Dr. COLBATCH'S Relation OF THE CURE Of a Person bitten by a VIPER, etc.   

Books published by Dr. John Colbatch.  
FOur Treatises of Physic and Chirurgery, viz. I. A. Physico-medical Essay concerning, Alkaly and Acid, proving Alkalies to be the Cause of all or most Distempers. II. Farther Considerations by way of Appendix to the said Essay. III. Novum Lumen Chirurgicum, or a new Light of Chirurgery, being a Discovery of a safer and speedier Cure of Wounds than hitherto practised. Illustrated with Experiments in Flanders in 1694. IV. A Vindication of the Novum Lumen from many unjust Aspersions.  
A Treatise of the Gout: Wherein both its Cause and Cure are demonstrably made appear. To which are added, some Medicinal Observations concerning the Cure of Fevers, etc. by the means of Acids.  
The Doctrine of Acids' further asserted, in answer to Dr. Tuthil of Dorchester. With some things relating to the History of Blood, and an Attempt to prove what Life is, and by what 'tis supported. With an Account of the Case of Edmund Turner, Esq etc.   

A RELATION Of a very Sudden AND EXTRAORDINARY CURE of a Person Bitten BY A VIPER, By the Means of ACIDS. Together with Some REMARKS upon Dr. Tuthill's Vindication of his Objections against the DOCTRINE of ACIDS. Wherein are contained several things in order to the further clearing of the said Doctrine.  
By JOHN COLBATCH, a Member of the College of Physicians.  
LONDON. Printed for Dan. Brown without Temple Bar; Abel Roper at the Black-Boy, and Tho. Leigh at the Peacock in Fleetstreet. 1698.   

To the unknown Dr. COLBATCH, Upon his several Most ingenious Tracts in PHYSIC, Especially that of ALKALIES and ACIDS.  
PHYSIC for Ages past has gropt her way  
In Paths of Darkness, without any Ray  
Of certain Truth, and still was going astray:  
When COLBATCH rose, who with reviving Light  
Dispelled the Clouds, and chased away the Night.  
By him th' important Secret is revealed,  
Thro Fraud and Ignorance so long concealed:  
No sordid hopes of Gain e'er swayed his Mind,  
His only aims the Good of Human kind;  
Who first with Pains and Labour dug the Oar,  
Then freely gave us all the Golden Store.  
Let Juggling Quacks grown envious of thy Name,  
Combine together to obscure thy Fame;  
Such are the mysteries which thou dost unfold,  
They'll write thy Name in Characters of Gold:  
To Thee alone Mankind's indebted more,  
Than t'all the Doctors that have gone before.  
J. C. junior.   

TO THE READER.  
I Have in all my Writings taken Truth for my Guide, as being the Soul of an Undertaking, and a Duty which ought to be stipulated by every Writer, both with God and Man; and this I may say that I have not wanted courage to speak it, nor means to discern it.  
The opposition I have met with hath been almost insupportable, Truth at its first appearance never wanting multitudes of Opposers; but (thanks to God) the Eyes of the World begin to be opened, and the new Doctrine I have advanced hath gained so much ground, that few Authors in their own life time, have scarce seen the like. This unwonted and unexpected Encouragement that I have met with, hath filled me with such a sense of Gratitude, that at present I am not able to express; neither can I better manifest it, than by prosecuting the Work I have begun, with all the diligence and industry that my Nature is capable of bearing, and this I do oblige myself to do.  
Reason is the true Touchstone by which we ought to examine every thing; and according as any thing doth agree or disagree with it, so we ought either to embrace or reject it. I remember that that Prodigy of Nature, the learned Mrs. Ann Baynard, did once, in my hearing, say, That Reason was that eternal Standard, which God Almighty, as a Ray of his own Image, has impressed on Man, to the election or dislike of what may hurt or succour him; and where this is raised and improved, makes him an Angel, but where sunk and depressed, a grovelling Brute.  
I do protest I have never yet advanced any thing before I had weighed it in the Balance of the best Reason that God has given me; and for fear lest Reason alone should deceive me, and thereby suffer me to impose upon the World, I have always joined experience to it; so that both being combined together, I could not well be deceived myself, nor lead others, into errors. And I am apt to believe, that if People would but lay aside their Prejudices, and consult their Reasons, I should not have one Enemy left. But to my no small grief, I have heard some Physicians of no ordinary reputation, positively declare, That Authority, and not Reason, was what they depended upon. Of these men I have little hopes; but since they won't hearken to my Reasons, let them but inquire into the success of my Practice; and if they find, that by the means of Acids I am able to cure those Distempers, which are not to be cured by Alkalies, I hope it will at last cure them of their Scepticism.  
From one Generation of Physicians to another it has constantly been handed down, that the Gout was a Distemper not to be cured; and in spite of all the Noise that the last Age has made about experimental Philosophy, no man ever went out of the common Road to try whether this Position were true or false. But now it doth evidently appear, that the Gout is not such a Fury, but that it may with ease be overcome by the means of proper and powerful Acids; the truth of which there is scarce any part of England, but there is one or other that can experimentally attest. Now if it doth evidently appear that my Predecessors have been so notoriously ignorant, as to the Cause and Cure of so common a Distemper, it is not unreasonable to believe that they have been so in other Cases, nay it is most certain they have been so: and there are a great many honest Gentlemen of the Faculty who are not ashamed to acknowledge it, and that not only in words, but by the alteration of their Method of Practice: though there are another sort, who of late have with good success made use of Acids plentifully, and at the same time have given me all manner of opprobrious Language: but I thank God I am out of the reach of their malice, and though they persist in their ingratitude, yet I shall continue my endeavours to serve them to the utmost of my power.  
I have the same just Apology to make at this time as formerly, viz. That being in a continual hurry of Business, I have not been able to perform things with that niceness and, exactness that I should otherwise have done; and I know there are a great many who will read these Papers with no other design than to find faults: but the Barks of these Critics will never disturb me, because I have undertaken nothing but with a real design to serve Mankind; and I doubt not, but in spite of all the imperfections that are to be met with, there are a great many Candid, Ingenious men, who will make as favourable a construction of this, as they have done of my former Undertake. And if men of Candour are but pleased, I care not what the envious Critics say.  
Villers-street York-Buildings, May 1. 1698. JO. Colbatch.   

A Relation of a very sudden and extraordinary Cure of a Person Bitten by a Viper, by the means of Acids.  
ON Saturday, March the twenty sixth, one Mr. Stringer, a Chemist in Villers-street in York-buildings, was seeing a Collection of Rarities, which were exposed to public view in Stock-market; amongst other things there was a live Viper Kept in a Glass of Bran. The person who showed the Collection, upon some inducement or other, took the Viper out of the Glass to show Mr. Stringer; but handling him more rudely than he ought to have done, enraged the Viper, and he bit him by the Finger; and from the place into which the Tooth entered, there issued forth a few drops of Blood: it was just above the upper joint of the fore Finger where the Tooth entered.  
At first the man, whose name is Philipson, made nothing of it, but in a little time his Finger swelled and pained him exceedingly; upon which by the direction of somebody, a Hot Iron first, and afterwards Venice Treacle and Oil of Vipers were applied to the part; but the symptoms not abating by these methods, Mr. Stringer advised him to seek out for further help: he perceiving that Mr. Stringer had some knowledge of the matter, desired his assistance; upon which Mr. Stringer sent to Mr. Francis Moult a Chemist, for some Salt of Vipers; but Mr. Moult not being at home, and that not being to be had, he sent to another place for some dulcified Spirit of Niter, a large quantity of which he gave him in Claret, and with the rest he embrocated his Finger and Hand, which at the present afforded him some relief, he being then in extreme Agonies, and had such a trembling in his Hand and Arm as is scarce conceivable. But in a little time the symptoms returning, the dulcified Spirit of Niter not being powerful enough to overcome so subtle a Poison, Mr. Stringer again pressed him to seek for further help: upon which he told Mr. Stringer that he had a Brother in Pal Malipiero, who was an Apothecary, to whom he would apply himself for assistance and advice: so to his Brother he went in a Coach, Mr. Stringer accompanying him.  
When he came to his Brothers, the symptoms were so aggravated, that his Brother was under very great concern for him, and proposed sending for Dr. Sloane and several others; but Mr. Stringer mentioning me, he readily assented to take my advice in the matter; upon which they got into the Coach, and drove to Mr. Stringer's House, by which time the man was grown so weak that he could scarce stand. After they had gotten him into a Room, they sent for me; but I not being at home, Mr. Stringer sent for Mr. Alexander Small a Surgeon in New Round Court, a young Man of great Honesty and Industry, and one whom I frequently employ.  
Mr. Small having never seen any thing of the like nature before, was at a stand what to do; he first of all thought of scarifying the Finger, but when he considered that the Tumour had extended itself even to his Shoulder, in which part he had very acute Pains, and from the other symptoms that attended him, concluding the Poison had dilated itself through the whole mass of Blood, he altered his first resolution, and instead of scarification made use of the following method. Before I give an account of which, I shall take notice of his circumstances, as they were related to me, by Mr. Small, Mr. Stringer, and Mr. Philipson Apothecary, the man's Brother. His Hand and Arm, as is before related, were extremely swelled and inflamed, and full of pain; but the pain in his Finger where the By't was, and that in his Shoulder did much exceed the pain in other parts; he had a great Vertigo or Giddiness, a Deliquium Animi or Faintness, even to such a degree, that he could scarce sit without being held in the Chair; an extraordinary and violent Strangury also attending him, with cold sweats, and great disorders in his Stomach and Bowels, and his Countenance turned extremely Yellow, and stretched out, almost, as dead. Mr. Small and Mr. Stringer provided a good quantity of my Elixir Vitrioli, an account of which and its preparation may be met with in the second Edition of my Essay of Alkaly and Acid. With this Elixir Mr. Small embrocated the Fingers, Hand and Wrist for near half an hour together, and two or three times in the said space he dipped the end of the bitten Finger in plain Oil of Vitriol: in the interim he gave him two or three Drams or more of the Elixir Vitrioli inwardly in a large quantity of water, when the man finding a great propensity to vomit, Mr. Small advised him to put his Fingir in his Throat and help it forwards; after he had vomited plentifully, Mr. Small plied him afresh with the Elixir Vitrioli in water: the quantity he took after his vomiting Mr. Small guesseth to be near, if not quite, half an ounce.  
In less than half an hour after Mr. Small came to him, all the symptoms, except the swelling of his Hand and Arm, and that was sensibly lessened, were totally vanished, and he able to walk from York-buildings to the Grecian Coffee-house in Essex-buildings, to find me out to desire my further directions in the matter. Now the violence of the symptoms being abated and gone, I prescribed him more temperate Acids than those he had before taken, and that had been applied to the affected parts.  


℞ Fol. Rutae Contus. manip. Duos  
Rad. Angelicae Hispan. pull. Unc. Duas  
Micar. Panis Albi Unc. quatuor  
Aceti Acerrimi lib. duas  
coquantur ad debitam consistentiam, cui add  
Ol. Scorpion. Unc. duas. M. f.  
Cataplasma.   

℞ Elix. Vitrioli Dracm. Duas  
Sp. Vini Rect. Unc. Duas. m. f. Mixtura.   

℞ Fol. Rutae Manip. Unum  
Rad. Serpentariae Virgin. Dracm. sex.  
Angel. Hispan. Unc. Unam  
Petasitidis Unc. Unam semis  
Vini Albi, Aceti Acerrimi, ana lib. Unam  
Infunde calide per horam & coletur, Sig. the Infusion.   

℞ Ol. Vitrioli Dul. per digest. fact.  
Unc. semis,  
Sig. Dulcified Oil of Vitriol.    
I ordered the man to go to his Lodging, which was in Black Friars; and because his Brother could not get the forementioned things ready under three or four hours, I advised him as soon as he came home, to take three ounces of Treacle Water, (in my opinion one of the best Medicines in the London Dispensatory) and as soon as he had taken it, to go to Bed.  
I ordered that the Cataplasm should be applied warm to the Hand and Arm as far as the swelling reached, every six hours; and before the application of the Cataplasm, that the parts should be well embrocated with the Mixture.  
Of the Infusion he took four Ounces every four hours.  
Whenever he was thirsty, I advised him to take twenty Drops of the Dulcified Oil of Vitriol in a draught of White Wine and Water.  
One Sunday morning about eleven a Clock I went to visit him, and when I came to his Lodgings, I found Dr. Sloan with him; the Doctor said the method that had been used was new, but that the Man was in a very good condition, and out of all danger. He had slept well the whole night, and was not in the least Feverish, neither had he the least disorder upon him, only a very small pain in his Finger, the swelling of his Hand and Arm being greatly abated.  
I ordered the continuing of his former method, the which I had no reason to vary. But Dr. Sloan proposed, that if his Infusion should make him puke, as it once had done, then in the room of it, he should at the same intervals take half a dram of Virginian Snake Root in powder, drinking afterwards two or three ounces of Treacle-water, sweetened with Syrup of Gillyflowers; the which I consented to, it no way thwarting the Methods that had before been taken.  
At night I visited him again, and then found him as brisk and well as if nothing had ailed him; the Infusion had not disagreed with him, and therefore he took not the Powder of Snake Root; but I mixed the Treacle-water and Syrup of Gillyflowers with the remaining part of the Infusion, and ordered him to take four ounces of it morning and evening only, so long as it lasted.  
The next day I visited him again, when I found him up and eating his Dinner very heartily: I than ordered him to continue the use of the Cataplasm so long as he found the least swelling in any part, and then dismissed him from my care, there not being any more need of my further attendance.  
A small swelling of his Finger continued for some time after, but without trouble or pain.  
I believe I may without vanity say, that considering the symptoms that attended this man, which were as severe as possible, and he survive it, there has not been a more extraor-dinary Cure wrought, nor such symptoms, raised upon such an occasion, ever taken off in so short a space.  
Now did the poison of Vipers consist in a Volatile Acid, as some would make us believe, how is it possible for any one to conceive, that ever these dreadful Symptoms could be so soon taken off, by giving more Acids, and that in so extravagant a quantity as they were at first given by Mr. Stringer and Mr. Small? Nay had the Poison been an Acid, it is very reasonable to believe, that the more Acids they had given him, the more his Symptoms would have been aggravated. Whereas, on the contrary, it plainly appears, that by the repeated large quantities that they gave him, the Symptoms were so soon abated, that it is almost past belief.  
I cannot but observe, that in the strange relation that Dr. Stubbs gives of the severe Symptoms that attended the man at Warwick that was bitten with an Adder, the only thing that put him out of danger of losing his life, was the Mixtura simplex that was given him, which is a most noble Acid; but this man had not the Mixtura simplex given him in such quantities, or in any proportion to the Acids that Mr. Philipson took; neither was his Cure either so expeditious or so easy, as may be seen in Dr. Stubbs' relation of that matter.  
The hot Iron was equally useless in this, as in that Case; and I am apt to believe doth never do any service at all, unless applied at the very instant of time, that the bite is received.  
Mr. Philipson did suck his Finger as soon as he was bit, and to that a certain Physician attributes a great deal, and says it helped to expedite the Cure. Whereas there are several Authors of undoubted credit, who have given relations of persons that have died by so doing. And if this man had sucked out any great quantity of the Poison with his mouth, how came the whole Hand and Arm to be so immediately affected in so dreadful a manner?  
Lemery in his Course of Chemistry does confess, that the Viper doth abound more with Volatile (Alkalious) Salts, than most other Creatures, and assigns a very good reason for it, viz. from the extraordinary closeness of the Cutaneous Pores, by which means they do not perspire so freely as other Creatures do. Nay he confesseth, that their Poison consisteth in the emission of a very great quantity of Volatile Salts, at the time of their being enraged or angered; but then to square himself with the vulgar Opinion, he tells us, that these Volatile Alkalious Salts are instantaneously, at the time of their emission, during the time of the Viper's short rage, turned into Acids of the most volatile nature: this is such Jargon that nothing can be imagined like it. The transmutation of Metals (even to those who are the greatest enemies to it) is a mere jest to it.  
If we look into Moses Charras his account of the German that was bit at his house, after all the pother that he makes about his Volatile Salt of Vipers, yet the Cure of that man was not performed without a great deal of hazard and trouble, and the intermixture of a great many other Medicines, besides that of the Volatile Salt, and those even Acids too, as Treacle-water, and slices of Citrons with Sugar; but these Acids could not so effectually operate as otherwise, it's probable, they would have done, by reason of their being obtunded by the Volatile Salt, that was so frequently given him. But Hoffman in his Clavis Pharmaceut. Schroderi, pag. 45, & 46. (as I have elsewhere observed) doth wholly attribute the Cure of this man to the Juice of Citrons, after all other things had proved ineffectual; and ridicules Charras for feigning the Poison to be an Acid: For if this were so (says Hoffman) how could the juice of Citrons (which is an Acid) afford the Patient any relief?  
I shall conclude this subject with this one observation, viz. That Physicians get more reputation by keeping their Patients a long time in hand, and in continual danger of their lives, than by quick and expeditious Cures. As for instance:  
One Physician has a Patient sick of a Fever; he takes such a method that his Patient lies a month in continual danger and hazard, but at last recovers and gets abroad; he than proclaims to every body the miraculousness of the Recovery and the Danger he was in; upon which enquiry is made who was the Physician? he immediately replies, the Famous Doctor such a one; and if he be a Person of any Note, the Physician's work is done.  
Another Physician has a Patient that has the very same Fever; this Physician takes care to obviate all symptoms, and his Patient is abroad in eight or ten days, and perhaps has never been in the least hazard of his Life. He (instead of magnifying the skill of his Physician) tells his Friends, my Physician tells me I have had a Fever, such as my Neighbour such a one had, but I believe he is mistaken, mine could be no more than a Cold, which would have gone off had I done nothing at all; and this is frequently the reward that honest men meet with: and I doubt not but the same reflections will be made upon Mr. Philipson's Cure, viz. that he would have been well in the same time, had nothing at all been done to him.  
Several Physicians have publicly said, that a prick with a Needle or the point of a Lancet in some Parts would occasion as dreadful sympoms as this man had. Supposing this to be true, I believe every body will allow that the taking off of such Symptoms in so small a time, let the occasion of them be what it will, is not ordinarily seen; and Dr. G. with the prick of a Lancet only, was hurried away into another World, who yet was as likely a man to ●ake the forementioned Objection, ●o undervalue any thing done either by me, or upon the Basis of my Hypothesis, as any one now living.  
I will not pretend to justify Mr. Stringers conduct in a great many things; but he being a person greatly concerned in the first and most material part of what was done for Mr. Philipson in order to his Cure, I could not in justice but make use of his Name as he deserved. But for Mr. Small the Surgeon, he is a man of an unblemished Reputation, and as hopeful a Young Man as any of his Profession, the Testimony of whom only were sufficient upon such an Occasion; but the Testimonies of Mr. Philipson the Apothecary and the man himself being joined to his, makes the matter of fact unquestionable.   

Remarks upon Dr. Tuthill's Vindication of his Objections against my Hypothesis.  
Worthy Sir,  
YOU are the only fair Antagonist that ever I have had to do with, and therefore I ought to treat you with all the tenderness and respect imaginable. You cannot but be sensible that I walk in an unbeaten path, and therefore if I now and then am out of my way, I am the more excusable. It's true, some few other Physicians have heretofore used Acids in the Cure of several Distempers, and the friendly correspondence I have had with some of them has been of great use to me; but the assistance I have had from them as to the establishing of my Principles, has been very inconsiderable. If I have made any false steps, neither of them are obliged to answer for me, and if I have made any good ones, (which I cannot forbear flattering myself that I have) I am sure it is owing to my own labour and industry; and although I were not bred up at the University, yet I have taken as much true pains to inform myself in all the Parts of Physic, as perhaps any man ever did.  
Let an Hypothesis be laid down with all the caution and care in the World, and established upon never so certain a Foundation, yet there will still be some room left for men to object; and he that will spend his time in answering all trifling Objections, that may and will be raised against a thing that is new, must lead but an uneasy life. But, Sir, I do not mention this in relation to you, what Objections you have raised have seeming weight in them, and therefore I have given myself the trouble to clear myself of them as well as I can.  
I no where tell you, that I have said all that is to be said on the behalf of my New Hypothesis, that requiring several years to perform. But I have already said so much, that I believe I may boldly say, it is the best and clearest Hypothesis in Physic now extant, and upon the foundation of which a man may with greater certainty attempt the Cure of more Diseases, than upon any other that has yet been made public.  
The present business of my Profession, together with another Piece of Work I am engaged in, viz. A General Treatise of Fevers, does so take up my time, that I cannot make any very large Remarks upon your further Objections; and were it not that I am willing to let the World see, that I have a greater esteem for you, than for those Scoundrels that have heretofore appeared in Print against me, for the present I should have been silent. For I must assure you, that I do not think my Hypothesis at all shaken by what you have now said, there being little or nothing more than what was contained in your first Objections. However I shall transcribe your fresh Objections in the order I find them, and make my Remarks in the same manner.  
Reply. If you please to compare the Alkaline Spirit that you extracted from the Consumptive Man's Blood, with that which the healthy Blood afforded, you'll find no great disproportion, especially if you consider the Caput Mortuum of the sound Blood. For you say that it being broken into small Atoms, each Atom appeared to be so many little Bodies of Fire in your Microscope. That there is not the least spark of Fire in the Blood, I shall endeavour to prove anon; wherefore 'tis not irrational to suppose that those lucid Atoms were of the Family of Salts: And if Salts, than Alkaline, according to the Rules of your own Hypothesis. But then (you reply) the Tabid Blood would have yielded much more Alkaly, had not the great quantity of Luxuriant Alkaly been thrown upon the Lungs. Methinks this looks a little strange. For if you remember the Consumptive Person did sweat prodigiously. Now you make Sweat to be nothing but an excrementitious Alkaly. If this Alkaly then was carried off in such quantities, it could not well abound so much in the Lungs.  
Remark. This Objection or Reply to my Answer is a tolerable good one, and not without some seeming weight; but is what I am easily able to clear myself from. For,  
First, I myself have before taken notice of the small disproportion between the two people's Blood, and have assigned one very good reason for it; but according to your wont Candour, you have furnished me, with a second, and that is the profuseness of the Sweats. Now if after these two great discharges of Excrementitious Alkaly by sweeting and spitting, the Blood at last abounds with any quantity of Alkaly more than that of a sound person, it is, I think, very reasonable to suppose, that the Blood's being at first overcharged with Alkaly was the cause of the Distemper; and in very many Consumptive Cases it is usual for the Patient to spit up perfect Chalk, and that in great quantities: Now if the Blood were overcharged with Acids in Consumptions, the whole Mass passing so frequently through the Lungs, could not fail of being sweetened by this Chalky Alkaly. But on the contrary, I think it very plain, that the Tone of the Lungs being spoiled, and the Blood abounding with Alkaly, a part of this superabundant Alkaly is thrown upon them, and causes all the havoc that is made by this Tyrannical Distemper; and this being a Distemper that most of my Predecessors have died of, and of which I myself am apprehensive, has made me not a little inquisitive into its Nature and Cause.  
Secondly, That you might load the Blood of the healthy person with more Alkaly than I take notice of, you pretend from my own Hypothesis (though without reason) to assign the cause of the Lucidness of the Atoms of the Caput Mortuum, to proceed from the said Caput Mortuum's abounding with Alkalious Salts. Now I can assure you, that the whole quantity of Caput Mortuum, which that Blood produced, would scarce afford one grain of Salt of any kind. But supposing it to contain but the fourth part of a grain of Phosporus, which is a true Animal Fire, that would diffuse itself through the whole, and make it lucid. The Phosporus is a true Animal Fire, and is to be extracted from all Animal Substances; and if it did not exist in them, how is it possible for it to be extracted from them? And that the Phosporus is an Acidosulphureous substance, is to be demonstrated without difficulty. And I have plainly told you, that the Pabulum of Animal Fires is a sulphureous Acid.  
Your second and third Replies I shall not meddle with, because you either grant me what I have said, or else proceed upon mere suppositions, of which I can take no notice.  
But here you fall upon me again without that order I could wish for, first with Answer, and then First and Secondly again, and so on. Of this I shall take no notice, but go on from your first Reply to the Second, Third and Fourth, etc. in their order, and mark the pages in the Margin.  
Reply. 
Pag. 6, 7, 8.  You say, That in page not 67th of my Answer, I know not what to make of your warm Particles. And by way of Reply you say, you mean Alkalious Particles, such as you believe the Blood abounds with in some Fevers, and in which you grant Acids are of use. But yet (say you) I cannot agree with your notion of Fevers.  
A Fever (say you Pag. 68.) proceeds from a Constipation of some of the Emunctories, so that the excrementitious Alkaly, which should be carried off by them, is detained in the Blood, which by breaking its Globules, etc. This Doctrine does not seem at all to correspond with your Practice. For Spirit of Vitriol, and other Acids which are very styptic, the use of which you applaud in Fevers, should methinks constipate the pores more closely. And then they being of a very fixing nature, should fetter or retain those excrementitious Alkalies, Again, if Fevers are occasioned only by a detention of these Alkalies, than it must follow, that when ever they have free vent, the Fever must abate. But the contrary has been sometimes experienced, where the Patient has sweated very liberally, and yet died at last. If this will not serve the turn, I hope to make it appear anon, that Alkalies are not capable of breaking the Globules, and making such a bustle in the Blood. But I cannot but speak one word or two in their defence before I go any further. I am very apt to think, that in some Fevers, especially Pestilential and Malignant, the Spirits are primarily affected, according to the Hypothesis of the ingenious Dr. Morton, witness those symptoms which attend the Nervosum Genus immediately upon the first seizure. But you must not admit of this notion, from the soil which you must lodge in the Blood, and thence be communicated to the Spirits. Well, let it be so, I will not dispute it: the difficulty on your side will be great still. For, though I shall readily grant the Globules to be broken in the aforesaid Fevers; yet 'twill be a hard matter to convict Alkalies of those tragical disorders. For first, experience shows, that nothing is more proper in those Cases Malignant (I shall adventure to use the term, notwithstanding it has been so scouted of late) than pull. e Chelis, Rad. Serpentar. nay, Sp. C. C. itself, given in a proper Vehicle. But secondly, Nothing does so readily dissolve the mass of Blood, or separate its Principles as Acids, which I shall prove by and by, when I come to speak something of Dropsies. But this long discourse of the heat of the Blood, does naturally lead me to consider somewhat of its Flame.  
Remark. I do still affirm that Fevers in general do proceed from a constipation of the Emunctories. Now what I mean by Emunctories, are those parts which are only designed and provided by Nature for the separation of the Excrements from the Blood; and whenever they are so disordered as not to be able to perform that office, why then there must either a Fever, or some other great disorder follow. And that this Doctrine quadrates with my practice is very plain. For whenever these Emunctories are over relaxed, they cannot squeeze out the excrementitious Particles in sufficient quantities, and so they return back again into the Blood, and cause Fevers, or some other disorder; and so of consequence Spirit of Vitriol, or some such kind of Styptic is the only proper remedy to take off this disorder. But to knock this matter on the head, you say that in many Fevers the Patient sweats so much, that by so doing it has cost him his life. This I will readily grant you, but the Sweats you mean are certainly such as we call colliquative ones; in which cases the Emunctories are so overmuch relaxed, that they cannot bear a congestion at all, and so there is no such thing as a secretion, but the Juices good and bad are all let out together; and unless they can be prevented by proper stiptics, which will put Nature into her right course, the whole Fabric must soon be destroyed. And it is also to be observed, that in such Fevers the heat doth scarce exceed that of the natural temper, the Pulse being also exceeding low. In the latter part of this Reply you altogether go upon suppositions, without the least kind of demonstration, and so it is scarce worth my taking notice of: but however to manifest my respect, I shall go on with it. As for what you mean by the Spirits being primarily affected in Pestilential and Malignant Fevers (all deference being had to the worthy Dr. Morton) it is Heathen Greek to me: For by my own experience, (to use your own terms) in such cases I have found the Blood so full of soil, that from thence I stick not to acount for all the depression of Spirits and other nervous Symptoms that attend those Fevers. And for a Fever of the Spirits purely, a very late Author has sufficiently exploded that matter. And in my own Practice, within the space of a twelve month, I have been concerned with three Persons (and thanks to God I have seen no more) that have had the true Pestilence or Plague; the Blood of all which I have seen, and indeed it has rather deserved the name of Soil than Blood, they being such masses of Putrilaginous Substance, that no man could without horror behold; and (by the assistance of Providence) two of these persons I recovered by the means of Acids, and believe I might have done the same by the third, had I been called in time. As for what you speak of your Experience as to the efficacy of Pulvis è Chelis, and Sp. C. C. it's a mere trifle; and if ever any thing was done after the exhibition of them, Nature herself deserved the whole honour, nothing in the least being to be attributed to the Medicines, as may demonstrably be made appear, and to please you I shall endeavour to do. But by the way I beg of you, that you will not rank the Rad. Serpentariae with the Pul. è Chelis and Sp. C. C. for the Rad. Serpentariae belongs to me, it being a most noble sulphureous Acid enveloped; and that it is so I will be obliged to maintain. But to return. I do boldly assert that in no Fever that ever I have yet met with, let them be either benign or malign, have I ever yet observed that the Patient has been in the least sensible of any Acidity in the Stomach or Mouth, but generally those parts have been clogged up with a Matter that looks so like Alkaly, that if it be not the very same, I am sure it's no kin to the Crabtree. Now suppose it to be Alkaly, as it's plain it is, what can the Pul. e Chelis, which is a fixed Alkaly, or the Sp. C. C. which is a volatile one, do to remove; the Pul. e Chelis, or any Medicines of that Tribe, I mean of the Testacea, which for want of an Acid to dissolve them, must lie upon the Stomach, and by clogging of that cannot fail of doing a great deal of mischief to the whole Body? As for Sp. C. C. or any Medicines of that kind, I cannot see what reason there can be for the exhibition of them, because it is most demonstrably manifest, that the Blood of feverish People is always overcloged with Particles of the same Nature, viz. volatile Alkalious Salts. But instead of the Testacea and volatile Salts, if you use any of the following sort of Medicines, I am apt to believe that your Practice in Malignant Fevers will be more successful than it has hitherto been; viz. such as Aq. Theriacalis in large quantities, Mixtura Simplex, Elix, Vitrioli N r. an Infusion of Virginian Snake Root, etc. in Vinegar, etc. but here I have not room to expatiate. By the use of these Medicines you may raise the Pulse, and fortify the depraved and pauled Stomach, promote due and regular Secretions, and change the malignant colliquative symptomatick Sweats into benign and critical ones. But this is not a place for me to expatiate upon the method of the Cure of Fevers, that being reserved for a particular Tract by itself; which with some other things that I have promised the World, shall appear abroad as soon as I am able.  
As for what you here say in relation to Acids dissolving the Blood, I shall now take no notice of it, because you handle that matter more largely in another place.  
Reply. And here the Life of Man you take to be a Fire or Flame, and all we eat and drink, together with the Air, we draw in, to be Fuel for this Flame. The chief Arguments you bring to confirm this Doctrine, are taken from the Excrements of this Flame and its Fuel. The Excrements are Alkalies, which are near of kind to Ashes, the Relics of other Flames: And for its Pabulum, 'tis Acid and Sulphur the common Pabulum of all Flames. Here I must confess you talk very ingeniously, and highly improve the Notions of that great Philosopher. But let us examine this Hypothesis a little. As for Alkalies, I confess they are of the same nature with Ashes and Soot: Yet it does not follow, that because Alkalies are found in the Blood there must be a Flame too. We extract Alkaly out of several Herbs. 'Tis true the Herbs must be calcined first. But certainly the Salt was pre-existent in the Herb before the Calcination, or else the Fire produced it de novo, which you will by no means admit. The Inference than is plain. I will not adventure to say any thing of Crabs-Claws, Oyster-Shells, etc. lest you should make them the Recrements of a vital Flame. Come we next to the Pabulum, and that is Acid and Sulphur. That Bodies, in which Sulphur is predominant, are inflammable no body questions: But that such in which Acid is the chief Ingredient should burn, look like a Paradox. To instance in a few: Acet Spirit. of Vitriol. Suc. Limon. etc. are so far from promiting Fame, that they immediately quench it: and indeed I know but one Acid in Nature, which is inflammable, and that is Niter. But then this Vital Flame is not of a Nature with Culinary Flames. Answer, Since the Pabulum is the same, methinks the Flame should be so too. Again, though you speak so much of this Vital Flame, yet you do not (as I remember) much care to fix the Place of its Existence. I supposed it must be in the Blood, if any where. Now 'tis very hard to suppose a Flame in that Body, of which no part is inflammable. If you open a Vein, and the Blood spouts out reeking hot on the Fire, it will immediately quench it. So that methinks, these Notions seem to be a little too finely spun. Acid and Sulphur did support human Life, Men live upon Coals, Brimstone, etc. in which there is store of Acid and Sulphur. That we cannot subsist without Air is evident: For though there is no Fire in the Blood, there is Motion undoubtedly. Now the Nitro-aereal Particles give a fresh Fermentation (or Motion) to it, and free it from Coagulation. If you are not satisfied with this, consult the Ingenious Dr. Mayow. But then the Blood has heat and warmth; and these are the Properties of Fire. Answ. May they not be excited by its Motion? No (you reply) we are much warmer in Bed, when we use no Exercise, than when we are up and in Motion. Answ. The Body indeed is in no motion there; but the Blood is greater than when we are out of our Beds; and 'tis impossible should be otherwise. For do not the Bed-clothes protect us from the Coldness of the ambient Air? And are not a great many of the Volatile Alkalies detained by them, which reflecting upon the Body, warm it, and accelerate the Motion of the Blood? But after all, if we move violently when out of our Beds, we are much warmer than when in them. You are pleased to Object, 'tis impossible mere Motion should cause any Heat in fluid Bodies. How so? Let a Man put Spirit. Corn. Ceru. and Spirit. Vitrioli together, and observe their Effects, they will soon grow warm. 'Tis evident, they do not stand still, but move very briskly before they are warm. And what is the Heat of these Bodies occasioned by, but their Fermentation or intestine Motion? Surely it cannot be by Accension.  
Remark. That the Life of Man is a Flame, I think I have sufficiently demonstrated before, and shall here endeavour to make it somewhat more plain. The Phosporus is a thing that is to be obtained from all Animal Substances; and that the Phosporus is a Fire is past dispute, it performing all those things that common Fire will do, viz. enkindle inflammable Bodies, give heat and warmth to those things that are near it, afford Light in the Dark, etc. and yet in very many things doth differ from common Fire. Now if this Fire were not actually existent in Animal Bodies, how is it possible that it should be extracted from them? Common Brimstone, Tallow, Pitch, etc. do abound with Sulphur, and so of consequence are inflammable; yet from none of these, by any Artifice now known, is there the least quantity of Phosporus, or any thing like it to be obtained. The Phosporus won't burn, without a free access of Air, any more than common Fire: But herein is a very great difference between the Phosporus and common Fire. Let any inflammable Body be never so well enkindled, and afterwards the Flame or enkindled part of it immerged in water, and it will instantaneously be extinguished, so as not to be able to recover itself, though exposed to never so free an Air, without being again applied to some enkindled Body. Let a piece of Phosporus, in a dark night, be placed upon a sheet of Paper, it will immediately, or its own accord, afford a Light, will heat your Fingers, and burn the Paper; this piece of Phosporus being put into water, will, in all appearance, be totally extinguished, but though it has lain in the Water for a whole Year, upon being taken out, will of itself burn, etc. in the same manner it did when put into the Water. Upon stroking of some Cats in the dark, multitudes of small flashes of Fire will follow ones hand, as I have frequently experienced: Now this gentle stroking can never cause so violent a Motion as you make Fire to be, and indeed is, unless it were actually existent in the Animal before. Although I confess Fire to be a Substance that is constantly in motion, and that this motion is a very brisk one, yet all brisk motion is not a Fire, which from the Cartesian Hypothesis, seems to be a necessary conclusion: But I can assure you, I know several Fluids, that the more briskly they are moved, the colder they are; as for instance, a River is always colder in that part where there is a quick Current, than where the Water stands still: The Air is always more or less cold according as the Motion of it is greater or less; and I can assure you I have been almost starved when forced to travel in high Winds in the Wintertime, at which season the Air is most full of Nitrous Particles, which you own to be inflammable; and behold here your Nitrous Particles in violent motion, and yet a Man almost starved by them, nay several have actually been so, so that you may see it is not all kinds of violent motion, though of Particles inclined to take Fire, that will cause a Flame. So that you see I have sufficient reason to maintain my assertion, that mere Motion, though never so much excited, will not occasion Heat in fluid Bodies, and that there is a difference in some respects between the Vital Flame and common Culinary Fire, though in many things they agree. I shall here again enumerate some things wherein Animal Fire and Common Fire do agree and disagree. Animal Fire won't burn without a due access of Air, no more won't Common Fire; Animal Fire causeth Heat and Warmth, so doth Common Fire; Animal Fire cannot subsist without a constant supply of sulphurious-Acid Particles, neither can Common Fire subsist without a supply of the same Particles, etc. Animal Fire (for so I call the Phosporus) being immerged in Water, and afterwards taken out again, will regain all its properties of Light, Heat, etc. without being applied to other enkindled Bodies: This Common Fire will not do; for let it be once extinguished by immersion in Water, or otherwise, and it is never able to recover itself. I do still assert, that those Bodies which are the proper Pabulum for Fire, are those which are composed of Acid and Sulphur; but those which abound with most Sulphur, burn with the greatest violence; those which abound most with Acid, more slowly; and some Acid Substances which have little Sulphur in them will scarce burn at all, especially if much diluted with Phlegm, such as Vinegar, Juice of Lemons, Spirit of Vitriol, etc. and therefore when the Heat of the Body is too intense, I give those Acids which are least impregnated with Sulphur, to abate the violence of the Flame; when the Heat is too remiss, I then give sulphurous Acids to excite the Flame. You say you know but one Acid in Nature which is inflammable, and that is Niter: Now I do assure you it is my opinion, nay I am very well able to demonstrate, that most, if not all the pure Acids in Nature have their origins from the Niter of the Air, but pure Niter alone will scarce burn at all, unless mixed with some kind of Sulphur. As for fixing a particular place for the existence of the Vital Flame, I did not think there was any reason for so doing, but now I tell you, that I suppose it is diffused through all the parts of the Body, and if by accident any part is destitute of it, a mortification ensues. But then again you say it is a hard matter to conceive a Flame in that Body, of which no part is inflammable. Pray what do you think of the Oily Fat Particles contained, not only in the Blood, but all other parts, are not they inflammable. The reason why we are warmer in Bed, and after violent exercise, is not to be attributed to any unknown Doctrine of Fermentation, but because we have a freer Perspiration at these times, and so of consequence the Flame must burn more freely. The Comparison you make between the Heat of the Blood and that occasioned upon the mixture of the Spirit of Hartshorn and Spirit of Vitriol will not hold good; for in the mixing of those two Liquors, or in any kind of Fermentation, there is a very sensible commotion and hurry in all the parts of the said Liquors, whereas in the Blood of well Persons there is no such thing to be discerned. I confess by the impulse of the Heart it is driven progressively from the centre to the extremities, to supply the necessities of the Parts; but besides this progressive Motion, I know no other it has, all the Secretions being performed by proper Strainers, not from any Fermentation. Nay it is a very easy thing for a man to perceive that there is no such thing as a Fermentation in the Blood by the following easy Experiment, viz. let a few ounces of Blood run out of the Veins or Arteries of Man, or other Animal, into a very clear Glass Vessel, which vessel you may put into a Sand Furness, wherein the heat may be such as to keep the Blood in the same degree of warmth as it came out of the Vessels; and if there be any commotion to be seen with the best Light and best Eyes, like unto what may be seen in such Liquors which are in a state of Fermentation, upon information I shall gladly own myself mistaken. There is, I confess, a Froth to be seen upon the surface of some Blood after it is let out into the Porringer, which looks like the surface of Liquors which are fermenting: But this Froth is so far from being the effect of Fermentation, that it proceeds from nothing else but the different stream that the Blood runs in. For in the same Person, let one Parcel run out in a rapid stream, and it will occasion froth or bubbles; let another Parcel run out gently, and it will produce no such thing. Will not simple Water or any other Liquor do the same? but Blood being a Liquor of greater consistence, the bubbles when raised will not so soon disappear, as in Water or other Liquors that are more fluid; from which I hope it is plain, that the constant natural heat of the Blood does not proceed from Fermentation. And if the progressive Motion from the Heart to the Extremities gives it its heat, by the same reason, I think, the Water that runs from our Cocks should be warm also; whereas I dare be bold to say, that instead of gaining any heat by its rapid propulsion through the Pipes, it is much colder than the Water in the River at the place from whence it was received into the Engine. I had like to have forgot to take notice of what you have said concerning the production of Alkalies; but it being a very material thing, I shall here expatiate a little upon what I have before said upon that Subject, and shall take care as much as may be to avoid repetitions. I have already owned that Alkalies do actually exist in several Bodies as the principle of their death and destruction, but I never could yet see or hear of any one that has seen any such thing as either a volatile or fixed Alkalizat Salt, that was any other ways to be obtained out of Vegetable or Mineral Bodies, than from the Bodies after they had been burnt, viz. out of the Ashes or Soot of them, which are their Excrements, or rather the Excrements of Fire; or else after the Body had undergone a Putrefaction, which is analagous' to Fire. Now this being so in relation to Vegetables and Minerals, I think in may not be amiss to infer, that the Alkaly to be found in Animal Substances is the Excrement of their Fire; and which mightily confirms me in this Notion, all the Excrements of Animals are Alkalious, viz. a Matter thrown away either as useless or incommodious; and of consequence all the Alkaly to be met with in the Blood or elsewhere, is an Excrement in a way of being carried off. More upon this Head I shall not say at this time, by reason I shall have occasion to enlarge upon this, and upon the Heat of the Blood in my Tract of Fevers. But what I have now and before said is, I think, sufficient to satisfy any one who is not a mere Sceptic. But for manifest Acids, they are to be met with every where almost, both in the Mineral and Vegetable Kingdoms, even in those Bodies that have never undergone a Putrefaction, but are in the greatest state of Perfection; and for Vinegar and the like, it is so far from being the effects of Putrefaction, that it is the last degree of Perfection Nature alone is capable of bringing those Liquors to. It is also to be observed, that those Fruits of which Wine is made, were first Acid, before they came to a state fit to make Wine of; and that Putrefaction is the Cause of the Acidness of Unripe Fruits, I believe none will assert. This Subject is also too long to treat fully of in this place, and therefore I shall also omit the further prosecution of it for a Practical Discourse.  
Reply. If Alkalies are the Original of Distempers, whence is it, that in Dropsies, Catarrhs, some Gouts, and other Diseases, we find the Texture of the Blood so thin? 'Tis observable, that those Particles you term Alkalies, the more the Blood is saturated with them, of the more thick Consistence it is, as we see in Pleurisies, Rheumatisms and other Inflammatory Cases (in which Distempers, if in any, the Alkalies abound) Is not then its Tenuity rather to be imputed to Acids? Do not Acids immediately put the Blood in a Fusion, and render it thin? Your Answer to this is, that 'tis not the Thinness of the Blood is the only Cause of these Distempers, but a Destruction of the Tone of the Parts. Here methinks you do not argue so fairly. For you mention little or nothing of the Destruction of the Tone of the Parts in your Etymologies of Distempers till now. And why may not I as well say, in Inflammatory Cases the Blood is not affected with any Alkaline Particles? These Inflammations only arise from a Destruction of the Tone of the Parts; especially, if you consider what you asserted in your Notion of Fevers: For there the Emunctories are very much out of order. But (you object) since Acids will reduce the Blood to its due Consistence, it is not reasonable to suppose they should be the Cause of its Fusion. Answ. Whether Acids will restore the Consistence of the Blood I shall examine by and by: I fear they will not. But this I am certain of, they will put it in a Fusion. 'Tis well known that you celebrated Oil of Vitriol taken alone, or though in a Vehicle, if in too great quantity, kills. Now how does it kill? Does it not by dissolving the Mass of Blood, by separating the Grumous Parts from the Serous, and breaking its Texture after the same Manner as it does that of Milk? Sure I am, that Blood coagulated by the aforesaid Oil, does much more resemble Whey and Curds than Jelly of Hartshorn. Now then, what is all this but an Extraordinary Fusion? And if a large Doses will make such mad Work, and put the Blood into so great a Fusion; certainly a less Dose must cause somewhat of a Fusion. And 'tis rational to believe that Oil of Vitriol is proper only in those Distempers, where the Blood is too thick; very pernicious in such as have it too thin. And here I am very glad, that you so opportunely give us your Sentiments of Dropsies. A Dropsy (say you) or the Thinness of Blood in that Disease does not proceed from Acids, but overmuch Drinking. Answ. That large Draughts (there being little Evacuation by Urinal) render the Blood more thin is very obvious. But now the Patient had no such desire for Drink, till the Distemper was actually upon him. So that the Question is, what first brought on the Distemper. Was it not a weakness of Blood or want of due Consistence? I do not see how you can well deny it. But then (you reply) let it be so, 'tis impossible Acids should occasion this ill Habit of Blood. For, Hydropical People are Thirsty, and 'tis ridiculous to imagine that Acids should excite Thirst, when they are the only Things in the World that will quench it. Answ. This I confess, at first sight, looks like an invincible Argument: But I must crave leaver to weigh it a liltle. That Acids drank, or held in the Mouth, usually quench Thirst, is an undeniable Truth: Tho 'twill hardly hold good in all Cases. For, let a Man drink Brine, which is very much impregnated with Acids, or eat high-seasoned Meats; I believe though he were a Stoic he would immediately grow thirsty. But common Salt is not an Acid of a right Nature. Well, admit this. The most famous Acids that I know for suppressing Thirst, are Oil Vitriol. Spirit. Vitriol, etc. Now I hope to make it appear, that these, or Acids of the same nature, abounding in the Blood, may provoke Thirst. I proved just now, that Oil of Vitriol had an ugly Faculty of coagulating the Blood, or separating its Serum. That there is a Separation of the Serum in Dropsies is evident: If any Man should deny it, let him look upon the Abdomen and extreme Parts, and his Eyes are enough to convince him. Well then the Serum being thus separated (pray observe) and the Mass of Blood not enough diluted; the oral Glands must necessarily be defrauded of their due Moisture, and consequently Thirst excited. But still you harp upon the same string: Those Medicines which restore the Consistence of the Blood, cannot well be supposed to impair it. Now Acids restore it; and Steel in particular. Answ. That Steel is of excellent Use, and a very great Restorative, is not to be denied. But under favour, though you discourse very ingeniously of the Nature of Steel: Yet all you have said will not amount to a Proof of its being an Acid. I am still inclined to think it is an Alkaly. For though it does not discover itself to be such by its Colour, yet it plainly does by its Effects, viz. its Fermentation with Acids. If, notwithstanding this Phoenomenon, you will needs have it to be an Acid, why then one Acid will ferment with another; and so one Alkaly with another: wherefore, though we should subscribe to the Hypothesis, that Alkalies are the Original of all Distempers, yet 'tis hard to exclude the Use of them in general in Distempers. For some Alkalies or other might be found out that should dispute it with these offending Alkalies. You are pleased to quote Beeker for a Confirmation of the Acidity of Steel. The chief Sentence of the Citation seems to be this. Hoc tantum hìc loci allegabo, omne acidum substantiae martialis esse, in quocunque oleo, pinguedine, fuligine, limo, silice & arenâ, immo etiam ipsâ flammâ reperibile, & ad oculum demonstrari posse; quaecunque ergo naturae Acidae & martialis sunt, illa potestatem habent Alkali tanquam substantiam metallorum mercurialem alterandi & transmutandi. If I apprehend the Sense of the Author, this does not make so much for you. But suppose it did, Beeker was never reckoned Infallible. And though Chalybs were an Acid, it does not follow, because one Acid will renew the State of the Blood, that others will do so too. But since we have so happily fallen on this Subject, viz. the strengthening the Mass of Blood; let us see what other Medicines besides Chalybs are subservient to this End. And here I suppose your bitter Herbs may not be infimi subsellii. 'Tis needless to prove it; for hardly any Physician but what has experienced it. I do not believe you will dare to say, there is any thing of an Acid in these, since you know very well that Alkaly may be extracted from most, if not all of them. So that poor Alkaly is effectual in some Cases you see. But then (you say) Oakbark, Bistort, Tormentile, Comfrey-roots and others of that Tribe will reduce the Blood to Consistence. Answ. That they are astringent I grant; whether they will reduce the Blood, or invigorate its depauperated Principles, I much question. 'Tis very rare to see them prescribed in Dropsies, Cackexies and the like Distempers where the Blood is poor and low. They are proper indeed in Fluxes by virtue of their astringent Faculty; but then they owe this Astringency to Acids. Whether they do or not it matters not much. But why may not this Quality be derived as well from the Terrestrious as the Salt Particles of these Vegetables: Since Bol. Arm. Terra Lemnia and other plain Earth's are very styptic? I do not say these Earth's are so simple as to have no manner of Salt in them, but surely they have very little Acid.  
Remark. I am very glad you own Alkalies to abound in Pleurisies and Rheumatisms, and other inflammatory Distempers. Upon my work if this be granted, I have gained a great point; for to have put the World into a true way of Curing but one single Distemper, is what deserves no small Honour. And for the business of Dropsies, I do assure you I have no reason to recede from what I have said upon that Subject; but if you or any one else would favour the World with as certain a Method of curing a Confirmed Ascites or Belly-Dropsie, as I have done of curing Rheumatisms, Gouts, etc. I may self would spare no pains to trumpet up that Man's Fame, let him be who he would: But this is a thing I am afraid I shall never live to see effected, because the Tone of the Parts principally affected, is so destroyed and spoiled, that it would be next door to a Miracle to recover them. And although you are pleased to charge me with arguing unfairly, for attributing the Cause of Dropsies, in a great measure, to proceed from a destruction of the Tone of the Parts, because I had not before in my Etymologies of Distempers, taken sufficient notice of that Matter: Well, suppose I had before been deficient in that point, I hope it is no Crime to bring it in late, rather than not at all. But I do assure you, I have frequently taken notice of that Matter, and do lay as great a stress upon it as upon any one thing whatsoever; and I do still insist upon it, that the great Thinness of the Blood in Dropsies does in great measure proceed from the great quantities of Liquids' taken into the Body, and the small quantity discharged, by reason the Parts of it have lost their Tone, and therefore the Secretions not rightly to be performed; a man that drinks two Quarts in twenty four hours, not being able to piss, perhaps, above four Ounces, perspiration also being greatly hindered upon the same account. Now for want of a due secretion by the excretory Vessels, the Blood is clogged with too great a quantity of Serum; which Serum being admitted into the Lumphatick Vessels, and being impregnated with Alkaline Particles, cannot freely pass along these Vessels by reason of its Gelatinous quality, by which means they are distended to a vast Magnitude, and sometimes broke; and from the broken Lymphducts it is, that so great a quantity of Liquor is thrown into the Cavity of the Abdomen, which distends it to such a bigness. But for all this great quantity that is thrown into the Abdomen, the Blood is still loaded with three parts in four more of Serum thatn it ought to be, and therefore the Oral Glands cannot want sufficient Moisture. But here lies the thing, the Matter that in a state of health is separated by the Oral Glands, is impregnated with a Noble Volatile Acid, as does manifestly appear. But in this Case the said Acid is almost, if not totally destroyed, and the said Lympha impregnated with Alkaly, which is the occasion of the great Thirst that attends Hydropical People. But since I have attributed an Acidity to the Lympha in a state of Health, and yet assert that there is no such thing as a Pure Acid to be obtained from the Blood either in a Morbid State or in a State of Health, that being enveloped in the Oily Particles, I shall presume, to avoid further Objections, to make a little excursion concerning the general use of the Glands.  
I shall at present divide the Glands into two kinds or sorts, the first of which separate the Excrementitious Particles from the Blood, and throw them quite off by some proper Emunctories, such are the Excretory Glands of the Skin, the Glandulae Renales, the Glands of the Liver, etc. all which do separate an Alkaly from the Blood, to be thrown off as Excrement; and if by any accident these Glands are made uncapable of performing their office, so that the Blood cannot be rid of its Excrements, why then a Distemper of some kind or other must necessarily follow. The Second Kind do receive a Noble Substance into them to be again mixed with the Blood, or for other Uses, of universal Advantage to the whole Body. The Glands of the Mouth do separate the thin Juice impregnated with a Volatile Acid, which Juice was never designed by Nature to be thrown away, as some Tobacco-takers lavishly do, but to impregnate our Food as it is chewed in the Mouth, and afterwards to dissolve it in the Stomach, and turn it into a Substance fit for the Nutrition of our Bodies. The other Receptory Glands, for so I presume to call all those which do not separate Excrements from the Blood, do, by the extraordinary providence of Nature, receive into them that fine Substance which is superfluous in the nourishing of the Parts, and by means of the Lymphducts, in a gentle and easy course, do convey it to the Ductus Thorachicus, where it is mixed with the Chyle, just before it is admitted into the Blood; and that this Lympha is a Mild Acid has already been owned by many. So that here you see, if there be any Acid in the Body superfluous, Nature is very provident in the preservation of it, and equally careful in throwing off the superfluous Alkaly by a multitude of Emunctories or Excretory Glands.  
From what has been said concerning the Use of the Glands, a great many Phaenomena concerning Dropsies, and other Distempers, may with ease be solved. In Dropsies, for instance, as is before observed, the Excretory Glands not being able to perform their Office, the Excrementitious Alkaly, together with its Watery Vehicle, is detained in the Body; by which means, although the Body may increase in bulk, yet none of the Parts receive their due Nourishment; and the Tone of the whole being relaxed and spoiled, the Receptory Glands forget their duty also, and instead of receiving into them a pure acidulated Serum only, they are forced to let pass some Alkalized Excrementitious Serum, which makes the whole of a kind of Gelatinous Consistence; which not being able to pass along the Tracts of the Lymphducts, distends them to that degree that it causeth swellings in the Belly, and Aedematous Tumours in the Legs, etc. And Belly-Dropsies having for the most part a Jaundice as their Forerunner, nay frequently goes along with them through the whole course of the Distemper, is no small Argument to prove the Truth of what I have before taken notice of, viz. that some of the Excretory Glands have been defective in their duty, by which means the whole Body is impregnated with this Yellow Die, and the whole Aeconomy put out of order: And that the Yellowness of the Body does proceed from a redundancy of Bile, no body denies; and that Bile is an Alkaly you don't disown. But now come we to the Curative part of this Damnable Distemper; which although it be rarely to be performed in a confirmed State, yet in the beginning, nay after it has made some progress, is frequently to be done, and that as effectually by Calibiats and Bitters as by any sort of Medicines. But here for want of making Experiments, (by which means only we are capable of arriving to any sort of Certainty in the knowledge of things) you say that Steel and the bitter Herbs are Alkalies, and the reasons you give for it are, because Steel being mixed with Acids will cause an Effervescence, and the bitter Herbs, after burning, do afford a fixed Alkaly. Solid Reasons indeed! For all Sulphurs being mixed with Acids will cause an Effervescency, nay some of them take Fire; and that all Metals are full of Sulphur is past dispute; and from the Ashes of all Plants, even Sorrel itself, may be extracted a fixed Alkaly; therefore by this way of arguing, Sulphur must be an Alkaly, and so must Sorrel also. But the manner of the Production of Volatile and Fixed Alkalies having been spoken to before, I shall say no more to that Matter. I shall touch a little upon what I take to be the General Principles of mixed Bodies, not that all these Principles are to be separated from all Bodies, some containing all, some two, three or four of them; and according to the different mixture of them, different Substances are produced. Acidum and Sulphur I take to be the Vital Active Principles in Bodies, Alkaly the Principle of Death and Corruption, Water and Earth the two Passive Principles. From these five Principles I think I can more easily account for the Various Phenomena in Natural Bodies, than from the old Five of Salt, Sulphur and Mercury, Water and Earth, or from any other Principles that have yet been broached in the World. I have only mentioned this matter to let you know the Principles I go upon, but shall leave the further prosecution of it to another opportunity. But to return to the business of Steel and Bitters; as for Steel, I have said so much already concerening that in several places, that I shall not here trouble myself nor you any more about it. But if we can cure Distempers with it, it is no matter though one takes it for an Alkaly, and the other for an Acid; nay I can assure you, that if you will but black your Fingers a little with Charcoal, you will find it to be a sulphureous Acid. As for Bitters, I will be bound to lay a good Wager with you, that if you put a pound of Centaury or Wormwood dried into a Retort, and distil it with an easy Fire till all be come off that will, and afterwards calcine the Caput Mortuum, and extract the fixed Alkaly from the Ashes, if you don't find a treble or much greater proportion of Acid to that of Alkaly, to be produced from these most bitter Plants, I will be a loser; and I assure you I will lay you or any one else a good sum upon this matter. But further, if bitterness did proceed from a predominancy of Alkaly in any Body, why then a man would suppose the more this Body were impregnated with Alkaly, the bitterer it would be: but upon my word I have frequently experienced the contrary. For when I was a Champion for Alkalious Medicines (as I am not ashamed to own I once was) I have extracted a Tincture from Myrrh, Aloes and Saffron, with well rectified Spirit of Sal Armoniac, hoping to do great Feats with it. Now after I had digested them together for ten or twelve days in a gentle Sand-Heat, instead of having the Tincture bitterer than the Myrrh and Aloes themselves were, I have always found it almost, if not altogether, without any bitterness at all in it. Nay after a longer digestion it has been almost perfectly sweet. However I lay not any great stress upon Tastes, the differences in them being one of the specific differences the Great Creator hath planted in things, of which we have as yet but very little knowledge. A few degrees of predominancy of any of the Principles, cause very great alterations in Bodies, both as to Colour, Smell and Taste; and for aught I know, a knowledge of these Minute Circumstances is what we have no possibility of arriving to in this World. But one word more concerning Bitters, because you will account them Alkalies, and lay so great a stress upon them. Vitriol of Silver is the most exalted Bitter I know, and a Celebrated Medicine in the Cure of Dropsies, but yet is no Alkaly; and after you have considered it, I believe you won't term it so. What you say to Acids fusing the Blood, it is directly contrary to what our Predecessors have asserted, who attributed its coagulation to Acids, and to what you yourself say a little after. But what I attribute to Acids in general is this, that they keep the Blood in its due state, viz. keep the Fibrous and Globulous Parts in their due Texture, and keep the Serum fluid, by which means the whole Mass is capable of performing its proper Offices without being liable to Stagnations; and also by confirming and strengthening the Tone of the Parts, they greatly contribute to the aforesaid end, viz. preventing Stagnatitions, and promoting the Secretions. As for what you say concerning the giving of Oil of Vitriol alone, I readily assent to it, that it will make mad work. But I hope you cannot charge me with any such mad Practice. When People are cold, they naturally run to the Fire for warmth, but none but mad Persons will put their hands into it; and although Culinary Fire, if People are so imprudent as to throw themselves into it, will consume and destroy them, yet a prudent use of it is a very great comfort to Humane Life; and were it not for Fire the Russians and other Northern People would have but a very sad time on't during the course of their long Winters: so it is in relation to Oil of Vitriol, although given alone it will cause Death and Destruction, yet being diluted in proper Vehicles, and given in very large quantities, will in many cases produce as noble Effects as any one Medicine now known. It is the business of a Physician to consider the Nature and Constitution of his Patient in all respects, and to proportion the Doses of Medicines according to what their Stomaches and Natures will bear. I hope there was never any one so wild, because Oil of Vitriol is recommended in Fevers, as to give it alone without a Vehicle. But what you charge upon Oil of Vitriol may be retorted upon most other Medicines of an active Nature. Because an ounce of Calamelanos given at once to a Man will scarce fail of killing him, I suppose that done't deter you from giving a few grains of it to a young Child. An ounce of Rozin of Jallup will kill a Ploughman, and yet a few grains may with safety be given to a very tender constitution. I could retort a great many things of this kind upon you, were it not altogether needless: for that Physician that gives a Medicine without first considering it in all its circumstances, deserves to be banished from the society of Mankind; and he that knows most, is generally most cautious: and although I am so clamoured at by my Brethren, yet I can boldly say, that the greatest slips that ever I have made, have been from my over-cautiousness; and I will rather choose to commit three faults from that, than occasion the loss of one Man's Life from rashness and inconsiderateness. What you have objected against Oil of Vitriol taken alone, has long since been objected by other People, and the Objections fairly answered. I shall presume to transcribe what I have met with in an Apologetic Dialogue between Philerastus and Chemista, upon the same Subject, Theatrum Chymicum, pag. 86, 87. Vol. I.  
Ph. Absit tamen Vitriolum, Chalcithin, atque alia idgenus leprosa, impura, atque corrodentia mineralia in humanum Corpus ingeri, & ad perpetuam tui Nominis ipsiusque artis infamiam usurpari.  
Ch. Quid ita, Hospes mi?  
Ph. Nam cum Oleum Vitrioli etiam à Gesnero toties laudatum, Scutellam Stanneam exedit: quit simile periculum in Stomacho nostro membraneo non meritò verebitur?  
Ch. Aspera tu quidem tela elidis, sed quae facilè retundi queant à Philosopho excitato. Nam si Oleum Vitrioli propter Stannum ex eo exesum humano corpore exulabit: quid Vino sublimato, Aceti Mellisque Spiritu, quid tale, & Limonum Citrorumque succo fiet? Nam eorum unumquodque Stannum absumere, vel semestris Medicus agnoscit.  
Ph. At non tarn parvo temporis Curriculo, atque Spiritus ille vitriolatus.  
Ch. Imo sanê minori, si cum nostro illius exhibendi modo conferatur ratio; nollem enim te aliquem Chemistam tam stupido ingenio praedilum existimare, ut Oleum Vitrioli nullis aliis mixtum Liquoribus propinare ausus sit: sed potius ad aquae Rosaceae vel alterius Liquoris libram Olei Vitriolati guttas totidem adjicere, quod ad aciditatem comparandam satis esse queant, cui Liquori Oleo Vitreoli accrescenti, si tantum Stanni immerseris, quantum Aceto: nullum non invoco supplicium, nisi Stannum multo magis corrosum reperiatur. Verum si hoc Oleum Vitrioli vel etiam Sulphuris in usu esse non mereatur propter erosionem, quo se conferent cantharides, à Galeno inter ea Medicamenta relatae, quae ne gustare quidem audeas propter summam putrefactionem atque erosionem? tamen veterum ferè omnium atque multorum Neotericorum praxes eas ad Urinam provocandam, penisque 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 & suscitandam Venerem usurpant atque commendant.  
Ph. Nequeo diffiteri, sed tamen parva quantitate eas prescribunt, & non nisi aliis convenientibus rebus admixtas; quo quidem modo exhibitae non solum innoxiae perhibentur, sed etiam persalutares.  
Ch. Vera praedicas, atque ego itidem respondeo; Olea praedicta debita quantitate, mixtura, praèparatione exhibita, tantum non corrodere corpus humanum: sed ejus spiritus reficere, Febres extinguere, obstructiones aperire, putredinem arcere, venena exigere, sitim sedare, Ulcera percurare, omnesque illas vires cum laude sua plurima exercere, quas illi Gesnerus Epistola ad Cosmam Medicum, aut Paracelsus in Libro de Vitriolo ascripserunt.  
I could produce a great deal more of this kind from many of the ancient Chemists, who were honest men, and who to the best of their knowledge did endeavour to reform Physic, and to put Practitioners upon a right bottom: But they were defective in so many things, that their undertake wanted success, though from some of their Writings honest and inquisitive men may receive great advantage. Although I shall not trouble you with any thing more from the Ancient Chemists, yet I shall make bold to transcribe a Letter I lately received out of Yorkshire, there being something in it that relates to the point in hand.  
Tertio Non. Martii.  
Vir Dignissime,  
TRactatus tuos summis cum deliciis & voluptate perlegi, & tuum in promovendo illo Nobilissimo Medicinae studio institutum maxime demiror in humani generis bonum universale: Macte Bone Vir Melioribus Avibus, & Momas aspernare: Te certum faciam me acidis uti 10. annis elapsis summo cum successu, & Alkalia tantum ut absorbentia Acidi aestimo: assiduâ experientiâ videatur quantum valet appetitus & digestio, & quid dubius est hoc in casu quam Alkalia & quid melius Acidis: & Acidum est tantum solum fermentum Ventriculi, quid Coward audet dicere nemo advertet. Omnibus in seculis praeteritis quot Morbos edomuit Acidum non necessarium est enumerare. Virum quendam habui putridâ Febre laborantem, quem tantum Sp. Vitrioli in aquâ frigidâ (Deo favente) restitui: in Haemoptoe, Hydrope, fluxu Muliebri, & fere omnibus in ventriculi Morbis, Scorbuto infinitos fere curavi Acidis eommixtis, & in vehiculis appropriatis exhibitis. Equitem Vicinum meum calculo cum Paralisi & Haemorrhodali fluxu decumbentem quodam Acido ad priorem valetudinem reduxi, & ab Orco detraxi: immo quamvis in Hypocondriaca affectione Acidum culpamus, tamen quid emolumenti in isto Proteo accidit à quodam Acido non est nunc enarrandi locus, hic Acidus meus liquor omnes obstructiones reserat & flatum, Gas illud Sylvestre compescit, & omnes istos motus irregulares componit (instar fulminis si quicquid in Praxi vel Lectione meâ occurrit summâ cum sedulitate ad te (mi bone Vir) mittetur.  
Nam tui favoris sum studiosissimus Jo. Watson.  
Postscript.  
Be pleased to direct a Letter to me, to be left with Mr. Uster, Apothecary in Burnsly in Yorkshire, by Doncaster Bag. I beg a Literal Correspondence, and shall communicate to you some Acid Arcana, for that name they deserve.  
I hope what I have said is sufficient to remove that Mighty Objection about the hazard of giving Oil of Vitriol alone: But I might have spared myself this trouble, for I am almost positive, that there is not any Physician in Christendom of any business, though never so great an assertor of the usefulness of Alkalies, who has not some time or other made use of even Oil of Vitriol, that dangerous Acid: but how they can answer for it I cannot tell: for if Acids are the cause of Diseases, how they dare with a good Conscience give even the most temperate Acids to their Patients, I cannot understand; and I am sure they themselves can give no reason for it. But I believe it is from a conviction of Conscience that nothing is to be done without them. Again, if Acids were so pernicious to Mankind, as some People would make us believe, I wonder that the College of Physicians done't unanimously petition the Parliament to prohibit the Importation of Oranges in such vast quantities as we now have 'em. You greatly harp upon that string, that Acids held in the Mouth won't quench the violent Thirst of Hydropical People; to which I answer, that it is impossible when the whole Mass of Blood and Lympha are contaminated with Alkalious Particles, that the washing the Mouth only with Acids should take away the Thirst, when the parts are continually washed with the contaminated Juices, and so, of consequence, the particles of the Acid must be soon obtunded. But however nothing is more grateful or delightful to an Hydropical Person, than a slice of Lemon or any such thing. Common Salt I allow will excite Thirst, but not quatenus Acid, for Spirit of Salt will take it off as soon as any thing. But, Sir, I do assure you I have stumbled more at this one thing, viz. Common Salts exciting Thirst, than at any thing else besides, and therefore have spared no cost in making Experiments to find out the reason of it; at last, after much labour and sweat, I found there was no Salt but what had more or less of a damned thing called Bittern mixed with it, of which you may be perfectly informed at any Salt Works; now this Bittern is the most corroding fixed Alkaly in Nature; and although it be inconsiderable in quantity in respect of the Acid the Salt contains, yet it will fix itself upon the parts after the Acid of the Salt is all dissolved, and so excite Thirst. Of this Bittern you may expect more in another place; for had I not had a design to please and satisfy you, I would not at all have taken notice of it here; because the allaying of violent. Thirsts I only attribute to manifest Acids, and common Salt not being one of that sort, it matters not whether it will allay Thirst or not. I love not repetitions, but however for once I shall be guilty of it. You may remember that in another place I tell you, that those things which by Distillation afford a greater quantity of Acid substances, than of Alkalious ones, are to be reputed Acids & vice versa; now common Salt affords nineteen parts in twenty more of Acid than of Alkaly, therefore is an Acid: but before Distillation the Acid is so enveloped, although it contains so much of it, that it is not at all discernible to the Taste. I believe no one that has blacked his Fingers will deny Guaiacum to be an Acid, but at the same time I believe it was never prescribed to allay Thirst. Things, though of the same Tribe, are differently to be administered, according as they are differently specificated by Nature. It is not a certainty of the knowledge whether Acids or Alkalies are the Causes of Diseases, will presently make a man a Physician, though it will go a great way towards it, but a thorough knowledge of the different specifications of Nature must also concur.  
You charge me with contradicting myself, and after that you should have been sure to have avoided any such thing yourself; but however in one place you say, that Oil of Vitriol dissolves the Blood, and in another that it coagulates it; but I shall take no advantage of this slip, but shall conclude my Remarks upon this Paragraph, I having already spun them out to too great a length.  
The next Paragraph is too long to transcribe, and there being little material in it, I shall only make some general Remarks upon what I find worthy taking notice of.  
You first of all charge me with saying, that neither too much nor too little Acid must be given, which is the sum of a Page or two, viz. 19, and 20. In answer to which, I do assure you, that no Virtuoso need be ashamed to employ his time in considering the due proportions of things requisite to accomplish the thing he undertakes. Now in Physic he that doth not understand the true Rules of Proportion, deserves not the Name of a Physician. He that will prescribe an Ounce of jalap instead of a Dram deserves to be hanged; and who but a mad man will give a Pound of Oil of Vitriol, when forty Drops in a Pint of Water is all that is desired? But, Sir, prudent Physicians have a wonderful Director in relation to Manifest Acids, and indeed to every thing else, that is the Stomach, which is a nice judger of things; that which is agreeable to her, she receiving and retaining with pleasure, that which is disagreeable she rejecting and abhorring. But however she must not be overloaded with those things in which she taketh the greatest delight. Now Manifest Acids are things she as much or more covets and delights in than in any thing besides; but when she hath enough to supply her wants she gives sufficient item of it; and if the Stomach be rightly consulted, it is impossible the Blood should be overcharged with them; but if at any time People are not sufficiently cautious of that matter, but load the Stomach with more manifest Acids than the Body hath occasion for, she won't fail of rejecting them by Vomit: this Matter may at any time be safely experimented by an over-large draught of Vinegar, in any Case where the Body hath no need of it, or at least in so great a quantity at a time; for which reason I tell you that the Blood cannot superabound with Acids, as it's plain in fact it doth not, neither in a Morbid nor Healthy State, because the Stomach will not receive or retain more than it hath occasion for; but although it cannot overdo, yet it is very frequently defective in conveying a sufficient quantity into it, either through its own fault, or the fault of the Physician who forbids the use of them, and so the whole Body suffers damage. How greedily will the poor Stomach embrace the Juice of an Orange, or the like, in a Fever? and how scornfully will she reject and abhor any thing of a contrary nature? nay the usefulness of Acids is so evident and extensive, that it is almost a shame they should now want a Champion, after there has, for so many years together, been so great a noise made about Experimental Philosophy, and even public Societies, in many Nations, erected on purpose to cultivate it. But to return from whence we left off; I am apt to believe that if you take the following advice, you will scarce be guilty of an Error in the giving of manifest Acids, viz. always give them in such quantities as the Stomach will receive them with pleasure and delight, and never refuse them when the Stomach earnestly craves them; this is the method I observe at present, and believe I shall never have occasion to recede from. I confess it may be lawful sometimes in very extraordinary cases to strain a point beyond what Nature craves, but herein if the thing should chance to be overdone, all the damage that can ensue is occasioning a puke or two; this you may take from my constant experience, and believe me I would not willingly impose upon you and the World: But in general, it is always necessary for us Physicians, who are, or at least should be, only Nature's Servants, strictly to observe her Necessities, and not to outrun her Dictates.  
Without making the least Experiment to convince me of being in an error, you go on to range Sassafras amongst the number of Alkalies; but when, from Experience, I do assure you that Sassafras is an enveloped Acid, I think you ought not to trouble me and the World with conjectures; and were it not that I value and respect you, I would not so much as take the least notice of your Conjectures. As for the remaining part of this Paragraph, I think I have no occasion to take notice of it, I having sufficiently answered every thing that looks like an Objection in it in my former Remarks; and therefore shall, in your own words, conclude, that if I have any where expressed myself indecently, I hope you won't attribute it to rudeness or disrespect: for I do assure you, I think you a Blessing to the Country wherein you live, and done't doubt but that I shall see you an Honour to our Profession.  
I should have concluded, but that you also begin again; and that I may not be unmannerly, I shall for once keep you company to the end of your Journey; but do not design any more to trouble the World with Disputes, but if any thing more of that Nature offers itself, worth my taking notice of, it shall be included in some Practical Discourse. And so pass we on to your Reflections upon the First Part of my Essay of Alkaly and Acid. And first,  

OF THE Small Pox.  
WHAT I think worthy taking notice of at present in your Reflections upon this Matter is this, That you honestly and fairly allow the giving of Acids in a Flux Pox, the only dangerous one, and from which our Patients are in most danger: but in Benign Pox you commend me for doing nothing, and indeed I shall always continue so to do where my Patients have no occasion for Medicines. I am a Friend to Rad. Serpentariae Virg. as well as you, in all those Cases where there is an occasion for Cardiacks; that and Saffron being as Noble Cordials, as perhaps, are at all known; yet they must never be given but with due caution and circumspection. But I am a professed and declared Enemy to Pul. e Chelis, and all things of that kind. And once again I do assure you, that Rad. Serpentar. upon distillation will appear to be a sulphureous Acid; and in cases where the Pox doth not come out kindly, and the Pulse is low, an infusion of that Root in Vinegar, or some such thing, will do very good feats. I confess the Testaceous Powders in Benign Pox, are frequently given without any evil consequence; but the reason is, that the Patients are generally in so good a condition, and have so much strength of Nature to support them, that it is almost impossible to kill them; but what fatal work they make in Flux Pox, or any other of a malignant kind, is but too frequently seen. Here observe the difference between your Method and mine, even by your own confession. Mine is principally serviceable in dangerous Cases, Yours in those wherein there is no danger. Granting this, you may still keep your own Method to yourself, and I will stick to that which will stand me in stead in hazardous Cases, and even only stand by and look on in those where my Patient has no occasion for my help. You at last blame me for giving Syrupus e Meconio in the beginning of the Small Pox; but surely you are overhasty in blaming me upon that score, for of all men in the World I deserve least to be blamed for tampering too much with Opiates. If you remember, the occasion of my prescribing Diacodium in the beginning of the Small Pox, was this, viz. If the Patient's Stomach be overcharged or clogged with viscous Matter, I then prescribe an easy Vomit; and after the operation of the Vomit is over, to allay the hurry and disorder occasioned by it, I prescribe a little Diacodium, but never prosecute it afterwards, as some people fatally do. I have not time, else I would remark upon you Line by Line; but having taken notice of what is material, I shall let fall the rest, and leave you and your Friends to make the best of it. But cannot forbear to assure you, that two or three of my greatest Enemies in this Town, have of late prescribed Acids plentifully to their Patients in the Small Pox, and yet at the same time have railed at me for so doing: whether this be like Gentlemen, I leave the World to judge.   

OF THE Scurvy.  
IN this Matter you perfectly agree with me in my Practice, only you would bring in the Bitter Herbs as great assistants in the cure of this Distemper, and these Herbs you will have to be Alkalies. As for Bitters I greatly approve of them in their proper places. But having before put you in a way to be satisfied that they are not Alkalies but Acids, I shall not here trouble myself nor you any more upon that Matter: Nay if we can but once agree in the main Point of curing Diseases by any particular sort of Medicine or Medicines, though you account it an Alkaly and I an Acid, we ought not to fall out about that matter, but give God thanks that we are able to perform the Work we pretend to. Yet at the same time I think a Physician ought as much as he is able, to know the true reason why a Medicine performs such and such Operations. And I must confess I shall be very unwilling, upon any occasion, to prescribe a Medicine, the manner of whose operation I am not able to account for. As for what you say concerning the Scurvy that attends the People in the North Part of Devonshire, I think I have sufficiently accounted for that matter already; and I doubt not but impartial Readers, who will give themselves the trouble of perusing my several Tracts, will acknowledge it.   

OF Rheumatisms.  
WELL met my good Friend! I must confess you have almost come to an agreement with me in several things before, yet here you say your Practice and mine are the same, but don't mention how long you have used this Method in the cure of this Distemper. However I can't presume you had it from me, but that it was your own Judgement that led you to it. I hope, for the good of the Country where you live, that in a little time we shall agree in more things than the cure of Rheumatisms only. However I would have you remember, that in another place you blame Acids as the cause of Pain, and yet here you professedly use them in the cure of a Distemper, the principal Symptom that attends which, is exquisite Pain.   

OF Consumptions.  
A Consumption is a Distemper, the progress of which in this our Island, I have oftentimes heartily bewailed. It is likewise a Distemper that most of my Predecessors (as I have before observed) have died of, even in the Prime of their Ages; and is also what I have more cause to be afraid of than any thing else besides; upon which score I have spent a great many days and nights in the consideration of the Nature and Cause of this Fatal Distemper, which deprived me of the best of Fathers, whilst I was but a Child, and has also robbed me of some other of my best Friends. Now the reason why I have not hitherto spoken so much about it, as of other Distempers, is, because I have been some years in collecting Observations in order to the Writing a particular Tract of Consumptions, and was unwilling to anticipate what I had to say upon so weighty a Subject, though I was able to say as much concerning that Matter, as of any Disease about which I have treated. Nay, I am apt to believe, that I may without Vanity say, that I have cured more true Consumptions in the space of one Year last passed, than any one Physician in England has done, and that by the means of Acids of one sort or other, viz. either Manifest or enveloped ones; an ample account of which, as soon as my business will permit, I design to make public. But however I shall spend a little time in remarking upon what you have said. You allow Acids to be proper and beneficial in those Consumptions not attended with a Catarrh, which is a concession which very few Physicians besides will give their assent to; or at least if they will, they are but very lately come over. But considering that the main thing you harp upon, is, that manifest Acids are not proper to be used in Catarrhs; I shall a little take that thing into my consideration. Now although a Catarrh will cause a Consumption, or wasting of the Parts of the Body, yet a Catarrh is not what we in England commonly call a Consumption; the Distemper called Tabes Anglicana, or the English Consumption, proceeding from an ulceration of the Lungs: and in these cases for the most part we have no Catarrh, though sometimes it doth attend them; but one of the principal Symptoms of this Distemper is the discharge of a great quantity of tough, yellow and greenish Pus, in which cases you allow Acids to be proper: nay although there be a Catarrh attending them, yet it is not from that that we make our fatal Prognostics, but from the good or evil nature and quantities of the aforesaid Pus, with some other Symptoms not necessary here to enumerate. Nay it is not uncommon for our Consumptive People to bring up from their Lungs by Coughing, as perfect Chalk Stones as ever were found in the joints of Persons severely handled with the Gout; which Chalk I am sure was never the Daughter of an Acid. But however not to insist any longer upon this matter at this time, it not being the proper place for it, I shall return to the business of Catarrhs. I have before taken notice, and as you yourself here own, that the Saliva is a noble Acid, and conveyed to the Mouth for a most noble purpose, viz. to be mixed with the Food in chewing, and afterwards in the Stomach, to turn it into a substance fit for the nutrition of our Bodies. Now if on any occasion the Glands of the Pharynx, and other Glands about the Mouth are over-relaxed, that they cannot retain the Lympha in their proper receptacles, but let it fall continually from them, being what we call a Catarrh, or defluxion, this must inevitably cause a tickling Cough, not because it is an Acid, for even a defluxion of the most simple Water would produce the same effect; but the Body being continually robbed of this most noble Juice, cannot fail of being wasted and decayed by it. And that the cause of a simple Catarrh doth proceed from a relaxation of the texture of the Glands only, and not from the Lympha contained in, and continually brought to them being over-acid, the following easy Cure is sufficient to demonstrate, viz. Let some Mastic and Olybanum be made into impalpable powder, and with a long Quill or a hollow Instrument made on purpose, let it be blown upon the Larinx at night going to Bed; the continuance of which for some Nights together will frequently do wonders in the cure of Catarrhs. I confess this was none of my own contrivance, but was communicated to me by my worthy Friend Dr. Jones, who is a man of the most happy invention that ever I met with. Now the only design in the using of this Powder is, that being immediately conveyed to the Parts affected, it should cause them to contract themselves, or regain their Tone, and of consequence the Catarrh will cease. This is not all that I have to say concerning Catarrhs, but I think is as much as is necessary at this time. You tell a famous Story of a Person that had a Catarrh brought upon him by the over-plentiful use of Sevil Oranges; but are so deficient in relating several circumstances that are necessary to be known upon such an occasion, that if I have not already said enough to solve this difficulty, I shall leave you to make your best advantage of it; for I am so tired that I can go no further. And I do assure you it shall be the last Controversial Discourse that ever I will write; for if ever I meet with any Objections against my Hypothesis worth taking notice of, I shall make it my business to clear myself from them as well as I can, in those Practical Discourses that I design (God willing) hereafter to publish. I confess I am over head and ears in debt to the Public, having promised several things which many have expected should have come abroad long before this time, and indeed I designed they should; but several unexpected Accidents have intervened, which have put me by, and hindered me in my undertake, yet in due time I will endeavour to fulfil what I have promised. I shall conclude with assuring you, that I am now so absolutely confirmed in the truth of my Hypothesis, that I am sure it is not in the power of any one to overthrow it; though at the same time I must own that I may have been deficient in some circumstances relating to the explication of it; but time and further observation, I hope, will clear all those things. Thus wishing you to weigh all things in the Balance of Reason and Experience, before you pass a Censure, is all at present from  
Villars-street York-Buildings, May 12. 1698. Your real Wellwisher, Jo. Colbatch.    

POSTSCRIPT.  
DR. Coward took an occasion to make some wonderful Reflections upon me and my Hypothesis, in order to recommend a Medicine of his own invention to the World. This Medicine, which he calls Tinctura Sanitatis, is as Noble in its Nature, as the Author is Generous and Great in his Temper. I can assure the World it is nothing else but the most ridiculous kind of Sal Volatile Oleosum that ever I saw; and were it not that I am unwilling to expose a Member of the College, I would print the Receipt, which was communicated to me by one that has been employed by him to prepare it. The Doctor cannot but own that I am more generous to him than he has been to me, in that I have not published the Story relating to Mr. Bat and Mr. Lord also. But such poor Enemies as him and Lee, are rather to be pitied than any thing else. However, Sal volatile Oleosum, being a Medicine in great vogue with almost all other Physicians, I shall presume to make some few reflections upon the main ingredient in it, which is the Volatile Spirit, or Salt of Sal Armoniac. Now every body knows that the Volatile Spirit, or salt of Sal Armoniac, are little else but the Volatile Spirit or Salt of Urinal, which at best is no more than an Excrement of our Bodies. But however, there is something more that deserves our taking notice of, in order to deter us from the use of this Medicine, which is now so much in fashion, to the no small detriment of many. The Salt Armoniac, from which the Volatile Spirit or Salt is extracted, is a Composition of Urine, Soot and Sea-Salt; and by the addition of a fixed Alkalizate Salt or Quicklime (which is the usual method in making Spirit and Salt of Sal Armoniac) the Acid of the Sea-Salt is so entangled, that it readily lets go from it the Volatile Spirit or Salt of the Urine and Soot; but that of the Soot is very inconsiderable in quantity to that of the Urine. Now the Urine made use of for the aforesaid purpose, is generally procured from public Houses, which is a jumble of all together, viz. of People labouring under all kinds of Habitual Diseases, as Pox, Gout, Scurvy, Scrubbado, etc. Now there is scarce a Disease attending Man's Body, but some of the Morbific Particles are imparted to the Urine; and if the Urine in general partake of them, the Spirit and Salt must do so in a more eminent degree; so that, I think, a necessary consequence of giving such a Medicine must be the sowing the Seeds of Diseases in men's Bodies. And I believe in my Conscience that one great reason of the late frequency of some Tyrannical Diseases, more than heretofore was wont to be, has proceeded from the exorbitant use of Spirit and Salt of Sal Armoniac, and those other things of which they are prime ingredients. Now I desire that our Ladies, who are subject to Histerical Distempers, would well consider this matter, because they are generally armed with it, to fright away that Distemper, of which I am afraid it is in great measure, if not altogether the cause, or at least of the saline Particles of the same kind with which their Blood abounds. I shall say no more at this time, but hope this further Hint, to deter people from the use of Volatile Alkalious Spirits and Salts, of which the Spirit and Salt of Sal Armoniac are most common, may not be unserviceable.  
I have made use of the words Spirit and Salt of Sal Armoniac, as of things somewhat different, though indeed there is no real difference between them; that which is called Spirit, being only a proportion of the Salt diluted in a proper quantity of Phlegm: this is well known to Physicians, but it is Very probable that other Persons into whose hands these Papers may chance to fall, might have laboured under some difficulty about it, without this Intimation.  
FINIS.