no action be then depending for the same. 39 H. 6. 9   

Sect. 512. 513. Fo. 292. b.  
A sum of money to be paid at a day to come, is debitum in praesenti, quamvis sit solvendum in futuro. 11. H. 4. 41. 43.  
An Executor before probate, may release an action, and yet before probate he can have no action, because the right of the action is in him. T. 2. Ja. in C.B. inter Middleton & Rinnot. 18. H. 6. 23. b. Pl. Com. 277, 278. Greysbrokes' case per Weston.  
If a man make a lease of land to another for years, rendering to him at Mich 40. shillings, and after before the day of payment, he release to the lessee all actions, this is a void release. 7. H. 7. 5. a.  
But the lessor before the day may acquit or release the rent. But if a man be bound in a bond, or by contract to another to pay one 100 pound, etc. at five several days, he shall not have an action of debt before the last day be past, and so note a diversity between duties which touch the realty, and mere personalty. But if a man be bound in a Recognizance to pay 100 pound, etc. presently after the first day of payment he shall have execution upon the Recognizance for that sum, etc. for that is in the nature of several judgements; and so it is of a covenant or promise, &. and so note the diversities. 45. E. 3. 8. 13. H. 4. Avow. 240. 30. E. 3. 13. 10. E. 2. Execution. 137. F.N.B. 267. 9 E. 3. 7. 5. Mar. action sur le case. Br. 108. 3. Mar. Dy. 113. lib. 4. fo. 94. Slades' case. lib. 5. fo. 81. b. Fords case.  
If a man hath an annuity for term of years, or for life, or in fee, and he before it be behind doth release all actions, this shall not release the annuity, for it is not merely in action because it may be granted over. 39 H. 6. 28. b. 5 E. 4. 45. 2 H. 4. 13. 12 R. 2. release 29.   

Sect. 514. Fo. 293. etc.  
Mice, so called because both parties have put themselves upon the mere right to be tried by grand Ass. or by Battle, so as that which in all other actions is called an issue, in a writ of right in that case is called a Mice. But in a writ of right, if a collateral point is to be tried, there it is called an issue, 33 H. 8. c 13. 3. Ed. 6. ca 36.  
And seeing the Miso is joined upon the mere right, albeit the verdict of the grand Ass be given upon another point, yet judgement final shall be given; and so it is if the Tenant after the Mice joined make default, or confess the action, or if the demandant be nonsuit, etc. 34 E. 3. Judgement 250. 13. H. 4 Judgement. 245. M. Dy. 98. li. 5. fo. 85. Penerius' Case, F.N.B. 5. 11. 13.  
If the petty Jury be attainted of a false Oath, etc. The judgement of the common Law is, 

1. Quod amittat liberam legem imperpetuum. i e. he shall never be received to be a witness, or of any Jury.  
2. Quod foris faciat omnia bona & Catalla sua.  
3. Quod terrae & tenementa in manus domini Reg. capiantur.  
4. Quod uxores & liberi extra domus suas ejicerentur.  
5. Quod domus suae prostrentur.  
6. Quod arbores sua extirpentur. 7. quod prata sua arentur. & 8. quod corpora sua carceri mancipentur. So odious in this case, and the severity of this punishment is to this end, ut paena ad pau●os, metus ad omnes perveniat, for there is misericordia puniens, and there's crudelitas parcens.    
In no case where a contempt, trespass, deceit, or injury is supposed in the defendant he shall wage his Law, because the Law will not trust him with an Oath to discharge himself in those cases, only in some cases, in debt, detinue, account, the defendant is allowed by law, to wage his Law. 44 E. 3. 32. 18 E. 3. 4. 24 E. 3. 39  
In an action of account against a Receivor upon a receipt of money, by the hand of another, etc. the defendant shall not wage his Law, because the receipt is the ground of the action which lieth not in privity between the plaintiff and defendant, but in the notice of a third person, and such a receipt is traversable. 15 E. 4. 16. 10 E. 4. 5. But in an action of debt upon a arbitrement, or in an action of detinue by the baisement of another hand, the defendant shall wage his Law, because the debt and detinet is the ground of those actions, and the contract of bailement, though it be by another hand, is but the conveyance, and not traversable. In an action of account against the Bailiff of a Manor, the defendant cannot wage his Law, because it soundeth in the realty. 33. H. 6. 24. 13 H 7. 3. a. 1 H. 6. 1. b. 11 H. 4. 54. 5. H. 5. 13. 9 E. 4. 1. 34. H. 8. ley gager Br. 97.  
In an action of debt brought by an Attorney for his fees, the defendant shall not wage his Law, because he is compellable to be his Attorney. 21 H. 6. 4. 10 H. 6. 7. 28. H. 6. 4. 38 H. 6 6.  
Whensoever a man is charged as Executor or Administrator, he shall not wage his Law, for no man shall wage his Law of another man's deed but in case of a successor of an Abbot, for that the house never dyeth. 5 H. 6. 38. 1 H. 7. 25.    

CHAP. IX. Of Confirmation.  

Sect. 515.  
COnfirmatio omnes supplet defectus, licet id quod actum est ab initio, non valuit. Brac. li. 2. 58.  
A confirmation is a conveyance of an estate or right in esse, whereby a voidable estate is made sure and unavoidable, or whereby a particular estate is increased.  
Confirmatio est nulla ubi donum praecedens est invalidum, & ubi donatio nulla omnino nec valebit confirmatio. Brac. li. 2. fo. 27, 28.  
Non valet confirmatio nisi ille qui confirmat, sit in possessione rei, vel juris unde fieri debet confir. & eodem modo nisi ille cui confir. fit, sit in possessione. 10 E. 2. confir. 14. 32. E. 3. 9 Pl. Com. Count de Leicester's case.  
Quaelibet confirmatio, aut est perficiens, crescens, aut diminuens. lib. 9 fol. 142. Beaumonds case.  
Carta autem de confirmatione est illa quae alterius factum consolidat & confirmat, & nihil novi attribuit, quandoque tamen confirmat & addit. Flet. l. 3. ca 14.  
En asc' case un fait de confirmation est bon & available, lou en tiel case un fait de release nes pas bon, etc. Car release ne pas available, mes lou est un privity, etc.  
And note that where a confirmation shall enlarge an estate, there privity is required, as well as in the case of the Release. 9 H. 6. 22. Release 44. Littleton in this Chapter putteth eight diversities between a confirmation and release. And in this Chapter is also to be observed eight cases, wherein a release and confirmation have the like operation in Law. Vid. Sect. 516, etc. foe 296. a.  
If the disseisor make a Lease for years, to begin at Michaelmos; and the disseisee confirm his estate; this is void because he hath but interest termini, and no estate in him, whereupon a confirmation may enure. 4 H. 7. 10. by read. 22. E. 4. 39   

Sect. 519. etc. Fo. 296. b.  
Si le desseisee confirm lestate le disseisor a aver & tentant a luy pur terme de sa vie enc'le disseisor ad fee simple, etc. pur ceo que quant son estate fuit confirm, donque il avoit fee, & tiel fait ne p●it change, son estate sans enter fait sur luy, etc. alia ratio, quia confirmare, idem est quod firmum facere. 19 H. 6. 22. 6 E. 3. confirmation, 4.   

Sect. 520. Fo. 297. a.  
Nota, a diversity between a bare assent without any right or interest, and an assent coupled with a right or interest, and therefore an atonement cannot be made for a time, nor upon condition, but if the person make a Lease for a 100 years, the Patron and ordinary may confirm 50 of the years, for they have an interest, and may charge in time of vacation. Lib. 5. fo. 81. Ford's case.  
If tenant for life make a lease for a 100 years, the lessor may confirm either for part of the term, or for part of the land. But an estate of freehold, cannot be confirmed for part of the estate, for that the estate is entire, and not several as years be.   

Sect. 521. Fo. 207. b.  
If the disseisor make a gift in tail the remainder for life, the remainder to the right heirs of tenant in tail, this extendeth only to the estate tail, etc. If the disseisor infeoff A and B and the heirs of B if the disseisee confirm the estate of B for his life, this shall not only extend to his companion, but to his whole fee simple, because to many purposes, he had the whole fee simple in him, and the confirmation shall be taken most strong against him that made it.  
If a feme disseiseresse make a feoffment in fee to the use of A for life, and after to the use of herself in tail, and the remainder to the use of B in fee, and then taketh husband the disseisee, and he release to A. all his right, this shall enure to B. and to his own wife also, for by the rule of Littleton, it must enure to all in the remainder.  
But A. lets Land to B. for life, and B. maketh a Lease to C. for his life, the remainder to A. in fee, if A. release to C. all his right, this is good to perfect the estate of C. for his life.  
But when C. dyeth, A. shall be in of his old estate, etc. and note that in these two cases, the fee is devested, and vested all at one instant, etc. Vide foe 297. b.  
Pur ceo que le remainder est dependant, etc. by this some have gathered, that if a disseisor make a Lease for life, reserving the reversion to himself, and the disseisee, confirm the estate of the disseisor, that he may enter upon the lessee, because the estate of him in the reversion dependeth not upon the estate for life as the remainder: but all is one, for by the confirmation made to him in the reversion, all the right of him that confirmeth is gone, as well as when he maketh it to him in remainder: and he cannot by his entry avoid the estate of the lessee for life, but he must avoid the estate of the lessor, which against his own confirmation he cannot do; and it hath been adjudged, that if a disseisor make a Lease for life, and after levy a fine of the reversion with proclamations, and the five years pass, so as the disseisee is for the reversion barred, he shall not enter upon the Lessee for life. Reported by Sir Jo. Popham chief Justice.  
Where the particular estate and the remainder depend upon one title, there the defeating of the particular estate is a defeating of the remainder. But where the particular estate is defeasible, and the remainder by good title, there though the particular estate be defeated, the remainder is good. As if the lessor disseise A. lessee for life, and make a Lease to B. for the life of A. the remainder to C. in fee, albeit A. reenter, and defeat the estate for life, yet the remainder to C. being once vested by good title, shall not be avoided, for it were against reason, that the lessor should have the remainder again against his own livery. So it is if a lease be made to an Infant for life, the remainder in fee, the Infant at his full age disagree to the estate for life, yet the remainder is good, Pl. Com. Colthirsts Case, fo. 298. a.  
If a lease be made to A. for the life of B. the remainder to C. in fee, A. dyeth before an Occupant enter, here is a remainder without a particular estate, and yet the remainder continueth, 17 E. 3. 48.  
A rent is granted to the Tenant of the land for life, the remainder in fee, this is a good remainder, albeit the particular estate continued not, for coinstante, that he took the particular estate, eo instant, the remainder vested, and the suspension in Judgement of Law grew after the taking of the particular estate, 3 E. 3. Abb. Ass.  
If a man grant a rent to B. for the life of Alice, the remainder to the heirs of the body of Alice, this is a good remainder; and yet it must vest upon an instant, 7. H. 4. 6.   

Sect. 522, 523, 524. Fol. 298. 2.  
A Release is more forcible in Law, than a Confirmation, if the disseisee and a stranger disseise the heir of the disseisor, and the disseisee confirm the estate of his companion, this shall not extinguish his right that was suspended: So as if the heir of the disseisor re-enter, the right of the disseisee is revived.  
And so it is if the grantee of a rend charge, and a stranger disseise the Tenant of the Land, and the grantee confirm the estate of his companion, the Tenant of the land re-enter, the rent is received, for the Confirmation extendeth not to the rent suspended, otherwise it is of a release in both cases.  
Est bone & sure chose en chesc' confirmation d'aver ceux parolls a aver & tener les tenements, etc. en fee, ou en fee tail, ou pur terme de vie, ou pur terme dans solonque eo que le case est, etc.  
Note the diversity between a Confirmation of the estate for life in the land, to have and to hold the said state in the land to him and his heirs, this cannot enlarge his estate, for his estate being but for life, cannot be extended to his heirs. But in that case if he confirm the state for life in the land, in the premises of the Deed, and the habendum is, to have and to hold the land to him and his heirs, this shall create in him a fee simple, 18 E. 3. 40.   

Sect. 525.  
If a man letteth land to the husband and wife, to have and to hold, the one moiety to the husband for term of his life, and the other moiety to the wife for her life, and the lessor confirm the estate of them both in the land, to have and to hold to them and to their heirs; by this Confirmation, as to the moiety of the husband, it enureth only to the husband and his heirs, for the wife had nothing in that moiety, but as to the moiety of the wife they are joint-tenants, for the husband hath such an estate in his wife's moiety in her right, as is capable of a Confirmation. But if such a lease for life be made to two men by several moities, and the lessor confirm their estates in the land to have and to hold to them and to their heirs, they are Tenants in Common of the Inheritance; for reg. the Confirmation shall enure according to the quality and nature of the estate which it doth enlarge and increase, 18 Ass. p. 3. 18 E. 3. Confirmation 17. fol. 299. b.  
If a lease for life be made to A. the remainder to B. for life, and the lessor confirm, etc. A. taketh one moiety to him and his heirs, and therefore of the one moiety he is seized for life, the remainder to B. for life, and then to him and his heirs: of the other moiety A. ●is seized for life, the immediate inheritance to B. and his heirs, because as to the moiety which B. takes the same is executed, 39 H. 6. 9  
If lands be given to two men, and to the heirs of their two bodies begotten, and the Donor confirm their two estates in the land, to have and to hold the land to them two and to their heirs; in this case some are of opinion, that they shall be joint-tenants of the fee simple, because the Donees were jointenants for life, and the Confirmation must enure according to the estate which they have in possession, and that was joint. But others hold the contrary: For  
1. They say, that the Donees have to some purposes several inheritances executed, though between the Donees survivor shall hold for their lives.  
2. They say, that when the whole estate which comprehended several inheritances is confirmed, the Confirmation must enure according to the several inheritances, which is the greater and most perdurable estate, and therefore that the Donees shall be Tenants in Common of the inheritance in this case.  
Albeit in this case of Littleton, the husband by the Confirmation gaineth an estate for life in remainder, yet if the husband doth waste, an action of Waste shall lie against him and his wife, notwithstanding the mean remainder, because the husband himself committeth the waist and doth the wrong, 17 E. 3. 68 b. Sir Edward Caries Case, lib. 5. fo. 76. b.   

Sect. 526, 527. Fol. 300. a.  
Note a diversity between a lease for life and a lease for years, made to a feme covert: for her estate of Freehold cannot be altered by the confirmation made to her husband and her, as the term for years may, whereof her husband may make disposition at his pleasure.  
Chattels reals, as leases for years, Wardships, etc. are not given to the husband absolutely (as all Chattels personals are) by the intermarriage, but conditionally, if the husband happen to survive her, and he hath power to alien them at his pleasure: but in the mean time the husband is possessed of the Chattels real in her right, 5 E 3. 17. b. Pl. Com. 418. b. 24. H. 4. 12. Pl. Com. Dame Hales Case, 50 Ass. p. 15. 4 H. 6. 5. 7 H. 6. 1. 21 H. 7. 29. 21 E. 4. 40. 26 H. 8. 7.  
Such a thing as I may defeat by my Entry, I may make good by my Confirmation, 11 H 7. 28. 3 H 4. 10.  
If the feoffee upon condition grant a rend charge en fee, and the feoffor confirm it, and after the Condition is broken, and the feoffor enter, he shall not avoid the rend charge. And so it is if the heir of the diffeisor grant a rend charge, and the disseisee confirmeth it, and after recover the Land, he shall not avoid the rent. And yet in neither of these cases his entry was congeable at the time of the Confirmation, Lib. 1. fo. 147. etc. Anne Mayowes case.   

Sect. 528. Fol. 300. b.  
Persona, is said to be seized in jure Ecclesiae, and the Law had an excellent end herein, viz. that in his person the Church might sue for and defend her right, and also be sued by any that had an elder and better right; and when the Church is full, it is said to be plena & consulta of such a one person thereof, that may vicem seu personam gerere ejusdem Ecclesiae, Brit. fol. 234. b. F.N. 48.  
A. Parson of D. is Patron of the Church of S. as belonging to his Church, and presents B. who by consent of A. and of the Ordinary, grant a rend charge out of the Gleab; this is not good to make the rent charge perpetual, without the assent of the Patron of A. no more than the assent of the Bishop who is Patron, without the Dean or Chapter; or no more than the assent of the Patron being Tenant in Tail or for life, as Littleton saith. And Littleton here saith, that the Patron that confirms must have a fee simple, meaning to make the charge perpetual. And Littleton after saith, that in the case of the Parson the fee is in abeiance; and seeing the consent of the Patron is in respect of his interest as heir, it appeareth by Littleton he may consent upon Condition, otherwise it is of an attornment, because it is a bare assent. Also if the state of the Patron be conditional, and he confirmeth, and after the Condition is broken, his Confirmation is void, Lib. 2. 39 & 24 l. 1. 153 l. 4 23, 24. l. 5. 31. 81. l. 10. 6. l. 11. 19 l. 6. 34.  
Note a diversity between a sole Corporation, as Parson, Prebend, Vicar, etc. that have not the absolute fee in them, for to their grants, the Patron must give his consent. But if there be a Corporation aggregate of many, as Dean and Chapter, Mr. fellows and Scholars of a College, Abbot or prior, and Covent, etc. or any sole corporation that hath the absolute fee, as a Bishop with consent of the Dean and Chapter, they may by the Common Law make any grant of, or out of their possessions, without their founder or patron, albeit the Abbot or prior, etc. were presentable: and so it is of a Bishop, because the whole estate and right of the Land was in them, and they may respectively maintain a writ of right. 12 H. 4. 11. 19 E 3. 7. 7. Eliz. Dy. 238. 9 E. 4. 6. 2 H 4. 11.  
And note a diversity between a confirmation of an estate, & a confirmation of a deed, for if the disseisor make a charter feoffment to A. with a Letter of Attorney, and before livery, the disseisee confirm the estate of A. or the Deed made to A. this is clearly void, though livery be made after. But if a Bishop had made a Charter, etc. and the Dean and Chapter, before livery confirm the Deed, this is a good confirmation, and livery made afterwards is good. The like Law is of confirmation of a Deed; of grant, of a reversion before Attornement.  
Grants made by Parsons, prebend's, Deane and Chapter, etc. are restrained by divers acts of Parliament, 13. El ca 10. 1. Eliz. ca 18. 18. El. ca 11. 1. Ja. ca 3. Section 593 and 648. l. 2. fo. 46. l. 4. 76. & 120. l. 5. 9 6. 14. li. 6. 17. li. 7. 8. lib. 11. 6. 7. defessus sum, etc.   

Sect. 529. and Sect. 531. Fol. 301. a, & b.  
Note a diversity, where the determination of the rent is expressed in the Deed, and when it is employed in Law. For when Tenant for life grant a rent in fee, this by Law is determined by his death, and yet a confirmation of the grant by him in reversion, makes that grant good for ever, without words of enlargement, or clause of distreyne, which would amount to a new grant; and yet if the Tenant for life had granted a rent to another and his heirs by express words, during the life of the grantor, and the lessor had confirmed that grant, it should determine by the death of Tenant for life 26. Ass. p. 38. 45. Ass. p. 13. 14. Ass. p. 14.  
Dedi or concessi, may amount to a grant, a feoffment, a gift, a Lease, a release, a confirmation, a surrender, etc. and it is in the Election of the party, to use which of these purposes he will, Brit. li. 2. f. 59 b. Brook tit. confir. 20. 14 H. 7. 2 37. H. 6. 17. Dy. 8. Eliz. 4 H. 7. 10. 22 E. 4. 36. 40 E. 341.  
But a release, confirmation, or surrender, &c. cannot amount to a grant, etc. nor a surrender, to a confirmation, or to a release, etc. because these be proper and peculiar manner of conveyances, etc.  
Dimifi (and this verb, volo) will amount to a confirmation. 7 E. 3. 9 In ancient statutes, and in original writs, as in the writ of entry in casu proviso, in consimili casu ad come. legem. etc. this word dimifis is not applied only in a Lease for life, but to a gift in tail, and to a state in fee. 32 E. 3. breve 29. 1. Stat. Gloc. ca 4. Benignae enim faciendae sunt intepraetationes cartarum, propter simplicitatem laicorum, ut res magis valcat quam pereat; and he to whom such a Deed comprehending, dedi, etc. is made, may plead it as a grant, as a release, or as a confirmation, at his Election. 14 H. 4. 36. li. 5. fo. 15. in Newcomens case.  
If a disseisor make a Lease for life, or a gift in tail, the remainder to the disseisee in fee, the disseisee by his Deed granteth over the remainder, the particular tenant attorneth the disseisee shall not enter upon the Tenant for life, or in tail, for than he should avoid his grant demesne, which amounted to a grant of the estate, and a confirmation also.   

Sect. 543. Fol. 302. b.  
If cesty que use and his feoffees after the Statute 1 R 3. and before the Statute 27 H. 18 ca 10. had joined in a feoffment, it shall be the feoffment of the feoffees, because the State of the Land was in him. 21 H. 7. 34. b. Pl. Com. 59 a. Wimbishes case.  
So it is if the Tenant for life, and he in the remainder, or reversion in fee join in a feoffment by Deed, the livery of the freehold shall move from the leffee, and the inheritance from him in the reversion or remainder, from each of them according to his estate. Pl. Com. 140. browning's case. 2 H 5. 7. 13 H. 7. 14. 13 E. 4. 4. a. 27 H. 8. 13. M. 16. and 17 El. 339.  
But if he in the reversion in fee and Tenant for life, join in a feoffment per paroll, this shall be (as some hold) first a surrender of the estate of Tenant for life, and then the Feoffment of him in the reversion, for otherwise if the whole should pass from the lessee, than he in the reversion might enter for the forfeiture, and every man's act (ut res magis valeat) shall be construed most strongly against himself.  
If the disseisor and disseisee join in a Charter of feoffment, and enter into the Land, and make livery, it shall be accounted the feoffment of the disseisee, and the confirmation of the disseisor.  
Placitum à placendo, quia omnibus placet. Fo. 303. a.  
Ordine placitandi servato, servatur & jus, etc. 1. In good order of pleading, a man must plead to the jurisdiction of the Court. 2. To the person of the plaintiff, and to the defendant. 3. To the Count 4. To the Writ. 5. To the action, etc. Bract. li. 5. fo. 400. Britton foe 41. a. and 122. 40. E. 3. 9 b.  
The count must be agreeable and conform to the writ, the bar to the count, etc. and the judgement to the count.  
Certa debet esse intentio & narratio, & certum fundamentum et certa res quae deducitur in judicium. Note, three kind of certainties. 1. To a Common intent, and that is sufficient in a bar, which is to defend the party, and to excuse him.  
2. A certain intent in general, as in Counts, replications, and other plead of the plaintiff, that is to convince the defendant; and so in indictments, etc.  
3. A certain intent in every particular, as in Estoppells. Bract. l. 2. fo. 140. lib. 5. 120, etc. Lob's case.  
Where a matter of Record is the foundation, or ground of the suit of the plaintiff, or of the substance of the plea, there it ought to be certainly, and truly alleged, otherwise it is, where it is but a conveyance, Pl. Com. 65. a 6. 100 376. and 410. 8. Ass. 29. 5 E. 4. 70 E. 4. 1. Ambiguum placitum interpretari debet contra proferentem. 3 H. 7. 3. 29 Ass. 10. 14 H. 4. 4. b. lib. 3. fo. 59 Linc. Coll. case. Vide, etc. foe 303. b. Expedit Reipublicae ut fit finis litium, 22 E. 4. 40.  
All necessary circumstances employed by Law, in the plea need not to be expressed, as in the plea of a feoffment of a Manor, livery and attornement are employed. 40 E. 3. 40. 43. 46. 14 H. 4. 15. 12 E. 4. 1. 7 H. 7. 3.  
A man is bound to perform all the Covenants in an Indenture: if all the Covenants be in the affirmative, he may generally plead performance of all, but if any in the negative, to so many he must plead specially (for a negative cannot be performed) and to the rest generally. 2 H. 7. 15. 4 H. 7. 12. 26 H. 8. 5. b.  
So if any be in the disjunctive, he must show which of them hath performed. So if any are to be done of Record, he must show that specially, and cannot involve that in general pleading. l. 8. 133. Turner's case, and 120. Benhams case. l. 9 25. 61. lib. 10. 100  
The Count or declaration is an exposition of the Writ, and addeth time, place, and other necessary circumstances, that the same may be triable, and any imperfection in the Count doth abate the Writ. Vide bone matter concernant pleading. Fo. 303.  
A departure in pleading, is said to be when the second plea containeth matter not pursuant to his former, and which fortifieth not the same. As if in Ass. the Tenant plead a descent from his Father, and giveth a colour, the demandant entitleth himself by a feoffment from the Tenant himself, the plaintiff cannot say, that the feoffment was upon condition, and to show the condition broken, for that should be a clear departure from his bar, because it containeth matter subsequent, but in an Ass. if the Tenant plead in bar, that I.S. was seized and enfeoffed him, etc. and the plaintiff showeth, that he himself was seized in fee, until I.S. disseised, who enfeoffed the Tenant, and he reentered, the defendant may plead a release of the plaintiff to I. S. for this doth fortify the bar. Pl. Com. 105. 1 Mar. Dy. 95. 28. H. 8. ib. 31. 6. H. 7. 8. 3 H. 6. departure 2.  
Where the Tenant or defendant may plead a general issue, there upon the general issue pleaded, he may give in evidence as many distinct matters, to bar the action or right of the demandant, or plaintiff as he can.  
A special verdict may continue double or triple matter, and therefore in those cases, the Tenant or defendant may either make choice of one matter, and so plead it to bar, the demandant or plaintiff, or to plead the general issue, and to take advantage of all, or he may plead to part, one of the Pleas in bar, and to another part, another plea, and his conclusion of his plea, shall avoid doubleness, and hereby neither the Court, nor the Jury is so much inveigled, as if one plea should contain divers distinct matters. And if the Tenant make choice of one plea in bar, and that be found against him, yet he may resort to an action of an higher nature, and take advantage of any other matter. And the law in this point, is by them that understand not the reason thereof misliked, saying, nemo prohibetur pluribus defensionibus uti. 17 E. 3. 73. 39 H. 6. 27. Apiees juris, non sunt jura; and yet in law, praestat cautela quam medela.   

Sect. 535, 536, 537, 538. Fo. 305. a.b.  
A Tenure may be abridged by a confirmation: but not a rend charge, or common. But a man may release part of his rend charge, or common, etc.  
The Lord by his confirmation may diminish and abridge the services, but to reserve upon the confirmation new services he cannot, so long as the former state in the Tenancy continueth; and as where confirmation doth enlarge an estate in Land, there ought to be privity, so reg. where a confirmation doth abridge services, there ought to be privity. 28 E. 3. 92, 93. 26. Ass. 37. 6. El. Dy. 230 b. 7 E. 4. 25. a. 21 E. 4. 62. per Brian. 10 E. 3. avowry 100  
Also there is required privity, when the Lord by his release, abridgeth the services of his Tenant. And therefore the Lord paramount cannot release to the Tenant paravaile saving to him part of his services, but the saving in that case is void, 4 E. 3. 19 9 E 3. 1. 12 E. 4. 11. 16. E. 3. Fines 4.  
If a man hold of me by Knight's service, rent, suit, etc. and I release to him all my right in the Seignory, excepting the Tenure by Knight's service, or confirm his estate to hold of me by Knight's service only, for all manner of Services, Exactions and Demands, yet shall the Lord have Ward, Marriage, Relief, Aid, pur file marier, & pur fair fits Chivaler, for these be incidents to the Tenure that remain. But it is holden, That if a man make a gift in Tail by Deed, reserving 2. s. rent, a luy & ses heirs pro omnibus & omnimodis servitiis, exactionibus secularibus & cunctis demandis, If the Donee die, his heir of full age, the Donor shall have no relief; because relief lieth in demand, 13 R. 2. Avowry 29. Mota Fitzh. Confirm. Pl. 21.   

Sect. 541. Fol. 306. b.  
A man may be put out of possession of the custody of his Ward, but not of his Villain in gross, 45 E. 3. 10. 1 H. 6. c. 5. Reg. 102.  
Also of things that are in grant, as Rents, Commons, etc. it is at the election of the party, whether he will be desseised of them or no, Brook tit. Property, 28.  
Non valet confirmatio nisi ille qui confirmat fit in possessione rei vel juris, unde fieri debet confirmatio, & eodem modo nisi ille cui confirmatio fit, fit in possessione, Bract. l. 2. 59 b. 9 E. 4. 38. Dyer 10 El. Growches' Case.  
But of a Villain Regardant to a Manor, the Lord may be put out of possession, for by putting him out of possession of the Manor, which is the principal, he may likewise be put out of possession of the Villain Regardant, which is but accessary: and by the recovery of the Manor, the Villain is recovered.  
But if another doth take away my Villain in gross or Regardant, he gaineth no possession of him.  
By the grant of the Manor without saying Cum pertinentiis, the Villain Regardant, Advowson appendent, and the like, do pass: for if the desseisor shall gain them as incidents to the Manor whose estate is wrongful, A multo fortiori, the feoffee who cometh to his estate by lawful Conveyance, shall have them as incidents. But where the entry of the disseisee is lawful, he may seize the Villain Regardant, or present to the Advowson, etc. before he enter into the Manor, otherwise it is where his entry is not lawful, 9 E. 4. 38. 3 H. 4. 15. 18 E. 3. 44. 19 R. 2. Tresp. 255. 10 H. 7. 9 F.N.B. 33. q. 22 H. 6. 33. per Moyle 43. E. 3. 12. Bract. 242, etc. Brit. fol. 126.   

Sect. 545, 546, 547, 548, 549, etc. Fol. 308.  
Si jeo lessa terra a un home pur term dans & puis jeo confirm son estate sans pluis parols mitter en le fait parcel il nad pluis grandeur estate que pur terme dans, sicome il avoit a devant. Mes si jeo release a luy, etc. il ad estate de franktenement.  
Si jeo estant deins age lessa terre a un altar pur term de 20. ans, & puis il grant le terre a un altar 10. ans parcel de son terme en cest case, quant jeo sue de plein age, si jeo release all grantee de mon lessee, etc. cest release est void, pur ceo que il luy ad asc' privity per-entrer luy & moy, etc. Mes si jeo confirm son estate, ceo est bone. Mes si mon lessee grant tout son estate a un altar, donque mon release fait all grantee est bon & effectual.  
Si home grant un rent charge issuant horse de son terre a un altar pur term de son vie, & puis il confirma son estate en le dit rent, a aver & tener a luy in fee tail ou in fee simple cest confir ' est void, quant a enlarge son estate, pur ceo que celuy que confirme navoit asc' reversion en le rent. Mes si homo soit seisin in fee de rent service, on de rend charge, & i'll grant le rent, etc. auterment en, pur ceo que il avoit un reversion del rent.  
So note the diversity between a rent newly created, and a rent in esse, 21 E. 3. 47. 15 E. 4. 8 b. Pl. Com. 35. 8 H. 4. 19  
But in the first case, the grantor may grant to the grantee for life, and his heirs, that he and his heirs shall distrain for the rent, etc. and this shall amount to a new grant, and yet amount to no double charge. Ex paucis plurima concipit ingenium.    

CHAP. X. Of Attornment.  

Sect. 551. Fol. 309. a.  
ATtornment, is an agreement of the Tenant to the grant of the Seignory, or of a Rent; or of the Donee in Tail, or Tenant for life or years, to a grant of a reversion or remainder made to another, Bract. l. 2. fo. 81 Britt. f. 105. b. 176. & 177.  
Si dominus Attornare possit servitium tenentis contra voluntatem tenentis, tale sequeretur inconveniens, quod possit eum subjugare capitali inimico suo, & per quod teneretur sacramentum fidelitatis facere ei qui eum damnificare intenderat.  
Every grant must take effect as to the substance thereof, in the life both of the grantor and the grantee, l 1. fo. 104, 105. Shelleys Case.  
Since Littleton wrote, if a Fine be levied of a Seignory, etc. to another, to the use of a third person and his heirs, he and his heirs shall distrain without any Attornment, because he is in by the Statute of 27 H. 8. cap. 10. by transferring the state to the use, and so he is in by act in Law, lib 6. fol. 68 Sir Moils Finches Case.  
So it is if a man by Deed indented and enrolled according to the Statute, bargain and sell a Seignory, etc. to another, the Seignory shall pass without Attornment; and so it is of ● Rend, a Reversion, and a Remainder, 27 H. 8. cap. 16. Vide Sect. 584.  
But if the Conusee of a Fine, before any Attornment by Deed indented and enrolled, bargain and sell the Seignory to another, the bargainee shall not distrain, because the bargainor could not distrain, & sic de similibus; for Nemo potest plus juris ad alium transferre quam ipse habet, vide Sect. 149. where upon a Recovery, the Recoveror shall distrain and avow without Attornment.  
A grant to the King, or by the King to another, is good without Attornment by his Prerogative, 49 E. 3. 4. 34 H. 6. 8. 6 E. 4. 13.  
If there be Lord, Mesne and Tenant, and the Mesne grant over his Mesnalty by Deed, the Lord release to the Tenant, whereby the Mesnalty is extinct, and there is a rent by surplusage, an Attornment to the grant of this rent seck is good, although the quality of that part of the rent is altered, because it is altered by act in Law.  
If a reversion of two acres be granted by Deed, and the lessor before Attornment levy a Fine of one of them, and the Tenant attorn to the grantee by Deed, this is good for the other acre.  
If the reversion be granted of three acres, and the lessee agree to the said grant for one acre, this is good for all three, and so it is of an Attornment in Law, if the reversion of three acres be granted, and the lessee surrender one of the acres to the grantee etc. 18 E. 3. Variance 63. 22 E. 3. 18. l. 2. fo. 67 b. Tookers case, fo. 309 b.  
Reg. the Attornment must be according to the grant, either expressly or impliedly, 39 H. 6. 3.  
Impliedly, as if a reversion be granted to two by Deed, and the lessee Attorn to one of them according to the grant, this Attornment shall enure to both the grantees; and so it is if one grantee die, the Attornment to the survivor is good, 11 H. 7. 12.  
If the Lord grant by Deed his Seignory to A. for life, the remainder to B in fee, A. dyeth, and then the Tenant Attorn to B. this Attornment is void, because it is not according to the grant, for then B. should have a remainder, without any particular estate, 20 H. 6. 7.  
If a reversion be granted to a man and a woman, they are to have moities in Law; but if they intermarry, and then Attornment is had, they shall have no moities, because it is by act in Law, Pl. Com. 187. 483.  
If a feme grant a reversion to a man in fee, and marry with the grantee, the lessee Attorne to the husband, this is a good attornment in Law to the husband, 2 R. 2. Attornment 8.  
If a reversion be granted by Deed to the use of I. S. and the lessee hearing the Deed read; or having notice of the contents thereof, Attorn to Cesty que use, this is an employed Attornment to the grantee, l. 4. fo. 61. Hemings case.   

Sect. 552. Fo. 310. a & b.  
Note that Littleton expresseth not what estate is granted, and very materially, for if the former grant were in fee, and the latter grant were for life, and the Tenant doth first attorn to the 2d grantee, he cannot after attorn to the first grantee to make the fee simple pass, for that should not be according to the grant, but in that case the Attornment to the first is countermanded.  
If a reversion upon an estate for years be granted in fee, and the lessor confirm the estate of the lessee for life, he cannot afterwards attorn. And so it is if the grantor before Attornment confirm the estate of the lessee for life in Tail, etc.  
If a feme sole make a lease for life or years reserving a rent, and grant the reversion in fee, and taketh husband, this is a Countermand of the Attornment, 11 H. 7. 19  
If in the case that our Author here putteth of several grantees, if the Tenant attorn to both of them, the Attornment is void, because it is not according to the grant.  
If a reversion be granted for life, and after it is granted to the same grantee for years, and the lessee Attorn to both grants, it is void for the uncertainty, 11 H. 7. 12.  
A multo fortiori, if the Lord by one Deed grant his Seignory to I. Bishop of London, and to his heirs, and by another Deed to I. Bishop of London, and to his successors, and the Tenant Attorne to both grants, the Attornment is void, for albeit the grantee be but one, yet he hath several capacities, and the grants are several, and the Attorment is not according to either of the grants.  
But if A. grant the reversion of black acre or white acre, & the lessee attorn to the grant, and after the grantee maketh his election, this Attornment is good, for albeit the state was incertain, yet he Attorneth to the grant in such sort as it was made And so note a diversity between one grant and several grants; and observe an Attornment good in expectation, which passed by the election subsequent.   

Sect. 553. Fol. 301. a.  
Note, that when a man maketh a feoffment of a Manor, the services do not pass but remain in the feoffor, until the Freeholders do attorn, and then the Attornment shall have relation to some purpose, and not to other; for albeit the Attornment be made many years after this feoffment; yet it shall have relation to make it pass out of the feoffor, Ab initio, even by the livery upon the feoffment, but not to charge the Tenants with any mean arrearages, or for Waste in the mean time, etc. Temps E. 2. Attorn. 48 E. 3 15.  
If a reversion of land be granted to an alien by Deed, who is made Denizen, and then the Attornment is made, the King upon Office found, shall have the land: for as to the state between the parties, it passed by the Deed ab initio, P. 5 E. 3. Coram Rege Sussex in Thesaur. 21 E. 3. 47.  
If a man plead a feoffment of a Manor, he need not plead an Attornment of the Tenants, but (if it be material) it must be denied, or pleaded of the other side, 34 E. 3. Double Plea 24. 42. Ass. p. 6.  
And upon consideration had of all the Books touching this point, whether the services of the Freeholders do pass, wherein there have been three several opinions, viz. some have holden that the services do pass in the right, by the livery, as parcel of the Manor, but not to avow before Attornment, as in the case of the Fine. And others have holden, that they do pass in right and possession, to distrain without Attornment. 26 E. 3. per que servitia 21. 8 H. 4. 1. b. 12 H. 4. 20 H. 6, 7. 35 H 6 9 E. 4. 33. 13 H. 7. 14. a. 1 H. 7. 31. 4 E. 4. Attorn., Br. 30.  
And the third opinion is, that in this case the said services pass neither in possession, nor in right, but until Attornment remain in the Alienor as Littleton here holdeth; and so it was resolved. P 15 Eliz. between Brasbitch, and Barwell. vide H. 14. Eliz Rot. 508. in Com B.   

Sect. 590, 591. Fo. 324.  
Si home fait done en tail, ou lease pur term de vie, ou pur terme dans del parcel del demesne d'un Manor, etc. Savant le reversion a tiel donor, ou lessor, etc. & puis il soit disseise del Manor, etc. & le disseisor mor. seize, etc. & son heir evant eins pur descent, uncore tiel donor, etc. distreina pur le rent arere; & tiel reversion apres tiel disseisin est sever del Manor en fait, commit que ne soit sever en droit.  
And so note a diversity between rents and services parcel of a Manor, and rents and Services incident to a reversion parcel of a Manor. And the reason of this diversity is, for that as long as the donee in tail, lessee for life or lessee for years, are in possession, they preserve the reversion in the donor or lessor, and so long as the reversion continue in the donor or lessor, so long do the rents and services, which are incidents to the reversion belong to the donor or lessor. Neither can the donor or lessor be put out of his reversion, unless the donee, or lessee be out of their possession, etc. But if the donee or lessee make a regress, and regain their estate and possession, thereby they do ipso facto revest the reversion in the donor or lessor.  
And note, when a man is seized of a Manor and maketh a gift in tail, or Lease for life, etc. Of parcel of the demesne of the Manor; the reversion is part of the Manor, and by the grant of the Manor the reversion shall pass with the Attornment of the Donee or lessee. But if the Lord make a gift or a Lease for life of the whole Manor, except bl. acre parcel of the demesne of the Manor, and after he grant away his Manor, B. acre shall not pass, because during the estate tail, or Lease for life, it is severed from the Manor. And so note a diversity, that a reversion of part, may be parcel of a Manor in possession, but a part in possession cannot be parcel of the reversion of a Manor expectant upon any estate of freehold. But if a man make a Lease for years of a Manor except B. acre, and after grant away the Manor, B. acre shall pass, because the freehold being entire, it remaineth parcel of the Manor, and one praecipe of the whole Manor shall serve. But otherwise it is in case of a gift in tail, or Lease for life, excepting any part, there must be several Writs of Praecipe, because the freehold is several, 18. Ass. p. 2. 38 H. 6. 33. Pl. Com. Fulmerstons' case. 103. lib. 5. 11. 22. 25. 19 E. 2. breve 845. 4 E. 3. brief. 713.  
Now let's Attorne to the precedent Sections.   

Sect. 554. Fol. 311. a.  
No man shall attorne to any grant of any Signiory, rend service, reversion, or remainder, but he that is immediately privy to the grantor.   

Sect. 556. Fol. 311. b.  
Here observe a diversity, between a rend service, and a rend charge, or a rent seek. And therefore (without respect of any privity) the disseisor only in case of a rend charge, shall attorne, because he is Tenant of the freehold, but in case of a grant of a rend service, the attornment of the disseisee sufficeth. 21 H. 6. 9 b.  
It was holden by Dyer and Mounson, in the Argument of Brace bridges case; that if he that hath a rend charge, granteth it over for life, and the Tenant of the Land attorn thereunto, and after he grant the reversion of the rend charge, that the grantee for life may attorne alone; and that these words of Littleton are to be understood, when a rend charge, or rend seck is granted in possession, and a quid juris clamat, in that case, did lie against the grantee for life. 46 E. 3. 27. 2 H. 6. 9 Vide Littleton. Sect 549. and 553.  
A man maketh a Lease for life, and after grants to A. a rend charge out of the reversion. A. grants the rend over, he in the reversion must Attorne, and not the Tenant of the freehold, for that the freehold is not charged with the rent, for a release made to him by the grantee, doth not extinguish the rent; and Littleton is to be understood, that the Tenant of the freehold must attorne, when the freehold is charged, Vide fo. 312. a.  
Littleton speaketh of five kinds of inheritances whereto an Attornement is requisite. 1. Of a signory rend service, etc. 2. Of a rend charge. 3. Of rent seck 4. Of a reversion. 5. Of a remainder of Lands. For the Tenant shall never need to Attorne, but when there is tenure, attendance, remainder, or payment of a rent. And therefore if an annuity, common of pasture, common of estovers, be granted for life, or years, etc. the reversion may be granted without any Attornment. 21 H. 7. 1. 1 H. 5. 1. 37. Ass. 14. 36. Ass p. 3. 31 H. 8. Attorn. Br. 59   

Sect. 557. Fol. 312. b.  
In this case of Littleton by this escheat of the remainder, the Seignory is extinct, for the fee simple of the Seignory being extinct, there cannot remain a particular estate for life thereof in respect of the tenure, and attendance over 3. 3 H. 6. 1. old tenors 107. 15 E. 4. 15. a. per Littleton.  
But otherwise it is of a rend charge in fee, for if that be granted for life, and after he in the reversion purchase the Land, so as the reversion of the rend charge is extinct, yet the grantee for life, shall enjoy the rent during his life, for there is no tenure or attendance in this case.   

Sect. 558, 559. Fo. 313. a.  
Littleton now cometh to speak of Atornments in Law or employed. 3 E. 3. 42. 15 E 3. Attorne 11.  
If the Lord grant his Signiory to the Tenant of the land, and to a stranger; and the Tenant accept the Deed, this acceptance is a good Attornment to extinguish the one moiety, and to vest the other moiety in the grantee.  
Suspense, is when a Seignory, Rent, profit apprehend. etc. by reason of unity of possession of the Rent, Seignory, etc. of the Land out of which they issue, are not in esse for a time; and they are said to be extinguished, when they are gone for ever, and can never be revived, that is when one man hath as high and perdurable estate in the one, as in the other.   

Sect. 560. 561. Fol. 313. a. & b.  
Note, that albeit a grant may enure by way of release, and a release to the Tenant for life doth work an absulute extinguishment, whereof he in the remainder shall take benefit, yet the Law shall never make any construction against the purport of the grant to the prejudice of any, or against the meaning of the parties, etc. Vide lib. etc.   

Sect. 562. Fo. 314. a.  
Note a diversity when the whole estate in the Seignory is suspended, and when but part of the estate in the Seignory is suspended but for term of life, and therefore as to all things concerning the right it hath its being, but as the possession during the particular estate, the grantee shall take no benefit, therefore during that time, he shall have no rent service, Wardship, Relief, Heriot, etc. because these belong to the possession, but if the Tenant dyeth without heir, the Tenancy shall escheat unto the grantee, for that it is in the right, and yet when the Seignory is revived by the death of the Tenant, there shall be wardship, as if the Tenant marry with the Seignioresse and dyeth, his heir within age, they shall have the wardship of the heir. Also in the case that Littleton here putteth, albeit the Seignory be suspended but for life, yet some hold, that he cannot grant it over, because the grantee took it suspended, and it was never in esse in him, but if the Tenant make a Lease for years, or for life to the Lord, there the Lord may grant it over, because the Seignory was in esse in him, and the fee simple of the Seignory is not suspended, but if the Lord disseise the Tenant, or the Tenant infeoff the Lord upon condition, there the whole estate in the Seignory is suspended; and therefore he cannot during the suspension, take benefit of any escheat or grant over his Seignory. 34. Ass. p. 15. 16 E. 3. vouch. 83. 5 E. 3. Twongs case.   

Sect. 563. 564. Fo. 314.  
Attornment for part, cannot be void for that, and good it cannot be unless it be for the whole. 4 E. 3. 55. Malmans' case. 5 E. 4. 2. 7 H. 4. 10. 35 H. 6. 8. per prisot.  
And payment of any parcel of the services, is an agreement in Law to the grant 40 E. 3. 34.  
Intentio inservire debet legibus, non leges intentioni. 20 H. 6.  
Judgement in scire facias pur parcel de le services est bone attorn. en ley, commit que il est presume, quod judicium redditur in invitum. 48 E. 3. 24. 37 H. 6 14. per Moyle. 17 E. 3. 29.  
Note that in case of Deed, nothing passeth before attornment.  
In the case of the fine, the thing granted passeth as to the State, but not to distrain, etc. without Attornment. In the case of the King, the thing granted doth pass both in estate and in privity to distrain, etc. without Attornment, unless it be of Lands or Tenements, that are parcel of the Duchy of Lancaster, and lie out of the County Palatine.   

Sect. 565. Fo. 315. b.  
Note a diversity between money given by way of Attornment, and where it is given as parcel of the Rent, by way of seisin of the Rent. And therefore a payment in name of seisin is more beneficial for the grantee, because this is both an actual seisin, and an Attornment in Law, and yet being given before the day in which the Rent is due, it shall not be abated out of the Rent. 39 H. 6. 3. 26. 5 E. 4. 2. Vide S. 235. 7 H. 4. 2. Attorney Br. 97.   

Sect. 566.  
As of an Attornment, so a seisin of a rent by the hands of one joint-tenant is good for all, and a seisin of part of the rent is a good seisin of the whole, Lib. 2. fo. 67. Booker's case.  
If either the grantor, or grantee die, the Attornment is countermanded, but if the Tenant die, he that hath his Estate may Attorn at any time; If the Tenant grant over his estate, his Assignee may attorn. Lib. 4. fo. 8. l. 6. fo. 57 l. 9 fo. 34. 4 H. 6. 29. 18 E. 4. 10.  
If an Infant hath Lands by purchase, or by descent, he shall be compelled to Attorn in a per que servitia. 42 E 3. Age 33. 18 H. 6. 2. l. 9 fo. 84. 85. Coins case. 4. M. Dy. 137. 7 E. 2. Age 140.  
If an infant be lessee, he shall be compelled to Attorn in a quid Juris clamat, the Attornment of an Infant to a grant by Deed is good, and shall bind him, because it is lawful, albeit he be not upon that grant by Deed compellable to Attorne.   

Sect. 567. Fol. 315. b.  
The grant of the reversion by Deed, with the attornment of lessee for years, do countervail in Law, a feoffment by livery, as to the passing of the freehold and inheritance.  
And Tenant by statute Merchant, or Staple, or by Elegit, must also attorn, for the grantee may have a venire facias ad computat. or tender the money, etc. and discharge the Land, and if the reversion be granted by Fine, they shall be compelled to attorn in a Quid juris clamat 6 E. 3. 53. 25 E. 3. 53. Br. Attor. 48. 32 E 3. scire facias 101. Dy. 1. a.  
And so the Executors that have the Land until the debts be paid, must attorn upon the grant of the reversion, although they have not any certain term for years.   

Sect. 568. Fo. 316. a.  
If Tenant in Dower, or by the courtesy grant over his or her estate, and the heir grant over the reversion, the Tenant in Dower, or by the Courtesy may attorn, because at the time of the grant made, they were attendant to the heir in reversion, and the grantee cannot be Tenant in Dower, or by the Courtesy; and if the reversion be granted by Fine, the Fine must suppose that the Tenant in Dower, or by the Courtesy, did hold the land, albeit they had formerly granted over their estate, and albeit the reversion doth pass by the Fine, yet the Quid juris clamat must be brought against him that was Tenant, at the time of the note levied; and the grantee of the reversion must bring an action of waste against the Assignee of Tenant in Dower, or by the Courtesy, for they themselves cannot hold of any but of the heir; and therefore in respect of the privity they shall attorn, and be subject to an action of waste, as long as the reversion remaineth in the heir, albeit they have granted over their whole estate: and note that if the grantee of the reversion, doth bring an Action of waist against the Assignee of Tenant by the Courtesy, the plaintiff must rehearse the Statute, which proveth that no prohibition of waste, in that case lay at the common Law, as it did, if the heir had brought it against the Tenant by the Courtesy himself: and therefore some do hold, that if the heir do grant over the reversion, that the Attornement of the Assignee of the Tenant by Courtesy, or of Tenant in Dower is sufficient, because they afterward, must be attendant, and subject to the Action of waste. 10. H. 4 Attornment 16. 11 H. 4. 18. F.N.B. 55 E. Reg. foe 72. 4 E. 3. 26.  
If the reversion of lessee for life be granted, and lessee for life Assign over his estate, the lessee cannot attorne, but the attornment of the Assignee is good, because it behoveth that the Tenant of the land do attorne, and after the Assignment there is no tenure or attendance, etc. between the lessee and him in reversion. 18 E. 4. 10. b. 26 E. 3. 62. 5 H. 5. 10.   

Sect. 569, 570, 571, 552, 573. Fo. 316. b.  
No Quid juris clamat lieth against Tenant in tail, but if a man make a gift in tail, the remainder in fee, and the Seignory, or rend charge issuing out of the land be granted by Fine, the Conusee shall maintain a per que servitia, or a Quem redditum, and compel him to Attorne, for herein his estate of inheritance is no privilege to him, for that a Tenant in fee simple (as his Estate was at the Common Law) is also compellable in these cases to attorne.  
Lou le reversion est dependant sur lestate del franktenement, suffist que le tenant del franktenement attorn sur grant del reversion, etc. Si lease pur term dans, etc. ou done en le tail, soit fait reserve un rent, per le grant del reversion en tiel case, le rent passara, pur ceo que tiel rent est incident all reversion, & nemy è converso.  
If a man let land to another for his life, and after he confirm by his Deed, the estate of the Tenant for life, the remainder to another in fee, and the Tenant for life accept the Deed, etc. Albeit he in remainder in this case hath no remedy to come to the Deed, during the life of Tenant for life, yet because he is privy in Estate, he shall not maintain an action of waste, without showing the Deed, but when the remainder is once executed, he shall not need to show the Deed, Vide Pl. Com. Colthirsts case. D & St. Ch. 20. fol. 93, 94. Pl. Com. 149. Throckmortons' case. 45 E. 3. 14. 15. 11 H. 4. 39 14 H 4. 31.  
As in Physic, nullum medicamentum est idem omnibus, so in Law one form or precedent of conveyance will not fit all Cases.   

Sect. 574. Fo. 318. a.  
If one joint-tenant make a Lease for years, reserving a rent and die, the survivor shall not have the rent, & therefore Littleton here addeth materially, for the privity that was between the Tenant for life, and them in the reversion. 2 Eliz. Dyer 176.  
Tenant for life shall not be compelled to attorn in a Quid juris clamat upon the grant of a reversion by Fine holden of the King himself without licence: For it is a general rule, that when the grant by fine is defeasible, there the Tenant shall be compelled to attorne. 45 E. 3. 6. b. 13 Eliz. Dy. 188. Lib. 3. fo. 86. Justice Windhams case. 36 H. 6. 24.  
As if an Infant levy a Fine, this is defeasible by Writ of Error during his minority, and therefore the Tenant shall not be compelled to attorn.  
So if the land be holden in ancient Demesn, and he in the reversion levy a Fine of the reversion at the Common Law, this is reversible in a Writ of Deceit, etc. 5 E. 3. 25. 3 E. 3. Ancient Demesn 16.  
So if an Alienation be in Mortmain, the Lord Paramount may defeat it, etc. 17 E. 3. 7. 22 E 3. 18.  
So if a Tenant in Tail had levied a Fine it was defeasible by the issue in Tail, 24 E 3. 25. b. 37 H. 6. 33. 48 E. 3. 23.  
But now the Statute of 4 H. 7. 32 H. 8. having given a further strength to Fines to bar the issue in Tail, the reason of the Common Law being taken away, t●e Tenant in this case shall be compelled to attorn. Windams Case, ubi suprà.   

Sect. 576. 577. fol. 319. a.  
Where a lease is made for life, saving the reversion to the lessor, if the lessor disseise the lessee, and make a feoffment in fee, if the Tenant for life enter, and make Waste, the feoffee shall have a Writ of Waste without any other Attornment; for the lessee shall not be misconusant of the Feoffments that were made of and upon the same land. And the reason of the Attornment is, because the whole fee simple pass by the feoffment, and the lessee by his Regress, leaveth the reversion in the feoffee, which is a good attornment. The same Law it is of a Tenant by statute merchant, or Staple or Elegit; and so it is of a lease for years, 46 E. 3. 30. b. 2 H. 5. 4. 5 H. 5. 12. Brasbritches case, P. 15 Eliz.  
Some do hold, that in that case, if the lessee for life do recover in assize, this is no Attornment, because he comes to it by course of Law, and not by his voluntary act. And yet in that case as in the case of the Fine, the state of the reversion is in the feoffee.  
But others do hold it all one in case of a recovery and a regress, 18 E. 3. 48. b. lib. 6. fol. 60. b. Sir Moyle Fiuches Case.  
If the lessor disseise Tenant for life, or ouste Tenant for years, and make a feoffment in fee, by this the rent reserved upon the lease for life or years is not extinguished; but by the regress of the lessee the rent is revived, because it is incident to the reversion.  
But if a man be seized of a rent in fee, and disseise the Tenant of the land, and make a feoffment in fee, the Tenant re-enter, the rent is not revived.  
And so note a diversity between a rent incident to a reversion, and a rend not incident to a reversion, 9 H. 6. 16. Dean of Paul's Case, 20 Eliz.  
If a man make a lease for life, and then grant the reversion for life, and the lessee attorn, and after the lessor disseise the lessee for life, and make a feoffment in fee, and the lessee re-enter, this shall leave a reversion in the grantee for life, and another reversion in the feoffee, and yet this is no Attornment in Law of the grantee for life, because he doth no act, nor assent to any which might amount to an Atonement in Law. Et res inter alios acta alteri nocere non debet. Neither hath the grantee for life, the land in possession: So as he may well be misconusant of the feoffment made upon the land, and so out of the reason of Littleton. But yet the reversion in fee doth pass to the feoffee.   

Sect. 578, 579. fo. 319. b. & 320. a.  
Where the Ancestor taketh an estate of Freehold, and after a remainder is limited to his right heirs, the fee simple vesteth in himself, as well as if it had been limited to him and his heirs, for his right heirs are in this case words of limitation of estate, and not a Purchase. Otherwise it is where the Ancestor taketh but an estate for years: As if a lease for years be made to A. the remainder to B. in Tail, the remainder to the right heirs of A. there the remainder vesteth not in A. but the right heirs shall take by purchase, if A. die during the estate Tail; for as the Ancestor and the heir are Correlativa of Inheritances, so are the Testator and Executor, and the Intestate and Administrator of Chattels. Quod vanum & inutile est, lex non requirit. Vide Sect. 194. 273. fo. 320. a.  
The Conusee of a Fine before Attornment, cannot distrain, because an Avowry is in lieu of an action, and thereunto privity is requisite. So likewise, and for the same cause he can have no action of Waste, nor Writ of Entry ad Com. legem, or in consimili casu, or in casu proviso, Writ of Customs, and Services, nor Writ of Ward, etc. 8 E 3. 44. 34 H. 6. 7. 12 E. 4. 4. 40 E. 3. 7. 5 H. 5. 12. 3 E. 2. Droit 33.  
But if a man make a lease for years, and grant the reversion by Fine, if the lessee be ousted, and the Conuse disseised, the Conusee without Attornment shall maintain an Assize, for this Writ is maintained against a stranger, where there needeth no privity: and such things as the Lord may seize or enter into without suing any action, there the Conusee before any Attornment may take benefit thereof, as to seize a Ward, or Heriot, or to enter into the Lands or Tenements of a Ward, or escheated to him, or to enter for an alienation of Tenant for life or years, or of Tenant by Statute Merchant, Staple or Elegit, to his disherison.   

Sect. 580, 581, 582. Fo. 320. a.b.  
It is said in our Books, that if Tenant for life have a privilege not to be impeachable of Waste, or any other privilege, if he doth attorn without saving his privilege, that he hath lost it, which is to be understood, where he attorneth in a Quid juris clamat brought by the Conusee of a Fine, for that the Writ supposeth him to be but a bare Tenant for life, and by his general Attornment according to the Writ he is barred for ever to claim any privilege but a bare estate for life. But if upon a grant of the reversion by Deed, the Tenant for life doth attorn, he loseth no privilege, for there can be no conclusion or bar by the Attornment in palis; and so it is of an Attornment in Law. As if the lessor disseise the lessee for life, and make a Feoffment in fee, and the lessee re enter, etc. 43 E. 3. 5. 45 E. 3. 6. 39 H. 6. 25. F.N. B. 136. b.  
But in the Quid juris clamat, if the Plaintiff be within age, so as he cannot acknowledge the privilege, the Tenant shall not be compelled to attorn until his full age, when he may acknowledge it, 43 E. 3. 5.  
But otherwise it is (as some hold) if a Quid juris clamat be brought by Baron and feme, the privilege shall be entered into the Roll, notwithstanding she is a feme covert, 45 E. 3. 11. a. Vet. N. B. in per que servitia, 39 H. 6. 25. 18 E. 4. 7.  
And in a per que servitia brought by the Conusee of the Mesne, the Tenant may show, that he held by Homage Auncestrel, and saving to him his Warrant and Acquittal, he is ready to attorn. So if the Tenant hath any other Acquittal, and the Mesne levy a Fine to one for life, the remainder to another in fee, the Tenant for life bringeth a per que servit. and the Tenant is ready to attorn, saving his Acquittal, and the Plaintiff acknowledge it, and thereupon Tenant attorn, Tenant for life dyeth; in this case albeit Reg. the Attornment to the Tenant for life, is an Attornment to him in remainder, yet in this case he in the remainder shall not distrain, till he hath acknowledged the Acquittal, which must be in a per que servit. brought by him against the Tenant, vide S. 557.   

Sect. 583. Fol. 321. a.  
Note a diversity between an act in Law, that giveth one inheritance in lieu of another, and an act in Law that conveyeth the estate of the Conusee only Of the former Littleton here putteth an Example, of the escheat of the Mesnalty, which drowneth the Seignory Paramount, and therefore reason would that the Lord by this act in Law should have as much benefit of the Mesnalty escheated, as he had of the Seignory that was drowned, and he hath no remedy to compel the Tenant to Attornment.  
Also the Lord cometh to the Mesnalty by a Seignory Paramount, and therefore needeth no Attornment. As if lessee for life be of a Manor, and he surrender his estate to the lessor, there needs no Attornment of the Tenants, because the lessor is in by a Title Paramount, Temps E. 2. Attor. 18. 39 H. 38. per Prifot. lib. 6. f. 68 Sir M. Finches Case. 5 H. 7. 18. per Cur.  
But if the Conusee dye, and the Law casteth his Seignory upon his heir by Descent, he shall not be in any better estate than his ancestor was, because he claimeth as heir merely by the Conusee.   

Sect. 584. Fol. 321. b. vide, etc.  
If a man make a lease for life or years, and after levy a Fine to A. to the use of B. and his heirs, B shall distrain, and have an action of Waste, albeit the Conusee never had any Attornment, because the reversion is vested in him by force of the Statute, and hath no remedy to compel the lessee to attorn, 27 H. 8. c. 10.   

Sect. 585. 586. Fol. 322. a.b.  
Here doth Littleton put a case where a man may have a signory rend, reversion or remainder, merely by the act of the party, and may distrain, and have any action without any Attornment; and that is by devise of Lands deviseable by Custom, when Littleton wrote, by the last Will and Testament of the owner, 34 H. 6. 6. 5 H. 7. 18, F N B. 121. n.  
Omne Testamentum, morte consummatum ultima voluntas testatoris est perimplenda secundum veram intentionem suam, & reipublicae interest suprema hominum testamenta rata haberi. The Will of the Devisor expressed by his Testament, shall be performed according to the intent of the Devisor, and it shall not lie in the power of the Tenant or lessee to frustrate the Will of the Devisor by denying his Attornment, vide S. 167. Brit. fol. 78. & 212. b.   

Sect. 587, 588, 589. Fol. 323. a b  
The disseisor cannot disseise the Lord of the Rents or Services, without the Attornment of the Tenants to the disseisor; for seeing an Attornment is requisite to a feoffment and other lawful Conveyances, A fortiori, a disseisor or other wrong doer shall not gain them without Attornment. The like Law is of an Abator, and an Intrudor. But albeit the disseisor hath once gotten the Attornment of the Tenants, and payment of their rents, yet may they refuse afterwards for the avoiding of their charge. And here the Attornment of the Tenant of a Manor to a disseisor of the Demesns, shall dispossess the Lord of the rents and services parcel of the Manor, because Demesns, Rents & Services make but one entire Manor, and the Demesns are the principal: but otherwise it is of rents and services in gross, 6 H. 7. 14. 11 H. 7. 28. 11 H. 4. 14. a.b.  
For a man cannot be disseised of a rend service in gross, rend charge, or rend seck by Attornment, or payment of the rent to a stranger but at his election; for the Rule of Law is, Nemo redditum alterius invito Domino percipere aut possidere potest, & vide S. 237, 238, 239, 240.  
What be disseisins of rend services, rend charge, and rend secks, and payment to a stranger, is none of them, but at the Lords election, 24 E. 3. 4. 1 E 5. 5.  
A descent of a rent in gross bindeth not the right owner, but that he may distrain, albeit he admitted himself out of possession, and determined his election, as by bringing of an Assize, etc. 5 E. 4. 1. 23 H. 30. Ass. 439. 16 Ass. p. 15.    

*** CHAP. XI. Of Discontinuance.  

Sect. 592. Fol. 325. a.  
DIscontinuare nihil aliud significat quàm intermittere desuescere, interrumpere, 8 H. 4. 8. b. 11 H. 4. 85. b.  
A discontinuance of estates in Lands or Tenements, is properly (in legal understanding) an alienation made or suffered by Tenant in Tail, or by any that is seized in altar debit, whereby the issue in Tail, or the heir or successor, or those in reversion or remainder are driven to their action, and cannot enter. I have added (properly) by good warrant of our Author himself, for Sect. 470. he useth Discontinuance for a divesting or displacing of a reversion, though the entry be not taken away. Also vide the Stature of 1 E. 6. c. 7. 31. Eliz. c. 2. lib. 7. fo. 30, 31. le case de Discontin. de process.  
When Littleton wrote, the estate in Lands and Tenemens' might have been discontinued five manner of ways, viz. By Feoffment, by Fine, by Release with Warranty, Confirmation with Warranty, and by suffering of a Recovery of a Praecipe quod red, and this was to the prejudice of five manner of persons, viz. of Wives, of Heirs, of Successors, of those in Reversion, and of those in Remainder. But for Wives and their Heirs, and for Successors, the Law is altered by Acts of Parliament since Littleton wrote.   

Sect. 593. Fol. 325. b.  
Nota, that in Law the Covent, albeit they be Regular, and dead persons in Law, yet are they said in Law to be Capitulum to the Abbot, as well as the Dean and Chapter that be Secular to the Bishop. But it is to be observed, That a sole Body Politic that hath the absolute right in them, as an Abbot, Bishop, etc. may make a discontinuance; but a Corporation aggregate of many, as Dean and Chapter, Warden and Chaplains, &c. cannot make any descent, for if any join the grant is good, and if the Dean, Warden, etc. make it alone where the Body is aggregate of many, it is void, and worketh a disseisin, 21 E. 4. 86. vide Sect. 528 & 648. By the Statute of 1 Eliz. c. 10. & 1 jac. c. 3. Bishops, and all other Ecclesiastical persons, are disabled to alien, or discontinue any of their Ecclesiastical Live.   

Sect. 594. Fo. 326. a.  
By the pur vieu of the Statute of 32 H. 8. c. 28. the wife and her heirs after the decease of her husband, may enter into the Lands and Tenements of the wife, notwithstanding the alienation of her husband, Dyer 4 & 5. P. & M. 146. 3 El. Dyer 191. l. 8. f. 71, 72. Greveleys Case.  
If the husband levy a Fine with Proclamations, and die, the wife must enter, or avoid the estate of the Conusee within five years, or else she is barred for ever by the Statute of 4 H 7. for the Statute of 32 H 8. doth help the Discontinuancy, but not the bar; and the Statute speaketh of a Fine, and not of a Fine with Proclamations, 6 E 6. Dyer 72. b. 4 H 7. c. 24.  
Feme Tenant in Tail taketh husband, the husband maketh a feoffment in fee, the wife before entry dyeth without issue, he in the reversion or remainder may enter. For 1. The reversion or remainder cannot be discontinued in this case, because the estate Tail is not discontinued. 2. The words of the Statute be, Shall not be prejudicial, etc. to the wife or her heirs, or such as shall have Right, Title or Interest by the death of such wife, but the same wife and her heirs, etc. shall, or lawfully may enter, etc. By which words, the entry of him in the reversion or remainder in that case is preserved. The husband is Tenant in Tail, the remainder to the wife in Tail, the husband make a feoffment in fee, by this the husband by the Common Law did only discontinue his own Estate tail, but his wife's remainder, but at this day after the death of the husband without issue, the wife may enter by the said action of 32 H. 8.  
If the husband hath issue, and maketh a feoffment of his wife's land, and the wife dyeth, the heir of the wife shall not enter during the husband's life, neither by the Common law, nor by the Statute. 8 E. 2, tit. cui in vita. 26 34. E. 1. ibid. 30. 10 E. 3. 12. Dy. 21. Eliz. 363.   

Sect. 565. Fo. 326. b.  
By the Statute of 11 H. 7. ca 20. If the woman hath any Estate in tail jointly with her husband, or only to herself, or to her use in any lands, or haereditaments of the inheritance or purchase of her husband, or given to the husband and wife in tail, by any of the Ancestors of the husband, or by any other person seized to the use of the husband, or his Ancestors, and shall hereafter being sole, or with any other after taken husband discontinue, etc. the same; every such discontinuance shall be void, and that it shall be lawful for every person to whom the interest title or inheritance, after the decease of the said woman should appertain, to enter, etc. So as if such a feme Tenant in tail, do make any discontinuance in fee, in tail, or for life, although it be with warranty, yet this doth not take away the entry after her death, either of the issue, or of him in reversion or remainder. Vide Sect. 697. l. 3. fo. 50, 51. Sir George Brownes case, and l. 3. f. 60 etc. Lin. Coll. case P. 1. f. 176. Mildmayes case. Dy. 3. & 4. P.M. 146. & 8 El. Dy. 448 & 15 El. 340. 19 El. 354. & 20 El. 362. 27 H. 8. 23. l. 5. f. 79. Fitz. case, and Grevelys case. l. 8. fo. 71, etc.  
If Lands were entailed to a man and his wife, and to the heirs of their two bodies, and the husband had made a feoffment in fee and died, and then the wife died, this had been a discontinuance at the Common Law: for the title of the issue is as heir of both their bodies, and not as heir to any one of them, and his entry must ensue his title or action. But this is remedied by the Statute of 32 H. 8.  
Tenant in tail shall have a quod permittat. 4 E. 3. 38. 43 E. 3. 25. 4 E. 4. 25. F. N.B. 124.  
And he shall have a writ of Customs and services, le debet, & solet, but shall not have it in the debt only. 2 E. 2. droit 28.  
So he shall have a Secta ad molendum in le debet & solet, but not in the debet tantum. F.N.B. 123.  
Tenant in tail shall have a writ of entry in consimili casu, & an Admesurement, & a nativo habendo, cessavit, escheat, waste, etc. 21 E. 3. 11. 5 E. 3. 23. 11 H. 4. 49.  
But tenant in tail, shall not have a writ of right sur disclaimer, nor a quo jure, nor a ne  vexes, nor a nuper obiit, or Rationabile parte, nor a Mordanc, nor a sur cui in vita, for these and the like, none but Tenant in fee shall have: and the highest writ that a Tenant in tail can have, is a Formedon. 2 E. 3. droit 28. 13 H. 7. 24. 5 E. 4. 2. 20 E. 3. Avowry 13●. F.N.B. 10. 46 E. 3. cui in vita 33.   

Sect. 596, 597. Fo. 327. b.  
It is provided by the Statues of W. 2. c. 1 De donis cond. quod non habeant illi quibus tenementum sic fuerit datum potestatem alienandi, etc. So as these words (non habent potestatem alien:) do work these effects, viz. as to lands, that a feoffment barreth not the issue, of his action, but worketh a discontinuance to bar him of his entry; as to rents, or any thing in esse, that lie in grant, that the said words do his power ●o make any discontinuance: as to rents, etc. newly created that they take away his power to make them to continue longer, than during his life. 18 E. 3. 12. 24 E. 3. 28. 36 Ass. 8. 5 E. 4. 3. 4 H. 7. 17. Pl. Com. Smith, and Stapletons' case.  
But there is a diversity between alienation, working a discontinuance of an estate, which taketh away an entry; and an alienation working, divesting or displacing of estates, which take away no entry. As if there be Tenant for life, the remainder to A. in tail, the remainder to B. in fee, if Tenant for life doth alien in fee, this doth divest and displace the remainders, but worketh no discontinuance; and so note that to every discontinuance, there is necessary a divesting, or displacing the estate, and turning the same to a right: for if it be not turned to a right, they that have the Estate, cannot be driven to an action; & therefore such inheritances as lie in grant, cannot by grant be discontinued, because such a grant divests no Estate, but passeth only that which he may lawfully grant, and so the Estate itself doth descend, revert, or remain, as shall be said hereafter.  
A. maketh a gift in tail to B. who maketh a gift in tail to C. C. maketh a feoffment in fee, and dyeth without issue. B. hath issue and dyeth, the issue of B. shall enter, for albeit the feoffment of C. did discontinue in reversion of the fee simple, which B had gained upon the estate tail made to C. yet it could not discontinue the right of entail which B. had, which was discontinued before: and therefore when C. died without issue, than did the discontinuance of the Estate tail of B. which passed by his livery cease, and consequently the entry of the issue of B. lawful. * Also nate that a discontinuance made by the husband, did take away the entry only of the wife, and her heirs by the common Law, and not of any other which claimed by title paramount above the discontinuance. As if lands had been given the husband and wife and to a third person, and to their heirs, and the husband had made a feoffment in fee, this had been a discontinuance of the one moiety, and a disseisin of the other moiety: if the husband had died, the survivor should have entered in the whole, for he claimed not under the discontinuance, but by title paramount, from the first feoffor, and seeing the right by law doth survive, the Law doth give him a remedy, to take advantage thereof by entry, for other remedy, for that moiety he could not have.   

Sect. 600. Fo. 328 a.  
It is a Rule in Law, that the disseisee, or any other that hath a right only, by his release, or confirmation, cannot make any discontinuance: because nothing can pass thereby, but that which may lawfully pass. 9 E. 4. 18. 12 E. 4. 11. 5 H. 4. 8. 21 H. 6. 58.  
By a feoffment the freehold doth pass by open livery to the feoffee, and by a Release, a bare right; Sic nota diversit.   

Sect. 601, 602, 603. fo. 328. b. & 329. a.  
A warranty being added to a release, or confirmation, and descending upon him, that right hath to the lands maketh a discontinuance, otherwise it is out of the reason of the Law, and worketh no discontinuance, if the warranty descend upon another.  
If Tenant in tail release to his disseisor, and bind him and his heirs to warranty, this is a discontinuance. For if the issue in tail, should enter in this case, the warranty (which is so much favoured in Law) should be destroyed: and therefore to the end, that if Assets in fee simple do descend, he to whom the release is made, may plead the same, and bar the demandant, by which means all rights and advantages are saved.   

Sect. 604.  
When a Bishop, etc. make an Estate, Lease, grant or rent-charge, warranty, or any other act, which may tend to the diminution of the revenues of the Bishopric, etc. which should maintain the successor, there the privation, or translation of the Bishop, etc. is all one with his death. But Where the Bishop is patron and ordinary, and confirmeth a Lease made by the parson, without the Dean and Chapter; and after the Parson dyeth, and the Bishop collateth another, and then is translated, yet his confirmation remaineth good, for the revenues that are to maintain the successor, are not thereby diminished; and so it is in case of resignation. 29 E. 3. 16. ibid. garr. 99 cl. contr.   

Vide Sect. 608, 609, 610, 611, 612, 613 Fo. 330, 331. a.  
Tiels choses queux passunt en asc' cases de tenant en le tail tantsolement per voy de grant, ou per confirmation, ou per releaserien poit passe pur fair estate a celuy, a que tiel grant, ou confirmation ou release est fait, forsque ceo que le tenant en taile poit droitulerment fair, & ceo ne forsque pur term de la vie, etc.  
Hereby it appeareth, that a feoffment in fee (albeit it be by parol) is of greater operation and estimation in Law, than a grant of a reversion by Deed, though it be enrolled, and Attornment of the lessee for years of a release, or a confirmation by Deed.  
Also having regatd to the issue in tail, and to them in reversion, or remainder, Tenant in tail cannot lawfully make a greater Estate than for term of his life. But in regard of himself a release or grant made by him, leaveth no reversion in him, but put the same in Abeiance, so as after such release or grant made, he shall not have any action of waist; and he shall not enter for a forfeiture, etc. 13 H. 10. a. Br. Release 95.   

Sect. 614. Fo. 331. b.  
The Feoffee of Tenant in tail hath no rightful Estate, having respect to two persons, the one is the donor, whose reversion is divested and displaced, and the other is to the issue in tail, who is driven to his action to recover his right.  
Deforciare, signifieth, to withhold Lands or Tenements from the right owner, in which case either the entry of the right owner is taken away, or the deforceor holdeth it so fast, as the right owner is driven to his real praecipe, wherein it is said, unde A. eum juste deforceat, or the deforceor so disturbeth the right owner, as he cannot enjoy his own. Brac. l. 4. fo. 238. Fleta. l. 5. ca 11.  
There is a writ called a Quod ei deform. and lieth where Tenant in tail, or tenant for life, loseth by default, by the Staute he shall have a Quod ei deforc. against the recoveror, and yet he cometh in by course of Law. Westm. 2. ca 4.   

Sect. 615, 616, 617, 618. Fo. 332. a.b.  
An Advowson is a thing that lieth in grant, and passeth not by livery of seisin. 5 E. 3. 58. 21 E. 3 37, 38. 43 E. 3. 1. b. 11 H. 6. 4. 5 H. 7. 37. 18 H. 8. 16. El. Dy. 323. b.  
If a remainder, or a rend service, or a rend charge, or an Advowson, or a common, or any other inheritance that lieth in grant, be granted by Tenant in tail, it is no discontinuance. Brac. l. 2. f. 3. & f. 266. 318. Brit. foe 187. Mir. ca 2. S. 17. Fle. l. 3. c. 15.  
For that it is a maxim in Law, That a grant by Deed of such things as do  in grant, and not in livery of seisin, do work no discontinuance. But the particulars reason is, for that of such things the grant or Tenant in tail worketh no wrong, either to the issue in tail, or to him in reversion, or remaindet, for nothing doth pass, but only during the life of Tenant in tail, which is lawful, and every discontinuance worketh a wrong. 6 E. 3. 56. 4 H. 7. 17. 21 H. 7. 42. 21 H 6. 52. 53. 5 E 4. 3. 21 E. 4. 5. ●2. R. 2. discontinuance 35. Br. 19 E. 3. Br. 468. Pl. Come 435. 18 Ass. p. 2.  
If Tenant in tail of a rend service, etc. or of a reversion, or remainder in tail, etc. grant the same in fee with warranty, and leaveth assets in fee simple and dyeth, this is neither bar, nor discontinuance to the issue in tail, but he may distrain for the rent or service, or enter into the Land, after the decease of Tenant for life. But if the issue bringeth a Formedon in the descending and admitting himself out of possession, than he shall be barred by the warranty, and Assets. 33. E. 3. from. 47. 13 H. 7. 10. 36. Ass. 8. 4 H. 7. 17.  
Tenant in tail, of a rent disseises the Tenant of the Land, and makes a feoffment in fee with warranty and dyeth, this is no disccontinuance of the rent. 3 H. 7. 12. 9 E. 4. 22.  
And where the thing doth lie in livere, as Lands and Tenements, yet if to the conveyance of the freehold, or inheritance, no livery of seisin is requisite, it worketh no discontinuance.  
As if Tenant in Taile exchange Lands, etc. or if the King being Tenant in Tail, grant by his Letters Patents the Lands in fee, there is no discontinuance wrought. 38 H. 8. Pat. Br. 10. 1. Pl Come 233. l. 1. f. 26. Altwoods' case.  
Of a thing that lieth in grant, though it be granted by Fine, yet it is no discontinuance, and this is Regularly true, 48 E. 3. 23.  
If Tenant in tail make a Lease for years of Lands, and after levy a Fine, this is a discontinuance; for a Fine is Feoffment of Record, and the freehold passeth. 15 E. 4. discontinuance, 30.  
But if Tenant in tail make a Lease for his own life, and after levy a Fine, this is no discontinuance, because the reversion expectant upon a Statute of freehold, which lieth only in grant, passeth thereby. 6 H. 8. 56, 57   

Sect. 620.  
Si Tenant in tail fait Lease a Term de vie le lesee, etc. & apres tenant in tail, grant per son fait le reverson in fee a un altar, & le tenant a term de vie attornment, & mor. vivant le Tenant in tail, & le grantee del reversion enter, etc. en la vie le Tenant in tail donque ceo est un discontinuance en fee. For when the revetsion in this case executed in the life of Tenant in tail, it is equivalent in judgement of Law to a Feoffment in Fee; for the state for life passed by livery. 32 E. 3. discontinuance 2. 3 H. 4. 9 34. Ass. 6. p. 4. 38. Ass. 6. p. 6.  
But if the Tenant in tail make a Lease for Term of the life of the Lessee, etc. and grant over the reversion and dyeth, and after the death of Tenant in tail, the Lessee die, the entry of the issue is lawful, because by the death of the Lessee, the discontinuance is determined, and consequently the grant made of the reversion, gained upon that discontinuance, is void also.  
If Tenant in tail make a Lease for life the remainder in fee, this is an absolute discontinuance, albeit the remainder be not executed in the life of Tenant in tail, because all is one estate and passeth by livery; and so note a diversity between a grant of a reversion, and a limitation of a remainder. 21 H. 6. 52, 53.  
B. Tenant in Tail makes a gift in Tail to A. and after B. releases to A. and his heirs, and after A. dyeth without issue, the issue of the first Donee may enter upon the collateral heir, because A. had not seisin, and execution upon the reversion of the land in the demesn as of fee.  
But if Tenant in Tail make a lease for the life of the lessee, and after release to him and his heirs, this is an absolute discontinuance, because the fee simple is executed in the life of Tenant in Tail.  
If Tenant in Tail of a Manor whereunto an Advowson is appendent, make a feoffment in fee by Deed of one acre, with the Advowson, and the Church becometh void, and the feoffee present, Tenant in  dyeth, the Church becometh void, the issue shall not present until he hath reconcontinued the acre. But if the feoffee had not executed the same by Presentment, than the issue in Tail should have presented. And so was it at the Common Law, of the husband seized in the right of his wife, Mutatis mutandis, 34 E. 1. Qu. imp. 179. 22 E. 3. 6. 17 E. 3. 3. 33 E. 3. qu. imp. 196. 23 Ass. 8.  
If the husband and wife make a lease for life by Deed of the wife's land, reserving a rent, the husband dyeth, this was a Discontinuance at the Common Law for life, and yet the reversion was not discontinued, but remained in the wife, otherwise it is as if the husband had made the lease alone, 38 E. 3. 32. 18. Ass. 2. 18 E. 3. 54. 22 H. 6. 24.  
If Tenant in Tail make a lease for life of the lessee, and after grant the reversion with Warranty, and dyeth before execution, this is no discontinuance, because the discontinuance was but for life, and the Warranty cannot enlarge the same. Bro. Discontinuance 3. 21 H. 7. 11. l. 1. fo. 85. l. 10. fo. 96, 97.  
If Tenant in Tail make a Lease for life, and grant the reversion in fee, and the lessee attorn, and that grantee grant it over, and the lessee attorn, and then the lessee for life dyeth, so as the reversion is executed in the life of Tenant in Tail, yet this is no Discontinuance, because he is not in of the grant of the Tenant in Tail, but of his grantee, 15 E. 4. Discont. 30. Vide Sect. 642. fol. 333 b.  
If Tenant in Tail make a lease for life, and after disseiseth the lessee for life, and maketh a feoffment in fee, the lessee dyeth, and then Tenant in Tail dyeth, albeit the fee be executed, yet for that the fee was not executed by lawful means, it is no Discontinuance.   

Sect. 625. Fol. 335. a.  
Littleton here putteth his case of a reversion immediately expectant upon the gift in Tail. Also it is to be intended of a feoffment made to the donor solely or only, for if the donee infeoff the donor, and a stranger, this is a Discontinuance of the whole land, 41 Ass. 2. 41 E. 3. 2. 28 H 8. Dyer 12. lib. 1. fo. 140. in Chudleys' case, 9 E. 4. 24. b.  
But if Tenant for life make a lease for his own life to the lessor, the remainder to the lessor and estranger in fee; in this case forasmuch as the limitation of the fee should work the wrong it enureth to the lessor as a surrender for the one moiety, and a forfeiture as to the remainder of the stranger. Nul poit discont' lestate en tail, si non que il discont' le reversion, etc. ou le remainder, etc. 40 Ass. 36. 61 Ass. 36. 18 E. 3. 45. F N B. 142 a. Pl. Com. 555.  
And therefore if the reversion or remainder be in the King, the Tenant in Tail cannot discontinue the estate Tail. But Tenant in Tail, the reversion in the King, might have barred the estate Tail by a Common recovery, until the Stature of 33 H. 18. cap. 20. which restraineth such a Tenant in Tail, but that Common Recovery never barred, nor discontinued the King's reversion, 33 H 8. Tail. Br. 41.  
If a feme covert be Tenant for life, and the husband make a Feoffment in fee, and the lessor enter for the forfeiture, here is the reversion revested, and yet the Discontinuance remained at the Common Law, 27 Ass. p. 60. 29 Ass. 43. 11 Ass. 11. 16. Ass. 11 18 E. 3. 45.   

Sect. 632. Fol. 336. b.  
Si le Baron soit seisee de cert. terre en droit sa feme, & fait feoffement in fee sur Condition & devy, etc. When the heir in this case hath entered for the Condition broken, and hath avoided the feoffment, the estate of the heir vanisheth away, and presently the estate vesteth in the feme or her heirs, without any Entry or Claim by her or them: for the heir enters in respect of the Condition upon the real Contract, and not of any right; and if the husband himself had reentered, the state had vested in his Wife. And therefore where Littleton and our Books say, That the wife shall enter upon the heir, the meaning is, That after the reentry of the heir, she may enter, 4 H. 6. 2. 9 H 7. 24. b. l. 8. f. 43, 44. Whittinghams' Case.   

Sect. 633. Foe 337. b.  
If the husband within age take a wife feme Tenant in Tail general, and the husband make a gift in Tail, and dyeth within age, in this case the wife may enter, as Littleton here holdeth; or the heir of the husband, in respect of the new reversion descended unto him, may enter. But if the heir enter, presently thereupon his estate vanisheth.  
If husband and wife be both within age, and they by deed indented join in a Feoffment reserving a rent, the husband dyeth, the wife may enter, or have a Dum fuit infra aetat. But if she were of full age, she shall not have a Dum fuit infra aetat. for the Nonage of her husband, albeit they be but one person in Law, 14 E. 3. Breve 282. 14 E. 3. Dum fuit, etc. 6. F. N B. 892.   

Sect. 634.  
2. Joyntenants estant deins age, fontun feoffment in fee, & lun de les infants devy, celuy que survesquist poit enter en bentierly, etc. For that they may join in a Writ of Right, and therefore the Right shall survive. But they cannot join in a Dum fuit infra aetat. because the Nonage of the one, is not the Nonage of the other, 21 E 3. 50. 18 E. 2. Breve 831. 6 E. 3. 4. 9 H. 6. 6. 19 H. 6. 6. 39 H. 6. 42. 34 H 6. 31.  
In this case if one joint-tenant had made a Feoffment in fee and died, the right should not have survived, for the jointure was severed for a time.  
If two joint-tenants be, and the one is of full age, and the other within age, and both they make a Feoffment in fee, and he of full age dyeth, The Infant shall enter, or have a Dum fuit, etc. but for the moiety.   

Sect. 635. Fol. 337. b.  
Serroit encounter reason, que un feoffment fait per celuy que ne fuit able de fair tiel feoffment greevara, ou ledare altar, de toller eux de lour entre &c. Meliorem facere potest minor condic' deteriorem nequaquam, Bract. fo. 14. Brit. f. 88 a.  
Nota, a special heir shall take advantage of the infancy of the Ancestor. As if Tenant in Tail of an acre of the Custom of Borough English, make a Feoffment in fee within age, and dyeth, the youngest Son shall avoid it, for he is privy in blood, and claimeth by Descent from the Infant.  
And so note, that a cause to enter by reason of infancy, is not like to Conditions, Warranty, and Estoppels, which ever descend to the heir at the Common Law.   

Sect. 636. Fol. 338. a.  
Note, there be 3 kinds of Surrender, viz. a Surrender properly taken at the Common Law, which is a yielding up of an estate for life or years to him that hath an immediate estate in reversion or remainder, wherein the estate for life or years may drown by mutual agreement between them. 2. A Surrender by Custom of Lands holden by Copy, or of Customary estate, vide Sect. 74. homo come. gen. ** And 3. A Surrender improperly taken (vide S. 550.) of a Deed. And so of a Surrender of a Patent, and of a rent newly created, and of a fee simple to the King, 2 El. Dyer 176. 14 H. 7. 3. 27 Ass. 37. 49 E. 3. 2. 11 H. 4. 2. 12 H. 4. 21. 13 H. 4. 13.  
And a Surrendr properly taken, is of two sorts, viz. 1: A Surrender in Deed, by express words, whereof Littleton here putteth an Example; and he putteth his case of a Surrender of an estate in possession, for a right cannot be sureendered. 2. A surrender in Law, which in some cases is of greater force, than a Surrender in Deed.  
As if a man make a lease for years to begin at Michaelmas next, this future interest cannot be surrendered, because there is no reversion wherein it may drown, but by a surrender in Law it may be drowned.  
As if the Lessee before Michaelmas take a new lease for years, either to begin presently or at Michaelmas, this is a surrender in Law of the former lease. Fortior, et aequior est dispositio legis quam hominis, 14 H. 8. 15. 50 E. 3. 6. 44 Ass. 3. 35 H. 8. Dyer 37. 8 Ass. 20. 4 M. Dyer 141. 11 El. Dyer 280. 21 H. 7. 6. 14 H 7. 4. li. 6. fo. 69. Sir Moyl Finches Case.  
Also there is a Surrender without Deed, whereof Littleon putteth here an Example of an estate for life of lands. And also there is a Surrender by Deed, and that is of things that lie in grant, 16 H. 6. 33. 27 Ass. 46. 14 H. 7. 4. 1 H. 6. 1 Pl. Com. 541.  
And albeit a particular estate be made of lands by Deed, yet may it be surrendered without Deed, in respect of the nature and quality of the thing demised, because the particular might have been made without Deed. and so on the other side.  
If a man be * Tenant by the Courtesy, or Tenant in Dower of an Advowson, Rent, or other thing that lies in grant, albeit the estate begin without Deed, yet in respect of the nature and quality of the thing that lies in grant, it cannot be surrendered without Deed. And so if a lease for life be made of lands, the remainder for life, albeit the remainder for life began without Deed, yet because remainder and reversions, though they be of lands, are things that lie in grant, they cannot be surrendered without Deed. Qu. fi le fits la feme poit enter, etc.  
It is holden of some, That after the surrender, the issue in Tail during the life of Tenant for life may enter, for that having regard to the issue, the state for life is drowned, and consequently the inheritance gained by the lease, is by the acceptance of the surrender vanished and gone; as if Tenant in Tail make a lease for life, whereby he gaineth a new reversion, if Tenant for life surrender to the Tenant in Tail, the estate for life being drowned, the reversion gained by wrong is vanished, etc. and he is Tenant in Tail again against the opinion Obiter of Portington, 21 H. 6. 53. vide lib. fo. 338. b. Mes il nost rien a fair, pur ceo que tout le matter est icy transcribe verbatim.  
But herein are two diversities (Notable) The first is that having regard to the parties to the surrender, the estate is absolutely drowned, as in this case between the lessee, and the second Baron. But having regard to strangers, who were not parties or privies thereunto, lest by a voluntary surrender they may receive prejudice, touching any right or interest they had before the surrender, the estate surrendered hath in consideration of Law a Continuance.  
As if a reversion be granted with Warranty, and Tenant for life surrender, the grantee shall not have execution in value against the grantor, who is a stranger, during the life of Tenant for life; for this surrender shall work no prejudice to the grantee, who is a stranger, 45 E. 3. 13. 5 H. 5. 9 9 E. 4. 18.  
So if Tenant for life surrender to him in reversion, being within age, he shall not have his age, for that should be a prejudice to a stranger, who is become Demandant in a real action, 40 E. 3. 13. 1 H. 6. 1. 24 E. 3. 77.  
If Tenant for life grant a rend charge, and after surrender, yet the rent remaineth; for to that purpose he cometh in under the Charge, 5 H. 5. 8. 26 Ass. 38. 7 H. 6. 1. b.  
If a Bishop be seized of a rend charge in fee, the Tenant of the land infeoff the Bishop and his successors, the Lord enter for the Mortmain, he shall hold it discharged of the rent, for the entry for the Mortmain affirmeth the alienation in Mortmain, and the Lord claimeth under his estate; but if Tenant for life grant a rent in fee, and after infeoff the grantee, and the lessor enter for the forfeiture, the rent is revived, for the lessor doth claim above the Feoffment. But if I grant the reversion of my Tenant for life to another for term of his life, and Tenant for life attorn, now is the waste of Tenant for life dishpunishable, 48 E. 3. 16.  
Afterwards I release to the grantee for life and his heirs, or grant the reversion to him and his heirs, now albeit the Tenant for life be a stranger to it, yet because he attorneth to the grantee for life, the estate for life which the grantee had, shall have no continuance in the eye of Law as to him, but he shall be punished for Waste done afterwards.  
The second diversity is, That for the benefit of an estranger, the estate for life is absolutely determined.  
As if he in the reversion make a lease for years, or grant a rend charge, etc. and then the lessee for life surrender, the lease or rent shall commence maintenance.  
So in the case of Littleton, first between the lessee, and the second husband, the state for life is determined. And 2. for the benefit of the issue it shall be so adjudged in Law. Here note a diversity when it is to the prejudice of a stranger, and when it is for his benefit.  
If a man make a lease to A. for life, reserving a rent of 40. s. to him and his heirs, the remainder to B. for life, the lessor grant the reversion in fee to B. A. attorneth, B. shall not have the rent, for that although the fee simple do drown the remainder for life between them, yet as to a stranger it is in esse, and therefore B. shall not have the rent, but his heir shall have it.  
A Master of an Hospital being a sole Corporation, by the consent of his Brethren makes a lease for years of part of the possession of the Hospital; afterwards the lessee for years is made Master, the term is drowned, for a man cannot have a term for years in his own right, and a Freehold en auter droit, to consist together (as if a man lessee for years take a feme lessor to wife.) But a man may have a Freehold in his own right, and a term in altar droit; and therefore if a man lessor take the feme lessee to wife, the term is not drawned, but he is possessed of the term in her right during the Coverture, 6 H. 4. 7. Pl. Com. 419.  
So if the lessee make the lessor his executor, the term is not drowned, 32 H. 8. Br. Surr. 5. 2.  
But if it had been a Corporation aggregate of many, the making of the lessee Master had not extinguished the term, no more than if the lessee had been made one of the Brethren of the Hospital.   

Sect. 637. Fo. 339. a.  
Nota que un estate tail ne poit este discont, mes la ou cestuy que fait discont. fuit un foit● seisee (quia, omnis privatio praesuppo●it habitum) perforce de la tail, sinon que foit per reason de guarantee, etc. for in many cases a Warranty added to a Conveyance, is said to make a Discontinuance, ab effectu, because it taketh away the entry of him that right hath, as a Discontinuance doth.  
As if Tenant in Tail be disseised, and dyeth, the issue in Tail releaseth to the disseisor with Warranty, etc. 9 E. 4. 19 12 E. 4. 11. 21 E. 4. 97. Vide Sect. 592, 596, 597, 601, 640, 658.   

Sect. 642. Fo. 340. b.  
Albeit the reversion in this case be executed in the Lord by the Escheat in the life of Tenant in Tail, yet because he is not in by the Tenant in Tail, but by Escheat, it worketh no discontinuance. But if it had been executed in the life of Tenant in Tail, in the grantee which was in by Tenant in Tail, than the Lord by Escheat should have taken advantage by it, Vide Sect. 620. lib. 1. fo. 136. & lib. 2. fo. 62, 63.   

Sect. 643, 644, & 645.  
In whom the fee simple of the Gleab, etc. is, is a question in our Books: Some hold that it is in the Patron, 8 H. 6. 24 12 H. 8. 8. But that cannot bt for two Reasons.  
1. For that in the beginning the Land was given ro the Parson and his successors, and the Patron is no successor.  
2. The words of the Writ of Juris utrum, be, Si sit libera Eleemosyna ecclesiae de D. and not of the Patron, Reg. 307. a. 45 E. 3. Eschang. 12 H. 8, 9  
Some others do hold, That the fee simple is in the Parson and Ordinary, F N B 19 I. But this cannot be for the causes abovesaid; and therefore of necessity the fee simple is in abeiance, as Littleton saith.  
Upon consideration of all our Books, I observe this diversity, That a Parson or Vicar for the benefit of the Church, and of his successor, if in some cases esteemed in Law to have a fee simple qualified, but to do any thing to the prejudice ofs successors in many cases, the Law adjudgeth him to have in effect but an estate for life. Causae Ecclesiae publicis causis aequiparantur, & summa ratio est quae pro religione facit, Bract. lib. 3 f. 226. Et Ecclesia fungisur vice minoris, meliorem facere potest condic' suam, deter' nequaquam, Brit. f. 143.  
As a Parson, Vicar, Archdeacon, Prebend, Chantry, Priest, etc. may have an action of Waste, and in the Writ it shall be said. Ad exhaereditationem ecclesiae, &c ipsius B. or Praehendae ipsius A. F N B 55. d. & 57 E. 2. 10 H. 7. 5.  
And the Parson etc. that maketh a lease for life, shall have a Consimili casu during the life of the lessee, and a Writ of Entry ad Com. legem after his death, or a Writ ad terminum qui praeteriit, or a quod permittat in the debet, and none can maintain any of these Writs but a Tenant in fee simple or fee tail, F N B l. m. n. 20 H. 3. Jur. utr. Temps E. 3. Jur. utr. 141. 14 E. 3. ibid. 4. F N B. 50. 30 E. 3. 26. 21 E. 3. 11. Entry 10. F N B 206. fol. Reg. 237. 4 E. 4. 2. 8 E. 3. Entry 3. 7 E. 3. 54, 55.  
And a Parson etc. may receive Homage, which Tenant for life cannot do, Temps E. 1. Encumbent 19  
Item, a Parson & e. shall have a Writ of Mesne, and a Contra formam feoffmenti, F N B. 49. l. 50. a. fo. 341. b.  
But a parson cannot make a discontinuance, for that should be to the prejudice of his successor, to take away his entry, and to drive him to a real action. Also if a parson, etc. make a Lease for years, reserving a rent and dyeth, the Lease is determined by his death, as if Tenant for life had made a Lease, no acceptance of the rent by the successor can make it good. Also in a real action, a Parson, Vicar, Archdeacon, etc. shall have aid of the Parron, and ordinary, as. Tenant for life shall have. 20 E. 3. aid. 30. 25 E. 3. 54. 8 E. 3. 45. 8 H. 6. 24. 11 H. 6. 9, 6 E. 3. 45. 43. Ass. p. 13. F.N.B. 129.  
So as it is evident, that to many purposes a parson hath but in effect an Estate for life, and to many a qualified fee simple; but the entire fee and right is not in him, and that is the reason that he cannot discontinue the fee simple that he hath not, nor ever had; for as it hath been said, Omnis privatio presupponit habitum, and for the same cause he cannot have a writ of right, nor a writ of right in his nature as a writ of right for disclaimer of customs and services, ne injustè vexes, rationalibus divisis, quo jure, etc.  
But here it appeareth by Littleton, that such bodies politic or corporate as have a sole seisin, and may have a writ of right for that the fee and right is in them (albeit they cannot absolutely convey away their Lands, etc. without assent of others) may make a discontinuance, as a Bishop, an Abbot, a Dean, a Master of an Hospital, etc. But this is to be understood, where a Dean, etc. are solely seized of distinct possessions, for if the body that is seized be aggregate of many, as the Dean and Chapter, Master and confrates, etc. then the Feoffment of the Dean or Master is so far from a discontinuance, as it is a disseisin.  
But at this day, the Bishop, Dean, Master of an Hospital, etc. that have the fee and right in them, cannot discontinue, neither can they, or any Parson, Vicar, Archdeacon, Prebendary, or any other having any Ecclesiastical living with assent of Dean and Chapter, Patron and Ordinary, or the consent of any others, make any Lease, gift, granr, or Conveyance, Estate, Charge or Encumbrance to bind his successors or others, then for term of 21 years, or three lives in possession, whereupon the accustomed rent or more shall be reserved, Vide S. 528. 593. etc. 1 El. c. 18. 13 El. c. 10. 1 Ja. c. 3. l. 2. fol. 46. l. 4. fol. 76. & 20 El. 5. fo. 9 & 14. l. 6. fo. 37. l. 7. fo. 8. l. 11. fo. 67. 27 H. 8. 31 H. 8. 32 H. 8. 37 H. 8. 1 E. 6. etc.  
These points concerning Hospitals were resolved by the Justices, P. 24. Eliz. The Cheneys case, l. 2. fo. 48, 49. Evesque de Cant. case.  
First, That no Hospital was given to the Crown by the Statute of 27 H. 8. nor any Hospital is within the Statute of 31 H. 8. of Monasteries, but only Religious and Ecclesiastical Hospitals, and that no Lay Hospital was within those Statutes.  
2. If upon the Foundation of any Hospital, or after it was ordained, That one or divers Priests should be maintained within the Hospital, to celebrate Divine Service to the poor, and to pray for the Soul of the Founder, and all Christian Souls, or the like, and that the poor of such Hotals should make the like Orisons; yet such an Hospital is not within the said Statute, for the Hospital is Lay and not Religious; and all, or the most part of ancient Lay Hospitals were founded or ordained after the like sort, and the makers of those Statutes never intended to overthrow works of Charity, but to take away the abuse.  
3. That no Hospital was given to the King by the Statute of 37 H. 8. but in two cases, where the Donors, Founders, or Patrons, etc. had entered and expulsed the Priests, Wardens, etc. between the 4. of Febr. 27 H. 8. and the 25. of Decemb. 37 H. 8. or where King H. 8. by Commission according to that Act should enter, and seize the same; but that determined by the death of that King, l. 1. f. 24. Porter's Case.  
4. That the Statute of 1 E. 6. extended not to any Hospital whatsoever, either Lay or Religious, as by the same appeareth, l. 4. 111, 113, 114, 116. in Lambert's case.  
Nota, of Hospitals, some are Corporations aggregate of many, as of Master or Warden, etc. and his Confratres: some where the Master or Warden hath only the estate of Inheritance in him, and the Brethren and Sister's power to consent, having College and Common Seal; some where the Master or Warden hath the estate in him, but hath no College and Common Seal, and such a Master or Warden shall have a Juris utrum; and of these Hospitals some be Eligible, some Donative, and some Presentative, 14 E. 3. Juris utrum, 4.   

Sect. 646, 647. Fol. 342. b.  
If Tenant pur term dauter vie dyeth, the Freehold is said to be in Abeyance until the occupant enter.  
If a man make a lease for life, the remainder to the right heirs of I. S. the fee simple is an Abeyance, until I.S. dyeth, Vide Sect. 1. Virg. 4. Aen. Insequiturque solo, & caput inter ●ubile conduit.  
Also when a Parson dyeth, we say, That the Freehold (of the Gleab, etc.) is in consideratione sive intelligentia leg●, because a suceessor is in expectation to take it, 24 E. 3. 63.  
So it is of a Bishop, Abbot, Dean, Archdeacon, Prebend, Vicar, and of every other sole Corporation, or Body Politic, Presentative, Elective or Donative; which inheritances put in Abeyance, are by some called Haereditates jacentes, Bract. l. 1. c. 2. and some say, Que le fee est en baiaunce, Brit. fo. 249.   

Sect. 641. Folly 343. b.  
Principium est quasi primum caput, from which many cases have their original or beginning, which is so strong, as it suffereth no contradiction. Contra negantem principia non est disputandum, 11 H. 4. 9  
Note a diversity, when the right of fee simple is perpetually by Judgement of Law in Abeyance, without any expectation to come in esse, there he hath the qualified fee Concurrent' his quae in jure requiruntur, may charge or alien it, as in the case of Parson, Vicar, Prebend, etc.  
But where the fee simple is in Abeyance, and by possibility may every hour come in esse; As if a lease for life be made, the remainder to the right heirs of I.S. the fee simple cannot be charged, till I.S. be dead.  
Lands entailed may be charged in fee, for the estate Tail may be cut off by Fine or Recovery.  
Also the estate Tail may continue, and yet Tenant in tail may lawfully charge the Land, and bind the issue in Tail, 44 E. 3. 21, 22.  
As if a disseisor make a gift in Tail, and the Donee in consideration of a Release by the disseisee of all his right to the Donee, grant a rend charge to the disseisee and his heirs, proportionable to the value of his right, this shall bind the issue in Tail, Vide Sect. 1. Bridgewaters' Case, & 59 fol. 48. b. Which Lands by the Rule of Littleton may be charged; and therefore if the owner of those 13 acres grant a rend charge out of those 13 acres, generally lying in the Meadow of eighty, without mentioning where they lie particularly, there as the state in the land removes, the charge removes also.  
If the Parson die, and in time of Vacation, the Patron of the assent of the Ordinary, and the Patron and Ordinary grant an Annuity or rent charge out of the Gleab, this shall bind the succeeding Parsons for ever.  
A Church Parochial may be Donative, and exempt from all Ordinary Jurisdicton, and the Incumbent may resign to the Patron, and not to the Ordinary, neither can the Ordinary visit, but the Patron by Commissioners to be appointed by him. And by Littleton's Rule, The Patron and Incumbent may charge the Gleab, and albeit it be Donative by a Layman, yet merè Laicus is not capable of it, but an able Clerk infra sacros ordines is; for albeit he come in by Lay Donation, and not by admission, or institution; yet his function is spiritual. Vide 133, 530. 11 E. 3. Jur. utr. 3. 8. Ass. 29. 31. 13 Ass. 2.  
As the King may create Donatives exempt from the visitation of the Ordinary, so he may by his Charter licence any subject to found such a Church or Chappel, and to ordain that it shall be Donative and not Presentable, and to be visited by the Founder, and not by the Ordinary. And thus began Donatives in England, whereof common persons were Patrons, F.N.B. 35 E. 4. 2. A.B. Dyer 10. El. f. 273. 14 El. cap. 5. 2 H. 5. cap. 1.  
Ordinarius, is he that hath ordinary Jurisdiction in causes Ecclesiastical, immediate to the King and his Courts of Common Law, for the better execution of Justice, as the Bishop, etc. Regularly according to the Ecclesiastical Laws allowed by the Laws of this Realm, viz. which are not against the Common Law (whereof the King's Prerogative is a principal part) nor against the Statute and Customs of the Realm, The Ordinary and other Ecclesiastical Judges do proceed in Causes within their Conusance; and this Jurisdiction was so bounded by the ancient Common Laws of the Realm, and so declared by Act of Parliament, 25 H. 8. c. 19 33 H. 6. 34. 32 H. 6. 28.  
Note, that institution is a good plenarty against a Common person (but not against the King, unless he be inducted) and that is the cause that Regularly plenarty shall be tried by the Bishop, because the Church is full by institution, which is a spiritual act, but void or not void shall be tried, by the Common Law, 22 H. 6. 27. 38 E. 3. 4.  
At the Common Law if an usurpation had been had upon an Infant or feme Covert, having an Advowson by descent, or upon Tenant for life, etc. the Infant, feme Covert, and he in the reversion were driven to their Writ of Right of Advowson; for at the Common Law if the Church were once full, the Incumbent could not be removed, and plenarty was a good plea in a Qu. imp. or Assize of dar. Presentment; and the reason of this was, to the intent that the Incumbent might quickly intent and apply himself to his spiritual charge: And secondly, the Law intended, That the Bishop that had Cure of Souls within his Diocese, would admit and institute an able man, etc. 6 E. 3. 28. 39 52.  
If the King do present to a Church, and his Clerk is admitted and instituted, yet before induction, the King may repeal and revoke his Presentation. But Regularly no man can be put out of possession of his Advowson, but by admission and institution upon an usurpation by a Presentation to the Church; Cum aliquis jus praesentandi non habens praesentaverit, etc. and not by collation of the Bishop, 45 E. 3. 35. 38 E. 3, 4. 13 El. Dyer 292. 18 El. Dyer 348. 14. E. 4. 2. 7 H. 4. 32. fol. 344. b.  
Nota, that an usurpation upon a presentation, shall not only put out of possession him that hath right of presentation, but right of Collation also. Therefore at this day the Incumbent shall be removed by a Qu. imp. or Assize of dar' presentment, if there be not a plenarry by six months, before the Teste of the Writ, but then the Incumbent must be named in the Writ, or else he shall never be removed, 9 H. 6. 32. & 56. 19 H. 6. 68  
At the Common Law if hanging the Qu. imp. against the Ordinary for refusing of his Clerk, and before the Church were full, the Patron brought a Qu. imp. against the Bishop, and hanging the Suit, the Bishop admit and institute a Clerk, at the presentation of another, in this if Judgement be given for the Patron against the Bishop, the Patron shall have a Writ to the Bishop, and remove the Incumbent that came in pendente lite by usurpation, for pendentelite nihil innovetur, and therefore at the common Law it was good policy, to bring the Qu. imp. against the Bishop, as speedily as might be. So it is good policy at this day to name the Bishop in the Qu. imp. for than he shall not present by lapse, 30 E. 3. Qu. imp. Statham. 5 E. 4. 115. 9 E. 4. 30.   

Sect. 649, 650. fol. 345. a.  
If Tenant in Tail of lands holden of the King, be attainted of Felony, and the King after Office seizeth the same, the estate Tail is in Abeyance, there said to be in suspense, 19 H. 6. 60. 29 Ass. P. Com. 562. 563. Walsinghams' Case.  
Tenant for life, the remainder in Tail, the remainder to the right heirs of Tenant for life, Tenant for life grant to 〈◊〉 Stat. suum to a man and his heirs, both estates do pass, 44 Ass. 28. 44 E. 3. 10.  
J●● sive rectum signifieth properly and specially in Writs and plead; when an estate is turned to a right as by descent, disseisin, etc. where it shall be said, Quid jus descendit, & non terra, 20 H. 6. 9  
But right doth also include the estate in esse in Conveyances, and therefore if Tenant in fee simple make a lease for years, and release all his right in the land to the lessee and his heirs, the whole estate in fee simple passeth. Vide Sect. 465. Pl. Com. 484. lib. 8. fol. 153. Althams' Case, 39 H. 6. 38.  
And so commonly in Fines, the right of the land includeth and passeth the state of the land, as A. cognovit tene●enta praedicta esse jus ipsius B. etc. and the Statute saith, Jus suum defendere (which is) statum suum. W. 2. cap. 3. Pl. Com. 484. & 487. b.  
And note, That there is jus recuperandi, jus inenandi, jus habendi, jus retinendi, jus percipiendi, jus possidendi, fo. 345. b.  
Title properly is, when a man hath a lawful cause of entry into lands whereof another is seized, for the which he can have no action, as Title of Condition, Title of Mortmain, etc. Vide S. 429, 659, &c:  
Every right is a Title, but every Title is not such a right, for which an action lieth, and therefore Titulus est justa causa possidendi quod nostrum est.  
As by a release of a right a Title is released, so by release of a Title a right is released also.  
Interest, ex vi termini, extendeth to Estates; Rights and Titles that a man hath of, in, to, or out of Lands; and by the grant of totum interesse suum in such lands, as well reversions as possessions in fee simple shall pass, Pl. Com. 374. Signior Zouches Case, & 487, 488. Nichol. Nichols Case, 23 H. 8. Tail. Br. 32. 16 El. Dyer 325. b.  
If Tenant for life be, the remainder in Tail, and he in the remainder in Tail release to the Tenant for life all his right and state in the land: Hereby it is said in in our Books, That the estate of the lessee is not enlarged, but the release serveth to this purpose, to put the state Tail into Abeyance, so as after that he in the remainder cannot have an action of Waste, 43 Ass. p. 13. 41 E. 3. Waste 83. 11 H. 4. 67. 14 H. 7. 10. Pl. come 482. per Dyer 27 H. 8. 20. Yet in that case (saving reformation) the lessee for life hath an estate for the life of Tenat in in Tail expectant upon his own life, 42 E. 3. 23.  
But if Tenant in fee release to his Tenant for life all his right, yet he shall have an action of Waste; and if Tenant in Tail make a lease for his own life, he shall have an action of Waste, F N B 60. H 42 E. 3. 18. 41 E. 3. Waste 83.   

Sect. 658. Fol. 347. b.  
Here Littleton doth add a Limitation to that which in this Chapter he had generally said, viz. That an estate Tail cannot be discontinued, but where he that maketh the discontinuance was once seized by force of the Tail; which is to be understood, when he is seized of the Freehold and Inheritance of the estate in Tail, and not where he is seized of a remainder, or a reversion expectant upon a Feeehold, which Freehold is ever much respected in Law, Vide 637, 592, 596, 597, 601, 640, 641.    

CHAP. XII. Of Remitter.  

Sect. 659. Fo. 348. a.  
LOu home ad 2 Titles a terres ou tenements. Et adonques est adjudge eins per force de son eigne title, ceo est a luy die un Remitter, pur ceo que ley luy mitter destr, eins en la terre etc. per le pluis eigne & sure title. Quod prius est, verius est, & quod prius est tempore, potius est jure.  
A Remitter is an operation in Law, upon the meeting of an ancient right remediable, and a latter state in one person where there is no folly in him, whereby the ancient right is restored and set up again, and the new defeasible estate ceased and vanished away, 25 Ass. p. 4. 11 H. 4. 50. a.  
Here in this case (Titles) includeth Rights, for being properly taken as in case of a Condition, Mortmain, Assent to a Ravisher, etc. there is no Remitter wrought unto them, because these are but bare Titles of Entry, for the which no action is given, but a Remitter must be to a precedent right. And Littleton in this Chapter putteth all his cases, only of Remitters to rights remediable. 429. & 650. Sect. etc. 34 H. 8 Remit. Br. 50. 44 E. 3. Attaint. 22. 38 Ass. p. 7.  
Note two things: 1. That this Remitter is wrought in this case by operation of Law upon the Freehold in Law descended without any entry.  
2. That the Law so favoureth a Remitter, that if the discontinuee be an Infant, or feme Covert, and Tenant in Tail after a discontinuance djsseise them, and die seized, the issue shall be remitted without any respect of the privilege of Infancy or Coverture, 11 E. 4. 1.  
In this case, and many other, the Law that abhorreth Suits of vexation, doth avoid circuity of action, for the Rule is Circuitas est evitandus, 11 E. 3. 3. Ass. 85. 4 E. g. 35. 14 H. 6. 27. 10 H. 7. 11. F N B Mesne and Waste.   

Sect. 660. Fo. 348. b.  
Since Littleton wrote, and after the Statute of 2● H. 8. c. 10. If Tenant in Tail make a Feoffment in fee to the use of his issue, being within age, and his heirs, and dieth, and the right of the estate Tail descend to the issue, being within age, yet he is not remitted, because the Stat● executeth the possession in such plight, manner and form as the use was limited; & sic de similibus, 35 H. 8. Dyer 54. b. 6 E. 6. ib. 77. 1 & 2 P.M. 116. 1 & 2 P. M. 129. 191. 28 H. 8. 23. b. Pl. Com. Amy Townsends Case, 34 H. 8. Remit. Br. 49.  
But if the issue in Tail in that case wave the possession, and bring a Formedon in the Descend. and recover against the feoffees, he shall thereby be remitted to the estate Tail. otherwise the lands may be so encumbered, as the issue in Tail should be at a great inconvenience: but if no Formedon be btought, if that issue dyeth, his issue shall be remitted, because a state in fee simple at the Common Law descendeth unto him, Pl. Com. supra.  
Nota, in this case, that the State of the land, out of which the rent issued, being defeated, the rent is defeated also. Fo. 349. a.  
But if Tenant in tail make a Lease for life, whereby he gaineth a new reversion in fee, so long as Tenant for life liveth, and he granted a rent-charge, out of the reversion, and after Tenant for life dyeth, whereby the grantor becometh Tenant in Tail again, and the reversion in fee defeated, yet because the grantor had a right of the entail in him, clothed with a defeasible fee simple, the rend charge remaineth good against him, but not against his issue, which diversity is observable, 11 H. 7. 21. Edriches' case.  
If the heir apparent of the disseisee disseise the disseisor, and grant a rend charge, and then the disseisee dieth, the granter shall hold it discharged, for there a new right of entry doth descend unto him, and therefore he is remitted.  
So if the Father disseise the grandfather; a grant and rend charge and dyeth, now is the entry of the grandfather taken away, if after the grandfathet dyeth, the Son is remitted. So as where our author putteth his example of a fee tail, it holdeth also in case of fee simple, and Littleton que la terre est discharge del rent, etc. But the whole grant is not thereby avoided, for the grantee shall have notwithstanding a writ of annuity, and charge the person of the grantor, Lib. 2. fo. 36. b. Wards case.  
Also Littleton here puts his case of things granted out of the Land. But if the issue at full age by Deed Indent●●●, or Deed Poll make a Lease for years of the land, and after by the death of tenant in tail, he is remitted: It is holden that he shall not avoid the Lease, because it is made of the Land itself; and the Land is become by the Lease in another, than it is in the case of a grant of a rend charge. 33 H. 8. Dy. 51. b. and vide Sect. 289. *   

Sect. 661. Fo. 349. b.  
Regularly, a man shall not remitted to a right remediesse, for the which he can have no action, l. 3. f. 3. marquis of Winchester's case. Neither an action without a right, nor a right without an action, can make a remittance. As if Tenant in tail suffer a common recovery, in which there is error, and after Tenant in tail disseise the recoveror, and dyeth, here the issue in tail hath an action, viz. a writ of error, but as long as the Recovery remaineth in force, he hath no ●ight, and therefore in that case there is no remittance. If B. purchase an Advowson, and suffer an usurpation and six months to pass, and after the usurper grant the Advowson to B. and his heirs, B. dieth, his heir is not remitted, because his right to the Advowson was remediless, a right without an action. Tenant in tail of a Manor whereunto an Advowson is appendent maketh a discontinuance, the discon●●ee grants the Advowson to Tenant in tail and his heirs, Tenant in tail dyeth, the issue is not remitted to the Advowson, because the issue had no action to recover the Advowson, before he recovered the Manor, whereunto the Advowson was Appendent, 5 H. 7. 35. And so it is of all other inheritance, regardant, appendent, or appurtenant, a man shall be remitted to any of them before he recontinueth the Manor, etc. whereunto they are regardant, appendent, etc.  
Car nul ne poit claimer droit en les appurtenances ne en les accessories que nul droit ad en le principal, Brit. fo. 126.  
But on the other side, if a man be remitted to the principal, he shall also be remitted to the appendent or accessary, albeit it were severed by the discontinuee, or other wrong doer; and therefore if Tenant in tail be of a Manor, whereunto an Advowson is appendent, and infeoffeth A, of the Manor with the appurtenances, A. re-enfeoffeth the Tenant in tail, saving to himself the Advowson, Tenant in tail dieth, his issue being remitted to the Manor, is consequently remitted to the Advowson, although at that time it was severed from the Manor. So it is in the same case, if Tenant in tail had been disseised, and the disseisor suffer an usurpation, if the disseisee enter into the Manor, he is also remitted to the Advowson, 8 R. 2. Qu. imp. 199. 2 H. 4. 18. 14 H. 6. 15, 16. FNB. 25. b. & 36. f. 33 H. 8. Dy. 48. b. 24 E. 3. discontinuance, 16.   

Sect. 663, 664. Fo. 350.  
If the discontinuee, after the death of Tenant in tail make a charter of feoffment to the issue in tail being within age who hath right, and to a stranger in fee, and make livery to the infant, in name of both: the issue is not remitted to the whole, but to the half, for first he taketh the fee-simple; and after the remittance is wrought by operation of Law, and therefore can remit him, but to a moiety. Vide Sect. 288.  
Si Tenant in tale infeoff sou heir apparent, l'heire evant de plein age all temps de feoffment, & puis le Tenant en taile mor, ceo nest remitter all heir, pur ceo que il fuit sa folly, que il evant de plein age voile prender tiel feoffment, etc. By this feoffment albeit the heir apparent hath some benefit in the life of his Ancestor, yet if he thereby (besides his own) subject during his life, to all charges and encumbrances made or suffered by his Ancestors, 40. E. 3. 44. 18. E. 4. 25.   

Sect. 665. Fo. 351. a.  
Nota, that the estate which doth in this case work the Remitter, could not have continuance after the decease of the wife; and so on the other side, if the husband make a discontinuance, and take back an estate to him and his wife, during the life of the husband, this is a Remitter to the wife presently, albeit the estate is not by the limitation to have continued after the decease of the husband; which case is proved by the reason of the case, which our Author here putteth.  
If a man take to wife a woman seized in fee, he gaineth by the intermarriage, an estate of freehold in her right, which estate is sufficient to work a Remitter, and yet the estate which the husband gaineth depending upon uncertainty, and consisteth in privity. 13. H. 4. 6. 18. E. 4. 5. 11. H. 7. 19 10. H. 6. 11. 7. H. 6. 9 b.  
For if the wife be attainted of felony, the Lord by escheat shall enter, and put out the husband, otherwise it is if the Felony be committed after issue had, 4. Ass. p. 4. 4. E. 3. Ass. 166. vide S. 58.  
Also if the husband be attainted of felony, the King gaineth no freehold, but a pernancy of the profits, during the Coverture, and the freehold remaineth in the wife.  
2. If she were possessed of a term for years, yet he is possessed in her right, but he hath power to dispose thereof by grant or demise, and if he be outlawed or attainted, they are gifts in Law. Pl. Cam. 260. b. Dame Hales case. 50. Ass. 5. 21. E. 4. 35. 7. E. 4. 6. 7. H. 7. 2.  
Upon an execution against the husband for his debt, the Sheriff may sell the term during her life; but the husband can make no disposition thereof by his last Will. Also if he make no disposition or forfeiture of it in his life, yet it is a gift in Law unto him, if he do survive his wife, but if he make no disposition, and die before his wife, she shall have it again; and the same Law is of Estates by Statute Merch. Stap. Eleg. and other Chattels reals in possession. l. 8. fol. 96. Matthew manning's case.  
But if the husband charge the Chattel real of his wife, it shall not bind the wife, if she survive him. 7. H. 6 1.  
If a feme sole be possessed of a Chattel real, and be thereof dispossessed, and then taketh husband, and the wife dieth, and the husband surviveth, this right is not given to the husband by the intermarriage, but the Executor or Administrator of the wife shall have it; so it is if the wife hath but a possibility. vide Sect. 58.  
And so it is if the wife be possessed of Chattel reals in altar droit, as Executor, or Administrator, or as Guardein in Socage, etc. Pl. Com. 294. Osbornes case, and fo. 192. b. Wrotesleyes' Case.  
In the same manner if a woman grant a term to her own use, taketh husband and dieth, the surviving husband shall not have this trust, but the Executors or Administrators of the wife, for it consisteth in privity, P. 22. El. in Cancel. Withams' case.  
Chattels reals consisting merely in action, the husband shall not have by the intermarriage, unless he recover them in the life of the wife, albeit he survive the wife, as a Writ of Right of Ward, a valour maritagij, a forfeiture of Marriage, &c, whereunto the wife was entitled before the Marriage.  
But Chattels reals being of a mixed nature, viz. partly in possession, partly in action, which happen during the Coverture, the husband shall have by the intermarriage, etc. As if the husband be seized of a rent-service, charge, or sack, in the right of his wife, the rent become due during the Coverture, the wife dieth, the husband shall have the arrearages, but if the wife survive the husband, she shall have them, and not the executor of the husband, 13 E. 3. Qu. imp. 57 14 H. 4. 12. F. N. B. 121. 11 R. 2. Account 49. 12 R. 2- Breve 639. 5 E. 3. Exec. 99  
So it is of an Advowson, if the Church become void during the Coverture, he may have a Qu. Imp. in his own name, as some hold: but the wife shall have it if she survive him, and the husband if he survive her, 50 E. 3. 13. 28 H. 6. 9 7 H. 7. 2.  
Now by the statute of 32 H. 8. cap. 37. if the husband survive the wife, he shall have the arrearages, as well incurred before the marriage, as after, l. 4. 51. Ognels' case. H. 17. El. Rot. 457. in Com. B. Sharps case, f. 351. b.  
But the marriage is an absolute gift of all chattels personals in possession in her own right, whether the husband survive the wife or no; but if they be in action, as debts by Obligation, Contract, or otherwise, the husband shall not have them, unless he and his wife recover them. And of personal goods en auter droit, as Executor or administrator, etc. the marriage is no gift of them to the husband, although he survive his wife, 21 E. 4. 4. 11 H. 7. 4. 26 H. 8. 7. 43. E. 3. 10. 4 H. 6. 5. 16 E. 4. 8.  
If an estray happen within the Manor of the wife, if the husband die before seizure, the wife shall have it, for that the property was not in the wife before seizure, 21 E. 3. 8. vide 10 H. 6. 11.  
But note a diversity between a property in personal goods and a bare possession; for if personal goods be bailed to a feme, or if she find goods, or if goods come to her hands as executor to a Bailiff, and taketh a husband, this bare possession is not given to the husband, but the action of detinue must be brought against the husband and wife, 39 E. 3. 17.   

Sect. 666. Fol. 351. b.  
By this case it appeareth, That albeit there be no moities between husband and wife, yet this is a Remitter presently, and standeth not upon the survivor of the wife, as some have thought; for if the estate gained by intermarriage be a sufficient estate to work a Remitter, à fortiori, an estate made to the husband and wife, shall work a Remitter in the wife. And so it is if Tenant in Tail infeoff his issue being within age, and his wife in fee, and dieth, this is a Remitter to the issue presently, by the death of Tenant in Tail, though some have thought the contrary, 21. E. 3. 26. 29. E. 3. 43. 19 E. 3. Remit. 14. 35. Ass. 12. 26. E. 3. 69. vide 676 Sect. 11. R. 2. Remit 12. 44. E. 3. 17.   

Sect. 667. Fol. 352. a.  
Estoppel, ie. a Conclusion, because a man's own act, or acceptance, stoppeth or closeth up his mouth to allege or plead the truth. l. 2. fo. 4. b. Goddards Case. Vide S. 41. & 693, 695, 679.  
Note three kinds of Estoppel:  
1. By matter of Record, viz. by Letters Patents, Fine, Recovery, Pleading, taking of Continuance, Confession, Imparlance, Warranty of Attorney, Admittance, 43. Ass. 29. 8. H. 4 7, 8. 22. Ass. 54. 15. E. 3. Estop. 239. 4. E. 3. ib. 133.  
2. By matter in writing, as by Deed indented, by making of an Acquittance by Deed indented, or Deed Poll, 4. H. 4. 1. 8. H. 7. 6. 13. H. 7. 24. 15. E. 4. 28. 41. E. 3. Estop. 12. 12. R. 2. Estop. 21 2. by Deseasance, by Deed indented, or Deed Poll. 8. R. 2. Estop. 283. 35. H. 6. 18. 3. H. 6. 16. 16. H. 7. 5. 34. H: 6. 19 14. H. 4. 29.  
3. By matter in paiis, as by Livery, by Entry, by Acceptance of rent, by Partition, and by acceptance of an estate, as here in the Case that Littleton putteth, whereof Littleton maketh a special Observation, That a man shall be estopped by matter in the Country, without any writing.  
Note these few Rules concerning Estoppels:  
1. That every Estoppel ought to be reciprocal, i. e. to bind both parties; and this is the reason, that regularly a stranger shall neither take advantage, nor be bound by the Estoppel, 33 H. 6. 19 50. 30 H. 6 2. 31 E. 3. Estoppel 240. 33. Ass. 18. 30. Ass. 51. 14. Ass. 9 18. E. 4. 1. Privies in blood as the heir; privies in estate, as the feoffee, lessee, etc. privies in Law, as the Lords by escheat; Tenant by the Courtesy, Tenant in Dower, the Incumbent of a Benefice, and others that come under by act in Law, or in the post, shall be bound and take advantage of Estoppels, and that a Rebutter is a kind of Estoppel, 8 Ass. 53. Br. Fines 73. 8 H. 617. 21 E. 3. 35. 38. E. 331. 20 E. 3 Estop. 187.  
2. That every Estopple, because it concludeth a man to allege the truth, must be sertain to every intent, and not to be taken by argument or inference, 21 E. 4. 4. 23. Ass. 14. 17 H. 6. Estop. 273. 18 E. 3, 30. 7 H. 6. 7. & 16.  
3. Every Estoppel, aught to be a precise Affirmation of that which maketh the Estoppel, and not be spoken impersonally, as if it be said,  dicitur, quia impersonalitas non concludit, nec ligat, 46. 3 E 33. 29 Ass. 38. Pl. Com. 398. neither doth a recital conclude, because it is no direct Affirmation 35. H. 6. 33. 46. 3 E 12 49 E. 3. 14. 8. Ass. 3. 45. Ass. 5. 3. El. Dyer 196. 11 El. Dyer 280. 9 H. 6. 60.  
4. A matter alleged that is neither traversable nor material, shall not estop, 5 E. 4. 7. 8 E. 4. 19 10 E. 4. 12. 22 E. 4. 38. 32 Ass, 9 35 H. 6. 20.  
5. Regularly a man shall not be concluded, by acceptance or the llke, before his Title accrued, 33 H. 6. 16. 4 E. 3. 22. 6 H. 4. 7. 31 E. 1. Guard 155. F.N.B. 142. E.  
6. Estoppel against Estoppel doth put the matter at large, 12 H. 7. 4. 20 H. 6. 29. 3 H. 4. 9 41 E. 3. 4 11 H. 4. 30.  
7. Matters alleged by way of supposal in Counts, shall not conclude after Nonsuit: otherwise it is after Judgement given; and after Non-sute, albeit the supposal in the Count shall not conclude, yet the Bar, Tittle, Replication, or other pleading of either party, which is precisely alleged, shall conclude after Nonsuit; and hereby are the Books reconciled, 2 R. 3. 14. 2 R. 2. Estop. 10. 40 E. 3. 21. 128..4. 13. 18 E 3. 31. 35. 44 E. 3. 45. 17 Ass. 27. 45 E. 3. 2. 21 H. 7. 14. 5 E. 4. 7. ● E. 4. 19 3 E. 4. 11. 4 E 3. 54. 7 E. 6. Br. Fstop. 162. 11. H. 4. 30. 30 E. 3. 21. 31 Ass. 14.  
8. Where the verity is apparent in the same Record, the adverse party shall not be estopped to take advantage of the truth, for he cannot be estopped to allege the truth, when the truth, appeareth of Record, If a Fine be levied without any Original, it is voidable, but not void; but if an Original be brought, and a Retraxit entered, and after that a concord is made, or a Fine levied, this is void in respect the variety appeareth of Record, 37 Ass. 17. 38 H 12. 3 El. Dyer 222.  
An Impropriation is made after the death of an Incumbent to a Bishop and his Successors; the Bishop by Indenture demiseth the Personage for forty years, to begin after the death of the Incumbent, the Dean and Chapter confirm it, the Incumbent dyeth, this demise shall not conclude, for that it appeareth he had nothing in the Impropriation, till after the death of the Incumbent, 7 Eliz. Dyre 244.  
9 Where the Record of the Estoppel doth run to the disability, or illegittimation of the person, there all strangers shall take benefit of the Record, as Outlawry, excommengement, Profession, Attainder of Praemunire, of Felonies, etc. Bastardy, Mulierty, and shall conclude the party, though they be strangers to the Record, Vide Sect. 196. 197, & e.  
But of a Record concerning the name of the person, quality or addition, no stranger shall take advantage, because he shall not be bound by it.  
But Nota, Reader, That in case of the Mulierty prima fancy, an estranger shall take benefit of it, etc. But yet because he may be a Mulier by the Ecclesiastical Law, and a Bastard by the Common Law, therefore against such a Certificate pleaded, the adverse party may allege the special matter, and confess the Certificate of the Bishop, according to the Ecclesiastical Law, and allege further the special matter according to the Common Law, whereunto the adverse party must answer, and so are the Books reconciled, Bract. fo. 420. 26 Ass. 64. 39 Ass. 10. 11 H. 4. 84. 7 H. 6. 7. 33 Ass 5. 11 E. 3. Estop. 2 29. 21 E. 3. 39 19 R. 2. Estop. 28. 2. 3 E. 23. 3. ib. 33 E. 3 Estop. Statham. Stat. 9 H. 6. c. 11. 30 H. 6. 2. D. & St. 69. 34 H. 6 39 18 E. 4. 2 b, 10 E. 4. 16.   

Sect. 669. Fol. 353. a.  
When a feme covert is received, she shall plead, as if she were sole; and this is regularly true, yet holdeth not in all cases: for if a feme covert be received in an Assize, and plead a Record and fail, therefore she shall not be adjudged a disseisor, as she should be if she were sole, etc. 37 Ass. 1.  
So if a feme covert only levy a Fine executory, and a Scire fac. is brought against her and her husband, if she be received upon the default of her husband, she shall bar the Conusee, which if she had been sole she could not do and in some other cases, 17 Ass. 17. 29 E. 3. 43. 5 E. 3. 138 Vourcher.  
Again, If the husband levy a Fine of his wife's land, and the Conusee grant and render, the land to the husband and wife, although the wife be not party to the Original, nor to the Conusans, and therefore she ought not by the Law to take any present estate, but by way of remainder only: yet here it is proved by Littleton, That the grant and render de fecto to the wife in presenti, is not void, for than it could not work a Remitter, but voidable by Writ of Error, and that avoidable estate doth work a Remitter, T. 27 El. inter Owen & Morgan, Rot. 276. in Com. B. l. 3. f. 5. Marg. of Winchester's Case, 7 E. 3. 64. 13 E. 3. Vouch. 119. Vide Sect.   

Sect. 670. Fo. 353. b.  
Si Baron & feme fesont un conusance de droit a un altar, etc. ou fesoyent un grant & render a un altar, ou release per fine a un altar etc. lou le droit del feme passera del feme per forne de mas le fine, en tout tiels cases, le feme serre examin devant que le fine soit accept, pur ceo que tiels' fines concludont tiels femes coverte a touts jours, etc. mes lou riens est move en le fine forsque tantsolement, que le Baron & la feme pregnant estate per force de mes le fine, ceo ne concludam la feme, pur ceo que en tiel case, el jameres ne serre my examine, etc. 15 E. 4. 28. 14 E. 3. 31.  
Therefore if the husband and wife be Tenants in special Tail, and they levy a Fine at the Common Law, and after the husband wife take back an estate to them and their heirs, in this case the estate Tail is not barted; and yet against a feme levied by herself, she cannot be remitted, because thereupon she was examined; but in that case if the land descend to her issue, he shall be remited, ●9 E. 3. 43. 43 E. 3. 5.   

Sect. 671.  
Note a diversity between a Remitter and a Descent: For if a woman be disseised, and being of full age taketh husband, and then the disseisor dyeth seized, this descent shall bind the wife, albeit she was covert when the descent was cast, because she was of full age when she took husband. But albeit the wife that hath an ancient Right, and being of full age, taketh a husband, and the Discontinue letteth the land to the husband and wife for their lives, this is a Remitter to the wife; for Remitters to ancient Rights are favoured in Law.   

Sect. 672. Fo. 354. a  
Here it appeareth, That the husband against his own alienation, if he had taken the estate to him alone, could not have been remitted: But when the estate is made to the husband and wife, albeit they be but one person in Law, and no moities between them, yet for that the wife cannot be remitted in this case, unless the husband be remitted also, and for that Remitters are favoured &c. therefore in this case in Judgement of Law, both husband and wife are remitted, which is worthy of great Observation.   

Sect. 673. Fol. 354. b.  
Littleton having spoken of Remitters to the issue in Tail, who is privy in blood; and to the wife who is privy in person, now he speaketh of Remitters to them in reversion or remainder expectant upon an estate Tail, who are privy in estate: and this case proveth, That the wife is remitted presently; for the equity of the Law requireth, that as the discontinuance continuance of the estate in Tail, is a discontinuance of the reversion or remainder, so that the Remitter to the estate Tail, should be a Remitter in the reversion or remainder, 42 E. 3. 17 41 Ass. 1. 36 Ass. p. 4.  
Tenant for life, the remainder to A. in Tail, the remainder to B. in fee; Tenant for life is disseised, a collateral Ancestor of A. releaseth with Warranty, and dieth, whereby the estate Tail is barred, the Tenant for life reenters, the disseisor hath an estate in fee simple, determinable upon the estate Tail, and the remainder of B. is revested in him. And so note in this case, the estate for life, and the remainder in fee, are revested and remitted, and an estate of inheritance left in the disseisor, 44 Ass. p. 15. 44. E. 3. 30.  
If a Fine be levied sur grant & rend. to one for life, or in tail, the remainder in Fee, if Tenant for life, or in tail execute the estate for life, or in tail, this is an execution of the Remainder. 20. E. 3. Aid. 29.  
A gift in tail is made to B. the remainder to C. in Fee, B. discontinueth and taketh back an estate in tail: the remainder in Fee to the King by Deed enrolled, Tenant in tail dyeth, his issue is remitted, and consequently the remainder as Littleton here saith, and the diversity is between an Act in Law, for that may divest an estate out of the King, and a tortuous Act, or entry, or a false and a feigned recovery against Tenant for life, or in tail, which shall never divest any Estate, remainder, or reversion out of the King. Pl. Com. 489. Nichols case, and 553. Walsinghams' case, 17. El. Dy. 344. 25. E. 3. 48. Resceit 18. 49 E. 3. 16. Surre Staffords case l. 8. fo. 76 b.  
But a Recovery by good Title against Tenant for life, or in tail, where the remainder is to the King by defeasable Title shall divest the remainder out of the King, and restore and remit the right owners. Cholmleyes' case. l. 2. 53. 7 R. 2. Aid le roy. 61. 22. E. 3. 7.   

Sect. 674. 675, Fo. 355.  
Quod ei deforceat, is a writ that is given by the statute of W. 2. ca 4. to any Tenant for life, or in Tail upon a Recovery by default against them in a Praecipe, and lieth against the Recoveror and his heirs; in which case the particular Tenant was without remedy at the common Law, because he could not have a writ of right. There hath been a question in our Books upon these words by default, etc. And some do hold contrary to three Objections made, etc. and as to the first they say, That albeit that in the writ of waste, judgement is not only given upon the default, yet the default is the principal, and the cause of awarding of the writ, to inquire of the waste is an incident thereunto: and the Law always hath respect to the first and principal cause, and therefore upon such a Recovery, a writ of deceit lieth, and that writ lieth not but where the recovery is by default. 17 E 3. 58. 29 E 3. 42. F. N. B. 98. b. 12 H. 4. 4. 19 E. 2 deceit 56. w. 2 ca 3. 3 H. 4. 1.  
So in an acton of waste against the Husband and wife, upon the default of the Husband the wife shall be teceived, and yet the Statute there speaketh also per defaultam. So upon such a recovery in waste against the Baron and feme by default, the wife shall have a cui in vita by the Statute, and it speaketh where the recovery is per defaul. 9 E. 4. 16. and albeit the defendant may give in evidence, if he knoweth it, yet when he makes default, the Law presumeth he knoweth not of it, and it may be that he in truth knew not of it; and therefore it is reason, that seeing the statute, that is a beneficial Statute hath given it him, that he be admitted to his quod ei deforceat, in which writ the truth and right shall be tried; and so it is of a Recovery by default in an Ass. albeit the Recognitor of the Ass. give a verdict, a Quod ei deforceat lieth; and all this was resolved by the whole Court of Common Pleas, and so the doubt in 41 E 3. 8. well resolved. 2 H. 4. 2. 21 H. 6. 56. 44 E. 3. 42. Br. quod ei deforceat 4 P. 33 Eliz Rot. 1125. inter Ed: Elmer, and William Thacker in quod ei deforceat.  
Nota, If Tenant for life make default after defaltation, and he in Reversion is received and pleading to issue, and it found by verdict for the demandant: the default and the verdict are causes of the judgement, and yet the Tenant shall have a quod ei deforceat.  
As to the 2. Ob. That the defendant may have an attaint, 1. It was utterly denied, that an Attaint did lie in this case, for though it be taken by the oath of 12 men, yet it is but an Enquest of Office, where upon no Attaint did lie on either party, us upon an enquiry of Collusion, although it be by one Jury, nor upon a verdict in a quale jus.  
2. Admitting that an Attaint did lie in that case, yet it followeth ex conseq that a quod ei deforceat did not lie, 33 E 3. quod ei deforceat pl. ult. F.N.B. 156. Fleta l 5 ca 11. 48. E. 3. 19 40. Ass. 23. 33 H. 6. 25. 39 H. 6. 1. F.N.B. 107.  
For if an Ass. be taken by default, a quod ei deforceat doth lie, and yet the party may have an Attaint, for this is no inquest of Office, but a Recognition by the Recognitors of an Ass. who were returned the first day, and not returned upon the awarding of the Ass. by default. 17 E. 2 Attaint 69. 21 H. 6. 56. 34. H. 6. 12.  
As to the 3. Ob. That the damages should be the principal, because they were at the common Law, that is an Argument that they are more ancient, but not that they are more principal, and triple damages were not at the common Law (for the common Law never giveth more damage than the loss amounteth unto) but are given by the Statute of Gloucester, but the place wasted is worthier being in the realty, than damages that be in the personalty, Et omne majus dignum, trahit ad se minus dignum, quamvis minus dignum sit antiquius, & à digniori fieri debet denominatio; and it is confessed, That in an action of waste, against Tenant for life, or for years, the place wasted is the principal, because the statute of Gloucester doth give the place wasted and triple damages at one time, for no prohibition or action of waste, lay against them at the Common Law, and in an action of waste. 34 H. 6. 7. waste 50.  
And in an action of waste, if the defendant confess the action, the plaintiff may have judgement for the place wasted, and release the damages which proveth that the damgas are not the principal, for a man shall never release the principle, and have judgement of the Accessary, and an action of waste against Tenant for life, is as real, as an action against Tenant in Dower; and as to the case of 9 H. 5. It was answered, that it was an action in the Tenuit, which is only in the personalty, and then the release of one doth bar both, neither could summons and severance lie in that case, but in an action of waist (in the Tenet) either against Tenant for life, or years, the release of the one doth not bar the other, and in those two cases, Summons and severance doth lie- 6 E. 3, 47. 48. E. 319.  
But when these 3. parts were resolved by the Court for the demandant, than the counsel of the Tenant moved in arrest of judgement another point, viz. That the judgement was given upon a nihil dicit, which is always after appearance, and not per defaltam, and there upon judgement was stayed.  
But to return to Littleton. Here he openeth a secret of Law, for the cause of this Remitter is, for that the Tenant for life in this case might have a quod ei deforceat. And the Tenant for life at the common Law was remediless, because he could not have a writ of right, and consequently the feme Covert in this case could not be remitted by the taking of an estate to her husband, and her, because her right was remediless, and could have no action, But when an act of Parliament, or a custom doth alter the reason, etc. thereby the Common Law itself is altered, if the Act of Parliament and custom be pursued, for Alterata causa & ratione legis, alteratur & lex. & cessante causa & ratione leg. cessat & lex. as in this case, the statute of W. 2. giving remedy to this feme Tenant for life, in this case it giveth her ability to be remitted, etc. 14 H. 7 11. per Fineux 27 H. 8. 4. 6. Aid. 35 H. 6. guard 72. 29 E. 3. per wilbie, custom. l. 3. fo. 86. Justice Windhams cases,  
And Littleton warily putteth his case, That the Recovery was had against the feme, while she was sole, for there was a time when it was a question, whether a Recovery being had by default against the husband and wife (the wife being Tenant for life) the said statute gave a quod ei deforceat to the Husband and wife, for that the statute gave it a 'gainst Tenant in Dower, and Tenant for life, etc. and here the Husband is not Tenant for life, but seized in the right of his wife, and therefore out of the statute; and of this opinion is one book, * But Apices juris non sunt jura, & parum differunt quae re concordant) * 4. E. 3. 38. 33. E. 3. Avowry 255.  
The contrary hath been adjudged, and so that point is now in peace. 5. E. 3. 4. 33. E. 3. 255. F.N.B. 156. a. 5. E. 3. 5. 2. E. 4. 13. F.N.B. 156. c. 33. H. 6. 46. 2. E. 4. 11. 19 E. 4. 2.  
And the like in case of Resceit for him in reversion. But if the husband lose by default, and the husband die, the wife shall not have a quod ei deforceat, for a cui in vita is given to her in that case by a former statute, viz. W. 2. ca 3.  
These things are worthy of due observation, etc. and Littleton in our books of another kind of quod ei deforceat at the common Law upon a disseisin. Fo. 356. a.  
When the reversion is devested, the lessor cannot have an action of waste, because the Writ is, That the Lessee did waste ad exhaeredationem of the Lessor, and that inheritance must continue at the time of the action brought.  
And Nota, That in an action of waste brought by the lessor against the lessee, the Lessee in respect of the privity cannot plead general * riens en le reversion. But he must show how and by what means the reversion is devested out of him: and this holdeth between the lessor and lessee; but if the grantee of a reversion bring an action of waste, the lessee may plead generally, That he hath nothing in the reversion. 45. E. 3. 21. 44. E. 3. 34, 35. F.N.B. 60. 23. H. 8. waste. Br. 138. * 45. E. 3. 20. 8. H. 6. 13 30. H. 6. 7.  
And yet in some special cases an action of waste shall lie, albeit the lessor had nothing in the reversion at the time of the waste done. As if Tenant for life make a feoffment in Fee upon condition, and waste is done, and after the lessee reenter for the condition broken, in this case the lessor shall have an action of waste. And so if a Rishop make a lease for life or years, and the Bishop die, the lessee, the Sea being void doth waste, the successor shall have an action of waste. So if Lessee for life be disseised, and waste is done, the lessee reenter, an action of waste shall be maintained against the lessee, and so in like cases.  
Here note, that albeit the action be false and feigned, yet is the recovery so much respected in Law, as it worketh a discontinu●●. But if Tenant for life suffer a common recovery, or any other recovery by covin and consent between the Tenant for life and the recoverer, this is a forfeiture of his estate, and he in the reversion may enter, etc. 5. Ass. p. 3. 5 E. 3. enter cong. 42. 15 E. 3. Age 95. 41 E. 3. 18. pe Finchden 22 E. 3. 2 b lib. 1. 15. Sir William pelham's case.  
Since our Author wrote, the statute of 14. El. cap. 8. hath been made concerning this matter: Vide l. 3. 60. Lib. 1. fo. 15.  
And Nota, That although the discontinu●● groweth by matter of Record, yet the Remitter may be brought by matter in paiis.   

Sect. 676. Author. al. Contr. 44 E. 3. 17. 44 Ass. 2. 43 Ass. 3. Vide S 6●6. Sect. 677. Fo: 356. b.  
In this case the estate, is in the feme covert presently by the livery before any agreement by the husband, 15. 4. 1. b. 7 H. 6. 17. 1 H. 7. 12. b. 39 E. 3. 30. 57 H. 8. 24.  
If the wife survive her husband she cannot claim in by the purchase made during the coverture, but the law adjudgeth her in her better right. 41 E. 3. 18.  
But if both estates be waivable, there albeit the wife prima fancy is remitted, yet after the decease of her husband, she may elect which of the Estates she will. As if lands be given to the husband and wife, and their heirs, the husband make a feoffment in Fee, * the Feoffee giveth the husband and wife, and the heirs of their two bodies, the husband dieth. 18 El. Dy. 351. * the Feoffee giveth land to the husband and wife, etc.  
If Lands be given to a man, and the heirs females of his body, and he maketh a feoffment in fee, and take back an estate to him and his heirs, and dyeth having issue a daughter leaving his wife grossement enseint with a Son, and dieth, the daughter is remitted, and albeit the son be afterward borne, he shall not divest the Remitter.   

Sect. 678. Fol. 357.  
Covin and consent in many cases to do a wrong, do choke a mere right, and the ill manner doth make a good matter unlawful, 18 E. 4. 2. b.  
Covina, is a secret assent determined in the hearts of two or more, to the defrauding and prejudice of another, Pl. Com. 546. Wimb.  
If a Disseisor, Intrudor, or Abator do endow a woman that hath lawful Title of Dower, this is good, and shall bind him that right hath, if there were no covin or consent before the disseisin, etc. 44 E. 3. 46. 11 H. 4. 60. 44 Aff. 29. 19 H. 8. 12. 18 H. 8. 5. 11 E. 4. 2. 7 H. 7. 11.  
In all cases where a man hath a rightful and just cause of action, yet if he of covin and consent do raise up a Tenant by wrong, against whom he may recover, the covin doth suffocate the right, so as the recovery though it be upon a good Title shall not bind; or restore the Demandant to his right, 41 Ass. p. 28. 25 Ass. p. 1. 27 Ass. 74. 15 E. 4. 4. a. 12. Ass. p. 10.  
If Tenant in Tail and his issue disseise the discontinuee to the use of the Father, and the Father dieth, and the land descend to the issue, he is not remitted against the discontinuee, in respect he was privy and party to the wrong, but in respect of all others he is remitted, and shall deraign the first Warranty, 11 E. 4. 2. 15 E. 4. 23. 14 H. 8. 12. 33 H. 6. 5. 12 E. 4. 21. b.  
A. and B. joint-tenants be entitled to a real action, against the heir of the disseisor; A. cause the heir to be disseised, against whom A. and B. recover and sue execution, B is remitted, for that he was not party to the covin, and shall hold in common with A. but A. is not remitted, fo. 357. b.  
Nota, it is regularly true, That a feme covert cannot be a disseisoress by her commandment or procurement precedent, nor by her assent or agreement subsequent, but by her actual entry or proper act she may be a disseisoress: And therefore some do hold, that Littleton must be intended, that the husband and wife were present when the disseisin was done; and others do hold, that Littleton is good Law, albeit she were absent, for if that her procurement or agreement be to do a wrong to cause a Remitter unto her in this special case, she shall fail of her end, and remitted she shall not be; but in this special case she shall be holden as a disseisoress by her covin and consent quatenus to hinder a Remitter, F.N.B. 179. g. 12. E. 4. 9 35 Ass. 5. 44. E. 3. 9 23. 13 Ass. 1. Temps E. 1. Waste 128. 16. Ass. p. 7. 21. E. 4. 53. 21. H 7. 35. 3. H. 4. 17.   

Sect. 679.  
Vide Pl. Com. Amy Townsends Case, 12. R. 2. Remit. 12.   

Sect. 680, 681. fol. 358.  
Here note five things: 1. That a remainder expectant upon an estate for life, worketh no Remitter, but when it falls in possession: for before his time he can have no action and no Freehold in him, 18. H. 8. 3.  
2. Though the woman might wave the remainder, yet because she is presently by the death of the husband Tenant to the praecipe, it is within the rule of Remitter, and her power of waiver is not material.  
3. That a Freehold in Law being cast upon the woman by act of Law, without any thing done or assented to by her, doth Remitter her, albeit she be then sole and of full age, vide S. 447.  
4. That a Praecipe lieth against one that hath but a Freehold in Law.  
5. That a woman shall be endowed where the husband hath the inheritance, and but a Freehold in Law, Brit. 83. b.   

Sect. 682, 683, 684, 685. Fo. 359.  
Vide 12. E. 4. Compare these four Sections well together.  
A man absent can neither take Livery nor make Livery without Deed, Temps H. 8. Feoffments, Br. 72. 40 E. 3. 41 .10. E. 4. 1. a. 15 E. 4. 18. 18 E. 4. 12. 22 H. 6. 12.  
Verba relata hoc maxime operantur per referentiam, ut in eyes inesse videntur. Et le fits nient conusant de ceo ne agrea a le feoffment, etc. Here it appeareth, That if the Son be Conusant, and agreeth to the Feoffment, etc. This is no remitter to him. Vide Sect. 682.  
If A. be seized in Tail, and have issue two Sons, and by Deed indented between him of the one part, and the Sons of the other part, maketh a lease to the eldest for life, the remainder to the second in fee, and dieth, and the eldest Son dieth without issue, the second Son is not remitted, because he agreed to the remainder in the life of the Father, or if the like estate had been made by paroll, if in the life of the Father, the Tenant for life had been impleaded, and made default, and he in the remainder had been received, and thereby agreed to the remainder, after the death of the Father, and the eldest Son without issue, the second Son should not be remitted, because he agreed to the remainder in the life of the Father.   

Sect. 685. Fol. 360. a.  
Acts of Parliament are to be so construed, as no man that is innocent, or free from injury or wrong, be by a literal construction punished, or endamaged: and therefore in this case, albeit the Letter of the Statute is generally to give damage against him that is found Tenant, and the case that Littleton here putteth, D. being survivor is consequently found Tenant of the Land: yet because he waived the estate, and never agreed to the Feoffment, nor took any profits, he shall not be charged with the damages.   

Sect. 686, 687. fol. 360. b.  
Faint (ou feigned) action, est tiel action, que comit que les perols de le breve sont voyers, encore per certain causes home nad cause ne title per la ley de recover per mesne le action. Et faux action est lou les perolls de breve Sont faux.   

Sect. 687. postea vide.  
As descents do remit the heir which comes in the Per, so succession doth remit the successor, albeit he cometh in the post; and so in other cases where the issue in tail of full age shall be remitted, there in the like case, shall the successor be remitted also, and all mean charges and encumbrances. Vide Sect. 150. Stat. Merton.   

Sect. 688. Fol. 361. a.  
Si home suist faux action, etc. & recover envers le Tenant en Taile per default. Littleton addeth (by default) because if the recovery passed upon an issue tried by verdict, he shall never falsify in the point tried, because an attaint might have been had against the Jurors; and albeit all the Jurors be dead, so as the attaint do fail, yet the issue in Tail shall not falsify in the point tried, until it be lawfully avoided, pro veritate accipitur. As if the Tenant in Taile be impleaded in a Formedon, and he traverse the gift and it tried against him, and thereupon the demandant recover; In this case the issue in Tail shall not falsify in the point tried, but he may falsify the recovery by any other matter: as the Tenant in Tail might have pleaded a collateral warranty, or a release, as Littleton here putteth the case, or to confess and avoid the point tried; and Littleton's case holdeth not only in a Recovery by default, whereof he speaketh, but also upon a nihil dicit, or confession, or demur. 12 E. 4. 19 13 E. 4. 3. 11 H. 4. 89. 7 H 4. 17. 14 H. 7. 10, 11. 28. Ass. 32. 52. 34. Ass. 7. 10 H. 6. 5. 19 H. 6. 39 Br. faux Recovery 55.   

Sect. 689. Fo. 361. b. Vide Sect. 686, 687.  
Here note, That a Remitter may be had after a recovery upon a faint action by a disseisin and a descent, as well as by a descent after a discontinuance by a Feoffment, etc.   

Sect. 690. Fol. 362. a.  
Here it appeareth, that if a Judgement be given against a Tenant in Tail, upon a faint or false action, and Tenant in Tail die before execution, no execution can be sued against the issue in Tail, 10. H. 6. 6. 12. E. 4. 20. 23. El. Dy. 276. l. 1. f. 106. Shelleys case. Pl. Com. 55. & vide les Author. supra cited, etc.  
But if in a common recovery Judgement be had against Tenant in Tail, where he vouched and hath Judgement to recover over in value, albeit Tenant in Taile die before execution, yet the recoveror shall execute the Judgement against the issue in Tail, in respect of the intended recompense, and for that it is the common assurance of the realm, and is well warranted by our Books, and was not invented by Justice Cook, in the time of E. 4 (as some hold by tradition) but it may be that it was, upon former authors and opinions of Judges discovered by him, assented unto by the rest of the Judges. Vide S. 709. 15. E. 3. Bre. 324 1. E. 4. 5. 5. E. 4. 2. 12. E. 4. 20. 23. El. Die 376. l. 10. 37. 38. Marry Portingtons' case.  
If a recovery be had against Tenant for life without consent or covine, though it be without Title, and execution be had, and Tenant for life dyeth, the reversion or remainder is discontinued, etc. but if such a Recovery be had by covin between the Demandant and Tenant for life, than he in the reversion or remainder may enter for forfeiture. So it is if Tenant for life suffer a common Recovery at this day, it is a forfeiture of his estate. 5. Ass. 3. 5. E. 3. enter cong. 42. lib. 1. 15. 16. Sir William pelham's case.  
Since Littleton wrote, there were two Statutes made for preservation of Remainders, and Reversions expectant upon any estate for life, the one in 32 H. 8. the other in 14. El. But 32 H 8. extendeth not to Recoveries, when Tenant for life came in as vouchee, etc. and that Act is repealed by 14 El. and full remedy provided for preservation of the entry of them in reversion or remainder. But the Statute of 14 El. extend●●● not to any recovery, unless it be by agreement or Covin, 32 H 8. ca 31. 14 El. ca 8.  
2. If there be Tenant for life, remainder in Tail, the reversion or remainder in fee, if tenant for life be impleaded by agreement, and he vouching Tenant in Tail, and he vouch over the common vouchees, this shall bar the reversion or remainder in fee, although he in reversion or remainder did never assent to the recovery, because it was not the intent of the Act to extend to such a recovery, in which a Tenant in Taile was vouched; for he hath power by common Recovery, if he were in possession, to cut off all Reversion and Remainders. L 3. fo. 60, 61. Lincoln Coll. Case.  
So if Tenant for life had surrendered to him in Remainder in Tail, he might have barred the remainders and reversions expectant upon his Estate.  
3. Where the proviso of the Act speaketh of an assent of Record by him in reversion or remainder, it is to be understood, that such assent must appear upon the same Recovery either upon a voucher, Aid prior, Receipt, or the like, for it cannot appear of Record, unless it be done in course of Law, and not by any extraiudiciall entry, or by Memorandum.   

Sect. 691. Fol. 362. a.  
Here it appeareth, That upon the plea of non tenure, or of a disclaimer of the Tenant in a Formedon in the descending, albeit the express judgement be, that the Tenant shall go without day, yet in the judgement of Law, the demandant may enter according to the title of his Writ and be seized in Tail, notwithstanding the discontinuance. 5. E. 4. 1. 36 H. 6. 29. 6 E. 3. 8. 4 E. 4 38. Bract. l. 5. f. 431. etc. Brit. ca 84.  
And in this case the demandant hath not two rights, but hath only one ancient right, and is restored to the same by course of Law, and so Remitter here (in a large sense) is taken for a recontinuation of the right.  
Here note, that in such a praecipe, where the demandant is to recover damages, if the Tenant plead non-tenure or disclaim, there the demandant may aver him to be Tenant of the Land, as his Writ supposes for the benefit of his damage, which otherwise he should lose, or pray judgement and entry. 13 H. 7. 28. 22 H 6. 44.  
But where no damages are recovered, as in a Formedon in descent, etc. there he cannot aver him Tenant, but pray his judgement and enter, for thereby he hath the effect of his suit, & frustra fit per plura quod, etc. 8 E. 3. 434. 24 E 3. 9 11 H. 4. 16. and 7 H. 6. 17.  
A general averment is the conclusion of every plea to the Writ, or in bar of replication, and other plead (for Counts or Avowries in nature of Counts need not be averred) containing matter affirmed aught to be averred, & hoc paratus est verificare, etc. Particular averments are, as when the life of Tenant for life, or Tenant in Tail are averred, and there, though this word (verificare) be not used, but the matter avouched and affirmed, it is upon the matter an averment, and an averment containeth as well the matter, as the form thereof.   

Sect. 692 Fol. 363. a.  
Albeit in this case, and in the case before, the entry of the demandant is his own act, and the demandant hath no express judgement to recover, yet he shall be remitted causa ●●a supra. 36 H. 6 Fo. 29.   

Sect. 693. Fo. 363. b.  
Here note a diversity. If a man of full age having but a right of action, taketh an estate to him, he is not remitted, But where he hath a right of entry, and taketh an estate, he by his entry is remitted, because his entry is lawful; and if the disseisor infeoff the disseisee and others, the disseisee is remitted to the whole, for his entry is lawful: otherwise it is if his entry were taken away. 29. Ass. p. 26. 43. Ass. 3. 11 H. 7. ●0. 3 H. 6. 19 40 E. 3. 43.  
If Tenant in Tail be of a manor, where unto an advowson is appendent, the Tenant in Tail discontinue in Fee, discontinuee grant away the Advowson in Fee, and dyeth, the ●●e in tail recontinueth the Manor by Recovery, he is thereby remitted to the Advowson, and he that right hath shall present when the Church becometh void. 8 R. 2. Qu. imp. 199. 26. H. 8. 4. F.N.B. 36. & 35. b.  
The Patron of a benefice is outlawed, and the Church become void, an estranger usurpeth, and six month's pass, the King doth recover in a qu. imp. and remove the incumbent, etc. Advowson is recontinued to the rightful patron. 22. Ass. p. 33. Theobald Grinvile; and so note a diversity; a remitter cannot be properly, unless there be two Titles, but a recontinuance may be where there is but one.  
If the disseisor by Deed Indented make a Lease forlife, or a gift in Tail, etc. yet the Deed Indented shall not suffer the livery made according to the form and effect of the Indenture to work any Remitter to the disseisee, but shall estop the disseisee to claim his former estate: and if the disseisor upon the feoffment, doth reserve any Rent or condition, etc. the rent or condition is good. 13 H. 4. 5. 3 H. 4. 17. 8 H. 4. 8. 12 H. 4. 19 35. Ass. 8. 17. Ass. 3. 43. E. 3. 17. Parker's Case. 21 H. 6. 2. per Paston.   

Sect. 695. Fol. 364. a.  
Note a diversity, A claim in paiis shall not hinder Remitter, otherwise it is a claim of Record, because that doth work a conclusion.   

Sect. 696. Fol. 344. b.  
Here note a (notable) diversity. If two joint-tenants, or coparceners join in a real action, where their entry is not lawful, and the one is summoned and severed, and the other pursueth and recovereth the moiety, the other joint-tenant or Coparceners, shall enter and take the profits with her, because their remedy was one and the same. But where two Coparceners, and they are disseised, and a descent is cast, and they have issue and die, if the issue of the one recover her moiety, the other shall not enter with her, because their remedies were several, and yet when both have recovered, they are coparceners again. 10. H. 6. 10. 19 H. 6. 45. 31 H. 6. Ent. Cong. 54.  
So here in this case that Littleton putteth, than two joint-tenants have not equal remedy, for the Infant hath a right of Entry and the other a right of action; and therefore the Infant being remitted to moiety, the other shall not enter and take the profits with her.  
If A and B. joint-tenants in fee be disseised by the Father of A. who dyeth seized, his Son and heir enter, he is remitted to the whole, and his companion shall take Advantage thereof. Otherwise here in the case of Littleton for that the Adventure is given to the Infant more in in respect of his person, than of his right, whereof his companion shall take no advantage. But if the Grandfather had disseised the joint-tenants, and the land had descended to the Father, and from him to A. and then A. had died, the entry of the other should be taken away by the first descent, and therefore he should not enter with the heir of A.  
But here in the case of Littleton, if after the descent the other joint-tenant had died, and the infant survived, some say that he should have entered into the whole, because he is now in Judgement of of Law, solely in by first feoffment, and he claimeth not under the descent. Vide 35 Ass. p. ultimo.    

** CHAP. XIII.  

Of Warranty. Sect. 697.  
A Communi observantia non est recedendum: & minime mutanda sunt quae certam habuerunt interpretationem. A warranty is a convenant real annexed to Lands or Tenements whereby a man and his heirs are bound to warrant the same, and either upon voucher, or by judgement in a writ of Warrant Cartae, to yield other Lands and Tenements to the value of those that shall be evicted by a former title, or else may be used by way of Rebutter i.e. to repel or bar, Bract. l. 2. fo. 37. and l. 5. fo. 380. etc. Glan. l. 3. ca 1. 2. 3. 38. E. 321. 45 E 3. 18. Fol. 365. a.  
Garronter en un sense signify a defender son tenant en sa seisin, & en altar sense signify que si il ne defendant que le garrant luy soit tenue a eschanges, & de fair son 'gree a la vaillaunce. Brit. Fo. 197. b.  
By the Statute of Glocestor, four things are enacted.  
1. That if a Tenant by the Courtesy alien with warranty and dyeth, that this should be no bar to the heir in a Writ of Mordanc. without Assets in fee simple; and if Lands or Tenements descend to the heir from the Father, he shall be barred, having regard to the value thereof.  
2 That if the heir for want of Assets, &c. doth recover the Lands of his mother by force of this Act, and afterwards Assets descend etc.  
3. That the issue of the Son shall recover by a Writ of Cozenage, Aiel and Besail; and lastly, that the heir of the wife, after the death of the Father and Mother, shall not be barred of his action to demand the heritage of his Mother by Writ of Entry, which his Father aliened in the time of his Mother, whereof no Fine was levied in the Kings Court. Fo. 365. b.  
Concerning the 1. There be two points in Law to be observed.  
1 Albeit the Statute in this Article name a Writ of Mordanc. and after writs of Cozenage etc. yet a writ of Right, a Formedon, a writ of Entry ad Com. legem, and all other like actions are within the purview of this Statute.  
* 2 Where it is said in the said Act (if the Tenant by the Courtesy alien) yet his release with warranty to a disseisor, etc. is within the purview of the Statute, for that it is in equal mischief. 11 E. 2. gar. 83. 4 E. 3. gar. 63. Pl. Cam. 110. * 27 E. 3. 80. 14 E. 4. gar. 5. and 4. M. Dy. 148. a.  
If Tenant by the Courtesy be of a Seignory, and the Tenancy escheat unto him, and after he alien with warranty, this shall not bind the issue, unless assets descend, for it is in equal mischief, 22. Ass. 9 & 37. temps. i.e. gar. 86.  
Note a diversity between a warranty on the part of the Mother and an estoppel; for an estoppel, etc. shall not bind the heir, when he claimeth from the Father: As if Lands be given to the husband and wife, and to the heirs of the husband, the husband make a gift in Tail and dieth, the wife recover in a Cui in vita against the donee, supposing that she had fee simple, and make a feoffment and dieth, the donee dyeth without issue, the issue of the husband and wife bring a Formedon in the Reverter against the Feoffee, and notwithstanding he was heir to the Estoppel, and the Mother was Estopped, yet for that he claimed the Land as heir to his father, he was not Estopped. 18 E 3. 9  
If a feme heir of a disseisor infeoff me with warranty, and marrieth with the disseisee, if after the disseisee bring a Praecipe against me, I shall rebut him in respect of the warranty of his wife, and yet he demandeth the Land in another right; and so if the husband and wife demand the right of the wife, a warranty of the Collateral Ancestor of the husband shall bar 21. R. 2. judgement. 263.  
By the Statute of 11 〈◊〉. 7. c. 20. where the woman hath any estate for life of the inheritance, or purchase of her husband, or given to her by any of the Ancestors of the husband, or by any other person seized to the use of her husband, or of any of his Ancestors, there her alienation, release, or confirmation with warranty, shall not bind the heir. l. 1. f. 176. l. 3. 50, 51. 59 60. 61. 62. Dy. 146. 362 D. & St. 55 Pl. Com. 56.  
I will only add two cases, the one was. A man seized of Lands in fee, levied a fine to the use of himself for life, and after to the use of his wife, and of the heirs males of her body by him begotten for her jointure, and had issue male, and after he and his wife, levied a fine, and suffered a Common recovery, the husband and wife die, and the issue male enter by force of the said Statute of 11 H. 7. and it was holden by the justices of Ass. that the entry, etc. was lawful, and yet this case is out of the letter of the Statute, for she neither levied the Fine, etc. Being sole, or with any other after taken husband, but is by herself with her husband that made the jointure. Sed qui haeret in littera haeret in Cortice; & this case being in the same mischief, is therefore within the remedy of the Statute, by the intendment of the makers of the same, to avoid the disherison of heirs, who were provided by the said jointure, and especially by the husband himself, that made the jointure. M. 13. Jac. inter. Harley, and West in eject. fir. in Com. B. Linc.  
The other was, A man is seized of Lands in the right of his wife, and they two levy a Fine, and the Conusee grant, and render the Land to the husband and wife in especial tail, the remainder to the right heirs of the wife, they have issue, the husband dyeth, the wife taketh another husband; and they two levy a Fine in Fee, and the issue enter, this is directly within the Letter of the Statute, and yet is out of the meaning, because the State of the Land moved from the wife, so as it was the purchase of the Husband in Letter, and not in meaning. P. 17. El. in Com. B Lattons Case.  
But where the woman is Tenant for life, by the gift or conveyance of any other, her alienation with warranty shall bind the heir at this day. So if a man be Tenant for life (otherwise than as Tenant per Courtesy) and alien in fee with warranty and dyeth, this shall at this day bind the heir, that hath the reversion or remainder by the Common Law, not helped by any Statute. But all this is to be understood, unless the heir that hath the reversion or remainder, doth avoid the estate so aliened in the life of the Ancestor, for then the estate being avoided, the warranty being annexed unto the estate is avoided also, Sect. 725.  
As to the second clause of the Statute of Glocestor, there are two points of Law to be observed,  
1. That by the express purview of the Statute, if Assets do after descend from the Father, than the Tenant shall have recovery or restitution of the lands of the Mother. But in a Formedon, if at the time of the warranty pleaded, not Assets be descended whereby the Demandant recovereth, if after the Assets descend, there the Tenant shall have a Sc. fac. for the Assets, and not for the land entailed; because that if in this case the Tenant should be restored to the land entailed, then if the issue in Tail alienated the Assets, his issue should recover in a Formedon, Pl. Com. 110. a. l. 8. f. 53. Sims Case.  
2. Note, That after Assets descended, the recovery shall be by writ of Judgement (viz. by Sc. fac.) which shall issue out of the Roll of the Justices, etc. (to resummon him that ought to warrant, etc.) Also if the Tenant will have benefit of the Statute, he must plead the Warranty, and acknowledge the Title of the Demandant, and pray that the advantage of the Statute may be saved unto him; and than if after Assets descend, the Tenant upon this Record shall have a sc. fac. and if Assets descend but for part, he shall have a scire fac. for so much, l. 8. fo. 134. Marry Shipleys Case.  
But if the Tenant plead the Warranty, and Assets descended, etc. and the Demandant taketh issue that Assets not, etc. which issue is found for the Demandant, whereupon he recovereth, the Tenant albeit Assets do after descend, shall never have a scire fac. upon the said Judgement, for that by his false plea he hath lost the benefit of the said Statute. fol. 366. a.  
Touching the third, sufficient hath been spoken before.  
For the last, Nota, That if the husband be seized of lands in right of his wife, and maketh a Feoffment in fee with Warranty, the wife dyeth, and the husband dyeth, this Warranty shall not bind the heir of the wife without Assets, albeit the husband be not Tenant by the Courtesy, 8 E. 2. gar. 81. 18. E. 3. 51.  
A Warranty may not only be annexed to Freeholds, or Inheritance corporeal, which pass by Livery, as houses and lands, but also to Freeholds or Inheritances incorporeal, which lie in grant, as Advowsons', and to Rents, Common Estovers, etc. which issue out of Lands or Tenements, and not only to Inheritances in esse, but also to Rents, Commons, etc. newly created. As a man (some say) may grant a Rent, etc. out of land for life in Tail or in fee with Warranty; for although there can be no Title precedent to the Rent, yet there may be a Title precedent to the land, out of which it issueth before the grant of the Rent, which rent may be avoided by the recovery of the land, in which case the grantee may help himself by a Warrantia Cartae, upon the especial matter, and so a Warranty in Law may extend to a rent etc. newly created; and therefore if a rent newly created be granted in exchange for an acre of land; this exchange is good, and every exchange implieth a Warranty in Law: and so a Rent newly created may be granted for owelty of partition, 2 H. 4. 13. 30 H 8. Dyer 42. Temps E. 1. Admeasurement 16. 32 E. 1. Vouch 294. 30 E. 1. Exch. 16. 9 E. 4. 15. 15 E. 4. 9 29 Ass. 13.  
A man seized of a rent seck issuing out of the Manor of D. taketh a wife, the husband releaseth to the Terretenant, and Warranteth Tenementa praedicta, and dieth, the wife bringeth a Writ of Dower of the rent, the Terretenant shall vouch, for that albeit the release enured by way of Extinguishment, yet the Warranty extended to it, and by Warranty of the land, all rents, etc. issuing out of the land, that are suspended or discharged at the time of the Waranty created, are waranted also, Vide Sect. 741. 45 E. 3. Vouch. 72. 9 E. 3. 78. 18 E. 3. 55. 30 E. 3. 30. 21 H. 7. 9 3 H. 7. 4. 7 H. 4. 17. 10 E. 4. 9 b. 21 E. 4. 26. 14 H. 8. 6. 30 H. 8. Dyer 42.   

Sect. 698. Fo. 366. b.  
A Warranty that commenceth by disseisin is so called, because Regularily the Conveyance whereunto the warranty is annexed doth work a disseisin. The Example that Littleton putteth of this kind of Warranty, have four qulities:  
1. That the disseisin is done immediately to the heir that is to be bound, l. 5. fo. 79. Fitzh. c. and yet if one brother make a gift in Tail to another, and the Uncle disseise the Donee, and infeoff another with Warranty, the Uncle dyeth, and the Warranty descend upon the Donee, and then the Donee dyeth without issue, albeit the disseisin was done to the Donee, and not to the Donor, yet the Warranty shall not bind him, 31 E. 3. garr. 28. The Father, the Son, and a third person are joint-tenants in fee, the Father maketh a Feoffment in fee of the whole with Warranty, and dyeth, the Son dyeth, the third person shall not * avoid the feoffment * only for his own part, but also for the part of the Son, and he shall take advantage that the Warranty commenced by disseisin, though the disseisin was done to another, fol. 367. a.  
2. That the Warranty and disseisin are simul, and semel; and yet if a man commit a disseisin of intent to make the feoffment in fee with Warranty, albeit he make the feoffment many years after the disseisin, yet the Law shall adjudge upon the whole matter, and by the intent couple the disseisin and the Warranty together, 19 H. 8. 12. l. 5. fo. 79. b.  
3. That the Warranty, &c (if it should bind) should bind as a collateral Warranty, and therefore commencing by disseisin shall not bind at all. A lessee for years may make a feoffment, and a fee simple shall pass, so as albeit as to the lessor it worketh by disseisin, yet between the parties the Waranty annexed to such estate standeth good upon which the feoffee may vouch the feoffor or his heirs, as by force of a lineal Warranty. Note, there is a feoffment de jure, and a * feoffment de facto.  
If the Lord be Garden of the Land, or if the Tenant make a lease to the Lord for years, or if the Lord be Tenant by statute Merchant or Staple, or by Elegit of the Tenancy, and make a feoffment in fee, he hereby doth extinguish his signory, although having regard to the lessor it is a disseisin, Vide Sect. 611. Brit. ca Disseisin. 50 E. 3. 12. b. 8 H. 7. 5. 19 E. 2. Ass. 400. 3 E. 4. 17. 12 E. 4. 12. 10 E. 4. 18. F.N.B. 201. l. 3. f. 78. Fermors case. * Temps E. 1. Counterplea de Vouch. 126. 50 E. 3. ibid. 124.  
The 4. quality is a disseisin, but that is put for an example. For if the Tenant dyeth, and an Ancestor of the Lord enter before the entry of the Lord, and make a feoffment in fee with Warranty, and dyeth, this Warranty shall not bind the Lord, because it commenceth by wrong, being in nature of an Abatement, & sic de similibus.   

Sect. 700. Fol. 367. b.  
If the purchase were to the Father and the Son, and the heirs of the Son, and the Father maketh a feoffment in fee with Warranty, if the Son enter in the life of the Father, and the feoffee re-enter, the Father dyeth, the Son shall have an Assize of the whole, 13 Ass. 8. 13 E. 3. gar. 24. 25. 37. 22 H. 6. 51. 8 H. 7. 6.  
But if the Son had not entered in the life of the Father, then for the Father's moiety, it had been a bar to the Son, for that therein he had an estate for life, and therefore the Warranty as to that moiety had been collateral to the Son, and by disseisin for the Son's moiety, and so a Warranty defeated in part, and stand good in part.  
If a man of full age, and an Infant make a feoffment in fee with Warranty, it is good for the whole against the man of full age, and void against the Infant. For albeit the feoffment of an Infant passing by Livery of seisin be voidable, yet his Warranty which taketh effect only by Deed, is merely void, Temps E. 1. Voucher 207. 39 E. 3. 26. John London's Case, 14. H. 6.   

Sect. 701. Foe 368. a. b.  
Duo non possunt in solido rem unam possidere, 19 H 6. 28. b. per Newton.  
If a man hath issue two daughters, Bastard eign and Mulier puisne, and die seized, and they both enter generally, the sole possession shall not be adjudged only in the Mulier, because they both claim by one and the same Title, 17. E. 3. 59 11. Ass. p. 23.  
Barretor, is a common mover, and exciter, or maintainer of suits, quarrels, or parts, either in Courts, or elsewhere in the Country, l. 8. f 36. b. Case de Barratry. fo. 368. b.  
Extortion in his proper sense is a great misprision, by wresting, or unlawfully taking by any Officer, by colour of his Office, any money or thing valuable, of, or from any man, qd, non est debitum, vel quod est ultra debit', vel ante tempus quod est debitum, Pl. Com. 64. l. 10. 10. 1. Beausages Case,. W 1. c. 26. etc. W. 1. c. 10. 42 E. 3. 5. 27. Ass. 14. Pl. Com. 68  
Robbery is apparent, and hath the face of a Crime: but Extortion puts on the visure of Virtue, for expedition of Justice, etc. and it is ever a companied with that grievous sin of Perjury, Pl. Com. Dive and manning's Case. But largely, Extortion is taken for any Oppression by extort power, or by colour or pretence of Right; and so Littleton taketh it in this place, 7 E. 4. 21.  
Manutenentia, signifies a taking in hand, bearing up, or upholding of quarrels and sides, to the disturbance or hindrance of Common Right, 1 E. 3. c. 14 20 E. 3. c. 4, 5.  
By the Statute of 1 R. 2 c. 9 it is enacted, That feoffments made for maintenance, shall 〈◊〉 be holden for none, and of no value, so as Littleton putteth his case at the Common Law; for he seemeth to allow the feoffment, where he saith tiel feoffment fuit le cause, etc.  
But some have said, That the feoffment is not void between the feoffer and the feoffee, but to him that right hath.  
Now since Littleton wrote, there is a notable Statute 32 H. 8. c. 9 made in suppression of the causes of unlawful maintenance, The effect of which Statute is:  
1. That no person shall bargain, buy, sell, or obtain any pretenced Rights or Titles.  
2. Or take, promise, grant, or Covenant to have any Right or Title of any person, in, or to any lands, etc. but if such person which so shall bargain, etc. their Ancestors, or they by whom he or they claim the same, have been in possession of the same, or of the reversion, or remainder thereof, or taken the * rents or profits thereof by the space of one whole year, etc. upon pain to forfeit the whole value of the lands, etc. and the buyer or taker, etc. knowing the same, to forfeit also the value. * Those words are but explanatory, and put for example, etc.  
3. Provided that it shall be lawful for any person being in lawful possession, etc. to obtain or get the pretenced Right or Title, etc.  
Nota, That Title or Right may be pretenced two manner of ways:  
1. When it is merely in pretence or supposition, and nothing in verity.  
2. When it is a good Right or Title in verity, and made pretenced by the act of the party, and both these are within the said Statute: For example;  
If A. be lawful owner of land, and is in possession, B. that hath no right thereunto grant to A or contracteth for the land with another, the grantor and the grantee (albeit the grant be merely void) are within the danger of the Statute, for B. hath no right at all but only in pretence.  
If A. be disseised in this case, A. hath a good lawful right, yet if A. being out of possession, grant to, or contracteth for the land with another, he hath made now his good right of Entry pretenced within the Statute, and both the grantor and the grantee within the danger thereof, A fortiori of a right of Action, quod nota. Pl. Com. 80, etc. Partridges Case.  
It is further to be known, That a Right or Title may be considered three manner of ways:  
1. As it is naked and without possession.  
2. When the absolute Right cometh by release or otherwise to a wrongful possession, and no third person hath either jus proprietatis, or jus possessionis.  
3. When he hath a good right and a wrongful possession. As to the first somewhat hath been said. As to the second, taking the former example, If A. be disseised, and the disseisee release unto him, he may presently sell, grant or contract for the land, and need not tarry a year; for it is a rule upon this Statute, that whosoever hath the absolute ownership of any Land, tenements, or haereditaments (as in this case the disseisor hath) there such owner may at his pleasure bargain, grant, or contract for the land; for no person can thereby be prejudiced, or grieved. 6 E. 6. Br. Maintenance 38.  
And so if a man Mortgage his Land, and after redeem the same, or if a man recover land upon a former title, or be remitted to an ancient right, he may at any time bargain, etc.  
As to the third, if in the case aforesaid, the disseisor dyeth seized, and A. the disseisee enter, and disseise the heir of the disseisor, albeit he hath an ancient right, yet seeing the possession is unlawful, if he bargain or contract for the land before he hath been in possession, by the space of a year, he is within the danger of the Statute; because the heir of the disseisor hath right to the possession; and he is thereby grieved, & sic de similibus.  
A Lease for years is within the Statute, for the Statute saith not (the right but any right) and the offendor shall forfeit the whole value of the Land. 23. Eliz, Dy. 374. Pl. Com. Fo. 87.  
But yet, if a man make a Lease for years to another, to the intent to try the Title in an Eject. fir. that is out of the statute, because it is in a kind of course of Law, but if it be made to a great man, or any other to sway or countenance the cause, that is within this statute. M. 30. and 31. El. 28. 11. inter Finch and Cocham in Com. Banc. Fo. 369. b.  
A Customary right, or a pretence thereof to lands holden by Copy is within this statute. l. 4. fo. 26. Copyhold case.  
If there be Tenant for life, the remainder in fee by lawful and just title, he in the remainder may obtain and get the pretenced right, or title of any stranger, not only for that the particular estate, and the remainder are all one, but for that it is a mean to extinguish the seeds of troubles and suits, and cannot be to the prejudice of any. 34 H. 8. Dy. 52.  
And where the Statute saith (being in lawful possession, by taking the yearly rent, etc. those words are but explanatory, and put for example: for howsoever he be lawfully seized in possession, reversion, or remainder, it sufficeth, though he never took profit. But the matter observable upon this proviso, is, that if a desseisor make a Lease for lives, or years, the remainder for life, in tail, or in fee, he in remainder cannot take a promise, or Covenant, that when the disseisee hath entered upon the Land, or recovered the same, that then he should convey the Land to any of them in remainder thereby to avoid the particular estate, or the interest or estate of any other; for the words of the proviso be (buy, obtain, get or have by any reasonable way or mean) and that is not by promise or Covenant, to convey the Land, after entry, or recovery, for that is neither lawful, being against the express purview of the body of the act, and not reasonable, because it is to the prejudice of a third person.  
But the reasonable way or mean intended by the statute, is by release or confirmation, or such conveyances as amount to as much.   

Sect. 703. Fo. 370. a.  
A Warranty lineal is a Covenant real annexed to the Land by him which either was owner, or might have inherited the Land, and from whom his heir lineal or collateral might by possibility have claimed the Land as heir from him that made the warranty.  
In a Jur. utr. brought by a Parson of a Church, the Collateral Warranty of his Ancestor is no bar, for that he demands the Land in the right of his Church, in his politic capacity, and the Warranty descendeth on him in his natural capacity. 27 H. 6. garr. 48.  
But some have holden that if a Parson bring an Ass. that a Collateral warranty of his Ancestor shall bind him, for that the Ass. is brought of his possession and seisin, and he shall recover the mean profits to his own use 34 E. 3. garr. 71.  
But seeing he is seized of the freehold, whereof the Ass. is brought in jure Ecclesiae, which is in another right then the warranty, it seemeth that it should not be any bar in the Ass. The like Law is of a Bishop, Archdeacon, Dean, Master of an Hospital, and the like, of their sole possessions, and of the Prebend, Vicar, etc.  
King H. 3. gave a Manor to Edmond Earl of Cornwall, and to the heirs of his body, saving the possibility of Reverter, and died. The Earl before the Statute of W. 2. c. 1. de donis Conned. by Deed gave the said Manor to another in fee with Warranty, in exchange for another Manor; and after the said Statute Anno 28 E. 1. dyeth without issue, leaving Assets in fee simple which is Warranty, and Assets descended upon King E. 1. as Cousin German, etc. And it was adjudged, that the King as heir to the said Earl Edmond, was by the said Warranty and Assets barred of the possibility of Reverter, which he had expectant upon the said gift, albeit the Warranty and Assets descended upon the natural body of King E. 1. as heir to a Subject, and E. 1. claimed the said Manor as in his Reverter in jure Coronae, in the capacity of his Body Politic, in which right he was seized before the gift, 45 Ass. 6. 6 E. 3. 56. Pl. Com. 234. & 553, 554. Vide 27 H. 6. garr. 40. 34 E. 3. garr. 71.  
In this case how by the death of the said Earl Edmond without issue, the King's Title by Reverter, and the Warranty and Assets came together, and that the Warranty was collateral; yet the King shall not be barred without Assets, as a Subject shall be, and many other things are to be observed in this case, which the learned Reader will observe. Vide Sect. 711. 712.   

Sect. 704, 705. Fo. 371. a.  
Littleton doth agree with the Authority of our Books, 46 E. 3. 6. 5 E. 3. 14. 19 H. 8. 12. so as the diversities do stand thus: 1. Where the disseisin and feoffment are uno tempore, and where at several times. 2. Where the disseisin is with intent to alien with Warranty, and where the disseisin is made without such intent, and the alienation with Warranty afterwards made.   

Sect. 706. ibid.  
Upon every Conveyance of lands, etc. as upon Fines, Feoffments, Gifts, etc. releaseth and Confirmations made to the Tenant of the land, a Warranty may be made, albeit he that makes the Release or Confirmation hath no right to the land, etc. But some do hold, that by releaseth or Confirmations, where there is no estate created, or transmutation of possession, a Warranty cannot be made to the Assignee; 14 E. 3. Voucher 108. 16 E. 3. ibid. 87. 18 E. 3. 6. 12 H. 7. 1. Vide S. 733, 738, 745.   

Sect. 707. Fol. 371. b.  
The opinion of Littleton in this case is holden for Law, against the opinions in 35 E. 3. garr. 73. 11 H. 4. 33.   

Sect. 708. Fol. 372. a.  
Hereby it appeareth, that a Warranty that is collateral in respect of some persons, may afterwards become lineal in respect of others, 8 R. 2. garr. 101. Whereupon it followeth, That a collateral Warranty doth not give a right, but bindeth only a right so long as the same continueth: but if the collateral Warranty be determined, removed or defeated, the right is revived, 43 Ass. 44. 24 H. 8. tit. Tail. Br. 7. H. 5. 6. tit. Ass. 350. 34 E. 3. Droit 29. 19 H. 6. 59 21. H. 7. 40. 5 H. 7. 29. 3 H. 7. 9 b. And yet in an Assize the Plaintiff hath made his Title by a collateral warranty, 16 Ass. p. 16. 27 Ass. 74. 29 Ass. 50. 43 Ass. 8. 14 H. 4. 13. 19 H. 6. 66.  
Bar, signifieth legally a destruction for ever, or taking away for a time of the action of him that right hath.  
Nota, That in some cases an estate Tail may be barred by some Acts of Parliament made since Littleton wrote; and in some cases an estate Tail cannot be barred, which might when Littleton wrote have been barred: For Example; if Tenant in Tail levy a Fine with Proclamation according to the Statute, this is a bar to the estate Tail, but not to him in reversion or remainder, if he maketh his claim, or pursue his action within five years after the estate Tail spent, 4 H. 7. c. 24. ct 32 H. 8. c. 36.  
If a gift be made to the eldest Son, and to the heirs of his body, the remainder to the Father, and to the heirs of his body, the Father dyeth, the eldest Son levieth a Fine with Proclamation, and dieth without issue, this barreth the second Son; for the remainder descended to the eldest, Dalisons 2 El. & 7 El. lib. 3. f. 84.  
If Tenant in Tail be disseised, or have a right of action, and the Tenant of the land levy a Fine with proclamation, and five years pass, the right of the estate Tail is barred.  
If Tenant in Tail in possession, or that hath a right of entry, be attainted of High Treason, the estate Tail is barred, and the land is forfeited to the King; and none of these were bars when Littleton wrote. A lineal Warranty and Assets was a bar to the estate Tail when Littleton wrote, 26 H. 8. c. 13. 33 H. 8. c. 20. 5 E. 6. c. 11. St. pl. Cor. 18.  
A Common Recovery with a voucher over, and a Judgement to recover in value, was a bar of the estate Tail when Littleton wrote, 12 E 4. 19 Taltarums Case.  
And of Common Recoveries, there be two sorts, viz. one with a single Voucher, and another with a double Voucher, and that is more common and more safe; there may be more Vouchers over, Vid. Sect. 690. & vide l. 3. f. 5. Cuppledicks case, and fo. 94, 97, 106. vide post. **  
If the King had made a gift in Tail, and the donee had suffered a Common Recovery, this should have barred the estate Tail in Littleton's time, but not the reversion or remainder in the King. And so if such a donee had levied a Fine with proclamation after the Statute of 4 H. 7. this had barred the estate Tail, although the reversion was in the King, 38 H. 8. Tail Br. 41. Pl. Com. fo. 555. 29 H. 8. Dyer 52 ** Com. Recoveries, etc. Vide l. 1. f. 62. Capulets case, l. 2. f. 16. 52, 74, 77. l. 6. f 41, 32. l. 10. f. 37. Marry Portingtons' case.  
But since Littleton wrote, a Common Recovery had against Tenant in Tail of the King's gift, etc. is no bar, etc. by the Statute of 34 H. 8. c. 20.  
And where the words of the Statute be (Whereof the reversion or remainder at the time of such recovery had, shall be in the King) these ten things are to be observed upon the construction of that Act.  
1. That the estate Tail must be created by a King, and not by any Subject.  
2. The King must have the reversion at the time of the Recovery.  
3. The reversion or remainder cannot be barred, but where the estate Tail in possession is barred, l. 8. f. 77, 78. Seignieur Staffords case.  
4. If a Subject make a gift in Tail, the remainder to the King in fee, the estate Tail may be barred by a Common Recovery, causa patet. l. 2. f. 52. Chol●leys case.  
5 So it is if the King had the remainder by descent.  
6. The word (Reversion) in the body of the Act hath reference to these words (given or granted) and (Remainder) hath reference to these words (otherwise provided.) As if the King in consideration of money, or of Assurance of Land; or for other considerations, by way of provision, procure a Subject by Deed indented and enrolled, to make a gift in Tail to one of his Servants and Subjects, for recompense of service or other consideration, the remainder to the King in fee, and all this appear of Record; this is a good provision within the Statute, and the Tenant in Tail cannot by a Common Recovery bar the estate Tail. So it is if the remainder be limited to the King in Tail; bus if he be limited for years, or for life, it is otherwise, Lib. 2. fol. 16. Wiseman's case.  
7. Where a Common Recovery cannot bar the estate Tail by force of the said Statute, there a Fine levied in Fee, in Tail, for lives, for years, with proclamation according to the Statute, shall not bar the estate Tail, or the issue in Tail, where the reversion or remainder is in the King, by reason of these words in the said act (The said Recovery, or any other thing or things hereafter to be had, done or suffered, by, or against any such Tenant in Tail, to the contrary notwithstanding) which words include a Fine levied by such a donee, and restraineth the same, P. 31. Eliz. Rot. 1645. Notleys case. B. C.  
8. But where a Common Recovery shall bar the estate Tail, notwithstanding that Statute, there a Fine with proclamation shall bar the same also.  
9 Where the said latter words of the Statute be (Had, done, or suffered, by, or against any such Tenant in Tail) the sense and construction is, where Tenant in Tail is party or privy to the Act, be it by doing or suffering that which should work the bar, and not by mere permission, he being a stranger to the Act.  
10. Albeit the Preamble of the Statute extends only to gifts in Tail made by the Kings of England before the Act (viz. hath given and granted, etc.) and the body of the Act referreth to the Preamble (viz. that no such feigned Recovery hereafter to be had against such Tenant in Tail) so as this word (such) may seem to couple the body and the Preamble together; yet in this case (such) shall be taken for such in equal mischief, or in like case; and by divers parts of the Act it appeareth, That the makers of the Act intended to extend it to future gifts, and so is the Law taken at this day.  
A Recovery in a Writ of Right against Tenant in Tail without a Voucher, is no bar of any gift in Tail.  
If Tenant in Tail, the remainder over in fee cease, and the Lord recover in a Cessavit, this shall not bar the estate Tail, for the issue shall recover in a Formedon: neither were either of these bars when Littleton wrote, 33. E. 3. Judgement 252. 3 H 6. 55. 10 H. 6. 5. 14 E. 4. 5. b. 15 E. 4. 8. F.N.B. 134. b. Pl. Com. 237. 28 E. 3. 95. F.N.B. 28. I.   

Sect. 702. Fol. 373. b.  
Nemo praesumitur alienam posteritatem suae praetulisse.  
If a man that is innocent be accused of Felony, and it be found that he fled for the Felony, he shall forfeit all his goods and chattels, debts and duties, 3 E. 3. Corone Staf.  
But yet the general Rule is, Quod stabitur praesumptioni donec probetur in contrarium, Bract. l. 1. c. 9  
It hath been attempted in Parliament, that a Statute might be made, That no man should be barred by a Warranty collateral, but where assets descended from the same Ancestor; but it never took effect, for that it should weaken common assurances, Rot. Parliament. 50 E. 3. num. 77.   

Sect. 710, 711, 712.  
If husband and wife tenants in especial Tail have issue, a daughter, and the wife die, the husband by a second wife hath issue another daughter, and discontinueth in fee and dyeth, a collateral Ancestor of the daughters releaseth to the discontinuee with Warranty, and dyeth, the Warranty descendeth upon both daughters, yet the issue in Tail shall be barred of the whole, for in judgement of Law the entire Warranty descendeth upon both of them, 5 E. 2. garr. 78. l. 8. fo. 41. Sims case.  
Here note, That when one Coparcener doth generally enter into the whole, this doth not divest the estate which descended by Law to the other, unless she that doth enter, claimeth the whole, and taketh the profits of the whole. Vide Sect. 398.  
Otherwise it is after the parceners be actually seized, the taking of the whole profits, or any claim made by the one, cannot put the other out of possession without an actual putting out of disseisin. And in this case of Littleton, when one Coparcener entereth into the whole, and maketh a Feoffment of the whole, this devesteth the Freehold in Law out of the other Coparcener.  
Item, when the one sister enters into the whole, the possession being void, and maketh a feoffment in fee, this act subsequent doth so explain the entry precedent into the whole, that now by construction of Law she was only seized of the whole, and this feoffment can be no disseisin, because the other sister was never seized, nor any abatement, because they both made but one heir to the Ancestor, and one Freehold and inheritance descended to them, so as in judgement of Law the Warranty doth not commence by disseisin, or by abatement, and without question her entry was no intrusion, Pl. Com. 543. fo. 374. a.  
Tenant in Tail hath issue two daughters, and discontinue in fee, the youngest disseiseth the discontinuee to the use of herself and her sister; the discontinuee ousteth her, against whom she recovereth in an Assize, the eldest agreeth to the disseisin, as she may, against her sister, and become joint-tenant with her. And thus is the book in the 21 Ass. p. 19 to be intended, the case being no other in effect: But A. disseiseth one to the use of himself and B. B. agreeth, by this he is joint-tenant with A. Fol. 374. b.  
Nota, in these two last Sections four several Conclusions.  
1. That a lineal Warranty doth bind the right of a fee simple.  
2. That a lineal warranty doth not bind the right of an estate Tail, for that is restrained by the Statute of donis Conned.  
3. That a lineal Warranty and Assets is a bar of the right in Tail, and is not restrained by the said Act.  
4. That a collateral Warranty made by a collateral Ancestor of the donee, doth bind the right of an estate Tail, albeit there be no Assets; and the reason thereof is upon the Statute of Donis Conned, for that it is not made by the Tenant in tail, etc. as the lineal Warranty is, 3 E. 3. 22. 4 E. 3. 28. 50. M. 38 E. 3. Cor. Rege, Ab. de Colchest. case, 45 Ass. 6. Pl. Com. 554. 19 E. 4. 10. Vide S 703, 747.  
To this may be added, That the Warranty of the Donee in Tail, which is collateral to the Donor, or to him in remainder, being heir to him, doth bind them without any Assets. For though the alienation of the Donee after issue doth not bar the Donor, which was the mischief provided for by the Act, yet the Warranty being collateral, doth bar both of them, for the Act restraineth not that Warranty, but it remaineth at the Common Law, as Littleton after saith. And in like manner the Warranty of the Donee doth bar him in remainder.  
Note, Assets requisite to make lineal Warranty a bar, must have six qualities.  
1. It must be Assets (i e.) of equal value, or more at the time of the descent.  
2. It must be of descent, and not by purchase or gift.  
3. It must be Assets in fee simple, and not in fee Tail, or for another man's life.  
4. It must descend to him as heir to the same Ancestor, that made the Warranty, Brit. 185. 4. E. 3. garr. 63. 16. E. 3. Ass. 4. 43. E. 3. 9 7. H. 6. 3. 11. H. 4. 20.  
5. It must be of Lands, or Tenements, or Rents, or Services valuable, or other profits issuing out of Lands, Tenements, and not personal Inheritances, as Annuities, etc.  
6. It must be in state or interest, and not in use, or right of actions, or right of entry, for they are not Assets until they be brought into possession, 24. E. 3. 47.  
But if a rent in fee simple issuing out of the Land of the heir descend unto him, whereby it is extinct, yet this is Assets, and to this purpose hath in Judgement of Law a Continuance, 31 E. 3. Ass. 5. 13. E. 3. Recovery in value 17. l. 3. f. 31. Butler and Baker's Case.  
A Seignory in franck-Almoign is no Assets, because it is not valuable, and therefore not to be extended; and so it seemeth of a Seignory of Homage and Fealty, 14. E. 3. Mesne 7. Regist. 293.  
But an Advowson is Assets, whereof Fleta l. 2. c. 65. saith, Item de ecclesiis quae ad donationem Domini pertinent, quot sunt, & quae, & ubi, & quantum valeat quaelibet Ecclesia per annum secundum veram ipsius aestimationem, & pro Marca solidus extendatur, ut si ecclesia 100 Marcas valeat per annum ad 100 solidos extendatur advocatio per annum. Brit. 185. 5. H. 7. 37. 32. H. 6. 21. 33. E. 3. garr. 102.   

Sect. 714. Fol. 375. a.  
Nota, that albeit in this case the issue in Tail must claim as heir of both their bodies, yet the Warranty of either of them is lineal to the issue, 35 E. 3. garr. 73.  
If Lands be given to a man and a woman unmarried, and the heirs of their two bodies, and they intermarry, and are disseised, and the husband releaseth with Warranty, the wife dieth, the husband dyeth, albeit the Donees did take by moities, yet the Warranty is lineal for the whole, because, as our Author here saith, the issue must in a Formedon convey to him the right as heir to the Father and his Mother of their two bodies engendered, and therefore it is collateral for no part.   

Sect. 715, 716, 717.  
Nunquam nimis dicitur, quod nunquam satis dicitur.  
And here it appeareth, That it is not adjudged in Law a collateral Warranty, in respect of the blood, for the Warranty may be collateral, albeit the blood be lineal, and the Warranty may be lineal, albeit the blood be collateral. But it is in Law deemed a collateral Warranty, in respect that he that maketh the Warranty, is collateral to the Title of him upon whom the Warranty doth fall, 8 R. 2. gar. 101. vide Sect. 704.   

Sect. 718. Fo. 376. a.  
Every Warranty doth descend upon him that is heir to him that made the Warranty at the Common Law. Vide Sect. 3. 603, 735, 736, 737.  
Hereupon many things worthy to be known, are to be understood. 1. That if a man infeoff another of an acre of ground with Warranty, and hath issue two Sons, and dyeth seized of another acre of land of the nature of Borough English, the feoffee is impleaded; albeit the Warranty descendeth only upon the eldest, yet may he vouch them both; the one as heir to the Warranty, and the other as heir to the Land. 40 E. 3. 14. So it is of heirs in gavelkind, etc. 22 E. 4. 10. And in like sort the heir at the Common Law, and the heir of the part of the Mother shall be vouched. 49 Ass. 4. 38. E. 3. 22. But the heir at the Common Law may be vouched alone in both these cases, at the election of the Tenant; & sic de similibus.  
Also if a man die seized of certain lands in fee, having issue a Son and a daughter by one venture, and a Son by another, the eldest Son enters and dieth, the land descends to the sister; in this case the warranty descendeth on the Son, and he may be vouched as heir, and the sister as heir of the land.  
In which case, and in the other case of Borough English, the Son and heir by the Common Law having nothing by descent, the whole loss of the recovery in value, lieth upon the heirs of the land, albeit they be no heirs to the warranty. 32 E. 3. vouch. 94. 35 H. 6. 3.  
Then put the case, that there is a warranty paramount, who shall deraign, that warranty, and to whom shall the recompense in value go? some have said, that as they are vouched together, so shall they avouch over, and that the recompense in value shall enure according to the loss, and that the effect must pursue the cause, as a recovery in value by a warranty of the part of the Mother shall go to the heir of the part of the Mother, etc. Pl. Come. 515.  
Some others hold, that it is against the maxim of the Law, that they that are not heirs to the warranty should join in a voucher, or to take benefit of the waranty which descends not to them, but that the heir at the common Law, to whom the warranty descended, shall deraign the warranty, and recove in value, and that this doth stand with the rule of the common Law.  
Others hold the contrary, and that this should be both against the rule of Law, and against reason also; for by the rule of Law, the vouchee shall never sue to have execution in value, until execution be sued against him. But in this case execution can never be sued against the heir at the common Law, therefore he cannot sue to have execution over in value. Secondly it should be against reason, that the heir at the common law should have totum lucrum, and the especial heirs totum damnum. 17 E. 2. Recover in value 33. 18 E. 3. 51. l. 1. 96. Shelleyes case.  
I find in our Books, this reason is yielded, that the special heirs should not be vouched only; for (say they) then could not they deraigne the warranty, which should be mischievous, that they should lose the benefit of the warranty, if they should be vouched only. 32 E. 3. vouch. 94. per Greene.  
But if the heir at the Common Law were vouched with them, (as by the Law he ought) all might be saved; and therefore study well this point, how it may be done.  
If Tenant in general Tail be, and a common recovery is had against him, and his wife, where his wife hath nothing, and they vouch, and have judgement to recover in value, Tenant in Tail dyeth, and the wife surviveth; for that the issue in Tail had the whole loss, the recompense shall enure wholly to him, and the wife albeit she was party to the judgement, shall have nothing in the recompense, for that she loseth nothing. Pl. Com. Fo. 514.  
If the Bastard eigne enter, and take the profits, he shall be vouched only, and not the Bastard and the Mulier, because the Bastard is in appearance heir, and shall not disable himself. 17 E. 3. 59 20 E. 3. vouch. 129. 5 H. 7. 2.  
If a man be seized of Lands in Gavelkind, and hath issue three Sons, and by Obligation bind himself and his heirs, and dieth, an action of debt shall be maintenable against all the three Sons, for the heir is not chargeable unless he hath lands by descent. 11 H. 7. 12. 11 E 3. Det. 7. Dy. 5. El. 238.  
So if a man be seized of Land on the part of his Mother, and bind himself and his heirs by Obligation, and dyeth, an action of debt shall lie against the heir on the part of the Mother, without naming the heir at the Common Law; and so note a diversity between a personal lain of a bond, and a real lain of a warranty.   

Sect. 719. Fol. 377. a.  
Here it appeareth, that whensoever the Ancestor taketh any estate of freehold, a limitation after in the same conveyance to any of his heirs, are words of limitation, and not of purchase, albeit in words it be limited by way of remainder, and therefore here the remainder to the heirs females vesteth in the Tenant in tail himself. 24 E. 3. 36 27 E. 3. Age 108. 38 E 3. 26. 40. E. 3. 5. 37 H. 8, Br. nosme. 1. & 40. & tit done & Rem 61.  
The issues inheritable must make their claim, either only by Males, or only by Females, so as the Females of the Males or Males of the Females, are wholly excluded, etc. 1 H. 6. 4. Pl. Com. 414. Vide Sect. 24.  
But where the first limitation is to the heirs males, let the limitation be for default of such issue to the heirs of the body of the donee, and then all the issues, be they Females of Males, or Males of Females are inheritable.  
If a man give Lands to a man, to have and to hold to him, and the heirs Males of his body, and to him, and to the Heirs Females of his body, the estate to the heirs Females is in remainder, and the daughter shall not inherit any part, so long as there is issue Male.   

Sect. 720.  
Nihil simul inventum esi & perfectum; & saepe viatorem nova non vetus orhita fallit; and therefore new inventions in assurances are dangerous. 22 H. 6. 33. l. 6. f. 42. b. Sir Anthony Mildmayes case.  
Non prosunt dominis quae prosunt omnibus arts: quoniam, In suo quisque negotio hebetior est, quam in alieno. 2 H. 4. foe 11. Action sur le case.   

Sect. 721. Fol. 378. a.  
Every remainder which cometh by deed ought to vest in him to whom it is limited, when livery of seisin is made to him, that hath the particular estate.  
1. Littleton saith by Deed, because if Lands be granted and rendered by Fine for life, the remainder in Tail, the remainder in Fee, none of these remainders are in them in the remainder, until the particular estate be executed. 7 R. 2. scire facias.  
2. That the remainder be in him, etc. at the time of the livery. This is regularly true, but yet it hath divers exceptions. As, where the remainder is to commence upon limitation of time, viz. upon the possibility of the death of one man before another, which is a common possibility. Pl. Com. Colthirsts case, fo. 65. 29. 32 H. 6. tit. feoffments, etc. 99 27. E. 3. 87. 12 E. 4. 2. 21 H. 7. 11. 7 H. 4. 23. 11 H. 4. 74. 18 H. 8. 3. 27. H. 8. 42. 38 E. 3. 26. 30. Ass. 47. 6 R. 2 qu jur. Dam. 20.  
A man letteth lands for life upon condition to have Fee, and warranted the land in forma predicta, afterward the lessee performeth the conditions whereby the lessee hath fee, the warranty shall extend and increase according to the State. And so it is in that case if the lessor had died before the performing of the condition, etc. and yet the lessor himself was never bound to the warranty; but it hath relation from the first livery; and by this it appeareth that a warranty being a Covenant real executory may extend to an estate in futuro, having an estate, whereupon it may work in the beginning.  
But otherwise it is, if a man grant a Seignory for years upon condition to have fee with warranty in forma praedicta etc.  
And so it is, if a man make a Lease for years, the remainder in fee, and warrant the Land in forma predicta, he in the remainder cannot take benefit of the Warranty, because he is not party to the Deed, and immediately he cannot take, she were party to the Deed, because he is named after the ●abendum, and the estate for years is not capable of a warranty.  
And so it is if Land be given to A. and B. so long as they ●oyntly together live, the remainder to the right heirs of ●●m, that dieth first, and warrant the land in forma predicta, A. dyeth, his heir shall have the warranty; and yet the remainder vested not during the life of A. for the death of A. must precede the remainder, and yet shall the heir of A. have the Land by descent.   

Sest. 722. Fol. 378. b.  
Si le 1. fits alienast, etc. By the Alienation of the Donee two things are wrought.  
1. The Franktenement and Fee is in the Alienee.  
2. The reversion is devested out of the donor; and therefore by the alienation that transferreth the freehold, and fee simple to the Alienee, there can no remainder be raised and vested in the second son. 27 H. 8. 24. 6. R. 2. quod jur. clam. 23.  
Also an estate of an inheritance in Lands, and Tenements cannot cease, or be void before the state be defeated by entry, then if this remainder should be good, then must it give an entry upon the Alienee to him that had not right before, which should be against the express rule of Law, viz. That an estate cannot be given to a stranger to avoid a voidable Act.  
One Alienation cannot vest an estate of one and the same Land to two several persons at one time.  
If a man seized of an Advowson in fee, by his deed grant the next presentation to A. and before the Church become void, by another Deed grant the next presentation of the same Church to B. the second grant is void, for A. had the same granted to him before, and the grantee shall not have the second avoidance by construction to have the next avoidance which the grantor, might lawfully grant, for the grant of the next avoidance doth not import the second presentation. But if a man seized of an Advowson in fee take wife; now by Act in Law is the wife entitled to the third presentation, if the husband die before: The husband grants the third presentation to another, the husband die, the heir shall present twice, the wife shall have the third presentation, and the grantee the fourth; for in this case it shall be taken the third Presentation, which he might lawfully grant; and so note a diversity between a Title by act in Law, and by act of the party, for the act in Law shall work no prejudice to the grantee.  
Periculosum est res novas & inusit at as inducere.  
Eventus varios res nova semper habet,  vide §. 87, etc.  

Sect. 723. fol. 379. a.  
Here by the Opinion of Littleton, the Donor may re-enter for the condition broken, for Vtile per inutile non vitiatur, which being in case of a condition, for the defeating of an estate, is worthy of Observation. And it is to be noted, That after the death of the Donor, the condition descendeth to the eldest Son, and consequently his alienation doth extinguish the same for ever, wherein the weakness of this invention appeareth; and therefore Littleton here saith, That it seemeth that the Donor may re-enter, and speaketh nothing of his heirs.  
A man hath issue two Sons, and maketh a gift in Tail to the eldest, the remainder in fee to the puisne, upon condition that the eldest shall not make any discontinuance with warranty to bar him in the remainder, and if he doth, that then the puisne Son and his heirs shall re-enter; the eldest maketh a feoffment in fee with warranty, the Father dyeth, the eldest Son dyeth without issue, the puisne may enter. But if the discontinuance had been after the death of the Father, the puisne could not have entered.  
In this case four points are to be observed:  
1. As Littleton here saith, the entry for the breach of the Condition is given to the Father, and not to the puisne Son.  
2. That by the death of the Father the condition descends to the elder Son, and is but suspended, and is revived by the death of the eldest Son without issue, and descendeth to the youngest Son, 41 E. 3. vide Sect. 446.  
3. That the feoffment made in the life of the Father, cannot give away a condition that is collateral, as it may do a right.  
4. That a Warranty cannot bind a Title of entry for a condition broken, but if the discontinuance had been made after the death of the Father, it had extinguished the condition; which case is put to open the reason of our Author's opinion.  
The ancient Judges and Sages of the Law, have ever (as it appeareth in our Books) suppressed innovations and novelties in the beginning, as soon as they have offered to creep up, lest the quiet of the Commonwealth might be disturbed, 31 Ed. 3. Gager delivery 5. 22 Ass. 12. 38 Ed. 3. 1. 2 H. 4. 18, etc. And so have Acts of Parliament done the like, 1 Ed. 3. cap. 15. Stat. 3. 18 Ed. 3. cap. 1. & 6. 4 Hen 4. cap. 2. 11 Hen. 6. cap. 23. 12 Ed. 4. cap. 8, etc.   

Sect. 726. fol. 380. a.  
Here note this diversity; If the heir be within age at the time of the descent of the Warranty, he may enter and avoid the estate either within age, or at any time after his full age, 18 Ed. 4. 13. 35 Hen. 6. 63. 28 Ass. 28. 32 Ed. 3. garr. 30. and Littleton saith well, That the Infant in this case may enter upon the Alienee, for if he bring his action against him, he shall be barred by this Warranty, so long as the state whereunto the Warranty is annexed continues, and be not defeated by entry of the heir; but if he be within age at the time of the alienation with Warranty, and become of full age before the descent of the Warranty, the Warranty shall bar him for ever.  
Our Author putteth his cases where the entry of the Infant is lawful; for where it is not lawful when the Warranty descendeth, the Warranty doth bind the Infant, as well as a man of full age; and the reason is, because the state whereunto the Warranty was annexed continueth, and cannot be avoided but by action, in which action the Warranty is a bar. And so it is of a Feme covert, if her entry be not lawful, a Warranty descending on her during the coverture doth bind her: and albeit the husband be within age at the descent of the warranty, yet if the entry of the wife be taken away, the warranty shall bind the wife, 8 Ed. 3. 3. 3 H. 7. 9 Br. tit. War. 54. 33 H. 8. War. Br. 84. l. 1. f. 67. a. A●chers Case, and 140. Chudleys' Case.  
Note a diversity between matters of Record done or suffered by an Infant, and matters in fait, for matters in fait he shall avoid either within age or at full age; but matters of Record, as Statute Merchant, Staple, Recognizances knowledged by him, or a Fine levied by him, Recovery against him by default in a real action (saving in Dower) must be avoided by him, viz. Statute, etc. by Audita querela, and the Fine and Recovery by Writ of Error during his minority, and the like; because they are judicial acts, and taken by a Court or a Judge, therefore the nonage of the party, to avoid the same, shall be tried by inspection of Judges, and and not by the Country, 20 Ed. 3. Audita querela 27. F.N.B. 104. k. 6 Ed. 3. 39 17 Ass. 53. 17. 21 E. 2. 4. 15 E. 4. 5. 8 Hen. 6. 30. 1 Hen. 7. 15. 6 Hen. 8. Saviour default. Br. 50. 3 Hen. 6. 10. 1 Mar. Dyer 104.  
And for that this nonage must be tried by inspection, this cannot be done after his full age: But if the age be inspected by the Judges, and Recorded that he is within age, albeit he come of full age before the reversal, yet may it be reversed after his full age, P. 13. Ja. R. in Banco Reg. fol. 380. b.  
No negligence shall be adjudged in an Infant, where he is thereby to be barred of his entry in respect of a former right, as by a descent, or of his former right (as Littleton doth here put an Example) by a Warranty, where his entry is congeable.  
But otherwise it is of Condition, Charges and Penalties going out of, or depending upon the Original Conveyance, for the laches or negligence shall be adjudged in those cases as well in the Infant, as in any other. vide Pl. Com. 355, etc. Stowels' Case.  
And see further there, where an Infant being Tenant for life or years, shall be punished for doing or suffering of waste; and where he claimeth by purchase, a Cessavit shall lie against him, if he pay not his rent by two years. And some have said, if he have the Tenancy by descent, and he himself cease, a Cessavit doth lie, and he shall not have his age, because it is of his own cesser, 31 Ed. 3. Age 54. But other Books (as some conceive them) be against that. vide 9 Edw. 3. 50. 28 Ed. 3. 99 14 Ed. 3. Age 88 2 Ed. 2. Age 132. and others; which Books do not prove that the Cessavit doth lie in that case, but the contrary, that he shall have his age, to the end he may at his full age certainly know what to plead, or what arrearages to tender, for the land was originally charged with the Seignory and Services, Sect. 728. **  
Note three things concerning the construction of Statutes:  
1. That it is the most natural and genuine Exposition of a Statute, to construe one part by another, etc. for that best expresseth the meaning of the makers, Pl. Com. 75. 7 Ed. 3. 89. As here the question upon the general words of the Statute is, Whether a Fine levied only by a husband seized in the right of his wife with Warranty, shall bar the heir without Assets? And it is well expounded by the former part of the Act, whereby it is Enacted, That Alienation made by Tenant by the Courtesy with Warranty, shall not bar the heir, unless the Assets descend. Bract. lib. 4. fol. 321. Fleta lib. 5. cap. 34. And therefore it should be inconvenient to intent the Statute in such manner, as that he that hath nothing but in the right of his wife, should by his Fine levied with Warranty bar the heir without Assets: and this Exposition is ex visceribus actus.  
2. The words of an Act of Parliament must be taken in a lawful sense, as here the words being [Whereof no Fine is levied in the King's Court] are to be understood, whereof no Fine is lawfully or rightfully levied etc. and therefore a Fine levied by the husband alone, is not within the meaning of the Statute, for that Fine should work a wrong to the wife; but a Fine levied by the husband and wife, is intended by the Statute, for that Fine is lawful, and worketh no wrong, Pl. Com. 246. Seignieur Barklays case, l. 9 fol. 26. Abbot de Strata Marc. and generally the Rule is, Quod non praestat impedimentum quod de jure non sortitur effectum. Vide fol. 381. b. 11 H. 4. 80.  
3. That constructions must be made of a Statute in suppression of the mischief, and in advancement of the remedy, as by this case it appeareth. For a Fine levied by the husband only, is within the letter of the Law; but the mischief was, the heir was barred of the Inheritance of his Mother, by the warranty of his Father without Assets: and this Act intended to apply a remedy, viz. That it should not bar unless there were Assets, and therefore the mischief is to be suppressed, and the remedy advanced, Et qui haeret in littera, haeret in Cortice.   

Sect. 731. Fol. 383. a.  
Nullius hominis autoritas tantum apud nos valere debet, ut meliora non sequeremur, si quis attulerit, 8 E. 2. gar. 81. 18. E. 3. 51. 7 E. 3. 84. Pl. Com. 57  
The Judge if he knoweth it, ought not to take knowledge of a Fine, that worketh a wrong to a third person, 33 H. 6. 52. 5 E. 3. 56. 2 El. Dyer 178. 1 H. 8. 1. M. 89. 4 E. 3. 41. 7 El. Dyer. 246.   

Sect. 733. Fo. 383. a.  
The feoffor may by express words warrant the land for the life of the feoffee, or of the feoffor etc. but the Recovery in value shall be in fee. 38 E. 3. 14.  
Et ego & haeredes mei Warranti● tali & haered. suis tantum, vel tali & haered. assign. & haered. assignatorum, vel assig. assignator. & eorum haered. & acquietabimus, & defendemus, etc. Bract. fo. 37. 248. & l. 5. 380, 381. Brit. 106.  
Per hoc autem quod dicit (acquietabimus) obligat se & haeredes suos ad acquietand. si quis plus petierit servitii vel aliud servitium quàm in carta Donationis continetur. Per hoc autem quod dicit (Defendemus) obligat se & haeredes suos ad defend. fi quis velit servitutem ponere rei datae contra sormam suae donationis.  
If a man be bound to A. in an Obligation to defend such lands to A. whereof the Obligor hath enfeoffed him for 12 years, etc. in this case, if he be ousted by a stranger without being impleaded, the Obligation is forfeit: But if he be bound to warrant the land etc. the bond is not forfeit unless the Obligee is impleaded, and then the Obligor must be ready to warrant, etc. 2 E. 4. 15. tit. Det. 71. Qui benè distinguit, benè docet, fol 384. a.  
A Warranty in Deed is created only by this word Warrantizo, but Warranties in Law are created by many other words; they are therefore called Warranties in Law, because in Judgement of Law they amount to a Warranty without this Verb Warrantizo.  
As Dedi is a Warranty in Law to the feoffee and his heirs during the life of the feoffor, but Concessi in a Feoffment or Fine implieth no Warranty.  
But before the Statute of Quia Emp. ter. if a man had given lands by this word Dedi, to have and to hold to him and his heirs, of the Donor and his heirs, by certain Services, than not only the Donor, but his heirs also had been bound to warrant.  
But if before the Statute a man had given lands by this word Dedi, to a man and his heirs for ever, to hold of the chief Lord, there the feoffor had not been bound to Warranty but during his life, as at this day he is. Lestat. de Bigamis c. 6. 2 H. 7. 7. 6 H. 7. 2. 48 E. 3. 2. 31 E. 1. vouch. 290. F. N.B 134. b. 6 E. 2. vouch. 258.  
Dedi, doth import a warranty in Law, albeit there be an express warranty in the Deed. For if a man make a feoffment by Dedi, and in the Deed doth warrant the land against I. S. and his heirs, yet Dedi is a general warranty during the life of the feoffor, and so was the Statute expounded in both points. H. 14. El. in Com. Banc. And if a man make a lease for life reserving a rent, and add an express warranty, here the express warranty doth not take away the warranty in Law, for he hath election to vouch by force of either of them: and in Nokes Case, note a diversity between a warranty, that is a Covenant, and a warranty concerning a Chattel: l. 4. fo. 80. 8 E. 3. 69. 3 E. 3. Formedon 44.  
Also this word axcambium doth imply a warranty. Also a Petition implieth a warranty in Law; and homage Aunc' doth draw to itself warranty. 4 E. 2. vouch. 245. 22 E. 3. 3. 14 H. 6 2. 20 H. 6. 14. l. 4. 122. l. 1. 96. l. 5. fo. 17. l. 8. 75. Signior Staf. case.  
And note that the warranty wrought by this word dedi, is a special warranty, and extends to the heirs of the Feoffee during the life of the donor only. But upon the exchange & Homage Aunc '. the warrant extending reciprocally to the heirs, and against the heirs of both parties: and in none of these cases, the Assignee shall vouch by force of any of these warranties; but in the case of the exchange and dedi, the Assignee shall rebutt, but not in the case of Homage Auncestrel.  
And so no man shall have a writ of contra formam collationis, but only of the feoffee and his heirs, which be privy to the Deed; but an Assignee may rebutt, by force of the Deed. 28 Ass. 33. 14 H. 4. 5. 11 E. 3. Avowr. 100 30 H. 6. 7. 33 H. 8. Dy. 51. 10 H. 7. 11 b. F. N. B. 163. a.  
If a man make a gift in Tail, or a Lease for life of land, by deed, or without deed, reserving a rent, or of a rend service by deed, this is a warranty in Law, and the donee, or lessee being impleaded shall vouch, and recover in value, and this warranty extendeth not only against the donor, or lessor, and his heirs, but also against his Assignees of the reversion, and so likewise the Assignee of lessee for life shall take benefit of this warranty in Law. 6 E. 2. vouch. 105. 5 E. 3. 67. 3 H. 7. 13. 6 H. 7. 2. 7 E. 3. 6. F.N.B. 134. g.  
When dower is assigned, there is a warranty in Law included, that the Tenant in Dower being impleaded, shall vouch, and recover in value a third part of two parts, whereof she is Dowable. 4 E. 3. 36. 43. Ass. 32. 50 E. 3. 7. F.N.B. 149. m.  
A warranty in Law and Assets is in some cases a good bar. In a Formedon in the discender the Tenant may plead that the Ancestor of the demandant exchanged the Land with the Tenant for other Lands taken in exchange, which descended to the demandant, whereunto he hath entered and agreed; or if he hath not entered, and agreed unto the Lands taken in exchange, than the Tenant may plead the warranty in Law, and other Assets descended. 14 H. 6. 2. 15 E. 3. Bar. 255.  
If Tenant in Tail of Lands make a gift in Tail, or a Lease for life, render a rent, and dyeth, and the issue bring a Formedon in the descending, the Reversion, and rent shall not bar the demandant, because by his Formedon, he is to defeat the reversion and rent. Et non potest adduci exceptio ejusdem rei, cujus petitur dissolutio. 38 E. 3. 22. 23. 24. 13 E. 3. gar. 35.  
But if other Assets in fee simple do descend, than this warranty in Law and Assets is a good bar in the Formedon. 16 E. 3. Age 45. 31 E. 3. gar. 29.  
Here four things are to be observed. 1. That no warranty in Law doth bar any collateral title, but is in nature of a lineal warranty, wherein note the equity of the Law. Fo. 384. b.  
2. That an express warranty shall never bind the heirs of him that made the warranty unless they be named, but in case of warranty in Law, in many cases the heirs shall be bound to warranty, albeit they be not named.  
3. That in some cases warranties in Law do extend to execution in value, of special Lands, and not generally of Lands descended in fee simple. lib. 4. fol. 121. Bustards Case.  
4. That warranty in Law may be in some cases created without Deed, as upon gifts in Tail, Leases for life, eschanges, and the life. 45 E. 3. 20. b.  
Also it is necessary to show who shall take advantage of a warranty, as Assignee by way of voucher to have recompense in value.  
If a man infeoffee A. and B. to have and to hold to them and their heirs and Assigns, with a clause of warranty praedictis A. and B. & eorum haered. & Assignatis, in this case if A. dyeth, and B. surviveth, and dyeth, and the heir of B. infeoffeth C. he shall vouch as Assignee, and yet he is but the Assignee of the heir of one of them, for in judgement of Law the Assignee of the heir is the Assignee of the Ancestor, and so the Assign of the Assignee shall vouch in infinitum, within these words (his Assigns) 14 E. 3. gar. 33. 13 E. 1. gar. 83. lib. 5. fol. 17. b. Spencer's case. 38 E. 3. 21.  
If a man infeoff A. to have and to hold to him, his Heirs and Assigns, A. infeoffeth B. and his heirs, B. dyeth, the heir of B. shall vouch as Assignee to A. so as heirs of Assignees, and Assignees of Assigns, and Assigns of Heirs, are within this word (Assigns) which seemed to be a Qu. in Bractons' time, and the Assignee shall not only vouch, but have a Warrantia Cartae, 12. E. 2. vouch. 263. 19 E. 2. gar. 85. 13 E. 1. ib. 93. 36 E. 3. gar. 1. 4 H. 8. Dyer 1. F. N. B. 135.  
If a man doth warrant Land to another without this word (Heirs) his heirs shall not vouch; and regularly if he warrant land to a man and his heirs, without naming Assigns, his Assignee shall not vouch. But if the Father be enfeoffed with Warranty to him and his heirs, the Father infeoffeth his eldest Son with Warranty, and dyeth, the Law giveth to the Son advantage of the Warranty made to his Father, because by act in Law, the Warranty between the Father and the Son is extinct, 43 E. 3. 23. 24 E. 3. 3. 11 H. 4. 94. 5 E. 3. Age 19 Pl. Com. 418.  
But note a diversity between a Warranty that is a Covenant real, which bindeth the party to yield Lands or Tenements in recompense, and a Covenant annexed to the Land, which is to yield but damage, for that a Covenant in many cases extendeth further than the Warranty. As for Example;  
It hath been adjudged, that where two Coparceners made partition of Land, and the one made a Covenant with the other, to acquit her and her heirs of a Suit that issued out of the Land, the Covenantee aliened: in that case the Assignee shall have an action of Covenant, and yet he was a stranger to the Covenant, because the acquittal did run with the land, 42 E. 3. b. per Finchden. fol. 385. a.  
A. seized of the Manor of D. whereof a Chapel was parcel, a Prior with the assent of his Covent, Covenants by Deed indented with A. and his heirs, to celebrate divine Service in his Chapel weekly, for the Lord of the Manor and his Servants, etc. In this case the assignees shall have an action of Covenant, albeit they were not named, for that remedy by covenant doth run with the Land, to give damages to the party grieved, and was in manner appurtenant to the Manor, 42 E. 3. 3. a. Laurence Pakenhams case. 6 H. 4. 1. Ralph Brabsons' case.  
But if the Covenant had been made with a stranger to celebrate divine Service in the Chapel of A. and his heirs, there the Assignee shall not have an action of Covenant, for the Covenant cannot be annexed to the Manor because the Covenantee was not seized of the Manor. Vide lib. 5. fol. 17, 18. Spencer's case. 2 H. 4. 6. H. Horn's case.  
And note, that an Assignee of part of the Land shall vouch as Assignee.  
As if a man make a feoffment in fee of two acres to one, with Warranty to him, his Heirs Assigns; if he make a feoffment of one acre, that feoffee shall vouch as Assignee; for there is a diversity between the whole estate in part, and part of the estate in the whole, or of any part.  
As if a man hath a Warranty to him, his Heirs and Assigns, and he make a lease for life, or a gift in Tail, the lessee or donee shall not vouch as Assignee, because the whole estate is out of the lessor or donor, and by this means he shall take advantage of the Warranty.  
But if a lease for life, or a gift in Tail be made, the remainder over in fee, such a lessee or donee shall vouch as Assignee, because the whole estate is out of the lessor, and the particular estate and the remainder do in Judgement of Law to this purpose make but one estate, 18 E. 4. 52. 10 E. 3. 58. 5 E. 3. 40. Accord. H. 14. 1. in Com. Banc.  
If a man infeoff three with Warranty to them and their heirs, and one of them release to the other two, they shall vouch; but if he had released to one of the other, the warranty had been extinct for that part, for he is an Assignee, 40 E. 3. 14. 40 Ass. 5. 33 H. 6. 4. 37 H. 8. Alienation etc. 31. 8 H. 4. 8.  
If a man doth warrant land to two men and their heirs and the one make a feoffment in fee, yet the other shall vouch for his moiety, 11 R. 2. Detin. 46. 7 E. 3. 35. 46 E. 3, 4.  
If a man at this day be enfeoffed with warranty to him, his heirs and assigns, and he make a gift in Tail, the remainder in fee, the donee make a feoffment in fee, that feoffee shall not vouch as Assignee (but * he that cometh in in privity of estate.)  
If the warranty be made to a man and his heirs, without this word (Assigns) yet the Assignee or Tenant of the Land may rebutte; and albeit no man shall vouch or have a Warrantia Cartae, either as party, heir or Assignee, but in privity of estate, yet any that is of another estate, be it by Disseisin, Abatement, Intrusion, Usurpation, or otherwise, shall rebut by force of the warranty, as a thing annexed to the Land, which sometimes was doubted in our Books, 38 E. 3. 21. 26 E. 3. 56. l. 10. fo. 96. b. Seymors Case. 10 Ass. 5. 35 Ass. 9 22 Ass. 3. 988. 31 Ass. 13.  
But herein note a diversity, when he that rebutteth claimeth under the warranty, and when he claimeth above the warranty, for there he shall not rebut.  
And therefore if Lands be given to two Brethren in fee simple, with a warranty to the eldest and his heirs, the eldest dyeth without issue, the survivor, albeit he be heir to him, yet shall he neither vouch nor rebut, nor have a Warrantia Cartae, because his Title to the Land is by relation above the fall of the warranty, and he cometh not under the estate of him to whom the warranty is made, as the disseisor etc. doth.  
If a man make a gift in Tail at this day, and warrant the land to him, his heirs and assigns, and after the donee make a feoffment, and dyeth without issue, the warranty is expired as to any Voucher or Rebutter, for that the estate Taile whereunto it was knit, is spent: Otherwise it is if the gift and feoffment had been made before the Statute of Donis Conned. for then both the donee and feoffee had a fee simple; and so are our Books to be intended in this and the like cases, Lib. 3. fo. 63. Linc. Coll. case.  
If A. be seized of Lands in fee, and B. release unto him, or confirmeth his estate in fee with warranty to him, his heirs and assigns, All men agree this warranty to be good: but some have holden, That no warranty can be raised upon a bare Release or Confirmation, without passing some estate, or transmutation of possession, 14 E. 3. garr. 108. 12 H. 7. 1.  
But the Law, as it appeareth by Littleton himself, is to the contrary; and that both the party, and (as some do hold) his Assignee, shall vouch; but he that is vouched in that case must be present in Court, and ready to enter into the warranty and to answer; and the Tenant must show forth the Deed of Release or Confirmation with warranty, to the intent the Demandant may have an answer thereunto, and either deny the Deed or avoid it; for that at the time of the Confirmation made, he to whom it was made, had nothing in the land etc. for otherwise the Demandant may counter-plead the Voucher by the Statute of W. 1 cap. 40. viz. that neither Vouchee, nor any of his Ancestors, had any seisin whereof he might make a feoffment. And this is grounded upon the said Statute of W. 1. Silius neit son gar. en present, que lun voile gar. de son gree, & maintenant enter en respons, otherwise the Tenant must be driven to Warrantia Cartae, 11 H. 4. 22. 10 E. 3. 52. 21 E. 3. 37. Vide Sect. 706. 738. & 745. & Vide 20 E. 1. Stat. ad vocat. ad Warr.  
But a warranty of itself cannot enlarge an estate, as if the lessor by Deed release to his lessee for life, and warrant the land to the lessee and his heirs, yet doth not this enlarge the estate, 22 Hen. 6. 15. 2 Hen. 4. 13. 43 Ed. 3. 17. 43 Ass. 42. 12 Ass. 17. 12 Ed. 3. Tail. 3. 22 Ed. 4. 16. b. 44 Ed. 3. 10. 44 Ass. Bassingborns Ass.  
If a man make a feoffment in fee with Warranty to him his heirs and assigns by Deed, (as it must be) and the feoffee infeoff another by paroll, the second feoffee shall vouch, or have a Warrantia Cartae as Assignee, albeit he hath no Deed of the Assignment, l. 3. 63.  
If a man infeoff two, their heirs and assigns, and one of them make a feoffment in fee, that feoffee shall not vouch as Assignee, 29 Edw. 3. 70. 17 Edw. 2. Joined. in action 1. 11 Edw. 4. 8.  
If a man make a feoffment in fee to A. his heirs and assigns, A. infeoffeth B. in fee, who re-infeoff●th A. He or his assigns shall never vouch, for A. cannot be his own Assignee. But if B. had enfeoffed the heir of A. he may vouch as Assignee, for the heir of A. may be Assignee to A. in as much as he claimeth not as heir.   

Sect. 734. fol. 386. a.  
The Heir shall never be bound by any express warranty, but where the Ancestor was bound by the same warranty, 31 Ed. 1. gar. 83.  
Nota quod haeres non tenetur in Anglia ad debita antecessoris reddenda nisi per antecessorem ad hoc fuerit obligatus, praeterquam debita regis tantum: A fortiori in case of Warranty which is in the realty, Fleta lib. 2. cap. 55. Brit. fol. 65. b. 11 Hen. 6. 48.  
But a Warranty in Law may bind the Heir, although it never bound the Ancestor, and may be created by a last Will and Testament. As if a man devise lands to A. for life or in Tail, reserving a rent, the devisee for life or in Tail, shall take advantage of this warranty in Law, albeit the Ancestor was not bound, and shall bind his heirs also to Warranty, although they be not named. Also an express Warranty cannot be created without Deed, and a Will in writing is no Deed, and therefore an express Warranty cannot be created by Will, 18 Ed. 3. 8.   

Sect. 736. fol. 386. b.  
Note a diversity, the lien real, as the Warranty, doth ever descend to the heir at the Common Law; but the lien personal doth bind the special heirs, as all the heirs in gavelkind, and the heir on the part of the Mother, vide Sect. 603, 718, 737. 11 E. 3. 7. 11 Hen. 7. 12.  
If two men make a feoffment in fee with warranty, and the one dyeth, the feoffee cannot vouch the survivor only, but the heir of him that is dead also; but otherwise if two jointly bind themselves in an Obligation, and the one die, the survivor only shall be charged, 17 E. 3. Joint. 41. 16 H. 7. 13. 29 E. 3. 46. 12 H. 7. 3. 22 E. 3. 1. 17 E. 3. 8. 30 E. 3. 43. 19 H. 6. 55. l. 3. f. 14. Mat. Herbert's Case.  
Two brothers by demi ventures, the eldest releaseth with warranty to the disseisor of the Uncle, and dyeth without issue, the Uncle dyeth, the warranty is removed, and the younger brother may enter into the Land, Sect. 737.   

Sect. 738. fol. 387.  
A warranty may be limited, and a man may warrant lands as well for term of life, or in Tail, as in fee, 38 Ed. 3. 14. 16 E. 3. Vouch. 87.  
If Tenant in fee simple that hath a warranty for life, either by an express Warranty or by Dedi, be impleaded and vouch, he shall recover a fee simple in value, albeit his warranty were but for term for life, because the warranty extended in that case to the whole estate of the feoffee in fee simple: but in the case that Littleton here putteth, the Tenant for life shall recover in value but an estate for life, because the warranty doth extend to that estate only, vide Sect. 733. & 706.  
And here (in this Section) is employed, that a collateral Warranty giveth no right, but shall bar only for life, and after the party is restored to his action.  
Also note, that a Warranty may descend to the heirs of him that made it during the life of another.   

Sect. 739.  
Si un home lessa ses terres a un aut. aver & tenant a luy & a ses heires pur term dauter vie, & le lessee mor. vivant o●luy a que vie, etc. & un estranger enter en la terre, l'heire le lessee luy poit ouster, etc. The heir of the lessee shall have the Land to prevent an occupant; and so it is in case of an annuity, or of any other thing that lieth in grant, whereof there can be no occupant, 77 E. 3. 48. 18 E. 3. 12. 11 H. 4. 42. 7 H. 4. 46. 8 H. 4 15. Dyer 8 Eliz. 253. 18 H. 8. 3. 27 H. 8. 21 H. 8. Estate. Br. 10. 19 E. 3. Account 56. 33 Ass. p. 17. 22 H. 6. 33. 39 E. 3. 37. vide Sect. 387.   

Sect. 740.  
Chattels as well real as personal shall go to the Executor, or Administrator, 11 E. 3. tit. Ass. 88 11. Ass. 21. 10 Eliz. Dyer 276.  
But if the King's Tenant by Knight's service in Capite be seized of a Manor, whereunto an Advowson is appendent, and the Church become void, the Tenant dyeth and his heir within age, the King shall present to the Church, and not the Executor or Administrator: but if the Land be holden of a common person, in that case the Executor shall present, and not the Guardian, 24 E. 3. 26. F.N.B. 33. b. & 34. a.  
If a Bishop hath a Ward fallen and dyeth, the King shall not have the Ward nor the Successor, but the Executor, and the Ward shall be Assets in his hands. So it is of Heriots, Relief, etc. 40 E. 3. 14.  
But if a Church become void in the life of a Bishop, and so remain until after his decease, the King shall present thereunto, and not the Executor or Administrator, for nothing can be taken for a prefentment, and therefore it is no Assets, 9 H. 6. 58. 11 H. 4. 7.   

Sect. 741. fol. 388. a.  
Here the collateral warranty doth descend upon the issue in tail, before any right doth descend unto him, wherein this diversity is to be observed (vide Sect. 707.) where the right is in esse, in any of the Ancestors of the heir, at the time of the descent of the collateral warranty, there albeit the warranty descend first, and after the right doth descend, the collateral warranty shall bind, as appeareth in this case of our Author. But where the right is not in esse in the heir, or any of his Ancestors at the time of the fall of the warranty, there it shall not bind.  
As if Lord and Tenant be, and the Tenant make a feoffment in fee with warranty and after the feoffee purchase Seignory, and after the Tenant cease the Lord shall have a Cessavit, for a warranty doth extend to rights precedent, and never to any right that commenceth after the warranty, 7 E. 3. 48. 30 Hen. 8. 42.  
Also a warranty shall never bar any estate that is in possession, reversion or remainder that is not devested, displaced, or turned to a right before, or at the time of the fall of the warranty.  
If a Lease for life be made to the Father, the remainder to his next heir, the Father is disseised and released with warranty and dyeth, this shall bar the heir although the warranty doth fall, and the remainder cometh in esse at one time, lib. 1. fol. 67. Archers Case.  
If there be Father and Son, and the Son hath a rend service suit to a Mill, rend charge, rend seck, common of pasture, or other profit appre●e●●●● out of the Land of the Father, and the Father maketh a feoffment in fee with warranty and dyeth, this shall not bar the Son of the rent, common, etc. quia in tali casu transit terra cum onere, and he that is in seisin, or possession, need not to make any entry, or claim; and albeit the Son after the feoffment with warranty, and before the death of the Father had been disseised, and so being out of possession, the warranty descended upon him, that it should not bind him, because at the time of Warranty made, the Son was in possession, Temps E. 1. vouch. 296. 31 Ass. 13. 22 Ass. 36. 41 Ass. 6. (33 E. 3. 3. gar. 24.) .. 10. f. 97. E. Seymors Case.  
So if my collateral Ancestor releaseth to my Tenant for life, this shall not bind my reversion or remainder, because the reversion, etc. continued in me, 45 E. 3. 31. 21 H. 7. 11.  
But if he that hath a Rent Common, or any profit out of the land in Tail, disseise the Tenant of the land, and maketh a feoffment to the land, and warranteth the land to the feoffee and his heirs regularly the Warranty doth extend to all things issuing out of the land (i.e.) to warrant the land in such plight and manner as it was at in the hand of the feoffor at the time of the feoffment with Warranty, and the feoffee shall vouch, as of lands discharged of the rent, etc. at the time of the feoffment made. Vide S. 698. 21 E. 4. 26. 28 H. 7. 9 3 H. 7. 4. 7 H. 4. 17. 30 H. 8. Dyer 42. 30 E. 3. 30. 9 E. 3. 28. 45 E. 3. vouch. 72. F.N.B. 145. 14 H. 8. 6.  
A woman that hath a rend charge in fee, intermarries with the Tenant of the land, an estranger, releas●th to the Tenant of the land with Warranty, he shall not take advantage of this Warranty, either by Voucher or Warrantia Cartae, for the wife if the husband die, or the heir of the wife living, the husband cannot have an action for the rent upon a Title, before the Warranty made, for if the heir of the wife bring an Assize of Mordanc. this action is grounded after the Warranty, whereunto the Warranty shall not extend.  
So it is if the grantee of the rent grant it to the Tenant of the land upon condition, which maketh a feoffment of the land with Warranty, this Warranty cannot extend to the rent, albeit the feoffment was made of the land discharged of the rent, for if the condition be broken, and the grantor be entitled to an action, this must of necessity be grounded after the Warranty made.  
But in the case aforesaid, when the woman grantee of the rent marrieth with the Tenant, and the Tenant maketh a feoffment in fee with warranty, and dieth, in a Cui in vita brought by the wife (as by Law she may) the feoffee shall vouch as of lands discharged at the time of the warranty made, for that her Title is Paramount.  
So if Tenant in Tail of a rend charge purchase the land, and make a feoffment with warranty, if the issue bring a Formedon of the rent, the Tenant shall vouch causa qua supra. 7 H. 4. ●7.  
But some do hold, that a man shall not vouch, etc. as of land discharged of a rend service. 10 E. 4. 2. b. 28 E. 3. 55. 44 E. 3. 29.  
Also no warranty doth extend unto mere and naked Titles, as by force of a condition, with clause of Reentry, Exchange, Mortmain, consent to the Ravisher, etc. because that for these an action doth lie, and if no action can be brought, there can be neither Voucher, Writ of Warrantia Cartae, nor Rebutter, and they continue in such plight and essence, as they were by their original creation, and by no act can be displaced or devested out of their original essence, and therefore cannot by any warranty, l. 10. fo. 97. 41 Ass. p. 46.  
And albeit a woman may have a Writ of Dower, etc. yet because her title of Dower cannot be devested out of the original essence, a collateral warranty of the Ancestor of the woman shall not bar her. So it is of a feoffment causa matrim. praelocuti, 34 E. 3. Droit 72. 21 E. 4. 82.  
A warranty doth not extend to any lease for years, or to any estates of Tenants by Statute Staple, Merchant or Elegit, or any other Chattel, but only to Freehold or Inheritance. And this is the reason, that in all actions which lessee for years may have, a warranty cannot be pleaded in bar, as in an action of Trespass, or upon the Statute of 5 R. 2, etc. 21 E. 4. 18. 82. 1 H. 7. 12. 22. 11 H. 7. 15, 16. 20 H. 7. 2. b. 14 H. 7. 22. 43 E. 3. 15. per Finchden in Qu. imp. 15 H. 7. 9  
But in such actions which none but a Tenant of the Freehold can have, as upon the Statute of H. 6. Ass. etc. there a warranty may be pleaded in bar.  
Although a collateral warranty be descended, yet if the estate whereunto the warranty was annexed be defeated, albeit it be by a mere stranger (as in this case that Littleton here put by the discontinuee) the warranty is defeated: and although the discontinuance remain, and no Remitter wrought to the heir, yet the warranty is defeated, and bar removed, so as the issue in Tall may have his Formedon and recover the land. Sublato Principali tollitur Adjunctum, 3 H. 7. 9 b. 16 E. 3. Continual Claim 10. 9 H. 4. 8. Pl. Com. 158.   

Sect. 743. Fol. 390. a.  
Si tenant in tail fait un feoffment a son uncle, & pui● l' uncle fait un feoffment in fee, ovesque gar. etc. a un altar etc.  
When the uncle taketh back as large an estate as he had made, the warranty is defeated, because he cannot warrant land to himself.  
And so it is if the uncle had made the warranty to the feoffee, his heirs and assigns, and taken back an estate in fee, and after enfeoffed another, yet the warranty is defeated, for that he cannot be assignee to himself, 40 E. 3. 14. 16 E. 3. Vouch. 87. 19 E. 3. Vouch. 122. 17 E. 3. 73, 74. 20 H. 6. 29.  
A man shall not regularly vouch himself as assignee of a fee simple. And yet if the Father be enfeoffed with warranty to him and his heirs, the Father infeoffeth his heir apparent in fee, and die, he shall vouch himself, and be heir in Borough English, by reason the act in Law determined the warranty between the Father and the Son, 41 E. 3. 25. a.  
But if a man make a feoffment in fee with warranty to the feoffee, his heirs and assigns, and the feoffee reinfeoff the feoffor and his wife, or the feoffor, and any other stranger, the warranty remaineth still, 11 H. 4. 20, 42. 17 E. 3. 47, 49. 18 E. 3. 56. 29 E. 3. 46. 39 E. 3. 9   

Sect. 744. ib.  
A man infeoffeth a woman with warranty, they intermarry, and are impleaded upon the default of the husband, the wife is received, she shall vouch her husband, etc. notwithstanding the warranty was put in suspense, 6 E. 2. Vouch. 257. 3 E. 3. ib. 201. 5 E. 3. 16. 178.  
And so on the other side, if a woman infeoff a man with warranty, and they intermarry and are impleaded, the husband shall vouch himself and his wife by force of the said warranty. 4 E. 2. Vouch. 245, 246.  
An Infant en ventre sa mere may be vouched if God give him a birth, and if not such a one heir to the warranty, but he cannot be vouched alone without the heir at the Common Law, for Process shall be presently awarded against him, Temps E. 1. guard. 1. 3. 31 E. 1. Breve 873. 8 E. 2. Vouch. 237. 11 E. 3. ib. 13. 9 H. 6. 24. Pl. Com. Stowels Case, per Saunders and Brown.  
Tenant in Tail maketh a feoffment in fee with warranty, and disseise the discontinuee, and dieth seized, leaving Assets to the issue; some hold that in respect of this suspending warranty and Assets, the issue in Tail shall not be remitted, but that the discontinuee shall recover against the issue in Tail, and he take advantage of his warranty, if any he hath, and after in a Formedon brought by the issue, the discontinuee shall bar him in respect of the warranty and Assets, and so every man's Right saved, 21 E. 3. 36. a. b. 38 E. 3. 21. 44 E. 3. 26. 45 E. 3. Title 32. 44 E. 3. ib. 31. 33 E. 3. ib. 4.   

Sect. 745.  
Note a diversity; In the case of an Appeal, the Defendant shall forfeit no lands, but such as he had at the time of the outlawry pronounced, for that there is no time alleged in the Writ, when the Felony was done: But in case of Indictment, such as he had at the time of the Felony committed, for there is a certain time alleged. And in the case of the Indictment there is also a diversity to be observed; for it shall relate to the time alleged in the Indictment, for avoiding of Estates, Charges, and Encumbrances, made by the Felon after the Felony committed, but for the mean Profits of the land, it shall relate only to the Judgement, as well in this case of Outlawry, as in other cases, 33 E. 3. Forfeit. 30. 38 E. 2. 31. 3 E. 4. 25. 19 E. 4. 2. Pl. Com. 488. b.  
Felony, Ex vi termini significat quodlibet capitale crimen felleo animo perpetratum. Glan.  
If a Felon be convicted by Verdict, Confession or Recreancy, he doth forfeit his goods and chattels, etc. presently. A man is said convict before he hath judgement. For Felony by Chance-medley, or se defendendo, or petit larceny, a man shall forfeit his goods and chattels, and no lands of any estate of Freehold or Inheritance. Stanf. prerog. 45. b. 16 E. 3. Cor. 116.  
By the Law at this day under the word (Felony) in Commissions, etc. is included Petit Treason, Murder, Homicide, Burning of houses, Burglary, Robbery, Rape, etc. Chance-medley, se defendendo, and Petit larceny.   

Sect. 746, 747.  
It is a general rule, That having respect to all those whose blood was corrupted at the time of the Attainder, the Pardon doth not remove the corrupting of blood neither upward nor downward. Bract. l. 3. fo. 132. etc. Brit. foe 215 b.  
As if there be Grandfather, and Son, and the Grandfather, and Father have divers other Sons, if the Father be attainted of Felony, and pardoned, yet doth the blood remain corrupted, not only above him and about him, but also to all his children, born at the time of this Attainder.  
But in the case of Littleton if Tenant in Tail at the time of his Attainder had no issue, and after his pardon had issue, that issue should have been bound by the warranty.  
And if his Father had issue before the pardon, and had issue also after and dieth, nothing can descend to the youngest, for that the eldest is living and disabled. But if the eldest son had died in the life of the Father without issue, than the youngest should inherit.  
Nota, That a judgement against a man for felony, is that he be hanged by the neck until he be dead, but implicatiuè, he is punished. 1. In his wife, That he shall lose her dower. 2. In his children, they shall become base and ignoble. 3. He shall lose his posterity, for his blood is stained and corrupted, that they cannot inherit unto him, or any other Auncestrel. 4. He shall forfeit all his lands, and tenements which he hath in fee, and which he hath in tail, for term of his life. And 5. all his goods and chattels.  
The wife of a man attainted of high Treason, or petty Treason shall not be received to demand Dower, unless it be in certain cases specially provided for. Stan. Pl. Cor. 195.  
But the wife of a person attainted of misprision of Treason, Murder, or Felony is dowable since our Author wrote, by the Statute of 1 E. 6. cap. 13. 5 E. 6. cap. 11. 5 El. ca 1. & 11. 18 El. cap. 1. 12 H. 4. 3. Vide Sect. 55.  
So if a Seignory be granted with warranty, and the Tenancy escheat, the Seignory whereunto the warranty was annexed is extinct, and consequently the warranty defeated, and it shall not extend to the land, & sic in similibus, 6 H. 4. 8. 45 E. 3. vouch. 72. Pl. Com. 292. 16 E. 3. Age 46. 28 H. 3. vouch. 281. 23 E. 3. garr. 77. Vide Sect. 200.  
If a collateral Auncestrel release with warranty, and enter into Religion, now the warranty doth bind; but if after he be deraigned, now it is defeated.   

Sect. 748. Fol. 393.  
Per release de touts manners de garr. ou de touts covenants real, ou de touts demands, le. garr. est extinct. Et mults auters cases & matters y sont per queux home poit defeat garr. etc.  
As by a defeasance, as other things executory may. Also a warranty may lose his force, by taking benefit of the same. 43 E. 3. 17. Pl. Com. browning's case.  
In a Praecipe the tenant voucheth, and at the sequatur sub suo periculo, the tenant and the vouchees make default, whereupon the demandant hath judgement against the tenant; and afterwards the demandant brings a Scire facias against the tenant to have execution. In this case the Tenant may have a War. Cartae. And if in that case a stranger had brought a praecipe against the Tenant, he might have vouched again, for by the judgement given against the Tenant, the warranty lost not his force, but if the Tenant had judgement to recover in value against the vouchee, he should never vouch again by reason of that warranty, because he had taken advantage of the warranty; and it is to be observed that upon the process of Summon. ad war. if the Sheriff return the vouchees summoned, and he make default, the Tenant shall have a Capias ad val. but if he return that the vouchee had nothing, then after the Sicut alias & plures, a seq. sub suo periculo shall issue; and there if the vouchees make default, the Tenant shall not have judgement to recover in value, for he was never summoned, and it appeareth of Record, that he hath nothing, but in the Cap. ad Val. it appeareth that he had Assets, and he had been summoned before: But in some special cases, there shall be two recoveries in value upon one warranty. As if a disseisor give lands to the husband and wife, and to the heirs of the husband: the husband alieneth in fee with warranty and dieth, the wife bringeth a Cui in vita, the Tenant vouch and recover in value, if after the death of the wife, the disseisee bring a praecipe against the Alienee, he shall vouch, and recover in value again.  
So it is where the wife bringing a Writ of Dower against the Alienee, he shall recover in value, and after her death, he shall recover in value again upon the same warranty. 45 E. 3. vouch. 72.  
In the same manner it is if a man be seized of a rent by a defeasible title, and release to the Tenant of the Land all his right in the Land, and warrant the Land to him and his heirs, if he be impleaded for the rent, he shall vouch and recover in value for the rent, and if after he be impleaded for the Land, he shall vouch, etc. again for the Land: But in these and the like cases, the reason is in respect of the several Estates recovered, but for one and the same estate he shall never recover but once in value, and though the Land recovered in value be evicted, yet he shall never take benefit of that warranty after, and as warranty may be defeated in the whole, so they may be defeated as to the party of the benefit, that may be taken of the same. As he that maketh a warranty may make a defeasance, not to take any benefit by way of voucher.  
In the like manner that he shall take no advantage by way of Warrantia Cartae, or by way of Rebutter. 7 H. 6. 43. 13 Ass. 8. 13 E. 3. gar. 24, 25. 3. 7. 22 H. 6. 51. 8 H. 7. 6.   

Sect. 749.  
If Tenant in Tail alien with warranty and leave Assets, to descend, if the issue in Tail doth alien the Assets, and die, the issue of that issue shall recover the Land, because the lineal warranty descends only to him without Assets, for neither the pleading of the warranty without Assets, nor Assets without warranty, is any bar in the Formedon in the descender.  
But if the issue to whom the warranty and Assets descended had brought a Formedon, and by judgement had been barred by reason of the warranty and Assets; In that case albeit he alieneth the Assets, yet the estate Tail is barred for ever: for a bar in a Formedon in the descender, which is a Writ of the highest nature that an issue in Tail can have, is a good bar in any other Formedon in the descender brought afterwards upon the same gift. Temps E. 1. gar. 89. 34 E. 1. ib. 88 11 E. 2. ib. 3. 4 E. 3. 24. 5 E. 3. 14. 40 E. 3. 9 14 H. 4. 39 24 H. 8. a. Br. 33. 4. M. Dy. 139. l. 10 37, 38. Marry Portingtons' case.     

Epilogus.  
Nulla virtus, nulla scientia locum suum & dignitatem conservare potest sine modestia. Ratio est anima legis.  
If by study and industry we make not the reason of the Law our own, it is not possible for us to retain it in our memories. And we must couple arguments and reasons together.  
Quia Argumenta ignota & obscura ad lucem rationis proferia●●, & reddunt splendida. Sir Richard Hankford. 11 H. 4. 37.  
Home ne scavera de quel mettal un campane est, sine soit bien bate, ne le ley bien conus sans disputation.  
Jeo aye disputir cest matter pur la apprender la ley. 41 E. 3. 22. Kirton. Vide Sect. 377.  
Lex plus laudatur quando ratione probatur.  
Lex est sanctio sancta, jubens honesta, & prohibens contraria. Vide cest definitio, Lib. 1. fo. 131. Chudleighs Case.  Al unique Dieu gloire. 
FINIS.   

An Alphabetical Table.  

A  

ALien may purchase, what and how p. 2  
Attainder, how it corrupteth the blood 7  
Arguments legal 11  
Arguments from Statutes ib.  
Advocatio, what 15, 123  
Advocatio medietatis ib.  
Armouries, how descendable, 20  
Authority with interest or without, the difference 63  
Attorney to deliver seisin ib.  
Accessaries, where 67  
Ages, their several purposes in the Law 95  
Agreement and Disagreement, the time for the confirming Matrimony, the equal Obligation 96  
Agriculture, its commendation 98  
Actus Legis 100  
Aetas Legitima 101  
Alienatio restricta 106  
Acquittal, quotuplex 107  
Appendent and Appurtenant, their differences 125, 126  
Alienee plead, where not good, 735  
Auter droit 133  
Alien, his issue before denization 134  
Actio, quid & quotuplex 313  
Alien, what actions 134  
Annuity, where it lieth, and where not 150, 151  
Ambiguitatis expositio 154  
Assize of Rent 164  
Arrearages of Rents, how recoverable by the Statute 32 H. 8. cap. 37. which could not be obtained by the Common Law 168, 169  
Aenitia pars, quid 173  
Account against a Bailiff 177 

Against a Receiver ib.    
Account, ratione objecti quotuplex 78 

Privity requisite ib.    
Agreement qualifies, etc. 112  
Annus & Dies 272  
Authority to be pursued, 274, 275 

It differeth from Right 283    
Avowries, four kinds 291  
Acts concerning possession, differ, 292  
Abatement, quid 302  
Actions transitory, place not traversible sans special matter 310  
Assize for damages only not many tenable 314  
Action well begun, not abateable per mort. etc. where, 314  
Appellum, quid & quotuplex, 317  
Annuity, not merely in Action, 323  
Attaint, Judgement in it ib.  
Assent with interest and without it, differ 326  
Attornament, quid: & propter quod 339 

quotuplex 340    
Attornnent not necessary, where and why 339, 340, 345  
Attornment countermanded, 341 

Void for uncertainty 342    
Attornament long after, etc. good ab initio, where ib.  
Attornment presumed ib.  
Attornment, by whom, 344 348, 349, 350  
Attornment requisite, to what Grants 345 

To pass the estate, and where requisite to give privity, 347    
Attornment need not to a Devise 355  
Abeyance, where 377  
Acts of Parliament, how to be construed 403  
Averment, general and special, 407  
Acts of Parliament for buying of Titles, extendeth not to an Ejec. Form. 419  
Assets to bar on Estate Tail, how qualified 428    

B  

Bastard who, his reputed name, its effect p. 3  
Belliyu● und●, who 82  
Bishop hath a Barony 88  
Breve, quid; quotuplex, respectu, materiae, formae, efficientis, finis, objecti & adjuncti, etc. 90, 91  
Brevia anticipantia 107  
Burgh, quid 108  
Brief abated 131  
Borough English 147  
Bailiff, who 175  
Billa, quid 177  
Bar to issue in tail, what, 178  
Baron and feme one person, 193  
Beadle, his duty and oath, 245  
Brief d'entry, quotuplex 251  
Bastardus quis & unde dicitur 258 

Its divisions 258  
Et under creationem habet.    
Barrettor, quis 417    

C  

Conveyances fraudulent avoided, by whom p. 4  
Challenge of a Juror or Witness, do differ 5  
Courtesy Angleterre, to whom 'tis extendible, and of what things 21, 22  
Common sans number 23  
Courtesy where no Dower 22  
Consent, at what age it is binding 26  
Capacities for taking estates 55  
Contract, quid pro quo 59  
Copyhold Court, who is judge 79  
Copyhold, who may grant ib.  
Copyholders Fines 89  
Copyhold entailed 80  
Cornagium or Castleguard, 87  
Certificatio, quotuplex, ratione efficientis & subjecti de quo 91  
Capitulum, quid 104  
Cognuzance Spiritual 105  
Capite Tenure, quid cui 113  
Corporal service to the person of the Lord ib.  
City, quid & propter, quid concilium Regis, votuplex, 115  
Consuetudo, quibus constituitur ib. 

ubi alleganda, & ejus Energia ib. 116    
Courts Record, not Record, 122  
Church, when said full 123  
Church void multifariam, ib.  
Claim in law of bill goods, 152  
Coin bude 209  
Calumniaque 163 

quotuplex ib.  
Propter quid ib. of 164    
Counterplea its effect 167  
Chattels go not in succession 195  
Conditio quid, quotuplex ex quibus constat, qualis & quanta 203, 206  
Condition broken entry 234  
Condition possible becomes impossible, of what effect 207, 208  
Condition unlawful, how it enures distinctè 208  
Conditions in Obligation & Feoffment differ 210, 211  
Condition considered ratione objecti & ratione subjecti 211  
Condition in Law, who shall take advantage of it 217  
Condition and power of revocation, different 219  
Claim where it must be 224  
Conditions of mortgage 225  
Condition to be performed according to intent where, 226  
Condition disabled 227  
Condition not to alien, where good 221  
Condition may prohibit what's prohibited by Law 230  
Condition to defeat a freehold must be shown by deed 231  
Condition in Law 237, 238 

By Common Law and by Statute Law 243, 244  
They are as strong as Conditions in Deed ib. and 245    
Condition in a will, what 246  
Continual Claim, who may make it ib.  
Continual Claim by a Recluse 275  
Capias, where it lieth and where not 316, 318  
Confirmatio, quid & quotuplex 315  
Confirmation and Release differ 325  
Confirmation, what word necessary 328, 329  
Chattels Reals not given to the husband absolutely &c. 330  
Confirmation by implication 333  
Certitudo, legalis quotuplex 334  
Cognizee, what he may do before Attornment 353  
Corentare Capitulum, 357, 358  
Conditions, Warranty, Estoppels, do ever descend to the heir at the Common Law, not Spiritual 369  
Casu Consilii 374  
Common Law bounded, 379  
Chattels of a Feme, how disposed by Marriage, 387 388  
Covin doth many times choke a right 401.  
Covina, quid est ib.    

D  

Deed of Feoffments, its parts 4, 176  
Deed its d●●e 5  
Deed, when good 7  
Deed, its incidents 28, 29  
Denization of what feme 7  
Devise of lands effected by other words than feoffee 9  
Descent what, how 13  
Demesne, unde 14  
Degrees of Kindred 18  
Dower, at what age it is to be deserved 23  
Dower, what 24  
Dower, what necessary causes to effect it ib.  
Does non de Castro ib.  
Divorce à vinculo matrimonii & à mensa & thoro, differenced 25  
Dowm. by meats & bounds, 26  
Dower per Custom 27  
Dower ad ostium Ecclesiae, ib.  
Dower assigned, by whom, 27, 28 

of what not 30    
Dower ex assensu patris 28  
Distress, of what, of what not 59  
Disparagement, quotuplex 96  
Decanus, unde 104  
Dispensatio, quid 106  
Deforciamentum quid 303  
Disclaimer, quotuplex 110  
Devise of Lands, where and how, by Custom, by Statute, ib.  
Disability to bring action, 135 

how many ways 132, 133    
Distress, where, and to what it is an incident inseparable, 160  
Disseisina, quid 161, 185  
Denial of rent, a disseisin, 167  
Discensus in Capita & in stirpes 171  
Disseisor, who 184  
Disseisin, quid 302  
Demand of Rent, where and when 204  
Descent, what 248  
Descent of Corporal inheritances put him that right hath to an action aliter of incoporal, 249  
Descent taketh not away Entry, unless disseisor hath been in quiet possession five years, 250  
Descent doth not call Entry, where 256, 257  
Dum fuit infra aetatem, here it lieth 263  
Derogation of a man's own act disallowed in Law 264  
Descent of Chattels, none, ib.  
Disseisor dying seized within five years, entry is not called by Stat. 32 H. 8. 33. 272  
Defalta, quid 276 

Saved ib.    
Denization may be on condition 298  
Demand, two kinds 321  
Dedi & Concessi, their power in Law 333 

how pleadable ib.    
Demise, its power ib.  
Departure in pleading, what 335  
Distress not for Cognuzee of a Fine without Attornment, 353  
Disseisin cannot be of Rent, etc. 356  
Discontinuance, quid 357 

by what ways it was done, and whom it prejudiced, ib.    
Discontinuance, none of such things as lie in grant, 361 

unless Warranty, &c 362    
Defortiare, quid sig. 363  
Discontinuance by Tenant in Tail 366, 367, 368  
Dum fuit infra aetatem 368  
Discontinuance, who may make it 375    

E  

Escheat, unde p. 12 

quomodo, ibidem. quid, 103    
Escheat upon Indictment and Appeal, difference 12  
Escheat, none from a Corpse politic ib.  
Elopement loseth Dower, 32  
Estoppel, quid & quotuplex, 390, 391, 392  
Excambium, its incidents necessary and convenient, 62, 289  
Escuage, quid, quomodo praestandum, & ubi 86, 87  
Escuage, when assessed, and where it ought to be 90  
Escuage certain, what 99  
Excommunication 141 

who shall certify it ib.    
Exitus, quid 129 

quotuplex est ib. & 130    
Electio, cujus est, quomodo & quando 151, 152  
Extortio, quid; & quomodo, 417  
Executio, quid  
Executed and Executory, differ 206  
Executors are bound, though not named, not an heir, 212  
Executors not Assignees in Law, where 213  
Entry upon Condition given to stranger, by Statute 38 H. 8. cap. 34. with conclusions and limitations 218, 219  
Who claim merely by act in Law, cannot 219  
And where the Condition respects a thing collateral to the Law, not 220  
Exemplifications are pleadable 232  
Estoppel restrains not the Jurors 233  
Execution against issue in tail 405  
Estate by wrong makes no degree in a Writ of Entry 251  
Entry followeth the nature of Action 270  
Entry of one Coparcener is the entry of both 257  
Entry sur Bastard to defeat his estate, who shall do it 259  
Entry into part for all, where it is good, where not 271, 272  
Entry forcible, what 274 

Damages in it ib.    
England's extent 277 

out of it how far it excuseth, 278  
acts out of it how tryable, ib.    
Execution 318  
Elegit 320 

within a year ib.    
Executor may release before any Probate, etc. 322  
Evidence given, what 336  
Ecclesia fungitur, etc. 374  
Entry ad terminum qui praeteriit ib.    

F  

Fee simple, what p. 1  
Fee simple divided ib.  
Fee, its extent of signification ib.  
Fee simple personal, what 2  
Feoffment efficacious when other Conveyances fail 9  
Feoffment improperly called, ib.  
Fee simple gained by Agreement, where 10  
Frankmarriage, its incidents and properties 17  
Forfeiture for Felony 52, 53  
Fine only for Alienation by the King's Tenant, no forfeiture 55  
Freehold, quotuplex ratione subjecti in quo 68  
Fidelitatem quis faciet, cui, & quomodo, & quando 85, 86 

quis non faciet 103    
Frank-Almoigne, quid ib. 

qua relatione 106    
Forum ratione Actionum & agentium quotuplex 105  
Foresters view, where etc. 120  
Forfeiture in a Praemunire 135  
Feme sues sans baron 140  
Favourites of Law 128  
Finis sumitur tripliciter 131  
Felonicè, where to be used 132  
Fictio Juris, quale 159  
Forfeiture, to whom 165  
Frankmarriage by the Common Law 183  
Forfeiture by alienation etc. how and where 267, 268  
Fine, who bound by it 279  
Fraudulent feoffments etc. 319  
Fine bars a wife after five years after death de baron, 358  
Feme alien within the Statute 11 H. 7. c. 20. vide 359  
Fine of things which properly lie in grant, make no Discontinuance 365  
Feme covert received, how she shall plead 393  
Felon convict, what he forfeiteth 461    

G  

Grants, how to be expounded p. 8  
Guardian in Socage cannot present to Adu. 14  
gavelkind Custom special, 22  
Guardian may endow 31  
Guardian pur cause etc. 100  
Guardian in Socage, who ib.  
Goods stolen &c. at whose peril 101  
Guardian in Socage shall account ib. 

when he is chargeable 102    
Grant, what 178 

when void ratione rei 216    
Guardian shall take benefit of a Condition for the advantage of the heir 20  
Guardianship devested 263  
Grants by Spiritual Corporations restrained 332  
Grant of a Rent by particular Tenant, with confirmation of him in reversion, where good, 231, 332  
Grant, when it ought to take effect 339  
Gleab-land, where the Fee is 374    

H  

Haereditamentum, its extent, 6  
Haeres, quis 7  
Heir, none propter delictum, ib. 

& propter defectum subjectionis ib.    
Heir cannot be of Goods and Chattels ib.  
Haeres astrareus quis 8  
Haeres apparens ib.  
Heirs, what is affected by the word ib.  
Haereditas est duplex ib.  
Heirs, when necessary to pass a Fee 9, 10  
Heir claiming, how 11  
Heir-loom, what 15  
Heirs n limitation, the effect, 17  
Homagium, quid, quotuplex 83 

quis praestaret & cui, 84, 85    
Homagium Ancestrale, quid 108 

incidentia 108  
interruptum decidit 111    
Hyberniae Leges 148  
(Heir) by descent and by purchase, the difference 171  
Hodgepodge, what 182, 183  
Habendum  
Haeres, quis, per Leg. Civil. & Com. 248  
Heir, not chargeable during minority, where 319  
Hospitals, divers matters resolved concerning them 376  
Husband doth gain a Freehold in his wives right, where 387  
Husband seized in droit fa feme attaint, what is forfeited ib.  
Husband, what is given to him by Law by Marriage, 387, 388, 389  
Heir chargeable by the Bond of his Ancestor in respect of the land only 431  
Heir not bound unless the Ancestor be 447    

I  

Jus Coronae, where it is 13  
Inheritance, what & where, 14  
Inheritances entire 25  
Jointure its efficacy 27 

how concluding 29    
Jointure, what is required to make it good 29, 30  
Jus aequale quid utilitatis, 100  
Incidens, quo●uplex 103  
Interpretatio quomodo habenda 117  
Jour generale & speciale, 141  
Infant amerced, where 131  
Infant sues, by whom 143  
Judicium finale & interlocutorium qui distant  
Inconvenience not sufferable 161  
Juror, how he ought to be qualified 162  
Infant, to what he shall be bound to, & how, 177, 348 

what oath he shall take, 178  
For what he is punishable 437    
joint-tenants who, by what Conveyances 184  
Jointure severed, where, 187, 196, 197  
Jus accrescendi 189, 190  
Joyntenant his right 191  
Joyntenant may make partition 192  
Joint - heir, what will stand in it 193  
joint-tenants reserve a rent, how it shall enure 196  
Issue, when found sufficiently 233 

It is always intended true until reversed 133    
Juror eat or drink, its fineable 233 

what land he ought to have 296    
Infelix, quis 237  
Jus, quotuplex 285, 381  
Jus nudum, quid 286  
Interesse termini before entry, 293  
Intensio, quid 302 

quotuplex 303    
Issue, when well found 309  
Jurors bound to find things local and transitory, when 311  
Justification pleadable, where ib. 

where not b. 312  
Placita, quotuplicia sunt ratione objecti actionis, 313    
Interpretationes benignae etc. 333  
Incidents pass with the things themselves 338  
Infant not have his age, where 371, 437  
Juris utrum 374  
Jus sive Rectum quid significat 381  
Interest, quid & cui 381  
Judgement against a man for Felony 45●  
Infant en ventre sa mere vouch 460    

K  

King capable of an office, how 3  
Knight's Service Tenure is priledged 31, 32  
King never deins age 55  
Knights Service, its incidents what they are 337    

L  

Linea recta, its privilege, 10  
Lineal assent prohibited, ib.  
Legum diversitas ratione objecti circa quod versatur, 11  
Limitations to estates 54  
Law, its construction in an uncertainty, what 55  
Liberum tenementum quasi, where 56  
Leaves for three lives, or 21 

years, who may now make them 66    
Lease, when it shall begin 58  
Livery, quotuplex & quomodo 60 

where not necessary in a thing corporeal 61, 287    
Livery, to whom to be made, ib. 

where not necessary 62    
Legis Intentiones 94  
Lex est Ratio Artificialis, 106  
Ligeantia, quid & quotuplex 134  
Ley- gager 178  
Livery must pass in a present Freehold, or not at all, 221 222  
Logic, its use in Law 246  
Laches of an infant, what it effects 260 

Of a Feme, where binding, where not 261    
Livery deins view 270  
Livery to one absent, cannot be sans fait 403  
lain personal, differs from the lain real 448    

M  

Mortmain what, its effect 2  
Maxim, why so called 10  
Messuagium, what it doth involve in the Law 67  
Manerium, unde 79  
Moratur in lege, quid est, propter quod, quotuplex & quomodo 89  
Marriage tendered and refused, the penalty, what 95  
Monasteriorum, quot 105  
Mesne 108  
Mayhem, quid 132  
Manumissio, quid, quomodo efficitur 143 

quotuplex ib.    
Mesualty revived 160  
Mesualty extinct ib.  
Moiety who hath, and who hath not, how disposable, 193  
Mortgage, duplici sensu, 207  
Mulieratus filius, barred 206  
Modo & forma, when in pleading they are material, 309  
Mice, what 323  
Mortmain an affirmation of the alienation, where 372  
Manutenentia, unde 417 

Statuto against it explained, 418      

N  

Name Christian and Surname, when necessary 3  
Nobility, the inheritance in it, how many ways 14  
Nonsuit, when 145  
Nonsuit regularly no bar, ib. 

where it is a bar ib.    
Nonsuit before appearance not peremptory, why 146  
Non Compos mentis, who shall plead it 262  
Nemo potest etc. 339  
Nobilities suppressed 436  
Nonage tried by inspection, 437    

O  

Office granted, when void, 3  
Office, who is capable of it, ib.  
Occupant who, against whom, of what, how prevented, 53, 54  
Ordinarius, unde, & ejus authoritas 105  
Obligatio, quid 177  
Offices forfeited by Non-user, where 243 

where not ib.    
Office relinquished, what it effects ib.  
Origo Rei &c 274  
Omnis Ratihabitio etc. 275 

where it disableth 317    
Officium Ordinarii 379  
Officium Judicis de fine levando 439    

P  

Plea of Extra Feodum & horse de son Fee, the difference, 1  
Purchase, who have capacity, 2 

for what purpose ib.    
Purchase, by what name good, 3  
Praecipe of land, by what name 4  
Probatio, quotuplex 6  
Praesumptio, quotuplex ib.  
Presumption, when it moves a Jury ib.  
Possibility sur possibility not intended 179  
Purchase by ten Conveyances, what they are 10  
Proximum duplici modo, ib.  
Purchases first regarded 11  
Professio fratris, where 13  
Placitum, unde 14  
Prerogative, what 102  
Parsons Ecclesiastical 103  
Parliamenti jurisdictio, membra, & alia incidentia, 114  
Praescriptio, quid, à quibus 118 

ejus incidentia 118  
& de quibus praescribatur 119    
Parliamenti Actor' differ 120  
Prescription, how pleadable 124  
Praemunire, the judgement, 135  
Protectio quibus efficitur, ib.  
Protectio, quotuplex ib. 

observanda quae, 136, 137  
quam diu durat 272    
Professio quod & consequentia 139, 140  
Protestatio, quid 128  
Pleas, where tryable 129  
Proprietas cui & quotuplex 15●  
Parceners, who 170 

many: One Heir 171  
they have but one Freehold in respect of a strangers Praecipe ib.    
Parcenary, vel Arithmetica, vel Geometrica proportione 172  
Partition, when good, ib. & 179 

quotifariam 173  
when by Writ, how returned 175  
who are bound 176    
Privities differenced 175  
Partitione fac. by the Stat. 32 

H. 8. against whom 181    
Parceners by Custom, who, 182  
Per quae servitia, who may have it, 269  
Prisoner not bound, where, 275, 276 

how kept 277    
Privity, where requireable in a Release 293  
Privity, quadruplex 294  
Purpraestura, quid 303  
Principles in Law not to be changed 310  
Placitum, unde & quomodo 334, 335, 336  
Placitum ambiguum, & 335  
Possession not lost of things that lie in grant 337  
Privation and Translation all one with death, where 362  
Parson, his estate to several respects 374  
Parson, what actions he may have 374 

what he cannot have, 374    
Parson cannot make discontinuance ib.  
Parson shall have aid, of whom ib.  
Parson's Ecclesiastical, what estates they may make at this day 375, 376  
Parson may charge the Land, how 378  
Plenary, what &c. 379  
Presentation revocable by the King 380  
Praecipe lieth against one that hath but a Freehold in Law, 402  
Praecipe where damages are to be recovered; no Tenure no Pleas 406    

Q  

Quarentina what, to whom, of what, 27  
Quia Emptores terrar' its effect 56  
Que estate, where, in what, and how pleadable, 125  
Queen, her Prerogative 141  
Quaestio Juris per quos, etc. 128  
Quaestio facti per quos, etc. ibid.  
Quis Juris clamat, where it lieth, and what is effected by it, 354  
Quod ei deforceat, where, what it is 395  
Quare impedit, where it lieth 380    

R  

Rent, out of what it may be reserved, and out of what not 58  
Reservation differs from Exception, how 59  
Remanere, its signification 61  
Relief, how much paid 87, 97 

what it is, the remedy for it, 97    
Relief in Soccage, quanti, 101 

de quibus praestationibus ibid.    
Ransom, quid 132  
Retraxit quid, & quotuplex 145  
Retraxit a Bar ibid.  
Rem, what, & quotuplex 148 

out of what 149    
Reservation, of what, and to whom, 149, 150 

Void, where 215, 216    
Rents and Annuity differ ib.  
Remedium duplex 153  
Rents extinct and suspended, where 156, 157 

improved ibid.  
incident to the reversion 350    
Release of a Seignory 159, 160  
Reversion its incidents 160  
Remedies favoured in Law 161  
Redisseisin joint-tenancy is a general plea 162 

against whom it lieth ibid.    
Rents, what are disseisins of them 166, 167, 168  
Rent granted sans fait 175  
Rescous, when it may be made 166, 167  
Release, its several operations in Law 197 

by what words it enureth 207    
Rent accepted will not make good a void estate 217  
Revocation of uses 247, 348  
Records what they are 276  
Roll alterable ibid.  
Relaxatio, quotuplex, ratione subjecti & objecti 281  
Release in Law ib. 

what 282, 284, 290    
Release to enlarge an estate requires privity 296  
Right favoured in Law 298  
Release of Right and Action, differ 299, 300  
Release to two disseisors, who operateth, etc. 300, 301  
Right and Title divers 301  
Release to mesualty suspended, 307  
Release good to a Tenant in Law 313  
Release of actions personals, how far it extends, or reals only, or both; their several extents in bar, 315, 316, 317  
Robbery, what 317  
Remainder good, though the particular estate be destroyed, where 327  
Remainder without a particular estate, where 328  
Right of Advowson at the Common Law 379  
Remitter, quid & quomodo 383  
Remitter to Privity is Remitter to Accessary 386  
Remitter to Tenant in Tail, 390  
Remitters favoured in Law, 394 

and differ from Descent, ib.    
Remitter to them in Remainder 395  
Remitter works no Remitter till it falls in possession, 402  
Recovery by a faint Action worketh a Remitter 404  
Remitter and Recontinuance differ 408  
Rebutter, where 411  
Richels' invention examined, 435    

S  

Suits of Inheritance movable and , how 4  
Seized, when proper 14  
Sur cui in vita, where it lieth not 22  
Sponsalia 27  
Senescallus unde, his duty, 81  
Socagium, quid, unde 99  
Serjeanty grand, quid, cui praestaretur, & ejus incidentia 112  
Serjeanty petit, quid, cui praestandum, & ejus incidentia 113  
Servi, unde sic dicti 121  
Servitudo, unde ib.  
Simonia 124  
Severance, where 146  
Sacramento repellitur infamis 147  
Seisin of Rent seck, by what it may be 165  
Survivorship, not in trust, 185  
Survivorship, where it shall take place 186, 187  
Stranger shall take advantage of a limitation, pot of condition. 216  
Surrender absolute and conditional 224  
Succession in le post ●65  
Statutes how constrained ●95  
Seisin to maintain a writ of Right, and to give a possessio fratris, differ 309  
Statute Merchant and Staple 319  
Scire facias, where, etc. 320  
Suspension, when 346 

why ib.    
Seisin of part, etc. good where 348  
Surrender, proprie, & impropriè 369  
Surrender by deed, and without what 370, 371    

T  

Tenementum its extent 6 

what passeth by it ibid.    
Tail Tallium unde 15 

where that estate may not be barred 425    
Tail what it was at Common Law 16  
Tailed what may be ibid.  
Tail barred where, and how 423  
Ten. in tail, pres possession, how be is differenced from Tenant pur vie 20, 21  
Trial quid 128  
Tenant apres possibility, who 23  
Treason and Felony punished 32  
Terminus its signification in the Law 57  
Terminus annorum debet esse certus & determinatus 57  
Tenant pur vie 53  
Tenant pur ans 56  
Tenant at will 66 

What is his right ib.  
What his remedy 67  
Differs from Tenant at sufferance 68    
Tenant by Copy, etc. who 68  
Tenant by the verge, who 81  
Tenure by Knight's service, what, by whom 87 

its incidents 92, 93    
Tenure quotuplex ratione correlativorum & praestationum 104  
Testamentum duplex 116  
Tenementum quae complectitur 162  
Tenants in common, objects of several praecipes 181  
Trust diversified 185, 186  
Tenants in common, who 194, 195 

What actions they may join in, what not 198, 199  
Their grants, and reservations how they enure 198  
What actions are to be had betwixt themselves 201, 202    
Tender of money and refusal, where peremptory 207 

where not 209    
Tender, who may to save a condition ib. 209  
Tail, its incidents 229  
Trespass is joint or several at the will of the plaintiff 236  
Tempus pacis & belli 265  
Tenure abridgeable, how 336  
Tenant in Tail, what actions he shall have 360 

What not ibid.    
Tenant in Tail, where he cannot discontinue 367  
Titulus: quid in C.L. 381    

U  

Use its nature in operation 18  
Uxor de facto & de jure 26  
Voyage Royal, what and by whom 87  
Villenagii tenura, quid, 121  
Villain, who, what he may have ibid.  
Villanus, quomodo talis 122  
Villain regardant 124  
Villain, where he shall have action against his Lord 128, 130  
Venire fac ' in a wrong place 129  
Utlegatus, might be killed any before the conquest 134  
Villain privileged 143 

Quotifariam 144    
Verdict is twofold 234  
Usurae no current, etc. 262  
View: in another County 270  
Usurpation, what it effects 280  
Uses, how raised 295 

What they are 296  
The remedy for them ib.    
Usurpation, will cause a remitter 301  
Usurpatio quid & quotuplex. 303  
Verdict special 336  
Visitation, by whom 379  
Voucher per Tenant in Tail, is a good action to remitter, where 406  
Voucher single, double, etc. 223  
Voucher by an heir special, where and how 430    

W  

Witness who, when the trial is by witness 5  
Witness challenged, for what 5  
Wife, no witness against her husband 6  
Woman when excluded to give testimony 6  
Witness, a man in his own cause 6  
Witnesses necessary 7  
Words general, how limitable 11  
Warranties, upon whom they descend 12  
Words in Tail to be observed, 19  
Waste, what, in what, & quotuplex ratione subjecti, 64 

by whom, and against whom the several Writs 65    
Wardship in a double relation 97  
Wardship may be granted without any Deed 98  
Warrantus quis quomodo summonitus 109  
Warrantia chartae 110  
Waviata, or a woman outlawed 127  
Wager of Law, where it lieth not 316, 323, 324  
Warranty in Law 440, 441  
Warrant, ratione efficientis duplex 167  
Warranty, to whose benefit, and who shall design 180  
Warranty lineal nor collateral restrained by the Statute de donques 229  
Warranty collateral avoided by entry, where 266  
When no Rebutter 280  
Waste Tenant pur vie punishable, where 372  
Warranty works discontinuance ab effectu, where, 373  
Waste in the Writ, the wife received, where 396  
Waste damages not principal  
Waste by him in reversion, 399, 400  
Warrantizo make Warranty indeed 440  
Warrantia, quid, quotuplex & quibus etc. 401, 409, 410, 414  
Warranty collateral and Assets, where a Bar 413  
Warranty commencing disseisin 415  
Warranty defeated in part and good in part 416  
Warranty respecteth natural capacity 420  
Warranty, its extent, 457, 458    
FINIS.