ADAM in EDEN: OR, Natures Paradise.  
The History of PLANTS, Fruits, Herbs and Flowers.  
WITH Their several Names, whether Greek, 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉; the places where they grow; their Descriptions and Kind's; their times of flourishing and decreasing; as also their several Signatures, Anatomical appropriations, and particular Physical Virtues; Together with necessary Observations on the seasons of Planting, and gathering of our English Simples with Directions how to preserve them in their Compositions or otherwise.  
A Work of such a Refined and Useful Method, that the Arts of Physic and chirurgery are so clearly laid open, that Apothecaries, Surgeons, and all other ingenuous Practitioners, may from our own Fields and Gardens, best agreeing with our English Bodies, on emergent and sudden occasions, completely furnish themselves with cheap, easy, and wholesome Cures for any part of the Body that is ill-affected.  
For the 〈◊〉 greater benefit, there is annexed a Latin and English Table of the several names of Simples; With another more particular Table of the Diseases, and their Cures, treated of in this so necessary a Work.  
By William Coles, Herbarist.  
Then the Lord took the Man, and put him into the Garden of Eden,  Gen. 2. 25. 
LONDON. Printed by J. Streater, for Nathaniel Brook at the Angel in Cornhill, near the Royal Exchange, 1657.   

To the TRULY NOBLE, AND Perfect Lover of LEARNING, Sir William Paston, Knight and Baronet.  
Most Honoured Sir,  
NOtwithstanding the general Dedication of this Herbal which you will sinned at the Foot of my Epistle to the Reader, I have thought it absolutely necessary to apply myself to your Worship in Particular, humbly beseeching you to give me leave to commit it to your more immediate Protection, that in case it should meet with any malevolent Spirits, that should have any thoughts to cast forth their venomous detractions and aspersions upon it, the Luster of your name appearing in the Front, might cause them to vanish, no otherwise then the nocturnal Spirits do at the approach of the Sun. That which emboldened me, though a stranger to you, to presume so much upon your goodness was the general repute, that you have really deserved by those propitious Aspects, that the Nobleness of your Nature hath vouchsafed to cast upon those, that bend their endeavour towards the advancement of any design tending to the public good, especially if it be in order to the laudable study of Physic, wherein you have approved yourself a good Patriot, aswell as by those happy discoveries you have communicated to the World; but more especially in that rare cure of the Gout, which your Charity hath dispensed with so much success and comfort to many that have been afflicted with that painful disease. For as not only those that follow military employments may be said to deserve well of their Countries, but also those that by a more contemplative kind of Life, or less Corporally active do lay out their Parts, and hazard their Reputations by exposing their Labours to the view of the censorious multitude; So they that protect the latter are as worthily to be commended as they that command the former. And amongst the rest, Students in the Herbarary Art are as profitable Members as any other, for besides that they are Trumpets of God's glory, setting forth itself so wonderfully in th●se 
Praesentemque refert quaelibet herba Deum.  Vegetables, they are also by some, called the Hands of God, because they are his Instruments to apply those things unto Mankind, that he hath Created for their preservation. And in this respect, Physic may be said to be more effectual than Divinity itself, for though the Charmer or Preacher charm never so wisely, yet if the Auditor be not compos m●ntis, but like the Deaf Adder, he will lose his labour▪ But such are the Powerful virtues of Herbs administered by a skilful Professor, that they will even restore those that have lost their Senses, and so not only make them capable of good Counsel and wholesome instruction, but cause both mind and body to resume their pristine Integrity. And thus in all Humility, I lay it down at your Worship's feet, not without some hopes that you will be pleased to accept it, and to pardon the boldness of  
Sir, Your most humble Servant, W. Coles.   

To the Reader.  
Courteous Reader,  
TO make thee truly sensible of that happiness which Mankind lost by the Fall of Adam, is to render thee an exact Botanic, by the knowledge of so incomparable a Science as the Art of Simpling, to reinstate thee into another Eden, or, A Garden of Paradise: For if We rightly consider the Addresses of this Divine Contemplation of Herbs and Plants, with what alluring Steps and Paces the Study of them directs Us to an admiration of the Supreme Wisdom, we cannot but even from these inferior things arrive somewhat near unto a heavenly Contentment; a contentment indeed next to that Blessedness of Fruition, which is only in the other World; for all our Pleasures here having but the fading Aids of Sense are beholding, or rather subjected to our humane Frailties, so that they must in respect of our Expectations in some kind or other ever fall short. Nevertheless most certain it is, amongst all these transitory Entertainments of our Lives, there is none more suitable to the mind of man then this; for I dare boldly assert, that if there be any one that is become so much an Herbarist, as to be delighted with the pleasant Aspects of Nature, so as to have walked a few turns in her solitary Places, traced her Allies, viewed her several embroidered Beds, recreated and feasted himself with her Fragrances, the harmless delights of her Fields and Gardens; He it is, that hath embraced one of the greatest of our terrestrial Felicities. Hence it is, that Emperors, Princes, Heroes, and Persons of the most generous Qualifications, have trod on their Sceptres, slighted their Thro●es, cast away their Purples, and laid aside all other Exuberancies of State, to Court their Mother Earth in her own Dress; Such Beauties there are to be discerned in Flowers, such Curiosities of Features to be found in Plants. When God Almighty would have Adam to partake of a perfection of happiness, even then when he stood innocent, he could find none greater under the Sun then to place him in a Garden. Spencer, the Prince of our English Po●ts, seats all Pleasures in the Gardens of Adonis, as the more ancient did in those of Al●inous and the Hesperides: For my part, my Genius and more particular Inclination hath for a long space made me subservient to the Sweetness of these Retirements; the best Hours of my Life being spent in the Fields and in Physic Gardens, more especially in that Famous One at Oxford, where I made it a great part of my study to be experienced in this laudable art of Simpling, of which I have already published a Treatise, neither have I pursued this employment only for the private contentment that I received thereby, much less out of a greediness of gain, but from a Zeal to the public good, as having observed, that through the ignorance and negligence of pretenders to the knowledge of this art, sundry unhandsome dylasters to have happened to the ruin of many, and amongst those, to some that deserved most of their Country. Had Solomon that great proficient in all sublunary experiments preserved those many volumes that he wrote in this kind, for the instructions of future ages, (so great was that spaciousness of mind, that God had bestowed on him) that he had immediately under the Deity been the greatest of Doctors, for the preservation of mankind: But with the loss▪ of his Books so much lamented by the Rabbins and others, the best part of this Herbarary art hath since groaned under the defects of many unworthy Authors, and yet re●naines under divers Clouds and imperfections. The truth is though it be necessary for a man to know and learn all Sciences, nevertheless the knowledge of natural Philosophy ought to be most esteemed, as being no l●sse useful then furnished with all admirable delights, the variety of these will be things setting forth to their best extension the invisible wisdom of the eternal Creator. When I undertook this work, I was not insensible of the meanenesses of mine own endowments, neither did I, without a modest reflection upon myself, survey those larger gifts which Mr. Gerard, Mr. Johnston, and Mr. Parkinson present unto the World: Not to mention many other Writers: for they stood on the shoulders of others, as I am sometimes feign to do; I thought it no adventure, but a necessary endeavour to do my Country further service: and, without arrogance I avouch it, I determined myself happy in th●se my undertake and that more especially for these following Reasons.  
1. As their Volumes are too chargeable for every common Buyer, so they are fraught with divers passages that rend not to edification, all which I have waved.  
2. As I would do my Country that honour and right, not without reason to compare her and her Gardens with the most eminent Countries and Gardens in the World, so I shall less trouble the Reader with those Outlandish Plants and Ingredients, which are almost if not altogether impossible to be obtained, but rather acquaint him with those more wholesome Heros and Plants that he hath growing at his own door, which are more consonant and proper for his Body.  
3. Though their Cutts do take up much room and render their Books much more abundantly dear, yet they are so much inferior to those of Matthiolus and Dioscorides, in respect of the smallness of their Size, and the false placing of them, that the Botanic is as commonly puzzled as satisfied, and thereby disabled to give an ingenious account of them.  
4. As many things have since their Deaths been observed in Gardens and other places which they never discoursed of, so there are many virtues since discovered in Plants which they never so much as mentioned.  
5. As I have ministered a new method in a more compendious Volume being also very plain and easy, so I do deliver my Reader from divers difficulties that till this present, he hath been perplexed with.  
6. I have laboured to make my descriptions agreeable to the soil which neither Ger●rd or Parkinson did, that so they may live in the Herbarists esteem, as they do in their native and proper places.  
7. I have not altogether walked alone in these my Travails but have gone along with Mr. Steevens Principal of Hart-Hall in Oxford, Mr. Lydall, Mr. Brown, Mr. Wit, Mr. Hanley, Mr. Beeston, Mr. John Cross, the Apothecary, and divers other my good Friends, being very eminent Botanics, in the University of Oxford, conversed with and received advice from them, and had the approbation of divers other learned Herbarists now living, and if I have failed of the best of our English men, Mr. Good-yeare, Dr. Bowl, Mr. Ashmole, the intelligence of our late times, Dr. How, their assistance had not been wanting to mine endeavour, if my humble deserts could have raised me to the felicity and Honour of their Acquaintance.  
8. I have not only set the Names of Plants and their Virtues but their proprieties also, their Affects and Effects, their Increase and Decrease, their Flourishing and Fading; their distinct Varieties and several qualities, so that I may resolve the Reader thus much, that though no Art be able to express Nature in her likeness, yet if any Author can with his Pen counterfeit Similitude for Life, shape and shadows for substance, he doth to the utmost of his power express his Duty.  
I hope I shall not need any motives to encourage the green Herbarist to this study. If Pleasures may invite him, what fairer objects are there for the sight then these painted Braveries? what Odours can ravish the sense of smelling more than those of flowers? If the sensuality of the Taste hath delighted him, what can be more acceptable than the luxurious deliciousness of Fruits: And for that high concernment we all seek after, Health, what hath the great preserver of all things rendered more sovereign than the virtues of Herbs and Plants, without the use of some of which no Confection can be made by the Apothecary. If none of these melting inducements carry force enough with them, the Reader must give me leave to descend to the great argument of the World, Profit, which, above the general good, hath been a Bait that hath caught the vulgar: In the first Age, as Herbs and Fruits were the ordinary Meat of Men, so the necessary use and benefit of them is the more clearly evidenced unto us, both by the long and healthful Lives of our Forefathers, and also by the great pains and charges, they from time to time were at in manuring and planting Orchards and Gardens, making use and gain of Wilder places, not only delighting themselves with some of the Ornamental Toys of Nature, but prosecuting the affairs of their Lives for the nearer concernment of Provision for their Families.  
And now, ingenuous Reader, that I may show myself as sincere an honourer and true lover of the advancement of this Science as I can, give me leave most hearty to wish that there were more Benefactors to the late noble Institutions of some Physick-Gardens: amongst which Mr. Morgan● of Westminster hath one in his Tuition, which by the nobleness of Dr. How is already very full fraught, and is like to be rendered more richly fruitful. That I may not seem too tedious in this Preface, for my Readers better satisfaction, I have also prefixed a further Account or short Explication of my Method.  
To conclude, I dedicate these my Labours to the Commonwealth of Learning, to the College of Physicians, Surgeons & Apothecaries; to the Court, to the Nobility & Gentry; In fine to all those that honour this Art, and delight in the peace and welfare of their Country: entreating them to pass over those fall and aberrations which must needs be incident, to one that hath traversed so many Gardens, Woods, Fields, and Hills. With my Prayers for the prosperity of the Nations, together with my best desires for the good success of mine▪ Endeavours, I take Leave and rest,  
Thine, W. Coles.   

A further Account, or short Explication of the Method used in the ensuing Work.  
THis Herbal further than hath been expressed in the Epistle to the Reader, doth, as near as is possible, acquaint all sorts of people, with the very Pith and Marrow of Herbarism, contrived and set forth in an easy and exact Method: wherein I have made an anatomical application throughout the Series of the whole work, by appropriating to every part of the Body (from the Crown of the Head, with which I begin; and proceed till I come to the Sole of the Foot) such Herbs and Plants, whose grand uses and virtues do most specifically, and by Signature, thereunto belong; not only for strengthening the same, but also for curing the evil Affects whereunto they are subjected. In which industry I have not been alone, but have found such loving friends, both Physicians, Surgeons, and other Coadjutors and Travellers with me in this Science also, that I suppose I may modestly affirm that I have done that, which not English man hath preceded me in.  
And besides this general Method of the whole Book, you will find that of every particular Chapter to treat of the Names, Kind's, Forms, Places, and Time, Temperatures and Virtues, if not the Signature of every Plant. For not doubting but it will come into the Hands of some Learned Persons, whose longing desire it is, to be expert in this most satisfactory employment, I have omitted nothing that might render it incomplete, beginning with the Names which are most commonly given them either for their most eminent virtues, or for some notable affection, or else for difference sake; that the diversity of Names, that the best Writers attribute 
Conveniunt rebus nomina saepè suis.  to the same thing, might partly be made known. For to set down those improper, bastard, and insignificant names, which are used in divers Counties of this Land, and amongst some Writers also, would require much pains to little Purpose. And then, that that great Variety wherein Nature hath been pleased to discover her Beauty and Liberality, might not be concealed, I have set down most of the Species of every Genus. As for the Forms, I have usually described that which is most ordinary, because Providence hath prudently ordered that those things which are most common, should be likewise most useful, though there be some fantastical ones that esteem lightly of every thing which is not rare. The Places 
Omne charum, rarum  are also many times particularly expressed, that the Reader may know to obtain those Plants he standeth indeed of; And that he may not look for them at a season, that they are not to be had, the Time is expressed likewise, and sometimes, the particular time, of gathering.  
But for the time of gathering Plants in general, and the ordering of them afterwards, I shall refer him to that Book of mine, called The Art of Simpling, wherein is set down the several ways of distinguishing Herbs, as by the differences of their Leaves, Stalks, FloFlowers, Seeds, Roots, Juices, &c: The Temperature and Qualities are also set down, that seeing hot diseases are usually cured with cooling Medicines, and cold disease's with hot Medicines, it might be known when a Plant is proper or not. The Signatures likeness are taken notice of, they being as it were the Books outof which the Ancients first learned the Virtues of Herbs; Nature or rather the 
* Deus cuique Plantae indidit proditorem suum Crossius, in Praefatione de Signaturis.  God of nature, having stamped on divers of them legible Characters to discover their uses, though he hath left others also without any, that after he had showed them the way, they by their 
* Scivit Deus labore acquisita gratiora hominibus esse quàm sine labore obvia, quae plerumque fastidire solent. Id.  labour and industry, which renders every thing more acceptable, might find out the rest, which they did not neglect, but prosecuted with extraordinary diligence, yet have they left sufficient Inquiries for succeeding Ages. And the Virtues, and other Properties, whether nocent or innocent of every particular Plant, which were found scattered in divers Authors, I have collected and put together; and added divers excellent Observations, never yet taken notice of by any other Writer, that I have met with, not omitting the way of Use and Application, whether it be internal or external, setting down whether the Bark, Leaves, Stalks, See●s Roots, Juices or distilled water be of greatest Effect: So that not only Men, but Women also, who do frequently bend their Endeavours this ingenious way, when they shall be pleased to peruse these my Labours shall find both Pleasure and Profit in the reading of the same: For as there be divers Diseases which happen to them only, as those of their Breasts and Womb, so there be many Plants, that have more specifical Virtues, for the service of those parts, than any other; divers of which I have marshaled together, when I come to speak to the said Distempers. Lastly, that nothing might be wanting that can be thought necessary for the Compliment of this my well meaning design, besides the Table of Appropriations which is to be prefixed, there is suffixed or set after it a threefold Index or Table, one of the Latin, and another of the English Names, with a Table of the Virtues and Properties, whereby divers Inquiries, whether Medicinal or other may be fully satisfied.  
And now let me tell the ingenious Reader, and by him others, that if those of these times would but be, by a joint Concurrence, as industrious to search into the secrets of the Nature of Herbs, as some of the former, and make trial of them as they did, they should no doubt find the force of Simples many times no less effectual, then that of Compounds, to which this present Age is too too much addicted, as hath been very well observed by those learned Brethren of that noble Order of the R●secrucians. Thus have I broken the Nut of Herbarisme, do thou take out the Kernel and eat it and much good may it do thee.   

TO His Esteemed, William Coles, upon his New Methodised History of PLANTS.  

SOme may condemn your forwardness, that you  
Venture thus soon into the public view;  
But by the wisest sort 'tis understood,  
No man can be too hasty to do good.  
And may all those that enviously do browse  
Upon your Leaves, far like the Vicar's 
* See the Art of Simpling, Chap. 19  Cows;  
The fault will be their own, yet still 'tis true,  
In Yew there's poison, though there's none in You:  
For you have scrutinized Dame-natures' store,  
To find out Remedies, that may restore  
Expiring Health, when the cold Hand of Death,  
Is ready to extort our vital breath.  
And as Diseases subtly do part  
Themselves in Squadrons; some invade the heart,  
Others the Head surprise; and others strive  
If not to kill, to make Us die alive.  
So you your Plot ingeniously have laid,  
To raise stout Forces with small Charges paid,  
To charge their several Parties in each part,  
And Nature marches Hand in hand with Art.  
Kind Nature always hath held forth her Book.  
But few have thought it worth their pains to look  
Within those precious Leaves, wherein each cure  
Is plainly legible in Signature.  
You have revived that Knowledge, and by Her,  
You will be thought her best Interpreter▪  
I'll say no more; your Books themselves will praise,  
And every Garden yield you verdant Bays;  
And they that find the good, with all their Souls,  
Will with Newcastle may send all such Coals.   
Anthracius Botanophilus.   

TO His Respected FRIEND, Mr. William Coles, upon his Herbal.  

Known the blind World what price to set, on real happiness,  
And not mistake for their chief good, what is their chief distress,  
They would not run with such career, after the flattering bait  
Of Riches, Honour, and those troubles, that on greatness wait:  
Neglecting pleasures more sincere, wherein they spend their hours,  
Who dai●y with calm thoughts converse, with Gardens and with Flowers.  
These things though plain afford content, and easy are to gain,  
Those seldom but through rapine, fraud, or murders men attain.  
What wise man would not rather choose, in pleasant Fields to be,  
Then in the midst of bloody Fights, or on the raging Sea?  
There horrid Cries and Sights affright, Pale Death doth there surround,  
Here nought but pleasing Objects are, calm peace doth here abound.  
These are the joys that so proclaim th' Elyzian Paradise,  
But these the happy Age of Gold knew no felicities.  
And Sacred Mysteries inform, that but for one Man's Sin,  
This now disordered Earth had all one florid Garden been.  
These thoughts Invite the gentle Muse with Rosy wings to fly  
o'er Tempe and the pleasant Plains of flowery Thessaly.  
Sweet Antium, fair Praneste, the delightful Rosaries  
Of Pastus, where a thousand joys and pleasures wantonise,  
To dwell upon the fragrant Scents, the medicable power,  
And all the beauty of the world contracted in a Flower:  
Panchaia's Gums, Day●s sloping darts on a clear Fountain's streams,  
Those cannot boast more balmy Smell's, nor these more orient beams.  
Yet think not that a Generous Soul can rest itself at ease  
With those more unrefined delights, which vulgar spirits please.  
Court bounteous Nature, search into her deepest mysteries,  
And seek that sovereign virtue that, in each Plant hidden lies.  
So may we the first Age's Innocence hope to revive,  
And long obscured Wisdom from her dark mists to retrieve.  
Behold a Garden richly fraught with Nature's choicest store,  
What ever springs within the Confines of the British shore;  
May he whose verdant fancy teemed with such a smiling birth,  
Enjoy a Fame fresh as his Flowers, that so adorn the Earth.   
E. Philip's.   

TO The Excellent Herbarist, Mr. William Coles.  
Worthy Sir,  
AFter my so large progression in this Botanic Science, it was my happiness to Embrace your acquaintance, and to spend some happy hours with you; in which you rendered yourself so admirably accomplished, that I thought myself obliged to afford you my best Advice, and to furnish you with some of my Select and Choicest Papers for the perfecting this your so Ingenuous Design: And thus much I presume, that I may safely affirm in the behalf of this your Elaborate Volume of English Plants, with the Physical and anatomical uses of them, that for the Method and Draught of this work, I have not perused any leaves of this kind that could be more beneficial; or that ever better pleased  
Your Friend and Adorer, William How, Med. Doct.   

The Approbation of divers Herbarists concerning the ensuing, Work.  
THis Author having taken into his Serious Consideration the infinite inconveniences arising to his Native Country, (whose faithful Servant he hath approved himself to be) through the ignorance of the generality of people, who (for Want of cheap Means, and Sound Instructions) concerning the Knowledge and Use of suc● Simples, as are either growing ●ea● them, or easily to be h●d, and the many disadvantages ensuing by their Neglect of them, it being his Care to restore those Benefits, which our Wise Creator hath provided for all men, by a very easy and ready Method, the like whereof was never yet published; We whose Names are underwritten can do no less than recommend it to all our loving Countrymen, exhorting them to take notice of it, as they tender the Welfare of themselves and their Relations, nor doubting but that in a short space; they will be able to say, that it is a P●ece of as great Use and Concernment, as was ever yet extant. For hereby they shall fi●● the Way, how they themselves may cure divers Diseases, Distempers, and Wounds: In Approbation and Testimony whereof we have thought good to own this Work with the Subscription of our Names,  
Edward Morgan, Herbarist to the Physic Garden of Westminster, Thomas Gilbanck, Richard T●ggey. Cum multis aliis▪   

TO Th' Ingeniously Learned, Mr. W. Coles, on this His worthy Labour, entitled, The Paradise of Plants, or, Adam in Eden.  

SIr, My Affection, not my Avarice,  
Hath made my Intrude into your Paradise:  
Where, to Amazement, I have gladly seen  
Earth's fairest Beauties, dressed in Lovely-green:  
So Glorious, so full of Eloquence,  
They both surprise, and captivate the Sense:  
So Ravishing, I cease to wonder more,  
Why Dioclesian, the Emperou●,  
Put off His Purple, and resigned up all,  
To lead His Life, within a Garden-Wall:  
So various, as if they meant to Vie  
Their different Faces, with Humanity:  
So Numerous, we'd think the Heavenly Scheme,  
Had not a Parent, for each Plant of them;  
(Whereas, though Earth their Common Mother be,  
They All from Heaven, derive a Pedigree.)  
And yet (to tell you Troth) there is a Plant,  
Balis, by name, which Sovereign Herb, I want:  
For, Draco, in his Heat, a Man hath slain;  
And Thylo-like, I'd have him Live again.  
But O their Virtues! those do strike me Mute,  
theyare passed Expression; some, past finding out;  
Or pestered with an Inconvenience, which  
Makes Him that knows 'em, but a knowing-Witch:  
And that's one Reason theyare so closely hid,  
(Nature's whole System, so enveloped)  
And we (Poor Mortals!) thus exposed to try  
Endless Conclusions, for their Energy.  
Nor should w'in any measure, this attain;  
But that some Vocal Signatures, explain  
The end of their Production, and Restore  
To us, in part, what Adam knew before.  
In which Grave Search, a number have done well,  
But very few, had fortune to excel:  
And those that did, the Ancients greatly Prized,  
Rewarded high, nay, sometime Idolised.  
Thus Chiron, for his Skill, was feigned the Son  
Of Saturn and Phillyre; Aesc'lapius won  
A God's repute; Blind Homer magnifies  
Italian Circe: others, Canonize  
Her for a Goddess; and the Marsian-race  
(Descended from Her) hold in special grace.  
Thus, the great Language-master, Mithridate,  
Lives still Adored, for His Cabinet  
Of Recipes and Secrets; welcomer  
To Pompey, than all else He got by th' War:  
Lenaeus famous, in the Roman-State,  
Because those Jewels He did well Translate:  
And Valgius, for His Tract of Simples writ  
(Though left Unperfect) 's venerable, yet.  
So Theophrastus, Dioscorides,  
Galen, and Pli●y, wear Immortal Bayss:  
Rhasis and M●sue, noble Avicen,  
Admired all, by every worthy Pen:  
And 'twere Ingrate, should any less be done,  
To Painful Gerard, or Learned Parkinson:  
For, they have much advanced Bota●ick-Skill,  
And made it Passable, to those that will  
Pursue their Steps. But now! what shall we say  
What own we to You, that have Smoothed the Way,  
And cut it shorter, by whole Shelu's of Books,  
That serve, but to confound'em Overlooks  
Their bulky Vol'ms? So Methodised the Art,  
That now 'tis Apposite Man's every Part:  
Whose Triple Regions have their Plants at hand,  
His Limbs, their proper Medicines, at command.  
What Nature, but confusedly presents,  
 Orderly disposed, to Her intents;  
Distiguished by their several Names, and where  
Those puzzle us, y'are their Interpreter.  
Their Qualities, their Forms, you do declare,  
Which cure Diseases, which 'gainst Poisons are;  
Heale Sores, or yield us Delicates, to Eat,  
Which serve for Sauce, to Saporate our Meat;  
And all at easy Rates. I could (almost)  
Believe, the Wiseman's Books were never Lost,  
(Such is the Knowledge, doth from hence accrue▪)  
Or (were they so) I'm sure theyare found in You.  
Go on (Brave Soul!) and Perfect this Design,  
Whilst we conspire, to make Your Glory shine;  
And (with Respect to Learning) fancy still,  
That Coles hath writ, as fair, as any Quill.  
G. Wharton.    

A Table of the Appropriations, showing for what Part every Plant is chief medicinable throughout the whole Body of Man; beginning with the Head; quoted according to the Chapters contained in this Book.  

For the Head in general.  
walnuts, 1  
Peony, 2  
Poppy, 3  
Squills. 4  
Larch Tree its Agarick, and Turpentine. 5   

For the Brain.  
Wood Betony. 6  
Sage, 7  
Rosemary 8  
Lavender, 9  
Marjerome, 10  
Primroses, Cowslips, and Bears Ears 11  
Lily of the Valley 12  
Misselto. 13   

For restoring Hair.  
Quinces, 14  
Moss, 15  
Maidenhair, 16   

For the Eyes.  
Fennell, 17  
Verveine, 18  
Roses, 19  
Celdndine, 20  
Rue or Herb-Grace, 21  
Eye-bright, 22  
Clarey, 23  
Hawkweed, 24   

For the Ears.  
Asarabacca. 25  
Ground I●y, 26  
I●y, 27  
Poplar-Tree, 28  
Nightshade, 29  
Sowfennell, 30  
Sow-thistles, 31   

For the Nose.  
Wake-Robin or Cuckowpint. 32  
Flower-deluce, 33  
Horsetaile, 34  
Shepherds purse, 35  
Willow, 36  
Bistort. 37  
Tormentill, 38  
Cinckefoile, 39  
Showbread, 40   

For the Mouth-in general.  
Medlars, 41  
Mulberries, 42  
Mints, 43  
Purslane, 44  
Golden Rod, 45   

For the Scurvy.  
Scurvygrasse, 46  
Small Houseleek, 47  
Aloes or Sea Houseleek, 48  
Fumitory, 49  
Cresses. 50   

For the Teeth.  
Pine, 51  
Pomegranate, 52  
Mis●ick, 53  
Master-wort, 54  
Coral, 55  
Cora●-wert, 56  
Resharrow, 57  
Henbane, 58  
Wild ●ansy, 59   

For the dryness of the Mouth.  
Fleawort, 60   

For the diseases of the Throat, as Roughness, Quinsy, King's Evil, &c:  
Throat-wort, 61  
Date-Tree, 62  
Winter Green, 63  
Horsetongue, 64  
Figgewort, 65  
Archangel, 66  
Foxglove, 67  
Orpine, 68  
Pellitory of the Wall 69  
Wheat, 70  
Barley, 71  
Garlic, 72  
Liquorice, 73  
Figtree, 74  
Hyssop, 75  
Rag-wort, 76  
Plantain, 76  
Columbines 77  
Cudweed, 77  
Jews Ears, 78   

For shortness of breath Coughs, Expectorarations, Hoarseness, &c:  
Elecampane, 79  
Almond-Tree, 80  
The Vine, 81  
Reeds and Sugar-Cane, 82  
Jujubes, 83  
Sebestens, 84  
Sca●ious, 85  
Coleworts, 86  
Nettles, 87  
Turnips, 88   

For contracting women's Breasts.  
Lady's Mantle, 89  
, 90   

For breeding Milk.  
anise, 91  
Nigella, 92  
Mallows, 93  
Dill, 94  
Rampions, 95  
Periwinkle, 96  
Lettuce, 97   

For swollen Breasts.  
Fennell-Gyant, 98  
Gourds, 99  
Basil, 100  
Beans, 101  
Lentils, 102  
Lilies, 103   

For sore Nipples.  
Dock-Cresses, 104   

For the Lungs, Stops, Consumptions thereof, &c:  
Horehound, 105  
Lungwort, 106  
Tobacco, 107  
Sundew, 108  
Hedge-Mustard. 109  
Coltsfoot, 110  
Woodbine, 111  
Mallein, 112  
Cowslips of Jerusalem, 113  
Sanicle, 114  
Polypody, 115  
Whortleberries, 116  
Sweet-Cicely, 117   

For the Heart, Qualms Faintness, &c:  
Angelica, 118  
Sa●●ron, 119  
Borage, 120  
Violets, 121  
Strawberries, 122  
wood-sorrel, 123  
Bawlme, 124  
Marigolds, 125  
Swallowort, 126  
Goats-Rue, 127  
Vipers-grasse, 128  
Pomecitrons, 129  
Gentian, 130  
Scordium, 131  
Burnet, 132  
Avens, 133  
Cloves, 134  
Clove Gillowflowers: 135  
Lign Aloes, 136  
Cinnamon, 137  
Vipers Bugloss, 138   

For Stitches, & pains in the Sides.  
Cardum Benedictus. 139  
Our Lady's Thistle, 140  
Camomile, 141  
Trisolium odoratum, 142  
Melilote, 143  
Oats, 144  
Valerian, 145  
Stitch-wort, 146  
Flax and Linseed, 147   

For purging the Stomach.  
Wormwood, 148  
M●rabolanes, 149  
groundsel, 150  
Radish, 151  
Black Alder, 152  
Oily Nut Ben, 153  
Sena, 154  
daffodils, 155  
White Hellebore, 156  
Purging Cassia, 157   

For breaking Wind.  
Caraways, 158  
Cummin, 159  
Camels Hay, 160  
Ginger, 161  
Galanga, 162  
Cardamons, 163  
Pepper, 164  
Nutmeg, 165  
Coriander, 166  
Oranges, 167   

For cooling and strengthening the Stomach.  
Apples, 168  
Pears, 169  
Peaches, 170  
Aprecocks, 171  
Plums, 172  
Cherries, 173  
Gooseberries, 174  
Barberries, 175  
Currants or Ribs, 176   

For the Liver.  
Rhubarb, 177  
Turmeric, 178  
Agrimony, 179  
Liverwort, 180  
Succory, 181  
Ale coast, and Maudlin, 182  
Docks, 183  
S●rrell, 184  
Be●tes, 185  
Smallage, 186  
Cleavers, 187  
Chickweed, 188   

For the Dropsy.  
Elder, 189  
Soldanella, 190  
Briony, 191  
Mechoacan and Jalap, 192  
Broome, 193  
Ash, 194  
Sassafras or Ague-tree, 195  
Palma Christi or Great Spurge, 196  
Glassewort, 197  
Spurge-Lawrell, 198  
Toad-Flax, 199  
Organyor Bastard Marjerome, 200   

For the Spleen.  
Dodder, 201  
Black Hellebore, 202  
Tamarinds, 203  
Spleenwort or Miltwast, 204  
Marts-Tongue, 205  
Ferne, 206  
Caper's, 207  
Tam 〈…〉, 208  
Germander, 209  
Calamint, 210  
Poley-Mountain, 211  
Lupins, 212   

For the Reins, and Bladder; Stone, Strangury, etc.  
Asparagus, 213  
Parsley, 214  
Marsh-Mail●●es, 215  
Goats Thorn, 216  
spikenard, 217  
Sweet smelling Fl●●g, 218  
Cyperus or English Galanga, 219  
Hops, 220  
Knotgrass, 221  
Parsley pert, 222  
Saxifrage, 223  
Dropwort, 224  
Gromell, 225  
Onions, 226  
Winter Cherries, 227  
Dogs-grasse, 228  
Butchers Broome, 229  
Chevaill, 230  
Brooklime, 231  
Hawthorne, 232  
Lemons, 233  
Cypress-Tree, 234  
Kidney-wort, 235  
Kidney Bea●es, 236  
Oak, 237  
Buckshorne Plantain, 238  
Sampire, 239  
Fraxinella, 240  
Allhe ale, 241   

For the Colic.  
Bay-Tree, 242  
Holly, 243  
Juniper, 244  
Olive-Tree, 245  
Coloquintian, 246  
Bindweed, 247   

For the Worms.  
Ceatory, 248  
L●vage, 248  
Yansey, 249  
Lavender Cotten, 250  
Carrots and Pars 〈…〉, 151  
●pignell, 252  
Bishops need, 253  
English Wormseed, 254  
Leeks, 255  
Horsereddish, 256   

For Looseness; and the Bloody and other Fluxes.  
Sumack, 257  
Myrtle, 258  
Cistus, 259  
Blackthorn, 260  
Bramble, 261  
Teosell, 262  
Rice, 263  
Flixweed, 264  
Pilewort, 265  
Water Betony, 266   

For provoking Lust,  
Artichokes, 267  
Sea Holly, 268  
Potatoes, 269  
Skirrets, 270  
Pease, 271  
Rocket, 272  
Mustard, 273  
Cotten, 274  
Fistick Nut, 275  
Chesnut, 276  
Chocolate, 277  
Satyrions, 278  
Dragons, 279   

For abating Lust.  
Agnus or the Chast-Tree. 280  
Hemp, 281  
Water Lily, 282  
Hemlock, 283  
Camphire, 284  
Tuisan, 285   

For provoking the Terms.  
Mugwort, 286  
Penniroyall, 287  
Southernwood, 288  
Savoury, 289  
Time, 290  
Alexanders, 290  
Anemonies, 291   

For stopping the Terms and the Whites,  
Comfrey, 292  
Mouse-ear, 293  
Yarrow, 294  
Medesweet, 295  
Adders-tongue, 296  
Lunaria, 297  
Trefoil, 298  
Money-wort, 299  
Darnell, 300  
Flowergentle and Blites, 301  
Dragon-Tree, 302  
Beech-Tree, 303  
Hazel Nut-Tree, 304   

For the Mother.  
Mother-wort, 305  
Feaverfew, 306  
Catmint, 307  
Burdock and Butterburre, 308  
Orach, 309  
Assa Foe 〈…〉, 310  
Cow Parsnep, 311   

For expediting Childbirth.  
Birthwort, 312  
Mercury, 313  
Madder, 314  
Dittany, 315  
Dittander or Pepperwort, 316  
Holme Oak and its Chermes, 317   

For expelling the dead Child, and afterbirth,  
Ground Pine, 318  
Savine, 319  
Birth-Tree, 320   

For Ruptures or burstness,  
Rupturewort, 321  
Thoroughwax, 322  
solomon's Seale, 323  
Balsam Apple, 324  
Dovesfoot or Cranesbill, 325  
Elm, 326   

For the French Pox.  
Guajacum, 327  
China, 328  
Sarsa parilla, 329   

For the swell in the Groin,  
Starrewort, 330  
Herb Paris, 331   

For green Wounds; and old Ulcers.  
St. Johnswort, 332  
Clown Woundwort, 333  
Arssmart, 334  
Bugle, 335  
Self-heale, 336  
Saracens Confound, 337  
Loosestrife, 338  
Daysy, 339  
Speedwell, 340   

For drawing out Splinters.  
Pimpernell, 341   

For Felons.  
Wooddy nightshade, 342   

For surbated Feet,  
Lady's Bedstraw, 343    

Errata,  
Chap. 7, line the last, for Sivia r. Salvia. Chap. 8, for sleight r. slight Chap. 12, l. 27, for there is. r. as, chap. 13, l. 3. put in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, l, 4, put in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, l. 15, for tibi r. sibi. chap. 20, for Stelalignity r. Malignity, chap. 63. for Grollius r. Crollius, chap. 77 the word remedy is left out, chap. 78, for two Jewes-Eares, very well dried in two quarts of White-Wine, r. two Jewes-Eares very well dried, in 2. quarts, &c: Chap. 134. for the Kind's, r. the Form, Chap. 148. for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 qùasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 r. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 impotabile, &c: Chap. 208. for absterge●dvim habet r. abstergendi vim habet with a comma. chap. 237. for the Calix Cup Glandis, r. the Cup, Calix Glandis. chap. 241. for Panaxris r. Panax is. chap. 260. for Spinus r. Spinos. Other literal faults there are which may easily be discerned and amended.   

ADAM in EDEN: OR, The Paradise of Plants.  
THe Method which I shall follow in this ensuing Treatise, shall be according to that which Anatomists use in Man's body, which they divide into four parts, viz. The upper, middle, and lower Regions; and lastly, the Limbs. First treating of those Plants which are appropriated to the Head, and to the several parts thereof. Secondly, of those which are appropriated to the Breast, and the parts therein contained. Thirdly, of those which do more properly appertain to the Abdomen or lower Region. And fourthly, of those which particularly belong to the Limbs. In all which I shall observe those Plants which have any special Signature; And I shall begin with the Walnut-tree, because the fruit of it doth resemble the Head in several particulars.  

CHAP. I. Of the Walnut Tree.  
ALthough the Walnut-tree is generally known to most sorts, yet lest, in this respect, our Treatise should seem lame, I shall take the pains to describe the form of it; but first I shall give you the Names and Kind's as I find them spoken of, both by the Ancient and Modern Botanics.  

The Names.  
It is called by Dioscorides and the other Ancient Greeks, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because they say, the smell of the Leaves causeth the Headache, deriving it from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which in that Language signifieth an Head; and it hath sometimes the Epithet 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 adjoined, because it was brought out of Persia into Greece by some of the Grecian Kings. It is called also by some of the Modern Greeks, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Jovis glans, and so the Latins from them Diu-glans, by contracting the word, and substracting the first Letter they called it Juglans. We English, call it the Walnut-tree; and of some, Walsh-nut-Tree. The Nut is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in English, Walnut; In Latin, Juglans & Nux 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉   

The Kind's.  
Parkinson and others reckon up eight Kind's thereof: 1. Our ordinary Walnut. 2. The greatest Walnut. 3. The thin-shelled Walnut. 4. The long Walnut. 5. The Walnut which beareth twice in a year. 6. St. John's Walnut, or the late-ripe Walnut, which shooteth not forth any leaves, till it be Midsummer. 7. The white Walnut of Virginia. 8. The black Walnut of Virginia. But because all these kinds differ little in their virtue, I will describe here none but the ordinary Walnut.   

The Form.  
The Walnut is a lust▪ Tree both for height and bulk, and spreadeth forth many large Arms and Boughs, and must make a goodly shadow, when the leaves are on, which consist of five or six fastened to one rib, with one standing on the top, like those of the Ash, but that they are much larger: the bark is somewhat green in the younger boughs; but in the Trunk, it is tending to the colour of Ashes, and is full of clefts for the most part; It beareth Catkins or Aglets, which come forth before the Nuts, of a yellowish colour, which open into small flowers, and falling away, the round Nuts come in their places, two or three usually set together; but sometimes half a dozen or more, which are covered with a double shell; the outermost, green, soft, thick, of a strong smell, the juice colouring black; under which there is a woody shell, wherein a white sweet Kernel is contained, enclosed with a yellowish, bitter peeling, which cometh off easily while it is fresh, but will not do so when it is old: the inner pulp thereof is white, sweet, and pleasant to the taste, when it is newly gathered, for after it is dry it becometh oily and rank. Of the whole fruit growing on the Tree, there is this common old Riddle, which almost every Child can say. It's  

As high as an House, As little as a Mouse;  
As round as a Ball, As bitter as Gall;  
As white as Milk, As soft as Silk.   
The Wood is much used by Joiner's, to make Tables, Stools, etc. It is very durable if it be kept dry, but rots presently in the weather.   

The Place and Time.  
The place of its first Nativity was in Persia, whence either the whole Tree hath been brought into divers other parts, or else the Nuts, which being put into the ground, do produce the Tree; for there is no other way of propagating it, unless it be of the Virginian kinds. It groweth commonly in England, and some other places, in Orchards, Gardens, and sometimes in the streets, and by the way sides, where the Boys lie continually pelting at them. There is a Fable in Aesop, of a Woman which asked the Walnut-tree, growing by the way side, which was pelted at with stones and sticks, by them that passed by, Why it was so foolish as to bring forth fruit, seeing that it was so beaten for its pains, to which the Tree rehearsed these two Proverbial Verses.  

Nux, Asinus, Muli●r, simili sunt lege ligati  
Haec tria nil rectè faciunt, si verbera cessent.   
The English whereof I could tell you, but that I fear the Women of this preposterous Age would be angry. True it is, that this Tree, the more it is beaten; the more Nuts it bears; and therefore good Husbands, after they have beaten down the Nuts, do with long Poles, beat the empty boughs of the Tree; and I have observed, that those Trees which have grown in the streets, have been full, when those which have grown in the back sides have had scarce any, which I could impute to nothing else, but that those in the street were beaten and thrown at, more than the other: they blossom early before the leaves come forth, and the fruit is ripe in September, except St. John's Walnut, which ripeneth not till October.   

The Temperature.  
Dodonaeus is of Opinion, that the fresh Nuts are cold and moist, but Euchsius saith, they are drying in the first degree, and heating in the second: the bark of the Tree doth bind and dry very much, and the leaves are near of the same temperature; but when the Nuts are old, they are hot and dry in the ●econd degree, and of thin parts, and of harder digestion than when they are fresh, which by reason of their sweetness, are more pleasant, and better digesting in the stomach.   

The Signatures and Virtues.  
Walnuts have the perfect Signature of the Head: The outer husk or green Covering, represent the Pericranium, or outward skin of the skull, whereon the hair groweth, and therefore salt made of those husks or barks, are exceeding good for wounds in the head. The inner woody shell hath the Signature of the Skull, and the little yellow skin, or Peel, that covereth the Kernel of the hard Meninga & Pia Mater, which are the thin scarves that envelope the brain. The Kernel hath the very figure of the Brain, and therefore it is very profitable for the Brain, and resists poisons; For if the Kernel be brui●ed, and moistened with the quintessence of Wine, and laid upon the Crown of the Head, it comforts the brain and head mightily. If the Peels be taken off, they are thought to be good for the stomach, and somewhat losing the belly: and mixed with Sugar, they do nourish temperately, whilst they are new; but when they begin to grow old, they grieve the Stomach, and cause in hot bodies choler to abound, and the Headache, and are an enemy to those which have a Cough; but they a●e less hurtful to those which have colder stomaches, and are said to kill the broad Worms in the stomach or belly. They are reckoned in Sch●la Salerni, for one of those 〈◊〉 things which are good against poison  

Allia, Ruta, Pyra, & Raphanus ●um Theri●c● Nu●s,  
Hac sunt A 〈…〉 tum contra mortale ventuum.   
And true it is, that two dry Walnuts, and as many Figs, and twenty leaves of Rue, bruised and beaten together, with two or three Co●●s of salt were King Mithridates Medicine against poison, which after he had long used daily, at last he sought to poison himself, but could not. And no marvel for the water of green Walnuts, taken about Midsummer, being drunk two or three ounces, cooleth and resisteth the Pestilence. And the water of the outer Husks of Walnuts being not rotten, distilled in September, is given to drink against the Plague, with a little Vinegar as a certain experiment▪ and the juice of the same, boiled up with Honey, is an excellent g●●gle for ●●re mouths, the heat and inflammations in the throat or stomach. Though the old Kernels are not so fit to be eaten, yet they are used to heal the wounds of the sinews, Gangrenes, and Carbuncles, and being mixed with Figs and Rue, they cure old Ulcers of the Breasts, and other cold Imposthumes▪ with Rue and Oil, they are good to be laid to the Quinsy. The leaves with Boars grease, stayeth the hair from falling, and maketh it fair: the like also will the green husks do, used in like manner. A piece of the green husk, put into an hollow Tooth, easeth the pains thereof. Some use the green husks, and sometimes the young red leaves, dried and made into powder, instead of Pepper, to season their meat; but if some dried Sage in Powder be put into it, it will give a seasoning and relish, not to be despised of poor folks. The Oil of Walnuts made in such manner, as Oil of Almonds, maketh smooth the hands and face, and taketh away scales and scurf, black and blue marks, that come of blows and bruises, and taken inwardly, it helpeth the Colic, and expelleth Wind very effectually. Besides, it is far better for the Painter's use, to illustrate a white colour than Linseed Oil, which deadeth it; and is of singular good use, to be laid on gilded works. The young green Nuts before they be half ripe, preserved whole in Sugar, are not only a dainty Junket among other of the like nature, but are good for those that have weak stomaches, and defluxions thereon. It is averred by some, that if a Walnut be put into the belly of a Chicken, it will cause it to be roasted a great deal the sooner. The Rind of the root, having the upper part scraped of, being made into powder, and tempered with Vinegar, if it be strained two or three times, till it be somewhat thin and clear, and drunk liberally, cureth the Ague, and cleanseth the body very much.    

CHAP. II. Of the Peony.  

The Names.  
THe Greeks call it. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the Latins also Peonia, and Dulcisida, in Shops Pionia, in English Peony, or Peony, and of some Chesses● It hath also many Bastard names, as R●s● Fatuina, Herba C●sta, Hasta Regia, Rosa Asinarum, of some, Luxaria, or Luxaria Peonia, because it cureth those which have the Falling-sickness, whom most men do call Lunatici, or Lunatic. It is called Paonia, from Paon, a famous Physician, who doubtless found out some of the Virtues, and admired them; but Glycysid● or Dulcisid● from the red grains in the Pomegranate, which in Greek are called Sida, with which it hath some resemblance. It is also called Dactylu● Ida●●, the 〈◊〉 roots thereof being like to Dactyli Id●i, which are certain precious stones, of the form of a man's finger, growing in the Isle of Candy. It is likewise called Aglaophôtis, or brightly-shining, taking its name from the shining redness of the red grains or seeds, which are of the colour of Scarlet, of which there are many fabulous traditions; but I shall forbear to mention them.   

The Kind●.  
The Sorts of Pionyes which I have met with, are in number 11. 1. The male Peony. 2. The Female Peony. 3. Double Red Peony. 4. The double white Pyony. 5. The Spanish Dwarf Peony. 6. Columbine leafed Pyony. 7. The party coloured Peony. 8. The female white Peony. 9 The female yellow Peony. 10. The doubtful female Peony. 11. Certain, single, and double female Pionies, that sprang with Cluster, of the seed of the double Red, which is not 〈…〉 all. All these forts, except the female, are Plants so scarce, that they are possessed but by a few, and those great Lovers of Rarities in this kind, and therefore I shall trouble you only with the description of that.   

The Form:  
The ordinary Female Peony riseth up with many stalks, which are at first of a reddish colour, and the young leaves like unto the young red leaves of the Wallnut-Tree, which afterwards turn into a dark or dead green colour, and become large. At the top of the stalks, are growing fair large red flours, like the great double Rose of Provence; but that it is of a darker red, having also in the midst, yellow Threads or Thrums like them in the Rose, which some take to be the seed though falsely, which being faded and fallen away, there come in their places two, three, or four rough crooked Pods, bending a contrary way, as some Rams Horns do. The seeds are of a black shining colour. The Root consists of many thick and short tuberous bunches, fastened at the end of long strings, and all from the Head of the Root, which is thick and short.   

The Place and Time.  
Most of the sorts aforesaid grow in the Physick-Garden in Oxford, and in some Gardens about London and Westminster; but else they are scarce to be found, except the double female, as I said, which groweth in many Country Gardens, and do flower usually about May, and their Seed is ripe in July.   

The Temperature.  
The Root of Peony, as Galen saith, doth gently bind with a kind of sweetness, and hath also joined with it a certain bitterish sharpness. It is in temperature, not very notably hot, but according to our own Symmetry or Constitution, or rather a little hotter, and it is dry, and of subtle parts.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The Heads of the Flower of Peony, being not yet blown, have some Signature and proportion with the Head of Man, having sutures and little vai 〈…〉 dispersed up and down like unto those which environ the brain. When the 〈…〉 owers blow, they open an outward little skin, representing the skull, and a 〈…〉 very available against the Falling-sickness, which next to the Roots and seeds, are of the greatest Virtue: but the Roots are most effectual; for it they be fresh taken up, and hung about the neck of Children they cure it; but the ●ure●l way both for them, and especially those which are elder, it to take the roots of male Peony, if it be to be had, and infuse it in a sufficient proportion of back, for four and twenty hours at least, being first washed clean, and stamped very small; then strain it, and drink a good draught first and last, morning and evening, for several days together before and 〈…〉 of the full of the Moon; a ●●ue and orderly preparation of the Body aforehand, with Posset-drink made of Be●ony, etc. being first had. The Extraction of the Roots, and the Syrup made of the Flowers, doth the same. The Root endureth ten years, it comforteth and cherisheth the body, provoketh Urine, and purgeth the Liver and Kidneys. Being boiled in Wine, and drunk, it purgeth the blood, and is good for Women in Childbed, to purge their Seconds and Termes, as much as an Almond, being taken at a time; it helpeth the gripe of the belly, the shedding of the Gall, and the pain of the Kidneys and Bladder, coming by stopping of the Urine. The smoke of the little branches of the root, received in the nose, putteth away the King's-evil. The Root itself taketh away blac● spots of the body. It is to be gathered in the wane of the Moon, when she is under the Earth; and being ●odden in wine and drunk, it purgeth the Belly, helpeth the Colic, cleanseth the Guts, defendeth against fren●●es and passions of the brain, the Strangury, and biting of Serpents; and the spleen; and having Castoreum boiled with it, it helpeth the Palfie and the stone, but there must be taken at once but four drams. The Powder of the Root drunk with White-wine, easeth the pains of the Reins and Bladder, and is good for the Ache of the belly, having Saffron mixed with it, it is a sovereign Medicine for the yellow Jaundice. The Male Peony hath black shining seed, intermixed with many red or crim on grains, which together make a very pretty show: Of which I observe, that the black provoke Terms, and the red stop them, ●● they be of that colour. The black taken night and morning, by those which are troubled with the disease called the Nightmare, are very effectual. The Powder of the seeds, ministered in meat and drink to Children, doth send forth the stone beginning in them, and is therefore good to be used of such as have it by Inheritance from their Parents, by a tenure called ex Vitioso Semine: or else have gotten it by purchase, ex Intemperantiâ: By which two ways most part of diseases grow. And the said Powder drunk with Wine, restoreth the wits, comforteth the senses, and recovereth the speech. The distilled water, or Syrup, made of the flowers, worketh the same effects that the Root and Seed do, though more weakly. Take the Roots of Peony, and peel off the outward skins: take also Periwinkle leaves, stamp and strain them with black Cherry-water, and let the Patient for three mornings fasting, drink a good draught thereof; but if he mend not at three times, let him drink it longer. This Receipt was approved by the Lady Cage.    

CHAP. III. Of Poppy.  

The Names.  
THe general name, with which the Greeks have christened this Plant, is, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; which some of them say, cometh à 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, non ministra●do, quod vescen●●s suis muni●s fungi non p●ssu●●, Others think it comes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 non à 〈◊〉, quia ●jus usus nimiùm infrigidet & hominibus tandem motum auferat, which in plain English i●, Because it doth so stupefy those that eat it, that they cannot go about their bu●●nesse, or because the use of it doth cool too much, and at length make men insensible. The Garden White kind, is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 (and of Diascorides 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Thyl●●iti●, and the black seed is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉) hortense or sativum: the wild kind is called P●●● Rhea's, that is, fluidum, because the Flowers shed presently after they are blown; in Latin, Papaver, Rh 〈…〉 ●●ticum, rubr●m, or silvestre; Of us, in English, Poppy for the most part, yet in some Countries it is called Red-weed; in others Jone Silver Pin; Fair without, and foul within, being understood: in others, Cheesebouls. Spatling Poppy is called in Latin Papaver Sp●meum, in respect of that frothy spittle or froth that is called Cuckoo-spittle, with which the stalk and leaves of this Plant aboundeth more than any other.   

The Kinds.  
There be several sorts of Poppies, some tame and of the Garden, as 1. The white Garden Poppy. 2. The black Garden Poppy. 3. The double white Poppy. 4. The double black Poppy. 5. The double purple Poppy. 6. The Scarlet double Poppy. 7. Small double Poppy. 8. Wild double Poppy, Others, wild and of the field, as 1. Yellow horned Poppy. 2. Red Poppy, or Corn-rose. 3. Little red Poppy or Corn-rose. 4. Wild Poppy, with a white flower. 5. Murry coloured Poppy, like the commonest single of the Garden. 6. Party coloured Poppy. Some spatling, as 1. Behe● Album, or white Battle. 2. Elegant spatling Poppy, with guilded leaves. Others bastard, called in Latin Argement. As 1. Round headed bastard wild Poppy. 2. Long headed bastard wild Poppy. 3. Yellow wild bastard Poppy of Wale●. To trouble you with the Descriptions of every one of these, would be tedious. I shall therefore describe only the spatling Poppy, the others being better known.   

The Form.  
Spatling Poppy (which doth very little resemble any other Poppy, but only the Seed, and Cod, or Bowl wherein the seed is contained) hath divers weak tender stalks, full of joints, about a foot or half a yard long, usually lying on the ground, whereon grow many pale whitish green leaves, two always let together at the joints, one against another; having many times upon the leaves, but more often about the joints of the stalks, a certain white frothy substance, like unto that is called Cuckoo-spittle, or Wood-seer: at the tops of the stalks upon many slender foot-stalks, stand divers white flowers, composed of five small leaves a piece, with a deep notch in the middle of every one of them, standing in a thin lose stripped husk, wherein the black seed is afterward contained: the root is white, and spreadeth in the ground, continuing sundry years.   

The Place and Time.  
Many of the Garden-Poppies are to be found in Country Gardens; but the yellow horned Poppy groweth upon the sands and banks of the Sea, near unto Rye in Kent; in the Isles of Sheppy and Thanet, and in many other places along the English Coast, with the other wild Poppies every Cornfield is garnished, as also with spatling Poppy, which sometimes groweth in Pastures, and highway-sides; the Elegant spatling Poppy, with guilded Leaves, groweth in Womersly field in Yorkshire. Argemone groweth in So●●rsetshire, and near South-fleet in Kent. The white Corn-Rose groweth amongst the Wheat, between Pontfract and Ferry-Bridge. They begin flowering in May, and continue till the end of July: the seed of them is ripe presently after. The Roots of all, except the spatling Poppy, perish every year, and spring again either of their own or others sowing.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The Heads of the Poppies, with their Crowns do somewhat represent the Head and Brain, and therefore the decoctions of them are used with good success in several diseases of the Head. The Garden Poppy Heads with the seeds, made into a Syrup, procureth rest and sleep in the sick and weak, and stayeth Catarrhs and de●luxions of hot thin Rheums from the head, into the stomach, and upon the Lungs, causing a continual Cough, which is the forerunner of a Consumption. The green Knops of Poppy stamped with Barley Meal, and a little Barrows-grease, and applied in the form of a Pultis, helpeth St. Autho●ies fire, called Ignis Sacer. The Leaves, Knops, and Seeds stamped with Vinegar, Woman's milk, and Saffron, cureth Erysipelas (another kind of St. Anthony's fire) and easeth the Gou● mightily; and, put into the Fundament as a Clyster, causeth sleep. The seed of black Poppy drunk in Wine, stoppeth the Flux of the be●ly, and the overmuch flowing of women's sickness. Mr. Culpepper saith, that it is the juice of white Poppy growing in England, which they sell for Opium in the Shops, though they pretend to have it out of the Eastern Countries, where they gather it only from the heads of the great white Poppy; but certainly his Pen run before his Wit, when he said it grew beyond the Moon: for there is no question, but that it is so gathered in those parts, and should be that which is used in Narcotick Medicines, though perhaps, for want of it, our Meconium (which is the juice of Poppy thickened, and is much weaker) is sometimes used. It is an ingredient of much respect in those great Compositions of Treacle and Mithridate, and in other Medicines that are made to procure rest and sleep; and to ease the pains of the head, as well as other parts, or rather to palliate them, and make them insensible for the time present; It is used also both to cool Inflammations, Agues, o● Frenzies, and generally for the same occasions, as the seed or any part of the Plant is; but if it be taken in too great a quantity, it causeth the Lethargy, and sometimes killeth, and therefore it is to be used with caution inwardly: divers have found, that applied to the Gout, it hath given much ease, and, put into hollow teeth ceaseth their pain. The Syrup of Meconium or Diacodium, which is made of the heads of white and black Poppies, a little after the heads are fallen off, may safey be given to those which are troubled with hot and sharp Rheums, but not to young Children which are froward; for if Nurses would keep their own bodies temperate, their Children would sleep well enough without it. The Syrup made of the Flowers of the red wild Poppy, is with good effect given to those which have a Pleurisy, & the dried Flowers also, either boiled in water, or made into Powder, and drunk either in the distilled water of t●em, or in some other drink, worketh the like effect: the same also is available in all other cephalical or pectoral griefs. The distilled water of the said Flowers, is held to be of much good use against surfeits, to drink it evening and morning: it is also more cooling in quality, than any other Poppy, and therefore cannot but be as effectual in hot Agues, Frenzies, and other Inflammations, either inward or outward, but the seed is dangerous to be used inwardly. The Syrup aforesaid is thus made. Take of the fresh Flowers or red Poppies two pound, steep them in four pound of warm Spring-water, the next day strain it, and boil it into a Syrup, with its equal weight of Sugar. It cools the blood, helps Surfeits, and may be safely given in Frenzies, Fevers, and hot Agues. The Seed of Spatling Poppy purgeth Phlegm, said Gal●n, and causeth vomitings, saith Dioscorides, being taken in Mead, or honeyed water, and is especially good for those that are troubled with the Falling-sickness. It was the head of this Poppy; about the time it was in flower, which the Greeks called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because it doth foreshow, as they conceived, the success of their love: For these Flowers, the tops being closed together with ones fingers, seem like little Bladders, which being broken against ones other hand, make a noise like unto the Bladders of little Fishes, being broken: If they gave a good report, they concluded, they should be successful; if not, they presently let fall their suit: so superstitious were those people, as some in our days be. The leaves of Argem●né, or Bastard wild Poppy stamped, and the juice dropped into the eyes, easeth the Inflammation thereof, and cureth the Disease in the Eye, called Argema, whereof it took his name by signature: which Disease, when it happeneth on the black of the Eye, appeareth white; and contrariwise, when it appeareth on the white of the Eye, it appeareth black. The Herb being stamped, and made into a Salve or Ointment, with Oyl-wax, and a little Turpentine, deals any wound, Ulcer, Canker, or Fistula. The leaves only bruised and applied to any part that is black and blue with a blow, bringeth it to its right colour. The juice of the Leaves and Roots stamped, and given in drink, helpeth the wring and gripe of the Belly; and so doth the dry Herb infused in warm water. The juice, taken in the weight of two drams with Wine, mightily expelleth Poison, or any Venom. Warts rubbed therewith, wear away, and being taken in meat; it helpeth the Milt or Spleen, if it be wasted:    

CHAP. IU. Of Squills.  

The Names.  
IT is called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and of some Latins also Scylla; but Varro calls it Squilla, whose example makes it to be so called in the Shops; divers call it Cepa maris, for the similitude it hath with an Onion. In English it is called Squill, and Sea-Onyon. There is a sort of this which the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the Latins Pancratium, the English the white Sea-Daffodil, or Sea-Onyon, and of some Narcissus Constantinopolitanus, of others Hemorocallis Valentina, and of the Turks, Consambach.   

The Kinds.  
Gerrard reckoneth up four sorts hereof. 1. Squill or Sea-Onyon. 2. Sea-Onyon of Valentia. 3. Red flowered Sea-Daffodil. 4. Yellow flowered Sea-Daffodill. Every one of which in Latin he calls Pancratium.   

The Form.  
The Root of Squill is very bulbous, and hath divers Coats, or scaly films, one within another, like the ordinary Onion: out of which, as in Saffron, the stalk doth first spring forth; then out of that ariseth a white and yellow Flower, which being waxen old after many days, it putteth forth very great and broad leaves, upheld by no foot-stalk, many of them turning down again towards the Earth.   

The Place and Time.  
The first (for that is it which I have described, and is to be used upon the occasion ensuing) is found growing in Spain and Italy, not far from the Seaside; but may be had at most Apothecaries Shops in England. The second groweth near unto Valentia in Spain, and therefore is so called, as also about Constantinople. The third about the Coasts of Narbone. The fourth about Tripoli and Aleppo. Gerrard saith, that they flower from May, to the end of July; and their Seed is ripe in the end of August; but Fuchsius saith, that they flower thrice a year, and for this he quotes Theophrastus, lib. 7. cap. 12.   

The Temperature.  
The Sea-Onyon is hot in the second degree, and is of a very cutting quality which may be taken away, if it be baked in Past or Day, or roasted in ho● Embers.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The bulbous Root of the Squill, with its many Coats, or scaly films, doth resemble the head, which consists of divers Membranes, one within another, and is very effectual in divers distempers thereof, but especially the Falling-Sickness, Headache, and dizziness: It healeth also all running sores of the Head, and the scurf Scales or Bran, being laid thereunto. If it be taken with Honey and Oil, it driveth out Worms, both long and round, cleanseth the breast, driveth away old Coughs, lengtheneth the breath, and looseneth the Belly very gently, and so do the seeds taken with Figgs or Honey. A Scale or two of the green raw Root, laid under the Tongue quencheth the thirst in the Dropsy: Being boiled in Vinegar till it be tender, and stamped, it cureth all venomous bitings, i● it be applied to them. Seethe the inner part in Oil or Turpentine, and apply it to the chaps of the feet, kibed heels, or hanging warts, and it healeth them. The leaves do dissolve and waste: the King's-evil and Kernels about the throat, being laid thereunto, for the space of four days, half a dram of the Root roasted, baked, or sodden (for it may not be taken raw inwardly) is sufficient to be taken at once with Honey, for the Jaundice; the old Cough, shortness of the Wind, and gnawing in the body. It is good for the griefs of the Sinews, Breast, Lungs, and Joints, especially licked in with Honey, it maketh a clear voice. It helpeth the hardness, stopping and swelling of the Milt, and withstandeth Putrefaction in the Body; and therefore keepeth a man in health, and maketh his Body continue in young state, only it will make a Man lean. Sanius, by the use of the Vinegar of Squills, lived in perfect health till an hundred and seventeen years of age. If one take it in the morning fasting, and walk half an hour after, it maketh the digestion good, a long wind, a clear voice, an acute sight, a good colour, it suffers no offensive thing to remain in the Body: neither Wind, Phlegm, Choler, Melancholy, Dung, nor Urine: It brings forth filth, though it lie in the bones; and takes away salt, and sour belchings, though he be never so intemperate, as Galen saith: It helpeth the Sciatica, and Apoplexy, breaketh and expelleth the Stone, and cleanseth the Matrix; Being taken in the quantity of a spoonful, it doth away the Hickets. It is reported, that wheresoever this Plant groweth, it keepeth its Neighbour-Plants from annoyance, and that whatsoever door, or chief entry of the House it be hung over, it keepeth the same from all mishap, Witchcraft and Sorcery. It hath been observed, that when the Flowers of the Sea-Onyon be of a brownish colour, and do not soon fade away, that year shall be very fruitful and plentiful of Corn. The way which the Apothecaries do or should use in ordering it, is this. That is to be taken especially which is in the midst, which being cut in pieces, must be boiled; but the water still to be changed, till such time as it is neither bitter nor sharp: then must the pieces be hanged on a thread, so that no one piece touch another, and dried in the shadow, and being thus ordered, they will last a good while.    

CHAP. V Of the Larch-Tree, with his Agarick and Turpentine.  
THis Tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin also Larix, in English Larch-Tree, and of some Larix-Tree. The Agarick is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Agaricum & Agaricus, and so likewise in Shops. The Italians, Spaniards, and other Nations, do imitate the Greek word, and we in English call it Agarick. The Liquid, , or Turpentine, is by the Greeks called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Larix Resina Laricea, or Larigna, or Terbinthina Venetia, in English, Turpentine, and Venice Turpentine.  

The Form.  
The Larch-Tree is almost as tall as the Pine or Firr-Tree, but not quite, with a Body growing strait up, as they do: the Bark whereof is thick rugged, and and full of chaps, which being cut in sunder is red within, but the bark amongst the boughs is smooth, slippery, and somewhat white without: the branches grow one above another in a comely Order, having divers small yellow knobs or bunches set at several distances, from whence arise many small leaves growing in clusters thick together like tassels, which fall away at the approach of Winter, and gain fresh every spring; which is peculiar only to this Tree of all the Rosen bearing Trees. The blossoms are very beautiful and delectable, being of an excellent fine Crimson Colour, and very sweet, which afterwards turn into small soft Cones, like unto Cypress Nuts while they are close, but longer than they; being made up of a multitude of thin Scales like leaves, under which lie small seeds having a thin film growing on them very like to the wings of Bees or Wasps: the substance of the wood is very hard, of colour somewhat red, especially that which is in the middle, and very profitable for works of long continuance. Yet that report that the wood of the Larch Tree cann●● be set on fire is false, it being preferred before all other wood, for all 〈…〉 thes work, and for Miners to melt the Ore of Metal, because it holdeth fire longest and strongest, by reason of the Rosen that is in it. The Agarick which groweth on this Tree, is a kind of Mushroom or Excrescence, not such as is upon other Trees; but covered with a hard blackish bark which being cut and pared away that which is underneath is whiter, softer, more lose and pongy than any other of the Mushrooms; that is the best which may easily be broken, and is light, and in the first taste sweet, hard and well compact; that which is heavy, blackish, containing in it little threads like sinews is counted pernicious and deadly. The liquid Rosen that proceedeth from this Tree, is very like in colour and substance to the whiter honey, as that of Athens or Spain, which notwithstanding issueth not forth of itself; but runneth out of the Stock of the Tree when it hath been bored to the very heart with a great and long Augur or Wimble. It is commonly called Venice Turpentine, though the true Turpentine issue from the tree Terebinthus. The figure of this Larch Tree, with the Agaric growing upon it, you may see lively represented either in Gerrard or Parkinson.   

The Place and Time.  
The Larch Tree groweth in many woods about Trent and Brixia in Italy, and near the river Benacus, and Padus, and in Galatia a Province of Asia, as Dioscorides and Galen do record, and in Agaria a country of Sarmatia, from whence the Agarick took the name; in Silesia also, Moravia, Lusatia; As the Agarick is gathered in most of these places, so is the Turpentine, but especially from the woods about Trent. Of all the Cone trees this only is found with out leaves in the Winter; in the Spring, grow fresh Leaves out of the same knobs from which the former did fall. The Cones are to be gathered before winter so soon as the leaves are gone; for, after the scales are loosed and opened, and the seeds drop away. The Rosen or Turpentine is to be gathered in the hottest part of the Summer, and the Agaric towards the latter end of the year, but in November and December especially.   

The Temperature.  
The leaves, bark, fruit, and kernel are of a dry and binding temperature. The Agarick is hot in the first degree, and dry in the second: It cutteth, maketh thin, cleanseth, taketh away obstructions and stops of the Entrails, and purgeth by stool; The Rosen of this Tree is moister than any other Rosen▪ and without either that sharpness or biting which some of the others have,   

The Signature and Virtues.  
Agarick, whose copped form holds out the Signature of the Head, being boiled in Lie with other Cephalical helps, comforteth the brain and memory very much; It is good for the giddiness of the head if it be washed therewith, as also to stay the rheums and catarrhs thereof, and cleanseth it much from scurf and dandruff, being taken with the syrup of Vinegar, it is good against the pains and swimmings of the head, or the falling sickness. It purgeth phlegm Choler and Melancholy from the Brain, Nerves, Muscles, Marrow of the Back; it cleanseth the Breast, Lungs, Liver, Stomach, Spleen, Reins, Womb, Joints, it provokes Urine and the Terms, kills Worms, helps pains in the Joints and causeth a good colour; It is very seldom or never taken alone, because it doth somewhat trouble the stomach, and therefore I shall set down a receipt or two, The first is the syrup of Roses solutire with Agarick. Take of Agarick cut thin an ounce, Ginger two drachmas, Sal Gem. one drach. Polypodium bruised 2. ounces, sprinkle them with white Wine, and steep them two days over warm Ashes, in a pound and a half of the infusion of Damask Roses, and with two pound of Sugar boil it into a Syrup; It cureth the yellow I amdies proceeding of obstructions, and is a sure remedy for Agnes and cold shake, which are caused of thick and cold humours: It purgeth phlegm from the Head, relieves the senses oppressed by it, it provokes the Terms in Women, it purgeth the stomach and Liver and provoketh Urine. All the aforesaid virtues are attributed to the Pills of Hier● with Agarick, which are made as followeth. Take of Species Hiera Pic●a, Agarick of each half anounce, Aloes one ounce, Honey, Roses, so much as is sufficient to make into a Mass according to Art. Of this you may safely take a scruple at night going to bed, having eat a light supper three hours before; and you may safely go about your business the next day, for it will work very gently, and therefore you may continue taking it a week together, for it will not work much the first time, and consequently affect little. Some give it only with Oxymel, which is a syrup made with Vinegar and Honey, and so it cureth all sorts of Agues, either Tertians or Quotidians, easeth the griping pains of the stomach and belly, or such as have had falls or bruises, or are bursten bellied, all which actions it chief performeth, by purging those gross and vicious humours that trouble the parts, and Members of the Body, and are causes of all these diseases. It is good against shortness of breath, the inveterate cough of the Lungs, the Ptisick, Consumption, and those that spit blood; Half a drach. or two scruples being taken in Wine, either by infusion, or the powder, is an Antidote against all Poisons, and cureth the bitings of Serpents very quickly; It is applied also outwardly for the same purpose. The Rosen or Turpentine of this Tree, taken to the quantity of an ounce will gently open the belly, and more to the stool, provoke Urine, cleanse the Reins, Kidneys and Bladder and helpeth to break and avoid the gravel and stone, and easeth those which have the stone: if it be first washed with Plantain or Rose Water, then made in Pills with the powder of white Amber, Red Coral, Mastic and a little Camphir, it doth wonderfully help to purge and cleanse the reins, and stop the running of them. Being taken with honey it helpeth to expectorate rotten phlegm, from those which are troubled with a continual Cough, and is profitable also for the Ptisick or Consumption of the Lungs. This Turpentine as it is clearest for inward uses and serveth instead of the true Turpentine, so well that they are commonly used out for another: so is it best also for outward salves, and doth both draw, cleanse, and heal all sores or ulcers, and green wounds; and therefore there is scarce a salve for that purpose wherein Turpentine is not. Oil drawn Chemically from Turpentine is singular good to be used in wounds, being more drying and consolidating then the Turpentine itself, as also to warm and ease the pains of the Joints and Sinews caused of Cold, and being mixed with a little Ox Gall, it is good for the worms, and deafness of the ears. The water which is distilled with the Oil, is used for freckles and spots in the face, and a scruple weight of it taken in white Wine purgeth phlegm by Vomit▪ Some use to mingle Bay Salt and Turpentine together, and therewith spread a leathern girdle, which being worn about the waist of them that have the Itch cureth them: So Parkinson: it being an Excrescence, is good for all manner of excrescences by Signature.    

CHAP. VI Of Wood Betony.  

The names.  
SOme of the Greeks call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: others 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it joyeth most in cold places. Ruellius in his translation of Dioscorides calls it Cestron ●sychótrophon; the Latins call it Betonica and Vetonica, from the Vetones a people of Spain, that first found out the virtues of it, as Pliny saith. We in England call it Wood Betony, and it hath been formerly called betake, or Betaine; Parkinson advertiseth, that Vetonica and Betonica are diversely taken in divers Authors: for Vetonica, although it be set down in some Authors for Betonica, yet more properly and usually it is understood to be the Caryophylius, or Gillyflower, and then it is denominated Vetonica altilis.   

The Kind's.  
Of this Betony (for of the Water Betony I shall not treat in this place because it is more appropriated to other parts) there are four or five sorts differing one from another either in the leaf or flower. 1. Common Wood Beton● which hath a purple flower, 2. Wood Betony with white flowers, 3 Betonica minima, Alpina Helvetica, Small Mountain Betony, 4. Betonica Danica, Broad-leaved Betony, 5. Betonica Alopecuros montana dicta, Foxtail Betony That which I shall describe, is the Common Wood-Betony.   

The Form●:  
The ordinary or Common Betony, which because it is most frequent in Woods, is called Wood Betony, it hath many leaves rising from the root, the lowermost whereof are somewhat broad and round at the ends, slightly indented about the edges, the footstalks being pretty long; but those that grow by two and two at the joints upon the small slender foursquare and somewhat hairy stalks are a great deal lesser. The stalk is commonly near a foot high, whereon are set several spiked heads of flowers, of a reddish or purple colour spotted with white spots all over: the seeds are somewhat long, and uneven, and of a blackish colour. The root consists of many white threddy strings like unto those of Plantain, the stalk perisheth, but the roots with some leaves thereon abide all the Winter, the whole plant is somewhat small, and therefore Gerard was mistaken, who says that it hath long and broad leaves.   

The Place and Time.  
The Common Betony loveth shadowy places, as Woods, hedg-rows, Copses, the borders of pastures, Parks, etc. That with the white flower, is more usually found in stiff clay grounds then in any other mould, as in the Woods by Brumley in Kent, in a wood near a Village called Hampsteed, and in Broodsworth Wood in Yorkshire. The third groweth on the Alps of Helvetia, or Switzerland. The broad leaved or Danish Betony groweth in the Physic Garden at Oxford. The last, as Lugdunensis saith, groweth in the moist valleys that are shadowed with trees of the high hills; They flower and flourish for the most part, in the months of June and July, and the seed ripeneth quickly after.   

The Temperature and Virtues.  
Betony, though it grow wild, yet it is set in many Gardens, and is hot and dry almost, if not quite in the second degree. The virtues of it are innumerable, (as Antonius Musa, one of the Physicians of Augustus Caesar, who hath written a peculiar Book of this Herb, doth testify) but especially it is good for the brain, so that as Fernelius writeth, Cerebrum vel odour solorecreat, hinc Comiti●libus furiosisque medetur, Paralysin, torpentiaque membra persanat. The hairy Roots of this Herb are some Signature, that it is good for the head: If it be stamped and applied to the forehead of them that are frantic, or possessed with Devils, it cureth them: Boyl it with Vervein and Wormwood in water, and wash the head therewith, and grind the same Herbs with some of the water, and Wheaten Bran, and apply it hot to the mould of the head thrice, and it will cause the Headache to departed. Seethe it with, Vervein, horehound, and Hyssop, in White-wine, and apply them as liot as may be suffered, and it cureth the Megrim, which is a pain that possesseth one side of the head. If the Headache proceed of cold Phlegm, seethe Betony in Wine, with a third part of water, and apply it: For noises in the head, pains, and giddiness thereof, drink powder, of the leaves dried in the shade, or rather eat it with slices of bread, steeped in Wine first and last, to restore the brain, which is done likewise, by taking some of the powder of it in Pottage: and thus, or green, it helpeth those that loath their meat; for it procureth digestion, and allayeth the sour belchings and rise in the stomach, if it be used often. The Leaves, or Flowers, boiled in broth and drunk, or made into a Conserve, Water, Electuary, or Powder, as any one shall like best, do help the Jaundice, Falling-sickness, the Palsy, Convulsions, or shrinking of the Sinews, the Gout, and those which are inclined unto Dropsies, those that have continual pains in their head, though it turn to Frenzy. The Powder mixed with pure Honey, is no less available for all sorts of Coughs or Colds, wheesing or shortness of breath, and those Distillations upon the Lungs, which cause Consumptions. A dram of it taken in the Syrup of Vinegar, doth wonderfully refresh those which are wearied by travel: it stayeth bleeding at the mouth and nose, and helpeth those that piss blood, or spit it. The Decoction of it being made with Mead, and a little , is good for those that are troubled with Quartan Agues, and to draw down and evacuate the blood and humours, that by falling into the eyes, do hinder sight. Being boiled in Wine, and taken, it killeth the Worms, openeth obstructions of Spleen and Liver, cureth stitches and pains in the back or sides, the torments and griping pains of the Bowels, and the Wind-colic, mixed with Honey, it purgeth the Belly, helpeth to bring down women's Courses, and is of special use for them that are troubled with the falling down of the Mother, and pains thereof, and causeth an easy and speedy delivery of Women in Childbirth: it helpeth also to break and expel the Stone, either in the Bladder or Kidneys▪ Cum multis aliis qua nunc perscribere longum est.    

CHAP. VII. Of Sage.  

The Names.  
SAge is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. The pale, ashcoloured, dry and withered deformity of the Leaves of Sage, especially on the dry and  Hills in the hot Countries, where it naturally groweth, was the Reason why it was so called, it signifying scorched, or consumed, by blasting; for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 doth signify interquere & contrahi, to be drawn together, or wound with itself; and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or rather 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 doth signify that Disease in Plants which the Latins call Sideratia, a blasting, that is, when the Sun in the Dog-days, through its extreme heat, or otherwise pierceth into it, and drying up the moisture that nourisheth it, seemeth to grow faint and dry, or, as it were scorched. The Latins call it Salvia, quia salvos homines & incolumes efficit, because it maketh them safe and sound in health. And hence it cometh, that in Schola Salerni, it is demanded, Cur moriatur homo, cui Salvia crescit in borto? As who should say, such is the virtue of Sage, that if it were possible, it would make a man immortal: And Sage in English, from the property in comforting, and strengthening the Head and memory, to make men sage or wise, of the French word Sauge.   

The Kinds.  
Of Sage, I find no less than a dozen sor●●. 1. Our ordinary Garden Sage, which is subdivided into two sorts of party coloured Sage, the one white and green; the other whitish, red, and green, in most of the leaves. 2. Great white Sage. 3. Great Sage of Candy, with broad and narrow leaves, and bearing Ears and Apples, and that bea● 〈◊〉. 4. Small Sage, Sage of virtue, or Pig-Sage. 5. The sweetest small Spanish Sage, with Ears: 6. Small Candy Sage without Ears. 7. Small red flowered Sage. 8. Small Woolly Sage. 9 Round leaf. 10. The greater narrow white Sage, with yellow leaves. 11. French or yellow wild Sage, with broad leaves. 12. Small yellow Sage of Candy. The three last sorts have been by some recorded to be Mullein; but they were mistaken, for as much as the Flowers of Mullein never gape as these do.   

The Form.  
Our ordinary Sage beareth foursquare Woody stalks, in some whiter green, in others redder as the Leaves are also, standing by couples at the joints being somewhat long and broad, rough and wrinkled, of a strong sweetish scent; At the tops of the stalks come forth the flowers set at certain Spaces one above another, which are long and gaping, like unto the flowers of Pary or Deadnettle, but of a bluish purple colour: after which come small round Seed in the husk that bore the flower; the root is woody with divers strings at it: it is more usually propagated by Slips then of the Seeds.   

The Place and Time.  
Many of the foresaid sorts grow in the Physic Gardens at Westminster and Oxford, but the third will not abide with us, nor ever bear those Apples, their natural soil being in the hot Countries of Egypt, Candy, etc. They do for the most part flower in July, yet some of them flower not until August; All of them also do bear seed, except Pig Sage, or Sage of Virtue, which seldom or never bears any.   

The Temperature:  
Sage is hot and dry in the third Degree, and is commonly used in Sauces, as to stuff Veal, Pork, roasting Pigs, and that for good cause, for it drieth up the superfluous moisture wherewith they abound, and stirreth up appetite, and is somewhat of a binding quality.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The leaves of Sage which look as if they were scorched by blasting, do by Signature give help to those parts of a man's body that seem to be as it were dead by some blasting, in restoring the natural heat and vigour to the part: in which quality it excelleth, giving a friendly and beneficial Comfort to the Vital Spirits. This herb hath many rare properties, but three especially which are contained in these following Verses.  

Salvia confortat Nervos, manuumque tremorem  
Tollit; et ejus , febris acuta fugit:  
Sage helps the Nerves; and, by its powerful might,  
Palsies and Fevers sharp it puts to flight.   
Sage is of excellent good use, also to help the memory by warming and quickening the Senses, and the Conserve made of the flowers is used to the same purpose; The eating of Sage in the month of May with Butter, Parsly, and some salt is very commendable for the continuation of health to the Body; as also Sage-Ale made with it, Rosemary and other good Herbs, is good for ●eeming women, such as are subject to miscarry through the ●oo much moisture ●r slipperiness of their Wombs. Ga●gles likewise are made with Sage, Rosemary, Honysuckles, and Plantain boiled in water or wine, with some Honey or Allome put thereto to wash Cankers, sore Mouths and Throats, or the secret parts of Man or Woman, as need requireth. And with other hot and comfortable herbs to be boiled, to serve for the bathing of the Body or Legs in the summer time, especially to warm the cold Joints or Sinews of young and old, troubled with the Palsy or Cramp, and to comfort and strengthen the parts. The red Sage is much commended against the Stitch or pains in the side coming of wind, if the grieved place be fomented warm with the decoction thereof in wine, and the herb after the boiling be laid warm also thereto. At all times be sure you wash your Sage, for fear that the Toads, who as I conceive come to it to relieve themselves being overcharged with poison, should leave some of their ve●om upon the Leaves, the danger whereof is upon record; and therefore it is good to plant Rue amongst your Sage, and then they will not come near it. Being steeped in drink close covered all night, it is good against infection, especially if Rue be added thereunto, as witnesseth Schola Salerni.  Sivia cum Ruta faciunt tibi pocula tuta.   

CHAP. VIII. Of Rosemary.  

The names.  
THe Greeks call it, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it hath a smell somewhat like unto Frankincense, which they call, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and usually the Epithet of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is added thereunto which signifies Coronaria in Latin, to distinguish it from the other, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which are umbelliferous plants & grow only in the Gardens of Herbarists as in Mr. Morgan's Garden at Westminster, etc. The Latins Rosmarinus, and Rosmarinum (Quasi Rosa marina according to some) and so do the shops. The Garden Rosemary is called Rosmarinum Coronarium, the rather because Women have been accustomed to make Crowns and Garlands thereof. The flowers are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the composition made of them, Dianthos.   

The Kind's.  
There was formerly but one sort of Rosemary known, but now we have more diversity. As 1. Ordinary Rosemary. 2. Gilded Rosemary. 3. Broadleafed Rosemary. 4. Double flowered Rosemary. 5. Wild sweet S●lesia Rosemary. 6. Unsavoury Wild Rosemary. 7. Our wild Rosemary. 8. The Poet's Rosemary or Guard robe; so called, because the people of Granado Montpelier, and the Kingdom of Valentia, do use it in their Presses and Wardrobes, and call it Guard●lobo.   

The Form.  
Though ordinary Garden Rosemary, be so well known that I shall scarce need to describe it, yet it being a plant of so great use, I shall not so much slight it, as to let it go without a description. It is a woody shrub growing oftentimes to the height of three or four Cubits, especially when it is set by a wall, and hath stood there a long time; the Stem is of a close firm substance and whitish, branching forth into sundry arms, and from them again in to many slender brittle branches, at the Joints whereof are set at several distances, many long and very narrow Leaves, green above and grayish underneath, somewhat hard, and of a quick spicy taste with a pleasant sweet strong smell; and with them all along the stalks towards the tops divers small gaping flowers, of a pale bleak bluish Colour standing in whitish husks: the Seed is small and of a colour between black and red, but seldom doth any that is sowed in England endure the first Winter without extraordinary Care, and therefore is usually increased by setting the slips thereof.   

The Place and Time.  
The Ordinary Rosemary, as also that with the gilded Leaves are no Strangers here in England, for they are to be found in most Gardens, though their natural soil be in France, Spain, and other hot Countries. In that part of France which is called Provence, it groweth of itself without setting, and is used for a common fuel. There is so great plenty of it likewise in Spain, that the Odour of it, is many times smelled by those in the Ships that pass by, many leagues off from the Land. The third and fourth, is found only in the Gardens of Herbarists. The fifth and sixth in Silesia, Bohemia, and the parts thereabouts. The seventh groweth in Yorkshire, but especially in Lan●●sh●re in a field called little Reed amongst the Hurtle berries, near unto a small Village, called Maudsley. The last groweth in great abundance, in Narbone ●pain, and Italy. The first flowreth in April, and May, and sometime in August again, the others not until August, except our wild Rosemary w●ich flowereth in June and July.   

The Temperature.  
Rosemary is hot and dry in the second degree, and also of an astringent or binding quality, as being compounded of divers parts, and taking more of the mixture of the earthly substance.   

The Virtues.  
It is given against all fluxes of blood▪ it is also good, especially the flowers thereof for all infirmities of the head and brain, proceeding of a moist cause; for they dry the brain, quicken the senses and memory, and strengthen the sinew part. It helpeth all cold diseases of the Head, Stomach, Liver, and Belly, with its warming and comforting heat. To cleanse and comfort the Stomach, and to make a sweet breath, use it in this manner; Take Rosemary with the flowers or without, a handful or more, seethe it in white Wine a good space and put thereto if you please a little Cinnamon, then drink it and wash your mouth therewith, the same without Cinnamon maketh the skin very clear; and therefore is good to wash the hands and face with. It helpeth also cold Rheums falling down into the Eyes, the giddiness or swimming of the head, the dumb palsy or loss of speech, the Lethargy and falling Sickness if it be drunk, and the temples bathed therewith. It is a remedy for the windiness in the Stomach or bowels, and expelleth it powerfully, as also the Hypochondriack passion & wind in the Spleen: it helpeth all those that are Livergrown by opening the obstructions thereof, by warming the coldness, extenuating the grosseness, and afterwards binding and strengthening the weakness thereof. The Flowers and the Conserve made of them are singular good to comfort the heart, and to expel the Contagion of the Pestilence, and it is good to burn the branches of it, in infectious times. Both flowers and leaves are very profitable for Women that are troubled with the Whites, if they be daily taken. The dried Leaves being cut and taken in a Tobacco Pipe helpeth them that have any Cough, Phthisic or Consumption by warming and drying the thin Distillations, which cause those Diseases. The Chemical Oil drawn from the Leaves and flowers is a Sovereign help for all the diseases aforesaid, if the Temples and Nostrils be but touched with a drop or two, it helpeth the head and brain, and so it doth any cold benummed-Joynt, Sinew, or member, if it be anointed with two or three drops thereof: Great care is to be taken in applying it to inward griefs, for it is very quick and piercing, and therefore but a very little is to be taken at once.    

CHAP. IX. Of Lavender.  

The Names.  
I Doubt very much, whether this Plant were at all known unto the Grecians, because I cannot find it in Dioscorides, or any ancient or modern Greek Author to be so much as mentioned, though I have sought diligently for it. It is called in Latin Lavandula & Lavendula, and of some Lavanda, quia lavacris expetitur, because it is used in Baths, and in washing of the hands for the sweetness of the smell. The ordinary great Lavender is called by Matthiolus, Nardus-Italica, & Pseudonardus. Tragus calleth it Spica, & Nardus Germanica; but most Authors call the greater Lavendula, major & mass, as they do the lesser, minor & faemina. It is by some called Spikenard, because it giveth a favour, somewhat like to the true Spikenard; and by others, the female of this here is held to be Lavender, and Spike-the-male.   

The Kinds.  
There are two sorts of Lavender as I said before, that is, a greater and a lesser. Of the lesser there be three sorts, 1. Small Lavender or Spike, with purplish blue Flowers. 2. Small white Lavender or Spike, with a white Flower. 3. Jagged Lavender.   

The Form:  
Ordinary Garden Lavender hath a hard woody stem, parted into many small branches, whereon are set whitish, long and narrow leaves, by couples one against another, from among which, rise up naked square stalks, with two leaves at a joint; and at the tops, divers small husks standing round about them, form in long round heads or spikes, with bluish gaping Flowers, springing out of each of them: the root is woody, and spreadeth in the ground: the whole Plant is of a strong sweet smell, but especially the heads of Flowers, which are much used to be put into linen and apparel, as also into Nosegays or Posies, because they are very pleasing and delightful to the brain, which is much refreshed with its sweetness, as on the contrary side it is very much offended with evil smells. I know not whether it would bear seed or not, it being so usually gathered by our Country women for the purposes aforesaid, before it come to maturity; and therefore it must necessarily be propagated by slips, as Rosemary and Sage usually is.   

The Place and Time.  
The first Sort is found in the Gardens of most Women, that pretend to good housewifery, who bind it up in bundles, and either carry it to the Market to sell, or else reserve it for their own use; but it, and the second, and third sort grow naturally in many places of Spain and Narbone in France, from whence they have been translated into the Gardens of those which are curious of all rare Herbs and Plants: as also the last, which was at the first found out by Clusius, both about Malaca in Spain, and Murcia, in the Realm of Granado, and is now to be seen in the Physic Garden at Oxon. In those hotter Countries they flower in F●bruary or March, but here in England they flower not till the beginning of July, or the end of June, at the soon. It prospereth best in an open and sunny place, and if the earth be stony, it groweth the better.   

The Temperature.  
Lavender is hot and dry, and that in the third degree, and is of a thin substance, consisting of many airy and spiritual parts. Therefore it is good to be given any way, against the Diseases of the Head, and especially those which have their original or beginning, not of abundance of humours, but chief of one quality only.   

The Virtues.  
The distilled water of Lavender being sunned for a time, is not only sweet of smell, and therefore comfortable to the brain; but also is good for the Palsy, and all other infirmities of the head, proceeding of cold; if the Temples, the hollowness under the ears, and the nape of the neck be washed therewith: as the Catalepsis, which is a Disease that taketh away all motion from the body, the Megrim, and the Falling-Sickness: yea, two or three spoonfuls of the water being drunk, recovereth the speech being lost, and reviveth them that are in a swoon, and so it doth, if it be but applied to the Temples or Nostrils to be smelled unto; but it is not safe to use it, when the Body is full of humours, mixed with blood, because of the hot and subtle spirits, wherewith it is possessed. A Decoction made with the Flowers of Lavender, Horehound, Fennel, and Asparagus Roots, and a little Cinnamon is very profitably used to help the Falling-Sickness, and the giddiness or turning of the brain. Wherefore not without cause; the Herb is reckoned of Schola Salerni, amongst those things that cure the Palsy:  

Salvia, Castoreumque, Laevandula, Primula Veris.  
Nasturt. Athanas: haec sanant Paralytica Membra,   
That is to say, Sage, Castory, (that is, the stones of the Beast, called a Castor) Lavender, Primrose, Watercresse, and tansy, cure and heal Members infected with the Palsy. So that though the Flowers be of most virtue, yet the Herb itself is good for the uses aforesaid: as also for Apoplexies, Lethargies, Cramps, Convulsions, and gripe of the body proceeding of Cold. It helpeth also the stopping of the Milt, heateth the belly, and sendeth down the Terms, and if the same be holden often in the mouth, it helpeth the Ulcers and pains of the teeth, and the same water is excellent good for blisters of the mouth, if the mouth be washed therewith. It being often smelled unto, doth comfort and clear the sight; and if a shirt be but wetted in the water, wherein Lavender hath been boiled, and after dried, no louse will breed or abide therein, as long as it keepeth the smell. The lesser Lavender is much commended in all the Diseases of the Mother, as the strangling or suffocation, the dislocation or displacing, etc. for Women to be bathed therewith, as also to help forward their travel. The Chemical Oil drawn from Lavender, usually called Oil of Spike, is good for the Palsy, Falling-Sickness, Gouts of the Joints, and of the feet, both taken at mouth, and also anointed; but it must be used cautiously; some few drops, being sufficient to be given with other things, either for inward or outward griefs.    

CHAP. X. Of Marjerome.  

The names.  
MArjerome is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Majorana, à majori curâ, ut aliqui volunt; Sampsuchum also, and Amaracus after the Greek: The cause of which name is by some Poets supposed to be this. Amaracus the Son of Cinara, King of Cyprus, having in his hand a Box of most fragrant Ointment, by a mischance spilt it on the ground, the loss whereof he took so impatiently, that he did nothing but mourn for it: in consideration of whose Parentage, and excellent Perfection, the Gods in pity did transform him into that Herb, which is called Amaracus, after his name, which still retaineth the smell of the Ointment which he spilt. It is called in English sweet Marjerome, fine Marjerome, and Marjerome Gentle. The Pot Marjerome is also called Winter Marjerome.   

The Kinds:  
The sorts of Marjerome which I shall here reckon up are six. 1. The ordinary Garden, sweet Marjerome. 2. Marjerome Gentle. 3. Winter sweet Marjerome. 4. Winter or Pot-Marjerome. 5. Yellow Marjerome. 6. Wild or Field Marjerome. I shall, as most commonly I do, describe only the first.   

The Form.  
The ordinary Garden Marjerome that is sown here in England, is a small low Herb, scarcely mounting above a foot in height, full of branches, and small whitish, and soft roundish leaves on them, smelling very sweet: at the tops of the Branches stand divers small long and round scaly heads or knots (and therefore of some called knotted Marjerome) of a whitish green colour, out of which come here and there small white Flowers, and after them small reddish seed: the Root is composed of divers small threads or strings, which perisheth with the whole Plant every year. The whole Plant, and every part thereof, is of a most pleasant taste, and aromatical smell, and by transplanting into beds well dressed with dry dung, it prospereth better, and becomes so strong, that it is commonly able to abide the coldness of the Winter, if it be not extraordinary.   

The Place and Time.  
The sweet Marjerome grows wild on the Mountains in Spain, and other places, and the wild Marjerome in the Borders of Cornfields, and Pastures in sundry places of this Land, and particularly on both sides the Footway, which leadeth from St. Alban, to Mr. Cottons House, near unto the place where old Verulam stood: the rest are nursed up in Gardens, their natural places being in Crect and Italy, from whence we have the seeds for the Gardens of our cold Countries, which being sown in moist and shadowy places, well dunged and digged, groweth greater and taller; but if it be set in an open and sunny place, it grows shorter and crisped. It may be propagated also by slips. They are sown in May, and bring forth their scaly or chaffy Husks or Ears in July and August. Gerrard saith, that although it be better for other Plants to be watered morning and evening, yet it is best for Marjerome and Basil to be watered in the middle of the day, when the Sun shineth hottest.   

The Temperature and Virtues.  
Our common sweet Marjerome is hot and dry in the second Degree, and aught to be gathered in the Summer when it flowereth, which is commonly in August, and after dried in a shadowy place, and so it will serve for a year. It i● warm and comfortable in cold Diseases of the head, stomach, sinews, and other parts taken inwardly, or applied outwardly. Matthiolus saith, that it digesteth, attenuateth, openeth and strengtheneth. It comforteth the brain, openeth the stopping of the Members, taketh away the Apoplexy; and the Head washed in Lie made of it, doth cause the grievous pain of the Head to cease. The powder of it given in meat, or drunk in Wine, doth help the coldness of the stomach, and comforteth digestion. And the dry leaves made into powder, mixed with Honey, and anointed upon any part, doth take away black and blue spots of the skin. The Oil made thereof is very warming, and comfortable to the joints which are stiff, and the Sinews which are hard, to mollify, supple, and stretch them forth. It helpeth the cold griefs of the womb, and the windiness thereof, it comforteth the brain and Nerves, and helpeth the weariness and diseases of them, if they come of cold: it helps the dead Palsy, the back, (viz. the Region along the Backbone) being anointed with it, being snuffed up in the nose, it helps Spasmus Cynicus, which is a wrying the mouth aside: It helps noise in the Ears, being dropped in them: it provokes the Terms, and helpeth the bitings of venomous Beasts; it is a most gallant Oil to strengthen the Body, the back being anointed, it strengthens the Muscles, they being chafed with it; it helps the Headache, the forehead being rubbed with it. Also this Herb hath the property of heating all the inward Members, it softeneth the Milt, and assuageth the swelling thereof. The Decoction of it doth help those that are beginning to fall into a Dropsy: those that cannot make water, and the pains and torments in the belly. The Flower and Herb put in a fine bag, and that applied to the stomach, doth take away the pain and grief thereof. The powder of the Leaves snifted up into the nose, doth both cleanse and heat the Head, and stayeth Rheum, especially if it be mixed with a little Ginger. Lastly, it is used in all odoriferous Waters, Powders, etc. and is a chief Ingredient in most of those Powders that Barber's use, in whose Shops I have seen great store of this Herb hanged up.    

CHAP. XI. Of Primroses, Cowslips, and Bears-Eares.  
THere being so great affinity in these sorts of Plants, both for form and quality, I thought it not amiss to join them together, in one Chapter, lest our Volume should extend itself to too great a Bulk.  

The Names.  
Primroses are usually called in Latin Primulae Veris, because they are the first that flourish in the Spring, or at least flower with the first; nay, sometimes they flourish all winter, if the weather be calm, both these and Cowslips are named Arthriticae & Herbae Paralysis, because they are good against the pains of the Joints and Sinews. In English, Petty Mullens, or Palsy words, but most commonly Cowslips. The greater sort called for the most part Ox-lips and Paigles, are named of divers, Herba S. Petri, in English, Oxlip and Paigle. The Auricula Vrsi is entitled by divers names, by sundry Authors, as Lunaria, Arthritica & Paralytica Alphina; by Gesner, Primula Veris Pachyphylloes, by Lugdunensis, Sanicula sive Auricula Vrsi: first by Matthiolus, and afterwards by Lo●el; and Sanicula Alpina, by Gesner and Bauchinus; but usually now a days, Auricula Vrsi, by all, and therefore we in English call them Auricula's Bears-Ears, from the similitude that the Leaves have with the Ears of a Bear, and sometimes French Cowslips, because they grow naturally upon the Alps, and are much like unto Cowslips in flower, and sometimes Mountain Cowslips. Some of them are called Birds-eyes.   

The Kind's.  
And here I might muster up a whole Regiment of these three sorts, but I shall mention no more at this time, than those I find spoken of by Gerrard which are. 1. The white single or field Primrose. 2. The Purple Primrose, which by the Turks is called Carchicheck. 3. The white double Primrose. 4. The green Primrose. 5. Field Cowslips. 6. Field Oxelipps. 7. Double Paigles. 8. Cowslipps two in a hese. 9 White Birdeine. 10. Red Birdeine. 11. Yellow Bears ear. 12. Purple Bears ear. 13. Red Bears ear. 14. Scarlet Bears ear 15. Blush coloured Bears ear. 16. Bright red Bear's ear. 17. Stamel Bears ear. 18. Little white Bear's ear. He that desires to be any better informed in these kinds of flowers, let him consult the Masculine, but especially the Feminine Work of Mr. Parkinson, who hath treated more largely of them. There have been many sorts also found out and brought from beyond the Seas of late days: but being no very skilful Florist, I desire to be excused for not mentioning of them. I should proceed to the Descriptions of the Ordinary sort of each, but because they are so well known I shall describe only the Bear's ear.   

The Form.  
Bears-Ear is a beautiful and brave plant, having green, thick and fat leaves somewhat finely snipt about the edges, not altogether unlike those of Cowslips, but smother, greener, and nothing rough or crumpled; among which ariseth up a slender round stem an handful high, bearing a tuft of flowers at the top, sometimes of a yellow, sometimes of a purple or red, and sometimes of a white colour, not much unlike to the flowers of Oxlipps, but more open, and consisting of one only Leaf like Cotiledon or Pennywort, the root is very threddy, and like unto the Oxelip.   

The Place and Time.  
Primroses and Cowslips joy most in shadowy places, and therefore are most commonly found in Woods and borders of fields near to the bedge sides. The purple Primrose, the double Primrose, the green Primrose, the double Paigses and the Cowslips two in a hose are seldom seen but in Gardens. The Red and white Birdeine do grow very plentifully in the Northern parts of this land, as in Harwood near Blackburn in Lancashire, at Crosby, Ravenswaith, and Cragge Close in Westmoreland, and in some other places. The Original of the Auriculaes' came first from the mountains of Germany, Hungary Italy, as the Alps and Pyrences, etc. But the greatest variety hath risen from the Seed, many of them will flower twice in the year, viz. in April and May, and then again in August, and September, if the Autumn prove temperate and moist.   

The Temperature and Virtues.  
All of them are in Temperature dry, little or nothing hot, but astringent, and are accounted as profitable for the pains of the head as any plant that is, except Betony. They are excellent good against any join-ache, as the Pal●y and pains of the Sinews, as their names do import. The decoction of the roots are good for the stone in the Kidneys and Bladder; the juice of the leaves for members that are lose and out of joint, or inward parts that are hurt, r●nt, or broken. A drachm and a half of the dried roots of field Primrose gathered in the Autumn, purgeth by Vomit very forcibly (but safely) waterish humou●s, choler and phlegm, in such manner as Asara bacca doth. A conserve made with the flowers of Cowslips and Sugar prevaileth wonderfully against the Palsy, Convulsions, Cramps and all diseases of the Sinews, if the quantity of a Nutrneg be taken every morning. An ointment made of the leaves, and Hog's grease, healeth wounds; and taketh away Spots, Wrinkles, and Sunburning, and so doth the distilled water of the flowers; As divers Ladies, Gentlewomen and she Citizens, whether wives or widows know well enough. The roots of Primrose stamped and strained, and the juice snifted into the Nose with a quill, or such like, purgeth the brain and qualifieth the pain of the Megrim. An Ointment made with the Juice of Cowslips and oil of Linseed, cureth all scaldings and burn with fire water or otherwise. The flowers of Primt 〈…〉 sodden in Vinegar, and applied do heal the King's Evil, healeth also the Almonds of the Ears and Palate, if you Gargarize the party with the decoction thereof. The leaves and flowers of Primroses boiled in Wine and drunk are good against all diseases of the Breast and Lungs; and will draw any thorn splinter or bone out of the flesh. The Bear's ears according to their name Sanicle are no less powerful for healing then the former, as also for the Palsy and Rupture called Enterocele, if for some reasonable space it be put in drinks, or boiled by itself. The roots also of Bears-ears are in great request amongst those that use to hunt after Goats and Robucks upon the Alps and high mountains; and for the strengthening of the head then when they pass by fearful precipices and steep places in following their game, that Giddiness and swimming of the brain may not seize upon them.    

CHAP. XII. Of the Lily of the Valley.  

The Names.  
THe Latins have named it, Lilium Convallium; Gesner doth think it to be Callionymum. It is called in English, Lily of the Valley, or the Convall Lily, May Lilies, Wood Lilies, and in some places, Liriconfancy or Lily- Confancy. Fuschius saith, that Ephemerum non Lethale and Lilium Convallium, are the same.   

The Kind's.  
Of this Lily I find but two sorts. 1. Lilly-Convally with white flowers. 2. Lilly-Convally with red flowers.   

The Form,  
The Lily of the Valley hath leaves, somewhat like unto other white Lilies, or rather like unto the leaves of the smallest water Plantain, among which doth a slender and small stalk spring up; in the top of which grow forth little small white flowers like little bells, with turned edges, and of a pleasant smell; which being passed there come small red berries, much like the berries of Asparagus. wherein the seed is contained. The root is small and slender, creeping fare abroad in the ground.   

The Place and Time.  
It groweth plentifully upon Hamstead-heath four miles from London; near to Lee in Essex; and on Bushy heath thirteen miles from London; in Bagly wood which is two or three miles from Oxford, not far from the way to Abingdon, and many other places, in valleys, and on the sides of hills. For its great commodity and beauty, it is brought and planted in Gardens where it prospereth best, if it be set in a moist ground and shadowy place. It flowereth in May, and the fruit is ripe in September.   

The Temperature and Virtues.  
The Lilies of the Valley are hot and dry of Temperature, according to Gerrard and Sennertus; yet Hill in his Art of Gardening saith, that they are cold and moist. I assent rather to the former opinion, though there may be some reason given for the later also. The flowers be more effectual than the Herb, and the root passeth the flowers in virtue. It cureth the Apoplexy by Signature; for as that disease is caused by the dropping of humours into the principal Ventricles of the brain: so the flowers of this Lily hanging on the plants as if they were drops, are of wonderful use herein, if they be distilled with Wine, and the quantity of a spoonful thereof drunk, and so it restoreth speech to them that have the dumb Palsy; And is good against the Gout, comforteth the heart and Vital Spirits, strengthens the brain, recrutes a weak memory, and makes it strong again. The distilled water dropped into the Eyes helps inflammations, there is also that infirmity which is called the Pin and Web. The flowers steeped in New Wine and drunk doth help those which are pained with a trembling of the heart or other members, it stops the passages of the Leprosy beginning that the same spread no further abroad. Also it doth take away the scab and ring-Worm anointed thereupon; and the sooner, if you wash them sundry times with the water. The water also assuageth the swell of the stingings of Bees and Wasps, if it be applied to the part. Take the flowers and steep them in New Wine for the space of a month, which being finished take them out again and distil the wine five times over in a Limbeck. This wine is more precious than Gold: for if any one that is troubled with the Apoplexy drink thereof, with six grains of Pepper, and a little Lavender water they shall not need to fear it that month; It ceaseth the Colic, it comforteth the brain, and helpeth the Impostume in the hinder part thereof. Six ounces of the water of the flowers, helpeth those that are poisoned or bit with a mad Dog, and being drunk forty days, it doth away the falling Scknesse. The same water drunk helpeth the Strangury, the pricking about the heart and inflammation of the Liver, and stayeth excessive Menstrues. Gerrard saith, That a Glass being filled with the flowers of May Lilies, and set in an Ant-hill with the mouth close stopped for a month's space, and then taken out, you shall find a Liquor in the Glass, which being outwardly applied helps the Gout very much.    

CHAP. XIII. Of Misselto.  

The Names.  
THe last thing that I shall treat of as appropriated to t●e diseases of the Brain, as the Falling Sickness, Apoplexy, ●alsy, etc. is Misselto, which is called, by Dioscorides, and so is the Birdlime made thereof; but Theophrastus calls it, who saith also that in Eubaa it is called Stelis and in Arcadia, Hyphear. In Latin it is called Viscus and Viscum, and so is also the Birdlime made of the Berries. jon the Poet call it S●dor Quercus, Because it groweth on Trees from their own superfluous moisture, and not as some falsely suppose from the dunging of those Blackbirds or rather Thrushes which have eaten the Berries hereof, so the seeds have been made fit to grow. For it is since found by Experience, that there is no show of seed in that dung they void upon the Trees, or elsewhere, it being wholly altered in their bellies before the voiding; And further the Misselto doth not always grow upon the boughs, but sometimes from beneath them, where it is impossible that either any bird can dung, or any of the seed come thither, by any other means; And therefore he mistook that said, Turdus tibi cacat malum.   

The Kind's.  
The sorts of Misselto that I find upon record are three. 1. The ordinary Misselto with few and many berries. 2. The Misselto of India. 3. Misselto of Peru.   

The Form.  
Misselto is an Excrescence arising from the branch or arm of the Tree whereon it groweth with a woody stem, parting itself into sundry branches, and they spreading again into many other smaller twigs over thwart one another, do wrap and interlace one within an other; the bark of it is of a light or Popinjay, green colour, but the leaves are of a brownish green colour, which being set by two and two at every Joint or Knot, and at the end likewise, are somewhat long and narrow, small at the bottom but broader towards the end. At the Knots and Joints of the boughs of the branches grow small yellowish flowers which turn into small white round berries, which are so clear that a man may see through them, and are full of clammy or Viscous moisture, whereof the best Birdlime is made, fare exceeding that which is made of Holly Bark: Within the berry is contained a small black kernel or seed, which hath been put into the ground, and other places, but was never yet known to grow, it being indeed without any root.   

The Place and Time.  
This Excrescence groweth upon Appletrees, Pear-Trees, Crabtrees, and Hasles, very plentifully in divers places, especially in Essex; but that which groweth on the Oak, is very rare in England, That with many Berries groweth in Germany, etc. and the other two in the West-Indies. Theophrastus saith, that the Misselto loseth the leaves in Winter, if it grow on those Trees that shed their leaves, as Appletrees, etc. do; but in every green Tree, as Box, etc. it loseth them not: the Reason whereof, saith he, is the tenacious humidity in the one, which the other wanteth; but Experience showeth, that it keep th' the Leaves fresh and green in the Winter, when the Trees whereon they grow, have not any of their own left on them, in these parts of Europe generally. Ordinary Misselto flowreth in the Spring; but the Berries are not ripe until O●●ber, and abide on the Branches all the Winter, unless the Thrushes and other Birds devour them. It is one of those things wherewith Country people adorn their houses at Christmas, and is celebrated in this old Caroll,  

Holly, and Ivy, Misselto,  
Give me a red Apple, and let me go, etc.    

The Temperature.  
Misselto is hot and dry in the third Degree, the Leaves and Berries do heat and dry, and are of subtle parts, for some acrimony is in them, which overcommeth the bitterness, the Birdlime doth mollify hard knots, etc. which is not of that property, as to heat suddenly, but after some time as Thapsia doth.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
Crollius saith, that Misselto of the Oak, and the Birdlime that is ma●e thereof, is very effectual for the curing of the Falling-Sickness, and that it doth it by Signature: the viscosity and tenacious quality of the Birdlime, representing those melancholy and phlegmatic humours, consisting of tough and clammy slime, by which it is caused, or else as Birdlime doth detain whatsoever it fastens to, so this Disease ceasing upon the Body, as the Remora doth upon a Ship, will suffer it to go no further, but maketh it to fall down. But some question may arise concerning the Application of the Birdlime, whether it is to be taken inwardly, or used outwardly, because Gerrard saith, if it be inwardly taken, it is mortal, and bringeth most grievous accidents▪ as that it should make the tongue to be inflamed and swollen, the mind to be distracted, and the strength of the heart and wits to fail, quoting Nicander, as I suppose for his Author. If there be any such malicious quality in it, it is when it is taken alone; for I not only conceive, that Crollius meant it should be taken inwardly, but I find it prescribed by that famous and worthy Physician, Mr. Bruel, to be taken in Pills after this manner, Recipe, Visci quercini, Seeds and Roots of Peony ana 1. ounce. Nutmeg 1. ounce. of Aniseeds 1. oun. Sacchari buglossati 7. ounces. in every Pill 1. ounce. And therefore if it be corrected with other Ingredients, there is no such great danger as Gerrard repotteth.  
The next Question will be, whether the Misselto of other Trees, be not as good as that of the Oak? Mr. Culpepper rails against the College of Physicians, for saying that that which grows upon Oaks, hath most virtues. Clusius affirms, that which grows upon Pear-Trees to be as prevalent, and gives order that it should not touch the Ground after it is gathered, and also saith, That being hung about the neck it remedies Witchcraft. It is wonder the carping ginger had not had a sling at Clusius also for superstition, but I conceive he scaped, because he was of an Opinion different from the College. Matthiolus saith, that that of the Che●nut-Tree is as good, (but most hold that of the Oak to be the best) which being made into Powder, and given in Drink unto those which have the Falling-sickness, doth heal them, as the same Author speaketh upon his own experience. Some have so highly esteemed of the Virtues hereof, that they have called it Lignum St. Crucis, believing it to help the Falling-sickness, Apoplexy and Palsy, very speedily, not only to be inwardly taken, but hung about their necks; and some Women have worn it about their necks, or on their arms, thinking it will help them to conceive. Tragus saith, that the fresh Wood of any Misselto bruised, and the juice drawn forth, and dropped into the Ears, that have Imposthumes in them, doth help and ease them within a few days. The Birdlime mollifieth hard knots, tumours, and Imposthumes, ripeneth and discusseth them, and draweth forth thick as well as ●●in humours, ●om the remote places of the Body, digesting them, and separating them, and being mixed with equal parts of Rosin and Wax, it mollifieth the hardness of the Spleen, and healeth old Ulcers and Sores, with Sandatack and Orpment, it draweth off foul nails, especially if quick Lime, and the Lees of Wine be added thereunto.    

CHAP. XIV. Of the Quince-Tree.  

The Names.  
HAving handled several Plants that are approptiated to the Head, some by Signature, and some without, I shall now write of a few which cure the Diseases of the Hair, as Alopecia, Ophiasis, etc. beginning with the Quince-Tree, which is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in Latin Malus Cydonia & Cotonea. It beareth the Name of Malus Cydonia, à Cydone Cretae oppido, unde primum advecta, because it was brought first from. Cydon, a Town in Crete: and Cotonea, as some think from the down, which groweth upon the Fruit, which is called Cotton, as Fuchsius writeth, by which name Cato first called it, and Pliny after him. The Spaniards call it Membrill●o & Marmello, from whence come the word Marmalade.   

The Kinds.  
Columella setteth down three sorts of this fruit, 1. Struthia Great ones. 2. Chrysomela, Gold Colour. 3. Mustea, Early ones, but little; but in our days, there are four or five sorts of Trees, which are known by the names following. 1. Our ordinary Quince-Tree. 2. The Portugal Quince. 3. The Barbary Quince. 4. The Lion's Quince. 5. The Brunswick Quince.   

The Form.  
The ordinary Quince-Tree groweth oftentimes to the height and bigness of a reasonable Appletree; but more usually lower, and crooked, with a rough Bark, spreading Arms and Branches far abroad: the Leaves are somewhat round, and like those of the Appletree; but thicker, harder, fuller of Veins, and white on the under side, not dented at all about the Edges: the Flowers are large and white, sometimes dashed over with a blush: the fruit that followeth is first green, and then yellow, when the white Frieze, or Cotton, wherewith it is covered, is rubbed off, which groweth less, as the fruit ripeneth, bunched out oftentimes in some places, some being liker an Apple, some like a Pear, of a strong heady sent, and not durable to keep, and is sour, harsh, and of an unpleasant taste to eat raw, but being scalded, roasted, baked, or preserved, becometh very pleasant.   

The Place and Time.  
The Place of every one, save the first, is expressed already, which best likes to grow near Ponds, and Water sides, and is frequent through the Land, but beareth not, 〈◊〉 the place where it groweth be somewhat moist. It flowreth not till after the leaves put forth, and that is about the end of March, or the beginning of April: the fruit is commonly ripe about the beginning of October.   

The Temperature.  
Quinces have a cold and earthy faculty in them, and by reason of their 〈◊〉 binding, they moisten the body less than other fruits; for they are cold in ●●e first, and dry in the second degree. When they are green, they help all sort● of Fluxes in Man or Woman, and whatsoever needeth astriction.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The Down of Quinces doth in some sort resemble the hair of the Head, the Decoction whereof is very effectual for the restoring of Hair that is fallen off by the French Pox, and being made up with Wax, and laid on as a Plaster, it bringeth Hair to them that are bald, and keepeth it from falling, if it be ready to shed: It healeth Plague-sores, if it be boiled in Wine, and applied to them. The Syrup of the Juice of Quinces strengthens the heart and stomach, stays looseness and vomiting, relieves languishing Nature: for looseness, take a spoonful of it before meat, for vomiting after meat; for others purposes it is to be taken in the morning, and may be then taken for these also. It helpeth the Liver also, when it is so oppressed, that it cannot perfect digestion, and correcteth Choler and Phlegm. If you would have Quinces purging, put Honey to them instead of Sugar; and if more laxative, add for Choler Rhubarb; for Phlegm, Tu●bith; for watery humours, Scammony: but if more forcibly to bind, use the unripe Quinces with Ro●es and Acacia, or Hypocistis, and some torrefied Rhubarb. The Juice of raw Quinces is held as an Antidote against the force of deadly poison, not suffering it to have any force in the body; for it hath been often found to be most certain true, that the very smell of a Quince hath taken away all the strength of the poison of white Hellebore, which the Hunters of Spain and Navarre make to kill wild Beasts, by dipping their Arrow-Heads therein. It is also certain, that if Quinces be brought into an house, where Grapes are hung up to be kept dry all the year, they will assuredly rot. If there be need of any outward binding, and cooling of any hot Fluxes, the Oil of Quinces, or other Medicines that may be made thereof, are very available, to anoint the Belly, or other parts therewith: It likewise strengtheneth the Stomach and Belly, and the Sinews, which are loosed by sharp humours falling on them, and restraineth immoderate sweatings. The Mucilage taken from the Seeds and Quinces, boiled a little in water, is very good to cool the heat, and heal the sore breasts of Women: the same with a little Sugar, is good to lenify the harshness, and hoarseness of the throat, and roughness of the Tongue. The Marmalade of Quinces is toothsome, as well as wholesome, and therefore I cannot blame such Gentlewomen, which are seldom without it in their Closets.    

CHAP. XV. Of Mosses.  
IT may seem strange to any one that considereth not our Method, that we should so much deviate from the common Roads which other Herbarists use to trace, as to treat of the Quince-Tree and Moss, next to one another, there being in their Opinion so little Similitude between them. Yet because it cures the Diseases of the Hair, as the former doth, and doth a little resemble the Down growing on Quinces, I shall handle it next.  

The Names.  
Moss in general is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and in the Attic Tongue, Sphagnum & Hypnum; and Pliny thereupon in one place calleth it in Latin Bryon & Sphagnum, and in another place, Sphagnos, sive Phacos sive Bryon; but it is in Latin usually called Muscus, and properly betokeneth any Herb that is composed of hairs or thread, instead of Leaves; the Arabians and Apothecaries call it Vsnea. The Greeks, which seldom gave any thing a name, without a Reason, called it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because it giveth ease to the Entrails.   

The Kinds.  
The Sorts of these are very numerous: Parkinson reckons up thirty, and treats of them in several Chapters. It would be somewhat tedious, and to little purpose, to repeat them all; I shall therefore for brevity sake, set down those which I find to be useful, and let the rest alone; and the first is, Our common ground-Mosse. 2. Cupp-Mosse. 3. Club-Mosse. 4. Oak-Mosse. 5. Appletree Moss. 6. Moss of a Dead Man's Skull. Neither of these want a Description so much as the Club-Mosse, because it desires to be known in these times, wherein there is so much dead Wine, which it is said, in short time to recover, I shall therefore describe that.   

The Form.  
Club-Mosse, or Wolfs-Claw Moss, which is in Latin called Muscus clavatus sive Lycopodium, groweth close upon the ground, among Bushes and Brakes, to the length of six or eight foot, consisting as it were, of many hairy Leaves, set upon a tough string, very close couched, and compact together: from which is also sent forth, certain other Branches like the first; in sundry places there be sent down divers fine little strings, which serve instead of Roots, wherewith it is fastened to the upper parts of the Earth, and taketh hold likewise of such things as grow next it. There spring also from the Branches, bare or naked stalks, on which grow certain Ears as it were like the Catkines or blowings of the Hazel-Tree, in shape like a little Club, of a yellowish white colour, or rather resembling the Claw of a Wolf, whereof it took its name, which knobby Catkines are altogether barren, and bring forth neither Seed nor Flower, but come to nothing, as they do in all other Mosses.   

The Places and Time.  
The common Moss groweth more or less every where, but especially in shadowy places, and is used in slating of houses, in some Countries. The Cup or Calais Moss which Lobel calls Muscus Pixidatus, creepeth upon the ground like unto Liverwort, but of a yellowish white colour, from who●e Leaves start up things like unto little Cups, and groweth in the most barren, dry, and gravelly Ditch Banks, particularly in a Ditch, near a house formerly called Stockers house, in Stow-Wood, about three miles from Oxford, by the way side, as you go thence to Islip, and sometimes upon old Pales, as upon the School-house Pales at Adderbury in Oxford●hire. The Club-Mosse groweth upon Hamsteed Heath, among the Bushes and Brakes near a little Cottage there. Oak-mosse is found in many Forests and Woods in this Land; but the last which is the Moss of a dead Man's Skull is oftener brought out of Ireland, then found with Us. They are most usually growing, and in their perfection in the Summertime.   

The Temperature.  
The Mosses of the Earth are dry, and astringent of a binding quality, without any heat or cold. Those of the Trees cool, and bind, and do much partake of the nature of the Tree, from whence it is taken: as that of the Oak to be more binding then those of the Cedar, Larch-Ivy, etc. and Fir to be more digesting and mollifying.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
A Decoction of the long Moss that hangs upon Trees, in a manner like hair, is very profitable to be used in the falling off of the hair, and this it doth by Signature. The common ground Moss is held to be singular good to break the Stone, and to expel and drive it forth by Urine, being boiled in Wine, and drunk. The Herb bruised and boiled in water, and then applied to any Inflammations, or pains, rising from a hot cause, doth allay and ease them; and therefore they do apply it to the hot Gout, to allay the pains thereof. The Cup Moss is thought to be a singular Remedy against the Falling-Sickness, and the Chincough in Children, if it be powdered, and then given in sweet Wine for certain days together. The Club-Mosse hung in a Vessel of Wine, that hath lost the vigour and virtue, that floateth, and is become slimy, restoreth it to its former goodness, if the quantity thereof be answerable to the bigness of the Vessel, whereupon Brunfelsius hath called it Wein Kraut, the Wine-Herb. The Moss of Trees, especially of the Oak, is of good use and effect to stay Fluxes and Lasks in Man or Woman: as also vomiting and bleedings, spitting of blood, pissing of blood, the Terms, and the Bloody Flux, if the powder thereof be boiled in Wine and drunk. The Decoction thereof in Wine is very good for Women to be bathed with, or to sit in, that are troubled with abundance of their Courses: the same also drunk, doth stay the troubled Stomach, perplexed with casting, or the Hickok, and doth also comfort the heart, as Avicen saith; and as Serapio saith, procureth deep sleep: some have thought it available for the Dropsy, if the Powder thereof be taken in drink for some time together. The Oil of Roses that hath fresh Moss steeped therein for a time, and after boiled, and applied to the Temples and forehead, doth marvellously ease the Headache, that cometh of a hot cause: as also the distillations of hot Rheum or Humours to the Eyes or other parts. The Ancients much used it in their Ointments, etc. against weariness, and to strengthen and comfort the Sinews. My Lord Bacon saith, that there is a sweet Moss growing upon Appletrees, which is of excellent use for Perfumers, who if they knew it, would greedily catch after it. The Moss that groweth upon dead men's Skulls, hath not only been in former times much accounted of, because it is rare, and hardly gotten; but in our times, much more set by, to make the Unguentum Sympatheticum, or Weapon-Salve, which cureth wounds without local application: in the composition whereof, this is put as a principal Ingredient, but as Crollius hath it, it should be taken from the Skulls of those which have perished by a violent death.    

CHAP. XVI. Of Maidenhair.  
THough the Learned Herbarists make a distinction between, Adiantum, Ruta Muraria, Trichomanes and Polytrichon Apuleii, and therefore have treated of them in divers Chapters, yet desiring to be as brief as conveniently I may, and because they are all Capillary herbs, and may be comprehended under the title of Maidenhair, I shall make but one Chapter of them.  

The Names.  
Maidenhair is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latin Adiantum, Polytrichum, Callitrichum, Cincinnalis, Terrae Capillus, and Supercilium Terrae; of Apuleius Capillus Veneris, Capillaris, Crinita; and of divers, Coriandrum Putei; The Italians keep the name of Capillus Veneris, and ●o do the Shops; In English, Black Maidenhair, and Venus' hair; and by some, our Lady's hair. Some think it to be called Adiantum because 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 it is never wet; but falsely, for if it be dipped in Water it will be wet. Others think, that Rain which falls down in Drops upon the leaves of it, slide off immediately leaving no sign of moisture; But the most likely opinion is, that it is so called because it loveth to grow on the sides of Wells above, where the water never comes, but where the water comes it never grows, and in this sense it may be said, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. It is called Callitrichon, and Polytrichon, of the effect it hath in dying hair, and making it to grow thick. Neither is it called Capillus Veneris for any other reason, but because she is painted with curious hair. Ruta Muraria, was first so called by Matthiolus, who afterwards took it to be Paronychia Dioscoridis. Cordus calleth it, Adiantum album; Dodonaeus, Ruta Muraria; and Lobel and Lugdunsis, Salvia vitae, and many call it Adiantum album, White Maidenhair. Trichomanes is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod rarâ cute fluentem Capillum explet for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is rarus and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Capillus. Gaza translated it Filicula and some have it Fidicula. The Apothecaries beyond the sea, did use to call it Polytricum and Capillaris; We usually call it in Latin Trichomanes, and in English Common Maidenhair, and English Maidenhair, because it is more plentiful in our Land then the rest, and is of more use, and of as good effect for all purposes as the former. The last sort is Polytrichum Apul●● by some called, Polytrichum aureum, by others Adiantum aureum, Adiantum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and Muscus Capillaris, in English, Golden Maidenhair.   

The Kind's.  
All the sorts of Maidenhair that I meet with, are eight. 1. The True Maidenhair. 2. Common Black Maidenhair. 3. Foreign or Assyrian Maidenhair. 4. Wall Rue. 5. The Male English Maidenhair. 6. Female English Maidenhair. 7. Great golden Maidenhair. 8. The lesser Golden Maidenhair. Most of these sorts are strangers in England unless it be Wall Rue, and that which is called English Maidenhair, whose form only I shall set down,   

The Form.  
Common English Maidenhair doth from a number of hard b●ack Fibres send forth a great many blackish shining brittle stalks hardly a span long in many not half so long, set on each side very thick, with small round dark green leaves one against another and spotted on the back of them like Ceterach and other small Ferns.   

The Place and Time.  
Some have reported the first to be found in Gl●stershire, but I doubt it. Wall Rue is found at Dartford, and the bridge at Ashford in Kent, at Beaconsfeild in Buckinghamshire, at Wolley in Huntingtonshire, on Framingham Castle in Suffolk, on the Church wall at Mayfeild in Sussex, and in divers other places. English Maidenhair groweth much upon old stone Walls in the western parts, Wales and Kent, but particularly upon New College Wall in Oxford, on the Garden Wall which was formerly Mr. Bustards next to Adderbury Church yard, and upon a wall near to Goreham berry in Hartfordshire. It joyeth likewise to grow by Springs and Wells, and other rocky moist and Shadowy places; They are green in Winter as well as Summer, but never flower that I know of.   

The Temperature.  
The true Maidenhair, as Galen testifieth doth dry, make thin, wast away, and is in a mean between heat and coldness. Mesue showeth that it consisteth of unlike or disagreeing parts▪ and that some are watery and earthy, and the same binding, and another superficially hot and thin. And that by this it taketh away obstructions or stops maketh things thin that are thick, loo●eneth the belly, especially when it is fresh and green: for as this part is thin, so is it quickly resolved and that by reason of its binding and earthy parts. Wall Ru● and the rest are not much unlike to this in temperature and faculty.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
All these being Capillary herbs do cure all the diseases of the hair by Signature; and therefore the Lee made of any of them is singular good to clean●e the head from scurf, and either dry or running ●ores, stayeth the falling or shedding of the hair, either of the Head or Beard, and maketh it to grow again in such places where it is fallen and peeled off, and causeth it to become thick fair, and well coloured: for which purpose some boil it in Wine, putting some Smallage ●eed thereto, and afterwards some Oil. They are of singular good use against the Diseases of the Breast, the Liver, and Reins especially, yet much conducing to others; The decoction of the herb drunk, helpeth those that are troubled with the cough, shortness of breath, the Yellow Jaundice, the diseases of the Spleen, stopping of Urine, helpeth exceedingly to break the Stone, provoketh women's Courses, and stayeth both bleedings and fluxes of the Stomach and belly if it be dry; But if it be green as I said before▪ it loo●eneth and causeth Choler and Phlegm to be voided both from the Stomach and Liver; and by freeing the Stomach by spitting it out, wonderfully cleanseth the Lungs, and by rectifying the Liver and Blood causeth a good colour to the w●ole body; and expelleth those disease's that breed by the Obstruction of the Li●er or Spleen. They are also said to resist and cure the bitings of venomous Creatures, to consume and waste away the Kings-Evil and other hard wellings, and to be excellent good against ruptures in young Children, if the powder thereof be taken constantly for forty days together. The Leaves of Wall Rue mixed with a little Salt Peter, and the Urine of a young Child, taketh away the shriveled wrincklings that appear on women's Bellies after their deliverance, if it be washed therewith. So much for those Plants that cure the Diseases of the Hair, to which I might add Thapsia, Aloes, Millefolium aquaticum, or water- Millfole, etc. which because they are foreigners, and more appropriate to other parts, I forbear in this place.    

CHAP. XVII. Of Fennel.  
COme we now from the Hair to the Eyes, and in the first place treat of those five things, which Schola Salerni commendeth for the Eyes, in these Verses.  

Foeniculus, Verbena, Rosa, Chelidonia, Ruta:  
Ex istis fit aqua, quae lumina reddit acuta.   
The first whereof is Fennel.  

The Names.  
The Greeks called it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is thought to come from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies Marcesco, because it is very good to season many things, even when it is withered. The Latins call it Faeniculum, quod quasi fanum in hyemes arefactum vel marcidum reponatur, because it is laid up against Winter, being dried and withered, just like Hay, or as some think, quod magno cum faen●re semen reddat, because it makes so plentiful a return of seed, when it is sown.   

The Kinds▪  
1. Common Fennel. 2. Sweet Fennel. 3. Small round. 4. Wild Fennel. 5. Great Fennel of Candy. 6. Great round-headed Fennel. The common Fennel being generally known, I shall choose rather to describe the sweet Fennel.   

The Form.  
Sweet Fennel groweth not otherwise then the former doth, having both Roots, Leaves, Stalks and Flowers after the same manner, saving, that this neither beyond Sea, nor in our Country doth rise so high, and hardly endureth the sharpness of our Winter's: the Seed is larger, yellower, and sweeter in taste, nearer unto Aniseed, than the former, which so continueth in hot Countries; but will not hold, either colour, largeness, or sweetness long in ours: It decayeth yearly, and after the third years sowing, yieldeth as bitter, small, and sad coloured seed, as any in any other Garden or Country in this Land, so that you may hereby certainly know, that it is the Climate only, that changeth it to be larger or smaller, longer or shorter, yellower or paler than others, and also giveth the taste to be sweeter or bitterer, which divers have thought to be differing sorts. Some also think that the Cardus Fennel, as the Italians call it, is different from the other sweet sort, when as it is only the Art in ordering it by transplanting and whitening it, that maketh the leaves grow so thick, bushing together more than the ordinary, and the whitening giveth it a sweeter relish, and a shorter crisp taste in eating.   

The Place and Time.  
Some of these sorts of Fennel grow in hot Countries, as Italy, Spain, Candy, etc. and some of them are sown in Gardens amongst us, though the Climate altereth even the best and sweetest. The common sort flowreth in June and July, and the Seed is ripe in the end of August, but the strange sorts do not perfect their Seed, unless the year be kindly. It is to be sown in the end of February, and that in sunny places, and somewhat stony.   

The Temperature  
There be different opinions concerning the temperature of this Plant. One saith, it is hot and dry in the second degree; but most affirm it to be hot in the third, and dry only in the first. Gerard saith, that the Seed is hot, and dry in the third Degree.   

The Virtues.  
The distilled water of Fennel dropped into the Eyes, cleanse them from all enormities rising therein; but the condensate Juice dissolved, or as some take it, the natural Juice or Gum that issueth out thereof, of its own accord in hot Countries, doth cleanse the Eyes from mists and films that hinder the Eyesight: Some for this purpose take the green stalks of Fennel, and holding them to the fire in Autumn while they are green, cause a certain Juice or Liquor to drop from them, which they apply to the Eyes, as holding it to be more effectual, then either the condensate Juice, or natural Gum. And some yet more neatly make a water to clear the Eyesight in this manner: They powder some white Sugar Candy very finely, and put that Powder into the hollow green stalk of Fennel, while it groweth a foot above the ground, so that it be between two joints, which having remained therein two or three days, and the hole covered and bound close over, that no rain get in, they open it at the lower joint, having first placed a good piece of soft wax, made a little hollow, gutter-wise, under the hole, which may serve to carry the liquor from falling down the stalk into a Vessel▪ or thing set of purpose, thereto to receive it. Neither is it only good for the Eyes, but for many other uses. It is used to lay upon Fish, and other viscous meats, to digest the crude Phlegmatic quality thereof, and to boil it with them, and the seed is oftentimes put in bread to break wind, and to make a long breath. It provoketh Urine, and easeth the pains of the Stone, and helps to break it, and being boiled in Barley water, and drunk, it is good for Nurses, to increase their milk, and to make it the wholesomer for their Nurse-childrens. The leaves boiled in water, but much more the seed stayeth the Hickock, and taketh away that loathing which often happeneth to the stomaches of sick or feavourish persons, and allayeth the heat thereof. The seed boiled in Wine, is good for them that are bitten by Serpents, or have eaten poisonous ●●erbs, or Mushrooms; the Seed and the Root much more helpeth to open the obstructions of the Liver, Spleen, and Gall, and thereby much conduceth to all the Diseases arising from them, as the painful and windy swell of the Spleen, and yellow Jaundice, as also the Gout and Cramp. The seed is of good use in pectoral Medicines, and those which help the shortness of the breath, and wheezings by obstructions of the Lungs, it helpeth also to bring down the Courses, and to cleanse the parts after delivery. The Roots are of most use in Physic Drinks and Broths, that are taken to cleanse the blood, to open the obstructions of the Liver, to provoke Urine, to amend the evil colour or complexion in the face, after long sickness, and to cause a good colour, and a good habit throughout the whole body. Fennell both Leaves and Seeds or roots, are much used in drinks and broths, for those that are grown fat to abate their unweldinesse, and make them more gaunt and lank. The sweet Fennel by reason of its sweetness is much weaker than the ordinary, which is better for all the Physical purposes aforesaid; And therefore they do but deceive themselves and others that use the sweet Fennel Seed, in compositions as thinking it better, when as it is much weaker by want of the bitterness which is most operative. The Juice killeth the worms in the ears, if it be dropped therein. The wild Fennel is stronger and hotter than the tame, and therefore more powerful against the stone, but not so effectual to increase milk, because of its dryness. Let them that live in those Countries where there be any Serpents or Snakes, have a care they wash their Fennel before they use it: because they delight much to be amongst it; it is thought that they make use of it to preserve their Eyesight. Fennel roots are one of the five opening roots; the other four being Smallage, Asparagus, Parsley, Kneeholly or Butchersbroom, called in Latin, Ruscus Bruscus    

CHAP. XVIII. Of Vervain.  

The Names.  
IT is Called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hiera botané, id est, Herba sacra, for so it was reputed amongst them as also amongst the Romans; for with it they purged their houses and made clean the Table of Jupiter before the Sacricrificiall Banquets were set there on. And 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Peristereon because Pigeons love to be about it, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifying a Pigeon: In Latin Verbena quasi Herbena, or Herba bona Verbenaca, Matricalis Columbaria, Columbaris or Columbina, Exupera, Martialis Herculania and Ferraria; and of others Vervena; in English Vervain, and in some Country's Holy herb, Mercury's moist blood, Juno's tears; and in others, Pidgeon-grasse, because Pigeons eat thereof as is supposed to clear their Eye sight. For Epxlication of that place in Terence, Ex ara verbenas hinc sum, The later Herbarists and Writers do conceive that the Poet in that place speaking after his country Phrase (for Menander hath Myrtles out of whom this was translated) understandeth such herbs as lay there which were also called Sagmina, and not Vervain only.   

The Kinds.  
1. Common or upright Vervain. 2. Bending or Female Vervain. 3. Vervain of Peru. 4. Round headed creeping Vervain.   

The Form:  
The Common Vervain that is familiar to our Country, hath divers Leaves towards the bottom of middle fise, deeply gashed at the bottom of them, the other part being deeply dented about the edges, and some only deeply dented and cut all alike, something like unto an Oaken Leaf, those that grow higher are lesser, all of them being of a dark green Colour on the upper side, and somewhat grey underneath: the stalk is square, and branched into divers parts, rising to be about half a yard high, with a Spike of Flowers on the top, which are set on all sides thereof, one above another, and sometimes two or three together, being small and gaping, of a whitish colour, and some Purple and blue intermixed; after which come small round seed, in small, and somewhat long heads: the Root is small and long, but of no use.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth generally throughout the Land, in divers places by the Hedges and way sides, especially in and near unto Towns and Villages. The second is not found to grow naturally in our Land, though Gerrard saith so, for it will not endure so much Winter, as to seed with us: the third is a natural of the West-Indies, and the last of Naples; yet to be found no doubt in the Summer, in the Gardens of some of our exactest Herbarists. The first flowreth in July, and the Seed is ripe soon after, and so doth the last sometimes; but the other not flowering till towards Winter, cannot in these cold Countries, bring its seed to perfection; for in the natural places it flowreth not until the end of July, and in August.   

The Temperature.  
Vervein is hot and dry, bitter and binding, and is an opener of obstructions, cleanseth and healeth.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The Flowers of Vervein in some sort representing the Eye, are no small Argument, that it is thereunto to be appropriated. The distilled water of the Herb when it is in full strength, cleanseth them from Films, Clouds, or Mists that darken the sight, and wonderfully strengtheneth the Optic Nerves. If the Herb itself be stamped with the white of an Egg, and laid to the Eye that is swollen or bloodshot, when you go to bed it will cure it. It is also an excellent Herb for the Womb, to strengthen it, and to cure all the cold griefs of it, as Plantain doth the hot. It helpeth the yellow Jaundice, the Dropsy, and the Gout: the defects of the Reigns and Longs▪ and generally all inward pains and torments of the body, the Leaves being boiled and drunk. The same is held to be good against the biting of Serpents, and other venomous Beasts, the Plague, both Tertian and Quartan Agues, and the Worms in the Belly. It causeth a good Colour in the Face and Body, strengtheneth the Liver and Spleen, as well as correcteth the Diseases of them, is very effectual in all Diseases of the Stomach and Lungs, as Coughs, shortness of breath, and wheezings, and is singular good against the Dropsy, to be drunk with some Peony Seeds, bruised and put thereto: And is no less prevalent for the defects of the Reins and Bladder, to cleanse those humours that engender the Stone, and helpeth to break the Stone, and to expel Gravel. It consolidateth and healeth all wounds, both inward and outward, and stayeth bleedings, and used with some Honey, healeth all old Ulcers, and Fistulaes' in the Legs or other parts of the Body: as also those Ulcers that happen in the mouth, or used with old Hogs-grease, it helpeth the swell and pains of the secret parts in Man or Woman: as also those Ulcers that happen in the mouth, applied with some Oil of Roses and Vinegar unto the Forehead and Temples, it easeth the inveterate pains and ache of the head, and is good for those which are frantic. the Leaves bruised, or mixed with some Vinegar, doth wonderfully cleanse the skin, and taketh away Morphew, Freckles, Fistulaes', and such other like Inflammations, and Deformities of the skin, in any part of the Body; and so doth the distilled water, which is also very powerful in inward Diseases, and likewise in outward, whether they be old corroding Sores, or green wounds. The Female Vervein is held to be more powerful than the common; but that of Peru exceedeth them both. Monardus reported, that a Noble Woman having used the help of divers Physicians in vain, an Indian Physician very skilful in Herbs, gave her the juice of that Vervein to drink with a little Sugar, by whose use she avoided in few days, a long Worm, being hairy, of a foot in length, and double forked at the tail: after which she grew well. This Medicine was given to many others, that complained of Worms, and it helped them. It is held also to be no less effectual against all poison, and the venom of dangerous Beasts and Serpents: as also against bewitched Drink●, and the like, so that it is not used in, but also against, Witchcraft. That this Herb is used by Witches, may appear from the story of Anne Bodenham, the late Witch of Salisbury, who sent her Ruffianlike spirits to gather Vervein and Dill, which was to be given to one, whom she was desired to bewitch, as you may read at large in the Book that is set forth, concerning the said Witch.    

CHAP. XIX. Of Roses.  

The Names.  
WE are led by the Order of the forecited Verse to the Rose, which is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Rhodon, quod largum odoris effluvium emittit, from the great sweetness therein, as Plutarch saith; in Latin, both Flower and Plant is called Rosa, though in Greek the Plant be called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. And because there be six parts in a Rose, every one of which hath a particular name, it will not be amiss to set them down in this place, as 1. The Leaves. 2. The Nails▪ 3. The yellow Chives, or Threads in the middle. 4. The Husk or Cup. 5. The five Brethren. 6. The Seeds. The Leaves are so much as is left, when the Nails are cut off. The white part of the Leaves of the Flower itself, by which they are fastened to the Cups, are named Vngues or Nails. The yellow Chives or Threads in the middle, properly called Capillamenta Rosarum, are by some erroneously taken for the Rose-Seed, and called Anthera Rosarum, from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Flores Rosarum, whereas indeed Anthera is the name of a compounded Medicine, appointed for divers parts, as Antherae Stomachicae, etc. which either in form of Powders, or made up with Honey, still hold the same name, not taken from Flowers of Roses, whereof in many of them, none was put in, but from the lively Colour of the Ingredients, whereof the Compound Medicine was made. That is called Calix, or the Cup which contained, and holdeth in together those yellow Threads and Leaves of the Flower. The five Brethren, called in Latin Alabastri, are those parts of the Cup which are deeply cut; and that compass the Flower about before it be opened; two have beards, and two have none, and the fifth hath but half a one: Some do call them with the Cup Cortices Rosarum, the husks, some the stalks of Roses. The Seeds are contained within the Cup, which you shall find by breaking of it: yet I believe, this Seed is not fit for propagation, which is commonly made by Roots and slips, wherewith these kind of shrubs abound.   

The Kind's.  
I shall not be very curious in searching after the several sorts of Roses; but shall content myself in giving you the Titles of those mentioned by Gerrard, which are 1. The white Rose. 2. The Red Rose. 3. The great Damask Rose. 4. The lesser Damask Rose. 5. The Ro●e without prick●es. 6. The Pro●ince-Rose. 7. The single Musk-Rose. 8. The double Musk-Rose. 9 The Ve●●et-Rose. 10. The yellow Rose. 11. The double Cinnamon Ro●e. 12. The ●g antine or sweet Bryer. 13. The Briar Ro●e, or Hep-Tree. 14. The Burner Rose. All which I shall as near as I can, wrap up into one general Description, by which the whole Family may be distinguished.   

The Form.  
The Rose hath long stalks, of a woody substance, set, or armed for the most part with divers sharp prickles: the branches whereof, are likewise full of prickles, whereon do commonly grow leaves, consisting of five parts, set upon a middle Rib by couples: t●e odd one standing at the point of the same, every one of them somewhat snipt about the edges, somewhat rough, and of an overworn green colour: from the bosom whereof, shoot out pretty big foot-stalks, whereon do grow very fair flowers, some single, some double, ●ome white, some red, some damask, some yellow, etc. for the most part of a very sweet smell, having in the middle, a few yellow threads, or chives, which being passed, there succeedeth a long fruit, green at the first, red when it is ripe, and stuffed with a downy choking matter, wherein is contained Seed as hard as stones. The Root is long, tough, and of a woody substance.   

The Places and Time.  
All these sorts of Roses, or most of them, and perhaps some besides, are in the Physic Garden at Oxford, and in several Gardens about London. The double white Rose doth grow wi●d in many hedges of Lancashire, in great abundance. They flower one or other of them, from the end of May till the end of August. If the superfluous branches and tops be cut away at the end of their flowering, they will sometimes, if the Winter be calm, flower again in October, and after.   

The Temperature.  
Both the white and red Roses are cooling and drying, yet the white is taken to exceed the red in both those properties, but is seldom used inwardly in any Medicine. The Red as Galen saith, hath a watery substance in it, and a warm joined with two other qualities, that is, an astringent and a bitter. The yellow Chives or threads in the middle: as also the nails (which when any Syrup or Conserve is to be made, are to be cut away) do bind more than the Rose itself, and are more drying also. Mesue showeth, that the Rose is cold in the first Degree, and dry in the second, compounded of divers parts or substances, which yet may be separated namely, a watery mean substance▪ and an earthly drying, an airy substance, likewise sweet and aromatical, and an hot also whereof cometh the bitterness, the redness, perfection and form. The bitterness in the Roses, when they are fresh, especially the juice purgeth Choler, and watery humours; but being dried, a●d that heat that caused the bitterness, being consumed, they have a stopping, and astringent power. Those also that are not full blown, do both cool, and bind more than those that are full blown, and the white Roses more than the red.   

The Virtues.  
The Decoction of Red Roses made with Wine, and used, is very good for the Headache, and pains in the Eyes, Ears. Throat and Gums, the fundament also, the lower Bowels and the Matrix being bathed, or put unto them: The same Decoction with the Roses remaining in them, is profitably applied to the Region of the heart, to ease the Inflammation therein; as also St. Anthony's fire, and other Diseases of the stomach. Being dried, and beaten to Powder, and taken in steeled Wine, or water, it doth help to stay women's Courses, they serve also for the Eyes, being mixed with such other Medicines, that serve for that purpose, and are sometimes put into those Compositions, that are called Anthera. The yellow Threads in the midst of the Red Roses, especially being powdered and drunk in the distilled water of Quinces, stayeth the abundance of women's Courses, and doth wonderfully stay and help Defluxions of Rheum upon the Gums and Teeth, and preserveth them from corruption, and fasteneth them, being lose, if they be washed and gargled therewith, and some Vinegar of Squills added thereunto. The heads with Seed being used in Powder, or in a Decoction, stayeth the Lask, and the spitting of blood. Red Rose-water being cooling and cordial, refreshing and quickening the weak and faint spirits, is used either in meats or broths; as also to wash the Temples, to smell to at the Note, or to smell the sweet vapour thereof, out of a perfuming Pot, or cast on a hot Fireshovel: It is also of much good use against the redness, and Inflammation of the Eyes, to bathe them therewith, and the Temples of the Head against pain and ache; for which purpose, Vinegar of Roses also is of very good use and to procure rest and sleep, if some of it, and Rose-water together, be smelled unto, or if a piece of Red-Rose Cake, moistened therewith, be cut fit for the Head, and heated between a double folded Cloth, with a little beaten Nutmeg, and Poppy-Seed strewed on the side that must lie next to the Forehead and Temples, and bound so thereto for all night. The Syrup of Damask-Roses, is both simple and compound, and made with Agarick. The simple solutive Syrup, is a familiar, safe, gentle, and easy Medicine purging Choler, taken from one ounce to three or four. The Syrup with Agarick, is more strong and effectual; for one ounce thereof will open the Body, more than three of the other, and worketh as much on Phlegm as Choler. The Compound Syrup, with Hellebore, is more forcible in working upon melancholic humours, and available against the Itch, Tetters, etc. and the French Disease. Also Honey of Roses solutive, is made of the same infusion, that the Syrup is, and worketh the same effect, both in opening and purging, but is oftener given to Phlegmatic, then choleric persons, and is more used in Clysters, then in Potions, as the Syrup made with Sugar is. The Conserve and preserved leaves of these Roses, are also operative, in gently opening the Belly. The simple water of the Damask Roses is much used for fumes to sweeten things, as also to put into Pies, and Broths, etc. as the dried Leaves thereof, to make sweet Powders, and fill sweet Bags, but are seldom used in Physic, although they have some purging quality. The wild Roses are few, or none of them used in Physic, yet are generally held to come near the nature of the manured Roses. The fruit of the wild Briar, which are called Heps, being throughly ripe, and made into a Conserve with Sugar besides the pleasantness of the taste, doth gently bind the belly, and stay the defluxions from the head, upon the stomach, drying up the moisture thereof, and helping digestion. The Pulp of the Heps, dried into a hard consistence, like to the juice of Liquorice; or so dried, that it may be made into Powder, and taken in drink; stayeth speedily whites in Women. The Bryar-Ball is often used, being made into Powder, and drunk to break the stone, to provoke Urine when it is stopped, and to ease and help the Colic.    

CHAP. XX. Of Celandine.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, from a supposition that the Ancients had, that with this Herb, Swallows do restore sight to their young ones, though their Eyes be put out: which Opinion is condemned as vain and false, by Aristotle, and Celsus from him, who show, that the young ones of Doves, Partridges, Swallows, etc. will recover of themselves, without any thing done unto them: Yet I find, that many Authors question not the truth of the story; for Crollius, and divers others, do report how that Doves make use of Vervein, Swallows of Celandine, Linnets of Eye-bright, and Hawks of Hawk-weed, for the recovery of their own, and their young ones sight: The Latin also followeth the Greek, and in it, it is called Chelidonium majus & Hirundnaria major; and we in English, great Celandine; and of some, Swallow-wort, and Tetterwort, for its efficacy in curing Tetters.   

The Kind's.  
Parkinson treats of Pilewort in the same Chapter with Celandine, which are no more alike, than Chalk and Cheese, neither in Leaf nor Flower, only because it is called Chelidonium minus, from an error of Dioscorides, who saith, that it springeth when Swallows come in, and withereth at their going away, when as it springeth before Swallows come, and vanisheth long before their departure. Therefore I shall not mention that any more here, but shall set down the kinds of the greater Celandine, which I find to be three. 1. Common great Celandine. 2. Jagged Celandine. 3. Great Celandine of Canada.   

The Form.  
Common Celandine hath divers tender, round, whitish, green stalks, with greater Joints than other Herbs ordinarily have like unto knees, very brittle and easy to break, from whence grow branches with large tender long Leaves, divided into many parts, each of them cut-in on the edges, set at the joints on both sides of the branches, of a dark bluish green colour, on the upper side, like Columbines, and of a more pale bluish green underneath, full of a yellow sap, when any part is broken, of a bitter taste, and strong scent: at the tops of the branches, which are much divided, grow gold yellow Flowers, of four Leaves a piece, after which come small long pods, with blackish seed therein: the root is thick and knobby, with some threads annexed thereto, which being broken or bruised, yieldeth a sap or juice of the colour of Gold.   

The Places and Times.  
The common sort groweth in many places by old Walls, by the hedges and way sides, in untilled places; and being once planted in a Garden, especially in some shady place, it will hardly be gotten out. The second, is not known to grow naturally, but is received into Gardens for the variety. The third, in Canada, as the Title showeth. The two first sorts flower all the Summer long, and the seed ripeneth in the mean time; but the last flowreth very late, and bringeth not its seed to perfection in this Country.   

The Temperature:  
The ordinary great Celandine is manifestly hot and dry, and that in the third Degree; and withal, scoureth and cleanseth effectually.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
Though Aristotlc will not admit that this Herb cureth the Eyes of young Swallows, yet it hath been proved, by experience, that it is one of the best cures for men's Eyes that is; for the juice dropped into the Eyes, cleanseth them from films and clowdiness, which darken the sight; but it is best to allay the sharpness of it, with a little Breast-Milk. Mr. Culpepper saith, that the Oil or Ointment is most effectual, if it be anointed upon sore Eyes, and that it is far better than endangering the Eyes with a Needle, The Herb or Roots boiled in White-wine and drunk, a few Annlseeds being boiled therewith, openeth Obstructions of the Liver and Gall, helpeth the yellow Jaundice by Signature, which is plainly signified by the yellow juice; and, after often using, it helps the Dropsy, and the Itch, and those that have old sores in their Legs, or other parts of the Body. The juice thereof taken fasting, is held to be of singular good use against the Plague or Pestilence, and so is the distilled water also, with a little Sugar; but especially if a little good Treacle be mixed therewith, and they upon the taking, lie down to sweat a little: It is good in old filthy corroding creeping Ulcers whatsoever, to stay the stelalignity of fretting, and running, and to cause them to heal the more speedily: The juice often applied to Tetters, Ringworms, or other such like spreading Cancers, will quickly heal them, and rubbed oft on Warts, will take them away. The Herb, with the Roots bruised, and heated with the Oil of Camomile, and applied to the Navel, taketh away both the griping pain in the Belly and Bowels, as all the pains of the Mother, and applied to women's Breasts that have their Courses over much, stayeth them. The Juice or Decoction of the Herb, gargled between the teeth that ache, taketh away the pain; and the Powder of the dried Root, laid upon an aching, hollow, or lose Tooth, will, as some say, cause it to drop out. The Juice mixed with Powder of Brimstone, is not only good to anoint those places which are troubled with the Itch, but taketh away all discolourings of the skin whatsoever, be they spots of marks or bruises, stripes or wounds, the Morphew also, Sun-burning, or any the like; and if by chance in a tender body, it cause any Itching or Inflammation, it is soon helped, if the place be but bathed with a little Vinegar. Matthiolus saith, that if the green Herb be worn in the shoes of them that have the yellow Jaundice, so as their bare feet may tread thereon, it helpeth them.    

CHAP. XXI. Of Rue or Herb Grace.  

The Names.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is the Name which the Greeks give unto this Herb, which is the last in the forementioned verse, and is so called, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 à coagulando because it doth as it were condense the generative faculty by its heat and dryness, and is therefore said to abate carnal lust; Yet Schola Salerni maketh a difference between men and women: for they say.  Ruta viris coitum minuit, mulieribus auget. 
Because the nature of Women is waterish and cold, and Rue heateth, and drieth; therefore (say they) it stirreth them more to carnal lust; but it diminisheth the nature of men which is of temperature like unto the air, which is hot and moist. Dioscorides saith, that what we call Ruta montana, was in his time called Moly montanum; and the root of the Assyrian wild kind Moly, for the likeness thereunto, being black without and white within. And Ruta in Latin, of Ruo, for the violent fierce vapours it sendeth forth, causing itching blisters, etc. In English, Rue, Herb Grace, and Herb of Grace for the many good uses it may be put to; It is without doubt a most wholesome herb, though bitter and strong: and could dainty Palates brook the taste and use thereof, it would work singular effects, being skilfully and carefully applied.   

The Kinds.  
To omit the other sorts of herbs called by the name of Rue which have little likeness thereunto, but only a little show in their leaves. I intent to insist in this place of none but the ordinary Garden Rue, and those sorts which have a more immediate relation to it, they being six in all. 1. The greater ordinary Rue or Herb of Grace. 2. The lesser Garden Rue. 3. The greater wild Rue. 4. Small wild Rue. 5. Mountain Rue. 6. Assyrian Rue, which with some of the other sorts are not usually bred, nor easily kept in the Land.   

The Form.  
Ordinary Garden Rue groweth up with hard whitish woody stalks, branching forth on all sides, and bearing thereon sundry long leaves divided into many small ones, being somewhat thick and round pointed, and of a dark bluish green colour: the flowers that stand at the tops, consist of four small yellow Leaves standing opposite one against another in the form of a Cross with a green button in the midst, compassed about with sundry small yellow threads, which growing ripe, containeth within it small black seed, the root is white and woody spreading far in the ground and abiding many years.   

The Places and Time.  
The two first sorts are found only in Gardens, yet the second is not so common as the first, and only kept by a few. The other two wild sorts grow upon the Mountains in Spain and Italy. The fifth groweth in Spain, also France, and other hot Countries. The last groweth in Syria, and in the hedges about Constantinople, as Bellonius testifieth. The Garden kinds, especially the lesser do seldom flower in our Land, and therefore scarce ever bear good seed; And the wild or Mountain Kind's do the like, and therefore they are commonly propagated by slips here in England.   

The Temperature.  
Rue is hot and dry in the latter end of the third degree, and wild-Rue in the fourth; It is of thin and subtle parts, it wasteth and consumeth wind, and it cutteth and digesteth cross and tough humours.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The virtues of Rue are pithily expressed in Schola Salerni,  

Ruta facit custum, dut lumen, & iugerit astum,  
Cocta facit Ruta de pulicibus loca tuta.   

Rue maketh chaste, and eke preserveth sight,  
Infuseth wit, and Fleas doth put to flight.   
Concerning Chastity, I have spoken somewhat already in the Names; besides it repaireth the Eyesight and sharpeneth it, if it be eaten green as is there mentioned; Ruta comesta recens oculos caligine purgat. Or else the Juice of Rue together with the Juice of Fennel, the Gall of a Cock, and clarified honey being put into the Eyes helpeth the dimness of them. The third property is, that Rue maketh a man quick, subtle and inventive, by reason that by heating and drying it maketh a man's Spirits subtle, and so cleareth the wit. The fourth is, that the water wherein good store of Rue hath been sodden, being cast and sprinked about the house riddeth away Fleas and killeth them. Besides, these foresaid properties, it provoketh Urine, and women's Courses being taken either in meat or drink. The Seed thereof taken in Wine, is an Antidote against all dangerous Medicines or deadly Poisons. The very smell of Rue keepeth a man from Infection, as is often proved in time of pestilence; for a Nosegay thereof is a good Preservative; but being received into the body, it is of much greater force. A Decoction made thereof, with some dried Dill Leaves and Flowers, easeth all pains and torments inwardly to be drunk, and outwardly to be applied warm to the place grieved. The same being drunk helpeth the pains both of the Chest and Sides; as also Coughs and hardness of breathing, the Inflammations of the Lungs, and the tormenting pains of the Sciatica and the Joints, being anointed or laid to the places; as also the shaking fits of Agues, to take a draught before the fit come: Being boiled or infused in Oil, it is good to help the wind Colic, the hardness or windiness of the Mother; and freeth Women from the strangling or suffocation thereof, if the Share and parts thereabouts be anointed therewith; It killeth and driveth forth Wo●ms of the Belly, if it be drunk after it is boiled in Wine to the half, with a little honey. It helpeth the Gout or pains in the Joints, of Hands, Feet, or Knees applied thereunto, and with Figs it helpeth the Dropsy being bathed therewith; being bruised and put into Nostrils it stayeth the bleeding thereof. A Decoction of it and Bay Leaves helpeth the swelling of the Cod's, if they be bathed therewith: if it be bruised with a few Myrtle leaves and made up with wax and applied, it taketh away Weals and Pimples; It cureth the Morphew, and taketh away all sorts of Warts, if boiled in Wine with some pepper and Nitre and the places rubbed therewith, and with Allom and Honey helpeth the dry Scab, or any Tetter or Ringworm. The Juice thereof warmed in a Pomegranate Shell or Rind, and dropped into the Ears helpeth the pain of them: An Ointment made of the said Juice, with Oil of Roses, Ceruse, and a little Vinegar, and anointed, cureth St. Anthony's fire, and all soul running Sores in the Head, and the stinking Ulcers of the Nose or other parts. Take of Nitre, Pepper, and Cummin Seed, of each equal parts, of the Leaves of Rue clean picked as much in weight as all the other three weighed, beat them well together, and put-to as much honey as will make it up into an Electuary (but you must first correct your Cummin Seed, by keeping it in Vinegar twenty four hours, and then dry it well in a hot Fire sho●el, or in an Oven) and it is remedy for the pains or griefs of the Chest or Stomach, of the Spleen, Belly or Sides, by wind or Stiches, of the Liver by obstructions, of the Reins and Bladder, by the stopping of Urine, and helpeth also to extenuate fat corpulent Bodies. The leaves of Rue first boiled, and then laid in Pickle are kept by many to eat as sauce to meat, like as Sampire is for t●e dimness of sight, and to warm a cold Stomach. The distilled water is very effectual for many of the purposes aforesaid. In outward applications, the wild kinds work more forcibly than the Garden kinds, but taken inwardly by Women with child it destroyeth the birth, and mightily expelleth the afterbirth. A Weasel being to fight with a Serpent, eateth Rue, and rubbeth herself therewith to avoid his poison. I know not what religion Crollius was of: but he saith, that the sign of the Cross which is upon the seed; or rather, as I suppose, the flower of Rue driveth away all Phantasms, and evil Spirits, by Signature.    

CHAP. XXII. Of Eyebright.  

The Names.  
NExt to those mentioned by Schola Salerni; We come to Eyebright which is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; or as Fuchsius would rather have it, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 saying, that without doubt the name of this herb hath been corrupted by some Apothecaries, that were unskifull in the Greek tongue: whereas heretofore it was called, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it doth rejoice those, whose Eyes are troubled with dimness. But why he would have it called, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, I know not, unless he should have alluded to some plant of this kind, formerly so called by the Ancients, which he seemeth to deny when he says, that though this herb hath gotten an elegant Greek name; yet nothing that I know is found concerning it, in any of the more ancient Greek or Latin Authors. He saith further, that bugloss is called, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and that Eyebright borrowed its Greek name from thence, because as the one, drunk in Wine, doth cause joy of mind, so the other delighteth and cleareth the Eyes; So that, I conceive the mistake to be on his part: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as well as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifying joy or gladness; for why should we call two things by one name, rejecting that which in all probability seemeth to be the right. If bugloss were first called, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; it seemeth more likely that Eyebright should be called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; seeing they both signify alike, it being strange to me that there being no want of a word, two plants should have the same appellation; and therefore in my judgement it is more rightly called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, than 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. It is called also, Opthalmica and Ocularia, for its effect, and we in English call it Eyebright, because it makes the Eyes that are dim to become bright.   

The Kind's.  
Parkinson reckoneth up seven sorts hereof, which I have here set down. 1. Common Eyebright. 2. Small Eyebright. 3. Great red Wooddy Eyebright. 4. Small red Woody Eyebright. 5. Broad leased purple Eyebright. 6. Great yellow Eyebright. 7. The lesser yellow Eyebright.   

The Form.  
Common Eyebright is a small low herb, rising up usually but with one blackish green stalk a span high, or not much more when it is highed, but seldom so high spread from the bottom into sundry branches, whereon are set small and almost round, yet pointed dark green leaves finely snipt about the edges, two always set together and very thick: At the Joints with the leaves from the middle upward, come forth small white flowers striped with purple and yellow spots or stripes; after which follow small round heads, with very small seed therein. The root is long small and threddy at the end. On s●me Hills the colour of the flower is sometimes found to vary from those that grow in other places, as being more whitish, yellow or more purple.   

The Places and Time.  
The first and third are only frequent in this Island, the former groweth in dry meadows, by green and grassy ways, and in pastures, usually on hills sides that stand towards the Sun; and the other in many places of Kent in the barren fields, and waste grounds about Gravesend and many other places: the rest grow, some in Italy and at Naples, some in Spain and Austria. They seldom flower before the beginning of August, and continue till September, and must be gathered whilst they flower, for all physical uses; for when they are run to seed as they will be within a while after, they are nothing so effectual.   

The Temperature  
These herbs are by the consent of all Authors hot and dry, but in what degree they express not. I conceive they may be hot in the second, and dry in the third; for Gerrard saith, they are more dry than hot.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The Purple and yellow spots and stripes, which are upon the flowers of Eyebright doth very much resemble the diseases of the Eyes, as bloodshot, etc. By which signature it hath been found out, that this herb is very effectual for the curing of the same, and for removing dimness of sight, either the Powder of the dry herb, or the Juice of the green. The distilled water is very effectual for the said purpose, to be taken either inwardly in Wine or in Broth, or to be dropped into the Eyes, and used for divers days together. Some also make a Conserve of the flower to the same effect. Being used any of these ways, it also helpeth a weak Brain or memory, and restoreth them being decayed in a short time, Arnoldus de Villa Nova, in his book of Wines much commendeth the Wine made of Eyebright, put into it when it is new made, and before it work; and certainly if it were tunned up with strong Beer, as Wormwood, Scurvygrasse, and the like use to be, it would work the like effects as the Wine doth, which he saith, not only helpeth the dimness of the sight, but that the use thereof maketh old men to read small Letters without Spectacles, that could hardly read great ones with their spectacles before, so that as Mr. Culpepper saith, If this Herb were as much used as neglected, it would half spoil the Spectacle-makers Trade: Arnoldus saith also, that it did restore their sight, who were blind for a long while before. If a sufficient quantity hereof cannot be had, to tun up, as aforesaid; the Powder of the dried Herb, either mixed with Sugar, or a little Mace and Fennel-seeds, and drunk or eaten in Broth; or the said Powders, made into an Electuary with Honey, do either-way tend to the same effect. Divers Authors write, that Goldfinches, Linnets, and some other Birds, make use of this Herb, for the repairing of their own, and their young ones sight.    

CHAP. XXIII. Of Clarey.  

The Names.  
ANother Plant, whose name doth demonstrate, that it is good for the Eyes is, Clary, quasi Clear Eye, because the Seed put into the Eyes, doth clear them. The Greek name of it is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as Dioscorides saith; for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifieth impetu quodam ferri quemadmodum in Venerem proni, because it provoketh to Venery, which is another property it hath. And Gaza, that translated Theophrastus into Latin, translateth it Geminalis; for the fruitfulness it causeth most likely in bearing Twins, in Latin also Horminum. The wild sort is known by the name of Oculus Christi in Latin, and Wild Clary in English. Clary is also called Gallitricum Orvala, and of some, Tota bona, but not properly, Scatlea Sclarea & Centrum Galli.   

The Kinds.  
There are divers sorts of Clary, some manured only, called Garden Clary, others growing wild, as 1. Ordinary Garden Clary. 2. The true Garden Clary of Dioscorides. 3. Assyrian Clary. 4. Low Germane Clary. 5. Our ordinary wild Clary, or Oculus Christi. 6. Hoary wild Clary, with a white Flower. 7. Italian wild Clary. 8. Wild Clary with Spike Flowers. 9 Sage leafed wild Clary. 10. Low Candy Clary. 11. Torn and narrow leafed Clary. 12. Yellow wild Clary, or Jupiter's Distaff. 13. Aethiopian Clary.   

The Forms  
Ordinary Garden Clary, hath foursquare stalks, with broad, rough, wrinkled, whitish, and hairy green leaves, somewhat evenly cut-in on the edges, and of a strong sweet scent, growing some near the ground, and some by couples upon stalks: The Flowers grow at certain distances, with two small Leaves at the Joints under them, somewhat like unto the Flowers of Sage, but smaller, and of a very whitish, or black blue Colour, the Seed is brownish, and somewhat flat, or not so round as the wild: the Roots are blackish, and spread not far, and perish after the Seedtime: it is most usual to save it; for the Seed seldom riseth of its own shedding.   

The Place and Time.  
The first is planted only in Gardens, and so is the second in the Western parts of Europe, both on this side and beyond the Alps, by the judgement of the best Authors. The third was brought by Paludanus, into these parts, out of Syria. The fourth is wild in many places of Germany. The fifth is wild in our Country, upon dry banks, almost every where, and by the way sides. The sixth, Clusius first found in the Meadows, near Sopronium in Hungary. The seventh was sent out of Italy, and it is likely, is originally of that Country. The eighth grew with Clusius, of the Seed he received out of Spain; but yet as he saith, he found it likewise near the riding place at Greenwich. The ninth groweth in Hungary, almost every where in their Vineyards, and by the way sides. The tenth grew of the Seed which was sent out of Candy. The eleventh, both at Mompel●er, and in Candy. The twelfth throughout Hungary, in great plenty; and in Austria, and in many other places. The last, as Dioscorides saith, on Mount Ida in Phrygia and Messenia; but of late days, gathered from some of the Hills of Greece and Illyria, that are near the Sea. I have seen Colus Jovis, etc. Jupiter's distaff, and the Aethiopian Clary, grow both in the Physic Garden at Oxford, and that at Westminster.   

The Temperature and Virtues.  
Clary is hot and dry in the third Degree. The Seed thereof, but especially the wild sort called Oculus Christ, of its effects from helping the Diseases of the Eyes, is used to be put into the Eyes, to clear them from any Moats, or other such like things as are gotten within the Lids to offend them: as also to cleanse them of all filthy and putrified matters, wherewith the Eyes are wont to be infested, and to take away white and red spots out of them. If the Seed be finely powdered, searsed, and mixed with Honey, and applied to the Eyes, it taketh away the dimness of them. The mucilage of the Seed of either sort, made with water, and applied to tumors or Swell, disperseth and taketh them away, and also draweth forth Splinters, Thorns, or other things gotten into the flesh. The Leaves used with Vinegar, either by itself or with a little Honey, doth help hot Inflammations, as also Biles, Felons, and hot Inflammations gathered by their pains, if it be applied before they are grown too great. The Powder of the dried Leaves put into the Nose, provoketh sneesing, and thereby purgeth the Head and Brains of much Rheum and corruption. It provoketh to Venery, either the Seed or Leaves taken in Wine. It is in much use, to help to strengthen the Reins, either used by itself, or with other Herbs, that conduce to the same effect, and in Tansies often, or the fresh Leaves fried in Butter, being first dipped in a Batter of Flower, Eggs, and a little Milk, served as a dish to the Table, is not unpleasant to any; but especially, profitable to those Men or Women, that have weak backs. It is used in Italy, to be given for Women that are batten, through a cold and moist disposition, to heat and dry up that moisture and to help them to be fruitful: it helpeth the Stomach oppressed with cold phlegm, and purgeth the Head of Rheum, and much corruption; but the overmuch use hereof, offendeth the Head, and is hurtful for the Brain and memory. It bringeth down women's desired sickness, and expelleth the Secondine, or afterbirth. Yellow Clary, or Jupiter's Distaff is hot and drying, and the juice of it is of special good use, to cleanse and heal foul Ulcers. The Aethiopian Clary is commended for the roughness of the Throat, and to help to expectorate the rotten and purulent matter in the Pleurisy, or in other Coughs, either the Decoction of the Root drunk, or made into an Electuary with Honey. Dioscorides saith also, that it is good for those which are troubled with the Sciatica. The Leaves of wild Clary, are good to be put into Pottage and Broth, amongst other Herbs; for they scatter congealed blood, warm the stomach, and help the dimness of the Eyes.    

CHAP. XXIV. Of Hawk-weed.  

The Names.  
THis is the last Plant that I shall treat of, as appropriated to the Eyes, and it is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Accipiter, an Hawk, because Hawks are said to sharpen their Eyes with the Juice of this Herb; and for the same Reason, it is called Hawk-weed in English. In Latin it is called Hieracium, and Accipitrina. Gaza calleth it Porcellia. It is called also, Lampuca, and by some, Hypochaeris and Hyoseris.   

The Kind's.  
Parkinson, (who thinketh that such a multitude of Varieties in form pertaining to one Herb, is not to be found again in Rerum natura) divideth the Hawk-weeds into nine Ranks, which, with the particulars, comprehended under every one of them, would, if only named, make this Chapter extend its limits. I shall content myself only with those I find mentioned in the Phytologia Britannica, which I conceive to be the usuallest sorts growing within these Dominions, and they are 1. Rough Hawk-weed, or yellow Succory (for all of them are numbered amongst the Succories by some.) 2. Dandelyon Hawk-weed. 3. Succory Hawk-weed. 4. Endive Hawk-weed. 5. Rough Mountain Hawk-weed. 6. Long rooted Hawk-weed. 7. Great Hawk-weed. 8. Hare's Lettuce, or little Hawk-weed, yellow Devil's bit. 9 Little Mountain Hawk-weed. 10. Black Hawk-weed, with more cut Leaves.   

The Form,  
Hawk-weed hath divers Leaves, of no great size, lying on the ground, much rent, or torn on the sides into many gashes, somewhat like unto Dandelyon; from among which ariseth a hollow rough stalk, of about half a yard, or two foot high at the most, that ever I saw oranched from the middle upward, wherein are set at every Joint ●esser Leaves, but not so much indented as the former; bearing at their top, sundry pale, yellow Flowers, consisting of many small narrow Leaves, broad pointed, and nicked in at the ends, set in a double Roe or more, the ●●er most being larger than the inner: which form most of the Hawk-weeds do hold, which turn into Down, and with the small brownish Seeds, is blown away with the wind: The Root is long and white, with many small fibres thereat. The whole Plant is full of bitter milk.   

The Places and Time.  
The kind of Herbs do grow in untilled places, near unto the borders of Cornfields, in Meadows, Highways, Woods, Mountains, and Hilly places, and many times near unto the brinks of Ditches. They flower for the most part all the Summer long, some sooner, and others later.   

The Temperature.  
The kinds of Hawkeweed, are cold and dry, and somewhat binding.   

The Signatures and Virtues.  
Hawkeweed, Argemoné (which I touched, when I spoke of the Poppies) Marigolds, Anemonies, Scabious and wild Tansy, which I shall have more occasion to mention hereafter; do cure the Eyes by Signatures, as they say who have studied them; and indeed they are all of them very good, for the preserving and recovery of the sight, by removing the many diseases which afflict that part more than any other, because it is more tender and more employed being the Organ of the most busied Sense to those that have it. The Juice of Hawkeweed being mingled with the milk of a Woman, and dropped into the ●yes is singular good for all defects and diseases of the Eyes, and so is the di●●led Water used in the same manner.  
It is also used with good success, in fretting or creeping ulcers, especially in the beginning. The green herb bruised and with a little Salt applied to any place burnt with fire, before blisters do arise, helpeth them; as also Inflammations, St. Anthony's fire, and all Pushes and Eruptions, Heat and Salt Phlegm. The same applied with Meal and fair Water in manner of a Pultis to any place affected, with Convulsions and the Cramp, or such as are out of Joint doth give ease and help, the Juice thereof in wine helpeth digestion, discusseth Wind hindereth Crudities abiding in the Stomach, and helpeth the difficulty of making water, the biting of Venomous Serpents and Sting of the Scorpion, if the herb be also outwardly applied to the place; and helpeth all other Poisons except that of Cerussa, or those that hurt the Bladder, or kill by strangling. A Scruple of the dried Juice given in Wine and Vinegar, is profitable for those that have the Dropsy. The Decoction of the herb taken with Honey digesteth thin Phlegm in the Chest or Lungs, and with Hyssop helpeth the Cough. Being boiled in Wine with a like quantity of wild Succory, and taken, it helpeth the wind Colic and hardness of the Spleen, it procureth rest and sleep, hindereth Venery, and Venereous Dreams, cooleth heats, purgeth the Stomach, increaseth blood, and helpeth the Diseases of the Reins and Bladder. The distilled water is of good use in many of the diseases aforesaid, besides those of the Eyes, and the face washed therewith cleanseth the skin, and taketh away freckles and spots; the Morphew and other blemishes in the skin, and helpeth to take away the wrinkles in the face also. The Juice of the Rough Dandelyon like Hawkeweed, is singular good for the Pleurisy, if it be taken in drink.    

CHAP. XXV. Of Asarabacca.  
THe Plants appropriated to the Eyes being thus dispatched, we come next to some that are good for the Ears; for it would be a piece of Injustice to take all the Care for the former, and to neglect the latter: though I indeed scarce find any plant good for the Ears, but is so likewise for the Eyes. Amongst which Asarabacca is none of the meanest whose Names are as follow.  

The Names.  
Pliny thought that it was called, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in ornatum non veniens, because it was not used in Garlands; but the Text of Dioscorides is flat against him, for he saith it is, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, a sweet herb used in Garlands; It is also called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latin Asarum and Nardus sylvestris, or Nardus Rust●ca, and as Macer saith Vulgago, as by his Verse appeareth; Est Asarum Graecé; V●lgago dicta Latinis. The former times thought Asarum and Baccharis to be one herb; and therefore they called it, Asara baccara, which name is continued in Spain and other places, and with us even to this day; but the descriptions of them being so divers, it is fit this mistake should be taken notice of and amended.   

The Kinds.  
The sorts hereof are three. 1. Common Asarabacca. 2. Virginian Asarabacca. 3. Bastard Asarum of Matthiolus.   

The Form.  
Asarabacca hath many Heads rising from the Roots, from whence come many smooth Leaves, every one upon his own footstalk, which are rounder and bigger than Violet Leaves, thicker also, smother and of a darker green shining colour on the upperside, and of a paler yellow green underneath, little or nothing dented about the Edges; from among which arise small round hollow brownish green husks upon stalks, of about an inch long, divided at the brims into five divisions, very like the Cups or Heads of the Henbane seed, but that they are smaller: and these be all the flowers it hath, which being smelled unto, are somewhat sweet; and wherein when they are ripe, are contained small cornered rough seeds, very like the kernels or stones of Grapes or Raisins. The roots are small and whitish, spreading divers ways in the ground, and increasing into divers heads, but not running or creeping under the ground as some other creeping herbs do: They are somewhat sweet in smell, resembling Nardus, but more when they are dry then green, and of a sharp but not unpleasant Taste.   

The Place and Time.  
The first groweth naturally under Trees, and upon shady Hills in Pontus, Phrygia and other places, and is frequent in Gardens amongst us. The title showeth the place of the second; It is said that the third is found upon some Mountains of Bohemia, and likewise in Somersetshire here in England. The first and second keep their green Leaves all the Winter, but shoot forth new in the Spring; and with them come forth those Heads or Flowers, which give ripe seed about Midsummer or somewhat after, the other doth follow much the same course.   

The Temperature.  
The Leaves of Asarabacca are hot and dry, with a purging quality joined thereunto: yet not without a certain kind of astriction or binding. The roots are also hot and dry, yea more than the leaves, they are of thin and subtle parts; they procure Urine, provoke the Terms, and are like in faculty, as Galen saith, to the roots of Acorns, but somewhat more forcible, yet they may be promiscuously used one for another.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
By the Leaves of Asarabacca, the Ears of a man are in some sort represented, and it is found by experience, that a Conserve may be made of the flowers of this Plant, which being eat, doth very much strengthen and increase both hearing and memory. The memory is also helped, and the Head and Brain, that is ill affected by taking cold, comforted; if the Leaves and Roots be boiled in Lee, and the head often washed therewith while it is warm. The Common use hereof is to take the juice of five or Seven Leaves in a little drink, which not only provoketh Vomiting, but purgeth downward, and by Urine also, purging both Choler and Phlegm, if you add to it some Spikenard, and the whey of Goat's Milk, or Honeyed water: but it purgeth Phlegm more manifestly than Choler; and therefore doth much help pains in the Hips and other parts. Being boiled in Whey, it wonderfully helpeth the Obstructions of the Liver and Spleen, and is profitable for the Dropsy and Jaundice, being steeped in Wine and drunk. It helps those continual Agues that come by the plenty of stubborn humours. An Oil made thereof by setting it in the Sun, with some Laudanum added to it, provoketh sweeting (the ridge of the back being anointed therewith) and thereby driveth away the shaking fits of the Agues. It will not abide long boiling, for it looseth its strength thereby; nor much beating, for the finer powder doth provoke Vomits and Urine, and the coorler purgeth downward. The Roots also work in the same manner, but not so forcibly: but an Extract made thereof, according to Art, with Wine, might be more safe and effectual, and may be kept all the year to be ready at hand to be given, when there is occasion, the quantity only is to be proportioned, according to the constitution of the Patient, as the learned Physicians can best appoint. It is also effectual against the biting of Serpents, (the root especially) and therefore it is put amongst other simples, both into Mithridate and Venice Treacle. A drachm of the root in powder given in Whitewine, a little before the fit of an Ague, taketh away the shaking fit, and thereby causeth the hot fit to be more remiss, and in twice taking expelleth it quite. It is said that the leaves being a little bruised, and applied to the forehead and temples, do ease the pains of the head, and procureth sleep; and applied to the Eyes taketh away the inflammation of them. The Juice with a little Tutia prepared, put to it, and dropped into the corner of the Eyes, sharpeneth the Eyesight, and taketh away the dimness and mistiness that is often in them. The Bastard Asarum, as Matthiolus saith, hath a little cleansing quality, but a greater property to attenuate, or make thin that which is thick, to cut or break that which is tough, and to open that which is obstructed. A drachm of the powder hereof taken, in sweet Wine, or honeyed Water, doth loosen the Belly, and purgeth from thence tough and thick phlegm, and black or  Humours: It is for very good purpose and profit, given to those which have the yellow Jaundice, to those that have the falling Sickness, and to those that have the Palsy, the herb either taken of itself, and eaten as in Salads, or the decoction thereof made and drunk: It killeth also the worms of the Belly.    

CHAP. XXVI. Of Ground-Ivy, or Alehoofe.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it always creeps upon the ground, and hath Leaves somewhat like unto the true Ivy, yet they are lesser, thinner, hairy, and crumpled as it were. It is called also, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it spreadeth, and is a Garland upon the Ground. It is called in Latin Hedera hum●lis, Hedera terrestris, and Corona terrae. Cordus calleth it Chamadema; and Brunfelsius mistaking it, made it his fourth El●tine. Lugdunensis calleth it Malacocissos, id est, Mollis Hedera Plumiatica. The Shops call it Hedera terrestris, and we in English, according to the several Country's appellations, Gilrumbith-ground, that is, Gill run by the ground. T●●d●oore, Gill creep by the ground, Catsfoot, Hay Maids, and Alehoof most generally, or Tunhoof, because Country people formerly did use it much in their A●le and Beer, and so they would now, if they were so wise, and Ground Ivy as frequently: although Lobel judgeth the Hedera helix, or barren Ivy, to deserve that name more properly; and some Country people that would have the barren Ivy to be the true Ground-Ivy, call the other Maidenhair; but it is only their Opinion, without good advice: for all that have experience in Herbarisme, judge otherwise.   

The Kinds.  
There be of this, four sorts. 1. Common Ground-Ivy, or Ale-hoof. 2. The lesser Ale-hoof. 3. Mountain Ale-hoof. 4. Stone-Ale-hoof.   

The Form.  
Ground-Ivy is a low Plant, seldom exceeding a Span in height, but it lieth, spreadeth, and creepeth upon the Ground all about, shooting forth Roots at the Joints of the cornered tender stalks, set all along with two round Leaves at every Joint, somewhat hairy, and crumpled as it were, and unevenly dented about the edges, with round dents: at the Joints likewise with the Leaves towards the end of the Branches, come forth hollow long Flowers, gaping at the ends, of a bluish purple colour, with small white spots upon the Label or lips that hang down, as also in the mouth or Jaws, the Root is small, but very fibrous.   

The Place and Time.  
The common sort is found under the Hedges and sides of fields, and Ditches, under house sides, and in shadowed Lanes, and other waste Grounds, in every place almost: the second is found at the bottom of old Trees, in some Countries of G●rmany: the third is found to grow on Hills and Mountains: the last in Narbone, and Province in France, and in some places of Somersetshire. They flower somewhat early, and abide so a great while, the Leaves keeping their Verdure unto the Winter, and sometimes abiding, if it be not too vehement and sharp.   

The Temperature.  
Ground Ivy is quick, sharp, and bitter in taste, and thereby is found to be he and dry, it openeth, also cleanseth and rarifyeth.   

The Virtues.  
The Juice of this Herb dropped into the Ears, doth wonderfully help the noise and singing of them, and helpeth their hearing that is decayed, especially i● burned white Coperas be dissolved therein, and three drops thereof be put into the Ears morning and evening. The Juices of Celandine, Daisies of the field, and Ground-Ivy clarified, and a little fine Sugar dissolved therein, dropped into the Eyes, is a sovereign Medicine for all pains, redness, and watering of the Eyes, the Pin and Web, Skins or Films growing over the sight, or whatsoever might offend them: the same helpeth Beasts as well as Men. It is also a singular good Wound-Herb, for all inward Wounds, and likewise for exulcerated Lungs, and other parts, either by itself, or with other the like Herbs boiled together; and besides, being drunk by them that have any griping pains of windy or choleric humours in the stomach, spleen or belly, doth ease them in a short space: it likewise helpeth the yellow Jaundice, by opening the obstruction of the Gall, Liver, and Spleen, it expelleth venom and poison, and the Plague also. It provoketh Urine, and women's Courses, and stayeth them not, as some have thought; but the Decoction of the Herb in Wine, being drunk for some time together by those, that have the Sciatica, or Hipgout, as also the Gout in the hands, knees, or feet, helpeth to dissolve, and disperse the peccant humours, and to procure ease: the same decoction is excellent good to gargoyle any sore throat or mouth, putting thereto some Honey, and a little  Allome: as also to wash the Sores and Ulcers of the privy parts, in Man or Woman. It speedily healeth green wounds, being bound thereto. The Juice boiled with a little Honey and Verdigrease, doth wonderfully cleanse Fistulaes', and hollow Ulcers: It helpeth also the Itch, Scabs, Wheals, and other eruptions, or exulcerations in the skin, in any part of the body, and stayeth the malignity of spreading or eating Cancers and Ulcers. Country people heretofore did often use to run it up with their drink, not only for the clearing of the sight, and other special Virtues that it hath; but for that it will help also to clear their drink. This Age forsaketh all old things, though never so good, and embraceth all kind of novelties whatsoever; but the time will come, that the sopperies of the present times shall be slighted, and the true and honest prescriptions of the Ancients come in request again. Some do affirm, that an handful put into drink that is thick, will clear it in a night, yea in few hours, say they, and make it more wholesome, and fit to be drunk: yet others are so prejudicious to the Virtues of simples, that they think fabulous, whatsoever things are related concerning them, though they stand in great need of them. To try such a thing as this, would not require, either much time or cost.    

CHAP. XXVII. Of Ivy.  

The Names.  
NEither is Ground-Ivy, only good for the Ears, but other Ivy also, I shall therefore handle it in this place. It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Cissus and Cittus, as the Greeks report, from Cissus, a little Boy, whom Bacchus turned hereinto. The Athenians called Bacchus himself Cittus, who by some is thought to have brought it out of India into Greece, and called it after his own name, and wore a Crown thereof, because, As he is always young, as the Poets feign; so this is continually green. But Pena and Lobel think it rather derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which word in English, signifies a Weavill, which is a little Creature, that lives upon Corn and Malt, eating up the Kernel thereof; for as this eateth up the heart of the Corn, so doth the Ivy rob the Tree it groweth upon of its nourishment, or from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Pumice stone, because it is full of pores, as a Pumice stone is, and being so, whatsoever Wine is put into a Cup, made thereof, soaketh through, according to Cato and Varro. The Latins call it Hedera, vel quod parietibus hareaet, vel potius quia edita petat, vel quia id cui adhaeserit ed●t & enecat, saith Pompeins. The English know it by no other name but Ivy.   

The Kinds.  
Two sorts hereof only are found in England, and those are the ordinary climbing Ivy, and the barren Ivy, to which I shall add here, as I do in most other places, those which grow in foreign parts, which are five more, 1. White berried Ivy, to which Virgil alluded in that Verse, Candidior Cygnis, Hederâ formosior alba. Than Swan more lovely, or than Ivy white. 2. Yellow berried Ivy. 3. Trefoil Ivy of Virginea. 4. Five leaved Ivy of Virginea. 5. lobel Ivy leaved Plant. I might be very large in the Description of our ordinary climbing Ivy; but because it is so well known, I shall be the briefer.   

The Form.  
Ivy hath a thick woody Trunk, or Body sometimes as big as one's arm, usually climbing up Trees, and by the small Roots it sendeth into them, draweth nourishment from them, many times to their bane, and utter ruin: sometimes it creepeth up walls, sending forth Roots into their chinks, or joints, where growing great, they often crack them to their destruction: After it hath gotten hold of either Tree or Wall, it will grow thereon, though the body below be cut away: Whilst the Tree is young, the Leaves of most will be cornered; but when it groweth elder, they grow rounder, abiding fresh and green Winter and Summer. The small Mossy yellow Flowers, stand in an Umbel, upon small stalks, after which come small round Berries, first green, and afterwards turning black: in every one of which, is contained usually four Seeds. It sometimes, though rately, groweth alone by itself, into a pretty Bush or Tree.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth upon Trees, and upon the Stonewalls of Churches, Houses, etc. and sometimes alone, though seldom. The second, which beareth neither Flowers nor Seed, groweth in moist and shadowy places, in Lanes, under Hedges, and the corners of waste ground, and the like. The first Foreigner is said to grow in France, and some places of Turkey, and some say in Naples also. The second, Pena and Lobel say, grow in Campania, and Apulia, and is sown in Gardens of Italy, and Germany. The third and fourth, grow in the Northwest parts of America, where our English Colonies are planted. The last, was found by Lobel, on the Hills, as he passed through Italy. Our Ivy flourisheth not until July, and the Berries are usually ripe about Christmas, when they have felt the winter frosts. We have little acquaintance with the outlandish one, and therefore we say no more of them, or their times of flowering.   

The Temperature  
Ivy, as Galen saith, hath contrary faculties; for it hath a certain binding, earthy and cold substance, and also a substance somewhat biting, which even the very taste doth show to be hot. Neither is it without a third faculty, as being of a certain warm watery substance, and that is, if it be green: for whilst it is in drying, this waterish substance being earthy, cold, and binding, consumeth away; and that which is hot and biting, remaineth. Being therefore such an inconstant Hermes, it is the more carefully to be applied, because it causeth barrenness in Man or Woman, if they should take too often thereof, and procureth a weakness and trouble in the Brain and Senses.   

The Virtues.  
A Pugil of the Flowers of Ivy, (being as much as one may take up with the● three foremost fingers together) which may be about a dram, saith Dioscor●d● drunk twice a day in red Wine, helpeth the Lask, and bloody Flux. It is an enemy to the Nerves and Sinews, being taken much inwardly; but is very helpful unto them applied outwardly. The Juice of the Leaves and Berries, with a little Oil of bitter Almonds, dropped into the Ears, whilst it is warm, helpeth the hearing, and cureth all the old and running sores of them. The Berries made into Powder, and drunk in Wine, help to break the stone, provoke urine, and women's Courses, as Tragus saith; yea so powerful they are in those parts, that a bath made of the Leaves and Berries for Women to sit in, or over the fumes, or a pessary made of them, and put up, doth mightily prevail to bring them down, and to draw forth the dead birth, and afterbirth; but this to be cautelously used, and that only in Cases of extremity. The fresh Leaves of Ivy, boiled in Vinegar, and applied warm to the sides of those which are splenetic, or troubled with any Ache or Stitch in their sides, doth give them much ease: the same applied with Rose-water, and Oil of Roses, to the Forehead and Temples, doth ease the inveterate pains of the head. If the fresh Leaves be boiled in Wine, and old filthy Sores and Ulcers, that are hard to be cured, be washed therewith, it wonderfully helpeth to cleanse and heal them, and so it doth green wounds, quickly sodering up the lips of them: the same also is effectual to heal scaldings of water, and burn by fire, and the exulcerations that happen thereby, or upon the sharpness of salt phlegm, and hot humours in other parts of the body. The Juice of the Berries or Leaves snuffed up into the nose, purgeth the head and brain of thin Rheum, which maketh defluctions into the Eyes and Nose, and cureth the Ulcers and stench therein. The fresh leaves are commonly used to lay upon Issues, in what place soever, as Arms, Legs, etc. to keep them open, and to draw forth the humours, which come thither: but a little piece of the Root, made round like a pease, and put into the Orifice, keepeth it running without Leaf or Plaster, if you lay upon it half a sheet of issue-Paper eight times double. The Wood made into a Cup, and used by those that are troubled with the Spleen, shall find ease and be much helped thereof, if they let their drink stand some small time therein before they drink it. Cato saith, if you suspect your Wine to have any water in it, put some of it into a Cup made of Ivy wood, and the Wine will soak through, and the water remain: such is the Antipathy that is betwixt them. If any one hath got a surfeit by drinking of Wine, his speediest cure is to drink a draught of the same wine wherein an handful of Ivy leaves, being first bruised, have been boiled. There is a Gum gathered from Ivy in hot Countries, which is exceeding sharp and hot, burning and exulcerating the skin; yet being dissolved in Vinegar, it taketh away superfluous hair in any place, and killeth Lice and Nits, and easeth the pain of hollow teeth, if it be put therein.    

CHAP. XXVIII. Of the Poplar Tree.  

The Names.  
BEcause Ivy is a plant that seldom groweth but where Trees grow, I have placed a tree next it, and that is the Poplar Tree: their leaves being also somewhat alike; to which, the Ancient Greeks having two sorts gave them, two distinct Names, they called the white Poplar, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because of the whiteness in Latin, Populus alba, and Farfarus: according to that of Plautus in his Penulus— Viscum Legioni dedi Fundasque: eos prosternebam, ut folia Farfari, which the learned suppose to be the leaves of Poplar. They called the Black Poplar 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; in Latin, Populus nigra: the first or new sprung buds whereof the Apothecaries call, Oculi Populi Popular Buds; Others choose rather to call it, Gemma Populi: some of the Grecians name it, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. To these is added a third, called Populus tremula, and by Theophrastus, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod nimirum ista planta instar 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 stipite oblongo sit, terete & in acutum desinente; because this Tree with its long and round body, is somewhat like a Weavers Beam, which the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. In English Asp, and Aspentree, and may also be called, Tremble, after the French name; because the leaves wag, though there be no wind: and therefore the Poets and others have feigned them to be the matter, whereof women's tongues were made, which seldom cease wagging. All, that with glory conquered their enemies in fight, were wont to wear a Garland of the branches of white Poplar from the Example of Hercules, who having overcome Cerberus, came crowned with the branches of it, which he found by the River Acheron; and from thence Homer in the fifth book of his Iliads calleth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Their Error, that Succinum, yellow Amber, was the Gum of the Black Poplar, is sufficiently confuted by Matthiolus.   

The Kinds:  
Besides these three sorts above named, I find two more. 1. The smaller leafed white Poplar tree. 2. The round leafed Indian Poplar tree. I hold it best to describe the Black Popular, because it is more useful.   

The Form.  
The black Poplar is a Tree very tall and strait, with a grayish bark, bearing broad and green leaves, somewhat like to Ivy leaves not cut-in on the Edges but whole and dented, ending in a point and not white underneath, hanging by slender long footstalks, which with the Air are almost continually shaken, like as the Aspen Leaves are; the Catkins hereof are great, composed of many round green berries, as it were set together on a long cluster: wherein is much Downy matter contained; which being ripe, is blown away with the wind the eyes or clammy Buds hereof, before they spread into leaves (and not of the white as some have thought, nor yet the Uvae or berries, which each of them have under them) are gathered about the beginning of April, to make the Vnguentum Populeon, and are of a yellowish green colour, and small, but somewhat sweet and strong; the wood is smooth, tough, and white, and will quickly be cloven to make shingles, pales, or the like. On this, as also on the white Poplar Tree groweth a sweet kind of Musk, which in former times was much used to be put into sweet Ointments, and commended by Galen and others to be the best, next unto that of the Cedar Tree.   

The Place and Time.  
The first kind of white Poplar groweth not very common in England, yet in some place here and there it is found, as in a low Meadow, turning up a Lane at the further end of a Village, called Blackwall; and in Essex at a place called Ovenden, and in some other places which are low and moist, as in Meadows near unto Ditches, standing warers, and Rivers, and in some moist woods where the other three sorts do also grow; but the Indian Poplar groweth in most part of the Islands of America. These trees bud forth in the end of March and the beginning of April: but the Catkins appear sooner.   

The Temperature.  
The white Poplar hath a cleansing faculty saith Galen, and a mixed tempe●rature, consisting of a watery warm essence, and also a thin earthly substance. The Rosin or clammy Substance of the black Poplar buds, is hot and dry and of thin parts, and doth attenuate and mollify; the leaves have in a manner the like operation, but weaker and not so effectual. What temperature uhe Indian sort is of, I have not found.   

The Virtues.  
I described the Black Poplar, because that had most similitude with Ivy; but it is the white Poplar (whose form differeth not much from the other, save that the leaves are almost like those of the Vine, or rather Colts-foot) which is appropriated to the Ears, the juice of whose leaves being extracted warmed and dropped into them easeth the pains in them, and healeth Ulcers there, if there be any. The young clammy buds, or eyes, before they break out into leaves bruised, and a little Honey put to them, is a good Medicine for a dull sight by Signature. An ounce of the bark in Powder being drunk, saith Dioscorides, in wine, 'tis likely, is a remedy for those that are troubled with the Sciatica or Srangury; and Serenus is of the same Judgement. The black Poplar is held by some to be more cooling than the white; and therefore they have with much profit applied the leaves bruised with Vinegar to places troubled with the Gout, and so do the young leaves and buds made into an Ointment with May-butter: the seed is held to be good against the falling sickness, if it be drunk in Vinegar. That water that droppeth from the hollow places of the black Poplars, doth take away Warts, Pushes, Weals, and other the like break out in the body. The young black Poplar Buds, saith Matthiolus, are used by women to beautify their hair, bruising them with fresh butter, and straining them after they have been for some time kept in the Sun. The Ointment called Populeon is singular good, for any heat or inflammation in any part of the Body, and to temper the heat of wounds; It is used also to dry up the Mi●k in women's Breasts after their delivery, and when they have weaned their Children. The Aspen leaves are somewhat weaker, than those of the black Poplar; yet the quantity being augmented, they are used for the same purposes.    

CHAP. XXIX. Of Nightshade.  

The Names.  
SOme of the Greeks call it, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; but others, and that more usually, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. In Latin Solanum and Solatrum, Uva Lupina, and Uva Vulpes, Cuculus and Morella. Pliny saith, it was also called, Strumam and Cucubalus, but they are thought bastard names, and not proper to this plant. In English, Nightshade, Morrel, Petty-Morrel, and in some places Hounds berries. There is a sort hereof which is called Dwale, or deadly Nightshade, by reason of its pernicious and excess cold quality; and is therefore not to be used but by a skilful hand, but the Common or Garden Nightshade is not dangerous, being heretofore planted in Gardens as other herbs, for food; wherefore it was called Solanum hortense, or Garden Nightshade, but is now no where used but Physically, and is cast out of Gardens.   

The Kind's.  
Dioscorides reckoneth up four sorts, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hortense, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vesicarium, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Somniferum, & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Manicum: which are by a later Writer distinguished into ten kinds. 1. Common Nightshade. 2. Red berried common Nightshade. 3. Sleepy Nightshade. 4. The true sleepy Nightshade of the Ancient Writers. 5. Sleepy Nightshade of another sort. 6. Dwale or Deadly Nightshade. 7. Hoary Indian Nightshade. 8. Red Nightshade, or Redweed of Virginia. 9 The great Marvel of Peru. 10. The small Marvel of Peru, which is a kind of Nightshade: besides which there are divers other sorts that I may have occasion to mention elsewhere.   

The Form.  
The Common Nightshade hath a somewhat upright round green hollow stalk, and about a foot high, bushing forth into many Branches, whereon grow many dark green leaves, somewhat broad and pointed at the ends, soft and full of juice, larger than the leaves of Basil, else somewhat like, and a little unevenly dented about the edges: at the tops of the stalks and branches, come four or five or more white flowers, made of five small pointed leaves a piece, standing on a stalk together, one by or above another, with yellow pointells in the middle, composed of four or five yellow threads set together, which afterwards turn into so many pendulous green berries, of the bigness of a small pease, full of green Juice, and small whitish round flat seed lying within it; the root is white and a little woody, when it hath given flower and fruit, with many small fibres at it: the whole plant is of a waterish insipid taste; but the Juice within the Berries, is somewhat viscous, like unto a thin mucilage, and is of a coolng and binding quality.   

The Place and Time.  
Common Nightshade groweth without planting under old walls, and in rubbish, by the common Paths, and sides of Hedges and Fields, and sometimes in Gardens, out of which it is cast as a weed. Dwale, or deadly Nightshade, groweth not only in the Woods of Germany, but in divers places in our own Land, as in the Castle-yard of Framingham in Suffolk, in Cambridge-shire, Essex, etc. The rest are strangers, and not to be found, unless it be in the better sort of Gardens, as the Physic Garden at Oxon: that at Westminster, etc. The first and the second die every year, and rise of their own sowing: the rest die down to the ground in Winter, and shoot afresh in the spring. They do not spring out of the ground, until it be late in the year, as not until the latter end of April, at the soon. They flower in Summer, even till the beginning of Autumn, and then the fruit ripeneth.   

The Temperature.  
Galen saith, in his Book of the faculties of simple Medicines, that Garden Nightshade, is used for those infirmities, that have need of cooling and binding; for these two qualities it hath in the second degree, which thing also he affirmeth in his Book of the faculties of nourishments, where he saith, that there is no Potherb which we use to eat, that hath so great astriction, or binding, as Nightshade hath; and therefore Physicians do worthily use it, and that seldom as a nourishment, but always as a Medicine. Dwale is cold, even in the fourth Degree.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The Berries of Nightshade having some similitude with a Bladder, are of excellent use to provoke Urine, and to expel the stone, especially the Seeds contained in them, being drunk with White-wine. It is commonly used to cool hot Inflammations, either inwardly or outwardly, being no way dangerous to any that shall use it, as the rest of the Night-shades are, if it be used moderately; for, the often taking thereof in too great a quantity, procureth the Frenzy: the remedy whereof, is to take good store of warm honeyed water. The Juice dropped into the Ears easeth the pains thereof, that arise of heat or Inflammation: The distilled water only of the whole Herb, is fittest and safest to be taken inwardly. The Juice also clarified, and mingled with Vinegar, is a good Gargarism for the mouth and throat that is inflamed. But outwardly the Juice of the Herb or Berries, with Oil of Roses, and a little Vinegar, and Ceruse, laboured together in a leaden Mortar, is very good to anoint all hot Inflammations in the Eyes: It doth also much good for the Shingles, Ringworms, and in all running, fretting, and corroding Ulcers, and in moist Fistulaes': if the juice be made up with some Hens-Dung, and applied thereto. A Pessary dipped in the Juice, and put up into the Matrix, stayeth the immoderate Flux of women's Courses. A Cloth wet therein, and applied to the Testicles or Cod, upon any swelling therein, giveth much ease, as also to the Gout, which cometh of hot and sharp humours. The deadly Nightshade is very dangerous to be taken inwardly, as might be shown by some lamentable instances: yet if the Temples and forehead be a little bathed with the Juice of Leaves, and a little Vinegar, it procureth rest and sleep, when it is hindered by hot fits of Agues, or other distemperature, and taketh away the pain of the head, proceeding of a hot cause. The Leaves bruised, or their Juice may be applied to such hot Inflammations, as St. Anthony's fire, the Shingles, and all other fiery or running Cankers, to cool and stay the spreading.    

CHAP. XXX. Of Sow-Fennel, or Hoggs-Fennel.  

The Names.  
THe Grecians call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the Latins Peucedanus and Peucedanum, as some take it of the pitchy scent, it carrieth; from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which signifieth a Pitch Tree; and others, of the Pine Tree, whose Leaves are like it, call it Pinastellum, as Apuleius. It is also called Faeniculum Porcinum; but by Tabermontanus, Cauda porcina, for the likeness that is between it and an Hoggstail. We in English call it Hoggs-Fennel, or Sow-Fennel from the Latin. Hore-strange, and Hore-strong, Surphurwott or Brimst one-wort, from the yellow Sap or Liquor, which quickly waxeth hard or dry, smelling not much unlike Brimstone, called Sulphur.   

The Kind's.  
Of Sow-Fennel, there be three sorts. 1. Common Sow-Fennel. 2. Small Sow-Fennel. 3. Great Sow-Fennel of Italy.   

The Form.  
The common Sow-fennel hath divers branched stiff stalks, full of knees, of somewhat thick and long leaves, almost like the leaves of the wild Pine, three for the most part joined together at a place, amongst which riseth a crested strait stalk, less than Fennel, with some joints thereon, and leaves growing thereat, and toward the top some branches issuing from thence: likewise on the tops of the stalks and branches, stand divers tufts of yellow Flowers, where after grow somewhat flat, thin, and yellowish Seeds, almost twice as big as Fennelseed. The Root groweth great, and deep, with many other parts and Fibres about them, of a strong scent, like melted Brimstone yielding forth a yellowish milk, or clammy juice, somewhat like a Gum, and having also at the top of it, about the superficies of the Earth, a certain bush of hair, of a brown Colour, amongst which the leaves and stalks do spring forth.   

The Place and Time.  
The first groweth in good plenty, in the salt low Marshes, a little by Feversham in Kent, near unto the Haven, upon the banks thereof, and the Meadows adjoining; on the South side of a Wood belonging to Waltham, at the Nase in Essex, by the highway-side; also at Whitstable in Kent, in a Meadow near the Seaside. The second was found on St. Vincents Rock, by Bristol, by Label, as he setteth it down in his Adversaria, p. 331. and in Hungary and Austria, by Clusius. The last groweth naturally upon the Sea-Coast of Mount Pelier, in France, and in divers places in Italy. They all flower and seed in the end of Summer, that is in July and August.   

The Temperature:  
These Herbs, especially the yellow Sap of the Roots, is hot in the second, and dry in the beginning of the third Degree.   

The Virtues.  
As Nightshade being a cold Plant, was good for such distempers of the Ears, as happen by reason of heat: so this Hog-Fennel being of a hot temperature, is very effectual for such griefs as happen to the Ears upon a cold cause, if a little of the juice be dissolved in Wine, and dropped into the Ears. The same, according to Dioscorides and Galen, used with Vinegar and Rose-water, or the juice, with a little Euphorbium put to the Nose, helpeth those that are troubled with the Lethargy, the Frenzy, the turning of the brain, or dissiness of the head; the Falling-Sickness, long and inveterate Headache, the Palsy, the Sciatica, and the Cramp; and generally all the Diseases of the Nerves and Sinews, if it be used with Oil and Vinegar. The juice dissolved in Wine, or put into an Egg, is good for the Cough, and shortness of breath, and for those that are troubled with wind, and tormenting pains in the body. It purgeth the belly gently, and dissolveth the wind, and hardness of the spleen, it giveth ease to those Women that have sore travel in Childbirth, and easeth the pains both of Bladder and Reins, and womb also. A little of the concrete juice put into an hollow Tooth, ceaseth the pains thereof, and the Root worketh to the like effect; but more slowly, and less. The dried Powder of the Root, being put into foul Ulcers, of hard curation, cleanseth them throughly, removeth any splinters of broken bones, or other things in the flesh, and healeth them up perfectly, and likewise bringeth-on old and inveterate sores to cicatrising: it is also put into such salves as serve to heat or warm any place. Pliny recordeth the virtue hereof in divers places: the Root being drunk in Wine, with the Seed of the Cypress-Tree, in powder, easeth the strangling of the Mother, but some use to burn it, and by the smell thereof giveth ease thereunto: the juice helpeth the burstings of Children, and their Navels when they stick forth: the Root is of so great force in green Wounds and Sores, that it draweth out the Quitture from the very bones. By the Signature of this Plant, it should cause hair to grow apace, where the places wanted it, or were deprived; for so doth Thapsia, or scorching Fennel, which hath less similitude than this.    

CHAP. XXXI. Of Sow-Thistles.  

The Names.  
NExt to Sow-Fennel, I have placed Sow-Thistles, which amongst others, hath a virtue, that it is very sovereign for the Ears, with which I shall finish the Plants appropriated to them. It is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, quod salubrem fundat succum. The Latins also call it, Sonchus, which is divided into Asperum and Laevem, and into Asperiorem & Laeviorem. We in English call them Prickly and Smooth Sow-thistles, and sometimes Ha●es Lettuce, which because of their like Virtue I have Joined together. They are called of divers Cicerbita Lactucella, and Lacterones; of Apulelus, Lactula Leporina; of some, Brassica Lep●rina, or Hares-Coleworts, Palatium, Leporis; and some have it Leporum▪ Cubile.   

The Kinds.  
To reckon up all the sorts of these, that are to be found in other Herbals; would not be to much purpose; and therefore I shall content myself, to mention those only which I find in the Phytologia Britannica, being in number Eight. 1. Tree-Sow-Thistle. 2. Wall or Ivy-leafed Sow-Thistle. 3. Lesser Prickly Sow-Thistle. 4. An Elegant Sow Thistle with a white flower, having yellow in the middle. 5. Narrow leafed Sow-Thistle. 6. Broad leafed Sow-Thistle. 7. Prickly Sow-Thistle. 8. Common Sow-Thistle: which last I shall only describe.   

The Form.  
The Common Sow-Thistle is well known to rise up with a round ●ollow stalk two or three foot high or more sometimes, if it grow in good grounds and Gardens, as usually it doth; set with many long and much torn leaves, of a whitish green colour, not having that roughness or those sharp prickles on them which some of them have, branching forth towards the top, into divers branches, bearing pale yellow flowers, which pass away into a down, and with the seed into the wind. The root groweth down right, and hath many fibres thereat, perishing likewise every year, and raising its self of its own ●owing; and is plentiful in giving Milk which is somewhat pleasanter, and not so bitter as that of the prickly ones.   

The Places and Time.  
All the Sow-Thistles above named, grow in unmanured as well as in manured soils, some in Gardens, and Orchards where the leaves are usually lesser and lesser divided, than in the rough and unmanured grounds; and sometimes by and upon old walls, the pathsides of fields and highways: but the first is seldom seen, save in the Gardens of Herbarists, and the fourth groweth only in Yorkshire and Cheshire naturally. They do flower and shed their seed from Midsummer or thereabout all the Summer long, and sometimes till August be past.   

The Temperature.  
The Sow Thistles as Galen writeth, are of a mixed temperature: for they consist of a watery and earthy Substance, cold and likewise binding.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
Lest any one should think Nightshade too cool, or Sow-Fennel too hot, I have added Sow Thistle as being more moderate, as long as they are young and tender, and being so, they are eaten familiarly by those beyond the Seas, but the roots are much more esteemed by them being very tender and sweet. The Juice boiled or throughly heated with a little oil of bitter Almonds in the Pill of a pomegranate, is a sure remedy for deafness and sing, and all other diseases in the Ears; and it is said, that the herb bruised and bound upon Warts, will quickly take them away. The herb bruised or the Juice is profitably applied to all hot inflammations in the Eyes or wheresoever else, and Pustules, Weals, Blisters, or other the like Eruptions of heat in the Skin: as also for the heat and itchings of the Hemorrhoïdes or Piles, and the heat and sharpness of humours happening in the secret parts of man or woman. The disti●ed water of the herb, is not only effectual for all diseases aforesaid, to be taken inwardly with a little Sugar, which Medicine the daintiest Stomach that is, will not refuse; or outwardly by applying  or Sponges wetted therein: it is likewise wonderfully good for women to wash their faces, to clear the skin, and give a lustre thereunto. The herb itself is very fit to cool an hot Stomach, and to ease the gnawing pains thereof; and are therefore eaten by some as Salad herbs in Winter and Spring: being boiled in wine, it is very helpful to stay the dissolutions of the Stomach; and the milk that is taken from the stalks when they are broken, given in drink, is beneficial to those that are short wound, and have a wheesing withal: Erisistratus, saith Pliny, did therewith cause the gravel and stone to be voided by Urine; and saith, that the eating thereof helpeth a stinking breath: The Juice thereof to the quantity of three spoonfuls taken in Wine warmed, and some Oil put thereto, causeth Women in Travel of Child, to have so easy and speedy delivery, that they may be easy to walk presently after: the said juice taken in warm drink, helpeth the Strangury, or pissing by drops, and pains in making water. The decoction of the Leaves and stalks given to Nurses, causeth abundance of milk, and maketh their children's faces to be well coloured, and is good for those, whose milk doth curdle in the Breasts, and this it doth by signature. When Sows have Pigs, they do most greedily desire it, because they know by a certain natural inflinct, wherewith most Brutes are endued, that it doth very much increase their milk; and for that Reason, I conceive it is called by the name of Sow-Thistle.    

CHAP. XXXII. Of Wake-Robin, or Cuckow-point.  
THe two last parts, to which I did endeavour to appropriate such Plants as were fittest for the remedying the distempers thereof, were the Eyes and the Ears. I come now to the Nose, and shall begin with an Herb, that not only helpeth it, but the parts aforesaid, which Janus- like, hath respect to what goes before, and what comes after.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; and in Latin Arum, and of some Pes Vituli, because the Leaf hath some resemblance with a Calves-foot: Some also call it Dracontea minor, and Serpentaria minor: Others again from the Figure of the Pestle, or Clapper in the middle of the Hose, call it Sacerdotis Penis, and Canis Priapus: Others, Aron, and Barba-Aron: In English, Wake-Robin, Cuckows-Pintle, Priests-Pintle, Ramp, Buckrams, and of some, Starchwort, because formerly Linen was starched with it, and pure & white Starch is made of the Root of it, but such as is hurtful to the hands of the Laundress that useth it; for it choppeth, blistereth, and maketh the hands rough, and rugged, and withal, smarting. There is a kind of Arum, which is called, Ar●sarum, or Friars Cowle.   

The Kinds.  
Parkinson in his Chapter of Arum, reckoneth up these eight sorts, 1. Common-Wake-Robin, without spots. 2. Spotted Wake-Robin. 3. Round leafed Wake-Robin. 4. Wake-Robin of Constantinople. 5. Broad leafed Friars Cowl. 6. Long or narrow leafed Friars Cowl. 7. The Egyptian Culcas, or Wake-Robin, with a rounder and longer Root. 8. Dioscorides and Theophrastus their Egyptian Bean, whose Root was called Colocasia, which he sets down to confute the mistake of those, who take Arum and Colocasia to be the same:   

The Form:  
Common Wake Robin shooteth forth some few Leaves from the Root, every one of which is somewhat large and long, broad at the bottom next the stalk, and forked; but ending in a point, without any dent or cut on the edges, of a full green colour, each standing upon a thick round stalk, of a hands breadth long or more; among which, after two or three months, that they begin to whither, riseth up a bare, round, whitish green stalk, spotted, and streaked with Purple, somewhat higher than the Leaves; at the top whereof standeth a long hollow ●ose or Husk, close at the bottom, but open from the middle upwards, ending in a point; in the middle standeth a long slender Pestle, or Clapper, smaller at the bottom then at the top, of a dark Purple colour, as the husk is on the inside, though green without, which after it hath so abidden for some time, the husk with the Clapper, decayeth, and the foot or bottom thereof groweth to be a long slender bunch of Berries, green at the first, and of a yellowish red colour when they are ripe, of the bigness of an Hazel Nut Kernel, which abideth thereon almost till winter. The Root is round, and somewhat long, for the most part lying along, the leaves shooting forth at the bigger end, which when it beareth, its Berries are somewhat wrinkled and lose: another growing under it, which is solid and firm, with many small threads hanging thereat.   

The Place and Time.  
The two first sorts grow frequently under Trees, and almost under every hedge side, throughout the Land. The third is found in some places of Germany. Clusius saith, the fourth came among divers other Roots, from Constantinople; the fifth, is found in Spain and Portugal, the sixth in Italy, the seventh in Candy. The last in Java and Surrat. The four first sorts shoot forth Leaves in the Spring, and continue but till the middle of Summer, or somewhat later, their Hoses or Husks appearing before they fall away, and their fruit showing in August. The fifth and sixth do shoot forth their green Leaves in Autumn, presently after the first frosts have pulled down the stalks with fruits, and abide green all the Winter, withering in Summer, before which their Husks appear. The seventh flowreth with his Hose and Clappers very late; even in the warm Countries, seldom before October or November, and the fruit doth there seldom come to perfection: the last flowreth, and beareth fruit in the Summer, as other Herbs do.   

The Temperature.  
Wake-Robin is hot and dry in the third Degree, yet Galen affirmeth, that it is more sharp and biting in some Countries, then in others.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The Leaves of Wake-Robin, either green or dry, or the Juice of them, doth cleanse all manner of rotten and filthy Ulcers, in what part of the body soever, and helpeth the stinking sores in the Nose, called Polypus. The water wherein the Roots hath been boiled, dropped into the Eyes, cleanseth them from any film or skin, Clouds or Mists, which begin to hinder the sight, and helpeth the redness or watering of them, or when by some chance they become black and blue. The Juice of the Berries boiled in Oil of Roses, or beaten into Powder, and mixed with the Oil, and dropped into the Ears, easeth pains in them. The Root mixed with Bean-flower, and applied to the Throat or Jaws that are inflamed, helpeth them, and the Roots or Berries beaten with hot Oxe-Dung▪ and applied, easeth the pains of the Gout. Tragus reporteth, that a dram or more, if need be, of the spotted Wake-robin, either green or dried, being beaten, and taken, is a most present and sure Remedy for Poison, and the Plague. The Juice of the Herb taken to the quantity of a spoonful, hath the same effect; to which if there be a little Vinegar added, as also to the Root aforesaid, it somewhat allayeth the sharp biting taste thereof upon the Tongue. The green Leaves bruised▪ and laid upon any Boyl or Plague-sore, doth wonderfully help to draw forth the poison. A dram of the Powder of the dried Root, taken with twice so much Sugar, in the form of a licking Electuary, or the green Root, doth wonderfully help those that are pursy and short wound, as also those that have the Cough; it breaketh, digesteth, and riddeth away Phlegm from the Stomach, Chest, and Lungs. The milk wherein the Root hath been boiled, is effectual also for the same purpose. The said Powder taken in Wine, or other drink, or the Juice of the Berries, or the Powder of them, or the Wine wherein they have been boiled, provoketh Urine, and bringeth down women's Courses, and purgeth them effectually after Childbearing, to bring away the afterbirth, and being taken with Sheep's milk, it healeth the inward Ulcers of the Bowels. The Leaves and Roots also boiled in Wine with a little Oil, and applied to the Piles, or falling down of the Fundament, easeth them; and so doth the sitting over the hot foams thereof. The fresh Roots bruised, and distilled with a little milk, yieldeth a most sovereign water to cleanse the skin from skurf, freckles, spots, or blemishes whatsoever therein. The fresh Roots cut small, and mixed with a Salad, will make excellent sport, with a saucy sharking guest, and drive him from his overmuch boldness, and so will the Powder of the dry Root, strewed upon any dainty bit, that is given him to eat: For either way, within a while after the taking it, it will so burn, and prick his mouth and throat, that he shall not be able ●o eat any more, or scarce to speak for pain: The green leaf biteth the Tongue also. To take away the stinging of either, give the party so served new milk, or fresh butter. This Plant should be Venereous by its Signature.    

CHAP. XXXIII. Of the Flower de Luce.  

The Names.  
THe Greeks call it, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, quasi Sacra▪ whereupon some have translated it Consecratrix, all great and huge things being counted by the Ancients to be Holy; but it was called Iris, a caelestis Ar●us similitudine, quam flores e●us representant; from the Rainbow whose various colours the flower thereof doth imitate. There have been some heretofore that made a difference between Iris and Ireos, according to the Latin verse extant thereof, which is this, Iris purpureum florem g●rit, Ireos album; but this is an error proceeding as some suppose from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies a white Lily, and by casting away the first letter becomes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by changing the last syllable, as if the Lily and the Iris were all one, of which most Authors make a distinction: It is called Rad●x Marica, because it is excellent for the Piles; and some have called it, Radix Naronica of the River Naron, by which great store doth grow. The knobbed Iris is called of Matthiolus, Hermodactylus Verus, because the roots are like unto fingers; and from him divers did so call it, but most erroneously it being a wild kind of flower de luce▪ as Dodonaeus truly affirmeth. Gladwin which is a kind hereof, also is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Xyris ob Folii similitudinem, quasi Rasorium cultrum, aut novaculum dixeris; because of it Swordlike or sharpedged Leaf, and in Latin Spatula, or Spathula faetida; for Spatha, is taken for a sword as Gladium is; and I have heard it called Roast Beef, for that the leaves being bruised smell somewhat like it. The Flowerdeluce is called in English Iris but most commonly Orris.   

The kinds.  
So many of the sorts as I find set down in parkinson's Theatre of Plants, I here set down; which are eight. 1. The greater Broad leafed Flowerdeluce, 2. The greater Narrow leafed Flowerdeluce. 3. Portugal Flowerdeluce. 4. Broad leafed dwarf Fowerdeluce. 5. Stinking Gladwine. 6. The first broad leafed bulbed Flowerdeluce of Clusius. 7. The greater bulbed Flowerdeluce. 8. The lesser bulbed Flowerdeluce; to which I add. 1. Iris tuberosa the knobbed Flowerdeluce; 2. The common Flowerdelucer; 3. Water flags or wild Flowerdeluce.   

The Form.  
The Common Flowerdeluce hath long and large flaggy leaves, like the blade of a sword with two edges, amongst which spring up smooth and plain stalks, half a yard long or longer, bearing flowers towards the top, compact of six leaves joined together: whereof three that stand upright are bend inward one toward another, and in those leaves that hang downwards there are certain rough and hairy Welts, growing or rising from the nether part of the leaf upward, almost of a yellow colour, The Roots be long, thick and knobby, with many hairy threads hanged thereat; but being dry it is without them, and white.   

The Places and Time.  
These Fowerdeluces aforementioned, and many more, though they grow naturally in Africa, Greece, Italy and France, and some in Germany: yet they are nursed up in the Cardens of those who are lovers of such varieties. Gladwin groweth wild in many places, as in woods and shaddowy places, near the Sea here in England, and so doth the Water Flowerdeluce in moist meadows: and in the borders and brinks of rivers, ponds, and standing Lakes; but though it be natural to such places, yet being planted in Gardens it prospereth we●●. The dwarf kind of Flag Flowerdeluces, flower in April, the greater in May, and the bulbous sorts not until June, the Gladwin not till July; The Seed is ripe in the end of August, or beginning of September; yet the husks after they are ripe will hold their seeds with them two or three months, and not shed them.   

The Temperature  
The Roots of the Flowerdeluce, when they are green and full of Juice, are hot almost in the fourth degree; but when it is dry; it is hot only in the third; yet than it burneth the throat and mouth of such as taste thereof. It offendeth the stomach and causeth blood to be voided, if given in too great a Dose, and to weak persons. It is not safe to be taken by Women with child, because it bringeth down the courses: yea a Pessary made of the Juice with Honey, and put up into the body, bringeth away the birth; therefore it is not safe to give it alone but with good Correctives. In gripe of the bowels give it with Mastic in the Joint gout with Castor, in the Dropsy with Honey of Roses in diseases of the Liver with Rhubarb, Juice of Agrimony, etc.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The Juice of the Root of the Common Fowerdeluce, being first extracted, afterwards set a while to clear, and then put up into the Nostrils, provoketh sneesing, and thereby purgeth the head of phlegm; so that though some one may say, this plant is not proper to the Nose, yet as long as it may be appropriated to the head, we are not quite out of our Sphere: for it easeth the pain of the head, and procureth Rest if it be applied with Rose Cake and Vinegar: it cleanseth spots in the Eyes, and helpeth watery Eyes by cleansing them. The Roots are effectual to warm and comfort all cold Joints and Sinews, as also to ease the Gout and Sciatica, and mollifieth, dissolveth, and consumeth all Scrofulous tumors and swell by Signature; especially made into an Oil called Oleum Irinum, which oil also helpeth the Cramp and Convulsion, the rheum that is cold and distilling from the head; and being anointed on the breast, it helpeth to extenuate or make thin, tough and cold phlegm making it more easy to spit out: it helpeth the stench of the Nostrils, the pain and noise in the Ears, and much easeth the painful Piles. The root itself green or in powder, doth cleanse, heal, and incarnate wounds, and covers with flesh the naked bones which Ulcers have made bare; and is also good to cleanse and heal up Fistulaes' and Cancers that are hard to be cured. It helpeth the pains and swell of the Cod, if it be thus used; Take of the roots in powder half an ounce, cinnamon and Dill of each two drachms, Saffron a scruple, mix them well together, lay them on a Scarlet Cloth moistened in White wine, and apply it warm to the Cod. The green roots bruised, and applied to black and blue marks in the skin taketh them away and all other discolouring of the skin, whether Morphew or the like; but it is better to apply it with red Rose water, and a little Lin-Seed Oil, ot oil of Parmacity in manner of a Pultis. Moreover a decoction of the roots gargled in the Mouth easeth the Toothache, and helpeth a strong or stinking breath; Being mixed with a little Honey, and drunk, it purgeth and cleanseth the stomach of gross and tough phlegm and choler therein; it likewise helpeth the Jaundice and the Dropsy, by evacuating those humours both upward and downwards: it easeth also the pains of the belly and sides, the shaking of Agues, the diseases of the Liver and Spleen, the Worms in the belly the Stone in the Reins; Convulsions or Cramps that come of cold humours, and helpeth those whose seed passeth from them unawares. It is a remedy against the bitings and stingings of venomous Creatures, being boiled in water and Vinegar and drunk; being boiled in Wine and drunk it provoketh Urine and the Colic. An Electuary made hereof, called Diaireos Solomonis, is very good for the Lungs, and helps cold infirmities of them, as Asthmaes, Coughs, difficulty of breathing, etc. You may take it with a Liquoris stick, or on the point of a knife, a little of it at a time and often.    

CHAP. XXXIIII. Of Hors-tail.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; and Hippuris, in Latin; also by divers Equ●setum, or Cauda Equina, which is the same with Hippuris: of the form o● an Horsetail, which the stalk of leaves, being turned downwards, doth resemble. By other names it is likewise called, as Equinalis, and by Pliny, Equ●sclis, and of some, Salix Equina and Sangu nalis, from the powerful efficacy it hath to stench blood; and of others, Asprella because of its ruggedness which hath not formerly been unknown to Country Housewives, who with the rougher kind hereof, called in English Shavegrass, did, as now with Elder Leaves, but more effectually, scour their Pewter, Brass, and Woodmen Vessels; and therefore it hath been by some of them called Pewterwort: but I think that piece of thriftiness with many other are laid aside, which might profitably be revived, if they knew it. Of some it is called Ephedra, Anabasis and Caucon. Fletcher's also and Comb makers polish their work therewith.   

The Kinds.  
There be hereof fourteen sorts mentioned by modern Writers. 1. The greater Marsh Horsetail. 2. Broad leafed Horsetail. 3. Small Marsh Horsetail. 4. Barren Marsh Horsetail. 5. The smallest and finest leafed Horsetail. 6. Many headed Horsetail. 7. Rush or naked Horsetail. 8. Branched Rush Horsetail. 9 Small party coloured Horsetail. 10. Stinking Horsetail. 11. The great Meadow Horse-tail. 12. Corn Horsetail. 13. Wood Horsetail. 14. Mountain Horsetail of Candy.   

The Form.  
The greater Horsetail that groweth in wet grounds, at the first springing hath heads somewhat like to those of Asparagus, and after grow to be hard, rough, hollow stalks, jointed at sundry places up to the top, a foot high: so made as if the lower part were put into the upper, whereat grow on each side a bush of small long Rush like hard leaves, each part resembling an Horsetail, at the tops of the stalks come forth small Catkins like unto those of Trees; the root creepeth under ground having Joints at sundry places.   

The Places and Time.  
Many of the foresaid sorts grow generally up and down this Land, but some of them are not so frequent as others, as the smallest and finest Leased Horsetail which groweth in the lower wet grounds, in the woods about Highgate not ●ar from London: Small party coloured Horsetail, or Horsetail Coralline (whose leaves being bitten, seem to be composed of Sand, from their grating between the teeth) groweth on a bog by Smochal, a wood nigh . The Stinking Horsetail was found by Mr. William Brown of Magdalen College, myself, and others in a bog about half a mile from Stockers house in Stow Wood, by Oxford by the Road that goeth to Islip. You may guess where the rest grow by their titles: they do all spring up with their blackish heads in April, and put forth their blooming Catkins in July, seeding for the most part in August, and then perish down to the ground, rising afresh in the Spring.   

The Temperature.  
Horsetail, as Galen saith, hath a binding faculty with some bitterness, and therefore it doth mightily dry, and that without biting.   

The Virtues  
I know nor where more properly to bestow this plant then in this place, it being so effectual to staunch bleedings which most commonly burst forth at the Nose if the Juice or Decoction thereof be drunk: or the Juice Decoction o● distilled water applied outwardly. It stayeth also all sorts of Lasks and Fluxes in Man or Woman, and pissing of blood: it healeth also, not only the inward Ulcers and Excoriations of the entrails, bladder, etc. But all other sorts of soul moist and running Ulcers, and soon sodereth together, the tops of green wounds, not suffering them to grow to maturation. It cureth also Ruptures in Children quickly, but in those that are elder more time is required, according to the disposition of the party and the continuance. The Decoction hereof in wine being drunk is said to provoke Urine, to help the Strangury and the Stone; and so doth the distilled water thereof drunk two or three times a day, a small quantity at a time, as also to ease the pains in the entrails or Guts, and to be effectual against a Cough that cometh by distillation of rheum from the head. The Juice or distilled Water being warmed and hot Inflammations, Pustules or Red weals and other such Eruptions in the skin being bathed therewith doth help them, and doth no less ease the swell, heat and Inflammations of the Fundament and privy parts in Man or Woman, and cureth Tetters and Ringworms. The fume of it is good to cause children guts to go back into their Body, when as through Flux or cold they hang forth, and so it stoppeth the immoderate Terms of Women. The young buds are dressed by some like Asparagus, or being boiled are often bestrewed with flower and fried to be eaten. The smother rather than the Rough, and the leafed then the bare, is both more used, and of better effect in physic.    

CHAP. XXXV. Of Shepherd's purse.  

The Names.  
THis Plant hath not gotten any name in Greek that I can learn from any Author. All Latin Writers that make mention of it call it Bursa, or Pera Pastoris, and Pastoria Bursa, except Gesner who calleth it Thlaspi Fatuum; and Castor Durantes, Herba Cancri. In English it is called Shepherd's purse or Scrip, from the likeness the Seed hath with that kind of leathern bag, wherein Shepherds carry their Victuals into the field: of some, Shepherd's pouch and poor man's Parmacety, it being in some sort effectual for the same things that Parmacety is; and in the North part of England Toywort, Pickpurse and Caseweed, and of some Clappedepouch.   

The Kind's.  
These were formerly but two sorts of Shepherd's purse known, but Bauhinus maketh paticular relation of two more, which are the second and last, so that there are four kinds in all. 1. The greater common Shepherds purse. 2. Great Shepherd's purse with whole leaves. 3. Small Shepherd's purse. 4. Hairy Mountain Shepherds purse.   

The Form.  
The Common Shepherd's purse, hath divers small and long leaves somewhat deeply cut-in, on both sides like Rocket, of a pale green colour, most commonly spread upon the Ground; amongst which riseth up a small round stalk parted into sererall branches, some of which are sometimes about two handfuls high, & have smaller and less divided leaves on them to the tops: where grow many white flowers one above another, after which follow flat whitish pouches or Se●d Vessels, small at the bottoms, broad at the heads, and parted like the Thlas●, a●●ost in form of an heart, in each side whereof lieth a small brownish yellow s●●d; the root is small and white, and perisheth after seedtime; but ariseth of the scattered seed, the same or the next year.   

The Places and Time.  
The greater and lesser sorts that have cut leaves, are frequent in every place with us in England, but the other two whose leaves are whole, do not grow wild here; yet in Germany Mompelier and Italy, they do, as Bauhinus and Thalius affirm. They flower and seed all Summer long, yea so quick some of them are, that they flower and seed twice in every year.   

The Temperature.  
Shepherd's purse is cold and dry, and very much binding after the Opinion of Ruellius, Matthiolus, and Dodonaeus; but Label and Pena finding a little heat upon the sharp taste of the flowers and seeds, do judge it not to be cold at all but drying and astringent.   

The Virtues.  
This Plant also being a stopper of blood, doth in a manner require this place, because the nose is the Organ, through which the blood doth commonly make its way, and sometimes continueth so long, that unless it be timely prevented, it endangereth the life. For remedying of which distemper, it may be used by holding the hands full of it, or by binding it about the neck, by using it in meats, or by applying it with Vinegar and water to the secret parts. The decoction thereof drunk, stoppeth the Lask, the Bloody Flux, spitting blood, pissing blood, the Flowers and all other issues of blood, most excellently well, howsoever it be taken, but especially with red Wine, or Plantain water. Some do hold, that the green Herb bruised and bound to the wrists of the hands, and soles of the feet, will help the yellow Jaundice: the Herb bruised, and laid Pultis-wise upon Inflammations, St. Anthony's fire, or the like, represseth them: The juice dropped into mattering or running ears, helpeth them: it closeth the lips of green wounds, and is of great effect, being made into a Salve for wounds in the Head. The juice thereof being drunk, helpeth the straitness of the breath, and the Strangury, it stoppeth Rheum, and provoketh Urine. It is very prevalent against venomous bitings, if it be drunk with Wine; and it preventeth the fits of Agues, if it be taken one home before the fit. It cureth creeping and running sores, Fistulaes', spitting of blood and matter, the holy fire, swell and hardness, Shingles, heat of the stomach, new wounds, hot Imposthumes, and rheumatic sores; and all other kind of Fluxes.    

CHAP. XXXVI. Of Willow.  

The Names.  
AFter so many Herbs, it will not be amiss to bring in a Tree, which though in form hath little, yet in virtue hath some affinity. The Willow is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, quod cito in altum excrescat; and Salix a Saliendo in Latin, because it groweth with that speed, that it seems to leap. There is a greater sort, which is called in English Sallow, Withy, and Willow, and there is a lesser sort called Osier, small Withy, and Twig Withy. Petrus Crescentius calleth it Vincus a vinciendo, because it is necessary to bind Faggots, or any other Commodities that stand in need thereof.   

The Kinds.  
Many are the sorts of this Plant, which Authors reckon up, whereof I shall set down only those which I conceive to grow in our own Country, and they are 1. The ordinary great white Willow-Tree. 2. The ordinary black Willow. 3. The Rose Willow. 4. The hard black Willow. 5. The black Withy. 6. The round leafed Sallow. 7. The longer leafed Sallow. 8. The lesser broad Willow. 9 The silver leafed Sallow. 10. The upright low broad Willow. 11. Creeping broad leafed Willow. 12. The least red or stone Willow. 13. The least Willow without fruit. 14. The Osier. 15. The strait dwarf Willow, with narrow Leaves. 16. Creeping low Willow, with narrow Leaves. 17. The black low Willow. 18. Willow Bay. I shall describe only the first, that by it you may guess at the rest.   

The Form,  
The ordinary white Willow groweth quickly to be a great and tall Tree, if it be not lopped, as it is usual in most places, with a smooth white bark on the body, and bigger branches, the younger sprigs being somewhat green with the whiteness: the Leaves are long and narrow, pale, green on the upper side, and of a shining silver white colour underneath, without any dent on the edges: the Flowers come out before the Leaves appear, and are small, long, and round yellow mossy heads, smelling sweet for the most part, divers standing one above another, upon a long stalk, which in time turn to down, that is blown away by the wind, and the Seed with it, if it hath any: The wood is soft and white, and with the branches hereof are made stakes for hedges, or to uphold Vines, etc.   

The Places and Time.  
Most of these Willows are common, and to be sound in low grounds, near Water Courses and ditches; the Rose Willow in sundry places of Essex and Cambridgeshire; others on Hamsteed-Heath, Rumney Marsh, and the like. The Osier is always in the low grounds, that are often overflowen, where it will only thrive. The Blossoms come forth before any Leaves, appear, and are in their most flourishing estate, usually before Easter., diverse gathering them to deck up their houses on Palm Sunday, and therefore the said Flowers are called Palm.   

The Temperature.  
The Leaves, Flowers, Seed, and Bark of Willows, are cold and dry in the second degree and astringent.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
The Leaves and Bark of Willow, but especially the Catkins, are used with good success, to staunch bleeding of wounds, and at the mouth or nose, and spitting of blood, as also all other fluxes of blood in man or woman; and likewise to stay casting, and the desire thereunto, if the decoction of them in Wine be drunk: It helpeth also to stay thin, hot, and sharp salt distillations, from the head upon the Lungs, causing a Consumption. The Leaves bruised with some Pepper, and drunk in Wine, do much help the Wind-colic. The Leaves only bruised and boiled in Wine, and drunk, do much stay the heat of lust, and wholly extinguish it both in man and woman, if it be much used: the Catkins also are of the like effect. The water that is gathered from the Willow, whilst it flowreth, the Bark being slit, and a Vessel apt to receive it, being fitted to it, is very good for redness, and dim eyesight, and Films that begin to grow over them, and stay the Rheums that fall into them, to provoke Urine, being stopped, if it be drunk, and to clear the face and skin of any spots or discolourings, if washed therewith. The Flowers, saith Galen, have a stronger effect, to dry up any Flux or humour, being a Medicine without any sharpness, and the Bark much more, as all Barks do; but if the Bark be burnt and used, it doth yet dry more forcibly, and being mixed with Vinegar, it taketh away Warts and Corns, and other the like callous flesh, that groweth on the hands or feet, or other parts. The decoctions of the Leaves and Bark in Wine, is good to bathe the Sinews, as also the places pained with the Gout, and to cleanse the Head or other parts of scurf. The Juice of the Leaves and green Bark mingled with some Rose-water, and heated in the Rhind of a Pomegranet, is singular good to help deafness, to be dropped into the Ears. The Seed of the black Willow mixed with lethargy of Silver, in equal quantity, made into an Ointment, and used on any place, where the hair groweth, that you would take away, after it hath been bathed well before, or else in the bain or Stove, doth cause it to fall away. This Plant is not propagated by Seed; but any stick thereof, though almost withered, being fixed in the Earth, groweth: which Signature doth truly declare, that a Bath made of the decoction of the Leaves, and Bark of Willow, restoreth again, withered and dead Members, to their former strength, if they be nourished with the fomentation thereof.    

CHAP. XXXVII. Of Bistort.  

The Names.  
BY what Name the Grecians called this Plant, is not known; but amongst the Latins it hath divers. It is called Bistorta, quod radice in se serpentis modo contorta & convoluta constet, by Fragus, Leonicerous, and others, and Col●brina of the similitude the Root hath with a Serpent, rolling itself up together. Parkinson saith, that Fuschius calleth it Serpentaria, quod venenosorum serpentium ictibus succurrit: which though it happily performeth, yet Fuschius giveth it no such Etymology, as I can find, but very much blameth those Herbatists and Apothecaries which call it so: Serpentaria being an Herb much differing from this, both in form and virtue, which the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and the Latins Dracunculus and Serpentaria, which we in English call Dragons: but Bistort is not called Dragons, but Snakeweed.   

The Kinds.  
All the Bistorts that I can find, are not above six. 1. Common Bistort, or Snakeweed. 2. Bistort with more crooked Roots. 3. Great Mountain Bistort. 4. Small Bistort of our own Country. 5. Small Bistort of the Alps. 6. Variable leafed small Bistort.   

The Form.  
Common Bistort hath a thick short knobbed Root, blackish without, and somewhat reddish within, a little crooked or writhed together, of an harsh or astringent taste, with divers blackish Fibres growing thereat, from whence spring up every year, divers Leaves, standing upon long foot-stalks, being somewhat long and broad, very like unto a Dock-Leaf, and a little pointed at the ends, but that it is crumpled, of a bluish green colour on the upper side, and of an Ash colour grey, and a little Purplish underneath, having divers veins therein: from among which, arise divers small and slender stalks, about half a yard high, almost naked, and without Leaves, or with very few narrow ones, bearing a spiky bush of pale flesh coloured Flowers, which being passed, there abideth small Seed, somewhat like unto Sorrel-Seed, but greater.   

The Places and Time.  
The two first grow at the foot of Hills, and in shadowy, moist Woods near unto them, in many places of Germany; and in our Country likewise, in moist and watery places, particularly in a Meadow, about a stones throw above the Abbey Mill at St. Alban, about an Acres breadth, or somewhat more from the River side, where the common Bistort groweth plentifully, though it be chief nourished in Gardens. The fourth, groweth in Westmoreland, about Crosby, in Cumberland about Ravenswaith, in Yorkshire, Lancashire, and divers other places. The third groweth on the high Hills in Silesia, and other places. The two last are round on the Alps, in divers places▪ and the last also amongst the Swissers. They all flower about the end of May, and the Seed is ripe about the beginning of July.   

The Temperature.  
Bistort is cold and dry in the third Degree, and very astringent.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
This Plant hath a double Signature, both proceeding from the Roots, the one from the colour of the inside of them; the other, from the writhed or twisted form. The bloody colour of the Roots, betokeneth that it is effectual to stay the bleeding of the Nose, and all manner of inward bleeding, and spitting of blood: as also any Fluxes of the body, in man or woman, and likewise vomiting: the Powder of the Root in Wine, or the decoction thereof being drunk. The juice hereof being put up into the Nose, prevaileth much against the Disease called Polypus, and all other Sores or Cancers, that happen in the Nose or any other part; but the surest way is, first to wash them with the distilled water, and afterwards to apply the Powder of the Root thereto: It is good also to fasten the Gums, and to take away the heat and Inflammation that happen as well in the Jaws, Almonds of the Throat or Mouth: if the decoction of the Roots, Leaves, or Seeds be used, or the juice of them. The Root of Bistort, Pellitory of Spain, and burned Allome, of each a like quantity, beaten small, and made into a Past with Honey, a little piece thereof, put into an hollow Tooth, or holden between the teeth, if they be not hollow, stayeth the defluxions of Rheum upon them, when it is the cause of their pain, and helpeth to cleanse the Head, and void much offensive matter. The wreathed form of the Root, is a sign that is good against the bitings of Serpents, or Snakes, for which it is found to be very effectual: as also for the venoming of Toads, Spiders, Adders, or the like venomous Creatures, if the place be washed with the water that is distilled from the Root and Leaves. A dram of the powdered Root taken in drink, expelleth the Venom of the Plague, the small Pox, Measles, Purples, or any other infectious Disease, driving it forth by sweeting. The Powder of the Root, or the decoction thereof being drunk, is very available against Ruptures or burstings, or all bruises or falls whatsoever, dissolving the congealed blood, and easing the pains that happen thereupon. The said decoction being made with Wine, and drunk, hindereth abortion, that is, when Women are apt to miscarry in Childbearing, the Leaves kill worms in Children, and is a great help to them that cannot keep their water: if some juice of Plantain be put thereto, which applied outwardly, doth give much help in the Gonorrhaea, or running of the Reins. A dram of the Powder of the Root taken in the water thereof, wherein some red hot Iron or Steel hath been quenched, is also an admirable help thereto, so as the body be first prepared and purged from the offensive humours. The Leaves, Seeds, or Roots are all very good in Decoctions, Drinks, or Lotions for invard or outward wounds, or other sores, and the Powder strewed upon any Cut or Wound in a vein, stayeth the immoderate bleeding thereof. The Decoction of the Roots in water, whereupon some Pomegranate Pills and Flowers are added, injected into the Matrix, stayeth the access of humours, to the Ulcers thereof, and bringeth it to its right place, being fallen down, and stayeth the immoderate Flux of the Courses. The Roots are most used in Physic, and will keep good a year or two. The Dose in Powder is from a scruple to a dram: into Decoction from a drachm to two or three, which is made by bruising a sufficient quantity of the root, suppose two drachms, and boiling it in half a pint of Pos●et drink, till about half be consumed, then strain it and give the clearest to be drunk in a morning    

CHAP. XXXVIII. Of Tormentil.  

The Names.  
THough none of the Greek writers have mentioned this herb, yet it hath got a Greek name, and is called, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ex 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Septem et 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 folium, that is Seven-leaves; but not properly it being only one leaf cut into seven divisions. For there is a general rule in all Leaves, whether of herbs or trees, that, that which falleth away with the stalk, and not in parts and at several times, is the leaf; though it be winged as that of the Ash, Elder, Walnut tree, etc. the great Centory, Agrimony, Danewort, Parsnep, Valerian, etc. is: or divided, as Trefoil, Cinquefoil, or Tormentil, etc. is. It is called in Latin Tormentilla, quia valet adversus tormenta intestinorum; from its virtue in easing the torments of the Guts, and Heptaphyllum or Septifolium, and of some Stellaria from the form of the leaves, though that be a name applied to other plants of the like form. In English, Tormentil, Setfoil or Seven-leaves.   

The Kind's.  
Formerly there was but one sort of Tormentill known, but now there are three. 1. Common Tormentil. 2. The greater Tormentil. 3. Silver leafed Tormentil.   

The Form.  
The common Tormentil hath many radish, slender, weak branches rising from the root, lying upon the ground, or rather leaning then standing upright, with many short leaves that stand closer to the stalks, as the Cinkfoil doth (which this is otherwise somewhat like) with the footstalks encompassing the Branches in several places; but they that grow next the ground, are set upon longer footstalks each whereof are like the leaves of Cinkfoil, but somewhat longer and lesser, and dented about the edges, many of them having five divisions, some six, most seven and sometimes though seldom eight, according to the fertility of the soil. At the tops of the branches stand divers small yellow flowers consisting of five leaves like those of Cinkfoil but smaller. The root is smaller than Bistort; somewhat thick, tuberous, or knobby, blackish without, and reddish within as the former, sometimes a little crooked, having many blackish fibres.   

The Places and Times  
The common sort groweth not only in Woods and shadowy places, but also in pastures and Closes, lying open to the Sun: Great plenty of it is to be found in Pray Wood near St. Alban; and in a Close that lieth between the Week and Stafford Lane near Heddington in Oxfordshire, where the biggest roots that ever I saw grow. The second groweth amongst the Helvetians or Swissers, as also in the county of Tirol. The last groweth upon the Alps, in divers rocky or stony places as also upon the Pyrenaean mountains, and among the Savoyards likewise.   

The Temperature.  
The root of Tormentil doth mightily dry, and that in the third degree, and is of thin parts; it hath in it but little heat, and is of a binding quality; and therefore it must not be given to dry bodies, nor to such as are very costive.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The redness of the inside of the root of Tormentil is an eminent token, that it is most excellent to stay all kinds of fluxes, of blood or humours in Man or Woman, whether at Nose, Mouth, Belly, or any wound in the Veins or elsewhere. It provokes sweat, expels poison and is good to cure wounds; the herb, root, and water are in use. It is much used in the Pestilence and other malignant diseases, as small Pox, Measles, Purples, and spotted Fevers, driving forth by sweat any contagion, especially if the Flux of the belly be joined with these diseases. It is u●e 〈…〉 in Catarrhs to dry up the rheums, and in the French diseases, and generally for all other things that Bistort is good for, and may be used for the same. The distilled Water of Tormentil taken in a morning fasting, is excellent against Venom, or any contagion▪ and is a good preservative in time of infection. The Dose is two or three Ounces, the same taken morning and evening cures all inward Ulcers in the Body stayeth the Fluxes of the Belly; especially in the Dysentery or bloody Flux. It doth comfort the brain, heart, and stomach, liver and spleen; as also the whole body, and cureth most agues. The best way to still the water is to steep the herb all night in Wine, and then distil it, Balneo Mariae. The water thus distilled taken with some Venice Treacle, and the party laid presently to sweat will certainly, by God's help, expel any Venom or Poison, the Plague, Fever, etc. For it is an ingredient of special respect in all Antidotes or Counterpoisons. The powder of the dried root made up with the white of an Egg in the form of a little cake▪ and baked upon an hot Tile, will stay all fluxes, restrain all choleric belchings, and much vomiting with loathe in the stomach. The Leaves and Roots being bruised and applied, dissolve all Knots, Kernels, and Hardness gathered about the Ears, throat and Jaws, and the Kings Evil. The same also easeth the pains of the Sciatica or Hipgout by straining the sharp humours that flow thereto: the Juice of the Leaves and roots used with a little Vinegar, is a special remedy against running sores of the head or other parts; scabs also and the itch▪ or any such eruptions in the skin proceeding of salt and sharp humours. The same also is effectual for the Piles or Hemorrhoids if they be washed and bathed therewith, or with the distilled Water of the Herb or Roots: It is found also helpful to dry up any sharp Rheum, that distilleth from the head into the Eyes causing redness, pain, waterings, Itchings or the like, if a little prepared Tutia or white Amber be used with the distilled water hereof.    

CHAP. XXXIX. Of Cinckfoile.  

The Names.  
COme we next to Cinckfoile, not only for the likeness of properties that is between it and tormentil, but of the outward face and form of the Plant, as you shall hear hereafter. It is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in Latin Pentaphyllum & Quinquefolium, à numero foliorum; in English Cinckfoil, and Cinckfield, and Five finger grass, or Five leaved Grass.   

The Kinds.  
The sorts of Cinckfoile are very numerous, an exact account whereof, we shall not labour for; those nine reckoned up by Gerard, being sufficient for our present purpose. 1. Great Cinckfoil. 2. Common Cinckfoil. 3. Purple Cinckfoil. 4. Marish Cinckfoil. 5. Stone Cinckfoil. 6. Upright Cinckfoil. 7. Wall Cinckfoil. 8. Hoary Cinckfoil. 9 Wood Cinckfoil.   

The Form.  
Common Cinckfoil spreadeth and creepeth far upon the ground, with long slender strings, like Strawberries, which take Root again, and shoot forth many Leaves, made of five parts, and sometimes of seven, dented about the edges, and somewhat hard. The stalks are slender, leaning downwards, and bear many small yellow Flowers thereon, with some yellow threads in the middle, standing about a smooth green head, which when it is ripe, is a little rough, and containeth small brownish seeds. The Root is of a blackish brown colour, seldom so big as one's little finger, but growing long with some threads thereat; and by the small strings, quickly spreading itself abroad.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in Switzerland naturally, and is nursed up in some of our ●ardens. The second groweth by highway-sides, and in low and moist Meadows. The third groweth in the Woods of Clavena and Narbon. The fourth in a Marish Ground, adjoining to the Land called Bourn Pondes, half a mile from Colchester. The fifth groweth upon Beestone Castle in Cheshire. The sixth, upon Brick and Stonewalls about London. The seaventh, on the Alps of Rhetia, near Clavena. The eighth, in the hollowness of Peakish Mountains, and dry gravelly Valleys. The last groweth in Woods. The Plants do flower from the beginning of May, to the end of June.   

The Temperature  
The Roots of Cinckfoil, especially the two last, do vehemently dry, and that in the third Degree, but without biting; for they have very little apparent heat of sharpness.   

The Virtues.  
Common Cinckfoil is held to be effectual for all the purposes, whereunto Bistort and tormentil, is applied; as well for preserving against venomous and infectious Creatures and Diseases, in each respect, as in keeping from putrefaction, for binding and restraining Fluxes, either of blood or humours, which are excessive, especially bleeding at the Nose, which it performeth, if the juice be drunk in Ale, or red Wine, or the Roots or Leaves applied to the Nose. Some hold, that one Leaf cures a Quotidian, three a Tertian, and four a Quartan, which is a mere whimsy; but the truth is, if you give a scruple of it, (which is twenty grains) at a time, either in White-wine, or White-wine-Vinegar: you shall seldom mis●e the Cure of an Ague in three fits, be it what it will, even to admiration, as Mr. Culpepper affirmeth. The juice hereof drunk about four Ounces at a time, for certain days together, cureth the Quinsy, and the yellow Jaundice; and taken for thirty days together, cureth the Falling-Sickness. The Roots boiled in milk, and drunk, is a most effectual Remedy for all Fluxes, either in Man or Woman, whether the whites, reds, or Bloody Flux. The Roots boiled in Vinegar, and the decoction thereof held in the mouth, easeth the pains of the Toothache. The juice, or decoction taken with a little Honey helpeth the hoarseness of the Throat, and is good for the Cough of the Lungs. The distilled water of the Roots and Leaves, is also effectual to all the purposes aforesaid: and if the hands be often washed therein, and suffered every time to dry of itself, without wiping, it will in short time help the Palsy, or shaking of them.    

CHAP. XL. Of Showbread.  

The Names.  
THis Plant is the last that I shall treat of, in relation to the Nose. The Greek Names of it are, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. It was called by the first Name, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, a Circulo, because both the Leaf and the Root are of a circular or round Figure; by the later, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because it was used to kill Fishes. It is called in Latin Tuber terrae, & Terrae rapum, because of its knobby Tur-nep-like Root; and Umbilicus terr●, because as the Navel of a Man's Body strutteth out a little above the Belly, so this sometimes above the Earth; of some, Orbicularis; of others Palalia, Rapum porcinum, & malum Terrae. In Shops, Cyclamen, Panis Porcinus, & Artanita. In English, Showbread, or Swine-bread, because the Swine love it, and feed upon it in those Countries, where it is plentiful.   

The kinds.  
Parkinson in former book hath reckoned up a dozen sorts, or more hereof; the want whereof will constrain me to content myself only with the mentioning of three, which are 1. Common round Showbread. 2. Ivy-Sow-bread. 3. A strange Plant sent for a bastard Showbread of the Spring.   

The Form.  
The common kind of Showbread hath many green and round leaves, like unto Asarabacca, saving that the upper part of the Leaves are mixed here and there, confusedly with white spots, and under the Leaves next the ground, of a purple colour: amongst which rise up little stems, like the stalks of Violets, bea●ing at the top small purple, or murrey coloured Flowers, which turn themselves backwards, of a small scent or savour, or none at all: which being passed, there succeed little round knops or heads, that contain slender brown seeds: these knops are wrapped after a few days in the small stalks, as thread about a bottom, where it remaineth so defended from the in jury of the winter, close upon the ground, covered also with the green Leaves aforesaid, by which means it is kept from the frost, even from the time of his seeding, which is in September until June, at what time the leaves do fa●e away, the stalks and seed remaining bare and naked, whereby it enjoyeth the Sun the sooner, to bring them to maturity: the Root is round, like a Turnip, black without, and white within, with many small strings annexed thereunto.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth plentifully about Artois, and Vermandois in France, and in the Forest of Arden. The second, which is the best of all, in many places of Italy. The third on the Pyrenaean Hills. Gerard saith, that he hath heard that Showbread groweth on the Mountains in Wales, on the Hills of Lincolnshire, and Somersetshire, which I never heard of from any, but him who had it but from another▪ and therefore I believe the relator was mistaken, it being not so much as mentioned in the Catalogue of British Plants: notwithstanding, it is frequent in Gardens, and is nursed up there, more for its Flower than any thing else, because it is in its prime, when most others are decayed; for it flowreth in September, and afterwards, when the Plant is without Leaf, which do afterwards spring up, continuing green all winter, covering and keeping warm the Seed unto Midsummer next, at what time the Seed is ripe. The third flowreth in the Spring, and therefore it is called Cyclamen vernum, or Showbread of the Spring.   

The Temperature.  
Although Mesue doth determine the Degrees hereof, to be hot and dry in the beginning of the third, yet Galen doth not so, but saith only (70. Simplicium) that it cutteth, cleanseth, and openeth the mouths of the Veins, draweth and digesteth, which is plainly seen, by the particular operations thereof.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
Matthiolus saith, that the distilled water from the Roots of Showbread, snuffed up into the Nostrils, stayeth their bleeding wonderfully; and that if six Ounces of that water be drunk, which an Ounce of fine Sugar, it will stay the blood that cometh from the breast, stomach or Liver, in a wonderful manner: or if any Vein be broken in them: It purgeth somewhat violently, and therefore it is fit, as he saith, to mix therewith some Mastic, or Nutmeg, or a scruple of Rhubarb: by the use whereof many have been helped of the hardness and swelling of the spleen, which could not be helped by other things. It easeth also the pains and torments of the Bowels, which we call the Colic. And if, saith he, the Root hereof be beaten with a few Peach-stone-Kernels, and bitter Almonds, and after laid in sleep in Aquavitae for three days, a drop or two of the expressed Cream thereof dropped into the Ears that are deaf, or have much noise, helpeth them: the juice mixed with Honey, or Plantain-water, helpeth all sores in the mouth or throat, being gargled therewith, and the Toothache also. The juice of it openeth the Hemorrhoides or Piles, and strongly moveth to the Stool, being put up in Wool, and saith Mesues, it avoideth tough Phlegm used in a Clyster: It is also used with such Medicines, as discuss swell, Kernels, and other hard knots, in any part of the body: It helpeth also the Pin and Web in the Eyes, being infused with Honey, as also avoideth it by the Nostrils, and that by snuffing up the juice, the head and brain is purged from those humours that offend it, the Ache also, and daily pains of it, and the Megrim. This Plant belongeth to the womb by Signature, and therefore as Theophrastus affirmeth, the fresh Root put into a Cloth, and applied for a little time, to the secret parts of a Woman, that is in sore and long Travail in Childbirth, helpeth them to an easy and speedy delivery▪ but it is dangerous till then, to be meddled with, by Women with Child, because it will make them miscarry. It is profitable for those that have the yellow Jaundice, to drive it forth by sweeting, if after the taking of three drams of the Powder in Mead or Honeyed water, they be carefully ordered to sweat: It helpeth also to cleanse all the deformities or discolourings of the skin, and the Freckles and spots thereof, as well fresh as dry. The Juice mingled with Vinegar, helpeth the falling down of the Fundament, if it be anointed therewith. The Juice of Showbread, and the Juice of Plantain, of each a like quantity, mixed together, and Aloes, Mirth, and Olibanum added thereto, stoppeth the bleeding of the Nose, if it be applied to the Nostrils, and forehead. And thus I have done with Plants, that are appropriated to the Nose, for the Polypus, and the stopping of blood.    

CHAP. XLI. Of Medlars.  

The Names.  
THe Mouth challengeth the next place, and it is fit, that that part should especially be regarded, without which others could not subsist. And because Medlars are found to be helpful to many distempers thereof. I begin with that. It is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; in Latin, Mespilus, and the fruit 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Mespilum. Dioscorides affirmeth, that this Medlar-Tree is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and so doth Galen, and of divers Sicanion. The fruit of the Neapolitan kind, is called Tricoccoes, of the three grains or stones that it hath. The Tree is called in English, the Medlar or Openarse-Tree, and the fruit Medlars and Opens.   

The Kind's.  
Five sorts hereof are reckoned up. 1. The great manured Medlar. 2. The ordinary or small Medlar. 3. The common Italian Medlar. 4. The great white Medlar. 5. The Medlar of Naples.   

The Form.  
The great Medlar-tree groweth near to the bigness of the Quince-tree spreading forth branches, of a reasonable size, with longer and narrower Leaves, then either the Apple or Quince, and not dented about the edges. At the end of the sprigs stand the Flowers, made of fair white great broad pointed Leaves, nicked in the middle, with some white threads also: after which, cometh the fruit of a brownish green colour, being ripe; being a Crown as it were on the top, which were the five green Leaves: which being rubbed of, or fallen away, the head of the fruit is seen to be somewhat hollow. The fruit is very harsh, before it be mellowed, and hath usually five hard Kernels within it.   

The Places and Time.  
Three of these sorts grow with us here in England: the two first do grow in Orchards, and sometimes in hedges, amongst Briars and Brambles; and the last with some few lovers of rarities: The other two have scarcely been seen in this Country. They flower in May for the most part; but the fruit is not ripe till September or October: after which, they must lie till they be as it were rotten, before they be fit to be eaten.   

The Temperature.  
The Medlars are cold, dry, and astringent: the Leaves are of the same nature.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
Suppose that place to be a mouth, which some call by another name, as it well may be, and then we may appropriate it to the mouth by Signature: However, the mouth is not only gratified by its pleasant taste, being mellow, and ordered with Honey or Sugar; but the decoction of them is good to gargoyle and wash the mouth, throat and teeth, when there is any defluxion of blood, or humours, to stay them, which otherwise might cause pains and swell, to bind those distillations, and to ease the pains: The same also serveth well, both to drink, and to bathe the stomach warm, that is given to loathing, casting, or vomiting, by sortifying digestion, and preserving the humours from putrefaction; but if a Pultis, or Plaster be made with dried Medlars, beaten and mixed with the juice of Red Roses, whereunto a few Cloves and Nutmegs may be added, and a little red Coral also, and applied to the stomach, it will work more effectually. The decoction aforesaid, serveth also for a good bath, for Women to sit in or ove● that have their Courses come down too abundantly; or for the Piles, when they bleed too much. The dried Leaves in Powder, strewed on bleeding or fresh wounds, restraineth the blood, and healeth up the wound quickly: both leaves and fruit, are of singular good use, to bind and to strengthen whatsoever hath need of those qualities. The stones or Kernels bruised to Powder, and drunk in Liquor especially wherein some Parsley Roots have been steeped all night, or a little boiled, do mightily drive out stones and gravel from the Kidneys, and that by Signature. Besides these effects, the mellowed fruit is often served amongst other sorts of fruit to the Table, and eaten with pleasure, by those who have no need of Physic, but worketh in Women with Child, both to please the taste, as in others, and to stay their long after unusual meats, etc. as also very effectual for them that are apt to miscarry, and make them joyful Mothers. That of Naples is the more delicate, and is also accounted more effectual for the purposes aforesaid.    

CHAP. XLII. Of the Mulberry Tree.  

The Names.  
THe tree is named in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Morea and Sycaminus in Latin; Morus à Morâ, from its slowness to put forth its Leaves, for of all trees it buddeth last, which it seldom doth before May, the cold weather being past; and therefore the old Writers were wont to call it the wisest tree. It is called in shops Morus celsa quasi excelsa, as a distinction between it and the Bramble Cubus, whose Berries are also called Mora, but b●●i is added to know them by.   

The Kind's.  
Parkinson hath but three sorts hereof. 1. The common black Mulberry tree. 2. The white Mulberry tree. 3. The Virginian Mulberry tree. Besides which, as I have been informed, there is a wild kind which putteth out leaves somewhat like the former, and about the same time; and hath fruit not much unlike, but it never bringeth it to perfection.   

The Form.  
The Common black Mulberry tree groweth very great and tall, the body and the greater arms being covered with a thick rugged bark, the younger boughs and branches being smother, whereon are broad roundish leaves, set pointed at the end, and dented about the edges like Mint leaves, but that they are far bigger and smother. The bloomings or flowers are downy like Catkins, after which immediately followeth the fruit made of many grains, set together of a pale green colour at first, then red when they are harsh and sour, but afterwards black when they are full ripe, being full of a sweetish Juice, which will die the fingers and mouths of them that gather and eat them; wherein lie divers small seeds: the root groweth not deep, but spreadeth far, being of a yellowish colour.   

The Places and Time.  
The two former sorts are nourished up in woods, or great Orchards in the Levant or Eastern countries to nourish their silk Worms, where they keep them in abundance; and may peradventure be natural in some of these places, they are plentiful nursed up in Italy for the same purpose, and might have been very numerous here in England; if the Letters of King James to the Lords Lieutenants of the several shires for the increasing of Mulberry trees, and the breeding of Silk worms in his Kingdom, had taken their wished effect, which they did not, because they had not the instructions to that purpose annexed to them. But now the way then thought of, is revived by that industrious Common wealths-man, Samuel Hartlib Esquire, of propagating them by seed; to whose book called the Reformed Virginian Silkworm, I refer you: whereas formerly there was no way of propagating but either by slips, grafting, or inoculation, which seldom ●ook effect. The biggest of them that ever I saw, groweth in New College in Oxon, in a place between the great Quadrangle and the Garden. The third as the name importeth came from Virginia where it groweth hugely, with great store of great leaves, and small store of fruit, but in the season with the other which in August and September. The wild kind groweth, along the Mountance in Merton College Orchard, half a dozen at least close by one another which never perfecteth its fruit, as I said before.   

The Temperature.  
The Mulberry is of different parts, the ripe berries by reason of their sweetness and slippery moisture opening the belly, and the unripe binding it; especially when they are dried: and are then good to stay fluxes, and lasks, and abundance of women's courses; but the bark of the root hath a stronger purging quality and a bitterness withal; the leaves and young tender tops have a middle or temperate faculty,   

The Virtues and Signature.  
The Juice of Mulberries or syrup made of them, helpeth all inflammations and sores in the mouth or throat, and the Uuula or Palate of the mouth when ●t is fallen down. The Juice of the leaves is a remedy against the biting of Serpents; and for those that have taken Aconite or Wolfsbane. The leaves beaten with Vinegar is good to lay on any place that is burnt with fire. A decoction made of the bark and leaves, is good to wash the mouth and teeth when they ache. It is reported that if the root be a little slit or cut, and a small hole made in the ground next thereunto in the harvest time, it will give out a certain Juice, which being hardened is the next day of good use to help the Toothache, to dissolve knots and purge the belly; the leaves are said to stay bleeding at mouth and nose, or the bleeding of the Piles, or of a wound being bound unto the places. A branch of the tree taken when the Moon is at full, and bound to the wrist of a Woman's arm, whose courses come down too much, doth stay them in short space. The bark of the root killeth the broad worms in the bodies of men or children. The leaves of the vine of the early Fig, and of the Mulberry boiled in Rain water is good to wash the hair, and to make it have a clear and fair colour. The ripe berries if they be taken before meat, do make passage for what followeth; but if after meat, and pass not quickly away, they corrupt in the stomach, and draw the rest on to putrefaction with them, otherwise they trouble little. There be growing upon the Cod, and about the Breech of some people certain tumours like unto Mulberries, which the powder of those berries and leaves doth cure by Signature. The leaves of this tree, are the most natural food of Silk worms, as you may gather by what hath gone before: of which there might be great profit made here as, well as in Italy, Spain and France, if we had been as industrious as they in nursing up these kinds of trees; but it is not too late to learn any thing that may make for the attainment of national and private profit and riches. When the Mulberry tree gins to put out its buds, than the Silkworms Eggs begin to hatch, as the nature of this wise creature is, when he● food gins once to appear she comes forth of her shell; so that if a Mulberry leaf be laid upon them they will come upon it instantly; and after that they have been said with fresh leaves about forty five days they will begin to spin their Silk bottom.    

CHAP. LXIII. Of Mints.  

The Names.  
IT was called by the old Greciaus, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 (as Pliny recordeth) who followed the story of the Poets, that saith it was so named from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 one of Pluto's Minions whom he turned into this ●erb; but of the later 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ab odoris bonitate or jucunditate: because it is so sweet, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifying sweet and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 smell. The Latin name is Mentha, which the Apothecaries, Frenchand Italian keep: in English, Mint.   

The Kinds.  
Of the manured and wild Mints, I find a dozen kinds. 1. Hart Mint or Spare Mint. 2. Cross Mint. 3. Red or brown Mints. 4. Crisped or curled Mints. 5. The great curled Mint of Germany. 6. The manured wild Mint. 7. Long leafed wild Mint. 8. Hungarian wild Mint. 9 Clusius his knobbed wild Mint. 10. Wild Mints with jointed roots. 11. Hairy wild Mints. 12. Small round leafed mints. To which we may add Water mint or Horse mint.   

The Form.  
Mint is so well known that it needeth no description, yet it deserving one no less than other plants, I shall not be so injurious as to let it pass without one though it be the shorter. Garden mints which is the third kind above mentioned cometh up with stalks four square of an obscure red colour somewhat hairy, which are covered with round leaves nicked on the edges, like a Saw; of a deep green colour: the flowers are little and red, and grow about the stalks circlewise, as those of Penny Royal: the root creepeth aslope in the ground, having some strings on it, and now and then in sundry places it buddeth out afresh, and will overrun the ground where it is set, if it be let alone any long time.   

The Places and Time  
The first four sorts are only found planted in Gardens, and the fith found wild first both with us and elsewhere, but for especial respects brought into Gardens. The other sorts are likewise wild by nature in their places, but now are cherished by those that love such kind of plants in many places. All the sorts of garden as well as wild mints, flower not until the beginning of August: so that the Garden mint seldom bringeth forth good seed; nevertheless the defect thereof is recompensed by the increase of the root. The water-mint groweth in every ditch.   

The Temperature.  
Mint is hot and dry, in the beginning of the third degree, of thin parts, bitter and binding.   

The Virtues.  
The decoction of mint gaggled in the mouth, cureth the ●ums and Mouth that is sore, and mendeth an ill savoured breath, to which if there be a little Rue, and Cor●ander added and gargled likewise, and held in the mouth, causeth the Palate of the mouth that is down to return to its place: applied with Mead or honeyed Water, it easeth the pains of the Ears, and taketh away the roughness of the tongue being rubbed thereupon, and if it be laid to the forehead or Temples, it easeth the pains of the head; and the water wherein good store of it hath been boiled, is good to wash the heads of young Children against all manner of breakingins out them, whether sores or scabs, and healeth the Chaps of the Fundament. Two or three branches thereof taken with the Juice of Pomgranats, stayeth the Hiccough, Vomiting, and allayeth Choler: it dissolveth Impostumes being laid to with Barley Meal. It is good to repress the milk in women's breasts; and for such as have swollen ●●agging or great breasts. Simeon Seth● saith, it helpeth a cold Liver, strengtheneth the Belly and Stomach, causeth digestion, is good against the gnawings of the Heart, provoketh Appetite, taketh away Obstructions of the Liver and stirreth up bodily Lust; but thereof too much must not be taken, because it maketh the blood thin and wheyish, and turneth it into Choler; and therefore Choleric persons must abstain from it. It is a safe medicine for the biting of a mad Dog, being bruised with salt and laid thereon. The powder of it being taken after meat helpeth digestion and those that are Splenetic; taken in wine it helpeth women in their sore Travel in Childbearing. It is good also against the Gravel and Stone in the Kidneys, and the Stangury. It suffereth not milk to curdle in the Stomach, if the leaves hereof be s●eeped or boiled in it before you drink it; and some say, that it will never be drawn to Curds though you put Rennet thereunto. The distilled water of mints is available for all the purposes aforesaid, yet more weakly; But if a Spirit thereof be rightly and Chimically drawn, it is much more powerful than the herb itself. The Virtues of wild mint are especially to dissolve wind in the Stomach, to help the Colic and those that are short wound, and are an especial remedy for those that have Venereous dreams and pollutions in the night, being outwardly applied to the Testicles or Cod. The Juice dropped in the Ears easeth the pains of them, and destroyeth the Worms that breed in them, they are good against the venomous bitings of Serpents, and help the King's Evil or kernels in the Throat, if the Juice be laid on warm. The decoction or distilled water helpeth a stinking breath, proceeding from the corruption; and snuffed up into the Nose purgeth the head.    

CHAP. XLVI. Of Purslane.  

The Names.  
THis Herb is called by Dioscorides in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Andrachne; and by Theophrastus, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Adrachne: and so each of them call the Arbutus or Strawberry-Tree, which some call Portulaca Arbour in Latin, as also they call this Herb, Portulaca Herba. In English, Purslane and Porcelain▪ Sea-Purslane is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Portulaca marina.   

The Kinds.  
There be not many sorts of Purslane in all, and therefore I will put them together. 1. Garden Purslane. 2. Wild Purslane. 3. Camerarius his Purslane. 4. Candy Purslane. 5. Sea-Purslane.   

The Form.  
The Garden- Purslane hath round, thick, somewhat red stalks, full of juice, smooth, glittering, and parted into several branches, trailing upon the ground: the Leaves be almost an inch long, if it grow in rank ground; something broad, thick, fat, glib, and somewhat green, whiter on the nether side: the Flowers are little, of a faint yellow colour, and grow out at the bottom of the Leaves: After them, springeth up a little Husk, of a green colour, of the bigness almost of half a Barley-Corn, in which is small black Seed, the Root hath many strings.   

The Places and Time.  
The first is sown in Gardens, and delighteth to grow in a fruitful and fat so●l, not dry. The second groweth about Ramsey Mere, in the foot-paths, by the Rape-Mills. The third was found about Lipswick, by Camerarius, who, as he himself affirmeth, was the first that made it known. The other should come out of Candy, by its Title: Sea-Purslane, groweth in the Salt Marshes, near the Seaside, as you pass over the King's Ferry, into the Isle of Sheepey, going to Sherland-House; and in the Isle of Thanet, as you go from Margate to Sandwich; and in many other places along the Coast. Garden-Purslane may be sown in March or April: it flourisheth, and is green in June, and afterwards, till it be towards Michaelmas. Sea-Purslane is a little shrub, which beareth out the Winter, with the loss of a few Leaves: and Flowers, in July.   

The Temperature  
Purslane is cold, and that in the third degree, and moist in the second, but Wild Purslane is not so moist. Sea-Purslane is (as Galen saith) of unlike parts; but the greater part thereof, is hot in a mean; with a moisture unconcocted, and somewhat windy.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
Raw Purslane is much used in Salads with Oil, Salt, and Vinegar: it cooleth an hot stomach, and provoketh appetite. It cooleth the mouth also, and taketh away the pain of the Teeth, and assuageth the swell of the Gums, and fasteneth the teeth in them, and is good for teeth that are set on edge, with eating of sharp things: It is likewise good to cool any heat in the Liver, blood or Reins, and in hot Agues, there is nothing better: It stayeth hot and choleric Fluxes of the Belly, women's Courses, and Gonorrhoea, or running of the Reins, of which it hath the Signature; the distillations from the head, and pains therein proceeding of heat, want of sleep, or the Frenzy. The seed is more effectual than the Herb, and is of singular good use to cool the heat and sharpness of the Urine, and the outrageous lust of the body, venereous Dreams, and the like; insomuch, that the over-frequent use thereof, extinguisheth the heat and virtue of natural procreation. The Seed bruised and boiled in Wine, and given to Children, expelleth the Worms. The juice of the Herb is held as effectual to all the purposes aforesaid: as also to stay vomitings; and taken with some Sugar, or Honey, helpeth an old and dry Cough, shortness of breath, and the Ptisick, and stayeth immoderate thirst. It is also singular good in the Inflammations, and Ulcers of the secret parts in Man or Woman, as also of the Bowels and Hemorrhoides, when they are ulcerous or excotiations in them. The Herb bruised and applied to the forehead and Temples, allayeth excessive heat therein▪ hindering rest and sleep, and applied to the Eyes, taketh away the redness and inflammation in them; and thos● other parts where Pushes, Wheals, Pimples, St. Anthony's fire, and the like, b●e●k forth, especially, if a little Vinegar be put to it: And being laid to the neck, with as much of Galls and Linseea together, taketh away the pains therein, and the Crick in the Neck. The juice is used with Oil of Roses for the said Causes, or for blast by lightning, and burn by Gunpowder, or for women's sore Breasts, and to allay the heat in all other sores or hurts: Applied also to the Navels of Children that stick forth, it helpeth them. The distilled water of the Herb is used by many (as the more pleasing) with a little Sugar, for many of the sam● effects. Camerarius saith, that it taketh away the pains of the teeth, when ●ll other Remedies fail, and that the thickened juice made in Pills, with the Powder of Gum-Tragacanth and Arabic being taken, prevaileth much to help those that make a bloody water.    

CHAP. XLV. Of Golden-Rod.  

The Names.  
IT hath no Greek Name that I can learn. In Latin it is called Aurea Virg●▪ because the branches are like a Golden Rod. Anguillara thought it might b● the Leucographis of Pliny, because it is said in the description thereof, that ●t is found sometimes with white strakes in the Leaves; but why Tabermontanus should take it to be Symphitum Petreum, is not known. In English, Golden Rod.   

The Kinds.  
All the sorts hereof that I can find, are but three. 1. The ordinary Golden Rod. 2. Arnold of Villa Nova or the new Town, his Golden Rod. 3. Golden Rod of America.   

The Form.  
The Golden Rod, that is most common to our Country, riseth up with brownish small round stalks, about half a yard high, or higher, if it grow in a fat soil, or in a Garden, having thereon many narrowish, and long dark green Leaves, very seldom with any nicks or dents about the edges, and as seldom with any strakes, or white spots therein; and yet sometimes, and in some places, they are so to be found, divided at the tops into many small branches, with divers small yellow Flowers on every one of them, which are turned one way; and being ripe, do turn into down, and are carried away with the wind: the Root consisteth of many small Fibres, which grow not deep into the ground; but abideth all the winter therein, shooting forth new branches every year, the old ones dying down to the ground.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in divers places of this Land, in the open places of Woods and Copses, both in moist and dry grounds; but especially in Hampsteed-wood, near unto the Gate that leadeth out of the Wood, unto a Village called Kentish-Town, not far from London: in a Wood by Rayleigh in Essex; in Southfleet also, and in Swanscombe-Wood near Gravesend. The second is not so frequent, yet that is found also in some places of Hampsteed-wood, though sparingly. The last came from America, as the Title shows. The first flowreth later than the second, which is about July, and the other in the beginning or middle of August; the last also flowreth very late.   

The Temperature.  
Golden Rod is hot and dry in the second Degree; it cleanseth with a certain astriction or binding quality.   

The Virtues  
This Herb is of especial use in all Lotions, for Sores, or Ulcers in the mouth and throat, or in the privy parts of Man or Woman: The decoction thereof, likewise helpeth to fasten the teeth that are lose in the Gums. It is much commended also against the stone in the Reins and Kidneys, and to provoke Urine in abundance, whereby the gravel or stone engendered in the uritory parts, by raw and tough phlegmatic humours, may be washed down into the bladder, from growing into a stone in those parts, and thence may be avoided with the Urine; the decoction of the Herb, green or dry, or the distilled water thereof, is very effectual for inward bruises: as also to be outwardly applied: the same also stayeth bleedings in any part of the body, and of wounds also, and the Fluxes of the menstrual Courses in Women, and the Fluxes of the belly and humours: as also the bloody Flux in Man or Woman; it is no less prevalent in all Ruptures, or burstings, to be both drunk, and outwardly applied: it is the most sovereign wound-Hearb of many, and can do as much therein as any, both inwardly for wounds and hurts in the body, and for either green wounds, quickly to cure them, or old sores and Ulcers that are hardly to be cured, which often come by the Flux of moist humours thereunto, and hinder them from healing. Gerard saith, that the dry Herb that came from beyond the Seas, was formerly sold for half a Crown an Ounce; but since it was found to be so plentiful on Hampsteed-Heath, and other places in England, no man will give half a Crown for an hundred weight of it. And here I may take an occasion, as Gerrard doth, to specify the inconstancy, and sudden mutability of the people of this Age, who esteem no longer of any thing (how precious soever it be) then whilst it is strange and rare, verifying that common Proverb, Far fetched, and de●r bought, is good for Ladies. Neither are many Physicians to be justified in this particular, who though they have found an approved Medicine and perfect Remedy, near home, against any Disease; yet not contented with that, they will seek for new farther off, and by that means, many times hurt more than help. And this is one Reason, that Mr. Culpepper inveighs (I will not say how justly) against the College of Physicians, who choose rather to make use of foreign Plants, than those of our own growing.    

CHAP. LXVI. Of Scurvygrasse.  

The Names.  
FRom the mouth in general, let us come somewhat more particularly, to speak of such Plants, as serve to cure the Disease thereof, called the SCURVY; One of the chief whereof is Scurvygrasse, which is thought to have been unknown to the ancient Greek Writers, because they name it not: And though some imagine it to be Pliny's Britannica, yet Gerard and Parkinson, who were curious compares of Simples, are both of Opinion, that it cannot be it. The more modern Latin Writers call it Cochlearia, from the similitude the Leaf hath with a Spoon, being round as well as hollow: It is called in English, Scurvygrasse and Scruby-grasse; and sometimes, though but seldom, Spoon-wort, after the Latin name.   

The Kinds.  
The Sorts hereof are four. 1. Common Scurvygrasse. 2. The great Dutch, or Garden Scurvygrasse. 3. Small Dutch Scurvygrasse. 4. The least Scurvygrasse.   

The Form.  
The great Dutch, or Garden Scurvygrasse (which is most known and frequent in Gardens) hath divers fresh, green, and almost round Leaves, rising from the Root, nothing so thick as the common sort: yet in some places, as in a rich, strong dunged ground, very large, even twice so big as in others, nothing at all dented about the edges, and sometimes a little hollowed in the middle, and round pointed, of a sad green colour, every one standing by itself, upon a long foot-stalk: from among these, rise up divers long, slender, weak stalks, of about a foot in length, thick, beset on each side, with small white Flowers at the tops of them which turn into small pods, with little brownish Seeds, the Root is white, small and threddy: the taste of it, is somewhat bitterish.   

The Places and Time  
The first groweth along by the Th●mes, both on the Essex and Kentish shores, so far as the brackish Sea-water cometh, even to Dover, as also from Dover, round about the Seacoasts, to Portsmouth, and even to Bristol, where it is had in plenty▪ but on the Northern Coasts, it scarcely groweth at all: But the second groweth in the Marshes of Holland in Lincolnshire, as well as Holland in the Low-Countries: as also in other places of Lincolushire, and other places by the Seaside. It hath been also found upon Ingleborough Hills in Lancashire, and in the ●eak in Darbyshire, and is sown now in many Gardens, where it prospereth well. The smaller sort have been brought to us from Denmark, where they grow in an Island called Almagria. They all flower betimes, even in March, oftentimes, and in April, and give their ripe Seed about the latter end of May.   

The Temperature.  
Scurvygrasse is evidently hot and dry, very like to the Garden-Cresses in Quality, but not of so aromatical, or spicy a taste.   

The Virtues.  
Before I speak of the Virtues of Scurvy-Graesse, it will not be altogether improper to tell you what the SCURVY is. It is a Disease proceeding through a melancholy humour, which maketh the Gums to become swollen and exulcerated, loosening also the sinews and teeth; so that he that hath it, doth with▪ very much difficulty chew any thing: the mouth stinketh grievously, the Thighs and Legs are withal very often full of blue spots, not much unlike those that come of bruises: the Face, and the rest of the Body is often times of a pale Colour; and the Feet are swollen as in the Drop●e, and will have a pain in the soles of them, and so will the finger's ends. This hurtful Disease happeneth at Sea amongst Fishermen, and fresh water Soldiers, (and such as delight to fit still, without labour, and exercise of the body) especially, if they make not clean their Biscuit from the Flower, or mealiness that is upon the same, which doth spoil many. For the curing whereof, this excellent Plant, therefore called Scurvygrasse, is found to prevail: the juice thereof, if it be taken in Ale or Beer; or if six great handfuls of the Leaves, be steeped with long Pepper, Grains, Aniseed, and Liquorice, of each an Ounce, the Spices being brayed, and the Herb bruised a little in a Mortar of Wood or Stone, put them in a Stone-Pot, called a Steane, with four Gallons of strong Ale, to steep or infuse the same in for three days, which done, it will be fit for your use; and than you must drink it three weeks together▪ as your ordinary drink. The Decoction is good for the same purposes, and so is the Herb, tunned up in new drink, either by itself, or with other things; for it openeth obstructions, and evacuateth cold, clammy, melancholy, and phlegmatic humours, both from the Liver, and Seat of blood, and the spleen, wasting and consuming, both the swelling and hardness thereof, and thereby bringing the body back again to a most lively Colour: the juice also helpeth all foul Ulcers and Sores in the mouth, if it be often gargled therewith, and used outwardly, doth cleanse the skin from spots, marks, or scars that happen therein: The Conserve is a fine, delicate Medicine, for weak and tender stomaches, and worketh the same effect.    

CHAP. XLVII. Of small House Leek.  

The Names.  
THis kind of Houseleek is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Aizoon minus, that is, Semper vivum, in that it is always green, and lesser than the former, yet some do call both kinds, Aithales, for that they are ever living: Pliny calls this lesser kind, Trithales quia●ter floreat, and Erithales or Erisithales and Chysothales; in English Prick-Madam, Stonecrop, or 〈◊〉 Stonecrop. In Latin Sedum Minus, Vermicularis, and Illecebra.   

The Kinds.  
Of this small Houseleek or Prickmadam there be Nine sorts. 1. The Ordinary Prickmadam or Stonecrop. 2. Stonecrop with turning heads. 3. Small Stonecrop. 4. White flowered Stonecrop with round pointed leaves. 5. A smaller white flowered Stonecrop. 6. Marsh or Field Stonecrop. 7. Wall Pepper. 8. Unsavoury Wall Pepper. 9 Summer Houseleek or Stonecrop.   

The Form.  
The Ordinary Prickmadam or Stonecrop, is but small, creeping along the place it groweth, with divers trailing Branches, and some what slender which are encompassed about with a great number of Leaves that are different from the common sort of leaves; in regard that they are thick, though little, long, sharp-pointed, inclining to a greenish blue colour; the flowers stand at the tops of the Branches, many set together yet somewhat loosely, and not in a thick ●ust or cluster, as the Orpines', of a yellowish colour: the roots are very small, creeping in the earth, and send forth stalks with leaves here and there all abouts.   

The Places and Time.  
Many of these sorts grow either on mud Walls, or on those Stone Walls that are capped with mud, or among rubbish; and in other sandy or gravelly places, and oftentimes also upon the sides of all tiled houses, and penned houses; as also upon the rocks of the high mountains in Wales, except the sixth which groweth only in moist Meadows and Marshes; and the last whose root is small and perishing, which I have seen at the Physic Garden in Oxford. They all flower in June, and July and sometimes sooner: the leaves of many of them continuing green all the Winter.   

The Temperature.  
Stonecrop is cold in the third degree; it is also dry but not very much, because of the waterish essence that is in them.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The lesser Houseleek or Stonecrop hath the Signature of the Gums; and therefore the Juice thereof being pressed forth is very much commended in that distemper of the mouth called the Scurvy, which I described in the foregoing chapter. It is good both for inward and outward heats as well in the Eyes as other parts of the body. A Posset made with the Juice of Houseleek, is singular good in all hot Agues▪ for it cooleth and temperateth the blood and spirits, and quencheth the thirst; and is also good to stay all hot defluxions of sharp and salted rheum into the Eyes, the Juice being dropped into them: the Ears also participate of its Virtue; for the pains thereof are hereby also cured, if the Juice thereof be dropped thereunto: it helpeth also all fluxes of humours into the bowels, and the immoderate courses of Women. It is said also to kill the worms, and wonderful to help the bitings of Venemuos beasts: it cooleth and restraineth all other hot inflammations, St. Anthony's fire, and all other hot eruptions in the flesh scalding also and burning, the Shingles, fretting ulcers, Cankers, Tetters, Ringworms and the like, and easeth much the pain of the Gout, proceeding of an hot cause: the Juice also taketh away warts and corns in the hands or feet being often bathed therewith, and the skins of the Leaves being laid on them afterwards. It easeth also the headache, and distempered heat of the brain in frenzies, or through want of sleep, being applied to the Temples and forehead; the leaves bruised, and laid upon the Crown or Seam of the head, stayeth bleeding at the nose very quickly. The distilled water of the herb, is profitable for all the purposes aforesaid, the leaves being gently rubbed on any place stung with nettles or bees, or bitten with any venomous Creature, doth presently take away the pain. But take notice that Wall Pepper, which though it be a kind of Sedum as to the form, yet it is of a very hot sharp, and exulcerating quality, and raiseth blisters in the skin if it be laid thereupon but a while, as forcibly as Ranunculus or Crowfoot will do; and therefore it behoveth all those that shall have any occasion to use any of the cooling Stonecrops, that they do not mistake this for some of them, whereunto it is so like; yet it is not without some other good qualities whereof good use may be made; for it is said to procure vomiting, the Juice thereof taken with Vinegar, and some other drink, driveth forth thick choleric and phlegmatic humours, whereby quartane Agues and others of long continuance may be cured; and that taken in the same manner it doth expel any poison, or the force of venomous herbs and of the Aconites, which virtue notwithstanding is by some referred to the greater kinds; but there may be some danger in the taking, and therefore may be let alone seeing there be divers medicines to the same purpose in this book. Yet it is not altogether unlikely that it should do so; for why may not this as well expel the poison of Aconite, as well as Aconite prevail so mightily against the bitings of Scorpions or Vipers: or fire fetch out fire, which experience telleth us it doth. Dioscorides saith, that being applied outwardly with Axungia, that is, Hogs-suet, it will take away knots and kernels as well in the Neck and Throat which is called the Kings-Evil, as in any other part of the body▪ and applied by itself or boiled in Oil of Roses, and the sore piles anointed therewith, doth ease the pains and cure them of the grief. And thus having given you the virtues of the greater aswell the lesser Houseleeks that grow by land, it will not be impertinent to give you those of Aloes, or Sea Houseleek also, which I shall do in the next Chapter.    

CHAP. XLVIII. Of Aloes or Sea Houseleek.  

The Names.  
DIoscorides, and all others both ancient and modern writers call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which name some suppose to have been given to it, either from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is, à sale; or else from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 à Salo, the Sea itself, with whose breath it is much delighted. It is called also, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it groweth not only in the ground, but sometimes out of the ground, though it be hanged up in an house. Some of the modern Herbarists do call it Semper vivum marinum, from the thickness of the leaves and likeness unto Sedum majus or the greater Houseleek called Semper vivum. The hardened Juice thereof, is also usually called Aloes of which (as Schroderus saith) there be four sorts now in use, and because there is but one kind (except the American) of that plant, I will set down the kinds of Juices.   

The Kinds.  
There is, 1. A Blackish sort called Aloe Caballina, because it is fit only for Horses. 2. A more pure sort, in colour like the Liver, called Aloe Hepatica. 3. Another sort called, Aloe Succotrina or Succo citrina; because the powder thereof is of a citrine or yellow colour, or Socotorina rather, because there is great plenty of it in the island Socotora. 4. The fourth kind is the purest part of the Juice and is called, Aloe lucida; because being held up against the Beams of the of the Sun, it showeth very clear like a kind of red glass. The best is that which is most clear and transparent, of a reddish or yellow Colour, being easy to b●eak, and very bitter.   

The Form.  
Sea-Houseleek, hath divers long fleshy pale green Leaves, of the thickness of ones finger, with divers hard dents or points on both sides of them, and pointed at the ends likewise, the one enclosing the other at the bottom, and standing round, the outermost bending for the most part backwards: from the middle of which ariseth a short thick stalk little more than a foot high, bearing many small bottle-like flowers. It beareth seed in husks like unto an Asphodel after the flowers are past; the root is thick and about a foot long, or less within the ground, shooting out some thick Fibres at the end.   

The Places and Time  
It groweth in Arabia, Asia, Syria, and all the East Countries, and in India, as well a great way within the land, as near the Sea side; and in the islands there as in Socotora, as Garcius saith, where the best is made, as also in many places in Italy and in Spaiu, about Andalousia near the sea shore in such plenty, that divers thought to have made good store of Aloes there; but after trial it was not found any way so effectual as the Indian sort. It flowreth in the hotter Countries, in the first Summer months, but never in these colder; for it is preserved with great care from the frosts in Winter, which will cause it quickly to rot, if it feel never so little cold.   

The Temperature  
Aloe, that is to say, the juice that is used in Physic is moderately hot, and that in the first Degree, but dry in the third, extreme bitter, yet without biting: it is also, of an emplaistick or clammy quality, and something binding.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
Aloes openeth the Belly, purgeth the stomach, helpeth those that have a pale colour, and is used against the yellow Jaundice by Signature, not without good success: It is also profitable in the Headache, when Vapours arise from the stomach, in the Nightmare, in the Scorbute or Scurvy, in the Falling-sickness, and in Rheums: It resisteth putrefaction, killeth worms of all sorts, whether in the belly or stomach: nay it is a special Antidote against worms, and is more proper for the stomach, than all other purging Medicines, notwithstanding Cardan's Opinion to the contrary, seeing it doth not only purge away Choler and phlegm from it, but also comfort it, and help it much when it is crude, moist, and nauseous. It preventeth arthritical pains, or pains of the joints: it quickeneth the senses by purging obnoxious humours from the brain. It provoketh women's Courses, and the Hemorrhoides or Piles, but hardly draweth humours from any part above the Liver. Being outwardly applied, it hath a consolidating faculty to heal green wounds, and drieth: as also mundifieth or cleanseth, and takes away all putrefaction in wounds. It healeth wounds of the Testicles and Privities: it cures the redness of the Eyes, and consumes the spots growing therein. It is good in the Inflammations of the Eyes, and Apostumes of the Lips, Nose, and Eyes. It healeth Ulcers that are hardly brought to cicatrize, and especially those in the Fundament and privy Members. Being mixed with Oxe-Gall, or the juice of Wormwood, and laid upon the belly near the Navel▪ it killeth worms. If it be dissolved in Wine and used, it helpeth the falling or shedding of the hair. Though taken inwardly, it be hurtful to such as have the Hemorrhoides or Piles, yet being made in Powder, and applied outwardly, it stayeth the bleeding of them: mixed with Honey and used, it taketh away blackness and spots. Aloes in Powder being mixed with Myrrh and Dragon's blood, and cast into putrified wounds, eateth out spongious flesh without pain. It must not be taken inwardly, either too often, or in too great a quantity; for than it doth fre● and excoriate the stomach and bowels; and therefore those that are troubled with the Flux of the Womb, Belly, or any other bloody Flux, Women with Child, those that have the Hectic or burning Fever, all hot, dry, macerated or lean Bodies, must avoid it▪ as also those that have hot Livers, and such Children as are of an hot and dry constitution especially when the season is extreme hot, or very cold. Cinnamon, Mace, Nutmeg, Cloves, Mastic, and Gum Tragacanth, are the best Correctors of Aloes, and may be mixed with it. If Aloes be taken a little before Supper, it doth so much the less hurt and offend the stomach. It is given in substance, from a dram, to two drams▪ in infusion from a dram and a half to three drams. Aloe Rosata, which is a very safe, and gentle Medicine is given, from half a dram to a dram and a half, to all sorts of persons before or after meat. It purgeth the stomach of Choler, and other offensive humours, openeth stops, is good in the Jaundice, strengtheneth the stomach, and is good against Surfeits. The same Dose may be given of washed Aloes, which doth not purge so effectually as it did before, but strengtheneth more. Aloe is the Basi● of most Pills; for there are but few purgative Pills, which have it not as one chief Ingredient.    

CHAP. XLIX. Of Fumitory.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Capnos and Capnion, quasi Fumus, eò; quod succus oculis inditus lachrymationem movet, sicut Fumus & claritat●m eorum efficit, saith Fuschius, that is, it is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which in that Language, signifies smoke, because the juice of it put into the eyes, doth make them water, as smoke doth, and clarifies or clears them, which though it happily doth, contrary to the nature of smoke; yet I think, the other Reason why it should be so called, to be the better, which is, because being of a whitish, blue Colour, as smoke is, it appeareth to those that behold it at a distance, as if the ground were all of a smoke, and hereunto agreeth Fumus Terrae, and Fumaria, which are the names the Latins put upon it, and the English name Fumiterr●, & fumitory, though it be now most commonly called Fumitory.   

The kinds.  
The sorts commonly treated of are eight. 1. Common fumitory. 2. Fine leased Fumitory. 3. Candy Fumitory. 4. Yellow Fumitory. 5. Indian Fumitory. 6. Climbing Fumitory. 7. Bulbous Fumitory, with a green Flower. 8. Knobbed Indian Fumitory.   

The Form.  
Common Fumitory is a tender sappy Herb, sending forth from one square, slender weak stalk, and leaning downwards on all sides, many branches two or three foot long; with finely cut jagged leaves, of a pale bluish, or Sea-green colour, somewhat like unto Coriander, as to the form, but of nothing so deep a colour: At the tops of the branches stand many small Flowers, as it were in a long spike, one above another, made like little Birds, of a reddish purple Colour, with whitish bellies commonly, though in the Fields in Cornwall, it beareth perfect white Flowers: After which, come small round husks, containing small black seed. The Root is yellow, small, and not very long, full of juice whilst it is green, but quickly perishing with the ripe Seed.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth as well in the Cornfields, almost every where, as in Gardens also. The second, in Spain, and in the Vineyards about Mompelier. The third, in Candy. The fourth, on the Hills in Apuliae and Calabria, in Naples, and in Illyria also. The fifth, in Virginia, and the back parts thereof, called Canada. The sixth, about the hedge sides, and among the bushes of the Low Countries. The seaventh, in the Woods of Germany. The last, in the West Indies. They flower in May for the most part, and the Seed is ripe in August.   

The Temperature.  
It is hot in the first Degree, and dry in the second, and not cold, as the vulgar conceive; for its bitterness showeth it to be hot.   

The Virtues.  
Fumitory also may be appropriated to that Scurvy-Disease aforementioned, for it gently purgeth melancholy and salt humours, from whence it ariseth: as also from the impurity of the blood, the Obstructions and stops of the Liver and Spleen, which are the usual parts that are first affected: it openeth and cleanseth the entrails, and doth corroborate those parts. It purgeth choleric humours by Urine, and avails in the Itch, Scab, Leprosy, Cancer, Fistulaes', and such kind of soul Diseases of the skin, arising from adust humours; as also in the French-Disease. It is profitable in Fevers, (arising from Choler, both yellow and black) in the Jaundice, and the Quartane Agues, it killeth the worms, and prevaileth in chronical Diseases arising from the stops of the viscerous parts, and in Affects of the Hypochonders. Brasavola saith, that the Powder of the dried Herb given for some time together, hath cured a melancholy person. The distilled water cures the yellow Jaundice, if three or four Ounces be drunk morning and evening, for certain days together, and availeth against the Scab, Itch, and such like Diseases; and being constantly taken, it preserveth from the Leprosy. Being taken in London-treacle, and Bole-Armoniack, it is good in the Pestilence, as a dram or two of Treacle, and a scruple of Bole-armoniack, mixed in two Ounces of the water, and so taken. Also it dissolveth congealed blood, and tumors, and provoketh the Terms or Courses in Women. The juice dropped into the Eyes, doth clear the Eyes, and quicken the sight: the juice also mingled with , and applied to the Eyelids, will cause that the hair (that hath once been pulled off) shall not grow again. A decoction thereof made, and the feet bathed therewith, cures the Gout; or boiled in Wine, and so applied, it doth the like: the juice mixed with the juice of Docks and Oxymel, or Vinegar, cureth the Morphew, being anointed therewith. Also a Bath made of the same, with Mallows, Violets, and Dock-Roots., with Barley bran, and Nep, cureth the Scab and Itch. The juice mingled with Oil of Nuts and Vinegar, cure malign Scabs, and the Leprosy, being anointed therewith. The distilled water helpeth Sores, and Ulcers of the mouth, being therewith washed and gargled; especially if you take four Ounces of the water, adding thereto one Ounce of Honey of Roses, and wash the mouth therewith.    

CHAP. L. Of Cresses.  

The Names.  
GArden-Cresse is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, being a comforter to the heart, as some suppose; but others think it to be so called, quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, quod acrimonia & ignea vi praeditum caput tentat; and thereupon the Greeks had this Proverb 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Ede nasturtium, because heating the head with its fiery virtue, they would therefore bid a man that was dull and heavy, eat it to stir up his Spirits, it being effectual to this purpose. The Latins call it Nasturtium, a Narium tormento, as Pliny saith: and some after the Italians call it Cressio hortensis; but in English it is called Cress, being a name borrowed of the Germans, who call it Kersse Watercresse is called Nasturtium Aquaticum. Winter-cresse is commonly called Barbarea. Lady Smocks, which are also a kind hereof, are called Cardamine, sive: Nasturtium pratense.   

The Kinds.  
I shall reckon up the chief sorts of each. Of Garden-cresse. 1. Great Spanish Cress. 2. Curled Cress, with larger and lesser Leaves. 3. Ordinary Garden Cresses. 4. Stone Cress. Of Watercresse. 1. Common Watercresse. 2. Italian Watercresse. 3. Bitter Watercresse. 4. Sweet smelling Watercresse. Of Winter-cresse, which some will have to be a kind of Rocket. 1. Common Winter Rocket, or Cress. 2. Double flowered Winter Cress. 3. Small Winter Cress. Of Lady-Smocks, which is also a Nasturtium. 1. Great Lady-Smocks. 2. Small Lady-Smocks. 3. Small flowered Lady-Smocks. 4. Tuberous rooted sweet Lady-Smocks. 5. Small jagged Lady-Smocks. I have put these all together in a Chapter, because they are all effectual for curing the Scurvy; but for as much as the Watercresse is chief commended for the said purpose, I shall describe that.   

The Form.  
Watercresse hath many fat and weak hollow branches, trailing upon the Gravel and Earth where it groweth, taking hold, and rooting in sundry places, as it creepeth; by means whereof, the Plant spreadeth over a great compass of ground. The Leaves are likewise compact, and winged, with many small Leaves set upon a middle Rib, one against another, except the point Leaf, which standeth by himself, as doth that of the Ash, if it grow in its natural place, which is in a gravelly spring. The upper part of the whole Plant, is of a brown colour, and green under the Leaves, which is a perfect mark to know the Physical kinds from the other. The white Flowers grow in spoaky roundels. The Roots is nothing else, but as it were a Thrum, or bundle of Threads.   

The Places and Time.  
The first of the first sort was brought out of Spain, as for the other three, their Original is unknown; but they are all four planted in our Gardens. All the Water-cresses do grow about ponds, and other watery places; but those that grow in the shallow running streams of the most clear Fountains, and gravelly Springs, are of greatest use in Physic. The common Winter-cresse groweth often times of its own accord, in Gardens, and in the Fields; also, by the paths and waysides, in divers places, and by name on the brook sides, in Lady Meade, near Adderbury in Oxfordshire; That with double Flowers, was sound in the Province of Berne, among the Swissers, and the last in Gardens only, both with us, and in Germany. The three first sorts of Lady Smocks, are found in divers places of our Land, in moist Meadows, and near unto brook sides, or the small Rills of water, that pass through the low grounds: the others are of Germany. The first sort, to wit, the Garden-cresses flower about June and July, and so do the Water-cresses; but it is most useful for all purposes in March, for than it is best. Winter-cresses flower in May, and the single ones do seed in June; but the double abideth gr●en, without seeding, both Summer and Winter. The Lady Smocks do commonly flower about April; but there is the Impatient Lady Smock growing in Gardens, which flowreth in February.   

The Temperature.  
The common Garden-cresse is very hot and dry, but especially the Seed, near unto the fourth Degree, Watercresse, Winter-cresse, and Lady Smocks, are hot and dry in the second Degree.   

The Virtues.  
All these Plants tend to the cure of the Scurvy, but especially the Watercresse, which is very much commended upon this account. The Garden-cresse being green, and therefore the more qualified, by reason of its humi●ity is eaten by Country people either alone with Butter, or with Lettuce and Purssane, in Salads, or otherwise, It cutteth gross phlegm, and make it apt to expectorate; it provoketh Urine, cleanseth the Reins and Bladder, procureth women's Courses, killeth the birth, and stirreth up Venery. Some say, it looseneth the Belly, and purgeth it from viscous humours: it helpeth the Obstructions of the Liver and Spleen, and healeth all inward wounds, and driveth forth poison and venom. Being taken with Oil it is beneficial for the Cough, and shortness of Wind, and the pains of the Breast and Chest; and being chewed in the mouth, it helpeth the Toothache. The Leaves bruised and applied, take away all Freckles, Pimples, spots, and marks of the Body, helpeth the Itch, and easeth the pains of the Sciatica, and of the Loins; draweth forth bones, splinters, and thorns; stayeth the corroding and creeping Ulcers: the Seed chewed in the mouth, helpeth the Palsy in the Tongue; provoketh sneesing, raiseth Lethargic people, and such as are drowsy and heavy, by quickening their blood and spirits: Being boiled with Vinegar, and applied to the Kernels of the Throat, healeth the King's Evil, and healeth also the Scabs and Sores of the head, if they be anointed with it, and Goose-grease mixed together: It ripeneth also the Plague-sores, and breaketh them, and taketh away the deformity of the Nails. The Watercresse is good for many of the purposes aforesaid, and is used particularly to make broth for purging the blood in the Spring; and for preventing any of these Diseases which might ensue. It breaketh the Stone, and so doth Winter-cresse, and perform most of the Cures aforesaid. And it is used, as other Cresses and Rocket in Summer: so this in Winter, with as great desire and content to be eaten, when variety of Salads are not to be had. The Lady Smocks are as effectual in the Scurvy, as the Water-cresses. And so much for such Plants as cure the Scurvy.    

CHAP. LI. Of the Pine Tree.  

The Names.  
IN the next place the Teeth require a little more particular notice, which you will find we take of them, if you read some of the ensuing Chapters. First then, of the Pine Tree, which in Greek is called, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Pinns: the Cones are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Cont, and the Ancienter Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, but now the Kernels are so called, they being named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Pityides formerly.   

The Kind's.  
Ten sorts hereof may be reckoned up. 1. The manured Pine Tree. 2. The fruitful wild Pine Tree, 3. The soft-sheld wild Pine Tree. 4. The low wild barren Pine Tree. 5. The taller barren willed Pine Tree. 6. The greater Sea Pine Tree. 7. The lesser or Dwarf Sea Pine Tree. 8. The Dwarf mountain Pine Tree. 9 The crooked mountain Pine, with thin leaves. 10. The crooked mountain Pine▪ with broader Leaves.   

The Form.  
The tame Pine groweth very great and high, with a thick reddish coloured bark, spreading large arms towards the top, and they again divided into lesser, whereon are set by couples together at a joint or knot all along the branches, close one unto another, long narrow or almost round, hard and sharp pointed pale green Leaves, abiding continually on the young branches, and not falling away but from the elder: this beareth certain small yellow Catkins in the Winter which fall away in the Spring as the Cones increase; the fruit or Cones, that are somewhat long and found grow very high on the branches, and are somewhat greater than in any of the other sorts, composed of sundry hard brown woody Scales, lying close one unto and upon another, which when they open of themselves or are caused by the heat of the fire, do show within them certain hard shells, which contain in each of them, a long and white very sweet kernel, covered with a very thin reddish skin, that is easily rubbed off: the wood hereof is firmer, heavier, and closer grained then of the Fir or Deal, reddish also, and not so short or brittle as that is; and with a kind of moisture about the heart, which slived out into shivers will burn like Torches, and were so used by the Ancients, who called them Tede.   

The Place and Time.  
The ma●●red kind is planted in sundry places, both of this and divers other Countries: for the beauty of the Tree with his ever green leaves, yet are they found also wild about the sea side. The other sorts grow both in Spain Italy and Germany, and the parts near adjoining; and sea kinds near the sea in many places, and upon the Land also, as Cl●sius hath observed: the Catkins of many come forth in the Winter, and fall away in the spring; others spring not until May: the fruit of some of them being ripe in the end of Autumn, and others not of a year after the springing.   

The Temperature.  
The Bark of the Pine Tree is binding and drying: The kernels of the Nuts do concoct and moderately heat, being in a mean between cold and hot. The Leaves are cooling, and assuage Inflammations.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
Cronies in his Book of Signatures, saith that the woody scales, whereof the Pine Apple is composed, and wherein the kernels lie, do very much resemble the foremost teeth of a Man; and therefore Pine leaves boiled in Vinegar make a good decoction to gargoyle the mouth for assuaging immoderate pains in the teeth and gums, and so do the shivers of the Torch-pine boiled in Vinegar, and gargled warm as the former must be. The Kernels of the Apples are wholesome, and much nourishing whilst they are fresh, and although they be somewhat hard of digestion, yet they do not offend: especially if they be steeped three or four hours in warm water before the taking, to soak out their sharpness and oiliness: those that are of hot constitutions may take them with sugar; but those that are cold, with; Honey and so they do amend the putrifying humours in the stomach and bowels, and stir up bodily lust, and increase sperm, if they be made into an Electuary with the powder of Penids, and some sweet Wine; Also they much help an hoarse throat, wheezings, and shortness of breath, recover the voice being lost, expectorate phlegm, are good for an old Cough, and the Ulcers of the Lungs: They also lenify the Uritory passages being fretted with the stone, and cause it to be easily voided; they help also to ripen inward Impostumes, and are singular good for macilent bodies, to hearten them and make them grow fat, and being often taken they help the Palsy, numbness, and shaking of the members. There is a Water distilled from the green Cones or Apples, that is very effectual to take away wrinkles in the face, to abate the overswelling breasts of Maids by bathing them with  wetted therein; and to restore such as are ravished, into better terms. The Scales of the Pine Apple, with the bark of the Tree, do stop the Lask and bloody flux.    

CHAP. LII. Of the Pomegranate Tree.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; and by Hypocrates, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; in Latin Malus Punica, and Malus Granata, and the fruit Malum Granatum or Punicum; because it is thought they were brought from that part of afric where old Carthage stood, into that part of Spain, which is now called Granado; and from thence called Granatum. The flowers of the tame kind are called Cytini, which is notwithstanding properly the Cup of the flower, and Balaustium is generally taken to be only the double flowers of the wild kind. The rind of the fruit is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and so also Psidium and Sidium, in Latin; but generally Malicorium or Cortex Granatorum. The greater doubled blossomed kind is called Balaustium Creticum and Cyprium: because it groweth it both those places, and there is another which is called Romanum.   

The Kind's.  
All the sorts of Pomgranats are but three, 1. The pomegranate Tree bearing fruit. 2. The greater double blossomed Pomegranate Tree. 3, The lesser double Pomegranate Tree.   

The Form.  
The pomegranate Tree bearing fruit goweth up to the height of seven or eight Cubits in the warm Countries, and where it is natural (though in ours it riseth for the most part into several brownish twigs, which never attain near unto that height) spreading itself into many slender, but tough branches set here and there with thorns, and with many very fair green shining leaves, like in form and bigness unto large Myrtle leaves, every one upon a small reddish Footstalk; amongst the Leaves come forth here and there, the flowers which are like bell flowers broad at the brims, and smaller at the bottom, being one whole leaf divided at the top into five parts, of an orient red crimson colour naturally; but much paler with us, and many veins running through it with divers threads in the middle; and standing in a brownish hollow Cup, or long hard husk: The fruit is great and round, with a hard smooth brownish red rind, not very thick, but yellowish on the inside; and a great crown at the top stored plentifully with a most clear liquor or Juice like wine: either sweet or sour, or between both according to the soil, climate or Country where they grow.   

The Places and Time.  
They grow in the hot countries towards the South, as in Spain, Portugal, Italy, but chief in the kingdom of Granado: they grow in many places without manuring; yet being manured they prosper better: for in Gardens, Vineyards, Orchards, and other like husbanded grounds they come up more cheerfully; but in our cold Country, much care is to be taken for the preservation especially of the wild. They must be set in a Tub or large pot filled with rich Earth, so that they may be housed in the Winter. They flower in May, and their fruit is ripe about the end of August in the country's aforesaid, but with us they hardly flower.   

The Temperature.  
All Pomegranates do contain in them a thin and small nourishment, yet they are helping to the stomach, and those that are sweet please best, but that they somewhat heat it. The sour ones, and so likewise the grains or seeds of each, are astringent and cool evidently   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The grains or seeds of the pomegranate are in Signatures said to hold a near resemblance with the Teeth; and therefore a Decoction made of them is very powerful in fastening the teeth, and strengthening the Teeth, if the same be washed therewith. The Kernels of the sour pomegranate dried in the Sun helpeth all manner of fluxes both of the Belly and Matrix, and drunk with raw water they help the spitting of blood, and so do the flowers and rinds thereof: the Juice and kernels are good in hot griefs, and burning fevers to quench thirst, and heat of the stomach, and so is the syrup of the Juice of it. The rind sodden in Wine and drunk, killeth Worms: and the powder of the rind or flowers drunk or taken fasting, is good for a cold and stoppeth the Rheum, the Juice of the kernels mixed with honey and sodden, is good for painful sores of the Yard, Mouth, and Fundament; and for the looseness of the skin about the nails, and for swell and knots in any part of the body, for ache of the Ears and griefs of the Nostrils, especially the kernels of the sour Pomegranates, which is the best to cure the heart burning, and swooning that is caused by Choler, the inflammations of the Liver, and to procure appetite, and to stay the immoderate long of Women with Child. The powder of the Flowers is good against burstings, if it be used in plasters and applied, especially if some Gauls be put thereto. The rind or pill being used in a Gargarism or Lotion for the Throat, bringeth down the hot swell of the Almonds in the Throat; The foresaid blossoms and shells are good to put into restraining powders for the staunching of blood in wounds, and to make the best sort of Ink, if they be put instead, or amongst Gauls.    

CHAP. LIII. Of the Mastic Tree.  

The Names.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is the name whereby this Tree is called in Greek, quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 fissilis, because it is ●o easy to cleave either for making Toothpickers, for which it is most proper, or for other uses; and the berries are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as some Copies have it; The Name by which all Latin Authors call it is Lentiscus; perhaps a foliorum Lentore from the clamminess of the leaves and the Gum Resina Lentiscina, and Mastiche and Mastix by some; but by the Arabians, Gluten Romanum. There is a Tree like unto Mastic growing in Peru, which the Indians call Molle.   

The Kinds.  
I read but of three sorts of the Mastic Tree, mentioned by any Author. 1. The Mastic Tree. 2. the Indian Mastic tree. 3. The Indians Molle.   

The Form.  
The Mastic Tree groweth commonly like a shrub, without any great body, rising up with many Springs, and shoots like the Hazel; and oftentimes it is of the height and bigness of a mean tree: the body and branches are covered with a bark of a yellowish red colour, being pliable and hard to be broken; there stand upon one rib for the most part, eight leaves set upon a middle rib, much like to the leaves of Liquorice, but harder of a deep green colour, with a reddish circle about the edges; and some reddish veins on the underside also smelling sweet, and abiding green always: the flowers grow in clusters at the joints with the Leaves being small and of a purplish green colour; and after in their places come small blackish berries of the bigness of Pepper Corns, with a hard black shell under the outer skin, and a white kernel within: it beareth besides these berries, cetrain horns containing a clear liquor within them, which after a while putrifies and turns into small flies, that fly away: It giveth also a clear white Gum in small drops when the stocks are wounded in several places, which is gathered with great care and attendance, which as I said is called Mastic.   

The Places and Time  
The first groweth as well in the Provence of France as in divers places of Italy, and in many places of Graecia, and in Candy also, and some other places; but no where so plentiful as in the Isle of Chio now called Sio, from whence cometh the best Gum, which is clear, splendent, white, and brittle; other places yielding not so much nor so good, that of Candy being of a yellowish colour and bitter taste The inhabitants of Chios tend, pruine, and manure it with as great pains and care, as others do their Vines, which goeth beyond them in the profit of the Gum, and send it into all parts of the World. The second and third kind grow in Peru, and the Westindies. They flower in April, and the berries ripen in September; and the Mastic is gathered about the time that Grapes be▪   

The Temperature.  
The Leaves, Bark and Gum, of the Mastick-tree, are hot and dry, almost in the third Degree, and somewhat astringent.   

The Virtues.  
Mastic is one of the best things I know, for the Toothache, and may easily be gotten at the Apothecary's Shops, being infused, or steeped in Rose-water, it is good to wash the mouth withal, to fasten lose Teeth, and to strengthen the Gums, or Mastic heated in Wine, and the Gums, Mouth, and Teeth washed therewith, cleanseth the corruption thereof, and fasteneth the looseness, both of Gums and Teeth. The same spread on Velvet or Plush, and laid unto the Temples, stoppeth the Rheum from falling down, and so easeth the Toothache. The Teeth likewise being rubbed with the Powder thereof, are whitened thereby. First hold the Root of Pellitory of Spain in the mouth, as near as may be to the place where a hollow Tooth is, to draw out the Rheum, and then fill it with Mastic and it will cease the greatest aching that is: Being held in the mouth, and chewed upon, it doth dry and comfort the brain, by drawing down phlegm from it, and stayeth the falling down of the humours, and also causeth a sweet breath. It is used in Ointments, and Plasters, to cleanse and heal Ulcers and Sores, to stay the fretting Fluxes of humours to them, and to dry them up, and to fill up the hollowness: it strengtheneth and bindeth all the parts whereunto it is applied, and comforteth the aching joints and sinews wonderfully: it is used also in Plasters and Ointments, to strengthen and comfort the stomach, to mollify the hardness of tumors, and to mitigate the pains of the joints and sinews: it strengtheneth also the Liver and heart; but the Chemical Oil, doth serve for that and the former purposes, much more effectually. Being taken inwardly, it stayeth vomiting, and nauseous subversions, and helps the retaining virtue of the stomach, and brings good concoction and digestion: It stoppeth the Flux of the Belly, and profits those that spit blood, and that have Coughs, being taken with Syrup of Colts-foot, or the like; it stayeth the acrimony or sharpness of strong purging Medicines, and is a good Corrector of them.    

CHAP. LIV. Of Masterwort.  

The Names.  
THis Plant was scarcely known to the Ancients, and therefore I cannot tell you, by what name they called it; but by later Writers, it is generally called Imperatoriae, as some say, from the excellent virtues it hath: It is a good Herb indeed; but there being many as excellent as it, methinks that should not be the Reason, why it should bear away the Bell from the rest: I suppose it rather to be so called, because if it meet with a piece of ground it liketh it will so disperse itself on every side, that it will prove itself the General or sole Commander of the place, and so may others haply, if they compare the name, and the nature of the Plant together. And so much also doth the word Magistrantia (from whence, the word being corrupted, comes Astrantia) import from the overmastering of its neighbouring Plants. The like might be said of its English name Masterwort. It is by some called Pellitory of Spain, but falsely, that being a small low Plant, bearing many finely cut long Leaves, upon the stalks, lying on the ground, like Camomile, but somewhat larger. Gerard calls it English-Masterwort, or false Pellitory of Spain.   

The Kinds.  
As a Lion brings forth but one Whelp, so this mighty Plant is not very numerous in its Progeny; for of it there are but two sorts. 1. Common Masterwort. 2. Mountain Masterwort.   

The Form.  
Common Masterwort hath divers great broad leaves, divided into sundry parts, three for the most part standing together upon a small footstalk, on both sides the greater, and three likewise at the end of the stalk; each of which leaves are somewhat broad, and cut-in on the edges, into three or more divisions, and all of them besides, dented about the brims, of a dark green colour, and do so much resemble Angelica Leaves, that I have known them mistaken for the same: yet if they be well regarded, they may easily be known asunder; for that they grow lower to the ground, and upon lesser stalks: amongst which rise up two or three short stalks, in comparison of Angelica, being about half a yard, or two foot high, and slender, with such like leaves at the joints as grow below; but lesser, and with fewer divisions, bearing umbels of white Flowers, and after them, small, thin, flat, blackish Seed, bigger than Dill-Seed: the Root is somewhat great, and groweth rather sideways, then downright into the ground, and is the hottest and sharpest part of any of the rest of the Plant, and the Seed next unto it, being somewhat blackish on the outside, and smelling well.   

The Places and Time  
The first, is found on sundry Hill in Italy, as also in Germany: yet it is usually kept in Gardens with them, as well as Us: The other was found on the Alps, in Switzerland. They flower, and seed late with us, as not until the end of August.   

The Temperature.  
The Root of Masterwort is hotter than Pepper, even to the third Degree complete, and is of very subtle parts.   

The Virtues.  
The Roots of Pellitory of Spain, being very rare in England, the Roots of Masterwort are the best substitute, and are commonly sold in Shops under that Notion. The dried Root being chewed in the mouth, draweth down from the head much phlegm▪ and is thereby available to ease the pains in the Head and Teeth, and to draw forth cold Rheum, Catarrhs, and Defluxions upon the Lungs, or Distillations into the Eyes. It is available in all cold Diseases and Griefs, both of the Stomach and Body, dissolving wind very powerfully, both upward and downward. The same also provoketh Urine, and helpeth to break the Stone, and expel Gravel from the Kidneys; it procureth women's Courses, and expelleth the dead Birth, and is singular good for the strangling of the Mother, and other the like women's Diseases: it is effectual also against the Dropsy, Cramp, and Falling Sickness. It is of a rare quality against all sorts of cold poisons, to be taken as there is cause, either more or less, and provoketh sweat. The juice hereof dropped, or Tents dipped therein, and applied either to the green wounds, or rotten Ulcers; yea, although they fret and creep, and be almost gangrenated; and those also that come by envenomed Weapons, doth soon cleanse and heal them; or if they be bathed with the distilled water: the same also is good to help the Gout, coming of cold cause. Tragus saith, that the Decoction of the Root in Wine, being drunk, doth revive the ability of generation; but surely he had not observed Galens Rule, who saith, that those things that are so hot to expel wind, do not help, but hinder nature. The other sort is more effectual, and especially for Quartane Agues, to expel the dead Child, to purge the brain, and to expel wind, and help the Colic,    

CHAP. LV. Of Coral.  

The Names.  
THough it may seem strange to some at first sight, that I should treat of Coral amongst Plants, which seemeth more like unto a Stone: yet whosoever shall consider the manner of its growing, will conclude with the Herbarists of all Ages, that it is fitly reckoned amongst them. It is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek, and Corallium by all that have written of it; and thereto rubrum, or album, etc. is set for distinction-sake, yet the white is not remembered but by modern Authors: the black sorts are called Antipathes, and Corallium Nigrum: there is a second sort of Antipathes, or rough bristly black Coral, and is called by the Fishers of Sardinia, Sambeggia.   

The Kind's.  
The Sorts of Coral mentioned by later Writers, are ten, 1. The great red Coral. 2. The greater and finer white Coral. 3. Lose white Coral. 4. Hollow white Coral. 5. Knotty and spotted white Coral. 6. Starry white Coral. 7. Jointed white Coral. 8. Black Coral. 9 Rough, bristly black Coral. 10. Yellow Coral.   

The Form.  
The greater red Coral which I take to be of greatest use, is found growing on the Rocks in the Sea, like unto a shrub, with Arms and Branches, breaking forth some into greater, and some into lesser sprigs, set full of knaggy eminences, of a pale, or whitish red colour on the outside, for the most part, as it is taken forth of the water; but being scraped or filled, and polished, becometh very fair, as it is usually seen, yet some will be much more red on the outside, at the first taking up, and much redder within also, being also of a firmer, or hard stony substance, after it is kept a while out of the water, but pliable whilst it is there.   

The Place and Time.  
Most of these Corals are found about Marcelles, and the Isle of Sardinia, and other places of the Mediterranean Sea; but seldom on this side, unless it be upon the Rocks, on the west side of England, about St. Michael's Mount, where Gerard saith, that white and yellow Coral do grow. They are to be found growing at all times of the year.   

The Temperature.  
All the Sorts of Coral do cool and bind, yet the white is thought to be of a colder operation, than the red or black.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The substance both of red and white Coral, cometh very near to that of the Teeth; but the white being nearest in colour, may more properly be said to have their Signature: yet we find, that the red also is very useful in all the accidents that belong to them. As first, it helpeth Children to breed their Teeth, their Gums being rubbed therewith; and to that purpose they have it fastened at the ends of their Whistles: it fasteneth the Teeth also, that are lose, and maketh them white; it helpeth sore Gums, and Ulcers in the mouth, and healeth up foul hollow Ulcers in other parts, and filleth them with flesh, and is used in Medicines for the Eyes, to stay the Flux of Rheum, and takes away the heat and redness thereof, by cooling and drying up the moisture; and some hang it about the neck of such as have the Falling-sickness. The colour of red Coral holds forth by its Signature, that it stoppeth bleeding, which it doth, if it be but held in the hands of those that bleed, either at the Nose or Mouth: it is commended also, to be very effectual for those that spit blood, or be troubled with any other Flux of blood, either in Man or Woman; and being often taken in Wine, or other drink, doth diminish the Spleen; it helpeth also the Gonorrhoea in Men, and the Whites in Women: It likewise helpeth them much that are troubled with the stopping of their water, or that make it by drops, and also those that have the tormenting pains of the Stone in the Bladder, if the Powder when it is burnt be taken in drink. It strengtheneth the Heart, Stomach, and Liver, and is therefore very useful in the Pestilence, against venom, and all pestilent Fevers, and malignant Diseases; it cheers the heart, and is good against melancholy. The Powder taken in Wine, or distilled water, brings rest to such as have Agues, and is good for them that are troubled with the Cramp. As it is commended in the Falling Sickness: so likewise it is said to prevent it, if a Child so soon as it is born, take ten grains thereof, in Black-Cherry-water, or in the Mothers Milk. Some affirm, that it causeth an easy delivery of the birth, which it do, it must be by some specific Virtue; for experience doth manifest it, to be of a binding nature. The Chemical Oil of Coral, is also commended for most of the purposes aforesaid.    

CHAP. LVI. Of Corallwort.  

The Names.  
Several Names have been given to this Plant, by later Writers; for it is conceived, that none of the Ancients, as Dioscorides or Pliny, etc. took any cognizance of it. Some have called it from the form and colour of the Roots Dentaria, Dentillaria, Coralloides, and Alablastrites, as Lobel, and Dentaria, Coralloide radice: All which Names do agree, both with the Plant, and place it here stands in; for, the Root of it being white, smooth, and shining, as Teeth ought to be, it was fitly named Dentaria, Dentillaria, and Alablastrites, and as fitly Coralloides, & Dentaria Coralloide Radice: the divers small round knobs set together, whereof the Root is composed, resembling the knaggy Eminences of the Coral, especially the white with which it agrees in colour too. Others both from the Root and Flowers, that are like unto Stock-Gillow-Flowers, which were anciently comprehended under the name of Viola, called it Viola Dentaria, as Dadonaus. We in English call it Toothed Violet, or Corallwort.   

The Kinds.  
Parkinson presents you with seven sorts of Coralwort, 1. Bulbe-bearing toothe● Violets. 2. Cinquefoil Corallwort. 3. Another Cinquefoil Corallwort. 4. Trefoil Corallwort. 5. Setfoile Corallwort. 6. Bulbed narrow lea●ed Corallwort. 7. The least Corallwort.   

The Form.  
The bulbe bearing Toothed Violet, shooteth forth one or two winged Leaves, upon long brownish foot-stalks, which in their rising up out of the ground, are as it were doubled, or folded downwards, and then open themselves in seven leaves, most usually, and sometimes but five, each whereof is somewhat long denied about the edges, and Pointed, of a sad green colour, and set on both sides of the middle Rib, one against another: the stalk that beareth Flowers, riseth up in the same manner with the Leaves, and is bare, or naked of Leaves, unto the middle thereof, where it shooteth forth a Leaf, and so one of two more up higher, each consisting but of five Leaves, and sometimes but of three: having also the uppermost single, at each whereof, cometh forth a small round bulbe, cloven, or, as it were, divided into some parts of cloves, of a sad purplish, green colour, which being ripe, and put into the ground, will grow to be a Root, and bear Leaves, ●●●e as the bulbes of a red bulbed Lily; about which, at the top, stand four or five Flowers in long h●●sks, upon short foot-stalks opening into four leaves, of a Purplish colour, very like unto the Flowers of Stock-Gillow-Flowers, or Dames Violets: after which come small, long Horns, or Cod, pointed at the ends, wherein lie such like Seed, as are in the Cod of Dames Violets, which will, as soon as it is ripe, break the Pod and fall out: the Root is very smooth, white, and shining: It doth not grow downwards, but creepeth along under the upper crust of the ground, and consisteth of divenrs small, round knobs set together: the taste, both of the leaf and Root, is somewhat bitter, hot, and sharp like Radish.   

The Places and Time.  
The first and last have been found in our Land, as Parkinson saith; the first at Mayfield in Sussex, in a Wood called Highreed, & another Wood therein called Foxholes; but for the place of the last he doth not express it, yet I find that it groweth very plentifully about Croyden in Surrey, as also a greater sort of Corallwort not mentioned by him: The rest in the shadowy woods of Germany, Switzerland, and Savoy▪ Naples, Italy, and divers other places. They flower about the end of April, and the beginning or middle of May, and are withered and gone, before July for the most part, the roots abiding safe under ground.   

The Temperature.  
The Root of Coralwort, is drying binding and strengthening: yet it helpeth to provoke Urine, and to expel gravel and the stone as some affirm by a special Virtue.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
Both the form of the root of Corallwort which is made as it were of many Teeth set together, and the smoothness and white and shining colour are sufficient Signatures to manifest that it is an excellent remedy for all maladies of the Teeth, whether the Decoction be gargled in the Mouth, or the dry root held between the Teeth. It is also exceeding good for the Dropsy by Signature also, according to Oswald Crollius in his book of Signatures. It helpeth likewise the griping pains of the sides and belly, and cureth inward wounds that are made in the Breast, Lungs, and Bowels, a dram of the powder of the root taken for many days together in Red Wine; the same also given to them that are bursten or have a rapture, is very beneficial in the distilled Water of the herb called Horse-tail: It stayeth also Lasks and Fluxes, that do not proceed of hot and Choletick humours, the decoction of the herb is good to be applied both to green Wounds quickly to consolidate them, and for old filthy Sores to dry up their moisture, and thereby to cause them to heal the sooner.    

CHAP. LVII. Of Rest Harrow.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and likewise in Latin Anonis and Ononis; some think it to be so called, Anonis, from its unprofitableness, quasi non juvans; because it is an enemy both to the Husbandmen ploughing up the ground, and to the Corn as it grows: Others will rather have it to be Ononis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi dicas, Asini oblecta●entum, because Asses love to roll themselves upon it, and to shrub their backs with its prickles. It is also called, Resta Bovis, and Aresta Bovis, and Remoram Aratri: because the Roots are both so ●ough that the Ploughshare cannot easily cut them, and so deeply and strongly fastened in the ground, that it causeth the Oxen to be at a stand for the first twitch▪ not being able without mo●● then ordinary str●n●●h to pull them f●●th. Cordus on Dioscorides callerth it Acutella, because the thorns of it do prick those that unwarily go by it. It is called in English Restharrow Cammock Petty Whin, and Ground Furse.   

The Kind's.  
The Sorts hereof according to Parkinson are Eight. 1. Common Rest Harrow with Purplish flowers. 2. Rest Harrow with white Flowers. 3. The great yellow prickly Rest Harrow. 4. The lesser yellow prickly Rest Harrow. 5. Purplish Rest Harrow without thorns. 6. The greater yellow gentle Rest Harrow. 7. Variable yellow gentle Rest Harrow. 8. The lesser gentle Rest Harrow.   

The Form.  
Common Rest Harrow riseth up with divers rough woody twigs about half a yard long, set at the joints without Order with little roundish Leaves, sometimes more than two or three at a place, of a dark green colour, without thorns whilst they are young, but afterwards armed in sundry places with short and sharp thorns. The flowers come forth at the tops of the Twigs and branches, whereof it is full, fashioned like Pease or Broom Blossoms, but lesser, flatter, and somewhat closer, of a faint purplish colour; after which come small Pods, containing small, flat, and round seed: the root is blackish on the outside, and whitish within, very tough and hard to break, when it is fresh and green; and as hard as a horn when it is dried, thrusting down deep into the ground, and spreading likewise, every piece being apt to grow again, if it be left in the ground.   

The Places and Time.  
The first and the fift grow in many places of this Land, as well in the Arable as waste ground: The second with white flowers groweth near unto Derby. Gesner saith, the third groweth on the hill Gemma; and Columna saith, the fourth groweth in the kingdom of Naples, and about Bristol in England, as Lobel and others affirm. The sixth seaventh and eight with their varieties, grow as well in Narbone in France and about Mompelier, as in Spain and Portugal, they do all flower about the beginning or middle of July, and their seed is ripe in August.   

The Temperature.  
Galen saith that the root of Rest Harrow is hot in the third degree having some cleansing, and cutting faculty therein also.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
A Decoction of Rest Harrow, made with Vinegar, and gargled in the mouth easeth the Toothache, especially when it cometh of Rheum. The powder of the roots strewed upon the hard callous brims of Ulcers, or the said powder mixed with any other convenient thing and applied, doth consume the hardness, and cause them to heal the better. The powder taken in Wine for many days together cures the fleshy Rupture, for it consumeth it by little and little. The decoction thereof is effectual to open the stops of the Liver and Spleen, and other parts, and to help the Jaundice, as also to cure the blind Hemorrhoides or Piles. The ●ender Sprigs or stalks thereof, before they become prickly, are pickled up to be eaten by themselves, or as sauce with meat, and are commended against a stinking breath; and to take away the swell of Wine in them that have drunk too much, and are good for the gravel and stone boiled in Oxymel to the Consumption of the one half, it is a singular drink for the falling Sickness. The Bark that is the Root having the pith between taken out made into powder and taken in Wine provoketh Urine, breaketh the Stone, and driveth it forth, and so do both the husks and seeds, and that by Signature. Croll. Tract. de Signat.    

CHAP. LVIII. Of Henbane.  

The Names.  
IT is called in the Grecians, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, quasi faba parcina, sive suilla, saith my Author, because Swine having fed thereon, are very muck disturbed thereby, yea are in danger of their lives, if they wallow not themselves in water presently thereupon: neither do they go into the water to wash themselves, but to seek after Crevices, by the eating of which they recover. But for my part, I can scarce allow of the Name, for this reason aforesaid, because I never saw any Hogs feed upon it, much less to go into the Rivers to catch Crevise; for in the Mire where they commonly wallow, there be none; and besides why that should be called their Bean, which is their Bane, I know not. I rather suppose it to be so called: for that in such places as these Cattle do commonly dung, abundance of this plant groweth, as in Hog-yards, Dunghills, and such places as they frequent, it being the Nature of their dung to breed it, as I have heard it confirmed, by some skilful Husbandmen. The Latins call it Apollinaris either from Apollo the Inventor of Physic, or because it makes men mad like unto Apollo's Creatures, when they deliver his Oracles: Is called also Altercum ab altercando, because they that have eat it are apt to quarrel: Camerarius saith, it is also called Priapeia, because the Italians do use the seed of it, to allay the Enormity, called Priapismus. Pythagoras, Zoroaster, and others, call it Insana, Alterculum, Symphoniaca and Calicularis; the Phrygians Remenia, the Tuscans Fabulonia, and Faba Lupina: Matthaeus Sylvaticus, Dens Caballinus, Milimandrum, Cassilago: Jacobus à Manlijs Herba Pinnula: in shops it is called Jusquiamus and Hyoscyamus: in English Henbane; because the Seeds are hurtful to Hens.   

The Kinds.  
The Sorts of Henbane are four. 1, Common Henbane. 2. White Henbane 3. Henbane of Candy. 4. Henbane of Egypt ..   

The Form.  
Common Henbane hath very large, thick, soft, woolly leaves, lying upon the Ground, much cut in, or torn on the edges, of a dark or evil grayish colour, among which rise up divers thick and soft stalks about half a yard or two foot high, spread into divers smaller branches with some lesser leaves on them, and many hollow flowers, scarce appearing above the Husks, and usually torn on the one side, ending in five round points, growing one above another, of a deadish yellow colour somewhat paler towards the Edges, with many purplish veins therein, and of a dark yellowish purple, in the bottom of the flower, with a small pointell of the same Colour in the middle, each of them standing in a hard close husk, which after the flower is past, groweth like the a husk of Asarae Bacca; and somewhat sharp at the top points, wherein is contained much small seed very like Poppy seed, but of a dusky grayish colour. The root is great white and thick, branching forth divers ways under ground, so like a Parsnip Root (but that it is not so white) that it hath deceived divers. The whole plant more than the root, hath an heavy ill soporiferous smell somewhat oftensive   

The Places and Time.  
The first is commonly growing by the way sides, hedges, and wall sides where Hogs frequent: for out of theirs and such like Ordure it doth grow. The second groweth by the Sea sides in Narbone in France; near where the River Rhodanus runneth into the Sea. The third groweth in Candy, and in Spain also, from whence the seed being sent groweth in our Gardens, and so doth the last; though their natural place be both in Egypt and Syria. They do all flower in July, yet the strange kinds some what later; and from their seed growing ripe and suffered to shed, it springeth up again every year, but the two last do scarce perfect their seed with Us.   

The Temperature.  
White Henbane is cold in the third degree, and the others in the fourth▪ procuring drowsiness, and senselesseness of spirit, by its stupifying and benumbing quality.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The Husk wherein the seed of Henbane is contained, is in figure like to a Jaw Tooth; and therefore the Oil of it, or the Juice by itself, or the Decoction of the root with Arsmart in vinegar, being gargled warm in the mouth, is very effectual in easing the pains of the Teeth. The leaves of Henbane do cool all hot Inflammations in the Eyes, or any other part of the body: and are to assuage all manner of Swell of the Cod or women's Breasts, or elsewhere, if they be boiled in Wine, and applied either themselves, or the Fomentation, warm; it also assuageth the pain of the Gout, Sciatica, and all other pains in the Joints, which arise from an hot cause. And applied with vinegar to the forehead and Temples, helpeth the Headache, and want of sleep in hot Fevers. The Oil of the Seed is helpful for the Deafness, Noise and Worms in the Ears, being dropped therein; and the Juice of the Herb or Root doth the same. The Decoction of the Herb or Seed, or both killeth Lice in Man and Beast; the sum of the dried Herb, Stalks and Seed burned, quickly healeth Swell, Chilblains or Kibes, in the hands or feet, by holding them in the smoke thereof being burnt, which will also make Hens to fall down from their roosting place, as though they were dead. The white only is fit to be taken inwardly, which is most available to many good purposes, if it be wisely and conveniently applied, but the other sort are accounted dangerous; and therefore not to be used inwardly, unless in case of necessity, when the white cannot be had: But if at any time any one should wittingly, or unwittingly take Henbane and be distempered thereby, the Remedy is to drink Goat's Milk, Honeyed Water, or Pine kernels with sweet Wine; or in the absence of these Fennel Seed, Nettle Seed, the Seed of Cresses, Mustard, or Radish; as also Onions or Garlic taken in Wine, do all help to free them from danger, and restore them to their right temper again. Though the plant used, as aforesaid be effectual for the Toothache, yet I cannot commend the way of receiving the fume of the Seed into the mouth by holding it over a Chafingdish of Coals, it being but a mere Cheat; besides, it may produce dangerous effects, intoxicating the head and troubling the sight. The root being eaten causeth great drought, stoppage of Urine, and many other Symptoms, as you gather from the story Mr. Parkinson relates concerning a friend of his, who eat the roots of Henbane instead of Parsneps, to whose book I refer you.    

CHAP. LIX. Of Wild Tansey.  

The Names.  
BY what Name the ancient Botanists did call this Plant, is altogether unknown, but the later call it Argentina, à foliorum argenteo splendore, from the bright silver colour of the Leaves; or rather as Gerard saith, of the silver drops that are to be seen in the distilled water thereof, when it is put into a Glass, which you shall easily see rolling and tumbling up and down in the bottom: It is likewise called Potentilla, ab eximiis viribus quibus pollet, from its powerful operations: of divers, Agrimonia silvestris, there being some likeness between it and Agrimony: Anserina, because Geese love to feed upon it: And Tanacetum sylvestre, it differing little from the Garden tansy; but in colour. In English, it is called Wild tansy, and Silverweed, whereof there is but one kind.   

The Form.  
Wild tansy creepeth upon the ground, taking root at the joints, every where round about the place where it groweth, that it will quickly take up a great compass, shooting forth sundry winged Leaves, made of many, set on both sides of a middle Rib, some smaller, being set amongst the greater, somewhat like to Agrimony, or Medesweet, and likewise unto the ordinary tansy of the Garden; for it partaketh in form with them all, and dented about the edges; but of a fair green colour on the upper side, and of a silver shining white colour underneath: it beareth no stalk; but the Flowers every one by itself, stand upon a small short footstalk, rising from the joints with the Leaves, which consist of five other small, yellow, round jointed Leaves, very like unto those of Cinquefoil, or five-leaved grass: the prime Root shooteth downwards like a Cinquefoil.   

The Places and Time  
This Herb groweth most commonly in moist places, near the highway-sides, and sometimes in other places also, so that it will be wanting to none that will use it. And here I think good to observe, that many other Plants also, as Mugwort, Vervein, Mercury, Knotgrass, Hounds-Tongue, Pellitory of the wall, etc. which are most useful, are most common; Nature, or rather the God of Nature, having placed those things we most need, even before our Eyes. It flowreth in June and July.   

The Temperature.  
Wild tansy, especially the Root of it, is dry almost in the third Degree, hahaving in it very little heat apparent; and withal, a binding faculty. And therefore Fuschius saith, that some Writers have been much mistaken, in affirming it to be moist, for no other Reason, but because it grows in moist places. For than Water-Cresses, which are dry in the third Degree, must be moist also; which not one dares be so impudent as to affirm. And certainly, had they but considered its astringency, which is a certain token of dryness, they could not have concluded otherwise. For Galen in his fourth Book of the faculties of simple Medicines saith, that astringents have in them some earthly quality, and are consequently drying.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
Wild tansy boiled in Vinegar with Honey and Alum, and gargled in the mouth, easeth the Toothache, fasteneth lose Teeth, helpeth the Gums that are sore, and settleth the  of the mouth in its place, when it is fallen down: It cleanseth and healeth the Ulcers in the mouth, or secret parts, and is very good for inward wounds, and to close the lips of green wounds: as also to heal old, moist, corrupt, running Sores in the Legs, or elsewhere. Being boiled in Wine, and drunk, it stoppeth the Lask, the Bloody Flux, and all other Fluxes of blood, either in Man or Woman, which some say it will also do, if the green Herb be worn in the shoes, so it be next the skin▪ and it is true enough, that it will stop the Terms, if worn so; and it may be the Whites also, which the Powder of the dried Herb will assuredly do, if it be taken in some of the distilled water; but more especially, if a little Coral, and Ivory in Powder be put to it. Moreover▪ it stayeth spitting, or vomiting of blood, and is much commended to help Children that are bursten, and have a Rupture, being boiled in water and Salt. Being boiled in Wine, and drunk, it easeth the griping pains of the Bowels, and is good for the Sciatica, and Joynt-Aches: Being bruised, and applied to the Soles of the Feet, and the Hand-wrists, it wonderfully cooleth the hot fits of the Agues, be they never so violent. The distilled water dropped into the Eyes or , wet therein and applied, taketh away the heat and Inflammations in them by Signature: the Flower of it representing the Apple of the Eye. The said water cleanseth the skin of all discolourings therein, as Morphew, Sun-burning, etc. as also Pimples, Freckles, and the like; but the Leaves steeped in White-wine, or Buttermilk, is far better; but the best way of all is to steep it in strong White-wine-Vineger, the face being often bathed, or washed therewith.    

CHAP. LX. Of Flea-wort.  

The Names.  
I shall conclude this Subject concerning the mouth, and the parts thereof with Fleawort, which is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Pulicaria and Herba Pulicaria: in Shops, Psyllium, in English Flea-wort. All which Names were given to it for the same Reason; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek, and Pulex in Latin, signifying a Flea: yet not because it driveth away Fleas, if it be brought green into an House; but because the Seed is like unto Fleas, that, were it not in respect of motion, you could hardly distinguish them by sight. It is of some called Fleabane; but improperly, there being another Pulicaria, called Conyza, which driveth away Fleas.   

The Kinds.  
The Ancients knew but one sort of Flea-wort, but later times have discovered four. 1. The ordinary Flea-wort. 2. The greater ever-green Flea-wort. 3. Indian Flea-wort, with dented Leaves. 4. Small Flea-wort.   

The Form.  
The ordinary Flea-wort, riseth with a stalk two foot high, or more, full of Joints, and Branches on every side, up to the top; and at every joint, two small, long, and narrow whitish green Leaves, somewhat hairy. At the tops of every branch, stand divers small, short, scaly, or chaffy heads, out of which, come forth small, whitish, yellow threads, like to those of the Plantain Herbs, which are the bloomings or Flowers. The Seed enclosed in those Heads, is small and shining, while it is fresh, very like unto Fleas, both for colour and bigness; but turning black, when it groweth old. The Root is not long, but white, hard, and woody, perishing every year, and rising again of its own Seed, for divers years, if it be suffered to shed. The whole Plant is somewhat whitish, and hairy, smelling somewhat like Rozin.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in the Fields, and untilled places of Spain, and Italy; but with Us, no where but in Gardens. The second, groweth in the Fields, that are near the Sea. The third, is thought to come out of the Indies. The last, is naturally of Egypt, or Arabia. All these Flea-worts flower in July, or thereabouts with Us; but in their natural places, all the Summer long, yet the last is the latest with Us.   

The Temperature.  
Galen and Serapio, do record, that the Seed of Flea-wort, which is chief used in Medicine, is cold in the second Degree, and temperate in moisture and dryness.   

The Virtues  
The Mucilage, or infusion of the Seeds of Flea-wort, being made with Rose-water, or Barleywater, and taken with Syrup of Violets, Syrup of Roses or Sugar, purgeth Cholet, and thick phlegm, and is useful in hot burning Fevers, in great thirst, and helps to lenify the dryness of the mouth and throat; it helpeth also the hoarseness of the Voice, and Diseases of the Breast and Lungs, caused by heat, as the Pleurisy and such like. It helpeth all Inflammations of the Head, and all hot pains of the Joints. The Mucilage of the Seed, made into an Electuary, with Marmalade of Quinces, with Popyy-Seed, and Sugar Pellets, or Sugar Candy, and so taken, doth temper the heat, and roughness of the Throat and Tongue, and stayeth hot Fluxions, or Rheums flowing down. In hot burning Agues, it quencheth thirst, and abates heat, being taken with Syrup of Violets, or Barleywater, and purgeth also Choler gently. The Seeds torrifyed, or dried, and taken with Plantain water, stayeth the Flux of the Belly, and helpeth the corrosions, or gripe thereof, that come by reason of hot, Choleric, sharp, and malignant humours, or by the supper purgation, or over-working of any violent Medicine, such as Scammony, or the like. The Seeds being kept on the Tongue easeth the Cough, and helpeth the dryness thereof, proceeding from heat. It doth so wonderfully cool (saith Fernelius) that being cast into hot boiling water, it presently cooleth it. The Seeds bruised, or the Herb, and mixed with the juice of Housleek, or Nightshade, easeth the hot Gout, and hot Apostumes being thereunto applied; mingled with Oil of Roses and Vinegar, it cureth hot Swell in the Joints, and Apostumes behind the Eat, with Vinegar, or Oil of Violets, it helpeth the pain of the head, if it be applied to the forehead and Temples. The same layd-to with Vinegar, is good against the going out of the Navel, and burstings of young Children. The water, wherein the Seeds have been steeped, is good against St. Anthony's fire, or Wildfire. The juice with Honey put into the Ears, killeth Worms, and stayeth the running thereof. It helpeth hot swell, or eruptions of the skin, as Blains, Wheals, and such like; as also pains of the Joints, and places out of joint, and the Hipgout. The same is applied to women's Nipples, and sore Breasts, and that with good success, laying it often thereon. Being mixed with Hogs-grease, and applied to foul, corrupt, and filthy Ulcers and Sores, cleanseth and healeth them, by cooling the heat, and repressing the sharpness of the humours, flowing unto them. The Muscitage of the Seed made in Plancane-water, whereunto the Yelk of an Egg or two, and a little of the Ointment, called Populeon, is put, is a most safe, and sure Remedy to ease the sharpness, prickings, and pains of the Hemorrhoides or Piles, if it be laid on a Cloth, and bound thereunto. It stayeth the bleeding of the Nose, applied with the juice of Shepheards-purse, and Bole-Armoniack. The Herb boiled, or the Seeds with the Root, and the Fundament bathed therewith, or to sit over the hot Liquor, easeth the Fenasmus, a Disease when one is often provoked to stool, without voiding any excrement. It taketh away the burning, and acrimony of Lime, Euphorbium and Cantharideses. It taketh away the roughness of the hair, being bathed with the Mucilage thereof. Fleawort-Seed keepeth Camphor very well, and that by its coldness and moisture. There is no danger in it, if it be wisely, and conveniently applied: yet 'tis not amiss, to give with Cinnamon or Mace. However, in cold and moist Bodies, which have but narrow Entrails, it is not safe.    

CHAP. LXI. Of Throat-wort.  

The Names.  
PAssing from the Plants appropriated to the Mouth, we come to those that do more immediately relate to the Throat; amongst which, Throatwort by its Name should be none of the meanest. The Greeks call it, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and the Latins Trachelium, from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which signifies the Neck or Throat. It is called also in Latin, Cervicaria; for that it helpeth the Sores of the Neck and Throat, either inward, or outward. It is also called Uuularia, because it helpeth the Uuula, or Palate of the Mouth, (which hath the diminutive from Uva) for the likeness unto a Grape, when it is swollen and fallen down. Others call them Campanula, of the likeness of Flowers unto Bells, and therefore called Bell-Flowers. Some also call them Rapi sylvestris genus, but improperly; and Rapunculus, or Rapuntium, Rampions, because they are like unto Rampions, and many of them edible as they are. We in English, call it Throat-wort, Canterbury-Bells, and sometimes Haskewort.   

The Kinds.  
There are fifteen Sorts of Throat-wort, reckoned up by Parkinson. 1. Great Throat-wort. 2. The great Globe-Rock Throat-wort. 3. The lesser Globe-like Rock Throat-wort. 4. The greater Mountain Throat-wort. 5. Narrow leafed Throat-wort. 6. The Rock spiked Throat-wort. 7. Thin leafed Throat-wort, with spiked Heads. 8. umbelliferous, blue Throat-wort. 9 Small Mountain Throat-wort. 10. Wild bugloss leafed Throat-wort. 11. The late flowering Throat-wort. 12. Giant Throat-wort, or Bell-flowers. 13. Bell-flowers, with small dented Leaves. 14. The Syrian Coventry Bells. 15. Round-leafed Throat-wort.   

The Form.  
Great Throat-wort hath large hairy Leaves, of an overworn green colour, somewhat rough, and slightly indented about the edges. The stalk is also hairy, about half a yard high, or somewhat better, whereon those Leaves are set from the bottom to the top almost, after the fashion of Nettles. Towards the top, upon a short foot-stalk, come forth hollow Flowers, of a Bell-fashion, not unlike to the Coventry-Bells, of a purplish blue colour, and somewhat hairy within. The Root is white, thick, and long lasting.   

The Places and Time.  
The first, groweth in Stow-wood by Oxford, on that side next unto Barton, in the Ditch, on the right hand as you go in, and divers other places about that Wood The Globe-like Throat-worts, and those with spiked Heads, grow naturally in divers places beyond the Seas, as some in Candy, some upon Mount Baldus, the Alps: as also in Germany, Italy, and Naples. A lesser sort of wild bugloss leaved Throat-wort, was found by Bauchinus, on the Hills amongst the Swissers. The Syrian Coventry Bells were found by Ranwolfius, at the foot of Mount Libanus in Syria, in the shadowy Woods. Giant Throat-wort groweth in several places in Yorkshire. And there is a little Throat-wort which groweth near unto the Lanes end, that leadeth from Dedington to Oxford, about the place where the way turneth, from Dedington to Dunstew. Many of these sorts, and peradventure, some others grow in the Physick-Garden at Oxford, and Mr. Morgan's Garden at Westminster. They all flower in the Months of June and July; but yet some of them flower not till all the rest are past, and scarce perfect their Seed; but are increased by their Root.   

The Temperature.  
These Plants are cold and dry, as are most of the Bell-flowers.   

The Virtues.  
The Roots of some of these be sweet in taste, and therefore eaten in Salads, either raw, or strewed, as both the greater and smaller ordinary sorts of Rampions are: yet some of them are not so pleasant, but more astringent, by which quality they are found to be effectual, not only in all Ulcers of the mouth and Throat, to gargoyle, and wash them, or for the Uuula, or Palate of the mouth, when it is swollen and fallen down, but for all other Sores, whether in the secret parts of Man or Woman, to be used in a decoction with Honey, Wine, and Allome, or in any other part of the Body; for by the faculty of drying, and binding, they are very profitable for old Sores, to restrain the moist, and sharp humours, which fret the place, and keep them from healing; and for green Wounds and Cuts, to close up the Lips of them speedily. These are all the Virtues that I find as yet, attributed to the Throat-worts, which though not many, yet are pertinent to our present purpose, which is sufficient.    

CHAP. LXII. Of the Date-Tree.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Palma, the fruit, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Palmulae & Dactyli: the sheath or skin which encloseth the Flowers, is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Elate and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Spatha: and some think one kind of Date is called Caryotae, and Phaenicobalanis, which were also called Regiae, because they were fittest for the diet of Kings. Thebans were the lean dry Dates, that had little substance in them. The wild or low Palm is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, by Theophrastus; and Chamaeriphes in Latin, by Lobel, Lugdunensis; and Palma humilis, also by Matthiolus; and Palmitee, or Palmito, by the vulgar in Italy, Spain, etc. The Greeks also call that head that is used to be eaten, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the Latins Palmae cerebrum, the brain of the Date-Tree.   

The Kinds.  
Besides the manured Date-Tree, there is the wild, or low Date-Tree, called the Palmito-Tree, as I said before, and the thorny Palmito.   

The Form.  
The Date-Tree usually groweth very great and tall, yet in some places, nothing so tall as in others, bare of Branches unto the top: the Bark whereof, is not so well to be said scaly or rugged, as knaggy; having short knaggs, which are the ends of the middle Ribs of the Leaves, sticking out round about the Body, which give an easy footing, like steps to climb, or get up into the tops of the Trees, to gather the fruit; the Leaves that grow at the top, are very long and large, made as it were, of divers parts, and folded together double: the middle Rib being thick, and almost woody, but spongy within, which do always abide green, and hang downwards with their ends: the Flowers are enclosed with a long skinny sheath, hanging down from the lower Branches of Leaves, and sometimes higher, which opening itself at the end, into two parts, show forth abundance of white Saffron-like small Flowers, hanging by small threads, in great bunches together; after which, come the fruit upon the said threddy foot-stalks, green at the first, and reddish when they are ripe, with a hard, firm, small, long, and round whitish stone, with a furrow in the middle: some Sorts are small, and some great; some of a lost substance, some firmer and harder; some whitish, some yellowish, or reddish, or blackish; some round like an Apple, others long with the roundness; some having the top soft, some none at all, some so sweet and luscious, that they will nor abide long, unless they be pressed into Cakes to be kept; others will abide whole for a long time, and fit to be sent also into any far Country: yet all of them have a small round, hard Crown, or Cap at the head, which with rubbing one against another, falleth off. The stones within the fruit, notwithstanding that they are so solid, and firm, as a very stone, and can hardly be broken with an Hammer: yet having a small hollow place in the middle of them, with so ●mall a Kernel therein, that it would not be thought to spring thereby: yet being put whole into the ground, hath shot forth, even in this Country, long, narrow, hard Leaves, which have abiden in a convenient warm place, divers years, without any great progress, so little it liketh a cold Climate.   

The Places and Time  
The manured Date groweth in all the Eastern Countries, generally, and those have been most commended by some, that grow in Judaea, and in the valley of ●ericho; but Bellonius saith, they deserved not Commendations, neither were they ripe about Jerusalem, above a month after they had been gathered in Egypt: they grow also in Italy, where they are planted, but bear no fruit; and in Spain, by the Seaside, but the fruit is nothing so good as in Cyprus, and the Levant. The other two sorts, the first in Sicilia, Candy, etc. the other in Spain, they flower in April, and are ripe in November, or later.   

The Temperature.  
Dates are hot and dry, almost in the second Degree, and astringent or binding, especially, when they are not through ripe; being through ripe, they are hot, and moist in the second Degree; some say, hot, and moist in the first Degree.   

The Virtues.  
Dates yield a gross, and clammy, and fatty, or impinguating nourishment: therefore they he●p the hoarseness, and roughness of the Throat: the sharp Cough, by rea●on o● sharp Rheum, falling on the Breast and Lungs, and are used also against Consumptions, and wasting of the Body. The Decoction of them taken, allayeth the force of hot Agues, and stayeth spitting of blood, the pain in the Stomach and Bowels, by reason of a Flux; and boiled in Water and Honey, and taken doth refresh the spirits, they somewhat provoke to Venery: the Decoction helpeth the weakness, and pains in the Back and Bladder: they strengthen the weakness of the Liver and Spleen being mixed with other convenient Medicines: They are used in Broths, against Consumptions, and pining Diseases, and are counted restorative, especially the sweet ones. Dry Dates being eaten, do stop the Belly, and stay vomiting of Women with Child, and help against miscarrying: they stay women's Courses and the bleeding and falling down of the Fundament and Piles, being taken in Red Wine. If they be made into a Poultis alone, or with other things, and applied to the Stomach and Belly, they stay the vomiting of Women with Child. The Decoction of Dates, or the Leaves of the Date-Tree, maketh the hair black, being often used, and stayeth fretting Ulcers. Being mixed with Wax and Saffron, they help the black and blue marks, remaining after stripes or brows, and reduceth the skin to its natural colour. Date Stones being burnt and washed, serve instead of Spodium, to bind and restrain the fluent humours into the Eyes, and to consume the Pin and Web in them, and to dry up Pushes; being used with Spikenard, it stayeth the falling of the hair from the Eyebrows; and being mingled with Wine and used, it helpeth any Excrescences of the flesh, as Wens, and such like▪ and bringeth foul Ulcers to Cicatrising, and stayeth the spreading of them. A Poultis made of them, and applied, helpeth any luxation or joints out of place, and they are used in astringent Cataplasms or Poultices. They are not to be used by such as are troubled with the Headache Colic, or hot Livers. Diaphaenicon, which is the Electuary, made of Dates, purgeth Choler and Phlegm, very effectually, so it be taken with good caution and advice; and that from two drams, unto six, in White-Wine; or a Decoction of Sena as shall be thought fit▪ and is conveniently given in compound, and long Agues and in those Disease's which are bred of raw humours; as in the Colic, the pains of the back and Mother. The Head of the Date, or Date brains, is very pleasant and savoury to the taste, and is much used where they grow, to be eaten with Pepper and Salt. Of the Leaves of the Palmito, they use to make Brooms, to sweep the House, which will last a long time, of them likewise, they make Mats and Baskets.    

CHAP. LXIII. Of Winter Green.  

The Names.  
IT is called Pyrola in Latin (for it hath not found any Greek name) à foliorum Pyri arloris similitudine, & florum, etiam similitudine, of the likeness of the Leaves, & I may say of the flowers also; unto Peartree Leaves, & flowers. Divers have taken it to be Limonium; but the true Limonium is now so well known, that it putteth all out of doubt. Some have called it Beta sylvestris, as Pliny and Fuschius; because it appeareth in the Spring about the time that Garden Beets do; but Galen saith, there is no wild sort of the Beet. Others have called it Tintinnabulum Terrae from the likeness of the flower to a bell, saith Fuschius, but is generally of all now a days called Pyrola; in English, Winter-green.   

The Kind's.  
Though formerly but one, now six sorts are known. 1. Ordinary Winter Green. 2. The least Winter Green. 3. Slender Winter Green. 4. The Winter Green of Europe, with Chickweed Flowers. 5. Winter Green of America with Chickweed flowers. 6. Shrubby Winter Green.   

The Form.  
The first sort groweth, sending forth seven, or eight, or nine Leaves from a small brownish creeping root, every one standing on a long Footstalk, and being almost as broad as long, round pointed of a sad green colour, hard in handling, and like unto the Leaf of the Peartree, but others compare them to be like unto the small leaves of Beets, from whence ariseth a slender weak stalk, yet standing upright, bearing at the top many small white flowers, smelling as sweet as those of Lily Convally, laid open like a star, consisting of five round pointed leaves, with many yellowish threads standing in the middle, about a green head and a long stile with them, which in time groweth to be the Seed-Vessel, which when it is ripe is form five square with a small point at it, wherein is contained as small seed, as the dust itself.   

The Places and Time.  
The Sort I have now described groweth in Lansdale and Craven in the North part of England, especially in a Close called Crag Close, and also in a Bog by Rosecre in the King's County. The second groweth at the foot of the high hills in Austria and Stiria, as Clusius saith. The third in Germany, as also near Savoy. The fourth groweth on the Woods of Germany in divers places, as also in the Beechwood in Scotland, as is recorded by Bauhinus; and on the Mountains in in Wales likewise. The fifth groweth in Brasil towards the West Indies. The last groweth in most of the Provinces of Hungary, Germany and Bohemia: they do all flower except the American Sorts about June and July, but the other more late with Us.   

The Temperature.  
Winter green is cold in the second degree, and dry in the third, and exceeding astringent and glutinous withal.   

The Virtues.  
Grollius' in his Book of Signatures, puts down Pyrola to be a principal Herb for the Throat; and therefore saith he, we use it in Gargarisms; but how to make out the Signature, is beyond my poor skill. It is a singular Remedy for green Wounds, to consolidate their lips speedily together; either the green Leaves bruised and applied of themselves, or the juice of them, or a Salve made of the green Herbs stamped, or the juice boiled with Hogs-lard, or with Salad-oil and Wax, and some Turpentine added unto it; which is so sovereign a Salve for all manner of wounds and Sores, that the Germans use it exceeding much and extol it beyond all other Salves, made of a simple Herb: They likewise use it for inward wounds or hurts, being boiled, either by itself, or with other Wound-Herbs, as Comfry, Burnet, Mos-eare, etc. wherewith they use to heal, whomsoever is wounded, either in the Body or Bowels or any other part, by giving them to drink of such a decoction. The Herb boiled in Wine, or water, and thereof given to drink, to them that have any inward Ulcers in the Kidneys, or neck of the Bladder, doth wonderfully help them: It stayeth also all Fluxes, whether of blood; or of humours, as the Lask, Bloody Fluxes, or women's too abundant Courses: as also the bleeding of wounds, and both taketh away Inflammation, rising upon the pains of the heart, and hindereth any to arise, being presently applied after the hurt received: It is no less helpful for foul Ulcers, hard to be cured: as also for Cancers and Fistulaes'. The distilled water of the Herb, doth effectually perform the same things; and some keep the dried Herb to use in Decoctions, or made into powder to drink, as often as they shall have occasion.    

CHAP. LXIV. Of Horsetongue, or Double-Tongue.  

The Names.  
THe Grecians call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Hippoglossum, either because 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is a word oftentimes prefixed before great Plants, as Hipposelinum, Hippolapathum, Hippomarathrum, etc. or because it somewhat resembles an Horse's Tongue; but others think it should be more truly called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Hypoglossum, because of the small Leaves, like small Tongues, growing upon the greater. The Latins keep the name, and call it Hippoglossum, or Hypoglossum; and some to express it more fully. Bislingua, two Tongues, or double Tongue; some, Lingua Pagana; and of Apuleius, Victoriola. It is also called Bonifacia by Angularia, and Uuularia by Bru●felsius, Leonicerus, Tabermontanus, and others. This is not Laurus Alexandrina, as some have supposed.   

The Kinds.  
Besides the ordinary sort, Fabius Columna maketh mention of another, with larger Tongues, upon the Leaves, which as he saith, is much more rare to find.   

The Form.  
Horsetongue shooteth forth divers hard stalks, with Leaves on them, which are somewhat broad, yet pointed at the end, somewhat hard, with Ribs running through them; upon which, from the middle Rib, groweth a smaller Leaf or Tongue, about the middle of the Leaf, on the upper side, which maketh it to differ from all other Plants, that grow upon the ground: Under the smaller Leaf, at the bottom where it joineth to the greater, cometh forth one small, whitish green Flower, and sometimes two standing upon short foot-stalks, where afterward stand the Berries, which when they are ripe, are very red, very like unto the Berries of the Yew-Tree, wherein is a white hard Seed: the Root consisteth of many, long, hard, whitish strings, growing from a head.   

The Places and Time.  
It groweth upon Hills, and in Woods, in divers places, both of Italy and Germany; but is only cherished in Gardens with Us, particularly in the Physic Garden in Oxford. It flowreth in june, and the Berries are ripe at the end of September, in the natural places, as in the warmer Countries; but it seldom cometh to perfection in our Land.   

The Temperature.  
Horsetongue is evidently hot in the second Degree, and dry in the first.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The little Leaf like a Tongue, growing upon the greater, is no light Argument that this Plant is effectual for Sores in the Mouth and Throat, and to settle the Palate of the Mouth in its place, that is subject to fall down, by reason of too much moisture, which may likewise be signified thereby. It is likewise of singular good use in old and filthy Ulcers, in any part of the Body, to dry up the moisture, and to bring them on more speedily to be healed; either the Powder of the Leaves or Roots, to be used alone, or with other things put into them, or the decoction to wash them, or inject into them. It is held to be most powerful also of any Herb, that is, to help the suffocations, and other Diseases of the Muther, to take the Powder of the dried Leaves or Roots, in Wine, Broth, or other drink; for it will speedily give ease. Three or four drams of the said Powder, taken in sweet Wine, procureth a speedy delivery, and driveth forth the afterbirth provoketh the Courses and Urine, when they are stopped, and expelleth the Stone in the Reins and Kidneys. If a dram or two of the said Powder be given to drink in Wine, or Broth, for some certain days together, it will help all those which have a rapture, or are bursten; and for this purpose, it is accounted by divers, that there is no help better, which although it may bring some pains at the first taking, yet by continuance, it will knit and heal the part, if a Truss be used a good while after, as well as during the Cure: It is good also for those that have an imperfection in their Speech, so as it be not natural.    

CHAP. LXV. Of Figg-wort.  

The Names.  
THis Plant, and the use thereof being found out but of later days, hath no Greek appellation, but what may be taken from the Latins, who call it Scrophularia major; because it is available, ad Scrophulas: &, major, to distinguish it from Pile-wort, which by most Writers, is called Scrophularia minor. It is also called Millemorbia, Ficaria, Ferraria, & Castrangula, as well from the form of the Roots, as from the many effects; for which the former Ages more than ours did put it to, and did find available. Although the other sorts want the knobs in the Roots, which the true Fig-wort hath, yet for the other likeness they have the same name imposed upon them: We in English call it great Fig-wort, and great Pile-wort; and of some, great Kernel-wort, and Brown-wort, from the colour of the stalks.   

The Kinds.  
Of Fig-wort the greater, there be eight sorts set down by Mr. Parkinson. 1. The ordinary great Fig-wort. 2. Great Fig-wort, without knobbed Roots. 3. Great leafed Fig-wort, of Candy. 4. Strange great Fig-wort. 5. Another strange great Fig-wort. 6. Yellow Fig-wort. 7. Indian Fig-wort. 8. Elder-like Fig-wort.   

The Form.  
The common great Fig-wort sendeth forth divers great, strong, hard, square, brown stalks, two or three foot high, whereon grow large, hard, and dark green Leaves, two at a joint, which are larger, and harder than Nettle Leaves, but not stinging. At the tops of the stalks, stand many purple Flowers, set in Husks, which are somewhat gaping, and open somewhat, like those of Water-Betony: after which, come hard, round heads, with a small point in the middle, wherein lie small brownish Seed. The Root is great, white, thick, and full of knobs and bunches, as it were knots and kernels, at it, growing aslope under the upper Crust of the ground, and abideth many years, but keepeth not its Leaves green in the winter, the stalks perishing, as those of Water Betony, and other such like Plants do.   

The Places and Time.  
The first is frequent in divers places of this Land, both in moist and shadowy Woods, and in the lower parts of Fields and Meadows, particularly in Stow-wood by Oxford: the second Lobel saith, groweth not but in the warm Counties of Narbone in France, Ravenna, and Rome in Italy. The third and fourth came from Candy: the fifth, was sent out of Italy, among other Seeds: the sixth, came from Hungary, and other parts of Germany: the two last, from Spain and Italy. They all flower about july, yet some a month sooner, and the Seeds will be ripe within a month after the Flowers be past.   

The Temperature.  
I cannot find the temperature of this Herb, set down in any Author, yet I guess it to be the same with the lesser Celandine, o● Fig-wort (because it works the same effect) which is hot and dry in the end of the third Degree.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The likeness of the Roots unto those Scrofulous tumors, which ap●●r about the Throat: as also the Armholes and Fundament, do evidently ●●old forth, that it is excellent good for the King's-evil, or any other knots, k 〈…〉 bunches, or Wens, growing in the flesh wheresoever, if the Decoction of the Herb be taken inwardly, and the bruised Herb applied outwardly; and so it is ●● singular good use, to be applied for the Hemorrhoides or Piles, when they grow painful, and fall down, and for such other knobs and kernels, which sometimes grow in and about the Fundament: It is also very effectual, to dissolve c●ot●ed, or congealed blood within the Body, which happeneth by any wound, bruise, or fall, being used as is said before. An Ointment made hereof, in this manner, may be used at all times, when the fresh Herb is not to be had. Wash the Roots clean, bruise them, and put them into a Pot with fresh Butter, well mixed together, and let them so stand for fifteen days, close covered, in some moist or moorish place, which afterwards, set upon a gentle fire, to boil easily for a little space, which then being strained forth, let it be kept in a Pot covered, to use when occasion requireth: With the Roots and Leaves, likewise bruised and boiled in Hogs-Lard, or Oil and Wax, is made the like Ointment, exceeding good to heal all sorts of Scabs, and Lepry also. The distilled water of the whole Plant, Roots and all, is used for the same purposes, either to take inwardly, or applied outwardly by bathe, and serveth well also for foul Ulcers that are hollow, or corroding, to stay the malignity, and to dry up the superfluous virulent moystute of them: the same also, taketh away all redness spots, and freckles in the face: as also the scurf, or any foul deformity therein, that is inveterate, and the Leprosy likewise.    

CHAP. LXVI. Of Archangel, or Dead Nettle.  

The Names.  
LEonhartus Fuschius in his History of Plants, doth huddle up together in the 71. Chapter, Galeopsis, Urtica, Labeo, Scrophularia major, Ficaria, Millemorbia, & Castrangula, as if they were one and the same Plant including Archangel also. I have already shown you, that Scrophularia major, etc. is the great Fig-wort: I shall here demonstrate, that though Fuschius and some others have taken Archangel, and Galeopsis to be the same, yet they are by more modern Botanics made to differ; for as much as the one is stinking, the other not stinking. That which stinketh not, Pliny calleth Lamium, from the Flowers veluti cucullo larvatam Lamiam representante, which look, like an old Witch, huddled up in a Hood. It is called also Urtica in●rs, non mordax & mortua, quia foli●s non mordacibus sed mitissimis sit: Urtica, for some resemblance it hath with other Nettles; iners, etc. because it stingeth not, as other Nettles do. Some call it Archangelica, ab eximiis viribus; for its excellent virtues, from whence we in England (to which it is more proper, then to other Countries) call it Archangel: as also Dead Nettle, and Blind Nettle: by which two last Names, it is best known to Country people.   

The Kind's.  
Of this Plant properly called Archangel, there are eight sorts, 1. Red dead Nettle, or Red Archangel. 2. White Archangel. 3. Spanish Archangel. 4. Long-leafed red Archangel. 5. Archangel with spotted Leaves. 6. Archangel with white lines in the Leaves. 7. Yellow Archangel. 8. Strong Archangel.   

The Form.  
The white Archangel (which is most pertiment for the present occasion) hath divers square stalks, about a foot high, not standing strait upright, but leaning downwards towards the ground, by reason of the great weight of its ponderous Leaves (as some conceive, though I do not) which are in shape like those of the stinging Nettles, nicked about the edges; yet not stinging at all, but soft, and as it were downy: At the joints with the Leaves stand large, and open-gaping white Flowers in husks, round about the stalks, fashioned like to little gaping Hoods or Helmets: in which there is many times a sweet, honyish moisture, as may be perceived, if you suck them, as many times you shall see Children and Bees do: in the Husks, after the Flowers are fallen, stand small, roundish black Seeds: The Root is white, with many Fibres thereat, not growing downwards, but lying under the upper crust of the Earth, spreading and increasing like unto Couchgrass, which abideth many years still increasing.   

The Places and Time▪  
The first sorts are found under Hedges, old Walls, common ways, among rubbish, in the Borders of Fields, in arable, and in Gardens that are ill husbanded, except the Spanish kind, which groweth not, but in Gardens here in England, as in the Physic Garden at Oxon, etc. The fifth groweth in Germany, as Thalius saith, and in Italy, as Matthiolus and Columna say, very plentifully. Those with white spots and lines are rare to meet with. The seaventh groweth in some places of England: yet not very commonly, as in Bagley-Wood by Oxford, and under an hedge on the further side of a Meadow, by St. Alban, near the Causey that leadeth from thenche to Mr. Cottons House, on the left hand, a little before you come to the turning of the way, up to Windridge, where I shown to my worth● Friends, Dr. Arris, a Doctor of Physic, and Mr. Dichfield, Schoolmaster of St. Alban: the last groweth in Candy, as Pona saith, and in Naples, as Columna saith. They flower from the beginning of the Spring, all the Summer long.   

The Temperature.  
Archangel is hot and dry in the first Degree, or thereabouts. It is of thin and subtle parts (and therefore it drieth, consumeth, and discusseth) as the bitterness of the taste doth clearly demonstrate.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
Archangel bruised, and with some Salt and Vinegar, or with Hogs-La●●●ayd upon any hard tumour or swelling, and that in the Neck or Throat, which is called the King's Evil, doth help to dissolve or discuss them: in like manner applied to the Gout, Sciatica, or other join-ache, or of the Sinews, doth very much allay the pains, and give ease. It is also effectual in all Inflammations, as a repercussive, and to heal all green wounds, by drying and closing up the lips of them; and for old Ulcers also, to stay their malignity of fretting and corroding, or spreading thereby, causing them to heal the more speedily. It draweth forth splinters, or other such like things, gotten into the flesh. It is used also for the obstructions and hardness of the Spleen, both inwardly, by drinking the Decoction of the Herb in Wine, and afterwards applying the Herb hot, or the Decoction to the Region of the Spleen, as a Cataplasm, or somentation with Sponges. The Flowers of the white Archangel are preserved, or conserved daily to be used, or the distilled water of them stayeth the Whites; and those of the Red stayeth the Reds in Women by Signature, and is thought good to make the heart merry, to drive away melancholy, and to quicken the spirits, and is commended also against Quartan Agues. Likewise it stauncheth bleeding at the Nose, if the Herb be stamped and applied to the nape of the Neck; and if it be so applied to the looseness and clefts of the skin, about the Roots of the Nails of the Fingers, it immediately cureth them by Signature, as Crollius affirmeth. Pliny highly commendeth it for many other things, as for bruises and burn; but the Archangel with yellow Flowers, is most commended for old, filthy, and corrupt sores, or corrupt Ulcers; yea, although they grow to be Fistulous, or hollow, and to dissolve tumors.    

CHAP. LXVII. Of Foxglove.  

The Names.  
SOme call it in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and make it to be a kind of Mullein, but certainly it is not, neither was it known to any of the ancient Greek, o● Latin Writers. Fuschius makes, as if he were the first that called it Digitalis, being induced thereunto, by the hollow form of the Flowers, which are like Finger-stalls. Casalpinus calleth it Virga Regia major floor purpureo, Alcima also, and Damasonium. Tragus calleth it Campanula sylvestris flore purpureo & flore luteo. Columna taketh it to be the Ephemerum Dioscoridis; and D●lechampius upon Pliny, taketh it to be Viola Calathiana Plinii. So different is the Opinion of Authors, concerning this Plant. It hath no other name in English, that I know, but Foxgloves, unless some call it Foxfinger.   

The Kind's.  
The Sorts of Foxgloves are eight in all. 1. Common Purple Foxglove. 2. Dun coloured Foxgloves. 3. Blush coloured Foxgloves. 4. Orange Tawny Foxgloves. 5. The greater white Foxgloves. 6. The lesser white Foxgloves. 7. The greater yellow Foxglove. 8. The small pale yellow Foxglove.   

The Form.  
The common Foxglove hath many long and broad Leaves, lying upon the ground, dented about the edges, a little soft or woolly, and of a kind of hoary green colour: among which, rise up sundry stalks sometimes, and but one very often, bearing such Leaves thereon, from the bottom to the middle, from whence to the top, it is stored with large and long hollow reddish Purple Flowers, a little more long and eminent at the lower edge, with some white spots within them, one above another, with small green Leaves at every one; but all of them turning their heads one way, and hanging downwards, having some threads also in the middle; from whence rise round heads, pointed sharp at the ends, wherein small brown Seed lieth: the Roots are many small husky Fibres, and some greater strings among them: the Flower hath no scent, but the Leaves have a bitter hot taste.   

The Places and Time.  
Two of these Sorts, namely, the Purple, and the Greater white▪ grow naturally in England, in such grounds for the most part, as are sandy and dry, as well on the higher as lower places, under hedge sides, in divers Counties. The red groweth between Stoken-Church and Little Wickham, and likewise about St. Alban. The white groweth by Wulwich, and also in Landesdale, Craven, and in a Field called Cragclose, in the North of England, by Colchester in Essex, and by Exeter, in the West. The rest are strangers in England, unless it be in the Gardens of them that delight in such pretty Ornaments. They seldom flower before July, and their Seed is ripe in August.   

The Temperature.  
The Foxgloves in that they are bitter, are hot and dry, with a certain kind of cleansing quality joined to them.   

The Virtues.  
The use of this Plant, if not the Plant itself, was altogether unknown unto the Ancients, it being not so much as once mentioned in their Medicines; but that is no excuse to the Physicians of our times, who, notwithstanding the admirable properties thereof, do in a manner neglect it. The Italians, with whom it is in greater esteem than with us, call it Aralda, and have an usual Proverb with them concerning it, which is, Aralda tutte Piaghe salda, Aralda salveth all Sores; for they use it familiarly to heal any fresh or green wound, or cut the Leaves, being but bruised, and bound to; and sometimes also they use the juice of it in old Sores, to cleanse them, dry up their moisture, and heal them the more speedily, which it performeth by the bitter quality therein. But the Reason why I treat of it in this place is, because it hath been by later experience, found to be very available for the King's Evil, the Flowers being stamped together with fresh Butter, and applied to the place; or if the Flowers cannot be had, the Leaves bruised and applied, or the juice made up into an Ointment, and used thereon, worketh the same effect, though not altogether so powerfully. By the rarifying and extenuating Virtue that it hath, it cutteth and consumeth thick, tough Phlegm, and viscous humours, troubling the Chest or Stomach, if it be boiled in water, or Wine and drunken: The Decoction or Juice hereof, made up with some Sugar, or Honey, is available for the same purpose: as also to cleanse and purge the Body both upwards and downwards, sometimes of tough phlegm, and clammy humours, and to open the obstructions of the Liver and Spleen. It hath been also by later experience found to be available for the Falling Sickness, and divers have been cured thereby; for after the taking of the Decoction of two handfuls thereof, with four Ounces of Polypody of the Oak bruised, made in Ale, they that have been troubled with that Disease six and twenty years, have been cured thereof. Mr. Culpepper saith, that he is confident, that an Ointment of it is one of the best remedies for a scabby head that is.    

CHAP. LXVIII. Of Orpine.  

The Names.  
IT is called by the Grecians, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, by the Latins, Telephium, & Sempervivum Sylvestre. It took the name Telephium, some have thought, from Telephus, the King of Mysia, whose wounds received from Achilles, and grown almost past cure, were healed therewith; and hence the Medicines appointed for such purposes, were called Telephia: yet I must tell you, that it is more frequently said, that Telephus was cured with the rust of Achilles his Sword which hurt him, both haply being mixed together: It is called also, Scrophularia media vel tertia, of Brunfel sius; Fabaria, Faba crassa, and Faba inversa by divers; and so also by Lobel, à foliorum fabae similitudine; and Crassula, or Crassula major by divers also, as well as Dioscorides a foliorum crassity. Cordus upon Dioscorides calleth it Acetabulum alterum: & Columna, taketh it to be Cotiledon alterum of Dioscorides: Gesner in hortis Germaniae, taketh it to be Anacampseros: and Matthiolus Dodonaeus & Clusius, and divers others, call it Telephium; and Vulgar, because it is most common in all these parts. In English, it is called Orpine; and of some, Livelong, because a Branch of the green Leaves hung up in any place, will keep the verdure along time.   

The Kinds.  
The Sorts of Orpine are six in number, 1. Common Orpine. 2. Purple flowered Orpine. 3. Small creeping Orpine. 4. The great Spanish Orpine. 5. Imperatus of Naples, his true Orpine. 6. Matthiolus his small Orpine.   

The Form.  
The common Orpine riseth with divers round brittle stalks, thick set, with fat and fleshly Leaves, without any Order, and little or nothing dented about the edges, of a pale green colour: The Flowers are white, or whitish, growing in tufts: after which come small chaffy husks, with Seed like dust in them. The Roots are divers, thick, round, white, tuberous Clogs▪ which is not altogether so great, in divers Fields, and Wood-sides, where it is found wild, as it is in Gardens.   

The Places and Time:  
The first is frequent almost in every Country of this Land, being generally cherished in Gardens and in many places growing wild, as about Heddington Quarries in Oxford shire, and about St. Alban in Hartfordshire. The second is often found in many places of Germany; as Tragus Camerarius, Clusius, and others set down. The third was sent out of Italy by Alphonsus Pancius, a worthy Herbarist and Physician of Ferrara. The fourth is found both in Spain and Hungary. The fift came originally from Imperatus of Naples. The last (which was called Cepea by Matthiolus▪ and all that have written since, Cepea-Matthioli) was first communicated from Padua, and is chief nursed up in the Gardens of those that are lovers of rare Plants. They do all flower in July, and their Seed is ripe in August.   

The Temperature.  
The Qualities of Orpine are differing from the Telephium of Dioscorides in that they are cooling as Purslain is, especially the leaves, for the root is more inclining to heat; and by reason of the Muscilaginesse therein, it is somewhat astringent also: whereas the true Telephium as Dioscorides and Galen say, is somewhat hot and of a cleansing drying quality; yet it is thought the plant is the same, though the Temperature be altered by the difference of the Climate in this as also in other Plants.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
The Leaves of Opine bruised and applied to the throat cureth the Quinsy, which is an Inflammation of the Throat, or of the highest parts of the Gullet, hindering breathing and swallowing, when as the fault is neither in the Breast nor Lungs. Mr. Culpeper saith, that if you please to make the Juice thereof into a Syrup, with Honey or Sugar,, you may take a spoonful or two at a time for a Quinsy, and you shall find the medicine more pleasant, and the Cure more speedy than if you took a Dog's Turd, which is the Learned Colleges vulgar cure. This may be a good remedy: but if Mr. Culpeper had been so wise, as to have known the goodness of a Dog's Turd for this purpose: he would not have belched it forth so opprobriously in disparagement of the College; whom I know not for what cause, he takes occasion many times to inveigh against, where there is none. But to return to Orpine: It is seldom used (notwithstanding Mr. Culpepers' Syrup) in inward medicines with us; but Tragus saith, and that from experience, that in Germany the distilled water thereof is used for gnawings or excoriations in the Stomach or Bowels, and for Ulcers in the Lungs, Liver, or other inward parts; as also in the Matrix, and helpeth all those diseases, being drunk for certain days together, and that it stayeth the sharpness of the humours, in the bloody flux, and other fluxes in the belly, or in wounds. The Root thereof also performeth the same effect. It is used outwardly to cool any heat or Inflammation upon any hurt or wound, and easeth the pains of them: as also to heal Scaldings and Burn: the Juice thereof beaten with some Salad Oil and anointed, The leaf also bruised, and laid to any green wound in the hands or Legs doth heal them. The root helpeth Ruptures and burstness by Signature; the tuberous and glandulous Clogs being not much unlike those hard swell, or falling down of the Cuts into the Cod.    

CHAP. LXIX. Of Pellitory of the Wall,  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Helxine, quód foliorum & semin●●● hirsutiae vestibus adhaereat, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod perdices eâ libenter vescantur; in Latin also Helxine (but not Cissamp●ll●s) Perdicum Perdicaria of Partridges which sometimes feed hereof; and Urceolaris, Vitrigo, or Vitriolaris herba, because the roughness thereof serves to cleanse either pots or Glasses; but it is commonly called Parietaria, or by a corrupt word Pariraria, because it groweth upon or near Walls, and for the same cause it is named of divers Muralium, & Herba Muralis: in English, Pellitory of the Wall; not that it hath any correspondency with Pellitory of Spain, but corruptly instead of Paritary, which was so called from Parietaria, the English as well as other Countries imitating the Latin: but somebody forgetting the word Paritary, called it Pellitory: which name, it doth still retain: and, (of the Wall) is added to distinguish it from the other howsoever.   

The Kinds.  
There be but two sorts of Pellitory of the Wall. 1. Common Pellitory of the Wall. 2. Small Pellitory of the Wall,   

The Form.  
The Common Pellitory of the Wall rises up with many brownish red, tender and weak, clear and almost transparent stalks, not above a foot high at most that ever I saw; upon which grow at the several joints two leaves like unto those of French Mercury, or Amaranthus called flower gentle: but not so big of a dark green: which afterwards turn brownish not dented at all, but smooth on the Edges, rough and hairy as the Stalks are also: at the joints with the Leaves from the middle of the stalks upwards, stand many small pale purplish flowers, in hairy or somewhat rough heads or husks; after which come small black and rough seed which will stick to any Garment or Cloth, though not so easily as some report. The root is somewhat long, with many small Fibres annexed thereunto of a dark reddish colour, which abideth the Winter, although the stalks with the Leaves do commonly perish, and spring afresh every year.   

The Places and Time  
The first groweth wild generally throughout the Land near or upon old walls, in the moist corners of Churches and stone buildings, amongst rubbish and such like places; from whence those that have a mind may bring it into their Gardens, where being planted in the shade it will grow, and increase so much, that after a while, it will not easily be gotten out. The other groweth naturally in few places, but in Constance in Germany. They flower in June and July, and the seed is ripe soon after.   

The Temperature.  
Pellitory of the Wall is counted by most to be cold and moist, but surely it is hot, otherwise it could not be so effectual against wind and the Stone, unless it be by a Specific Virtue.   

The Virtues.  
The dried Herb in powder made up with Honey into an Electuary, or the juice of the herb or the Decoction thereof made up with Sugar or Honey, is a singular remedy, for an old or dry Cough, the shortness of breath and wheesing in the Throat. The Decoction of the herb with a little honey added thereto, is good to gargoyle a fore throat, and being drunk without honey, it easeth the pains of the Muther, and bringeth down women's Courses; it also easeth those griess that arise from obstructions of the Liver, Spleen and Reins: the juice held in the mouth easeth the Toothache; and three ounces thereof taken at a time doth wonderfully help the stopping of the Urine; and to expel the Stone or Grayel in the Kidneys or Bladder; and is therefore put among herbs, used in Clysters to mitigate pains in the Back, Sides, or Bowels proceeding of wind, stopping of Urine, the Gravel or Stone as aforesaid. If the bruised herb sprinkled with some Muscadine be warmed upon a Tile, or in a dish upon a few quick Coals in a Chasingdish, and applied to the Belly, it worketh the same effect. A pultis made hereof with Mallows, being boiled in Wine with wheat Bran, and Bean Flower, and some Oil put thereto, and applied warm to any bruised Sinew, Tendon or Muscle, doth in very short time restore them to their strength; and taketh away the pains of bruises, and dissolves the congealed blood of any beat or falls from high places. The juice or the distilled Water, which is useful for many of the purposes aforesaid, is excellent also to cleanse the skin, from Spots and Freckles, Purples, Weals, Sun-burn, Morphew, etc. and maketh it smooth and delicate. The said water or juice, doth assuage hot Impostumes, burn or scaldings, as also all other hot tumors or Inflammations, be it St. Authonies' fire, or any other Eruptions of heat, being bathed often in wet  dipped therein, or the said juice made into an Ointment with Ceruse and Oil of Roses and anointed therewith, which doth also cleanse foul rotten Ulcers, and stayeth creeping Ulcers, and running Scabs in children's heads; and helpeth also to stay the falling off the hair of the head, etc. The Leaves mixed with Oil of sweet Almonds in manner of a Pultis, and laid to the pained parts is a good help for them that are troubled with the Stone or with wind and gripe. The juice dropped into the Ears easeth the Noise and hum in them, and taketh away the pricking and shooting pains in them. The juice or the herb bruised and applied with a little salt, is very effectual to cleanse Fistulaes' and to heal them. It is likewise very effectual for any green wound, that is, if it be bruised and bound thereto for three days, you need no other medicine or salve to heal it.    

CHAP. LXX. Of Wheat.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latin Triticum quod tritum ex spicis sit, because it is threshed out of the Ears, as Varro saith, as also, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is, Frumenium à fruendo, id est, vesc●ndo quod Culmus extulit, because we do enjoy this Noble Grain more the any, it being the best to make bread, which is the Staff of Man's life, There was a sort of it amongst the Ancients, called Robus, which though some have taken to be the same with bare or naked White Wheat, yet it is more probable that red Wheat is meant thereby, being so called à rubore grani.   

The Kind's.  
Me thinks Mr. Parkinson, who was a Man▪ so tightly experienced in the form of all sorts of Vegetables, should not be so mistaken in so common a thing as Wheat: yet he seems to ●e so to be; for in reckoning up seven sorts of Wheat he saith that there is. 1. Bare or naked white Wheat. 2. Bearded or Red Wheat 3. Bright eared Wheat. 4. Double eared Wheat. 5. The wild Wheat of Candy. 6. Tripoli wheat. 7. Summer wheat. For my part I never saw a Land of Red Wheat with beards, but many hundred Acres without; and for White Wheat, I have seen it both without, and with Beards. I have heard of sorts of wheat, which Country People call Duckbill Wheat, Cone Wheat, etc. Which whether they be by names to any of the former, I am not certain; but I think, by Duckbill Wheat they mean the Red; and by Cone Wheat, they mean the White Wheat with beards, which maketh not so white bread as the Red. The Summer-wheat is also called, Triticum Amyl●um, Starch Corn, whereof Starch is made. Whose description I shall give you, because it is not so well known as the other.   

The Form.  
Starch Corn is very like unto wheat in Stalk and Seed, but the Ears are narrower, the beards longer, and the grains smaller: the Ear thereof is set round about, and made up with two ranks, with certain beards as I said before, almost after the manner of Barley, and the Seed is closed up in Chaffy Husks, and is sown in the Spring.   

The Places and Time.  
I have observed the white Wheat to grow frequently in Hartfordshire, and the Bright Eared Wheat also here and there. The Red Wheat in Oxfordshire, but without Beards. The double Wheat groweth about Lions in France, The fift was brought from Tripoli. The sixth from Candy. The seventh groweth in Germany, Poland, and Denmark. The double Wheat, Summer Wheat, and that of▪ Candy, are to be sown in the Spring, because they will not endure the cold of the Winter, but the rest are sown in Autumn, & are reaped in July or August.   

The Temperature.  
The kinds of Wheat according to their natural qualities are hot in the first Degree, but neither drieth nor moisteneth evidently as Galen saith, yet Pliny saith it drieth.   

The Virtues.  
The bread that is made of Wheat being applied hot out of the Oven for an hour three days together, to the Throat that is troubled with Kernels or the King's Evil, healeth it perfectly; and Slices of it, after it is a little stolen being soaked in Red Rose Water, and applied to the eyes that are hot, red, and inflamed, or that are bloodshot helpeth them. The flower of Wheat mixed with the juice of Henbane doth stay the flux of humours to the joints being laid thereon: t●e said meal boiled in Vinegar helpe●h the shrinking of the Sinews, saith Pliny, a●d mixed with Vinegar and Honey, boiled together healeth all ●reckles, spots and Pimples on the face: Wheat-flowre being mixed with the Yolk of an Egg, Honey, and Turpentine, doth draw, cleanse, and heal any Bile or Plague-sore, or any other foul Ulcer: the Bran of Wheat Meal is often boiled in the Decoction of a Sheep's Head▪ and it is given in Clysters, to cleanse and open the Body, and to ease the griping pains of the entrails. The said Bran steeped in sharp Vinegar, and then bound in a Linen Cloth, and rubbed on those places that have the Morphew, Scurf, Scab, or Leprosy, will take them away, so that the Body be well prepared and purged before: the Decoction of the Bran of Wheat or Barley, is found of good use, to bathe those places which are bursten by a Rupture: the said Bran boiled in good Vinegar, and applied to swollen Breasts, doth help them, and stayeth all Inflammations: It helpeth also the biting of Vipers, ●● other venomous Creatures. The Leaven of Wheat Meal hath a property to ●eal and to draw; and in especial, it rarifieth the hard skins of the feet and hands; as also Warts, and hard knots in the flesh, being applied with some Salt. Starch moistened with Rose-water, and laid to the Cod, taketh away their itching. The Waters that are made of the purest and finest volatile Flower, being put in water, and drunk, doth stay the Lask and Bloodyflux, and is profitably used both inwardly and outwardly for the Rupture in Children, and boiled with Roses, dry Figs, and some Jujubes, maketh a fit Lotion to wash sore mouths or Throats, and when the Kernels thereof are swollen and sore: the same also boiled in water, unto a thick jelly, and taken, stayeth the spitting of blood, and boiled with Mints and Butter, it helpeth the hoarseness of the Throat. Pliny saith, That the Corns of Wheat, parched upon an Iron Pan, and eaten, is a present remedy for those that are chilled with cold. The Oil pressed from Wheat, between two thick Plates of Iron or Copper heated, healeth all Tetters and Ringworms, being used warm: And hereby Galen saith, he hath known many to be cured. Matthiolus commendeth the same Oil to be put into hollow Ulcers to heal them up, and it is good for Chaps in the hands or feet, and to make a rugged skin smooth. Dioscorides saith, That to eat the Corns of green Wheat hutteth the stomach, and breedeth Worms, but chewed and applied to the biting of a mad Dog, it cureth it.    

CHAP. LXXI. Of Barley.  

The Names.  
THis Grain is generally in Greek called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Hordeum; but two of the kinds are distinguished into Distichon, and Polystic●n, which last is most likely to be that which Galen calleth Gymnocrith●n, that is, Hordeum nudum; not that the Ears are without rows, but because the Grain is Huskless: and may be also the Cantherinum of Columella, which he saith, the Countrymen called Hexasticum. We have a small kind of Grain brought from Germany to our Druggist's, in great quantity, termed French Barley, and is probable to be this Barley which Cordus saith, was sent him out of Italy, having six rows in the Ears. There is a kind also, which by Tragus and Cordus is called Hordeum minus; and by Columella, Hordeum Galaticum, because it is whiter; from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Milk which is of a white colour.   

The Kind's.  
The Sorts of Barley are in number four. 1. Bear Barley, or common Barley. 2. Big Barley. 3. Winter Barley. 4. Naked or bare Barley.   

The Form.  
The ordinary Barley is so well known to all sorts of people, that to describe it, were to teach them that which they know already, and therefore I shall describe that which is called naked or bare Barley. It hath many rows of Corns in the Ear, which are enclosed in the Husks, having not that skin on them, that the other hath, being lank, small, yellow, and short, almost like Wheat, but less. The stalks are like unto the common Barley, saving that it hath not so many stalks, rising from the Roots; so that though the one have six rows, yet the other hath thirty or forty stalks to countervail them.   

The Place and Time.  
The first is Our usual Barley, in all the South parts of this Nation: the other in the North parts only: the third is not very frequent in our Land; but the last is more rare: yet it hath been sown in our Gardens in April, and not before, and was ripe in the beginning or middle of August. The usual time for the ordinary sort being in March, as to the sowing; and the latter end of August, as to the mowing.   

The Temperature.  
Barley is cooling, and drying in the first Degree. It hath also a little abstersive, or cleansing quality, and doth dry, somewhat more than Bean Meal.   

The Virtues.  
The Meal of Barley and Fleawort, being boiled in water, and made into a Pultis with Honey and Oil of Lilies, applied warm, cureth tumors under the Ears, Throat, Neck, and such like places. A Plaster thereof with Tar, Wax, and Oil, helpeth the hard swell of the Throat, called the King's Evil. A Pultis made of Barley, Meal, or Flower, boiled with Vinegar and Honey, and a few dry Figs put unto them, dissolveth all hard Impostumes, and excrescences upon the Eyelids, growing in the form of a Barley Corn by Signature and assuageth Inflammations also, being applied. And being boiled with Melilote and Camomile Flowers, and some Linseed, Fennigreek, and Rue in Powder, and applied warm, it easeth the pains in the sides and stomach, and the windiness of the Spleen: boiled with sharp Vinegar into a Pultis, and laid on hot, helpeth the Leprosy: being boiled in red Wine, with Pomegranate Rinds, and Myrtills, it stayeth the Lask, or other Flux of the Belly: boiled with Vinegar, and a Quince, it easeth the hot pains of the Gout. Barley Flower, white Salt, Honey and Vinegar mingled together, is used by divers, to take away the Itch speedily, and certainly. The distilled water of green Barley stilled in the end of May, is very good for those that have Defluxions in the Eyes, to stay the humours, and to ease the pains, being dropped into them, or white bread laid to steep therein, and bound thereto, doth the same. All the preparations of it, as Barleywater, and other things made thereof, do give great nourishment to persons troubled with Fevers, Agues, and Heats in the Stomach. French Barley is much used in pectoral Diseases, or Diseases of the Breast, helpeth the sharpness of the Throat, and increaseth Milk, especially boiled with Fennel. It provoketh Urine, and is very profitable in Choletick Fevers, if it be thus administered; Take two Ounces of French-Barley, boil it in two fresh waters, then boil it again in a quart of water, (adding half an Ounce of Liquorish, and an handful of Violet Leaves, and as many Strawberry Leaves) to a pint, or a pint and a half, strain it; and put thereto of Syrup of Violets two Ounces, or for the poorer sort, you may sweeten it with a little Sugar. It is used outwardly, to soften hard swell, and is good for Inflammations, and soreness of the Throat, being boiled alone, or with other fitting Herbs, and the Mouth and Throat washed therewith. Take Mallows, Violet, Beets, black Hellebore, Fumitory, of each three handfuls, of French Barley, six handfuls, boil them in a sufficient quantity of water for a Bath, and use it against the Scab, Itch, etc. you shall find it very effectual.    

CHAP. LXXII. Of Garlic.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Allium, which last name, the Apothecaries do commonly use. Some say 'tis called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Rudis Rosa, because of its strong scent, offending the Nose. Allium also seemeth to have its Original from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i. e. exilire, because of its growth, which is so speedy, that it's said as it were to leap. Galen and others have called it Theriaca Rusticorum, the Country Man's Treacle. We in English call it Garlic. Some of this kind are called Scorodoprassum and Moly.   

The Kind's.  
There are 12 sorts of Garlic mentioned by Authors. 1. Common Garlic. 2. Crow-Garlick. 3. Ramsons spotted, or Snake-Garlick. 4. Great Turkey Garlic. 5. Great Turkey Garlic, with a bulbed and twining head. 6. Clusius his first leafed Hungarian Moly. 7. Sweet smelling Hungarian Moly. 8. Purple round headed Mountain Moly. 9 Purplish headed Moly of Africa. 10. The small Italian white Moly. 11. Indian Moly. 12. Ramsons.   

The Form.  
Omitting the Description of Garden Garlick, because it is so common, I shall give you that of the wild or Crow Garlick, which the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is Snake's Garlic. It hath small, tough, long Leaves, like Rushes, but not so round, smooth, and hollow within: Amongst which, riseth up a naked stalk, round, slippery, hard, and sound: on the top whereof, after the Flowers be gone, grow little Seeds, made up in a round cluster, like small Kernels, having the smell and taste of Garlic. Instead of a Root, there is a bulbe or round head without any Cloves at all.   

The Places and Time.  
Garlic is seldom sown of Seed, but planted in Gardens, of the small Cloves, which are commonly set in March. Some on St. Peter's day, knit the blades together in a knot, that it may head the better, and is gathered not long after. The Crow-Garlick groweth in fertile Pastures in all parts of England, particularly in a Field, called the Mantles, on the back side of Islington, by London. The rest are peculiar to divers Countries, as Germany, Hungary, France, Spain, Italy, Turkey, and our Land also, flowering in Summer, and Seeding after.   

The Temperature.  
It is hot and dry in the fourth Degree, and raiseth Blisters, being applied to the skin.   

The Virtues.  
Garlick being eaten, heateth the Body, maketh thin, thick, and gross humours; cutteth such as are tough, and clammy, digesteth and consumeth them: it also openeth Obstructions or stops, and is an enemy to cold poison, and to the biting of venomous Beasts. It taketh away the roughness of the Throat, also helpeth an old Cough, provoketh Urine, killeth Worms, expelleth Wind, helpeth the Colic, cures the Dropsy proceeding of a cold Cause, provoketh the Courses in Women, and stirreth up Venus and Lust, but drieth the Seed of Generation, and is most excellent for a cold and moist stomach, and to stir up natural heat. An old Man by lying in the cold in the Winter season, had almost lost the innate or natural heat of his stomach, and his appetite was even decayed, after many hot Medicines used in vain, at length was cured with Garlic and Honey. It is a good preservative against the contagious and pestilent Air. A Decoction thereof made with Origanum, and Wine, being drunk, killeth Worm-lices, and Nits. It is profitable against the biting of a mad Dog, and for such as are inclined to the Palsy, for shortness of breath, and to dry up Rheum; and also for the cold Headache. It is commended against the Consumption of the Lungs, pissing of blood, and for such as cannot hold their water. The distilled water is good for the same Diseases, and for the Quinsy. The milk wherein Garlic hath been boiled, is good for worms in Children, or two Ounces of the water may be given morning and evening for a week together, if need be. The Decoction thereof used for a Bath, or Fume to sit over, brings down the Flowers and afterbirth. It cureth the bitings of mad Dogs, or the bitings of any other venomous Creature: being bruised with Rue, and applied, it taketh away the Morphew, Tetters, and cures scabbed Heads in Children, dandruff and Scurf, tempered with Honey, and the parts anointed therewith. The ashes of Garlic being strewed in Ulcers, healeth them. The smell of Garlic driveth away venomous Creatures, and applied with Figs, and Cummin, it cures the bitings of the Mouse called a Shrew. A Clove of Garlic put into an hollow Tooth that acheth, easeth the pain thereof, or stamp it with Saffron or Pepper, and hold it between the Teeth; being bruised, and applied to the Throat, it helpeth the Quinsey, and swelling thereof. The juice mixed with Saffron and Goose-grease, cures the noise of the Ears, being put therein. Garlick burned, and the ashes mingled with Honey, and laid to black and blue marks after bruises, taketh them away, and helpeth wildfire and Scabs, being bruised and applied. They usually cure the Pip in Poultry with Garlic; and being given to Cocks, it maketh them to overcome in fight. Notwithstanding all these Virtues, raw Garlic eaten too liberally, maketh the Eyes dim, offendeth and hurteth the stomach, causeth thirst, hurteth the Kidneys, heateth and burneth the blood, yieldeth no nourishment to the body, and is hurtful to young men, and to such as are hot, and choleric, and in hot seasons: It hurteth Women with Child, and such as give suck. The juice of Garlic, if it be taken in any great quantity, is rank poison: yet the flesh, and all being eaten together moderately, is good for such as are cold and moist, and abound with phlegmatic, gross, and tough humours, for old persons, and in cold seasons. The best way of preparing it for food, is to boil it throughly, and to eat it with Oil, Vinegar, or such like.    

CHAP. LXXIII. Of Liquorice.  

The Names.  
THe Greeks called it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; the Latins, Dulcis Radix; the Apothecaries, Liqueritia. Both the Greek and Latin names are derived from the sweetness of the Root, without dispute. Theophrastus' in his ninth Book of his History of Plants, calleth it Radix Scythica, because it groweth very plentifully in Scythia, about the Lake Maeotis. There be that call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because it driveth away thirst, if it be held in the mouth. There is also a wild sort hereof called Glanx Leguminosa, sive Glycyrhiza silvestris; Liquorice, fetch.   

The Kinds.  
To this kind four sorts may be referred. 1. Common Liquorice. 2. Dioscorides his Liquorice. 3. The most common Liquorice Vetch. 4. Another Liquorice Vetch.   

The Form.  
Common Liquorice riseth up with divers woody stalks, whereon are set at several distances, many narrow, long green Leaves, set together on both sides of the stalk, and an old one at the end, very well resembling a young Ash-Tree sprung up from the Seed: This by many years' continuance in a place without removing, and not else, will bring forth Flowers, many standing together, Spike-Fashion one above another, upon the stalks of the form of Pease Blossoms, but of a very pale blue Colour, which turn into long, somewhat flat and smooth Cod, wherein is contained small round hard seed: the root runneth down a great way into the ground with divers other smaller roots, and Fibres growing with them, and shoot out succours from the main roots all about, whereby it is much increased of a brownish colour on the outside, and yellow within.   

The Places and Time.  
The first sort of liquorice groweth wild in many places of Germany and chief about Noremberg, but it is not comparable to that which is planted with Us in Gardens here in England, being the best in the world, even by the confession of those who so much extol outlandish plants, of which there is great profit to be made as diligent Gardeners can tell you; yet now it beginning to become common is not half so profitable as formerly, many more places being stored therewith. The second, in France, Spain, Italy and in some few gardens here in Enland, but flowreth late with Us, and seedeth as late if at all. The third groweth in many places of this Land, as about Cambridge, in Claringdon Park by Salisbury; and in Butlers close at Adderbury Towns end, as you go to Banbury. The last groweth only in Germany that I can hereof. They flower in July and the Seed is ripe in September.   

The Temperature.  
Liquorice is temperate in heat and moisture; and therefore familiar to the Temperature of Man's body, as also in that it is sweet, and hath a little astriction joined to it, notwithstanding the bark thereof is somewhat bitter, and hot; but this must be scraped away when it is used; the fresh root when it is full of Juice doth moisten more than dry.   

The Virtues.  
The Root of Liquorice is good against the rough harshness of the Throat and Breast, it openeth the Pipes of the Lungs when they be stuffed or stopped and ripeneth the Cough, and bringeth forth Phlegm. The Rob or juice of Liquorice made according to A●t and hardened into a Lump which is called Succus Liqueritiae serveth well for the purposes aforesaid, being holden under the tongue, and there suffered to melt; and is profitable also against the heat of the Mouth and Stomach, and quencheth thirst, and is good for green wounds being laid thereupon. Moreover with the Juice of Liquorice, Ginger and other Spices with some Wheaten flower, Gingerbread is made which is also very good against a Cough, and all infirmities of the Breast and Lungs. The same is drunk with the Wine of Raisins, against the distempers of the Liver and Chest, Scabs or Sores of Bladder, and diseases of the Kidneys. Liquorice boiled in fair water with some Maidenhair and Figs maketh a good drink for those that have a dry Cough to digest Phlegm and to expectorate it, or hoarseness, Wheesing, Shortness of Breath, and for all griefs of the Breast and Lungs, Ptisick or Consumptions, caused by the distillation of Salt humours on them: it is good also in all pains of the Reins, the Strangury and heat of the Urine. The Scythians are said, by chewing this in their mouths to keep themselves from thirst in their long Journeys through the deserts for ten or twelve days; and stayeth hunger also. Liquorice boiled in water with a little Cinnamon added to it, serveth instead of drink in many places, especially if it be set to work with Barm, as Beer is and then tunned up and will grow clear, strong and heady in time, as Beer will do. The fine powder of Liquorice blown through a quill into the Eyes, that have a Pin and Web as they call it, or Rheumatic distillations into them, doth cleanse them and help them. The Juice of Liquorice dissolved in Rose Water, with some Gum, Tragacanth, is a fine Lohoch, or licking medicine for hoarseness wheezings and all other roughness in the Mouth or Throat; and to expectorate tough Phlegm, as also to condensate thin rheums, falling on the Lungs. It is likewise very much used by Farriers and Smiths to put in drenches for such horses as are hid bound, and do not thrive, or that have gotten a Cold or any other distemper of the Breast or Lungs; and may also be given to any other Cattle upon the like occasion.    

CHAP. LXXIIII. Of the Figtree.  

The Names.  
THe Tree is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; and the fruit, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; in Latin Ficus both Tree and Fruit: the wild Figtree is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by Galen and others; in Latin Ficus Sylvestris; and Caprificus: the unripe fruit of the manured, as also of the wild kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and in Latin Grossus: but properly Olynthus as well as Grossus doth signify the early ripe of each sort: the dried Figs are called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as Paulus Aeginetus and others, in Latin Caricae: the grains of small kernels within the Fig are called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; and by the Latines Ficaria: the Greeks call the early Figs, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi praecursores, the Latins praecoces and Grossi, the Branches of the tree are called Cradae both in Greek and Latin; yet Nicander his Interpreter doth call the Figs so.   

The Kind's.  
Of ordinary Fig Trees, that grow in Europe, and bear eating Figs, there be four sorts. 1. The ordinary Figtree. 2. The wild Figtree. 3. The Figtree that beareth blue Figs early ripe. 4. The Dwarf Figtree.   

The Form.  
The ordinary Figtree, is usually planted against a Wall; and therefore to be conceived of no extraordinary bigness, with a grayish rugged bark on the body and elder boughs, and green on the younger which are hollow, and pithy in the middle: the leaves grow single on the Branches, being long, large, thick, rough and of a sad green colour on the upperside, whitish underneath, divided into three, but usually into five parts; yielding a sharp bitter, and almost exulcerating milk when they are broken, as the branches and Figs also will do when they are green: the fruit breaketh out from the branches without any flower or blossom, and are both of sundry colours, of several sizes, and ripening at contrary times of the year: as also with thicker or thinner skins that cover them. Those that are most ordinary are white, and of a reasonable bigness.   

The Places and Time.  
The manured Figtree groweth plentifully in Italy and Spain, but not without planting: where the fruit being gathered before it be over ripe, is laid in the Sun to dry that it may be the better to keep all the year after, and is thence transported into other countries: And so are the blue Figs which grow there also; but not so commonly, whose Tree as it is thought came out of Barbary. They bear ripe fruit both in the Spring, and in August or September. We have them in divers Gardens of this Land, but the fruit though many times it appear before the leaves; yet seldom cometh to perfection, unless it be planted under a hot Wall.   

The Temperature.  
The Figtree is hot and of thin parts; which the milk that issueth from the Leaves and Branches being broken, and the juice taken from them by press●ing them when they are young, doth plainly declare; being exceeding hot not only biting and sharp, or forcibly cleansing, but even exulcerating and offending the mouths of the Veins; and therefore it is not safe to be taken inwardly. Yea the branches of the Tree are of such an hot temper, that if they be put to boil with Beef that is hard, it will thereby become tender and soft: the wild Figtree and the Milk thereof is more effectual than that of the manured. The Figs themselves are hot and moist in the second, or almost in the third degree and nourish well; yet the dried better than the green.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
A decoction of Figs is good for the Cough Lungs and throat, as also against shortness of breath, especially if it be boiled with Hyssop and Liquorish, they are good for the Reins and Bladder; and to recover a good Colour to them that by long Sickness have lost it, and useful also in the Dropsy, Falling-sickness, Quinsy, and for the infirmities of the womb where cleansing is required: they expel all superfluous humours from the inward parts to the circumference and therefore useful to Expel Pox, Measells, and such like venomous matter to the skin. Figs stamped with salt, Rue, and the kernels of Nuts, withstand Poison and corruption of the Air. They are best fasting, or when the Stomach is empty. Toasted Figs are good for women to hasten, and facilitate the Birth. Figs bruised and applied with Barley Meal, and the powder of Fennygreek seed do mollify the hard tumors and Kernels under the Throat and Ears, and elsewhere by Signature; as also the hardness of the Muther; and if some Leaven and Salt be put to them, it breaketh Plague sores; and, it may be, was the same that cured Hezekiah. They are also mixed with Copperas against old sores of the Legs, and all other foul running Ulcers: being boiled in Wine with Wormwood, and then applied with Barley Meal to the bellies of them that have a Dropsy, helpeth them very much; and beaten with Salt applied, taketh away the Itch and Scab, and the ashes of the wood made up with Hog's Grease and applied, healeth Kibes and Chilblains. Figs bruised with Fennygreek, and Vinegar easeth the Hot Gout of the Feet. A Fig, slit and toasted, doth oftentimes ease the Toothache being applied. The milk that issueth out from the Leaves or Branches when they are broken off being dropped upon Warts, takes them away. The decoction of Fig Leaves doth also avail much to do away any other malady that infects the hands, by Signature; the Leaf being commonly divided into five parts, as the hand into five fingers; and because the hand is a place full of joints it hath therefore been applied to the Joints that have been pained, and found effectual. The same is likewise excellent good to wash sore heads withal; neither is there scarcely a better remedy for a Leprosy than it is; it clears the ●ace also of the Morphew, and the body of white Scurf, moist Scabs, and running sores: If it be dropped into old fretting Ulcers, it cleanseth out the moisture and bringeth up the flesh: and because the green leaves are not to be had in winter, an Ointment may be made of them in the Summer for the same purpose. The Juice being put into an hollow Tooth easeth the pain, and is an effectual Remedy for pain and noise in the ears, and also for deafness if it be dropped into them. A Syrup made of Fig leaves taken inwardly, dissolves congealed Blood caused by bruises or falls, and helps the bloody Flux; An ointment made of the Juice of Hog's grease, is as excellent a Remedy for the biting of a mad Dog, or any venomous Creature, as any is. A Syrup made of the leaves or green fruit, is excellent good for Coughs, Hoarseness or shortness of Breath, and all diseases of the Breast and Lungs. Some say that the Fig Tree as well as the Bay tree is never hurt by Lightning; as also that a Bull, if he be never so mad being tied to a Fig tree will become tame and gentle, and that it prospereth the better if Rue be set near unto it. The blue Fig is no doubt of the same operation with the white to all purposes, but the fruit cometh most to maturity with us, and is eaten as a pretty Junket with Salt and Pepper, for unless they be so eaten, or some Wine drunk after them to digest them, they pass not quickly out of the Stomach, but putrify therein; and do sometimes put the party eating them in danger of a Fever. Dry Figs also immoderately eaten do engender Crude and windy humours in the Body, and soon corrupt in the Stomach, whereby they cause Itch, Scab, and breed Lice also. They hurt such as have the Colic and windy diseases, and that have hot Livers and Choleric Stomaches; they are best for old Phlegmatic persons, and in cold and moist seasons. They are commonly eaten with Almonds, and so they cleanse the Breast and Lungs the better, by a special Virtue they have; Two or three Figs slit, and laid all night in Aqua Vitae, are very good for those that are pursy, and short wound if taken in the morning.    

CHAP. LXXV. Of Hyssop.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which as some think takes its name quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 (pro 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quia super vultus affunditur, because the face being washed with the Decoction or distilled water thereof, is made fairer, it being of a very abstersive quality; And therefore David Prays God to purge him with Hyssop, and in Schola Salerni, it is commended for the same purposes in these words Vultibus eximium fertur praestare colorem. It is called in Latin Hyssopus; and of Us, Hyssop.   

The Kind's.  
I find fifteen sorts of Hyssop set down by Parkinson. 1. Ordinary Garden Hyssop. 2. White Hyssop. 3. Golden or yellow Hyssop. 4. Russet Hyssop. 5. Double Hyssop. 6. Broad leafed Hyssop. 7. Jagged or dented Hyssop. 8. Musked Hyssop. 9 Red flowered Hyssop. 10. Dwarf Spanish Hyssop. 11. Tufted Hyssop. 12. Curled Hyssop. 13. Mountain wild Hyssop. 14. Narrow leafed Hyssop. 15. Round Leafed Hyssop.   

The Form.  
The Common Garden Hyssop, is a plant that riseth sometimes to be about a foot high, with many woody branches, but render; at the tops whereof are set at certain distances, sundry small long and narrow green Leaves: at the tops of the stalks stand bluish purple gaping flowers in spiked heads, one row above another; after which follow the seed which is small and blackish; the root is somewhat woody with many threddy strings; The whole plant is of a strong sweet sent, and is fit to be strewed in windows, and such places.   

The Places and Time.  
Our common Hyssop groweth naturally upon the hills of Romania, about Verona, and near unto mount Baldus. The Dwarf kind in Spain, and the mountain wild kind, on the hills in many places of Germany; and, as Matthiolus saith, on the hill Salvatia, in the Country of Goritia: the rest are nursed up in the gardens of those that are Lovers of curious Simples. They do all flower in June and July, and their seed is ripe in the beginning or middle of August.   

The Temperature.  
Hyssop is hot and dry in the third degree; and therefore must needs be of thin parts. It cutteth and breaketh tough Phlegm, it ratifieth or maketh thin that which is thick and gross, it openeth that which is stopped, and cleanseth that which is corrupt.   

The Virtues.  
A Decoction made of Rue and Honey, being drunk doth help those that are troubled with Coughs, shortness of Breath, Wheesing and rheumatic Distillations upon the Lungs: taken also with Oxymel, or water and Honey, it purgeth gross humours by the stool; and with Honey killeth Worms in the Belly. It amendeth the native colour of the Body spoiled by the yellow Jaundice, helpeth the Dropsy and the Spleen, if it be taken with Figs and Nitre. It is good in the Falling Sickness, provokes Urine, expels Wind; and brings down women's Courses, and easeth sharp fits of Agues. The Distilled water is good for the same diseases; especially, those that proceed from a cold, if the quantity of a quarter of a pint, be warmed and drunk with Sugar at night when one goes to bed; but the Decoction, as also the Syrup is more effectual. It taketh away black and blue spots, and marks that came by strokes, bruises, or falls being boiled and the places bathed therewith. It is an excellent medicine for the Quinsy to wash and gargoyle the Throat, being boiled with Figs: it helpeth the Toothache, being boiled in Vinegar and the mouth gargled therewith: the hot Vapours of the Decoction, taken by a Funnel in at the Ears easeth the Inflammations of them; and as Mesue saith, the singing noise of them also: Being bruised, and Salt, Honey, and Cummin-Seed put to it, it helpeth those that are stung by Serpents. The green Herb bruised, and a little Sugar put to it, doth quickly heal any green Wound or Cut in the Hand, or elsewhere. The Oil thereof killeth Lice, and taketh away the itching of the Head, if it be anointed therewith. It helpeth those that have the Falling Sickness, which way soever it be applied: It helpeth to expectorate tough phlegm, and is effectual in all cold griefs or Diseases of the Chest and Lungs, being taken either in a Syrup, or licking Medicine. There is also a Wine made of Hyssop, named Hyssop-Wine, which is good for the purposes aforesaid; and there may be Hyssop-Ale, made after the manner of Sage-Ale, by adding an Ounce or two of good Liquorice.    

CHAP. LXXVI. Of Ragwort.  

The Names.  
IT hath no Greek name, being an Herb, but of later knowledge; for if it had been formerly known, we should find it mentioned by some ancient, Greek, or Latin Author, or other, which we cannot do, unless you would, as some do, refer it to the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Erigerum of D●oscorides, which the Latins ca● Senecio, and therefore Lobel calleth it Jacobaea Senecio. Tragus, Matthiolus, and others call it Flos Sti Jacobi, and Herba Sti Jacobi. Dodonaeus and the latest Writers Jacobaea; for what cause I know not, unless it be, because it flourishrisheth about St. james-tide. Some have taken the Sea kind to be Artemisia Marina, or a species of it, because the division of the Leaves is somewhat like the Artemisia vulgaris. Others call it Cineraria & Argentea, from the whiteness of the Leaves, which show like silver, or as though they were covered with Ashes, and is usually with Us, called Jacobaea marina & maritima, Sea-Ragwort in English, and Rag-weed, by some Country people, from the raggedness of the Leaf.   

The Kinds.  
Of Ragwort there be nine sorts. 1. The Greater common Ragwort. 2. The lesser common Ragwort. 3. The first Hungarian broad leafed Ragwort. 4. The other broadleafed Hungarian Ragwort. 5. Smooth leafed Ragwort. 6. Round leafed hoary Ragwort. 7. The common Sea-Ragwort. 8. The lesser Sea-Ragwort 9 Broad leafed Sea-Ragwort.   

The Form.  
The greater common Rag-wort, hath many large, and long dark green Leaves, lying on the ground, very much rend and torn on the sides, into many pieces: from among which, riseth up sometimes but one, and sometimes two or three square or crested, blackish or brownish stalks, two or three foot high, sometimes branched, bearing divers such like leaves upon them, at several distances unto the tops, where it brancheth forth into many stalks, bearing yellow Flowers, consisting of divers Leaves, set as a pale or border, with a dark yellow thrum in the middle, which do abide a great while; but in the end, growing full ripe, are turned into down, which with the small, blackish grey Seed, is carried away with the wind: the Root is made of many Fibres, some greater, and others lesser, whereby it is firmly fastened into the ground, and abideth many years.   

The Place and Time.  
The two first Sorts grow wild in pastures, and untilled Grounds, in many places, and both together in one Field often times: the three next grow in Hungary, and Austria: the sixth grew in some parts of France, but it is not expressed where: the seaventh groweth on our own Coasts, not far from the Sea, in the Isles of Sheppey and Thanet, and along the Kentish shore in many places: the eighth groweth on the Mediterranean Seashore of Italy, and other places, as by the Sea side in Zealand: the last is mentioned by Bauhinus, but he expresseth not the place where it groweth. Divers of them are nursed up by divers Herbarists, and are to be seen in the Physick-Gardens at Oxford, and Westminster. They flower in June and July, and their Seed is ripe in August.   

The Temperature.  
Ragwort is hot and dry in the second Degree, as some think, with some bitterness joined therewith; and therefore cleanseth, digesteth, and discusseth.   

The Virtues.  
The Decoction of Ragwort is very much commended to wash the Mouth or Throat, that have Ulcers and Sores therein; and for swell, hardness, or impostumations; for it throughly cleanseth and healeth them: as also the Quinsey and the King's Evil. It doth help to stay Catarrhs, thin Rheums and Defluxions from the Head, into the Eyes, Nose or Lungs. The Juice is found by continual experience, to be singular good, both to heal green wounds, and to cleanse and heal all old and filthy Ulcers, as well in the Privities, as in other parts of the Body, and inward Wounds and Ulcers also, and stayeth the malignity of fretting or running Cankers, and hollow Fistulaes', not suffering them to spread further. It is much commended also, to help Aches and pains, either in the fleshy parts, or in the Nerve and Sinews: as also the Sciatica, or pain of the Hips, or Hucklebone, to bathe the places with the decoction of the Herb, or to anoint them with an Ointment made of the Herb, bruised and boiled in old Hogs-Suet, with some Mastic and Olibanum in Powder, added unto it, after it is strained forth, and not before; for otherwise it would be to little or no purpose. It is held also to be a certain remedy to help the Staggers in Horses, and upon that account, some call it Stagger-wort, and indeed it is not without a Signature thereof: the unevenness of the edges of the Leaves, being like unto those uneven motions which Horses make in that Disease.    

CHAP. LXXVI. Of Plantain.  

The Names.  
THE general appellation that the Greeks have bestowed upon this excellent Simple, is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Arnoglossum, which they were enduced to do from the form which it doth somewhat represent, to wit, of a Lamb's Tongue▪ It is called in Latin Plantage, ●u●to à Plantâ vocabulo, as if this were the Plant of Plants, as indeed it is; It is divided also by the Greeks into 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which the Latins call Septinervia and Quinquenervia, the first having seven Ribs, Nerves, or Veins, the other five; The general English name is Plantain; but that which the Greeks call Eptaneuron, we call Way-bred, because it commonly breeds by the way sides; and that which they call Pentaneuron▪ we call Ribbewort, and Ribbew●rt Plantain, the Latins calling it Plantago angustifolia, from the narrowness of the Lease, as they do the other Latif 〈…〉, because it is broader.   

The Kinds.  
The sorts of Plantain which are most remarkable, are ten. 1 Common Weighed or Plantain. 2 The greatest Plantain. 3 Hoary Plantain. 4 Rose Plantain. 5 Bosom Plantain or Plantain with spoky tufts. 6 The greater Ribwort or Ribwort Plantain. 7 The lesser Ribwort. 8 Rose Ribwort. 9 Great Water Plantain. 10 Dwarf Water Plantain.   

The Form.  
The common Waybred beareth many fair broad and almost round Leaves, saving that they are a little pointed at the end with seven ribs or sinews in most of them, running from the one end of the Leaf to the other, of a saddish green colour on the upperside, but more inclining to yellow underneath; from amongst which do rise up divers small slender stalks of about a foot high, naked and bare of Leaves up to the top, whereon groweth a blackish green spike or scaly head, with blossoms like unto those of Corn, after which cometh the seed, which being small, is enclosed in those little husks; The Root is made of many white little strings, whereby it taketh fast hold in the ground.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth by those ways and paths that are made through Pastures and Meadows in most places of this Land; The second about Mompelier; The third is of our own Land, but not so frequently as the first; The fourth groweth in St. John Danvers his Garden at Chelsey; The sixth and seventh grow very plentifully in Meadows, Fields, and sometimes in Gardens, without invitation or welcome, though they be as useful as any there; The eight is found also in this Land, but so rarely, that it is taken into the best Gardens; The two last grow in silent Rivers and standing Waters; They flower in the Summer Months of May, June, and July.   

The Temperature.  
All the sorts of Plantain are cold and dry in the second degree; The Roots and Seed which is of subtle parts, are not altogether so cold as the Leaves.   

The Signatures and Virtues.  
Although Plantain be beneficial to all the parts of the Body, both inward and outward, yet because the Mouth is the first part, whereinto it is commonly received, I have appropriated thereunto, and the rather because it hath the Signature of the Tongue, which is not only expressed by the outward Form thereof, but also by the Sinews and Vein▪ that run through it; And therefore it availeth very much in divers diseases of the Tongue, whether they happen from wounds, as biting, cutting, or the like, or from inflammations of that or any other part adjacent, as the Mouth, Gums, Throat, etc. as also from the Cankers, or any other eating sore, the decoction, juice or water thereof being often gargled in the mouth, or especially, a little Vinegar, Honey and Allome being mixed therewith; The juice or Herb stayeth the bleeding of the Nose, or the bleeding of wounds; The clarified Juice or Water thereof dropped into the eye, cooleth the heat thereof, as also the Pin and Web thereof, and dropped into the ears, easeth the pains therein, and helpeth deafness; The same with the juice of Houseleek, is very profitably applied against all inflammation, and break out of the skin, and against burn or scalding by Fire or Water; The juice mixed with the Oil of Roses, and the Temples and Forehead anointed therewith, easeth the pains of the head, proceeding from heat, and helpeth frantic and lunatic persons very much, as also the biting of Serpents or a mad Dog; The clarified juice drunk for divers days together by itself, or with some other liquor, is wonderful good to stay spitting of blood, and all other bleedings at the Mouth, when a vein is broken at the mouth of the Stomach; and is likewise effectual to heal any Ulcer in the Reins or Bladder, when bloody or foul water proceedeth therefrom; It is held also an especial remedy for those that have the Consumption of the Lungs, or that are troubled with any Ulcer in that part, or that have Coughs that come with Heat; The same also is commended very much against all torments and frettings in the Guts, stayeth the Courses, and all other manner of Fluxes, as well in Man as Woman; The decoction or powder of the Root or Seed is much more binding then the Herb, whereby it helpeth Agues; The seed made into powder and mixed with the yolk of an Egg and some wheaten flower, and made into a Cake and baked, doth stay vomiting, or any other Flux or rising in the Stomach; The herb, but especially the Seed is likewise held to be profitable against the Dropsy, Falling-sickness, Yellow Jaundice, and the stops of the Liver or Reins; The powder of the dried Leavs taken in warm drink or Posset drink, killeth worms in the Belly; The juice of the Leaves mixed with oil of Roses is profitably applied to all hot Gouts in the Hands or Feet, especially in the beginning to cool the heat and repress the humours; It is also good to be applied where any bone is out of Joint, to hinder Inflammations, Swell, and pains which will arise presently thereupon; A decoction of the Leaves killeth Worms that breed in old and foul Ulcers. One part of Plantaine-Water and two parts of the brine of powdered beef boiled together and clarified, is a most sure remedy to heal all spreading Scabs and Itch in the Head or Body, all manner of Tetters or Ringwormes, the Shingles, and all other running and fretting sores; The Leaves laid upon any place where the skin is scratched of, skinneth it again, whether it be newly done or not; and being made into a Salve with Oil, Wax and Turpentine, it cureth deep wounds, though the Sinews and Veins be cut asunder, whereof it hath the Signature; The juice alone, or stamped with Vinegar, and applied to the foots, that surbated sore, and swollen with travel, bringeth them again to their right temper.    

CHAP. LXXVII. Of Columbines.  

The Names.  
THere is great contesting amongst Authors concerning this Plant, whether it were known to the Ancients or not; One will have it to be the Pothos of Theophrastus, another his Diosanthos, another would have it to be the Isopyrum of Dioscorides, but Cornutus affirms point blank that it was not known; It is generally called by the Writers of a later date Aquileia, Aquilina & Aquilegia, because the folds of the Leaves do somewhat resemble those Pipes called Aquileges, which were made as Pliny mentions, for the conveying of water, which they also contain in them, as Cornu●us seemeth to infer, especially from that sort of his which came from Canada; That this Plant should have likeness of properties with wild O●tes, called in Greek Aegilops, seemeth to be altogether improbable; It knows no other English name but Columbines.   

The Kinds.  
To set forth the varieties of Columbines according to their colours, would be the Task of a Flourish; I shall only give you those which have different Terms, and they are six. 1 Single Columbines. 2. Double Columbines. 3 Double inverted Columbines. 4 Rose Columbines. 5 Degenerate Columbines. 6 Columbines of Virginia.   

The Form.  
The Columbine hath divers pretty large spread Leaves standing upon stalks, about a foot long, when they are at their full growth, every one being divided into divers parts with large indentures upon the edges, of a dark bluish green colour, a little resembling Celandine, from amongst which arise stalks, sometimes two or three foot high, divided usually into many branches, bearing one long divided leaf at the lower joint, above which the flowers grow, every one standing on a long stalk, consisting of five hollow Leaves, crooked or horned at the ends, and turning backwards; The flowers being past, there arise small long Cod four or five together, wherein are contained black shining seeds; The Roots are thick and round for a little space within the ground, they abide many years sending forth their Leaves in the beginning of the Spring; I mentioned not the colour of the flowers because they are so variable.   

The Places and Time.  
The first sort hath been found to grow wild in the woody mountains of Germany, but with us they are found only in Gardens, as the rest are, their place being otherwise unknown, only that of the last, which was brought from Virginia, by that industrious searcher after rarities Mr. Tredescant the elder; They flower commonly about the end of April, and the beginning of May, perish before the end of June, only the Virginian kind flowreth a Month sooner than ordinary.   

The Temperature.  
Columbines are said to be temperate in respect of coldness and dryness, and moderately digesting.   

The Virtues.  
Every good Housewife in the Country, is hardly now to learn that Columbine Leaves have in them a faculty wherey they are found very effectual, if they be boiled in Milk and given to those that are troubled with sore Mouths o● Throats; but there be other ways of using them for the like purposes, as for the canker, Red gum, Quinsy, King's-evil, etc. For the Water Canker in the Mouth, drink the seed; For the Quinsy, drink the seeds often with good Ale, or stamp the seeds and herbs with Honey, and take it with milk or drink; It is good for young Children to drink it against the Red gum; To help the Struma, or painful swelling in the Throat, called the King's evil, seethe it in milk, sweet wine, or Oxymel, and drink it, or gargoyle therewith; It is good also for the inflammations and sores of the jaws and Windpipe, and likewise against the Jaundice and sounding; besides it openeth the Liver; Against the Jaundice and stopping of the Liver, and the several diseases that may come thereof, drink a dram of the seed, and a half penny weight of Saffron, with Wine, and be laid well covered to sweat; The juice of Columbines being drunk in the beginning of a Frenzy, and the party use Pottage of Sage, Valerian or Rue, it helpeth him; The decoction both of the Herb and Root being made in white Wine, and some Ambergrise put thereto, is with good success used by those that are given to swooning; Camerarius saith, that the Root eaten for many days together in the morning fasting, helpeth those that are troubled with the Stone in the Reins or Kidneys; The seed taken in Wine, causeth a speedy delivery to Women in Childbirth, and if the first draught do not take effect, take a second, and th●● will; The seeds drunk with Featherfew, in stolen Ale, causeth those Joints that are broken to knit again with the greater speed, and the juice with wheat-Meal applied warm, drieth up moist humours in Boyles and Sores.  

Seeing there is another Plant somewhat like in Form to Columbines, I have thought fit to set it down here at the foot of this Chapter, after them, as not meeting with a fi●●er place.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Thalictrum & Thalietrum, from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, vireo, from the liveliness of the green colour of the young Leaves, and so it is called in Latin, as also Pseudorhabarbarum, Bastard Rhubarb, both because the Roots of it are yellow, and from its purging and binding quality, both joined together, as in the true Rhubarb; Others call it Ruta pratensis, because the Leaves are a little like Rue; But in English it is most commonly called Meadow Rhubarb, of which there be two sorts. 1 Meadow Rhubarb. 2 Spanish Meadow Rhubarb. The ordinary Meadow Rhubarb or Meadow Rue, as some will have it, is of a middle size, between Columbines and Rue, that I need not say any more thereof. It grows in divers Meadows and particularly in that between Oxford and Isley; The Spanish Meadow Rhubarb, though it be most frequent in Spain, yet it grows in England, also about Margot; They flower about July; They are a little hot and drying withal, and therefore as Dioscorides saith, being bruised and applied to old Sores, it bringeth them to a perfect cure, and the distilled Water of the Herbs and Flowers doth the like; some use to put this herb amongst other Potherbs to help, to move or open the belly, or make it soluble, but the Roots washed clean, and boiled in Ale and drunk, doth provoke to the Stool more than the Leaves, but yet very gently; The decoction of the Roots is very much commended for the destroying of Lice and Vermin, if the body of the party so affected be well washed therewith.     

CHAP. LXXVII. Of Cudweed.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Gnaphalium, and so likewise the Latin, because the Ancients used it, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is, instead of flocks, which come from Cloth, by the dressing of the Fuller, to stuff their Beds with; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Greek, signifying to dress Cloth, as Fuller's do, or shear or toase wool. It hath also divers other Latin Names, as Centunculus, and Centuncularis, from Cento, which in Latin signifies, a covering made with course Wool, or Flocks, whereunto this Plant hath so much likeness; Tomentum Tomentaria & Tomentitia, Cottonaria sive Bombax humilis, especially the Sea-kind, Filago and Herba impia, Herb Impious, because no Beast will taste thereof, as Pliny saith: as also that it was called Camaezelon, as some Copies have it, or rahter Camaexylon, the low Bombast or Cotton-Plant, and Albinum from the whiteness. In English it is called Cudweed or Cottonweed.   

The Kinds.  
The Sorts of Cudweed which I meet with are ten. 1. Our great common Cudweed. 2. The lesser Cudweed, or Herb Impious. 3. Another lesser Cudweed. 4. The lesser broad leafed Cudweed. 5. Small leaning Cudweed. 6. The great Cudweed of America, commonly called Livelong; or life everlasting. 7. Mountain Cudweed, or Cats-foot. 8. Sweet smelling, white flowered Cudweed. 9 The greater German Cudweed. 10. Sea Cudweed, or Cotton-weed.   

The Form.  
The common Cudweed riseth up, but with one stalk sometimes, and sometimes two or three, thick set on all sides, with small, long, and narrow, whitish, or woolly Leaves from the middle of the stalk, almost to the top: from amongst which do grow small Flowers, of a dun or brownish yellow colour, like those of the small Conyza, or Fleabane: in the Heads of which, after the Flowers are fallen, cometh small Seed, wrapped up with the Down therein, and is carried away with the wind: the Root is small and threddy.   

The Places and Time  
The three first grow every where almost in this Land, especially in barren, dry, sandy, and gravelly Grounds. The Mountain- Cudweed hath been found in Scosby Leas, near Donkester, and in Sherewood Forest near Bescot Park path, and no where else. The sweet smelling white flowered Cudweed, groweth on a goodly Heath, by Barneck: the rest are found in the like places, beyond the Seas, only the last is found upon the West Seacoasts of our Land, in divers places, as well as in others, although smaller, which maketh it to seem another sort. They do all flower about July, and their Seed is ripe in August.   

The Temperature.  
These Herbs are all of them astringent, or of a binding, or drying quality.   

The Virtues.  
Pliny saith, that the Juice of the Herb Impious, or lesser Cudweed, taken in Wine or Milk, is a Sovereign against the Mumps and Quinsey; and further saith, that it is marvellous, what is reported of it, that whosoever shall take it, shall never be troubled with that Disease again. Cudweed is also profitable for Defluxions of Rheum from the Head, into any other part, and to stay Fluxes of blood, wheresoever, either at the Nose, or mouth, or by siege, which is the Bloody Flux; and easeth the torments that come thereby, the decoction being made into red Wine, and drunk, or the Powder taken therein. It stayeth also the immoderate Courses of Women, and is also good for inward or outward Wounds, hurts and bruises, as the Western Country people do daily find by experience; and helpeth Children of burstings, and the Worms, and the Disease called Tenasmus, (which is an often supposed provocation to the stool, and doing nothing) to be either drunk, or injected, or otherwise. The green Leaves bruised, and laid, or bound to any green wound, stayeth the bleeding, and healeth it up quickly: the Decoction or Juice thereof, doth the same, and doth help all old and filthy Ulcers quickly. Most of them also may be used for a week, in Lamps, etc. to burn▪ but especially, that which groweth by the Seaside. When the Hogs were troubled with tuberous Bags of corruption about their Necks, the Country people were formerly wont to give them of the Herb Impious boiled in Milk, or the like, and they observed that which soever of them refused to take it, would assuredly die.    

CHAP. LXXVIII. Of Jew's Ears.  

The Names.  
AMongst other Simples, there is an Excressence of the Elder, or Bore-tree, which I shall treat of a part from the Tree itself, and with it put a period to those things that are appropriated to the Throat, it being of so great use for this part, whereas the Elder itself is available to many others. Notwithstanding, I think that the Grecians took so little notice of it, that they scarcely afforded it a Name. It is called in Latin, Fungus Sambucinus, and Auricula Juda; some having supposed the Elder-tree, to be that whereon Judas hanged himself, and that ever since these Mushrooms, like unto Eats, have grown thereon, which I will not persuade you to believe. It is called in English, Jew's Ears, the Mushroom of the Elder; by some the Jelly, and by others the Sponge, growing upon the Elder.   

The Kind's.  
My Lord Bacon in his natural History saith, that Jewes-E●res grow upon other Trees, besides the Elder, as the Ash, Fir, etc. but I suppose he was mistaken. There are sometimes growing on those Trees, certain Mushrooms, but like to Jewes-Eares, neither in form, nor virtue, and therefore not to be called by that Name.   

The Form.  
This Excrescence called Jewes-Eares, is a soft and limber Mushroom, which while it is fresh, is not very thick, but transparent, and of a blackish colour, of differing forms and sizes; for some will be swollen and puffed up, in one place more than in another, having some resemblance to a Man's Ear; some thin on the edge, and thick in the middle; and some two or three growing together: all of them being dried, become of a blackish, grey colour, and then may be kept a whole year, or more, safe without spoiling, to be used as you need.   

The Places and Times  
Jewes-Eares grow as I said, upon the Elder-tree, but not so frequently upon them in other places, as upon those that are planted upon Cony-Boroughs, for their shadow and shelter. I understand not, but they may be found there at any time of the Year.   

The Temperature.  
Gerard saith, that the jellly of the Elder, otherwise called Jewes-Eares, hath a binding and drying quality.   

The Virtues.  
Dr. Martin Blochwich, Physician-Ordinary of Oshatin, in his ingenious Tract, called the Anatomy of Elder, saith, that even common Country Women, so soon as they suspect any Disease in the Throat of their young Children, they steep the Sponge of Elder in their Drink: and when it is swelled, they therewith carefully wipe away all the filth of the , Gums and Tongue. It is likewise used for the same purpose, being boiled in Ale or Milk, with Columbine Leaves, and with a little Pepper, and Pellitory of Spain in Powder, it helpeth to put up the U●●la, or  of the Mouth, being fallen down. Take of the water, or Decoction of Elder-Flowers, wherein a little Elder-Honey hath been mixed, and add thereunto some Leaves of Self-heal, and a Jews Ear or two, and you will find it a sure Experiment for the Quinsey. And a Lohoch, or licking of the Rhob of Elder, inspislated with Sugar, with some pulverised Jewes-Eares added thereunto, is commodious. The distilled water of Jewes-Eares, is very profitable for the Dropsy, according to Cr●lli●s de signaturis rer●●, and a drink made by sleeping three whole dried Umbels of Elder Flowers, and two Jewes-Eares, very well dried in two quarts of White-wine, if it be used, and no other drink: the tumour will vanish away suddenly. An handful of Jewes-Eares infused in a quart of the Spirit of Wine, and a full draught thereof given to one that is troubled with the suffocation of the Matrix, in the time of her fit, cureth her. The Powder of the Grains of Elder, being mixed with an equal part of Jewes-Eares is commended in spitting blood.    

CHAP. LXXIX. Of Elecampane.  

The Names.  
HAving appropriated several Simples, to the inside and outside of the Throat, the Breast comes next in Order to be provided for, both internally, and externally, to which there is nothing more proper than Elecampane, which is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Helenium also in Latin; and of some Inula and Enula, and Enula Campana: some think it took the name from the tears of Helen, from whence it sprung, which is a Fable; others say it was so called, because Helen first found it available against biting and stingings of venomous Beasts; and others think, it took its name from the Island Helena where the best was found to grow. We in English call it Elecampane generally, yet in some Countries of this Land, it is called Sabwort and Horse-heal.   

The Kinds.  
To this Plant, which otherwise would be single, do some refer the Flowers of the Sun, as 1. The greater flower of the S●●▪ 2. The lesser flower of the Sun. 3. The Male flower of the Sun. 4. The Marigold Sun flower.   

The Form.  
Elecampane shooteth forth many large leaves lying near the ground, which are long and broad, but small at both ends; somewhat soft in handling of a whitish green on the upper side; and grey underneath, each set upon a short footstalk: From amongst which, ri●e ●p divers great and strong hairy stalks, two or three foot high with some leaves thereon compassing them about at the lower ends, and are branched towards the tops bearing divers great and large flowers like unto those of the flower of the Sun of which it is said to be a kind, as I said before; both the border of the leaves and the middle Thrum being yellow, which is not wholly converted into large seed, as in the flower of the Sun; but turneth into Down with some long small brownish seed among it, and is carried away with the wind: the R●●t is great and thick, branched forth divers ways, blackish on the outside, and white within, of a very bitter taste but good sent especially when it is dried, no part else of the plant having any smell.   

The Places and Time.  
This is one of the Plants, whereof England may boast as much as any: for there grows none better in the world then in England; let Apothecaries and Druggeists say what they will. It groweth in Meadows that are fat and fruitful, as in Parson's Meadow by Adderbury as I have been told, and in divers other places about Oxfordshire. It is found also upon the Mountains and shadowy places that be not altogether dry: it groweth plentifully in the fields on the left hand as you go from Dunstable to Puddle hill. Also in an Orchard as you go from Col●r●● to Ditton Ferry, which is in the way from London to Windsor and in divers places in Wales, particularly in the Orchard of Mr. Peter Piers at Guieruigron near St. asaph's. The flowers are in their beauty in June and July, the best time to gather their roots is in Autumn, when the leaves fall: yet it may be gathered in the Spring before they come forth.   

The Temperature.  
Elecampane is hot and dry in the third degree, especially the dried root which is of greatest use; for before when it is green, and as yet full of Juice, the hot and dry quality is not so eminent.   

The Virtues.  
Elecampane openeth the Breast, and helpeth shortness of Wind caused by tough Phlegm stopping the Lungs. Also it openeth the Oppilations of the Liver and Spleen, and comforteth the Stomach; as saith, Schola Salerni, Enula Campana reddit praecordia sana. A Decoction of the Root is good against poison and bitings of Serpents: for such as have Ruptures, Cramps, and Convulsions, or have any member out of joint, and for the Hipgout; The same or the Juice taken killeth all manner of Worms, in the belly or stomach, and is good for them that spit blood, or have inward bruises. The roots candied, or the Conserve taken doth warm a cold and windy Stomach; and helpeth the pricking and s●tiches therein, or in the sides caused by the Spleen, and, to help the Cough, shortness of breath, and wheezings in the Lungs. The dried Roots mixed with Sugar, and taken, serve for the same purposes; and is also good for those that are troubled with the Muther, and is, in the Plague and putrified Fevers, very useful. The Roots and leaves bruised, and put into Ale or Beer, and daily drunk, cleareth, strengtheneth, quickeneth the sight of the Eyes wonderfully. The Root bruised and applied helpeth Gouts, Cramps, or Convulsions, looseness and pains in the Joints, or those members that are out of joint, by cold or moisture happening unto them. The Roots hoyled well in Vinegar, beat afterwards and made into an Ointment with Hog's grease, or oil of Trotters, and a little Vinegar and Salt in powder added thereunto, is an excellent remedy for Scabs or Itch in young or old. The place also hathed or washed with the Decoction doth the same; and helpeth all sorts of old putrid, or filthy sores or Cankers whatsoever. The Decoction of the roots in wine, or the juice taken therein gargled in the Mouth, or the root chewed fasteneth lose Teeth, & helpeth to keep them from putrefaction. The distilled water of the Leaves, and roots together is very profitable to cleanse the skin of the face or other parts, from any Morphew spots, or blemishes therein, and maketh it clear. Pliny saith, that Julia, Augusta let no day pass without eating some of the root of E●●la conci●ed, which it may be she did to help digestion, to expel Melancholy and sorrow, and to cause mirth, and to move the belly downwards; for all which it is very effectual. The Oil thereof helpeth tormenting wind of the guts, and is good for the Sinews. The decoction thereof drunk provoketh Urine and the terms. The wine thereof doth cleanse the Lungs and breast. The root in powder may be given from twenty grains to thirty, to cold and moist bodies, but not to those that are hot and dry.    

CHAP. LXXX. Of the Almond tree.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, & the fruit, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Amygdalus, & the fruit Amygdalum & Amygdalium: some think that Cato meant these by the Names of Nuces Gr●c●, but yet some do rather refer them to the Walnuts. Columella maketh mention of Nuces Gr●c●, Juglandes', and Amygdale, as of three kinds; for many think the Almond Tree was not known in Italy in Cato's time. Some have sound conceived that the bitter Almond tree might be made to bear sweet Almonds, and the sweet bitter; and that Inscriptions and engravings might be made upon them, if one open the shell of an Almond and write upon the kernel: But this Error and many others of this Nature, are discovered by the skilful Practiser in the Art of planting, Mr. Ralph Austen, it being contrary to the Law, that God hath set in all plants to preserve the kind, to change or alter from one kind to another.   

The Kind's.  
Though all Almond Trees be so like that they cannot be distinguished by the external form: yet there are sundry sorts, as may be gathered from the fruits they bear; for some of them are bitter, and some sweet▪ of sweet some are bigger called Jord●n Almonds, others less called Valence Almonds, and Barbary Almonds: the bitter are small like the Barbary Almonds.   

The Form.  
The Almond Tree groweth greater and higher than any Peach, but otherwise it is very like it (and therefore usually planted by itself and not against a Wall, not by grafting but by setting a kernel or stone into the ground where it should grow; because it will hardly be transplanted) the body thereof becoming very great, whereby a showeth to be of long continuance, spreading greater Arms and Smaller branches; but brittle with very long Leaves upon them like unto the Peach Tree. The flowers are of a paler Purple Colour then the Peach blossoms, and not so bitter; and the fruit very like the Peach▪ for the outward form before it be ripe, but the outer ●ind is a dry skin without any cleft in it, of edible substance under it as the Peach hath, and the shell under it is smooth and not rugged like it, and not so thick a kernel within. It is observed that those that grow in the Isle of Cyprus bend down their Heads contrary to all in any other Place.   

The Places and Time.  
They grow in all places planted that I know or can hear of, in Syria, Barbary, Turkey, Spain, Italy, and wheresoever: we have (saith my Author) both the bitter and the sweet of that sort which is thick and short, growing in many places of our Land; and blossom earlier than the Peach of any sort, and the fruit ripe also before them. There is one of them growing in the Orchard at Merton College in Oxford, which flowreth early, but whether it brings its fruit to perfection I cannot assure you.   

The Temperature.  
The sweet Almonds are the pleasanter meat, form into many fashions as every one liketh, but the bitter are the more Physical; the sweet are hot and moist in the first degree, the bitter are drying in the second.   

The Virtues.  
The Oil of Sweet Almonds mixed with the fine Powder of Sugar Candy is good for the dry Cough and Hoarseness to take a little at once: the said Oil drunk either alone, or with the Syrup of Marshmallows, is good for those that are troubled with the Stone, to ease the pains; by opening and making slippery the passages thereof. It is used also by women in Childbed after their sore travel, for it helpeth Throws and after-paines, if you give two or three drachms of it to Children that are newly born and troubled with gripe, mingling Sugar Pellets or white, Sugar Candy therewith, it will much avail. The sweet Almonds themselves yield good and plentiful nourishment to the body; therefore they are good for weak and macerated persons, or such as are lean. They open and cleanse the breast, provoke spitting, and are good in the Pleurisy and shortness of Breath; they open the passages of Urine, cleanse the Kidneys and provoke sleep. They increa●e geniture, or seed both in men and Women, open the stops of the Liver and Spleen and help the sight. Being blanched and dried that they may be made in powder, which taken by itself or with other things, stayeth the looseness of the belly. Bitter Almonds open the stops of the Liver and Spleen, cleanse the Lungs from gross tough phlegm, cleanse the Kidneys and provoke Urine. They take away flatulent or windy humours in the body, and provoke the Courses in Women. Being taken with Amylum or Starch, and Mints, they are good against spitting of Blood; and taken with water they are good for pains in the back, and the Inflammation of the Lungs. They preserve from drunkenness if five or six be eaten in a morning fasting. The Oil of bitter Almonds being taken killeth Worms, helpeth the pains, Suffocations and tortions of the Womb. Being drunken with wine it mitigateth the Cough, and brings away the stone or gravel in the kidneys. It is reported that if bitter Almonds be given to a Fox▪ he dieth presently after. The oil both of bitter and sweet Almonds, is good to cleanse the skin from roughness and spots, but the bitter is most effectual. Being mixed with Oil of Roses, and Oil of Capers, and the Spleen anointed therewith, it helpeth the hardness thereof. It cures deafness and noise in the Ears if it be dropped into them, and helpeth the Scurfynesse of the head, and the sores thereof. If the Temples be anointed therewith, it easeth the pains of the head and brings rest; or boil bitter Almonds with vinegar of Roses, and Rose Leaves and apply it to the Temples. Being bruised with Honey they are good against the biting of a mad dog. The powder of the Almond Cakes after the Oil is pressed from them, doth cleanse the hands or skin in any place better than Sope. If the Oil be mixed with Hony, powder of Liquorice, Oil of Roses and White wax and the eyes therewith anointed, it clears them and helps the dimness thereof:    

CHAP. LXXXI. Of the Vine.  

The Names.  
THe manured Vine is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and in Latin Vitis Vinifera, and sativa, or culta: the wild is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and in Latin Vitis sylvestris: Vitis à vino, vel quia inv●tetur ad uvaa pariendas, dicitur; but there is another Vitis sylvestris of the Grecians, that is the Clematis urons of the Latins, by some; and Amaradulcis by others, when as this is called Labrusca, to cause it to be known asunder: the juice of the unripe Grapes of the manured Vine, or rather of the Grapes of the wild Vine, which come not to ripeness, are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek, Omphacium; & Agresta in Latin, in English Varjuice: The Grapes when they are dried in the Sun, are called Uvae passae, and Passulae Solis, Raisins: the Juice or Liquor pressed out of the ripe Grapes, is called Vinum, Wine; the Kernels are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, acini; the Dregs or settling of the Wine, are called Vini faces, Wine Lees, while they are moist; but being dried, is called ●artarum, Tartar or Argol; the distilled Wine is called Spiritus Vini, Spirit of Wine, and the Lees distilled Aquavita. In the wild Vine, the Flowers are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Oenanthe, that is, Vini flos in Latin, which was of much use in former times; but now is wholly neglected.   

The Kind's.  
There is so great a variety of Vines that are manured, that it would require a large recital; but studying brevity, I shall only mention five Sorts, with the chiefest Grapes; not because there be more sorts of Grapes than Vines, but because there be many Sorts of manured Vines. 1. The Manured Vine. 2. The Vine with thin cut Leaves, like Parsley, which is a manured Vine; but differeth from the former in the Leaf. 3. The wild Vine of Europe. 4. The wild Vine of Virginia. 5. The wild Vine of Canada. The chiefest Grapes are, 1. The Damascus white Grape, which is the true Uva zibeba, that the Apot becaries should use in sundry of their Compositions. 2. The Muscadine Grape, both white and red. 3. The Frontignack or Musk Grape. 4. The party coloured Grape. 5. The Raisin of the Sun Grape. 6. The Curran Grape, which dried, are those the Grocers sell. 7. The small early black Grape. 8. The black Grape of Orleans. 9 The Grape without stones. To which I add the starved or hard Grape, and the Fox Grape.   

The Form.  
The manured Vine, in places where it hath stood long, and thrived, hath a great stem, as big as one's Arm, sleeve and all, spreadding without end or measure, if it be suffered, many slender weak branches, that must be sustained from falling down, the young being red, and the old of a dark colour, with a pith in the middle; at the sundry joints whereof, grow several large, broad, green Leaves, cut into five Divisions, and dented also about the edges, at the joints, likewise against the Leaves come forth long twining tendrils, clasping or winding about whatsoever it may take hold of: at the bottoms of the Leaves, come forth clusters of small greenish, yellow Flowers; and after them Berries, thick set together in bunches of several forms, greatness, colour, and taste; in some, the clusters are close in others more open; some round, others long, and some tending to a square: some likewise are very small, as the Currah Grape; others great, and some a mean between both: some again are white, others black or bluish, or red or particoloured: within which there are usually one, two, or three kernels; for taste, some sweet, some sour, some mixed according to the Climate wherein they grow. They that keep their Vines in the best manner, do keep them low, and cut them often, both Winter and Summer: yet if they be pruned later than February, they lose their nourishment with weeping; but in October and November is the best time, and being thus dressed, they grow better, take up less room, bringing their Grapes, both fairer and sweeter.   

The Places and Time.  
It is true, that manured Vines are planted every where; but there is much difference in what Soil and Climate they grow; for though the Vine that groweth in the Canary Islands, is the same with that at Malaga and Sheris, yet the one still excelleth the other, in sweetness and strength. And though many of our Vines be of the same kind with those in France, yet they seldom come to maturity, to make so good Wine as theirs, our Country being colder: however, I have heard of Wine made in England, of Grapes, growing in Mrs. Pits Garden at Harrow on the Hill. But the Vine which is thought fittest for our Climate, is the Parsley Vine which bears abundance of fruits to perfection. The Fox Grape, and the red and white Muscadine Grape set against the South, and well ordered, bear store of good fruit. They are not ripe here, till September, but sooner in the hotter Countries. The Raisin of the Sun-Vine, groweth as I suppose in Spain, and about Damascus and Smyrna; for thence are they brought into these parts, and therefore so called. The Vine that beareth Currans, groweth about Corinth, and therefore they are called Uvae Corinthiacae, and in the Isle of Lante. The wild Vine of Europe, groweth in many places of Italy, France, and Germany: the other wild sorts are expressed in their Titles. These wild sorts flower later than the other, and their fruit is ripe later.   

The Temperature.  
The Vine hath in it, divers differing and contrary properties, some cold, some hot, some sweet, some sour, some mild, and some sharp, some moistening, and some drying. The tender and clasping Branches of the Vine, and the Leaves do cool and mightily bind. And as Grapes are divers in taste, so they are in quality; for sour Grapes are cold and moist; and sweet Grapes are hot and moist. Raisins be hot in the first Degree, and moist in the second: being stoned, they open the Breast and Liver, and loosen the belly; but eaten with stones, they bind.   

The Virtues.  
Many things there are that proceed of Grapes, besides what I have mentioned already, as Must, Lora, Cute, Argel, Lees, etc. which have their several uses: at some of which, I may chance to touch; but my purpose is to show you, how proper dried Grapes or Raisins are to help Coughs, hoarseness of the Throat, shortness of wind, toughness of phlegm, causing it to be expectorated more easily, and do lenify sharp and nauseous humours that offend the mouth of the stomach, a decoction being made of them, and Liquorice, Maidenhair, Colts-foot, etc. They serve likewise, to open the stops of the Liver, Spleen, and Bladder, and taken by themselves they nourish much, by reason of their thick sweet and temperate substance, whereby also they stay not long nor putrify in the Stomach: but withstand putrefaction and concoct raw humours, as Galen writeth, and for this purpose they may well be eaten fasting, the stones being first taken out. And ●ot crudity or rawness of the stomach, Mr. Eliot by his own report never found any thing better than Rhubarb chewed with Currans of small Raisins; yet by the judgement of Arnoldus, they cause oppilations of the Spleen, though they be good for the breast and Reins; and so saith Schola Salerni, Passula ●on Spleni, tussi valet, & bona reni; and therefore some think that Rhubarb may be better eaten with great Raisins. These being bruised and applied (the stones taken out) with Rue in manner of a Poultis, it helpeth Warts, Carbuncles, Corns in the feet; the Gangrene and the Gout. They take away lose Nails being applied. Being mixed with a little Cumminseed in powder, and Oil of white Lilies, it assuageth the swelling of the Cod. They are hurtful to hot and Choleric persons if they eat too largely of them. If Grapes newly gathered be eaten they trouble the belly and fill the stomach with wind; but if they be kept two or three days after they be gathered till the husk be somewhat assuaged, they nourish the better, and are less laxative, neither do they inflate so much, as saith Arnoldus. Ripe Grapes and sweet do nourish much and make one fat, as Galen proveth by experience of some Vinedressers that fed thereon, but the fat so gotten soon weareth away, because it is not firm and fast, but lose and overmoist. White wine is good to be drunk before meat, preserveth the body, and pierceth quickly into the bladder: but upon a full stomach it rather maketh oppilations or stops, because it doth swiftly drive down meat before it be digested. Claret Wine doth greatly nourish and warm the Body, and is wholesome with meat especially unto Phlegmatic people; but very unwholesome for young children, as Galen saith, because it heateth above nature, and hurteth the head. RedWine stoppeth the belly, corrupteth the blood breedeth the Stone, is hurtful to old people; and good for few, but such as are troubled with the lask, bloody flix, or any other looseness of the body. Sack hath been used of a long time to be drunk after meat, to cause meat the better to digest: but common experience hath found it more beneficial to the stomach to be drunk before meat. Likewise Malmesy, Muscadine, Tent, and such sweet wines have been used before meat to comfort the cold and weak stomach, especially being taken fasting, but Sack is much better and warmeth more effectual if it be taken moderately; but all wine taken inordinately relaxeth the sinews, bringeth with it the Palsy, & falling sickness; to the aged it bringeth hot Fevers, Frenzy, and Lechery, consumeth the Liver and other of the inward part●. Moreover, excessive drinking wine dishonoureth Noblemen, beggereth those which otherwise might have had sufficient, and more have been destroyed with furfeiting therewith, then with the cruel Sword. The Juce of the green leaves, branches, and tendrels of the Vine drunken, is good for those that vomit or spit blood; for the bloody flix and women with child, that vomit over much. The kernel within the Grapes boiled in water and drunk, hath the same effect.    

CHAP. LXXXII. Of Reeds, but especially of the Sugar Cane or Reed.  

The Names.  
A Reed, called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in Latin Calamus, and Harundo, or Arundo as some writ it, whereof the Master according to Theophrastus is the Nastos farcta, the solid or stuffed Reed, and the Faemina, the hollow. But I suppose the Sugar Reed was not known to the Greek Writers; for we find no name that it hath in Greek: the Latins have called it Arundo Saccharina with this additament Indica; because it was first known or came from India. Of some it is called Calamus Saccharatus, in English Sugar-Cane. The Sugar that is made of them is called Saccharum, Sacchar, Succharum, Mel Arundi●aceum, & mel Cannae, that is, Honey of the Cane. The white Juice or Liquor dried or hardened in the Sun was called by the ancient Latin Writers Sal Indum and Saccharum Indum, which was used before Sugar was made out of the Canes by boiling.   

The Kinds.  
Pliny, numbereth up five and twenty sorts of Reeds, most of which are known to Us on●y by the dry Canes; therefore I shall mention those which are proper to these near climates, together with the Sugar Reed, which for its sweetness deserves the first place. 1. The Sugar Cane or Reed. 2. Our common Reed. 3. Finger Reed. 4. The Spanish Reed or Cane. 5. The stripped or party coloured Reed. 6. Low branched Reed. 7. The small writing Reed. 8. The Arrow or Dart Reed 9 The greater solid Reed. 10. The lesser solid Reed. 11. The Thorny Reed. 12. The Flowering Reed.   

The Form.  
The Sugar Cane is a pleasant and profitable Reed, having long stalks seven or eight foot high, jointed and kneeed like the common walking Canes, but that the Leaves come forth of every joint on every side of the stalk one, like unto wings long narrow and sharp pointed. The Cane itself or stalk is not hollow as the other Canes and Reeds are; but full and stuffed with a spongious substance, in taste exceeding sweet. The root is great and long creeping along within the inner crust of the earth, which is likewise sweet and pleasant, but less hard or woody than other Canes or Reeds; from which do shoot many young Cions which are cut away from the main or Mother plant; because they should not draw away the nourishment from the old stock; and so get unto themselves a little moisture, or else some substance not much worth, and cause the stock to be barren, and themselves little the better: which shoots do serve for plants to set abroad for increase.   

The Places and Time.  
The Sugar Cane groweth naturally in the East and West Indies, the Barbadoss, Madera, and the Canary Islands, and Barbary also. It is planted likewise in many parts of Europe at this day, as Spain, Portugal, Oliba, and in Province. Some shoots have been planted in England, but the coldness of the Climate quickly made an end of them. The two next in England, the fourth in Spain. The fifth in Bengala. The sixth was found in a Sack full of Costus and Ginger, as it was brought from Arabia. The seventh was found by Bellonius in a Valley on Mount Athos, and in the River Jordan; and of this they make their writing Pens in Turkey, where the four next sorts are thought to grow. The last groweth in Italy and divers other places; but all of them delight in moist or watery overflown grounds. The Sugar Cane is planted at any time of the year in those hot Countries where it doth naturally grow, by reason they fear no frosts to hurt the young shoots, at their first planting: they are most of them ripe about the end of September.   

The Temperature.  
The Juice of the Sugar Reed, made into Sugar, is hot and moist in the first degree, or temperately hot and moist, and is abstersive or cleansing,   

The Virtues.  
Sugar is good to make smooth the roughness of the breast and Lungs, cleareth the voice and putteth away hoarseness and the Cough; and so doth Sugar Candy. It is convenient for the Stomach, helpeth the roughness and dryness of the mouth and throat, also thirst and drought in Feaverse, specially being mixed with water and so taken, and it is very profitable for the Reins and Bladder. It is used to put sourness, and bitterness out of the mouth of sick persons, and may be put into cooling as well as heating and warming Medicines. Sugar or White Sugar Candy, put into the Eye, taketh away the dimness, and the blood shotten therein: It is good to be put into green wounds whilst they are yet bleeding and strewed into foul sores, it cleanseth them. This is the Physical use of Sugar, which hath obtained now a days so continual and daily use; that it is almost accounted not Physical, and is more commonly used in Confections, Syrups, and such like; as also preserving, and conserving sundry fruits, as Cherries, Damsons, Mulberries, etc. and Flowers▪ as Roses, Violets, Rosemary Flowers and such like, which still retain with them the Name of Sugar, as Sugar Roset, Sugar Violet, etc. to write of all which, is besides our Intentions. Now for our ordinary Reeds; The roots, as Galen saith, have a cleansing quality, but not sharp; and the Leaves also. The fresh Leaves bruised, or the roots applied to those places that have Thorns, Splinters, or the like in the flesh do draw them forth in a short space the same also applied with Vinegar, helpeth Members out of joint by Signature and easeth the pains in the Loins: the fresh leaves also, bruised and applied unto hot Impostumes, Inflammations, or St. Anthony's sire easeth them; the Ashes made of the outer rind of the stalk, mingled with Vinegar, helpeth the falling off the hair. If the flower or woolly substance happen into the ears, it sticketh therein so fast, as that by no means it will be gotten forth again, but will procure deafness withal. Some have observed that the Fern and the Reed are at perpetual enmity, the one not abiding where the other is: which may b, e as my Lord Bacon saith, not because of any Antipathy in the plants; but because they draw a like nourishment, and so starve one the other; whereas there is such amity they say, between Asparagus and the Reed, that they both thrive wondrous well, which is because they draw a different Juice. Reeds are al●o put to many necessary uses, as to thatch houses, to serve as walls and defence to gardiner's in the cherishing of their plants, to Watermens to trim their boats, to Weavers to wind their yarn on and for divers other purposes: Nay those that grow in the Indies by reason of the heat of those Climates grow so great and tall, that they serve instead of timber, both to build their houses, and to cover them.    

CHAP. LXXXIII. Of the Jujube-Tree.  

The Names.  
THe Tree itself is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Greek; Zizypha, and Zinz●pha, of Columella: Z●z phus rutila; of others, Rubra and Punicea; and of the Arabians, from whom the Apothecaries took it Jujube, and ●o do Lobel and Pena. The Fruit or Plums, arenamed in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, an● 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which are the same that Galen calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. In Latin likewise Ziziphas and Serica; in Shops, Jujube; in English Jujubes.   

The Kinds.  
Although in former times, there were but one sort of Jujube known, yet now we have three. 1. The greater Jujube-Tree. 2. The lesser Jujube-Tree. 3. The wild Jujube-tree.   

The Form.  
The Jujube-tree groweth sometimes to be very high, but more often to a reasonable height, having his Stem or Body bowed or crooked, and spreading rather in breadth, the Wood whereof is whitish and hard, covered with a rugged Bark, from whence spread great Branches, and from the lesser and slender, whitish twigs about a foot long, full of Leaves, set on both sides, not usually directly one against another, but one a little above another, with an odd one at the end; each whereof is small, somewhat broad, and pointed at the end, dented, or finely nicked about the edges, with long Veins in them, smooth, and somewhat hard in handling, each standing on a short foot-stalk, and very like unto the Leaves of Paliurus, or Christ's Thorn: at the foot of every Leaf, towards the tops of the Twigs, come forth small yellowish Flowers, of five Leaves a piece, where afterwards stand the fruit, which is somewhat like unto a small Plum or Olive, but a little long, green at the first, and then ●t is somewhat harsh, and yellowish after; but at last red, and of a reasonable sweetness; yet sharp withal, and somewhat clammy, when they are ripe▪ flat as it were, at the lower end next the stalk, whose skin is thicker and harder than a Plum, and the stone within it, is small, firm, and solid, long, round, and solid, like unto an Olive, or Cornelian Cherry-stone, both for form and hardness. All the Branches, both greater and sm●ller, are armed with Thorns, two always at a joint, whereof the one is long, s●●ong, sharp pointed and strait and the other crooked, both of them of a blacki●● red colour, like unto the elder Branches: The Roots are long, and firm in the Ground.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth naturally in Africa▪ Egypt▪ Arabia, and Syria and those more Easterly Countries, from whence as Pliny saith it was brought into Italy▪ and planted there in his time, by Sextus Rampinius, in the latter end of Caesar Augustus his Reign, which now a days is very frequent, not only in many Gardens and Orchards of Italy, but of Provence in France also: It is so tender, that it cannot endure long in our Country, by reason of the cold. The other likewise was brought into Italy, in these later times from Syria, where it is only to be seen, and but with a few that are lovers of rarities. The last groweth wild in the Fields, by the Hedges, not far from Verona, abundantly, as Pena saith. They all shoot forth in April, at which time, the Seeds or Stones are to be set and sown for increase. They flower in May, and their fruit is ripe in September, the Leaves falling off shortly after.   

The Temperature.  
Jujubes are temperate in heat and moisture.   

The Virtues.  
They open the Body, and gently purge Choler, and cleanse the Blood, according to Actuarius, and Simeon Sethi, especially when they are fresh: yet Matthiolus following the Opinion of Avicen, denyeth that they have any purging quality in them at all. But all Authors do agree, that they cool the heat and sharpness of the Blood; and therefore hold them to be good in hot Agues, and to help them that have a Cough, by bringing away tough phlegm, and are very profitable also for other Diseases of the Chest and Lungs: as shortness of breath, hot Rheums, and Distillations proceeding from hot humours. They are also to good purpose, used to cleanse the Reins and Bladder from Gravel, in making the passages slippery: they also stay Vomitings, procured by sharp humours. But they are hard of digestion, nourish very little, and do not easily pass through the stomach, and are therefore used in decoctions, with other Ingredients, fitting for the foresaid griefs.    

CHAP. LXXXIV. Of the Sebesten, or Assyrian Plum-Tree.  

The Names.  
THere are also to be had, at the Apothecary's Shops, a certain kind of Plums, called by them Sebestens, in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, à muccoso fructus lentore; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 enim muccum significat. The Tree whereon this Fruit groweth, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Myxos, for the Tree; and Myxa, and Myxaria for the Fruit. It is thought as Ruellius saith, that the Syrians in honour of Augustus, called them Sebastae, from whence the Arabians called them Sebesten.   

The Kinds.  
The Sorts hereof are two. 1. The Sebesten or Assyrian Plum-Tree. 2. The wild Sebesten-Tree.   

The Form.  
The Sebesten-tree groweth somewhat lower than the Plum-tree, covered with a whitish Bark, the Branches are green, whereon grow rounder, thicker, and harder Leaves, than those of the ordinary Plum-Tree: the blossoms are white, consisting of five Leaves a piece, growing many together on a stalk, which afterwards turn into small Berries, rather than Plums, of a blackish green colour, when they are ripe, every one standing in a little Cup, of a sweet taste, and glutinous and clammy substance, and a very thick skin: within which, lieth a three square, hard stone, with a thick Shell, and a small Kernel: these are gathered, and laid in the Sun, whereby they grow wrinkled, and so they are kept, and brought over unto us in Boxes.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in Syria, and is but planted in Egypt, as Alpinus saith, and from thence were brought into Italy, in Pliny his time, which were grafted on the Service Tree and do now grow in many places there in their Orchards: it is so tender, not enduring the cold with us, that we can as hardly keep it, as cause it to spring, the Shell of the Stone being so thick, and the Kernel so small. The other as Alpinus seemeth to aver growth in Egypt naturally. They flower in May, and their Fruit is gathered in September.   

The Temperature.  
Sebestens are temperately cold and moist, and have a thick clammy substance.   

The Virtues.  
They are very effectual, to lenify, or make smooth the hoarseness, and roughness of the Throat, which is caused by sharp humours, which descend from the Head, into the Wine-pipe, galling it, and fretting it, so that unless there be means used to stop them, and to prevent the Throat from corroding, they will run down abundantly, and with great force, making the Patient to breath with great difficulty. Neither are Sebestens good only for the Throat, but also do very much help the Cough, and wheezings of the Lungs and Distillations upon them, by lenifying the passages, and causing much phlegm to be avoided: They also give ease to them that are troubled with pains in their sides, and marvellously helpeth those that are troubled with the sharpness of their Urine, proceeding from Cho 〈…〉 or salted phlegm: they also drive forth the long worms of the Belly. By the judgement both of the Arabians and Greek Physicians, they open the body in the fame manner, or rather more, by reason of the Muscilaginesse in them, than Damask Primes, yet more when they are green, and less when they are dry; yet the decoction of them, or the infusion of them in broth, although dried, worketh effectually. They serve to cool any intemperate heat of the Stomach or Liver, and therefore are good in hot Agues, and to purge Choler, whereof they come. 〈◊〉 saith, that he hath found often by his experience, that ten drams, or twelve at the most, of the pulp of Sebestans, taken from the Skins and Stones, worketh as well, and to as good purpose as the pulp of Cassia fistula. There is a kind of Bird-lime made of these fruits, by boiling them a little in water, to take away their Skins and Stones, and after boiling them more to a consistence, the which, as M 〈…〉 saith, was used in V 〈…〉, to catch Birds; but Alpinus saith, they use it in Egypt as a Plaster, to dissolve hard tumors or swell.    

CHAP. LXXXV. Of Scabious.  

The Names.  
IT hath no Greek Name, unless it be, as some think, that Herb which Aetius calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: but few dare venture to say, it is the same, because there is nothing but the bare Name, without any Description extant in him; yet the Greek word signifieth Scabies in Latin. It took the name of Scabi●sa, either à foliorum scabritie quae pr●sertim primo huic generi convenit, or rather, and that more usually, quòd Scabi●i medetur, which it doth by Signature; for Crollius saith moreover, quòd in summis caulium capitulis florum calices promit, compactili squammarum ordine structos: ideò Scabi●i medetur, that is, It brings forth cups of Flowers, which stand on the tops of the stalks, like unto scales or scabs; and this also may be a reason, why it is called so. The Name is applied to divers Herbs, as to the Jacea's Stabe's, and others; but there hath much difference been discovered between them by the modern Herbarists, as in the Heads of Flowers, and also by the Leaves, if they be broken; for the Leaves of Scabious, being broken easily, you may plainly perceive many little Films in them, which Knapweed, or Stab● hath not.   

The Kind's.  
The Sorts of Scabious are so many, that they would take up much room to little purpose, if I should but name them all. I shall therefore set down a dozen of them, and no more. 1. Common Scabious. 2. The small common Scabious. 3. Middle Scabious. 4. Corn Scabious, 5. Purple flowered Scabious. 5. Red Scabious of Austria. 7. Mountain Scabious. 8. Broad leafed Mountain Scabious. 9 Spanish Scabious. 10▪ Strange Scabious. 11. Sheep's Scabious. 12. Hairy Sheep's Scabious.   

The Form.  
The common Field-Scabious, groweth up with many hairy, soft, whitish green Leaves: some whereof, are either not at all jagged, or divided on the edges, or very little; others are much rent and torn on the sides, and have Films, or small threads in them, as I said before: which upon the breaking, may be plainly seen; from among which, rise up divers round, hairy, green stalks, two or three foot high, with such like hairy green Leaves on them; but more deeply and finely divided, branched forth a little; at the tops whereof, which are naked and bare of Leaves for a good space, stand round heads of Flowers, of a pale bluish colour, many set together in a head, or knop: the outermost whereof, are larger than those inward: with many threads also in the middle, somewhat flat at the top, as the Head with Seed is likewise: the Root is great, white, and thick, growing down deep into the ground, and abideth many years.   

The Places and Times.  
The first groweth very often in Meadow Grounds, especially those that do not lie very low. The two next grow also in some dry Fields, but not so plentifully as the former. The fourth groweth both in the places where Corn is standing, and in those also that were formerly sown, and now lie fallow, and in the borders of such like Fields. The fifth came from India, and is common in our Gardens. The sixth from Austria, as the title showeth. The seaventh and eighth, upon the Alps. The ninth in Spain. It is not known whence the tenth came, and therefore it is called Strange Scabious. The two last grow in dry, sandy, and heathy Grounds: the one of them being common, the other somewhat rare. They all flower in June and July; and some abide flowering until it be late in August, and the Seed is ripe in the mean time.   

The Temperature.  
Scabious is hot and dry in the second Degree, opening, cleansing, digesting, and making thin.   

The Virtues.  
It is effectual for all sorts of Coughs, shortness of breath, and all other the Diseases of the Breast and Lungs, ripening and digesting cold phlegm, and other tough humours, voiding them forth by coughing and spitting. It ripeneth also all sorts of inward Ulcers and Apo●humes, yea the P●uri●e al●o: if the Decoction of the dry or green Herb, being made with Wine, be drunk sometimes together, thereby voiding it ●orth by Urine, as well as other ways. Four Ounces of the clarified Juice of Scabious taken in the morning ●asting▪ with a dram of Mithridate, or Venice Treacle, doth free the Heart from any infection of the P●ague or Pestilence; so as upon the taking thereof, they sweat two hours in their Beds, at the least: yet after the first time taking, let them that are infected, take the same proportion again, and again, if need be, for fear of further danger: and the same is good against the stinging of any venomous Beast. The Decoction drunk, helpeth the pains and stitches of the vices. The Decoction of the Roots taken for forty days together, or the Powder of them to the quantity of a dram at a time, taken in Whey, doth as Matthiolus saith, wonderfully help those that are troubled with dangerous running, or spreading Scabs, Tetters, or Ringworms; yea although they proceed from the French Pox. The Juice, or the Decoction drunk, doth very much help those that are broken out into Scabs and Itches: the Cups of Flowers having the Signature thereof, as I said before. The same also wonderfully helpeth all inward wounds, be they made by thrust or stroke, by the drying, cleansing and healing quality therein. A Syrup made of the Juice and Sugar is very effectual to all the purposes aforesaid; and so is the distilled water of the Herb and Flowers, made in due time. The green Herb bruised, and applied to any Carbuncle, or Plague-sore, is found good by experience, to dissolve or break it, within the space of three hours, and the same applied, helpeth the stinging of any venomous Beast. The Juice made up into an Ointment with Hogsgrease, helpeth the Itch and Scab, being thereto applied. The Decoction of the Herb and Roots applied, doth help all sorts of cold tumors, or swell, in any part of the Body; and is also as effectual for any shrunk Sinew or Vein in any place. The Juice made up with the Powder of Borax and Camphor, doth cleanse the skin of the face, or other part of the Body, as Freckles, Pimples, Morphew, and Lepry. The same decoction helpeth the Redness and Spots in the white of the Eyes, used either by itself, or with the Juice of Fennel. The Head washed with the same Decoction, cleanseth it from dandruff, Scurf, Scabs, Sores, Itches, and the like, being used warm. Tents also dipped in the Juice, or water thereof, doth heal all green Wounds, old Sores and Ulcers. The Herb bruised, and applied, doth loosen, splinter, broken Bone, Arrow Head, or other such like thing lying in the flesh, and causeth it easily to be drawn forth.    

CHAP. LXXXVI. Of Coleworts.  

The Names.  
THe Greeks call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, & Attice 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, so called as it is supposed by some, quòd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i. e. oculorum pupillas obtundat & hebetet, because it dulleth and dimmeth the Eyesight, which Columella signifieth in these words, Oculis inimica Coramble; but he contradicteth himself; for he and other Authors also say, that it is good for dim Eyes, as also to take away the Canker in the Eyes. Others say, quòd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, vel rectius, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quòd Crapulae satietatique adversatur, because it is a remedy against surfeiting and drunkenness. Theophrastus and other greek Authors before him, call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Raphanus, Anglicè, a Radish because of the likeness of the seed: they supposing that if it were old, the one would degenerate into the other; which error in this as in many other things, though very fatal to the old world hath been discovered by the Judicious of these later times; but amongst the Commons, whose opinions are unalterable, many falsities and absurdities are continued. It is called also in Latin, Brasica quasi Praseca, as Varro saith, quod hujus scapui minutatim prasecatur; or as others think, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 à vocando, because poor people did most of all call for them to eat them; It is also called in Latin of many Caulis, quia prae cateris grandi validoque turgescit Caul●. And from thence came as most suppose our English words Cole and Cale, whereby the Colewort was anciently, and is yet called by some.   

The Kinds.  
Many are the sorts hereof, I shall set down sixteen. 1. Garden Colewort. 2. Curled Garden Cole. 3. Red Colewort. 4. White Cabbage. 5. Red Cabbage. 6. Open Cabbage. 7. Double Colewort. 8. Double Crisped Colewort. 9 Cole Florie. 10. Swollen Colewort. 11. Savoy Cole. 12. Curled Savoy Cole. 13. Parsley Colewort. 14. Fine cut Colewort. 15. English Sea Colewort. 16. Wild Sea Colewort.   

The Form.  
The Garden Colewort hath many green broad Leaves, of a deep black green colour mixed with Ribs; and Lines of reddish and white Colours. The stalk groweth out of the midst from among the leaves, branched with sundry arms, bearing at the top little yellow flowers; and after they be passed, there do succeed long Cod full of round seed like those of the Turnip but smaller, with a woody root having many strings or threads fastened thereto.   

The Places and Time.  
The greatest sort of Coleworts do grow in Gardens, and do love a soil which is fat and throughly dunged, and well manured, they do best prosper when they be removed: and everyone of them grow in our English Gardens, except the wild which groweth in fields and new digged ditch banks. The Sea Colewort groweth naturally by the Sea side, where there is no earth to be seen, but sand and rolling peeble stones, particularly between Whitstable and the Isle of Thanet near the brink of the Sea, and in many places near Colchester. It is sown in the Spring as in March, April, and oftentimes in May, and sometimes in August but the especial time, is about the beginning of September, and those that are then sown, are fittest to be transplanted in March or April following: that so having the benefit of the Summer for their full growth, they may be gathered to eat, in the Winter or Autumn, after the frost hath a little bit them. But the Savoy Cole and the Cole-flory (which is commonly called Collyflower) must be sowed in April in a bed of hot Horsedung, and covered with Mats or Straw, to keep it from the cold frosty mornings; for if you tarry for warmer weather, the year will be spent before it come to ripeness; it should also be removed when it hath gotten six leaves, or thereabouts.   

The Temperature.  
All the Coleworts have a drying or binding faculty with a certain nitrous or salted quality whereby it mightily cleanseth either in the Juice or broth thereof. The whole substance or body of the Colewort, is of a binding and drying faculty, because it leaveth in the decoction this Salt quality, which lieth in the Juice and watery part thereof: it yieldeth to the body small nourishment, and doth not engender good Blood but gross and Melancholic.   

The Virtues.  
The Decoction of Coleworts being mingled with honey and drunk recovereth hoarseness or loss of the Voice, the leaves themselves help those that are entering into a Consumption, if they use to eat them well boiled, and often. The pulp of the middle ribs of Coleworts, boiled in Almond-milk, and made up into an Electuary with honey, is very profitably used, by those that are shortwinded, and purify if they often take thereof. Being boiled twice, and an old cock boiled in the broth and drunk, it helpeth the pains and obstructions of the Liver and Spleen, and the stone in the Kidneys. The juice boiled with honey, and dropped into the Corner of the Eye, cleareth the sight by consuming any film or cloud beginning to dim it; it also consumeth the Canker growing therein. They are much commended being eaten before meat to keep one from surfeiting, as also from being drunk with too much wine, or quickly make a man sober that is drunk before. Being gently boiled in broth and eaten, they open the body, but the second decoction bindeth. The juice thereof drunk in wine helpeth those that are bitten by an Adder; and the decoction of the flowers bringeth down women's Courses. The decoction of Coleworts taketh away the pain and ache, and allayeth the swell of swollen, and gouty Legs and Knees, wherein many gross and watery humours are fallen, the place being bathed therewith warm: It helpeth also old and filthy sores being bathed therewith, and healeth all small scabs, bushes and wheals that break out in the skin. The ashes of Colewort stalks mixed with old Hog's Grease, is very effectual to anoint the sides of those that have had long pains therein, or any other place pained with Melancholy and windy humours, helping mightily to digest them: It is reported that the old Romans having expelled Physicians out of their territories, did for six hundred years preserve their health, and helped their infirmities, by using & applying it for their only medicine in every disease & Chrysippus affirmeth as much in his book concerning it. The broth or first decoction of the Sea Colewort likewise doth by the sharp nitrous and bitter qualities therein, open the belly and purgeth the body (but the second decoction both of this and the former also, is said to bind the body) yet, as Galen thinketh, not without some hurt thereto; because as he saith, it much varieth from the Temperature of our body, being hotter and drier than the Garden kinds; and therefore as all other wild herbs are stronger in operation, and so this cleanseth and digesteth more powerfully than they. The Leaves while they are young although bitter, being boiled (in Lie saith Dioscorides, but in fair water is most usual with us in these days) are eaten as other Coleworts are by divers poor people near the Sea, the boiling taking away much of the bitterness thereof; the seed hereof bruised and drunk killeth worms, the leaves or the Juice of them applied to sores or ulcers cleanseth and healeth them, and dissolveth tumors and swell, and taketh away the Inflammations.    

CHAP. LXXXVII. Of Nettles.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Acalyphe quia Tactu aspera et injucunda est, by reason of its offending them them that touch it, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quòd vellicet et punget; à verbo, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quòd vellicare & pungere significat, because it stings. In Latin Vrtica ab urendo, quod pruritum pustulasque igni similes excitat; because it raiseth blisters, like unto those that are caused by burning with fire.   

The Kinds.  
Of those Nettles that are stinging, of Which alone I shall entreat in this Chapter, there are four sorts. 1. The Roman Nettle. 2. The greater wild Nettle. 3. The middle wild Nettle. 4. The lesser wild Nettle.   

The Form.  
The Roman Nettle groweth up with divers round hairy branches, rather leaning down then standing upright, never above the height of a foot that ever I see, whereon at the Joints are two leaves set together, very rough; and although it hath no sharp prickles, yet it hath an hairy down thereon, that will sting the skin most cruelly if it be touched therewith, and raise it full of blisters as if it were burnt with fire and dented at the edges somewhat deeply; at divers places of the branches come forth small stalks, of reddish and yellowish flowers, made of threads which fall away without bearing any thing else; but at the Joints with the leaves in other places, from the middle of the branches upwards come forth small round rough green prickly Pellets or Buttons, wherein is contained divers flat brown shining seeds, something like unto Line, or Flexseed, but smaller and rounder. The root is yellowish, and spreadeth divers long strings and small Fibres, whereby it taketh fast hold in the ground, yet perisheth every year, requiring a new sowing every spring.   

The Places and Time.  
The first is most usually sown in Gardens where it is desired, as it is also in the upper and Lower Germany, and most places of France also: but it hath been found naturally growing time out of mind, both at the Town of Lid by Romney; and in the streets of the Town of Romney in Kent, where it is recorded that Julius Caesar landed with his Soldiers and abode there a certain time: which very probably was by them called Romania, and corruptibly therefrom Romeney or Romney; and for the growing of it in that place, it is reported that the soldiers brought some of the seed with them and sowed it there, for their use to rub and chafe their Limbs: when through extreme cold they should be stiff and benumbed: being told before they came from home, that the climate of Britain was so extreme cold, that it was not to be endured, without some friction and ●ibbing to warm their blood, and to stir up natural heat: since which time it is thought it hath continued there, rising yearly of its own sowing. It groweth also in the streets of Bardney in Lincolnshire, the other three sorts grow in waste grounds, by hedges and Wall sides, and many other untilled places; yet they will be also found in most Gardens, where if they be suffered or neglected but a while, it will be hard to rid them out again. They flower and seed in the end of Summer; and the lesser is so plentiful, that it will seed and shed, and spring, and seed again, bearing ripe seed twice in one year, if it be let grow.   

The Temperature.  
Although Nettles do hurt and sting while they are green, which is caused by the hair or rough down upon them, and might be thought to be Caustick and exulcerating, being otherwise applied; yet it is not so, they being found to be hot and dry in the third degree.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
The roots or Leaves of nettles boiled or the Juice of either of them or both made into an electuary, with honey or Sugar is safe and sure medicine, to open the Pipes and Passages of the Lungs, which is the cause of wheesing and shortness of breath, and helpeth to expectorate tough phlegm, as also to raise the Impostumated Pleurisy and spend it by spitting: the same helpeth the swelling of the Almonds of the Throat, the Mouth and Throat, being gargled therewith. The juice is also effectual to settle the Palate of the mouth in its place, and to heal and temper the inflammations and soreness of the Mouth and Throat. The decoction of the leaves in wine being drunk, is singular good to provoke women's Courses, and settle the suffocation or strangling of the Muther, and all other diseases thereof, as also applied outwardly with a little Myrrh. The same also or the seed provoketh Urine, and expelleth the Gravel or Stone in the Reins or Bladder as hath been often and effectually proved in many that have taken it. The same killeth the Worms in Children, easeth pains in the sides and dissolveth the windiness in the Spleen, as also in the body, although others think it to provoke Venery, which it may be said to do by Signature. The Juice of the Leaves taken two or three days together, stayeth bleeding at the mouth. The seed being drunk, is a remedy against the stinging of venomous Creatures, the biting of mad Dogs, the poisonous qualities of Hemlock, Henbane, Nightshade; Mandrak, or other such like herbs that stupefy and dull the senses; as also the Lethargy especially to use it outwardly to rub the Forehead or Templs in the Lethargy and the places bitten or stung with beasts, with a little Salt. The distilled water of the herb is also effectual (although not so powerful) for the diseases aforesaid, as for outward wounds and sores to wash them, and to cleanse the skin from Morphew, Leprosy, and other discolourings thereof; The seed of leaves brui●ed and put into the Nostrils stayeth the bleedings of them, and taketh away the flesh growing in them called Polypus. The juice of the leaves or the decoction of them or of the roots is singular good to wash either old rotten or stinking ●ores or Fistulaes' or Gangrenes, and such as are eating fretting or corroding scabs manginess and itch in any part of the body; as also green wounds by washing them therewith, or applying the green herb bruised thereunto, yea though the flesh were separated from the bones. The same applied to wearied members refresh them, or to places that have been out of joint being first set again, strengthening, drying, and comforting them, as also those places that are troubled with Aches and Gouts, and the defluxions of humours upon the joints or Sinews, it easeth the pains, and drieth or dissolveth the defluxions. An ointment made of the juice, oil, and a little wax, is singular good to rub cold benumbed Members, to bring them to their proper activity again. An handful of the green Leaves of Nettles, and another of walwort or Danewort, bruised and applied simply of themselves to the Gout, Sciatica, or Joynt-Aches in any part hath been found to be an admirable help thereunto. It is said that if green Nettles be put into the Urine of a sick body, if it be fresh and green after it hath lain four and twenty hours therein, the party shall recover of that sickness, but if it do not abide green, it signifieth death or danger. It is said, likewise that if the Juice of the roots of Nettles, be mixed with Ale or Beer, and given to one that is suspected to have lost her maidenhead, if it remain with her she is a maid, otherwise not. If you give Hens some dry Nettles broken small with their meat in Winter it will make them lay eggs all the Winter more plentifully, It is said also that if the herb be rubbed on the privities of female beasts that will not suffer the males to cover them; it will cause them the more willingly to suffer them to do it. The oil of Roses, or Salad Oil boiled with the juice, or the juice of the Leaves themselves, is a present Remedy to take away the stinging of Nettles: To all the purposes aforesaid, the Roman Nettle is held the most effectual; yet where it cannot be had, the others are in a degree next it, as effectual. Nettle tops are usually boiled in Pottage in the Spring time, to consume the Phlegmatic superfluities in the body of Man, that the coldness and moisture of the Winter hath left behind.    

CHAP. LXXXVIII. Of Turnips.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Gongyle, ob rotunditatem figuraeradicis, because of the roundness of the root: for the Greeks did call every thing that was made round, after this manner. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 It is called in Latin Rapum and Rapa which is commonly used in shops and every where else. The Lacedæmonians call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: the Beetians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as Athaeneus reporteth: We English, Turnip and Rape.   

The Kind's.  
There be sundry sorts of Turnips, some wild, some of the Garden: some with round roots globe fashion; others oval or Pear-fashion, some great, and some of a smaller sort. I shall mention only these four following. 1. The great round Turnip. 2. The little round Turnip. 3. The long Turnip. 4. The Orange coloured Turnip.   

The Form.  
The Turnip hath long rough and green leaves, cut or snipt about the edges with deep gashes. The stall divideth itself into sundry branches or arms, bearing at the top small flowers of a yellow colour, and sometimes of a light purple which being passed, there do succeed long Cod full of small blackish seed like Rape seed. The root is round like a bowl; and sometimes a little stretched out in length, growing very shallow in the ground, and oftentimes showing itself above the Surface of the Earth.   

The Places and Time  
The Turnip prospereth well in a leight lose and fat earth, and so lose as Petrus Crescentius showeth that it may be turned almost into dust, it groweth in divers fields, and Gardens in most places of England. The other sorts are not so common as the first, yet those that are ever awhit delighted with rarities of this nature, have them growing in their Gardens. It is not convenient that the ground where they are to be sown be digged so deep as for other things, or if it be, the Gardener would do well to tread the ground before he sow them, for than will they head the better. They may be sown in any Month from March to October, but they are commonly sown in April and May, as also in the end of August. They flower and seed the second year after they are sown; for those that flower the same year that they are sown, are a degenerate kind causing frenzy and giddiness of the brain for a season, wherefore are by some called Madneps.   

The Temperature.  
The bulbous or knobbed root which is properly called Rapum or Turnip, & hath given the name to the plant whilst it is raw, for so it is sometimes eaten especially by the poor people in Wales, is windy and engendereth cold and gross blood, but being boiled it cooleth less, yea so little as that it cannot be perceived to cool at all, yet it is moist and windy   

The Virtues and Signature.  
The Decoction of Turnips is good against the Cough and hoarseness of the voice being drunk in the evening with a little Sugar or a quantity of clarified honey. The Syrup of Turnips being extracted by baking them mixed with life Hony, honey of Roses or Sugar & a Spoonful thereof taken at night about bedtime worketh the same effect, and is good for those that have a vein Broken. Dioscorides writeth that the Turnip itself being stamped, is with good success apaplyed to the Kibed heels, and also that Oil of Roses boiled in an hollow Turnip under the hot Embers doth cure the same. The young or tender shoots or springs of Turnips at their first coming forth of the ground, boiled and eaten is a delicate Salad which provoketh Urine. The seed is mixed with counter poisons, and Treacles; and being drunk it is a remedy against poison. They of the low countries, do give the oil which is pressed out of the seed against the afterthrows of women newly brought a bed, and also do administer it to young children against the worms, which it both killeth and driveth forth. The Oil mixed with water doth allay the fervent heat and ruggednesse of the skin, it availeth not a little how they be prepared: for being boiled in water alone or with meat, is most moist and sooner descendeth, and maketh the body more soluble; but being roasted or baked it engendereth less wind, and yet it is not altogether without wind, but howsoever they be dressed they yield more nourishment than the raw: they provok Urine, increase natural seed and milk in women's breasts by Signature, there being a near resemblance between a woman's breast and a Turnip. And now I think it will not be amiss, to turn my stile from the in side of the breast to the out side; and because the breasts of Women are more subject to indisposition, then mens. I shall set down some plants, which may be serviceable upon that account.    

CHAP. LXXXIX. Of Ladies-Mantle.  

The Names.  
ALthough Branfelsius and others have thought this Plant to be Leontopodium, or Lion's foot, being deceived by the name, because divers Nations have so called it from the form or likeness of the Leaf: yet it cannot be gathered, that it was known to Dioscorides, or any of the ancient Greek Writers. It is usually called in Latin Alchymella, by most Writers, because as some think, the Alchemists gave mighty Commendations of it. It is called also of Matthiolus Lugdunensis; and others, Stellaria, from the form of the Leaf, that with the corners resembles a Star; but there are divers others Herbs called Stellaria, by several Authors; and some also call this ●es Leonis, and Pata Leonis: others call it Sanicula major; for the Virtues of it, which are like unto Sanicle. Cordus calleth it Drosera, Drosium, & Psiadeion, from the Germans name Sinnaw, because the hollowish Leaf will contain the Drops of Dew. We in English, call it our Lady's Mantle, from the prettynesse of the Leaf, and great Sanicle; and of some, Lion's Foot, or Lion's Paw.   

The Kind's.  
The Sorts are but two. 1. Common Lady's Mantle. 2. Cinquefoil Lady's Mantle.   

The Form.  
Common Lady's Mantle hath many Leaves, rising from the Root, standing upon long hairy foot-stalks, being almost round; but somewhat cut-in on the edges, into eight or ten parts, more or less, making it seem like a Star, with so many corners and points, and those not so deeply, but more finely indented round about, of a light green colour, and as if it were plaited and folded at the first, and then crumpled in divers places, which maketh them a little hollow; being also hairy as the stalk is, which riseth up among them, to the height of a foot, and sometime a foot and half, with a few such Leaves thereupon, but smaller, and being weak, is not able to stand upright, but bendeth down to the ground, divided at the top, into two or three small Branches, with small whitish green heads and flowers, of a yellowish green colour, breaking out of them, which being passed, there cometh small yellowish enclosed in the greenish Husks. The Root is somewhat long, and black, with many strings and Fibres thereat.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth naturally in many Pastures and Woods in Oxford, Hartford, and Wiltshire, and also in Kent; as in Stow-wood near Oxford, in Millmead by Rungill Well near Adderbury; in Pray Wood, near St. Alban; in King Wood, near Feversham; in the Pastures, near Fidnam and Chepstow, and in other places of this Land. The other groweth on St. Barnard's Hill among the Swissers. The first flowreth in May and June, the other not until August, but both abide after Seedtime, green all the Winter after.   

The Temperature.  
Lady's Mantle is hot and dry in the second Degree; as some think, in the third, being very astringent, binding and drying.   

The Virtues.  
The decoction of Lady's Mantle being drunk, and the bruised Herb outwardly applied, helpeth to keep down Maidens Paps or Duggs: as also to bring back the Breasts of Maids, or Women that are too big, or over-flagging to their due bigness and hardness. It is very proper for those wounds that have Inflammations, and is very effectual to stay bleedings, Vomiting, and Fluxes of all sorts, in Man or Woman; and Bruises by falls, or otherwise, and helpeth Ruptures, and serveth also to stay the whites in Women, wherein it is so powerful, that it is used as a surfuling water also. The distilled water drunk twenty days together, by such Women as are barren, and cannot conceive, or retain the birth after conception, through the too much humidity of the Matrice, and Flux of moist humours thereunto, causing the Seed not to abide, but to pass away without fruit, will reduce their Bodies to so good and conformable an Estate, that they shall thereby be made more fit and able to retain the Conception, and bear out their Children, if they do also sit sometimes as in a Bath, in the decoction made of the Herb. It is accounted one of the most singular Wound-herbs that is, and is therefore extolled with exceeding great praise; and they never dress any wound, either inward or outward, but they give of the decoction hereof to drink; and either wash the wound with the said decoction, or dip Tents therein, and put them thereinto, which wonderfully drieth up all the humidity of the Sores, or of the humours flowing thereunto, yea although they be fistulous and hollow, and abateth also, such Inflammations as often happen unto Sores; but for fresh or green wounds, or Cuts, it so quickly healeth them up, that it suffereth not any quitture to grow therein, but consolidateth the lips of the Wound, not suffering any corruption to remain behind.    

CHAP. XC. Of Sanders.  

The Names.  
THe ancient Grecians have not made any mention of it, but the Arabians only, who generally call it Sandal: It is called by the Natives of the Isle of Timor, and the Provinces thereunto adjoining Chandama, and those of Canara Decan, and Surrat call it Sercanda: In Latin it is called Sandalum & Sa●●alum: In English, Sanders.   

The Kind's.  
There are three Sorts of Sanders. 1. Santalum album, or white . 2. Santalum rubrum, or red . 3. Santalum ci●ri 〈…〉 vel flavum: Yellow Sanders.   

The Form.  
The Sanders-Tree groweth to be as big as the Wallnut-tree, having fresh green Leaves, like unto the Mastick-tree, and darkish blue Flowers, the Fruit being like unto Cherries, for the size, but without any taste, black when they are ripe, and quickly falling away: the wood itself is without sent, as it is said, whilst it is living, and fresh; and smelleth sweet, only when it is dry; the white and the yellow Woods, are so hard to be distinguished before that time, as it is said, that none but those Indians which usually fell those Trees, do know their difference before hand, and can tell which will prove better than others: the chiefest part and smelling sweetest, being the heart of the Wood; and as the Trees do grow in several places, so are their goodness, being more or less plentiful in the substance of ●he heart; for thereafter are they accounted.   

The Places and Time.  
The white and yellow  grow naturally, and that in great abundance, in an Island called Timor, and also in the East Indies, beyond the River Sa●ges, or rather Ganges, which the Indians call Hanga; and also about Java, where it is of better odour, than any that groweth elsewhere. The red Sanders groweth within the River Ganges, especially about T●●as●rim, and in the Marish Ground about Charamandel, and in most parts of Brasil, where the Brasil Wood also groweth, which is somewhat like it; but they may be easily known asunder, because Sanders is neither sweet in taste, nor giveth any Dye, as the Brasil doth, besides  in heavyer than it, and will sink in water. These Trees grow green, Winter and Summer, and the Indians are feign to mark them, that they may distinguish them, when their Mart cometh; for they are not easily known one from another, by the sight of the vulgar.   

The Temperature.  
They are cold and dry in the second or third Degree: some say they are hot; the red is more cooling and binding. The yellow is the best, the next is the white, the red is least of use.   

The Virtues.  
The red  have a more astrictive, as I said, and strengthening faculty, and therefore applied to Maids, or women's great Breasts, mixed with the Juice of Purslane, abateth their greatness, and represseth their overmuch growing. It is also very effectual for the stoppage of blood at the Nose, or any other place▪ if it be taken in red Wine, the Signature thereof declaring so much. It is used likewise, to stay Defluxions of thin Rheum from the Head, and to cool hot Inflammations, hot Gouts, and in hot Ag●es, to cool and temp●● the heat: but in Cordial Medicines, the white and yellow are most effectual and comfortable, by reason of their sweetness, helping faintings of the heart and palpitation, or beating thereof: as also weak and faint stomaches, which come through heat, diverting melancholy, and procuring mirth and alacrity. They open the Obstructions of the Liver, and cool the heat thereof, and ease the pain of the Head. They are used to stay, and bind the spermaticall Flux in Men or Women; for which purpose, either the Powder taken in a rear Egg, or mixed with other things for the purpose, or steeped in red Wine, and kept in an hot Balneo, or in hot Embers, close stopped all Night, and strained forth, and drunk in the morning and evening, both stay the Gonorrhoea, or running of the Reins in Men, and the whites in Women. They are good in hot burning Diseases, as in Fevers, Inflammations of the Liver, and such like. The Indians (saith Gerard) do use the decoction made in water, against hot burning Agues, and the overflowing of the Courses Erisipelas the Gout, and all Inflammations, for which it is very effectual, especially▪ if it be mixed with the juice of Nightshade, Housleek, or Purslane. They are put in Collises, Jellies, Sauces, Pies, etc. both because they are good to strengthen and revive the Spirits; and also for the pleasing red colour, which they give to them. They are used outwardly in Catarrhs and Rheums, pains of the Head against Vomiting, and in Epithems, and fomentations against the intemperate heat of the Liver. They being applied with Rose-water to the Temples, give ease to the Headache, and keep back the flow of humours into the Eyes.    

CHAP. LXXXXI. Of anise.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, quia est sine aequali, there being no Plant equal to it in goodness, for increasing Milk, and breaking wind; and in Latin, Anicum generally, by all Authors, and almost by all Nations, according to their Dialect: only the Spaniards call it Matahalna, and Yerva dulce.   

The Form.  
Anise is a small low Herb, seldom above half an yard high, having the lower Leaves broader than those above, few upon the stalks, seldom divided, but dented on the forepart, of a whitish green colour, and of a good sweet taste and smell, the stalk is round, and not spread into branches, saving at the top, where the white umbels of Flowers do stand, which afterwards give small round whitish Seed, very sweet; yea, more than any umbelliferous Seed, and pleasant taste, and smell, yet somewhat quick withal: The Root is small, and perisheth every year.   

The Places and Time●  
Though anise were formerly sown only in the East Countries as Syria, etc. as being more natural to those hot Climates, yet it is found out by later experience that it will grow and prosper here in our English Gardens also: the time of sowing, is taught in that excellent Book called, the Garden of Eden, as followeth. Sow English Anniseeds, when the Moon is at the full in Febr. or any time between the full and the change: if frosts will not suffer you to take the full Moon to hatch them into the ground with a rake stricken thick upon them: then strew new Horse dung thinly upon the ground, to defend the seeds from the Frost: These will ripen about Bartholomewtide. Then respecting the Moon as before, sow again in May; and these seeds will be ripe sooner, than those that were sown in February. These seeds will also come up well being self sown, only break up the ground about them when they begin to ripen. The time of its flowering doth continue four or five months, so that at one time a man may find both the flower tender, and the seed near to its full growth as in Fennel and the like. That ground which you would sow in February, break up about Michaelmas: let it lie and crumble all the Winter, then when you mean to sow, stir it up again, that it may be mellow; for the mellower the better. A black rich mellow ground i● best, and they like well in a rich dunged ground, as hath been proved.   

The Temperature.  
Galen hath erred very much in relating the Temperature of Aniseed, saying, that it is hot and dry in the third Degree, and burning withal, by reason of the sharpness and bitterness; when as it is well known, it hath no such acrimony: the sweetness so tempering the sharpness, that it doth not exceed the second degree in heat, and the first in dryness. But the Chemical Oil drawn from the Seed, exceedeth much those degrees; the spirits being contracted, must needs be more fierce.   

The Virtues.  
Another indisposition of the Paps, is want of milk, in those that are Nurses, which may be remedied, if the Leaves or Seeds of anise, or (for defect thereof) of Fennel (as hath been said before, in the handling of Fennel upon another occasion) being boiled in Barley water, and drunk, neither doth it only increase milk; but make it more wholesome for their Children to take. To eat the Seeds comfited, or Aniseed Comfits, worketh the same effect, and is very good for ●eeming Women, and those which are with Child. They help those that are shortwinded, or have a Consumption, to take the decoction with Figs, Liquorice, etc. They help to expectorate phlegm, in those that have a Cough, or straightness in the Breast, and are very conducible to the stomach; and being boiled in Wine, and taken, it helpeth the stops of the Liver, and the Dropsy that cometh thereby. The same stayeth the Hickop, and helpeth digestion. It stirreth up bodily lust, and boiled in Wine, it is good against all poison, and biting of all venomous Beasts. It avails in Children, that have the Falling Sickness, being taken, and is very effectual to help a stinking breath, and to break wind in any part of the body, be it in the Head, Stomach, Spleen, Bowels, or Mother, and to provoke Urine and sleep, to them that want it. The Chemical Oil taken in broth or wine, three or fo●r drops at a time, doth help the giddiness of the Head, the straightness and pains in the Breast and Stomach, and the crudities and belchings therein, the much desire to cast, and the rising of the Mother: as also all other griefs and pains inwardly, that rise of Cold or Wind. The Quintessence of it, giveth ease to those that are frantic, and distempered in their Brains, and for such as are troubled with the Falling Sickness, or have the Cramp or Convulsion. A decoction of anise Seed is also excellent in the Colic. If anise, either green or dry, be beaten, and laid to their eyes, that have any hurtful thing fallen into them, it will soon draw it forth; and likewise take away the venom of any hurt, by the biting of venomous Creatures, and healeth them quickly. The Herb or Seed boiled in Oil of Roses, and dropped warm into the Ears, easeth the pains and noise in them: the Seeds bruised, and mixed with St●rax, and the fumes thereof taken, being cast on quick Coals, will soon ease the continual Headache. The Italians say, that he that holdeth a Plant of anise in his hand, shall not be troubled with the Falling Sickness; but although this may seem too easy to help so grievous a Disease, yet the quintessence, as is said before, is most effectual, which is made after this manner. Infuse the Seed bruised a little in the Spirit of Wine, for four and twenty hours, let it stand as long in an hot Balneo, the●●●et it be pressed forth, and distilled, or vapoured gently in Glass; the Residue in the bottom, when it is come to the thickness of Honey, keep for your use. And here I might be injurious to the public▪ if I should omit that notable secret concerning Bees, for the multiplying and keeping whereof, the planting of anise near them, is proved the best means: as al●o for their breeding of great store of Honey. For first, it yieldeth an innumerable company of small Flowers▪ which carry a scent so pleasant, and grateful to them, that they choose rather to seed upon it, than any Plant whatsoever, besides the excellent sweetening Ferment, by which the Dew is converted into a thi●ker substance and sweet, many degrees passing bare Dew, which in itself hath a sweet Sacharine salt, to which they greedily resort and suck, and of it load themselves. But the main excellency is the long duration of its flowering time, so that it will afford them a supply, the greatest part of their gathering time: whereas Apples blossom at a peculiar time, and that of small continuance. The Herb being taken, and the inside of the Hive, as also the Orifices thereunto, being rubbed therewith, will so much delight them, that when they 〈…〉 st forth their swarms, which they will do (if they seed hereon) three times a year, they will certainly enter into them, and repair no where else. But in case, that upon the neglect, any be swarved forth, and settled unto some Tree, the fault may be amended, by rubbing the inside of the new Hive with anise, and holding it on the top of a Pole to the Bees, they will be alured by the sweet scent of the anise, to enter thereinto of their own accords. A Baron in Austria so thrived by this secret, that he furnished many Countries with Honey and Wax, and thereby increased his Wealth and Revenue.    

CHAP. LXXXXII. Of Nigella.  

The Names.  
BOth the Greek and Latin Names of this Herb, are derived from the colour of the Flower; but especially, the Seed; for the Greeks, call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the Latins Nigella, à nigro seminis colore, from the blackness of the Seed, and Nigella Romana, and anciently Gith: divers other bastard Names have been given it, as Salusandra and Papaver Nigrum, from the Greek word: All late Authors call it, either Melanthium, or Nigella: only Fuschius and Cordus, take it to be Cuminum sylvestre alterum of Dioscorides. We in English call it Gith and Nigella Romana, after the Latines▪ Mr. Parkinson calleth it Fennel Flower; others, Bishops wort; and others Divae Katharinae flos, or St. Catharines' Flower; and, some Kiss me twice, before I rise; and, the old Man's Beard.   

The Kinds.  
There be many Sorts of Nigella, twelve whereof I have here set down. 1. The Roman smelling Nigella. 2. The Spanish Nigella. 3. Damask Nigella. 4. Double flowered Nigella. 5. Wild Damask Nigella. 6. Field Nigella. 7. Nigella of Candy, without scent in the Seed. 8. Candy Nigella, with broad Leaves, and sweet smelling Seed. 9 Another sweet Candy Nigella. 10. A sweet Nigella of Candy, with double form Seeds. 11. Single white Nigella, with yellowish Seed. 12. Carden Nigella, whose description followeth.   

The Form.  
The Garden-Nigella, hath weak and brittle stalks, about a foot in height, full of Branches, with many finely cut and divided Leaves upon them, somewhat like unto those of the Lark's heel, but of a more grassy green colour: the Flowers grow at the top of the Branches, of a whitish blue colour, each Flower being divided into five parts, Star-fashion, each part also consisting of many fine small Leaves: The Flowers being faded, there come up small knops or heads, having at the end thereof, five or six little sharp horns or poyntels, and every knop or head is divided into several small cells, or partitions, wherein the Seed is contained, which is of a blackish colour, somewhat like unto Onyon-Seed; but a little bigger, of a sharp taste, and a sweet strong favour: the Root is small, threddy, and yellow, perishing yearly.   

The Places and Time.  
The four first Sorts, with the last which is most common, are sown in Gardens, as well in England, as in Italy, and elsewhere. The other Sorts grow wild in the Cornfields of Italy, Candy, Germany, etc. Where they are once sown and the Seed suffered to shed, there will be no need of sowing them again, for they will sow themselves; but for those that will bring any of them into their Gardens, the Seed must be sown in April, and then they will flower in July, and the Seed will be ripe in September.   

The Temperature.  
The Seed of the Garden Nigella is hot and dry in the third Degree, and of thin parts. The sweet smelling Seeds are most effectual, the other that do not smell well, are in a manner refused. Sure the Herb itself cannot but be of good use.   

The Virtues.  
The Seed drunken in Wine, increaseth Milk in the Breasts of Nurses, is a good remedy against shortness of Breath, expelleth Wind, provoketh Urine, and the terms in Women, killeth worms, and is very good against poison, and the biting of venomous Beasts, if it be taken moderately, otherwise, it is not only hurtful to Nurses, but to all others that take thereof, too often, or in too great quantity. It is very effectual, both in tertian and quartan Agues, if a dram thereof be taken in Wine or Posset-drink, before the fit. It openeth obstructions also, if it be boiled with Vinegar, and so taken, is an excellent remedy in all other distempers, where there is need of cleansing, drying and heating. It killeth Worms, being laid to the Navel, with the Juice of Wormwood. Being dried, and put into Linen or Sarsenet, and so quilted in, and laid to the Head, it cureth Catarrhs, or Rheums, drieth the brain, and restoreth the smelling, being lost. It taketh away Freckles, Scurf, and hard Swell, being mixed with Vinegar, and applied. The smoke or fume thereof, driveth away venomous Creatures, and ●●lleth Flies, Bees, and Wasps. The same mingled with the Oil of Flower de luce, and laid to the forehead, cureth the Headache, coming from cold. The Do●e of the Seed is from half a dram to a dram.    

CHAP. XCIII. Of Mallows.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and in Latin Malva, because it softeneth the Belly, the Greek word coming from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which signifieth; to soften; and for the Latin name, Schola Salerni, will tell you that.  Dixerunt malvum veteres quia molliat alvum. 
Some think it to be called Mallow in English, quasi Mellow, either from the softness of the Leaf, or from the softening of the Belly and hard tumors, or peradventure from the Latin.   

The Kind's.  
Parkinson reckoneth up so many sorts of Mallows, that they would take up more room than I can spare, to set them in. I shall therefore mention those that follow, reserving the Marsh Mallows, and its kinds, for another Chapter upon another occasion. 1. The common Mallow, with purplish Flowers. 2. The Purplish Mallow with white Flowers. 3. Small wild Mallow. 4. Single Garden Hollihocks. 5. Double Hollihocks. 6. French curled Mallows. 7. Fine cut, or Vervain Mallows. 8. A strange Mallow called Malva Rosa, by Mr. Brown.   

The Form.  
The common Mallow is so well known, as also the Hollihocks, that the description of either of them is not so necessary, as that of the Vervain Mallow, being less taken notice of. The lower Leaves of it are soft and green, somewhat like unto the wild common Mallow Leaves, but lesser, and more cut in on the edges, besides the denting; but those that grow up higher upon the stalk (whose bark may be broken in the threads, like Hemp, and is sometimes near as high as the ordinary wild kind is) are more cut in and divided, somewhat like unto Vervain; the Flowers hereof, are of a paler purple colour then the common Mallow; but in most, not so much divided into several Leaves, and laid so open, but abiding more close, or less spread, and without those stripes oftentimes, being smooth, and somewhat shining: the Seed, and Seed Vessels, are like the common Mallow: the Root also is long, tough, and white, but somewhat more woody.   

The Places and Time.  
The first is known to grow every where, but the second with white Flowers is more rate, growing but in few places, as about Ashford and other places in Kent, and at Thrapstone in North 〈…〉 etc. The third is found under Walls, and Hedges, in many places. The fourth, fifth, and sixth, are Inhabitants of Gardens, and so is the seaventh, which is found in the Fields also about St. Alban, etc. The last was showed me by Mr. Ball in his Garden near Zion House, which came with some other Seeds from beyond the Seas. They flower about June and July.   

The Temperature.  
The wild Mallows have a certain moderate heat, and moistness withal. The Juice thereof is slimy, clammy, or giving: the which are to be preferred before the Garden Mallow, or Hollihock; but the French Mallow is generally holden to be the wholsomest; and, as Gerard thinks, is that which Hesiod commends. It easily descendeth, not only because it is moist, but also by reason it is slimy.   

The Virtues.  
Although Mallows are commonly said to mollify the belly and make it soluble, yet there are other things more effectual to that purpose; I shall therefore appropriate it to the Breasts or Paps of women: for it not only procureth great store of Milk in the Breasts of those Nurses that ear it, being boiled and buttered, as other herbs commonly, are or shred into their pottage; but also assuageth the hardness of them, being boiled and applied unto them warm: as also all other hard Tumours, Inflammations of Impostums, and swelling of Cod, and other parts, and easeth the pains of them, and likewise the hardness of the Liver and Spleen, being applied to the places, especially if a Pultis be made, by adding some Bean or Barley flower, or Oil of Roses to them. The Leaves and Roots also boiled in wine, or water, or in broth, with parsley or Fennel Roots; doth help to open the Body, and is very convenient in hot Agues, or other distempers of the body; for by its mollilying quality, it not only voideth hot choleric, or other offensive humours; but easeth the pains and torments that come by the stops of the belly, and to that end the boiled leaves are applied warm to the Belly, and it is used in Clysters for the same purpose. The Decoction of the seed of any of the Common Mallows made in milk or wine, doth marvellously help Excoriations of the Bowels, Ptisick, pleurisy, and other diseases of the Chest and Lungs that proceed of hot causes, if it be continued taking for some time together; The Leaves and Roots work the same effects. The juice drunk in wine, or the Decoction made in wine, doth help women to an easy & speedy delivery. The Leaves bruised and laid to the Eyes, with a little Honey, taketh away the Impostumation of them. The Leaves rubbed upon any place stung with Bees, Wasps or the like, taketh away the pains, redness & swelling thereof. The juice of Mallows boiled in old Oil, & applied, taketh away all roughness of the skin, as also the falling of the hair, the Scurse, dandruff, or Dry-Scabs, in the head, or other parts, if they be anointed therewith, or washed with the Decoction: the same also is effectual against Scaldings or Burn, and to help wildfire, and all other hot, red, and painful swell in any part of the body. The Flowers boiled in water and a little Honey added, is a good Gargoyle for any sore mouth or throat: If the feet be bathed with the Decoction of the Leaves, Roots and Flowers, it helpeth the flowing down of Rheum from the head, which risen out of the Stomach: the green leaves beaten with Nitre and applied, draweth out thorns or pricks out of the flesh. The roots being made clean from the earth and washed and at the end a little scotched with a knife, and then rubbed hard upon the teeth taketh a way sliminess of them, and maketh them very white. The Vervain-Mallow is thought to be most effectual for burstings or ruptures and the b●oody styx: and also for the shrinking of the Sinews and Cramp. The divilled water hereof, being made when it is in flower, worketh the same effects but more weakly, yet it is much commended in hot Agues, and Fevers. Pl●ny saith that whosoever shall take a spoonful of the juice of any of the Mallows, shall for that day be free from all diseases, and it is especial good for the Falling-sickness; The Syrup also and Conserve made of the flowers are very effectual to the same diseases and for costiveness. The young leaves may be eaten as a Salad with Salt and Vinegar, and so the Nurses may eat them.    

CHAP. XCIV. Of Dill.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, quód citó crescat, from its speedy growing; for though it be late before it come up, a month or two after Fennel to which it is very like; yet it perfecteth its seed as much before it, and then fades away; And this in my opinion is the likeliest Etymology; yet, others think it to be so called quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, id est, invictum quia c●bi appetentiam excit●●, because it provokes appetite, or from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which is Congressus & ●●●tio Venerea, for which the Ancients held it very effectual. It is called in Latin; Anethum & Anetum: In English, Dill & A●et.   

The Kinds.  
Though there were but one sort of Dill known formerly, yet in these latter times two other sorts have been found out as: 1. Common Garden Dill. 2. Great Wild Dill 3. Small Wild Dill.   

The Form  
The Common Dill groweth up with seldom more than one stalk, neither so high nor so great usually as Fennell; being round and with fewer joints thereon, whose Leaves are sadder and sometimes longer and so like Fennell that it deceives many; but harder in handing and somewhat thicker, of a stronger scent also and not altogether so pleasant: the tops of the stalks have fewer branches and smaller umbells of yellow flowers, which turn into small seed, somewhat flatter and thinner than Fennell seed, but of a stronger and not so pleasant a taste. The Root is small and woody, perishing every year after it hath born seed, and is at no time put to any use.   

The Places and Time.  
The first is most usually sowed in Gardens and grounds, for the purpose; yet it hath been found wild in some places. It may be sown about the beginning of April and then haply it may come up about the end thereof but where it is once sowed, and the Seeds suffered to shed, it will come up of its own accord, yet not till about the time aforesaid, it being a wise Plant, and not willing to venture ab●o●d, till the Winter be gone: It bringeth forth its Flowers in July, and Seeds i● August. The second, as is said, hath been found in Sicilia, and so the last likewise.   

The Temperature.  
Gerard and Parkinson differ about the Temperature and Virtues of this Plant. Gerard saith, Dill (and he quoteth Galen for it) is hot in the end of the second Degree and dry in the beginning of the same, or in the end of the f●rst Degree. Park●nson saith it is hot in the third degree, and dry in the second; but when it is dried, it is hot in the third: whence he upon seeming suppo●tion of Galens, concludes, and after him Mr. Pemel and Mr. Culpepper; the two first contradicting, and the other omitting the lacti●ick virtues, which notwithstanding do reside in this herb.   

The Virtues.  
Though the forementioned Authors deny that Dill hath the Virtue of procuring Milk in the Breasts of Nurses, yet D●oscorides, that Oracle of Herbarism affirming it, I durst not follow them; but searching some other Authors, I find them to differ also, though they allow of its lactifick Virtue; for Mr. Barrow in his Method of Physic, treating of those things that procure milk, saith, that Rocket, Fennell, Dill and Parsley, will do it, whilst they are green; for they being dried, do heat and dry more than they ought to do. Mr. Gerard saith, the decoction of the tops of Dill dried, and likewise of the Seed, being drunk, engendereth Milk in the Breasts of Nurses, which I conceive it might do, though it were hot and dry in the third Degree; for why may not Dill have this faculty, as well as the Seeds of Nigella, which are likewise hot and dry in the third degree, which Parkinson grants without scruple. But it matters not much, of what quality it be of, so it be endued with a specific quality to draw milk into the Breasts, as it seems this hath. And though it be probable, that it breedeth not much blood from whence milk proceeds, yet stirring up the Appetite to other food that doth it, it may be said to do it. So much for breeding of Milk. Now for its other virtues. The decoction of the Herb and Seeds provoketh Urine, expelleth wind, easeth pains and swell in the Body, stayeth vomiting, and the Hickops; for which last purpose, it will be more effectual, if it be boiled in Worm-wood-Wine, or Wine with a few branches of Wormwood, and red Rose Leaves, & the stomach bathed therewith; but if the Seed be only boiled in Wine, or Beer, then tied in a Cloth, & so smel●ed, it will stay them, if they be not too violent. Being boiled in Wine & drunk, it is good to strengthen the Brain, and stop the looseness of the Belly, & to stir up Venery & so doth the green Herb; yet either of them taken often, or in any great quantity, doth very much dull the Eyesight, and drieth up the natural Sperm. The decoction thereof, helpeth Women that are troubled with the pains and windiness of the Muthes, if it be put into the Case of a close Stool, Wi●ker Chair, or some such hollow thing, that the fume thereof may ascend upward, the more effectually. The Seed is of more use than the Leaves, although they be much used to relish Condiments, as pickled Cucumbers, etc. and is more effectual to digest raw and viscous humours, and is used in all Medicines that serve to expel wind, and ease torments and pains thereof. The Seed being roasted, or fried, and used in Oils, or Plasters, dissolveth the Apostumes in the Fundament, drieth all Ulcers, especially in the secret parts, and likewise those sub praeputio, though they be old, and of long continuance: Oil, wherein Dill Seed, or Dill hath been boiled, procureth sleep, and is effectual to warm the Brains and Stomach, and Belly, either of them being anointed therewith, to resolve humours and Impostumes, or hard Tumours, and to ease pain.    

CHAP. XCV. Of Rampions.  

The Names.  
SOme call these Rapunculi▪ and Rapuntia: Gesner Dodonaeus, and others call them Rapa Sylvestria, which though they have but little likeness at all with Rapum the Turnip, but in the ediblenesse of the Root: yet the name is a diminutive thereof. Others call them Campanula, of the form of the Flowers, being like little Bells. Columna taketh Rapunculus minor, to be the Erinus of Nicander and Dioscorides; and the other Rapunculi, to be kinds thereof. Ma●hiolus taketh Campanula Persici folio, to be the Phyteuma of Dioscorides: and Casalpinus calleth the Rapunculus Spicatus sive Alepecuroides, Phyteuma foliis Rapunculi, chief, because the Heads with Seed, have holes in them, as Dioscorides saith, the Phyteuma hath. They are called in English, Rampions, some being Garden Rampions, some wild Rampions, and some Bell-flowers.   

The Kinds.  
Of Rampions Parkinson reckoneth up no less than seaventeen Sorts. 1. Garden Rampions. 2. Long Foxtail Rampions. 3. Round Foxtail Rampions. 4. Bush-headed Rampions, which are also of three Sorts. 5. Candy Rampions. 6. The lesser Steeple Belflowre. 7. Wood Rampions. 8. Wood Rampions, with great Flowers. 9 Sullen broad leafed Bell-flowre. 10. The least broad leafed Bell-flowre. 11. Wild field Bell-flowers. 12. Small wild Bell-flowers. 13. Flax leafed Bell-flower. 14. Small yellow Bell-flowers. 15. Time leafed Bell-flower. 16. Ivy leafed Bell-flower. 17. Rock Rampions, to which I shall add the Peach leafed Bell-flower, and the horned Rampions.   

The Form.  
The Rampions that are usually kept in Gardens, are accounted a lesser kind than many of the others that grow wild, and lying upon the ground, with divers small, and long, round pointed pale green Leaves, before it run up to stalks, which spread divers such Leaves thereon, but smaller to the top, where break forth sundry pale, Purplish Flowers, ending in five points, like unto the Flowers of Throatwort, but much smaller, having also such like heads, with small brownish Seed therein: The Root is small and white, and giveth milk, being broken, as all the rest of the Plant doth, shooting two or three branches, almost of an equal bigness, which is sweet in taste, and therefore much used to be eaten.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in the Physic Garden in Oxford, and divers other Gardens. The second, seaventh, eleventh, and twelfth grow also in England; but I find not the particular place expressed. The Peach-leafed Bell-flowre, which is the last save one, groweth in the Garden of my most honoured Friend, John Cartwright Esquire, at his Manor of Aino on the Hill, in Northamptonshire. The last groweth plentifully, between Selbury Hill, and Beacon Hill, in the way to . The rest are strangers, some of them growing in Candy, others in Italy, and some in Germany, etc. They flower all the Summer long, some abiding long and lasting, until in Autumn cold dews do take them away, others being sooner spent.   

The Temperature.  
The Roots of these are of a cold Temperature, and somewhat binding, yet scarce exceed the first Degree.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The Roots and Leaves of Rampions being broken, as I said before, do send forth a very white milky Juice, which is an apparent Signature, that they being so temperate, are available for the engendering of store of Milk in Nurse's Breasts, which without controversy, they do effectually procure. The Roots of all the Sorts of Rampions, and so likewise some of Bell-flowers, especially if they have any greater Roots, than the ordinary stringy ones, are used for Salads, either ●old with Vinegar, Oil and Pepper, or boiled and strewed with Butter, or Oil, and some black or long Pepper cast on them; either way, or any way else, they are familiar to the stomach, stirring up the appetite, and by reason of their temperate quality, cause a good digestion. The Roots beaten small, and mixed with some Meal of Lupins, cleanseth the skin from spots, marks, or other discolourings. The distilled water of the whole Plants, Roots, and all, performeth the same, and maketh the place very splendent and clear. Sure these useful Plants were not known to Mr. Culpepper, to grow in England; but he fearing them to be outlandish, to which he was a professed Enemy, very ignorantly omitted them, when as he hath busied himself about those that are less useful. This I wrote, the rather because I would have you take notice of Rampions, and endeavour to propagate them.    

CHAP. XCVI. Of Periwinkle.  

The Names.  
IT is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek, because it bringeth forth stalks, which creep like those of the Vine, called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; and Daphnoidas, because the Leaves are somewhat like, though lesser than those of the Bay-Tree. It is called also Clematis Daphnoides in Latin; but it is most commonly known by the name of Vinca Pervinca, both in Shops and elsewhere. Pliny calleth it also Camaedaphne and Centunculus, though there be other Plants, to whom those names do more properly belong. In English Pervinkle, Peruinkle, and Periwinkle.   

The Kind's.  
There be divers Sorts or Kind's of Periwinkle, whereof some be greater, others lesser; some with white Flowers, others Purple, and double, and some of a fair blue Sky Colour.   

The Form.  
The common Sort of Periwinkle hath many Branches trailing or running upon the ground, shooting out small Fibres at the Joints, as it runneth, taking thereby hold in the ground, and rooteth in divers places. At the Joints of these branches, stand two small, dark, green shining Leaves, somewhat like Bay-leaves, but smaller, as I said before, and with them come also the Flowers (one at a joint standing upon a tender Foot-stalk) being somewhat long and hollow, parted at the brims, sometimes into four, sometimes into five leaves, of a pale blue co●our. The Root is not much bigger than a Rush, bushing in the ground, and creeping with his Branches far about, whereby it quickly possesseth a great compass, and is therefore most usually planted under hedges, where it may have room to run up upon the sticks, which it doth encompass and bind over and over, and is perhaps from thence called Vinca Per winca.   

The Places and Time  
The first groweth on the north west side of St. Alban under an hedge, encompassing a field sometimes in the occupation of Mr. Pollard. and in Kingsland near Paradise. The other sorts are found only in the Gardens of those that are delighted with such pretty sorts of Varieties. The flowers of them do flourish in March, April, and May, and oftentimes later.   

The Temperature.  
Periwinkle is somewhat hot, but within the second Degree, and likewise something dry and astringent.   

The Virtues.  
Perhaps it may seem very strange to many, that I should appropriate this Plant to the Breasts, for the breeding of Milk, when as the greater part of Herbarists, ascribe no such Virtue to it. But to me it is sufficient, that I have for my Precedent, that famous Herbarist Spigelius, who in his second Book, and fourth Chapter, treating of those things that generate Milk, saith, There are also some Herbs, as well hot as cold, which although they breed little blood, and are of small nourishment: yet they cause great plenty of milk, as Lettuce, Cabbage, and Periwinkle, which being boiled in water, or the Broth of Meat, doth recall the defect of Milk into the Breasts, though they nourish little or nothing at all, which actions, they perform, rather by an occult specific virtue than any manifest quality. The other properties that it hath, are that it stayeth bleeding, both at Mouth and Nose, if some of the Leaves be chewed, and the French do use it to stay their menstrual Courses. Dioscorides, Galen, and Aegineta commend it against the Lasks and Fluxes of the Belly, to be drunk with Wine, and being chewed, it easeth the pains of the Teeth. It is likewise good against the biting of Adders, being bruised, and applied to the place, especially, if the infusion thereof in Vinegar be taken inwardly. Parkinson saith, it is a tradition with many, that a wreath made hereof, and worn about the Legs, defendeth them from the Cramp; by which words, he seemeth in my judgement, to doubt of the truth thereof; but indeed, he needed not so to do; for I knew a friend of mine, who was very vehemently tormented with the Cramp, for a long while, which could be by no means eased, till he had wrapped some of the Branches hereof about his Legs, and other parts that we afflicted. Mr. Culpepper writeth, that Venus owns this Herb, and saith, That the Leaves eaten by Man and Wife together, cause love, which is a rare quality indeed if it be true.    

CHAP. XCVII. Of Lettuce.  

The Names.  
THe Garden Lettuce is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and of the Pythagoreans 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. In Latin, Lactuea sativa à lactei succi copia, from the plenty of Milk that it hath, and causeth. When the Leaves of this kind are curled, or crompled, it is called of Pliny, Lactuca crispa; and of Columella Lactuca Ceciliana, in English, curled or crumpled Lettuce. The Cabbage Lettuce is commonly called Lactuca capitata, and Lactuca sessilis. Pliny nameth it Lactuca Laconica; Columella, Lactuca Baetica; Petrus Crescentius Lactuca Romana. In English, Cabbage Lettuce, and Loved Lettuce. There is another Sort with Reddish Leaves, called Latin, Lactuca Cypria; in English, Red Lettuce.   

The Kinds.  
Of Lettuce, there be seven kinds, 1. Garden Lettuce. 2. Curled Lettuce. 3. Small Curled Lettuce. 4. Savoy Lettuce. 5. Cabbage Lettuce. 6. Lombard Lettuce. 7. Red Lettuce, to which it will not be amiss, to add Lambs Lettuce, or Corn Salad, which is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Album Olus & Lactuca Agnina, whose description I shall give you, because the other Sorts are more generally known.   

The Form.  
Lamb's Lettuce hath many slender, weak stalks, trailing upon the ground, growing to the height of a foot, if the ground be very fertile; but otherwise not above an hand or two high, with sundry Joints or Knees; out of every one whereof, grow a couple of Leaves, narrow and long, not unlike to Lettuce, at the first coming up, as well in tenderness, as taste in eating: the form being somewhat like that of Valerian; for a kind whereof, it hath been set forth by some. On the top of the stalks, stand upon a broad tuft, as it were, certain white Flowers, that be marvellous little, which canscarcely be known to be Flowers, saving that they grow many together like a Tuft or Umbel: it hath instead of Roots a few slender threads, like unto hairs.   

The Places and Time.  
All the Sorts of Lettuces are nursed up in Gardens, but none so commonly as the first, which is sown in every Garden. Most of the others are scarce known to the common Sort of people: yet some that are curious, have them. They delight to grow in a manured, fat, moist, and well dunged Soil, and will prosper the better, if they be sown very thin, and in fair weather. The best time of sowing them is in the Spring presently after the winter is spent, yet they may be sowed all the Summer long. The Lamb's Lettuce groweth naturally in many Corn Fields, and hath thence been brought into the Gardens of tho●e that know it, and its use. It is found green almost Winter and Summer, and is eaten in Salads, in February and March, before the Garden Lettuce can be had.   

The Temperature.  
Although these sorts of Lettuce do differ in form, one from another, yet their temperature is the same; which is cold and moist, in the second or third Degree.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The Milky juice which Issueth forth from the wounded stalks and Leaves is a sufficient Signature, that this Herb, if it be eaten boiled or raw, maketh plenty of milk in Nurses, who through heat and dryness are not stored with a competency thereof; for it breedeth Milk by tempering the dryness and heat; but in Bodies naturally cold, it doth not engender milk at all but is rather an hindrance thereunto, so that it will be necessary to examine the Constitution of the party before any thing can be prescribed. If this defect happen in a dry body, there is nothing better than Lettuce, but if in a cold one then hot things, as Nigell Fennell and Dill will be proper, because diseases are cured by their Contraries. It is also good for a hot Stomach, and yieldeth good nourishment to the Body. Antonius Musa did by Lettuce ease Augustus of the Violence of his Disease. It procureth rest and sleep; being taken raw or boiled it helpeth to loosen the belly, and the boiled more than the raw, which last eaten performeth it the better: and was generally so used by the Ancients. It helpeth digestion, quencheth thirst, & easeth all griping pains of the Stomach or bowels that come of Choler; it abateth bodily lust and tempereth the heat of Urine, the seeds and distilled water are good for the virulent running of the Reins, & for the heat of the Urine, as also for the foresaid purposes. But for procuring rest, and sleep and easing the headache, if it proceeds from an hot cause, it will be convenient that the juice of Lettuce be mixed or boiled with oil of Roses, and applied to the Forehead and Temples; with applied Champhir to the Cod, it abateth the heat of Lust, or applied to the same manner to the Region of the Heart Liver or the Reins or, by bathing the said place with the juice or distilled water, wherein some white  & red Roses are put, doth abate the heat & Inflammations therein; as also strengthen those parts. The Lamb's Lettuce is with pleasure eaten with vinegar Salt and oil as other Salads be, amongst which is none of the rest.  
And let thus much suffice to be written concerning those plants which cause Milk for which purpose Sowthistle, Rocket, Anemonies, and divers other plants are effectual, some whereof are already and the rest shall be hereafter handled. In the next place, it will be convenient to speak of those that dry up Milk in women's Breast when they wean their Children, or be overcharged with abundance of Milk; and those also that keep it from Curdling and dissolve the tumours of the Breasts.    

CHAP. XCVIII. Of Fennell Giant.  

The Names.  
THe Grecians called the greater sort 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the least 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which Gaza in his Translation of Theophrastus calleth Ferula and Ferulago in Latin. The Greek name Signifieth Thyrsum, Virgultum, Bacillum, the ancients using the stalks of it, which grow to be very strong and Substantial, for props to hold up the weaker Sort of Plants, and for staves for old men to walk with. The Latin name is derived à feriendo because the said stalks were used by Schoolmasters, for their Sceptra Paedagogica and with them did smite the hands or heads of their Idle and truant Scholars, and therefore Martial calleth them tristes ferulas. This Herb growing in Cyrene of Africa, nigh to the Oracle of Jupiter Ammon, bringeth forth a Gum which is therefore called Ammoniacum, as some think: when it groweth in Media it bringeth forth Sagapenum; and in Syria Galbanum. Of the two last I shall treat elsewhere: but of the first, which groweth in Cyrene, I shall principally take notice of, because it drieth up milk.   

The Kinds.  
There be three Sorts of Fennel Giant. 1. Fine leafed Fennel Giant. 2. The broader leased Fennel Giant. 3. Small Fennel Giant.   

The Form.  
Fennel Giant bringeth forth sundry, large, hollow Fungous, thick branched stalks, of very light, fine, thin, (for substance but thick set) leaves, placed out of order, the bottom of the stalks being as thick as ones finger; but compassing one another with broad thin hollowish Skins, at the bottom, from amongst which, riseth up a strong stalk, eight or ten foot, in its natural soil; but with us, it seldom riseth higher than a yard and a half, or two yards high, sometimes as big as a great Cudgel; set with divers such fine Leaves thereon, one above another, compassing the stalk at the bottom: out of the bosom whereof, come forth several small Branches towards the tops; the top also being divided into sundry parts, forming a large Umbel of small yellow Flowers, which turn into blackish flat Seeds, two always joined together, by the little foot-stalk, whereon they stand, as is usual in all umbelliferous Plants: the two inner sides being somewhat hollow, and the outsides round with the longness: the Root groweth very great, and never decayeth, branching forth many ways, of a blackish brown on the outside, and somewhat white within, yielding a thick juice, being broken in any part, which doth quickly condensate, and grow into a yellowish gummy substance, not smelling any thing strong in our Country, as it doth in the hotter Climates.   

The Places and Time.  
The most natural places of these Plants, are as I said before Cyrene in Africa, Media, and Syria, yet they are all found growing, as well in Narbone in France; among the Rocks that are torrified with the Sun all day, as in divers places of Italy, Apulia, and Florence, and divers other places, but yieldeth little Gum in Europe. They are likewise growing in our English Gardens, as in the Physic Garden at Oxford, and that at Westminster. They flower in June and July, and the Seed is ripe in the beginning, or end of August.   

The Temperature.  
Ammoniacum is hot in the second Degree, and dry in the beginning of the same: or, as some say, hot in the third Degree, and dry in the second. When it is applied outwardly, it is of a dissolving nature.   

The Virtues.  
It being generally supposed, that Ammoniacum proceedeth from the Root▪ 〈◊〉 this Fennel Giant; and because it is held good to dissolve the tumors with which sometimes women's Breasts are affected, or brings them to maturity, and ripens, being applied thereunto, and to decrease the Milk, and keep it from curdling, being mixed with Vinegar, and applied likewise, and therefore I have thus disposed of it. Being taken inwardly, it purgeth thick phlegm from the Head, Nerves, Stomach, Mesentery, and also from the Joints. It much prevails in Asthmaes, that is in the shortness of the breath, and in Diseases coming of phlegm. It is good in old pains of the Head, and against stops of the Liver: it provokes the terms in Women, and Urine, and is good in any kind of Gout, whether Sciatica, or Joint Gout: as also in the Falling-sickness. It killeth Worms, called Ascarides; and is excellent against the hardness of the Liver or Spleen. It bringeth away the dead Child. Being outwardly applied, it consumes spongious or proud flesh, it softeneth Corns, and the hard swell of the Joints, which come by reason of the Gout, and draweth forth Corns, Splinters, and the like, if it be dissolved with Vinegar; but it is more effectual, if it be mixed with Honey, Birthwort and Saffron. It consumes Strumaes, or Swell, called the King's Evil, and ripeneth all kinds of Impostumes, being applied on Wool that is not greasy. Being mixed with Honey, and applied to the Throat, it helpeth the Quinsy, and Swelling in the Neck or Throat. It taketh away Spots of the Eyes, being mixed with women's Milk, and it cleanseth the sight, being mixed in Medicines for the Eyes. Being dissolved with Frankincense in Vinegar, and applied, helpeth Ringworms. It is dangerous, to be taken by Women with Child, lest it make them miscarry, and though it provoke Urine, yet too much of it will make one piss blood. Galen setteth down the properties of the Ferula itself, in this manner. The Seed, saith he, doth heat and rarify, the pith of the stalk is of a binding quality, whereby it helpeth the spitting of blood, and those which are troubled with the Colic. It is a most acceptable food to Asses, but a present poison to other Creatures, especially the Lamprey. It doth help the Falling Sickness, being taken at several times of the Moon, and the fresh Juice of the Root, dropped into the Eyes, cleareth the dimness of the sight.    

CHAP. LXCIX. Of Gourds.  

The Names.  
THe Gourd is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Colocyntha Edulis to distinguish it from the wild or bitter Gourd called Colocynthi or Coloquintida: In Latin, Cucurbitat, à concurvatus (as it is thought) quod faeilè, si quid obstiterit quò minùs extendatur incurvescat because it will grow crooked if there be any thing in its way.   

The Kind's.  
Of this kind of Gourds, Parkinson reckoneth up seven sorts. 1. The greater bottle Gourd. 2. The lesser bottle Gourd. 3. The Long Gourd. 4. The Buckler or Simnell Gourd. 5. Rugged Gourds. 6. Winter Gourds or Millions. 7. Round Indian Gourds or Millions.   

The form.  
The greater bottle Gourd, groweth as all other of these kind of herbs do, spreading many great rough and hairy arms, and branches with several great and broad leaves, soft and almost round: yet pointed at the ends, and sometimes dented about the edges, set upon long footstalks, and long clasping tendrels, like a Vine set at other joints; whereby it climbeth, taking hold and winding itself about whatsoever poles, arbours, trees, or other things that stand next unto it; or else not having whereon to climb or raise itself, it lieth on the ground spreading a great compass as the Pompion doth; at the several joints likewise with the leaves come forth several flowers in the same manner as Pompions, Cucumbers or Melons, but are very large and hollow like Bells ending in five points or corners, with a round green head under each of them, that will bear fruit: for many flowers whither and bear no fruit, not having that round green head under the flowers which should grow to be the fruit, and will be full and ready to come forwards with the short stiff stalk under it; the colour of the flowers are either white, or pale-white, or pale-yellow: the fruit when it is ripe hath an hard outward rind or shell, yellowish, large and round bellied, flat at the bottom like n●ou a grass bottle, & smaller up to the neck; above which, is a small round form head whereunto the stalk is fastened, and sometimes without any small head being pendulous or hanging down not standing forth or upright: within which fruit, lie dispersedly many seeds, having smooth hard woody shells, flat and broad at the upper end or head, and somewhat pointed below; wherein lieth a sweet white kernel, the root consisteth of many long strings spreading much within the ground, but perisheth usually with the first frosts.   

The Places and Time.  
The Gourds are cherished in the Gardens of these cold Regions, yet the fruit seldom cometh to perfect maturity, for want of heat to ripen them. In the hot Countries where they come to ripeness, the rinds of them are sometimes of that bigness, that they are used to put in Turpentine, Oil, Honey; and also serve them for pails to fetch water in and many other the like uses; as in Egypt, Syria etc. Many of the lesser of them are used to put Tobacco in, even here amongst Us in England. The best way is to plant them in April, in a bed of Horsedung; yet, so ordered that that they may not want moisture: for if either of these be wanting, they thrive not; but both of them concurring, they will flourish in June and July, and the fruit will be ripe in the end of August, but they are gathered to eat before the rinds grow to be woody.   

The Temperature.  
All these sorts of Gourds however different in form, yet are of one quality that is, cold and moist in the second degree.   

The Virtues.  
If either the juice of the leaves or young branches of any of those Gourds, or the distilled water of them, be applied in  and sponges wet therein to women's breasts pained with the abundance of milk, it easeth them by cooling and restraining the hot quality and quantity thereof. Wine▪ that is kept in a fresh Gourd all night, before it hath been cleansed from the lose inward pulp and seed, and drunk in the morning, will cause the body to be soluble. They are conveniently given to hot and choleric bodies to cool the heat and inflammation of the Liver and stomach: but the distilled water of them before they are through ripe drunk with Sugar, doth wonderfully help to assuage thirst and the hot fits of Agues. For want of a Still to make the water, you may take this course, Cut off the upper head of the Gourd, and having cleansed it from the seed▪ put it into an Oven with a batch of bread, & in the middle thereof there will be gathered a fine clear water, which being poured out, may be kept to use as need requireth. The leaves and young branches are also conveniently applied to all hot Humours Imposthumes and Inflammations, and to assuage the pains of the head, the redness and heat in the eyes, the pains in the ears, and the pains of the Gout; if either the juice of them or the water be applied in  wet therein. The said water or Juice being drunk or applied outwardly to the privy Members of Man or Woman, restraineth the immoderate Lust of the Body. The Ashes of  Gourds are used of many to cleanse and heal old ulcers and sores, as well in the Genitories as other patts of the body, and to help scaldings or burn by fire or water: they are accounted as good for macilent lean and weak bodies to feed on, as they are hurtful to such as have the wind colic, to whom they are not to be given at any hand. The feeds of Gourds are one of the four greater sorts, of cold seeds, used very much in Physic, and are very available in Decoctions, Juleps, Emulsions, or Almond, milk, to cool the heat of the Liver, the Reins or back and urine; and to give much ease to them that are troubled with the Stone or Gravel in the Kidneys, and the ulcers or sores, of the inward parts and bladder. The whole Gourds are eaten in hot countries with much delight, kept and preserved with great care, art and pains, to be spent almost all the year after; and have there a far more sweet and pleasant relish then in these colder Climates, where being more waterish they are more insipid; they are eaten boiled or stewed, but much better being fried, whereby they give the better nourishment to the body; for by their moisture being boiled or stewed they are the more Lubric or slippery, and make the body more soluble as they do being pickled up, as oftentimes they are beyond the Seas: yet with Us the fruit is seldom eaten any of these ways, by reason of its very waterish taste, unless it be that of the Simnel Gourd, which being of a firmer Substance, if it be well dressed, is an acceptable meat, and is no less effectual in medicine. The Indian sorts are somewhat more waterish, others more solid and accordingly are more or less fit for meat or medicine. Citruls or Turkey Millions are of the same Temperature as the Gourd, and the seeds are used as Gourds, Millions, and Cucumbers to cool the heat of the fits of Agues, etc.    

CHAP. C. Of Basil.  

The Names.  
SOme will have the Greek name of this plant to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quia citò crescit, from the speedy springing of the seed, which is usually within three or four days if it be an hot and dry time, for much rain turneth it into a jelly, as may be seen if observed, as they say. Others will have it derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which signifieth to smell or give a savour, and to be writ, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Ozymum, of the sweet smell thereof. It is written by most Latin Authors Ocimum not Ocymum, which some will have to be that kind of grain called Fagopyrum or Fragopyrum, in English Buckwheat: others be a medley kind or corn pulse sown together. It is called by later Greek Writers, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Basilicum, because the smell thereof being so excellent, is fit for a King's house. It is called in English, Basil, Garden Basil, the great Basil Royal, the lesser Basil Gentle, and Bush Basil; and of some Basilicum Gariophyllatum Clove Basil.   

The Kinds.  
There are nine sorts of Basil. 1. The greater Garden Basil. 2. The middle Garden Basil. 3. The lesser garden Basil. 4. The greatest Citron Basil. 5. The great Clove Basil. 6. Aniseed Basil. 7. Indian Basil. 8. Curled Basil. 9 Small dented Basil.   

The Form.  
The greater ordinary Basil riseth up, usually but with one upright stalk, diversely branching forth on all sides, whereon are set two Leaves at every Joint, which are somewhat broad and round yet a little pointed, of a pale green colour but fresh, a little snipt about the edges, and of a strong heady scent, somewhat like a Pomcitron as many have compared it, and therefore call it Citratum; the flowers are small and white standing at the tops of the branches, with two small leaves at the joint, in some places green, in others brown, after which cometh the black seed, the root perisheth at the first approach of Winter Weather, and is to be new sown every year by them that desire it.   

The Places and Time.  
These plants grow only in Gardens; with Us as also in Italy & other places where they are cherished, the natural being not known: only the Indian and curled Basil are said to come first from the West Indies into Spain, and from thence into other places. Most of them do flower in the heat of Summer, and some of them afterwards.   

The Temperature.  
Basil, as Galen saith, is hot in the second Degree, but it hath a superfluous moisture adjoined with it, so that he guesseth it not so fit to be taken inwardly but outwardly applied; he saith it is good to digest or distribute, and to concoct.   

The Virtues.  
Notwithstanding the superfluous moisture of Basil, the same Galen saith also, that it being corrected with oil and Vinegar it was eaten by many in his time, and thus it may be eaten by Women to dry up their milk: or if upon trial they find any inconveniency of taking it this way, it may be applied to the breasts outwardly being first bruised a little. Chrysippus with whom Mr. Culpeper seemeth to take part raileth down right against this Royal Plant, yet it seemeth to me more reasonable to defend it, as Pliny doth; their frivolous objections against it being not worth the answering. Perhaps it may be hurtful to a weak brain, and cause the headache by reason of its strong savour, yet by those whose brains are stronger, it is as much esteemed as any other sweet smelling herb, to sweeten or perform any thing, and held as effectual to comfort the brain, and likewise to open and purge the head. It is good for those that are short wound, provoketh Urine and the Terms in Women, and brings a speedy deliverance to them in travail. The seeds are used to help the trembling of the heart and to comfort the same, as also to expel Melancholy or sadness. A decoction of the herb made and taken, is good against poison and sting of Scorpions, and helpful for those that are given to swoonings, and it provokes Venery or Lust, used with Oil of Roses, Myrtles and Vinegar, is good against the pains of the head, and it is profitably applied to those that are troubled with the Lethargy, the Jaundice and Dropsy. It is good to be put into the ears of young children With a little Goosegrease to help them of the pains thereof; the juice or seed bruised put into the Nostrils procureth sneesing. Mixed with honey and used, it taketh a way spots in the face. The Juice put into the Eyes taketh away the dimness thereof, and drieth up humours that fall into them: so that as it seems this herb applied outwardly cures that which it caused being taken inwardly: for most Writers say that it dulleth the sight, if it be eaten in any plentiful manner. I conceive that Hollerus relating the story of the Italian, who by often smelling to Basil had a Scorpion bred in his brain, mistook the cause and that the Scorpion being there before he used to smell the Basil, was then most quiet when he did so, for it is observed that scorpions are pleased with its smell, and so the Italian found it which made him use it so much, but being grown too big for that narrow compass, he caused those vehemenr and long pains whereof he died.    

CHAP. CI. Of Beanes.  

The Names.  
THis kind of pulse is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Faba in Latin▪ a wild kind whereof is called, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek; and Faba Sylvestris, in Latin: and is of some thought to be the true Physical bean of the Ancients; whereupon they have named it Faba Veterum, and also Faba Graecorum. But because they are different both in form and colour, the Greek-bean being no bigger than a pease and very black, the wild bean being bigger and not so black, I hold it to be a mistake.   

The Kind's.  
The several sorts of Beans are very numerous, but I shall set down but five of them in this place. 1. The Garden Bean. 2. The Field bean. 3. The wild bean. 4. The old Greekish bean. 5. The Greek bean with dented leaves. The old Greekish bean being most Physical, I shall give you its description, the two first being well known.   

The Form.  
The Greekish bean shooteth forth two or three long flat stalks with two edges lying or running on the ground, if it have nothing whereon it may ramp or rise, which branch out on every side into stalks of leaves, four usually set thereon by two and two, with a distance between them, like unto the Garden Bean, and each branch bending in a long clasper: the flowers are set singly at the joints of the branches under the leaves, and are of a dead and sullen purple colour with some paleness at the bottom of them: after which succeed long and somewhat flat Pods, with two sharp edges and dented about, a little hooked or bowing, green at the first but black and hard when they are ripe, wherein are contained four or five or more round seeds as big as pease and very black; so that one may well say they are rather Pease than Beans; the root groweth not deep nor fare, with some strings or long Fibres thereat, dying yearly.   

The Places and Times  
The first are set in Gardens and fields by the major part of the Gardeners, and are by them carried to the Market and sold for man's meat. The second are sown generally through the Land by Husbandmen, and used by them to give their horses and Hogs, which Mr. Parkinson affirmeth also of the third kind, but I doubt he was mistaken, for in all the Countries that I have been, I never saw any of the Beans which they sow for Horsemeat to have Claspers'▪ the other grow generally in Spain, whence the seeds which we sow in our English Gardens are transported. They flower in June and July, and sometimes sooner in Gardens: and are commonly ripe within a month or thereabouts after their flowering.   

The Temperature.  
The Garden Beans are with us more used for food, then for Physic, and being boiled whilst they are green and young, they are no contemptible food; for even the better sort of people feed upon them▪ yet they are accounted windy. The Field Beans are in many Countries used with a little Wheat and Rye, to make Bread, and Beer also being mixed with Malt, and may be eaten green; but then they are more windy, then when they are dry; and being dry, they are harder of digestion, though they be boiled, parched, or fried. Being green, it is cold and moist, being dry it is cold and dry. They are of a spongy, and light substance, which hath a scouring, or cleansing faculty; for it is plainly seen, that the Meal of Beans cleanseth away the filth of the Skin.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
When the Paps are so filled, and swollen through abundance of Milk, that they are scarce able to hold, make a Pultis of Bean-flower, and Oil, or Vinegar, or both, and apply unto them, and it will not only repress the Milk, but also discuss the swelling of the Paps, caused by the curdling thereof. The distilled water of the Flowers, is used of many, to cleanse the Face and Skin, and to take away both spots and wrinkles, and so doth the Meal or Flower of it, and the water dis●i●led from the green husks, is held to be very effectual against the Stone, and to provoke Urine. Bean Meal mixed with Fenugreek and Honey, and applied to Felons, Biles, blue marks by-blows, or bruises, and Impostumes, or Kernels about the Ears, it helpeth them all. With Rose Leaves, Frankincense, and the white of an Egg, it helpeth the Eyes that swell, or grow out, if it be applied: as also the watering of them, or stripes upon them, if it be used with Wine. If a Bean be parted in two, the skin being taken away, and then laid on the place where a Horseleech hath been set, that bleedeth too much, it stayeth the bleeding. Bean-flowre boiled to a Pultis, with Wine and Vinegar, and some Oil put thereto, ceaseth both the pain and swelling of the Cod, and being taken inwardly, it stirreth up Lust in those which cannot use the act of Generation, because of the sluggish impotency, and weakness of their Members, which it doth by Signature: a Bean very much resembling the Nut of a Man's yard; and that was the Reason that Pythagoras so much condemned them, their windiness causing Lust▪ which he endeavoured to suppress. If fried Beans be boiled with Garlic, and daily taken as meat it helpeth inveterate Coughs, almost past cure, the hoarsne● of the voice, and the Impostumes in the Breast. The Husks of them boiled▪ good while in water, that is to the thirds, stayeth the Lask; and the ashes of the said Husks, made up with old Hogs-grease, helpeth the old pains, contusions, an● wounds of the Sinews, the Sciatica also and the Gout. Though the Faba veterum be without doubt, that true Bean which D●oscorides, Galen, and other Greek Authors intended, when they set down the aforesaid Remedies; yet our ordinary Bean-flowre, is as proper for all those purposes, and may be used to as goo● effect.    

CHAP. CII. Of Lentils.  

The Names.  
THere is another Sort of Pulse, which may be appropriated to the same purpose, which the Grecians called; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Phacoes, and in Latin Lens & Lenticula. Pliny saith, Lib. 18. Chap. 12. that the Etymon thereof seemeth to be taken, quasi lenis dicta sit, lenitatisque significationem habet & aquanimitatem fieri vescentibus eâ. It is seldom used for Man's meat here in England, and therefore I cannot justify any such operation it hath, unless he meant it of Cattle, who are much pleased with it and for their Food it is sowed in divers Countries. In Hampshire they leave out the first syllable, and call it Tills, and in Oxfordshire, Dills.   

The Kind's.  
Of these Lentils I find but three Sorts. 1. The greater Lentils. 2. Spotted Lentils. 3. The lesser lentil.   

The Form.  
The greater lentil hath sundry, slender weak Branches, somewhat hard, two foot long, from whence shoot forth at several places long stalks, of small winged Leaves, that is many on each side, of a middle Rib, without any odd one at the end; for the middle Rib of each stalk, endeth in a small clasper: the Flowers are small, and rise from between the leaves and the stalks, two for the most part at the end of a long foot-stalk, of a sad reddish purple colour, somewhat like to those of Vetches, after which come small, short, and somewhat flat Cod, within which are contained two or three flat, round, smooth Seeds, of a pale, yellowish, ash colour; the Root is fibrous, and perisheth yearly.   

The Places and Time  
The first, even beyond the Seas, is only sown in the Fields, as other manured pulses are, and so likewise in some places of our Land; but doth seldom come to maturity with us, if the season be not kindly and dry. The second is wild, in Portugal. The last is most common in England, and is sown in several Counties thereof, being the most pleasant and acceptable.   

The Temperature.  
Galen saith, that Lentils hold a mean between hot and cold, yet do they dry in the second degree, the outer Skin being binding, and the inner meat also, which is a little harsh, and bindeth the Body, yet the outer Skin much more: it is, saith he, of contrary qualities; for the first decoction thereof doth not bind, but loosen the body, and therefore they that would have it to bind, cast away the first water, and use the second, which stayeth Lasks, and strengtheneth the stomach, and all the inward parts. Lentils husked, saith he, lose with their shells, the strength of binding, and the other qualities that follow it, and then nourish more than those that are not husked: yet so give they a thick and evil nourishment, and slowly pass away, neither do they stay Fluxes, and Dysenteries, as those that are not husked.   

The Virtues.  
The Seeds of the Lentils boiled in Sea-water, and applied to women's Breasts that are ready to burst through abundance of Milk, or have it curdled within them, by any cold distemper, bringeth them again into good temper. It is good also to bind and stay Lasks and Fluxes, but with other binding Herbs as Purslane, Red Beets, Myrtles, Dried Roses Pomegranate Rinds, Medlars, Servises, etc. taken with Vinegar, they are the more powerful. The Decoction thereof with Wheat-flowre, applied easeth the Gout, used with Honey, it closeth up the lips of Wounds, and cleanseth foul Sores; being boiled in Vinegar, it dissolveth Knots and Kernels, and being boiled with Quinces, Melilote, and a little Rose-water put thereto, it helpeth the Inflammations of the Eyes and Fundament; but for the chaps thereof, which need a stronger Medicine, it is boiled with dried Roses, and Pomegranate Rinds, adding a little Honey to it: It likewise stayeth those creeping Cankers that are ready to turn to a Gangrene putting thereto some Sea-water, and so it is good for Wheals, and running and watering Sores, St. Anthony's Fire, Kibes, etc. being used with Vinegar. The Decoction thereof is a good lotion for Ulcers, either in the mouth, privy parts, or Fundament, adding a few Rose Leaves, and Quinces. But to eat Lentils, or the broth made of them too largely, as Galen saith, breedeth the Leprosy and Cankers; for gross thick Meat, is fit to breed melancholy humours; yet it is profitably given to those that are of a watery disposition, and evil affected thereby; but it is utterly forbidden to those that have dry Constitutions: it is also hurtful to the sight, dulling it by drying up the moisture, and is not convenient for Women that want their Courses; but is good for those that have them in too much abundance. Dioscorides further addeth, that it breedeth troublesome Dreams, and is hurtful to the Head, the Lungs, and the Sinews.    

CHAP. CIII. Of Lilies.  

The Names.  
THe Lily is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Lilium, also Rosa Junonis or Juno's Rose, because it is reported, that it came of her Milk that fell upon the ground. For the Poets feign that Hercules, whom Jupiter had by Alcumena, was put to Juno's Breasts, whilst she was asleep; and after the sucking, there fell away abundance of Milk, and that one part was spilt in the Heavens, and the other on the Earth; and that of this sprang the Lily and the Circle in Heaven, called Lactens Circulus, or the milky way, or otherwise in English, The way to Watling-street. Thus much for the white Lilly. As for the other Sorts, which are many, I shall only put down some of them.   

The Kinds.  
Though there be divers Sorts of Lilies, yet I shall only set down these. 1. The white Lilly. 2. The white Lily of Constantinople. 3. The gold red Lily, 4. The red Lilly. 5. The fiery red Lilly. 6. The great Mountain Lilly. 7. The small Mountain Lilly. 8. The red Lily of Constantinople. 9 The Persian Lilly. 10. The Crown Imperiall. 11. The double Crown Imperiall.   

The Form.  
The white Lily hath long, smooth, and full bodies Leaves, of a grassy, or light green colour. The stalks are two Cubits high, and sometimes more, set or garnished with the like Leaves, but growing smaller and smaller towards the top; and upon them do grow fair white Flowers, strong of smell, narrow towards the foot of the stalk, whereon they do grow wide or open in the mouth like a Be●l. In the middle part of them, do grow small tender Poyntels, tipped with a dusty, yellow colour, ribbed or chamfered on the back side, consisting or six small leaves, which are thick and fat. The Root is a bulb made of Scaly Cloves, full of rough and clammy juice, wherewith the whole Plant doth greatly abound.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in many Gardens in England: The second at Constantinople, and the parts adjacent, from whence it was translated into our English Gardens, where all the rest that follow are planted also, the red Lilies being brought thither, out of the ploughed Fields of Italy and Languedock, in the Mountain's and Valleys of Hetruria, and those places adjacent, where they grow wi●d. The Mountain Lilies, as Dioscorides writeth, do grow wild in Laodic●a, and Antioch, a City of Syria▪ and hath likewise been found upon the Mountains in Italy and such hot Countries▪ as do border upon Morea or Greece, many day's journeys beyond Constantinople, whereabouts the red Lily of Constantinople also groweth. The Persian Lily groweth naturally in Persia, and those places adjacent, whereof it took its name, as the former did from Constantinople, whence the Crowns Imperial have been also brought. They all flower in May and June, except the Crown Imperiall, which flowreth in April, and sometimes in March, when as the weather is warm and pleasant.   

The Temperature.  
The white Lily Leaves and Flowers are hot and moist, and partly of a subtle substance, the Root is dry in the first degree, and hot in the second. The Flower of the red Lily (as Galen saith) is of a mixed temperature, partly of a thin, and partly of an earthly Essence. The Root and Leaves do dry and cleanse, and moderately digest, or waste, and consume away. All Authors are silent concerning the temperature of the rest.   

The Signature and Virtues,  
The Snowy whiteness of the white Lily, being altogether of the same colour, with Milk, as some sign that this Plant is to be appropriated to the Paps, especially if we regard their Original, which though it be altogether fabulous, yet certainly hath some mystery to this purpose included therein. For if a Woman's Breast be so grievously swollen, that there is no other way, but to break it, the Roots of the white Lily boiled in Milk, with Leaven, till they be tender, and applied hot, morning and evening, will do it effectually: after which an handful of Parsley, stamped with a piece of fat Bacon, and the yolk of an Egg, and applied, will heal it. Besides, if the Paps which are afflicted with curdled Milk in them, be anointed with the Oil of Lilies, it dissolveth it; but there must be a care, that it touch not the Nipple. The Root roasted, and well mixed with the Oil of Roses, doth soften the hardness of the Matrix, and provoketh the Courses in Women, being laid thereupon. The same stamped with Honey, glueth together Sinews that be cut in sunder, consumeth and scoureth away the Ulcers of the Head, called Achores, and likewise all scursinesse of the Head and face, and is good to be laid to all dislocations, or places out of Joint. The same stamped with Vinegar, the Leaves of Henbane, or the Meal of Barley, cureth the tumours and Apostumes of the privy Members; it bringeth the hair again upon places that have been burned, or scalded, if it be mingled with Oil or Grease, and the place anointed therewith. The same roasted in Embers, and stamped with Leaven of Rye-bread, and Hogs-grease, breaketh pestilential Botches, and ripeneth Apostumes in the Flanks, coming of Venery and such like: the same mixed with Oil of Roses, cureth Wildfire, and burn, and closeth wounds and Ulcers, and is good also to be laid upon the bitings of Serpents. The same boiled in Vinegar, and applied, cureth Co●ns. The Roots boiled in honeyed water, and drunk, driveth forth by the Siege, all corruption of▪ blood, as Pliny saith. The Seeds are good to be taken against the biting of Serpents, and expelleth the poison of the Pestilence, causing it to break forth in blisters, in the outward part of the skin, being taken in Wine, or the Roots stamped and strained with Wine, and given to drink for two or three days together. The Juice tempered with Barley-Meal, and baked in Cakes, and so e●ten ordinarily for a month or six weeks together, with Meat and no other Bread for that time, cureth the Dropsy, as it is said. The distilled water being taken, is said to cause easy and speedy deliverance, and to expel the Afterbirth. The same water is used in Diseases of the Lungs, shortness of breath, the Cough, etc. Being mixed with Camphir, and Oil of Tartar, ti is used to beautify the Face. The Oil made of the Flowers, is good to supple, mollify, and digest; excellent to soften the Sinews, and to cure the hardness of the Matrix. Take of Sorrel, and Marsh Marigold, of each an handful, white Lily Root a dram, bruise them, and roast them in Embers, in a Dock-Leaf, and bind it hot to the place affected with a Felon, and it will cure it. The red Lily Roots, when the other are not to be had, may be applied outwardly, for any of the purposes before mentioned; but for their inward use, I find them not commended. The Mountain Lilies, the red Lily of Constantinople, the Persian Lily, and the Crowns-imperiall, are nourished in Gardens, more for their beautiful shape▪ than for any Physical use that I read of.    

CHAP. CIV. Of Dock Cress.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Lampsana, So●chus Sylvaticus, and Pap●llaris; in English Dock-Cresses, Tetterwort; and Nipplewort, by Mr. Park●●son; and the reason why he calleth it so, he saith is, because it is good to heal the Ulcers of the Nipples of women's Breasts, as Camerarius also testifieth.   

The Kind's.  
All former Writers have made but one sort thereof (which some of them would have to be a Salad or Potherb whereon the poorer sort of people did ●eed, as being the meanest and cheapest, of all others; whereas indeed there is no probability thereof, it being never received by any as food to seed upon) but Bauhinus hath added thereunto another that cometh very near it, and Mr. Parkinson hath added a third. The first is called, Ordinary Dockcresse or Nipplewort. The second Nipplewort of Austria. The third, wild or would Bastard Nipplewort.   

The Form.  
The Ordinary Dockcresse or Nipplewort sendeth forth sundry hard upright stalks, whereon grow dark green leaves from the bottom to the tops, but lesser still as they are higher towards the top; in some places whole without any dents on the Edges, and in others with a few uneven Cuts, therein somewhat like a kind of Hawkweed; the tops of the stalks have some small long branches, which bear many small starlike yellowish flowers on them which turn into small seed, the root is small and threddy, and yields a bitter milk as the others do.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in divers places as upon Walls, under hedges, upon the bank of ditches, and the border of fields almost every where. The other, Clusius says, he found in Hungary and in Saxonies, Harcynia sylva, and other places; the last is found near Woodsides, and Hedgrowes. They flower in the Summer and the seed ripeneth soon after.   

The Temperature.  
If Gerard mistake not (as, Mr. Parkinson saith, he doth foully about this plant) it is of nature hot and somewhat abstersive or scouring.   

The Virtues.  
I believe there are few Women that ever gave suck but know in some sort what a pain it is to be troubled with sore Nipples: I am sure I have known those that have not only affirmed it, but also by their lamentable outcries confirmed that there is scarce any pain like unto it, and it may well be, because the veins and arteries of the breast do concentre therein, which makes it sensible of the least distemper that can be. For a remedy hereunto, it hath been by experience found that wooden or rather silver nipples, or those made of chalk, are very effectual if there be laid under them, upon the Nipple, a Violet leaf, a Rose Campion Leaf, or which is most proper, a leaf of Dockcresse: which as I said before some call Nipplewort from the extraordinary virtues it hath to heal women's breasts and their Nipples when they are sore and exulcerated, as the Women in Prussia very well know; and therefore they call it Papillaris which induceth us to think, not with Gerard but rather with Parkinson, that it hath an especial healing quality therein and that it is temperate in heat and dryness with some tenuity of parts, able to digest the virulency of those sharp humours that break out into tho●e parts.  
I shall trouble you no further with any more plants, though there be divers which might occasionally be spoken to upon this Subject; hoping that the female Sex, whose welfare I do exceedingly tender, will vouchsafe to accept th●se my directions, and I doubt not but they will find ease thereby upon this account. I shall now return from whence I digressed, and that is from the inside of the Breast and Lungs, to which I shall now speak somewhat more particularly.    

CHAP. CV. Of Horehound.  

The Names  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; in Latin Prasium and Marrubium, which name is also attributed both to the ●●nking kind, which is properly called Ballete, and to the sweet. P●iny hath confounded the words Prasium and Prasum, id est▪ Porrum a Leek, together▪ which he might easily do, there being but a letter difference. But I hope this Caveat will prevent the Reader from doing the like. It is called Marrubium ab amaro succo, Rob signifying Juice; and Marrubiastrum.   

The Kinds.  
Herbarists reckon up Eight sorts of Horehound. 1. Common Horehound. 2. White Spanish Horehound. 3. Sweet Candy Horehound. 4. Unsavoury Candy Horehound. 5. French Horehound. 6. Curled White Horehound. 7. Spanish black Horehound. 8. Black French Horehound with long leaves.   

The Form.  
Common Horehound groweth up with square hoary stalks, about a foot and sometimes about half a yard high or more, set at the joints with two round crumpled, or as it were rough leaves; of a sullen hoary green colour, of a reasonable good scent, but of a very bitter taste; The flowers are small white and gaping, set in rough hard prickly husks round about the joints with the leaves, from the middle of the stalks upwards, wherein afterwards is found small round blackish seed. The Root is blackish hard and Wooddy with many strings thereat, which dyeth not but abideth many years.   

The Places and Time.  
The first i● found in many places of our land, in dry grounds and waste green places particularly under the Park Wall at Greenwi●h on that side next the ●e●●s near the way that goeth from thence to Colonel blunt's house. The ●e●ond came from Spain and being sown of the seed, abideth: The third in ●ike manner was sown from seed that came from Candy, as the fourth was also. The ●●th was found growing about Paris in France. The sixth ni Germany. The ●eventh in Spain: and the last about Mompelier in fat grounds▪ and sometimes in the Wheat ●e●ds.   

The Temperature.  
Horehound as Galen teacheth is hot in the second degree, and dry in the third, and of a bitter taste.   

The Virtues.  
A decoction of dried Horehound with the seed, or the juice of the green he●b taken with honey i● a remedy for those that are purly and sho●t win●ed 〈◊〉 tho● that have a Cough and for such as by long sickness or thin dissipation o● 〈◊〉 upon the Lungs, are wa●ed and fallen into a Consumption; it helpeth to 〈◊〉 ●way tough Phlegm from the Chest, being taken with the ●r●ed ●oo● o● 〈…〉 is whi●h is flower de Luce. It is given to Women to bring down their Courts, and to expel the afterbirth, as also to those that have sore and ●ong trave●s: it is also given to them that have taken poison▪ or are bitten o●●●ung by any Veremous Serpents or beasts; but it hurteth the Bladder and Reins, and must no● be used in hot and dry bodies; yet if Reigns and Liquorice be used therewith it is less hurtful to them and more pro●●tab●e to other parts. The leaves being used with honey do purge foul Ulcers, stay running or creeping sores and the growing of the flesh over Nails: it helpeth the pains of the ●●des, openeth stopping both of Liver and Spleen, kills Worms, and is good for such as have the Itch Scab or any running Sore. The Juice thereof with Wine and Hony helpeth to clear the Eyesight & snuffed up into the Nostrils helpeth to purge away the yellow Jaundice; and either of itself or with a little Oil of Roses being dropped into the Ears, easeth the pains of them. The green leaves brui●ed and boiled with old Hog's Lard into an ointment, healeth the bitings of Dogs, abateth the swell of women's breasts▪ and taketh away the swell and pains that come by any pricking of thorns or any such like thing. Used with Vinegar it cleanseth and healeth Tetters. If saith Matthiolus, you boil two ounces of fresh Horehound in three pints of good White wine, with the roots of bugloss, Elecampane and Agrimony, of each one drachm and an half, of Rhubarb and Lignum Aloes of each a drachm, till half be consumed and strained, hereby is made an excellent medicine to help the yellow Jaundice, that cometh by the obstruction of the Vessels and overflowing of the Gall, if two ounces thereof (having a little Sugar put to it to sweeten it) be taken fasting for nine days together; but he counselleth that if they that take this medicine have an Ague▪ the ●ecoction must be made with water and not with Wine. The decoction thereof is a singular medicine for Women that are troubled with the Whites if they sit over it whi●est it is warm; the same also healeth any scabs whether they be dry or moist if the places be bathed therewith. Being stamped and put into new Milk, and set in any place overpestered with flies, it will soon destroy them all. The Syrup of it is most effectual for old Coughs to bring away tough ●eam, as also for o●d men and others whose Lungs are oppressed with thin and cold Rheum, to help to avoid it, and for those that are asthmatick, shortwinded,    

CHAP. CVI Of Lungwort.  

The Names.  
WHether this he●b was so far taken notice of by any of the ancient Greeks o● Latin Writers as to re●eive a name ●●om them, is not yet found. The Phy●ti●ns and Herbari●s of later times have called it Pulmonaria of the likeness of the ●orm which it hath with the Lungs or Lights calle●●n Latin Pulmones▪ of some Lichen, and L●chen arborum; in Eng●sh Lungwort, Tree Lungwort, and Wood Liver ●ort.   

The Kinds.  
To this kind I find but three sorts that may be properly referred, and those are 1. Tree Lungwort. 2. Sea Lungwort or Oyster Green. 3. Sea Oak or Wreck.   

The Form.  
Lungwort is a kind of Moss that groweth on sundry sorts of trees especially Oaks and Beeches with broad grayish tough leaves diversely folded, crumpled, and gashed in on the edges and sometimes spotted also with many small spots on the upper side▪ it was never ●een to bear any stalk or flower at any time.   

The Places and Time.  
It groweth upon the Bodies of old Oaks, Beeches and other wild Trees in thi●k and dark shady woods, and is sometimes found growing upon rocks and other shadowy places, and as I have been particularly informed not far from Croyden in Surry. It flourisheth especially in the Summer Months. The Sea Lungwo●t or Oyster green groweth upon rocks within the bowe●s of the Sea, but especially where Oysters breed. The Sea Wreck is found upon the drowned rocks, which are naked and bare of water at every tide.   

The Temperature.  
Lungwort is thought to be of a cold and dry quality; but as for the temperatures of the other two, I have not met with any that have passed their censure upon them.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The similitude that Lungwort hath with the lungs, as also the speckels which are sometimes found thereon is a perfect Signature that this plant is to be appropriated to the lungs; and therefore it hath been commended by Physicians of former times, and hath been experimentally approved by the learned of this age to be ve●y effectual against the ●isea●es of the lungs; especially for the ulcers and inflammations of the same, being brought into powder and drunk in Water; and also for Coughs, Wheesing and shortness of breath, and likewise for spitting of blood, and pissing of blood. It is likewise commended for bloody and green wounds and for Ulcers in the secret parts, and also to stay the Reds in Women. Moreover it stoppeth the bloody flix, and other flixes and scourings, either upwards or downwards, especially if they proceed of choler; it s●ayeth Vomiting▪ and stoppeth the looseness of the belly. It is reported that shepherds and certain horse Doctors, do with good success give the powder hereof with salt, unto their sheep, Horses, and other cattle which be troubled with the Cough and are broken wound. Oyster-green fried with eggs, and made into a Tansy and eaten, is a singular remedy to strengthen the weakness of the back.    

CHAP. CVII. Of Tobacco.  

The Names.  
I Cannot understand that Tobacco was known before the discovery of the West-Indies, and if so, it cannot be expected that I should tell you by what name the Greek Writers called it, they being deceased long before. It is called in Latin Petum, and Nicotiana from John Nicot a French man who being an Agent in Portugal for the French King, sent some of it to the French Queen, whereupon it was also called Herba Regina. The Indians call it Picielt and Perebecen●e, but in most other languages it is called Tobacco.   

The Kind's.  
To set down the several sorts of Tobacco that are brought into England is beyond my skill. The sorts that I have read and heard of, though perhaps the same plant planted in several Countries, are 1. Spanish Tobacco, which ●ome affirm to be brought into Spain from Virginia, and other places, and that it is there made up and transported into England, and called Spanish Tobacco. 2. Ordinary Virginia Tobacco, which is a great deal less esteemed, and sold for less than half the rate. 3. English Tobacco, which is so called (not that it is natural of England, but) because it is more commonly with Us growing in every country Garden almost, and endureth better here then the other. I have heard of Trinidada, Autego, S. Christopher's, Winscomb Tobacco, which I suppose to be ●o called from the places where they grow. It will be more to our purpose to give you the description of that which is called English Tobacco, and therefore take it as follows.   

The Form.  
English Tobacco riseth up with a thick round stalk, sometime two foot high whereon do grow thick fat green leaves, nothing so large as the other Indian kinds, somewhat round pointed also, and nothing dented about the Edges. The stalk brancheth forth and beareth at the tops divers flowers set in green Husks, somewhat like the flowers of Henbane, but nothing so large; scarce standing above the brims of the Husks, round pointed also, and of a greenish yellow colour. The seed that followeth, is not very bright, but large, contained in great heads. The roots are neither great nor woody, perishing every year with the hard frosts in Winter; but generally of its own sowing, if it be let alone after it hath been once sowed.   

The Places and Time  
Though that Tobacco which beareth away the Bell from the rest be (as I said) called Spanish Tobacco, yet there is, for aught I can learn, but very little Tobacco growing in Spain if any at all, but is brought thither out of the provinces of America, one of which, where it was first found is called Peru, from whence it is named Hyoscyamus Peruvicanus; but improperly, though some would have it to be a sort of Henbane. It groweth also in Brasil, which is another Country of the West Indies, whence the seed being brought into England and swoon hath prospered very well in those soils that have been fruitful, and especially about Winscomb in Glocestershire, where I think the planting of it is discontinued now, because the store that came from thence was an hindrance to the public revenue coming in for the Custom of that which is brought from beyond the Seas; Howbeit it is continued in many Gardens though in no great quantity. It flowreth from June, sometimes to the end of August, or later; and the seed ripeneth in the mean time.   

The Temperature.  
Tobacco is hot and dry in the second degree, and is withal of power to discuss or resolve, and to cleanse away filthy humours, having also a certain small astriction, and a s●upifying or benumbing quality, and is endued with a certain power to resist poison.   

The Virtues.  
Though our Tobacco which grows in England be not so strong or sweet as that which cometh from the Indies, yet it is found by good experience almost to be as available to expectorate tough phlegm out of the Stomach, Chest, and Lungs, the Juice thereof being made into a Syrup, or the distilled Water of the herb drunk with Sugar, or else the smoke taken through a pipe, as is usual but fasting, o● the whole substance rolled into Pills and swallowed; so that whether of the two can be more easily procured, may be used. The same also helpeth to expel worms in the Stomach and Belly, being inwardly; or a leaf applied to the Belly, and to ease the pains in the head or Megrim, and the griping pains in the bowels. It is profitable also for those that are troubled with the stone in the Kidneys both to ease pains, and by provoking Urine to expel gravel, and the stone engendered therein, and hath been found very effectual to expel windiness and other humours, which cause the strangling of the Muther, The seed hereof is much more effectual to ease the pain of the Toothache than any Henbane seed, and the ashes of the  herb cleanseth the gums and the teeth, and maketh them white. The herb bruised and applied to the King's Evil helpeth it in nine or ten days effectually: It is said also to be effectual to cure the Dropsy by taking four and five ounces of the Juice fasting, which will strongly purge the body both upwards and downwards. The distilled water is often given with some Sugar before the fit of an Ague to lessen them, and take them away in three or four times using; if the distilled F●ces of the herb having being bruised before the distillation, and not distilled dry, but set in warm dung fourteen days, and afterwards hung up in a bag in a wine Cellar; that liquor that distilleth therefrom, is singular good to use for Cramps, Aches, the Gout, and Sciatica; and to heal Itches, Scabs and running Ulcers, Cankers and foul sores whatsoever. The Juice is also good for all the said griefs and likewise to kill Lice in children's heads. The green herb bruised and applied to any green wound, is known to divers to cure any fresh wound or cut wheresoever, and the Juice put into old Sores, both cleanseth and healeth them; but especially, a Salve of it made thus; Take of the green Herb, three or four handfuls, bruise it▪ and put it into a quart of good Oil of Olives, boil them on a gentle fire, until the Herb grow dry, and the Oil will bubble no longer; then strain it forth hard, and set it on the fire again, adding thereto Wax, Ro●en, and Sheep's Tallow, or Deer Suet, which you will, of each a quarter of a pound, of Turpentine two Ounces, which being melted, put it up for your use: This Salve will likewise help Impostumes, hard tumors, and other swell by blows of falls.    

CHAP. CVIII. Of Sundew, or Ros Solis.  

The Names.  
THere is no Greek Name found for this Plant, It is called in Latin Ros Solis, of divers Rorella, and of Lobel Rorida, and of some Salsirora, and corruptly Rosa Solis, as we in English likewise do now and then. All which Names are put upon it from the Dew, which is always upon it, but then especially, when the Sun is at the hottest. It is called in English Lustworth, because Sheep and other Cattle, if they do but only taste of it, are provoked to Lust. It is called also, Youthwort, and in the Northern parts of our Land, they call it the Red Rot, because as they think, their Sheep feeding thereon, run to rot; Some call it also Mooregrasse.   

The Kinds.  
There be three Sorts of Sun-dew. 1. The greater Sun-dew. 2. The lesser sun-dew. 3. Sun-dew with long Leaves.   

The Form  
It hath divers small, round, hollow Leaves, somewhat greenish, but full of certain red hairs, which makes them seem red, every one standing upon his own foot stalk, which is likewise of a reddish colour, and hairy. The Leaves are continually moist in the hottest day; yea, the hotter the Sun shines on them, the moister they are, with a certain sliminess that will rope (as we say) the small hairs always holding this moisture. Among those Leaves rise up small slender stalks, reddish also, three or four fingers high, bearing divers small white knobs, one above another, which are the Flowers; after which in the Heads, are certain small Seeds; the Root looketh, as if it consisted of a few small hairs.   

The Places and Time.  
Th●se Plants do usually grow on Bogs, and wet places, and sometimes in moist Woods. One of the Sorts with round Leaves, whether it be the greater or the lesser, I cannot say, groweth upon Sho●●ver-Hill, on that side towards Heddington Quarries near Oxford, and likewise upon a Bog in Bagley Wood, betwixt Oxford and Abb●ngdon. In Lancashire, in their Moss Grounds, where they dig their turfs; there is great store of it also. That with Leaves of a span long, groweth plentifully in a Bog by Edenderry in Ireland. It was sound by Mr. Heaton, who gave some of it to Zanchy Sylliard, Apothecary in Dublin, which he sent to Mr. Parkinson. It groweth also in England, by Ellesmeere in Shropshire. It floweth in May or June, and continueth flourishing till August; within which time, it may be gathered, the weather being dry and calm, and as near the middle of the day as you can; for than it is fullest of Dew, wherein the virtue most consisteth.   

The Temperature.  
Some say, that it is a searing or caustick Herb, and very much biting; being hot and dry in the fourth Degree; others only, that it is sharp and quick, yet a little acide drying and binding.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
There is some difference amongst Authors, concerning this Herb. Dodonaeus holding it to be an extreme biting Herb, saith▪ that the distilled water thereo●●annot be taken with safety, though the later Physicians have thought it to be ●● are and singular remedy against the Consumption of the Lungs, and especially the distilled water; which Parkinson recordeth, without any Cavil. The same water is held to be good for those also that have salt Rheums distilling on the Lungs, which is the cause of a Consumption, so that it is not only Therapeuticall, or restorative, but Prophylacticall or preventional in this case. The said water is available also for all other Diseases of the Lungs, as Ptisicks, Wheesing, shortness of Breath, or the Cough; as also to heal Ulcers that happen in the Lungs, and it comforteth the Heart, and fainting Spirits. The Leaves outwardly applied to the Skin, will raise Blisters, which have caused some to think it dangerous to be taken inwardly; but there are divers other things that will also draw Blisters, yet may be taken inwardly without danger, if they be used with discretion. There is an usual Drink made hereof, called Rosa Solis, which may without any offence or danger, be used in Qualms, and passions of the heart: as also to strengthen and nourish the Body. Crollius saith, that it hath the Signature of a Cancer, and therefore it is effectual for the curing of the same. And some have thought, that as this Herb doth keep and hold fast the moisture and dew so pertinaciously, that the extreme drying heat of the Sun, cannot consume and waste away the same: so likewise they thought, that herewith the natural and lively Heat in men's Bodies, is preserved and cherished, and this may be also by Signature. If any one desire to knowhow to make the Rosa Solis, before mentioned, let the Herb called Ros Solis, or Sun-dew, be gathered in June, July, or August: the weather being dry, and about the mid-time of the day, then pick it clean▪ and cut off the Roots; or if it be rank, you may cut up only the Leaves when you gather it; and having done so, take a pot of good Aquavitae, or Aqua Composita, and put into it two good handfuls, or more of the said Herb, and half a pound of fine Sugar, half an Ounce of whole Mace, of Ginger pared, of Nutmegs, of Cinnamon, of Aniseeds, all gross beaten in a Mortar, of each half an Ounce Liquorice an Ounce, first made clean from the Bark, then cut into small pieces, and a little bruised; Dates four Ounces, cut small, and the Stones, and the white Skin that is within taken out; put all together into a large Pot, or Bottle, and stop it close, and so let it stand for three Months, shaking it, and stirring it together, ever now and then, afterwards (if you list) you may strain away the stuff, or let it remain in all the year, and when you would use some of it, cast a cloth over the mouth of the Bottle to keep in the Spices. Some do put in red Rose Leaves also, in the making, to resist Lust, which Sun-dew provokes exceedingly. The distilled water hereof, that is drawn forth with a Glasse-Still, is of a glittering yellow colour, like gold, and coloureth Silver put therein like Gold; which Bath water, will also do, as I have heard.    

CHAP. CIX. Of Hedge-Mustard, or Bank-Cresse.  

The Names.  
THe Greek Name is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which seemeth as is most likely, to be derived 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, quòd ob suam caliditatem ●ttrahendi facultate prad●tum est it being o● a very attractive quality: in Latin also, Erysimum & Irio, quòd ab acr●monia sua irru●t in gustum, from its sharp taste. This is the Erysimum of Dioscorides, which he calleth also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Chamapl●on, but not of Theophrastus; for he placeth his Erysimum among the sorts of Corns or Grains. In English it is called Ba●k-Cresse, by Gerard; but because Parkinson sound the most judicious to make it a kind of wild Mustard, therefore he entitled it wild Hedge-Mustard.   

The Kinds.  
There were formerly but two Sorts of Hedg-Mustard known, but now there are six. 1. The common wild Hedg-Mustard. 2. The true Hedge-Mustard. 3. Broad leafed Hedge-Mustard. 4. Broadleafed Hedge-Mustard of Naples. 5. Narrow leafed Hedge-Mustard of Naples. 6. An hairy Hedge-Mustard, with uncut Leaves.   

The Form.  
The common wild Hedge-Mustard, groweth up usually, but with one blackish green stalk, tough, easy to bend, but not so to break, branched into divers parts, and sometimes with divers stalks, set full of Branches whereon grow long rough, or hard rugged Leaves, very much torn, or cut on the edges, into many parts some bigger, and some lesser, of a dirty green colour: The Flowers are small and yellow, that grow at the tops of the Branches, in long Spikes, flowering by degrees, so that continuing long in flower, the stalks will have small round Cod at the bottom, growing upright, and close to the stalk, whi●e the top flowers as yet show themselves; in which are contained, small, yellow Seed, sharp and strong, as the Herb is also. The Root groweth down slender and woody, yet abiding and springing again every year.   

The Places and Time.  
The first is very frequent in our Land, by the ways, Walls, and Hedge-sides, and sometimes in the open Fields: the third is more rare to meet with yet it is sometimes found, but in better grounds, which maketh it so large: The second is found wild in Italy, as Matthi●lus saith, in like places with the first: The fourth and fifth are of Naples, as Col 〈…〉 saith: the last groweth upon stones and rubbish, and upon old Mud-walls at Basil, Mompelier, and other places. They flower sometimes late, and sometime; earlyer, but most commonly in July, or thereabouts.   

The Temperature.  
The three first Sorts of Erysimum, as the most in use, and effectual, do temperately heat, consisting of a thin substance, cutting and cleansing with some moist parts joined therewith, so that it doth make viscous phlegm easy to be spit forth.   

The Virtues.  
This Herb is of singular efficacy in all the Diseases of the Chest & Lungs, hoarseness of voice, and by the use of the Decoction thereof for a little space, those have been recovered, who had utterly lost their voice, and therewith almost their spirits also. The juice thereof, made into a Syrup, or Lohoc, with Honey or Sugar, is no less effectual for the said purpose, and for all other Coughs, Wheesing, and shortness of Breath. The same also is profitably taken of those that have the Jaundice, the Pleurisy, pains in the Back and Loins, and for Torments and wring in the Belly, or in the Colon, which is called the Colic, being used also in Glisters. The Seed is held to be an especial remedy against poison, and venom. It is singular good for the pains in the Hips, or Huck-bones, called the Hipgout, or Sciatica, the Gout also, and all Joynt-Aches: as also for Fistulaes', hollow Ulcers, and eating or running Cankers, and for Apostumes Sores, and Cankers in the Mouth or Throat▪ or behind the Ears, and no less also for the hardness and swell in women's Breasts, or in the Testicles and Stones. There is to be had at the Apothecaries, a Syrup made of Hedge-Mustard, Elicampane Colts-foot, Liquorice, and such other Ingredients, which was invented against cold afflictions of the Breast and Lungs, as Asthmaes, hoarseness, etc. and may be easily taken with a Liquorice stick, to the great relief of those, which are afflicted with any of the aforesaid distempers.    

CHAP. CX. Of Colts-foot.  

The Names.  
BUt all this while I had almost forgot Colts-foot, which is so called in English, from the similitude it hath with a Horses or Colts-foot. It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and Tussilago, in Latin, à notissima utilitate quam praebet in orthopnaeicis & tussi vexatis, of its notable qualities, to cure Coughs, and other Diseases of the Lungs. The Apothecaries call it Farfara and Vngula Caballina; and of some, Populago, from the likeness of its Leaves, to those of the white Poplar, which was named of the Ancients Farfarus. Many suppose, that this may be Tiphyum of Theophrastus, as well as the Petasites, in that both of them bring their Flowers before the Leaves, and therefore are by some called Filii ante patres, it being somewhat preposterous, and very rare amongst Plants; and this was the cause why some Herbarists thought, that Colts-foot put ●orth no Flowers, supposing that this Plant, as others commonly do, would have put forth Flowers after the Leaves, if any at all. Pliny calleth it Farranum & Farrugium. It is called al●o in English, Foale-foot and Horsefoot. There is a sort hereof, called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Cacalia; in English, Great and strange Colts-foot.   

The Kinds.  
The Colts-foot, and the Cacalia, make but four kinds. 1. Colts-foot. 2. Hoary Strange Colts-foot. 3. Smooth strange Colts-foot. 4. Strange Colts-foot of America.   

The form.  
Colts-foot shooteth up a slender stalk, with small yellowish Flowers, somewhat early, which fall away quickly; and after they are passed, come somewhat round Leaves, yet sometimes dented a little about the edges, much lesser, thicker, and greener than those of the Butter-burr, with a little Down or Frieze, over the green Leaf on the upper side, which may be rubbed away, and whitish, or mea●y underneath. The Root is small and white, spreading very much in the ground, so that where it taketh, it will very hardly be cleansed from it again, it any little piece be abiding therein, and from thence springing fresh Leaves.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth of itself, near unto Springs, and on the brinks of Brooks and Rivers, in wet furrows, by Ditches sides, and in other moist and watery places, almost every where; and if it be brought into a Garden, it will take such possession on a sudden, that it will not be quickly outed. The second and third, grow in sundry Valleys, beyond the Seas, and by the Baths, where they want not moisture. The last in America, Virginia and Canada. The Leaves and Flowers of the first, are seldom or never to be ●ound together: the Flowers being passed before the Leaves appear. It flowers in the end of March, and beginning of April: the stems and Flowers also quickly fading away: After them grow forth the Leaves, which remain green all the Summer long. The strange Sorts put out their Leaves first, and from thence arise the Flowers, which bear Seed also in the Summertime.   

The Temperature.  
Colts-foot, whilst it is fresh, is cooling and drying; but when it is dry, the cooling quality which remained in the moisture, being evaporate, it is then somewhat hot and dry.   

The Virtues.  
This is an Herb generally known, to be very available for those that have thin Rheums, and Distillations upon the Lungs, causing the Cough thereby t●●hi●●en and dry it, and then the dried Leaves are best, as the fresh Leaves, or Juice o● Syrup made thereof, is fittest for an hot, dry Cough, and for Wheesing, and shortness of Breath. The dried Leaves, taken in a Pipe, as Tobacco is, hath been found in like manner, good for the thin Rheums, Distillations and Coughs: as also the Root taken in like Sort, as some Authors affirm. The distilled water hereof, simply, or with Elder-flowers, and Nightshade, is a singular Remedy against all hot Agues, to drink two Ounces at a time, and to have some  wet therein, and applied to the Head and Stomach. The same also applied to any hot Swell, or other Inflammations, doth much good; yea, it helpeth that Disease called St. Anthony's fire, and burn also, and is singular good to take away Wheals, and small Pushes that rise through heat; as also against the burning heat of the Piles, or of the privy parts, to apply  wet therein, to the places. Matthiolus showeth, that in the Root of this Colts-foot, there groweth a certain Cotton, or White-wool, which being cleansed from the Roots, and bound up in Linen , and boiled in Lie for a while, and afterwards some salt Nitre added unto it, and dried up again in the Sun, is the best tinder to take fire, being stroke from a Flint, that can be. The Root of Cacalia steeped in Wine, and eaten, is also good for the Cough and hoarseness, which Galen affirmeth of his Cacanum, which is thought to be the same; for it is without sharpness, and good for hoarseness. Dioscorides addeth, that the Peare-like Grains, which are found in his Cacalia, beaten and mixed with a Cerot, or Ointment, doth make the Skin smooth, and will stay the falling of the hair, as Pliny saith.    

CHAP. CXI. Of Woodbine, or Honeysuckle.  

The Names  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; but the Greeks in these days call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; in Latin, Periclymenum also, and Caprifolium; but Pliny mistaking the word Periclymenum, setteth down the properties of Clymenum, which is Tutsan, for it: with some it is called Sylvae mater, and Matris Sylva, Volucrum majus, and Lilium inter Spinas, and Vinciboscum by Caesalpinus, according as his Italians called it. In English, it hath no other name but Woodbine, and Honeysuckle.   

The Kinds.  
There are divers Sorts of Wood-binds, some that are winding about whatsoever standeth next them; and for the most part, known throughout the Land; others are strangers, or not so well known: there are divers that wind not, but stand upright; all which being summoned together, are in number eight. 1. Our ordinary Woodbine. 2. The Germane red Honeysuckle. 3. Double Woodbine, or Honeysuckles. 4. Dwarf Honeysuckle. 5. Upright Woodbine, or Honeysuckle. 6. Black berried upright Honeysuckle. 7. Blue berried upright Honeysuckle. 8. The greater upright Honeysuckle. I shall not trouble you with the description of the ordinary Honeysuckle, but of the upright red berried Honeysuckle, as being less known.   

The Form.  
The divers stalks of the Red Berried upright Honeysuckle, are somewhat strait and upright, about three or four foot high, at the least, divided and spread into divers Branches, covered with a very thin whitish Bark: the Leaves stand by couples on the Branches, and two likewise at every joint, which are of a whitish green colour, smooth, and lesser than those of the windy Wood-binds: the Flowers also stand by couples, at the end of short stalks, that come from the joints, with the Leaves, and are much smaller than the other, & never opening or spreading much, of a pale whitish colour: after which come two red Berries, long, with the roundness; both of a bigness in the natural places, and in some open places, but seldom so with us; for one is usually withered, and never cometh to perfection.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth abundantly in this Land, almost in every Hedge. The second came out of Germany: The third out of Italy, both which are set against our house-sides, to run about the Windows, where they keep the Rooms cool, and make a goodly show without. The last was found by Dr. Penny, as Clusius saith, by Dantswick. The four last were found by Clusius in Germany, Austria, and Syria, and some on the Pyrenean hills, and in Savoy, and are most of them kept in our ●ardens. The first is in flower in June, and the Fruit is ripe in August. The second and third, flower about the latter end of April, and the beginning of May; and so do the rest, their fruit being ripe in July or August; except the second, which hath not been seen to bear any.   

The Temperature.  
The Flowers and Leaves of Honeysuckles, are of a cleansing, consuming, and digesting quality.   

The Virtues.  
A Decoction made of the Leaves, or the Flowers and Leaves of Honey-suckles, with some Figs, and Liquorice added thereunto, is very effectual for the expectorating of phlegm from the Chest and Lungs, whensoever they shall be overcharged therewith. A Syrup made of the Flowers, is good likewise to be drunk, against the Diseases of the Lungs and Spleen that is stopped, being drunk with a little Wine. Mr. Culpepper saith, that it is fitting that a Conserve of the Flowers of it, should be kept in every Gentlewoman's House; for that he knew no better cure for an Asthma, than this. Besides, it takes away the evil of the Spleen, provokes Urine, procures speedy delivery to Women in Travel, helps Cramps, Convulsions, and Palsies, and whatsoever Griefs come of cold or stops. The Leaves or Flowers in Powder, or the distilled water of them are commended to dry up soul and moist Ulcers, and to cleanse the face and skin from Morphew, Sun-burn, Freckles, and other discolourings of the skin. Notwithstanding, Parkinson following Galen and Culpepper backing him, as usually he doth, be the matter right or wrong, conceiveth, that it is an error to use the decoction of the Leaves of Honeysuckles, or the distilled water of the Flowers in Mouth-waters; yet it is certainly found by experience, that the said water is good against the soareness of the Throat, or Uuula; and with the same Leaves boiled, or the Leaves and Flowers distilled, are made divers good Medicines, against Cankers and sore mouths, as well in Children, as elder people; and likewise for Ulcerations, and Scaldings in the privy parts of Man or Woman, if there be added to the decoction hereof, some Honey, and Allome, or Verdigrease; if the Sores require greater cleansing outwardly. Provided always, that there be no Verdigrease put into the water, that must be injected into the secret parts. As for the provoking of Urine, care must be had, that the taking of the decoction be not continued too long; for though at first it will but provoke Urine only; yet being drunk six days together, it will make the Urine like blood. It causeth also barrenness in Women, and maketh men unable for generation. The flowers and leaves are of more use than the seed, yet they also help the shortness and difficulty of breathing, and cure the Hicket.    

CHAP. CXII. Of Mullein.  

The Names.  
ITt is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 uro, for that it served as a Week to put into Lamps to burn in former times, and of the Latins Candela Regia and Candelaria, because the elder age used the stalks dipped in Suet to burn, whether at Funerals, or for private Uses; and so likewise the English name Higtaper for Hightaper, the (h) being left out, is used in the same manner, as a Taper or Torch. It hath also some other names in Latin, as Thapsus Thlapsus and Tapsus Barbatus, and Lanaria. In English also some call it Torches, some Bullocks Lungwort, some Hairs beard, and some Jupiter's Staff.   

The Kinds.  
There are of this kind besides the Moth Mullein, nine sorts. 1. Common Mullein. 2. Dwarf Mullein of Denmark. 3. White Mullein with long leaves. 4. Sweet white Mullein. 5. Ordinary black Mullein. 6. Sweet black Mullein. 7. Jagged Mullein. 8. Sage leafed Mullein. 9 Small Sage leafed Mullein of Syria.   

The Form.  
The Common white Mullein hath many fair large woolly leaves lying next the ground, somewhat longer than broad, pointed at the ends, and as it were dented about the Edges; the stalk riseth up to be four or five foot high, if it grow in very rank ground, covered over with such woolly leaves as the lowest, but lesser: so that the stalk can be hardly seen for the multitude of leaves thereon up to the flowers, which come forth on all sides of the stalks, without any branches for the most part; and are many set together in a long spike, in some of a gold yellow colour, in others more pale, consisting of five round pointed leaves, which afterwards give small round heads, wherein small brownish seed is contained; the root is long, white, and woody perishing ever after it hath born seed.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth by the side ways, and Lanes in many places, and for its usefulness is taken into some Gardens, and so is the second, but it groweth naturally only in Denmark in the fields between Cronemberg, and Hafnia, near Elsemore. The third and fourth grow but in some places of our own Country, so that one shall hardly find a plant in a great way. The fifth in many places of Kent, Surrey, Essex and elsewhere. The sixth is also sometimes to be found wild abroad; but yet scarcely to be met with, and indeed unless one well exercised in the knowledge of plants do light upon it and know it, it will be scarce regarded by a great many others. The seventh, was found by Lobel near the ruins of an old Church at  in England. The eighth groweth at Padua or thereabouts: and the last in Syria, as by its title doth appear. They all flower in June and July, and bring forth their seed the second year after the sowing, except the two last, of whose time we cannot resolve you.   

The Temperature.  
Mullein is of a dry temperature, the leaves have also a digesting and cleansing quality as Galen affirmeth.   

The Virtues.  
A Decoction of the leaves of Mullein, is likewise very good for the Lungs and for those also that are troubled with an old Cough; And this our a●e●tion is confirmed in that the Country people, especially the Husbandmen in Kent do give it their Cattle against the Cough of the lungs, it being an approved medicine for the same, whereupon they call it Bullocks lungwort; and I therefore mention it because Cattle are also in some sort to be provided for ●n their disease's. The said leaves being a little bruised, and laid o● bound to an Ho●es foot. that is grievously pricked with shooing, ●oth wonderfully heal it in a sho●t ●pace-Neither is it useful for Cattle but for men also, A small quantity of the root taken in Wine, is commended against Lasks and fluxes of the Belly; the Decoction thereof gargled in the mouth easeth the pains of the Toothache and b●ing drunk it is profitable for those that are bursten, and for those that have Cramps and Convulsions. If the Seed and flowers hereof, and the powder or dried Venice Turpentine be cast upon a few quick coals, in a Cha●ng●ish or some other thing let into a C●olestool, the Pan being taken out, and the party sitting bare over the fumes that is troubled with the Piles, or falling down of the Fundament, or any other pains of that place, doth give much ease and help; as also for those that have a great desire to go often to the stool and can do nothing, especially to such as have the bloody flux. An Oil made by the often infusion of the flowers is of very good effect for the Piles also. The decoction of the root in Red Wine or in water, if there be an Ague, wherein red hot steel hath been often quenched doth stay the bloody flux. The same also openeth the Obstructions of the bladder and reins, when one cannot make water. A decoction of the leaves hereof and of Sage, Marjerom and Camomile flowers, and the places bathed therewith that have their Veins and Sinews stark with cold, or with Cramps doth bring them much ease and comfort: Three ounces of the distilled water of the flowers drunk morning and evening some days together, is said to be a most excellent remedy for the Gout. The juice of the leaves and flowers being laid upon rough warts; as also the powder of the dried ●oots rubbed on doth easily take them away, but doth no good to them that are smooth. The powder of the dried flowers is an especial Remedy for those that are troubled with belly aches, or the pains of the Colic. The decoction of the root and so al●o of the leaves, is of great effect to dissolve the tumors Swelling or Inflammations of the Throat. The seed and leaves boiled in wine▪ and applied doth speedily draw forth Thorns or Splinters gotten into the flesh easeth the pains and healeth them. The leaves bruised and wrapped in double papers, and covered with hot Ashes and Embers to bake a while▪ and then taken forth and laid warm on any botch happening in the Groin or share, doth dissolve and heal them. The seed bruised and boiled in Wine, and laid on any member that hath been out of joint, and is newly set again, taketh away all swell and pains thereof.    

CHAP. CXIII. Of Cowslips of Jerusalem.  

The Names.  
I Cannot find that this herb is mentioned by any Greek Author, and therefore know not how to tell you what they called it, if they knew it. It is called in Latin by the Herbarists of later times Pulmonaria and Pulmonalis; of Cordus, Symphytum Sylvestre, or wild Comfrey; but seeing that Comfry or the great Confound, is oftener found wild then this, it may more aptly be called Symyhytum maculosum, or maculatum: In English spotted Comfry, Sageof Jerusalem, Cowslip of Jerusalem, Cowslip of Bethlehem; and of some, Lung wo●t from the spotted leaves: although there be a kind of Moss called Lungwort, of which I have entreated already; both that and this being appropriated to the Lungs. I suppose they are called Cowslips, because the flowers are of the form of Cowslips though not the colour; and Comfrey because the leaves feel like it but there is no rea●on to be given why they are called Cowslips of Jerusalem; un●esse a great quantity of them should grow thereabouts; I should have supposed them to have been brought from thence, but that I find they grow naturally here in England, as you shall hear anon.   

The Kind's.  
I have not yet met with any more than four sorts of Cowslips of Jerusalem. 1. 〈◊〉 Cowslip▪ of Jerusalem. 2. bugloss Cowslips. 3. French or golden Lungwort▪ 4 The lesser French or Golden Lungwort.   

The Form.  
Cowslip▪ of Jerusalem (which Gerard would have to be the true and right Lungwort) hat●●o●gh hairy and large leaves, of a brown green colour, confusedly potted with divers spots▪ or drops of white; amongst which spring up certain sta●ks about a Span long when they are longest, but seldom above half so long▪ bearing at the top many fine flowers growing together in bunches like the flowers of Cowslips; saving that they be at first red or purple; and sometimes b●ew and oftentimes of all these colours at once. The flowers being fallen, there come small buttons full of Seed. The root is of a hard substance, and black colour, with many threads at the end of it.   

The Places and Time.  
They are all nourished up in Gardens, because they do not commonly grow wild yet the first was found growing naturally near Kingswood in Hampshire. The second w●s found in the Newforrest being in the same county, in a wood by Mr. Goodreer, who (as I am informed) is the ablest Herbarist now living in England. He is a man we●l stricken in years, and his dwelling in some part of Sussex, the name of the p●ace being yet unknown to me. The third groweth about Godalmin in Surrey. The place of the last I have not yet met with: they flower for the most p●rt about the end of March, and the beginning of April, and their seed is ripe in May, or thereabouts.   

The Temperature.  
The leaves of this herb are of the same temperature with Comfrey, that is, cold and dry in the first degree; but the roots, seeing they are hard and woody, are of a more drying and binding quality.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
The divers spots or drops of white, wherewith the leaves of Sage of Jerusalem are marked, do perfectly represent the like spots upon the Lungs; and therefore the decoction thereof is given with very good success to those that are troubled with any diseases of the Lungs, as Coughs, shortness of breath, exulcerations, stoppage by reason of thick, corrupt, or rotten matter, Spitting of blood, etc. if it be made in water and drunk. It is commended also for all the wounds or hurts that happen to any other of the entrails and inward parts, and also for burstings, or ruptures. It is a very good Potherb, and the leaves thereof would then especially be chopped as other Potherbs are to be boiled in broth when any one shall be afflicted, with any of the aforesaid distemper. The flowers thereof are likewise very wholesome and are pleasant to be put in Salads in the Spring time. It is used to heal old or new wounds, being thereunto applied, especially if it be boiled in hogsgrease, and afterwards being strained and set a cooling, and then laid upon the wound.    

CHAP. CXIV. Of Sanicle.  

The Names.  
NEither is it found that Sanicle was known to any of the ancient Greek o● Latin Authors but hath▪ as many other vulnerary and other Herbs, been found out▪ and named by later Writers. It is called in Latin, Sanicula 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 à pot ore sanandi mun●re from its excellency in healing wounds by Ruell●us and by Brunfelsius Matthiolus, and Lobel Diapensia, and by Tabermontanus, Consolida quinquefolia. The●e is another sort hereof called Pinguicula, by Gesner, and by some with us, Pingu●cula Eboracensis because it groweth plentifully in Yorkshire. We call it in English Butterwort and Butter-Root, because of the oiliness of the Leaf, which seemeth to have Oil or Butter always upon it. The Country people do think their Sheep will catch the Rot, if for hunger they should eat thereof▪ and therefore they call it the White Rot, as they do Rot Solis, the Red Rot, as I have said before.   

The Kinds.  
There be divers Herbs, that the learned Writers have entitled Sanicle, as Avens, Bears-Eares, Corall-wor●; but that which I here at present treat of, is Sanicle, properly so called, of which there be five sorts. 1. Ordinary Sanicle. 2. Butterwort, or Yorkshire Sanicle. 3. Spotted Sanicle. 4. Bear's Ear Sanicle. 5. The Shrub-Sanicle of America.   

The Form.  
Ordinary Sanicle sendeth forth many Leaves of a middle size, somewhat deeply cut, or civided into five or six parts, and some of them cut-in also sometimes, standing upon brownish foot-stalks, of about an handful long, and somewhat like unto the broader Leaves, of the broadest sort of Anemonies, but ●ne●y dented about the edges, smooth, and of a dark, green, shining colour, and sometimes reddish about the brims; from among which, riseth up small▪ round, green stalks, without any joint or leaf thereon, saving at the top, where it brancheth forth into Flowers, having a leaf divided into three or four parts at that joint with the Flowers, which are small and white, starting out of small round greenish yellow heads, many standing together on a tuft: in which afterwards are the Seeds contained, which are small, round, rough Burrs, somewhat like the Seeds of Cleavers, and stick in the same manner, upon any thing that they touch: the Root is composed of many black strings of Fibres set together, at a little long head, which abideth with the green Leaves all the Winter.   

The Places and Time.  
I have seen the first grow by Oxford, in Stow-Wood, in several places amongst the Bushes, and likewise by St. Alban, under an Hedge, that groweth between the Trench that went about old Verulam, and the way Windridge. The second, (which hath little likeness with the first, but only for its healing virtue, being composed of four or five fat Leaves, lying flat on the ground, of a yellowish colour) groweth in a moist bottom belonging to the same Wood, and is commonly found upon sundry bogs in the West Country and Wales, but chief in Yorkshire. The third distereth not much from the first, only the Leaves are not so deeply cut in, and they are full of Red Spots. It groweth, and so doth the fourth, upon all the Austrian and Stirian Hills, in the shadowy places of them, whence they have been brought into our English Physic Gardens, as into that at Oxford, and that at Westminster also. The last came from the back part of Virginia, called Canada. The first and second flower not until June, and their Seed is ripe soon after. The two next flower much e●rlyer, and sometimes again in Autumn. The last flowreth in July.   

The Temperature.  
Sanicle is bitter in taste, and thereby is heating, and drying in the second degree, and it is astringent also.   

The Signature and Virtues,  
The Spotted Sanicle not only seemeth to have the Signature of the Lungs, but is so effectual for them, that there is not any He●b sound, that can give such present help, either to Man or Beast, when any Disease falleth upon the Lungs. It is exceeding good to heal all green Wounds speedily, or any Ulcers, Impostumes, or Bleedings inwardly, to which the Lungs are more subject than any other part, it being fullest of blood, because of its continual motion, and plenty of heat proceeding from thence; as also from the Vicinity and nearness of the heart: And for these purposes, the ordinary Sanicle is as effectual as the other, which doth wonderfully help those that have any Tumours in any part of their Bodies; for it represseth, and dissipateth the humours, if the decoction or juice thereof be taken, or the Pow●e● in ●●ink and the Juice ●●ed outwardly. It is a ●o ve●y good to ●eal up all the putrid malignant Ulcers in the Mouth, Throat an● P●●●ties, by g●●g●ing or washing them with the Decoction of the Leaves an● Root, made in water, and a little Honey put thereto. It he p to stay Women Corpses and all other Fluxes of Blood, either by the Mouth. Urine or Stool, and Lasks o● the Belly, the Ulcerations of the Kidneys al●o and the pains in the Bowels, and the Gonorrhoea, or running of the Reins, being boiled in Wine o● Water, and drunk. The same also is no less powerful, to he●p any Ruptures or Bursting, used both inwardly and outwardly; and briefly it is effectual in binding, restraining, consolidating, heating, drying and healing, as any of the Consounds, whi●h are Comfrey, Bugle, Self-heal, or other Vulnerary Herbs what●oeve●●o that. He that hath Sanicle to help himself, needeth neither Physician nor Chirurgeon. Butterwort is also a vulnerary Herb, and of great exeem with many as well for the Rupture in Children, as to heal green Wounds: the Country people which live where it groweth, do use to rub it upon their hands, when they are chapped by the Wind, or when their Kines Udders are swollen, by the biting of any vi●●lent Worm or Vermin or otherwise hurt, chapped, or rift. The poorer ●o●t of people in Wales, make a Syrup thereof, as is of Roses, and therewith purge themselves and their Children: they put it likewise in their Broths for the ●ame purpose, which purgeth phlegm effectually: they also, with the He●b and Butter, make ●n Ointment singular good against the Obstructions of the Liver, as hath been experimently affirmed by some Physicians of good account.    

CHAP. CXV. Of Polypodie.  

The Names.  
THere are divers conjectures, why the Grecians called this Herb 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Some conceive it to be derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, multus, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, pes, because the many small narrow Leaves resemble the feet of the Polypus; others à cavernosis acetabulis seu cirris Polyporum, from the holes in the Root, which are like to the holes that are in the said Fish; others, quia polypum sanat, because it cures the Disease in the Nose, called Polypus. It is likewise called in Latin, Polypodium, and Filicula quasi parva filix, and Filicularis herba; for its likeness with Ferne: In English Oak-Fern, and Wall-fern according to their places of growth, but generally Polypody. Yet there is another sort of OakFern, called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Dryopteris, that is Filix querna, which Oribasius calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Bryopteris quasi Filix Muscosa, Mosse-Fern, of its growing on the Moss on Trees.   

The Kind's.  
Of Polypody, under which, both that of the Wall, and the Oak-Fern, are included, there be six sorts. 1. Common Polypody of the Oak. 2. Small Polypody. 3. Island Polypody. 4. Indian Polypody. 5. Creeping Oak-Fern. 6. White Oak-Fern.   

The Form.  
Common Polypody of the Oak is a small Herb, consisting of nothing but Roots and Leaves, bearing neither Flower nor Seed. It hath three of four Leaves ri●ng from a Root, every one singly by themselves, of about an hand breadth, which are winged, consisting of many small narrow Leaves, cut into the middle Rib, standing on each side of the stalk, large below, and smaller and smaller, up to the top; not dented or notched on the edges at all, (as the Male Fern is) of a sad green colour, and smooth on the upper side; but on the under ●●de, somewhat rough, by reason of some yellowish spots ●et thereon. The Root is smaller than one's little finger, yet long and creeping aslope, whereon are certain little knags and holes, as are on the tail of the Fish Polypus.   

The Places and Time.  
There hath been of late days, such a slaughter of Oaks, and other Trees, all over this Land, that should I nominate any particular place, I might thereby seem to be a deceiver. I shall therefore tell you in general, that it groweth as well upon old rotten Trun●s, or stumps of Trees, be it Oak Beech, Haze●, Willow, or any other, as in the Woods under them; and sometimes upon slated Houses, and old Walls, as upon a Wall and side of an House, in Adderbury Church-yard and many other places. That of the Oak is reckoned the best; but any of the other may be used in ead thereof. The Island Polypody, groweth in the Island Ilua, which is in the Mediterranean Sea, the last in India. It being always green; and bearing neither Frowie nor Seed, may be gathered for use at any time, yet it shooteth forth green Leaves only in the Spring. The two last lose their leaves in Winter, and spring up a fresh again about May.   

The Temperature.  
It is hot and dry in the second Degree, as may be gathered from the sweetish harshness that it hath in the taste.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The rough spots that are on the under sides of the leaves of Polypody as also the Knags, or Ex●rescences on each side the Roots is a sign that it is good for the Lungs, and the exulcerations thereof. The distilled water, both of Roots and Leaves, with some Sugar Candy dissolved therein, is good against the Cough, shortness of Breath, and Whee●ngs, and tho●e distillations of thin Rheum upon the Lungs, which cause Pti●icks and oftentimes Consumptions. The Herb itself taken in decoction broth or infusion, drieth up thin humours dige●eth tough and thick, and purgeth burnt Cho●er, and especially tough and thick phlegm, and thin phlegm also, even from the joints; and is therefore good for those that are troubled with melancholy, or Quartan Agues especially if it be taken in Whey, or honeyed water, or in Barley water, or in the Broth of a Chicken with Epythymum, or with Beets, and Mallows. It is al●o good for the 〈◊〉 of the Spleen, and for prickings, or Stitches in the sides; as also the Colic. Some use to put to it Fennel-Seeds, or Anniseseeds, to correct the ●o●thing that it bringeth to the Stomach; but it may be taken without, by any person at any time; and an Ounce of it may be given at a time in a Decoction if there be not Sena, or some other strong purger put with it. A Dram o● two of the Powder of the dried Roots taken fasting, in a Cup of Honeyed water worketh gently and for the purposes aforesaid. The distilled Water, both of Roots and Leaves, is much commended for the Quartane Agues, to be taken for many days together, as also against Me●ncholy or fearful or troublesome sleeps, or dreams. The fresh Roots bea●●● small or the Powder of the dried Root, mixed with Honey, and applied to any Member that hath been out of joint, and is newly set again, doth much help to strengthen it. Applied also to the Nose, it cureth the Disease called Polypus, which is a piece of flesh growing therein, which in time sloppeth the passage of breath through that Nostril; and it helpeth those clefts or chaps that come between the Fingers or Toes. Crollius saith, that because it hath such rough spots on the backside of the Leaves, it healeth all sorts of scabs whatsoever by Signature. And here I might tell Mr. Culpepper, that the College of Physicians forbidden not other Polypody, but only prescribe that of the Oak for the best, because every Excrescence or Plant upon a Plant, as Polypody commonly is, doth participate of the nature of that Tree whereon it groweth. And seeing that the Oak is of a more drying or purging quality then any of the other Trees it commonly grows upon therefore the Polypody of the Oaks is best; but why do I answer for the learned College, who are more able to answer for themselves, had they thought their ●●●ing Antagonist worth the taking notice of. Creeping Oak-Fern, hath been by some Apothecaries beyond the Sea, mistaken for Polypody, to the endangering of those that took it; for it hath not that purging quality proper to Polypody; but a pernicious operation. Yet it is a remedy to take away hairs, as Dioscorides saith, if the Roots and Leaves be bruised together, and applied after sweeting. Matth●●lus saith, that the Root in Powder, with a little Salt and Bran, is given to ●orses for the Worms. The last, viz. White Oak-Fern is moderate in taste, somewhat drying, and may be safely used instead of the true Maidenhair.    

CHAP. CXVI. Of Whortle-Berries.  

The Names.  
THere be several Sorts of Whortle-Berries, whereof that with blackberries is taken to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, of Theophrastus, that is, Vitis ex parte Idae quam vocant Phalacras; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Vitis, being both taken in a large Sense, as the word Vine must also be. The Latin followeth the Greek, in which it is called Vitis Idaea Theophrastl; and because all the rest have a resemblance to this, they are all called Vites Idea. The fruits are called Vaccinia; and therefore some have thought this sort to be the Vaccinia Nigra of Virgil; but he putteth his Vaccinia amongst Flowers, and not among fruits, saying, Et nigrae violae sunt ● vaccinia nigra. Vitruvius & Pliny indeed have a Vaccinium, which was used to die Garments, which might very well be this; for such a Purple Colour will the juice hereof give, if it be rightly ordered. It is also called Myrtillus, and by some, Myrtillus Germanica, because the Physicians, and Apothecaries in Germany, and thereabouts, took them to be true Myrtle-Berries & so used them, till they were showed their error. They are called Whorts, and Whortle-Berries and Bill-Beries also, in the parts about London.   

The Kinds.  
There be nine sorts of Whorts reckoned up by Authors. 1. Black Whorts, or Bill-Berries 2. The greater Bill-Berry. 3. Hungarian black Whorts. 4. Red Whorts, with Box-Leaves. 5. Red Whorts, with longer Leaves. 6. The Spanish Red Whort. 7. The French, Honey, sweet Whorts. 8. The talled red Whorts of Candy. 9 The lower Candy red Whorts.   

The Form.  
The small Bush that beareth black Whorts, or Bill-berries, creepeth along upon the ground, scarce rising half a yard high, with divers small, dark, green Leaves, set on the green branches, not always one against another, and a little dented about the edges: At the foot of the Leaves, come forth small, hollow, pale, blush coloured Flowers, the brims ending in five points, with a reddish thread in the middle, which pass into small round Berries, of the bigness and colour of Juniper-Berries; but of a Purple, sweetish sharp taste the juice of them giveth a Purplish colour, to the hands and lips of them, that handle and eat them, especially, if they break them, containing within them divers small Seeds. The Root groweth aslope under the surface of the ground, shooting forth in sundry places as it creepeth. This loseth its Leaves in the Winter, but the red kind retaineth them.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in many Heaths, Woods, and barren hilly places in this Land, as Hampsteadheath, Finchley, and St. John's Wood, not far from London, and in sundry other places. The first red sort in the Northern parts, as Northumberland, Lancashire, and Yorkshire, on the Hills, etc. The rest grow in Hungaria, Bavaria, and Germany, and in other Countries also. The sixth, Clusins found in Spain. The seaventh groweth as L●●el saith, on every of the Hills in Provence of France. The two last in Candy. They all flower in March, and April, and the fruit of the black, is ripe in June and July; the other, later.   

The Temperature.  
The Bill-berries do cool in the second Degree, and do a little bind, and dry withal.   

The Virtues.  
The Berries aforesaid, are an excellent Medicine for those that are troubled with an old Cough, or with an Ulcer in the Lungs, or other Disease thereof; but if they be eaten by those that have a cold or weak stomach, they will much offend and trouble it; and therefore the Juice of the Berries made into a Syrup, or the pulp of them made into a Conserve with Sugar, will be more familiar to such, and help those pains the cold fruit procured; and being thus prepared, they will be the more effectual in hot Agues, and to cool the heat of the Stomach and Liver, and do somewhat bind the Belly, and stay castings and loathe, with the juice of the Berries. Painters, to colour Paper and Cards, do make a kind of Purple blue colour, putting thereto some Allome and Galls, whereby they can make it lighter and sadder, as they please. And some poor folks, as Tragus showeth, do take a Pot full of the juice strained, whereunto an Ounce of Allome, four spoonfuls of good Wine-Vinegar and a quarter of an Ounce of the waist of the Copper forgings, being put together, and boiled all together into this liquor, whilst it is reasonable, but not too hot, they put their Cloth, Wool, Thread, or Yarn therein, letting it lie for a good while, which being taken out, and hung up to dry, and afterwards washed with cold water, will have the like Turkey blue colour; and if they would have it sadder, they will put thereto, in the boiling, an Ounce of broken gaul's. Gerard saith, that he hath made of the juice of the red Berries, an excellent Crimson colour, by putting a little Allom thereto▪ The red Whorts are taken to be more binding; and therefore to be used in stopping Lasks, and women's Courses, spitting of blood, and any other Flux of blood, or humours, as well outwardly as inwardly.    

CHAP. CXVII. Of Sweet Cicely.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, as well as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Myrrhis, and Myrrah, likewise in Latin, in imitation of the Greek▪ and also because of its pleasant savour, being somewhat like unto Myrrh. Pliny saith, that some called Myrrhis, by the name of Smirnisusa, and others Myrrah; yet some have it Smyrrhiza, from the likeness unto S 〈…〉 ium. Some also call i● Caerefolium magnum, and some Cicutaria, from the likeness of the Leaves, and of some Conilaus. We in England also call it Myrrhis, Sweet Chervill, great Chervill, sweet Cicely, and sweet Fern.   

The Kinds.  
There be five Sorts of Sweet Chervill. 1. The ordinary Garden sweet Chervil. 2. The lesser sweet Chervill. 3. Wild sweet Chervill. 4. Wild sweet chervil of England. 5. Wild sweet chervil of Naples.   

The Form.  
The ordinary Garden Sweet Chervill, which is so like Hemlock, that many have mistaken it for the same; yet it groweth not so high, but hath large spread Leaves, cut into divers parts, tasting as sweet as the Aniseed, that riseth to be two foot high, or better, being crested, or hollow, having the like Leaves at the Joints; but lesser, and at the tops of the branched stalks, umbels, or tufts of whi●e Flowers: after which come large, & long-crested, black-shining Seed, pointed at both ends, tasting quick, yet sweet and pleasant, like the Leaf or Aniseed: the Root is great and white, growing deep in the ground, and spreading sundry long Branches therein, in taste and smell, stronger than the Leaves or Seed, and continuing many years.   

The Places and Time.  
The first is planted in divers Gardens here in England, & in Germany also, though it be thought by some, to grow wild in the fields of that Country, which the 3d sort may haply do with them, as well as with us in England, near unto the ditch sides, and other water courses: The second is a natural of Geneva, and the parts thereabouts, as Lobel saith; but was sent also by Aicholzius, from Vienna to Norunberg, to Camerarius, as he saith, and is likely to be natural of those parts also. The fourth was found by Columna, upon some of the Hills in Naples. The last hath been seen growing in some waste places of this Land. These Herbs do flower in May, and their Seed is ripe in July.   

The Temperature.  
Galen saith, that Myrrhis, that is, Sweet Cicely, is hot in the second degree with some tenuity of parts.   

The Virtues.  
The Root of the ordinary Garden sweet Chervill, boiled in the broth wherein flesh hath been sodden, doth cleanse the breast from phlegm, and all corruption, and is very good for such as be lean and weak▪ or falling into a consumption of the Lungs, to make them strong and ●usty. It is likewise good to help the Physic, if it be boiled but in Beer. Being drunk with Wine, it provoketh women's Courses, it expelleth the dead Child and Afterbirth, and purgeth Women after their deliverance; it provoketh Urine, and is good against all venomous bitings. If the Root be sliced, and ●aid to s●eep in White-wine all night, and drunk in the morning with Sugar, it will give the party that taketh it three or four stools. It procureth an appetite to meat, and helpeth to expel wind. The juice, with Powder of  Allom, healeth the Ulcers of the Head and Face; and killeth the Canker in the Mouth or Throat, being anointed therewith. The Candid Roots of this chervil, are held as effectual as Angelica, to preserve the spirits from infection, in the time of a Plague: as also to warm, and comfort a cold weak stomach. Both Leaves, Seeds and Roots, are so fine and pleasant in Salads, as there is no Herb comparable unto it, and giveth a better relish to those it is put with: the Seeds while they are fresh and green, sliced, and put among other Herbs, make them taste very pleasant: the Root boiled, and eaten with Oil and Vinegar, or without Oil, if any one mislike it, doth much please and warm a cold or old stomach, oppressed with phlegm or wind, and those that have the Ptisick, and Consumption of the Lungs.  
The Lungs and the particular Diseases thereof, being thus spoken to, I shall descend unto the Heart, which is the first thing in a Man that lives, and the last that dies: upon the welfare whereof, the welfare of all other parts depends, and therefore especially to be provided for, so that I shall muster up a little Regiment of Simples to defend it from those poisonous enemies, which would otherwise assault it, to the endangering of the wh●le Microcosm. And I shall begin with Angelica, because it relates both to that which goes before, and that which comes after.    

CHAP. CXVIII. Of Angelica.  

The Names.  
IT is not yet known, whether any of the Ancients knew this Herb, or by what name the Greeks did call it, however it hath gained many worthy names of the Latin Writers; for some have called it Sancti Spiritus radix, and have been blamed for it already; others, Lacuna; and Dodonaeus thinketh it to be some kind of Laserpitium: some have taken it to be Smyrnium, and some Panax Heracleum; but generally, it is called Angelica, for the rare smell, and Angellike properties therein, and that name it retains still, all Nations following it so near as their Dialect will permit.   

The Kind's.  
Former times knew but two sorts hereof, but now there are sound out two more, 1. Garden Angelica. 2. Wild Angelica. 3. Mountain Wild Angelica, 4. The great Water Angelica.   

The Form.  
The Garden Angelica, hath divers large and fair spread and winged Leaves, half a yard long or better sometimes, made of many great and broad ones, set usually one against another on a middle rib, of a pale but fresh green Colour, and dented about the edges, from among which usually riseth but o●e round hollow stalk being very thick, and four or five foot high, with divers great joints and Leaves set on them, whose foot-stalks do compass the main stalk at the bottom, and from thence also towards the top, come forth branches with the like, but lesser Leaves at▪ them, and at their tops large, round, spread umbels of white flowers; after which cometh the seed which is somewhat flat, thick, short, and whitish, two always set together, as is usual in all these umbelliferous plants, and a little crested on the round seed; the root groweth great and woody, when it flowreth, with many great long branches to it, but perisheth after seed, which being suffered to fall of its own accord, will more certainly grow, then that which is gathered and sown by hand, at any other time.   

The Places and Time.  
The first is very Common in our English Gardens, and was brought hither as is conceived from beyond the Seas or from the Rocks, not far from Barwick, upon which it groweth. It is found in great plenty in Norway, and in an Island of the North call Iceland, where it groweth very high, and is eaten of those that come into that Country for want of other food, the bark being peeled off. It groweth likewise in divers mountains of Germany, and especially of Bohemia: The second Sort is wild both in many places of Essex, Kent, and near Kentish-Town by London, and in other places: The third groweth on divers mountains of Germany and Hungary: The last is not only natural to grow in watery ditches, but in moist grounds, also in most places of England. They flower in july and August, whose roots for the most part do perish after the seed is ripe; and therefore they which desire to preserve them must keep it from seeding by cutting off the Leaves to Still, and so both the root and plant may be continued divers years together.   

The Temperature.  
Angelica, especially that of the Garden, is hot and dry, some put it in the second, and others in the third degree; howsoever it openeth, attenuateth, or maketh thin, digesteth, and procureth sweat. The whole plant both Leaf, and Seed, and Root, is of an excellent pleasant scent, and taste very comfortable, being not fierce or sharp, but rather sweet, and giveth a most delicate relish when it is tasted or used: the Leaves be the weakest, and some hold the seed to be next, and the root to be the strongest, especially being not ready to grow up for stalk.   

The Virtues.  
If the Root of Angelica be taken in powder to the weight of half a dram at a time, with some good Treacle in Carduus water, or if treacle be not at hand, take the root alone in Carduus or Angelica water, and sweat thereupon, it re●steth poison by defending the Heart, the blood and spirits; and giveth heat and Comfort to them, and it doth the like against the Plague and Infection of the Pestilence, and so do the stalks or roots candyed, and eaten fasting at such times, and also at other times to warm and Co●●ort a cold and old stomach. The root also steeped in Vinegar, and a little of that Vinegar taken sometimes fasting, and the root smelled unto, are both good Preservatives also for the same purpose. A water distilled from the Root simply, or steeped in Wine and distilled in glass is much more effectual than the water of the leaves: and this water drunk two or three spoonfuls at a time, eateth all pains and torments coming of Cold and Wind, so as the body be not bound; and some of the root taken in powder at the beginning helpeth the Pleurisy, and all other diseases of the Lungs and Breast, as Coughs, Pthisick, and Shortness of breath, and a Syrup of the stalks doth the like. It helpeth likewise the torments of the Colic, the Strangury, and stopping of the Urinal, procureth women's Courses, expelleth the Afterbirth, openeth the obstructions o● the Liver and spleen, and briefly easeth and discusseth all inward tumours and windiness. The decoction drunk before the fit o● an Ague, that they may sweat if possible before the fit come, will in two or three times taking, rid it quite away: it helps digestion and is a remedy for a surfeit. The juice or the water being dropped into the eyes or ears, helps dimness of sight, and deafness, and the juice put into an hollow Tooth easeth the pains. The roots in powder made up into a Plaster with a little pitch, and laid on the biting of a mad dog▪ or any other Venomous Creature, doth wonderfully help. The juice or the water dropped, or Tents wet therein, and put into old filthy deep Ulcers, or the powder of the Root (in want of either) doth cleanse them and cause them to heal quickly by covering the naked Bones with flesh: The distilled water applied to places pained with the Gout or Sciatica, doth give a great deal of ease. The green or dry Leaves boiled in Beer, or put therein upon the Tunning up, maketh it more wholesome, and giveth thereunto a most excellent relish. The decoction taken helpeth inward bruises & congealed blood, strengtheneth the stomach & is effectual for the Suffocation of the Muther. The root taken dry or drunk in any Liquor, will abate the rage of Lust in young persons. The root being used green, helpeth such as be Shortwinded, and those that are troubled with stuff in their Stomach. The Wild Angelica is not so effectual as the Garden, although it may be used for all the purposes aforesaid. The root of the garden Angelica is a better substitute in Theriaca Andromachi or Venice Treacle, and Mithridate, than many others, that have been used therein.    

CHAP. CXIX. Of Saffron.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Crocus and Crocum which are the Names used in the shops of Apothecaries, in English Saffron. The Poets say, it was called Crocus, from a young man of that name who pining away for the love of Smilax, was turned into this Flower; Ovid testifying as much, in the verse following,  
Et Crocum in parvos versum cum Smilace flores.  
It may not unfitly be called, Filius ante patrem, or the Father before the Son. Because it first putteth forth the Flowers, and then the Leaves▪   

The Kind's.  
There being but one kind of the true manured Saffron I shall put down five of the more Common wild sorts; 1. Wild Saffron flowering early with an Ashcoloured streaked flower. 2. Wild, yellow, Spring Saffron. 3. Broad leaved Wild-Spring Saffron with a Purple flower. 4. Autumn Wild Saffron, with white Flowers. 5. Small Wild Saffron.   

The Form.  
The manured true Saffron, hath its Flower first rising out of the ground, nakedly without any Leaves, shortly after which, riseth up its long small grassy Leaves, seldom bearing Flower, and Leaves at once, the root is small, round, and Bulbous. The Flower consisteth of six small blue Leaves, tending to Purple, having in the middle many small yellow strings or threads, amongst which are two or three or more thick fat Chives, of a fiery colour, somewhat reddish, of a strong smell when they be dried, but being newly gathered, and but rubbed upon one's hand, they will make it very yellow.   

The Places and Times.  
Fuchsius saith, that heretofore the best Saffron, grew upon the Mountain Corycus in Cicilia, and the next to that upon Olympus a Mountain in Lycia; but since the profit that ariseth from this commodity hath been discovered, it hath been planted in Germany, and likewise in England, in divers places, but especially in Cambrigeshire, about Walden, which is therefore called Saffron-walden, where there be divers fields full of it. It beginneth to Flower in September, and presently after the Leaves Spring up and remain green all the Winter-long, dying again in April, when it commonly putteth forth another Crop of Flowers, which must be gathered assoon as it is blown, or else the Chives in the middle, which are the Commodity, will perish; so that it is allowed to be gathered on the Sabbath day, by that strict Sabbatarian Mr. Greenham in his Treatise on that subject, because it is conceived that God who hath made the Saffron so to Flower, would not that a thing so useful for man's health, should be lost for want of gathering. This information I had from my learned friend Mr. Hudson, Minister of Putney, the place of my abode at the writing hereof. The Wild Sorts were brought some out of Italy, and some out of Spain, and are growing in divers of our London Gardens: they Flower for the most part in Jannuary and February; but that with Flowers, groweth upon certain craggy Rocks, in Portugal, not far from the Sea side, which hath been brought over into England also, and flowreth in September.   

The Temperature.  
Saffron is a little astringent or binding, but his hot quality doth so over rule in it, that in the whole essence it is in the number of those herbs which are hot in the second degree, and dry in the first: therefore it hath also a certain force to concoct, which is furthered by the small astriction that is in it, as Galen saith.   

The Virtues.  
There is not a better Cordial amongst herbs than Saffron is; for it doth much comfort the Heart, and recreateth the Spirits, and makes them cheerful that use it, and therefore it is called Cor hominis the Heart of man, and when we see a man over merry, we have a Proverb Dormivit in sacco Croci, He hath slept in a bag of Saffron. It expels Venomous Vapours from the Heart, and therefore is very useful in the Plague, Pestilence, and small Pox, strengtheneth the stomach, preserus the entrails, helpeth Concoction and natural heat; It is called by some Anima Pulmonum, because it is very profitable for the Lungs, and the Consumption thereof, as also for the shortness of breath. It is likewise very profitable for the Head, Stomach, Spleen, Bladder, Womb, Animal, Vital and Natural Spirits, and is useful in cold diseases of the Brain and nerves, and quickens the memory, and senses. It is good in the Pleurity, openeth the stops of the Liver, and ●all, and therefore is useful in the yellow Jaundice, which it cureth by sig●● 〈…〉 e, and against Melancholy, provoketh Urine, and Venus, hasteneth Childbirth, procures a good colour to them that use it. It is profitable, in sits of the 〈◊〉 especially the Tincture thereof: It is best for old persons that are phlegmatic and Melancholic, and that in the Winter Season. It is outwardly used against the Gout, to ease the pain thereof, being mixed with the Yolk of an Egg and Oil of Roses and applied. A Cataplasm of Pul● is made of Saffron, Milk, and the crumbs of Bread being applied, mollifyeth Tumours and Aposthums, it easeth sore Eyes and blood-shotten, being used with red-Roses and the white of an Egg, being mixed with red-Rose-water, and Woman's Milk; it preserveth the Eyes from the small Pox, and Measles, and being made up in a stay and put under the Throat of one that hath the small-Pox; keepeth them from the place which would otherwise be much more troublesome, if the life not hazarded. It is used against Erysipelas, or Wildfire, and Inflammations; it helpeth deafness, if it be mixed with Oil of bitter-Almonds, and put into the Ear warm, or dip black wool in some of it, and put it into the Ears. It killeth the Itch, and is used in pultisses for the Matrix and Fundament, to ease the pain thereof, and also for old Swell, and Aches. Too much of it causeth the Headache, offendeth the Brain and Senses, brings drowsiness, and hurts the sight: it causeth a loathing of the stomach, & takes away the appetite, and provokes laugh 〈…〉. Some writ, that if two or three drams thereof be taken, it brings death; it is not safe to give to Women with Child. The weight of ten grains of Saffron, the kernels of walnuts two ounces, Figs two ounces, Mithridate one dram, and a few Sage Leaves, stamped together with a sufficient quantity of Pimpernell water, and made into a mass or lump, and kept in a Pot for your use, and thereof twelve grains given in the morning fasting, preserveth from the Pestilence, and expelleth it from those that are infected. Infinite advantage hath been made of this commodity, by those that Planted it, there being no Saffron comparable to the English, but now it is manured by so many, that it is not so profitable, as formerly.    

CHAP. CXX. Of Borage.  

The Names.  
IT is called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Euphrosyne ab efficienda animi voluptary from causing mirth. Apul●●us said, that Buglossum (meaning our Borage was called by them of Luca, Courage, quod cordis affectibus medetur, because it is very Cordial, which by the alteration of one letter is Borrage, and from thence as is supposed came the name borage, which is not found in any of the ancient Writers, whom I can perceive to make little or no difference between it and bugloss, but rather that it is the same that was formerly so called, yet we have them growing in distinct forms in our Gardens.   

The Kind's.  
And of Borage commonly so called, I find five sorts; 1. Garden Borage with blue Flowers; 2. Garden Borage with white Flowers; 3. Everlasting Borage; 4. Small creeping Borage; 5. Small wild Borage.   

The Form.  
And because the first Garden borage, is so well known, I shall describe the Everlasting Borage, which hath very many broad Leaves, rough and hairy, of a black dark green colour, amongst which rise up stiff hairy stalks, whereupon do grow fair blue Flowers, ripe seed, and buds for new Flowers all at once, whereupon it is called Everlasting, and that very properly, because it lasteth both Summer and Winter, and is seldom without Flowers, buds, ripe or unripe seed, whereby it greatly increaseth. The root is very durable.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in most Gardens, and there increaseth very much after it is once sown, the second and third are not so common, yet found in divers Gardens of those that affect rarities; the last in Germany, as Lobel saith: and in Naples, as Columna saith; and in Kent, if Mr. Parkinson mistake not. The fourth came to us out of the Low-countries, and prospereth well in the Physick-Garden at Oxfora; they do all Flour in the months of June and July; except the Creeping Borage, which Lobel saith flouteth both in the Spring and in August, and their seed doth ripen quickly after; both ripe seed & Flowers, may at one time be gathered from many of them.   

The Temperature.  
The Garden kinds are temperate, and accounted rather hot, and moist in the first degree then cold, and yet for their cordial properties, are often used amongst other cold herbs, as conducing to the like effect.   

The Virtues.  
The Leaves, Flowers, and Seeds of Borage, all, or either of them are very Cordial, and help to expel sadness and melancholy, arising without manifest cause, whereof came the saying Ego Borrago gaud a semper ago: I Bo rage bring always Courage. It helpeth also to clarify the blood, is to very good purpose, used in all putrid or Pestilential Fevers to the end the Heart, and to help to re●st and expel the poison, or the venom of other Creatures. The juice made into a Syrup, prevaileth much to all the purposes aforesaid, and is also put with other cooling, opening, and cleansing herbs to open obstructions, and to help the yellow Jaundice, to cool and cleanse the blood, and temper the heat and sharpness thereof, especially with Fumitory, and thereby to help the Itch, Ringworms or Tetters, or other spreading Scabs or Sores, that arise from adust and sharp humours, and for that purpose is put into the Syrupus Byzantinus which worketh to the same effect. The Conserve made of the Flowers, or the Flowers candyed are helping also in those causes, but are chiefly used as a Cordial, and good for those that have been long sick or in a Consumption, to comfort the Heart and Spirits, and is thereby good for those that are troubled with often swooning or passions of the Heart. The distilled Water, is no less effectual to all the purposes aforesaid, and the eyes washed therewith helpeth the redness or inflammation of them. The dried Herb is almost useless, yet the Ashes thereof boiled in Meade or Honeyed water is available against Inflammations & Ulcers in the mouth or Throat, to wash and gargoyle it therewith. The green Leaves and stalks with the Flowers on them are frequently used in the summertime to be put in Wine or Beer; for the comforting the Heart, and giving a better relish thereunto. Syrup made of the Juice of Borage and Sugar, having some of the powder of the Heart-bone or a Hart put into it, is good against swooning, the Cardiack passion of the Heart, against melancholy, and the falling sickness. The wild Borage is, somewhat hotter and drier, and is very near the property of Viper's bugloss, which differeth little from what hath been already said of Borage, as you shall hear hereafter.    

CHAP. CXXI. Of Violets.  

The Names.  
THe Garden Violet is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Viola purpurea by Dioscorides, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Viola nigra, and Melanion by Theophrastus. Some would have the name to come from Io, whom Jove transformed into a Cow, because she fed on them, chiefly; Others from certain Nymphs of Jonia, who first gave of the Flowers to Jupiter, for a presen●● others think it to be derived 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi●re, aut primum prorumpere: veris enim praevia, est Viola; because it is one of the first herbs that flowreth. The Latins call it Viola Martia, and Herba Violaria▪ Hearts-ease, which is also a kind of Violet, is called in English Pansyes, as also Love in idleness, Call me to you, and, Three faces under a hood: in Latin, Viola Tricolor, &c: of the three colours therein.   

The Kind's.  
There are many sorts of Violets; 1. Single purple Violets; 2. Single white Violets; 3. Double purple Violets; 4. Double white Violets. 5. Upright Violets. 6. Small narrow Leafed Violets. 7. Mountain Violets with jagged Leaves. 8. Yellow Violets of Virginia. 9 Yorkshire striped red Violets. 10. Wild Violets. 11. Garden Pansyes. 12. Wild Pansyes or Hearts-ease.   

The Form.  
The description of the ordinary Garden Violets being needless, I shall set down that of the upright Violet which groweth a foot-high or near upon, with hard upright stalks which yet bend down again their tops, having two Leaves somewhat round, set at each joint; but longer and more dented about the edges than the Garden kinds, at which joints with the Leaves, on both sides of the stalks cometh forth a larger Flower, and more spread open than it, being more like a Pansye; but of a pale purplish colour, almost as sweet as the Violet as Matthiolus, but without scent as Lobel saith.   

The Names.  
The four first sorts are usual in Gardens, the fift was found upon Mount Baldus as also upon the Vaganean hills in Narbone, the sixth was found in Spain by Boel, The Seaventh in Itady by Dr. Mera, The Eight came from Virginia, The Ninth from Yorkshire, The Tenth grows under Hedges and Bushes almost every where; the last in the Corn fields and in such as lie Ley, and in the borders of other fields. The Violet's Flower in February and March; and after them the Pansies till the end of July.   

The Temperature.  
The Garden Violets, and so likewise the Wild kinds are cold and moist whilst they are fresh and green.   

The Virtues.  
The Flowers of Violets as well as those of Borage are reckoned to be chief Cordial Flowers, and are much used in Cordial drinks, powders and other Medicines especially where cooling Cordials as Roses and Saunders are used. They are used to cool any heat or distemperature of the Body either inwardly or outwardly in the Inflammation of the Eyes, in the Womb and Fundament when they are fallen down, and are full of pain, Imposthums also, and hot Swell, to drink the decoction of the Leaves of Flowers made with Water or Wine or to apply them pultis wise to the place that is grieved; It likewise easeth pains in the Head, which are caused through want of sleep. A dram of the dried Leaves of the Flowers of Violets doth purge the body of Choleric humours and assuageth the heat, being taken in a draught of Wine or other drink. The powder of the Leaves of the purple Flowers only picked and dried and drunk in powder with Water, is said to help the Quinsy and the Falling sickness in Children especially in the beginning of the Disease. The Flowers of the white Violets ripen and dissolve Swell: The seed being taken resisteth the poison of the Scorpion. The Herb or Flowers whilst they are fresh, or the Flowers when they are dry, are effectual in the Pleurisy and all other diseases of the Lungs, to lenify the sharpness of hot Rheums, and the hoarseness of the Throat, the heat also of the Urine, and the sharpness thereof, and all pains of the back or reins or bladder, They are good also for the Liver and the Jaundice, and in all hot Agues, helping to cool the heat and quench thirst: But the Syrup of Violets is of most use and of better effect, being taken in some convenient Liquor, and if a little of the Juice, or Syrup of Lemons be put to it, or a few drops of the Oil of Vitriall, it is made thereby the more powerful to cool the heat, and to quench the thirst, and, besides the effect, giveth to the drink both a Claret Wine colour, and a pleasant taste, Violets taken or made up with honey do more cleanse then cool, and with Sugar contrariwise. The Leaves of Violets are used in cooling Plasters, Oils, Cataplasms, or Poultices, and are of great efficacy among other Herbs, as Mercury, Mallows, etc. to be put in Clysters.    

CHAP. CXXII. Of Strawberries.  

The Names.  
THe whole Plant is called Fragraria, and the Berries Fraga, à fructus fragrantia, odoris, & gustus; for it hath no certain Greek name: yet there are some which think it to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is, Rubus Idaus, because it hath no prickles, which Opinion Fuchsius saith, is not to be despised. Others say, that they called it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because of the likeness of the fruit, with that of the Tree-Strawberry. Servius calleth them, Mora terrestria, Ground Mulberries, because they are somewhat like those that grow on Trees.   

The Kinds.  
I have not yet met with any more than six sorts of Strawberries. 1. Red Strawberries. 2. White Strawberries. 3. Small Strawberries, with hard Leaves. 4. Flat Strawberries. 5. Dwarf Strawberries. 6. Barren or unprofitable Strawberries.   

The Form.  
I know not whether the Dwarf-Straw-berry be brought over in England, yet I shall venture to give you so much of its Description, as Parkinson hath set down, choosing rather to give you the Description of a strange Plant, then of the others which are so commonly known. It hath very small triparted Leaves next the ground, closer set together upon short foot-stalks then any other, and those that are set on both sides of the long branch, not above four inches long, which lieth creeping on the ground, grow less, and without stalk: the Flower standeth at the end of the Branch many times; but one at a place, which consisteth of five round Leaves, like a strawberry, but larger then agreeth with the proportion of the Plant, and is of a yellowish colour; what fruit it beareth, is not set down.   

The Places and Time.  
The two first grow in Gardens, though 'tis probable, they were brought out of the Woods, where they do most delight: yet being set in a rich soil, they become far greater. The three next grow upon divers of the Alps, and other places of Germany. The last is to be found in our own Land, in most Woods, and the Field sides, near unto them in Cornwall, as Lobel saith, and in other places also. They flower in May, or thereabouts most commonly, and are ripe in June; but I have seen ripe Strawberries after Michaelmas also.   

The Temperature.  
The Leaves of them are cooling in the first Degree, and yet some say, they are hot and drying in the second, the Root is more drying and binding: the Berries, wh●●e they are green, are cold and dry; but when they are ripe, they are co●d and moist.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
The water of the Berries carefully distilled, is a sovereign remedy and Cordial in the pa●pitations of the heart, that is, the panting and beating of the heart, and is good for the overflowing of the Gall, which causeth the yellow Jaundice. The Berries themselves are excedent good to cool the Liver, t●e B●ood and Spleen, or an hot choleric stomach, to refresh and comfort the ●ainting Spirits, and to quench thirst. They are good also for other Inflammations; yet it 〈…〉 veth one to be cautelous, or rather to refrain them in a Fever, 〈◊〉 by the● putrifying in the stomach, they increase the Fits, and make them to be 〈…〉 over fier●e. The Leaves and Roots boiled in Wine and Water, as drunk, do likewise coo● the Liver and Blood, and assuage all Inflammations in the Reins and Bladder provoketh Urine, and allayeth the heat, and sharpness thereof: the same also bein● drunk, stayeth the Bloody Flux, and women's Co●●es and helpeth the swelling of the Sp●een. The Juice dropped into foul Ulcers, or they washed therewith or with the decoction of the Herb and Root, doth wonderfully cleanse them, and he●p to cure them. All Lotions and Gargles that are made for sore mouths or Ulcers therein, or in the privy parts, or elsewhere, are made with the Leaves and Roots hereof, which is good also to fasten lose Teeth, and to heal spongy foul ●ums. The same also helpeth to stay Catarrhs, or Defluxions of Rheum, into the Mouth, Throat, Teeth, or Eyes. The juice or water, is singular good for hot and red inflamed Eyes, if some thereof be dropped into them, or they bathed therewith: the ●aid juice or water, is also of excellent property for all Pushes, Wheals, and other eruptions of hot and sharp humours, into the face or hands, or other parts of the Body, to bathe them therewith, and helpeth to take away any redness in the face, and spots, or other deformities of the Skin, and to make the Skin clear and smooth. The water of Strawberries distilled in a body of Class, after they have stood in a bed of hot Horse-dung, twelve or fourteen days, cureth the Lepry by Signature, if it be drunk, and the Spots be bathed therewith. And upon this account, they are commended by R●imundus Lull●us, being macerated in the spirit of Wine, ●nd used. The same is very profitable for most of the purposes aforesaid; and also for the Morphew.    

CHAP. CXXIII. Of Wood-Sorrel.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from the sharp taste that it hath; in Latin, Trifol●um Acetosum, and of some, Panis Cucul● Cuckow-bread either because the Cuckoo's de●ight to seed thereon, or that it beginneth to blossom, when the Cuckoo beginneth to ●tter her voice. It is ca●ed by the Apothecary in their Shops, Alleluja and 〈…〉 jula, the one as some think because it was found in Procession, whi●est the Processioners were singing Alleluja or else because it ●owreth about that time, which is used to be between Easter & Wh●ts●utide, the other came corruptly ●rom Juliola, as they of Calabria in N●ples do call it: In English Wood-Sorrel, Wood-sower, Stabwort, and Sorrel du bois.   

The Kind's.  
There are two sorts of Wood-Sorrel, the one familiar enough, and that is Common Wood-Sorrel: the other a stranger, as far as I can earn and on●y cherished in the Gardens of those that are curious, and that is Wood-Sorrel, with yellow Flowers.   

The Form.  
The common Wood-Sorrel groweth low upon the ground, without any stalk rising from it, hath a number o● Leaves coming from the Root, made of three Leaves, like a Trefoil, or three-leafed Grass, every leaf somewhat resembling an Heart, being broad at the ends, cut in the middle, and sharp towards the stalk of a faint yellowish green colour, every one standing on a long red foot-stalk which at their first coming up, are close fo●ded together to the stalk, but opening themselves afterwards: and are of a fine sour relish, more pleasing them many of the other Sorrels, and yielding a juice, which will turn red when it is clari●ed, amongst these leaves, rise up divers slender weak foot-stalks, not growing above them, with every one of them a flower at the top, consisting of five small and pointed Leaves, Star-fashion, of a white colour in most places, or in some dashed over with a small show of blush, and in some, but on the back side only: after the Flowers are past, follow small, round heads, with small yellowish Seeds in them: the Roots are nothing but threads, or small strings fastened to the end of a small long piece, all of them being of a yellowish colour, not perishing every year, but abiding with some Leaves thereon in the Winter.   

The Places and Time.  
The Common Wood-Sorrel groweth plentifully in many places of this Land, in Woods and Wood-sides, where it may be moist, and shadowed, and in other places that are not too much open to the Sun, yet it is known by few▪ except it be by those Herb-women, that gather it, and sell it to the Apothecaries. The other groweth in divers shadowy places, about Sevill in Spain, and in Gardens at Mompeliar. The first flowreth early in April and May, the other after Midsummer and so continueth in flower until the Autumn colds make it to perish, but some Seed is ripe in the mean time.   

The Temperature.  
Wood-Sorrel is as the other Sorrels are, cold and dry in the second Degree.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The Leaves of this Herb representing the Heart, are according to their Signature, found to be very effectual for the said part, by defending it from the Plague, or any other pestilential Disease that may cease thereon; and also by cooling it in Fevers, Agues, or other sicknesses, or faintings that rise from heat, a dram of the Conserve thereof, being taken every morning, or oftener, if occasion require▪ It hindereth putrefaction of the blood, and Ulcers of the ●●uth & Body, quencheth thirst, strengtheneth a weak stomach, procureth an Appetite, stayeth vomiting, and is of most singular use in any contagious Disease, or Pestilential Fever. Of the juice, which will turn red, when it is clarified, is made a dainty fine Syrup, very effectual also in any of the distempers aforesaid, and so is the distilled water of the Herb also. Sponges, or linen , wetted in the juice, and applied outwardly, to any hot tumors and Inflammations, doth exceedingly cool and help them: the same juice taken into the mouth, and there gargled for some time, and after spit forth, and fresh taken, will wonderfully help a stinking foul Canker, or Ulcer therein. It is also singular good in wounds, Punctures, thrusts and stabs into the Body, to stay the bleeding, and to cleanse and heal the wounds speedily, and helpeth well also to stay any hot defluxions, or Catarrhs, upon the Throat and Lungs.    

CHAP. CXXIV. Of Baulm.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Melissophyllum, or Meliphyllum, id est, Apum folium, that is, Bees-Leaf, because the Bees are very much delighted therewith. In Latin, Melissa, and Citrag●, ab odore Citri, because it smelleth like a Citron, Apiastrum, from the pleasure that Bees take in it, and Melissophyllum of the effect, it being good for Bees. We in English call it Bawm, from the singular effects therein, in imitation of the true natural Balm.   

The Kind's.  
Besides the Ordinary Baulm, which usually groweth in our Gardens, there are five other sorts. 1. Turkey Baulm, with a blue Flower. 2. Turkey Baulm, with a white Flower. 3. Unpleasant Baulm. 4. Great Assyrian Baulm. 5. Prickly Assyrian Baulm.   

The Form.  
The Common Garden Baulm hath divers square green stalks, with round, hard, dark, green Leaves, pointed at the ends, like an Heart, and a little dented round about the edges, set by couples at the joints; of a sweet smell, coming nearest to a Citron or a Lemon, the Flowers are small and gaping, growing at the tops of the stalks, of a pale Carnation colour, almost white: the Roots fasten themselves strongly in the ground, and endure long▪ the leaves and stalks dying down yearly.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth not where but in Gardens: the two next grow naturally in Moldavia, which is under the Turkish Dominion. The third at the foot of divers Hills, both in Germany and Narbone in France. The fourth and fifth in Syria, as their Titles do declare. The three first, flower somewhat earlier in the Summer, than the two Assyrian kinds, which flower very seldom before the middle of August, so that it hardly giveth any good Seed, although the two former do plentifully.   

The Temperature.  
Baulm is hot and dry in the second degree, having also a purging quality therein, with some tenuity of parts.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The Leaves of this Herb have also the Signature of the Heart; and accordingly it is very much commended for the passions of the heart. For Serapio saith, it is the property of Baulm, to cause the mind and the heart to become merry, to revive the fainting heart falling into Swoonings, to strengthen the weakness of the Spirits and Heart, and to comfort them; especially, such who are troubled in their sleep, to drive away all troublesome cares and thoughts out of the mind, whether those passions arise from melancholy, or burnt phlegm, which Avicen also confirmeth. It is good for a cold stomach, to help digestion, and to open the obstruction of the Brain: as also among other things for the Plague, the water thereof, but especially, the Conserve of the Flowers being used. It provoketh women's Courses, helpeth a stinking breath, and is good for the rising of the Mother. A Decoction of Baulm made in Wine, and drunk, is good against Venom and Poison, helpeth the griping pains of the Belly, and is good for them that cannot take their breath, unless they hold their necks upright, being taken in a Lohock, o● licking Electuary. The Syrup of Baulm is likewise a good Cordial, and strengtheneth the heart and stomach, resisteth Melancholy, and is very profitable in burning and contagious Fevers. A Caudle made with the juice hereof, while it is young: together, with Eggs, and some Rose-water and Sugar put thereto, is often given to Women in Childbed, when the Afterbirth is not throughly avoided; and for their faintings upon, or after their sore Travels. The Herb bruised and boiled in a little Wine and Oil, and laid warm on a Boyl, will ripen and break it, used with Salt, it taketh away Wens, Kernels, or hard swell in the flesh or Throat: it cleanseth foul Sores, and easeth the pains of the Gout. The juice thereof used with a little Honey, is a good remedy for the dimness of the sight, and to take away the mistiness of the Eyes. It is used in Baths, amongst other warm Herbs, to comfort the Joints and Sinews. It is a good remedy against the sting of Scorpions, or other venomous Creatures▪ and against the stinging of Bees: as also against the bitings of Dogs: The Decoction thereof is good for Women to bathe or sit in, to procure their Courses, and for those that have the bloody Flux: as also to wash the Teeth therewith, when they are full of pain. It is very often put into Oils or Salves, to heal green Wounds. It is very necessary for those that keep Bees, to have this Herb planted near them, both to have their Hives rubbed therewith, which will not only keep them together, but draw others; for they love very much to suck and feed upon it, as its name importeth.    

CHAP. CXXV. Of Marigolds.  

The Names.  
IT is not certainly known by what name the Greeks called this Plant. Some think it to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; but I think that name doth more properly belong to the Corn Marigold, the Flower of that coming nearer to a golden colour then that of the Garden, though there be some of the Garden, that are near that colour also. It is called in Latin Calendula, because it hath been observed, to flower most about the Calends of every month, and it is so called of the Shops also. Of some Caltha, and Caltha Poetarum, whereof Columella and Virgil do write. It is thought to be Gromphena Plinii. In English, Marigolds and Ruds.   

The Kind's.  
There be near upon twenty sorts of Marigolds, yet I shall trouble you with no more▪ then ten at this time. 1. The greatest double Marigold. 2. The greater double Marigold. 3. The smaller double Marigold. 4. The double Globe-Marigold. 5. The straw-coloured double Marigold. 6. The single Marigold. 7. The fruitful Marigold. 8. Jack an Apes on Horseback. 9 Mountain Marigold. 10. The wild Marigold.   

The Form.  
The greatest double Marigold hath many large, fat, broad Leaves, springing immediately from a fibrous or threddy Root: the upper side of the Leaves are of a deep green, and the lower side of more light, or shining green: among which, rise up stalks somewhat hairy; and also somewhat jointed, and full of a spongious pith: The Flowers growing on the top, are beautiful, round, very large and double, something sweet, with a certain strong smell, of a light Saffron colour, or like pure Gold: from the which follow a number of long crooked Seeds, especially the outmost, or those that stand about the edges of the Flower, which being sown, commonly bring forth single Flowers, whereas contrariwise those Seeds in the middle are lesser, and for the most part, bring forth such Flowers, as that was from whence it was taken.   

The Places and Times.  
All the Sorts afore-named are Inhabitants of the Garden, except the two last, whose natural places of being, may be discovered by their Titles. They flower from April, even unto Winter, and in Winter also, if it be warm, and therefore some have called it Flos omnium mensium, supposing it to flower throughout every month in the year.   

The Temperature.  
The Flower of the Marigold is of temperature hot, almost in the second Degree, especially when it is dried.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
The Flowers of Marigolds, comfort and strengthen the Heart exceedingly, provoke sweat and women's Courses, and expel the Afterbirth, withstand poison and Venery, are good in pestilent and contagious Fevers: as also in the Jaundice, and are very expulsive, and little less effectual in the small Pox and Measles, than Saffron. The Conserve made of the Flowers, taken morning and evening, helpeth the trembling of the heart, and is very useful in the time of Pestilence, when the Air is corrupted. The Flowers either green or dried, are used much in Possets, Broths, and Drinks, as a comforter of the Heart and Spirits, and to expel any Malignant or Pestilential quality, that might annoy them, especially amongst the Dutch, where they are sold by the penny. The Juice helpeth the Toothache, the pained Tooth being washed therewith; and if Warts be rubbed therewith, it taketh them away. The said juice mixed with Vinegar, and any hot swelling bathed with it, instantly giveth ease, and assuageth it. A Plaster made of the dry Flower in Powder, Hogs-grease, Turpentine, and Rosin, and applied to the Breast, strengthens and succours the Heart infinitely in Fevers, whether Pestilential, or not Pestilential. A fume of the Decoction used hot, helpeth to expel the Secondine or Afterbirth. The juice dropped into the Ears, killeth Worms. The di●i●led water is good for many of the purposes aforesaid, and also helpeth red and watery Eyes, being washed therewith, which it doth by Signature, as Crollius saith.    

CHAP. CXXVI. Of Swallow-wort.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, ab Aesculapio, from Aesculapius, that famous Doctor of Physic, whom the Greeks called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Some Bastard Names it hath also, as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, quasi Hederula, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi Hederula folium, the form of the Leaves being like unto Ivy. Ruellius calleth it Hederalis in Latin, but it is better known by the Names of Asclepias, and Vincet●xicum; which last is a general word for any Counterpoison, and cometh from Vinc●, to overcome, and Toxicum Poison: It was anciently called Hirundinaria▪ (although both the kinds of Chelidonium majus, and minus, be called Hirundinaria) that is, Swallon-wort; ab Hirundine, from a Swallow, because the pointed Cod, when they are open and the Silk appeareth out of them, do somewhat resemble a Swallow flying. Others say from the Seed, which is feathered, as it were, with Down about it. In English, it is called Swallow-wort; and of some, Silken Cicely.   

The Kind's.  
There be only three Sorts of Swallow-wort, that I can find, 1. Swallow-wort with white Flowers. 2. Swallow-wort with black Flowers. 3. Swallow-wort of Candy.   

The Form.  
The Swallow-wort with white-flowers, riseth up with divers slender weak stalks to be half a yard or two foot long, not easy to break, yet scarce able to stand upright, and therefore for the most part lean or lie down upon the ground if they find not some thing to sustain them, and then sometimes they will twine themselves about it, whereon are set two leaves at the joints being somewhat broad, and long pointed at the end, of a dark green colour and smooth at the edges: at the joints with the Leaves towards the top of the stalks, and at the tops themselves, come forth divers small white flowers, consisting of five pointed leaves a piece, of an heavy sweet sent; after which come small long pods, thick above, and growing less and less to the point; wherein by small flat brown seed wrapped in a great deal of white silken down, which when the pod is ripe, openeth of itself, and sheddeth both seed and cotton upon the ground, if it be not carefully gathered: the roots are a great bush of many white strings fastened together at the head, smelling somewhat strong while they are fresh and green, but more pleasant when they are dried; both leaves and stalks die down every year to the ground, and rise a new in the Spring, the stalks at their first coming up being of a blackish brown colour.   

The Places and Time.  
One or two if not all of these sorts grow in the Physic Garden at Oxford; but as for their natural places, the two first grow in rough untilled places and on Mountains in divers places, both in France about Narbone, Marscilles, and Mompelier, and in Italy also, and in other places. The last grow in Candy whence the seed came, which being sown, groweth with us. They all flower in the months of June and July, and sometimes not until August, if the year be backward, and their Cod with seed are ripe about a Month after; the empty husk abiding on the dry branches, when the seed and silk is shed out and fallen on the ground or blown away with the wind.   

The Temperature.  
The roots of Swallow-wort are hot and dry and have a sovereign quality against all poisons, but in particular against the Apocinum or Dogsbane.   

The Virtues.  
A Dram of the powder of the roots of Swallow-wort taken in Sorrell or Bnglosse water is very effectual against all the passions of the heart, and if a few Citron seeds be taken therewith in the same manner and measure, it easeth all the griping pains of the belly. It is likewise effectually given to any that are bitten by any venomous beast, or stung by any Serpent or other Creature; as also against the biting of a mad dog, a dram and an half of the root being taken in Carduus water for divers days together. It is taken also in Wine every day against the Plague or Pestilence. The decoction of the roots made with white-Wine, taken for divers days together, a good draught at a time and sweeting presently thereupon cureth the Drop●y; the same also helpeth the Jaundice, provoketh Urine, and eateth the Cough, and all defects of the Chest and Lungs. The powder of the Roots taken with Peony seed is good against the Falling sickness, or what Basil seed or the rind of Pome Citrons, is good against Melancholy. Taken with the roots of White or Bastard D●ttany it killeth and expelleth the Worms of the Maw and Belly. The roots are very effectually used with other things in Baths, made for women to ●t over, to ease all pains of the Mother, and bring down their courses. The Decoction likewise of the Roots hereof, and of Comfrey made with wine, is much commended to help those that are bursten, or have a rapture, and for them that have been bruised with a fall, or otherwise. The powder of the root or leaves is no less effectual to cleanse all putrid, rotten, and filthy Ulcers, and so●es wheresoever, then the Roots of Aristolochia or Birthwort, and may safely be used in all Salves, Unguents, and Lotions made for such purposes, instead thereof, the one for the other. The Leaves and Flowers boiled and made into a pultis, & applied to the hard tumours or swell of women's Breasts, cureth them speedily; as also such evil sores, as happen in the Matrix: although they be inveterate or hard to be cured. The Down that is found in the Cod of these herbs, doth make a softer stuffing for Cushions or Pillows, or the like, than thistle down, which is much used in some places for the like purposes.    

CHAP. CXXVII. Of Goates-Rue.  

The Names.  
THis Herb being unknown to the Ancient Authors, hath no Greek Name: in Latin, it is usually called Galega or Ruta Capraria. For they that first found it, and the virtues, gave that Name of Rue thereunto, as finding it no less effectual than the Best Rue, and Capraria because it is good for Goats. Some call it Gralega, and some Herba Gallica as Fracastorius, and of some Capraria. Some with us call it Italian-Vetch, but most Commonly Goats Rue.   

The Kind's.  
The Sorts hereof are but two, 1. Common Goat's Rue, 2. Mountain Goat's Rue.   

The Form.  
The Common or most usual Goat's Rue sendeth forth many round hard stalks, three or four foot high, whereon grow one above another at several Joints, Long winged Leaves, that is, many Leaves set one each side of a middle rib which are small, yet somewhat broad and long, and pointed at the end; smooth on the Edges without any dents, somewhat like unto the Leaves of Vetches, and of a faint green Colour: at the tops of the stalks stand many small Leguminous flowers, one above another, of a pale bluish purple Colour, and in some plants pure white, after which come small round pods about ●n inch and an half long, a little bunched out in some places, but nothing so much as the Orobus or Bitter Vetch, wherein lie three, or four, or five small pale seed, like unto a Vetch. The root is white and woody, spreading well in the ground and abiding divers years.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in divers Gardens of this Land, as in the Physic Gardens so often mentioned, and very plentifully in a Garden at St. Alban, not far from the Prison, sometimes in the possession of Dr. Arris, who was a great admirer of the same for its Cordia virtues. It groweth Naturally by the way sides of moist fields, and Meadows, both in Italy, Savoy, and other places, and hath also been found some years since in the Meadows by Linton, in Cambridgeshire. The other is said only to grow upon the tops of mountains. They flower in the end of june and july and the seed is ripe in August.   

The Temperature.  
Goat's Rue is said to be of a mean Temperature between hot and cold.   

The Virtues.  
There is not any Plant more effectual to preserve the heart from Palpitations, tremble, and sownings, and against Melanchosicke Vapours oppressing it, than Goat's Rue, which is a great Preservative also against the bitings or stings of any venomous Creatures: yea those Italians, (as Pena and Lobel say) and others, that use to gather Vipers, will use it rather than the Beast-Treacle to defend themselves from being bitten or stung by them, or to preserve them from any other infection, and therefore eat it continually, as other Herbs in Salads, or otherwise in their meats, and broths. It is likewise very powerful against any poison taken inwardly, the Pestilence or any infectious or pestilentious Fevers, or diseases, that break forth into spots or marks; as the Measells, Purples, and the Smallpox, in all which it is admirable both to preserve from infection, and cure those that are infected, to take every morning some of the juice thereof, as also to eat the Herb itself every morning fasting: but it will be the more effectual, if the juice be taken with a little good Treacle, and some tormentil Roots in powder, mixed with Carduus Benedictus water, or with some Vinegar and fine Bolearmonick and Treacle in the said Water, and presently to sweat two hours thereupon, which it causeth in some sort itself. A spoonful of the juice given in a morning fasting, is very effectual to kill the worms in Children; or the Herb itself, fried with a little Oil of bitter Almonds, and laid hot unto the Navel; as also to help the Falling-sickness before it grow strong and old upon them. It is very profitably applied to the belly, pained with the griping of the wind and Colic, being fried and laid-to warm. In the same manner, laid unto plague Sores before they be broken, it either disperseth them, (yet defending the heart, not striking it inwardly,) or draweth them forth and healeth them. It is also effectually applied with Vinegar to Gangrenes, running Ulcers and Sores, to stay the malignity in their fretting and spreading and to defend the vital Spirits from danger. Some use a Syrup made of the juice, and some of the distilled water as a more familiar Medicine, to take upon all occasions inwardly, for all the purposes aforesaids. And some use to make an Oil of the Flowers, digested in the Sun, by often repetitions of infusion, to anoint the wrists of the hands, where the pulse is felt; as also the region of the heart, to defend it from the diseases aforesaid, and danger of infection It is no less effectual for Sheep, Goats, and other Cattles by the experiments that Goatheards have made herewith. The Mountain Goates-Rue, is held almost as effectual against poison and the pestilence, as the former.    

CHAP. CXXVIII. Of Vipers-Grasse.  

The Names.  
IT was found, and the Virtues thereof discovered, but of late days by a Mauritanian bondslave, who holp divers that were bitten of that Venomous Beast, (or Viper as it is called by others, which they of Catalonia, where they breed in abundance, call in their Language Escuersoes, from whence Scorzonera is derived,) with the juice of this Herb, and the root given them to eat, which both took away the poison, and healed the bitten place very quickly, when Treacle and other things would do no good: which ever since hath grown in estimation both against Venom and other diseases also. It is called in Latin Viperaria, Viperina, or Serpentaria, but most Commonly Scorzonera, which name is generally given it by all Nations. We in English call it Scorzonera and Vipers-grasse.   

The Kind's.  
I find Ten Sorts of Vipers-grasse rekonned up by Authors, 1. Common Viper's grass, 2. Dwarf Viper's grass, 3. Spanish Vipers grass, 4. Dwarf Spanish Vipers grass, 5. The greater Hungarian broad leafed Viper's grass, 6. The Dwarf Hungarian Vipers grass. 7. The small Hungarian Vipers grass, 8. Purple Viper's grass, 9 Tall Narrow Leaved purple Viper's grass. 10. Viper's grass of Sclavony.   

The Form.  
The first of the Viper's grasses hath long broad leaves, fat or full bodied, uneven about the edges, sharp pointed, with an high swollen rib down the middle, and of an overworn green colour, tending to that of Woad, amongst which riseth up a stiff stalk, smooth and plain, of two cubits high, whereon do grow such leaves as those next the ground. The flowers stand on the top of the Stalks, consisting of many small yellow leaves, thick thrust together, very double, like unto those of Tragopogon or Goates-beard, whereof most think it to be a kind. The Root is long, thick, very brittle, continueth many years, yielding great increase of roots, black without, white within, and yields a milky juice, as do the leaves also like unto the Goates-beards.   

The Places and time  
Many of the Sorts aforesaid are to be found in the Gardens of some Physicians, and Apothecaries who know the worth of them, as also in the Physic Gardens at Oxford, and Westminster, but especially the two first. The Third and Fourth in Spain as their titles do declare. The fifth in many places of Germany, Bohemia and Hungary. The Sixth on the hills by Baden in Germany. The Seventh in many of the same places with the Fifth. The Eighth and Ninth on a small hill nigh unto Stampfen, which is two Dutch miles from Posonium, a chief City in Hungary. The last in Illyria or Sclavony, as Alpinus saith. They do all flower in May, and their seed is ripe before the end of June.   

The Temperature.  
V●pers-Grasse is thought not to exceed the first Degree of heat and moisture, which are the predominant qualities.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
The water of this Herb distilled in Glasses, or the Root itself taken is good against the passions and tremble of the heart, and also against swoon, sadness and melancholy: the same also is a present remedy against all contagious Fevers; for by causing sweat, the infection is evaporated, and the sick person restored. The Root preserved, and taken fasting, ●or the said water drunk for some days together, doth open the obstructions of the Liver, Spleen, and other inward parts: as also helpeth to bring down women's Courses, and to ease the suffocation or other Diseases of the Mother whatsoever; for in those feminine griefs, it hath a very powerful effect, as hath been often and certainly found true. It is also very good against the swimming or turning of the brain, and all other pains in the head, and likewise very Cordial, both to strengthen the vital ●pirits, when they are much subject to faint, or swoon; as also against melancholy or sadness, that ariseth without manifest cause. If the clarified Juice of the 〈…〉 b be set in the Sun for certain days, and the pure liquor thereof mixed with a 〈…〉 e Honey, be dropped into the Eyes, it both cleareth and strengtheneth the s●ght, and taketh away the spots and blemishes in them. Monardus, by whom the first knowledge hereof came to the World, although it was found out, and the use thereof thirty years before he wrote of it, saith, that the Roots of those in Spain are somewhat sweet, like a Parsnip, and may be eaten in the same manner. He saith also, that the Root hereof, whether raw, or dressed, or condited, as also the juice of the Herb taken by themselves, or with any other Cordial or Counterpoison, doth not only help the biting of that venomous Serpent Escuersoes or Scorzon, which Crollius saith, it doth by Signature there being some resemblance between the form of the Serpent and the Root; but of the Viper, and all other virulent Creatures whatsoever.    

CHAP. CXXIX. Of the Pome Citron-Tree.  

The Names.  
THe great Pome-Citron is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is, Malus Medica because as Theophrastus conceiveth, it came from Media and Persis, and therefore was also called Malus Persica. Some call it also Malus Assyria; but the most proper and generally received name, is Malus Citria, because Malus Med●ca doth comprehend Lemmons and Oranges also, and Malus Assyria is put for that Tree which beareth Adam's Apples: yet the fruit hereof is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin, Malum Medicum, Malum Citrium, Malum Persicum, Malum Assyrium, as also Oedromelum, Citromelum & Citrangulum, and of some Poncires, quasi Pomum Citrium, in English Citron. The lesser sorts differ from the first, both in the Tree and Fruit, and therefore have a different name for the Tree: is called Limonera, and the Fruit Limones.   

The Kind's.  
Of Citron-Trees and Limones, or Limerones, there be six sorts. 1. The greater Pome-Citron-Tree. 2. The lesser Pome-Citron-Tree. 3. Big-bellied, or double Citrons. 4. Sweet Limoones, or Limerones. 5. Sour Limoones or Limerones. 6. Changeable Limoones or Limerones.   

The Form.  
The greater Citron-Tree groweth not very high in some places, but with a crooked short body; yet in others, not much lower than the Lemmon-Tree, spreading sundry great long Arms and Branches, set with long and sharp thorns, and fair, large, and broad fresh green Leaves, a little dented about the edges, very smooth, and sweet of smell: The Flowers grow at the Leaves all along the Branches, being somewhat longer than those of the Orange, made of fine thick, whitish purple, or blush Leaves, with some threads in the middle; after which, all the year long followeth fruit; for it is seldom seen without ripe fruit, and half ripe, and small, young and green, and blossoms all at once. This kind beareth great and large fruit, some as great as a Musk Melon, yet others lesser; but all of them with a rugged, bunched out, and uneven yellow bark, thicker than in any of the other sorts, and with small store of sour juice in the middle, and somewhat great pale, whitish, or yellow Seeds, with a bitter Kernel lying therein: The smell of this Apple is very strong, but very comfortable to the senses.   

The Places and Time.  
All these sorts of Citrons grow in Spain, with those that are curious to nurse up rare fruits, but gained from sundry places abroad, and the last from the Fortunate Islands. Their time is without time, even all the year throughout, flowering and bearing fruit.   

The Temperature.  
Galen maketh the Seed to be cold, which Matthiolus would excuse, by diverting his intent to the juice; but Avicen saith, it is hot in the first Degree, and dry in the second: the Bark or Rind, hot in the first, and dry in the end of the second Degree: the inner white substance being between the outer Bark and the inner juice, hot and moist in the first Degree, and the acide juice could and dry in the third Degree.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The Fruit of the Pome-Citron-Tree being like to the heart in form, is also a very sovereign Cordial for the same, and an excellent Antidote against Venom or Poison, against the Plague, or any other infection, if the outer yellow Rind, which hath a very aromatical smell, but bitter taste, be dried and taken: Besides, it warmeth and comforteth a cold or windy stomach, mightily dissolving the Wind, and dispersing raw, cold, and undigested humours therein, or in the Bowels. Being chewed in the mouth, it amendeth an evil breath, and causeth a good one; it also helpeth digestion, and is good against Melancholy: these outer Rinds being preserved with Sugar, are used in a Junket, more than in any Physical manner, yet are they often used in Cordial Electuaries, as preservatives against infection and melancholy, and other the Diseases aforesaid. It also helpeth to loosen the Body, and therefore there is a solutive Electuary made thereof, called Electuarium de Citro solutivum, to evacuate the Bodies of those that are of a cold and phlegmatic constitution, and may also be safely used, where Choler is intermixed with Phlegm: The inward white Rind of the Fruit is almost unsavoury, and without taste, and is not used in any manner of Physic; but being preserved, serveth to sort with other Suckets at Banquets. The sour juice in the middle, surpasseth that of Lemons in the effects, although it be not so sharp in taste; it is very good in all pestilential and burning Fevers, to restrain the venom and infection, to suppress the violence of Choler, and hot distempers of the blood, extinguisheth thirst, correcteth the ill disposition of the Liver▪ stirreth up an Appetite, refresheth the overspent and fainting spirits, resisteth drunkenness, and helpeth the turn of the Brain, by the hot vapour arising thereinto, and causing a frenzy or want of sleep. The Seeds are very effectual to preserve the heart and vital spirits, from the poison of the Scorpion, or other venomous Creatures; as also against the infection of the Plague and Pox, or any other contagious Disease: they kill the Worms in the Stomach, provoke women's Courses, cause abortment, and have a digesting and drying quality, fit to dry up and consume moist humours, both inwardly in the Body, and outwardly in any moist, or running Ulcers and Sores, and take away the pains that come after the biting of any venomous Creature. The whole Fruit or Branches of the Trees laid in Presses, Chests, or Wardrobes, keepeth Cloth or silk Garments from Moths and Worms, and gives them a good scent also. The Syrup of Citron Pills or Rhinds, strengtheneth the stomach, resisteth poison, strengtheneth the heart and resis●eth the passions thereof, palpitation faintings, and swoon: it strengthens the vital spirits, restoreth such as are in Consumptions, and Hectic Fevers, and strengthens nature much. The Syrup of the juice, is also good for most of the aforesaid purposes.    

CHAP. CXXX. Of Gentian, or Felt-wort.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and so likewise Gentiana in Latin, à Gentio Illyricorum rege primum inventore, because Gentius King of Illyria, was the first discoverer of them and their virtues, as Dioscorides and Pliny set it down. Scrapio saith, it was called Basilica: some have called it Centauria radix, some Aloes Gallica, Narces Chironium, and, as Pliny saith, some Romans called it Cnendia and some Cimivalis. The Italians call it also Gentiana, but that sort which the Latins call Gentiana cruciata, they call Petimborsa, quasi, mettere in bursà, put it into your Purse: either because as Matthiolus saith, it was to be gathered wheresoever it was found, and deserved to be kept in one's purse, that it might be ready upon all occasions; or because by curing Diseases, it got store of Crowns to be put in the Purses of the Physicians, that make use of it; so much they did esteem of it. We in English call it Crossewort Gentian; but the ordinary sort is called Felwort, which is a mongrel word mixed of Latin and English together, or Bitterwort, and of some Baldmony. The Latins call the lesser sort, Gentianella.   

The Kind's.  
Though there be a great number of these Gentians reckoned up by Parkinson, in both his Books, yet I shall omit most of them, and nominate only those six sorts that grow within the Confines of great Britain. 1. Hollow Gentian or felwort. 2. Croswort Gentian. 3. Alps Felwort of the Springtime. 4. Gentianella, with a white Flower. 5. Bastard or Dwarf-Felwort. 6. Autumn Gentian, with small Centaury Leaves.   

The Form.  
Hollow-leafed Felwort, or English Gentian, hath many long, tough Roots, dispersed hither and thither, within the upper crust of the Earth; from which immediately riseth a fat thick sta●k jointed or kneed▪ at certain distances, set at every knot with one leaf, and sometimes more, keeping no certain number: which Leaves do at the first enclose the stalks round about, being one whole entire Leaf, without any incisure at all, as if it were a hollow Trunk; which after it is grown to his fu●ness, breaketh on one side or other, and becometh a flat ribbed Leaf, like unto those of the great Gentian or Plantain. The Flowers come forth of the bosom of the upper Leaves, set upon tender foot-stalks, in shape like those of the small Bind-weed, or rather the Flowers of Sopewort, of a whitish colour, washed about the brims, with a little light Carnation. Then followeth the Seed, which hath not yet been observed.   

The Places and Time.  
The first was found by Gerard, in a small Grove of Wood, called the Spinny, near unto a small Village in Northamptonshire, called L●chbarrow. The second groweth in a Pasture at the West end of Little Rain in Essex, on the North side of the way leading from Braintry to Dunmow, and in the Horse-way by the same Close. The third groweth abundantly on the Mountains, between Gort and Galloway in Scotland. The fourth near the Devizes, and by Hachbury in Wiltshire. The fifth in the Physick-Garden in Oxford. The sixth in divers places of Kent, as about South-fleet, and Long-field; upon Barton-hills in Bedfordshire: also not far from St. Alban, upon a piece of waist chalky ground, as you go out of Dunstable way, towards Gorehamberry. The first springeth out of the ground in April, and bringeth forth his Flowers in the end of August, and the Seed is ripe in September, and so do all the rest for aught I can ●ea●n.   

The Temperature.  
The Root of Gentian, which is chief in use, is hot and dry in the third Degree, or hot in the third degree, and dry in the second.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
There is a sort of Gentian that hath Leaves like an Heart, and is therefore called Heart-like Gentian, which I mentioned not amongst the rest, because it groweth not in Britain, having in it the virtue of strengthening the Heart preserving it against fainting, and sounding, and resisting all putrefaction, Poison, and the Pestilence, for which there is not a more sure remedy than it, it strengtheneth the stomach exceedingly and help's digestion. Answerable unto this in the several qualities and properties are our English Gentians, nay some will have them more proper for English bodies then the foreign, and may be as well used for the purposes aforesaid. The Powder of the dry Roots helps the bitings of mad Dogs, and venomous Beasts, opens the obstructions of the Liver, and restoreth 〈◊〉 Appetite. The Herb steeped in Wine, and the Wine drunk, refresheth such as are over-weary with Travel, and are grown lame in their joints, either by cold or evil Lodgings. It helps ●●itches, and griping pains in the sides, and is an excellent Remedy for such as are bruised with falls. It provokes Urine, and the Terms exceedingly, therefore let it not be given to Women with Child. The same is very profitable for such as are troubled with Cramps and Convulsions, to drink the Decoction; and being so taken, it helpeth the Stone and stopping of ●●ine. It is likewise very available in the Dropsy, and suffocation of the Mother, and against the Falling-Sickness, Ruptures, Worms, and dissolveth congealed blood. It brings away the Birth, Afterbirth, and dead Child, and is useful in the Cough and shortness of breath. It repelleth wind very much in the body, and is profitable in all cold Diseases; and would people but like this, and other bitter things, it would effect very much in curing many desperate Diseases, as well as Agues, yellow Jaundice etc. The Juice or Powder of the Root healeth fresh wounds, and is very effectual for all sorts of foul, putrid, or rotten Ulcers wheresoever, yea, though hollow, or fistulous, cancrous, fretting or running; for it doth very much cleanse, dry, and heal up. Also the same applied to Knots or Kernels of the Neck or Throat, which is called the King's-evil, healeth them safely and speedily; as also the painful swell of the hemorrhoidal vein, called the Piles when they are fallen down, and grow ulcerous and sore. The juice being put into the Eyes, takes away Inflammations and redness therein, and clears them from Skins and Films growing upon them. The Root is in use among Chirurgeons, to enlarge the orifice of any Wound or Sore. The same made into a Pessary, and put into the matrix, bringeth down the dead Child, and Afterbirth. It is given to Cattle for the Bots, Worms, and swell, upon sicking up any Tick, or venomous worm. When Kine are bitten on the Udder, by any venomous Beast, do but stroke the p●ace with the decoction of any of these and it will instantly help them. The distilled water is useful in the like cases, and also cleanseth the face from freckles, Morphew, or other Spots.    

CHAP. CXXXI. Of Scordium, or Water Germander.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in Latin Scordium, from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which is Allium, Garlic; because the smell of it is something like unto the smell of Garlic, as Authors report, which I never perceived, though I have gathered it oftentimes. It is also called Frixago Palustris Water, or Marsh-Germander, both of the likeness thereof to Germander, called Frixago, and for the growing thereof in Marshes, etc. Some also call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from the strong scent, being so unpleasant to the Senses. Pliny saith, that Crateras did ascribe one of the sorts hereof unto Mithridates, and called it Mithridation; and it may be from hence, as well as from Garlic that it was called Poor-Mens-Treacle, and by our Countrypeople, English-Treacle.   

The Kind's.  
Parkinson joineth together in the same Chapter, for affinity in name or smell, these six following. 1. Scordium or Water-Germander. 2. Wood-Sage, which is called in Latin, Scorodania sive Scordium alterum quibusdam, & Salvia agrestis. 3. The first Garlic Germander of Pliny. 4. Another Garlic Germander of Pliny. 5. Sawse-alone, or Jack by the H●dge. 6. The Germander-like Herb of Naples.   

The Form.  
Water-Germander from a small Root, full of white strings, spreading in the ground, and creeping or running about also, shooteth forth divers weak square, hairy Branches, which take root in divers places, as they lie and spread, whereby it increaseth much, whereon do grow many Leaves two always at a joint, which are not altogether so large and long, as the Garden-Germander Leaves of a saddish or darkish green colour, whereon there is also a show of hairne●s and hoariness, somewhat soft in handling, full of veins, and dented about the edges. The Flowers are small, red, and gaping, standing at the Joints, with the Leaves towards the top of the branches. Whether it perfect its Seed, hath not been yet observed, but it is thought it doth not but is propagated by its branches.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in many wet grounds, and by water sides in many places of England, as upon Botley Causeway presently after you are over the stream that goeth to Osney mills, not very far from Reuley, which is the place Mr. Gerard mentions, but on the other side the water. Dioscorides saith, it groweth on Hills also, which it is like enough to do, for it will abide well if it be transplanted into Gardens, where I have seen it often grow; as in the Physic Garden at Oxon, in the School-house Garden at Adderbury in Oxfordshire, where I myself planted it; and in the Garden of my worthy friend Mr. Solomeau at his house at East-Sheen in Surray. The Second groweth in woods and by wood sides, as also in divers fields, and by-lanes in divers places with us. The Third and Fourth in Candy; The fifth groweth under walls, and by hedge sides, and path ways, in fields, and town-sides in moist places. The Last on the Hill Capoclari in Naples, as Columna saith. They do flower in June, July, and August, somewhat before which time, the most usual manner is to gather the Scordium, and dry it to keep.   

The Temperature.  
Water Germander, is hot and dry; it hath a certain bitter taste, harsh and sharp, as Galen witnesseth, and every one may perceive it, that tasteth it, though I suppose our English kind is not so like in scent unto Garlic as that of the Ancients. Wood-Sage is hot and dry, in the Second degree.   

The Virtues.  
Whosoever doth but understand that Scordium o● water Germander is the Bas●● of that ra●e Composition called Diascordium, and know but the virtue thereof, will be sufficiently convinced, that this plant is not unfitly appropriated to the heart, for it is of excellent use for the comforting and strengthening of that part, especially in such Fevers, as are accompanied with want of sleep. It doth also provoke the Terms, hastens women's Labours, helps their usual sickness in their lying in; it stops fluxes, strengthens the stomach: neither is so hot, but it may be safely given to weak people: Ten grains of a Scruple at a time, and a dram or more to them that are stronger. The decoction of the Herb only in wine, being either green or dry, is good against the biting of all venomous Beasts and Serpents, and all other deadly poisons, and also against all groaning pains of the stomach, and pains of the sides, that come either of cold or obstructions, and for the bloody flix also: made into an Electuary with Cresses, Rosin, and Honey, it is available against an old Cough, and to help to expectorate rotten phlegm out of the Chest and Lungs; as also to help them that are bursten and troubled with the Cramp. It is a special Ingredient also in Mithridate and Treacle, as a Counterpoison, against all poisons and infections either of the Plague, or Pestilential, or other Epidemical diseases, as the smallpox, Measells, faint spots, or purples, and besides it is often given, and with good success, before the fits of Agues, to divert or hinder the access, and thereby to drive them away. It is a most certain and known common remedy to kill the worms either in the stomach or belly, to take a little of the juice thereof or the powder in drink, fasting. The decoction of the dried herb with two or three roots of tormentil sliced, and given to those that are troubled with the bloody flix, is a safe and sure remedy for them. The juice of the Herb alone or a Syrup made thereof, is profitable for many of the aforenamed griefs. The dried herb being used with a little Honey cleanseth foul Ulcers and bringeth them to Cicatrizing, as also closeth fresh wounds; the dried Herb made into a Cerate, or pultis, and applied to excrescences in the flesh, as Wens and such like, helpeth both to constrain the matter from further breeding of them, as also to discuss and disperse them being grown. It being used also with Vinegar or water, and applied to the Gout, easeth the pains thereof. The green Herb bruised and laid or bound to any wound, healeth it, be it never so great.  
The decoction of Wood-Sage, is good to be given to those whose Urine is stayed, for it provoketh it and women's courses also. It is thought to be good against the French-pox, because the decoction thereof, doth provoke sweat, digest humours, and dissolve swelling, and Nodes in the flesh. The decoction of the Herb, rather green then dry, made with wine and taken, is accounted a safe and sure remedy for those, who by falls bruises or bearings, doubt some vein to be inwardly broken, to disperse and avoid the congealed blood, and to consolidate the vein, and is also good for such as are inwardly or outwardly bursten; the drink used inwardly, and the herb applied outwardly. The same also and in the same manner used, is found to be a sure remedy for the Palsy. The juice of the Herb or the powder thereof dried, is good for moist Ulcers, and sores, in the legs or other parts to dry them, and thereby to cause them, to heal the more speedily, it is no less effectual also in green wounds to be used upon any occasion. jack by the Hedge is eaten of many Country people, as Sauce to their Saltfish, and helpeth well to digest the crudities, and other corrupt humours that are engendered by the eating thereof, it warmeth also the Stomach, and causeth digestion. The juice thereof boiled with Honey is held to be as good as Hedge-Mustard for the Cough; to help to cut and expectorate phlegm that is tough and hard to rise. The seed bruised and boiled in wine, is a good remedy for the wind Colic, or for the stone, being drunk warm: the same also given to women that are troubled with the mother, both to drink, and the seed put in a Cloth and applied while it is warm, is of singular good use. The Leaves also or seed boiled, is good to be put in glisters, to ease the pains of the stone, the green leaves are held to be good to heal the Ulcers of the Legs.    

CHAP. CXXXII. Of Burnet.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or as Gesuer hath it, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, by Nicolaus Myrepsus, besides whom there is not any Greek Author that is known to have mentioned it by that name. Divers of good judgement do refer it to the Sideritis Secunda, of Dioscorides. Some call it in Latin Pimpinella, Pampinula and Peponella, from the likeness of the scent with that of Cucumbers; yet others refer these names to the Saxifrage kinds of Burnet, which are umbelliferous plants. It is called Sorbastrolla and Sang 〈…〉 aria also of divers, but most usually Sanguisorba, quod Sanguineos fluxus sistat, because it stops fluxes of blood; and it may be Bipinella, or Bipenula, because the leaves stand one against another like wings. It is to be observed, that Pimpinella Burnet, and Pimpernell are different plants, though some have Ignorantly taken them for the same.   

The Kind's.  
There are as I take it but Four of these sorts of Burnet, 1. Common Burnet. 2. The Ordinary great Burnet. 3. Unsavoury Burnet, 4. Burnet of Canada or Great Burnet of America.   

The Form.  
The Ordinary Burnet groweth with many long winged Leaves, Spread upon the ground which consist of divers small roundish Leaves, green on the upper side, and grayish underneath, finely dented about the Edges, set on each side, of a middle ribe; amongst which rise up crested brown stalks a foot high, or better, with some smaller Leaves, set in some places thereon, divided into sundry branches, and at the tops small round lose heads, or knaps upon long foot-stalks, of a brownish colour, from whence start forth small purplish Flowers, and after them cornered seed: the root is small, Long, and Blackish-brown on the out side, growing down deep into the ground, with some fibres thereat: the Herb hath a fine quick scent and taste.   

The Places and Time.  
The First groweth wild in most places of this Land, in dry sandy ground, but is usually preserved in gardens, to be ready at hand, when it shall need to be used. The Second is to be found in divers Countries of this Land, especially in Huntingdon, and Northamptonshires' in the meadows there: as also near London by Pancras Church, in two or three fields nigh unto Boobies barn, as also by a Causey side in the middle of a field by Padd●ngton. The Third was found in Spain, as Bauhinus saith. The Last was brought from Canada, which lies as I take it on the North part of Virg●nia, where it is natural, and is to be seen growing in the Physic Gardens, so often mentioned. They all Flower about the end of June, and the beginning of July, and their seed is ripe in August.   

The Temperature.  
Both the greater and the Lesser Burnet are accounted to be of one property; but the lesser, because it is quicker and more aromatical, is more effectual, being both hot and dry in the second degree, especially the lesser yet some say, that it is cold in the second degree.   

The Virtues.  
Burnet is a friend to the Heart, Liver, and other principal parts of a man's body: two or three of the stalks with Leaves put into a Cup of Wine, especially French Wine, as all know, give a wonderful fine relish to it, and be●●des is a great means to quicken the Spirits, refresh the heart and make it merry driving away Melancholy. It is a special help to defend the heart, from noisome Vapours, and from the infection of the Plague, or Pestilence, and all other contagious diseases, for which purpose it is of great effect, the juice thereof being taken in some drink, and the party either laid to sweat thereupon, or wrapped and kept very warm. It hath a drying and astringent quality also whereby it is available in all manner of fluxes of blood, or humours, to staunch bleeding either inward or outward, Laskes or scourings, the bloody flix, women's too abundant Courses, and the Whites also, & the choleric belchings and castings of the stomach, and is also a Singular good wound-herb, for all sorts of wounds, both of the head & body either inward or outward, for all old Ulcers or running Cancers, and moist sores, which are of hard curation, to be used, either by the juice or the decoction of the Herb, or by the powder of the Herb or Root, or the water of the distilled Herb; or else made into oil, or ointment by itself, or with other things to be kept the Seed also is no less effectual both to stay fluxes, and to dry up moist sores, to be taken in powder inwardly, in steeled Water or wine, or the powder of the seed mixed with their Ointments or injections.    

CHAP. CXXXIII. Of Avens.  

The Names.  
THis Herb is not found to be known of any Greek Writer, and therefore the Greek name is not to be expected; nor of the ancient Latins, unless it be Geum of Pl●ny, as by good probability it seemeth. It is generally called in Latin now a day's Caryophyllata and Garyophyllata from the scent of the Root so near resembling Cloves, which are called Cary●phylli: yet some have called it Herba benedicta, of the excellent or blessed qualities thereof, and others Sanamunda, from the like effects. Tragus would have it called his Nardus agrestis, not only for the sweet scent of the Roots, but the Cordial properties thereof. In English Avens and Herb-Bennet.   

The Kind's.  
The former Age knew but two sorts of Avens but ours hath found out seven at the least. 1. Ordinary Avens. 2. Mountain Avens. 3. Small Mountain Avens. 4. The other small Mountain Avens. 5. Purple Mountain or Marsh Avens. 6. Another Marsh Avens. 7. Cinquefoil Avens.   

The Form.  
Our ordinary Avens hath many long, rough, dark, green winged Leaves, rising from the Root, every one made of many Leaves, set on each sides of the middle Rib: the three largest whereof, grow at the ends, and snipt, or dented round about the edges: the other being small pieces, sometimes two, and sometimes four, standing on each side of the middle Rib underneath the●: amongst which do rise up divers rough or hairy stalks, about a foot high, branching forth with leaves at every joint, not so long as tho●e below, but almost as much cut in on the edges, some into three parts, and some into more: on the tops of the branches stand small, pale, yellow Flowers, consisting of five leaves, like the Flowers of Cinquefoil, but larger: in the middle whereof standeth a small green head, which when the Flower is fallen, groweth to be rough and round being made of many long, greenish▪ Purple-Seeds (like grains) which will stick on your (loathes: the Roots consist of many brownish strings, or Fibres, smelling somewhat like ●nto Cloves, especially those which grow in the higher, hotter, and drier grounds, and in the freer and clear air, but nothing so much, or not at all in many other places.   

The Places and Time.  
The first is found wild in many places of this Realm, under the hedge sides, and by the paths in some fields, and delighteth rather to grow in shadowy, then Sunny places. The second is found upon divers Mountains, as Coronos in Bohemia, by the Springs of the River Albis, as Matth●olus saith. The third and fourth, and likewise the second, upon Mount Baldus, as Pena relateth. The fifth and sixth grow by water sides, and in the moist and wet, or marish grounds on the Mountains. The last was found by Pena hard by Clatena, on the Rhetian Alps in Switzerland, They flower in the Months of May and June for the most part, and their Seed is ripe in July, at the farthest.   

The Temperature.  
The Roots and Leaves of Avens are manifestly dry, and something hot, with a kind of scouring quality.   

The Virtues.  
The Roots of Avens in the Spring, steeped in Wine, for some continuance of time, do give it a delicate savour and taste, which being drunk fa●●ing every morning, comforteth the heart, and is a good preservative against the Plague or any other poison: it he p dige●ion, warmeth a cold stomach, and openeth the obstructions of the Liver and Spleen. It is good also for the Disease's of the Chest or Breast, fo● pains and stitches in the lides, and to expel crude and raw humours, from the Belly and Stomach, by its sweet savour, and warming quality: it dissolveth congealed Blood happening by falls or bruises, and the spitting of blood, if the Root, either green or dried, be boiled in Wine and drunk; as al●o all manner of inward wounds or outward, if they be washed or bathed therewith. The Decoction also being drunk, comforteth the heart, and strengtheneth the stomach and a cold brain and therefore is good in the Spring, to open obstructions of the Liver, and helpeth the Wind-colic: It helpeth also tho●e that have Fluxes or are bursten, or have a Rupture: it taketh away spots or marks in the fa●e being washed therewith: The juice of the fresh Root, or Powder of the dried Root▪ hath the same effect with the decoction; and in callous Ulcers with the juice of the Roots if a little Verdigrease be added, it will avail very much. Some do use to lay the Roots dried amongst Garments▪ to perfume them with the smell thereof, and to keep away moths, etc. from them.    

CHAP. CXXXIV. Of Cloves.  

The Names.  
HAving spoken of Avens, which are called Caryophyllata, because the Roots smell like Croves, I shall now treat concerning Cloves themselves, which are called of the later Greeks, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; for to the Ancients they were unknown; and of the Latins also Caryophillus, and Clavus because this small slender fruit, is almost like a small Snail; and from thence also it is likely the word Cloves came. The Tree whereon they grow is called the Clove-tree, the description whereof is as followeth.   

The Kinds.  
This Tree groweth to be of a great and tall stature, covered with an Ashcoloured Bark, the younger Branches being more white, having Leaves growing by dupes one against another somewhat long and narrow, like unto the Bay-Tree that beareth narrow Leaves, with a midd●e●ib, and sundry veins running therethrough, each of them stancing on a long footstalk; the ends of the branches are divided into many small brown sprigs, where on groweth the flower even on the tops of the Cloves themselves, which are white at first with their Sprigs green afterward, & lastly radish, before they be beaten off from the tree; and being dried before they be put up grow blackish, as we see them, having four small tops at the heads of them, and a small round head in the middle of them: the flower itself standing between those consisteth of four small Leaves like unto a Cherry b osso●n, but of an excellent b●ew colour, as it is confidently reported, with three white veins in every leaf, & divers purplish threads in the middle, of a more dainty ●ne scent then the Clove itself, which is a small slender fruit, almost like a small nail as I said before being of a hot quick and sharp taste when they are fit to be gathered, which is before they be quite ripe, but those that do abice longer on the trees do grow some what thicker and greater, and are not of half the others goodness being called by most Fusses, yet some call the ●●a●ks of the Cloves Fusles; they grow of their own sowing and are not grafted. Hereout likewise cometh a certain dark red Gum, and both it and the Fusses are usually found one amongst another.   

The Places and Time.  
The Clove Tree groweth in divers places of the Malucco Islands. It groweth also in Amboyna very well, and be r plentifully, being there planted by the Dutch, and in others places of the Indies but more scarcely, and less fruitful than there. Eight years after it is is risen out of the ground, it beareth fruit, and so continueth bearing for an hundred years together, as the inhabitants of that Country do affirm▪ who beat the fruit of the Trees with long Poles, as we do Walnuts, and suffer them to lie there upon the ground, until they be throughly dried there being neither grass weeds, nor any other Herbs to hinder the same by reason that the tree draweth for its nourishment all the moisture for a great circuit round about, so that the Cloves are the more conveniently dried. It yields two Crops in a year, that is in June and December, tho●e Countries affording a double Harvest.   

The Temperature.  
The properties of Cloves are many and excellent, being hot and dry in the third degree, yet some say the second, and of much u●e in meat and Medicine.   

The Virtues.  
The Portugal women that dwell in the East-Indies, draw from the Cloves when they be it green a certain Liquor by distillation of a most fragrant smell, which comforteth the heart, and is of all Cordials, the most effectual. There is also extricted from Cloves a certain Oy●e, or rather a thick Butter of a yellow colour which being chafed in the hand, smelleth like the Cloves themselves, wherewith the Indians do cure their wounds, and other hurts, as we do with Balsume. The Cloves themselves after they are dried and brought over unto us, are used to comfort the Head, Heart, Stomach, and Liver, help the Memory, Eyesight, and Concoction, and strengthen Nature, they break wind break Urine, and if half a dram thereof be taken in Mi●k, they Stir up Venery or a bodily Lust. They are good against the Plague, and any infectious disease, against the Fluxes of the belly, proceeding of cold hu●o●s, they strengthen the retentive faculty, and make the breath sweet, and stay vomiting also. They are much used in the Kitchen both in broths, Sa●ces, and sticking of meat. The Chemical oil of Cloves is good in a Quart●●ine Ague, in long weakness, and debility of the Stomach, (for it doth take away crudity and expel wine) in Fluxes of the belly, and very useful for the aforesaid diseases, if two or three drops be given in beer or wine, as also for the Headache, the mould of the head being shorn and anointed therewith, for the toothache, if a few drops be put into an hollow Tooth with a little Lint, to clear the Eyesight, and to be put into perfumes for Gloves, Leather, and the like, the Cl●ves themselves for their excellent scent, serving as a special part in all sweat powders, sweat waters, perfuming pots, etc. The powder of the dried Cloves, being put into the eyes, taketh away the Web therein. As they are hurtful for young people, and Col●rick Complexions, so they are profitable for old persons, and phlegmatic, and such as are Rheumatic, and that in the Winter season.    

CHAP. CXXXV. Of Clove-Gillo-flowers.  

The Names.  
ANd here it will be very proper to speak of Clove-Gillo-flowers also, both for their name, scent, and virtues, wherein▪ they resemble one the other. It is wonder that so beautiful a flower should be concealed from the Ancient Writers, yet there is no question but they would have given it a name, had they known it; which I cannot find that any of the Greeks did. It is called of the latter Herbarists, Caryophylleus flis, of the smell of Cloves, wherewith it is possessed, Ocellus Damascenus, Ocellus Barbaricus, and Barbarica; of some Vetonica, Vetonica altilis, and Vetonica Superba: yet Ruellius saith, that this flower is not like to that of Vetonica or Cantabrica; and of some, Herba tunica, in English Carnations and Clove-Gillo-flowers, and of some Pinks.   

The Kind's.  
So sundry and divers are these sorts of Gilliflowers, of such variable Colours, and also several shapes, that it cometh not within the skill of a good Florist to name them all, every Country bringing forth new sorts; some whereof are called Carnations, others Clove-Gillo-flowers, some Sops in Wine, some Pagiants, or Pagion colour, Horseflesh, bl●nket, purple, and white double Gilliflowers: many of them growing to be as big as an Ordinary Rose, which in France and in the low Countries, whence most of them are brought, have received particular names, as Picolomeny, The Prince of Wales, Prince of Harcourt, Apelles, non Apparel, and divers others. There be likewise some single sorts of these, and many more of Pinks, which I shall leave to be particularised by some exacter Florist, than myself.   

The Form.  
The great Carnation Gillyflower hath a thick woody root, from which riseth up many strong jointed stalks, se● with long green Leaves by couples: on the top of the stalks, do grow very fair flowers of an excellent sweet smell, and pleasant Carnation Colour, whereof it took its name, being a flesh-Colour.   

The Places and Times.  
If the judgement of some, that our Caryophyllus and the Cantabrica of Pliny be the same be right, it was first found out in Spain about Augustus' time, and that by those of Biscay. It is now propagated throughout all the Countries of Europe, and further for aught I know; and is almost as famous as the Rose both in Beauty, and smell, but much more for variety, Nature sporting herself more in the variations of these flowers, than any other. Most of them, especially the Carnations, will hardly endure the coldness of our Climate, and therefore they are commonly set in Pots, and so kept from the extremity of cold by removing them into houses or some other warm place. The Clovegilliflowers and divers others, and also Pinks are set in Beds, and do commonly withstand the sharpest Winters. The chief time of their flourishing is in July, and therefore some will have them to be called July Flowers, yet some of them continue their flowers till the end of Summer: the seeds ripening in the mean time, which may be sown in April.   

The Temperature.  
They are gallant temperate flowers, yea so temperate that no excess neither in heat cold dryness nor moisture can be perceived in them, yet some say that they are hot and dry.   

The Virtues.  
Though some of these flowers are admired for their bigness, and others for their party coloured Leaves, yet the purple Clove Gillyflowers are deservedly accounted to have the greatest Virtue in Physic. The conserve made of the Flowers and Sugar, is exceeding Cordial, and wouderfully above measure, doth Comfort the heart, being eaten now and then, which is very good also against the Plague or any kind of Venom. It is likewise good not only for the falling sickness, Pal●y, Gideinesse, and the Cramp, but for the pestilence. Mathiolus saith, that the juice of the Flowers, and stalks being stamped and Four Ounces of the expressed juice, being drunk by one that is infected, is a sure Remedy. The Syrup o● the ●aid Flowers strengthens the heart, liver & stomach; refresheth the vital Spirits & is a good Cordial in ●eavers though hot & penitential, expelling the poison and ●ury of the disease, and greatly comforting those that are sick of any other disease, where the Heart hath need of relief. Moreover the Leaves of the Flowers▪ put into a glass of Vinegar, and set in the Sun for certain days▪ do make a pleasant Vinegar, and very good to revive one of a swoon, the Nostrils and Temples being washed therewith. And is good also to preserve from the pestilence being used in like manner. The said leaves being pickled with Vinegar and Sugar▪ are a pleasant and dainty Sauce, stir up the Appetite, and are also of a Cordial faculty. Both the Conserve and Syrup above mentioned may be had at any Apothecaries, and now and then a little of either being taken doth strengthen Nature much, in such as are in Consumptions. They are used also in wounds of the head, they draw our pieces of Bones the skull being broken, ease the Headache, and pains of the Teeth being thereto applied.    

CHAP. CXXXVI. Of Lign-Aloes.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Agallochum and Xyloaloe; in Latin also Xylaloes; in English, Lign-Aloes, Wood-Aloes, or Wood of the Aloe-tree; mention whereof is made in the five and fortieth Psalm, together with Myrrh and Cassia: so that it may from thence be gathered, that it is not the dried juice of the Herb-Aloes, but the odoriferous Wood of this Tree, mentioned also in the four and twentieth of Numbers, being the Parable of Balaam, concerning the beauty of Jacob, where he saith, How goodly are thy tents O Jacob, and thy Tabernacles O Israel▪ As the Valleys are they spread forth, as Gardens by the River side, as the Trees of Lign-Aloes, which the Lord hath planted, etc.   

The Kind's.  
Serapio reckoneth up divers sorts of this wood, and Ruellius speaketh of four, yet Garcias saith, that he knew but one sort of true Lignum Aloes, that grew in India; and that the other sorts which were so called, were but Sweet-woods assimulating it, or at most, but a wild kind.   

The Form.  
I cannot be so exact in the description hereof as I would, therefore I must entreat you to accept of what follows. Garcias saith, that the Tree is like unto an Olive-tree, and sometimes greater: now an Olive growing in some places, is found to be as big as a great Walnut-tree, so that hence you may judge of the proportion of it, but I cannot meet with any one that ever saw the Flower or fruit, Garcias having only the Branches thereof brought unto him to see, unless it were Serapio, who saith, that it beareth small Berries, like unto Pepper, but red; yet Garcias maketh some doubt thereof. The Wood is somewhat blackish on the outside, and more grey, and somewhat discoloured with Veins within▪ The best is that which is knobbed, or in uneven pieces, very brittle, and breaking short, of a bitter taste, and small scent, until it be burned; but than it yields a most fragrant odour or smell, sweeting forth an Oily moisture, at its first putting into the fire, and that with small bubbles, which soon vanish away; and being put into water, it will swim, though some affirm the contrary.   

The Places and time  
The true Lign-Aloes groweth in Malacca, and Summatra, being both in the East-Indies, in places that are very dangerous, by reason of the Tigers that haunt those Coasts, which is the Reason why the form hath been so little mentioned by the ancient Writers, and the time not at all spoken of.   

The Temperature.  
It is hot and dry in the second, or as some say, in the third Degree, astringent, and a little bitter, and of subtle parts.   

The Virtues.  
Those Powders and Electuaries wherein this Wood is a main Ingredient, do strengthen all the inward parts, but especially the heart, which it doth wonderfully corroborate against fainting of the Spirits, and cold Disease's of the Heart, and in the next place the Brain which it strengtheneth and drieth, and therefore is useful in the Apoplexied Pal●e Lethargy, and lo●e●o memory, by stopping the defluxions of rheumatic humour, that cause the same. It he p Dysenteries or Lasks, and Pleurisies and hinders swe●ting. It doth strengthen a weak and languishing stomach▪ taketh away putre action, drieth up humidity, and expelleth Wind. By reason of its bitterness, it killeth worms, and is put into divers Cordials and Antidotes. It helps also the cold Diseases of the Womb. The extract thereof is good for the forementioned Diseases. It is used outwardly in Fumigations, to dry up Rheum, and in Quits ●or the same purpose. A Fumigation thereof (some say) provoketh the Flowers in Women. It is very profitable also, to be used in the Disease's of the Liver and Spleen▪ opening the obstructions thereof, and strengthening them if as much of the Powder of it, as will lie on a Groat, be taken fasting, three mornings together, either in Broth or Wine.    

CHAP. CXXXVII. Of Cinnamon.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin likewise Cinnamomum, and Cinamomum, as also Canella and Cassia, in English Cinnamon Canel and Cassia▪ Garcias saith that the name of Cinamomum was given by those o● Ormus, that bought it of the Chinese, as though it were Ch●na Amomum then which Scaliger in his notes on him, saith▪ Nothing could be more unfitly or foolishly spoken; for China is but the corrupt pronunciation of the portugals for Sina, and what affinity (saith he) hath Amomum with Cassia Cinamomum being so ancient a word, that we find it in sundry places of the Bib●e as Exod. 30. 23 Proverbs 7. 17. and Cantic. 4. 14. Yet some are of Opinion, that Scaliger is too quick and self-conceited, and that Garcias his say may hold good.   

The Kind's.  
The great distance between Us, and those places where the Cinnamon groweth, hath not suffered any of our rare observers of Simples, to continue so long in those parts, as to give Us perfect satisfaction concerning the Sorts of it▪ so that there is a great Dispute whether Cinnamon, Canell and Cassia, be distinct things, ●r the same, Gerard is of Opinion, that Canel, and Cinnamon are the same, and th●● Cassia lignea is a Bastard kind thereof, being very like in show, but in sweetness, and other circumstances belonging to Cinnamon, f●r inferior.   

The Form.  
The Tree which hath the Cinnamon for his Bark, hath a Body about the thickness of a Man's Thigh; but that which is taken from the smaller Branches, is much better than that which is taken from the Body, which Branches or Boughs are many, and very strait, whereon do grow beautiful leaves, in shape like those of the Orange-Tree, and of the colour of the bayleaf, (not as it hath been reported) like unto the leaves of Flags, or Flower▪ 〈…〉 uce: amongst these pleasant leaves and branches, come for●h many fair white Flowers, which turn into round or black fruit or Berries, of the bigness of an Hazelnut, or the Olive-Berry, and of a black colour: out of which, is pressed an Oil, having no smell, till it be chafed between the hands: It is covered with a double Bark, the innermost whereof, is the true and pleasant Cinnamon, which is taken from the Tree, and cast upon the ground in the heat of the Sun, which maketh it turn and fold itself round together, as may be perceived upon view thereof. The Tree being thus peeled, recovereth a new Bark in the space of three years, and is then ready to be disbarqued as before. That Cinnamon which hath a pale colour, hath not been well dried in the Sun; that of a fair brown colour is best; and that which is blackish, hath been too much dried, and also hath taken some wet in the time of drying.   

The Places and Time.  
The chiefest places where the Cinamon-tree groweth, are Zo●lan, and Malavar; but those of Zeilan are the best, they grow in other of the Moluccaes' Islands, as Java the greater and the less, and also in Mindanoa, for the most part upon Mountains. It groweth green Winter and Summer, as do all other Trees of the Moluccaes', and East-Indies for the most part: The Bark is taken off, at seasonable times, and not without express Licence from the King of the Country.   

The Temperature.  
Cinnamon is hot and dry in the third Degree, or hot in the third Degree, and dry in the second. Cassia lig●ea is hot and dry in the third degree. The first is of subtle parts, and very Aromatical.   

The Virtues.  
The distilled water of Cinnamon, comforteth the heart, and vital parts, corroborateth and strengtheneth the Stomach, Brain, Nerves, and other cold parts of the Body: it easeth the pains of the Wind-colic, provokes the Courses and Urine, hasteneth the Birth: it preventeth and correcteth putrefaction of humours, resisteth poison, stayeth vomiting, and helpeth nauseousness of the Stomach: It is frequently used in Cardiack passions, or passions of the heart, fainting of the Spirits, and in trembling of the heart: It causeth sweetness of breath, and brings a good colour in the face: it strengtheneth the retentive faculty of all the parts, by drying up, and consuming the moisture thereof. It is used in the Dropsy, and Cough proceeding of moisture. In brief, it avails in all cold Diseases of the Head, Stomach, and Womb, and is most convenient for cold and moist Bodies, and is much used in Lasks, or looseness of the Body, to ease the pains and frettings of the ●uts and entrails. The Oil drawn Chemically, prevaileth against the pains of the Breast, comforteth the Stomach, causeth good digestion, and being mixed with some Honey, taketh away spots from the face, being anointed therewith. Cassia Lig●ea comforteth the Stomach, Liver, and all the principal parts, openeth Obstructions or stops, disperseth gross humours, repelleth wind, provokes Urine, and Woman's Courses, and doth much facilitate, or has●en the Birth. Being cast on Coals, and the smoke taken at the Nose, drieth up Rheums and Catarrhs, that proceed from co●d and moist humours. Also a sustumigation thereof, helpeth the pain of the Womb, and the stops thereof. Being mixed with Honey, and applied it dissolveth swell and hard tumors A decoction hereof with Whitewine and Rose-water, is commended against the ●●inking of the Armholes, if the pla●e be bathed therewith; and the same is good to wash sore mouths and Gums. Both this and Cinnamon are more useful in Winter, then in Summer.    

CHAP. CXXXVIII. Of Viper's bugloss.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Echium 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Alc●biadion, and Alcibion, or Alc●b●acum of the first under thereof; who being bitten by a Viper▪ gathered this Herb, and chewing it, swallowing down the juice and applying the rest of the Herb to the bitten place freed himself from danger. Apulcius saith, it was called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Theriorr●●on, Viperearad●x, an● 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, from the form of the Seed, whi●h as Dioscorides saith, is like the head of a Viper, and thereof took the name Echium: yet some others say from the effects in the Roots to cure the bitings of the Serpent, or which is as likely, because the stalks are speckled like a Serpent's Skin: in Latin also Echium of most Authors, yet of some Buglossum sylvestre V●perinum.   

The Kind's.  
The Sorts of Viper's bugloss are twelve. 1. The common Viper's bugloss. 2. White flowered Vipers Bug●osse. 3. Red flowered Viper's bugloss. 4. Viper's bugloss, with dar●, reddish, purp●e Flowers. 5. Red flowered Vipers Bug●osse of Candy. 6. Spotted Vipers bugloss of Candy. 7. Dwarf yellow Viper's bugloss. 8. The least yellow Bastard Viper's bugloss. 9 The small white Viper's Bug●osse. 10. Small Spanish Viper's Bug●osse with Spurs. 11. Hoary white Viper's bugloss of Candy. 12. B●ack Viper's bugloss of Candy.   

The Form.  
The Common Viper's bugloss hath many long rough Leaves, lying on the ground, from among which rise up divers hard round stalks, very rough, as if they were thick set with prickles, or hairs, having many black spots on them also ●ike unto the Skin of a Viper whereon are set such like long, rough h●ir●, or prickly sad green leaves, somewhat narrow, the middle Rib for the most part being white, the Flowers stand at the tops of the stalks, branched forth into many spiked leaves of Flowers, bowing or turning like the Turne-sole, all of them opening for the most part on the one side, which are long and hollow, turning up the brims a little, of a Purplish Violet colour, in them that are fully blown, but more reddish while they are in the Bud, and not blown open: as also upon their decay and withering; but in some places, of a paler Purple colour, with a long pointel in the middle, feathered or pointed at the top: after the Flowers are fallen, the Seeds (growing to be ripe, and enclosed in round heads) are blackish, cornered, and pointed somewhat like unto the Head of a Viper: the Root is somewhat great and blackish, and woody, when it groweth toward Seedtime, and perisheth in the Winter.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth wild almost every where. The second about the Castle-walls of Lewes in Sussex. The third and fourth in Hungary and Austria. The fifth and sixth in Candy. The seventh and tenth in Spain. The eighth and ninth on the Hills in the Kingdom of Naples, as Columna reporteth. The eleventh and twel●th in Candy. They all flower in Summer, and their Seed is ripe quickly after.   

The Temperature.  
These Herbs are cold and dry of Temperature.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
The Roots, or Seeds of Viper's bugloss, are very effectual to comfort the heart, and to expel sadness and melancholy, proceeding from no external or apparent cause. It tempers the Blood, and allayeth hot fits of the Agues. The Seed drunk in Wine, procureth abundance of Milk in women's Breasts, easeth the pains in the Loins, Back and Kidneys. It is likewise, as you have heard, an especial remedy against the bitings of Vipers, and all other Serpents, or venomous Creatures: as also against Poison, and poysonful Herbs. It is added by D●oscorides, and others, that whosoever shall take of the Herb, or Root, before they be bitten, shall not be hurt by the poison of any Serpent, the Signature both of the stalk and Seed, holding out much to this purpose. The distilled water of the Herb, when it is in Flower, or his chiefest strength, is excellent to be applied, either inwardly or outwardly, for all the griefs aforesaid. There is a Syrup made hereof, very effectual for the comforting of the heart, and expelling sadness and melancholy, which is made in this manner. Take of the clarified juice of common Viper's bugloss four pound, of fine Sugar three pound, of the infusion of the Flowers thereof one pound; boil these gently to the consistence of a Syrup, and keep them for use. Having thus spoken to divers Simples appropriated to the Lungs and Heart, which are the Principal entrails of the middle Region, I shall now set down some of those which are available for Stitches, and other distempers of the sides, before I descend into the Abdomen or lower Region: and first.    

CHAP. CXXXIX. Of Carduus Benedictus.  

The Names.  
NEither Carduus Benedictus, or the Blessed Thistle, or the Virtues, were known to the Physicians of old time and therefore you must not expect the Greek name. It is called in Latin Carduus Benedictus, and that worthily for the singular Virtues that it hath; in English, Holy Thistle, and Blessed Thistle; but more commonly Carduus Benedictus, according to the Latin name. Some excellently seen in the knowledge of Simples, have made it a kind of Wild Bastard Saffron, called in Latin Attractilis, and in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because Women in old time were wont to use the stiff stalk thereof, pro fuso & colo, for a Spindle or a Distaff: It is named also Fucus agrestis, and Colus rustica, and the Women in Greece, as Petrus Bellonius reporteth, call Attractylis, by a corrupt name Ardactyla, even at this day. Divers call it Carthamus Sylvestris, & Cnicus Sylvestris; in English, Wild Bastard Saffron.   

The Kind's.  
The Sorts hereof, as you have already heard, are two. 1. Carduus Benedictus, or the Blessed Thistle. 2. Attractylis, or Wild Bastard Saffron.   

The Form.  
Carduus Benedictus, or Blessed Thistle, hath round, rough, and pliable stalks, which being parted into divers Branches, do lie flat on the ground: the leaves are jagged round about, and full of harmless prickles on the edges: the heads on the tops of the stalks are set with prickles, and environed with sharp pricking Leaves; out of which standeth a yellow Flower: the Seed is long, and set with white hairs at the top, like a Beard: the Root is white, and parted into strings, the whole Herb, Leaves, and Stalks, and also the Heads, are covered with a soft and thin Down.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth naturally in Lem●os, which is an Island of the Mediterranean Sea, in the Champion grounds thereof, as Petrus Bellonius testifieth. It is diligently cherished in Gardens in these Northern parts. The second groweth in Candy, and in divers Provinces and Islands of Greece, and also in Languedock, and is entertained in our English Gardens. The first flowreth in July and August, at which time it is especially to be gathered for Physical uses; for than it will remain good a year or longer. Attractylis is very late before it flowreth, and seedeth.   

The Temperature.  
As Carduus Benedictus is bitter, so it is also hot and dry in the second Degree; and withal, cleansing and opening▪ Attractylis doth dry, and moderately digest as Galen teacheth.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
By the Prickles upon the Stalks and Leaves of Carduus, are clearly signified, that the herb itself is an excellent remedy for the Pleurisy and St●●ches wherewith the sides are sometimes distempered, if the Decoction in posset drink or the distilled water thereof be taken. It helpeth also the swimming of the head, strengtheneth the memory, and is a good remedy against cea●nesse, killeth worms, provoketh Urine, and the Courses, and driveth out gravel, and cleanseth the Stomach. It is most excellent in Pestilent Fevers, and all contagious Disease's; for it expelleth out by sweat, all noxious or ill humours. It is very good in any kind of Ague, either the decoction thereof being taken, or half a dram of the Powder in Posset-drink, before the fit cometh, for divers fits, if need require and sweat after it. It is very available likewise against Venom and poison. Though the distilled water is useful for the aforesaid Diseases, yet the decoction is much better. The extract thereof is good against the French Pox, and the Quartan Ague. The green Herb bruised and applied, is good against hot swell, as Wildfire, Plague-Sores, Botches; and it is good also to be laid upon the bitings of mad Dogs, Serpents, Spiders, Bees, or Wasps, or any other venomous Creature. The Powder stoppeth blood at the Nose, being applied. The juice thereof cleareth the sight, being put into the Eyes, and taketh away the redness of them, and so doth the water. Being bruised with a little Hogs-grease, and a little Wheat mixed therewith, it cures stubborn and rebellious Ulcers, if it be applied thereto. It is used against the Gangrene also. For all which notable effects, it hath been called Omnimorbia, that is, a Salve for every Sore.    

CHAP. CLX. Of our Lady's Thistle.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, if divers Authors be not mistaken, being as is generally supposed that Plant that Dioscorides mentioneth under that name. It is called in Latin Carduus Lacteus, and Carduus Mariae; in English Our Lady's Thistle, or, the Striped Milky Thistle. Some think it to be Leucacantha, or Spina Alba of the Ancients; others take it to be Leucographis Plinii. Brunfelfius calleth it Carduus Albus, and Camaeleon; Matthiolus and Lobel, Carduus Lacteus, some Carduus Argentatus, and Carduus Ramptarius; others Carduus Leucographus, and Silybum and Acanon Theophrasti.   

The Kind's.  
Although formerly there have been but one sort hereof known to the Herbarists; yet of late, by the diligent search, and observation of some that have been curious, there are found of them three in all, 1. The common Lady's Thistle. 2. Great milky Thistle of a year. 3. The small Spanish milkthistle.   

The Form.  
The Common Lady's Thistle hath divers very large and broad leaves, lying on the ground, cut in, and as it were crumpled, but somewhat hairy on the edges, and of a white green shining colour, wherein are many lines and strikes, of a milky white colour, running all over, and set with many sharp and stiff prickles round about; amongst which rise up one or more strong, round, and prickly stalks, set full of the like leaves, up to the top, where at the end of every branch, cometh forth a great prickly Thistle-like head, strongly armed with pricks, and with bright Purple Thrums, rising out of the middle of them: after they are passed, the Seed groweth in the said heads, lying in a great deal of fine soft white Down, which is somewhat flattish and shining, large and brown: the Root is great, spreading in the ground, with many strings, and small Fibres fastened to them: All the whole Plant is bitter in taste, and therefore supposed not to be without good effects.   

The Places and Time.  
The first is frequent in many parts of this Realm, and particularly, in St. George's Fields near London, in great abundance. The Seed, whereof the second and likewise the last came, were brought out of Spain, by Guillaume Boel. It is thought that the last is the same that Camerarius saith, he picked out of Epithy●●●, and that Ranwolsius gave him, brought out of Syria, because the Seed and Leaves are so very much alike. They flower and seed in June, July, and August, when other sorts of Thistles do.   

The Temperature.  
Our Lady's Thistle is hot and dry in the second Degree, and bindeth moderately, especially the Roots.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
There are upon this Plant also many prickles, and therefore it is good for the Stitches of the side, and other Diseases thereof, by Signature, if the Decoction or Powder thereof be taken. It is also very effectual for Agues, and to prevent and cure the infection of the Plague: as also to open obstructions of the Liver and Spleen, and thereby is good against the Jaundice. It provoketh Urine, breaketh and expelleth the Stone, and is good for the Dropsy. The Root is good for those that are troubled with the Lask, and the Bloody Flix: it stayeth bleedings, wasteth away cold swell, easeth the pain of the Teeth, if they be washed with the decoction thereof. The Seed is held to be as effectual, if not more, for the purposes aforesaid, as also for the Cramp, and so is the distilled water, which besides is often applied, both inwardly to drink, and outwardly with  or Sponges, to the Region of the Liver, to cool the distemperature thereof, and to the Region of the Heart, against swoon and passions of it. The tender leaves having the prickles taken off, and eaten with other Herbs, are exceeding good to cleanse the blood, in the Springtime; and the young stalks peeled and dressed, as the stalks of the other Chardons and wild Artichokes, are good meat, especially for Nurses to increase their milk, which it doth by Signature also.    

CHAP. CXLI. Of Camomile.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, of Dioscorides: and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of Theophrastus; and of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the whiteness of the flowers; an● 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, quod Maliod 〈…〉 〈◊〉, of the sc●●t of an Apple, or Quince. It is called by some also in Latin Lauco 〈…〉 and Ambomis: but most generally Cham●●lum, and of some, Changed 〈…〉 illa as it it in the Apothecary's shops. Some call the Garden C 〈…〉 be, both single and double, C 〈…〉 lum Ronanum adoratius & nobile, thinking them to be sweeter than the wild kind: which last, by manuring, will have a good scent as the former. Mayweed, which is a kind hereof, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cynanthemis, and Cynobotane, that is, Camomilla Canina, and Canina herba; in Latin Cotula, Cotula Fatida and Cotulan●n Fatida: in English Mayweed with a strong and no scent; and of Country people, Mathern.   

The Kind's.  
Of Camomile and May-weed there be ten sorts, 1. Ordinary Camomile, 2. Naked Camomile, 3. Double flowered Camomile, 4. Small Camomile of Africa, 5. Great Spanish Camomile, 6. Sweet Spanish Camomile, 7. Small hoary Spanish Camomile, 8. Unsavoury Mountain Camomile, 9 Stinking May-weed, 10. May-weed without any scent.   

The Form.  
Our Ordinary Camomile is well known to all, to have many small trailing branches, set with very fine Leaves, bushing and spreading thick over the ground, taking root still as it spreadeth: the tops of the Branches have white flowers with yellow thrums in the middle, very like unto Feather-few, but more soft and gentle in handling, which give a small white seed not observed by many, and being cast into the ground will grow as other seed doth; the whole Herb is of a very sweet scent.   

The Places and Time.  
Ordinary Camomile groweth wild familiarly in many places of this Land, as on Putney Heath near the Windmill, and upon Barnes Common in Surry, and else where. The May-weed that stinketh not, groweth many times amongst the Corn, as the stinking sort very Commonly doth. The Naked and Double sort grow only in Gardens. The fourth was found by Boel in Africa by Tunis. The fifth, sixth, and seventh in divers places of Spain. The Eighth in sundry places of Spain also. They all flower in Summer, but some earlier than others.   

The Temperature.  
Camomile, saith Galen, is hot and dry, in the first degree, and of thin parts; it is of force to digest, slacken, and rarify; it healeth moderately, and drieth little.   

The Virtues  
The decoction of Camomile made and drunk helpeth all panes and stitches in the side▪ the Colic, Stone, and wind in the Belly, or Stomach, and expelleth tough and clammy Phlegm, as also cold Humours, provoketh sweat, brings down the Courses in Women and provokes Urine. It is very profitable for Agues that come of Phlegm or Melancholy, or from an Inflammation of the Bowels; and for the Hypoc●ondres, that is, the sides and that part where the Liver and Spleen ly●, there can be nothing more acceptable than it. The bathing of a decoction of Camomile, taketh away weariness and easeth pains, to what part soever of the body it be applied besides it comforteth the Sinews, that are overstreined and mollifieth all swell. It moderately comforteth all parts that have need of warmth, and digesteth, and dissolveth whatsoever hath need thereof, by a wonderful speedy property. The flowers boiled in Posset drink provoketh sweat, and helpeth to expel colds, aches, and pains wheresoever, the 〈◊〉 i●●n excellent help to bring down women's courses. A Syrup made of the juice of double Camomile saith Baubi●●s: but Garden Camomile, say Pena and Lobel, with the flowers, and white wine, is a remedy against the Jaundice and dropsy, that cometh by the evil disposition of the Spleen. The Lie, where in the flowers have been boiled, is very good to wash the head, and to comfort both it and the brain. It is said that a Stone which hath been taken out of the body of a man, being wrapped in Camomile will in a short time dissolve; whence it may be gathered that it is excellent for the Stone, if the Syrup or decoction thereof betaken, or else a dram of the Salt of it in a little white or Rhenish wine in a morning. The Egyptians were wont to use the Oil, made of the Flowers, against all Agues, by anointing the patiented from Head to Foot therewith, which is also very available for the external uses aforesaid. May-weed is often used with good success, for the same purposes, that Camomile is, especially the ordinary sort. They are both put into Glisters, but especially, Camomile.    

CHAP. CXLII. Of Sweet Trefoil or Balsam.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, but whether it be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 there is some diversity of opinions amongst Authors. Most of the best sort take it to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, of Discorides; in Latin Lotus satius or Vrbana, yet Matthiolus taketh it to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Lotus silvestris, and so do Anguillara and Castor Durantes: but Fuschius saith, that the Greeks call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and the Latins Frifolium Odoratum, which is the name by which it is best known, both in Latin, and English. For if it be gathered and kept dry in the house, it doth in some sort retain the scent, it had growing; but against rainy weather, it smelleth so strong, that some have desired to lay it in their Chamber, to be as it were their Almanac, to show them the weather. It is called of many women now a day's Balsam, for the Singular healing properties it hath.   

The Kind's.  
Unto this kind are referred th●se Four sorts, 1. Sweet Trefoil or Balsam, ●. Strong Smelling Claver, 3. Strong smelling Claver of America, 4. Claver ● America.   

The Form.  
The Sweet Trefoil riseth up with one strong round whitish stalk, about half a yard, or two foot high, spreading forth many branches on all sides, where about are set many Leaves with long foot stalks, three always set together, of a whitish green colour, very soft and somewhat dented about the Edges, of the scent of Fenngreek which is thought to alter seven times a day, but it is but a fancy: at the tops of the branches stand many flowers closely set together, each of them like unto those of Melilot, but larger, and of a bleak or pale watchet blue colour; after which come round white heads, containing dark yellowish coloured Seed: the Root is small white and threddy, perishing every year, but riseth again from the seed that shedd●th, or by being sown in the Spring.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth not wild in Italy, France, or Germany, but with them all is sown in their Gardens, and so it is with us. And even D●oscoides saith, it grew in Gardens in his time, as not growing wild in Greece or other places that he had heard of. The Second groweth about M●●pelier and Marseilles, as Pena and Lobel say, and is a stranger at Venice, and other places of Italy, as well as in Germany, and with us, and only to be found in the Gardens of those which are rare conservers of plants. The last came from America as is supposed. The first flowreth in June and July and doth always perfect his Seed; but the other, because they flower later, do often miss to give good seed so, that we are often to seek for them again.   

The Temperature.  
Galen saith, that Sweet Trefoil or Garden Claver (for so Gerard calls it) doth in a mean concoct and dry, being temperare between heat and cold, to which Gerard ass●enteth; yet Fuschius saith, it is hot and dry in the third degree, which is more likely to be the temperature of the strong smelling Claver, called in Latin Trifolium 〈◊〉.   

The Virtues.  
The Oil made of the Leaves and Flowers of Sweet Trefoil, is a Sovereign Remedy for all Stitches, Aches, Cramps, lameness of the Joints and Sinews, for all bruises and Bursting of Young Children, and generally all other the like outward diseases, whether they proceed of Heat or Cold. It is wonderfully ex 〈…〉ed for dissolving all hard swell, bunches, or wens in any part of the body; as also for repressing moderately, all inflammations, and helpeth to digest all corrupt and rotten fores, bringing them to maturity, and healing them perfectly. It is admi●ed also for its rare properties, in healing green sores, as well as Old Ulcers, as also to ease the pain of the Gout. The juice of the green Herb, is used with honey to be dropped into the Eyes, to help the Ulcers, that happen therein, and taketh away all manner of Spots, as Pin or Haw as also all skins that grow over them to hinder the ●ight. The distilled water is good to wash children's ●eads that are broken out with scurf or Scabs. The Leaves are laid in Chests and Presses, to keep Moths from Garments. The decoction of the strong smelling Claver, made in wine and drunk, easeth the pains of the sides coming by obstructions and provoketh Urine, as Hypocrates saith, it helpeth women who after their Delivery are not well purged or cleared of the Afterbirth, it provoketh their Courses also, and helpeth to expel the birth. Divers Authors writ that the Decoction of the whole plant is very effectual against all Venomous Creatures; & that if the said decoction which hath been applied to one that hath been bitten, be afterwards applied to one that hath not been bitten, he that was not bitten shall feel the pains of him that was bitten, and he that was bitten, shall feel none; Nay, some writ that the decoction is very dangerous to be used by any but those who are bitten: so that those that need not a remedy shall be sure to find a malady: but no more of that. The Flowers Leaves or Seed either altogether or each severally by itself, being boiled in Vinegar, and a little honey added thereto, being drunk, is a special remedy for them that are stung or bitten by any venomous Creature. The seed is of most force with Galen, who appointeth it to be put in Treacles, that he prescribed for divers persons. The seed also boiled in honeyed water, and drunk, is Singular good, for the Pleurisy; provoketh Urine and allayeth the heat thereof, and is good for the Strangury. It helpeth those that have the Falling Sickness and is Singular good for women that have the rising and strangling of the Mother, whereby they often seem to be dead. The same decoction also is good for those that have the dropsy, and taken before the fit, either of tertian or quotidian Ague, it lesseneth the fits both of heat and cold, & by often using it doth quite take them away: three drams of the seed, or four of the Leaves powdered, and given in drink provoketh women's monthly Courses effectually. What effects the two latter sorts will work, hath not been tried, but its thought they are near the same with the former.    

CHAP. CXLIII. Of Melilote  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, quasi Mellita Lotus, that is, a kind of Lotus smelling like Honey. In Latin anciently, it was called Sertula Campana, because the flowers growing in the fields of Campania were used to be put into Garlands; and Corona Regia, because of the yellow flowers which do Crown the top of the Stalks, but some call it Trefolium Odoratum, which is the plant declared in the former Chapter. Some also call it Trefolium Equinum or Caballinum, because horses are said to love it, and to grow fat by eating thereof. In English we call it generally Melilote, after the Greek; and sometime Kings Claver, and sometimes Harts Claver, because Staggs and Dear delight to feed upon it.   

The Kind's.  
There be seven sorts of Melilote, 1. Common melilote, 2. white flowered Melilote, 3. Italian Melilote, 4. Assyrian Melilote, 5. Egyptian Melilot, 6. Spanish Melilot, which hath spotted Leaves, 7. East Indian Melilote.   

The Form.  
The common Melilote hath many green stalks, about half a yard high, or somewhat more, rising from a tough, long, white Root, which dyeth not every year; set round about at the joints, with small, and somewhat long, strong well smelling Leaves, three always set together, unevenly dented about the edges: the Flowers are yellow, and well smelling also, made like other Trefoils, but smaller, standing in long spikes one above another, for an hand breadth long or better, which afterwards turn into long crooked Cod, wherein are contained, flat Seeds, somewhat brown.   

The Places and Time  
The first is found in many places of this Land plentifully, as on the further side of the ditch, on the left hand, between the foot of Heddington Hill and Oxford, in the edge of Suffolk, in divers places of Essex, and Huntingtonshire, and other places more sparingly, either in the Corn-helds, or in the corner of Meadows. The second groweth not in any place of this Land naturally, but is very frequent in Germany, and is only nursed up in Gardens with us. The third came to us from Italy, and by that Italian name we call it still. The fourth is said by Pena and Lobel, to come first from Aleppo in Syria to Venice, and from thence to us. The fifth is peculiar only to Egypt. The sixth was found upon the Mountains of Castille in great plenty. The last came immediately out of Italy; yet it is supposed, that it came from the East-Indies thither. They do all flower in the Months of June and July, and their Seed is ripe quickly after.   

The Temperature.  
Galen saith, that Melilote is of a mixed quality; for it hath a little astringency in it, and yet it doth digest; for the warming or hot faculty, is more abundant therein then the cold.   

The Virtues.  
The Egyptian Melilote, as Alpinus saith, the Seed whereof is only used by them, being boiled, and the places grieved someneed, and bathed with the warm decoction, is very effectual against the pains of the sides, the Pleurisy, and Perip●●umonia, which is an Impostume of the Lungs; as also the pains of the Colic, and Wind in the Belly: the windiness, or strangling of the Mother, or any griefs thereof, to sit over the decoction thereof; and if Fenugreek, or Linseed, or Camomile Flowers, be added thereto, it helpeth all Tumours, or hard swell thereof, to provoke the monthly Courses, and to open the obstruction of the Veins, & afterwards to strengthen the parts. And it is thought, that our English Melilote is as good for all the purposes aforesaid, nay better, if Mr. Culpepper mistake not, where he saith, that such things as grow in England, are fittest for English Bodies. Besides, the Compound Plaster of Melilote, having some of the Meal of the Seed therein, is of power to dissolve hardness, windiness, tumours and swell both of the Spleen, Liver and Belly: as also mightily to ease the pain of the i● all, and to heal the Hypoch●●dria, or forepart of the Belly, about the short Ribs, when it is stretched or cracked by the swelling thereof: it wonderfully assuageth any other like pain and is good for the Ricke●s. But there is another Plaster or Salve, called Melilote, which is much used, to draw and heal all Sores and Wounds, that need cleansing, and is made of the Juice of the green young Melilote boiled with Rosin, Wax, Sheeps-Tallow, and some Turpentine, which if it be well made, will be almost as green as the Herb itself, and smell very strong thereof, although it be two or three years old. The juice dropped into the Eyes, cleareth the sight, and taketh away the Web, Pearl, or Spots therein: it helpeth also the pains of the Ears, dropped into them; and steeped in Vinegar or Rose-water, it helpeth the Headache. It also mollifieth hard Tumours and Inflammations that happen in the Eyes or other parts of the Body, as the Seat o● Fundament, and the privy parts of Man or Woman, being boiled in Wine, and laid to the place; and sometimes the yolk of a roasted Egg, or the Powder of Fenegreek, or Linseed, or fine Flower, or Poppy-Seed, or Endive, is added unto it. The Flowers of Melilote and Camomile, are much used in Glisters, to expel Wind, and to ease pains: as also in Poultices, that are made for the same purpose, and to assuage swell or Tumours, that happen in the Spleen, or other parts. It helpeth Wens, after it is boiled in water, and also running Ulcers of the Head, if it be applied with Chalk, Wine, and Galls. It is effectual to be applied to those who have suddenly lost their senses, by any Paroxysm: as also to strengthen the memory, to comfort the Head and Brains, and to preserve them from pains, and the fear of the Apoplexy, if the Head be often washed with the distilled Water of the Herb & Flowers, or a Lie made therewith. If satisfaction enough hath not been given for easing the pain of the sides, here is a qui●t or a bag for the purpose. Take Melilote Flowers, Camomile, Rosemary, and Elder Flowers, of each half an handful, of Bran an handful, of Aniseed, Fennelseed, and Caroway-Seed bruised, of each two Ounces: make a quilted Bag for the side, sprinkle it with Wine, and being made hot, apply it.    

CHAP. CXLIV. Of Oats.  

The Names.  
THis Plant is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, coming peradventure, and as some suppose of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, quod cibum significat, because in former times it was the most usual food in many places, as Pliny testifies, which is very likely to be true; for to this day they do so in many places, and even in some Countries with us also, as in Wales, Lincolnshire, Lancashire, etc. not only for Horses, Hogs, and Pullen but for men, making both Bread, Drink, and Pottage, as you shall hear anon. It is called in Latin Avena, and in English Oats, and some give it the general name of Corn and Provender.   

The Kind's.  
There are only two Sorts of Oats, which may justly challenge any room in this Chapter, which are the ordinary sown Field-Oats, and the naked Oats; for the wild Oats are most truly reckoned amongst the Grasses.   

The Form.  
I should not have needed to trouble you with the form hereof, were it not pro Formâ, it being so well known, therefore I shall be but brief in it. The ordinary Oats groweth up with divers tall jointed stalks and leaves, somewhat resembling Wheat, bearing at the tops, a large spread tuft, of many pointed Aglets, hanging down like small winged Birds, from small thred-like stalks, which consist of a husk and a Kernel or Grain, which is small, long and round, like Rye; but longer, and more pointed: the Root is small and threddy.   

The Places and Time.  
They are both sown in our Fields in sundry places, yet the naked Oats nothing so frequent, and do love rather a cold moist ground, than either hot or dry, and are usually, the first Seed is sown upon those grounds that were Woods, after their stocking up. They are Summer Corn, that is, sown in the Spring, and mown in Autumn, or the latter end of Summer.   

The Temperature.  
Galen saith, that Oats are somewhat cold, and drying withal, and nourish little.   

The Virtues▪  
Common Oats put into a linen Bag, with a little Bay-Salt, quilted handsomely for the same purpose, and made hot in a Frying-Pan, and applied as hot as can be endured, easeth the pain in the side, called the Stitch, or Colic in the Belly. Being boiled in water, and the hands or feet of such as are troubled with chaps, chinks, or rists, in those parts (a Disease of great affinity with the Pocks, being called in Latin Serpigo and Impetigo) being holden over the fume or smoke thereof, the Oats being put into a Vessel fit for the purpose: afterwards anointed with that Ointment usually applied contra Morbum Gallicum, and then the Patient covered with Blankets, and made to sweat, it doth perfectly cure the same in six times so anointing and sweeting. A Pultis made of the Meal of Oats, and some Oil of Bays put thereto, helpeth the Itch and the Leprosy: as also the Fistulaes' of the Fundament, and dissolveth hard Impostumes: the Meal of Oats boiled with Vinegar, and applied, taketh away freckles and spots in the face, or other parts of the Body. Oatmeal is usually given in Broth, to bind those that have a Lask, or other Flux, and with Sugar, is to good effect, given to those that have a Cough, or Cold. Oat-meal-Cawdle is a food for those that are newly brought to bed, and for others to whom a very spare diet is commended. I forgot to tell you in the names that they are called Avena vesca, à vescendo, because it is used as I said in many Countries, to make sundry sorts of bread as in Lancashire, where it is their chiefest Breadcorn for Jannocks, Haver-Cakes, Tharffe-Cakes, and those which are generally called Oaten-Cakes; and for the most part they call the Grain Haver, whereof they also make Malt, and thereof make their drink, and are thereby sustained, and live in as good health and strength of body, as those that live on Wheat only; whereby we may well perceive, that it hath a warming quality, rather than a cold, in nourishment: howsoever, it may be cooling in Medicament. Oatmeal is not good to be eaten raw, especially by young Maids; for it will make them look like a Cake of Tallow, especially, if she eat it in a morning, and drink a draught of strong Vinegar after it, which they are too apt to do. Naked Oats are so called, because they are fit for use, as soon as they be threshed without the help of Mill. In Norfolk and Suffolk, where they are most plentiful: the good Housewives that delight not to have store of any thing, but from hand to mouth, do when they want Oatmeal for their present use, go into the Barn, and rub forth with their hands so much as will serve their turn, not willing to provide for to morrow, but to let the morrow provide for itself, as the Scripture saith.    

CHAP. CLXV. Of Valerian.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Nardus agrestis, or Sylvestris, because it is in smell and faculty, like unto Nardus, and in Latin, Valeriana, a multis quibus valet facultatibus. Some also call it Thericaria, because it is a special Ingredient in Treacle, and Herba Benedicta, of Paracelsus, it is called Terdina. The ordinary sort is generally called, both in Shops, and of all other, Phu majus, and Valeriana major hortensis; in English, the great Garden Valerian, and of some, Capons-Tail, and Set-wall; yet Setwall properly is that Zedoaria, or Zerumbeth, that groweth in Malaver, Calcutta, and Cananor, being places of the East-Indies, and not in any of these Christian Countries.   

The Kind's:  
Of Valerians, there may be found these fifteen Sorts. 1. The great Valerian. 2. A Mountain kind of great Valerian. 3. Knobbed Valerian of Candy. 4. Broadleafed wild Valerian of the Alps. 5. Small wild Valerian of the Alps. 6. Summer Valerian. 7. Indian Valerian. 8. Narrow-leafed red Valerian. 9 Rocky Valerian. 10. Small Valerian of a year. 11. Red Valerian. 12. Greek Valerian. 13. Small Valerian. 14. Greater wild Valerian. 15. Lesser wild Valerian.   

The Form.  
The great Valerian hath a thick short grayish Root, lying for the most part above ground, shooting forth on all sides, other such like small pieces, or Roots, which have all of them many long and great strings, or Fibres under them, in the ground whereby it draweth nourishment: from the Heads of these Roots, spring up many green leaves, which at the first are somewhat broad and long, without any division at all in them, or denting on the edges; but those that rise up after, are more and more divided on each side, some to the middle Rib, being winged, as made of many Leaves together on a stalk, and those upon the stalk in like manner, are more divided, but smaller toward the top then below: the stalk riseth to be two or three foot high, sometimes branched at the top, with many small whitish Flowers, sometimes dashed over at the edges, with a pale purplish colour, of a small scent, which passing away, there followeth small brownish white Seed, that is easily carried away with the wind: The Root smelleth more strong, than either Leaf or Flower, and is likewise of more use in Medicine.   

The Places and Time  
The first is said by Dioscorides to grow in Pontus, in the wet ground of Mountains, and other moist places; and is generally kept in our Gardens. The second is found in Savoy, as Camerarius saith. The third grew in Candy. The fourth upon the mountains of Austria and Stiria, and so doth the fift also. The seaventh is said to come from mexico. The Eighth was gathered on mount Baldus. The ninth Fabius, Columna found on the mountains in Naples. The tenth groweth only in the Gardens of the Curious, the natural place being unknown. The Eleventh groweth about Monpelier in France. The Twelfth & Thirteenth are known to grow no where, but in Gardens. The two last, grow commonly in Marshes and wet meadows, by rivers and water sides in our own Country. They do all flower in the Summer-months of June, and July, and the Indian kind sooner if it be saved betime; and continue flowering till the Frosts come, and so doth the Summer or Annual kind also.   

The Temperature.  
Valerian being green hath very little heat, but the roots when they are dried are hot and dry in the first or second degree.   

The Virtues  
The Garden Valerian being dried, and given in drink, doth take away the pains of the sides, provoketh Urine, and helpeth the Strangury; and the Decoction thereof taken doth the like also, and procureth women's Courses, and is used in Antidotes. The same helpeth all Stranglings and Choakings arising in any part, whether be they because of the Pains in the Chest or Sides, and taketh them away. The root boiled with Liquorice, Raisins and Aniseed, is Singular for those which are shortwinded, and have the Cough, and helpeth to open the passages, and to cause Phlegm to be easily Spit out. It is given to those that are bitten or stung by any venomous Creature, being taken in wine, and is of special virtue against the Plague, and expelleth Wind in the Belly. The green Herb and root being bruised, and applied to the head, taketh away the pains and prickings therein, stayeth Pheumes and thin Distillations; and being boiled in white wine, and a drop thereof put into the eye, taketh away the dimness of the sight, or any Pin, Haw or Web therein. It is of excellent property to heal any inward sores or wounds, and draweth any Splintor, or Thorn out of the flesh. The decoction of the Root of the Lesser Valerian, is stronger to resist Poison and infections than the greater, as Matthiolus Saith: It is very profitably applied to assuage the swelling of the Cod caused of cold or wind, if the fumes or vapours of the decoction thereof made with wine be applied warm unto them. The water distilled from the greater Valerian, both Herb & root, in the month of May, is Singular good to be taken fasting, for all the purposes aforesaid; and a good and safe Medicine in time of the Plague; it killeth also the worms in the belly, & is singular good to wash either green wounds or old Ulcers. It is of a great esteem in the Northern parts, where they never make any pottage or broth for any one that is sick, but they put some of this Herb therein, be the disease what it will, and is called of them, The Poor Man's Remedy the decoction of the root being drunk when by taking cold after sweeting or over-heating of their bodies; they be troubled with the Colic or Wind, or are otherwise ways distempered. The Roots being dried and laid among  give a good smell unto them, and the Extraction thereof is a Singular remedy against the yellow Jaundice, and Stops of the Liver, Spleen, and Womb. Wild Valerian is thought of the latter Herbarists to be good for them that are bursten, for such as are troubled with Cramps, or other Convulsions, and for all those that are bruised with Falls. The Leaves of these, and also those of the Garden▪ are good against the Ulcers and soreness of the Mouth and Gums, if the decoction thereof be g●●garized, or held in the mouth. Some are of opinion, that the Roots of wild Valerian dried and powdered, and a dram thereof taken with Wine, doth purge upward and downward. The Greek Valerian is much used to be put in Salves for green wounds, and being but bruised and applied, it healeth them.    

CHAP. CXLVI. Of Stitch-wort.  

The Names.  
SOme take it to be the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of Dioscorides, that is, Tota Ossea in Latin, and All-Bony in English so called, as is supposed by Antiphrasis, because it is an Herb with very tender stalks, somewhat like unto Chick-weed. Others doubt, whether this be that H●lostium or no, because Dioscorides saith, his is sharp, and this is not, which may be caused from their growing in different Climates. Tragus calleth it Eufrasia gramen, and Leonicerus, Eufrasia major: Fuschius, Dodonaeus, and others, Gramen; Leucanthemum, which is its usual Latin name, so called from the pretty white Flowers it beareth. It is called in English Stitch-wort, for its property in helping Stitches and pains in the sides.   

The Kind's.  
There are two principal sorts of Stitch-wort, a greater and a lesser, or an earlier and a later: in each whereof, there be also some diversities, both in respect of bigness of the Herb and Flower, and also in respect of the colour of the Flower.   

The Form.  
The greater Stitch-wort, hath sundry, round slender stalks, rising from the Root, scarce able to sustain themselves, but by the help of the hedges, or other things that grow near it, with two small, long, hard, rough, and pointed Leaves at each of them: at the tops whereof stand many small Flowers, composed of white Leaves, standing like a Star, with some white threads in the middle: the Root runneth, or creepeth in the ground, all about, with many small Fibres thereat.   

The Places and Time.  
The first sort groweth more usually under hedges, and under dry banks of ditches, or the like, and flowreth a month earlier than the other, that is in April, the other is more common in the Cornfields, and elsewhere, in the more open and Champion grounds, and flowreth not until May or June.   

The Temperature.  
Stitch-wort is supposed to be hot and dry in the first or second degree.   

The Virtues.  
This Herb is said to be of wonderful efficacy, to help stitches in the sides, if the powder thereof be drunk in White-wine, especially if some of the Powder of Acorns be added thereunto. Being boiled in Wine, it breaketh the Stone, and is good against the hardness of the Spleen, and Obstructions of the Liver and Gall, it cleanseth the Reins, Bladder and Passages of Urine. The Seed doth vehemently purge by Urine, and stoppeth vomiting. It is much commended of some to clear the Eyes of dimness, or Films, that begin to grow over the sight, to drop some of the juice into them. Dioscorides saith of his Holosteum, which many suppose, as I said, to be our Stitch-wort, that if a Woman drink the Seed of it three days fasting, after that she hath had her natural Courses, and that she happen to conceive within forty days after, it shall be a Manchild: The truth hereof I dare not be so bold as to affirm. If it be of force to cure stitches, as the name imports, and Authors generally write thereof, I have my purpose. It is said also, that it healeth wounds, and that it is used with other simples conducing to the like effect for the Dropsy.    

CHAP. CLXVII. Of Flax.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Linum, both which signify as well the Herb as it groweth, as the same prepared to be spun, and when it is made into Cloth also. And its Linen is so called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because the finest substantial Cloth is made thereof. It was formerly used to make Sails for Ships (but now we make Hemp serve for that, reserving this for better uses) and therefore said to be the thing that joined the most remote Regions together. It is called in English Fl●x and Line.   

The Kind's.  
Clusius and others make mention of eleven several sorts of Flaxes, 1. Manured Flax. 2. The more common wild Flax. 3. Broadleafed blew wild Flax. 4. Broad leafed yellow flowered Flax. 5. Narrow leafed wild Flax, with either white or blue Flowers. 6. Narrow leafed wild Flax, with small Flowers. 7. Narrow leafed wild Flax, with yellow Flowers. 8. Everliving wild Flax. 9 The yellow shrub Flax of Candy. 10. Chamalinum, that is, Dwarf wild Flax, with white Flowers, or Mill-Mountain. 11. Dwaf wild Flax, with Starlike Flowers.   

The Form.  
The manured Flax hath a slender round pliant Stalk, about three foot high, bes●t with narrow, long, and soft Leaves, without Order, branched at the top, into three or four small Branches, each of them bearing two or three fair blue Flowers, made of five pointed Leaves a piece, with some threads in the middle, after which come found Buttons, pointed above, wherein is contained flat, shining, smooth, brown Seed: the Root is small and threddy, perishing every year.   

The Places and Time.  
The first is sown in divers places of this Land, as well as in most Countries beyond the Seas. It prospereth best in a fat and fruitful Soil, and in moist places especially; yet, if it be sown thick in a lean ground, it will be the finer, though not yielding so much: nevertheless, it is said to burn up the ground, and make it barren: and of this Opinion was Virgil, which he testifieth in these words, Vrit Lini Campum Sedges. The time of sowing is the Spring, of flowering June and July of gathering about Bartholomewtide; after which time it is steeped in water, where the Sun cometh till it will peel, and then it is dried & braked, and then hatchelled, which being done, it is fit to be spun at any time. The other sorts are said to grow some in France, some in Spain, some in Germany, and some in our own Land, also as Mill-Mountain, almost every where, Blew wild Flax, on New-Market-Heath; as also Broadleafed wild Flax, and thin-leafed wild Flax. They are all in Flower from Midsummer until August, and some abide longer, the Seed ripening in the mean time.   

The Temperature.  
The Seed of Flax, commonly called Linseed, which is only used in Medicines, is hot in the first degree, and in a mean between moist and dry, as some say; yet Dodonaeus saith, that it hath a superfluous moisture, causing windiness, as he instances in the Inhabitants of Middleborough in Zealand, who for want of Corn, eat thereof, to the great endamagement of their healths.   

The Virtues.  
Linseed boiled in water, and some Honey put unto it, and drunk, is said to ease the pains of the Body, as the Colic and Stitches, & all Inflammations. A Pultis being made thereof with Fenugreek and Mallows, is of good use to mollify and discuss any Tumour, or hardness in any part of the Body, or of the Mother, by fitting in a warm decoction of the Seed or to receive the hot fumes through a Seat for the purpose. Being taken with Raisins, saith Pliny, it helpeth the Obstructions of the Liver, mixed with Nitre, or Salt, and Fig-Tree-Ashes, it easeth the pains and hardness of the Muscles, Sinews, and Arteries, and used with Figs, it ripeneth and digesteth, mixed with wild Cowcumber-Root, it draweth forth splinters, thorns, nails, or any other thing sticking in the flesh, and broken bones also. The decoction thereof made in Wine, and applied to any fretting or running Sore, stayeth it from spreading further: used with as much Cresses, it taketh away the ruggedness of the nails, & with Myrrh & Rosin, it helpeth Ruptures & swell of the Cod; used with Olibanum & water, or Mirth & Wine it helpeth watering Eyes, and mixed with Honey or Suet and Wax and applied, it helpeth the hard Kernels, and swell under the Ears or Throat; it taketh away also the Spots and Blemishes of the skin, Sunburne, and other discolourings. The Oil of Linseed (besides that it is of much use for Painters to fasten their colour, either on Cloth, Wood, Stone, Iron, or Glass, and to burn in Lamps) is good to mollify the hardness and shrinking of the Sinews, helpeth the Piles, the Chaps of the Fundament, and the hardness and pains thereof, and of the Mother; being beaten with red-Rose-water, it is good against burn: The Wild Flax is of like use in most things, and more effectual in some by reason of the bitterness: the decoction hereof with the flowers doth resolve tumors, & lenify inflammations, the arteries, also when they grow hard and stiff, and the swell and sores of the Grain. Mill-Mountaine is said to move the body to Stool. Thus much being sir down, touching the sides and the distempers thereof, I must now creep through them underneath the Diaphragma or Midriff; and there the first thing that presents itself is the Stomach, which is the common receptacle both of Physic that is taken inwardly, as well as Aliment: in both which respects, I shall treat of those Plants which are there unto most appropriated, reserving some of them for the use of the parts below. And because it is more cleanly to wash the Pot before the meat be put in, I shall present you with somewhat to cleanse it, and then to strengthen it, and the other parts of the Body.    

CHAP. CXLVIII. Of Wormwood.  

The Names.  
I It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 impotabile ob amaritudinem, or ingustabile because Cattle will not ●●●d upon it. Dioscorides calleth it also, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, à profundo 〈◊〉 from its extreme bitterness, whereby it killeth Worms, and therefore is called in English Wornie-wood in Latin it is called Absinthium.   

The Kind●.  
There are but three sorts hereof mentioned by ancient Writers, viz. Absinthium Ponticum. 2. Seryphium. 3. Santonicum: yet now I find fifteen. 1. Common Wormwood. 2. True Roman Wormwood. 3. Common Roman Wormwood. 4. Five leafed Wormwood of Austria. 5. Unsavoury Wormwood. 6. White tufted Wormwood. 7. White tufted Wormwood with fine Leaves. 8. The Vasle sians white herb or Wormwood. 9 Hoary Mountain Wormwood. 10. English Sea Wormwood. 11. French Sea Wormwood: 12. German Sea Wormwood. 13. Lavender leafed, Sea Wormwood. 14. Egyptian Wormwood. 15. Wormseed Wormwood, or Levant Wormwood.   

The Form.  
Seeing that the Form of Common Wormwood, is well known, I shall give you the description of the true Roman kind: It hath more slender and shorter stalks than the Common sort, and reasonable large Leaves, yet smaller and more finely cut in, and divided then it, but as white and hoary, both in the Leaves and Stalks: The Flowers also are of a pale yellow colour standing upon the small Branches in the same manner; and but that, it is smaller in each part it is altogether like it; the roots likewise are smaller, less woody, and fuller of fibres: The smell thereof is somewhat Aromatically sweet; and the bitterness is not so loathsome to taste as that of the former.   

The Places and Times.  
The first groweth wild in divers Countries especially in England; The second groweth naturally on divers high Mountains in Italy and Germany, whence it is brought into their Gardens, and into some of ours by them that love rare Plants. The third groweth in Hungaria, and Austria, but it is to be found now, in divers of our Gardens. The fourth is found only in Austria. The fift is kept in Gardens as a ratity, its Original being unknown; The sixth groweth on the Mountains of Austria and Stiria, and on the Mountains thereabouts; The seventh on Mount Baldus, and on Serua one of the Belluni Mountains; The eighth and ninth on the hills among the Valle●●ans; The tenth on the seacoasts in divers places of this land, as also of the Low Countries; The eleaventh near the Sea at Marselles and by Venice also, The Twelfth in Misnia in Germany, The thirteenth about the Coasts of the Venetian Gulf, as also in the Island of Sio. The fourteenth is said to grow in Egypt, but Pena and Lobel doubt thereof. Ranwolfi●s saith, he saw the last growing about Bethlehem in the Land of Jury. It groweth also in other places of Syria and Arabia, whence it hath been brought and made for a while to grow in these parts. They do for the most part Flower in August, saving the two last, which coming out of warm Countries are later than the rest with us.   

The Temperature.  
Common Worm-word is hot in the second degree, and dry in the third, and though it be bitter, and cleansing, yet it is binding and strengthening, and as effectual, if not more, than any of the other.   

The Virtues.  
Whether Wormwood be taken in powder, in decoction, or the juice by itself or the infusion in Wine, it draweth from the tunicles of the Stomach, and Intestines, first Choler, than Phlegm, and also doth strengthen the Stomach. like Alees. It purgeth Choler, likewise from the Reins, and Liver, and that by Urine, It doth much prevail in the Greensickness, Jaundice, and Dropsy, and helpeth such as have obstructed Stomaches, and Livers, the Colic, and gripe in the belly. It cleanseth the Womb and uterine parts, helpeth Crudities, driveth away the Hicket, stayeth Vomiting, brings a good Appetite, expelleth Wind, and prevails in intermittent Agues and Obstructions of the entrails, It preserveth the blood from Putrefaction, and is useful in the pestilence; s also for preventing and resisting drunkenness, Vomiting at Sea, and kill Worms. The Vinegar wherein Wormwood is boiled helpeth a stinking Breath that cometh from the teeth or gums or from corruption in the Stomach, and provokes the terms in Women, and if it be but sleeped in the same and drunken, it helpeth such as have made themselves sick with eating Mushrooms or Toodstooles. The Wine made hereof is good for all the forementioned purposes, except in such as have Fevers. Being outwardly applied, it killeth Worms in the Belly or Stomach; the juice with honey helpeth dim eyes, and mingled with Niter it helpeth the Quinsy, being anointed therewith. It taketh away black and blue spots in the skin, that come after falls or bruises, if it be mingled with honey, and anointed. It helpeth sore, and running Ears, and easeth the pain of them, if the hot vapours of the decoction be taken-in thereat, by a Funnel or otherwise; It is likewise effectual to ease the Toothache. Being bruised and applied with Rose-water to the Stomach, it gives much ease and comfort to such as have been long sick. It avails against the hardness of the Spleen, or where there is a hot sharpe-water running between the flesh and the skin, if it be used with Figs, Vinegar, and meal of darnel, A decoction thereof being made, and the Temples bathed therewith helpeth the Pains of the Head that come of a cold cause. Also being boiled in Vinegar, and the mouth washed therewith, it helpeth a Stinking breath. Being put into Chests or Presses where  are, it preserveth them from Worms and Moths. If the skin be rubbed with the juice, or with the Oil it driveth away Fleas and Gnats. It is said, that if Children before they be three Months old, be bathed with a decoction thereof, or their Temples, feet, and hands be anointed with the juice thereof, and well rubbed in, they shall not be troubled nor molested with heat or cold all their life-time. It is also commended, being so used as before, for preserving the body, that it shall not be infected with Scah, Leprosy, French disease, Lice, or such like malady, except some heinous crime be to be punished with one of these. Notwithstanding the good qualities aforesaid, the juice offends the head by raising up Vapours which cause drowsynesse and sleepiness. Neither is it safe to use it in the Consumption of the Lungs, falling sickness, Arthritick pains, Apoplexy, Lethargy and continual Fevers. Where the Stomach is hot, the use is also to be forborn, especially being inflamed.    

CHAP. CXLIX. Of Myrabolanes.  

The Names.  
The Arabians were the first that made Mirabolanes known to the World, and called them in general by the name of Delegi, as by the Writings of Mesue & Serapio do appear; which some of the modern Greeks' translating, gave them the names of Myrabolanes; because (as it is likely) they thought the fruit was like unto an acorn; but why they should give the other word Mires, which signifieth an Ointment, cannot be understood by any, seeing that they are never used in any Ointment. Yet they recaine the name Myrobalanes, which signifieth as much as Balamus Myrepsica or Glans inguentaria, the acorn for Ointments. They are called in English by Mr. Parkinson, Purging Plums.   

The Kind's.  
The Author just now mentioned, doth set down five sorts of these fruits with the several Trees whereon they grow: As. 1. The yellow Mirabolane Indian Plum. 2. The purple Mirabolane. 3. The round Mirabolane 4. The bearded or six square Mirabolane. 5. The black Mirabolane. Their Latin Names are. 1 Citrina. 2. Chebula. 3. Bellerica. 4. Emblica. 5. Indica.   

The Form.  
The Tree that beareth the yellow Myrabolanes is said to grow, as great as a Plum-Tree, having many branches, and winged Leaves on them, like unto the true Service Tree; the Fruit is for the most part as big, as a reasonable Plum, some what long and fully round, but having many fair ridges on the outside, especially when it is dried, showing it to be five square, and not perfectly round, though coming something near round; of a yellower colour on the outside, than any of the rest, the flesh or substance being of a reasonable thickness, yet not so thick as the Chebula or Emblica, nor so thin as the Bellerica. The stone is white, thick and very hard to break, with eminencies and ridges also therein, and a very small long kernel lying in the middle, of an astringent taste as the dried fruit is also, but much more than it.   

The Places and Time  
All these fruits grow in the East Indies Wild, and not manured, yea in divers Provinces, as some in Goa, and Batecula, others in Malaver and Dabul: Yet Garzias saith, that four sorts grow in the Kingdom of Cambaya, and the Chebula in Bisnagar, Decan, Guzarate (which we call at this time Surrate) and Bengala. Bellonius saith in his book of Observations, that the yellow Mirabolanes grow in Arabia, and Syria, and also in the plains of Jericho; but it is thought he was mistaken.   

The Temperature.  
All the kinds of Myrabolanes are cold in the first degree, and dry in the second; not only purging but strengthening the stomach.   

The Virtues.  
The Citrine or yellow Myrabolanes do purge Choler, strengthen the Stomach Heart, and Liver, profit such as have the Hemorrhoides or Piles, & are proper for such as are of a temperate heat: They are good in Tertian Fevers, or Agues, cause a good colour, and hinder old age, being often taken. The Chebulae do purge Phlegm, quicken the Brain, and sharpen the Sight, strengthen the Stomach after purging; They are profitable for such as have the Dropsy, and are troubled with long continued Agues. The Emblick and Bellerick purge the Stomach from rotten Phlegm lying therein, and strengtheneth the Brain, and Joints, Heart and Liver, and bind all other lose or fluent humours in the parts of the body, and are very effectual for the Trembling of the Heart, and to stir up Appetite, stay Vomiting, and restraineth the fury, and belching of Choler, qualifyeth the great heat of the inward parts, and allayeth Thirst, giveth ease to those that are troubled with the Piles, by restraining the fierceness of Choler flowing into them; and for this last effect the Citrine are most used; as having the signature thereof. The Indies, or black Myrabolanes, do purge Melancholy, and black or adust Choler, and therefore are available for the Quartane Ague, the Lepry, and all Paralytical diseases, and they cause a good colour of the face. As for their outward use, the Citrine are used in Collyries, or Medicine for the Eyes, with the juice of Fennell or Rose-water, and against the inflammations, and flowing of humours to the Eyes; The powder thereof with Mastic or Rose-water is used in Ulcers to heal them and dry them. The powder of the Kernels, is used against dimness of the Eyes, or to take away the Web therein, or the powder thereof infused in Rose-water, and dried, and then infused two or three times more, and dry them, then make it in powder, and use it. The Bellerick stay the flowing of the Hemorrhoides and help the falling of the hair, the affected place being bathed with the decoction thereof, and the powder strawed on afterwards, and it makes the hair become blacker. The Chebules, and the Emblicks are often brought over unto us preserved, whereof the Chebules are more used Physically, for such purposes as are before set down, than the Emblicks are, which being not so harsh in taste as the Chebules, are more used as a very pleasant and delicate preserved Plum amongst other junkets, then for any Physical respect.    

CHAP. CL. Of groundsel.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Ergerum, quia verè senescit, the Latins call it Senecio, quia citó senescit, because it becomes ihoary so soon. Tragus takes, it to be the Aphaca of Theophrastus, especially the Cotton● kind called Petrella by Monardus Ferrariensis: but, it appears that Tra●● was mistaken, in that Senecio as well as Aphaca are treated of severally by Theophanstus for two distinct herbs. It is called in English groundsel and grunsel.   

The Kind's.  
The Ancients have made mention but of one sort of groundsel, but this latter Age hath found out Six. 1. Common groundsel. 2. Mountain Groundsell. 3. Myconus Spanish Groundsell. 4. Cottony Groundsell. 5. Stinking groundsel 6. Sweet swelling grunsel.   

The Form.  
Common groundsel hath a round green, and somewhat brownish Stalk, spread toward the top, into some branches, set with long, and somewhat narrow, green Leaves, cut in on the edges, somewhat like unto Rocket, or rather an Oaken Leaf, but lesser and round at the ends; At the tops of the stalks and branches, stand many small green knaps or heads, out of which grow small yellow threads or thrums which are the flowers, which continue many days blown in that manner, before it pass away in to down, and with the seed is carried away in the wind: the Root is small and threddy, and soon perisheth, but from the seed that is shed, it soon riseth up again, so that it may be seen many months in the year, both green and in flower, and seed; for it will spring, and seed twice in a year at the least, if it be suffered in a Garden.   

The Places and Time  
The first is found every where almost, as well on the tops of Walls, as at the foot, if there be any rubbish; and in untilled grounds also, but especially in Gardens: the second is found upon Hills and Mountains: the third was found by Myconus in Spain, and sent to Lions: the fourth groweth by Wood sides, the borders of fields, and upon old Walls in many places; the fiift groweth in lopped Woods of Hungaria, and Austria, as Clusius saith, and in barren and untilled places: the last was sent to, Camerarius, out of Italy, The first flowreth almost every Month as I said before, the second and fourth do both come somewhat near unto the other, but are not so quick in their decaying; the fifth and sixth, do flower only in Summer.   

The Temperature.  
Groundsell hath mixed faculties; it cooleth and moisteneth, and withal digesteth, as Paulus Aegineta writeth.   

The Virtues  
The decoction of groundsel (as Diosecrides saith) being made in Wine and d●unelpeth the pains in the Stomach proceeding of Choler by causing the disaffected party to Vomit, which the juice hereof taken in drink, or the decoction of the herb in ale with some currants, gently performeth. It is said to be good likewise against the Jaundice, and Falling sickness, being taken in Wine, as also against the difficulty of making Water, it provoketh Urine, and expelleth Gravel from the Reins, a dram thereof, given in Oxymel after some walking or stirring the body: It helpeth the Sciatica also, and the griping pains of the belly called the Colic. Some ●●re it with Vinegar as a ●allet, accounting it good for the sadness of the Heart, and to help the defects of the Liver; It is given also by Nurses to their young Children when they are troubled with the Frets, as they call it, which is a distemper coming chiefly from the Nurse's milk being either too Windy or too Sharp, if a few Currants and Anniseeds be stewed therewith: It is said also to provoke women's Courses, & some say also that it stayeth the Whites which Matthiolus saith cannot be, in that the one quality is contrary to the other: The fresh herb boiled, and made into a Pultis, and applied to the Breasts of Women that are swollen with heat and pain, as also to the privy parts of Man or Woman, the Seat or Fundament, or the Arteries, Joints, and Sinews, when they are inflamed or swollen, doth much ease them: and used with some salt helpeth to dissolve the Knots or Kernels that happen in any part of the body: The juice of the Herb, or, as Dioscorides saith, the Leaves and Flowers with some fine Frankincense in powder, used in Wounds, whether of the body or of the Nerves and Sinews doth singularly help to heal them; and so doth the down of the Heads used with Vinegar, as the same Author saith; but if it be taken in drink, it will choke any one. The distilled Water of the Herb performeth well all the aforesaid properties, but especially for the inflammations of the Eyes, and watering of them by reason of the defluxion of the Rhe●●e into them. It is much used to be given to tame Rabbits when they are pot-bellyed through costiveness to make them gaunt and healthful.    

CHAP. CI. Of Radish.  

The Names.  
IT is called Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Rhaphanos and Rhaphanis, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quòd facilè apparet, from its speedy growing, for it showeth itself speedily, some say within three days after it is sown. It is called in Rhaphanus, Radicula, and Radix, which last name is given unto it, quia quam pancissimis magnitudine cedit, because it is one of the biggest roots that is, which though it may seem somewhat strange here in England, yet in some places beyond the Seas they grow to be of a wonderful highness, as Fuchsius reporteth. Some have called the seed hereof Bacanon, and Bacanum, and others Cacanon.   

The Kind's.  
There be sundry sorts of Radish, whereof some be long and white; others long and reddish; some round and white; others round or of the form of a pear and of a blackish colour, some wild, and some tame: As. 1. Garden Radish. 2. Small garden Radish. 3. Round Radish. 4. Pear fashioned Radish. 5. Wild Radish. 6. Water Radish.   

The Form.  
The Garden-Radish sendeth fotth great and large Leaves, green, rough cut on both sides with deep gashes, not unlike to the Garden Turnip, but greater. The Stalks be round, and parted into many branches, out of which spring many small Flowers, of a light purple colour, made of four little Leaves, after which come sharp pointed cod puffed or blown up towards the Stalk, full of a spongious substance, wherein is contained the seed, of a light brown colour somewhat greater than the seed, either of Turnip or Cabbage: The root is gross, long, white, and sometimes reddish without, but white within always, and of a sharp taste.   

The Places and Time.  
The four first are Inhabitants of the Garden, and require a lose ground whi●h hath been long manured, ●nd is somewhat fat. They prosper well in sandy ground, which is naturally cold, where they are not so subject to worms as in the other. The fift groweth upon the borders of banks and ditches cast up, and in the borders of moist fields. ● The sixth groweth in ditches, standing-waters, and Rivers. The Garden kind● are sown in February, and March, and so long till you come to November, but the best time for sowing them is June, and July for then they yield most, because than they will not flower nor seed till the next spring, when as those that are sown sooner run up to seed presently, yet they are more set by in April and May, then afterwards. The wild kinds flower in June and their seed is ripe in August.   

The Temperature.  
Radish doth manifestly heat and dry, open and make thin, by reason of the biting quality that ruleth in it. Galen maketh them hot in the third degree, and dry in the second, and sheweth that it is rather a sauce, than a nourishment.   

The Virtues.  
The rinds of the Roots of Radish steeped in Vinegar and Honey, mixed together, and taken in a morning fasting, and a little after a draught of warm water, do drive our Phlegm and other malign humours of the Stomach by Vomit, as often as it is oppressed with them. It likewise provoketh Urine, dissolveth clutteted gravel, and driveth it forth from the Reins and Bladder, if a good draught of the decoction thereof be drunk in the morning. It is good against an old Cough to make thine, thick and gross Phlegm which sticketh in the Chest. The distilled Water hereof is effectual for the purposes aforesaid, provoking Urine mightily, and driving out Stones from the Kidneys. The root also sliced and laid over night in White or Rhenish-Wine, and drunk in the morning, worketh the same effect. The root stamped with Honey, and the Powder of a sheep's heart dried causeth the Hair to grow in a short space. The seed also causeth Vomit, provoketh Urine, and being drunk with Oxymel or Honeyed Vinegar, it killeth and driveth forth Worms. The Root stamped with Meal of Darnel, and a little White-wine Vinegar, taketh away all black and blue spots, and bruised blemishes of the face. The Root boiled in Broth, and the decoction drunk, is good against an old Cough, it moveth Woman's sickness, and causeth much milk. It is good likewise for the Dropsy, the griefs of the Liver, and for the Colic, and griping pains of the Belly: Being eaten with Mustard, it is good against the Lethargy, drousiness and forgetfulness. It is good also for them that are sick with eating of Toadstools, or Mushrooms, or Henbane, or any other venomous poison. Some eat them raw with Bread, instead of other food, but being so eaten, they yield very little nourishment, and that faulty, and ill. But for the most part, they are used as a sauce with meats, to procure appetite, and so they engender blood less faulty, and serve to distribute, and disperse the nourishment; especially, if they be taken after meat: yet howsoever they be taken, they cause belchings, and will make the meat oftentimes to rejolt in the stomach, as the Countryman said, that had eaten Fish fried with lamp-oil.    

CHAP. CLII Of the Black Alder-Tree.  

The Names.  
IT is most probable, that this Plant came not under the cognitance of any Greek Author, because it is not named by any of them that I can read of. The Latins call it Fraugnla, quia cito frangitur, that is, the Branches ●e brittle, and easy to break, and Aluns' nigra baccif●ra, that it might be known from the Al●●s Vulgaris, whose Bark is whitish, and the Wood more red, and beareth not Berries as this doth. Tragus calleth it Faulbaum, that is, foul Tree, of the evil scent and taste. The Idea ficus nostra, sive Frangula vulg● of L●gdu●ensis, differeth not from this, although he would have it so to do. It is called in English, the Black Aller, or Alder-tree. Of which, there is but one kind, whose description followeth.   

The Form.  
The Black Aller, or Alder-tree, riseth seldom to be of any great bigness; but for the most part, abideth like a Hedge, Bush, or Tree, spreading into branches, the wood of the Body being white, and of a dark red at the core or heart, the outward Bark being of a blackish colour, whereon many white spots are noted to be seen; but the inner Bark next to the Wood is yellow, which being chewed, will turn the spittle yellow, as much, or more than Rhubarb, near unto a Saffron colour: the Leaves are somewhat like unto those of the ordinary Alder-tree, or those of the Female Cornel, or Dog-berry-tree, but blacker, and not so long, but rather rounder, the Flowers are white, coming forth at the Joints with the Leaves, which turn into small round Berries, green at the first, and red afterwards, but blackish when they are through ripe, divided as it were into two parts, wherein is contained two small, round, and star Seeds: the Root runneth not deep into the ground, but spreadeth rather under the upper crust of the Earth.   

The Places and Time.  
This Tree or Shrub groweth in Woods and Copses that are moist. Mr. Gerard saith, that he found great plenty of it in a Wood, called St. John's Wood, in the way between Is●●gton and Hornsey, on the left hand of the way, and in the Woods at Hampstead, and other places about London. It flowreth in May, and the Berries are ripe in September, the Leaves appearing in the Spring.   

The Temperature:  
The inner Bark of the Alder-tree, which is of the greatest use, if not only used in Physic, is of a purging and dry quality.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
The inner Bark aforesaid, which is of a yellow colour, being steeped in Wine or Beer, and drunk, causeth to vomit vehemently, and cleanseth the stomach. It doth also purge downward, both Choler and Phlegm, and the watery humours of Hydropic persons, and strengtheneth the inward parts again afterwards, even as Rhubarb doth: If it be boiled with Agrimony, Wormwood, Dodder, Hops, and some Fennel and Small●ge, Endive and Chicory Roots, and a reasonable draught taken every morning for some time together, it is very effectual against the Jaundice by Signature, the Dropsy and evil disposition of the Body; especially, if some purging Medicine have been taken before, to avoid the grosser excrements; and than it not only purgeth, but also strengtheneth the Liver and Spleen. cleansing them from such evil humours and hardness as they are afflicted with: I●●s to be understood, that these things are performed when it is dry; for if it be ●ken inwardly before it be dried, the superfluous moisture will cause extraordinary vomiting, pains in the stomach, and gripe in the Belly: yet if the decoction thereof be made, and suffered to stand, and settle for two or three days, until the yellow colour be changed black, it will not work so strongly as before, but will strong than the stomach, and procure an appetite to meat. Being boiled in Vinegar, it is an approved remedy to kill Lice, to cure the Itch, and take away Scabs, by drying them up in a short time. The same is singular good to wash the Teeth, to take away the pains, to fasten those that are lose, to cleanse them and keep them sound. Though the inner Bark be so purgative, as you heard before, yet the outermost doth bind the Body, and is helpful for all Lasks, and Fluxes thereof; but this also must be dried first, or else it will not work so effectually. The Leaves are reported to be good Fodder for Cattle, especially for those that give milk, which they breed exceedingly.    

CHAP. CLIII. Of the Oily Nut-Ben.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Balanus Myrepsica, that is, Glans Vnguentaria, which name is also attributed to Myrobolanes, only this hath Troglodytes added to it to distinguish it from them; yet Theophrastus calleth it only 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,, which signifies an acorn, but why no body knows; neither the fruit it ●e●e, nor shell, nor husk, being like to any of the kinds of Acorns: It is called by Lobel, Glans unguentaria, Cathartica, Siliquata, but we in the●e days call it more usually in Latin Nux Ben, and the Oil thereof Ole●●●● Ben or as the Ancients called it Oleum Balaen●num, and in English, The O●ly Nut Ben, of which there is but one kind mentioned by any Author, therefore, in the next place, I shall present you with.   

The Form.  
The Tree whereon this Nut groweth, for the first two or three years springeth up, and perisheth in Winter again to the root, and ariseth again afresh every Spring, but after it becometh three or ●our year old, it groweth more Woddy: It riseth up yearly after the first, with one sleeme shooting forth branches of ●inged Leaves, or rather winged branches of Leaves, the Bark being whitish as the Leaves are also, but they are composed after such an order, as no other tree is, for the branches rise up with the stem or body, divided into sundry other smaller twigs no bigger than rushes, set with two Leaves at several spaces distant fare a sunder, ending in small points like hairs; but have no eyes or buds, at me feet of the Leaves, as the small branches of other trees have: The Leaves first fall away, leaving the branches bare, which then show like unto ordinary or Spanish Broome, when it hath lost the Leaves, and after them the Stalks likewise perish unto the very stem; The root is thick, long, White, and Tuberous, as ●● were, yet ending in some sprays being not much woody, but rather fleshy and tender: It hath not been known to bear flowers or fruit in our Christian Countries, but the Nuts or fruits, such as have been brought over to us enclosed in their husks, as also out of their husks, grow some single, and some two together in an husk, the lower and upper end whereof is small and sharp pointed, being about an hand breadth long in all, round and of a dark Ash-colour on the outside, and somewhat reddish on the inside of the substance of leather, lither or easy to bow, tugged on the out side with many long streaks in it, but smooth on the inside: The Nuts themselves are three square for the most part, covered with a whitish soft and somewhat tough Wooddy shell, where●n the white kernel lieth, which is not altogether insipid. but somewhat sharp in taste, and oily with all, causing a kind of loathing upon the tasting almost ready to provoke vomiting; out of which is pressed an Oil, like as is out of Almonds, and not from the Shells or husks, as some formerly supposed.   

The Places and Time.  
This Tree groweth in Syria, Arabia, Aethiopia, and India, where it bringeth its fruit to perfection, which it hath not been known to do in Europe, no not so much as to blossom, as I said before.   

The Temperature.  
The whole Nut is of a very purging quality: The dry pressing after the Oil ●i taken out, is of a cleansing as well as of a cutting quality, and, by reason that the moisture is taken from it, of a drying effect also: The Shells or Husks are of an exceeding binding property, fit to be used when occasion serveth for such purposes.   

The Virtues.  
The Kernels of the Nuts aforesaid being bruised, and drunk with Water and Vinegar mingled together, doth purge the body from gross, and thin Phlegm also, and thereby is helpful to those that are troubled with the Wind-colic if a few Anniseeds, and Fennel seeds be put unto it; the oil that is drawn out of the Nuts doth the same also, and provoketh Vomiting, and cleansing the Stomach of much foul matter gathered therein; yet the Nut itself doth much trouble the Stomach in the mean time; but if it be toasted at the fire, it loseth much of that evil quality, oftentimes causing them to purge downwards only: It is to very good effect also given in Glisters for the same purposes. The Oil dropped into the Ears, helpeth the noise of them, and the deafness also; a dram of the Kernel taken in Posset-drink, doth soften and dissolve the hardness of the Spleen and Liver, the remainder of the kernel after the Oil is pressed from it helpeth the Itch, the Lepry, and running sores, and taketh away the ruggedness of the Skin, Morphew, dry Scabs, scars, freckles, weals or pimples from the face or body, especially if it be used with Vinegar and Niter, with which it well agreeth and performeth the Cures, much better; it is also used with the meal of Orabus or bitter Vetch, or the meal of Darnel: in manner of a plaster to be laid to the side to consume the spleen; it helpeth the Gout also, being used in the fame manner; Used with barley meal it comforteth the Sin●wes that are pained with cold, and all Spas●●es or Cramps; and used with Honey, it dissolveth all knots and hard-swelling. The Oil that is pressed out of the Nuts, is also much used of Perfumers: for although it have no sweet scent of itself to commend it; yet it is of so excellent a quality, that being kept never so long, it will not grow rank, and therefore it doth both preserve the sweet smells of Musk, Civet, Ambergrise, and the like, mixed with it, and keepeth the Gloves, Leather, and other things that they shall not admit of any spots, or stains; or ever grow moldy as those things which are perfumed with Oil of Almonds, will do, than which it is much fit also to receive any sweet thing to be steeped in it for retaining the scent thereof, for being utterly without sent itself, and not growing rank by long keeping; the scent of any thing will be sooner infused, and longer retained.    

CHAP. CLIU Of Sena.  

The Names.  
IT is generally held by all good Authors, that this Plant was not known to the ancient Greek or Latin Writers, as Dioscorides, Theophrastus, Galen, Pliny, &c: though some imagine it was. And the Arabinas', who were the first discoverers of its Virtues, call it Sena, but Hermolaus calleth it Senna. There is a bastard kind hereof called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and in Latin Colutaea; of both which I shall entreat in this Chapter.   

The Kind's.  
There being but two sorts of true Sena, I have added five more of the bastard kind called Colutaea which make seven in all, As. 1. Sena of Alexandria. 2. The Sena of Italy. 3. Ordinary bastard Sena, with bladders. 4. The great scorpion podded bastard Sena. 5. The less Scorpion bastard Sena. 6. Small Sea bastard Sena. 7. Ever-greene bastard Sena of Valentia.   

The Form.  
Sena of Alexandria which is that true Sena which is used in the shops groweth not, as is supposed, higher than a cubit with slender branches, set with many Leaves together on a rib like unto Liquorice, being narrow and pointed, which being dried and brought over unto us, if they be fresh, will smell very like unto new made Hay: the Flowers stand at the tops of the branches▪ one above another of a yellow colour, after which come crooked thin husks fashioned somewhat like an halfmoon: in the middle part whereof, (the skins of the husks growing so close together, that they can hardly be parted) grow flat seeds, very like unto Grape kernels, but of a blackish green colour, and somewhat flat; the whole plant perisheth (as it said) every year, and therefore must be new sown of them that will have it.   

The Places and Time  
The first groweth (as it is generally thought) in Arabia Faelix, and in Syria also as some say, and brought to Alexandria in Egypt, as many other things are, and from thence transported into this, and many other Countries. The second, as Matthiolus saith, was in his time frequently sown in the Duke of Florence, his Dominions in Italy. The third, and fourth, grow about Trent plentifully, and are kept in many Gardens, with us, as the Physick-Garden at Oxon, &c: The fifth groweth at the root of certain hills near the Alps, amongst the hedges and borders of the Vineyards about Danubius. The sixth groweth near the Seashore by Teracinum. The last was found by Clusius in the fields of Salamanca, as also in the Kingdom of Granado and Valentia, in sundry bottoms of the hil●●: the two first flower in the Summer months, but in Italy it must not be sown until May. The rest flower, in June and July.   

The Temperature.  
The Leaves of Sena, which are only in use, are a little inclining towards the first degree of heat, but more than the third in dryness; It is of a purging faculty and that by the stool in such sort, as it is not much troublesome to man's nature, having withal a certain binding quality, which it leaveth after the purging.   

The Virtues  
Sena openeth the inward parts of the body which are stopped, and is profitable, against all griefs of the principal members of the body, amongst which, the Stomach is deservedly reckoned, and therefore it not only cleanseth it but comforteth it also, especially if some stomachical helper, as Aniseed, Caraway-seed, or Ginger, be put with it; for Mesue saith, it hurteth the Stomach, but Monardus, & Matthiolus deny that it can do so, because Sena hath somewhat a bitter taste, partaking of heat and dryness, all which qualities are known rather to strengthen the Stomach, then to trouble or weaken it: It doth also purge Melancholy, Choler and phlegm from the Head and Brain, the Lungs and Heart, the Liver and Spleen, cleansing all those parts of such evil humours, as by possessing them, ●re causes of those Diseases incident unto them, if a dram thereof be taken in Wine or Ale, or Broth fasting: It strengtheneth the senses both of sight and hearing, and procureth. mirth, by taking away the inward humour, and is useful in madness, the Frenzy, etc. It is given also in all headaches, and Palsies, the Falling-sickness, and foul Diseases of the Skin, as the Scab▪ Itch, Leprosy, etc. It is very profitable in the Obstructions of the Spleen, and Hypochonders, and against hard swelling thereof: as also in chronical Agues, whether Quartan, or Quotidian. It causeth a fresh, quick, and lively habit of the Body, and cleanseth, and purifieth the Blood. The Lie wherein Sena and Camomile Flowers have been boiled, is commended for weak Brains, to comfort and strengthen them, if the Head be washed therewith: the same Lie is very profitable for the Sinews that are stiff with cold, or shrunk with the Cramp. Sena likewise is a special Ingredient among other things put into a bag, to make purging Ale or Beer, fit to be taken in the Spring of the year, not only for the Diseases aforementioned, but also to cleanse the blood from all sharp humours, mixed or running therewith. The Bastard Sena purgeth vehemently; both upwards and downwards, not without great trouble to the Stomach and Bowels, avoiding tough Phlegm and Choler: the Seed is more forcible in each of those qualities; and therefore is said, to avail in pains of the joints, yet it is seldom given but to strong Bodies, when no better purgers are at hand. Theophrastus saith, it fatteneth Sheep wonderfully, and therefore much used in those Countries where he lived, but as seldom proved in ours.    

CHAP. CLV. Of daffodils.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Narcissus, from their Narcotick quality, which in Greek is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or of the Fish T●rp●d●, called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which benumeth the hands of them that touch him, as being hurtful to the Sinews, and bringing dulness to the Head, which property belongeth to the Narcissusses, or daffodils, whose smell causeth drousiness, as Pliny and Plutarch affirm. And this I take to be the right Etymology of the word, though I am not ignorant of what the Poets have written hereof, especially Ovid, who describeth the transformation of the fair Boy Narcissus, into a Flower of his own Name, saying,  

Nus 〈…〉 corpus ●rat, croc●●● pro corpore florem  
Inveniunt, foliis medium cingentibus albis.   

As for his Body none remained, instead whereof they found  
A yellow Flower with milk-white Leaves, new sprung out of the ground.    

The Kind's.  
G●rard reckoneth up fifteen Sorts of daffodils, as 1. Purple circled Daffodil. 2. Timely Purple-ringed Daffodil. 3. More timely Purple-ringed Daffiodil. 4. The very hasty flowering Daffodil. 5. The late flowering small Daffodil. 6. Primrose Pearls, or the common white 〈◊〉. 7. French Daffodil. 8. Italian Daffodil. 9 The double white Daffodil of Constantinople. 10. Milk-white Daffodil. 11. Rush Daffodil. 12. Late flowering Bush-Daffodill. 13. The Persian Daffodil. 14. The great Winter Daffodil. 15. Small Winter-Daffodill. The sixth sort of Daffodil is that which is most common in Country Gardens: the description whereof followeth.   

The Form.  
The common Daffodil hath long, fat, and thick leaves, full of a slimy juice; among which riseth up a bare thick stalk, hollow within, and full of juice. The Flower groweth at the top, of a yellowish white colour, with a yellow Crown, or Circle in the middle. The Root is white, and of a Bulbus or Onion fashion, yet not without divers effects by which it is propagated.   

The Places and Times.  
The daffodils with Purple Coronets do grow wild in sundry places of France, but chief in the Meadows of Burgundy and Switzerland. The Rush-Daffodill groweth wild in Spain, among Grass and other Herbs in some watery places. But it mattereth not much, to seek out their places of growing wild, seeing they are most of them to be found in our English Gardens about London, and elsewhere. The common white Daffodil groweth wild, in fields, and sides of Woods in the West parts of England. They flower for the most part in the spring, that is, from the beginning of February, unto the end of April. The Persian and Winter-Daffodills, do flower in September and October.   

The Temperature.  
The Roots of Narcissus are said to be hot and dry in the second Degree.   

The Virtues.  
Besides the Ornamental use of Daffodils for decking Garlands and Houses in the Springtime, it hath many Physical properties: amongst which, there is none more eminent, then that the Roots thereof do move Vomit, whether they be eaten or drunken; and being stamped and strained, and given in drink; they help the Cough and Colic, and those that be entered into a Ptisick. If two drams of the Root newly gathered, be boiled in Wine or Water, with a litt●● Aniseed or Fennelseed and a little Ginger, and drunk, it driveth forth by sto●, tough and clammy Phlegm, and to help all Diseases that come thereof. The same taken with Honey, and the Seed of Nettles, purgeth the Disease, which causeth those spots in the Body, called Ephelis and Alphus. And their qualities in drying are so wonderful, that they glue together very great wounds: as also rifts, gashes, or cuts that happen about the veins, sinews, and tendons. They have also a certain wiping, cleansing, and attracting faculty. Being stamped with Honey, and applied Plasterwise, they help them that are burnt with fire, and are effectual for the great wrenches of the Ankles, the Aches, and pains of the joints. The same stamped with Barrows-grease, and Leaven of Rye-bread, hasteneth to suppuration, hard Impostumes, which are not otherwise easily brought to ripeness. Being stamped with the Meal of Cocle and Honey, it draweth forth Thorns and stubs out of any part of the Body; and being mingled with Vinegar and Nettle-seed, it taketh away Lentils and spots in the face. There are besides the sorts aforementioned, the double yellow Daffodil, and the common yellow Daffodilly, which purge by stool, tough and phlegmatic humours, and also waterish, and is good for them that are full of crudities; especially, if there be added thereto a little Aniseed and Ginger, which will correct the churlish hardness of the working. The distilled water of Daffodils doth cure the Palsy, if the Patient be bathed and rubbed with the said liquor, by the fire, as hath been proved by that diligent searcher of nature, Mr. Nicholas Belson.    

CHAP. CLVI. Of White Hellebore.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and sometimes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 without the aspiration, quòd cibum corporis cripiat, because it deprives the Body of nourishment, in Latin also Elleborus albus & Elleborum, and also Helleborus and Helleborum, and Veratrum album; Veratrum, quòd mentem vertat, or rather, à verando, because it cureth them that are counted mad, which were formerly called Veratores, and Veraculi; and album, to distinguish it from the black, this being white, in respect of that: In English 'tis called Hellebore and Neese-wort, because it provoketh Sneezing.   

The Kind's.  
And of this Hellebore there are eight varieties that present themselves. 1. Ordinary white Hellebore, or Sneezing Root: 2. The early white Hellebore, with dark red Flowers. 3. The great wild Hellebore, or our Lady's Slipper. 4. The small white Hellebore, with a white Flower. 5. The small white Hellebore, with blush Flowers. 6. Wild white Hellebore, with whitish green Flowers. 7. Wild white Hellebore, with dark red Flowers. 8. Variable wild white Hellebore.   

The Form.  
The ordinary white Hellebore riseth at the first out of the ground, with a great round whitish green head, which growing up, openeth itself into many goodly fair large gre●● Leaves, plaited as it were with eminent Ribs all along the Leaves, compassing 〈◊〉 another at the bottom; from the middle whereof, riseth up a strong round stalk, with divers such Leaves, but smaller, to the middle thereof, from whence to the top it is divided into many branches, having many small yellowish, or whitish green Starlike Flowers, all along upon them, which after turn into small, long, three-square whitish Seed, standing naked without any husk to contain them: the Root is reasonable thick, and great at the head, having a great many white strings running down deep into the ground, whereby it is strongly fastened.   

The Places and Times.  
The two first sorts grow in sundry places of Germany, and Austria, as Clusius saith: as also in some Islands of Russia, where, as Tradescant the elder saith, the ordinary sort groweth exceeding plentifully. And, if I mistake not, of this sort was that Hellebore that grew in Anticyra so abundantly, that if any one seemed to be troubled with melancholy, it was presently proverbially said unto him, Naviga Anticyram, intimating that there was Hellebore enough to cure him: the other sorts grow many of them in our own Land, as well as beyond Sea, namely, the third, fourth, and sixth, especially the third in a Wood called Helks in Lancashire, near the Borders of Yorkshire. The first flowreth before the second▪ though it spring earlier out of the ground, being not in Flower until the end of July, the rest flower about May, some earlier, and some later.   

The Temperature.  
The Root of white Hellebore is hot and dry in the third degree.   

The Virtues.  
The Root aforesaid taken without preparation of the Body, worketh very strongly, and churlishly, provoking extreme vomiting: yet that being dieted by the advice of some learned Physician (without whom the meddling with it will prove dangerous) it is good for them whose constitutions can endure the working of it, causing much tough viscous, clammy, and corrupt humours that offend the stomach, to be avoided; for which purpose the Oxymel Helleboratum may be administered with least danger, a while after the Patient hath eaten somewhat. It is useful against madness and melancholy, also against the swimming in the Head, Falling-sickness, Leprosy, Cancer, Elephancy, and soul diseases of the Skin: as also the Quartane Ague. It brings down the Courses, and kills the Child in the Womb: it he●ps the old Cough, Dropsy, Sciatica, Gout, Cramp, pains in the Joints and Sinews. It killeth Mice and Rats, being boiled in Milk, or mingled with Flower, and Honey, or Butter, or boiled in Milk, and set where Flies, Wasps, Gnats, etc. do much resort, it kills as many as touch it. It is used also to provoke s●eesing, being put into the Nostrils, and purgeth the Head of superfluous humours, and is good in the Lethargy, and such like sleepy Diseases, especially, if some Leaves of Matjerome in Powder be put to it. It cures the Leprosy, Scab, I●ch, and such like foul Diseases of the Skin, being used in Hogs-grease, or mixed in Ointments. The juice of the Root dropped into the Ears, helps the noise and singing thereof; and being boiled in Lie, and the Head washed therewith it killeth and helpeth the running Scabs and Sores thereof▪ boiled in Vinegar, and the mouth washed therewith, it easeth the Toothache: The same decoction helpeth Itch, and Scabs in the hands, and cleanseth ●oul Sores and Ulcers in the Legs and other parts, and put into Fistulaes', it taketh away the hardness of them. A Pessary made thereof and put up, brings down the Courses and dead Child. It is given in decoction in infusion, and in substance; in decoction or infusion from a dram, to two drams▪ in substance, from ten grains, to a scruple. The lesser wild sort are not known to be used in Physic.    

CHAP. CLVII. Of purging Cassia.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Cassia Nigra, from the black pods wherein it groweth, and in Latin Cassia Fistula Cassia, or Cassia solutiva: It is called Cassia, as some think from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Quod cori●c●um vocant, because pods are like Leather; or as others conceive, from the sweetness of the Flowers, like unto Cassia Aromatica, or Odorata. It is in English called Pudding-P●pe, because the, Cod is like a Pudding.   

The Kind's.  
Heretofore there was known but one sort of purging Cassia; but now there is another called Purging Cassia of Brasil.   

The Form.  
The purging Cassia Tree, groweth to be a Tree of a large size, or bigness, whose Wood is solid and firm, yellowish towards the sap, or outside, and blackish like Lignum Vitae at the heart, covered with a smooth, soft, and ashcoloured bark, very like unto the Wallnut-Tree: the Branches are not very great, and but thinly stored with winged Leaves, consisting of eight or ten lesser, for the most part five standing on each side of the stalk, without any odd one at the end: the Flowers are yellow and large, many growing together on a long stalk, and hanging down, consisting commonly of four, and sometimes of five Leaves, with many greenish threads in the middle, standing about a long, slender, crooked umbone or Horn, of a very sweet scent, especially in the morning before the Sun shine upon them; but grow weaker in smell, as the Sun groweth hotter: The small Horn in the middle of the Flower, groweth to be the pod, which is first green, then purple, and afterwards black, being of divers sizes both for length and greatness, some a foot, and some a foot and half long, and some longer, with a hard, round, woody wrinkled shell, not very thick, nor very hard to break, with a seam as it were, or a list all along the back, and another small one over against it on the other side, which causeth it to be easily broken into two parts by the middle, long ways and distinguished inwardly into many skinny wood-like partitions: on both sides of which, groweth a lost, black substance, sweet like Honey, which is that part only, which is to be used; between the said partitions, lie round and flat gristly Seed, of a dark brownish colour: the Roots are great, and grow deep in the ground: the choice of the best Cod is, that they be moist within, and that the Seeds do not rattle, when they are shaken.   

The Places and Time.  
India is conceived to be the natural place of the first, and that it was brought thence into Syria, and Armenia, and from thence into Egypt, where they p●ant it in their Orchards, and afterwards into Arabia, where the use of it was first discovered. Most of that which is spent in Europe, is brought from Hispaniola, where the Spaniards have planted abundance of them: The other groweth in Brasil, whence it was brought into these parts. The first flourisheth chief in June and the fruit hanging upon the Tree all the year, is gathered much about the time of the flowering; for the Tree holding his green Leaf all the Winter, hath usually both blossoms and green fruit, and ripe all at one time. The time of the other is not yet known.   

The Temperature.  
Cassia Fistula is hot and moist in the first Degree.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
Cassia being taken with Rhubarb, and a few Anniseeds and Liquorish, to correct the windiness thereof, cleanseth the Stomach, Liver, and Mesentery Veins from Choler and phlegm, clearing the b●ood, and quenching the heat thereof, and is therefore profitable in all hot Agues and Fevers. It is a●o profitable for such as are troubled with the Pleurisy and Jaundice, or heat of the Liver, mixed with convenient Liquors. It is good likewise for the heat of the Reins and Kidneys, and bringeth forth the Stone with Gravel, being also a good preservative against it, if it be taken with a decoction of Liquorice & Parsley Roots. It is very effectual against all Rheums, & sharp distillations, & against cholet●ck & melancholic Diseases. It is also often used in all kinds of pectoral Diseases, as old Coughs, shortness of breath, wheezings, and the like, if it be taken with Agarick, as some advice. Being outwardly applied to those that have the Gout; it easeth the pains thereof, & is a good Gargoyle to assuage & mitigate the tumors and swell of the Throat. It is used in Plasters and Ointments against hot Pimples; and other eruptions or break out of the Skin & to take away the roughness thereof▪ It is a safe Medicine, and may be given to Women with Child, and all other persons at any time, except to such as have moist, weak, and slippery Bowels, yet given with Spicknard, Mastic, or H●era picra, there is little danger, especially to the Guts, to which Cr●llius doth appropriate it by Signature, there being some similitude between them. The young Cod taken whilst they are small and green, boiled a little, and then ●aid in the shadow a while to dry, and after boiled in Sugar, or Honey, doth purge the Body, as the pulp or black substance, and is a delicate medicine for tender and weak stomaches, that abho●●e all other Physic; and hereof the usual quantity is 3, or 4. Ounces, to be taken at a time by elder persons, and an Ounce by the younger. The other sort of Cassia, which groweth in Brasil, is more effectual in purging, then that of Hispani●la; for it hath been tried by experience, that one Ounce hereof is as forcible as two Ounces of the other, and is as effectual for all the aforesaid Diseases.  
Having thus largely insisted on those simples which purge the Stomach, both upwards, and downwards, to which purpose there●re divers other which might be added, (were they not treated of in the Antecedent pa●● of this work) as Aloes, Agarick, Asara-Bacca, the Rinds of walnuts, the Seeds and Flowers of Dill, the Roots of Betony, etc. and also some of those which are reserved for the subsequent part, as the Roots & Seeds of Orrach, the Flowers of Peaches, the middle Ba●k of Elder & Dane-wort, the Seed of Rocket, etc. most of which are very windy, and troublesome to the stomach, unless some corrective means be used, I shall therefore in the next place, set down such correctors as have not been yet handled, Anniseeds, Mastic, Cinnamon, Fennelseed, Raisins, etc. being already spoken to.    

CHAP. CLVIII. Of Caraways.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Caros and Carum in Latin, or Carui, as it is in the Apothecary's Shops. Simeon Sethi, calleth it Carnabadion, others Careum, and Car●●m; which names it took, as Dioscorides saith, from the Country of Caria, from whence it was first brought. We call it Caraway, and Caraways in English.   

The Kind's.  
Most Writers have set down but one kind of Caraway, yet there being two other Herbs that nearly resemble it, I shall put them together as others have done before me. 1 Ordinary Caraway. 2. Mountain Caraway. 3. Meadow Caraway.   

The Form.  
The ordinary Caraway beareth divers stalks, of fine cut Leaves, lying on the ●round, somewhat like to the Leaves of Carots, but not bushing so thick, of a ●●●tle quick taste in them; from among which, riseth up a square stalk, not so high as the Carrot; at whose joints are set the like Leaves, but smaller and finer, and at the top, small open tufts, or umbels of white Flowers, which turn into small blackish Seed, lester than the Aniseed, and of a quicker and hotter taste: The Root is ●●hicish, small, and long, somewhat like unto a Parshep, but with a more wrinkled ●●●k●, and much less, somewhat of a little hottish taste, and quick also, and stronger than a Pars●ep, abiding after Seedtime.   

The Places and Time.  
The first, though it be sown in our English Gardens, yet it is said by Tragus, to grow wild in Germany, in many places in the fields, and by the way sides: the second was found on the Pyrenean Hills, and the last in the Fields, and Meadows of Germany, as Tragus saith also. They all flower in June or July, and their Seed is rip● quickly after.   

The Temperature.  
The Seed of Caraway, which is most used in Medicines, is hot and dry, as Galen saith, almost in the third degree, having withal a moderate sharp quality.   

The Virtues.  
Caraway-Seeds eaten alone, or mixed with any Aliment or Medicine, are very pleasant and comfortable to the stomach, breaking Wind, and helping digestion. Matthiolus saith, in Germany they are used to be put whole into bread, and to spice men, as they are in Italy and; and if the use of them among Us were more frequent, those which are troubled with Wind, would receive a great deal of benefit from them, they being also very conducible to all the cold griefs of the Head, as well as the Stomach, the Bowels or Mother, as also the Wind in them. The ●●mfir● made hereof, are by some people used when they eat Apples, or other Fruit, to break windiness of them; and to that end, they are also mixed with those purging Medicines which would otherwise afflict the stomach by their windiness, being one of the four greater carminative Seeds. It is said, that the said Seeds quicken and clear the Eyesight; especially, if they be powdered, and sprinkled upon hot Barley-Bread, the Eyes being held ●ver the Vapour thereof. It also provoketh Urine, helpeth the Cough, and is good against the Frenzy, and venomous bitings. Being put into a Poultis, it taketh away black and blue spots of blows, or bruises; and with Allo●●, if helpeth Scabs and Tetters, and the falling off of the hair. The Herb and Root are also in use: the one to be eaten raw in Salads, with other Herbs, or boiled in them, and the other to be boiled only, and eaten as Parsneps, than which they are said to be better, in as much as Parsneps cause Wind, but the●e break it, and are pleasant and comfortable to the stomach, helping digestion. The Herb itself, or with some of the Seed bruised and fried, laid hot in a bag or double Cloth to the lower parts of the Belie, doth ease the pains of the Wind-colic, and is good against hot swell.    

CHAP. CLIX Of Cummin.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and in Latin also Cuminum, and Cyminum; the ancient Authors as Dioscorides, Theophrastus, etc. made hereof many kinds, calling them from the sundry Countries where they grew, as Aegyptium; 〈◊〉 Syriacum, &c: Yet it is confidently held they were not differing in 〈◊〉, but in loci 〈◊〉; for although one sort of seed was rough or hairy and white, and called Cuminum Aethiopicum, which Hypocrates called Regium as the best; another not rough or hairy, called Aegyptium: not that they were several sorts, but that one was better than another, as the Country gave it goodness or excellency. In English it is called Cumin, and C 〈…〉.   

The Kind's.  
Besides the Syrian, Egyptian, and other Cumins which many good Authors make to be but one kind as I said before, there are three other which I shall join to it; 1. Ordinary Cumin; 2. Small sweet Cumin of Malta; 3. Great sharp Cumin of Malta. 4. Wild Cumin.   

The Form.  
Ordinary Cumin groweth up with tender and low Stalks, not above half a yard high, growing white at the last, and brancheth o●● more, having store of Leaves which are small and long, like unto Fennell: The Flowers are somewhat reddish at the tops of the Stalks, which turn into small whitish yellow food, somewhat long, and almost round, crested or streaked on the rounder side, and swelling strong; The root is small, long, and white, perishing yearly.   

The Places and Time.  
The three first grow familiarly in the hot Countries, as Spain, and Italy, and the Isles of the Mediterranean Sea, whereof Malta is one, and in Syria, and the other East Countries where it is sown; It seldom cometh to good here in England, unless the year be kindly, and then it must be sown in the middle of the Spring, howbeit it will be late with us (though in the aforesaid Countries it be not so) before it be ripe. The last groweth plentifully in Narbone, about A 〈…〉 Sextias, and other places of France, and is sometimes fowne in our Gardens; but seldom comes to maturity.   

The Temperature.  
Galen saith, that Cuminseed is in the third degree of heat, and in the same degree almost of dryness, and as Dioscorides saith, it heateth, bindeth, and drieth, but Dod 〈…〉 us insisteth there against, showing that it doth discuss humours by attenuating and digesting them, and doth not repress them by binding or astriction.   

The Virtues.  
Cuminseed is also another of the sour great Carminative-seeds, and therefore it dissolveth Wind in any part of the body, and easeth the pains of the Colic, being boiled in Wine and drunk and is used as a Corrector, of any Windymeat or Medicine. For one that hath a Stinking breath, if it proceed of corrupt ●umes, rising from the Stomach, it may be use● thus; Take two handfuls o● Cuminseed, and boil it in a pottle of good White-Wine, till half be was●ed, than strain it, ●●● drink it 〈◊〉 〈…〉ning, for fifteen days together, and last at night also, half a pint at ●ime, hot or cold ●●● helpeth 〈◊〉 that are bitten by Serpents taken in the same manner. The same taken in Beete or Posset drink, is good for those th●● are shortwinded, or are otherwise troubled with an old Cough, or the disease of the breast, to boil the same with Figs in Wine. It is also very useful in the Dropsy called Tympany, and in Giddiness of the head. If it be used often; it is said to make the party look ●●l●, and therefore it was in great request in the time of the Monks and Friar's; that thereby their bodies might seem the more mortified. It is said also, that it any one that ●●th eaten Cuminseeds, do breathe on a painted face, the fictitious colour will vanish away strait; being used in bread or meat, it giveth a relish to them, and therefore it both was, and yet is in sundry places amongst the poorer sort, substituted instead of Pepper, being pleasing as well to the Stomach as the ●ast. Boiled in Water, and they are washed therewith, it causeth the face to be cleaner and fairs, so 〈◊〉 it be used now and then, for by 〈◊〉 often using it causeth P●le●●sso, and therefore may be of request with those that are high coloured. Being boyle● in Wine▪ and so made into a Pultis, it quickly taketh away the swelling of the Cod's, caused by any Wind or Waterish humour, if it be applied thereto with B●●ty Meal, and so it doth all other cold pains or swell. It stoppeth also bleeding at the Nose, being mixed with Vinegar and smelled to, and being used in the same manner, is rest ●aineth Vomiting; and if it be boiled in Water, and the lower part● bathed therewith, it stayeth the abounding Courses of Women; Bruised and fried with an hard Egg, and laid to the 〈◊〉 of the Neck, it easeth an old headache, and stayeth the ●●e●me that falleth into the Eyes, or are bloud-shorten; or else the Powder mixed with Wax into the some of a Plaster, and applied to th● Eyes, will soon help it, and take it away. Being applied to the belly, with Wine and Barley meal boiled together in the form of a Poultis, it easeth the gripe and torments of the belly. Being quilted in a little bag, with a small quantity of Bay-salt, and made hot upon a Bed●●n, with fire or such like, and sprinkled with good Wine Vinegar, and then applied to the side very hot, it taketh away the Stitch and pains thereof, and easeth the Pleurisy. The herb and likewise the root, are of little or no use. The seed of the Wild Cumin is also effectual against either the Windiness of the Stomach or of the Belly and Bowels, which bringeth Tormenting pains, and swell with it, being taken in Wine, and expelleth the Poison of any Ven●●●us Beasts: It is good for moist Stomaches that are troubled with raw cr●de humours; taken with Vinegar, it flayeth the Hickcok: and if it be applied with Honey and raisins to the face or other place that is black or blue by strokes it will take them away.    

CHAP. CL. Of Camel's Hay.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, à loris et fanibus dicitur; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, odoratus: and of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 unguentarius, because it is romtimes used in Ointments; in Latin Juncus, a jungendo. Some do call it Schaenanthes, quasi Schaenianthos, flos junci, and corruptly in Shops Squin anthem. Some also call it Juncus Odoratus Retundus, to difference it from the sweet Cyperus; which is called Juncus odoratus angulosus vel triangularis. It is also called Palea de Mecha, and Pastus Camelorum: in English, the sweet smelling Rush, or Camel's Hay.   

The Kind's.  
Of this sweet Rush, there be two sorts, a finer and a courser, or thetr●●, ●nd a bastard kind, although the ancients have mentioned but one sort, which is the finest and truest.   

The Form.  
The finer sort of Camel's Hay growing in these parts; hath many tufts or heads of long rush-like Leaves, thick set together, one compassing another at the bottom, and shooting forth upwards; the outermost whereof are bigger or grosser than those that grow within, which are a foot long and better, small round and stiff, or hard and much smaller from a little above the bottom of them then any rush with us, of a quick and spicy taste, somewhat pleasant, and of a fine sweet gentle scent: It flowreth not with us, yet in some places which are the most natural to it, it beareth strong, round, hard jointed Stalks, having divers, short, brownish or purplish husks on the top, containing within them, mossy, whitish, short threads or hairs, wherein lieth a chaffy seed; the root is stringy or full of long fibres which are very hard, as they are brought to us, which have the smallest scent of any other part.   

The Places and Time.  
They grow naturally in Arabia, Syria and Mesopotamia, and all that. Tract of the Eastern Countries, as also in some places of Africa, whence they ●e brought by the Merchants, and sold to our Druggist's, who furnish the Apologetics with them, at whose shops they may be had. It cometh not to flowering in these ●older Countries, and therefore Clusius and others have thought it an annual Plant, but assuredly it dyeth not every year in those hotter parts, it flowreth in the Summertime.   

The Temperature.  
C●●●l● Hay is hot and dry in the second degree having in all the parts thereof some kind of astriction, but especially in the roots.   

The Virtues.  
The Decoction of the Flowers of Camel's Hay being drunk, as Dioscorides writeth, is very effectual for the diseases and griefs of the Stomach, Lungs, Liver and Reins, as also for the curing of those that spit blood. The same Author likewise affirmeth that it provoketh Urine and women's 〈…〉 ses, discusseth all Swell and Wind, but is somewhat offensive to the head: it gently cutteth or breaketh humours and digesteth them and looseneth the breathing places of the Veins. It is good also against Poison, and the Venom of Serpents, and therefore it is a good ingredient in Antidotes used for that purpose. A dram thereof taken with a like quantity of Pepper every morning fasting for certain days together, is very effectual for those that have a loathing in their Stomaches to meat, and is a very good remedy for the Dropsy, and for Convulsions or Cramps: The same also is good against the Wind-colic▪ Phlegm, and raw matter in the body, or any member of the same, the powder thereof being drunk with Wine. The decoction thereof being sat in, by women that are troubled with the Mother, profiteth very much; for as Galen saith it openeth obstructions, digesteth crudities, expelleth corrupt humours, cutteth tough Phlegm, and consumeth congealed matter in the body, and therefore it is of excellent use, for the stopping of Urine or women's Courses (as is said before) taken either in drink or by fomentation, and being so applied, it also allayeth the inflammations of the Liver, Stomach, and other parts of the body. The whole Plant is used to be boiled in the broth of a Chicken, as very hellpfull to ease the pains of the Womb, that Women feel after childing; and the Powder thereof is singular good for those that are troubled with s●●●s in their 〈◊〉 or any 〈◊〉 Ulcer: Being taken with Wine and Vinegar, it is effectual for those that have an Ulcer in their Stomach, if the Stomach or 〈…〉 y be fomented with the decoction thereof, for so it taketh away all Inflammation therein, and ●as●th the pains that proceed from thence.    

CHAP. CLXI. Of Ginger.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in Latin Zingib●ris and Zingiber, and Gingiber●s, and Gingiber, in English Ginger; all which words no doubt come from an Indian Original, the plant coming from that coast, and is followed by all other Nations, as nee●e as their Language will permit as Tobacco ●●d Hys●● are, the one having in Indian; the other ●n Hebrew Original.   

The Kind's.  
There be but two sorts of Ginger, that I can meet with, and the first is the East India Ginger, with a white flower, and Leaves like unto a flower de Luce having a white root. The second is the brasil▪ Ginger with the Black root.   

The Form.  
East-India Ginger groweth with Leaves, like unto the Water Flag, or Come Flag: the flower is somewhat like unto that of the flower-de-luce; the pods and seed also being not much unlike the pods and seeds of the same; the roots do likewise spread very much underground in a fashion not much different from the roots of the  Plant. This is the best description I can present you with at present, it being a difficult thing to describe in words the true proportion of those Plants whose forms we could never have the happiness to see, having received them only from the relations of travellers, who very much differ.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth, as Garcias saith, in all the Countries of the East-Indies, either planted by the root or sown of seed, especially in China and Bengala, where it is often preserved green, and sent into the European Countries. The black Ginger which hath Reed like Leaves groweth in Spain, Barbary, in the Canary Islands and the Acores, and likewise Hispani●la near Santo Domingo. It flourisheth in the hot time of the Summer, and looseth his Leaves in Winter.   

The Temperature.  
Ginger heateth and drieth in the third degree.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
Oswaldus Cr●llius a great Philosopher and Hermetical Physician in his book of Signatures, doth give the Signature of Ginger, to the Stomach▪ for which questionless there is nothing better than it, whether it be taken simply of itself, for expelling the Wind and Coldness thereof, or whether it be used in Composition with such ingredients as are Windy and hurtful to the Stomach: For it warmeth a cold Stomach helpeth digestion and dissolveth Wind both there, and in the Bo 〈…〉 s. Being ground on a Whetstone into a fair B●son, and as much salt put thereto, both which being well mixed and tempered with White-Wine, and the● suffered to settle for twenty four hours, and afterwards the clearest being put into a glass, and the Eyes anointed therewith cleareth the sight thereof, and taketh away the pin and w●b therein: Being boiled in Honey and Vinegar, and put into a tooth that is hollow, it easeth the pains thereof, and so it doth likewise if it be boiled with Ground Ivy in Wine, and the mouth held over the fume thereof, and the teeth be rubbed with the Ginger; or else burn Ginger, black Pepper, and salt, of each a like quantity in a linen clout, and lay a little of the Powder on a linen cloth, and apply it to the Tooth. It is also very effectual to stop the Courses of 〈◊〉, if it be laid hot on coals with Bay Leaves and Savine▪ and the fume thereof be received through a tunnel in a close chair. Being boiled with as much Enulacampana in fair water to the one half, and then stamped and strained, and a third part of Honey boiled and scummed, put thereunto, and an Electuary made of it; and a good quantity thereof, taken morning and evening helpeth the Chine-Cough. The Powder of Ginger, Liquorice, and Sugar mixed with the yolk of an egg and a little salt, being warmed in the shell, and eaten fasting, is very good to clear the Breast, and consequently the Voice. Being mixed with black Soap▪ and anointed upon the place that is troubled with a Tetter or Ringworm, it will kill either of them. It is very good to be used in all manner of Sauces▪ and Co●ditures, for so it withstandeth s 〈…〉ning, and correcteth the rawness of the Stomach▪ looseneth the belly and helpeth digestion. Green Ginger being preserved, provoketh lust, digesteth meat, warmeth the Stomach, and drieth up the moisture that cometh by eating of fruit. It is good for the Phlegm of the Lungs, the old Cough, shortness of breath, and all cold griefs; impeneth Obstructions, helpeth digestion, and appetite, and expelleth gross humours and Wind. Whilst the blade is fresh, it is used by the Indians in Salads and likewise in their broths and meats, and to these ends they cut it every sortnight.    

CHAP. CLV. Of Galanga.  

The Names.  
I Cannot find that this simple is so much as mentioned by Dioscorides, or any other Greek Author, no nor by few Latin Authors, which makes me imagine that it was not in use in Europe, till these later times, nor so much as known, so that the Greek name thereof, may not be expected. It is called in Latin Galanga, and by the Chinois, from whose Country it is brought to us, Lavandon, and by them of Java, Lane●az; in English it is called Galanga, but commonly Galingale.   

The Kind's.  
There be only two sorts of Galanga mentioned by Authors. 1. The greater Galanga. 2. The lesser Galanga.   

The Form.  
The Greater groweth to be two cubit's high, having Leaves folding about the Stalk being somewhat long, and narrow at the lower end, and pointed at the end somewhat like a Spears head, of a sad green colour on the upper side, and paler underneath; The flower is white, but without any scent, the seed is small and neglected; the root is somewhat great at the head, like a reed, and hath been thought by some to be a kind of Iris, being of a blackish colour on the outside, and whitish within. The lesser ariseth not above a foot high, having Leaves like the Myrtle, the root is small and bunched, firm, and somewhat tough, red both within and without, and smelleth a little sweet or aromatical.   

The Places and Times.  
The first groweth in Java, and Malaber, being Countries of the East-Indies. The other in China▪ concerning the time I find, not any Author that maketh mention.   

The Temperature.  
Galanga is hot and dry in the second or third degree.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
This Galanga is also set down by the aforementioned Crollins to have the Signature of the Stomach, and from thence it hath been found to be exceeding profitable in all cold diseases of the Stomach, by helping its concoction, and expelling Wind, and Crudities from it, and strengthening it, if it be boiled in Wine and taken Morning and Evening. It doth also very much comfort and strengthen a moist bram, helps the Vertigo, or swimming of the Head, and avails against the palpitation or beating of the Heart, and is very useful in the gnawing of the stomach, and easeth the Colic, which proceedeth of Wind, and in the Diseases of the Mother, and stopping of the Urine, and hath a speedy operation to cleanse the passages thereof, from slimy phlegm, and stones gathered therein, or in the passages at the neck of the Yard and also to waste and consume any fleshy excrescence in the neck of the Bladder or Yard. Besides, it not only provoketh to Venery, but helpeth Conception; so that there cannot be a better thing for those which desire to supply their want of Children; for it is profitable for them that have cold Reins, and excellent for them that have cold and windy distempers of the Womb. Being boiled in Wine, and so taken, it helpeth a stinking breath, and dissolveth the hardness of the Spleen. There be also to be had at the Apothecary's Shops, both a Powder and Electuary, whose chief Ingredient is galangal, both which prevail against Wind, sour belchings, and indigestion, gross humours, and cold Diseases of the Stomach and Liver. You may take half a dram of the powder at a time, or two of the Electuary in the morning fasting, or an hour before meat. If Galingall be drunk with the water or Juice of Plantain, it stoppeth the Bloodyflux, and strengtheneth nature, comforteth the Brain, and helpeth the trembling of the Heart. Both the sorts , may be used to good purpose in Meats, as well as Medicines; but the lesser is both of more use, and of greater effect, and indeed is to be used only in all the Compositions wherein Galanga is appointed yet, when the one is not to be had, the other may be and is used. The best is full of small holes.    

CHAP. CLXIII. Of Cardamomes.  

The Names.  
THey are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Cardamomum, in imitation of the Greeks, who gave it that denomination from the likeness of it to Amomum, and the virtues thereof, it being very profitable for that Disease of the Stomach, which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, for the affinity that the veins belonging to the mouth of the stomach, have with the heart, and because being slit in two, it represents the form of the Heart. In Shops, Grana Paradisi. In English, Cardamomes, after the Greeks, but commonly Grains, or Grains of Paradise.   

The Kind's.  
Whosoever shall observe the Cuts in Gerard, may collect from thence, that there are five sorts of Cardamomes. 1. The greater Cardamomes of the Arabians. 2. The greater Cardamomes of the Shops. 3. The middle sort of Cardamomes. 4. The lesser Cardamomes. 5. The least Cardamomes.   

The Form.  
Cardamomes grow by the report of the learned, upon an Herby Plant of the height of one Cubit, not unlike in substance, to the Herb that beareth Ginger: whereupon doth grow a great Cod or Husk, in shape like a Fig, when it groweth upon the Tree; but of a russet colour, thrust full of small Seeds or Grains, of a dark reddish colour, as may be plainly seen when it is divided, and of a very hot taste.   

The Places and Time.  
They grow in all the East-Indies, from the Port of Calecute unto Cananor; it groweth in Malavar, in Joa, and divers other places. They spring up in May, being sown of Seed, and bring their fruit to ripeness in September.   

The Temperature:  
Cardamomes are hot and dry in the third Degree, having in them an astringent faculty.   

The Virtues.  
The Seeds called Cardamomes, or Grains of Paradise, are generally received to be of admirable efficacy for that distemper of the stomach, called the Cardiack passion, in which it is very prevalent: and indeed the Cod, wherein the Seed is contained, have some similitude with the stomach. It is also very useful, when the stomach is not able to perform the Office of digestion, or when the appetite hath any need of provocation, and likewise for the suppressing of vomiting, when either of them proceed of a cold cause, if so be it be only chewed in the mouth, and so it draweth forth watery and phlegmatic humours, both from the Head and Stomach. It is in like manner profitable against the Falling-sickness, the Sciatica, the Cough, resolutions of the Sinews, Ruptures, pains of the Belly, killing of Worms, and provoking Urine, being drunk with Sack; and so it not only comforteth and warmeth the weak, cold, and feeble stomach, but helpeth the Ague, and riddeth the shaking fits. A dram of Cardamome-Seed, drunk in Wine, with as much Bark of Laurel, breaketh the Stone, and being mixed with Ale, wherein Time and Parsley have been boiled, and then strained, it is a good remedy for the Colic. It is a good Spice for Women, that are troubled with any grief, particularly belonging to that Sex. It provoketh Urine, when it is stopped, or passeth with pain, resisteth poison, and the sting of Scorpions, and other venomous Creatures. It expelleth Wind powerfully from other entrails, as well as the stomach, easeth those that by falls or beat, are bruised and broken, and those that are tormented with the Sciatica or Hipgout; and being boiled in Vinegar, or sleeped therein and used, it is good against Scabs and Tetters. The Powder of it put into the nose comforteth the feeble brain; or if it be put with the Oil of Musk, in an Eggshell, till it boil, and then anointed therewith. It is said by some, to be the chief of all Seeds.    

CHAP. CLXIV. Of Pepper.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, either a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 coquo, quia calor ejus concoctricem facultatem adjuvat, because it helpeth concoction, or from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ignis, because of the eminent heat that is therein; In Latin Piper, In English Pepper. Some call the Pepper of Aethiopiae, Piper Aethiopia, Piper Aethiopicum, Amomum, Vita longa, and Cardamomum, whereof they hold it to be a kind.   

The Kind's.  
Of Pepper there be these five sorts mentioned by Authors. 1. Black Pepper. 2. White Pepper. 3. Long Pepper. 4. Pepper of Aethiopia. 5. Matthiolus his Pepper.   

The Form.  
The Plant that beareth the Black-Pepper, as also the white, groweth up like a Vine among bushes and brambles where it naturally groweth; but where it is mannured, it is sown at the bottom of the tree Gausel, and the Date Trees, whereon it taketh hold, and climbeth even to the top, as doth the Vine, ramping and taking hold (but not with tendrils as the Vine doth) of any other thing it meeteth withal: It is full of Joints, and shooteth forth fair, and somewhat large Leaves, one at a Joint, being almost round, but ending in a point, greener above and paler underneath, with a great middle rib, and four other ribs somewhat lesser, spreading from it two on each side, & smaller veins therein also unto the edges, which are not dented, but smooth and plain, not thick, but somewhat thin, and set on a pretty long footstalke: The Fruit or Pepper itself groweth at the same Joint, but opposite to the Leaf, and not between the Stalk and the Leaf, as some have falsely set it down, round about a long Stalk, somewhat thinly set along thereon: The root hath sundry Joints creeping in the ground, with fibres at the Joints,   

The Places and Time  
Black and White Pepper grow in the Kingdom of Malavar, and that very good: in Malaca also, but not so good; and also in the Island Sunde and Cude; there is great store growing in the Kingdom of China, and some in Cananer, but not much. Pepper of Ethiopia groweth in America, in all the tract of the Country, where Nata and Carthago are situated. These Plants rise up in the beginning of the Spring, and the fruit is gathered in August.   

The Temperature.  
It is hot and dry in the third degree or near the fourth, of an heating or dissolveing quality.   

The Virtues.  
The Black-Pepper is most in use, and is good in sauces to give a good taste to meat, to provoke appetite, and help digestion; but they are all used to warm cold Stomaches, and to consume crude and moist humours therein, or distilling from the Head: They also help to break and dissolve Wind in the Stomach or Bowels, to provoke Urine, to he●p the Cough and other diseases of the breast, and are effectual against Poison and venomous bitings, either of Serpents or other Vermin, and are therefore put into Antidotes. ●reacles, and other preservative. The same drunk before the ●t of a Fever or Ague in Posset-drink, or laid to or anointed outwardly with Oy●e, abareth the rigour and shaking thereof, and wasteth the swelling of Quinsy, if it be taken with Honey. That Pepper which is taken inwardly, must not be beaten very small, for fear of inflaming the blood, and other profitable humours of the body, but in outward applications, there is no danger; The Powder thereof snifted up into the nose provoketh sneezing, and purgeth the brain of all superfluous moisture, and so it doth likewise, if it be eaten with Raisins. It he p also the dimness of the sight by consuming the Pin and Web or any other excrescence that shall molest it. It doth very much strengthen the Nerves and Muscles consuming the watery moisture that causeth shaking in them by its heat, and therefore it is that Macer saith thus of it. For an Ague,  

Quodque movere solet frigus periodica febris  
Compescit, febris si sumiturante tremorem.   

It doth assuage the fits that Agues make,  
If that you use thereof before you shake.   
It dissolveth the King's-evil, Kernels, Wens, Hard cold swell, and draweth forth Thorns, Shards and Splinters, if it be applied with pitch. A Caudle made with Vine-Leaves, hard Eggs, and Pepper, stayeth the bloody Flix; and the Powder of long Pepper, and the roots of Cinckfoile, drunk in Ale easeth the Colic. It easeth the Toothache being tied in a Clout, and chewed on. It is best for moist and co●d Constitutions, but in dry bodies it consumeth the seed, and burneth the blood, if it be immoderately used.    

CHAP. CLXV. Of the Nutmeg-Tree.  

The Names.  
IT was not known to the ancient Greek Writers, Dioscorides or Theophrastus, no nor to Galen or Pliny, for although some have thought it might be Galen his Chrysobalanos, yet they are fare away therein. The latter have called it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek, from the sweet scent that it yields; and in Latin Nux Aromatites; and Nux Myristica for the same reason; and Nux Moschata, as if it were a Moscho which we call Musk in English. The Mace that groweth also upon this Tree is called in Latin Macis, but in Banda where they grow the Nutmeg is called Palla, and the Mace Bunapalla.   

The Kind's.  
The Nutmeg-Tree, and so likewise the fruit are of two sorts, as hath been exactly observed by Clusius, and by him called Master and famina, the Male and the Female; which last is that which is most in use with us, and therefore take its description as follows.   

The Form.  
This Tree is said to be very great, and as tall almost as our Peartrees, spreading many branches which are green▪ whilst they are young, having fair broad Leaves ●et thereon somewhat like unto the Orenge-Tree-Leaves, set on a short stalk unequally on the branches, and abide always green thereon: The fruit (for the Flowers have not been observed) groweth at the end of the young branches which are as big as Peaches, standing singly for the most part on a thick fat stalk having an outward thick husk furrowed in the middle, which divideth itself into two parts, and growing ripe openeth itself, showing the Nut within, covered with the Mace cut into several pieces, as it were of an orient crimson colour at the first opening, but is afterwards changed by the air to be more dead, and yellowish as it is when it is brought to us, besides which it is covered also with a black thin hard shell, which being broken, the Nutmeg itself appeareth.   

The Places and Time.  
They both grow in the East-Indies, but especially in an Island called Banda (whence some have called the Nut Nux Bandensis) and in the Islands of Molucca also, though not so good as the first, as neither be they that do grow in Zeilan. The time of flowering is not specified, but the fruit is ripe in September.   

The Temperature.  
Nutmegs are hot and dry in the second degree, and somewhat astringent. Mace is hot in the second degree and dry in the third.   

The Virtues.  
Nutmegs do not only heat, but strengthen the Stomach that is cold and weak, especially the mouth of the Stomach, withstand Vomiting, and take away the Hicket. It is good likewise against the pain and windiness of the belly, and stops of the Liver and Milt, and being patched or dried at the fire, it stoppeth the Laske, especially being taken with red Wine. It is also very profitable for the Mother, Kidneys, and Bladder, helpeth them that piss by drops, especially when the grief cometh of a cold cause, and is good for other secret griefs both in Men and Women. The powder thereof mixed with the Oil of Mints, and the forehead and temples anointed therewith, is good against the coldness of the head and dulness of the memory. It is used in Cordials, and wholesome receipts against coldness of the Liver, stopping of the M●lt, the Dropsy, Vomiting, Headache, Swell, Bloody Fluxes; it comforteth the Veins and Muscles of cold and old people, it maketh the breath sweet, and helpeth the trembling of the Heart, it breaketh and expelleth Gravel from the reins and bladder, especially being first steeped in the Oil of sweet Almonds. Being taken last at night in a Caudle of Almonds or Hempseed, it procureth sleep, and is the best Spice of all other, for students, being taken in drink. Nutmegs condited, as they may be had at the Apothecaries, are excellent also for Students, being very comfortable both to the Head and Stomach. The Oil hereof doth likewise comfort the Stomach that is cold, but the frequent use thereof is not good, especially for those which are of a sanguine complexion. Mace is in Virtue almost like to Nutmeg, and doth stop the Laske, the bloody Flux, and women's Flowers. It helpeth the trembling of the Heart, and is much better for all cold griefs, than Nutmegs: the Oil of Mace laid on the Stomach cureth the infirmity thereof, and the wambling, and disposition to Vomit. The powder of a Pomegranate, large Mace, long Pepper and Sugar, being drunk with Posset Ale or Malmsey or other broth sodden together, is an approved remedy for the black Jaundice. Being used in Meats it causeth such as are lean to grow fat, and is good for cold Husbands that would have Children, as Nutmegs also are, and in broths or milk: it is very good to be drunk against Spitting of Blood, Fluxes, Vomit, and the Colic. Oil of Mace is good for the Cough.    

CHAP. CLXVI. Of Coriander.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and so in Latin also Corion, and Corianon; but usually Coriandrum, being derived from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifieth that kind of noisome Worm, which breedeth in some Walls and rotten-Wood, and is called a Wall-louse or puny in English, whose stinking smell, Coriander doth much imitate. We in England call it Corionder and Coliander.   

The Kind's.  
Though former Ages would allow of but one sort of Coriander, supposing there had been no more, yet these aftertimes have testified that there are three sorts of it. 1. Ordinary Coriander. 2. The lesser sweet Coriander. 3. The stinking Coriander.   

The Form.  
The ordinary Coriander is a very stinking herb, having a round stalk, full of branches, which are about two foot in length when they are at their full growth, whose Leaves at the first coming up are somewhat broad, very like unto Parsley, which afterwards are smaller and finer, every one then the other up to the top, where stand small lose Vmb●lls of white Flowers, turning into round striped hallow seed, of a whitish yellow colour, when it is ripe; and of a pleasant scent or savour when it is dry, but not before. The root is hard and of a Woddy substance but dyeth when the seed is ripe; which being suffered to fall, will increase mightily.   

The Places and Time.  
The two first, seeing their natural places are not yet manifest, are said no where to be found wild, but are by us now, as they were by the Ancients formerly, sown in Gardens. The last was sent from Barcinona to Lions, by Myconus to Molinaus, who hath set it forth in Historia Lugdunensi. They do all flower in Jun● and July, and their seed is ripe about the later end of August.   

The Temperature.  
The green and stinking Leaves of Coriander are cold and dry, very naught, unwholesome and hurtful to the whole body, if they should be taken inwardly, and so are the seeds as long as they are green, but being steeped in Vinegar and dried, or only dried, they are moderately hot and dry, and very convenient for several purposes as you shall hear.   

The Virtues.  
Simeon Sethi, with whom many other learned Authors do agree, affirmeth that the Seed of Coriander is marvellous good for the Stomach, not only retaining the food until it be thoroughly digested, but withal doth strengthen and enable it to do the same. The prepared seeds being covered over with Sugar as comfits and taken after meat, are of great efficacy to close up the mouth of the Stomach, to stay Vomiting, help digestion, to repress Vapours, that ascend from the Stomach to the Head, and are likewise good for those that are troubled with Rheums. The same do very much prevail against the Gout, being taken in some small quantity before dinner, upon a fasting Stomach, and after dinner, and after Supper the like, without drinking, within two or three hours after. The seeds only being taken in Wine do bring forth Worms, stop the Laske, and bloody Flux, and all other extraordinary issues of blood. It resisteth forcibly, the pains of the Wind Colic▪ and the stopping of Urine. It is said that for so many seeds as are drunk thereof so many days shall the Courses of that ●oman that drinketh them cease, as the following verses do also intimate;  

Xenocrates inquit, totidem cessare diebus  
Menstrua, quot mulier Coriandri grana vorabit.   
The powder of the seed cast upon Meats causeth them to digest the better, and with sweet Wine it moveth lust and increaseth the natural seed, if it be taken moderately, but too much use of it breedeth the Frenzy and raging, and is hurtful for such as have the headache, falling sickness, and swimming of the Head. The said powder boiled with Rue in water of Mints, and held in the mouth after it is cold, helpeth the Wula or Palate of the mouth being fallen down, the juice of the herb taken inwardly, is deadly both to man and beast, yea the smell only of the herb killeth Fleas, if it be laid where they are. The green herb boiled with Crumbs of Bread or Barley meal, consumeth all hot swell and inflammations, & with Beane meal dissolveth the King's evil, Wens, and hard Lumps. The juice of the Leaves mixed and laboured in a leaden Mortar, with Ceruse, Litharge of Silver, Vinegar and Oil of Roses, cureth St. Anthony's fire, and taketh away all inflammations whatsoever.    

CHAP. CLXVII. Of the Orenge-Tree.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the fruits whereof, as is thought, were known unto the Ancients, and by them called Aurea mala Hesperidum, because in those days they grew hardly any where else; and were therefore guarded by a watchful Dragon which Hercules slew, and brought with him some of the said fruit, which is by divers Latin Authors called Aurantia à corticis colore aureo; and by others Arantia▪ ab Arantiâ oppido Achaiae▪ & by some Pomum Narrantium; by Dodonaeus, Anarantium; and by Lobel, Malum aureum, which name is most suitable to them being Golden apples indeed. The flowers of the Orange are called Napha, and the Ointment made of them, Vnguentum ex Naphâ.   

The Kind's.  
There are five sorts of Orange Trees. 1. The ordinary Orenge-Tree. 2. The Wild or Crab Orenge-Tree. 3. The Apple Orange. 4. The Orange without Seeds. 5. The dwarf Orenge-Tree.   

The Form.  
The grafted or ordinary mannured Orenge-Tree groweth to a great stature▪ the lower part of which as also of the greater branches are covered with a rough bark but those which are lesser and younger, have a smooth green bark whereon are set some few sharp, but short thorns. The Leaves are very like in form to those of the Laurell-Tree, but may be easily distinguished, if they be bruised between one's finger, for than they sent forth a sweet smell, like unto the peel of the Orange, and likewise by being full of small holes; the Flowers are whitish, and of a very strong sweet scent. The fruit hereof is round with a thick bitter rind, of a deep yellowish red colour▪ having under it a soft white lose substance, and under that the juice is contained in small skins, which in some is less sour than others. The seeds of it do somewhat resemble those of the Lemon.   

The Places and Times.  
All the sorts above named do grow in the Coasts of Italy and the Islands thereabouts, but especially in Spain about Sivil, where the best Oranges grow, and are called by us Civil-Orenges, under which name the Women in London that sell any, comprehend the rest calling them all so, be they what they will. There be also Orenge-Trees that grow in England in the Gardens of the Earl of Northumberland at Sion-house near Brainford, and of the Lord Lambert at Wimbleton. They hold their Leaves always green and bear blossoms, green and ripe fruit all the year through; but here in England the fruit will be two years, before it come to perfection. And to make it do so, the Trees must be set in great Boxes full of earth, so that they may be removed into the house in the Wintertime.   

The Temperature.  
Oranges are not wholly of one Temperature: for the rind is hot in the first degree, and dry in the second; the juice of them is cold in the second degree, and dry in the first. They are colder or hotter according to their sweetness or sourness for the sourer the juice is, the colder it is; and the sweeter, the more hot.   

The Virtues  
Orenge-Peele is as useful in Physic as any part thereof, though it be commonly cast away as if it were good for nothing, yet it doth warm a cold Stomach very effectually, helping to break the Wind that molesteth it, and causeth cold Phlegm to be voided from thence. And being condited or preserved with Honey or Sugar it warmeth the Stomach, mendeth a stinking breath, and helpeth digestion, and is used in Banquets with other sweetmeats, being also very effectual for the strengthing of the Heart, and Spirits. The juice, and inner substance where the juice is, is very good against all contagions and corruptions of the air, the Plague, and other hot Fevers; it comforteth the Heart, and especially the Mouth of the Stomach, and helpeth the weakness thereof. It is also profitable against the trembling of the Heart, pensive heaviness, and Wambling of the Stomach; it restraineth Vomiting, and taketh away loathing in Agues and such like diseases, it quencheth thirst, and so doth the Syrup thereof. The seeds withstand all Venom and Poison, and are effectual also to kill and expel Worms. The Ointment that is made of the Flowers is often used to anoint the Stomaches of those which are troubled with a Cough, making the cold raw Phlegm to expectorate, and warming and comforting divers other places of the body. The distilled Water of the same Flowers is very odoriferous, and therefore fit for perfumes: Besides it is good against contagious diseases to drink thereof at sundry times, it helpeth also the cold and moist infirmities of the Mother. Such simples as serve both for the correction of Meats and Medicaments being thus treated of, I shall in the next place write of those that are more alimental, and therefore not improper to be mentioned here, beginning with fruits, and then proceeding to Roots and Herbs.    

CHAP. CLXVIII. Of the Appletree.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and the fruit 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Malus and Malum, Pomus and Pomum, which in English is an Apple.   

The Kind's.  
To reckon up the divers sorts of Appletrees, and their fruits, would take up more room than we allot for a whole Chapter. I shall therefore set down only some of the principal. 1 The Summer Peare-maine. 2 The Winter Peare-maine. 3. The Summer Queening. 4. The Winter Queening. 5. The Jennetting. 6. The Pome-water. 7. The great Pippin. 8. The small Pippin. 9 The Harvy Apple. 10. The Gillofloure. 11. The Marigold. 12, The John Apple. 13. The Paradise Apple. 14. The Wilding or Crab: of which there is the Town Crab, the greater and lesser white Crab, the small Hedge Crabbe.   

The Form.  
For formality sake only, I shall tell you that the Appletree doth generally spread his Arms and Branches more than the Peartree, but riseth not to that height: the Leaves are somewhat round yet pointed at the end, and dented about the edges, being green both above and below; the Flowers are White with some Red many times mixed with it, especially about the edges. The Fruit is of divers sizes, forms, colours, tastes, &c: within which being ripe, be divers black Kernels; the Root goeth strait down with some branches running aslope.   

The Places and Time.  
All the sorts aforesaid, and a great many more, grow either in Orchards as being mannured, or else Wild in Woods and Hedgrowes, especially in Kent, Gloucester and Herefordshire, where they make abundance of Cydar. They commonly Flower about April, and the fruit of the Summer kinds is ripe about the beginning of July, and the rest in September, or thereabouts.   

The Temperature.  
Apples are cold and moist in the first degree, as Mr. eliot an ancient English Author allegeth. Howbeit, there is great difference in Apples, for some be sweet, some be sour, some be bitter, some harsh, some be of a mixed temperature, both sweet and sour, &c: The sweet and bitter Apples are inclining to heat, the sour and harsh are cooling, and therefore good when the Stomach is weak by the distemperature of Heat.   

The Virtues.  
Though Apples eaten before they be ripe, or afterwards immoderately and without preparation, are very unwholesome, yet being gathered when they be full ripe, and eaten with discretion, they are very commodious to such as have hot Stomaches, to strengthen the same, and to make good digestion, and if they be offensive to any through windiness, they may be corrected with Ginger, Caraway Comfits, Fennell-seed or the like, how ever the danger will be the less, if they be roasted, baked, or stewed, either of which ways they may be presented at the Table or elsewhere. They are also profitable in hot diseases, both of the Stomach and Heart, qualifying the heat of each with their pleasant moisture. Being roasted and eaten with Rose-water and Sugar, and those of the pleasanter kinds, as Pippins and Pearemaines, they are helpful to dissolve Melancholy humours, to expel heaviness, and procure Mirth, and are good against the Pleurisy, if three or four grains of Olibanum be roasted in one of them, and so eaten. And if they be roasted and eaten with the Juice of Liquorice and Sugar, morning and evening, two hours before meat, they wonderfully help those that are troubled with the Cough, or any pain in their Breast. They are also good for those that loathe their meat or are given to Casting. The Pulp of four or five roasted Pomewaters laboured in a Wine quart of fair water, till it be like lambs-wool, and drunk last at night cureth those that piss by drops, and helpeth all other diseases proceeding of the difficulty of making Water, at the second, if not at the first taking. The aforesaid Apples give the denomination to that Ointment called Pomatum, which is of much use to soften and supple the roughness of the skin, and take away the chaps of the lips, hands, face or other parts. The Juice of Pippins and Pearemaines are used also in compositions to mend the qualities of Medicines that are dry, as S●rapium ex pomis regii saporis, Antidotum ex Granis Cocci Baphici, id est, Confectio Alkermes, which last is a mighty strengthner of the Heart and Spirit Vital. The Pap of an Apple with Rose-water applied to the Eyes doth quench the burning and taketh away the redness of them. An Apple roasted in the Embers, and mixed with butter and honey, or the yolk of a boiled egg, and applied is good to ripen any Impostume whatsoever; being fried in Virgin's Wax and eaten as hot as they can be suffered, they stay the bloody Flux. The Blossoms of Apples are not only the most convenient food for Bees, as being of a very delicate smell, but are also useful for those which are troubled with a red Nose and face, they being distilled in Balneo Mariae, and the face washed morning and evening with the Water. The Leaves boiled and given to drink in hot Agues and where the heat of the Liver and Stomach causeth the Lips to break forth, and the Throat to grow dry, harsh, and surred, it is very good to wash and Gargoyle it withal, and to drink down some. Cider which is the juice of many Apples pressed forth is of singular good use in the heat and faintings of the Stomach, and against Casting or Vomiting, a Posset being made therewith, or some of it taken by itself. It is of great use at Sea in long Voyages, and is more desired than Perry by Vintners, who since French Wine hath been so scarce, mingle it with a little French Wine, and sell it instead thereof. The juice of Crabs which we commonly call Verjuice, applied with wet  to such places as are burned and scalded, cooleth, healeth, and draweth the fire out of them. A rotten Apple applied to Eyes that are blood shotten or inflamed with heat, or that are black and blue by any stroke or fall, all day or all night, helpeth them quickly. The distilled water of good sound-Apples, is of special good use to expel Melancholy, and to procure Mirth: and that of rorten one's cooleth the heat and inflammations of sores, and is good to bathe soul and creeping Ulcers, and to wash the face to take away spots freacles, or other discolourings of the face. The inner yellow bark, either of Appletree, or Crabtree boiled with Allom, causeth those things that are put thereinto, to be of an yellow colour.    

CHAP. CLXIX. Of the Peartree.  

The Names.  
THat which is mannured is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek, and sometimes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with a double 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in Latin Pirus and Pyrus, because of the similitude of its form with that of a Pyramid. The Wild-Peare, is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek, as being of no use having its derivation from a privativa, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Utor, and indeed is of very little use: yet Dioscorides saith, that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is is a particular sort of Wild-Peare, and that the general name is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latin Pirus Sylvestris, and Pyraster or Piraster. The Wardens are called V●lema.   

The Kind's.  
There are saith a late Author, 400 or 500 several sorts of Pears, and consequently of Peartrees, so that to set them all down would be very tedious, yet I shall not think it amiss, to name a few. 1. The Jennetting Pear. 2. St. Jeames Pear. 3. The Windsor-Peare. 4. The Burgamet-Peare. 5. The Quince-Peare. 6. The Bishops-Peare. 7. The Katharine-Peare. 8. The Green-field-Peare. 9 The Winter-Peare. 10. The Warden. 11. The Choke Pear. 12. The Hedge-Peare. 13. The Lousy Hedge-Peare. 14. The Crow Wild-Peare.   

The Form.  
The Peartree is for the most part higher than the Appletree, having boughs not spread abroad, but goweth up in height: the Body is many times great, and the Wood of a yellow colour, the leaf is somewhat broad, finely nicked on the Edges, green above, but somewhat whiter underneath; the Flowers are white, the fruit is for the most part long, and in form like a Casting-Top; but in greatness, colour, and taste, very much differing among themselves having contained in them black kernels when they be ripe: The Root groweth after the same manner, as that of the Appletree doth.   

The Places and Time.  
The mannured kinds are Planted in Orchards, and Gardens, both as Standards and Wall-Trees. The biggest that ever I saw of them growing against a Wall was in the Garden of the Earl of Northumberland at Zion, near Brainford, whose branches extended themselves after a very wonderful manner. The Wild sorts are found in Woods and Hedges in Kent, Worcester, and Herefordshire. The Flowers do for the most part come forth in April, the leaves afterwards: Pears are not all ripe at one time, some of them being ripe in June, some in July▪ others in August, and divers in September, and later.   

The Temperature.  
Pears are also said to be cold and moist in the first degree, and have in them a binding quality, and an earthy substance; the Choak-Peares and tho●e that are harsh, being more earthy, and the sweet ones less.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
When Pears are unripe and raw they engender Wind, and so cause the Colic; but if they be roasted, baked or stewed, they are not unwholesome. And eaten after meat being ripe and well gathered, they close up the mouth of the Stomach and fortify digestion. Being boiled with a little Honey they help the Stomach very much that hath any pains or oppression therein. The sweet and luscious sorts do help to move the belly downwards more or less, and therefore may be eaten moderately that by those are costive: Those that are harsh and sour do on the contrary part, bind the belly as much, and therefore are good to be eaten of those that are troubled with the Laske or bloody-Fluxe, but with moderation also, for all excess is dangerous. The Ward●n is chiefly, yea only admitted to be taken by tho●e that are sick and aguish, being first baked, stewed or roasted in that it hath no a●●riction therein to breed obstructions which are the utter enemies to putrid Fevers: and indeed it deserveth commendation above all the rest, both because it may be preserved longer, and is more amicable to the nature of man. Pears applied outwardly, are effectual for hot tumours, and green wounds▪ if they be laid to at the beginning, and so are the Leaves, for they close and heal new wounds, but more especially Wild Pears, and their Leaves. The Perry that is made of these Pears is a special Cordial, cheering and reviving the Spirits, making the Heart glad as Wine of Gr●pes, and this it may be said to do by that Signature which some Pears have; It is also profitable for long life as well as health, for it hath been observed that those that drink Per●y and Syd●r daily or frequently as their common drink are generally healthy persons, and long lived: It is of special use at Sea, in long Voyages to mingle with their freshwater. Pears being boiled in fair Water▪ with Rose-water and Honey, and then drained through a Cloth or Colender, and afterwards dried in an Oven after a Batch of bread, may be kept all the year being an excellent repast. Some are preserved in Sugar, as other fruits are, and served in banquets, amongst other sweetmeats, or dried up after they are preserved, and so put amongst other dry candyed Junkets. The Wood is smooth, close and firm, and serveth for many uses as to make Moulds and Prints, to express the figure of a Plant or any such thing, to make Rulers, Pistol ●●ocks, &c: when no fit wood can be gotten.    

CHAP. CLXX Of the Peach-Tree.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Malus Persica and Rhodacina: the Nectarin which hath much affinity with it is called by Matthiolus and Casalpi●●s, Nucipers' ca, because it resembleth the Walnut in the round smooth outer rind, and the Peach in Meat, substance, and stone▪ A●g 〈…〉 v●● calleth it P●rsic● Nux, for the same Reason and Pliny, Nuciprunum.   

The Kind's.  
Of Peaches there are divers kinds. I shall mention only. 1. The White Peach. 2. The Red Peach. 3. The D'avant Peach. 4. The Yellow Peach. 5. The Nutmeg Peach. 6. The N●wington Peach. Of Nectarius, I find three sorts. 1. The Roman red Nectarin. 2. The Yellow Nectarin. 3. The green Nectarin.   

The Form.  
The Peach-Tree never groweth to any great bigness, but is planted either by itself or against a Wall, but yet spreadeth branches reasonable well, from whence spring smaller reddish Twigs, long and narrow Leaves, nicked on the edges somewhat like unto those of the willow, and of a bitter taste; the flowers be of a light purple colour, after which followeth the fruit, which hath a chink ●● cloven on the one side being otherwise very round. Some are much smaller than others, as also differing in colour and tastes, as russet, red, or yellow, waterish or firm, with a freeze or cotton all over, with a rugged furrowed great stone within, and a bitter▪ kernel within that.   

The Places and Time.  
Some suppose that these Trees had their Original from Persia: but there is no Author I know that maketh positive mention thereof. Most of them are nursed up familiarly in divers gentlemen's Gardens throughout the Land, but especially by those Gardiner's that live near the City of London, which they are ready 〈…〉 ll to tho●e that want them. They flower in April, or thereabouts, and their fruit i● ripe in September.   

The Temperature.  
Peaches be cold in the first degree and moist in the second, but the kernels be hot and dry.   

The Virtues.  
Peaches eaten moderately (for so we are to use all fruits as I said before) are by the approbation of the learned Physician Dioscorides very profitable for the Stomach, and also to cool and loosen the belly, especially if those that eat them are of hot constitutions; but than it will not be amiss according to the advice that is given in Schola Salerni to take a cup of Wine or strong drink with them, for there it is said, Persica cum musto, vobis datur ordine justo, and so (no doubt) they are less dangerous. The best time of eating them is before meals, as Gal●● showeth, and not after meat (as our manner is in England) for being eaten after meat they swim uppermost, and so both corrupt themselves and also other meats; whereas being eat before, they mollify the belly as is said already, provoke appetite, and qualify the distemperature of Choler in the Stomach. Leonicerus says, they may be eaten in burning Fevers, and Pliny commends them also for the sick. The Kernels of the stones do wonderfully ease the pains and wring of the belly, through Wind or sharp humours, and are with other ingredients very admirable for the Stone. The Milk or Cream of the said Kernels being drawn forth with some vervain Water, and applied to the Forehead and Temples doth much help to procure rest and sleep to sick persons wanting it, and so doth the Oil that is drawn from them, if the places afore mentioned, be anointed therewith; Used in the same manner it helpeth the Megrim, and all other pains in the Head. The same Oil put into Clysters, easeth the pains of the Wind-Chollick; and anointed on the lower part of the be●●y, it doth the like; and dropped into the ears, it easeth the pains of them, and so doth the juice of the Leaves. If the Kernels be bruised and boiled in Vinegar until they become thick and applied to the Head, it marvellously procures the Hair to grow again upon bald places, or where it is too thin, which is signified by the down that groweth upon the fruit. The Leaves of Peaches bruised and laid on the belly, killeth Worms, and so do they also being boiled in Ale and drunk, and open the belly to boot; and after they are dried, they discuss humours▪ The powder of which being strewed upon fresh bleeding wounds stayeth their bleeding and closeth them up. The Flowers steeped all night in a little wine, set in a warm place, and then strained forth in the morning, and drunk fasting doth gently open the belly, and mo●e it downwards; and if you would have them work more powerfully, do but after the straining put in as many more flowers, and then strain it again: do this five or six times, and afterwards add as much Sugar to the Liquor, as will be convenient to bring it to the consistence of Syrup, and take two spoonfuls thereof, and it will purge the belly so effectually that there is neither Rubark, Agarick, nor any other purger comparable to it, for it purgeth waterish humours mightily, and yet without grief or trouble either to the Stomach or lower parts of the body. A conserve made of the said Flowers, provoketh Vomiting, and spendeth Waterish and Hydropic humours likewise, by the continuance thereof. The Liquor that droppeth from the Tree being wounded, is given in the decoction of Colts-foot to such as are troubled with the Cough or shortness of breath, by adding thereto some sweet Wine, and putting some Saffron also therein; It is good for them that are Hoarse or have lost their voice; it helpeth also all defects of the Lungs and those that Vomit or spit blood. Two drams thereof given in the juice of Lemons, or of Radish, is good for them that are troubled with the Stone. The Nectarin nor any part thereof is used Physically that I read of, yet it hath a firmer substance, and a more delectable taste, and therefore is as wholesome, i● not wholesomer to be eaten, than the Peach.    

CHAP. CLXXI Of the Aprecock-Tree.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin malus Armeniaca, haply because it came first out of Armenia, in English Abrecock or Aprecock-Tree. The fruit is named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and of divers 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which be words corrupted from the Latin word Praecox or Praecoquum signifying soon ripe, it being one of the first ripe fruits. It is called also in Latin Chrysomelon id est Malum aureum and malum Armeniacum, and by some Bara ●occa. It is called in English Aprecock, as I suppose from the Latin word Praecox.   

The Kind's.  
I am not yet assured that there are any more than two sorts of Apricock-Trees 1. The greater Apricock-Tree. 2. The lesser Apricock-Tree.   

The Form.  
The Apricock-Tree is greater than the Peach-Tree, and hath a bigger body and lasteth longer, if it be either grafted or inoculated; It hath great, broad, and almost round Leaves, but pointed at the ends, and finely dented about the edges, the Flowers are made of five white Leaves like unto those of the Plum-Tree, but somewhat larger; the fruit that followeth is round, save that it hath a cloven or open furrow in the middle, somewhat like unto a Peach, of a pale yellowish colour on the outside as well as on the inside, and a little radish on the side in most, yet whiter in some, in substance firmer, and closer than any Plum whatsoever, having within it a smooth flattish stone, and within that a sweet Kernel.   

The Places and Time  
These Trees do seem by their name to claim Armenia for their natural place; but whether they do grow there of their own accord, I am not yet resolved. From what Coast soever they came, they are now no strangers in England; but are planted frequently in almost every Gentleman's Garden, where there is a Wall for them to grow against, without the help of which they seldom bear fruit. They flower commonly in March, and their fruit is ripe about St. Jamestid● or sooner.   

The Temperature.  
Apricocks are also cold in the first degree and moist in the second, but not so moist as Peaches.   

The Virtues.  
Galen accounts Apricocks better than Peaches, and certainly he was not mistaken, for they are not so soon corrupted in the Stomach, and therefore must needs be the wholesomer fruit of the two. They are also more pleasant to the taste, yet being over ripe they are apt to putrify and swim in the Stomach, if they be taken as commonly they are after meals, but being eaten first, they descend easily and cause the other meats to pass down the sooner, rather to the benefit then detriment of the body. Some say they have no use in Physic, but are wholly spent as a Junket either fresh and green, or dried, preserved, or candied, (all which ways they are pleasant to the body, and healthful) to sort with others for the same purpose. But Avicen says, that the infusion of dried Aprecocks it profitable in sharp Fevers: and Matthiolus that famous Commentator upon Dioscorides, tells us that the Oil, which may be pressed out of the Kernels of the Stones, as the Oil of Almonds is made, is very effectual against the inflamed Piles or Hemorrhoides, the tumors or swell of Ulcers, the hoarseness of the Voice, the roughness of the Tongue and Throat, and likewise the pains in the Ears: and that five ounces of the said Oil taken with one Ounce of Muscadine driveth forth Stones, and Gravel out of the Bladder, and kidneys, and helps the Colic. The Virtues of the Leaves of this Tree, are not yet found out.    

CHAP. CLXXII. Of the Plum-Tree.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and in Latin Prunus; the fruit 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek, and Prunum in Latin; in English Plums and Prunes, which have also names from the Countries, in which they grow. Those which grow in Syria, near Damascus are called Pruna Damascena, Damsons, Damasins or Damask Prunes; those that grow in Spain, Hispanica, Spanish Prunes or Plums; so those of Hungary are called Hungarica, or Pannonica; and those of France, Gallica Pruna.   

The Kind's.  
The sorts of Plum-Trees are exceeding numerous, and therefore I shall wave the trouble of setting down any more than those that follow. 1. The Damson-Tree. 2. The Myrabol●ne Plum-Tree. 3. The Almond Plum-Tree. 4. The Mussel Plum-Tree. 5. The Violet Plum-Tree. 6. The Permorden Plum-Tree. 7. The Lammas Plum-Tree. 8. The Wheaten Plum-Tree.   

The Form.  
The Plum-Tree for the most part riseth to be a tall Tree; the body and arms whereof are covered with a rugged Bark more or less, the younger branches being smother, the Leaves are somewhat long, and broad, and rounder than those of Cherries, for the most part, yet of very different sizes among themselves: The Flowers are made of five white small Leaves, somewhat like, but less than those of the Aprecock: The fruit differeth in form, some being Oval, some Pear-fashion, some Almond-like, and some round; in colour, some being red, green, or black, & some white or yellow; and in taste, some sweet, some sour, and some of a mean between both, wherein is contained a small smooth flattish Stone.   

The Places and Time.  
Several of these sorts of Plums do grow both as Standards and Wall-Trees in divers gentlemen's Gardens about London, and in the Country also; especially the Damson Tree, and the Wheaten Plum-Tree. They do commonly blossom in April, and give their ripe fruit in Summer, some sooner, and some later.   

The Temperature.  
Plums are cold and moist in the second degree, having an Astringent quality as long as they are sharp and sour, but when they are thorough ripe and sweet they are of a contrary operation.   

The Virtues.  
The goodness of Plums may be collected from their substance, for those whose flesh is firm are less hurtful than those that are soft and tender, because they are not so apt to corrupt in the Stomach, and that is it, which makes Damsons more wholesome than the rest; for those which are so very moist fill the body with waterish and corrupt blood. But all Plums as well as other fruit are then best, when they are preserved with Honey or Sugar, which takes from them their superfluous moisture, and then there are made of them many good Dishes for the Table, and delicates for banquets throughout all the year; which are profitable both for the sick and healthful to relish the mouth and Stomach, to procure an appetite and a little to open the belly, to allay Choler and cool the Stomach, which effects are likewise wrought by that dried fruit which is sold at the Grocers under the name of Damask-prunes, when they bestowed & eaten, and if a little Sena Rhubarb or the like be stewed amongst them, it maketh them the more purging, and of a greater use to be taken by those that have weak Stomaches; for so they cast out choleric humours, and are good in Fevers and other Choleric and hot diseases: and somewhat to this purpose, is that in Schola Salerni. Infrigidant, laxant, multum prosunt tibi pruna. which is thus Englished by Mr. Austen in a Treatise of fruit-trees.  

Plums cool, and lose the belly very kindly;  
No way offensive, but to health are friendly.   
Where he seems, to attribute these qualities to Damsons fresh gathered, but whether fresh or dried and afterwards stewed, they may be eaten to the aforesaid end. The Leaves of the Tree boiled in wine is a good decoction to wash and gargoyle the mouth and throat, and to dry up the flux of Rheum that falleth down to the palate, gums▪ or Almonds of the Throat. The gum that cometh out of the trees being drunk in wine, is good against the stone, and will serve as a Glue to fasten any thing withal. The said Gum or the Leaves boiled in Vinegar and applied killeth Tetters and Ringworms and also the Leprosy.    

CHAP. CLXXIII. Of the Cherrytree.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and the fruit 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Cerasus and Cerasa. In most other plants and fruits, the Latin name is derived from the Greeks: but in these the Greek from the Latin, for Athenaeus and Pliny writ that after L. Lucullus had overcome Mithridates, he brought this Tree from Cerasumpta in Pontus into Italy, and gave it the name C●rasus from the place whence he had it.   

The Kind's.  
There are many sorts of Cherries, but I shall make mention but of some of them, 1. The May Cherry, 2. The Early Flaunders Cherry, 3. The Late Flaunders Cherry, 4. The Black Hart Cherry, 5. The Red Hart Cherry, 6. The Great Bearing Cherry of Mr. Millen, 7. The Ordinary Cherry. 8. The Prince Cherry, 9 The Duke Cherry, 10. Birds Cherry, 11. The Common Black Cherrytree, 12. The Red Grape Cherrytree, 13. The least wild Heart Cherrytree, 14. The Wild Cherrytree.   

The Form.  
The Cherrytree riseth up to a reasonable height and greatness, spreading well and somewhat thick, the Leaves are near unto those of the Plum-Tree for Form, but somewhat longer in most, and dented about the Edges; the Flowers come forth two or three or four at most at a place or Joint together, every one on his own Footstalk: consisting of five whire Leaves with some Threads, in the middle, after which come Round Berry's green at first, but Red or Black when they are full ripe; of a mean bigness and pleasant taste, with a hard white small stone within it, whose Kernel is somewhat bitter but not unpleasant.   

The Places and Times.  
Divers of these Sorts are inhabitants in the Gardens of those that love variety of pleasant fruit, and several others also, growing either as Standards or Wall-Trees. The ordinary Cherries grow most familiary in Kent, and there are abundance of Black Cherries grow in Harfordshire, but the Birds Cherry groweth wild in Kent, as also in Westmoreland and Lancashire where they call it the Hedge-berry-tree. The least wild Heart-Cherry-tree groweth near Stockport, and in other places of Cheshire, where the County people call it the merry Tree. The Wild Cherrytree groweth in a wood by Bath. Most of them Flower in April, bringing forth their fruit, some sooner and latter, in the months of May, June, and July.   

The Temperature.  
Cherries be cold and moist in the first degree.   

The Virtues.  
Cherries eaten before meat, loosen the Belly very gently, but many of them nourish but little, and are hurtful unto moist and unhealthy Stomaches, especially the small Cherries which do often Breed Agues and other Maladies. The Red sour Cherries do likewise loosen the belly, and are more wholsesome and convenient for the Stomach, for they do partly comfort, and partly quench Thirst. The Black sour Cherries do strengthen the Stomach more than the rest, and being dried, they stop the Laske. Some Authors speak much in the commendation of Cherries, and amongst the rest the Compilers of Schola Sal●rni as may appear, by their following verses.  

Cerasai si ●●medas, tibi confert grandia dona,  
Expurgant Stomachum, nucleus Lapide● tibi tollit,  
Et de carne sua sanguis critque bonus.   
That is to say, Cherries purge the Stomach, and the Kernels of the Cherry stones, eaten dry or made milk, breaketh the stone in the reins o● bladder, and that which no fruit in a manner else doth, the substance or meat of Cherries engendereth very good blood, and comforteth and fatteth the body. Ruell●●s also ●aith, they breed good humours in the body; and another saith that they increase and comfort the Liver, which they may be said to do by Signature, and that those which are t●●t and sharp, close the mouth of the Stomach, and make the better and Speedier cigestion. They are likewise allowed by the Germane Doctors to such as have Feverish, hot and Thirsty diseases; in that they cool strengthen and stir up appetite to meat. But let no body be to bold with them hereupon, lest they Surset, which may be easily done, and therefore in those Countites where they abound, they are eaten with bread and butter to prevent Surfeiting. There is also made of Cherries a Liquor called Cherry wine which in the Summer is pleasant and healthful and more proper for that season then hot wines. They are useful to boil in broths and drinks and so they may be given without danger even to those that are sick, as those which are preserved may. The Gum of the Cherrytree dissolved in Wine and drunk, is good for the Gravel and the stone, the excoriation of the Throat, Lungs and Breast, the Cough, and hoarseness, as also to amend the colour and sharpen the Eyesight. The distilled water of Black Cherries having the stones bruised with them, is good to be poured into the mouths of them that have the Falling-sickness, as often as the Course of the fit doth trouble them, and is effectual to provoke Urine, to break the stone expel the gravel and break Wind.    

CHAP. CLXXIV. Of the Goosberrie-Bush.  

The Names.  
IT is not yet resolved whether this Shrub were known to the ancient writers or no; some would have it to be the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of Theophrastus, which is somewhat improbable, because he maketh no mention of any prickles that grow thereon, which so accurate an Author as he was, could hardly omit. The latter writters call it in Latin Grossularia, because they are somewhat like Gross●s, small green Figs. It is called also Uva crispa, and Uva Crispina, because the Leaves seem to be crisped or curled; In some Countries of England, it is called the Feaberry, in others the Dewbery, and in some the wine berry-bush, but most commonly the Gooseberry, and the fruit hath the same denomination.   

The Kind's.  
There are some sundry sorts of Goosberries, some of which I shall mention, 1. The Common Goosberrie, 2. The Red Goosberry, 3. The blue Goosberry, 4. The hairy or prickly green Goosberry, 5. The great Dutch Goosberry.   

The Form.  
The Goosberry-Bush is a Shrub of three or four Cubits high, set thick with sharp prickles; it is likewise full of branches, slender woody and prickly: but the lower part of the stalks are smooth. The Leaves are cut with deep gashes into divers parts, somewhat like those of the vine, of a very green colour, the Flowers are very small, of a whitish green, with some little purple dashed here and there, the fruit is round, growing Scatteringly upon the branches, green at ●he first, but waxing a little yellow, when they come to maturity, full of a winy suyce, somewhat sweet in taste, when they be ripe, in which is contained hard ●eed of a brownish colour, which may be seen through the skin; which though it be thick at first, doth afterwards become transparent, the Root is woody, and not without many strings annexed thereunto.   

The Places and Time.  
The sorts  with divers others do grow in many Gardens about London in great abundance, whence they are carried into Cheapside and other places to be sold. The Leaves commonly appear in March, and the flowers not long alter; the fruit is ripe in June and July.   

The Temperature.  
The Berries of this bush before they be quite ripe, are cold and dry, and that in the latter end of the second degree, and also binding.   

The Virtues.  
Goosberries are used in the Month of May and June, either to make sauce for green Geese, to stew with Mutton, and the like, or else to make Tarts, or to be eaten, after they are scalded, with Rose-water and Sugar: all which ways they provoke appetite, and cool the Vehement heat of the Stomach, and L●●er. They are sometimes boiled in broth, and so they do not only make it plea●●nt to the taste, but render it very profitable to such as are troubled with an hot burning Ague. They are very much desired by Women with Child, and by young Maidens also, whilst they be unripe; but surely they profit not the former, unless it be to stay their longing; nor the latter, unless it be to breed the Green-sickness, for they stop the Courses, except they happen to be taken into a cold Stomach and then they do but trouble and clog the same. The Ripe Berries, as they are Sweeter, so they are less offensive to the stomach, yet they are eaten more for pleasure, then for any proper or special effect for any disease; but by reason of their lubricity or sliperinesse, they easily descend out of the Stomach without any trouble; however the safest way of eating them is, when they are preserved with Sugar. The Decoction of the Leaves cooleth hot Swell and inflammations, as also St. Anthony's fire. The young and tender Leaves eaten raw in a Salad, break the Stone, and expel Gravel both from the Kidneys and Bladder. Too much of the fruit will breed Crudities, and Consequently Worms.    

CHAP. CLXXV. Of the Barbery-bush.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, à spinarum acuminatis Cuspidibus, from the sharp prickles wherewith nature hath armed it, from whence the Latins call it Oxyacantha Galeni (there being some difference between Dioscorides and Galen concerning this plant) which is the name used in the Shops at this day; yet some call it Berberies of the corrupted name Amyrberis by which Avicen calls it, and from thence is the English word Barberies, derived.   

The Kind's.  
Though all Barbery Bushes have the same form as to the stature, Leaves, and Prickles, so that there may seem to be but one sort, yet because they bear three several sorts of fruits; Authors make three sorts of them, 1. The Ordinary Barbery-Bush 2. The Barbery-Bush, who●e berries are thrice as b●g as the former, 3. The Barbery-Bush, whose berries are for the most part without stones.   

The Form.  
The Barbery-Bush shooteth forth many Slender Stems or stalks from the root, sometimes to a great height covered with a smooth whitish rind or bark, being yellow underneath next the wood; which is white, easy to break, and pithy in the middle, set full of sharp small white thorns, three at every leaf almost which are somewhat small and long; finely dented about the Edges, and of a fresh green colour; the Flowers come forth at the joints with the Leaves, many standing on a long cluster, yellow while they are fresh, which turn into small long and round berries hanging down in long bunches upon a small stalk, white at the first, but very Red when they are through-Ripe▪ of a sharp sour taste, able to set their teeth on edge that eat them: the Root is yellow and spreading.   

The Places and Times.  
It groweth not only in many of the woods in Austria, Hungary, France; but in England also, in some hedges and borders of fields. Especially at a Village called Iver two miles from Cole-brook, where there be divers hedges con●●●●ing of nothing else but Barberie-Bushes; yet in most places they are not found but in Gardens, Orchards, and Closes, adjoining to some dwelling house or other. The Leaves and Blossoms come forth in April and May, and the fruit is ripe in September and October.   

The Temperature.  
The Leaves and fruit of the Barbery-bush are cold and moist in the second degree, and, as Galen also affirmeth, they are of this parts and have a certain cutting quality.   

The Virtues.  
The green Leaves of the Barbery-bush stamped and made into sauce, as that made of Sorrell called Green Sauce, doth cool hot Stomaches, and those that are vexed with hot burning Agues, and procureth Appetite, cooling the Liver, and repressing sour belchings of Choler. The fruit is much more cooling and binding, quenching thirst and restraining Choleric and pestilential Vapours, and is of very good use in Agnes that proceed from such causes, if either the Conserve of the depurate juice or the Syrup thereof be taken with the Syrup of Violets: The said juice also, or the berries themselves, either conserved or preserved, is often used for those that loathe their meat, to procure an Appetite, and repress the force of Choler, rising from the Liver thereinto, and that which passeth into the bowels procuring sharp laskes, as the bloody flux, etc. It helpeth likewise to stay women's Immoderate courses, and if it be taken with a little Sowthernwood-water and Sugar, it killeth the Worms in the body. It is good also for those that Spit blood, to fasten lose teeth, strengthen the gums and cool the inflammations of the palate and throat, if the Conserve be dissolved in water, mingled with a little Vinegar, and a gargoyle made there of, and stayeth Rheums and distillations upon those parts. It helpeth likewise to dry up moist Ulcers and to solder up green; The said depurate juice called Wine of Barberies serveth to dissolve many thing Chimically. The inner yellow bark of the branches or root hath the Signature of the yellow Jaundice, and therefore is with good success given unto them that have it, being boiled and drunk; The same laid in steep in white Wine, for the space of three hours purgeth wonderfully as 'tis said.    

CHAP. CLXVI. Of the Curran-Tree.  

The Names.  
IT is more than probable that this Plant was not known to the ancient Greek writers seeing there is no Greek name for it, that we can learn. It is called Ribs and Ribesius frutex from some Analogy it hath, both in respect of the berries, and also in the properties with the Ribs of Serapio, and not that it is the same. Gesner, calleth it Ceanothus levis, but it is accounted by divers to be a kind of Grossularia, who therefore call it Grossularia Rubra, & Grossularia ultramarina. Bauhinus calleth the white sort Grossularia hortensis margaritis similis. The black sort is generally called Ribs fructu nigro, in English Black Currans, as other are Red and White; but the White are called Gozell in some parts of Kent.   

The Kind's.  
Of these kind of Currans, which are none of those which are sold at the Grocers, there be four sorts of Trees. 1. The ordinary red Curran-Tree. 2. The great red Curran-Tree. 3. The white Curran-Tree. 4. The black Curran-Tree.   

The Form.  
The stem or stock of the Curran-Tree hath a very thin outer bark, which in the red & black Curran-Tree is brownish; but in the white it is whitish all of them being green underneath; and are about the bigness of a good great staff, wholly without thorns on any branch, whereon grow large cornered blackish green Leaves, cut in on the edges into five parts, somewhat like a Vine-leafe, but a great deal less; The Flowers, come forth at the joints of the Leaves, many together on a long stalk, hanging down about a finger's length, of an hereby colour, after which follow round berries, all green at the first, but afterwards as they grow ripe they tend to their several colours, and are then clear and transparent; the red are of a little pleasant and tart taste withal, the White more Winy, and acceptable, but both the Leaves and Fruit of the black, have a kind of strong evil sent, but yet are wholesome although not so pleasant as any of the former, and are eaten by many; the root is woody and spreadeth diversely.   

The Places and Time.  
All these sorts have been found, growing naturally wild some in Savoy, and Switzerland, as Gesner saith, and some in Austria as Clusius: whence they have been trasplanted into our English Gardens, where they bear well. They flower in the beginning of April, and their fruit is ripe in June and July, continuing on the bushes long after they are ripe, before they fall or are withered.   

The Temperature.  
All these sorts of Currans are cold and moist, and that in the first or second degree, and somewhat astringent.   

The Virtues.  
The red and white Currants when they be ripe are very profitable to allay the heat and fainting of the Stomach and to quench thirst, and to provoke an appetite, and therefore are safely permitted in hot and sharp Agues, for the juice of them tempereth the heat of the Liver and blood, and the sharpness of Choler, and resisteth putrefaction: It taketh away likewise the loathing of meat, and the weakness of the Stomach by much Vomiting, for it closeth the mouth thereof and represseth the distemper whereof it is caused. It is said also to stop the laske that proceedeth of Choler, and the bloody floxe, and that it is useful for the Cough, especially the dried juice or Rob thereof, which is made after this manner. Take of the juice of Currans clarified twelve pound boil it half away, and add to the remainder old White-Wine five pound; consume the third part over a gentle fire, taking away the scum (as you ought) let the rest settle and strain it, and with three pound of Sugar, boil according to Art, till it be something thicker than new Honey; And being thus made you may take a little on the point of a knife, as often as you have occasion to use it for any of the purposes aforesaid. The black Currans be used in sauces, and so are the Leaves also by many, who like the taste and sent of them, though others do not. I might proceed further in declaring at large, how that the fruit of the Raspeberry bush, the Service-Tree, the Cornell-Tree, the filbert, Hazel, and Chest-nut-Tree is used for food rather than Physic: but because few of them, or any other that I have omitted, have any eminent Quality profitable to the Stomach I shall only name them here, and if occasion serve treat of them in the following part, as I have done of some other in the foregoing. Only, I shall not think it amiss to specify that most sorts of Grain, as Wheat, Rye, Barley, Beanes, Pease, Oates, Rice, Lentils, etc. are useful for food: and so are divers Roots, as Turnips, Carrots, Parsneps, Potatoes, Skirrets, Onions, Leeks, Garlick, Radishes &c: to which may be added Melons, Pepons, Cucumbers, Artichokes, &c: as also divers herbs, as Cabbage, Coleflowers, Beets, Lettuce, spinach, Asparagus, Chervaile, alexander's, bugloss, Borage, Tarragon, balm, Mint, Sage, Sorrell &c: some whereof are profitable to the Stomach, whereas others by reason of their windiness are obnoxions thereunto, unless they be eaten with discretion after they be corrected by the fire, and have some Pepper strewed upon them to expel the Wind; It will be needless to mention them again to tell you which of them stand most in need of correction; for that every good Huswife can tell; but, if any one desires further to be resolved, he shall find most of them handled dispersedly in this book. I shall now descend to the Liver; for thither is the Chyle conveyed through the Meseraick veins for sangufication, and comes next to be rectifiod.    

CHAP. CLXXVII. Of Rhubarb.  

The Names.  
I Find no Author that setteth down the Greek name of this Simple, and I suppo●e the reason is because it is of later invention, it being not that Pā●, which Dioscorides mentioneth, but brought out of China, and called so from the River Rha, on whose banks it is said very plentifully to grow. The Common Latin name is Rhabarbarum, the reason whereof whosoever desires to know may read much thereof in parkinson's Herbal, and be unresolved when he hath done.   

The Kind's.  
Of Rhubarb, there be six sorts. 1. The True Rhubarb. 2. Bastard Rhubarb. 3. Monks Rhubarb. 4. China Rhubarb. 5. The broader Elecampane leafed Rhubarb. 6. The narrower Elecampane leafed Rhubarb.   

The Form.  
The True Rhubarb riseth out of the ground in the Springtime with a great round brownish head, which openeth itself into sundry Leaves one after another, very much crumpled together at the first, and brownish, but after they have spread themselves to a very large round compass, they become smooth, being supported by a brownish stalk, of the thickness of ones Thumb, when they are at the biggest, and about half a yard in length; the Leaf also from edge to edge, being near the same breadth; of a sad or dark green colour, of a fine sour taste, exceeding that of the Garden or wood-sorrel, amongst which there ariseth, though not every year, a strong thick stalk about a foot higher than the Leaves that grow below, and like unto them; but lesser at every joint up to the top, and among the Flowers which be white, spreading forth into many branches, and consisting of five or six small white Leaves a piece, hardly to be discerned from the white threads in the middle, after which come brownish three square seeds like unto those of other Dockes, whereof it is a kind: The root, which will grow to be very great, is of a dark brownish or reddish colour on the outside, with a pale yellow skin under it covering the inner substance or root, which being pared away, the root appeareth of so fresh and lively a colour, with fresh coloured Veins, running through it, that no Rhubarb whatsoever can excel it, which being dried carefully by the gentle heat of a fire, and every piece kept from touching one another, it will hold its colour well, and is commended by those that have made trial of it.   

The Places and Time.  
The first as it is reported grew in Thracia, whence it was brought to Venice and from thence to us, the seed being sent by Dr. Lister to Mr. Parkinson who husbanded it so well that it grew, and in two or three years brought forth much seed, by which he furnished many of his friends. Yet I find it growing very rarely, and that in no great quantity, not remembering, that ever I saw it before the writing hereof, but only in the Physic Garden, at Oxon, and in the Garden of one Cudymion Campion of Wansworth in the County of Surrey: The second groweth naturally upon the hills not fare from Caria in Germany, as also near Friburg in Switzerland, & on the Mountains in Austria, & groweth also plentifully in many of our Gardens, where it is sown. The th●rd, groweth about Lausann● in Savoy, as Tragus saith, but only in Gardens with us: The fourth groweth in China, as the name expresseth, and is that (as the Apothecaries pretend) that is made use of in shops, because they may have the greater price ●or it, although that of England is as effectual for many purposes: The fift is to be found on Mount Baldus, near Verona in Italy, and on the hills in Switzerland, and the last came out of Italy also. These sorts flower in June, and the seed is ripe in July. The Roots which are for use must not be taken up, till the Stalk and Leaves be quit withered and gone, which will be in October, for should they be taken before, or after the Leaf gins to put forth, they would lose much of their colour.   

The Temperature.  
Rhubarb is hot and dry, in the second degree, of a mixed substance, partly airy, thin and purging, partly gross and earthy, whereby it is binding and drying. The Monks Rhubarb, which is also dry but cooling, is not so frequently used as formerly, since the Bastard Rhubarb hath been so plentiful.   

The Virtues.  
Rhubarb is so effectual for the Liver, that it is called the Life, Soul, Heart, and Treacle of the Liver, purging from thence Choler, Phlegm, and watery humours and is therefore useful in Choleric, and long continued Fevers, in the Jaundice, Green sickness, Dropsy, Stops of the Liver, as also against the hardness thereof, and intemperate coldness, being taken of itself made into Powder and drunk in a draught of White-Wine fasting, after it hath been steeped therein all night, or put among other purges as shall be thought convenient. It is likewise good against the Windiness, Wambling, and Weakness of the Stomach, and all pain thereof, the Cramp, gnawing and gripping of the Belly, Kidneys, and Bladder, the Ache of the Breasts and Mother, the Sciatica, spitting of blood, Sobbing, Hicket, the bloody Flux, and Lasks, and all Stinging, and venomous bitings, one dram thereof being taken in Hydromel or Honeyed Water. The Powder taken with Cassia dissolved, and a little washed Venice Turpentine cleanseth the Reins and strengtheneth them afterwards, and is very effectual to stay the running of the Reins or Gonorrhoea. It is also given for pains and swell of the Head, for those that are troubled with Melancholy, and helpeth the Gout. The Powder of Rhubarb taken with a little Mummia, and madder Roots in some red-Wine dissolveth clotted blood in the body, happening by any fall or bruise, and healeth burstings, and broken parts as well inward as outward: The Oil likewise wherein it hath been boiled, worketh the like effects being anointed. It is used to heal the Ulcers that happen in the Eyes and Eyelids, being steeped in White-Wine or any other convenient Liquor and then strained, as also to assuage swelling and inflammations: and applied with Honey or boiled in Wine, it taketh away all black and blue spots or marks that happen therein. Whey or White-Wine are the best Liquors to to steep it in, and thereby it worketh more effectually in opening Obstructions and purging the Liver and Stomach; many do use a little Indian spikenard as the best Corrector thereof. The Seed of Bastard Rhubarb easeth the gnawing and griping pains of the Stomach, and taketh away the loathing thereof. The Root of it helpeth the Ruggedness of the Nails, and being boiled in Wine it helpeth the Kings-evil as also the Swell of the Kernels of the Ears. It helpeth them that are troubled with the stone, provoketh Urine, and helpeth the dimness of the sight. It is also used in opening and purging Diet Drinks, with other things to open the Liver, and to cleanse and cool the blood. The Root of Monks Rhubarb purgeth likewise, but not so forcibly as either of the former. The Seed thereof contrarily doth bind the belly, and helpeth to stay Laskes and the bloody flux, and so doth the root of the true Rhubarb, if it be toasted at the fire, and drunk with Plantain water, or thick red wine. The distilled water thereof is very profitably used to heal Scabs as also foul ulcerous sores and to allay the inflammations of them. The juice of the Leaves or roots, or the decoction of them in Vinegar is used also as a most effectual remedy to hea●e Scabs and running Sores. The two last sorts of Rhubarb are seldom used, their qualities being more astringent than opening.    

CHAP. CLXXVIII Of Turmerick.  

The Names.  
IT is in uncertain whether this Drug were known to the Grecians or not, there being no positive Greek name for it upon record: some think it to be the Cyperus Indicus of Dioscorides, because it hath the same colour & ta●●, the root being like Ginger; but why he should refer it to a Cyperus, is somewhat strange, the root of that having no such form, colour, or taste. Garcias and Christopherus Acosta call it Crocus Indicus, but the Common Latin name is Curcuma, borrowed as is most probable from the Arabians, who call it Curcum, yet this is not the Curcuma of Serapio or Avicen as Matthiolus hath well noted, which is no other than the greater Celandine whose root is yellow, and therefore the Apothecaries in former times took it for Curcuma, and put it into the Composition called Diacurcuma. I find but one sort thereof, and therefore I shall proceed to the description.   

The Form.  
Turmerick beareth larger & thinner Leaves than Millet, and of a paler green colour, which afterwards when the stalk is grown up, do likewise encompass one another thereupon up to the top; What flower or seed it beareth I find no mention. The Root is somewhat like Ginger, in form but of a yellow or Saffron colour within and without, yet it is not so flat as Ginger but rounder, hot in taste, and bitterish when it is dry, though being fresh the bitterness thereof cannot be so easily perceived, by reason of the moisture that is in it.   

The Places and Time.  
I find not that Turmerick groweth any where but in the East-Endies: but that i● doth there the names above mentioned do clearly intimate. I can say nothing of the time, having not yet met with any Author to direct me in this particular.   

The Temperature.  
Turmerick is hot and dry in the second, or as some say in the Third degree.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
If all Roots Flowers and Barks that are yellow, do cure the yellow-Jaunders by Signature, as it hath been found experimentally by those who have made trial of them, then certainly Turmerick cannot choose but do it, it being so eminently yellow; And therefore they do well, that use it for the yellow Jaundice, which is a distemper commonly proceeding from the Liver, so that if it be good for the one, it must be consequently for the other, as also for the obobstructions of the Gall, which is the receptable for that yellow choler, which causeth the Jaundice when it cannot be admitted. It is very effectual likewise to open the Stops of the Stomach, Womb, and Bladder, and is very good in the Dropsy, and Green sickness, for it openeth all manner o● obstructions, and he●peth to bring down women's courses. It is of very good use also in o●d and inveterate griefs and sicknesses, and that evil disposition of the body, called Cachexia which is, when the who●e nourishment of the body is sent to feed some predominant humours: Neither is it good for men only, but for Horses, especially when they are troubled with the Yellows, as the expert Farrier can tell you. It is used outwardly to take away the hair, and is put into tho●e Medicines that are made for the Eyes, and for the Itch, and Scab, if some juice of Oranges and the Oil of the C●car or Indian N●t be mixed with it as Gartias saith. It is much used to colour dishes cups and such ●ike Woodden-Vessels instead of Saffron. The Indians use it much both to colour and season their meats, and broths, as we do Saffron in ours, it being cheaper and easier to be had amongst them.    

CHAP. CLXXIX. Of Agrimony.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 et 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Eupatorium and H●patorium and so the Latins call it also, the first name being given unto it from King Eupator who first ●ound out the Virtues of it the other from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Jecur qui● Hepati pracip●e med●tur, because it is a chief he per to the Liver; It is also called Agr 〈…〉 nia of divers, which is the name whereby it is best known in Shops. Some or her names are also given unto it, as Marmorella, Concordia, Ferraria and Lappa in●ersa, because the seeds which are rough like burrs hang downwards. It is called in English Agrimony and Egrimony.   

The Kinds.  
There be divers sorts of Agrimony, Seven whereof I shall present you with 1 Common Agrimony 2 Sweet smelling Agrimony. 3 Bastard Agrimony 4. Hemplike Agrimony. 5. The broader Hemp●ike Agrimony of America, 6. Narrow leafed Hemplike Agrimony of New-England. 7. Common water Agrimony. 8. Water Agrimony of New-England.   

The Form.  
Common Agrimony hath divers long Leaves made of many, set upon a Stalker some greater, other smaller, all of them dented about the edges green above, somewhat grayish underneath and hairy withal, from amongst which doth arise a hard round hairy brown stalk about the height o● half a yard or more, with some smaller Leaves upon it, set here and there; towards the top whereof grow many small yellow Flowers one above another in long spikes, after which come many rough heads of seeds hanging downwards like to small burrs, which when they be ripe will catch hold and stick upon Garments, or upon any hairy Beast, that shall rub against them: The Root is black long and somewhat woody, abiding many years, and shooting a fresh every Spring being also of an indifferent good smell.   

The Place and Time.  
The first groweth in divers pastures and ditches, hedges, and highway-sides, throughout the Land; the second is not so common with us, being a retainer only with those that are curious, but is natural to Italy in many places; the third Columna sound about Naples; the fourth is found by the brinks of ditches & in other moist places n and sometimes in upland grounds: the fifth and sixth came to us from New England and Virginia; the seventh in shallow ponds and plashes of water, and such places as have been overflown by Winter floods; the last came from New England, but groweth very strongly in our gardens. They all flower about July, and the S●●d is Ripe towards the latter end of August.   

The Temperature.  
Agrimony is hot in the first degree, but temperate in respect of dryness, so that though it doth moderately bind yet it 〈◊〉 and scoureth and is of subtle parts.   

The Virtues.  
Not only the Greek name of this Heth, but also the continued consent of ancient and modern Writers backed with daily experience, do sufficiently testify, that it is appropriated to the Liver; both for the opening the obstructions thereof, and then for cleansing and strengthening it; so that there is no plant so 〈…〉 raly applicable for all diseases that proceed from the Liver as this. For it helpeth the jaundice both black and yellow being boiled in Wine or Water, with other ingredients that correct and strengthen the Liver as Horehound Elecampone, bugloss, Rhubarb, Lign-Aloes, etc. And so likewise for the several kinds of Dropsies it is frequently used in Diet Drinks. It is good also for the Bowels and healeth their inward wound bruises or hurts, and qua●i●●eth a●l inward distemper that grow therein being boiled in wine and drunk; and so it is effectual for those that are stung or bitten by Serpents, and helps them that have soul troubled and bloody waters, making them to piss clear very speedily and is useful in long continued fluxed of the Liver, especially in old people: It is good 〈◊〉 the Srangury, and helpeth also the Colic, the p●th the Cough & c●e●n●th the Breast. A delight of the Decoction taken be●ore the fit of an Ague first removes ● and afterwards rids it choir away the Leaves and Seeds 〈◊〉 the bloody flux being taken in Wine. The Roots or Leaves boiled in Wine help such as have the Palsy. It is accounted a good Herb as questionless it is against the Spleen being stopped, as also against the Pestilence and biting of a mad Dog. The Leaves and root are good for those which are troubled with the Green Sickness. The distilled water of the Herb is good for all the said purposes, but worketh not altogether so effectually as the Decoction thereof. Being stamped with Hogs-grease and applied, it helpeth old Sores Cancers, and inveterated Ulcers, for it cleanseth them, and afterwards healeth them; and so it draweth forth, the corrupt ●●ater that sometimes happeneth to gather under the Nails, and easeth the aching, and maketh the ●ailes to grow again in case they come off. Being used after the some manner, it draweth forth thorns, Splinters of Wood or such like, when they are gotten into the flesh. The juice dropped into impostumated ears causeth them to send forth that which oppr●sseth them, and being mingled with Vinegar it taketh away warts being laid thereunto. The distilled water cureth Ulcers and 〈◊〉 of the mouth and throat being gargled or washed therewith. The Hemplik●●grimour it good for many of the purposes aforesaid, and further it provoketh Urine, and the natural Courses of women, and boiled with Fumitory in Whey & drunk, it helpeth Scabs & the Itch which proceeds of salt & sharp humours, especially if the juice be ●ixed with Vinegar, and the outward parts be bathed therewith. The Ju●ce being drunk, is held to be very effectual for curing the Leprosy, if it be taken in the beginning, and to kill the Worms, if the Leaves be but steeped in drink and taken. The smoak of the herb being burnt, drives away Gnats, Plies, Wasps, &c: If Country people give it to their Cattle, when they are troubled with the Cough, or broken-winded, it will cure them; and it is said that Dear being wounded cure themselves by eating hereof. Mr. Culpepper who seldom hit the Nail on the head as to the matter of Plants, attributes the Virtues of Water-Hampe to Water Agrimony, which are two distinct things, as those which are acquainted with simples can easily tell.    

CHAP. CLXXX. Of Liver-Wort.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Lichen, either because of its virtue in curing the Tetter or Ringworm▪ which the Greeks call Lichen, or for that it doth as it were ●ick tho●e stones whereon it groweth, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifying to sick. It is called also Lichen, in Latin and also Jecoraria; either from the similitude that the 〈◊〉 thereof have with the Fibres of the Liver, which is the Signature thereof or else from helping the diseases of the Liver, or both. Some call it He●patica but that name is more usually understood of the noble Liver-Wort which is prized more for p●e●ure to the senses; then for helping any disease.   

The Kind's.  
Though the Common Liver-wort be that which is of most use yet I shall according to my custom give you all the sorts thereof; which are seven. 1 Common ground Liver-wort. 2. Small-ground Liver-wort. 3 Cluster-headed Liverwort. 4 Liver-wort with a hooded head. 5. Small Liver-wort with skinny Heels. 6. The smallest Liver-wort without Stalks. 7. Cork, or Archal, or Darbyshire Liver-wort.   

The Form.  
The Common-Liver-wort groweth close and spreadeth much upon the ground and stony places, which many sad green Leaves, lying, or rather as it were sticking flat one unto another, very unevenly cut in on the edges and crumpled, from among which rise small slender Stalks, an inch or two high at the most, bearing small start-like flowers at the tops: the Roots are very fine and small whereby it liveth.   

The Places and Time.  
They all grow in moist and shadowy places; sometimes upon the ground as the Common sort doth in the Garden of John Smith by Adderbury Churchyard: sometimes at the heads of Springs, as it doth at Runghill-well in the Millmead of the Town aforesaid: and sometimes upon the stones of the inside of Welles, as it doth in the Physic Garden at Oxen. Corck or Archall groweth upon the Free-stones of the Mountains in Darbyshire. It is green all the year long and bringeth forth its Flowers oftentimes in June and July.   

The Temperature.  
Liver-wort must needs be cold and dry, and somewhat binding; for the growing in moist places, maketh it col, and upon stones maketh it dry and astringent.   

The Signature and Virtues  
That rare discoverer of Signatures Oswald Crollius, treating of those plants that are pro●●table to the Liver, by Signature, sets down this both for the ●mi●itude, the Fibres of this Plant and those of the Liver have one with another, and the eminent Virtues it hath in all distempers of the Liver, and therefore is put into Diet-drink with Maiden hair, Agrimony, Harts-Tongue &c: to cool and cleanse it, as often as occasion serves, and he●peth also inflammations in any part and the yellow Jaundice likewise; Or being bruised and boiled alone in small beer and drunk, it cooleth the heat of the Liver, and Kidneys and helps the running of the Reins in Men, and the Whites in Women. It is likewise very good in the Hectic  and in all other Fevers and Agues proceeding of Cho●er, as also in the Scab, Tetter, and all other unkind heats proceeding from the Liver as Whiteloves, blains blisters &c: taking away the cause of them if it be taken inwardly; and boiled in Posset-drink and taken, it helpeth bleeding at the nose, which being suffered to cool, quencheth the inflammations of the Tongue. Being stamped with Hogs-greafe, and applied, it healeth all manner of Sores, but especially Tetters, Ringwormes and other fretting Ulcers, for which it is a singular remedy. The water wherein it hath been boiled being Gargled in the Mouth stoppeth Rhe●●e.    

CHAP. CLXXXI. Of Succory.  

The Names.  
UNder the title of Succory, three sorts of Plants are comprehended, viz: Cichory, Endive, and Dandelyon, differing not so much in operation as in form, all which are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek by one general name▪ yet for distinction sake common Succory is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because as it seems it grew wild there; and that which hath broad Leaves Pliny nameth Hedypnois; and the bitterer, Dioscorides calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies bitterness, in Latin Cichoreum & Cicorea, Inty●us and Intybum, all which words are used promiscuously, both for Succory and Endive, but commonly they are distinguished; Dandelion is called Dens Leonis in Latin, from the likeness the jagged Leaves have with a Lion's tooth, as also Taraxacon.   

The Kind's.  
The subdivision of these three sorts put together will make ten. 1 Garden Succory. 2. Broad Garden Succory. 3. Yellow Succory. 4. Wild Succory. 5. Common Garden Endive. 6. Curled Endive. 7. Meadow Endive. 8. Wild Endive. 9 Dandelion. 10. Succory Dandelion.   

The Form.  
Common-Garden Succory hath broad Leaves somewhat hairy, not much unlike to Endive, but narrower and many times deeply cut in on the edges, amongst which do rise up stalks, upon which are placed the like Leaves but smaller. The sta●ke divideth itself towards the top into many branches, whereon do grow little blew Flowers consis●ing of many small Leaves, after which followeth white seed. The Root is tough, long, and white of colour, continuing many years; from which as from every part of the Plant doth issue forth, white bitter and milky jui●e: the whole Plant is of a bitter taste likewise.   

The Places and Time.  
The two first are commonly sown in Gardens, yet it is said likewise that they grow by high waysides, and in untilled and barren ground; but I suppose that is meant only of the wild sorts, though Gerard affirm it of those of the Garden. The two first of Endive which are the fifth and sixth in the Catalogue of the Kind's▪ are also Inhabitants of the Garden, and no other place that I can find; If it be sown in the Spring, it quickly cometh up to Flower, seedeth in harvest▪ and afterwards dyeth; but if it be sown in July, it remaineth till Winter, and then if it be taken up by the roots, and suffered to lie two hours, till it be so tough that it may be wrapped very close together; and afterwards buried in the Earth with the roots upward it is called Whited Endive, and may be taken up at convenient times, and used in Salads all Winter. The sorts of Wild-Endive being the seaventh and eighth grow wild in sundry places in England, upon untilled barren grounds especially in chalky and stony places, flowering in August. The ninth and tenth are found almost in every place, and Flower almost at all times, but especially in March, if the cold weather hinder them not.   

The Temperature.  
Endive and Succory are cold and dry in the second degree, but the Wild-sorts of them as also of Dandelion are somewhat dryer, than those of the Gardens, and cleanse, and open more by reason of the bitterness, which is joined with them, and in some cases are more effectual,   

The Virtues.  
The Leaves of the Garden kinds are used both for Meat and Medicine, for they may be boiled and eaten with Butter and Vinegar, either by themselves, or with other Herbs, as Lettuce, spinach, etc. or chopped into broths as other Potherbs are. The Whited Endive is the most rare, and that may be eaten, either raw in Salads, or boiled in broth as aforesaid. Both Endive and Succory any ways used, as long as they be green, do cool the heat of the Liver, and by a special property do strengthen it, and open the obstructions thereof, for which virtues they do deserve to be much esteemed; For it is a great preservation of health to have the Liver temperate and unstopped, seeing it is the place, whither the nutriment is sent from the Stomach to be wrought and disposed of, for the good of the whole body, so that if this part do not rightly perform its offiice, which is chiefly to convert the purer part into blood, and to send away the rest by those conveyances which are destinated for the purpose, all things will not go well. It is effectual also to help the stopping of the Gall, yellow Jaundice, lack of sleep, stopping of Urine, hot burning Fevers, and great heat of the Stomach. A handful of the Leaves or Roots boiled in Wine or Water, and a draught thereof drunk fa●●ing, driveth forth Choleric and Phlegmatic humours, helpeth the Dropsy, and those that have an evil disposition in their bodies, by reason of long sickness, evil diet, etc. whereby the nutriment of the body is converted into some predominant humour to the great prejudice of the rest. A decoction either of Succory Endive or Dandelion or of all three made with Wine and drunk is very effectual against long linger Agues; and a dram of the seed in Powder, drunk in Wine before the Fit of an Ague, helpeth to drive it away, and is also available for the Faintings, Swooning and Passions of the heart, outwardly applied, they serve to allay the sharp humours which are the cause of fretting Ulcers, hot Tumours, and Swell, and Pestile 〈…〉 Sores, and wonderfully help not only the redness and inflammations of the Eyes but the dimness of the sight also. They are also used to allay the pains of the Gout. The distilled Water of these Herbs are effectual for all the purposes aforesaid, and being taken Morning and Evening, helpeth the straightness and stopping of the Breast, and is good for Women with Child, to strengthen them and their senses, and likewise for Children that are troubled with Headache proceeding or Heat; The said water, or the juice or the Leaves bruised, is very effectual for Nurse's Breasts, that are pained with abundance of Milk, allayeth Swell, Inflammations, St. Anthony's fire, Pushes, Weals, and Pimples, especially used with a little Vinegar; as also to wash Pestiferous sores.    

CHAP. CLXXXII. Of Alecoast and Maudlin.  

The Names  
IT will not be improper to put these two herbs together, because they have some affinity both in their flowers names and properties; The first is called in Latin Costus hortorum (for its Greek name I never met with) to distinguish it from the Indian Costus, which is a Root from whence the electuary Cariocostinum hath its denomination. It is also called Balsamita major or Master, Mentha Grae●a, Saracenica Officinarum, Salvia Romana, Herba lassulata, Herba Sanctae Mariae. In English Costmary, and Alecoast, Maudlin is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, quasi, non senescens, because the flowers gathered in a fit time wax not old nor decay by age; in Latin Costus hortorum minor, Mentha Corimbifera, and Eupatorium Mesue, whence it may be gathered that it is good for the Liver, though it be nor the true Eupatorium.   

The Kind's.  
The sorts of both put together are in all, six. 1. Ale Coast or Costmary. 2. Common Maudlin. 3. White Maudlin. 4. Small Maudlin. 5. Purple sweet Maudlin. 6. Fennell leafed Maudlin.   

The Form.  
Alecoast is a sweet herb bearing many broad and long pale green Leaves, snipped about the edgsevery one upon a long foostalk among which rise up many long green round stalks with such like leaves on them, but lesser up to the top, where it spreadeth itself into three or four branches, every one bearing an umbel or t●ft of gold yellow flowers, somewhat like unto Tansy flowers, but lesser, which turn into small heads containing small flat long seed; The root is somewhat hard and stringy, and being divided may be thereby propagated.   

The Places and Time  
The three first are found only in Gardens with us, yet they have been found natural in divers rough untilled places of Tuscany, in Italy, and Narbone in France; the three last grow in dry rocky and barren grounds. They do all commonly flower about the months of June and July.   

The Temperature.  
Alecoast and Mandlin are both of them hot and dry in the second degree.   

The Virtues.  
●o●th these Herbs are very effectually used by those that are troubled with evil cold and weak Livers, for to them it is very friendly; and therefore it is very profitable for those that are fallen into a continual evil disposition of the whole body, called Cachexia, as hath been formerly said, proceeding from the coldness of the Liver; especially if a dram of the juice being first clarified, and afterwards boiled to its due thickness, which is something thicker than Honey, be taken every morning. It helpeth the Rickets, and Worms in Children, provokes Urine, and gently (without purging) disburdens the body, of Choler and Phlegm; it is good for the coldness of the Mother, strengtheneth the Stomach, and stayeth Vomiting, and so doth the juice being drunk in Wine. The Conserve of the Leaves made with Sugar is of very good use to warm and dry the brain and open the stopping thereof, and to help Rheums, and distillations taken in the quantity of a bean. Either of the herbs alone, or with Parsnip-seeds boiled in Wine and drunk, cureth the griping, and torments of the belly or guts, as also the flux. It is profitable for the griefs of the breast and Lungs, it breaketh Imposthumes, and draweth evil humours from the eyes and other parts. Being boiled either in Wine or Whey, and drunk, it is good for them which have taken any thing which is too Narcoticall, as Opium, Hemlock or the like, and for biting of Serpents, especially if one dram of the Powder of the root thereof be taken in Wine, with the like weight of the seed of Wild Parsnips. The decoction thereof is good for Women to sit in, to provoke sweat, to bring down the terms, and to ease the pain that cometh by the retention of them. The decoction of the flowers is good for many of the purposes aforesaid; as also to open the obstructions of the Milt, Kidneys, and Bladder, to take away the scurf, and scab wherewith the head is infested, if it be washed therewith; and so it killeth the Lice thereof. Being put into Ale, it giveth thereunto a very pleasant taste▪ (as it doth to all Salads and Sauces, wherein it is used) and therefore as I conceive is was called Alecoast.    

CHAP. CLXXXIII. Of Dockes.  

The Names.  
IT is celled in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod valet exinanire vel ventrem levare, because the decoction thereof looseneth the belly. It is also called in Latin Lapathum and Ramex, Some of the kinds hereof are called in Latin Oxylapathum Hippolapathum and Hydrolapathum, from the form, bigness, and place where they grow. Bloodwort which is also a kind of Dock, is called Lapathum Nigrum, of some, and Rubrum or Rubens by others, Sanguis Draconis herba also, and Lapathum sangineum from the bloody colour wherewith the whole Plant is possessed.   

The Kind's.  
The sorts which I shall put under this little are nine, though there be divers others that might be referred unto the same. 1. The red Dock. 2. Sharp-pointed Dock. 3. The smaller pointed Dock. 4. The Common Wild Dock. 5. The round Leafed Dock of Africa. 6. The great water Dock. 7. The lesser Water-Dock. 8. The strong scented Sea-Dock. 9 Blood-wort.   

The Form.  
The red Dock sendeth forth many tough & narrowish green Leaves, very much pointed at the ends, among which riseth up a suff hard stalk, two or three foot-high, set with the like Leaves, but smaller still up to the top, something like unto sorrel, but that it is neither so tender nor sour, being rather of a bitterish taste, and hath the stalk branched forth towards the top into sundry large sprigs bearing small reddish flowers and brown triangular seed after them: The root is great long, and many times forked, being blackish on the outside, and somewhat reddish, and yellowish within, abiding many years, but sometime spoiled with extremity of Winter.   

The Places and Time.  
The four first are most commonly found in moist Meadows, and sometimes in upland grounds also. The fifth in Africa near Sophia. The sixth and seaventh by sides of running streams in divers places of this land. The eighth groweth by the Sea side not fare from Mompelier. The last is found wild in some places, but not so commonly as in Gardens. Most of them rise up at the spring of the year, flower in June and July, and their seed is ripe in August.   

The Temperature.  
All Docks are generally cold, some more and some less, they do all of them dry, but not after the same manner; yet some think them to be dry in the third degree.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The reddish and yellowish colour of the inside of the roots of divers Docks, do signify that they are good for hot Livers, and the Jaundice; the red that is in them representing the Liver, and the yellow, the Jan●dise: and therefore blood-wort is most effectual for the first, and the Dock, which hath the yellowest root for the second, and for both these purposes they are used with other things to be put into Ale or Beer, especially the roots which have an opening quality in them, fit to loosen and make the belly soluble, to open obstructions, and to cool and cleanse the blood. The decoction of the seed made in Wine or Water and drunk, helpeth the wambling pains of the Stomach▪ venomous bitings and the bloody flix. The root boiled in Wine, and drunk is also good for the Jaundice, provoketh Urine and the terms, and breaketh and expelleth the Stone and Gravel. The same boiled in Vinegar or bruised raw, healeth all Scurfs, Itch, manginess, and other festering, and corroding Scabs, the place being anointed or bathed therewith, and the substance of them being stamped; and applied boiled or raw, dif●usseth kernels and swell behind the Ears, helpeth the hardness of the Milt, the King's-evil, and stoppeth the too much flowing of women's courses being applied to the Matrix. The distilled Water of the Herb and Roots being brought into a consistence by being mixed with other proper ingredients worketh the same effects, and of itself it cleanseth the skin of Freckles, Morphews & all other Spots and discolourings therein. Blood-wort is as wholesome a Potherb as any that grows in a Garden, though it be in these days used only by those few which know it to be so.    

CHAP. CLXXXIIII. Of Sorrell.  

The Names.  
IT is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek, from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifying sharp, because it is sharp both in taste and form: and some Latin writers call it Oxalis, after the ordinary Greek name, for it hath others also, as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it may be said Metaphorically to pierce the tongue like a Raisor with its sharpness; of Galen it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is Acidum lapathum, or Acidus Rumex sour Dock because it is so very like a Dock in several respects: other Latine-writers call it Acetosa and Acedula, for its sharpness; Rumex hortensis Sheep's Sorrel is called Lapatiolum and Acetosella by divers.   

The Kind's.  
The Sorts of sorrel besides Wood sorrel which I have entreated already, are Sixteen. 1. Ordinary Sorrell. 2. Great Sorrel of Germany. 3. Round leafed Sorrel. 4. Tuberous rooted Sorrel. 5. The greater bulbous Sorrel. 6. Small Mountain round leafed Sorrel. 7. Creeping Sorrel with broad Leaves. 8. Candy Sorrell. 9 Sorrell of Naples. 10. Marygold Leafed Sorrel. 11. Indian Sorrell. 12. Indian Sorrel with swollen husks. 13. Mountain Welch Sorrell. 14. Sheep's Sorrel. 15. The smallest Sorrel. 16. Tall narrow leafed Sorrel.   

The Form.  
Sorrell hath tender green Leaves long and full of juice, broad and forked as it were at end towards the foot-stalke, as those of Spinach and Mercury are, of a sharp sour taste: the stalks are slender, bearing purplish long heads, somewhat, like those of the Dock described in the former Chapter, whereof it is a kind; wherein lie three-square shining brown seed, like, but lesser than the other: the root is smaller than any of the Docks, but the strings thereof go further into the earth then of any other herb, sometimes to the depth of three Cubits, as the Lord Bacon witnesseth in his natural History; it abideth a long time without decaying, having green Leaves all the Winter, except in the very extremity thereof, which often taketh away all or most of its Leaves.   

The Places and Times.  
The ordinary Sorrel groweth commonly in Gardens, and so doth the Sorrel with round Leaves. The tuberous kinds grow in some places near unto the water side, and the sheep's Sorrel groweth in upland grounds where Sheep use to frequent. The two last grow in some sandy and gravelly grounds, and upon the banks of some ditches; As for the rest, their places are most of them set down in their titles. All of them flower and seed in May and June, except the Indian sort which flowreth not till July, and their seed is ripe in August.   

The Temperature.  
Sorrell is cooling and drying in the second degree, and by its sourness cutteth tough humours.   

The Virtues.  
The juice of Sorrel in the Summertime is a profitable sauce in many meats and pleasant to the taste, especially if some Sugar be added thereunto; It cooleth an hot Stomach, moveth appetite to meat, tempereth the heat of the Liver, openeth the stops, and preventeth the walling thereof; and is effectual in all hot diseases to cool any inflammation, and heat of blood in Agues, Pestilential or Choleric, or other sickness and fainting rising from heat, and to refresh the Spirits being almost spent with the violence of furious or fiery fits of Agues, and to quench the thirst in them, for which there is nothing better than Sorrell-Posset drink, which may be made by putting the juice to milk when it beginneth to seethe. The Leaves eaten in the morning fasting, in the time of Pestilence do m●rvailously preserve from infection, but much more the conserve thereof which is good for all the purposes aforesaid. The seeds thereof brayed and drunk with Wine and Water, are very wholesome against the Colic, and fretting of the Guts; it stoppeth the hot Fluxes of women's Courses, or of humours in the bloody Flux or Flux of the Stomach, and helpeth it when it is annoyed with repletion. The roots also in Decoction, or in Powder is effectual for the said purposes, and further it helpeth the Jaundice, and expelleth Gravel and the Stone from the Kidneys, and a decoction of the Flowers made with Wine and drunk helpeth the Black Jaundice, as also the inward Ulcers of the body of Bowels. The Leaves wrapped up in a Wort leaf and roasted under the Embers, and applied to any hard Impostume or Tumour, Botch, Boil, or Plague sores both ripeneth and breaketh it and discusseth Kernels in the Throat, if applied in time. The juice with a little Vinegar is profitable to bathe those places which are troubled with the Itch, Tetter, Ringworm, St. Anthony's fire, &c: The distilled Water of the herb is of much good use for all the purposes aforesaid kill Worms and resisting Poison.    

CHAP. CLXXXV. Of Beets.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Teutlon and Seutlon, ab impulsu, quòd facilè excrescat, because it cometh up within few days after the sowing, and afterwards groweth very fast until it attain to its bigness, which in ●ome hot Countries will be three foot in length, and of a great breadth. It is called Beta in Latin, quoniam Figuram Luerae Graecae C dum semine turget, refer videtur, because the figure of it being in seed is somewhat like the Greek Letter Beta, as Columella hath it. It is called also Sicula, and Sicla by some because it is supposed that it was first brought out of Sicily, viz. The White Beet. In this place for want of a fit I shall speak of spinach, because it deserves not a Chapter by itself, Ob raritatem in usu medico, which made the Greeks call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, being seldom used in Physic, yet amongst Salads and Potherbs there be few more common. Some Latin Authors call it Spinachia, and Spinaccum; others Spanachia, supposing it grew originally in Spain, and Olus Hispanicum.   

The Kind's.  
There be nine sorts of Beets, and but three of spinach, with put together will make up a Dozen. 1. The Common white Beet. 2. The Common red Beet 3. The Common green Beet: 4. The Roman red Beet. 5. The Italian Beet. 6. Prickly Beets of Candy. 7. Sea Beets. 8. Yellow Beet. 9 Flat stalked Beet. 10. The greater spinach with Prickly Seeds. 11. Thelesser spinach with prickly Seeds. 12. spinach with smooth seeds. spinach sometimes beareth no seed, but that is only by accident.   

The Form.  
The Common white Beet hath many great Leaves next the Ground of a whitish green colour; the stalk is great strong and ribbed or crested, bearing great store of Leaves upon it up to the very top almost; the Flowers grow in very long tufts, small at the ends, and turning down their heads, which are small pale greenish yellow burrs, giving cornered prickly seed: the root is great, long, and hard when it hath given seed, of no use at all, but abideth the former Winter with its Leaves upon it, as also the other sorts do, perishing commonly the second Winter.   

The Places and Time.  
All the sorts of Beets except the yellow kind which Gesner saith, is to be found about Durachium and Alexium Cities of Macedoina, do grow in our Gardens, some by their names express whence they came thither, and so do the kinds of spinach. The Beets flower not the first year, but having contained one Winter green, they then give their flower in the beginning of July, and their seed is ripe in August. spinach sown in the Spring seedeth within two months after; but if it be sown in the Autumn, it seedeth not till next Spring, continuing green all the Winter.   

The Temperature.  
The White Beet is temperate in heat and moisture, but the other sorts are dry and all of them abstersive by reason of the nitrous quality that is in them. Spinach is evidently cold, and moist almost in the second degree.   

The Virtues.  
All sorts of Beets eaten too frequently do become nauscous to the Stomach▪ and therefore their seldom use commends them most, yet they are very good against obstructions and stops of the Liver, and do greatly he●p the Spleen, especially the juice of them, which is also good for the Headache, and Swimming therein, and turn of the Brain, if it be conveyed up into the Nostrils, for than it doth gently draw forth Rheum, and purgeth the Head, and consequently easeth the pains of the Eyes, and the Inflammations thereof, i● it be applied to the Temples. The white Beet doth loosen the belly much, and provoketh Urine, and is also effectual against Venomous Creatures. The juice thereof with Honey dropped into the Ears causeth the pains and noise thereof to cease, and snuffed up into the Nose, recovereth the want of smelling, if the fault lie therein. The broth of the Root and Leaves scoureth away Scurf, Scales, and Nits of the head, and easeth the pain of kibed heels, and helpeth Freckles and Spots, if they be first rubbed over with Salt-Peter, and so it helpeth the falling of the Hair▪ and cureth running sores that spread abroad wasting the flesh as they go, as also burning out of Weals, burn, inflammations, and such like. Spinage is of much use amongst the Cooks though of but little amongst the Doctors; yet some say that used in Broth or Pottage, it maketh the belly soluble, easeth pains of the back, openeth the breast, and strengtheneth the Stomach.    

CHAP. CLXXXVI. Of Smallage.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Heleoselium from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifying a Marsh, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Apium, that is Parsly; because it is a kind of Parsley, growing naturally in Marshy places, and for the same reason it is called in Latin Paludapium, Apium Palustre and Apium rusticum. In Shops, it is called Apium absolutely, and without any addition, where they follow the Arabian Physicians, for the most part, who give it no other name but 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 being a general word, as Apium also is: some have thought fit to add to each an Epithet to distinguish of what sort it is. In English, it is called Smallage and Marsh Parsly, for the reason above mentioned.   

The Kind's.  
There be but two sorts of Smallage which I read of 1, Ordinary Smallage. 2. Sweet Selinum or Smallage.   

The Form.  
Ordinary Smallage groweth with green, smooth, and glittering Leaves, somewhat like unto those of Parsley, but much bigger; from amongst whi●h riseth up a pretty handsome hollow chamfered stalk, adorned with divers Leaves, like unto the former, but lesser, up to the top almost; where its small white Flower●, put forth themselves in large tufts or ●mbells, which turn into smaller seed than that of Parsley: the root is somewhat great, short, and thick, with abundance of black strings annexed thereunto. The who●e Plant is of a very strong sent, somewhat like Coriander, neither is the taste of it being raw, ever a white pleasanter, yet after it hath endured the correction of the fire, it becomes much more tolerable.   

The Places and Time.  
Though Smallage doth oftentimes grow in Gardens, and that very prosperously, yet the natural place thereof is in wet and marish grounds, whence it was first brought, and is still to be found in divers places: The natural place of the second is not known, for though it be common in Greece and Italy, yet it groweth not without sowing and replanting. They Flourish, both when the Garden Parsly doth, the stalks likewise not coming up the same year as they are sown but the next, and then the seeds will be ripe in July and August.   

The Temperature.  
Smallage is hot and dry in the end of the second degree, of a bitter taste, and consequently op●ning obstructions.   

The Virtues.  
Though Parsley be more edible than Smallage yet Smallage is of greater force in many things than it, for it is much more available in opening the obstructions of the Liver and Spleen, and in rarifying thick flegmes, and cleansing it, and the blood withal, and therefore the use thereof amongst other herbs, as Water-Cresses, Alexanders, Cleavers, Ne●tle-tops, Elder-Buds, etc. being chopped and boiled in Pottage in the Springtime, is not to be despised, though happily some squeamish Stomaches will refuse them, which regard more the pleasing of their palate then preserving of their health; And though Women are more subject to squeamishness then men, yet they have less reason to condemn this herb, for it maketh their natural Courses to flow, and therefore is good for the Green sickness; it provoketh Urine also, and is singular good against the yellow Jaundice: Neither is it without very good use in long and lasting Agues, if the juice thereof be taken, especially if it be made into syrup. The same juice being put to Honey of Roses, and Barley water doth perfectly cure the malicious and venomous Ulcers of the Mouth, and of the Almonds of the Throat, if the part be washed or gargled therewith: it helpeth also all other foul Ulcers and Wounds which happen to the outmost parts of the body, cleansing and healing them, if they be washed therewith: Being mingled with Honey, it is very profitable for exulcerated Cancers, keeping them from put refaction, and preserving them from strinking, if not healing them. The Leaves boiled in Hogsgrease, and made into the form of a Poultis taketh away the pain of Felons and Whitloves on the fingers, and ripeneth and healeth them. The seed is especially used to break Wind, to kill Worms, and to help a stinking breath. The root is held to be good for all the purposes aforesaid, and to be stronger in operation then the herb, but especially to open Obstructions, and to rid away an Ague, the juice thereof being taken in Wine or the decoction made in the said Liquor. The smeet Smallage is eaten with great delight as a Salad, wherein both the Leaves and Roots may be used either raw or boiled. It may also be fried, and eaten with meat, as Parsley oftentimes is, or the dried herb may be powdered and strewed upon Meat: but the Venetians, with whom it is in great request, do either eat it raw after it is whited with Pepper, and Oil, or else a little boiled or stewed. The Herb and Root do warm the Stomach, causing it to digest meat, and expel Wind, but the seed much more; The Root is to be scraped and sliced, and so eaten with Oil and Vinegar.    

CHAP. CLXXXVII Of Cleavers.  

The Names.  
IT hath gotten many Gree● names as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Aparine, and so it is called in Latin also; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because the seed of it is like a Navel; and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Phil●●●hropos, quasi hominis am●ns, because it is apt to stick upon those men's  which come where it is, and it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for the same reason, also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Pliny calleth it Lappa minor, saying it is Lappaginis specus, because the seeds be rough like little bunes, and therefore he calleth it also Asperugo. It is called in English Goos-beiriffe, Gooseshare, Goosegrasse, Cleavers (or Clivers) because they cleave close to garments, &c: and in so Countries they call the seed Beggar louse.   

The Kind's.  
To this sort there be only three Plants that may be referred. 1. Common Clevers. 2. Smooth Goos-grass. 3. Purple-floured Clevers. The Common Cleavers, hath divers rough square stalks, not so big as the tag of a point but full of joints, & lying low upon the ground, unless it meet with a hedge or bush, and then it climbeth two or three yards high sometimes; at every of the joints it shooteth out a branch besides the Leaves thereat, which are usually six, set in a round compass like a Star or the Rowel of a Spur, like unto the smallest Madder; the flowers are very little and white, pearking on the tops of the branches; the seeds are small round and hollow in the midst, in manner of a Navel, set by couples for the most part: the root is tender and full of strings. The whole Plant is rough and by its ruggedness taketh hold on men's vestures and woollen garments as they pass by, and being drawn along the tongue it fetcheth blood.   

The Places and Times.  
The first groweth not only by Hedges and Ditches in most places of this Land, but also in the Cornefields, where it doth sometimes domineer, especially amongst the Pease, which are many times almost, if not altogether, choked by it; and sometimes in Gardens where it is a troublesome inhabitant, if the seed be suffered to shed. The second was brought out of Spain, and the last is a stranger also. They flower in June and July, and the seed being ripe in August soweth itself against the next year, for the old root perisheth.   

The Temperature.  
Goosegrasse, as Galen saith, is moderate hot and dry, and somewhat of thin parts.   

The Virtues.  
Clevers with such simples as are mentioned in the beginning of the former Chapter, or alone by themselves being chopped into Water-gruel and well boiled, be very wholesome to be eaten in the Spring at their first coming up, for cleansing the blood, and strengthening the Liver, and fitting the Body for the season that follows, by purging away those excrementitious dregs, which the Winter hath bred in them; especially from those whose bodies are fat and gross. The distilled water drunk twice a day, helpeth the yellow Jaundice, and the Decoction of the herb will do the same, and also stay Laskes and bloody Fluxes: the juice which is pressed out of the seeds, Stalks, and Leaves, is good to defend Venom from the hearts of those that are bitten by Venomous Beasts, if it be drunk in Wine. A handful of Cleavers boiled in a quart of Ale with a little pared Liquorice, and some Currants to the one half, and then strained, may be successfully drunk morning and evening for the Cough, and removing Phlegm from the Stomach; It is also used to stay bleeding, the juice or bruised Leaves being applied to any green Wound, and not only to stop the blood, but to close up the Lips of it, and the powder of the dried herb strewed thereupon doth the same, and likewise helpeth old Ulcers. The herb stamped with Swines-grease, and applied to any part that is troubled with the King's-evil, or any other Kernel or Wen, wasteth it away, and also helpeth those that have their Paps swollen through curded-Milke. Being bruised and laid a soak in Spring-water four and twenty hours, it is a good remedy for Scabs or such like Sores, if they be bathed with the said water. The juice dropped into the Ears, taketh away the pain of them. Dioscorides reporteth that the Shepherds of his time did use ●he branches hereof to take hairs out of Milk, and so may our Milkmaids, if they want a Strainer.    

CHAP. CLXXXVIII. Of Chick-Weed.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because it delighted to grow in Woods and shadowy places, such as the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; and from thence cometh the Latin name Alsine. Some of the Ancients called it Hippia: We call it Chickweed and Chicken-weed, because Chicken, and Birds love to pick the seed thereof.  

The Kind's.  
I shall give you the sorts of Chick-weed as they are marshaled in the Catalogue of British Plants, there being at least twenty. 1. Great Water Chick-weed. 2. Berry bearing Chickweed. 3. Chick-weed like long leafed Scurvygrasse. 4. River-Chickweed. 5. Germander Chick-weed. 6. Fountain Chickweed. 7. Speedwell Chick-weed. 8. Ivy Chickweed or small Henbit. 9 Great Henbit. 10. Mouse Ear Chickweed. 11: Great Chick-weed. 12. Sea Chick-weed. 13. Middle Chick-weed. 14. Fine Chickweed. 15. The least Chick-weed. 16. Creeping Water Chick-weed. 17. Srone Chick-weed. 18. Right Chick-weed. 19 Upright Chick-weed with jagged Leaves. 20. Round Leafed Chick-weed or Water Purslane.   

The Form.  
Chick-weed bringeth forth many Flexible branches full of Joints, which would appear to be three or four foot-high, if it had any bush or such like thing, whereon it might take hold, as sometimes it hath; but commonly wanting somewhat to uphold it through the weakness of its stalks, it lieth on the ground, so that it seemeth not so long; at every joint standeth two smooth tender Leaves, of a fresh green colour, one against the other; from which on both sides come forth other branches, jointed and set with Leaves in the same manner; the flowers which grow on the top of the branches be white, much like the flowers of Stitch-wort but lesser; in whose places succeed long knops but not great, in which the seed is contained: The root consisteth of fine little Strings like hairs. Though there be many Chick-weeds of different forms, yet if you break any of them gently, you may easily perceive a certain Sinew in the midst of them, which will declare it to be of this sort.   

The Places and Time.  
Chick-weeds some grow among bushes and briers, old Walls, gutters of houses, and shadowy places; some in Woods and by watersides; and others upon Mountains and rocky places. Some of them are green all the Winter, sending forth their flowers in the beginning of Spring and their seeds quickly after, others are later, not flowering till June and July.   

The Temperature.  
Chickweed is cold and moist, and of a waterish substance; and therefore it cooleth without any binding or astriction; as Galen saith.   

The Virtues.  
As those herbs hitherto appropriated to the Liver, are for the most part to be used inwardly, so Chick-weed may be applied outwardly to the Region of the Liver, the herb being bruised or  or Sponges dipped in the juice thereof; which may be renewed when they be dry to the great relief of those that are grieved with the heat of the Liver, for it doth cool it wonderfully. The Decoction also taken inwardly cooleth and tempereth the blood inflamed in Agues, the heat of the Stomach and Liver breaking out into the Lips, procureth Appetite being lost or become weak, is used in Hectic Fevers, and assuageth the heat of the back and Urine. It is also effectual for the Jaundice, if it be stamped and strained into stolen Ale or White-Wine, and drank first and last, for five days together. The Leaves boiled with Marshmallow roots in Water, till they be very soft adding thereunto some Hogs-grease, Powder of Fenugreeke and Linseed, do make a very good Pultis to be applied to Swell or Impostumes for the ripening & breaking of them, to take away swell o● the Legs or of any part, to case members that are shrunk up, to comfort Wounds in Sinewy places, to defend foul malignant & virulent Ulcers from Inflammation during the cure, & to dissolve those swell that will not willingly be digested or come to suppuration; Being boiled in Vinegar and Salt, it is good against the redness in the Face Weals, Pushes, Itch, Scabs, St. Anthony's fire, &c: and so is the juice either simply used or boiled with Hogs-grease only and applied, which also helpeth Cramps Convulsions and Palsyes. The Juice or distilled-Water is of much good use for all Heat and Redness of the eyes, if some of it be dropped into them, as also into the Ears to ease the pain of them; and is of good effect to ease the pains, heat, and sharpness of blood in the Piles, and generally all pains in the body that arise of Heat. The juice s●●ffed up into the Nose Purgeth rotten filth from the Head, and drunk with Honyed-Wine or Water, it purgeth the Belly and is good for the Stone in the Kidneys and the Dropsy. It hath all the Virtues of Pellitory of the Wall, and of Purslane too, (saving only that it is not used with meat) and therefore it helpeth the Toothache being boiled in Vinegar, and the mouth gargled therewith. Little birds in Cages (especially Linnets) are refreshed with it when they loathe their meat, & the lesser sort is called Passer●na by some.  
So much for the Liver in particular. The Diseases usually proceeding there from are the Jaundice and the Dropsy: For the former it will be needless to enlarge particularly, because there is scarcely a Simple appropriated to the Liver, which will not serve for the Jaundice, especially the yellow. And therefore I shall proceed to those that have a more specific Virtue for curing the Dropsy: for many there be more effectual for that purpose, than any yet spoken of, and most of them are remedies for the Jaundice also.    

CHAP. CLXXXIX. Of the Elder.  

The Names.  
IT is called by Dioscorides and other Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because it is a lover of the Brinks and shadowy banks of Rivers and Ditches, as the most learned suppose, and this name is retained by Paracelsus and the modern Chemists, in whose Writings there is frequent mention of Granorum Acts. In Latin it is usually called Sambucus from Sambyx the first finder of it, yet some think that it should rather be called Sabucus from the likeness that the musical Instrument called Sabuck or Sambuck hath with its hollow and pith-emptied Rods. The English call it the Elder-Tree▪ the Scot, Boor-Tree or Boar Tree, perhaps because the pith being done forth, it seemeth as if it were bored.   

The Kind's.  
Matthiolus and others speak of Eight kinds thereof. 1. Ordinary Elder. 2. White berried Elder. 3. Jagged Elder. 4. Red berried Elder. 5. March Elder. 6 The Golder Rose, or Risen Elder. 7. Wallwort Dane-Wort or Dwarf Elder which is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. humilis Sambucus, in Latin Ebulus. 8. Jagged Wall-Wort.   

The Form.  
The Elder-Tree which in figure is somewhat like the Ash, sendeth forth its Branches very plentifully: covered with a Grayish or Ashcoloured Bark as to the outward view, under which there is another of a green colour, and under that next to the Wood, one that is yellow and succulent, within which is contained a white and Fungous Pith: the Leaves are somewhat like those of the Walnut-tree but less, consisting of five and seven upon a Stalk a little nicked about the edges, of a fair sad green colour, but smelling somewhat rank and strong: From the tops of the branches do Spring many broad Tufts or umbells of Flowers, which by their ●all give place to small round berries, first green, then ruddy, lastly of a black, dark purple colour, full of a purplish Winy juice, containing in them some small flat Seeds or grains; the Root is great and thick, spreading fare about: of all Wild Plants it is the first that putteth forth his Leaves, and the last that sheddeth them.   

The Places and Time.  
There is not a Town, nor scarcely a field where the first groweth not, being Planted commonly for Moundes, because of its speedy growth: The Second was found by Tragus in the Woods of Germany: The Third groweth wild on hills in watery Woods: The fourth is not found but in the Gardens of the curious. The fifth is found by waters sides, and in moorish grounds. The sixth is nursed up only in Gardens. The seaventh groweth wild in many places as in the Abbey Orchard at St. Alban, in the fields between Bloxham and Milton in Oxfordshire, and in divers other places: most of these sorts Flower about Midsummer, but Dane-wort, because it riseth out of the ground e●ery year flowreth not so soon; The Fruit of the former is commonly ripe in August; that of the last, not before September.   

The Temperature.  
Elder is hot and dry in the second and third degree, and Danewort would be of the same quality, if it were not somewhat hotter.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The Pith of the Elder being pressed with one's finger doth Pit, and receive the Print of them therein, as the Legs and Feet of Hydropic persons do; therefore (saith Crollius that excellent Author in his book of Signatures) the juice of Elder, and the Distilled-Water of Jews-Ears (which I have treated of in the seaventy eight Chap ● of this work upon another occasion, though they never grow but upon the Elder-Tree) are profitable in the Dropsy, which is a Disease for the most part Caused by Coldness of the Liver; because the Blood-making Faculty being vitiated and corrupted, many watery humours fall into the Abdomen or belly between the skin and the flesh; for the removing of which, Elder is of great Virtue: For, not only the juice and Water of Jews-Ears●, but that of the Flowers, as also the berries green or dry, are often given with good success to help the Dropsy, by evacuating great plenty of waterish Humours: the bark of the Root also boiled in Wine, or the juice or distilled water thereof two Ounces being taken fasting and two hours before Supper worketh the same effect, yea more readily than any of the former; the juice of the root taken, provoketh Vomit mightily and purgeth the Watery humours of the Dropsy, but not without trouble to the Stomach. The yellow middle or, if you will, the undermost bark is commended by its Signature for the Yellow jaunndise, by the said Crollius; which must therefore be sleeped in Wine, with one or two Jewes-Eares; of which strained, drink a good Draught, morning and evening: The distilled Water thereof, or a Syrup made of its juice may be used to the same purpose: For besides that they Open the Belly and Evacuate hurtful humours, the Medicines prepared of this Bark, have great Virtue to open all Obstructions. Six drops of the Spirit of Elder-salt taken in broth is commended in the Scurvy. The decoction of the Root in Wine cureth the Biting of Venomous beasts, as also of a mad Dog, and mollifyeth the hardness of the Mother, if Women sit therein; and openeth the Veins, and bringeth down the Courses; the berries boiled in Wine, perform the same effects; the Hair of the Head or of any other part washed therewith, is made black: The juice of the green Leaves applied to the inflammation of the Eyes assuageth them: and the Leaves boiled till they be tender, then mixed and beaten with Barley meal assuageth inflammations▪ ●n any other part, helpeth places that are burnt with fire or scalded with Water, cureth fistulous Ulcers, being laid thereupon; and easeth the pains of the Gout, being beaten and boiled with the tallow of a Bull or Goat, and ●●id warm thereto. The Powder of the seeds first prepared in Vinegar and then taken in Wine half a dram at a time for certain days together, is a mean; to abate and consume the flesh of a corpulent body, and to keep it lean. Should I give you all the Virtues of Elder at large, I should much exceed the usual Limits of a Chapter, and therefore I shall only give you a Breviat of them and refer you to that learned piece of Dr. Mart●n Blockwich called the Anatomy of Elder, where you may satisfy yourself perfectly of every particular. There is hardly a Disease from the Head to the Foot, but it cures; for besides the Virtues I have already mentioned, it is profitable for the Headache, for Rave and Wake, hypocondriac Melancholy, the Falling-sickness, the Apoplexy and Palsy, 〈…〉 rrius, Toothache, Deafness, want of smelling, Blemishes of the 〈◊〉 and Head Diseases of the mouth and Throat, the infirmities of the Lungs, H●●sting, and Hearsenesse, the Pleurify and Ptisick, women's breasts being sore, swooning and P 〈…〉 esse, in Fevers, the Plague, Pox, Measles, Diseases of the Stomach, the Worms and other Diseases of the Guts, the Hemorrhoides, the Stone, Diseases of the Matrix, &c: Neither is there any part about this Tree without its use. The Leaves, Berries, Seeds, Root, and Barks, I have already spoken of. Of the flowers are made conserveses, a Syrup, and Honey, Water, and Spirits, Vinegar, and Oxy 〈…〉, a Wine, Oil, &c: The young shoots boiled like Asparage●, and the young Leaves and Stalks boiled in fat broth draweth forth mightily Choler and tough Phlegm, and so do the tender Leaves eaten with Oil and Salt: The Wood serveth to make Skewets for Butchers, and divers other things. The Pith in the middle of the Stalks being dried, and put into the holes of hollow and fistulous Ulcers that are ready to close, openeth and dilateth the Orifices: whereby injections may be use and other remedies applied for the cure of them, and may be used to keep open Issues instead of a Pease. It is said that if a Horse that cannot stolen be strucken gently with a Stick hereof and some of the Leaves be bound under his Belly, it will make him stolen quickly. It is said also, that if a branch hereof be put into the trench where a Mole is, it will either drive him forth, or kill him there: The Mountain or Red-berried 〈◊〉 hath the properties that the common Elder hath, but much weaker. The Marsh Elder is of the like purging quality, with the common sort, especially the be●●ies or juice of them. The Danewort is not only more powerful than the Elder, for all the forementioned purposes, but hath particular Virtues that are not in the other, or at least are nothing so prevalent. The juice of the root of Danewort, applied to the Throat, healeth the Quinsy or King's-evil: the Fundament likewise is stayed from falling down, if the juice thereof be put therein. The Powder of the Seeds taken in the Decoction of Ground-Pine with a little Cinnamon, to the quantity of a dram at a time is an approved remedy, both for the Gout, Joynt-Aches, and Sciatica, and also for the French disease: for it easeth the pains by withdrawing the humours from the places affected, and by drawing forth those humours that are fluent, peccant, and offensive: and so doth the Powder of the Root used as aforesaid. Wine, wherein the root hath been steeped a night, seldom faileth to drive away an Ague at the second taking. An Ointment made in May with the Leaves hereof, & May-butter, is highly esteemed by many, as a sovereign remedy for all outward pains, Aches, and Cramps, in the Joints, Nerves, or Sinews, for starcknesse and Lameness, coming by cold or any other Casualty, and generally to warm comfort and strengthen all the outward parts being ill affected; as also to mollify the hardness, and to open the obstructions of the Spleen, the grieved parts being anointed therewith.    

CHAP. CLXXXX. Of Soldanella.  

The Names.  
NOtwithstanding the dissimilitude that this Plant hath with any of the Coleworts, yet it is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by Dioscorides and others, whom the Latins following have called Brassica marina, not without great oversight in both: Neither are some of our English Writers to be excused, who follow their Authors to the very heels, and call it Sea Cole-wort. But some Latin Authors considering the unreasonableness of the former name, have called it Soldana, Soldanella à consolidando, and Convolvulus marin●●: in English Sea-Bind-weed, and Sea-With-wind, because the branches are winding, the Flowers like to the small Bind-weed, and it groweth naturally upon the Seacoasts. It is called also Sea-bells; the Flowers being like Bells, and some call it Seafole-foot, for the likeness of its Leaves, and those of Coltsfoot, and Scottish Scurvygrasse, because they use it in steed thereof.   

The Kinds.  
To this kind it will not be amiss to refer these three sorts. 1. Soldanella or Sea-bind-weed. 2. The greater Soldanella or Sea-bind-weed. 3. The greater Mountain Soldanella.   

The Form.  
Sea-bind-weed hath many slender brownish green branches, trailing and lying upon the ground, beset with small round Leaves, not much unlike those of Asara bacca, but smaller, betwixt which Leaves groweth sometimes one, and sometimes two at a Joint; At the stalks come forth Flowers growing but one in a place, of a perfect Bell-fashion, and of a bright red Carnation colour, much like unto those of the small Bind-weed, whereof it is a kind, only it is a little larger; the Seeds is black, and groweth in round husks: the Root is small and long, spreading itself a little way, and then rising up again, as the other Bindweeds do: Any part thereof being broken, sendeth forth a whitish water of a bitter salt and unpleasant taste, which the Leaves also have.   

The Place and Time.  
The First groweth plentifully upon the Sea Coasts, both in England, and elsewhere, especially near unto Lee in Essex, at Mersey in the same County, in most places of the Isles of Thanet and Sheppie, and in many places along the Northern Coast: The Second groweth both wild in desert places, and is received into Gardens, also in Syria, according to Ranwolfius, and is to be found upon the Coasts of Naples, according to Imperatus: the last groweth on the Snowy Hills of Hungary, as Clusius saith, and upon the Mountains of Wales, not fare from Cowmers' mere in North-Wales, as Gerard saith. The two first flower in June, and their seed is ripe in August: the last flowreth not till July upon the cold Mountains, but sooner in those Gardens where it is nursed up.   

The Temperature.  
Soldanella is hot and dry in the second degree, being of a bitter taste, and consequently of an astringent quality.   

The Virtues.  
There is not a better herb in the World for the Dropsy, than Soldanella (which the shops call Br●ssic● marina or the Sea-Cole wort) though very improperly as I have said, and because there is another Plant to which that name coth particularly belong (for being taken inwardly, it is very powerful in purging down all kind of waterish and Phlegmatic humours, which are the cause of a Dropsy) Doscorides and others writ, that it is an enemy to the Stomach, and therefore advise that it be boiled in the broth of fat meat and drunk, to hinder the strength of its working, and they say also that it is dangerous for those that have not strong bodies: but though that wrought so violently which grew in their Climate, yet that which we use in England, is a most safe Medicine, and may be given to Children and weak Persons. Howsoever it is usually given in the broth of a Cock with Raisins, and Ann●seeds, in Powder and Pills with Cinnamon Ginger, Anniseeds, Mastic or Sugar, as also with Rhubarb and Cubebs, for Rhubarb is counted an excellent con●o●t for it. The juice also, not pressed but issuing forth of its own accord when it is broken gathered and dried, and afterwards re●ented or made soft, and laid as a Plainer to the bottom of the belly draweth forth watery Hydropick-humours by se●ge; And least the●e two u●es should not be sufficient it hath al●o an excellent property, not only to open the obstructions of the L●ver, but to strengthen the same also. The Powder of the Leaves mixed with Cinnamon Ginger and Sugar, is an excellent remedy against the Worms. The Leaves may be eaten after the manner of Scurvygrasse to purge the belly. The Powder of the Herb is of very good use to bring or raise up flesh in ceep and hollow Ulcers, he●ping also to heal th●m. The Mountaine-Soldanella is good to con●o●i●ate Wounds, and he●p the Sciatica and rout.    

CHAP. CLXXXXI. Of Bryony.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, V●tis alba, and V●talba, not that it is a Vine, but because it is somewhat like one; as also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifying to put ●orth because it putteth forth many branches, whi●h c●amber ●pon the adjoining bushes growing by them; it is likewise called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because formerly ●ome used the ●eeds or grains to get off Hair growing in tho●e places it should not. In Latin, of some V●t●cella of others Rorastrum, Apiast●llum, and Uva Tamin a; but of most V●tis alba, and Bryonia; in English Bryony, White-Bryony Wh●te-Wild-Vine: the Grapes or Berries that grow thereon being called Te●ter-berries, because they are effectual to kill Tetters. The black Bryony is called S●gillum Sancta Maria, out Lady's Signet.   

The Kind's.  
Though there be but two sorts hereof growing naturally in England, yet I find there be others of this kind growing beyond the Seas. 1. Common White Bryony or Wild Vine. 2. Common White Bryony, with blackberries. 3. Black Bryony with black-fruit in Clusters. 4. Candy White Bryony with double Berries. 5. Black Bryony with single red Berries. 6. Common black Bryony, or our Lady's Signet.   

The Form.  
The Common White Briony bringeth forth divers long and tender Stalks, with many clasping tendrils, by which it catcheth hold and clambereth on those things which are next it. The Leaves are broad, and somewhat rough, divided after the same manner as those of the ordinary Vine are, but more hairy and whiter of colour: The flowers be small, and white, growing many together towards the tops of the branches, consisting of five small Leaves a piece, laid open like a star; the Berries which succeed them, grow in little Clusters, but not so near one to another as Grapes do, green at first, but red when they be ripe. The Root sometimes groweth to the bigness of a Child of a year old, so that it hath been by some cut into the form of a Man, and called a Mandrake, being set again into the Earth; It is of a white yellowish colour, extreme bitter, and altogether of an unpleasant taste.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth on banks under hedges, and sometimes as a Weed amongst Potherbs. The second in Germany, Bohemia, &c: The third is mentioned by Dioscorides and others, but its place is not certainly known. The Fourth in Crect. The fift in Germany, by a Village named Huningen. The last in very many places in our own Land in Hedgrowes and Coppices. They flower in May, or thereabouts, and bring forth their ripe berries in Autumn, yet those of Germany and Candy are not so forward as ours, and seldom bring their berries to ripeness in our Country.   

The Temperature.  
White Bryony, which is of greatest use, is in all his parts hot and dry, exceeding the third degree, especially of heat, of great force in cleansing and scouring, by reason whereof it purgeth and draweth forth not only Choleric and Phlegmatic humours, but watery also.   

The Signature and Virtues  
Because Bryony is said by Crollius to have the Signature of the Dropsy, therefore I have appropriated it thereunto. And indeed, though being taken alone it purgeth the belly with great violence, troubling the Stomach and burning the Liver, yet being corrected by adding unto it Ginger, Cinnamon, Quince or such like, it is very profitable therein, for it draweth away Water abundantly, both by Vomit and stool, a scruple or two of the Powder of the dried root with a third part of Cinnamon and Ginger, being drunk in a little White-Wine; The juice decoction, Syrup, and Electuary, may be used for the same purpose. Now because every one knoweth not the way of gathering the juice, I shall here set it down: In April make a deep overthwart cut or gash into a Briony root, taking away the Earth first from it; put in a Goose-quill, a little under the slit, sloping the quill at the end, which you must thrust into the root: but first make a hole with your knife to get in the quill, and so you may gather great store of the Water of Briony, placing a receiver under the quill, for the making of the compound Water of Briony, a spoonful whereof taken by those that are troubled with fits of the Mother easeth them, it potently expels the Afterbirth, and cleanseth the Womb exceedingly. It is likewise profitable in the Falling-sickness, Palsy, Apoplexy, Swimming of the Head & other diseases of the Brain by a specific Virtue, that it hath in drawing away Phlegm and Rheumatic humours, that oppress tho●e parts. It provoketh Urine, and cleanseth the Reins and Kidneys from Gravel and Stone, openeth the obstructions of the Spleen, and consumeth the hardness and swe●ing thereof. A scruple of the Root in Powder, being taken in White-Wine bringeth down women's Courses, but is not to be used by Women with Child for fear of abortion. An Electuary made o● the Roots with Honey o● Sugar is ●ingula● good for them that are shortwinded, troubled with an old Cough, pain in the fides, and for such as are hurt or brui●ed inwardly, by any fall, for it dissolveth and expelleth the clo●ted or congealed blood. The Root is good against the biting of any V●●tmous Creature, and killeth Worms in the body. It is good in the King's-evil, the juice being taken with equal parts of Wine and Honey. The Faecula or Dregs thereof are used for the aforesaid Diseases, five or ten grains being taken at a time. It also scoureth the Skin, and taketh away Wrinkles, Freckles, Sun-burning black-markes, Spots and Scars of the Face, if it be boiled in Oil till it be consumed, and so it taketh away black and blue spots, which come of Stripes or Falls, and dissolveth new swell. The Root bruised and applied of itself to any place where the bones are broken, helpeth to draw them forth; Being stamped with Wine, and applied, it breaketh Boils, and helpeth Whit-loaus that grow about the Roots of the Nails. It cleanseth the skin from the Morphew, Leprosy, all running Scabs and manginess, if a bath be made thereof, or the juice applied thereunto. The berries may be used for the same purpose, and the distilled Water▪ though not so strong as the former, is used for Freckles and Spots in the Face. A Pessary made of the Root, bringeth down the Courses in Women, and bringeth forth the Afterbirth, and Dead-Child; and a  made hereof cleanseth the Womb, the party sitting therein.    

CHAP. CLXXXXII. Of Mechoacan and Jalap.  

The Names  
MEchoacan is of later Invention, and therefore hath no Greek name. It is called in Latin Mechoacanna, Mechoacana, Mechoaca, Mechoaca Peruviana, Mechoacanum Indicum because it is brought from a place in the Province of New Spain, called Mechoacan, near the Ci●ty Mex●co, as also Rhabarbarum album, and Rhabarbarum Mechoacanum, to distinguish it from Rhubarb, to which it is like in effects, which caused the name; in English it is called Mechoacan, Mechoaca, and Indian Briony, because the Root of it hath some likeness, with that or White Briony. Jalap also came from the Indies, and hath its name from a place there called Chelapa or Calapa: It hath gotten many other names besides, most of which are derived from the former, as Gelapum, Gelapo, Jalapium, Jalapa, Jalappa, Jalappium, Gialapa, Mechoacanna nigra, Salapa, Xalapa, Zaqualtipan, Rhabarbarum, nigrum, and Brionia, Mechoacan nigricans. It is called in English Jalap or bla●k Mechoacan.   

The Kind's.  
Of these Mechoacans there are three sorts mentioned by Authors. 1. The Mechoacan of Peru. 2. The Wild Mechoacan. 3. Black Mechoacan or Jalap.   

The Form.  
The Mechoacan of Peru, as it groweth in these parts, sendeth forth long branches of a dark grayish colour winding about whatsoever is next them, and therefore Poles are set for them to run upon; The Leaves are somewhat broad-pointed at the ends like unto those of black Briony, saving that they are thinner and harder in handling, seeming so dry as if they had no juice in them: The flowers (which are many, and stand in long clus●ers) are of a sullen yellow colour in the Indies, of the bigness of an Orange flower, in the warmer Countries of Europe of a dark whitish colour, but with us it was never known to flower by reason of the coldness of the Climate; the Root groweth to be as great as any Briony root almost, without either taste or smell, having Circles in it when it is cut, as may be perceived by the dry root, which is brought over to us, and may easily be brought into powder.   

The Places and Time.  
Concerning the Place and Time, I need add no more than what I have said in the names and description.   

The Temperature.  
Both white and black Mechoacan are hot in the first degree, and dry in the second consisting of an airy substance, and subtle parts, as also of an earthly quality.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
Mechoacan as well as Briony hath the Signature of the Dropsy and is found to be very useful therein, for it draweth away wate● and phlegm and also strengtheneth the Liver, and inward parts, working without any hurtful quality, molestation or griping, contrary to Briony, and mo●● other purgative Medicines so that it may be given to old men, Children, Women with Chi●d, and weak persons without any offence; Notwithstanding▪ it is not of that esteem it was at its first coming amongst us, though the Virtues are the same, so much do people regard the novelty more than the goodness of a thing. It is also profitable in a long continued Headache, cleansing the brain and Nerves, and purging those Rheumatic distillations and humours that are in them; It helpeth all pains whatsoever in the Joints, and those of the Bladder, and Reins, by provoking Urine and by that faculty which it hath in expelling Wind, it easeth th● Colic, and the pains of the Mother, by tempering the cold humour which is a cause thereof. It is likewise effectual in the Falling sickness, Catarrh, Rheum, Diseases of the Breast in old Coughs shortness of breath, Jaundice stops of the Liver and Spleen, having, as it is said, all the Virtues that are either in Agarick or Rhubarb. It is commended also in the French Pox Kings evil, Scurvy and Gout, and helpeth inveterate Agues, whether Quotidian or Tertian. It doth much conduce to the purging of tough undigested humours in the Stomach, and Breasts of Children. It may be administered divers ways but the best is to give it in White Wi●e, ●●r ●o it works most effectually: It may be given to a Child, the do●e of the powdered Root not exceeding a scrú●le or a scruple and half; but to persons of ●eares, a dram or two wi●● not be too much: yet care must be taken that it be not used in hot diseases, neither is it convenient for hot and dry bodies, or those that are subject to be bound, for though it purgeth at the first, it causeth the body to be more costive afterwards. Jalap purgeth Phlegmatic Choleric and Melancholic, but chiefly watery humours, and that more strongly than the former, and therefore it is no less profitable in the dropsy, and helpeth the Greensickness, a dram thereof being taken in Wine with a little Ann●seeds and Ginger to correct the nauseousness, whereby it troubleth the Stomach and inclineth it to Vomit.    

CHAP. CLXXXXIII. Of Broome.  

The Names.  
IT is uncertain whether this Plant were known to the Grecians, unless it were the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of Dioscorides, which is much doubted by divers Authors. It is called in Latin Genista, and Genesta, à genuum flexilitate from the flexiblenesse thereof, or rather quia genibus medeatur dolentibus, because it helps the pain of the knees, or, quod facile generet, speciemque propaget, because it is easily increased, and not to be destroyed where it taketh a liking. It is called in English Broom. Some call the Spanish Broom, Spartum.   

The Kind's.  
The sorts of ordinary Broom, Candy, and Spanish Broom, &c: (divers whereof we have in our Gardens, and elsewhere) are fourteen. 1. Our ordinary Broom. 2. Small or low Broom. 3. Island Broom. 4. White Broom. 5. Dwarf Broom. 6. Dwarf Broom of Candy. 7. Common Green-weed or Diers-weed. 8. Spanish Green-weed. 9 Base Broom of Germany. 10. Spanish base Broom. 11. Bastard Spanish Broom. 12. Ordinary Spanish Broom. 13. The small Spanish Broom with yellow Flowers. 14. The greater white flowered Spanish Broom.   

The Form.  
Broom is a Bush or shrubby Plant having stalks or woody branches about the bigness of a man's thumb, from which do spring slender twigs, cornered, green, tough, and easy to be bowed, many times divided into smaller branches: about which do grow little Leaves of an obscure green colour, and brave yellow Flowers, which falling off give place unto certain Cod, of a green colour at first but afterwards black, like unto those of the Common Vetch, in which do lie flat hard seeds, being somewhat brownish, and lesser than Lentils. The root is hard and woody sending forth divers times another Plant of the colour of an Oaken Leaf, in shape like unto Bastard Orchis, called Birds-nest, having a root like a Turnip or Rape, whereupon it is called Rapum Genistae, Broomrape, or Orobanch.   

The Places and Time.  
It may be discovered by the Titles in what Countries every one of these grow naturally, and therefore I shall say no more than I have done concerning their places: only that which is called Island Broome grows in an Island of Tuscany called Ilua, and the rest which speak not themselves outlandish, are of our own Country. All of them flower in the Summer months, some earlyer, some later, yet they perfect their seeds before Winter, the Spanish kinds being somewhat later than the other.   

Th' Temperature.  
The Twigs, Flowers, and seeds of Broome are hot and dry, in the second degree; they are also of a thin essence, and are of force to cleanse and open, especially the seed, which is drier, and not so full of superfluous Moisture.   

The Virtues.  
The juice or decoction of the young Branches, or the Seed or Powder thereof taken in drink, purgeth downwards, Phlegmatic and watery humours, and therefore it is profitable for those that have the Dropsy, especially if it be used with Wine, yet in other infirmities it is better with Water. There is also made of the Ashes of the Stalks, a Lie with White or Rhenish-Wine, which is highly commended by divers for the Dropsy, and likewise for the Greensickness; but it must not be used too often for fear it fret and hurt the entrails. It is effectual likewise for those that are troubled with the Gout, Sciatica, and other pains of the Joints, and sides, helpeth the swell of the Spleen, cleanseth the Reins Kidneys, and Bladder of Gravel and the Stone engendered therein, and hindereth it from ever coming again, sending forth the cause thereof by Urine, which it provoketh abundantly. The constant use of the Powder of the the Leaves, and Seeds doth cure the Black Jaundice, being taken in wine, and the Seeds and Flowers being any ways taken do much preserve from the Gout and Stone. The Flowers being made into a Conserve or preserve with honey or Suggar, and eaten often, do much consume the Kings-Evil. The distilled water of the Flowers, is profitable for the foresaid purposes, helpeth surfeits, and altereth the fits of Agues being taken with as much of the water of the lesser Centaury, and the party laid to sweat. It is most excellent to help the Kings-Evil, if one ounce of the water be taken morning and evening for a month's space, or longer, if need require. The tops or flowers of Broom bruised and mixed with Hogs-grease cure the pains of the Knees, the Gout and any bruise or swelling by reason of humours, falling down thither. The Flowers also bruised and mixed with Hony and Roses, or the white of an Egg beaten together and applied, consume the hard Swell of the Kings-Evil. The juice of the young branches, or the young branches themselves bruised, or the Flowers made into Ointment with Hogs-grease, or boiled in the same, or in oil for a little space, and laid to the sides that are pained either by the Wind, as in Stitches and the like, or in the Spleen, easeth them in once or twice usiing it. The same boiled in oil is a safe and sure medicine to kill Lice, and other Vermin, breeding in the Head or Body, and being applied to the Sciatica or Hipgout helpeth it. The juice alone, or mixed with honey, and applied, cures green wounds and putrified Ulcers. The Flower and Tops being bruised & applied help the biting of Serpents, and Venomous Creatures. The oil distilled from the roots and seeds is very useful to take away spots, freckles and deformities of the skin. The young buds of the Flowers being pickled are a salad of great delight, serving all the year which do help to stir up an appetite to meat, to help Obstructions of the Spleen, and to provoke Urine. The Broom Rape is commended by some to be as good as Asparagus, taken when they are young and eaten either raw or boiled, but they are somewhat bitter. The decoction thereof in wine is thought to be as effectual to avoid the stone in the Kidneys and Bladder and to provoke Urine as the Broom itself. The juice thereof is Singular good to cure as well green wounds, as old and filthy sores and malignant Ulcers. Being put into oil Olive and set in the Sun for certain days, it taketh away all Spots, Lentiles, Freckles, Pimples, Weals, and Pushes from the face or any part of the body, being anointed therewith. All the lesser sorts have the same qualities; and may be conducible to the same diseases, but some stronger, some weaker. But the most effectual of all the Brooms is the Spanish kind, which hath not only all the properties aforesaid very exactly, but others also. It purgeth both upwards and downwards especially the seed, which being taken to the quantity of a dram in Meade or honeyed water, purgeth by vomit, as Hellebore doth, yea without trouble or danger. An Oxymel or Syrup made of the Flowers, Seed, and Vinegar often used, breaketh & healeth all Impostumes of the Spleen, by causing the corrupt matter to void itself, and draweth humours from the Joints.    

CHAP. CXCIV. Of the Ash-Tree.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Fraxinus, quia facilè frangi●ur, because the boughs of it are easily broken. The seed or rather the inner kernel thereof is called Lingua Avis, and Lingua Passerina, from the form thereof, being like unto a Birds Tongue; in English Ash-Keyes, and of some Kitkeyes and Peter keys. The Tree is called the Ash because its, bark is of the colour of Ashes. The wild Ash, which I here add because of its name, is very probable to be the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or Fraxinus montana of Theophrastus, which Pliny calleth Ornus; of some Orneoglossum, Fraxinus sylvestris, Fraxinea arbour, Fraxinus aucuparia, because Boys and Fowlers use the Berries as Baits to catch Blackbirds, Thrushes, etc. In the English, the Wild Ash, but more generally Traxinus bubula the Quicken-Tree.   

The Kind's.  
There be no more sorts than what I have already mentioned, viz. 1. The Common great Ash, 2. The wild Ash, or Quicken-tree.   

The Form.  
The Ash commonly riseth up with a strait body, sometimes to a very great thickness, but commonly of a middle size, and is covered with a smooth bark of a grayish colour; spreading reasonable well, and bearing long winged Leavs, consisting of others, which stand by couples, one over against another, the uttermost only being excepted, which standeth alone: all which are long, narrow, gentle, of a pale green colour, and dented about the Edges; at sundry joints, with the Leaves, cometh forth a bunch of flowers, and after them a bunch of seeds, commonly called keys, tasting somewhat strong and hot in the mouth; there be sometimes small round Balls called Apples growing therein, but not in every place: The timber of it contrary to the branches, is strong and tough; and therefore is much used in Coaches, Carts, Ploughs, and other instruments of Husbandry, but especially to make Pikes for Soldiers.   

The Places and Times.  
The Ash, for its usefulness both for Timber and Firewood, is planted generally throughout the whole Land, both in high and Low grounds, yet experience tells us that it thriveth best in moist low grounds, and by meadow sides. The Quicken-Tree groweth in the Woods by Highgate, and in divers other parts. And particularly, amongst Trees in the walk between Shaford and Gorehambery. The Balls or Apples of the Ash come forth in the end of Winter, the leaves and flowers of both, in the Spring; and the seed and fruit is ripe, in September.   

The Temperature.  
The Leaves and Bark of the Ash-Tree are dry and moderately hot; the seed is hot and dry in the second degree.   

The Virtues.  
There is scarce any part about the Ash but is good for the Dropsy: The Leaves and Bark with the tender Crops boiled in Wine, and drunk, are excellent for it, for they purge Water; and so doth the Water that is distilled from the Leaves, Bark, or Seed. The young Roots also boiled in Ale, and a draught thereof drunk morning and evening, is profitable for the same. The said Leaves and Bark, boiled in Wine and drunk, do likewise open and comfort the L●ver and Spleen, and ease the pains and Stitches of the sides, and so will they do being boiled in Oil, and applied to them outwardly: and being used in the same manner, it is singular good against the biting of the Viper, Adder, or any other venomous beast, to which purpose the seed may also be drunk in Wine according to that Verse of Serenus, Fraxineum semen cum Bacchi rore b●bendum est. The Leaves and Bark are reported to stop the Belly, and being boiled with Vinegar and Water do stay Vomiting, if they be laid upon the Stomach. Three or four Leaves taken in Wine every morning constantly, doth make those lean which are fat; and keepeth them from grossness which begin to wax fat; and so doth the distilled Water of the Keys, a small quantity taken every morning. The Decoction of the Leaves in White Wine, helpeth to break the Stone, and expel it, and cureth the Jaundice. The seeds having their Husks taken off, prevail against Stitc●●s and pains in the sides proceeding of Wind, and the Stone by provoking Urine; They are commended also for the Rickets, to increase natural seed; to stir up bodily lust, especially being powdered with Nutmegs, and drunk. The Lie, which is made of the ashes of the bark, cureth those Heads which are Leprous, Scabby, or Scaled, being bathed therewith. The Leaves of the Wild Ash boiled in Wine are good against the pains in the sides, the stops of the Liver, and assuageth the bellies of those which have the Tympany or Dropsy.    

CHAP. CLXXXXV. Of the Sassafras, or Ague-Tree.  

The Names.  
THe use of this Ingredient is of late Invention, therefore it were in vain to seek for the Greek name. It is called in Latin Sassafras, which is also the French and Spanish name; but why they called it so, is unknown: yet the French were the first that discovered the Virtues of it to the Christian world. For at their being near the Florida, they got Agues and Swell in their Legs, which as I conceive was the Dropsy, and other diseases, by lying on the ground, and intemperate diet, which they used; for which they could get no cure until they had learned the use of this Tree from the Natives; who call it Pavame and Winanke: All other Countries call it Sassafras, and amongst them the English, who call it also the Ague-Tree, from its Virtue in healing the Ague. There is hereof but one kind, and therefore I shall proceed to the description.   

The Form.  
The Sassafras-Tree groweth up with a strait Trunk or body, smooth and void of boughs till it be of a reasonable height, covered with a thick bark of an Ash-colour, which is of a very hot quick taste; towards the top come forth many goodly branches, spreading themselves into a round figure or compass whereon do grow green Leaves, somewhat like those of the Figtree, but much lesser; of a sweet smell when they be green, but much more when they be dry, somewhat resembling the smell of Fennel of a very sweet taste also. The Flowers ●re small and yellow, made of threads, very like unto the Male Cornell-Tree, from whence proceedeth the fruit, which groweth clustering together, yet set in small cups upon long footstalkes: the Roots are not very large, neither of any great depth, but are covered with a Bark, somewhat redder than that of the Tree, and are of more force and efficacy than any other parts of it, yet the rest are also of very great use.   

The Places and Time.  
This Tree groweth in most parts of the West Indies, especially about the Cape of Florida, which is not fare from Virginia. It keepeth green all the Winter and Summer long, but at what time it flowreth and bringeth forth its ripe fruit, I have not yet learned.   

The Temperature.  
The boughs and branches of Sassafras are hot and dry in the second degree; the ri●d is hotter, for that it entereth into the third degree of heat and dryness, as may be manifestly perceived in the decoction.   

The Virtues.  
It is to be observed, that not only those things, that purge watery and Phlegmatic humours, are profitable in the Dropsy, but those also which have any eminent faculty in drying them up, as Sassafras without dispute hath ● and therefore it is used with very good success in the disease aforesaid, four Ounces thereof being first sleeped four and twenty hours in a gallon and half of Water; and afterwards boiled to the one half, and then strained, may be given to the quantity of a good draught, morning and evening, for certain days together: for there is not any thing, which will remove such an inveterate disease as the Dropsy at once taking. The said Decoction is very effectual also to open the stops of the Liver and Spleen, and is profitable in all cold disease's, and particularly those cold Rheums that fall from the Head upon the T●●th, Eyes and Lungs; warming and drying up the moisture and strengthening the parts afterwards and therefore is available in Coughs, and other cold diseases of the Breast, Stomach and Lungs, stayeth Vomiting, comforteth the weak and feeble Stomach▪ c●●sing a good appetite therein by consuming windiness, which is the chiefest cause of crudity and indigestion, and maketh sweet a stinking breath, but especially the Decoction of the root: The fame is commended likewise for its Virtue in expelling the Gravel and Stone, wherewith the Kidneys are many times afflicted, for provoking Urins and women's Courses: And as for those Women which are barren by reason of the moisture of their Wombs, it so warmeth, heateth, and drieth the same, that it causeth them to conceive speedily; It is of good use also in Fevers and tertain and quotidian Agues, that are of long continuance, as is already intimated. It is generally used in all diseases that come of cold raw thin and corrupt humours, as the French disease, and the like, for which distempers it is used in Diet-drinkes with other things and may be given in Powder from a scruple to two scruples. The Smell of the Wood or Root expelleth the corrupt and evil Vapours of the Pestilence.    

CHAP. CLXXXXVI. Of Palma Christi.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Cici and Croton, because the seed of it resembles a living Creature, which is wont to be in Sheep, and other Cattle called a Tike. It is called also Ricinus in Latin for the same reason; yet it hath other names as Palma Christi from the Leaves and Root, which do very much imitate a hand, and Cataputia major of the Apothecaries, because of its properties, which are conformable to the Spurges, the Oil whereof is by them called Oleum de Cherva and Oleum Cicinum. This is held by Expositors, to be the Plant mentioned in Jonah, under the name of a Gourd. It is called in English Palma Christi, or great Spurge, in Hebrew Kik and Kikaijon.   

The Kinds.  
There are but three sorts of this Great Spurge left upon record by Authors. 1. The more ordinary Palma Christi or great Spurge. 2. Palma Christi of Syria. 3. Palma Christi of America.   

The Form.  
Palma Christi hath a great round hollow stalk rising to the height of seven or eight ●oot of a bluish green colour. The Leaves are great and large fashioned like the Leaves of the Figtree, but greater; resembling the hand of a man with the Fingers spread abroad, of a dark green colour on the upperside but whitish underneath, the flowers are button-like, standing on the tops of the branches whi●h fall away without bearing Seed; but a little lower, there break forth other Heads which are rough and three cornered, and contain within them a seed like a Tike, of an hot fiery taste, out of which, in those Countries where it is natural, is pressed out the aforementioned Oil.   

The Places and Times.  
The first groweth in Spain, and other hot Countries to a very great bigness, and abideth many years, but the coldness of our Climate will not admit of any large growth, because it perisheth every year with us, yet I have seen ●t in Mr. Balls Garden by Sio● house, seven or eight foot-high looking more like unto a Tree then an annual Plant. The second groweth in Syria and Egypt; and the third in America in G●lisc● a Province of New Spain, from whence the Oil used in Shops is brought unto us. Those that flower with us do it in August, but their seed doth seldom come to perfect ripeness in this Country.   

The Temperature.  
The seed of Palma Christi is hot and dry in the third degree.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
Though the seeds of Palma Christi are not to be taken rashly by reason of their violence in purging; yet, advice being first had, they may with Aniseed or Fennelseed be given to strong and able bodies, that are troubled with the Dropsy, join-ache, Gout, and Sciatica, because they draw Water & Phlegm very strongly from the remote parts, the Powder of three of them being taken in Whey or New Milk. The same may be boiled in the broth of an old Cock, and taken for the same purposes. The Oil is used in Glisters to open obstructions, to ease pains of the Colic and windiness of the Mother, and so it doth if the places grieved be anointed therewith, and some few drops thereof taken in a little Chicken broth that is fat: It wonderfully helpeth the cramp being gently rubbed on the places grieved therewith, for it causeth the Sinews that were shrunk to be stretched forth: The Stomach, belly or leftside where the Spleen lieth, being anointed therewith, are eased of their pains and obstructions thereby: It killeth the Worms in Children, a drop or two thereof being given in Milk or fat broth, or the lower part of the belly being anointed therewith, and so it taketh away the hardness of their Bells: It helpeth also all Scabs and running sores of the Head, and being dropped into the Ears, it cureth deafness, and the pains and noise therein: It mightily cleanseth the skin from all manner of spots and blemishes, as also the deformities of scars and of the Pox. The green Leaves bruised and applied of themselves or else with Barley-meal assawage the Inflammations as well as the swelling of the Eyes, and the swell also of women's Breasts after Childing and in case they want Milk, they are good to procure it, being applied thereunto. The juice of the Leaves, applied to any Wound that is caused by any splinter, Iron, or Arrow-head, draweth them out, if any such be in it. The said Leaves have the Signature of the Hands, and therefore are available for the pains of their, or any other Joints, according to Crollius.    

CHAP. CLXXXXVII. Of Glassewort.  

The Names.  
IT is supposed that this Herb was not known to any of the Greek writers, for we find it not so much as mentioned in any of their works. The Arabians, who probably were the first that took notice of it, called it Kali, which name is taken up by the Latin Authors. The ashes, whereof Crystal Glasses are made, is called Soda, Alumen Catinum, or Calinum: The Salt, which is extracted out of the Ashes, is called Sal Kali, & Sal Alkali, which being mixed with a certain kind of Sand, and boiled in a furnace there ariseth a Scum called Axungia Vitri, in Latin, and in English Sandiver; The English name of the herb is Glassewort, & Saltwort but the Inhabitants of the Seacoasts call it Crab-Grasse and Frog-Grasse.   

The Kind's.  
Of this Glasseworth therefore be four sorts. 1. Great Glassewort, with Snail-like seed, 2. Small white Glassewort. 3. Glassewort of Egypt, 4. Jointed Glassewort.   

The Form.  
The great Glassewort riseth up with a big round, fleshy stalk like unto Purslane two foot▪ high or there abouts, divided into many branches, whereon do grow many thick long fleshy Leaves, pointed at the ends growing without Order, sometimes but one or two, and sometimes more standing at a place, and indeed most commonly here and there also, dispersed upon the branches come, forth small brownish heads, turned round like snails, wherein lie small round seed; the Root is somewhat long with many fibres thereat, and perisheth commonly after it hath given its seed.   

The Places and Time.  
The first, groweth in divers places of Syria, Africa, Italy and Spain, by the Sea sides of its own accord, and very large fields thereof, are sown in Provence, and Gascoine, for the abundant profit that is made of it. The second, groweth in the same Countries, and in those which are colder also, not only by the Sea, but by the salt pits that are remote, both in Saxoni● and also in the Western parts of our own Land. The third is known to grow no where but in Egypt unless it be upon the Western Shores of Naples. The last, groweth as well upon our own Coasts in many places as in other Countries by the Sea side, and by the lakes of salt water in Saxony, and other places of Germany. They all flourish in the Summer; those that perish give their seed in August and sometimes later, but the last continueth all the Winter.   

The Temperature.  
Glassewort is hot and dry: the Ashes are both dryer and h●tter, and that eve● to the fourth degree, having in them a caustick or burning quality.   

The Virtues.  
The Powder of any of the afore mentioned sorts, or the juice which is much better taken in drink, doth purge downwards, by that cleansing quality which it hath, Phlegmatic, waterish, and adust or melancholic humours, and therefore it is often used for a speciaill remedy for the Dropsy. It is also effectual to provoke Urin●, to expel the dead birth, as also to open the Obstructions of the Liver and Spleen, and so consume the hardness thereof, but there must be a care that it be not taken in too great a quantity, for than it is very dangerous. It is many times mixed with those things which are used as corrosives to consume proud Spongy Superfluous flesh, that groweth in foul and virulent Uleers. The Ashes of it being burnt are very sharp and biting, like a Caustick, and the Lie that is made thereof is so strong, that it will fetch off the skin from the hands or other parts of them that use it unadvisedly. But if it be used discreetly; that is, applied very sparingly, or mixed with somewhat that mamy correct it sharpness, it may do good in cleansing the skin from spots, freckles, Morphews or the like. Of the same Ashes also made into lie, being boiled with Oil, was used to be made our ordinary Soap, which being spread upon a piece of thick course brown paper, cut into the form of a Shoe-sole, and bound to the bottoms of their feet, which have casually lost their Speech, will bring it again within a little time, after the applying thereof, if they be recoverable, as hath been pro●ed: but the Soap which we now use, is made with cheaper Ingredients. It was used to be put into Castle or rather Castille Soap, for it came first out of Spain, the Castilians being the inventors thereof. Sandiver worketh much to the same effect with Kali, and is often used, I mean the powder thereof, to be blown in Horses eyes, or, being dissolved, squirted into them, to take away the skin that beginneth to grow there and dim the sight. It serveth also to dry up running sores and scabs, Tetters, Ringworms and the like, and to help the Itch, if the foul parts be washed with the Water, wherein it is boiled.    

CHAP. CXCVIII Of Spurge Laurel.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Daphnoides, à Lauri Foliorum Similitudine from the likeness it hath with the Bay-Tree. It is called in Latin Laure●la, quasi pu filla Laurus, because of the smallness of it. In English, Spurge Laurel, both because it purgeth, and to distinguish it from the Bay Tree, or rather from the Cherry-Bay-Tree which is of divers called the Laurel Tree.   

The Kind's.  
There be but two sorts, which may properly be referred to this kind, 1. Spurge Laurel, 2. Candy Spurge Laurel.   

The Form.  
Spurge Laurel riseth sometimes but with one, but Commonly with more Stems of a cubit high or more, very tough and pliant, and covered with a thick whitish bark, whereon are▪ set many long, smooth, thick somewhat broad and shining dark green Leaves, somewhat like unto Bay-Leaves, but lesser, smother softer, and not with hard veins therein as Bay-Leaves have. The Flowers come out towards the tops of the Stalks, and at the Joints with the Leaves, many set together, whi●h are somewhat long and hollow, ending or spreading into four small Leaves, of whitish, yellow, green colour, which give place to small round, and somewhat long blackberries when they are ripe, wherein lieth a white kernel. The Root groweth down deep into the ground, and spreadeth likewise tough long white strings somewhat woody. Both Leaf and Flower, both Bark and Root are very hot and sharp in taste, heating the mouth and throat of any that shall taste them: It keepeth its green Leaves all the Winter, as all other Bay-Trees do, even in the coldest years.   

The Places and Times.  
The First groweth wild not only by the Lake of Geneva, as Gerard, or rather D●don●ns doth affirm, and in other places beyond the Seas, but in our own Country also in divers places, and particularly between the Hedge, and a footpath that leadeth from St. Alban to Park-Street, The other was sent out of Candy as the title testifies. The first flowereth very early in the year, even in January or February and sometimes before, if the winter be mild; The berries are ripe about May or June; when the other flowereth or beareth fruit is uncertain, seeing it hath not put forth either in this Country.   

The Temperature.  
Spurge Laurel is of a very hot and biting Temperature.   

The Virtues.  
It is reported of this Plant, that if the Leaves be gathered with one's hand tending upwards, it causeth vomiting, if downwards it causeth purging, but how true it is, I cannot affirm; for I never knew it taken inwardly: yet I find upon Record, that the Leaves purge slimy phlegm, and waterish superfluities, and are therefore good for the Dropsy, and that fourteen or fifteen of the Berries do the like. Notwithstanding they are said to purge very violently inflaming and heating the Throat, and wring the Stomach of whosoever shall take thereof, and driveth them into divers dangerous diseases: howbeit this seemeth to be spoken of the inconsiderate use thereof; for it is said that if it be taken advisedly it purgeth phlegm, from the Stomach, and oftentimes by vomit also, it procureth women's Courses easeth the pains of the Colic and being chewed in the mouth it draweth down from the Head and Brain, much corrupt matter that would offend it. And if there be any that understand not, what is meant by the word advisedly▪ let them know that it is to be taken after one of these or the like ways. The Leaves must be steeped twenty four hours in good strong Vinegar, and then dried, and their powder drunk in wine, with Anniseeds and Mastic, or else boiled in Whey of Sweet milk of broth or a Capon and so taken, the dose not exceeding two scruples or one dram. The Oil wherein the fresh Leaves and Berries have been boiled being strained, and the belly anointed therewith, loosneth it, and helpeth the Colic; and being anointed on the back and reins provoketh Urine, and helpeth the Piles. Besides, the Berries may be put into a Cataplasm for the Dropsy, with Barley and Bean meal Fenugreek, root of walwort. Woormwood, and Origan; all which are to be sodden in wine and laid over the whole body. The Flowers also used in a Glister are much commended for the said disease, which is to be made thus. Take flowers of Laurel two drams, roots of Polypody▪ Agarick, of each a dram and half, Dodder three drams; seethe them in wine or water, till the Third part be consumed, then take of the Liquor of that decoction one pound, of Benedicta Laxativa, half a dram, of Electuarium nidum two drams and a half, Honey of Roses one ounce, Oils of Rue, Camomile and flowered Luce; of each one ounce; of Sal Gemmae a dram and a half; Commix them all, and make a Gli●●er.    

CHAP. CXCIX. Of Toad Flax.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Osiris as Fuchsius saith, in Latin Pseudolinum, and Li●aria, from the resemblance of its Leaves, with the true Line or Flax▪ and Urinalis and Urinaria, from its effects in provoking Urine. Some have called it Esula adulterina from the resemblance it hath with a small kind of Esula or Spurge, yet they may easily be distinguished, if the stalk or Leaves thereof be broken for one hath milk, the other hath not, according to that old verse, Esula lactescit; si●e lacte Li●aria ●rescit. Some have taken it to be the AntirrhiAntirrhinum of Pliny, and indeed it seemeth to be a kind of Snapdragon by its flowers▪ yet others will rather have it to be Osiris both of Pliny, D●oscorides and Galen, whereunto it doth in many things agree. There is a kind hereof which is called Scoparia, and Herba Studiosorum because Scholars heretofore swept their Studies with besoms made thereof, and Belv●de●e of the Italians for the glorious show that the flower of it makes. Some call it Wild-Flax in English, but that name doth more properly belong to another kind, it is called also Toad-Flax because Toads will some times shelter themselves amongst the branches of it, and Flax-weed; in Sussex, Gallwort.   

The Kind's.  
Though there be many sorts of Flax-weed I shall trouble you but with ten of them. 1. Great Toad-flax. 2. Sweet purple Toadflax. 3. Variable Toad-flax. 4. Toad-flax of Valentia. 5. White Toad-flax. 6. Purple Toad-flax. 7. Bushy Toad-flax. 8. Golden Toad-flax. 9 Broom Toad-flax. 10 Sparrows Toad-flax.   

The Virtues.  
The common Toad-flax is well known to have divers stalks, full fraught with long and narrow b●ew A●h coloured Leaves, without any footstalke at them, like unto those of Flax, but the stalks are not so long, from the middle of which up to the top come forth the Flowers which are many, of a pale yellow colour, of a strong unpleasant scent, with deep yellow mouths like the flowers of Snapdragon: the seeds which are blackish and flat are enclosed in round heads, the Root is somewhat woody and White, especially the main down right one, with many fibres thereat, abiding many years; shooting forth roots every way round about, and new branches every year.   

The Places and Time  
Some of these sorts are wild, some grow only in Gardens, the expressing of their particular places would be to little purpose, seeing none but the ordinary sort groweth naturally in our Land, for as much as I can learn. They flower from June till the end of Summer, some of their seed being usually ripe towards the end of August.   

The Temperature:  
Toad flax is hot and dry as may be perceived from its bitterness and also from the faculty it hath in provoking Urine.   

The Virtues.  
The Common sort of Toad-flax, whose description I have set down, is that which is most used in Physic. It provoketh Urine, both when it is stopped, as also in those that are troubled with the Dropsy, to spend the abundance of those watery humours by Urine, which it draweth down wonderfully; helping also to wash the Reins and Uritory parts from Gravel or Stones gathered therein, and this it doth, if the decoction of the Herb both Leaves and flowers in Wine be taken and drunk; And so it doth somewhat move the Belly downwards, openeth the obstructions of the Liver and helpeth the yellow Jaundice, expelleth Poison, provoketh women's Courses, driveth forth the Afterbirth and Dead-Child. The distilled Water of the Herb and Flowers is effectual for all the same purposes, and in especial being drunk with a dram of the powder of the seeds or bark of the root of Wallwort, and a little Cinnamon for certain days together, is held to be a singular remedy for the Dropsy, to spend the Water and humours: the juice of the herb or distilled Water dropped into the eyes is a certain remedy for all heat, inflammations and redness in the Eyes. The juice or distilled Water put into foul Ulcers, whether they be cancrous or fistulous, with tents rolled therein, or the parts washed or cleansed herewith by the spirting of it into them, cleareth them throughly from the bottom, and healeth them up safely; The same juice or water doth likewise cleanse the skin of all manner of deformity, as the Lepry, Morphew, Scurf, Weals, Pimples, or any other spots or marks therein, applied of itself or with some powder of Lupins; for which purpose Pliny saith that the Women of his time made a kind of soap of it. Culpepper saith, that being laid in the Water that Chickens drink, it relieves them when they are drooping.    

CHAP. CC. Of Organy or Bastard Majerom.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Origanus; concerning the Etymology of which word there be divers opinions: Some will have it so called from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifying a Mountain, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Gaudium, because it joyeth very much in Mountainous and craggy places; others from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to see and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to clear, because it cleareth the Eyes; others will have it to come from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to be cold; from whence comes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which by adding▪ unto it becomes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; but than it must be by Antiphrans too, for it is not cold but hot. It is called (or rather surnamed Heracleot●cum from Heraclea a City of Pontus where is groweth plentifully) Otitis because Asses, and Tragoriganum, because Goats are mightily taken with it; of divers, Cunila, in shops Origanum Hispanicum, in English Organy and Bastard Marjerom from the likeness it hath with the true.   

The Kinds.  
Authors make mention of divers sorts hereof, but those that are best known in these days are four. 1. Organy or Bastard Marjerom. 2. White Organy of Greece. 3. The greater White Organy. 4. Wild Organy.   

The Form.  
Bastard Marjerom riseth up with divers hard, round▪ reddish green stalks spreading forth into branches, whereon are set sundry Leaves by couples at the Joints, being somewhat round and of a whitish green colour very like unto Marjerom, but larger, whiter, and harder or rougher in handling; at the tops of the branches stand such like scaly heads as Marjerom hath, but longer, from whence come small whitish purple flowers, and afterwards small brownish seed. The whole Plant is of a sweet smell and sharp biting taste like unto Marjerom, but that it is higher, hotter and sharper.   

The Places and Time.  
It is very likely that not only Greece, but Candy, and Spain do naturally bear these sorts of Bastard Marjerome, but which of them is more proper to this or that place is uncertain. It is commonly about the end of August or beginning of September, before they put forth their tops or heads in our Country, so that their Flowers, or at least their Seed, seldom come to maturity with us.   

The Temperature.  
All the Sorts of Organies do cut attenuate or make thin▪ dry and heat, and that in the third degree, as Galen saith, who affirmeth that the First is o● more efficacy than the Third, and the last which is sold in Shops, then either of them.   

The Virtues.  
The Decoction of Organy in White Wine is given with very good success to those which have the Dropsy, the Virtue thereof lying not ●o much in the purging as in the drying quality of it. It is given also with Figs for the same purpose as also to them that are bursten or have a rapture, and to tho●e which are troubled with Convulsions or Cramps. The dried Herb or juice taken in Honeyed Water purgeth downwards Melancholy and Choleric humours without danger. It is used with Honey as a Lohoc or ●icking Medicine▪ against an old Cough and the Stuffing of the Lungs. The Decoction thereof is very profitable to tho●e that have the Itch, or are Scabbed and Mangy, and those that have Jaundice are much helped by it, if they take it, whi●est they be in a bath made thereof: also the same with a few Cloves and Sugar he●peth those which have the Hickets exceedingly, openeth the Obstructions of the Liver, Spleen and Womb, and an other stops, provoketh Urine and women's Courses, and is good for such as have four belchings, or be troubled with a squeamish Stomach: The same is good also for those that are bitten with Serpents or Venomous Beast's, and for such as have taken Hemlock or Opium: With Syrup of Vinegar it is good for tho●e that have taken Poison, or the root of Cholchicum Ephemeron The juice of the green Herb healeth the swell of the almonds of the Ears & the Ulcers o● the Mouth; it draweth forth Phlegm by the Nostrils, if it be infused in the Oil of Flowerdeluce, and being used with Milk, it easeth the pains of the Ears. The Powder thereof mixed with a little Salt-Peter and Honey, made into the man of a thin electuary, and the teeth rubbed often therewith, will make the● white and firm. It is used in Spain for the seasoning of Anchovies, for it ●iveth to them an excellent relish, being made up therewith. Time may be used ●or the same purposes, when the other cannot be gotten: Both which, with Penniroyal, Calamint, and such other dry herbs, being strewed both upon and under those which are afflicted with Hydropical humours, are very profitable for them; for it is marvellous to see how much these dry them up, whilst the parties are asleep.  
These are the Simples, I have judged most proper for the Liver, and in particular for the Dropsy, to which I might add these which follow, Sagapenum which is the Gum of Ferula when it groweth in Media, as I have said already in the Chapter of Fe●●ell Giant, the pills whereof are profitable in the said disease. Turbith, which is a root brought from beyond Sea, and purgeth Water very violently, Elaterium, which is the juice of Wild-Cucumbers dried, doth the same; Euphorbium, Spurge, Coloquintida, Carthamu●, Thymaelea, Mezereon, &c: are violent purgers, so that though they be appropriated to the Dropsy, yet I shall not commend them unto ordinary people, but desire them to leave them to those that are very skilful; and content themselves with those I have purposely spoken to, at large: Besides which, there be others also profitable, as Agrimony, Betony, Dancus, Dodder, Fumitory, Rosemary, Sage, Dill, Rue, Camomile, Bays, Juniper, &c: Some of which I have treated of already, and shall treat of the rest, when I shall come to the parts, to which they are most appropriate. I pass now to the Spleen which is the seat of Melancholy, and therefore must be purged, as also opened and strengthened.    

CHAP. CCI Of Dodder.  

The Names.  
THat Dodder which groweth upon flax is that which I mean to treat of principally. It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the latter Greeks (for by the Ancients it was not taken notice of, as far as I can understand,) because tanquam cassis vel r 〈…〉 illud implicat, it tangleth about it like a net. It is called in Latin also, Cassuta and Cassyta, and P●dagra Lini, and in Shops Cuscuta.   

The Kind's.  
Though there be but one sort of Dodder, which groweth upon Flax, yet there is a lesser sort also, which groweth upon divers plants, and taketh its denomination from them. That which groweth upon Time is called Epithymum, that upon Savory Epithymbrum, that upon Nett●es Epiurtica, that upon Marjerom Epimarjorana, that upon the Bramble Epirubus, and in English Laced Time, Laced Savory, etc.   

The Form.  
Dodder riseth out of the ground, shooting forth threads or strings grosser or finer, as the property of the Plants whereon it groweth and the Climate do suffer, creeping and spreading on that Plant whereon it fasteneth, be it high or low: These strings have no Leaves at all upon them, but wind and interlace themselves so thick sometimes that it is ready to strangle it, which after they have got good hold, break off at bottom receiving nourishment still insensibly from the Plant▪ whereon it is twisted like unto Ivy, and thereby partaketh of the nature of the same plants. Wheresoever it groweth, it puts forth clusters of small Heads or Husks, out of which start forth whitish Flowers, which afterwards give small pale coloured seed, somewhat flat and twice as big as Poppy seed.   

The Places and Time.  
I have observed little Dodder to grow upon Flax or Time here in England, which makes me suppose that the Dodder of Flax, and so of Time, which are most in use and sold in the Apothecary's Shops, are brought from beyond the Seas, for every climate doth not bring them forth alike. Those which have been most observed in our Land are that of Nettles, which groweth plentifully in Somersetshire, and that of Tares or Pulse whereon it groweth so abundantly in some places, that the Country people call it Hellweed because they know not how to destroy it. It hath been found upon Ferne, and other herbs upon Hampsted Heath▪ and upon the Grass likewise upon Black-Heath in Kent. It flowrisheth chiefly in July and August.   

The Temperature.  
Every one of these Dodders do participate somewhat of the nature of the plant whereon it groweth; and therefore Dodder of Flax is hot in the first degree, and dry in the second, Dodder of Time is hot and dry, in the third degree, etc.   

The Virtues.  
Though the Dodder of Flax is that which is most frequent in Shops, yet because that of Time is more proper for the Spleen, I shall speak to that first. It purgeth Melancholy and adust choler from the Spleen and Hypochonders and therefore it avails against Melancholy, as also Phlegm from the Brain and Heart, and is therefore very pro●●table in old and inveterate pains of the Head, Swimming of the head, Madness, faintings, and the Quartam Ague. It is very effectual also for Hypochondriack passions, Schirrues or hardness of the Spleen, and windiness thereof, stopping o● the Kidneys; and is very useful in the Scab and Itch, Leprosy, Elephancy, malignant Ulcers and Cancers as also the French Pox. It cleanseth also the blood very much from Melancholy and adust humours, it is profitable in the Jaundice, in opening Stops of the Gall, and Avicen commends it against the Cramp. Neither is it of a purging quality only, but strengtheneth also both the Liver and Spleen, and helpeth children's Agues, if a little Worms-Seed be put to it. If it be used in any decoction, it must be put in last, for it will not endure long bo●●ing. Dodder of Flax is very profitable in Stops of the Liver, Gall, and Spleen, cleanseth the blood from Melancholy, and is useful in the Jaundice, provokes Urine, and cleanseth the Veins of Choleric and phlegmatic humours, especially if it be taken with wormwood and Anniseeds. If half a pint or less of the decoction be taken with half an ounce of Sugar, it cures Children of the Agues. The seeds drunk with Wine and Sage ease the Sciatica or Hipgowt. The distilled water being taken, helps the distempers of the Liver and Lungs, by cleansing and strengthening them: it also cures the Jaundice, expels the Stone of the Bladder, easeth gripping in the Belly, bringeth down the Courses in Women, helpeth swell about the Navel, and cures Agues in Children, the quantity of two ounces, being taken by them, but more to those that are stronger. Dodder of Nettles and Broom have an especial quality in provoking Urine where it is stopped or hindered; That which grows on Tares though it be most frequent about London, is not good, for Tares are hard of Digestion, bind the Belly and breed thick and Melancholy blood, and so doth their Dodder. That which groweth upon Brambles and Hopps, is special good for old Fevers and the Jaundice.    

CHAP. CCII Of Black Hellebore.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and sometimes without the aspiration 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because too much of it robs the body of its nourishment by its violent purgation. It is called also in Latin Helleborus niger, & Veratrum quid ●e●●em vertat, because it maketh the senses of mad folks to return unto them; a it did the Daughters of Praetus, whom Melampos a Shepherd or Soothsayer (whi●● you will) cured of their madness herewith; and because he was thought to bring it into use, it is called Melampodium. In English it hath the name of black Hellebore and Christmas-flower, because it flourisheth about that time, if too much cold weather do not hinder it. There is a bastard kind hereof is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Pseudohelleborus and Veratrum nigrum adulterinum, Bastard black Hellebore; as also Consiligo, Bearefoot, Setterwort, and Settergrasse, because Husbandmen use to make a hole and put it into the Ear or Dewlap of their cattle which they call Pegging or Settering.   

The Kind's.  
To this kind Eight sorts may be referred, 1. The true black Hellebore or Christmas Flower, 2. Bastard black Hellebore or Bearesfoot, 3. Tresoile Prickly leaved Bearesfoot, 4. The greater bastard black Hellebore or Bearsfoot called also Setterwort, 5. Fennel Leafed bastard black Hellebore, 6. The greater purging Sanicle-like Hellebore, 7. Small purging Sanicle-like Hellebore, 8. Matthiolus his bastard black Hellebore.   

The Form.  
The true black Hellebore, hath sundry green Leaves rising from the root, each of them standing on a thick round stiff green stalk about an hand breadth high from the ground, having sundry divisions or cuts in some many, some fewer, bluntly, nicked from the middle of the Leaf, to the pointward on both sides, looking somewhat like the Leaves of Noble Liverwort at a distance. From whence upon sundry stalks, not much unlike those of the Leaves, do arise one Flower only, or at most but two, on a stalk, consisting of five white round large leaves, somewhat like to a single white Rose, yet sometimes dashed with purple and sometimes altogether so, with many pale yellow Thrums in the middle, standing about a green head, which after groweth to be the seed vessel wherein is contained round blackish Seed. The roots are a number of brounish black strings, which run deep into the ground, and are fastened to a thick head, about the bigness of ones finger.   

The Places and Times.  
The first groweth in Germany, France and Italy, and in Greece, and in several places, particularly in the Island of Anticyra where it grew so plentifully heretofore, that if any man was sad or Melancholy, they would presently say Naviga ad Anticyram intimating that there was Hellebore enough to purge him of that humour, which by often use grew into a Proverb. It is very rare amongst us even in our Gardens, yet I have seen it in the Garden of the Lord Lambert at Wimbleton in the County of Surrey. The second groweth in some woods in Northamptonshire and in some other places of this Land. The third grew at Delft with Corvinus, and then at Rome. The fourth groweth in the borders of stony fields and grounds, and on rocky hills by the Mosella and the Rhine; The fift near Vienna in Austria, and both the Hungaries. The sixth on the Hills of Germany. The seventh on Mons fructus, near the Alps, as also on the Pyrenaean Hills. The last in the low grounds of the forest of Essens not far from Jupiter's Hill. The first flowreth in December and January, if the weather be mild, otherwise it will be February first. The second in February or March, and so doth the third and fourth; their seed being ripe in May. The fift in April, the other in May and June.   

The Temperature.  
〈…〉 k Hellebore is hot and dry in the third degree.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
If this Hellebore be so effectual for Melancholic dull and heavy persons, as questionless it is by Signature, than it must needs be good for the Spleen from whence the Melancholy humour proceeds, purging from thence and from the blood not only Melancholy but  Choler, and thick and viscous phlegm from the Head, entrails, and other remote parts: and therefore it is useful in the pains of the Head, swimming, and giddiness thereof; in the Apoplexy, madness, Falling-sickness, Hypochondriacal affects which are distempers of that part of the belly, under the Short ribs where the Spleen lieth proceeding from Windynesse● which sometimes flieth up to the brain and causeth a kind of Frenzy or Madness. It is very beneficial in the quartane Ague and erratic Fevers, as also against the Dropsy Scab, Leprosy, Cancer, Scald head or Scurf, Elephancy, and such ●ou● diseases of the skin. It is profitable against pain, and noise of the Ears, and against stubborn and contumacious diseases. It is counted as an Antidote against the Leprosy, Scab, Tetter, or Ring-Worm, hardness and swelling of the Spleen, old quartan Agues, pains of the Joints, Apostumes, and the King's-evil. It quickeneth the Brain and senses, provokes Urine, and brings down the courses in Women. It hath an excellent faculty to draw away whatsoever is mixed with the blood causing it to corrupt, and is profitable in a long continued Jaundice, and other evil dispositions of the Liver and Gall. Neither is it without great efficacy, to cure those that seem to be possessed with the Devil for by taking black Hellebore, the Melancholy humour which is called the seat of the Devil, is drawn away; and therefore it is called by some Fuga Daemonum. It is useful also in the pains of the Belly, in the Gout, Sciatica, Cramp, or Convulsions, pains and aches of the Joints and Sinews, the Consumption of the Lungs and whole body. If the Root be taken in powder, in infusion or decoction, or in broth if it be steeped in Vinegat twenty four hours and then dried again; yet that of our own Country needeth not any preparation, the mildness of our Climate abating and correcting the Churlishness and violence thereof: but if any one receive any harm by the taking thereof, let him drink Goat's milk, or, if that be not to be had, the milk of a Red Cow, yet the Extract thereof being altogether without danger, may more safely and with as good if not better success be given for the diseases before mentioned. It is outwardly used against the Leprosy, Morphew, Scab, Itch, Warts, and Pushes of the skin, being boiled in Vinegar and bathed therewith. The Powder put into Fistula's and hollow Ulcers doth soon heal them, and the root itself consumes dead Flesh, if it be put into a wound where it is. A decoction thereof helpeth the Toothache, and the sores of the mouth; being gargled and being put into the Ears, it helpeth the noise thereof. The Root used as a Pessary provokes the terms exceedingly and a piece thereof put into an Issue, keepeth it open, and draweth out corrupt humours. A Pultis made of the Root with Barley meal and and wine, is good to be applied to the bellies of such as have the Dropsy, and may be applied to any sores either in the groin, or under the arm, arising in the time of pestilence, and being put upon the swollen Hemorrhoides it cleanseth them. The bastard kind called Bearesfoot, killeth the Worms, a little of the powder of the dried Leaves being given in drink or broth, or in Raisins as Wormseed commonly is. The Root serveth to rowell Cattle, and to cure them of the Cough.    

CHAP. CCIII. Of the Tamarind, or sour Beantree.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Oxyphoenix; in Latin Palmula acida, and Tamarindus, that is, the Indian Date-Tree: for Tamar in Arabic signifies a Date to which Indus is added, because it comes from the East-Indies, but both, of them very unfitly; for it may plainly be perceived that it is nothing like the Date-Tree. It is called also Dactylus Indicus of the word Dactylus which signifieth a finger, which the fruit doth fitly resemble, being crooked like unto a bended finger; In English, the Tamarind, and of Parkinson the sour Beane-Tree, because the fruit is sour and like the Cod wherein the Kidney Beane groweth. The fruit is call Tamarindi, in Latin; and Tamarinds, in English.   

The Form.  
The Tamarind-Tree groweth to be as great as a Plum-Tree with many branches, thick set with pale green winged Leaves, having always an odd one at the end, which do dilate and contract themselves at the coming and going away of the Sun. The flowers are somewhat large and white, consisting of eight Leaves, smelling very sweet, having four small white threads standing in the middle about a little knob, which afterward groweth to be the fruit, which is like a Kidney-Beane-cod when it is ripe, but much larger, wherein is contained a black substance or pulp, amongst which the seed lieth, having divers strings running through it; of a sharp sweet taste, very pleasing to the Palate and Stomach; the seed is square and somewhat flat.   

The Places and Time.  
This Tree is by most supposed to grow in India, yet others say, it groweth in Arabia whence the fruit is brought into the Indies; It continueth green all the Winter, but at what time it giveth its flowers and ripe fruit, is not recorded.   

The Temperature.  
Tamarinds are cold and dry in the second degree, or in the beginning of the third.   

The Virtues.  
The two former Simples being hot are to be used in cold affects of the Spleen and therefore I have set down this next which is cold, which may be used in the hot distempers thereof; for the Pulp of Tamarinds openeth the Obstructions of the Spleen, as well as Liver, and taken with Borage Water, it quickeneth the Spirits, dulled by Melancholy, and somewhat mitigateth the fits of the Frenzy, and Madness. It purgeth Choler, and adust humours, and is therefore beneficial in acute Fevers, stayeth Vomiting, cooleth Inflammations of the Liver and Stomach, and also of the reins and back, and helps the running of the Reins. It is profitable against all break out of the skin, which arise from heat of the blood or from Salt or sharp Water running between the flesh and the skin, Scab, Itch, Leprosy, and such like: It doth stay all Rheums and distillations, being taken with some Sugar: and the Water of Maidenhair: It doth exceedingly quench thirst, if an Ounce thereof be dissolved in fair Water, and a little Sugar mixed therewith, or taken of itself, expelleth hot or burning Agues, and procureth an appetite. It is excellent in Erysipilas or Wildfire, bleeding of the Nose, arising from Choler, and women's fluxes, as also the Yellow Jaundice. Both Leaves and Pulp applied outwardly do cool all hot Inflammations, and Weals, Pimples, and such like.    

CHAP. CCIU Of Spleene-Wort or Miltwast.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Asplenium and Splenium, as also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Scolopendrium, and Scolopendra; the two first Names being given unto it quia Splenem juvat because it helps the Spleen, the later from the likeness it hath with that rough Creature called the bear Worm, which Anglers sometimes use. Theophrastus calleth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for the likeness it hath with Ferne; as also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which Galen translateth Mula herba; The Arabians call it Ceterach which is the name, by which it is best known in shops; but it is called also Spleene-wort, Miltwast, and Scale-ferne. The rough Spleene-wort is called Asplenium silvestre, Asplenium magnum, Scrutiopteris, Lonchitis aspera Longina, ●t Calabrina. In English, Rough Spleene-wort or Miltwast.   

The Kind's.  
I think I may without falsehood reckon up Nine sorts of Spleene-wort, the Mules Ferne being a kind thereof. 1. Smooth Spleen-wort. 2. The greater rough Spleen-wort. 3. The smaller rough Spleen-wort. 4. Bastard rough Spleen-wort. 5. Island rough Spleen-wort. 6. The greater Mules fern. 7. The lesser Mules fern. 8. Strong Mules-ferne. 9 Mules-Ferne with divided Leaves.   

The Form.  
Spleen-wort hath many Leaves which after they attain to their full growth want but little of a span long, jagged of cut upon both sides, even almost to the middle rib, every Cut or jagge being as it were half round, (whereby it is known from the rough Spleen-wort which is slashed on the edges quite to the middle rib) not one cut over against another, but one besides the other, set in several orders, being slippery and green on the upperside, and of a dark yellowish roughness underneath, which is conceived to be the seed: at its first coming up it foldeth and rouleth itself inwards as Ferne commonly doth, with many hairs growing on the outside, so that it looks like unto the rough Bear Worm, before remembered: the root is small black and rough, much plaited or interlaced, having neither stalk nor flower.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth as well upon Stone walls as Rocks, and in moist and shadowy places of this land, especially in the Western parts, at Bristol, Bath, Welles, and Salisbury, on Framingham Castle-Walles, on the Church of Beckensfield in Berkshire, Strewed in Kent &c: The second groweth in the moist Moors of Italy: the third and fourth in moist Groves both there and in Germany, and with us upon Hampsteed-Heath: the fift in Ilva, an Island of the Tirrhene Sea. The natural places of the four last are shadowy Rocks and moist hollow places, where little heat of the Sun cometh. They all continue green both Winter and Summer.   

The Temperature.  
These plants are hot and dry in the first degree, of very thin and subtle parts.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The learned Crollius amongst the Signatures of parts, doth set down Ceterach which is the first kind above mentioned, to have the Signature of the Spleen, and that therefore it is profitable for all the diseases and infirmities thereof, especially those that cause it to grow big▪ and there it is called Miltwast; for it diminisheth it not only in men, but in beasts also: for Vitruvius saith that the swine in Candy, where there is store thereof, by feeding thereon were found without Spleens: and it is said also that when Asses are oppressed with Melancholy they eat thereof, and so ease themselves of the Swelling of the Spleen. It is effectual also for the yellow Jaundice, and consequently for the stops of the Liver, and to stay the Hicket, which is a distemper which happens not seldom to the mouth of the Stomach. It helpeth the Srangury and Stone in the Bladder, causing it to moulder and pass away without any great pain▪ but the use of it in women hindereth Conception, and is therefore to be avoided by them that desire Children. If a dram of the dust scraped from the Backside of the Leaves be mixed with half a dram of Amber in powder, and taken with the juice of Purslane or Plantain, it will help the running of the Reins speedily. It helpeth Melancholy diseases also, and those which rise from the French disease, if the herb and root be boiled and taken: but they must not be boiled very long, for then the strength will evaporare, especially of the Leaves. The distilled water is good against the Stone both in the Reins and Bladder, and the Lie made of the Ashes thereof, being drunk for sometime together, helpeth Spleenetick persons; for which purpose the herb may be boiled a little and applied warm to the Region of the Spleen.    

CHAP. CCV. Of Harts-Tongue.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Phyllitis, quasi foliosa, because it hath many long Leaves growing without any stalk, which name is sometimes given it by the Latins; but they call it also Lingua Cervina, from the similitude it hath with an Hearts-Tongue which is the name that the English have taken up. In former times the Apothecaries called it Scolopendrium; but that error is now sufficiently manifested, and left.   

The Kind's.  
The sorts of Harts-Tongue which I find mentioned by Authors are three, 1. Ordinary Hearts-Tongue, 2. jagged Hearts-Tongue, which is also called Finger Ferne, and Finger Hearts-Tongue, because the tops of the leaves thereof are divided into parts, like unto the Fingers of a man's hand, 3. Branched Hearts-Tongue according to Alphinus.   

The Form.  
Ordinary Hearts-Tongue hath divers Leaves rising from the Root, every one several, which at their first springing up, are crumpled and fo●ded, as Spleenwort and Fern are at theirs, but after they have spread themselves to their full proportion, they almost a foot long, smooth and green above, but hard or with little sap in them and streaked on the back overthwart, on both sides of the middle rib, with small and somewhat long brownish marks; the bottoms of the Leaves are a little bowed on each side of the middle rib, somewhat narrow with the length, and somewhat small at the end: the root is of many black threads, folded or interlaced together.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in shadowy places, and moist stony valleys in the Western parts, and is much planted in Gardens in every Country, by those that have delight in Physical herbs. The second groweth upon Ingleborough hills, and divers other mountains in the North of England. It beareth no flower, but is green all the year long, bringing forth new Leaves in the Summer time.   

The Temperature.  
Hearts-Tongue is of a binding and drying faculty, but whether it be hot or cold is set down by few, and those disagree concerning it.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
Crollius writeth also that Hearts-Tongue hath the Signature of the Spleen, as indeed it very manifestly hath, being in Figure somewhat long as the Leaf of this herb is. Neither hath it this Signature for nothing, for there is no Simple whatsoever, that is more effectual for all the Diseases of the M●lt then this is, for if it be lose or too much opened, this bringeth it to its right temper, and so likewise if it be swollen hard or stopped, the decoction thereof in Wine, being drunk and the herb itself after it is boiled, laid to the grieved place. It is also commended against the hardness and stopping of the Liver, and against the heat both of it and the Stomach. It is very good likewise to stop lasks and the bloody Flix, Spitting of blood, the Terms, and all other Fluxes. Posset drink made of the Milk, wherein it hath been boiled, drunk warm, or sodden in water, till the Third part be boiled away, and afterwards strained, and one part thereof drunk with two parts of good white wine, it expelleth the Stone and Gravel. The like quantity of Hearts-Tongue, Knotgrass, and Comfrey Roots being boiled in Water, and a draught of the decoction drunk every morning, and the Materials, which are taken out thereof, applied to the place is a notable remedy for such as are burst. It is profitable also in the Jaundice, King's-evil and against the bitting of Venomous beasts. The herb or juice applied doth cleanse Wounds and Ulcers very wonderfully. The distilled Water is commended by divers, against the passion of the Heart to stay the Hicket, to help the Falling of the palate, and to stay the bleeding of the Gums, if the mouth be gargled therewith. Mr. Culppeper commendeth the Syrup thereof for strengthening the Liver, which may be allowed of: but the hardness of his belief as to the growing of it green all the year, showeth him to be one very little versed, concerning the times of Plants, and silly also in doubting of that which he himself saith Authors, (much more skilful than himself) do affirm.    

CHAP. CCVI Of Fern.  

The Names.  
THe Male kind is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Pteris and Pterion without any composition, the Leav●s thereof being like unto the wings of birds. Nicander calleth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, it is Fil●x mass in Latin. The Female is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Thelypteris and Nymphaapteris, In Latin, F●lix Foemina; in English Brake and Common Fern. There is a third kind which is called in Latin (for it had no Greek name) Osmunda Regalis, of the Singular properties therein: it hath other Latin names also as Filicastrum, Filix florida or florescens, Filix palustris or Aqua●●ca. etc. It is called in English, Osmund Ferne, Osmundum the Waterman, Osmund Royal, and St. Christopher's herb.   

The Kind's.  
Under the general appellation of Fern are comprehended these seven sorts, 1. The Common male Fern, 2. The prickly male Fern, 3. Sweet smelling Fern, 4. Common Female Fern, 5. Dented Female Fern, 6. Sharp Female Fern, 7. Osmund or Water Fern.   

The Form.  
The Common Male Fern sendeth forth divers hard rough unbranched stalks of winged Leaves, naked towards the bottom, for a little space; but afterwards hath many Leaves on each side, up to the tops with one at the end, not fully opposite, each of them being deeply nicked on the Edges; of a pa●e green colour, hard and without sap, broadest at the bottom and smallest towards the Top. It hath no flower, yet Mr. Parkinson affirms that it hath seed growing on the back side of the Leaves, in the form of certain brownish small spots, by the falling of which it is increased, and so are all other sorts of Ferns and Capillary herbs, whereby it appears that they were in an Error which held that it had no seed, not knowing, or at least not taking notice of the place in Genesis, Chap. 11. 12. The root hereof is made of many thick black threads, descending from a brown scaly thick head.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth on Heathes and open places of hills, and sometimes in woods, and shadowy places by the sides of fields, more or less in every Country of this Land; the second groweth in the like places also, but very rarely, the third in the Forest of Savernake in Wiltshire. The fourth groweth more frequently than the male on barren heaths and shady hedge-sides etc. The fifth and sixth grow rather on moist rocks, in the shaded hills; the last groweth on bogs, moors, and watery places, in several Countries of this Land, as on Hampsted heath, and by an hedge-side in a meadow on the left hand of the way that goes from St. Alban to Windridge, etc. The Leaves of all these sorts peri●h commonly in the Winter, but shoot up new from the root in the Spring, which at their first rising are brownish and folded round. The seed of the former six, which groweth on the back side of the Leaf, is ripe about Midsummer; but the seventh hath a long bush of small and more yellowish green scaly Agletts, as it were, which are accounted as the Flower and seed, grow in up in July, or there abouts.   

The Temperature.  
Fern is of a hot and dry quality, and also bitter and somewhat binding.   

The Virtues.  
The Roots of any of the above named Ferns, being bruised and boiled in Meade or honeyed water, abateth the swelling and hardness of the Spleen, and killeth both broad and long worms in the belly. The green Leaves eaten are said to open the belly, and move it downwards, purging both colic and watery humours, but it troubleth the Stomach and causeth barrenness in Women. The Roots being bruised or boiled in Oil or Hogs-grease, maketh a very good ointment to heal wounds, punctures, or pricks in any part, which is good also against bruises, and strengtheneth those bones which are either broken or out of Joint, and giveth much ease to the Colic, and Splenetic diseases, if the parts grieved be anointed therewith, especially those of the water Ferne, whose decoction may be taken inwardly for the same purposes. It restoreth strength to the Sinews; a basket full of the Leaves being boiled in good store of Water, and every part, at least that which is afflicted, bathed therein, and therefore may be good for the Palsy, which is a resolution of the Sinews. The powder of the root used in foul Ulcers drieth up their malignant moisture, and causeth their speedier healing. It is excellent good for the Rickets in Children, a diet drink being made of it, and other capillary herbs, and given often. It is an Ingredient in the Ointment called Unguentum Agrippa, which is good to anoint the Bellies of such as have the Dropsy. The smoke of it being burned driveth away Serpents, gnats, and other noisome Creatures from those places which are molested with them. I read that in Warwickshire, the good Housewives use the Female Ferne instead of Soap, making it up about Midsummer in balls, which when they will use, they burn until it become bluish, and then lay it a side to dissolve into powder like Lime, which will do the deed. In France as in Duchy of Main, etc. a kind of a thick or dark coloured green glass, is made of the Ashes of Fern, and the like might be done in England, if it be not put to that use already.    

CHAP. CCVII Of Capers.  

The Form.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Capparis also in Latin, we in England call them Capperis, Caper, and Capers, according to the Greek and Latin which all Nations: follow as near as their Dialect will permit yet Gaza the Interpreter of Theophrastus calleth it Inturis, and Pliny seemeth to think it was the Cynosbatoes of Dioscorides, which was indeed the bastard name thereof in those times. Hereunto is added Capparis, fabago, sive Leguminofa Bean Capers.   

The Kind's.  
Unto this kind there may, without any great breach of affinity, be referred these five sorts 1. Rough Leaved Thorny Capers, 2. Thorny Capers with pointed Leaves, 3. Egyptian Capers without thorns, 4. Great Capers of Arabia; 5. Bean Capers.   

The Form.  
The Caper is a prickly shrub sending forth divers long weak trailing woody stalks, lying round about upon the ground, unless they be propped up, which are full of sharp prickly thorns like hooks as the bramble, at each joint whereof come forth two round Leaves like those of Asara Bacca, opposite one unto another, from whence Springeth also a small round head upon a pretty long foot-stalke: for the flower, which being gathered before it open & pickled up in Barrels with great Salt, is the Caper in use amongst us, but being let alone putteth forth four white sweet smelling Leaves, with four other green ones as the husk wherein they stand, having many yellowish threads, and a long pestle in the middle, which groweth to be the fruit, and is, when it is ripe, long and round, like any Olive or Acorn, containing divers hard brown seeds like unto Grape-kernels. The root is long and woody, and covered with a thick bark or rind which is much used in Physic.   

The Places and Times.  
The two first grow in Italy, Spain, and some parts of France without manuring; but that with pointed Leaves is not so frequent as the other. The third groweth in Egypt as the title declareth, the fourth in Arabia, the fifth in the Low Countries. The stalks of the two first perish every Winter, shooting forth new Stalks and Leaves in the Spring, and Flowering shortly after, but their fruit is not ripe until September; the other two have the same times of flowering and fructifying, but keep their old Leaves, yet shooting forth some fresh ones every Spring: the last flowereth and seedeth in the end of Summer.   

The Temperature:  
The bark of the root of Capers consisteth of various qualities, for first it is extreme bitter, next sharp, then sour; by the bitterness it cleanseth, purgeth, and cutteth; by the sharpness it heateth, cutteth and digesteth; and by the Sourness it contracteth, thickneth, and bindeth. The Capers themselves are hot, and of thin parts.   

The Virtues.  
Galen, whose skill in Physic was inferior to none, saith, the bark of the Roots of Capers, is a Medicine above all others available for the hardness of the Spleen, whether it be applied outwardly of itself, or mixed with other things to anoint the place, or the roots boiled in Vinegar or Oxymel, and taken inwardly, or the powder of the root mixed with the said Decoction and taken: for it is certain that it purgeth gross and Slimy humours, not only by Urine but by Stool also; and many times it bringeth away with it congealed & corrupted blood, and thereby giveth much ease, to those that are troubled with the Gouts or Palsies, with the Sciatica or Hipgout, weakness of the Sinews, and for women that have their Courses Stopped to procure them. The same, made in a Pultis and applied, is an especial Remedy to help foul Ulcers, for it cleanseth and drieth them mightily, and is also good for hard Swell under the Ears and the King's-evil. It draweth also from the Head, and other parts those offensive humours, which are the Original cause of the Rickets, Ruptures, Convulsions and Cramps, and thereby giveth much ease. The said Roots boiled in Oil and dropped into the Ears, easeth the pains, and killeth the Worms breeding in them. The Capers being washed from the Salt and steeped in Vinegar and so eaten, are both meat and Medicine, for they cause appetite, open the stopping of the Liver and Milt, and consume cold Phlegm in the Stomach, being boiled in Vinegar, they help the Toothache, and so doth the dried Bark of the Root, which decoction serveth also to cleanse all manner of filth of the sk●n, all filthy sores and white scurf and hard-swelling. The Oil that is made of Capers is of very good use against the pains of the sides and Spleen, against hypocondriac Melancholy, the Rickets, &c: the afflicted part being bathed therewith by a good fire. The three last sorts are of very little or no use amongst us.    

CHAP. CCVIII. Of the Tamariske-Tree.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifying infinitus, from the abundance of little Leaves wherewith it is adorned. In Latin also Myrica and Tamarix, but of divers Tamarisus, which cometh from the Hebrew word Tamarik signifieth Abstersio, quia magnam abstergendvim habet of its great force in cleansing,   

The Kind's  
Heretofore there were only two sorts of Tamariske known, one great and bearing Galls, the other small and bearing none; but now there are five sorts found out, which belong to this kind. 1. The French or finer leafed Tamarisk. 2. The German or broader Leafed Tamarisk, 3. White Tamarisk, 4. Egyptian Tamarisk which beareth Galls. 5. Sea Tamarisk,   

The Form.  
The French, or finer Leafed Tamarisk, which I take to be that which groweth most ordinarily in England, attaineth not to any great bigness in this Country (though in others it is said to have the bigness of a great thick and tall-Tree) with many spreading slender branches, whose Bark is somewhat thick and rugged, of a dark reddish colour; the younger shoots being reddish at the first, green afterwards, and blackish when they are dry, but the Leaves as long as they be growing are of a whitish green colour crisped as it were, somewhat like unto Heath but finer and smaller: The flowers grow spike fashion being purplish at the first, but white when they are blown open, consisting of five Leaves a piece, which turn into down with the small seed in them, and falleth away, as that of the Willow and Poplar doth.   

The Places and Time  
The first groweth by the River's sides, and in other moist and gravelly places, not only in Narbone, and about Mompelier in France, but in divers parts of Spain also. The second groweth in Germany, as well near unto the River of Rhine, as about that of Danubius, yet not without some difference. The third did grow in the Garden of one Mr. Ward at his house at Boram in Essex. The fourth in Arabia, Egypt and the places thereabouts. The last groweth upon the Sea Coasts in Flanders. They flower about the end of May or in June, and the seed is ripe, and blown away in the beginning of September.   

The Temperature.  
Tamarisk, as Galen saith, hath a cleansing and cutting quality, and manifestly drying; it is also somewhat astringent or binding, especially the fruit and Bark.   

The Virtues.  
The Root or Leaves, or young branches of Tamarisk being boiled in Wine or Vinegar, & drunk, and applied outwardly also is a very powerful remedy against the hardness of the Spleen. The Leaves boiled in Wine, and drunk, driveth forth Melancholy, helpeth Spitting of Blood, and the excessive flowing of the terms, the bleeding of the Hemorrhodiall Veins, and other Fluxes, the Jaundice, and all other griefs that come of Obstructions. The Root sodden with Raisins and drunk, helpeth the Lepry, because it cleanseth and healeth the Milt whereof the Lepry cometh. The Bark and Leaves boiled in Wine, and the Mouth and Teeth gargled therewith, helpeth the Toothache; and being dropped into the Ears, it helpeth the pains thereof, and is good for the redness and watering of the Eyes. The said Decoction is also good to wash those that are subject to Nits and Lice, and being mixed with a little honey, it is effectual to stay Gangrenes and fretting Ulcers. A Bath made by boiling a good quantity of the Leaves in store of Water, being sat in by those Women whose Matrix is in danger of falling down through looseness, fasteneth it, and the ashes of the Wood applied to the place stoppeth the excessive flowing thereof. The Wood is said to be so powerful to consume the Spleen, that those Hogs which have been served in Troughes made thereof have been found without Spleens: and therefore it is more than probable that if those which are Splenetic, should constantly drink out of Cans, Piggins or Cups made thereof, they would find it effectual for their Disease. The Ashes of the Wood made into a Lie with Water, is of good use for many of the purposes aforesaid, as also to help those blisters which are raised by burning or scalding of fire or water. The Egyptians use the Wood hereof to cure the French disease,, Leprosy, Scabs, bushes, Ulcers, and the like, It is available also to help the Dropsy, arising from the Hardness and Obstructions of the Spleen, as also for Melancholy, and the black Jaundice that ariseth thereof, especially the Bark with the Barks of Ash and Ivy infused in Beer or Ale, and drunk. Some in cases of necessity use Heath or Ling instead of Tamarisk.    

CHAP. CCIX Of Germander.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Chamaedries, which in English is as much as a dwarf Oak the Leaves of it being somewhat like to those of the great Oak In Latin Trissago and Trixago, and of some Querculaminor, yet Chamaedries is more frequent then either of them in shops or elsewhere: in English Germander, or English Treacle. Tree Germander is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek and Teucrium in Latin, à Teucro inventore from one Teucer which first found out the virtues of it; in English Tree Germander, and upright Germander.   

The Kinds.  
Of both these kinds we may reckon Eighteen sorts. 1. The common Germander. 2. Great Germander. 3. Germander, of Naples. 4. Jagged Germander or with fine cut Leaves. 5. Thorny Germander of Candy. 6. Mountain Germander. 7. Rock Germander. 8. The greater Bastard Germander. 9 The smaller Bastard Germander. 10. The least Bastard Germander. 11. Common Wild Germander. 12. Narrow Leased wild Germander. 13. Jagged base Germander of Austria. 14. Wild Spanish Germander with fine ●ut Leaves. 15. The more common Tree Germander. 16. Tree- Germander of Candy. 17. Tree- Germander of Spain. 18. Unsavory-Tree Germander of the Alps.   

The Form.  
Common Germander shooteth forth very many branches, lying on the ground, which are tough, hard and woody, spreading themselves here and there; whereupon are placed small Leaves, sni●● about the edges like the teeth of a Saw, and therefore of some called Serratula, though improperly, resembling the shape of an Oaken Leaf, as I said before. The flowers are of a purple colour, very small, standing close to the Leaves towards the top of the branches. The seed is little and black, the root slender and full of strings which by spreading themselves a great way round about, cause it to be very plentiful in a short space where it is once set.   

The Places and Time.  
To set down the places of all the sorts abovenamed would be to little purpose seeing that none of them grow naturally in England save the Eleaventh sort which groweth almost every where: I shall therefore refer you to the Gardens of those that delight in Varieties of this Nature, where it is probable you may find many of them. Some of them flower in June and July, and some later.   

The Temperature.  
Germander is hot and dry almost in the third degree, of thin parts, and having a cutting quality.   

The Virtues.  
All these sorts of Germander as well the Wild as those that grow in Gardens, and the Tree- Germander, as the other, either green or dry, used inwardly or applied outwardly are of great efficacy to help the distempers of the Spleen, especially the hardness thereof, by taking the Decoction of the green herb, and so it not only procureth Urine to those that can hardly make Water, but helpeth tho●e also that are falling into a Dropsy, if it be taken in time. It is good also against the Diseases of the Brain, as pains of the Head, Falling sickness, Melancholy, Lethargy, Palsy, Gout, and for those that are sottish through the dullness of their Spirits. A dram of the seed taken in Powder doth purge Choler, by Urine, and is thereby good for the yellow Jaundice, and to kill the Worms, and so are the tops of them when they are in flower, steeped a day and a night in a draught of White Wine, and drunk in the Morning. It is commended against the Plague and Pestilence, as also against Poison and against the pains of the side, it cureth both Tertian and Quartain Agues, as also the Cramp, if the Decoction thereof be taken for some days together. It brings down the Terms, helpeth to expel the Dead-Child, and taken with Vinegar it wasteth the Spleen, with Honey, and it is good for Coughs. It is effectual likewise against Venom and the stinging of Venomous Creatures being bruised and applied; used with Honey it cleanseth old and foul Ulcers; and the juice mixed with Honey, and put into the Eyes taketh away their dimness, and moistness, the juice also dropped into the Ears, killeth Worms therein. The decoction thereof stayeth the Whites in Women, if they sit in a great quantity thereof, while it is warm, and so it easeth the passions of the Mother. Being boiled in Vinegar, and applied to the Stomach with a lttle Leaven, it stayeth Vomitings, that rise not from hot causes. The Leaves of Germander with the seeds of Nigella quilted in a Cap, and worn on the heads of those that are troubled with Catarrhs or distillations of cold raw and thin Rheum helpeth them: Being boiled in Lie with Lupins, and the Head washed therewith, it taketh away the dandruff or Scurf thereof; stamped and applied to bruises, it helpeth them speedily.    

CHAP. CCX. Of Calamint.  

The Names  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Calaminthe, quasi bona and utilis Mentha, of its goodness and profitableness. The Latins keeps the name Calamintha. Apothecaries call it Montana Calamintha, Calamintum, and sometimes Calamentum montanum. It is called in English, Calamint, Mountain Mint, and Mountain Calamint.   

The Kind's.  
Of this kind which is distinct from Nep or Catmint, though some have confounded them together, there be five sorts, 1 Common Calamint. 2. The greatest Calamint or Mountain Mint. 3. Spotted Calamint. 4. Small Calamint. 5. Feild Calamint, with whorled Coronets.  
Common Calamint, is an herb seldom rising above a foot high, with square hoary and woody stalks, and two small hoary Leaves, set at a Joint, about the bigness of Marjerom, or not quit so big, a little dented about the edges, and of a very quick scent, as the whole herb is; From the middle of the Stalk almost, even to the top, do stand at certain distances many pretty flowers, which are small and gaping like to those of Mint, and somewhat of a pale blush colour, after which succeed small round blackish seeds: The root is small and woody, with divers small sprigs spreading within the ground, which abideth many years.   

The Places and Times.  
The first groweth on Heaths, and upland dry grounds in many places, and particularly in the way between Gravesend and Canterbury, and so doth the second, if my Author mistake not both which brought into Gardens prosper very well. The third is found upon certain Hills in Lombary, and in sundry places of this Land, but seldom spotted: The fourth grew of seed that was sent from Candy: The last groweth in divers places of our own Land, and particularly by a Hedge side, at the foot of Shootover-Hill, over against Sr. Henry Baths picture, on the other side the highway. They all flower in July, the seed ripening quickly after.   

The Temperature.  
Calamint is hot and dry almost in the third degree, of a fierce biting taste, and of a thin substance; it wasteth away thin humours, and rarifyeth those that are thick.   

The Virtues.  
The Virtues which Dioscorides and the Physicians of his time did give unto Calamint are these: the Decoction thereof drunk, bringeth down women's Courses, and provoketh Urine; It is profitable to those which are bursten, and those which are troubled with Convulsions and Cramps, shortness of breath, pains of the belly and Stomach proceeding from Choler: It helpeth the yellow Jaundice also, and stayeth Vomiting, being taken in Wine, and taken with Salt and Honey. It helpeth those that have the Leprosy, if it be taken inwardly, and Whey drunk after it: The Leaves stamped and applied with Wool as a Pessary to the privy parts of a Woman do draw down the Courses, and ease pains of the Mother, but it must be avoided by those which are with Child, for it killeth the birth. It driveth Venomous Creatures of all sorts out of those rooms, wherein it is either burnt or strewed; It taketh away the black and blue spots of the face, making black Scars to become well coloured, if the green herb be boiled in Wine, and applied, or the place washed with the decoction. Being applied to the Hucklebone by continuance of time it spendeth the humours which cause the pain of the Sciatica. Thus fare, Dioscorides. Besides which Virtues, Physicians of later times have found out, that it not only openeth the Obstructions of the Spleen and Liver, but also that it is of great validity to cure the hardness of the Spleen, the Decoction of the Herb, the Powder called Diacalaminthes or the Compound Syrup of Calamint being used. It is also very profitable for those that are troubled with the overflowing of the Gall, the Tertian Ague, and old Cough. I have known some good Housewives make use of it, to lay amongst their salted Meat in hot Wether, when it is subject to stinking, and indeed it will recover that meat which through the heat of the Wether hath got a touch, which some in plain English call stinking, if be not too fare gone, the branches hereof being laid amongst it.    

CHAP. CCXI Of Poley Mountain.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Polion from its hoariness, for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifies hoary and ndeed the Plant somewhat resembles the hoary hairs of a man's head, but the tops or heads much more. It is called Polium also in Latin, and all other Nations come as near the Name as their Dialect will permit; And because it commonly grows upon Mountains it hath sometimes the Epithet 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 joined to it in the Greek, but more usually Montanum in Latin. We in English call it Poley and Poley Mountain.   

The Kind's.  
And of these Poleys, there many be reckoned nine sorts. 1. Our ordinary Poley Mountain. 2. Small Spanish upright Poley Mountain. 3. Small French Poley Mountain. 4. Creeping purple Poley Mountain. 5. The smallest creeping white flowered Poley Mountain. 6. Spike Leafed Poley Mountain. 7. Candy Poley, with hoary broad Leaves. 8. Upright narrow leased Candy Poley. 9 The small African dwarf Poley.   

The Form.  
The ordinary Poley Mountain is a small low Plant having divers white or hoary round hard branches, scarce a foot high, whereon are set divers long and small hoary Leaves, overlaid as it were with a yellowish white Down, somewhat dented about the edges, with two always set together on the stalks, as they g●ow up; at the tops whereof grow forth whitish or hoary yellowish heads, thrusting out many small pale coloured flowers, and in some places more yellow, standing in hoary husks; the seed is small and blackish, which it seldom perfecteth in our Land, and therefore we slip the branches, which being set will grow very well, as often as we desire to increase it; the whole plant smelleth sweet, somewhat strong and quick withal.   

The Places and Time.  
These Plants grow not naturally in England, and therefore I shall refer you to the Gardens for them, as the Physic Garden at Oxford, and that at Westminster, where you may find divers of them; They do most of them flower in July, and August, yet some later than others.   

The Temperature.  
Poley is dry in the third degree, and hot in the end of the second, of a loathsome bitter taste.   

The Virtues.  
Though this Simple be not commonly to be had in the fields, nor in every Garden, yet at the Apothecary's shop it may be had at no great expense. It is very effectual to free all the inward parts, from obstructions, especially the Spleen and Liver, which it doth through the bitterness wherewith it is qualified, it being the nature of all bitter things to open Obstructions. Neither doth it only open the stopping of the Spleen, but helpeth all other diseases thereof, or proceeding from it, as the swelling thereof, the Jaundice and the Dropsy, being boiled in Vinegar and Water, and the Decoction thereof drunk. It is also of wonderful efficacy to resist Poison, and therefore it is always put into Mithridate, Treacle, and all other Antidotes or counterpoisons, and to help those that are stung or bitten with Venomous Creatures, the Decoction of the herb being drunk whilst it is warm, nay it is so Antipathetical to all Vermin, that the fumigation or smoke thereof being burnt, drives them away, and so doth the herb being strewed or laid in those places that are subject thereunto. It moveth the belly, and bringeth down the feminine courses, and doth consolidate or solder up close the Lips of cuts or wounds, if it be applied to them green; and being dry, it healeth grievous sores or Ulcers, and this the lesser kind doth best perform, which is that also which is used in Mithridate, Venice Treacle, and the like: Notwithstanding all these good qualities it troubleth the Stomach and causeth some pains in the head sometimes.    

CHAP. CCXII Of Lupins.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Thermos', in Latin Lupinus. Plautus' called Lupinus Aurum Comicum, because in his time they were used instead of money, in such Comedies as had any show of payment in any Scene thereof. But that they were not used for Currant money upon other occasions, may be gathered from that Verse of Horace.  
Nec tamen ignorent, quid distant ara Lupinis,  
Which showeth that Counters and Counterfeit moneys, were easily to be distinguished from true and Currant Coin. In English, they are usually called Lupins after the Latin Name, yet some call them Fig-beanes after the Dutch name, because they are flat and round as a Fig that is pressed; and others, Flat-beans for the same reason. Some have called the yellow Lupine Spanish Violets, and other foolish names have been given it, as Virginia Roses, and the like.   

The Kind's.  
There be Eleven several sorts of Lupins, 1. The white-Garden Lupine, 2. The greater blue Lupine, 3. The lesser blue Lupine. 4. The smallest blue Lupine, 5. The blue Sea Lupine, 6. The spotted white Lupine. 7. The yellow Lupine, 8. The Arabian Lupine, 9 A middle sort of great blue Lupine, 10. Blush flowered Lupine, 11. Lupinus, flore obsoleto.   

The Form.  
The white Garden Lupine riseth up with a great round stalk, hollow and somewhat woolly with divers branches, whereon grow upon long Footstalkes many broad Leaves divided into five, seven, or Nine parts or smaller Leaves, equally standing round about, as it were in a Circle, of a whitish green colour on the upper side, and more woolly underneath: the Flowers stand many together at several Joints, both of the greater stalk, and the branches like unto Beanes, and of a white colour in some places, and in others of a very bleak blue, tending to white; after the flowers are passed there come in their places long broad and flat rough Cod, wherein are contained round and flat seed, yellowish on the inside, and covered with a rough white skin and very bitter in taste, the roots are not very great, but full of small fibres, whereby it fasteneth itself strongly in the ground, yet perisheth every year, as all the rest of these kinds do, which differ little from this but only in the colour of their Flowers, for which they are chiefly desired.   

The Places and Time.  
All the sorts above named do grow in the Gardens of those that are curious Lovers of these delights here in England, but the first came from Greece, where it was anciently cherished for food, the Great blue Lupine from Caramania beyond Persia, the lesser blue and the yellow sort from Spain. They flower in June and July, and their seed is ripe quickly after.   

The Temperature.  
Lupins by reason of their bitterness, do open, digest, dissolve, and cleanse, but being steeped some days in water they lose their bitterness.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The Lupine is said by Crollius to have the Signature of the Spleen, and therefore the decoction therefore is profitable for those that are Splenetic, to which may also be added Rue and Pepper, that it may be the pleasanter and more effectual. The said Decoction helpeth to kill and expel all manner of Worms, if it be drunk in a Morning fasting, and so doth the Meal hereof taken with Honey, or with Water and Vinegar, or tempered with an Ox gall, and laid to the navel whilst the party is fasting. Though taken often, and without preparation they breed gross and rude humours, being hard of digestion, and slow in passing thorough the belly; yet being steeped and afterwards dried, beaten, and taken with some Vine● as, they cleanse the Stomach, help digestion, and provoke Appetite. The decoction aforesaid provoketh Urine and women's Courses, and i● it be taken with Myr●he it expelleth the dead Child. A decoction or Lie made with Lupins, with Wormwood, Centaury and Bay Salt added thereto, stayeth the spreading and running of a Gangreen, being applied thereto very hot with Cloth or Tow. The simple decoction thereof cleanseth all Scabs, Morphew, Cancers, Tetters and creeping or running Ulcers and Sores; and boiled in Lie it cleanseth the Head from Ulcers, Scurf, etc. It also cleanseth the face and taketh away the marks that the Pox do leave after their healing, and all other marks and black and blue Spo●● in the skin, especially if the Meal of Lupins, the Gall of a Goat, some juice of Lemons, and sugared Allo●● be made into the form of a soft ointment, and the face anointed therewith going to bed, as many women know very well. The said Meal being boiled in Vinegar, and applied, taketh away pimples, and discusseth hard swell, breaketh Carbunkles and Impostumes: the burning of the husks, driveth away Goat's, Flies, etc.  
To these which help the Spleen might be added many other, as the Orebus or bitter Vitch Wall flowers, Time, Coltick Spicknard, etc. But these are reserved for other parts whereunto they are also serviceable; Many also of those handled in the aforegoing part of this work, are effectual for the diseases of this part, but because it stands not with our conveniency, to treat of every thing that is good for every part, when we come to every part that it is good for, for than we must treat of the same thing over and over again. Therefore the Reader is desired not to be over Strict, in censuring these Appropriations because of the diversity of virtues wherewith every plant is endued: and because every part may share of the benefit proceeding from some of them. And now I shall proceed to the Reins, and give you some that may be properly referred to them, as also for the Bladder and Stone, because most of these plants which are good for the one, are good for the other, and because the Strangury and Difficulty of making Water proceeds sometimes from the indisposition of these parts, and sometimes the indisposition of these parts proceed from the Stone, that is; the Difficulty of making water, sometimes causeth the Stone, and sometimes the Stone causeth Difficulty of making water. I shall speak of all those together, which rectify the Reins and B●●dder, provoke Urine, help the Stone and Strangury, without any Transition, all I have finished what I shall hold necessary for all the purposes aforesaid.    

CHAP. CCXIII Of Asparagus.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Asparagus, and according to the Atticks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Aspharagus, yet, by its Etymology which is either quia ex asperis virguetis ligitur as Varro, or quód in asperá vitgulta nascitur, as Pompeius the Grammarian would have it, it seemeth to have its original from the Latin, which many other Plants have, being afterwards made Greek by some of the Later writers in that Language. Galen saith, that the first budding of any herb that was used to be eaten after it sprung from the seed, was called Asparagus, as in Cabbage, Lettuce, etc. But that being most usually eaten at that time hath got the name peculiarly to itself. It is called also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because it provoketh lust; and Corruda in Latin, from Corruo because it quickly decyayeth after it is ripe; and Sperage, Asparagus, and Asparagus in English.   

The Kind's.  
There be five sorts of Asparagus, 1. Garden Asparagus; 2. Sea or wild Asparagus with thicker Leaves, 3. Wild Asparagus with sharp Leaves, 4. Prickly Rock Asparagus, 5. Asparagus with cruel sharp thorns.   

The Form.  
Garden Asparagus riseth up at the first, with divers whitish green scaly heads; very brittle or easy to break while they are young, which afterward rise up into very long and slender green Stalks, some bigger and some lesser, according to the growth of the Roots, and the fertility of the ground wherein it is planted, but commonly of the bigness of an ordinary riding Wand at the bottom, and as high as a man almost; on which are set dive●s branches of green Leaves, shorter and smaller than Fennel to the top; at the Joints whereof come forth, small mossy yellowish flowers, which turn into round berries g●een at the first, and of an excellent red colour like unto beads of Coral, when they are ripe; wherein are contained black seeds of an exceeding hardness. The roots are dispersed from a spongious head into many long thick and round strings, whereby it sucketh much nourishment out of the ground and sendeth forth many heads therefrom.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth usually in Gardens but it is supposed to be the same with the second, which groweth in many low Meadows of this Land; both in Essex Lincoln and Gloucestershire and that the alteration is made only by transplanting. The third groweth in stony and rocky places near Salamanca in Spain. The fourth in many stony and ragged places both in Spain, Portugal, and Candy: the last is very plentiful in the rough and uneven ways about Lisbon. The bare tender shoots of Sperage, Spring up most familiarly in April & than it is that they are most fit for Salads. They flower in June and July, and bear their berries late in the year.   

The Temperature.  
The root of Garden Asparagus as also of the wild, do cleanse without any manifest heat or dryness.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The buds, branches, or Roots, of Asparagus, especially of the wild, being boiled in Wine do provoke Urine being stopped, yea even in those which are troubled with an hardness or Difficulty to make water, or the Strangury when it cometh by Drops, and to expel gravel and the stone, out of the Kidneys, which it doth by the Signature, which the hardness of the seed holdeth forth; and helpeth all other pains in the Reins and Back, being taken inwardly, or the Back and the Belly bathed therewith. Being boiled in White Wine or Vinegar, it is good for those that have their Arteries, loosened, or are troubled with the Hipgout, Yellow-Jaundise, Falling-sickness, the Mother, dimness of sight, and the Toothache, if it be gargled in the mouth warm. The same also healeth the pains of the breast, Stomach and bowels, and taken every morning fasting for certain days together, it stirreth up bodily lust, both in Man & Woman. The seed is held to be very effectual also for the purposes aforesaid, especially if a good quantity of the Roots, and it, be boiled in good store of Water, and put into a large vessel where a man may stand or sit up to the middle at least, for so it hath been found effectual against the pains of the Reins, and Bladder, the Mother and Colic, and generally against all those grievous torments that happen to the lower parts of the body, neither is it less effectual to supple, stiff and benumbed sinews, or those that are shrunk by Cramps or Convulsions, and to help the Sciatica. The first shoots or heads of Asparagus are a Salad of as much esteem with all sorts of persons, as any other whatsoever, being boiled tender as they will quickly be, and eaten with butter, Vinegar and Pepper, or Oil and Vinegar, as the Cook can tell you better than I.    

CHAP. CCXIU Of Parsley.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which is in Latin, Apium horteuse, the Epithet being added to give it a specifical difference from the other kinds, all which are comprehended under the general title of Selinon or Apium both in the Greek and Latin, yet because this kind is of greatest and more familiar use then any of the rest, it is so called, as also Parsley in English: but though this be the usual acception amongst those I have already mentioned, yet among the Arabians Apium is our Small age, as hath been well observed, and this is their Petroselinum.   

The Kind's.  
Though the name of Parsley doth contain divers and sundry sorts of herbs, yet being here strictly taken, w●e may not refer any more than four unto it. 1. Common Garden Parsly. 2, Curled Parsley. 3. Virginia Parsly. 4. Candy Stone Parsly.   

The Form.  
Common Garden Parsly is so well known, that I need not describe it, but that it is a thing of Course so to do; It hath many stalks of fresh green Leaves divided into sundry parts; first into three parts or Leaves, and then each of them into three, somewhat round, and finely snipt about the edges; the stalk is about a Cubit high, slender, and somewhat chamfered, at the top whereof the flowers growing in white umbells do present themselves, after which cometh the seed which is small and of a hot and sharp taste, the root is white and long, and well scented with somewhat a rugged bark perishing after seed time.   

The Places and Time.  
These do all grow in Gardens only in our Land, and indeed that is not worthy the name of a Garden, that is without the common sort, which groweth naturally in Germany as Fuchsius writeth; the second is of the Island of Sardis; the third came from Virginia, as its name denoteth; the last from Candy. It may be sowed early, for it is long in coming up, which serveth the Kitchen especially the first year, and the next runneth up to seed, perfecting it in August, but that of the last is ripe sooner.   

The Temperature.  
Parsly is hot and dry in the second degree, the seed is hot in the second degree and dry almost in the third, the root is also of a moderate heat.   

The Virtues.  
Though Parsley have many considerable Virtues, yet it is no less eminent for provoking Urine, which it doth mightily, for breaking the Stone, and ea●ing the tormenting pains thereof in the Reins, then for bringing down women's Courses and for breaking Wind both in the Stomach, to which it is very comfortable, and also in the bowels; and therefore it is requisite for those that are troubled with any of the indispositions aforesaid, not only to use the herb in meat and broths, and raw also by itself or mixed with a few other herbs, but the root also which may be boiled and eaten like Parsneps; and especially the seed, the decoction whereof in Wine is very effectual for the purposes aforesaid. The same is profitable for the yellow-Jaundise, the Falling sickness, and the Dropsy. The root of Parsley openeth the obstructions both of the Liver and Spleen, and therefore is usually put amongst those herbs and roots that move the belly downwards, and is one of the five opening Roots. The seed is effectual against Poison or Venom, and therefore it is put into Counter-poisons for that purpose, as also against the danger that cometh to them that have taken lethargy; it is also used amongst other things that serve for the Cough, and being boiled in white-Wine, it helpeth to bring away the Birth and Afterbirth. The Leaves of Parsley eaten after Onions Leeks or Garlic, taketh away the offensive smell of them, and suppresseth the Vapours that offend either the Head or Eyes, and being cast into a Fishpond where the Fish are sick, it cleanseth and cureth them: The said Leaves laid to the Eyes, that are inflamed with Heat, or are swollen, doth much help them if it be used with bread or Meal; and being laid to women's hard Breasts, that come to be so by the curdling of their Milk, it doth abate the hardness quickly; If it be fried with butter and applied, it taketh away those black and blue spots or marks which come by knocks, bruises, falls, &c: and the sooner it is used, the more effectual it will be; The juice thereof dropped into the Ears, with a little Wine easeth the pains thereof. The distilled Water of the herb is much used by Nurses, which they give their Children for the Frets, that is against Wind or gripping in their bellies or Stomaches.    

CHAP. CCXV. Of Marshmallows.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Althaea, quasi Medica Latinè dici posset, of the healing and remedying many diseases from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies to hea●e o● cure, as also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ibiscus and Ebiscus, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 H●b●scus w●th the aspiration: it is called also in Latin Althaea and H●biscus, Ar●stalthaea and Bismalva, because it is twice as good in effect as the other sorts a●e: in Eng●i●h, Marshmallow, and Moorish Mallow, because it grows in Marshes and Moors; and White Mallow from the colour of the Leaves.   

The Kind's.  
Of this kind of Mallows there be ten sorts. 1. Common Marsh Mallows. 2. Marshmallow of Hungaria. 3. The strange Rose Marshmallow. 7. Ever green Marshmallows. 5. Yellow Marshmallows. 6. Camerarius his white Indian Marshmallow. 7. Red flowered Marshmallow. 8. Shrub Mallow with a white or purple flower. 9 Tree Marshmallow of France. 10. Shrub Marshmallow of Candy.   

The Form.  
Common Marshmallows have divers soft hoary white Stalks rising to be three or four foot-high spreading forth many branches, the Leaves whereof are soft and hoary or woolly, somewhat lesser than Mallow Leaves, but longer pointed, cut for the most part into some few divisions, but not very deep; The flowers are somewhat like unto the common sort of Mallows, yet not altogether so big nor so red; but commonly white or tending to a blush colour, after which come such cases and seed as the other hath; the Roots are many and long shooting from one head, of the bigness of a thumb or finger, very pliant, tough, and ben●ing like Liquorish, of a whitish yellow colour on the outside, but whiter within.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in most of the Salt-Marshes from Woll-wich, down to the Sea both on the Essex and Kentish shore, and is brought from thence into divers Gardens where it prospereth well; the second in Hungary, as the title showeth: the third in Africa, the fift in many places of Italy, in wet grounds: it is uncertain whether the sixth came from the Indies, or Italy; the seaventh is to be found near Anguilara in Italy: the eight groweth in divers places both of Spain and France, the ninth in Province of France: the last in Candy, whence divers have been brought to us, and planted in the Gardens of the curious; as the eight sort is in the Garden of Mr. Ball by Zion house. They flourish in July and August and continue flowering till the frost kills the stalks, but the root continuing sendeth forth new ones the next spring, at which time the Roots are fittest to be taken up for use.   

The Temperature.  
Marsh-Mallows are moderately hot but dry in the first or second degree, being endued also with a mollifying or softening Nature; the roots and seeds, are more dry an● of thinner parts.   

The Virtues.  
For fear that either Asparagus or Parsley or the parts of them should through often use by too much cleansing or heat, cause any Excoriation or other distemper, in any of the parts as they pass along, as possibly they may, and so likewise divers that follow, I would desire those that shall be afflicted with any of these diseases, to take notice that Marsh Mallows by the slimy viscous juice wherewith they abound, are of excellent use to remedy the Excoriations or frettings in those or any other parts, as the Guts, Reins, Bladder, Yard etc. Neither is this the only excellency that it hath in this case, but it is effectual as any whatsoever for the Stone: for it openeth the strait passages and maketh them slippery, whereby it may descend easily out of the Reins and Bladder, and to ease the torturing pain coming thereby: the Decoction or the Syrup thereof being taken, which is good also for the gripe of the belly, the Diseases of the Breast and Lungs as Coughs, Hoarseness of the Throat and Voice, Pleurisy, and the like. It is likewise very beneficial to those that are troubled with Ruptures, the Sciatica, the Cramp or Convulsion of the Sinews. The dried roots boiled in Milk and drunk, are good for the Chine-Cough. The roots boiled in Wine are good for such as have fallen, and bruised themselves, and for those that have any bone or member out of Joint, and for such as have any swelling pain, or ache in the Muscles, Sinews, or Arteries of the Body, and cures such as are stung with Bees or the like, and the distilled water is good for the foresaid purposes. The Leaves and Roots, are effectual in decoctions for Glisters to ease the griping of the Belly, and the pains of the Kidneys and Bladder. Being boiled in Wine and applied, they help Impostumes of the Throat, the Kings-Evil, and those Kernels behind the E●r●s, as also Inflammations and swell in women's breasts. The Muccilage of the Roots and of Lin-seed and Fenygreek put together, is much used in Poultices, Ointments, and Plasters, that serve to mollify and digest all hard tumours and inflammations, and to ease pains in any part of the Body. The seed green or dry, mixed with Vinegar cleanseth the Skin of the Morphew, and all other discolourings thereof. The Root boiled in Vinegar and holden in the mouth easeth the Toothache. The Leaves laid to with Oil, help burn and Scaldings, and are good against the bitings of Men and Dogs, and against the stinging of Bees and Wasps. The Ointment of Marsh Mallows either simple or Compound doth mollify heat and moisten, and is very useful in the Pleurisy, and other pains of the sides and breast. The Dose of the Syrup, is a spoonful or two in Milk, Posset drink or Wine, which being taken in a Morning fasting, is most effectual for all the griefs aforementioned.    

CHAP. CCXVI. Of Goat's Thorn.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Tragacantha, from the sharp form of the bush, whose thorns as it groweth do represent a Goat's beard. It may be called in Latin Spina Hirci, but it is known better by the name of Tragacantha, which name also is given to the Gum which is gathered from the roots being cut or broken in the heat of Summer. The Apothecaries call it Gummi Tragacanthae, in Latin; and Gum Dragant in English. There is a kind hereof called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek, because it joys in places where water is, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because it is profitable to the Nerves or Sinews.   

The Kind's.  
Bauhinus hath made five sorts of Goat's Throne, adding Pimpinella Spinosa, or Thorny Burnet for one which doth not properly belong to this kind, and therefore I shall set down but four, 1. The true Goates-thorn, 2. Poterion, or the small Goats-Thorne, 3. The yellow Syrian Goats-Thorne, 4. Purple Syrian Goats-Thorne,   

The Form.  
The true Goat's thorn is a small bushy plant, rising up with many tough woody stems not much above a cubit or two-foot high, divided into many slender branches covered with hoariness, set with divers long white thorns in a double row, amongst which rise up divers Leaves which being small long, and round, like unto a little wing are set over against one another on each side of a middle rib, abiding all the Winter, yet falling off at such times as the Spring doth bring fresh ones. At the tops of the branches, amongst the Leaves come forth the Flowers, which are of a whitish yellow colour fashioned somewhat like unto the Flowers of a Trefoil, after which come small short upright white Cod wherein are contained small whitish cornered seed. The root is very great and long, spreading much and far in the ground, which being broken or wounded with some Iron tool yieldeth a certain liquor, which by the heat of the sun is presently turned into a tough pure shining white gum, shrivelling up itself into small crooked pieces, tasting somewhat sweet.   

The Places and Time.  
Though the two first grow in Candy and about Marselles, and Mompelier in France and the two latter in Syria, yet the Gum, that we are to make use of, is to be had at every Apothecary's shop. In their natural places they flower and seed in the beginning of Autumn, but with us they do neither, being very choice and tender to keep.   

The Temperature.  
Gum Dragant which is that part of the plant which is easiest to be come by in England, hath an Emplastic or daubing quality, by reason whereof it dulleth or allayeth the sharpness of the humours, and doth also somewhat dry.   

The Virtues.  
Besides March Mallows, the Gum of the Goat's thorn called Tragacantha or Gum Dragagant is also good against the fretting of the Urine either in Reins or Bladder or any other of those cleansing Medicines, which are given to provoke it; a dram thereof being dissolved in sweet wine and drunk, especially if some Hartshorn burnt and washed; and a little of the best Allom be mixed therewith, and so it is available for the growing pains in the Guts and bowels also. It is likewise when it is dissolved often mixed with pectoral Syrupes honey, or juice of Liquorish to help the Cough or Hoarnesse in the Throat, salt and sharp distillations upon the Lungs, being taken is an Electuary, or put under the tongue gently to distil down, and so it taketh away the roughness of the tongue, which happeneth in many diseases. The said Gum is also used in Medicines for the Eyes, to allay the heat and sharpness of hot rheums falling into them: and being mingled with milk, it taketh away white spots growing in the black of the Eyes, the itching also of them, and whe●●es and scabs that grow upon the Eyelids. Being somewhat torrefied or dried ●● the ●●re; and mixed with the juce or Wine of Quinces, and used in a G 〈…〉 o it is good against the bloody Flix; Being boiled in Wine with Stechads and drunk, it warmeth and cleanseth the breast and Stomach & bowels being afflicted with any cold, the Colic the stopping of the Milt and Urine. It cleanseth the face and maketh it white if it be steeped a night in Rose water, and in the morning, a little Borace or Champhire be put thereto, and the face be washed therewith. It is very effectual for the sores and chaps of the Mouth, Lips and Hands and also for Ulcers in any part being dissolved in Rose water, strained, some white starch mixed therewith, and the place anointed; the Muccilage mixed with Honey doth the same, and is good for the Leprosy. The powder of it, is profitable for those that have broken a vein or are troubled with the Cra●p, if it be taken in broth. Besides these Physical uses it serveth to make artificial beads of which Bracletts are compo●ed, and it is used many times as a kind of Starch or Glue to bind or stiffen things withal, and to make Gentlewoman's hair lie in order. The roots of the Poterion boiled in Wine and drunk are profitable against the poison of the red Toad, and being made in a Pultis and applied to any of the Nerves or Sinews that are wounded, cut, or hurt, doth heal them and so●●er them together, are also all other kinds of Wounds and Cuts; the said decoction of the Roots in Wine a also effectual for the said purposes to be drunk, and for inward Wounds or Veins that are broken. Gum Arabic is effectual for many of the purposes aforesaid but especially for defending the Reins and Bladder from those frettings that cause bloody Urine.    

CHAP. CCXVII. Of spikenard.  

The Names.  
IT is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Nardus in Greek from Naarda a City of Syria, near unto Euphrares, as Lobel doth conjecture, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi Nardi Spica; which is the general Name of the Indian sort: called also Nardus Indica, to put a distinction between it and the Celtic and Mountain Spicknard. The Celtic spikenard is supposed by very good Authors to be the Saliunca that Virgil makes mention of in his Eclogues, which is more likely, because the Vallesians in whose Country it chiefly groweth, call it Selliga.   

The Kind's.  
There be Eight sorts of spikenard, 1. Mountain French spikenard, 2. Mountain● French spikenard with tufted Flowers, 3. Knobbed mountain spikenard, 4. Long tuberous Mountain spikenard, 5. Bastard French spikenard, 7. Indian spikenard, 6. Italian spikenard, 8. Unsavoury spikenard.   

The Form.  
Mountain French spikenard creepeth upon the ground, under the lose Leaves and moss, with small long and hard slender roots, covered with many short small dry Leaves like Scales; sending forth in divers places, as it creepeth and spreadeth here and there, small blackish fibres, whereby it is nourished, at the head whereof stand sundry small buttons or heads from which spring many small narrow and somewhat thick green Leaves not divided or dented at all, smallest at the bottom, and broadest towards the end, which change yellow in the end of Summer; amongst these Leaves rise up sometimes more and sometimes but one slender stalk without any Leaves thereon, at the top whereof stand many small whitish flowers, like unto the smallest sorts of Valerian, every one upon a slender foot-stalk which afterwards bring small seed like unto them also; the whole plant is sweet and more aromatical than the Indian Spicknard, hotter also and sharper in taste then any other sort.   

The Places and Time.  
It may be gathered by the names of most of them, to what Country they are natural; and therefore I shall trouble you no farther with the places. They all▪ flower and flourish in the summer months of June, July, and August; some earlyer, and some latter than others.   

The Temperature.  
Dioscorides saith that the true Indian▪ spikenard is of an heating and drying faculty, and there is no doubt but the other sorts are so likewise, seeing they agree very much in their properties or virtues.   

The Virtues.  
All the sorts of spikenard but especially the Celrick or French Spicknard, are of very good use to provoke Urine, and to ease the exceeding great pains of the Stone in the Reins or Kidneys, if they be drunk with cold water; and so they are profitable to those that have a loathing of their meat, swell or gnawings in their stomaches, as also for them that are Liver grown, and for them that have the yellow Jaundice. It drieth up the Flux or humours both in the Head and breast, and is a special Ingredient in Mithridate, and other Antidotes against vemone and poison. The decoction used as a Bath for Women to sit in or over, in a seat fit for the purpose, taketh away the Inflammations of the Mother; but to women with Child it is forbidden, because it procureth much disquiet▪ and may force● their Courses beyond either their time or conveniency. The Oil made thereof doth both warm those places that are cold, and maketh the humours more subtle that were thick and congealed before, digesteth those that are crude and raw, and also moderately drieth and bindeth those that were too lose or flexible; and hereby worketh powerfully in all the cold griefs and windiness of the Head and brain, of the Stomach, Liver, Spleen Reins and Bladder, and of the Mother. Being ●nu●●ed up into the Nostrils, it purgeth the Brain of much Rheum gathered therein, and causeth both a good colour and favour to the whole body. Being steeped in Wine for certain days & afterwards distilled in Balneo cal●do, the Water hereof is very useful in all cold indi●po●itions of the Members, taken inwardly or applied outwardly▪ for it co●n●o●ten the brain, helpeth to stay thin distillations, and the cold pains of the Head, as also the shaking of the Palsy; It helpeth also all passions of the Heart, as faintings and 〈…〉 ning●▪ 〈◊〉 the Co●lick likewise, two or three spoonfuls being taken. It is commonly laid up in a new earthen Vessel for Eye Medicines, being first made into Powder, and then into round Cakes or trochiskes with Wine, which being conveniently applied repress and stay the humours that offend them. Being drunk with Wine, it helpeth those that are stung or bitten by any venomous Creature.    

CHAP. CCXVIII. Of the Sweet-smelling Flag.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Acorus and Acorum quia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 medetur because it he●peth to clear a dim Eyesight, which names are used in Latin also, yet some have given it others as Radix nautica, Singentiana or unguentis petita. And because this is used commonly for Calamus Aromaticus by the Apothecaries though they be different things, the one being a Flag, and the other a Reed, I shall put them together. It is called Calamus Aromaticus and odoratus, which in my judgement signify the same, though Parkinson maketh a difference; but the result of his discourse is that Aroma is a Drugge that hath a strong smell, no matter whether it be sweet or no: and he instances in Myrrh and Galbanum, in which signification Odour is also taken, for we have commonly bonus Odour, and malus Odour, a sweet and a stinking scent, according to the Epithet, that is joined with it: and I believe this may be a reason of those suppositions that the Ancients counted those things sweet, which are not sweet to us. This is that Calamus, mentioned in the 30 of Exodus, verse 23.   

The Kind's.  
Though Acorus and Calamus Aromaticus may not properly be said to be of the same kinds, yet I shall put them together, and one more. 1. The sweet smelling Flag or Calamus of the Shops. 2. The supposed true Syrian or Arabian Aromatical Reed. 3. Matthiolus his Aromatical Reed.   

The Form.  
The sweet smelling Flag hath many Flaggy long and narrow fresh green Leaves, two foot long a piece, yet many times somewhat brownish towards the bottom, the one rising or growing out of the side of another in the same manner that other Flags or Flowerdeluces do, thin on both sides and ridged or thick in the middle, the longest for the most part standing in the midst, all of them smelling very sweet, which die every year, (yet when they are dead they keep their smell) new ones rising in their steed the next Spring; after it hath grown three or four years in a place, it putteth forth a round head like unto the Catkin of the Hasel-nut-Tree, growing upright, of a length and thickness of one finger, of a purplish green colour, out of which shoot forth pa●e whitish flowers, consisting of four small Leaves a piece; nothing so well scented as the Leaves, falling away quickly without giving seed: the root is thick and long, somewhat like to that of the Garden Valerian, of a sweet sent and and somewhat a bitter taste.   

The Places and Times.  
The first groweth in Turkey, as also in Russia, and the places thereabouts naturally in moist places, whence it hath been brought into a few of our Gardens. The second in Egypt, as also by the lake of Gennesareth in Judea, and in divers places also of Syria and Arabia. The third is supposed by Matthiolus, and others, to grow in India, Syria, and Judaea; The sweet smelling Flag beareth its Catkin, in July or August.   

The Temperature.  
The Roots of Acorus are hot and dry in the second degree, and of thin and subtle parts:   

The Virtues.  
The decoction of the roots of the Sweet smelling Flag, being made with Wine and drunk, doth not only provoke Urine, but is also very profitable for all the diseases of the Reins and Bladder, cleansing and wa●●ing all the superfluities in them, without any hurt or danger, it helpeth to ease the pains of the sides, Liver, and breast, as also those of the Colic and Cramp; it recovereth tho●e that are bursten and bitten with Venomous Creatures, and wa●eth the Spleen. The Root is very much used in divers Electuaries and Antidotes against all Venom Poison and infection, as in that called Diacorum Mithridate, &c: Being taken fasting every morning for some time together it is a special remedy for a stinking breath. A dram of the powder of the Root with as much Cinnamon taken in a draught of Wormwood wine is singular good to comfort and strengthen a cold weak Stomach. The whole Roots preserved either in Sugar or Honey are effectual also for the same purposes, but these that are preserved green are more desired, than those that being dry are steeped, and afterwards preserved. The juice dropped into the eyes drieth the Rheums therein, and cleareth the sight, taking away films or such like that may offend them. The hot fumes of the decoction made in Water, and taken in at the mouth through a Funnel, are excellent to help them that are troubled with a Cough. The Roots bruised and boiled in Wine, and applied warm to the Testicles that are swollen, dissolveth the Tumour and easeth the pains; it likewise mollifyeth hard swell in any other part of the body. It is used amongst other things to make sweet Powders, and Water. Calamus Aromaticus, if the true can be had, is as good if not better, for many of the purposes aforesaid, and is moreover avaleiable to procure women's Courses and to remedy the fits of the Mother.    

CHAP. CCXIX Of Cyperus or English Galanga.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Cyperus, from the round form of the Root, which is like a small Box or Vessel, in Latin also Cyperus and Juncus triangularis and angulosus, to distinguish between it, and the Juncus laevis or vulgaris, ordinary rushes. It sometimes beareth four square stalks, and then it is called Juncus quadratus. In English, many do call it Gallinga or Gallingale, because the roots of one sort of it are somewhat like to those of the small Gallinga. It is called also as commonly Cyperus and sweet Cyperus, after the Greek and Latin names.   

The Kinds.  
To this kind may be referred these five sorts. 1. The more common round rooted sweet Cyperus. 2. The greater Assyrian sweet Cyperus. 3. The lesser, Assyrian round rooted sweet Cyperus. 4. The ordinary sweet Cyperus, or English Galanga. 5. The most delicate sweet Cyperus or Rush-nut.   

The Form.  
The more common round rooted sweet Cyperus shooteth forth many heads of long and narrow Leaves somewhat ridged in the middle; every lease seeming thereby to be three square of a sweet scent; amongst these Leaves rise many smooth square Stalks about three foot high, stuffed with a white pith without any knot or joint therein unto the tops▪ where there stand a few short Leaves and many small panicles or chaffy green spikes of small Leaves above them, which after contain within them the seed; the root is composed of many long and round blackish brown small roots fastened together by long strings of the bigness of small Olives, of a sweet scent even while they are green, but much more when they are dry, and of a bitter taste somewhat like unto Galanga,   

The Places and Time  
None of these sorts grow in England unless it be in the Gardens of those that delight in rarities, in the Physic Garden at Oxford, Westminster, etc. Yet if you need there is no doubt but the druggist can furnish you with them. They flower or carry their bushy tops in August with us, except the fourth sort which giveth his tusted head in the end of July most commonly.   

The Temperature.  
The Roots of Cyperus are hot and dry in the second degree.   

The Virtues.  
The Roots of Cyperus boiled in Wine and drunk, (for they are much more effectual than the Leaves) are very profitable for the Reins and Bladder, for it provoketh Urine, helpeth to break the Stone in the Bladder, by the cutting quality that it hath, yet without sharpness, and bringeth down women's Courses also. The Roots of Cyperus, and Bay berries of each a like quantity, beaten to Powder and made up with the Urine of a Boy under years, and laid upon the belly or those that have the Droply, doth help them very much; and both of them boiled in Wine and drunk often, while the other is used outwardly, doth work more effectually. It is good for the fretting pains and strangl●ngs of the Mother, i● the parts be bathed with the decoction thereof, or if the party sit over the sums, or in the decoction▪ thereof. The Powder thereof is an especial Remedy for all Ulcers, yea spreading and devouring Cancers, that by their overmuch moisture hardly admit of any cure, and by the astringent quality it hath it helpeth all sore Mouths whatsoever. Alpinus saith, the Egyptians do much use the powder of the Roots, and ashes of them, to cure the Ulcers both of the mouth and secret parts, and to drink the decoction of them to comfort and warm the Stomach, brain, Lungs, Sinews, arteries, and the womb of those that are distempered though cold or moisture, or both, being taken sometime together, for it warmeth and strengtheneth the natural vigour of the Spirits, and is therefore comfortable to those that by long sickness are much spent in the health of their bodies. It helpeth and strengtheneth digestion pocureth warmth to the blood, and a good colour to the face; it helpeth those, that have strong or stinking breaths, the said decoction being made in Wine and drunk. The long sweet ●perus is not altogether so effectual as the former; yet may be used for it, the quantity being increased, when the other cannot be gotten; but the chief use of it is, to make sweet powders, and perfumes for Garments, Gloves, etc. to perfume Chambers also, being burnt with Cloves and Bayleaves. The Rush Nuts called Trasi which are cried up and down the Streets in Spain as Oranges and Lemons are in England, are for the most part spent in Junkets, rather than used Physically, yet they are found to be good both for the pains of the breast and sides, if a Cream be made thereof and drunk, and therefore are very profitable for those that have a Cough, to help to expectorate the Phlegm, the same also drunk mitigateth the heat of Urine, and allayeth the sharpness thereof; and being taken with the broth of fat flesh, it furthereth Venereous astions. The decoction thereof, hot steel being also quenched in it, helps the Dysentery or flux.    

CHAP. CCXX. Of Hops.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Bryon and Bryonia, by the modern writers, because the Leaves and running branches are somewhat like Briony; for by Ancients it is not remembered, which is somewhat strange, seeing it is a plant so useful. It is called in Latin Lupulus and Lupulus Salictarius and reptitius, quia salit & reptat per arbores, vel quia scandit salices, because it climbs upon Sallows, and other trees, which name is used by all our modern writers except Lobel, who calls it Vitis Septentrionalium the vine of the Northern Regions because they put Hops in their drink.   

The Kind's  
The Sorts of Hops may quickly be reckoned up for they be but two, 1. The manured Hop, 2. The wild Hop.   

The Form.  
The manured Hop riseth up at the first with divers great brown heads, like unto Asparagus, but larger; which afterwards spread into rough Branches and climb upon great high poles that are set for them to run on, having many hard and rough dark green Leaves on them, cut into three or five divisions, somewhat like unto ●ramble Leaves, and dented likewise about the Edges: At the tops of the Branches, which hang down again for the most▪ part, come forth many scaly heads, being as it were a small number of yellowish green Leaves, growing t●ick together; from among which come forth the Flowers of a whitish yellow colour, which being passed and the heads changing their colour to be somewhat whitish yellow, they are then fit to be gathered to keep, and then there is a small round seed found there in; the root is great at the head, shooting forth many blackish strings which take fast hold of the ground. The Scaly heads which are put in beer are of strong smell, by which the goodness of them may be discerned.   

The Places and Times.  
The first groweth in Flanders, and divers other places besides, whence the beads are brought into England and sold; but they are no ways comparable to those which grow with us, in great plenty also, in divers places, but especially in Kent and Essex, where there be men of good worth, whose estates consist in Hop-grounds. They delight in low moist grounds, where they may have moisture enough, yet they will not endure overmuch; and therefore they are planted upon hillocks to preserve them from drowning. The second groweth amongst briars and thorns, in hedge-rowes and other places in most Countries of this Land, of its own accord▪ and it is supposed to be the same with the former, but only that the ordering and manuring of that, makes it larger. They Spring not up until April, and flower not until the latter end of June, yet the heads are fit to be gathered about the end of September.   

The Temperature.  
The Heads which are most commonly called Hops are hot and dry in the second degree, and so are the Leaves also, both of them being of an opening and cleansing faculty.   

The Virtues.  
The decoction of the tops of Hops as well of the wild as the manured, is very powerful to cleanse the Reins from Gravel, and to provoke Urine, which likewise openeth the obstructions of the Liver and Spleen, cleanseth the Blood and looseneth the belly. The roots also work the same effect, but they are hotter and not so moist as the former. As they cleanse the blood, so consequently they help to cure all manner of Scabs, Itch, and other break out in the body; as also all other Tetters, Ringworms, or spreading sores, the Morphew, and all other dis 〈…〉 uring of the Skin. The decoction of the Flowers and Tops are given with good success to those that have drunk any deadly poison; the same being put in baths for women to sit in, taketh away the swell and hardness of the Mother; and is good for those that can very hardly make their Water because of the Strangury, or the like. Half a dram of the seed beaten to powder and taken in drink killeth the worms in the body and bringeth down women's Courses and expelleth Urine. A Syrup made of the juice and Sugar, cureth the yellow Jaundice, easeth the Headache that comes of heat, and tempereth the drought of the Liver and Stomach, and therefore it is very profitable to be given in long and hot Agues that rise of Choler and Blood. The juice of the Leaves dropped into the Ears cleanseth the corrupt sores therein, and helpeth the stench arising from the corruption of them. The greatest use that is made of the heads of the Hops is to put them in Beer, to alter the quality thereof, and to preserve the body from the repletion of gross humours, which Ale being a thicker ●iquor doth engender, of which it was said, Nil Sp●ssius est dum bibitur▪ nil clarius dum mingitur, unde constat multas faces in ventre relinqui. It is drunk thick, it is pissed out thin, whence it appears that many dregs are left behind.    

CHAP. CCXXI. Of Knotgrass  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Polygonum, quod multis gen●bus crescit, because of its many joints; which name most of our Latin writers follow, yet there be some that call it Seminalis, Sanguinalis, Sanguinaria & Proserpluaria from its staunching of blood, and ceeping upon the ground. It is called in the shops of Italy and other places Corrigiola and Centinodia, of the several properties to correct the heat of the Stomach, and Body, and from creeping upon the ground. In English Knotgrass, Swine's grass, because Swine delight to feed thereon, in the North Country of divers Birds-tongue of the form of the Leaf: some also call it Pink-Weed, and some Nine Joints of its great number of Joints.   

The Kind's.  
The sorts which may more properly be referred to this kind are fourteen, 1. The greater Common Knotgrass, 2. The Lesser Common Knotgrass, 3. Sma●l short leafed Knotgrass 4. Stoney Knotgrass, 5. The greater Sea Knotgrass, 6. The Lesser Sea Knotgrass, 7. White Mountain Knotgrass, 8. Mountain Knotgrass, with Stone crop Leaves, 9 Spanish Knotgrass, 10. Small Knotgrass of Mompelier, 11. Candy Knotgrass, 12. lobel Knotgrass, with Mother of Time Leaves, 13. Germane Knotgrass, or Knawell, 14. Another Germane Knotgrass.   

The Form.  
The greater Common Knotgrass shooteth forth many long slender branches full of Joints, lying upon the ground with divers long narrow Leaves thereon, one for the most part at a Joint; whereat especially from the middle of the branches upwards come forth the Flowers which are so small that they can very hardly be perceived; in some of a white, in others of a purple colour, running afterwards into very small square seed, somewhat like unto that of Sorrell. The root is reddish long and slender, with many strings thereat, abiding divers Winters, yet the Leaves perish in the Autumn, and are renewed in the Spring.   

The Places and Time.  
The two first sorts grow every where both by the foot-wayes in the fields, especially at the ends of those Lands whereon Winter corn groweth, and sometimes by the sides of those Highways and old walls. The third groweth upon higher grounds, and upon Hills and Mountains. The fourth in the same places also in the more stoney parts thereof. The fifth and sixth by the Sea side in divers places. The seventh in France and Spain. The eighth in Naples. The Ninth about Mountains in France that are near the Sea. The thirteenth about Chipnam in Wiltshire, as also in Germany by the way sides, where the last groweth also. They are in flower, and seed, all the Summer long.   

The Temperature.  
Knotgrass is cold in the second degree, or else in the beginning of the third, yet it is of a binding quality, which signifies that it is dry.   

The Virtues.  
A dram of the powder of Knotgrass taken in Wine for many days together is singular good, to provoke Urine when it is stopped, as also when it passeth away by drops, and with pain, and when it is hot and sharp also; and withal to expel wonderfully the Gravel or Stone in the Reins or Bladder. Being shred and made into a Tansy with Eggs and eaten, it greatly prevaileth against the Gonorrhoea, or running of the Reins also, and the weakness of the Back coming by means thereof. The juice or decoction thereof, is most effectual to stay any bleeding at the mouth and to cool and temper the heat of the blood or of the Stomach, and to stay any flux of the blood or Humours, either of the belly or womb; as the Bloody flux, women's courses, both white and red pissing of blood, etc. The juice, given before the fit of the Tertian or Quartain Ague comes, not only hindereth it for the present, but driveth it quite away as it is said; being boiled in wine and drunk, it helpeth those that are stung or bitten with Venomous Creatures, and the same is very effectual to stay all defluxions of Rheumatic humours falling down upon the Stomach, and killeth worms in the belly or Stomach, and easeth all inward pains that arise of heat, sharpness and corruption of blood and Choler, and is good for inward wounds. The distilled water taken by itself or with the powder of the herb, or seed, is very effectual to all the purposes aforesaid. The juice hereof stayeth the bleeding of the Nose, being applied to the forehead and Temples, or to be snuffed up in the Nose; the same cooleth all manner of inflammations as St. Anthony's fire, or any other breaking forth of heat, all hot swell and Impostumations, all eating, fretting or burning▪ sores and fistulous Cancers, or foul filthy Ulcers being applied or put into them, but principally for all sorts of Ulcers and sores in the privy parts of Men or Women, restraining the humours from following them, and cooling and drying up the hot and moist inflammations that are apt to wait upon such sores in such places,. It helpeth all fresh and green wounds also, by restraining the blood, and quickly closeth up the Lips of them. The juice dropped into the Ears, helpeth them wonderfully, although they are foul and have running matter in them, and helpeth the Inflammations of the Eyes being put therein. The Sea Knotgrass is not effectual as is thought for the griefs aforesaid, because the saltness, which it is supposed to acquire by its nearness to the Sea, maketh it hotter; yet where penetration and not cooling is required, it is more forcible than any other. The smaller sorts come nearer to the temperature of the Sea kind, then of the Land; yet they serve to provoke Urine and expel the stone and Gravel by Urine; and so doth Knavell, where the other is not to be had, which is scarcely in any part of this Land.    

CHAP. CCXXII. Of Parsly Pert or Parsly Breakstone.  

The Names.  
IT may called be in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as it is in Latin Polygonum Selino●des: I say it may, because I find not any Greek or Latin Author that treats of it, being unknown to all the transmarine Doctors before Lobel came to us, who called it Percepier Anglorum, which first word Percepier is derived from Percepierre, signifying in French, as much as L●thon-tribon in Greek, Saxifraga Petrifindula an obsolete word, and C●lculum frangens in Latin which is Pierce-stone or Break-stone in English, and Anglorum is added, because it is thought to be peculiar to our Country. Some call it Parsley-Pert, and de●ive it from P●tra, but it is more properly Parsley Break-stone, because of its eminent faculties to that purpose.  
Though there be but one sort hereof which might have been placed amongst the other Knotgrass, whereof it is a kind, yet because it is somewhat different, and is peculiar to our Country, I have given it a Chapter by itself.   

The Form.  
Break-stone Parsly groweth with many Leaves spread upon the ground, each standing upon a small long foot-stalke, and being as broad as the naive of a man's finger or thumb, very much jagged on the edges, which maketh it to seem somewhat like unto a Parsley leaf, whereof came the name, but of an overworn or dusky green colour, from amongst which there rise up weak and slender stalke● about two or three fingers long, set full of the like Leaves but smaller up to the tops, that almost no part of the stalk can be seen; amongst these Leaves come forth very small greenish yellow flowers, scarce to be discerned, where afterwards groweth the seed as small as that of the Knotgrass. The root is very small and threddy abiding divers years, if it grow in a place that is liketh.   

The Places and Time.  
Parsly-pert groweth in those fields that are ploughed up for Corn, both at the same time with the Corn, and also when they are fallow, in most Countries of this Land that ever I came into, though Gerard and Parkinson, make as if it were a Plant growing in few places. It is to be found all the Spring, Summer, and Harvest even from April to the end of October, yet it must be in several places for that which groweth in the open and Sunny places will flourish first, but that which is shadowed will continue longest.   

The Temperature.  
It is as I conceive of the same Temperature with Knotgrass.   

The Virtues.  
Parsly Break-stone hath not its name for nothing, for it is found to be a singular remedy to provoke Urine when it is stopped wholly, or passeth away by drops with pain, or unsensibly without pain, expelleth store of Gravel in those that breed it, and the stone also in the Reins or Kidneys, in washing it down by the abundant passage of the Urine, and helpeth also to expel it out of the Bladder, if it be not grown too great for the passages, and if it be, it is very probable that the abundance of Urine brought down into the Bladder by the Virtue of it even whilst it abideth there, will work so much upon the stone therein confirmed and grown great, that it will waste by degrees, by causing it to be avoided in Gravel with the Urine. And that it may perform these operations with the better success, you may take of the juice of the herb about three Ounces, and mix it with so much White Wine as is fit to make a Posset, the drink whereof taken in a pretty quantity morning and evening, to which you may if you please add Mother of time, and some Camomile, which is a good way: Or you may boil the Herbs aforesaid in Wine▪ or if that cannot be had in Water, and drink it, (but I hope you will have the wit to strain it first:) The powder also of the dried herb to the quantity of a dram or less, in White-Wine or in other drink where Wine is wanting taken first and last for divers days; and the distilled Water drunk with a little Sugar in the same manner worketh the forementioned effects and so doth this Composition which came originally from a poor Country man who with good success ministered it to divers sorts of people. Take of the dried herb of Parsly-pert and Mous-eare, Bay-berries Turmarick and Cloves, the seed of the Burdock, the seed of Hep or the Briar berries, and the seeds of Fenugreek, of each one Ounce; of the Stone in an Ox's Gall twenty four grains weight, let all these be beaten into fine Powder and kept in a dry box or pot, to use upon occasion: whereof the quantity to be taken at a time is from half a dram to a dram as the age and necessity of the patient shall require. There be divers who conceiving themselves inclined to the stone, eat it familiarly as a Salad Herb, and pickle it up also like Sampire to eat in Winter when the green herb cannot be gotten.    

CHAP. CCXXIII Of Saxifrage.  

The Names  
IT is called in Latin Saxifraga or Saxifragia (for to the Greek Writers it was altogether unknown as fare as we can gather, they having left no name for it) from its efficacy in breaking the Stone, in England Saxifrage and Breakstone. So much for the names in general 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, there being 〈◊〉 that do it also though not so effectually. I shall speak of them more particularly in the kinds.   

The Kind's.  
Because the best Saxifrage that is grows in England, I shall trouble you with no foreign sorts, we having nine or ten sorts of our own which for their Virtues not for their forms I shall put together. 1. English Saxifrage so called because it groweth more plentifully in England then in any other Country. 2. Mr. Goodrers Marsh-Saxifrage so called because he first discovered it in a marshy place. 3. lobel West-Country Saxifrage because L●b●l found it in the Western parts of this Land. 4. White Saxifrage so called from the colour of the flowers, to distinguish it from the former. 5. Golden Saxifrage from the Golden colour of the Leaves. 6. The greater Burnet Saxifrage, so called because it hath Leaves somewhat like Burner. 7. The middle Burnet Saxifrage. 8. The lesser Burnet Saxifrage. 9 Saxifrage with Chickweed Leaves.   

The Form.  
English Saxifrage, White Saxifrage, Golden Saxifrage, and burnet Saxifrage be of so different Forms, that it will be necessary that I describe them one a●ter another.  
English or Meadow Saxifrage which is known to divers by the name of Meadow Parsly groweth with many very green winged Leaves somewhat like unto those of Fenne●, but thicker and broader; so like unto Meadow Hart-wort of Mompelier that it made Parkinson join it next thereunto; from amongst the said Leaves ri●e up divers creped stalks of a Cubit high, having thereupon divers smaller stalks of winged Leaves also finely cut, but somewhat harsh to the feeling and bearing at the top spoky rundels or umbells be●et with white flowers tending a little to yellow which give place unto seeds like unto the Common Fennel ●eed, both for form and greatness, but of a browner colour and small taste; The root is thick, black without, white within, and of a good savour.  
White Saxifrage groweth with divers round faint or yellowish green Leaves, but grayish underneath, spread upon the ground, unevenly dented about the edges, and somewhat hairy, every one upon a little footstalke, from whence riseth up a round brownish hairy green stalk, about a foot-high with a few such like round Leaves as grow below but smaller, somewhat branched at the top, whereon stand pretty large white flowers of five Leaves a piece, with some yellow Threads in the middle standing in a long crested brownish green husk, which being passed there ariseth sometimes a round hard head, biforked at the top, wherein is contained small blackish seed: the Root is compact of a number of black strings, whereunto are fastened many small reddish grains, or round roots about the bigness of Pepper-cornes, which are used in Medicine, and called by the Apothecary's white Saxifrage seed, and is that which is truly meant by, though not so truly said of it.  
Golden Saxifrage is most like unto the before described, yet it differeth therefrom in that the Leaves are not hairy, but somewhat thicker and of a darker green colour; amongst which rise up Stalks in handful high with such Leaves on them as grow below two at a Joint, but three at the top of all, whereas also at the Joints do come forth very small gold yellow flowers, not easily observed, and seldom seen with them, because they fall away so quickly, after which come small round heads wherein is contained small round reddish seed; the Root is comp●●ed of a number of small strings or Fibres.  
Burnet Saxifrage groweth up with divers stalks of winged Leaves set one against another each being somewhat broad, and a little pointed and dented about the edges, of a sad green colour; at the tops of the stalks stand 〈…〉 s of white flowers, after which comes small and blackish seed: The root is long and whitish.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth almost in every Meadow, and therefore it is called Meadow Parsly, yet it sometimes grows in up and ground; the second was found by Mr. Goodyer, on a boggy ground below the red Well of Welling borough in Norhamptonshire; the third by Lobel between Chipnam and Marleborough, in the Highway between London and Bristol, on a Chalky Hill; the fourth groweth very plentifully in a field immediately below the Abbey Orchard, at St. Albon's an● in many other places: the silt in moist and marish places about Bath and W●lles, and in the Moors by Boston and Wisbich in Lincolnshire: the sixth, seventh, and e●ght, grow in divers Meadows and Pastures-grounds of this Land: the last groweth upon barren hills, and sometimes upon Walls. The first flowreth from the beginning of May to the end of August; the second and third ●omwhat later; the fourth in April or May at the furthest, when it is gathered for that which is called the seed as well as to distil, for it perisheth soon after; the fifth in March and April; the rest, about July, and their Seed is ripe in August.   

The Temperature.  
All the aforementioned sorts are hot and dry in the third degree, except the Golden Saxifrage which is cold of temperature, as the taste declareth.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
The seeds and roots of Saxifrage or Meadow Parsly boiled in White-Wine, and the decoction drunk, breaketh the Stone in the Bladder and Kidn●es hell 〈…〉 the strangury and causeth one to make Water freely, which also bringeth down women's Courses, and expelleth the Secondine and dead Child. The root dried and ma●e into Powder, and half a dram or a dram taken with Sugar comfo●teth and warmeth the Stomach, cureth the gnaw●ngs and griping pains o● the belly caleth the Colic also, and expelleth Wind. The Cheshire Women put it amongst the R●mnes that they put into their Cheese as a Countryman of theirs reporteth. The distilled Water is much in use with Nurses to give unto their Children against the stopping of their Urine, and to ease the griping pains in their belly which they usually cal● the Frets. It is used outwardly in Baths, and Fomentations, to provoke Urine, and to ease the pains of the Belly, proceeding from Wind. The seed or rather the root of the white Saxifrage cureth the Stone by signature as the learned Cr●llius hath observed, and is singular good against the strangury and stops of the Kidneys and Bladder, the Powder of them being drunk in Wine or the decoction made of them. The distilled Water of the whole herb roots and flowers, which is as effectual in a manner, is familiarly taken by those that have need thereof, for any of the purposes aforesaid, as also to cleanse the Stomach and Lungs from tough and thick Phlegm that troubleth it, and causeth it more easily to be avoided. It is not probable, that the Golden Saxifrage hath any operation upon the Stone, because of its insipid taste, unless it be by a specific Virtue, yet I mentioned it because it is esteemed as a rarity. The Burnet Saxifrages, have the same properties that the others have, both in provoking Urine, and easing the pains thereof, as also in expelling Wind, and helping the Colic, the roots or seed being used in Powder, decoction, or any other way, which are likewise effectual for the windy pains of the Mother, to procure women's Courses, to break and avoid the stone in the Kidneys, and to digest cold viscous and tough Phlegm in the Stomach, and is an especial remedy against all kind of Venom. The roots hereof dried are as hot as Pepper, and may be used for the same, being much more wholesome as Tragus saith. The same in Powder, with the Powder of the Seeds and Sugar, purgeth the brain, helpeth the Toothache, restoreth lost speech, and is good for Convulsions, Cramps, Apoplexies, and cold fevers, and so is the distilled water wherein Castoreum hath been boiled, which is profitable also for the Palsy, and many other cold griefs. The same drunk with wine and Vinegar cureth the Plague, and being holden or chewed in the mouth, it preserveth from the Infection, when the air is corrupted. The seed made into Comfits like unto those of Caraway are effectual for all the purposes aforesaid, and so is the distilled water sweetened with Sugar though not in so powerful a manner as the former; which water also beautifieth the face, by cleansing it from all Spots and Freckels, and leaving a good colour. The juice of the Leaves doth the same, and being dropped into the grievous wounds of the Head, or any other place, drieth up the moisture and healeth them quickly. The distilled water alone, or with Vinegar, being put into the eyes cleareth the sight exceedingly. I conceive I have given to every sort its due properties, notwithstanding I find all or most of them attributed to Saxifrage in general, and no doubt, when one sort is not to be had, the other may serve as substitutes, they being promiscuously used by divers.    

CHAP. CCXIII Of Dropwort.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because it is in flower when the Vine is, the word signifying the Flower of the Vine, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, from the whiteness of its flowers. In Latin Filipendula from the form of root, which is composed of divers tuberous pieces hanging together with black strings like threads, yet some write Philipendula following Nicholaus Myrepsus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, without taking notice why it is called Filipendula. It is called in English also Filipendula and the same Filipendula and Dropwort, because it helpeth pissing of by Drops.   

The Kind's.  
I think it will not be amiss to give you the varieties of Dropwort, (though the Common Filipendula, be that which is most used in Physic,) which are Fourteen in all, 1. Common or Ordinary Filipendula, 2. Another great Fhilipendula, 3. Small Filipendula, 4. The most ordinary great Dropwort, 5. A smaller sort of Dropwort, 6. Candy Dropwort with star like heads, 7. Candy Dropwort with fruitful heads, 8. lobel Narrow Leaved Enanthe or Dropwort, 9 lobel Hemlock like Enanthe or Dropwort, 10. Marsh Dropwort, 11. French Dropwort, 12. Small Rush like Enanthe or Dropwort, 13. Fine small Dropwort of Africa, 14. Water Dropwort.   

The Form  
Ordinary Filipendula or Dropwort shooteth forth divers long winged Leaves, each of them consisting of many small Leaves of different sises, set on each side of a middle rib, and each of them dented about the Edges, somewhat resembling Burnet and Wild Tansy or rather Agrimony, or rather participating somewhat of each, but differing in somewhat from every one of them, as being harder in handling. From amongst the said Leaves, rise up one or more stalks about a Cubit or two foot high having some such Leaves thereon as grow below, and sometimes also divided into other branches, spreading at the top into many white sweet smelling Flowers, consisting of five Leaves a piece with some threads in the middle, standing together in a tuft or umbel upon a small footstalk; the seeds are small and black, whereupon depend many little knobs or black pellets, somewhat like unto those of the female Peony but smaller.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in divers places of this Land both upon and about St. Vincents Rock by Bristol, and in a meadow near Zion house by Brainford and by the hedge sides or under bushes in dry fields and meadows. The second on the tops of very cold mountains. The third in stony rough grounds about Mompelier. The places of the rest are ●ome in our own Lands, some in others as may be perceived by their names. The ninth groweth in the wet and moist furrows of the ploughed Lands belonging to Underbrick, Commonly called Battersey near London: and by the foot-way-side between Greenwich and Eltham about a mile from Colonel blunt's hou●e towards Eltham: The last groweth about the house which was formerly the Bishop of London's at Fulham. The Filipendul●as, flower in June and July, and their ●eed is ripe in August; but the rest flower and seed, somewhat later.   

The Temperature.  
Dropwort is hot and dry in the third degree, opening and cleansing, yet alittle binding.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The roots of several of the sorts of Dropwort, consisting of round tuberous pieces, which do somewhat resemble the Stone in a man's Bladder, do sign fie that it is an excellent Remedy for the Stone, and indeed it is so, for it not only helpeth mightily to break and expel the Stone either in the Kidneys or Bladder, and to bring away the Gravel, but is also very effectual to provoke Urine, to help the Strangury or pissing by Drops, and all other pains of the Reins or Bladder, which are either forerunners or Symptoms of the Stone, whether you use the Flowers Leaves or Seed but the Roots are most effectual, as having the Signature, either taken in Powder or in a decoction, with White Wine, whereunto a little Honey is added. The same bringeth down women's Courses, helpeth to expel the Afterbirth, and is good in the Dropsy, Jaundice, and Falling-sickness. The roots made into Powder and mixed with Honey into the Form of in Electuary, doth much help them whose Stomaches, are swollen, breaking and dissolving the wind, which was the cause thereof, as also is very effectual for all diseases of the Lungs as shortness of breath Wheesing, hoarseness of the Throat, and the Cough, and to bring away cold phlegm therefrom, or any other part thereabouts. Being used in Broths it helpeth the Ache of the Back and Kidneys and also other distempers thereof, as also of the Bladder and Urine. The said Knots of the Roots being dried and made into powder are effectual for Fistulas and hollow sores both inward and outward, being & bruised before they be dry, and applied to the swell of the Pills or Haemorrhoides it helpeth them, and so do the Leaves which may be used, if the root to be be not gotten. Divers of other sorts provoke Urine, and help the Strangury also. But the Hemlock Dropwort is in all cases to be avoided; for those that have seen the experience of it, do affirm that being taken in sharp sauces it doth well nigh poison, and those that eat of it, have been made giddy in their heads, pale in their faces, and to stagger and reel like drunken Men.    

CHAP. CCXXU. Of Gromell.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Lithospermum which signifies as much as Stony-seed, for the seed is very hard like a Stone; in Latin also Lithospermum, and Gorgonium, Aeginochos, and Heraclea; in Shops Milium Solis and Granum Solis, as some think, because of its glistering, when the Sun shines upon it, but Serapio saith, it should be called Misium Soler because the seeds, being like those of Millet, did grow upon the Mountain Soler. It is called in English Gromell, Pearle-Plant, and L●chwale. Jobs Tears, which I intent to treat of also in this Chapter as being Lithospermi species, a kind of Gromel, be called in Latin Lachryma Job and Jobi, and Lachryma Christi; of some Diospyros or Jovis Triticum, the Leaves hereof being like the Blades of Corne. The Italians when they first had it, called it Lachryma simply, afterwards Lachryma Christi: and since, every Country hath added some or other Epithet thereunto, most of which are made use of in English, some calling it Jobs Tears, some Moses Tears some Jobs Drops, or Moses drops, Christ's Tears, Our Lady's Tears; and some Gromel Reed, because Gesner calls it Arundo Lithospermos'.   

The Kind's.  
To this kind may be referred these nine sorts. 1. Great upright Gromell. 2. The greater creeping Gromwell. 3. Small wild Gromell. 4. Umbelliferous Gromell. 5. Small Gromel, with tufted tops like Alkanet. 6. Small Corn Gromel. 7. The small German Gromell or Sparrowort. 8. French Gromel with Flaxen Leaves. 9 Job's Tears.   

The Form.  
Great upright Gromel which is that which usually groweth in Gardens riseth up with divers, upright, slender, woody, hairy, brown and crested stalls, very little or not branched at all, whereon do grow without order, long, hard, rough, sharp pointed narrow green Leaves; at the tops of the stalks stand divers small white flowers, in rough brown husks, wherein after they are passed, is contained a white hard, stony, round, shining seed, like unto Pearls; the root is long and hard or somewhat woody, with divers branches and fibres thereat, which perisheth not every year, as the stalks do.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in Gardens as I said before, whither it was brought out of Italy or the parts of France next unto it, where it groweth wild. The second and third grow wild in many places of our Land in barren grounds, whether tilled or untilled, and sometimes in those which are fruitful also; The fourth groweth, as Lobel saith, in the descent of the Valley of Ostia, in Piedmont. The sixth, as the same Author affirmeth, groweth in Corne-grounds by the way from Bristol, to Bath; The seaventh in the Corne-feilds of Germany. The eight about Mompelier in France: The last groweth naturally in Candy, Rhodes, Syria, and other Eastern Countries, being brought thence into our Gardens where it groweth well. The Gromels' do all flower from Midsummer to September, the seed ripening in the mean time; but the seed of Jobs Tears seldom come to perfection with us, unless it be sown betimes, and the Summer prove very hot.   

The Temperature.  
The seeds of Gromel are hot and dry in the second degree and so are those of Jobs Tears.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The seeds of Gromel by their stony hardness, have given our forefather's to understand that they are of singular force to break the Stone and to avoid it, and also the Gravel, either in the Reins, or Bladder; and if it be made use of in these days it will be found as effectual as any other Seed or Herb whatsoever, for the said purposes; as also to provoke Urine, being stopped, and to help the Strangury, being bruised and boiled in white Wine or Broth, or the powder of it drunk in raw White-Wine or in broth or the like, but the most pleasant, safe, and effectual way is to make a Barley cream with the Kernels of the four greater cold seeds, and the seeds of Gromel by boiling them in Barley water, and to take thereof in the morning fasting for three days together, when you are troubled with any of the aforesaid griefs. The said seeds being bruised and laid to steep all night in White-Wine with some Fennel, Parsly, and Sena, and then boiled in a stone Vessel, strained, and sweetened with Sugar, and drunk the next morning, is a good medicine to purge Phlegm and Choler, to open and cleanse the Reins and Bladder, and to expel wind exceedingly. Two dams of the seed in Powder taken with the Milk of a Woman is very effectual to procure a speedy delivery to such Women as have sore pains in their Travel, and cannot be delivered as have been found true by divers, as Matthiolus saith. Being mixed with other ingredients it helpeth the Running of the Reins. The Herb itself (when the seed is not to be had) being boiled in White-Wine, and the decoction thereof, or else the juice of it, being drunk worketh the same effects, but not so powerfully nor speedily, and a Bath wherein some of it hath been boiled, being sat in, is much commended for an outward remedy. Of Jobs Tears, the most exquisite Crollius, who taketh notice of the former also, saith thus, Lacrhyma Jobbaa ad deturband●s calculos nunquam satis landata, that is, Jobs-Teares can never be sufficiently commended for expelling the Stone: & then doubtless it performeth the other effects, usually annexed, if the Powder or decoction of the seeds be taken as aforesaid. The said seeds are used by Papists beyond Sea to number their Prayers, and by others for beads, Bracelets, etc.    

CHAP. CCXXVI. Of Onions.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, according to the Poets, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because the Ancients were wont to shut their Eyes, as often as they eat them, lesf they should make them Water. It is called in Latin Cepa and Cepe from Caput, as some think, because of the greatness of their head, and Unio because the root is single not giving off-setts for increase, as other bulbous roots do. The old writers have given it Surnames from the place where it grew as Cypria, Sardia, Cretica, Samothracia and Ascalonia from whence comes our English word Scallions which are set Onions, the lesser sort whereof are by some called Chibouls from the French name S●boula.   

The Kind's.  
There be divers sorts of Onions; half a dozen whereof I shall here present you with, 1. The Ordinary flat white Onion, 2. The long white Onion, 3. The flat red Onion, 4, The long red Onion, 5. The Strasborough Onion whose outside only is red, 6. St. Omers Onion called by some but corruptly St. Thomas Onion.   

The Form.  
The Onion (for the description is general,) hath divers long green hollow Leaves, seeming half flat; amongst which riseth up a great round hollow stalk, bigger in the middle than any where else, at the top whereof standeth a close round head, covered at the first with a thin skin which breaketh when the head is grown, and showeth forth a great Umbell of white Flowers, which turn into black seed; but then the head is so heavy that the stalk cannot sustain it, and therefore it must be upheld from falling to the ground lest it rot and perish; the root of every one is round, in some greater, in some lesser, in some flatter, in others longer, in some sharp and strong, in others milder and more pleasant, some being so pleasant that they may be eaten as an Apple.   

The Places and Time.  
All the sorts of Onions are Inhabitants of the Garden, and prosper best in that ground, which is well digged and dunged. I know not whether they grew naturally, or in Gardens about Ascalon, a City of Judea; but that they were formerly very plentiful in those parts, I am verily persuaded. Those that are sown for store should be sown in February, or before the latter end of March at the furthest, in the increase of the Moon, and are to be gathered about August, when the blades begin to be flagged towards the roots. Those which are for seed must be set at the same time when the former are sown, yet it seldom comes to perfection in our own Country, most of the seed we use coming from beyond the Seas.   

The Temperature.  
Onions are hot and dry in the fourth degree, as Galen affirmeth. The juice is of a thin watery substance, and if it be taken in any great quantity it is rank poison, but the rest is of thick parts and may be eaten with little or no danger.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
White wine wherein a sliced onion hath been steeped all night being drunk in the morning, and the party walk an hour after it, is a good Remedy for the Stone; which its Signature doth demonstrate as Crollius noteth, as also to provoke Urine, and women's Courses. They are used also to provoke Appetite ease the pains of the belly, and to help the biting of a mad Dog, or other venomous Creatures, especially if it be mixed with a little Honey and Rue. The water, wherein sliced Onions have been steeped all night, killeth the worms in Children: Being roasted under the Embers and eaten with Honey and Sugar and Oil, they help an old Cough by cutting the tough Phlegm and causing it easily to be Spit forth. It is counted by many a good preservative against infection to take Onions fasting, with bread and Salt; but I dare not subscribe to their Opinion, because they do rather draw then expel Corruption, and therefore their external use seemeth to be better, especially if a great Onion being made hollow and the place filled up with good Treacle be roasted well under the Embers, and, after the taking away of the outermost skin, be beaten together and applied to any Plague sore, or putrid Ulcer, for so it is likely to be a Sovereign Remedy. Being sliced and dipped in the juice of Sorrell, and given to one that is sick of a Tertian Agne, to eat, it taketh away the fit in once or twice so taking them. The continued use, especially of the seed thereof, increaseth the natural seed, and stirreth upbodily lust. The juice snuffed up into the Nostrils purgeth the Head and helpeth the Lethargy, and is good also for scalding or burning by fire, Water, or Gunpowder, and being used with Vinegar it taketh away all blemishes, Spots, and marks in the skin, and dropped into the Ears, easeth the pains and noise in them. Applied also with Figs beaten together with them, it helpeth to ripen and break I●postumes and other Sores, especially being first roasted in Embers, stamped with Salt Rue and Honey, and so they are good for the biting of a Mad Dog, being laid thereunto. The luyce of Onions mixed with the decoction of pennyroyal, and a Cloth wet therein and applied, easeth the Gout. The juice mixed with Honey, and a bald Head anointed therewith, causeth the hair to grow again. They provoke the Hemorrho●des or Pills being laid unto them either by themselves or stamped with Vinegar. They help Kibes, being roasted and applied with Butter or Hogs-grease. To tender and delicate Bodies young men and choleric persons, the too often or immoderate use is many times hurtful especially if they be raw, for they breed ill humours in the Stomach, in flame the blood, increase thirst, cause drowsiness and the headache, hurt the sight, and dull and disturb the memory and understanding by their sharpness and windiness, yet unto the Bodies of labouring Men, who receive some benefit by earning their bread with the sweat of their brows, they are seldom offensive, so true is that of the Poet, Labour omnia vincit Improbus; the humours that they breed in others, being in them spent by their hard Labour.    

CHAP. CCXXVII. Of Winter Cherries.  

The Names.  
IT may be called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for it is a kind of Solanum; nay, in Latin, it is called Solanum Halicacabum; and Vesicatorium by Pliny, either of the Bladder wherein the Berry groweth, or of the Virtues against the diseases of the Bladder and Stone. The Arabians call it Alkakengi, which name the Shops retain. Brunfelsius calleth it his Saxifraga quarta, terming it Rubra; for which Epithet there is more colour than for Filipendula that it should be so called. It is called Winter Cherry in English, because it flourisheth in the Winter, and the fruit is like a Cherry.   

The Form.  
I find but three sorts of Winter-Cherryes, that which is called Halicacabum Petegrinum or the Black Winter-Cherry perishing at the very first approach of Winter; and therefore, and for other reasons ought not to be so called. 1. The Ordinary Winter-Cherry. 2. Virginian Winter Cherries. 3. Upright Indian Winter-Cherries,   

The Form.  
The Winter-Cherry sendeth forth a stalk which groweth to be a Cubit or two foot high, whereupon are set many broad and long green Leaves, somewhat like unto the Leaves of Nightshade, whereof it seemeth to be a kind, as I said before, but larger; at the joints whereof come forth whitish flowers, made of five Leaves a piece, which after turn into green berries enclosed with thin skins or bladders, which change to be reddish when they grow ripe, the berry being likewise reddish, and as large as a Cherry, wherein are contained many flat and yellowish seeds, lying within the Pulp. The root runneth or creepeth in the ground, sometimes as big as one's little finger, shooting forth at several Joints in several places, whereby it quickly overspreadeth a great compass of ground.   

The Places and Time.  
Though the first be only to be found in Gardens (or in other places whither it hath been cast forth from thence) here in England, yet in some Countries it groweth naturally by the hedge sides in moist and shadowy places: the second came from Virginia, the last groweth also in the West Indies. They flower in August, and are fittest to be gathered in October, (yet some of them continue longer) and being strung up they may be kept all the year to be used upon occasion.   

The Temperature.  
Winter Cherries are thought to be cold and dry, and of subtle parts. The fruit Openeth, but the Leaves do only cool, and therefore are good in inflammations.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
Having given you several Plants that had the Signature of the Stone, I come in the la●t place to show you one or two that have the Signature both of the stone and bladder which the Winter Cherry doth very much resemble, and is therefore of great use by opening the Uritory parts, and drawing down the Urine to provoke it to be avoided plentifully, when it is stopped; and is good also to expel the Stone and Bladder out of the Reins, Kidneys, and Bladder, helping to dissolve the Stone, and avoiding it by greet or Gravel, sent forth in the Urine: it helpeth much also to cleanse inward Impostumes or Ulcers, in the Reins or Bladder, or in those that avoid a bloody or foul Urine, two or three handfuls of the berries being bruised and put into two or three Gallons of new Wine or Ale, assoon as it is tunned up there to continue till the Wine or Ale be sit to be drunk, but the decoction of the Berries in Wine or Water is the most usual way to be taken, yet the powder of them taken in drink or broth, is held to be more effectual. It helpeth the yellow Jaundice also by opening the passages of the Gall and Liver, and expelling it by Urine. The divilled Water of the Fruit or the Leaves together with them, or the berries green or dry distilled with a little Milk is effectual for all the purposes before specified, if it be drunk morning and evening with a little Sugar, and in special against the heat and sharpness of the Urine. The other Plant, whose fruit beareth the Signature of the Stone in the Bladder, is the Bladder Nut-Tree which is therefore said to be effectual to help those which are troubled with the Stone in the Bladder, but because it is without any other Virtue, unless it be to provoke Venery, as some affirm, having withal divers evil Qualities, whereby they are loathsome and overturn the Stomaches of them that eat them, I shall pass it by without any description at all, only tell you that it is called Nux Vesicaria in Latin & supposed to be the Staphylodendron of Pliny. Some call it Pistacium Germanicum, because they call it by the same name they do the Pistake, whereof Scaliger taketh it to be a kind. So much I thought good to say of it, because it grows in Gardens and Fields in divers places of this land.    

CHAP. CCXXVIII. Of Dogs-grasse or Quich-grasse.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Agrostis that is Gramen simply 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it is of most use. In Latin Gramen Caninum and Gramen Caninum medicatum by Lobel, following Pliny herein, who first called it Canaria quasi à Cani●●●inventa, because Dogs when they are sick at the Stomach do naturally eat hereof, fall to their Vomit, and are well; and therefore others have called it Cynagrostis and Dens Canis from the form wherein it first appeareth. We call it in English Dogs-grasse, because Dogs feed thereon, Quich-grasse, and Couchgrass from the nature of the roots which lie so close in the ground, that they cannot be got out, unless the ground be broken up with a Spade. The Latin word Gramen is derived à Gradiendo from spreading itself, for it will over●●●ne a place speedily.   

The Kinds.  
You may guess by the several sorts of Quich-grasse, what a huge number of Grasses there be in all, this being a subordinate kind, and yet hath sixteen under it. 1. Common Quich-grasse. 2. Quich-grasse with a more spread Panickle. 3. The lesser Quich-grasse with a sparsed tuft. 4. Low bending Quich-grasse. 5. Low bending Quich-grasse of Mompelier. 6. A small sweet grass like Quich-grasse. 7. Common bulbed and knotted Quich-grasse. 8. Knobbedgrasse with a small round spike. 9 Double bulbed. 10. The bulbed Grass of Aleppo. 11. The Sicilian Bulbed Grass. 12. Sea spiked Dogs-grasse or Quich-grasse. 13. Sea Quich-grasse. 14. Sea Dogs-grasse with long roots. 15. Sea spiked Dogs-grasse of Mompelier. 16. Rough Sea Dogs-grasse.   

The Form.  
Common Quich-grasse is well known, both by gardiner's and Husbandmen, to creep fare about under the ground with long white jointed Roots, and small fibres, almost at every joint, very sweet in taste (as the rest of the herb is) and interlacing one another: from whence shoot forth first one, and afterwards many fair and long grassy Leaves, small at the ends and cutting and sharp at the edges; the Stalks are jointed like corn with the like Leaves on them, and a long spiked Head, with long husks on them, and hard rough seed in them.   

The Places and Times.  
The first is too common both in Gardens and Ploughed fields for the Gardeners and husbandmen's store, though not for such Physicians, as Mr. Culpepper; who holds half an Acre of it worth five of Carrots or Corn: the second and third are nothing so frequent, and are more natural to sandy and chalky grounds: the three next are likewise found in fields, that have been Ploughed, but lie fallow at present; The seaventh is found in some Ploughed Fields and Meadows of this Land; the eighth near Basil, the ninth in Spain, the tenth near Aleppo, the eleaventh near Verona; the three next on our Seacoasts, especially in Kent, the fifteenth, about Mompelier and Narbone, the last about Venice. They flourish most in the Summer, but their Roots endure the hardest Winters.   

The Temperature.  
Dogs-grasse is cold in the first degree, and moderate in coldness and moisture, but the seed is much more cold and dry, of some tenuity of parts, and somewhat harsh.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
All the sorts of Grass especially those of Quich-grasse, are very effctuall to open the passages of Urine being stopped, as also to waste the gravel of the Stone in the Bladder, and the Ulcers thereof, but that sort which is knobbed is held to be most proper, because it hath a kind of Signature: And if I should say that some of the other sorts cure the Worms by Signature, I should not say amiss; for the roots of some of them are very like those beds of Worms which we sometimes see voided from men, the juice thereof mixed with Honey and the Powder of Southernwood, and taken in drink; for Children, the juice mingled with an Oxe-Gall and a cloth dipped therein, and laid to the Navel, will be sufficient: and for this purpose the Dogs also eat it who after the taking thereof have been observed to void many. Being boiled in white wine and drunk, it openeth the Obstructions of the Liver and Gall, and easeth the griping pains of the Belly and Inflammations. The Roots bruised and applied are very effectual for Consolidating Wounds. The seed doth more powerfully expel Urine, and stayeth the Lask and Vomitings. The distilled Water by itself or with a little wormseed killeth the Worms in Children. The way of using it for the diseases of the Reins and Bladder, which I forgot to express after the Signature, is only to bruise the Roots and having well boiled them in white wine, to drink the decoction, yet after the benefit of making Water is obtained, the decoction must be made in water.    

CHAP. CCXXIX. Of Butcher's Broom.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Oxymyrsine, which is as much as Acuta Myrtus in Latin, and Prickly Myrtle in English; as also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Myrtus Sylvestris; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Myrtacantha, Myrtus Spinosa, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, murina Spina, and of Theophrastus' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Centromyrrhine. Pliny saith; that it was called in his time Chamaemyrsine, and Acaron or rather Aceron which is one of the Bastard Names, by all which we may gather that it was taken for the wild Myrtle but falsely, for that which was accounted so, amongst the Ancients is like unto the manured kind with prickly Leaves; and therefore Pliny mistook, when he attributed the faculties of the one to the other. It is called in Latin Ruscus and Ruscum, and in Shops Bruscus, and of some Ruscus Bruscus by Onoma●opaeia, because of the Russeling noise it maketh, when it is moved; and of some, as Marcellus saith, Scopa Regia. We call it in English Knee-holme Knee●●lver, Kneeholly, Pedigree, and Ruscus Bruscus.   

The Kind's  
Butcher's Broom at its first coming up sendeth forth thick whitish short Shoots, somewhat like unto those of Asparagus, but greater; which thing to be about a foot high are spread into divers green branches, which are a little crested, tough, p●●ant, and flexible; whereon are set somewhat broad and almost hard Leaves, sharp and prickly pointed at the ends, of a dark green colour and somewhat like unto Myrtle Leaves, two for the most part set at a place very close or near together; about the middle of the Leaf on the back or lower side, from the middle Rib, breaketh forth a small whitish green flower, consisting of four small round pointed Leaves, standing upon little or no foot-stalk; in the place whereof cometh a small round berry, green at the first; and red when it is ripe, wherein are contained two or three white, hard, round seeds. The Root is thick, white and great at the Head, and from thence sendeth forth divers thick, white, long, tough strings.   

The Places and Time  
Butcher's Broom groweth plentifully in divers Copses Heaths and waste grounds of this Land, especially upon Hampsted Heath, four miles from London, and in divers parts of Kent, Essex and Bark-shire where Holly-bushes grow, for under them they are oftentimes found. It shooteth forth its young Buds in the Spring, the berries being ripe in or about September, and the branches or Leaves abiding all the Winter.   

The Temperature.  
The Roots of Butcher's Broom which are of greatest virtue and use are temperately hot, and dry also in a mean, with a thinness of Essence.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
Though Butcher's Broom cannot be said to have the Signature of the Reins and Bladder, or the Stone in them, yet it may as well be said to have the Signature of that pricking pain that is left in them, as often as the Stone or Gravel moves, just as if thorns were put into the passages of the Urine, as Carduus Benedictus, to signify its efficacy in curing the pains of the sides, by the prickles that grow thereon: and therefore the Decoction of the Roots made with Wine is very profitable to open Obstructions, to provoke Urine, and to amend the strong smell thereof, it being one of the sieve opening or diuretical Roots, expressed in the London Dispensatory: for it helpeth to expel Gravel and the Stone, and consequently from those tormenting pains which seem as if those parts were pierced through with Needles. It is also of great operation in the Strangury, bringeth down women's monthly Courses, and being taken with some Honey or Sugar, it cleanseth the Breast of Phlegm, and the Chest of much Clammy humours gathered therein. The same effects are attributed to the Leaves and Berries by Dioscorides. The juice of the Leaves taken with Sugar, helpeth Spitting of blood, and cleanseth the Womb. Half a Ounce of the Roots with the like quantity of Aniseed and Fennelseed made into powder, and half an Ounce of Sugar mixed therewith, and as much of it taken in posset drink or white wine, as will lie on a Shilling, is very available against Wind and gripe of the Belly. The decoction of the Roots drunk and a Pultis made of the Berries and Leaves being applied, are effectual in knitting and consolidating broken Bones or parts out of Joint. The juice thereof taketh away the stink of the mouth and Gums, being washed therewith; and the powder of the root cleanseth wounds and preventeth a Gangrene being strewed therein. The Leaves stamped and boiled with Rose-water and a little Wine, and applied unto the secret parts of a man, helpeth the Inflammations thereof. The young shoots are in some places eaten in Salads, after that manner as Asparagus are. The full grown branches were formerly used to make Beesoms to sweep the house, whence it was called Scopa Regia: but now it is used by few unless it be Butchers who make clean their stalls & defend their meat from the flies therewith, which is the reason why it is called Butcher's Broom. It hath been used to preserve Martlemasse-beof and Bacon from the mice eating, and so it may be still by those that have the command of both. The most effectual way of using it in the Diseases of the Reins and Bladder, is to boil the Roots of it and Parsley, Fennell, Smallage, and Grass of each a like quantity in White wine, and to drink the decoction, respect being had to the strength of the Patient; otherwise it is possible, that so many cleansing things may make some Excoriation, or fretting in the passages of the Urine, these many diuretical roots being put together.    

CHAP. CCXXX. Of Chervill.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Chaerephyllum, either because it delighteth to grow with many Leaves, or because they cause joy & gladness: which name the Latins partly follow, it being called Chaerophyllum by Columella, and is likely to be the Carophyllum of Pliny; but the most common name it hath is Cerefolium or Ch●rifolium, being a mongrel Word composed both of Greek and Latin. It is called in English by no other name that I know, then chervil; for Myrrhis, Sweet Chervill, and Sweet Cicely is another plant which I have already treated of, different from this in many respects, as I could show, if I thought it needful but I think what I have said, may suffice.   

The Kind's.  
Of this chervil I find but two sorts, 1. Garden Chervill. To which I may add Shepheards-needle, or mock chervil.   

The Form.  
The Garden Chervill doth at the first coming up somewhat resemble Parsley, but after it is better grown, the Leaves are very much cut in, and jagged, resembling Hemlocks, so much that some have mistaken one for the other, (yet they may easily be distinguished if you smell unto them) being a little hairy and of a whitish green colour, and sometimes turning reddish in Summer, with the Stalks also. It riseth above half a yard high, though Parkinson say but half a foot, bearing white Flowers in spotted Tufts, which turn into long and round seed, sharply pointed at the ends and blackish when they are ripe, of sweet taste but of no smell, whereas the herb itself smelleth reasonable well, which Hemlock doth not: The root is small and long, and perisheth every year, yet being once sown and suffered to seed, and that seed suffered to sow itself, it will put you to no further trouble unless it be to weed it out, lest it encroach upon its neighbour's territories.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in Gardens, and is a good Salad herb at the first coming up, yet after a while it grows strong and unpleasant. The second groweth wild in Vineyards and Orchards beyond the Sea, and in divers places of our own Land. The last is to be found in most Corne-Fields in England. If that of the Garden be sown early the seed will be ripe in June, and Jluy, which being suffered to ●●ll, or sown again presently, will rear up a new Crop for Autumn-Sall●●s; the other two, flower early and seed accordingly.   

The Temperature.  
Chervill is of a temperate heat and moderate dryness, Shepherd's Needle is hot and dry in the later end of the second degree.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The sharp pointed seeds of chervil and Shepherds-Needle may be said to signify the Virtues they have in easing the pricking pains of the Stone in the Reins and Bladder, for the juice or distilled water of either of them being drunk, is good for the Back and Bladder, provoketh Urine mightily, and freeth the inward parts from Obstructions; and the Chervil taken in meat or drink, worketh the same effects being taken either as meat or Medicine, for it may be and is often eaten as a fallet whilst it is young, pleasing the Palate with its good relish, and warming the Stomach also, and therefore it is very much used amongst the French and Dutch in L●blollies of stewed herbs, in the eating whereof they much delight. Tragus saith, it is a certain remedy to dissolve congealed or clotted blood in the body, and so it doth likewise the blood that is caked by any bruises, falls, or the like. It is also held very effectual to send down women's Courses and to help the Pleurisy and prickings of the sides, which it doth by Signature also, and to provoke sleep sweetly, the decoction being taken. The wild Chervill bruised and applied dissolveth Swell in any part of the body, and taketh away black and blue marks happening by bruises or blows, in a short space, and also easeth the Colic and pain of the belly. Both Dioscorides and Galen do say, that Scandix or Shepherds-Needle is good both for the Stomach and Belly, being either eaten raw or boiled: Being made into drink and taken, it is good for the nephritical diseases before mentioned, as also for the Liver, and bindeth a lose Belly: The seed being taken with Vinegar presently stayeth the Hicket, and used in an Ointment, it helpeth the parts that are burnt with fire. Pliny saith that the root of P●cte● V●●ris which is the Latin name of this Horb being beaten with Mallows draweth forth Spli●●ers, or any other thing sticking in the flesh, which is signified by the se●ds which are like unto Splinters.    

CHAP. CCXXXI. Of Brookelime.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; in Latin Anagallis Aquatica, because it is a kind of Pimpernel, commonly growing by the Water sides, and in the Water, where it is not deep. It is called also 〈◊〉 from the Germane word 〈◊〉. Diver● Authors have taken it to be Si●● of Dioscorides, but very erroneously, that being our Water Parsnip, and not much unlike the Garden Pars●●● this whereof we now treat being more like on Purslane as you shall here an one, yet that also hath its name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 calcul●●que 〈◊〉, from the Virtue it hath in those distempers we are now upon, and therefore for want of a fit place, I shall put them together in this Chapter.   

The Kinds.  
Of Br●●ke-Li●e and Water-Pars●ep, there he Ele●en form, 1. Common Brookelime. 2. The greater Brookelime. 3. Great Water Pimpernell. 4. Small round leafed Water Pimpernell. 5. lobel third Water Pimpernell. 6. Long Chick-weed leafed water Pimpernell. 7. Narrow leafed water Pimpernel. 8. The greater Water Parsnep. 9 The lesser Water Parsnep. 10. Another Water Parsnep with narrow Leaves. 11. The quick or impatient Cress.   

The Form.  
Common Brookelime groweth with flat thick stalks, which are round, and parted into divers branches, having on them thick smooth and broad Leaves, somewhat like unto those of Purslane, but of a deeper green colour, set by couples upon the stalks: The flowers grow upon small long tender footstalkes which thrust themselves out of the bosom of the Leaves; of a perfect blue colour, not unlike in form to the Leaves of the Land-Pimpernel, consisting of five small round pointed Leaves a piece; shortly after which cometh the Seed, whose form hath not been observed: The Root is white, low, creeping with fine strings fastened thereunto at every joint.   

The Places and Times.  
The three first and the fifth are often found in our own Land, growing in small standing Waters, the fourth and seaventh in Germany in the like places, the eight in Germany, the ninth in divers pools, and watery ditches of our own Land; the two last have been found with us also. They do all flower in June, and July most commonly, giving their seed the next Month after.   

The Temperature.  
Brookelime and Water Pimpernel are both of a moist faculty as Tragus saith, yet others say dry. Water Parsnep is also of a heating faculty.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
Crollius saith that Purslane which I appropriate to the Teeth hath the Signature of the Reins, and I know not why I may not as well say that Brooke-limes, whose Leaves are not unlike those of the former, may have the same. I am sure that all Authors that writ of it say, that it is very effectual to break the Stone in the Reins and Bladder, and to pass it away by Urine, which it provoketh also being stopped, to help the Strangury, and the inward Scabs of the Bladder, the Leaves being stamped and strained, and the juice given to drink in Wine. It helpeth likewise to procure Woman's Courses, and to expel the Dead Birth, and is very profitable in the Dropsy. It is many times used with Water-Cresses and other things in Diet drinks, to purge and cleanse the blood from those ill humours that would overthrow the health thereof, especially if it be taken in the Springtime when the blood is most active, and so it is very helpful for the Scurvy also, and therefore Country people when they cannot easily get Scurvygrasse do use Brookelime instead thereof. Being fried with Butter and Vinegar and applied warm, it helpeth all manner of tumors and swell and St. Anthony's fire also, if it be often renewed. The herb boiled maketh a good fomentation for Swollen Legs, and the Dropsy. The Leaves boiled and stamped in a stone Mortar with the powder of Feny-greek, Linseed, the roots of Marsh Mallows and some Hogs-grease unto the form of a Pultis, taketh away any swelling in the Legs or Arms which is also powerful in defending Wounds, that are ready to fall into Apostemation, that no humour or accident shall happen thereunto. Farrier's use it likewise about Horses to take away swell, and to heal the Scab, and other like diseases in them. Water parsnep provoketh Urine and women's Courses, and breaketh and expelleth both the Stone in the Kidneys, and the Dead birth.    

CHAP. CCXXXII. Of the Haw-thorne.  

The Names.  
IT being so much controverted by Authors concerning the true Greek name of this Shrub, I shall not undertake to decide it but p●●e it by without giving it any. The La●ine name h●th also been in disputation's, but ●●e ●o●t judicious of these later times have determined that the Spina appendix Pl●●●● which he sometimes calleth Spina simp●y can be no other than this Haw thorn which is called also in English Hedg-thorne, Whitethorn, May, and M●y bu●h because our ordinary sort commonly flowreth in May, never after, though sometimes before.   

The Kind's.  
Antiquity was acquainted but with one sort hereof, yet now there be three taken notice of. 1. The ordinary Haw-thorne. 2. The ●ow Haw-thorne. 3. England's Haw-thorne, which is in all parts like the common sort, but that it flowreth twice in a year, to the great admiration of some wise and judicious men.   

The Form.  
The Common Haw-thorne usually groweth to be but a Shrub or Hedg-bush, with divers shoots, arms, and branches, whereon are set in ●ivers places sharp thorns and fair shining Leaves, somewhat broad, and cut in on the edges into divers parts; the flowers are many standing together, coming forth both at the ●op of the branches and the upper joints with the Leaves, on-going of five white Leaves a piece with divers white threads in the middle tipped, with red and of a very pleasant sweet scent, after which come the fruit being roundish berries, green at the first but of a lively red colour when they are ripe, consisting of a soft sweet and certain whitish seed; the root groweth deep into the ground, of a very hard and durable substance.   

The Place and Time.  
The first groweth generally throughout the whole Land where any Hedges be, the second in German● in some of the Gardens of those that love rarities, not differing from the ordinary kind, save that the fruit thereof is as yellow as Saffron; the last at Glastenbury Abbey, and in Whey-street or rather High-street in Rumney Marsh, and near unto Nautwich in Cheshire, by a place called White-green. The two first flower in May, and their fruit is ripe in September or thereabouts, the last both in May and about Christmas sooner or later as the temperature of the weather will permit, having at the same time both green and ripe berries.   

The Temperature:  
The Leaves, Flowers and fruit of the Haw-thorne are supposed to be drying and binding.   

The Signatures and Virtues.  
The powder of the Berries or the seeds in the Berries being given to drink in Wine, is generally held to be a singular good Remedy against the Stone, which is signified by the Stones or seeds which they chiefly consist of, and so it is reported to be good for the Dropsy The flowers steeped three days in Wine, and afterwards distilled in Glass, and the water thereof drunk, is a Sovereign Remedy for the pleurisy, and for inward tormenting pains, such as those of the Stone are, which is also signified by the prickles that grow on this Tree. The water of the Flowers distilled after the ordinary way stayeth the Flux or Lask of the belly: the seeds cleared from the down, bruised and boiled in wine and drunk, performeth also the same effect. The said distilled water of the Flowers is not only cooling but drawing also, for it is found by good experience, that if  and Sponges be wet in the said water, and applied to any place whereinto thorns, Splinters, etc. have entered and be there abiding, it will notably draw them forth, so that the Thorn gives a medicine for its own pricking, as many other things be●ides do, if they were observed. The Bark stamped with Red Wine, and fried with Boars grease and applied hot, worketh the effect before mentioned. The ripe Berries are the best sustenance that many birds have in the Winter, and they are good food for Hogs, and therefore the Swineheards do beat them down for them. The Wood hath many convenient uses as making of Mounds. If you would have a living Mound, plant the Sets; if a dead one, make a hedge with them, and it will out last two that is made of any other wood; & though it be troublesome to lay on the fire, yet it will burn excellent well, and last longest of any fuel, especial the Roots.    

CHAP. CCXXXIII. Of the Lemmon-Tree.  

The Names.  
IT is not likely that either this Tree, or its fruit, were known to the Ancient Greeks or Latins, there being no mention of it in any of their writings; but by modern Authors, and in these days it is called Malus Limonia, and the fruit Lemons. The Spaniards, amongst whom it is most plentiful, call the tree Limera, and the fruit Limas; All other Nations follow the Latin, as near as their Dialect will permit.   

The Kind's.  
Of Lemmon-trees, I find six sorts upon record, 1. The ordinary Lemon-tree, 2. The thin rinded sour Lemon, 3. The round Lemmon-tree, 4. The greater sweet Lemmon-tree, 5. The Seville Lemmon, 6. The wild Lemmon-tree.   

The Form.  
The Lemmon-tree in hot Countries where it principally delighteth, grows to the stature of a lusty tall tree with great arms and slender branches, but in this Land it is content with the compass of a box filled with earth, which standing upon legs may be carried up and down; so that you may conceive it doth not attain to the bigness of that in hotter Countries; the branches are armed with long and greenish thorns, the Leaves are long and somewhat like unto that so●t of the Bay-tree Leaves, which is commonly called the Laurel, ●ented about the edges, with a show of very small holes in them, but less than the Orange Leaves have, of a very good sent; the flowers grow at the Leaves all along the branches, being somewhat longer than those of the Orange, ma●e of five thi●k white Leaves with some threads in the middle, and of a sweet sent also: the fruit that followeth is somewhat long and round, with a paller yellow rind, the Orange or Citron, somewhat uneven or rugged, somewhat bitter in taste, but of a sweet smell: the pulp is white and lesser in quantity then eirher of the other, in the middle whereof is contained a more soft spongy pulp▪ fullpulp of sour▪ juice▪ it hath such like seed as the Citron amongst it, but smaller and somewhat longe●, if it be heedfully marked, though they may seem both alike at first sight.   

The Places and Time.  
Spain is the place which furnishes us with Lemons, yet we have some of the Trees growing in our own Land, as at Zion house by Brainford, and at W●mbleton house in the County of Surrey. The Trees in Spain are seldom seen without ripe fruit, and half ripe, and small young and green, and blossoms all at once, and those with us have the same but not so frequently, yet are always green.   

The Temperature.  
Lemons are not wholly of one temperature; for the rind is hot in the first degree, and dry in the second; the juice of them is cold in the second degree, and dry in the first.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
The Lemon with the prickles wherewith the tree is fortified do not altogether insignificantly express the Stone in the Reins and Bladder, and the pricking pains that do accompany it, and therefore an Ounce and half of the juice of unripe Lemons being taken with a little Malmesy helpeth to cleanse & expel the Stone out of the Kidneys. Or if the party grieved do but drink the juice of Lemmons next his heart in a morning three times in a week, he shall find it of good effect, (and I think it would do no body else any great harm,) if he take it in a Cup of White or Rhenish wine with Sugar, and so it strengtheneth the heart, stomach and head, resisteth poison, expelleth Melancholy, and maketh the breath sweet. It likewise killeth and driveth forth the Worms of the belly, both from men and Children: If an Angel of Gold, of the same weight or pure leaf Gold, be steeped four and twenty hours in three or four ounces of the ●aid juice being very pure, and some of it given in a Cup of Wine, with a little powder of Angelica Root, unto any infected with the plague, though dangerously sick, (if there be any hope or likelihood of recovery,) it will help him. The said juice is singular good to quench thirst in hot Fevers, and so is the Posset drink made thereof. It is of good use likewise at Sea in long Voyages to put into their Beverage, to keep them from the Scurvy, whereunto Seamen and passengers are sub●ect, if the Voyage be long; and to quench their thirst, when they come into hot Countries. The water that is distilled in Glass, from the inward pulp or substance of the Lemons provoketh Urine, breaketh and expelleth the Stone being drunk, cleareth the Skin from all Freckles, Spots, and other marks in the face or in any part of body; helpeth also the running Scab, and killeth Lice in the bead, the worms in the Hands or Nose, and bushes and weals in the skin. The rind or peel of the Lemon being put into Tarts and Sauces, giveth unto them an excellent relish, and doth correct the Stench of the mouth whether it come by taking Tobacco or otherwise, especially if it be dried. It may safely be used to all purposes which the rind of the Citron is, coming somewhat near to it in properties, though in a weaker degree. The seeds of these are likewise almost as effectual, as those of Citrons to preserve the Heart and Vital Spirits from poison, to resist the infection of the Plague or Pox, or any other contagious disease, to kill the worms in the Stomach, provoke women's courses, cause a●●rtion, having a digesting and drying quality, fit to dry up and consume moist humours both inwardly in the body, and outwardly in any moist or running Ulcers and Sores. The juice of the said fruit is very necessary for Dyers, who spend much thereof in striking sundry dainty colours, which will never be well done without it; and is used also by Laundresses to get Iron moulds and all manner of s●ain●s out of the purest Linen, for which they find it very effectual. Though some perhaps may covet after the sweetest Lemons, because they are more delicious, and grateful to the Palate, ye● for any of the purposes aforementioned as also to make Lemmon Beer, the sour Lemmon is most proper, being more ●ooling in Physic and operative for other businesses, because it is more abstersive.    

CHAP. CCXXIIII. Of the Cypress Tree.  

The Names  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cyparitt●s and Cyparissus, either 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because the branches of it grow so even that one would think it were form by Art; or from Cyparissus, who as it is said was turned into the Cypress tree; or from the City Cyparissus, near unto which a great multitude of these trees do grow. Some imagine that the Gopher 〈◊〉, whereof the Ark of Noah is said to be made, was the Wood of this Tree; and indeed there is some probability for it, there being no Wood whatsoever so durable or less subject to rottenness, though it continue in a wet or damp place; as appears by what Thevet reporteth, who saw, (as he saith) at Damiate in Egypt a Cypress Chest, that was digged tenfoot out of a moorish ground not having one jot of corruption about it, though it is thought to have lain there many years. It is called in Latin Cypressus, either from Cyparissus, or from the ●and Cypr●s where they grow plentifully. Virgil maketh mention of Fro●● 〈…〉 re●, which the Commentator conceives was this Cypress tree, which was used in those days, and is in these, by the gentiler sort at funerals, to signify that the remembrance of the present solemnity ought to endure a long while. The fruit is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, In Latin, Pilula Cupressi, Nuces Cupressi, and Galbuli; in shops, Nuces Cupressi: In English Cypr●sse Nuts, or Clogs. This Tree was formerly dedicated to Pluto, which might be a reason also, why it was used at funerals.   

The Kind's.  
The sorts of the Cypress tree are said to be three, 1. The Ordinary Cypress Tree, 2. The wild Cypress Tree, 3. The Cypress Tree of America.   

The Form.  
The Ordinary Cypress Tree hath a long thick and strait body, whereupon many slender branches do grow, which do not spread abroad like the branches of other Trees, but grow up with the body, yet not equally, so that it imitateth the fashion of a Spi●e Steeple, being broad below and picked towards the top: the body and arms are covered with a reddish bark; the Leaves are ever green, but lose much of their Verdure in winter, which the next spring restoreth, being somewhat long, slender and flattish round, parted very much, and somewhat resembling Savin●, of a resinous sent and strong taste; the flowers are small and yellow, growing here and there amongst the boughs; after which cometh the fruit, which is close and hard at first, of a russet brown colour, but cloven and opening into many parts when it is ripe, in which is contained small brownish seed: the root spreadeth much, but not very deep.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in Eastern Countries, and in many of the Isles of the Mediterranean Sea, as Rhodes, Candy, formerly called Crect, where it groweth very plentifully of its own accord, bea●ing ripe fruit from September almost all the Winter. The second by Jupiter Ammon's Temple, and in other parts of Cyr●ne; the last in the Northern parts of America. I speak of the natural places▪ for there be but few that are Ignorant, how familiar they are now in mo●● Gar●ens about London.   

The Temperature.  
The fruit and Leaves of the Cypress Tree are dry in the third degree, having neither heat nor bitting sharpness; yet by its adstringency, it doth resolve and consume humidities in putrid Ulcers.   

The Virtues.  
The Leaves of Cypress boiled in sweet wine or Mead doth help the Stangury and difficulty of making water, and the powder of the Leaves with a little Myrrh and wine, helpeth tho●e fluxes that fall on the Bla●der, and provoketh Urine, being stopped. The said decoction helpeth the Cough▪ and shortness of breath, if it be taken in a small draught divers mornings fasting, and so it is good for the fluxes of the belly or stomach bleed●ngs and Spitting of blood as also the Rupture, if some of the fresh Leaves be well bound to the place, which thing the fruit or Nuts do perform more effectually. The Leaves bruised and ●aid unto fresh wounds, doth not only staunch the extraordinary bleeding of them, but consolidateth them also; and used by themselves, or with Barley meal it helpeth St. Anthony's fire, creeping Ulcers, and Carbun●les, the sores and Ulcers of the privy parts in man or woman, and the inflammations of the Eyes, and applied to the Region of the Stomach, it much comforteth and strengtheneth it against castings and other passions thereof, proceeding from sharp defluxions thereon. Being beaten with some dry figs, it mollifieth the hardness of tumours, and of the Testicles, and consumeth the Polypus, which is a troublesome excrescence growing in the Nose; the same also boiled in Vinegar, and made up with the Meal of Lupins, causeth rugged nails to fall away, and helpeth the Toothache, if the decoction only be often gargled in Mouth; the same also taketh away the Morphew, freckles, and other Spots of the skin. The Nuts boiled in Wine, and the Hair washed therewith, causeth it to grow black; and if the Ashes of them be mixed with the powder of a Mules hoof, and the Oil of Myrtles, it will stay the falling of it. The small raspings or fillings of the Wood, taken in Wine provoketh women's Courses, helpeth venomous bitings, and procureth a good colour; and the Wood or any other part thereof being burnt, driveth away goat's, and other such like troublesome Flies, and is destructive to all manner of Vermin, whether the Leaves be laid amongst any kind of seeds to keep them from being eaten with Worms, or the Wood in Wardrobes to preserve Garments from Moths; and therefore Chests and boxes made thereof are extremely desired by those that have them not, and highly prized by them that are possessors of them: the Wood itself which is of a reddish colour is so firm and durable, so free from corruption and Worms, that it is not hurt by rottenness, cobwebs or any other infirmities that often happen to other kinds of Wood The Oil wherein the fruit or Leaves have been sodden, doth strengthen the Stomach, stayeth Vomiting, the flux of the belly or Lask, and cureth the excoriation or going off, of the skin from the secret parts.    

CHAP. CCXXXV. Of Kidney-Wort, or Venus Navel-Wort.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cotysedon from the likeness it hath with a Saucer or Navel; and therefore the Latins do not only call it Cotyledon, or Umbilicus Veneris, but Acetabulum also, which signifies a Saucer. It is also call Scatum cali, Scutellum, Terrae Umbilicus, Hortus Veneris, and Herba Coxendicum. In English Navel-wort of the Earth for its figure, Venus' Navel-wort quia contecta genitalia nudat, et ad amatoria utitur, as Dioscorides saith; Hipwort, for that it easeth the pains of the Hips and other Joints; and Kidney-wort, because it helpeth the Kidneys; and Wall Penniwort, because the Leaves are as round as a Penny, and not much broader.   

The Kind's.  
To this kind may be referred these five sorts. 1. Ordinary Kidney-wort or Wall penny-wort. 2. Spotted Kidney-wort or the Prince's Feathers. 3. Small Kidney-wort with poundish Leaves. 4. Small Kidney-wort with party coloured Flowers. 5. Marsh Penny-wort.   

The Form.  
Ordinary Navel-wort, for that is the most usual name that I know, hath many thick fat and round Leaves, every one having a short footstalke fastened about the middle thereof, and a little unevenly waved sometimes about the edges; of a pale green colour, and somewhat hollow on the upper side like a Spoon or Saucer, from among which one or more tender smooth hollow stalks arise almost half a foot high with two or three small Leaves thereon, not so round as those below, but somewhat long and divided at the edges: the tops are sometimes divided into long branches, bearing a number of pendulous flowers, set round about a long spike one above another, which are hollow like a little bell, of a whitish colour, after which come small heads, wherein are contained small brownish seed; The root is round like an Olive, and most usually smooth, yet sometimes rugged or knobbed, grayish without, and white within, having many small fibres thereat.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth plentifully in divers places of this Land as at Northampton, Bristol, Bath, and Oxford, especially about Merton College there, both within and without, upon the old Garden Wall, that is next the fields; and in other places upon mud walls and amongst the stones, and sometimes about old Trees; the second in Portugal, the third and fourth upon the Rocky and Stony places of the Swissers, and upon the hill called Hortus dei near Mompelier: the last in wet grounds Marshes and Bogs, and patticularly in a Va●e or Bog belonging to Stow-Wood near Oxford. The first flowereth about the beginning of May, quickly perfecting its seed, and then perishing till September, a●out which time it springeth up afresh, and abideth all Winter, the second about the middle of May, the three next in June and July, and their seed is ripe in August.   

The Temperature.  
Ordinary Navel-wort is moist and cold somewhat astringent and a little bitter withal, whereby it cooleth, repelleth, cleanseth, and d●scusseth: the other sorts are held to be cooling, and somewhat more binding, except the last, which is hot and not to be used.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
To drink the juice or the distilled Water of Kidney-wort in a small quantity of White Wine, is of very great operation to heal sore Kidneys, torn or fretted by the Stone, or exulcerated within, with a deal of ease; and so it provoketh Urine, and is available for the Drop●y, helpeth to break the stone as also to cool those parts that are inflamed by the pains thereof, and to ease the wring pains of the Bowels, and the bloodyflux. Some say that Roots and Leaves eaten, in substance worketh the effects aforesaid; and if I should say they do it by Signature, I think it would be no false doctrine, for the Root hath the figure of the stone, if you observe it. The said juice or distilled Water being drunk is very effectual for all inflammations and unnatural heats, to cool a fainting hot Stomach or a hot Liver, or the Bowels, as also for Pimples, Redness, St. Anthony's fire, and other outward inflammations, if the bruised Herb be applied outwardly, or the place bathed with the juice, or the distilled Water thereof. It is also singular good to cool the painfulness of the Piles or hemorrhoidal Veins, the juice being used as a Bath unto them or made into an Ointment; It is no less effectual to ease the pains of the hot Gout and Sciatica, which is a pain in the Hips, and for this reason it is called Herba Coxendicum or Hipwort; and it is also available for the inflammations and Swell of the Cod. It helpeth the Kernels or Knots in the Neck or Throat, called the King's-evil; healeth Kibes and Chilblains, if they be bathed with the juice or anointed with an Ointment made thereof, and some of the Skin of the Leaf laid upon them; It is also used in green Wounds to stay the blood, and to heal them quickly. Those that have consecrated the Forehead to modesty, the Ear to Memory, the Knee to mercy, have assigned the Navel to be the Seat of Luxury or Love; and therefore the Leaf hereof, having the Signature of the Navel, is very prevalent in things belonging to Love. I need say no more of the other sorts, than what is expressed in the Temperature.    

CHAP. CCXXXVI. Of Kidney-Beanes.  

The Names.  
IT is called by Dioscorides 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which is the same with Smilax h●rtensis in Latin, quod Smilacu modo conscendit, because it climbs like a Bind-weed; by Theophrastus and others 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or as some writ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Dolichus or Dol●c●s, which many Latin Authors also follow; of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because of their length. It is thought also to be the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of Dioscorides, or as Galen writeth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, whence it is that it is called Phasiolus and Phaseolus in Latin. It is called the Kidney-Beane in English, because it representeth a Kidney; and the French-Beane, being, as it is very probable, brought over to us out of France.   

The Kind's.  
Of the many sorts hereof I shall trouble you, but with four. 1. The white Kidney Beane. 2. The scarlet Kidney-Beane. 3. The upright Kidney-Beane. 4. The Indian Kidney-Beane.   

The Form.  
The French or Kidney-Beane riseth up at the first, but with one Stalk; which afterwards divideth itself into divers branches, which are so weak that they will lie upon the ground, unless they are sustained with sticks or poles, whereon with their winding and Claspers' they take hold; upon these branches grow forth at several places long foo●stalkes, with every of them three broad, round, and pointed green Leaves at the end of them, towards the tops whereof come forth divers flowers, made like unto Pease Blossoms, of the same colour for the most part that the fruit will be of; that is to say, either white or yellow, or red or blackish, or of a deep purple, but white is the most usual; after which come long and slender flat pods, some crooked, and some straight, with a string as it were running down the back thereof, wherein are contained flattish round seed made to the fashion of a Kidney; the root is long, and spreadeth with many Fibres annexed to it, perishing either before or with the first frosts.   

The Places and Time.  
Authors make no mention whether these Kidney-Beames be natural to any place or not, yet I conceive by their name that they come out of France to us, though happily that may not be the natural place: the last came from the East Indies, whereof there be several sorts; as likewise in the West Indies, all which it were endless to recite. They may be set about the later end of April or the beginning of May, and their fruit will be ready to eat, about the later end of July, or the beginning of August.   

The Temperature.  
The Kidney-Beane is hot and moist in the first degree, easy of digestion and free from that Windiness, that is in other Pulse.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
Though there be no other Virtues tending to our present purpose expressed by any Author, then that this Bean eaten with its shells as the common manner is, do provoke Urine, yet having so perfect a Signature of the Kianeys as it hath, it is conceived that it hath more in it then so. And therefore it is desired of those that are Practitioners in Physic, and others that have occasion, to take it into consideration, and to try whether it hath not some excellent faculty to cure the diseases of the Kidneys. It also moveth the Belly, enlargeth the breast which is straightened with shortness of breath, engendereth Sp●rme, and inciteth to Venery, especially if Sugar, Ginger, and Gal●nga be added thereunto; yet the usual way o● eating them is to take them while mey are young, and boil them shells and all, only the ends cut off, and the strings taken from them, and then putting a little Butter and Vinegar to them, they make a dainty dish, fare exceeding the ordinary Beans in savour: or if this way be not so pleasing to some men's Palates, they may be stewed or fried. Matthiolus saith, that if the green pods be chewed in one's mouth, and applied to any place that is bitten by an Horse, it is a present Remedy: he saith further that the Italian Dames make a Water of the pods and seeds of these Beans, with a fresh Gourd, crumbs of Bread and Goats Mill●pistilled together, which they used, to make themselves look fair and 〈…〉 able. It is said that the fish called Scarus (which is somewhat like a Barbell) is so much delighted with the Leaves of Kidney▪ Beanes that though they are very difficult to be taken with a hook and line, yet if their Weeles or Bow-nets be baited therewith, they will eagerly rush into them, and it is probable that other fish would do so likewise, if trial were made thereof, Since the writing of the pr●mises, I find in Mr. Culpeppers English Physician enlarged, that these Beans being dried and beat to Powder are as great strengtheners of the Kidneys as any simple whatsoever; neither is there (saith he) a better remedy than it, to prevent the Stone or to cleanse the Kidneys of Gravel or Stoppage, a drachma at a time taken in White-Wine. The Scarlet coloured Beans, in regard of the glorious beauty of their colour, being set near a Quick-hedge, will bravely adorn the same by oliming up thereon, to the admiration of the beholder.    

CHAP. CCXXXVII. Of the Oak.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which is a general word for all Trees that bea●e Acorns, as the Latin Word Quercus also is, yet they are both particularly attributed to this tree 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which is that the Greeks commonly call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, id est latifolius, from the breadth of the Leaves, to distinguish it from some other sorts of this kind. Dodonaeus calleth it Hemeris Quercus quasi sativa and urbana; and we may English it the Tamer Oak, the other sorts being accounted more wild than this. The acorn is in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the Cup 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Glans, and the Calix Cup glandis, and Cupula Glandis of the Apothecaries.   

The Kind's.  
Though there be no great difference of Oaks in England, yet in other Country▪ they vary so much, as to make five distinct sorts, which I shall only name unto you. 1. The broad Leafed Oak. 2. The strong or Gall Oak. 3. The sweet Oak. 4. The male bitter Oak. 5. The female bitter Oak.   

The Form.  
The Oak is a mighty Tree, covered with a thick rough Bark full of chaps and cliffs, sending forth arms and boughs of a huge bigness, which disperse themselves fare abroad; the Leaves are bluntly indented about the edges, or rather cut in or gashed, smooth and of a shining green colour, whereon is often found a most sweet dew, somewhat clammy, and upon divers of them are found growing certain exc●e●●ences called Oak Apples. It beateth small yellowish mossy flowers, standing close together upon ●ong stalks, which wholly fall away in the beginning of the Spring. The Acorns grow upon short stalks, two or three for the most part joined together, who●e outer rind or skin is of a yellowish green colour, the lower part whereof standeth in a small rough hollow cup, the kernel whereof cleweth in two▪ and is of a reasonable sweet taste. The roots are great, spreading fare and deep: The Timber or Wood is the most serviceable of all other, especially for the building of ships and houses, yet the outer part which is called the Sap is not so durable, as the innermo● which is called the Heart, as every one knoweth.   

The Places and Time.  
The first is that of our own Land, but the others are more frequent in Italy, Spain, and other hot Climates. Their long Catkins or bloomings come forth early in the Spring, and fall away for the most part, before the leaves do come forth; the fruit or Acorns are not ripe until Ostober.   

The Temperature.  
The Leaves and Bark of the Oak and the Acorne cups do bind and dry very much, and are somewhat cold withal, but the Acorns themselves are neither so cold nor so much binding.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The fruit of the Oak or Acorns separated from the Cups do much resemble the Stone in the Bladder and therefore they not only provoke Urine and break the stone, but are an especial remedy for the exulceration of the Bladder and pissing of blood, caused by the force of poisonous herbs, and corroding medicines, as also the virulency of Cantharideses being eaten, if the decoction of them and the bark made in Milk be taken; The Powder of Acorns drunk in Wine, are good to help stitches, and pains of the sides, especially if the powder of Bay-berries be mixed therewith: The inner bark of the Tree and the thin skin that covereth the acorn, are most used in Physic to stay the spitting of blood, and the bloody 〈◊〉: the decoction of the Bark and Powder of the Cups, which are much more binding then any other part, do stay vomitings or cast●ngs, spitting of blood, or bleeding at the Mouth, or other flux of blood in Man or Woman. Lacks also and the inv●luntary flux of natural seed: The fume of the Leaves, helpeth the strangling the Mother and the bruised Leaves Soder up wounds and keep them from Inflammation. The distilled water of the Buds is also good to stay all manner of Fluxes in Man or Woman, to cool the Body in pestilential and hot burning Fevers, for it resisteth the force of the infection: as also to cool the heat of the Liver, break the Stone and in the Kidneys, stay women's Courses, and to assuage all manner of Inflammations, being used inwardly or outwardly; and the decoction of the Leaves doth the like. The water that is found in hollow places of old Okes is very effectual against any foul or spreading Scab. Though the Acorns were formerly used for food, yet our Age being able to subsist without them, I shall leave them for the Hogs to seed upon.    

CHAP. CXXXVIII. Of Buckshorne Plantain.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Coronopus, from the similitude it hath with the foot of a Crow, which name the Latins do hold, as also Cornu cervi or cervi●um, and Herba stella; both of them from the posture of the Leaves. It is called Sanguinaria or Sanguinalis, and Harenaria; the first from its virtue in stopping blood, and the last from the place of its growing: We in English call it Buckshorne, Hartshorn, and Buckshorne Plantain, because the Spiky heads, are like those of Plantain.   

The Kind's.  
The sorts hereof, though growing in different Climates, may, without breaking any great square, be brought within the compass of one Chapter, and then the total sum will be but five, 1. Common Buckshorne Plantain, 2. Prickly Buckshorne, 3. Small Sea Buckshorne of Naples, 4. The small hairy Sea Buckshorne, 5. Upright and creeping Buckshorne or Wart-Cresses.   

The Form  
Common Buckshorne Plantain, riseth up at first with small, long, narrow hairy, dark green Leaves like Grass, without any division or gash in them; but those that follow are gashed in on both sides, the Leaves into three or four gashes, and pointed at the ends, resembling the Knaggs of a Buckshorne, and being well grown lie round about the root upon the ground in order one by another, thereby resembling the form of a star: from among which rise up divers hairy stalks, about an hand breadth high, bearing every one a small long spiky head, very like, unto those of the common Plantain, having such like bloomings and seed after them; the root is single, long, and small, with divers fibres annexed thereunto.   

The Places and Time.  
The first usually groweth in dry sandy grounds, as in Tuttle fields by Westminster, and without the Walls of Greenwich Park, on that side that the way lieth from thence to Eltham, and in divers others places of this Land, yea, it is sown in the Gardens of those that know the Physical use of it in some places of this Country, where it groweth not naturally, yet I have not known it eaten as a Salad herb any where with us, though in Italy and France, it is frequently so used. The second groweth on the rocks in the Island Prochyta. The third in many untilled grounds in the Kingdom of Naples, near the Sea side; The last groweth in moist Countries of this Land, on the foot banks and under Walls and by high way sides, especially in tho●e places where Hogs frequent, arising as i● supposed out of their dung, which is the Reason why it is called Harenaria and Swine's cress. They all flower and seed in the summer Months, their green Leaves abiding all the winter.   

The Temperature.  
Buckshorne is of a binding, cooling, and drying faculty, as the Common sort of Plantain is.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
Buckshorne Plantain, boiled in wine and drunk, is very effectual to help those that are troubled with the Stone in the Re●nes or Kidneys, not that it breaketh the Stone or expelleth it, but by cooling the Heat of the parts and strengthening the Reins and Back. It stayeth likewise all bleedings and eruptions of Blood, whether at the Mouth or Nose, whether by Stool or Urine, and helpeth the laske of the bowels and belly, and the Dysentery, or bloody Flux. It helpeth much also those that have weak Stomaches, that are so much given to casting or Vomiting, that they cannot retain their Meat; and this the Herb doth well, but the root more effectually. The said decoction drunk, and some of the Leaves applied to the place hurt, is an excellent Remedy for the b●ting of the Viper or Adder, which is supposed to be one and the same. It helpeth those that are troubled with the Colic▪ and is held profitable for Agues to weaken their fits and take them away, the Leaves being briused and laid to the Sides of them that have them; and the Leaves and Roots beaten with some Bay-Salt and applied to the Hand-wrists, worketh the same effects. The Herb boiled in Ale or wine, and given for some Mornings and Evenings together, stayeth the Distillations of hot and sharp Rheums falling into the Eyes from the Head, and helpeth all manner of accidents that happen to the Eyes. Wart Cresses, which are called in Latin Coronopus R●ellii; and Nasturtium Verrucarium, because the seed of it beareth the perfect Signature of the Warts upon a man's hand, will consume and take away Warts in a short time, the herb being bruised and applied; and so it stoppeth bl●●ding most effectually, having all the Virtues which are attributed to the former.    

CHAP. CXXXIX. Of Sampire.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and sometimes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Crithmum which is the usual Latin name also; yet Petrus Crescentius calleth it Crethmum, and Rincum marinum. It is also called Feniculum marinum, which name the Italians and French follow, as near as their Dialect will permit; in shops Creta marina, especially beyond Sea. In English Sampire and Sampire, because it grows upon rocks; and Sea Fennell, because it somewhat resembles our ordinary Fennel.   

The Kind's.  
To this kind may be referred these four sorts, 1. Ordinary Rock Sampire, 2. The greater Rock Sampire, 3. Thorny Sampire or Sea Parsnep, 4. Golden Flowered Sampire.   

The Form.  
Ordinary Rock Sampire groweth up with a tender green stalk, not above half a yard or two foot high at the most, branching forth almost from the very bottom, and stored with sundry thick almost round and somewhat long Leaves, of a deep green colour, sometimes three together and sometimes more on a stalk, being full of sap, and of a pleasant hot or spicy taste; at the tops of the stalks and branches stand Umbells of white flowers & after them come large seed bigger than Fennell, yet somewhat alike: the root is great white and long, continuing many years, and is both of a delightful and pleasant smell and taste.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth on the Rocky Cliffs at Dover, Winchelsey, by Rye, and about Southampton, and the West, and North West of England; but especially in the Isle of Wight, where there is so great plenty that it is gathered, (yet not without danger) for some have ventured so far upon the craggy precipices that they have fallen down and broken their nets ', so that it might be said they paid. For their sauce; and afterwards being pickled up, is sent to London and other places. The second groweth likewise upon Rocks that are moistened, if not sometimes overflown with the Sea water. The third, near the Sea upon the sands between Whitstable, and the Isle of Thanet, by Sandwich, and by the Sea near Westchester. The last in the miry Marsh in th' Isle of Shepey, by the way from the King's Ferry, to Sherland house. Rock Sampire flourisheth in May and June, and must be gathered to be kept in pickle in the beignning of August. They all flower and seed in the end of July and August.   

The Temperature:  
Sampire is conceived to be hot and dry in the second degree, and of a cleansing or scouring faculty.   

The Virtues.  
Of all the Sauces, (which are very many,) there is none so pleasant, none so familiar and agreeable to man's body as Sampire, both for digestion of Meats; breaking of the Stone, and voiding of Gravel in the Reins and Bladder. It provoketh Urine also, and women's Courses, and prevails against the Jaundice the Leaves, seeds, and Roots being boiled in Wine and drunk, and so it openeth the Obstructions of the Liver and Spleen, and all other stops of the entrails whatsoever, from whence and from ill digestion, mo●● of the diseases whereunto the frail Nature of man is subject, are caused; so that it is great pity, that it is no more in use. It is very pleasant both to the Taste and Stomach, not only by the Saltness but by the Spicynesse in it likewise, whereby it is very available to whet a dull Stomach. It is eaten raw as well as boiled by those which live where it grows; but the best way is to boil it in water till it be tender, and then pickled up in a Barrel with a convenient Liquor made of Vinegar, Water, and Salt, it will be fit for ones own occasions at any time, or to present to a friend as usually it is, or to sell.    

CHAP. CCXL. Of Fraxinella or False white Dittany.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Chamaemelium, which signifies as much as Fraxina humilis, or the low or dwarf Ash, because of the resemblance of its winged Leaves to those of the young Ash, and therefore it is called in Latin Fraxinella, being a diminutive of Fraxinus: Yet some do call it Dictamus albus or Dictamnus albus, and Diptamus albus, to distinguish it from the Dictamnus Creticus, which is a fare differing Plant. Some would have it to be Tragium of Dioscorides, but besides other differences it yields no juicy Milk as Tragium is said to do; We in English do either call it Fraxinella and Bastard Dittany from the Latin Dictamus, being also a corrupted word but it is more properly to be called False white Dittany then Bastard Dittany, because there is another Plant to which the name of Pseudo dictamnus doth more properly belong, and therefore a distinct Epithet is necessary to avoid confusion.   

The Kinds.  
But if this Fraxinella be called False white Dittany, it must not take its denomination from the flowers, for of the four sorts there is but one that hath a white Flower 1. Fraxinella with a reddish Flower. 2. Fraxinella with a red Flower. 3. Fraxinella with a white Flower. 4. Fraxinella with an Ash coloured Flower.   

The Form.  
Fraxinella is a very goodly Plant, rising up with divers round hard brownish stalks near two foot high, the lower parts whereof are furnished with many winged Leaves, somewhat like unto Liquorice or a small young Ash-Tree, consisting of seven, nine or eleven Leaves set together, which are somewhat large and long, hard and rough in handling; the two first of a dark, but the two later of a fresher green colour, and of an unpleasant strong or resinous sent; the upper parts of the stalks are furnished with many flowers, growing spike fashion at certain distances one above another, consisting of five long Leaves a piece, whereof four that stand on the two sides are somewhat bending upwards, and the fift hanging down, but turning up the end of the leaf a little again, having in the middle a tassel of five or six long threads that bow down with the lower Lease and turn up also the ends again with a little freeze or thrum at the end of every one; after the flowers are past, arise hard, stiff, rough, clammy husks, horned or pointed at the end, four or five standing together somewhat like the seed Vessels of Columbines, but greater, thicker, and harder, wherein is contained round, shining, black seed, greater than any Columbine seed by much; the root is white, large, and spreading many ways under ground, if it stand long; the whole Plant is more pleasant to the sight, then to the smell.   

The Places and Time.  
The natural places of the sorts aforementioned are in divers parts both of Germany, and Italy; and that with the white flower, about Frank-ford: yet they grow with us in our Gardens, as in the Physic Gardens at Oxford, and that at Westminster, and in the Gardens of divers others that are delighted with rarities of this Nature. They flower in June and July, and their seed is ripe in August.   

The Temperature.  
The Root of Fraxinella or the false white Dittany is hot and dry in the second degree; it is of a wasting, attennating, and opening faculty.   

The Virtues.  
A dram or two of the powder of the roots of Fraxinella taken in wine or broth, is very much commended against the Strangury, provoketh Urine, breaketh the Stone in the Bladder, and driveth it forth, and so doth the seed taken in the quantity of a dram. The same are very effectual to open obstructions, to bring down women's Courses, and to cleanse that which is soul and contagious. It is also a very great preservative both against Poison and the Venom of Serpents, and other Poisonful Creatures, and against the Pestilence, and other contagious diseases, and is good to kill the Worms of the belly. It warmeth and cleanseth the matrix, expelleth the dead Child, and Afterbirth, if the part be fumigated with it and Penniroyall, or taken in Wine: it easeth the pains or torments in the inward parts or bowels, and healeth inward hurts, and wounds: it is much commended against the Epilepsy or falling sickness, and other cold griefs of the head and brains, and is held to be of great use against the French disease, to use it with the decoction of Guai●●m or Pock-wood. The Leaves and the juice thereof taken after the same sort worketh the same effects, though not so powerfully, and being applied outwardly it draweth Thorns and Splinters out of the flesh.    

CHAP. CCXLI Of Allheale.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Panaces or Panax, because it is a Panacaea or remedy for many diseases, which names are in use also amongst the Latins. Some call it Panax Herculeum, supposing Hercules to be the first founder of it, but others would rather have it Panax Heracleum from Heraclea a City in Candy: and though the name Panaxris referred to many plants as Origanum Sylvestre Centaurium magnum, etc. yet to this only 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. It is called in English Hercules Allheale, and Hercules Wound wort, and Allheale simply.   

The Kinds.  
To this Kind may be referred these seven sorts, 1. Ordinary Allheale of Hercules, 2. The true Allheale of Hercules, 3. American Allheale of Hercules (supposed to be the true Laserwort) with shining Leaves, 4. Costus-like All-heale, 5. The Hungarian Allheale of Hercules, 6. The Cluster berry Allheale of America, 7. Sweet scented Allheale of America.   

The Form.  
Hercules' Wound-wort spreadeth many large winged Leaves round about upon the ground, most of them two foot long, consisting of four, five, or six couples of rough winged Leaves, set one against another, on a round great foot-stalk, furrowed on the upper side, each of them likewise consisting of three or four couple of rough, but large fair fresh yellowish green Leaves, and one at the end; all of them finely dented about the Edges, tasting a little hot and biting, and yielding forth a yellowish juice in the Summer, called Opopanax, much more gummy, hot, and bitter than the Leaves; from which riseth a strong great round green stalk, four or five foot high or more, with some joints and Leaves thereat and a few branches towards the top, breaking forth into small yellow umbells of flowers, which afterward give whitish yellow, flat, short seed. The root is somewhat great and groweth deep into the ground.   

The Places and Time.  
The first is thought to grow in some Places of Italy, but I am sure it did grow in the Physic Garden at Oxford, and doth still, if I be not mistaken, as also at the Physic Garden at Westminister, and in some other Gardens. The second groweth in Naples, as Matthiolus saith, on the Apennine-hills also, and the Sea Coasts by Sienna. The third came from America, is the name of it importeth. The fourth, as Matthiolus saith groweth on Mount Garganus in Apulia. The fifth in Tartary and Hungaria. The two last in America. They all flower and seed in the end of Summer.   

The Temperature.  
The juice or Gum, which is of greatest use, is hot in the third degree and dry in the second, being of a heating, mollifying, and digesting quality; the bark of the root is heating and drying likewise, but in a meaner degree, having withal a little cleansing property.   

The Virtues.  
The juice or Gum of Allheale, which it is called in shops, and of many writters also, Opopanax being drunk in honeyed Water or Wine, helpeth t●e Itchings, and sores in the Bladder, and is good for the Strangury also, and difficulty in making water. It is endued with a special property also to purge thick and clammy Phlegm from the more remote parts, as the Brain, Nerves, sensitive parts, joints, and breasts, and therefore it is profitable for any cold d●sease incident to any of those parts, as in the Palsy, weakness of sight, old Cough, shortness of breath, Sciatica, and in other kinds of Gout. It is good for Convulsions and Cramps, as also against Windiness in the Sides, Belly, Womb, or in any other places, and therefore it helpeth Stitches, the hardness of the Spleen, the strangling of the Mother, bringeth down Woman's Courses; and brings away also the Mola or Lump of flesh bred in the Womb. It expelleth worms, helpeth the biting of a ●ad D●gge, and is good against the poison of other venomous Creatures; Dissolved in Wine and given, it helps the Dropsy; and taken in Vinegar, one hour before the Fit cometh it takes away the cold Fit of an Ague, especially if some of it be dissolved with the juice of Smallage and Oil of Dill, and the ridge of the back anointed therewith. It is good after falls and bruises to dissolve any congealed blood especially in Cold bodies, and where no Fever is. Being dissolved wi●h Vinegar & the juice of Smallage, & applied to the Region of the Spleen softeneth the hardness of it, & a plaisterg made thereof dissolveth the Kings-Ev●ll, and hard Nodes of the Joints, as also any Plague sore, botch, or Bile, especially being dissolved in Vinegar & applied with the pulp of Raisins in the Sun, it eateth any kind of Gout. If the mouth be washed with a decoction of Vinegar made with it, it easeth the pain in the Teeth, or if it be a hollow tooth, let it be stopped with a piece. Some commend it against the dimness of sight, being mixed with other things. It is very available to cure old Ulcers and Fistulaes', and to breed good flesh, especially where the bones are bare and naked, and that by a peculiar Virtue. It is applied with good success to the biting of any Venomous Creature. Thus you see that Allheale hath not its name for nothing. The Gum is to be had at any Apothecary's shop, but if the Root can be got more easily, that m●y serve. By this time I suppose I have sufficiently handled those plants that make for the benefit of those parts appointed, for the making a separation between the Blood and the Urine, which are the Reins, and for the reception of the Urine thus separated which is the Bladder, with the pipes of conveyance from the former to the latter, which are the Ureters: so that you may find somewhat that will help the distempers of each of them, as also for the Stone and Gravel, afflicting every of them, and likewise for the Strangury and Dysary though they be treated of in gross. To which purposes, there be divers others that are very effectual as Golden Rod, Sanicle, Saracens Confound, etc. For the Ulcers in the Reins and Bladder; the Cherry and Plum-Trees, because the Stones of each are effectual for the Stone in a man's body by Signature: the Junipet, and Bay-Trees, whose Berries also are much commended for the same, and other plants besides those, whose Roots are Diuretical: But as I have spoken to some of the former, towards the beginning of this work, so I have reserved some for those parts yet to be spoken to, and therefore I shall say no more of them in this place, but proceed to the Guts, which are ordained for the better concoction of the Chilus sent from the Stomach, and the digestion thereof; as also for the conveyance and expulsion of the Excrements, and because there be divers diseases that breed in the Guts, as the Colic, Worms, etc. Excoriations, Dysenteries, etc. I shall speak of those Simples which make for their Welfare, all in a Lump.    

CHAP. CCXLII Of the Bay-Tree.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Daphne quia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, quod ●sta valdè sonat; for nothing doth more crackle or make a noise than it; in Latin Laurus, which some will have to come from Lavo, id est, purgo, saying, that it is excellent to purge the blood; others á verbo Laudis, because it was given only to those that were praise worthy▪ and therefore the Ancients called it Laudea, but since the d hath been taken out and r hath been put instead thereof, so that now it is as well L●●rea as Laurus, though the later be more common. The Berries are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Greek; and Bacca Lauri, in Latin.   

The Kind's.  
There are to be reckoned up five or six kinds of Bay-Trees, 1. The greater Bay-Tree, 2. The lesser Bay-Tree, 3. The strange Indian Bay, or Cassia, or Lignea of the West-Indies, 4. The wild Bay-Tree, 5. The Rose Bay, 6. The Laurel which is the same with the Bay-Cherry.   

The Form.  
The Bay-Tree oftentimes shooteth up with many suckers from the Root, showing itself like unto a tall shrub or Hedge-bush, yet sometimes it groweth to be a substantial tree, spreading its arms and branches reasonable well, the tops whereof are sometimes reddish, but most usually of a light or fresh green colour, when the stem and elder boughs are covered with a dark green bark, the Leaves are somewhat broad and long pointed as it were, at both the Ends, hard, full of veins and sometimes crumpled on the Edges, of a dark green colour, smelling somewhat sweet but of a bitter taste, and always abiding green; the flowers grow many together, which are sometimes of a whitish green colour, and sometimes yellow and mossy, and turn into Berries that are a little long as well as round, whose shell or outermost peel is green at the first, but black afterwards, wherein is contained an hard bitter kernel parting into two parts; the root spreadeth under the ground and groweth deep also.   

The Places and Time.  
None of these Bays grow naturally in England, but are either wholly planted with us, or else raised of Suckers, or by sowing the berries; so that we have the first and second many times growing in gardens, and Court yards; the fourth and fifth are not so common, yet they are to be seen in the Gardens of some that love rarities. The last is very frequent in our London Gardens. The natural place of the first, is in divers places of Narbone in France, Spain, and Italy, and in other warm Countries, where it groweth very great, but especially near the Sea. The Rose Bay groweth also in Italy, Spain, Greece, and many other places; the last came from Constantinople at the first. The first and second, flower much about the same time which is in May, yet hardly perfecting their fruit till October, or November; the time of the third is not expressed; the fourth flourisheth most in April & March, yet sometimes it flowreth in December & January; the fifth flowreth not till July; the last may flower in May, and have ripe seed fruit in August or September in the hot Countries, but in this it doth not very usually flower, much less fructify, yet sometimes it doth.   

The Temperature.  
The Berries and Leaves of the Bay-Tree, saith Galen, are hot and dry, the Berries somewhat exceeding the Leaves, the bark of the Root is less sharp and hot, but more dry, being also endued with some astriction.   

The Virtues.  
The Powder of Bay Berries mixed with Honey and taken as other Lohocs or licking Medicines are, or else taken in Raisins as Aloes and Wormseed sometimes are, is an excellent Remedy for that disease called the Colic, which is a continual passion of one of the great Guts called Colon, after which followeth a a difficulty of voiding the Excrements, and an exceeding torment in those parts proceeding from W●nd. The said Powder taken after the same manner is good against a Consumption, Straitensse of breath, and all other infirmites' of the breast, coming of Rheum; they likewise help the Megrim, and mightily expel wind both in young & old: yet it is more frequently given by Nurses to Children to cure them of that griping pain of the belly called the Frets, which is nothing but wind, causing them to be very unquiet; they provoke vine also, are very effectual for the Stone, as also to help the Ventosity or windiness of the Mother, and to kill the worms. They are a good Antidote too against the bitings and stingings of any Venomous beasts, and against all manner of Venom's and Poisons, and therefore they are put into Mithridate, Treackle, and such like Compositions. They warm a cold Stomach, also cause concoction of raw humours, stir up a decayed appetite, take away loathing of meat, open the stopping of the Liver and Spleen, bring down women's Courses, cause a speedy delivery, and expel the Afterbirth, so that they are dangerous to be taken by Women that have not gone their full time, yet they are good against Cramps, and the drawing together of Sinews, if the powder of them be taken in White Wine. The oil which is made of them, or the juice pressed out of them, cureth black and blue Marks that come by blows, digesting & wasting away the congealed blood, that is gathered together in any place: it taketh away Scabs, and weals in the skin, and helpeth the Itch also, especially if a little Quicksilver be tempered therewith till it be mortified: it comforteth all cold griefs of the Joints, Nerves, Arteries, Stomach, Belly, and Womb, so that it helpeth Palsies, Convulsions, Cramps, Aches, tremble and benumbedness, in any part; weariness also and pains of the Limbs, wherewith they are many times afflicted, which use to travel through wet and dirt, by anointing the part affected, therewith. Some of the said Oil or the Decoction of the Berries, is very convenient to be put into such Clysters which tend to the breaking of wind, and easing the torments of the wind Colic, which it performeth even to admiration. The said Oil or juice of the Berties helpeth the ache and deafness of the Ears being dropped thereinto. The Leaves may be used to many of the purposes aforesaid, yet the ordinary use of them is to boil them in Beer, as also to dress fish with, especially Eels, leaving a dainty relish, helping to warm the Stomach, and digesting those crudities which they are apt to breed of themselves. A bath of the decoction of the Leaves and Betries, is of great advantage in women's diseases both for the Mother, and other diseases of the Womb, as the Stopping of the Courses, etc. And so likewise for the diseases of the Bladder as the Strangury, etc. All these Virtues belong to the common Bays, which besides their Ornamental uses they perform; the three last serving only for the pleasure of those, that are taken with the rarity of them, and not for any Physical use that I can learn, and therfeore I shall say no more of them.    

CHAP. CCXLIII. Of Holly.  

The Names  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Agria by Theophrastas, and seemeth to be derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 immitis vel ferox, because of the abundance of prickles wherewith it is commonly armed. Gaza, the interpreter of Theophrastus, calle● it Aquifolium in Latin, yet Agrifol●um is a word no less, but rather more in use then the former, as being somewhat more agreeable though at best it be but a Mongrel word. We call it Holly or Holme, and Hulver, in English.   

The Kind's.  
There may be said to be three sorts of Holly. 1. The Holly-Tree without prickles. 2. The Holly-bush with prickly-Leaves. 3. The Holly bush with yellow Berries. Yet there be some that affirm that with, and that without prickles to be the same, having prickles when it is young and low, but when it grows old and becometh great, it loseth all the prickles, except that at the end, and sometimes that also.   

The Form.  
The Holly that groweth naturally in the fields doth seldom exceed the bigness of a Bush, yet being planted in Orchards or Closes, as I have many times seen it, it groweth to the bigness of a lusty-Tree, all in one entire body, and not sending forth many shoots from the root, as those which grow naturally, usually do; the outer bark whereof is not of so dark a green colour, as that of the lesser bushes, but inclining rather to white, having under that another which is white also; the Leaves are set on the stalks and branches on short footstalkes, being somewhat broad, hard, thick, and long, smooth, shining, and of a very fresh yellowish green colour, not cut round about the edges into round notches or dents, and every point of them very sharp and prickly as those of the Bushes are, but even on the edges, and withoug any prickles, unless perhaps there be one at the end, the flowers grow close to the stalks, many of them coming out together round about, near unto the foot of the Leaves, each consisting of four whitish Leaves with four threads in the middle; standing about a green round head, which groweth to be small red berries, with a little Crown at the top in which is contained four small three-cornered seeds, with hard shells, but sweet kernels within them, though very small. The root goeth deep into the ground.   

The Places and Time.  
The first, as is said, is planted in Orchards and Closes in Oxfordshire, and other places, where very little or no Holly groweth wild. The second groweth very plentifully in divers Woods and Hedgrowes in the Counties of Buckingham, Hartford, and Surrey, and other places. The last groweth in Wilt-shire by Warder Castle which belongeth to the Lord Arundel. They all flower in June, but the berries grow not until the end of October or after, being in their greatest beauty about Christmas because of the berries, the Leaves also abiding green all the Winter.   

The Temperature.  
The Berries of Holly are hot and dry, and of thin parts helping to break Wind, as Dodonaeus saith.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
It will not be amiss in this place to take notice of the different, nay contrary operations of divers Simples, which will purge when they are fresh, and green, and bind when they be dried, as may be instanced in Holly berries; ten or twelve of which being fresh, and taken inwardly do help the Colic, purging also by stool gross, clammy, and phlegmatic humours, which they may very well do by reason of their moisture and slipperynesse, but being dried, and so deprived of their former lubricity, they bind the belly and stay Dysenteries and Fluxes, being beaten to Powder and drunk either in Wine or Broth, which the dried Bark doth also perform, and that more effectually. The decoction of the Roots, but especially of the Bark of the Root, as Matthiolus saith, being applied by way of somentation to those places that have been put out of Joint, doth help them much both to mollify and discuss the hardness and tumours which they are subject to, and also to consolidate the broken bones. An handful of the Berries boiled in a Pint of Ale to the one half, which being strained and a little Butter put thereto, is a good remedy for the Stone and stoppage of Urine, five or six spoonfuls thereof taken at once; and this it may be said to do by the Signature which may be gathered from the hardness of the seed. The powder of the Leaves dried in an Oven and the pricks taken off, being drunk in Ale, is commended against the Stitches and pricking pains of the side, which the prickles growing on the Leaves do also signify. The Sap or juice that droppeth out of the Wood being laid on the fire, being dropped into the Ears of those which are inclined to deafness, removeth that infirmity. The Birdlime that is made of the Bark of Holly by putting it into a hole made in moist foggy ground, and covering it with boughs of Trees and some earth over them till it be rotten, and putrified, which will be within a fortnight, being afterwards beaten in a Mortar, it will become thick and clammy, so that the filthiness being cleared therefrom by often washing, and a little Oil of Nuts added thereto, it will be as good as that which is made of Misseltoe▪ and being applied with the yolk of an Egg to any place that hath any thorn, prick, or Splinter, therein, it draweth it forth, but it is dangerous to be used inwardly, lest it should glue the Guts together, by its extraordinary clamminess; The lesser branches may be used to adorn Houses and Churches also, at Christmas, as well in this as in the former age without any superstition at all; these that are of a bigger and longer size are very necessary for Carters to make Whips, and the same may be used as Riding-rods, as is known to every one; But that which may seem a little strange, is this. One, that I knew, had a Holly-Tree growing in his Orchard of that bigness that being cut down, he caused it to be sawed out in Board's and made himself thereof a Coffin; and if I mistake not left enough to make his wife one also: Both the parties were very corpulent, and therefore you may imagine the Tree could not be small.    

CHAP. CCXLIIII. Of Juniper.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Arceuthos or Arceuthis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, id est 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 saith the Etymo●ogist, quia celet noxam, but then sure●y it must be by Antiphrasts, for certainly there is no plant that hath more apparent P●ickles than it. It is called in Latin Juniperus, quod juniores & novelloes fructus pariat. because it bringeth forth new fruit before the old be ripe, which will not be perfected in less than two year's ●pace. Some would have it come from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ignis, either because of the Pyramicall form of the Leaf, or because, as some say, the Wood being kindled and raked up in Ashes will keep fire a year & that the Coals thereof are very hot may be gathered from the fifth verse of Psalm 120 where a question being made, What should be the reward of a false Tongue? The Answer is, Sharp Arrows of the mighty, with Coals of Juniper intimating them to be the hottest of all Coals. The Berries as well as the Tree are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek, and sometimes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Arceuthides: In Latin, Bacca Juniperi, and Grana Juniperi; and the Gum that issueth out of the wounded roots is cal●ed Vernix or Vernia, quasi veris ros, because it is most plentiful in the Spring, it is called also Lachryma Juniper; and Sandaracha, yet there is another kind of Sandaracha which is taken out of Mines, and is a kind of Orpment.   

The Kind's.  
I think I should not transgress, if I should make six sorts of Juniper. 1. The Common Juniper. 2. The low or Mountain Juniper. 3. The great Sclavonian Juniper. 4. West Indian Juniper. 5. Barren Juniper. 6. Creeping Juniper.   

The Form.  
Juniper, in some places riseth up to be a Tree, yet in most parts of our Country it seldom exceedeth the height of two or three foot, but spreading itself near the ground the branches come, to be of some substance, which are easier to bend then to break; being covered with a reddish bark which often cleaveth and falleth away, but the Leaves, which are very small and long, of a bluish green colour somewhat like to those of Furse, yet not so large nor so prickly, do constantly endure. The flowers are very small, yet may be perceived to be of a yellow colour by the dust that falleth from them, after which come small green Berries, not ripening fully till the second year, which then will be somewhat like a Peppercorn. Though the Juniper Tree in hotter Countries send forth the forementioned Gum, yet our shrubs are not found to have any, as fare as I can understand.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in Germany, Italy, Spain, and in some places of Kent also in the form of a Tree, but in most places of our Land, as by Beechen-Tree in Oxfordshire, in the high ways about Amersham, Stoken Church, and Beaconsfeild in Buckinghamshire, it exceedeth not the dimensions above specified; It groweth also in many other places as upon Finchly Common without Highgate, &c. the second groweth on the Rocks and Stony places of the Alps, as Clusius saith: the third on Mount Taurus in Syria, as Bellonius: the place of the fourth may be understood by its name, the fift groweth in sundry parts of this Land, the sixth upon the Rocks near Kilmadough. They flower commonly in the Spring about May: but the fift bringeth only yellowish threads for flowers without any berries succeeding, the rest perfect them after two Summers and one Winter, and not before, as I have already said.   

The Temperature.  
Galen saith, that Juniper is hot and dry, and that in the third degree; the Berries are as hot, but not altogether so dry: the Gum is hot and dry in the first degree, as Scrapio saith.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
The fruit or berries of Juniper being boiled in Wine or Honeyed Water and drunk, is an effectual remedy for the Gripping, and Windiness of the belly commonly called the Wind Colic, but especially the Chemical Oil drawn from the berries, or the Wood, four or five drops thereof taken in a Morning in Broth or Beer, and ten or a dozen of the ripe berries eaten every Morning fasting, are good for the same purpose; and the same Oils be very prevalent against the Iliack passion, if the parts be anointed therewith. The Leaves and young tender branches, or the juice of them, or of the berries, or the berries themselves taken in Wine, are very effectual against the biting of Vipers or Adders, as also against the Plague or Pestilence, or any other Infection or Poison: the same also is profitable against the Strangury, and Stopping of Urine; and is so powerful against the Dropsy, that the very Lie of the Ashes of Juniper being drunk, cures the disease; It provokes the Terms, helps the Fits of the Mother, and strengthens the Stomach exceedingly; The berries are good for the Cough, shortness of breath, and Consumption, Ruptures also, Convulsions and Cramps: They give safe and speedy delivery to Women with Child, they strengthen the Brain, help the Memory exceedingly and fortify the Sight by strengthening the Optic Nerves, and are beneficial to the other Senses, as also to the Heart, being drunk in Wine or the decoction of them in Wine taken, and so they are excellent good for all sorts of Agues, especially the Quartane, they help the Gout and Sciatica, and strengthen all the Limbs of the Body; they break the Stone also, procure Appetite being lost, and are excellent good for the Palsy, and likewise for the Falling sickness. The Gum is used to stay cold Distillations, and Catarrhs that fall upon the Eyes and Lungs, the Head and Nightcap being fumigated therewith, or the said Powder strewed upon Flax and quilted therein. The Powder mixed with some Oil of Roses, and Myrtles, healeth the Chaps of the Fundament, Kibes also, and Chilblains on the hands and feet; being mixed with the white of an Egg, and applied to the Forehead it stayeth bleeding at the Nose, and the same being burned, and the Fumes thereof taken through a Funnel upon an aching Tooth taketh away the pain; it is effectual also in moist Ulcers, and Fistulaes' and weeping running sores, to dry up their moisture. Though the Wood of our Juniper is not so substantial as to make Rafters and Beams of Houses, as that of some Countries hath been said to do, the Rafters and Beams even of Diana's Temple being of it because of its durability and sweetness, yet being burned it yields a very sweet scent, which freeth from infection, and driveth away all Norsome Serpents, Flies, Wasps &c: The Gum of Juniper in Powder taken in Wine doth stay Vomitings, inward bleedings, and spitting of blood, Woman's Courses also, and all other Fluxes of the Belly, it helpeth the Piles, and killeth Worms in Children. The Ashes of the Wood or Bark made into a Lie with Water, doth cure all Itches, Scabs, Pustules or other Eruptions in the skin, yea and the Lepry also, if the places be bathed therewith.    

CHAP. CCXLV. Of the Olive-Tree,  

The Names.  
IT being manuted, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Olea Sativa in Latin, and sometimes Urbana: The Berry is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 also in Greek, and Oliva, in Latin: but being pickled they are called Colymbades; and before that, Drupae and Drupetes. The Oil hath both the same Greek and Latin name with the Tree, and though it be applied to all Oil in general, yet to this only 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the Foot whereof is called Amurca in Latin. The wild Olive-Tree is named in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Oleaster, Olea Silvestris, Cotinus, and Olea Aethiopica, because it groweth very frequently in Aethiopia.   

The Kind's.  
Some have set down ten sorts of Olives, and some again have reduced them only to these two kinds. 1. The manured Olive-Tree. 2. The wild Olive-Tree.   

The Form.  
The manured Olive-Tree groweth bigger or lesser according to the constitution of the Climate, wherein it is; having divers arms and branches full of thick, fit and sharp pointed Leaves, with short footstalkes under them, greenish above and whitish underneath, somewhat like unto those of the Willow but lesser and shorter, yet never falling off the Tree, of a bitter taste, and somewhat sharp withal. The Flowers be white, and very small, after which come round and somewhat long berries green at first, changing pale afterwards, then purplish, and lastly black; yet some are white when they are full ripe, wherein is an hard stone: the Olives having been awhile gathered, are ground in a Mill, and then pressed for their Oil.   

The Places and Time.  
The hottest Climates produce the fairest Olive-Trees; for in Spain, Italy, & the Mediterranean Islands; they grow tall and great, and bear very plentifully in case they be within threescore Miles of the Sea, and not otherwise as some writ: whereas in this and other cold Countries, they are so fare from bearing fruit, that they will hardly withstand the Winter Frosts, if they be any thing fierce; yet I have seen them by the great diligence of the gardiner's preserved both at the Physic Garden at Oxford, and at Wimbleton in the Lord Lambert's Garden. They flower in their natural places in June and July, yet their fruit will not be ripe till November or December, and sometimes and in some places not till January, ●● February.   

The Temperature.  
Ripe Olives be moderately hot and moist. The unripe are dry and binding; and consequently the Oil that is made of them. The green Leaves do cool and bind.   

The Virtues and Signatures.  
Oil Olive commonly called salad-oil is, of all simple Oils, the most excellent (as being of greatest use, and commonly that which is prescribed for Compositions) and that Excellency consists as much in easing and defending Guts, as any thing whatsoever, for whether it be used inwardly or outwardly, it is of great advantage to them. For those that are troubled with the Colic or Iliack Passions, it may be eaten with White bread in Sops instead of Butter, and so it looseneth the Belly more than Butter, but if that will nor prevail take it with an equal quantity of Rhenish or White Wine and drink it; or e●se, if the taste of the Oil cannot be endured, as many times it cannot, then male a Glister with Wine and Oil, which being put up, is very effectual to help the Passions aforesaid. Raw yarn being boiled in Ashes and Oil, and applied to the Navel and Reins, or an handful of White Salt, boiled in a pint of Oil, and two or three handfuls of black wool dipped therein, and bound hot to the Navel and bottom of the Belly, worketh the same effects. It is most effectual against all poisons, but especially against those that do exulcerate and eat holes in the Guts, interposing itself and defending them by its stippernesse, so that the poison cannot work upon them, but maketh it pass away without any prejudice: and therefore it is a common Remedy for those that have eaten Ratsbane or any other deadly poison, to give them a draught of Oil which not only preserveth the Guts, but the Stomach also, if it be got no lower, causing it to be conveyed upwards or downwards: but there is not altogether so much danger of the stomach, as the Guts, because it meets with somewhat else to hinder its operation, which by that time it hath overcome, it descendeth from thence; and because the tunicles of the small Guts are not so thick as those of the Stomach. It is of much use in Salads and other Sauces with Vinegar, being very grateful to the palates of some, though others refuse it; and for this purpose the sweetest is best yet for Medicines the older it is, the better it is, both to warm any part and to discuss any thing that needeth it, and therefore it is a principal Ingredient in all Salves, that are for curing of wounds and Scars which Crallius saith it doth by Signature. The Oil of unripe Olives called Omphacinum whilst it is fresh, is most welcome also to the Stomach, strengtheneth the Gums, and fasteneth the teeth, if it be applied with Wool or a White Cloth, and being given to those that are much given to swearing it helpeth them. Pickled Olives are used as a sauce, and so they do not only 〈◊〉 up appetite, but also strengthen the Stomach; and being eaten with Vinegar they lose the Belly. Being burned, beaten and applied unto Weals, they stay their further increase and hinder them from rising, cleanse foul Ulcers, help the Gums that are lose and Spongy and fasten lose teeth; & being dried only and applied to fretting or corroding Urines, doth stay them and taketh away the Scars or Carbundles and plague s●res. The Leaves stamped; or the juite of them applied with Vinegar are of good effect to cool all hot Impostumes and Cholorick Inflammations and sirollings. 〈◊〉 Arthonies' fire, fretting and creeping Ulcers, Cancers in the flesh or mouth. The same applied with honey doth cleanse Ulcers, and assuage all other tumours and swell; they are good against all Ucers Inflammations, and Impostumes of the mouth and Gums of Children, especially being washed with the decoction thereof. The juice of them stoppeth the Terms and all other fluxes of blood, taken inwardly or applied outwardly: it is good also for the Redness, Inflammations and Ulcers of the Eyes, to be put into Collyries, and Medicines for the same, and to cleanse the Ears from corruption, and so do the Leaves and juice of the Wild Olive▪ which are effectual for all the purposes aforesaid. The Water that issueth from the green Wood, when it is laid upon the fire, helpeth to heal the scurf and foul Scabs in the Head or elsewhere. The Olive Stones being burned are used for the said purposes, as also to stay foul preading Ulcers, and being mixed with fat and meal▪ they take away the ruggedness of the naires. There be divers Virtues that are referred to the foot or dregs of Oil, but because they are not commonly to be had, I shall omit them; as also those of the Gum, because neither of them are brought us now adays as being grown out of use. I shall only add concerning the Oil aforesaid, that a little of it drunk in warm Water, or a feather dipped therein, and put into the throat will pro●●re an ease Vomit and without danger; and some commend four spoonfuls of Ol●e, and as many of Sack for the like purpose. And for burning and scalding there i● not the ●ike Remedy, a piece of Lawn being first sowed about the part, and Oy●e and Snow-water said thereon.    

CHAP. CCXLVI. Of Coloquintida, or the Bitter Gourd.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and that because 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 it moveth the Belly as also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ●●cua picra, and of Hippocrate● 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sicuones and Sicues. In Latin Colocynthis, and Cucurb ta Sylvestris a Cucumere ut al●qui volunt, yet others make a difference betwixt them. It is called also Fel Terrae, and Mors Plantarum because it imbitters all herbs that grow near it, or killeth them: In the Apothecary's Shops Coloquintida, in English Apple of Coloquintida, and the Bitter Gourd.   

The Kind's.  
The sorts hereof that are upon Record are four. 1. Coloquitida▪ or the bitter Gourd, 2. The greater Coloquintida, or the bitter Gourd, 3. The long bitter Gourd, 4. Pear fashioned Coloquintida, or Bitter Gourd.   

The Form.  
The Better Gourd groweth much after the manner of a Cucumber or Melon, having divers rough hairy Leaves thereon, lesser and somewhat longer than those of Cucumber, but more divided and cut in on the Edges, every division being notched round about. At the joints with the Leaves which grow but one together, come forth Flowers of a yellow colour, like unto those of the Melon, but somewhat smaller, with tendrils also or twining stalks, whereby it taketh hold of whatsoever it toucheth, to the endangering of the life thereof, if it be a vegetable; the fruit that followeth is small and round, not much differing from a reasonable Apple in proportion; of a green colour at the first, but of a brownish yellow, when it is ripe, the shell being as hard as any Pompion or Gourd, which is usually parted from the white pulp, before it be quite ripe, being very light spongy or lose, and of an Extraordinary loathsome bitter taste; wherein is contained six rows of very white hard seed, not exceeding that of the Cucumber for bigness nor coming near the pulp, either in the bitterness or forcibleness in working. The root is not very great, but stringy; seldom withstanding the first onset of Winter Weather.   

The Places and Time  
The first is said to grow naturally in Barbary, in those parts which are near unto the Mediterranean Sea, as also without the mouth of the straits near Sancta Crux, and other places thereabouts; but that which we have in Shops is a Merchandise b●rought out of Syria, Egypt, and Arabia where it is planted, as it is with us, by those that are curious. The other sorts have been sound in Spain and Italy, and so may they be in England, if any one will take the pains to get the seed, and sow it; but then they Flower late, and hardly bring their fruit to perfection.   

The Temperature.  
Coloquintida is hot and dry in the third degree, of a very bitter taste, and of a purgative quality.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The Cells or rows wherein the seeds of Coloquintida are contained do somewhat resemble the Cells of the Colon, which is the Gut that detaineth the Excrements, and therefore it is of wonderful operation to purge that Gut, which is the seat of the Colic, and is commended for the same, whether it proceed from phlegm or wind. And though it be dangerous for Women with Child, Children, and old persons, yet it may be taken by those that have strong, and rustic bodies, without any danger of excoriation, or other evil accident, being corrected with Oil of Roses, Gum Tragacanth, and Ginger: for the Oil with its slipperness will make it the sooner to pass away; the Gum will ●eni●●e the sharpness; and the Ginger will help the griping and tearing pains, which it causeth being taken alone, so that a due proportion of each of these made up into Tr●ches or Pills with Rose Water work better, then if Bdellium or Massick or such astringent things were added; as there be in those Troches called Trochisci Alhandall, Handall being the Arabic name for Coloquintida: Which being so ordered as I have prescribed, purgeth also thick phlegm and viscous humours, the Choler both green and yellow, as also water from the most remote parts as from the Brain and the Membranes thereof, from the Nerves, Muscles, Joints, Lungs, and Breast, and therefore it is profitable for any kind of Headache, Falling-sickness, Apoplexy, Swimming of the Head, and in Fluxes of Rheum flowing to the Eyes, the cold Gout, Sciatica, or Hipgout and other pains of the Joy●●s, and Sinews. It helpeth also the Jaundice, and is good for putrid and rotten Fevers, for an Old Cough, the straightness of the Chest shortness of the breath, and above all these the Colic and the Dropsy, being taken either in Glisters or Suppositories. The decoction of Coloquintida made with Vinegar easeth the paque o● the Feeths, if they be washed therewith. The powder mixed with the Gall of an Ox, and Honey and said to the belly of one that hath the Worms, not only killeth the Worms, and maketh them to avoid, but oftentimes purgeth the Belly also. Being steeped in Vinegar it taketh away all discolourings of the skin, as the Morphew and Lepry, dry scurse and Scabs, if the places affected be often rubbed therewith. Pure Oil that is heated in an Apple of Coloquinda after the seeds are taken out, being dropped into the Ears, taketh away the pain, and noise and killeth the Worms in them. And is said to make the hair black which was not so before, and to keep it from falling, as also from growing ray. A Bath made of Coloquintida, and the feet and other parts fomented, bringeth down the Courses in Women. The juice boiled with hogsgrease and applied to the Hipgout easeth the Sciatica. The Dose in powder is from five grains to ten, or fifteen, but it is more safe to take it for all the purposes aforesaid in a Glister made after this manner. Take of the Pulp of Coloquintida two drams, Camomile flowers an handful, Aniseed, Cumminseed, of each half an Ounce, make hereof a decoction in fair Water, and in a pint of it being strained dissolve Honey of Roses and Oil of Camomile, of each three or four Ounces. Now if any one should ask, how can a clyster purge the whole Body? I answer that the clyster moistening the whole Colon, doth by the twigs of the Arteries draw noisome humours from the whole Trunk. The seeds will kill Rats and Mice, who delight to feed upon them, and the decoction with Wormwood sprinkled in a House that is troubled with Flea●, doth utterly destroy them.    

CHAP. CLXVII. Of Bind-weed.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to distinguish it from the Kidney-Beans which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Smilax hortensis. In Latin also Smilax levis, from a Maid of that name, who pining away for the love of Crocus was turned into this flower (according to that verse of Ovid) and he into Saffron.  
Et Crocum in parves versum cum Smilace flores. It is called also Conv●lval●s and Volubilis, quia crebrâ revolutione vicinos fructices, et herbas implice●, because it rouleth or windeth itself about whatsoever is next it; and for the same reason, it is called Funis arborum, but Campanella is given to it, because it hath a flower like a little Bell. There is one chief sort hereof called of some Campana Lax●ra, or Campana carule● of others Convolvulus, Caeruleus Major, five Indicus, and Fl●s Noctis, because its chiefest beauty is in the Evening, Night, and Morning: of some, Nil Av●eeunae, another is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Helxine Cissampelos ab 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 trahere vel harere and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi Vit●alis. five Hedera Viti●ea, because this Helxine should be known from Pellitory called also Helxine: this most commonly growing in Vineyards, creeping up upon the Vines with a Leaf like lvy; it is called also Malacocissos, quasi mollis hedera, Orobanche, Ervania, Convolvulus niger, &c: In English, Bindweed, With-wind, and of some, Divelsgut.   

The Kind's.  
To this smooth kind of Bindweed which is here to be understood (for of the Prickly kind we shall treat elsewhere), there may be referred these fifteen sorts. 1. The greater blue Bind-weed or Bell-flower. 2. The greater purple Bindweed with cornered Leaves. 3. The American Bind-weed. 4. The Arabian o● Egyptian Bind-weed. 5. The blue Bell flower of Virginia. 6. Mallow leased Bind-weed. 7. The common small Bind-weed. 8. Lavender leafed Bind-weed. 9 Small purple Bind-weed. 10. The African Bind-weed. 11. The least African Bind-weed. 12. The blue Spanish Bindweed. 13. Black Bindweed. 14. Branched black Bind-weed of Candy. 15. Small black Bindweed.   

The Form.  
The greater blue Bind-weed or Bell flower, though but a Weed as the name imports, is taken into Gardens for the goodliness thereof, where it riseth with many long and winding branches, climbing and winding itself contrary to the course of the Sun upon any thing of substance that is near it. It hath many great fair round Leaves, pointed at the end, somewhat like a Violet Leaf in shape, but much greater, of a sad green colour: the flowers which come forth, at the joints of the branches where the Leaves are ●et, on pretty long footstalkes two or three together, are at first long, somewhat like a finger, and of a pa●e whitish blue colour, but afterwards they become broad like Bells, of a deep a ●ure tending to purple, very glorious to behold; the flowers being past, the stalks whereon they stood bend downwards, sending fo●th husks with three or four black seeds a piece of the bigness of a Tare, or thereabouts; the roots are s●●ingy, and perish every where, at the first approach of Winter.   

The Places and Times.  
Though the two first came to us out of Italy, yet they are conceived to be natural only to the East Indies: The name of the third te●●ifieth whence it came, and so doth those of the fourth, fift, tenth, eleaventh, twelveth, and fourteenth; the sixth is found in many places of Spain, the seaventh, and ninth in sundry Countries of this Land, as the eighth likewise is about Dunmow in Essex; the thirteenth is that which is too common in every field and garden, and the last groweth about Drayton near Portsmouth. They flower towards the latter end of Summer, especially the greater sorts, and therefore their seed is seldom perfected with us.   

The Temperature.  
The Bindweeds are most of them hot and dry in the first or second degree.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The most renowned Crollius, in his Book of Signatures recordeth, that Bind-weed or With-wind growing in the Corn by its turning and winding doth very much resemble the turn and wind of the Guts, and that therefore the decoction thereof made in White Wine is a very singular remedy for those that are afflicted with the Colic, purging and voiding forth raw thick Phlegmatic and Melancholic humours, and killing and driving forth both flat and long Worms out of the Belly, yet not without some trouble to the Stomach, which sometimes causeth Vomitings. The Mallow Leafed Bind-weed, as Clusius saith, is used in Portugal, as an herb of singular effect to heal all sores or wounds. The Leaves of the black Bind-weed called Helxine Cissampelos stamped and strained, and the juice drunken, doth also loosen and open the belly exceedingly, and so do the Leaves and Herb in Powder, if it be drunk in Wine or any other Liquor. The Leaves being bruised and laid to hard tumours, and Knots in the Flesh dissolveth and consumeth them, as Galen saith. It is said likewise, that if those places which you would have to be void of Hair be anointed with the juice hereof, presently after the Hair is plucked up by the Roots, it will not suffer it to grow there any more. Some of the greater sorts, as also that with Leaves, like Lavender where they naturally grow are rather a Plague then a pleasure to whatsoever groweth with it in the fields, yet the beauty of their flowers hath caused them to be received into Gardens, where they are very delightful to the Eyes of those, which love to feast themselves even with the varieties of those things, which the Vulgar call Weeds, and indeed there is a great deal of prettynesse in every one of them, if they be narrowly observed, yet divers of them are so pernicious to Corn, and other things of greater use and value by their strangling qualities, that the names above mentioned have not been given them without some reason.    

CHAP. CCXLVIII. Of Centory.  

The Names.  
IT is divided into two kinds, a greater and a lesser which might be treated of in two distinct Chapters; yet for their names sakes, and somewhat for their qualities I shall join them in one, though of different forms. The greater is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Centaurium magnum which is generally affirmed to have received its name from Chiron the Centaur, who healed himself herewith after that he had wounded his foot by the fall of one of Herculeses Arrows out of his hand when he received. Hercu●es as ●i●●ue●, and therefore of some was ●a●ed 〈◊〉. It hath formerly though falsely been called Rha Pont cum and u●●● instead thereof, that being a kind of Rhubarb. The lesser is ca●●ed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek Centaurium parvum and minus in Latin, and Centaurea as also ●●r●s for the extraordinary bitterness thereof, and Febr●fuga of cu●ing Fea●●●●●gh that name properly belong to another Plant cal●ed Feave●ew; of ●●●e also Multirad●x but why I know not. Dioscorides saith, it was cal●ed Limpin, and Pliny Libad●o●, because it ●oveth to grow in moi●● places, yet in our Country it loveth to grow in dry places also. It is called in English, Small Century and the lesser Centory.   

The Kind's.  
Of these two kinds above named there be Eleven sorts, four of the greater and seven o● the lesser. 1. The Common Great Centory. 2. The Pyrenean great Centory. 3. The great Centory of Portugal. 4. The great yellow Centory. 5. The red ordinary small Centory. 6. White flowered Centory. 7. Small spiked Centory. 8. Small yellow Centory. 9 Small yellow through leased branched Centory. 10. Small yellow unbranched Centory. 11. The least yellow Centory.   

The Form.  
Though I have set the greatest Centory foremost for his greatness sake, yet the lesser being tha● at whose Virtues I chiefly a●●e, take the description thereof as followeth. The red ordinary small Centory groweth most commonly but with ●●● round, and somewhat cre●●ed stalk, not above half a foot high at most, that e●er I saw, branching forth at the top into many sprigs, and some also from the joints of the stalks below: At the extremities of the branches there stand, as it we●e in an Umbell or tu●t divers small flowers of a pale red colour tending to a Ca●●tion, consisting of six but usually of five small Leaves, somewhat like unto those of St. Johns-wort, which in the day time, when the Sun shineth, open themselves, and towards the evening shut themselves again; after which cometh the seed in little short Husks in for ●e like unto Wheat Corns, but much lesser. The Leaves are small and somewhat round like unto those of St. Johns-wort but lesser. The root is small and hard.   

The Places and Time.  
The first and third grow upon the Alps and Mount Baldus; the name of the second will discover its place; the fourth is a natural of Mount Baldus also: the ●●ft is found almost every where in fields, pastures, and woods, as in a field by Oxford highway from Baubury not fare from Beechen Tree, and in a place called New-pa●●ure in the Common fields of Adderbury East, not fare from the high way side and in some of Walton grounds, which are on the other side the River Charwell, and other places that I could name: the sixth is not so frequent, the seaventh about Mom●e●●er, and near unto Pado● upon the Euganean Hills; the eighth in a field next Sr. Francis Carew's house in Kent, at Beddington near Croyd●●, and in many other places, where the other sorts are sometimes found, and removed into the Gardens of the curious, where some of the greater sorts may be also seen: They do all flower about July, and give their seed in August, only the Portugal kind is seldom brought to flower in our Country much less to seed.   

The Temperature.  
The great Centory is hot and dry in the third degree. The lesser is hot and dry in the second degree, and very bitter.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
Both the Centories are commended for gripe in the Belly yet because the lesser it most effectual to that purpose, I shall set down the Virtues thereof. The decoction thereof being made in Wine. Ale, or posset drink, is very available in several diseases of the Belly, as the Colic, Costivenes, Worms, and the like, purging Phlegm and Choler and provoking Sweat. It is given with very good success to those that are perplexed with Agues, for it openeth the stops of the Liver, Gall, and Spleen helping the Jaundice, which the yellow sort doth by Signature, for that especially purgeth Choler as the white doth Phlegm and Water; and the Red cleanseth the Blood maketh thin both it and the humours, by the cleansing and bitter qualities. It is useful in the Sciatica, helpeth those that have the Dropsy, and the green sickness, for it bringeth down the Courses of women. It helpeth also to avoid the Dead Birth, and helpeth the pains of the Mother, and is very effectual in all pains of the Joints as the Gout, Cramp, or Convulsions. Being boiled in White Wine or Ale with Liquorice and strained and drunk Morning and Evening it openeth the Obstructions of the Chest and Lungs, and a little Sugar-Candy added it is a good Remedy against Hoarseness and the Ptisick. The decoction of the tops of the Stalks with the Leaves and flowers which are most in use, being taken inwardly, and the boiled Herb that is taken forth applied outwardly, helpeth both the pains of the sides, and hardness of the Spleen. A dram of the powder thereof taken in Wine is a wonderful good help against the bitting and poison of any Venomous Creatures. Being boiled in Water and drunk, it provoketh Appetite, cleanseth the Stomach and Breast purgeth the Back and Reins, and healeth whatsoever is amiss in them. The juice of the Herb mixed with a little Honey is good to clear the E●●s 〈◊〉 Dimness, mists, or Clouds, that hinder the sight, and is singular good ●or green or fresh wounds, and also for old Ulcers and Sores, to close up the one, and to cleanse the other, and perfectly cure them both, although they be fistulous and hollow, the green Herb especially being bruised & laid to. The decoction thereof being dropped into the Ears, cleanseth them from worms, cleanseth ●he foul Ulcers, and spreading Scabs of the Head, and taketh away Freckles, Spots, and Marks in the skin, being washed therewith. The greater Centory, is appropriated especially to Wounds, because it helpeth those that spit blood, or bleed much at the Mouth, two drams at the Root (in powder) taken in Wine or Water. Neither is the Root but the whole Plant very available also in all sorts of wounds and Ulcers to dry, sodder, cleanse and heal them, and should be a principal Ingredient in all Wound drinks and Injections. Yet it is effectual in many other Cases also, for the Roots thereof being steeped in wine and drunk or the powder thereof given in wine is good for such as have the Dropsy or Jaundice, or are troubled with the stops of the Liver. It is also used for Ruptures, Cramps, and Pleurisies and for an old Cough, shortness of breath and other diseases of the Lungs, Gripe in the Belly, and pains of the Mother. Being scraped and put up as a Pessary it procureth women's Courses, and causeth the Dead Birth to be avoided; the juice thereof used after the same manner worketh the like Effects. It helpeth the Strangury and pissing by drops, as also the Stone, if the decoction or Powder thereof be taken and the juice injected; The decoction or juice of the Root or a dram of the powder thereof drunk, and the wound washed therewith, taketh away the pain and danger of the bitings or Stinging of Venomous Creatures. It helpeth to sharpen the Eye sight, if it be steeped in Water, and dropped into them.    

CHAP. CCXLVIII. Of Lovage.  

The Names.  
IT hath no Greek Name that I can meet with. It is called in Latin Levisticum which is the proper and only Latin Name thereof, Ligusticum being a far different plant, although some being deceived with the vicinity of the name have taken them to be both one.   

The Kind's.  
As the Names of Lovage are but few, so the sorts are not many; for of it I find but two, 1. Ordinary Lovage, 2. The Lovage of Germany.   

The Form.  
Ordinary Lovage hath many long and great stalks of large winged Leaves, divided into many parts like Smallage, but much larger, of a sad green colour, smooth and shining, every Leaf being cut about the edges, and broader forward than towards the Stalk: The Stalks that arise from thence are divers, and of different proportions, according to the goodness or badness of the Soil wherein they grow, as also to their time of continuance: for though in a fat soil where it hath grown long, they attain unto the height of five or six foot, yet if the ground be barren, or the herb but newly set, they seldom exceed three or four, answerable whereunto is the bigness of them, being green and hollow, set with lesser leaves than those that grow below: towards the tops of these, come forth other smaller branches, bearing at their tops large Umbels of yellow Flowers, which turn into flat brounish seed, somewhat like the seed of Angelica. The root groweth large both in length and thickness, being of a brownish colour without side, and white within. The whole Plant smelleth strong, and in taste is both hot, sharp and biting.   

The Places and Time.  
Both the sorts are Inhabitants in the Gardens of those that love Physical herbs especially, and sometimes in the Garden of those that understand it not: the first being common to divers Countries, the second proper to Germany, yet neither of them are found wild in any part of Europe, if they be any where else. The root in continuance of time spreadeth much, for it endureth long and sendeth forth every year new stalks, which hold the Flowers in the end of July, and the seed in August.   

The Temperature.  
Lovage is hot and dry in the third degree, and is of thin parts also.   

The Virtues.  
Half a dram of the dried Root of Lovage in powder, taken in Wine, doth wonderfully warm a cold Stomach, helping digestion, and consuming all superfluous moisture and raw humours therein, as also in the Guts, and therefore it easeth all inward gripe and pains, both of the Stomach and Belly, as also by dissolving wind and expelling it effectually: which is an utter enemy to them both; and it is commended for resisting poison and infection, that may assault either of them, or any other part. The said Root boiled in Wine or Barleywater, cleanseth the Lungs, openeth the passages of the Urine, provoketh women's Courses mightily, and healeth inward Wounds; Being bruised in a Mortar before it be dried, and steeped for twelve hours in fair Water, then strained, and two or three spoonfuls drunk first and last, morning and evening, assuageth any drought or great desire to drink, when no ordinary liquor will do it: and this it performeth by a specific property, for the Root is well known to be hot. To drink the Decoction of the herb for any sort of Ague, and to help the cold pains and torments of the Body and Bowels, coming of cold, was not long since, a known and much practised Remedy, but the present Age, which forgets every thing that should do it good, knows none such, as far as I can under-stand. The seeds drunk in White-wine fasting, either in powder, or boiled therein and strained, doth purge both upwards and downwards, and being used in Glisters, it easeth the Gout in the feet. Being steeped a night in Wine, or else boiled therein and drunk, it provoketh the Terms, and expelleth the Dead-child, and likewise opens the stops of the Spleen; but because the seeds be very strong, the like weight of anise and Fennel may be mixed with them to qualify them. And to be brief, the seeds are as effectual to all purposes as any other part of it, and worketh more powerfully in women's diseases. The distilled water of the herb, helpeth the Quinsey in the Throat, if the Mouth and Throat be gargled and washed therewith, and helpeth the Pleurisy being drunk three or four times; Being dropped into the Eyes it taketh away the redness and dimness of them; It likewise taketh away the spots or freckles of the Face. The Leaves bruised and fried with a little Hogs-lard, and laid to any botch or boil, will quickly break it; and being boiled in water and bathed therein, it provoketh Urine, expelleth the Stone, and healeth the inward parts; Being applied three or four times with Rue and Honey, to the Knees of those that are troubled with pain in them, it is a good expedient for the removing thereof; The people of Germany and of this, and other countries' also in former times used both the Root in Powder, and the seed to season their Meats and Broths, and found them as effectual to comfort and warm the Stomach: but now a days, whatsoever is not fare fetched will hardly please: The green roots pickled with salt and vinegar are a good sauce for those that are troubled with wind: but if they be preserved with sugar, they are more acceptable to the Palate.    

CHAP. CCXLIX. Of Tansey.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Athanasia, peradventure from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, signifying sine morte, or non moriens, that is, immortal: because the yellow Flowers gathered in due time, will continue very lively a long while: It is also called Athanasia in Latin & Tanacetum, corruptly taken, as Fuschius imagineth, for Tagetes, or Apuleius his Artemisia Tragantes: yet I conceive it more probable to come, though not without some corruption, from Athan●sia, it being called in French Tanaisie and Athanasie, from whence our English word ●ansey came without doubt.   

The Kinds.  
Of Tansey there be these seven sorts. 1 Ordinary Tansey. 2 Double English Tansy, or curled Tansy. 3 Particoloured Tansey. 4 Woolly Tansey. 5 Small white Tansy. 6 Mountain Tansey. 7 Unsavoury Tansey.   

The Form.  
Though ordinary and curled Tansy be two sorts, yet one description may serve them both, for either of them have many hard green Leaves, or rather wings of Leaves, many small ones, being set one against another, all along a middle rib or stalk, and snipt about the edges, in one sort the Leaves stand closer and thicker, and somewhat crumpled, which hath caused it to be called double, or curled Tansy, and in the other, more thinner and stragglingly set, like as those of the wild Tansey are. It riseth up with many hard stalks, bearing at the tops of them certain clustered tufts of gold, yellow flowers like Buttnos, as Camomile, Feaverfew, and Maudlin do, which being gathered in their prime will not quickly whither: the seed is small and as it were chaffy: the Root creepeth under ground and shooteth up again in divers places; The whole herb is bitter in taste, and of a strong smell, yet very comfortable to the Senses.   

The Places and Time.  
All the sorts abovementioned are cherished in Gardens, either for their Virtues or their rarity, howbeit many of them are not without their natural places of growing; for the first groweth by the hedges and ditches sides, and in the borders of fields in divers Countries beyond the Sea: The fourth groweth about Mompelier and other places: The fift groweth in divers places both of Germany and Italy: The sixth upon the Alps amongst the Swissers: The last also groweth in divers Countries beyond the Seas: The Root endureth long, sending forth its green Leaves in March and April, and its Flowers in June and July, and sometimes later.   

The Temperature.  
Tansey is said to be hot in the second degree, and dry in the third: That without smell is hot, and dry, but in a lesser degree than the former.   

The Virtues.  
The Decoction of the ordinary Garden Tansey, or the juice thereof drunk in Wine, or Beer, is very profitable to dissolve and expel Wind in the Stomach, Belly, or Bowels, and to kill and expel the W●rmes, and so doth the seed, which is a singular and approved Medicine for the same, in what sort soever it be taken; and therefore it is that Tanseys' were so frequent not long since about Easter, being so called from this Herb Tansey; though I think the Stomach of those that eat them late, are so squeamish, that they put little or none of it into them, having altogether forgotten the reason of their Original, which was to purge away from the Stomach and Guts the Phlegm engendered by eating of Fish in the Lent Season (when Lent was kept stricter than now it is) whereof Worms are soon bred in them that are thereunto disposed, besides other humours which the moist and cold constitution of Winter most usually infects the body of Man with; and this I say is the reason why Tanseys' were, and should be now more used in the Spring then at any other time of the year, though many understand it not, and some simple people take it for a matter of superstition so to do. The Decoction before mentioned is a singular remedy for all the griefs that come by stopping of the Urine, helpeth the Strangury, and those that have weak Reins and Kidneys, procureth women's Courses, and expelleth the windiness of the Matrix: If it be bruised and often smelled unto, as also applied to the lower part of the Belly, it is very profitable for such Women as are apt to miscarry in Childbearing, to cause them to go out their full time. It is also used against the Stone in the Reins with good success, especially if it be given to Men. Being boiled in Salad Oil after it hath been stamped, it is very good against the pain and shrinking of the Sinews by the Cramp or other distemper, if applied to the part affected. It is said also, that the Root preserved with Sugar is profitable for them that have the Gout, if they take thereof fasting for many days together. It is one of the six things that are reckoned up in Schola Salerni to be good for the Palsy, and not without reason; for it avoideth phlegm and drieth the Sinews, by whose resolution the Palsy is caused.    

CHAP. CCL. Of Lavender-Cotten:  

The Names.  
IT is doubted whether the Greeks had any knowledge of this Plant, yet some have called it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, as if they had, and their reason is, because the Leaves thereof are somewhat like to the Leaves of the Cypress Tree. It is also called Chamaecyparissus in Latin, but divers of the most judicious of the Latin Writers take it as Matthiolus doth, to be the true Abrotanum faemina of Dioscorides & Sancolina; we call it generally in English Lavender-Cotten.   

The Kinds.  
There are nine sorts hereof to be reckoned up. 1 Ordinary Lavender-cotton. 2 Great Lavender Cotten. 3 French Lavender Cotten. 4 Fine Lavender Cotten. 5 Rosemary Leafed Lavender Cotten. 6 Small Rosemary Leafed Lavender Cotten. 7 Small green Lavender Cotten. 8 Creeping Lavender Cotten. 9 Strange Lavender Cotten.   

The Form.  
The ordinary Lavender Cotten hath many woody, but brittle branches, hoary, or of a whitish colour, whereon are set many Leaves, which are little, long, and foursquare, dented or notched upon every edge, and whitish also; at the tops of the branches stand naked Stalks, bearing on every one of them a yellow head or Flower like unto Tansey, or Maudeline, but greater than either of them, of a gold yellow colour, abiding so a along time upon the Stalks, and being kept dry likewise, after which cometh small dark coloured seed; the Root is woody, and spreadeth abroad with many hard fibres. The whole Plant is very comely to behold, especially if it be artificially ordered, of a strong sweet scent, but no way displeasing, unless it be in the taste, which is bitter.   

The Places and Time.  
Though none of the forementioned Plants grow naturally with us, yet many of them are to be found in the Gardens of those that are curious Conservers of rare Plants; howbeit, it will not be amiss to tell you, that the first groweth of its own accord in Germany. The second in divers places of Narbone in France. The fourth, fifth, and sixth about Salamanca in Spain. The last is supposed to come from Egypt, the places of the rest are not yet known. They do all or most of them flower in july and August.   

The Temperature.  
The seed of Lavender Cotten, and so likewise the herb is hot and dry in the third Degree.   

The Virtues.  
Every Woman also can tell, that Lavender Cotten stamped and strained with Milk, & taken fasting after it hath been a little warmed by the fire, is an excellent expedient to kill and expel Worms out of the Stomaches and Bellies, both of children and elder persons also, but the seed is accounted of greatest force; notwithstanding when that cannot be had, the herb may be used as aforesaid. Matthiolus saith, that half a dram of Lavender Cotten, taken in a little of the distilled Water of Fetherfew, every morning fasting for ten days together at the least, is a very profitable Medicine for Women that are troubled with the Whites, to stay them. The Leaves drunk with Wine seven days, helpeth the yellow Jaundice, the obstructions of the Liver and Kidneys, and is good against the Sciatica. It is a good medicine against the poisons of all Serpents and venomous Beasts, being taken in the manner aforesaid, and being only strewed or burnt in such places, as are frequented with Vermine, it driveth them away with the smell thereof; and therefore it is not altogether inconvenient to set it in Flower-pots amongst other things. Clusius saith that in Spain about Salamanca they use the decoction of the Spanish kinds, to take away the Itch and Scabs in whomsoever have them, and he adviseth that Caution be used in giving it; yet I suppose it is rather to be bathed with, then taken inwardly. But it is used more frequently with us, to be put amongst other hot Herbs, either in Baths, Ointments, or other Medicines, to help those that are bursten, or troubled with Cramps or Convulsions of Sinews, to provoke Urine, and bring down women's courses, and generally it worketh the same effects, and may be applied to all the diseases that Southernwood is appropriated; and therefore I shall refer you to it, to be further informed concerning its Virtues, lest I justly seem to be tautological. But there is an use, wherein this exceeds that of Southernwood, and that is to make Knots, Trails, and other Compartments in the Gardens of Noble Personages; for besides its gentle aspect, it abideth green all the Winter, and will with cutting, be kept in as even proportion, as any other herb may be, yet it must be removed every third year, that is, taken up and set again, otherwise it will grow stubbed and dry.    

CHAP. CCLI. Of Carrots and Parsneps.  

The Names.  
IT will not be amiss to join these two sorts in one Chapter, as I suppose: because they are so agreeable in their Names, Natures and Virtues. The first is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and so may the second; for it is as probable that the derivation thereof cometh from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the stalk of Briony, the Roots of each growing after the same manner, as that it should come from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Grape, to whose purplish colour, when it is almost ripe, one only sort hereof is resembled; and therefore Dodonaeus, and Fuscbius say, that some in their time called them both Stapbylinus. And so in Latin, the word Pastinaca, which cometh a Pascend●, quia corpus alat, doth agree with the one, as well as the other; for they are both nourishing, yet differ in this, because the Root of one is reddish, and the other is white; the one hath narrow Leaves, and the other broad; and therefore they are commonly divided into tenui folia & latifolia. Of that with narrow Leaves, there is a wild sort called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek, and Daucus, Daucum & Daucium in Latin, and Dauke in English, to distinguish it from another sort of wild Carrots, which is properly so called, of all which I shall say somewhat in this Chapter.   

The Kinds.  
Though there be many sorts of Carrots, and more of Dauke, yet I shall only mention five sorts of the first, one of the second, and two of the Parsnep, which are eight in all. 1 Common yellow Carrots. 2 Wild Carrots. 3 Wild Carrots of Naples. 4 Prickly wild Carrots of Naples. 5 Wild Carrots with hairy Stalks. 6 The true Dauke of Candy. 7 Garden Parsnep. 8 Wild Parsnep.   

The Form.  
The wild Carrot (which is of more use in Physic, though less known than the Common sort) groweth in a manner like that of the Garden, but that the Leaves are whiter and rougher, as the Stalks likewise are, which bear large spoky tufts of white flowers, with a deep purple spot in the middle, which are contracted together, when the seed beginneth to grow ripe, so that the middle part being hollow and low, and the outward stalks rising high, maketh the whole Umbel to show like a birds nest. The Root is small, long, and hard, being also somewhat sharp and strong, and therefore unfit for Meat.   

The Places and Time.  
The first is that which is sown by the Gardiner's in every Country, in Gardens or Fields, chosen out for the purpose, whose soil must be lose, and well manured, if not new broken up. The second groweth in most places of this Land, as well in Pastures, as by sides of fields, and untilled places. The third and fourth in Naples. The fifth in Germany. The sixth in Candy. The seventh is nursed up in Gardens. The last groweth in the Marshes by Rochester. The first are sown in April, or sooner, and will be ready for the pot about july or August, never seeding the first year if they be good, but the secon●: All the rest do flower and seed about the end of Summer, except the Gar●● Parsnep, whose seed is ripe about the beginning of August, the second year after its sowing, for if they seed the first year, they are good for nothing, and are called Mad Neepes by the Country people.   

The Temperature.  
The Roots of Carrots and Parsneps are temperately hot and somewhat moist, but the seeds are hot and dry almost in the third degree.   

The Virtues.  
The seed of every one of the before mentioned sorts, are very carminative, that is, powerful to expel wind, and therefore they are very effectual to ease the torments and gripe of the Belly, and to cure the Colic, but especially that of the true Dauke of Candy, next the wild Carrots; and if neither of them can be gotten, the seeds of either of the other Carden sorts may be used in steed thereof, either in Powder or in Decoction. The seed of the true D●●cus is likewise very useful to help the Strangury, to provoke Urine and women's courses, to expel the Dead birth, and to help the strangling of the Mother, and remove those stitches that afflict the sides. Both it and the Roots powdered, & drunk in Wine, are very profitable for those that have received any grief or hurt by any venomous Beast whatsoever, as also to resist any other venom or poison, and the Pestilence: The same also put into Poultices doth ease tumors and swell in any part, and being mixed with honey, it helpeth old and inveterate Coughs. The seed of the wild Carrot is commended for all the purposes aforesaid, as also for helping to break and expel the Stone in the Kidneys, to cure the Dropsey, and those whose Bellies are swollen with Wind; it provoketh venery and helpeth conception. The Roots of the manured Parsneps and Carrots are of a sweet pleasant taste, by which they stir up the appetite, and therefore the Carrots are usually eaten with Beef, as well without, as with butter all the time of the Autumn; but the Parsneps being dryer, are more commonly buttered, and serve as a dish by themselves upon Wednesdays and Fridays, when hot meat is not so familiarly provided, and so they are good for a Consumption, and provoke Venery; yet if there be no other provocation thereunto, no body shall need to fear the eating of them, if so be they do it with moderation; for by the immoderate and too often use of them, their nourishment will become vicious, because they are somewhat windy, whence you may observe that the Roots and Seeds of many things are not endued with the same qualities.    

CHAP CCLII. Of Spignell.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, perhaps from the smallness of the Leaves, in Latin also Meum, & Meum Athamanticum, either from Athamantes the son of Aeolus, supposed to be the first discoverer, or from the Hill Athamantes in Thessaly, where the best was formerly thought to grow; for it was sometimes usual with the ancient Writers to name the places of Plants, not because they grew in no other, or were a distinct sort by themselves, but because they were better than the common sort; and for this reason, and for no other, Pli●y calls it also Meum Macedonicum, and Hispanicum: It is called in English Spignell or Spicknell, of some Mew, or Baldmony, or Bearewort.   

The Kinds.  
To this kind these five sorts may not unfitly be referred. 1 Ordinary Spignell. 2 Small Spignell. 3 The Preservative Spignell of Candy. 4 Italian Bastard Spignell. 5 Mountain Spignell of Germany.   

The Form.  
The ordinary Spignell, riseth up with sundry long stalks of Leaves exceeding finely, cut like unto hairs, smaller than those of Dill, set thick on both sides the stalk, of a light or yellow green colour, and of a good sent: from amongst which, rise up round stiff Stalks with joints, having a few Leaves at them, at the tops whereof groweth an Umbell of pure white flowers, at the edges whereof sometimes will be seen a show of radish or blush colour, especially before they be full blown, which give place unto little roundish seed which are of a brownish colour; the Roots are thick and long in respect of the Leaves growing out from one head, which is hairy at the top, of a blackish brown colour on the outside, and white within.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth naturally in Westmoreland, Yorkshire, and other Northern Counties, and hath been brought from thence into our Southern Physic Gardens; the second in Savoy, the third in Candy, the fourth in Italy, the last in Austria, and as some have affirmed at the bottom of St. Vincents rock by Bristol over against the hot Well, where it cannot be seen but when the Tide is down. They flower in June and July, and yield their seed in August.   

The Temperature.  
The Roots of Spignell are hot in the third degree, and dry in the second.   

The Virtues.  
The dry Roots of Spignell being made into powder, mixed with Honey, and taken after the manner of an Electuary or licking Medicine, not only consumeth all windiness in the Stomach, but descendeth into the Guts, and easeth the griping pains of the B●lly: It is excellent also against all Catarrhs, Rheums and Aches of the Joints, as also any phlegmatic or watery humour, falling upon the Lungs: Being boiled in wine or water, and drunk, it mightily openeth the stops of the Kidneys and Bladder, provoketh Urine and bodily lust, easeth and helpeth the Strangury, and consumeth all windiness and belchings of the Stomach, yea it is so effectual for the Strangury, that being laid Plasterwise up the Bellies of those Children that have it by inheritance, it causeth them to make water very freely. I● is also very available to bring down women's Courses, and to help the griefs of the Mother, but should too great a quantity thereof be taken, it would cause the head to ache, by the Vapours that it sendeth thereunto, and therefore the safest way for the last purposes would be to sit over the decoction thereof: The said Roots which are the only parts of the Plant in use, though the seed be very aromatical, are accounted very effectual against the sting or biting of any venomous Creature, and therefore it is a main Ingredient in Mithridate, and Venice Treacle, which are especial Antidotes, both for that and many other of the purposes before mentioned.    

CHAP. CCLIII. Of Bishops-weed.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, as is supposed from the smallness of the seed, which in some sort imitateth Sand, and in Latin Ammi & Ammium, yet the Shops call it Ammios or Ameos, in the Genitive case, divers call it Cuminum Aethi●picum, because the seed is somewhat like to that of Cummin, and in that it groweth frequently in Aethiopia: It is called also Cumi●um Regium, or Cummin Royal for its excellent properties, in English Ameos or Ammi, of some Herb William, Bull-wort and Bishops-weed.   

The Kinds.  
Though the true Ammi or Bishops-weed is not extant in any part of Europe, yet therebe three sorts that learned men have referred to the same kind for some affinity betwixt them. 1 Common Bishops-weed. 2 Bishops-weed of Candy. 3 Small Bishops-weed.   

The Form.  
Common Bishops-weed riseth up with a round strait stalk three or four foot high, beset with divers small, long and somewhat broad Leaves, cut in divers places, and dented about the edges, growing on both sides of a long foot stalk one against another, of a fresh green colour, somewhat like unto Skirret Leaves, having sundry branches on them: at the tops whereof come forth small Umbels of white flowers which turn into small, round and brown seed, a little bigger than Parsley-seed, and not so big as Aniseed, of a quick hot scent and tall; the Root is white and fibrous, perishing every year after it hath given its seed, from whence it riseth up again the next year, if it be suffered to fall to the ground.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth naturally in the next field beyond Green Hithe, in the way as you go to Gravesend by the hedge fide, and in divers other places both of England and Wales: the second was sent from Candy, yet it groweth also upon the Mountain Garganus in Italy, according to Matthiolus: the last was brought from Alexandria in Egyt, but was first brought thither out of Arabia; All which being nursed up in some of our Physic Gardens do flower and seed reasonable well, if the year prove kindly, and not otherwise. Their time of flowering is in June and July, and that of seeding is about the latter end of August.   

The Temperature.  
The seeds of Bishops-weed, which are chief in use, are hot and dry in the later end of the third degree, being of thin parts, somewhat bitter in taste, and sharp withal.   

The Virtues.  
The seed of Bishops-weed is another of the four lesser hot seeds, evermore commended for breaking Wind, and therefore it cannot but be of wonderful efficacy to ease the Colic, and other torments and pains in the bowels, seizing upon Men, either when they make water or go to stool, being taken in Wine, and so it provoketh Urine, and women's Courses, and is good against the bitings of Serpents: It is used with good success in those Medicines that are made of Cantharideses to qualify the poisonous and corroding operation of those flies upon the Vrit●ry part, which they chief affect, so that they may be received into the Body without any danger. Being beaten very fine, and mingled with honey, it dissolveth and scattereth congealed blood, and taketh away black and blue marks, which come by stripes or falls, if it be applied to the affected part in manner of a Plaster; And being drunk, or outwardly applied, it abateth the high colour of those, which by drinking, or any other distemperature are disguised therewith: causing the redness of their Faces and Noses to departed, and a more comely colour to succeed it. It cleanseth the Matrix, whether it be given with Raifins after the same manner, as Wormseed is given to children, or the fumes thereof, and Rossin mixed together, and received thereinto. These are the virtues which Dioscorides ascribeth to the true Ammi, with every one of which the Bishops weed before described, is by Dodonaeus said to be endued. The Egyptians do make much use of the seed of the Egyptian, or Arabian kind to provoke Venery; for which purpose, it is said to be very powerful.    

CHAP. CCLIV. Of ENGLISH Wormseed.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Myagrum, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Melampyrum, as Dioscorides saith, and of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Myagrium, but indeed these names belong rather to the gold of pleasure, then to this, which is but referred to that, and more usually called in Latin Camelina, sive Myagrum alterum amarum; The word Myagrum signifies as much as Muscipulum, sive Muscarium, and i● attributed to gold of Pleasure, because the seed being oily, hath such an emplastic, or clammy quality therein, that it arresteth the Flies that settle thereon; but whether our English Wormseed hath any such property, I do not affirm. Mel 〈…〉 iron signifieth black Wheat, because growing many times amongst wheat, the Ancients thought the wheat had degenerated into it, but that there should be any such Metamorphosis in Plants, is now clearly discovered to be an error. That which is here called English Wormseed, others call it Treacle wormseed.   

The Kinds.  
Gold of Pleasure, whereof English Wormseed is said to be a sort, hath six others to be joined with it. 1 English Wormseed. 2 Garden gold of Pleasure. 3 Wild gold of Pleasure. 4 Stinking gold of Pleasure. 5 The greater one grained gold of Pleasure. 6 The lesser one grained Myagrum. 7 Round podded like Myagrum.   

The Form.  
English Wormseed riseth up with one or more upright stalks, about two foot high, branching towards the top, and thick set with long and narrow green Leaves, somewhat like unto those of the single Wall-flower, but smaller, and of a whiter green colour; at the tops of the stalks and branches, come forth very small pale yellow flowers, consisting of four leaves a piece, somewhat like unto those of the Wall-flower, but much smaller, even more than half: which afterwards give small long Cod, containing within them very pale coloured seed, of a very bitter taste; the Root is small and woody, perishing every year after it hath given its seed, which seed being suffered to shed, riseth again the next year without any more ado, and in a short time, will so overcome the place of its abode, that it will not easily be destroyed.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth naturally in divers places of this Land, and is either therefore called English Wormseed, because it is proper to our Country; or else, because our Country folks do make use of it for the Worms, to which end they bring it into their Gardens, where being once sowed, they are for ever furnished. The second is natural to some places of Italy, yet in others, they sow it in their Gardens for pleasure, as we do, and in their fields also, for the profit that is made of the seed, and the oil that is pressed therefrom. The third is common in Germany, in all their flax grounds almost. The fourth groweth in the sandy grounds about Basil. The fift by Padua, on the E●gonean Hills. The two last by Mompelier. They all flower in the summer Months, and their seed is ripe about August.   

The Temperature.  
English Wormseed, as is conceived, is hot and dry in the later end of the third degree.   

The Virtues.  
Though some refuse our English Wormseed, and prefer that which is brought out of the Eastern Countries, because it is not altogether so bitter and unpleasant as ours is, yet doubtless it is as effectual, if not more, to kill the Worms in Children, yea, and in elder persons also; the seed being a little bruised and given in drink, or any other way, and this is the chief, if not the only use that it is put to. The Oil of the seed of Myagrum, or Gold of Pleasure serveth, as Dioscorides saith, to make smooth the skin that is chapped, or rugged in any part of the Body; and as Pliny, and others say, to cure the Ulcers of the mouth, if it be therewith anointed; but the more vulgar use of it in Germany, and other places where it is very plentiful, is to serve the poor for their Tables; and the richer sort for their Lamps; as also to make soap, being compounded with a certainly, made of ashes. The said oil is very like unto the true oil of Sesamum, being ●o● and causing thirst, if it be drunk, as the other doth, and therefore may be used for the same ends and purposes. The wild gold of Pleasure, is in quality somewhat like unto the former, but bitterer, yea so bitter, whilst it is green, that no Creature will taste thereof; yet being ripe and dry, it becometh so acceptable to small birds, as Linnets, Finches, and the like to seed upon, that nothing can be more. The other sorts are not known to be used to any purpose.    

CHAP CCLU. Of Leeks.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Prasum, in Latin Porrum, which is of the Masculine Gender in the plural Number, according to that old verse,  
Dat rastrum rastros, porrumque facit tibi porros.  
It is sometimes found to be of the Masculine Gender, in the singular number also, but not often.   

The Kinds.  
There be divers sorts of Leeks, four whereof I shall here set down. 1 The common Leek, both set and unset. 2 The Vine Leek. 3 The Leek with a cloven. 4 Chives, Cives, or wild Leeks.   

The Form.  
The common Leek cometh up like unto an Onion, but that the Onion bringeth up his seed with it green, hollow like Leaves, flattish on the one side, and with a ridge or crest on the backside, of a smell and taste, somewhat like unto the Onion also; if they be suffered to grow uncut, whether they be removed or not, then, in the second or third year after their sowing, they will send forth a round and slender stalk, even quite throughout, but not hollow or bigger in the middle like the Onion, bearing at the top, an head of purplish flowers, and black seed after them, so very like unto Onyon-seed, that it is hard to distinguish them. The Root is long and white, with abundance of white Fibres hanging thereat.   

The Places and Time.  
The natural places of none of the aforesaid sorts are any where expressed, as I can find, except the Vine Leek, which groweth by itself in Vineyards, and near unto Vines in hot Regions, whereof it took its name; but are planted in Gardens in other Countries, as well as in England, especially in Egypt, where they were formerly in great estimation. There Leeks may be sown in March and April, and then they will be fit to be removed in September, the ground being first prepared with Cowdung, that they may grow the bigger. Cives being once planted, do continue many years, suffering the extremest cold of the Winter. The Vine Leek beareth its green leaves in Winter, and withereth away in the Summer.   

The Temperature.  
Leeks are hot and dry in the third degree, and of very subtle parts, especially their juice.   

The Virtues.  
Though Leeks eaten raw, do yield very bad nourishment; hurt the eyes, engender black melancholy blood, and are therefore most hurtful for those that are inclined thereunto, as also for those that are Choleric, because it increaseth that humour also, cause terrible dreams, hurt the Sinews through their sharpness, as also the teeth and gums, yet after they are boiled, all the evil qualities are taken away, so that they are profitable both for meat and medicine; Pottage made with them are very wholesome, not only for those that are oppressed with phlegm, but for those also that are afflicted with the Colic, or the Stone. But for the Colic they be more effectual, being used thus. Take unset Leeks, blades and all, chop them small, boil them in good White-Wine, with May Butter, or other fresh Butter, if that be not to be had, until the Wi●e be in a manner wasted away, then lay them abroad between a clean linen cloth plasterwise, and so apply them to the Belly of the Patient, as hot as he can endure it, which being cold apply another, and this do, if need be, three or, four times together, and he shall assuredly be eased thereby. And for the Stone take unset Leeks, in the Month of June, shred them small, and distil them, sun the Water for a month or two, and drink morning and evening a good draught, for this looseneth the Costive belly, helpeth the pain of the Hips, purgeth the Kidneys and Bladder, provoketh Urine, and expelleth the Stone: For which purpose, some cut Leeks in small pieces, dry them in an Oven, or against the Fire, and make them into powder, which they use oftentimes in their drink. Besides the seeds are very effectual to kill Worms in children, & so are the Leeks themselves, the blades being stamped with vinegar, and applied to the stomach of the Patient, as he sitteth in his warm bed; Or else stamp unset Leeks, Rosemary and Plantain, of each a like quantity, seethe them in Malmsey, and apply them to the Navel. They are also held to free the Chest and Lungs, from much corruption and rotten phlegm, that sticketh fast therein, and hard to be avoided; as also for them, that through hoarseness have lost their Voice; if they be either takeen raw, or boiled with broth of Barley, or some such other supping, fit and conducing thereunto, and being baked under hot embers, they are an excellent remedy against a surfeit of Mushrooms. The green blades of leeks, being boiled and applied warm to the Hemeroids or Piles, when they are swollen and painful, do cause an abundance of ease. The juice drunk with honey, is profitable against the bitings of venomous beasts, and likewise the leaves stamped and laid thereupon. The same juice with vinegar, Franckinsence, and milk or oil o● R●ses dropped into the ears, mitigateth their pain, and ceaseth the noise in them. Two drams of the seed, with the like weight of Myrtle berries, being drunk, stoppeth the spitting of blood, which hath continued a long time. The same p●t into Wine not only preserveth it from souring, but also correcteth that which is sour and bringeth it right again, as divers report. It is also recorded, that the juice thereof being drunk, is very available for the bleeding at the Nose, and at Mouth, but care must be had, that it be not taken in too great a quantity, for than it is rank poison, especially if it be taken alone, and therefore it is best to mix a little of it with wine or beer, and so take it. If they be boiled, and eaten often by such Women as are young, and yet have no children, it will make them fruitful, and it increaseth lust in men. The juice of unset Leeks is very much commended for green wounds. They have been formerly of frequent 〈◊〉 for food in this, as well as in other Countries, especially in Lent time; but no● forsooth our dainty Age is grown so fine mouthed, that they are eaten only b●●hose poorer sort, and scarcely by them, yet the Gentlemen of Wal●s have them in great regard, both for their feeding, and to wear in their Ha●s upon S●. David's day; yea, In Russia, Muscovy, and Turkey, the very Nobility do observe to have them among their dishes at their Tables.    

CHAP. CCLVI Of Horse Reddish.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Latin (for it hath no Greek name, that I can find) Raphanus Rusticorum, and by Lobel, Raphanus Rusticanus, by Matthiolus, Raphanus Vulgaris & Rusticanus, by Dodonaeus, Raphanus Magnus & Radicula magna, by Brunfelsius, Armoracia aut Raphanus, by Tragus & Gesner, Raphanus major, Cordus upon Dioscorides & Leonicerus calls it Thl●spi majus & magnum, and Baubinus was partly of his mind, for he calleth it Raphanus Rusticanus, Thl●spi alterum Dioscoridis, so great is the diversity of Authors concerning the name of this Plant, which could never have happened; if Dioscorides, or any of the Ancients had set it down. Yet there is but one sort hereof, and therefore I shall pass to the Description.   

The Form.  
Horse Radish riseth out of the ground with long Leaves, narrow also, and very much cut in on the edges, or as it were torn into many parts, of a dark green colour, with a great rib in the middle, but after these have been up a while, others follow which are greater, rougher, broader, and longer, whole and not divided as the first; but only somewhat roundly dented about the edges: It seldom beareth flowers, but when it doth, the Stalk whereon they grow is great, rising up with some few lesser Leaves thereon to the height of three or four foot, spreading at the top many small branches of whitish flowers, consisting of four Leaves a piece, after which come small pods like unto those of the lesser Shepherds purse, but seldom with any seed in them; the root is long and thick, white of colour, in taste sharp and biting the tongue somewhat like Pepper.   

The Places and Time.  
Mountain Radish, for so it is sometimes called, is chiefly planted in Gardens, where it joyeth most, in a moist and shaddowy place, yet it groweth naturally in divers parts of this Land as at Namp-●wich in Ch●shire, in a place called the Milne-Eye, and also at a small Village near London called H●g●●don in the field, next unto the farm house by the way leading to Kings▪ land: I● so seldom beareth seed or flowereth, that some have affirmed that it beareth neither, yet sometimes it doth flower in July or August, and the seed is ripe in September, but the common way of propagating it, is by the root: for it shooteth up divers heads, which may be parted for increase, either in the Spring or Autumn.   

The Temperature.  
Horse Reddish is hot and dry in the third degree, being of a drying, cleansing and somewhat digesting quality.   

The Virtues.  
Of all things that are given to Children for the Worms, Horse Reddish is not the least effectual, for it killeth and expelleth them, whether the juice of the green root, or powder of the dry root be given in Wine or other convenient liquor or an Ointment be made thereof, and the Belly of the Child be anointed therewith. The Leaves boiled in Wine with a little Oil Olive added thereunto, and laid to the grieved parts in manner of a Pultis, do mollify and take away the hard swell of the Liver and Milt, and being applied to the bottom of the belly, is a remedy for the Strangury, and so are the Roots sliced thin, and eaten with meat as a sa●●ce, having some vinegar put thereto, as also for the colic: It is also a good remedy in strong Bodies for the Cough, Phthisic, and other diseases of the Lungs, as also to procure women's courses that are stopped, being boiled in honey and vinegar into an Electuary: it also is often given before the fit of the Quartan Ague to alter the course, which it doth by provoking vomiting and sweeting; the juice given in drink, is held to be very effectual for the Scurvy: The Root bruised and laid to the place grieved with the Sciatica gout, join-ache, or the hard swelling of the Liver and Spleen, doth wonderfully help them all: And if any think or find it too strong for their stomaches, or that it hurteth their head, or causeth sharp and sour belchings, the distilled Water of the Leaves and Roots may be taken with a little Sugar, for all the purposes aforesaid, without any disturbance at all. The Root is commonly used amongst the Germans, and sometimes by Gentlemen with us also for sauce to eat Fish with, and other Meats, as Mustard is, and so it heateth the Stomach, more, and causeth better digestion than Mustard, notwithstanding whatsoever some have written, as if it were too strong for ordinary Stomaches.    

CHAP. CCLVII. Of Sumack▪  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, from the red, or Scarlet colour of the seed, which is therefore called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifying no more but Red▪ Pliny calleth it also Rhus in Latin, saying that it hath not any pure Latin Name, yet Gaza translateth it Fluida, supposing it to come from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 fluo, for no reason at all. Some call it Rhus simply without any Epither, as Matthiolus etc. Others with one, as Rhus Coriaria, because the Coriers use it about their Leather, and Rhus Obsoniorum, because it is used about sauce, the shops call it Sumack, and so do We in English.   

The Kinds.  
To this kind may be referred these five sorts, and not improperly. 1 Coriare Sumack. 2 Virginian Sumack. 3 Myrtle leafed Sumack. 4 Venice Sumack. 5 Sweet Gall.   

The Form.  
Coriars' Sumack groweth in our Gardens to be two or three yards high, spreading sundry branches with large winged Leaves, that is, having many set on both sides of a middle rib, somewhat like unto Elder, which are soft and hairy, with a red sinew running through the middle of every of them; at the ends of the branches come forth large spiked clusters of whitish Flowers, which afterwards become reddish, round, and flat seed like unto Lentils, with an outward skinny husk. The Root is hard and woody, not growing very deep nor much spreading; the Wood is whitish, but dyeth black.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in Syria, Pontus, Italy, and Spain, where for its profit, it is carefully manured: the place of the second may be known by its name: the third groweth about Mompelier, and divers other places: the fourth in Savoy, and on the Apennine Hills, the last by old Windsor Park-Corner, in Suss●x, Hartford-shire, and Kent, as well as beyond the Sea. They flower for the most part in July, and their seed is ripe in Autumn.   

The Temperature.  
Both the Leaves, fruit and seed of Sumack, are cold in the second, and dry in the third degree, being also of a very binding quality.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The Reddish colour of the seeds of Sumack, did teach those that found out the Virtues of Plants by their Signatures, that it is good for the bloody fl●x, which is a distemper of the Belly with exulceration and excoriation, so that blood is voided, whereunto great pains with gripe are joined; and upon this account it is prescribed generally by all those that meddle with the cures of diseases, as also for stopping all other Fluxes of the Belly, the inordinate Courses of Women, the Whites also, and all other Immoderate Issues of blood whatsoever: the Leaves being either boiled in Wine, and drunk, or the seed eaten in Sauces with Meat, or the decoction set in some convenient place, as the Case of a Close Stool, whence the fume may powerfully ascend into the bodies of those, that are thus diseased; and the said decoction maketh the Hair black, that is washed therewith: The leaves and seeds may be used several other ways for the said Fluxes, as in Broths, Baths, Gilsters, etc. The said decoction of the Leaves and Seed in Wine, doth also close up the Stomaches of those that are much given to vomiting, and being mixed with vinegar and a little honey, it is good against Gangrenes and Cankers. The juice that is gotten out of the dried Leaves by boiling them in water, being kept boiling till it have the consistence of Honey, helpeth the roughness of the tongue and throat, and performeth all those effects, for which, Lycium is commended; The seed is likewise boiled in Water, and the decoction thereof evapored to the thickness of honey, as the former, is more effectual than the seed itself; The juice of the green Leaves dropped into the ears, drieth up the moisture, and running of them; The seed beaten, and boiled into a Pultis, and applied to any inflammation, or hot Imposthume, cooleth them much, and doth also take away the pain, and black and blue marks, that come of bruises and blows, as also the frettings and galling of the skin; the same also, applied with the fine powder of Oaken ●oales, helpeth the Hemeroids or Piles, when they bleed too much; It is singular good also to be applied to Ruptures, both inwardly and outwardly, and to stay defluxions of hot and sharp Rheums into the eyes, and against other destillations of the head and want of sleep. The decoction of the seed is good to wash the mouth, both to fasten lose teeth, and to heal putrid and rotten Gums; and the Gum that sometimes issueth out of the tree, is good for the ache of hollow teeth, being put thereinto. The said Leaves are so astringent that they may be substituted instead of Acacia. Though the Virginian Sumack, be kept only as a rarity or ornament to a Garden or Orchard, yet it is conceived that if trial were made it might work some of the foresaid effects. The leaves of Coggygria or Venice Sumack, are sold in the Markets of Spain and Italy, for great sums of Money unto those that dress Spanish Leather, for which purpose they are very excellent, as those of the Coriars Sumack also are; the Woods, especially of the Roots of every of them are a Commodity that Dyers make much use, some of them dying black, some yellow, and some red. The Gall is by the bitterness and harshness, found to be both drying, and discussing, and is very effectual to kill Worms in the Belly or Stomach; but it worketh much upon the brain, causing evil accidents thereunto. It keepeth Moths from Garments and woollen , giving unto them a good sce●t, and therefore it is much used to be laid in Wardrobes, Chests, Presses, and the like. The Myrtle leafed Sumack and the Venice, are almost as effectual as the first, and may be used for the purposes aforesaid, but then the quantity must be augmented, for they are weaker▪    

CHAP. CCLVIII Of the Myrtle.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, from Myrsine, an Athenian Maid, whom Pallas loved, yet because she overcame her in running, she killed her for envy, and from her dead body sprung up this tree, which Pallas loves equally with the Olive, as the story saith; but Pena thinketh it to be so named, because the fresh berries thereof do contend with Myrrh in their sweet savour. It is called in Latin Myrtus, and in English Myrtle, from the Latin, which other Nations imitate also. The Apothecaries and Druggist call the Berries Myrtilli.   

The Kinds.  
There be ten sorts of Myrtles at the least. 1 The greater leafed Myrtle. 2 The smaller leafed Myrtle. 3 The greatest open Laurel Myrtle. 4 The strange broad leafed close Myrtle. 5 The usual broad leafed Myrtle. 6 The strange narrow leafed Myrtle. 7 The Spanish wild Myrtle. 8 The small white Myrtle. 9 Box leafed Myrtle. 10 Double flowered Myrtle.   

The Form.  
The greater leafed Myrtle riseth up to be three or four foot high, though seldom more with us, growing after the manner of a small bush, with many branches; the eldest whereof, as also the Stem are encompassed with a bark of a dark colour, that of the younger is green and sometimes red, especially at the first shooting forth, whereon are set many fresh green Leaves, of a sweet smell and pleasant aspect, so very like unto the leaves of the Pomegranate tree that groweth with us, that they are often taken one for another, being somewhat broad and long, pointed at the ends, and abiding always green: At the joints of the branches where the leaves stand, come forth the flowers upon small foot-stalks, each of them being made of five small white leaves, with threads in the middle of the same colour, of a very sweet smell also; in the hot Countries where they are natural (but not in ours) certain berries which are black, when they be ripe, succeed the flowers, wherein many white crooked seeds are contained; The Root disperseth itself into many branches.   

The Places and Time.  
All the sorts of Myrtles grow in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and other hot Countries, in great abundance: yet in ours, unless they be kept in pots, and be removed from the extremity of heat and cold, they will not live, for they abide not the excess of either, as we may gather from those Hemisticks of Virgil and Ovid, Amantes frigora Myrtos, & Metuentem frigora Myrtum, as loving shadow to defend them from the heat, and shelter to cover them from the cold, so that in the Winter we commonly keep them within doors. They flower very late with us, not until August at the soon, so that they want time to perfect the fruit, but in their natural places, they flower in May, & their fruit is ripe in September.   

The Temperature.  
Galen saith, that the myrtle is endued with contrary qualities, that is, with a cold and earthy, and a warm and thin, and therefore it powerfully bindeth and drieth.   

The Virtues.  
Because the Physicians do commonly join sumak and myrtle in their Compositions, therefore I have set them next to one another in this Book of simples, and indeed they are alike effectual for all effusions of blood, at what part soever both in Men and Women, the dry rather than the dried Leaves being beaten and boiled with water and drunk, and so it is good against Catarrhs, falling to any part of the body, the Whites in Women, moist Ulcers, and fretting or creeping sores. The fruit with the seed is good for the tremble and passions of the heart, resisteth the danger that might happen by the sting of Serpents, the bitings of venomous Creatures, or by poisonful Mushrooms; Being drunk in Wine, it helpeth a stinking breath, cureth the diseases of the bladder, & provoketh Urine: the same heated with wine, healeth all Ulcers that are hard to cure, and so it is good for blancs, weals, and other break out of the skin: The decoction is good for Women, to sit in or over that are troubled with the falling down of the Mother, and is good also for the falling down of the fundament, and the piles: Being mixed with salad-oil, or Oil of Roses and Wine, and applied, it helpeth the swelling of the Cod, the Impostumes of the fundament and Saint Anthony's fire. The decoction of the Leaves is good for the resolution of the Arteries and Joints, and other weaknesses incident thereunto, to sit in the same as in a Bath, or else to bathe that part only which is most amiss, and so it helpeth to consolidate those bones that are broken or out of joint, which will otherwise hardly be cured: It helpeth the soreness of the Nails, and the rising of the skin about them, if the powder of the dried leaves be cast thereon. The juice of the leaves hath the same effects, whether it be taken out of the fresh Leaves, or from the dry, by sprinkling them over with Red Wine, and is safely used where there is need of any binding Medicine, either to heal the Ulcers of the Mouth or of the privy parts: the same also helpeth watering eyes, or those that begin to lose their eyesight, by reason of any film or skin growing over it, especially if it be laid on with parched Barley Meal. The decoction of the Berries maketh the hair black, and keepeth it from falling, it cureth all the evil sores of the head, and cleanseth the same from scurf and scals, being often washed therewith, and helpeth them that are bursten. The Syrup of Myrtls is good for the Cough and exulceration of the Lungs. The powder of the dried Leaves helpeth the stinking sweat of the flanks and armpits, and the sweeting of the Cardiack passion; The juice condensate of Myrtles is also commended, as a good substitute for Acacia. The excrescence called Myr●●danum, is of greater force to dry and bind, than either leaf, juice or seed.    

CHAP. CCLIX. Of Cistus.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Cistus & Cistbus also, in Latin, as if there were no p●re Latin Word to express it, yet some call it Rosa Sylvarica, but we in English, call it Cistus. The undergrowth or excrescence of the Cistus; whereof, I mean to entreat of also in this Chapter, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Hypocistis is the Latin Name, both for the Plant, and the juice drawn from it.   

The Kinds.  
It is not mine intention to muster up the whole family of the Cistus', which is very numerous: but only to name such as may be most for the edification of my Countrymen; Let them therefore know that there be hereof two principal sorts. 1 That which beareth the sweet Gum Ladonum, and is called Cistus Ledon. 2 That which beareth no Gum. That which beareth no Gu● is divided into the Male and Female. To this kind may also be referred, 1 Common Dwarf Cistus, or little Sun-flower. 2 White Dwarf Cistus, or little Sun-flower, at every one of which I shall touch in this general Description.   

The Form●.  
Both the Gum Cistus, and the other kinds, are woody shrubs, full of branches of three or four foot, some have long and narrow Leaves, as the Cistus L●don: others broader, rough, uneven, wrinkled, somewhat downy, and almost like the Leaves of Sage, as the Male Holly Rose; The flowers grow at the tops of the branches, like unto the wild Rose, yet such, as very quickly fade, perish and fall away; In their places come up little heads or knops, somewhat round, in which is contained small seed; the Roots of them all are woody.  
There groweth up sometimes under the Cistus where it is natural, a certain Excrescence, with divers upright stalks, covered with small Leaves, thick set thereon, scarce a foot high, having many flowers at the tops full of juice, in fashion like unto the Nossel of a wooden Candlestick, which pass away, leaving seed as small as dust in the hard heads or seed Vessels, which is unable to produce the like Plant.  
The Dwarf Cistus sendeth forth sundry weak and small branches, yet hard and almost woody, lying for the most part upon the ground, round about the Head of the Root, whereon are set by couples many small and somewhat long Leaves, a little soft or hairy, with other small Leaves also growing between them; at the tops whereof stand three or four flowers, composed of five round pointed Leaves a piece, with some threads in the middle, of a pretty scent in some places, but of little or none in others, after which cometh the seed, which is small, and contained in small round heads: it hath a hard, woody, brownish Root growing in time to be somewhat great, but not very long, and divided into small branches at the lower end.   

The Places and Time.  
The first which is the Gum Cis●us groweth naturally in Italy, France, Spain and other hot Countries: and so do the second, which is the Male Holly Rose, (growing also in the Physic Garden at Oxon) and the third which is called the Female: The two last grow in divers places of this Land, as in Stew Wo●d, near Oxon, and in divers of the parts thereabouts, as also in Kent, yet that with the White-flower is very rare. They all flower in the Summer, some earlier than other by a Month, most whereof are so soon fading, that their flowers endure but a day or two, perfecting their seed quickly after.   

The Temperature.  
The Laudanum that is gathered from the Leaves of the Gum Cistus is hot in the later end of the first degree, having also a little astrictive or binding quality; It is likewise of a thin substance, and therefore it softeneth, and with all doth moderately digest and also concoct, as Galen saith. The Cistus' without Gum do dry almost in the second degree, and yet are of a temperate heat. Hypocistis is much more binding then any other part of any Cistus. The Dwarf Cistus' are also drying and binding.   

The Virtues.  
That which I especially aim at in this Chapter is the Hypocistis, whose condensate juice is a most certain, safe, and sure Medicine to stay all fl●xes of blood or humours, that is to say, the Lask and bloodyflux, spitting of blood, and women's extraordinary courses, and therefore do I speak of it first. It is also mixed with those things that are applied to the Stomach to stay vomitings, and to strengthen it, when it is grown weak, as also with those things that strengthen the Liver, to be used inwardly or outwardly: It is also available for clammy moist humours that fall upon the joints or sinews, thereby causing a weakness and solution of the Nerves; Being used inwardly for the Piles it doth wonderfully help, for it drieth, bindeth, and corroborateth the parts, It is also put into great Antidotes against Poison and the Pestilence, not for any property it hath to resist the venom, but to contemperate and strengthen the Body. This is also a very good substitute for Acatia. Ledonum also drunk with old Wine, stayeth the Lask or Flux of the Belly, and easeth the griping pains thereof, proceeding from sharp and Choleric humours, and is very good for all sour belchings, and provoketh Urine. It is very effectual for the hardness, and other diseases of the Mother, to ease the pains thereof, and to heal those Ulcers that happen therein by taking of the fume thereof underneath, or applying the substance thereof in a Pessary. Being made up with Storax and honey in a Lohock or Electuary, it is very profitable for the cough of the Lungs, though it hath been of long continuance. If it be used in an Ointment with Myrrh, oil of Myrtles, and Wine, it stayeth the falling of the hair. It helpeth also the pains in the ears, being used with some oil of Roses. Being dissolved in Wine, and those places washed therewith that have any scar or deformity thereon, it doth wonderfully alter the colour and evil sight thereof, and maketh them to be well coloured again. Either the Gum or the Leaves and branches boiled in Lie, and the head washed therewith, doth cleanse it from Scabs, Scurf or D●ndraff growing thereon, and cureth also all running and watering sores and Ulcers in the Legs, or other parts of the Body. The Oil made thereof worketh the like effects, and is also good for any hardness or ache, to anoint the breasts of those that are much troubled with a cough: A Tent dipped therein, and put up into the Nose is a good remedy for the Pose or Polypus, as also for the falling sickness, the backbone being anointed therewith. The Pomanders, Chains and Bracelets that are made of Laudanum, Cub●bs, Mace and Greek-pitch are effectual to warm the brain, and to dry up all cold Rheums and defluxions thereof, being worn about one. Both the Male and the Female Cistus are also effectual to strengthen the Belly and Stomach, both against scourings and vomitings, whether with blood or without, of what sort soever they be, and also to stop women's Courses flowing inordinately, the Leaves and young shoots or buds, but especially the flowers being steeped, or gently boiled in red Wine and drunk: The same, that is the Flowers, do quickly heal any burning or scalding, being applied in a Cerecloth, and being bruised and laid to any green wound, i● closeth the lips thereof, and restraineth the bleeding thereof. Old and filthy Ulcers being washed with the decoction of the Leaves and young Shoots boiled in Wine, are dried up and healed thereby; for though they be cank●ous, eating or spreading, it will wonderfully and quickly stay those fretting moist humours which follow them: The distilled Water of the Leavs and Flowers is of the like efficacy, and may be applied to any part, as often as there is any need of drying, binding and strengthening. The Dwarf Cistus is likewise commended for all manner of Fluxes, the decoction of the Herb and Root being taken, which is also very effectual to wash sore mouths, and the Ulcers that happen in or about the privy parts of Men or Women: It is no less profitable in other Ulcers of the B●dy or Legs, which are long kept from healing by the falling down of moist and sharp humours, than the other Cistus, and so likewise for green wounds. It is also effectual for any burstings, as C●mfr●y, and likewise for the strengthening of weak joints, or any binding property, whereunto any Comfrey may be applied. Besides, it quickly healeth the biting or stinging of any venomous Creature, being bruised and applied thereunto, especially if the party bitten or stung, take also of the juuce or the decoction thereof in Wine: the distilled water of the Herb is held to beautify the skin of the Face, by taking away Freckles, S●nburn, Morphew, etc. from thence, and cleanseth the hands or other part of the body being discoloured.    

CHAP. CCLX. Of the Black-Thorn or Sloe-Bush.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Coccymelea agria, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, agriococymelea, and the fruit 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, agriococcymelon, because ●● is a kind of a wild Plum, as the Bullets also is. They of Asia call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, piumnum, as Galen saith, whence happily the word Prunum may be derived, and therefore the Tree or B●sh may be called Prunus sylvestris in Latin, and Prunellus; yet Virgil in the fourth book of his Georgics, calleth it Spinus in these words— Et spinus jam pruna serentes: We call it commonly the Sloe-Tree in English, and the fruit Sloes.   

The Kinds.  
Though there be but one sort of Sloes, yet there be four sorts of B●lleis, which it will not be amiss to set down here, because they do not much differ. 1 The Shepway Bulleis. 2 The ordinary black Bulleiss. 3 The ordinary white Bulleiss. 4 The flushing B●lleis, to which I shall also add another wild Plum which some call Skegges.   

The Form.  
The Black-Thorn never groweth to the greatness of a Tree, but always abideth as a hedge bush, yet in some places higher than other, rising up usually with divers stems from the Roots, branched forth into many boughs armed with good store of strong, short, and sharp thorns, set with and besides the small da●k green leaves, finely dented about the edges, whereon do grow at the time of the year, many very white Flowers composed of five leaves, after the same manner as they do on other Plum-Trees, with divers white threads tipped with yellow in the middle, after which follows the round fruit, which continueth green a long while, yet at length becometh black, but never very big, of an exceeding harsh taste, before they are ripe, yet afterwards the harshness is somewhat abated. The Root is great and woody, spreading under ground, and shooting forth again in divers places.   

The Places and Time.  
The Sloes and Skegges grow in Hedges and Copses of most parts of this Land, being oftentimes planted to make the divisions and fences of enclosed places, only the Bulleiss are commonly found nearer home in Orchards or Closes. They all flower early, as in March, or April, be the weather never so hard, yet ripen not their fruit till the Autumn frosts have bitten them.   

The Temperature.  
All the parts of the Slow Bush are binding, cooling, and drying.   

The Virtues.  
The juice of the fruit of Sloes, being also a Substitute of Acacia, and more often used then any other in most of our Apothecary's Shops, must be likewise effectual for all kinds of Lasks and Fluxes of blood, both in Men and Women, or else it would not be used instead thereof, yet divers conceive that the condensate juice of Sumack or Myrtles, is more answerable to the qualities of Acacia, then that of Sloes, which hath only the binding quality thereof, and therefore better: but indeed it were to be wished that Substitutes were not so much affected; for certainly they cannot but be deficient or excessive in some quality or other, and that the things themselves, which we want only through our own negligence, might be more diligently sought after. The decoction of the Bark of the Root or more usually the decoction either fresh or dried, performeth the like effects, and helpeth to ease the pains in the sides, bowels and guts, that come by overmuch scouring or looseness. The conserve is also of very much use, and most familiarly taken for the purposes aforesaid. The distilled water of the flowers steeped one night in Sack, and drawn therefrom in a body of glass, is a most certain and approved Remedy to ease all manner of gnawings in the Stomach, the sides and bowels, or any griping pains in either of them, to drink a small quantity when they are troubled therewith. Good store of Sloes stamped and put into an earthen pot with new Ale, and so drunk, helpeth the pain of the breast, and the decoction of the Bark in water being, drunk, is good against pissing in Bed. The Bark boiled in water till it be black and thick with Rye meal and Honey added thereunto, is available to consume the dead flesh which keepeth wounds oftentimes from healing, and cureth the Cankers being applied. The Leaves are good to make Lotions, to gargoyle and wash the mouth and throat, as often as they are troubled with swell, sores, or Kernels, and to stay the distillations of Rheum into the eyes, or other parts, as also to cool the heat and inflammation of them, and to ease hot pains of the Head, the Forehead and Temples being bathed therewith. The distilled water of the green Berries is also used for the same effects, and so is the water that is distilled from the Flowers only. The Moss that groweth on the Black Thorn, draweth Prickles and Thorns out of the Flesh, and this it may be said to perform by the Signature which is represented by the Thorns growing on the Bush.    

CHAP. CCLXI. Of the Bramble.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Batus, in Latin Rubus and Sentis, and also Ve●res, whereof Ovid maketh mention, speaking how the Hare hides himself from the Dogs therein, after this manner,  
Aut lepori, qui vepre latens ●●stilia cernit Ora canum.  
Of divers it is called Cynosbatus, but not properly saith one, for Cynosbatus is generally taken for the wild Rose, though there be divers that would have the wild Rose to be Cyn●rrhodos, and this Cynosbatus, and this is most consonant to Reason. It is called by us in English, the Bramble or the Black-Berri-bush, and the fruit Blackberries, which the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which some have made Vatina in Latin, id est Mora Rubi, they are called in Shops Mora bali, and of some Mora bassi.   

The Kinds.  
All the sorts that are referred hereunto, are nine. 1. the common Bramble o● Black-berry-Bush. 2. the small lower ground Bramble. 3. sweet mountain Bramble or Raspis. 4. the Dew-berry or Winberry. 5. the stony Bramble or rock Raspis. 6. our English Knot-berry. 7. the Welsh Knot-berry or Lancashire Cloud-berry. 8. the Knot-berry of Norway. 9 another Knot-berry of Norway.   

The Forms.  
The common Bramble shooteth forth many ribbed branches of a very great length, yea so long sometimes, that they by reason of their weakness also bend to the ground and sometimes take root again, all thick set with sharp and crooked thorns, with leaves likewise growing upon long and prickly Foot-stalks by three and three together, which are hard & as it were crumpled, having small pricks under the middle rib, of a dark green colour above, and grayish underneath, which seldom fall away till the extremity of the Winter be passed (as the Countrymen do observe) and the new be ready to succeed them: the flowers come forth very plentifully at the end of the branches consisting of five whitish leaves, dashed with a little carnation, with small threads in the middle which giveth place to the fruit, standing every one at some little distance, and is made up of several small grains set together somewhat like unto the Raspis or Mul-berry, of a perfect black colour and sweet taste, when they be ripe but till then they are first green, and then reddish, harsh and very unpleasant, the root groweth to be very great and full of knots.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in every hedge almost; the second by hedges and wood-sides, and sometimes amongst the ploughed lands in divers parts of this Land; the third groweth on hills and in high grounds; the fourth is frequent in Cheshire, York●shire, and Lancashire; the fift in the rocky and stony places of Huntingdon and Nottinghamshire and in divers parts of Kent, and the Islle of Thanet; the sixth upon Ingleborough Hill, which is one of the highest Hills in England, vea so high that it seemeth at least to touch the clouds, and therefore some call the fruit thereof Cloudberryes, as they do the next, whose places may be discovered by their names▪ as the two last may also be. They all flower about July, and their berries are ripe▪ in September, or thereabouts.   

The Temperature.  
The Buds Leaves, flowers, fruit and root of the Bramble, are all of a great binding quality, especially the unripe fruit, and that more when they have been kept a while then when they are fresh.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
The flowers and unripe fruit of the Bramble are of very great use and pros● also for those that are vexed with the bloodyflux, Lask, and weakness of the parts coming by either of them, which is signified both by the colour of the berries when they are red, and also by the crooked thorns which will cause the blood to follow no otherwise then the Exulceration of the G●●s which accompanieth the bloody fl●x, and by the same signature it helpeth the spitting of blo●d, if the decoction thereof be drunk. The B●ds, Leaves and Branches whilst they are green, are of good use in the Ulcers and p●●rid sores of the Mouth and Throat, and for the Quinsy, and likewise to heal other fresh wounds and sores; The decoction or powder of the Root being ●●ken is good to break or drive forth Gravel and the Stone in the Reins and Kidneys. The Leaves as well dry as green, are good to make Lotions both for sores of the Mo●th and also of the secret parts. The decoction of them and of the dried branches do much bind the Belly, and are good for the too much flowing of women's Courses. The Berries or the Flowers are a powerful remedy against the poison of the most venomous Serpents and to help the sores of the Fundament and the Piles, whereof they may be said to have the Signature. The juice of them boiled with honey is very good against all hot Ulcers and swell of the mouth, G●●s, Uuula or Palate and Almonds of the throat. The said juice mixed with the juice of Mulberries do bind more effectually, and help fretting and eating sor●s, and Ulcers wheresoever. The same being taken alone or mixed with Hypecistis and Honey, is a remedy for Heart burning as some call it which is a gnawing of the Stomach through Choler, as also for the Passions of the heart, and faintings.  
The distilled Water of the Branches, Leaves and Flowers, or of the fruit, is very pleasant both to the smell and taste, and may be given to those that are in h●t Fevers and other distemperature of heat in the Body, as in the Head, Eyes, Liver, Hands, etc. and also for the purposes aforesaid. The Leaves boiled in Lie, and the head washed therewith, doth not only allay the itching thereof, but the mattering and running sores also, and maketh the hair to become black. The powder of the Leaves strewed upon Cancrous or running Ulcers, are very effectual for the healing of them. The condensate juice of the Leaves, as also of the Berries may be kept all the year to be used for any of the aforesaid purposes as often as occasion shall serve. The People of Norway use their Knotberry against the Scurvy, and other crude putrid and melancholy diseases, wherewith they of those parts are afflicted, so that we may therein admire the wonderful wisdom and providence of God, who hath ordained, to grow in every Climate, Remedies for those diseases whereunto it is subject.    

CHAP. CCLXII. Of Teasel.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Dipsacus, from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, sitio, either by Antiphrasis, because they are seldom or never dry, or else because the Water that standeth in the Concavity of those Leaves that encompass the Stalks being drunk causeth thirst. It is also called from the concavous leaves that contain Water like a Bas●n, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Lavacrum Veneris, Venus Ba●●●, it being, as I suppose, a piece of Religion amo 〈…〉 the Ancients to entitle those pretty things which bear any resembl●nc 〈…〉 any utensil for the adorning or cleansing of the body to Venus, as Specul●m 〈…〉 ris, Venus looking glass, Pecten Venerus, Venus Combe, as also those parts w 〈…〉 men much respect, as Capillus Veneris, Maidenhair, and Vmbilicus Veneris, V 〈…〉 Navelwort, etc. Yet some would have it to be Labrum Veneris, because Whores are as ready to be kissed as the those hollow Leaves to receive the Rain, and afterwards to carded and tear the estates, if not the bodies of their followers, which the heads of this Teasel are apt to do, and Carduus Veneris for the like reason. It is also called Carduus Fullonum, Fuller's Thistle, because Cloathworkers and Fuller's use the manured kind hereof named D●psacus sativus, the others being called Dipsacus sylvestris, and Virga Pastoris.   

The Kinds.  
Though Teasel have so many names, yet it hath but four sorts. 1 The Garden or manured Teasel. 2 The wild Teasel. 3 Wild Teasel with jagged Leaves. 4 The Shepherd's Staff or Red.   

The Form.  
Garden Teasel sendeth forth very large and long leaves, somewhat like unto these of Lang de beef or Wild Buglesse, but greater, of a pale green colour, somewhat rough and hard, dented about the edges, set on the backside of the middle rib with many short prickles, from which rise up stalks of the height of three or four foot, armed likewise with prickles, with joints at several places, which are encompassed with too lesser leaves so joined together thereat, that they hold the falling rain or dew in them like unto a Basin, by which difference it may easily be distinguished from any other Plant, as I have expressed in my Art of Simpling: from between the Leaves and the Stalks of each side come forth prickly branches also, every one of which beareth a long round head like a Brush, that they cleanse bottles with, having hooded and somewhat whitish flowers, first about the middle and afterwards at the ends, in the several cells whereof, being whitish when they come to perfection, are contained somewhat long, small and whitish round seed, the middle many times is hollow, and containeth several little white Worms like Maggots: the Root is white, long and somewhat great, set with divers fibres thereat, perishing annually, but riseth plentifully from its fallen seed.   

The Places and Time.  
Fuller's and Cloathworkers sow the first in their own Gardens, and cause it to be sown by others for their use; the second groweth very frequently in most parts of this Land as well in the highways, where there be ditches and rilles of water, as in drier places; the third in some places of Germany; the last in divers places of England, and particularly by Saint Alban in the Horse-way that goeth from the Abbey Parish to St. Stevens. They all flower in June and July, and the first will be fit to gather for the aforesaid use in the latter end of August, when the seed of the other will be ripe also.   

The Temperature.  
Galen writeth that Teasel is drying in the second degree, and hath withal some cleansing faculty.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The hollowness that is in the midst of the Teasel head, with the worms therein, doth somewhat represent the fundament and the worms thereof, and therefore the Roots being bruised and boiled in wine till they come to a consistence and then put into a brazen or copper box, and afterwards spread as a salve, and applied to the fundament, doth heal the chaps, rifts, Cankers, & Fistulaes' thereof, as Dioscorides saith, who further affirmeth that it is profitable for the taking away of Wens and Warts, as the water contained in the concavity of the Leaves is also said to do, which is likewise commended for red eyes and spots of the Face especially under the eyes. The Leavs applied to the Forehead & Temples qualifieth the Frenzy or Madness by the cold and dry quality, which some suppose to be in them, and the juice of them put into the ears, killeth the worms in them. The distilled water of the Leaves is effectual to cure the Scurvy, which causeth rottenness of the Mouth and Gums, taketh away the redness of the eyes, and such Mists as darken the sight, being but dropped thereinto, and helpeth creeping sores, Shingles, Pimples and hanging Words in the Fundament, or elsewhere. The said distilled water is often used by Women to preserve their Beauty, and to take away redness and inflammations, and all other heats and discoloring. The roots stamped with Danewort, sodden in Wine and drunk, helpeth the Dropsy, and the Gout also, if they be boiled in red Wine, and drunk morning and evening for nine days together. Being boiled with Plantain in Rain-water, and some quantity thereof drunk with Sugar, morning, noon and night, helpeth the spitting of blood. Two drams of the powder drunk in a Porringer full of Pease broth, stoppeth the immoderate Flux of women's Courses, and so it doth being stamped and boiled in vinegar, and applied under the Navel, and being only stamped and applied, it is good for those wounds that are moist and hard to heal, and also for the Cancer of the Yard. The said powder being drunk in good Wine, stoppeth all manner of Fluxes, and is a remedy for the Excoriations of the belly and other parts. That the small Worms found in the heads of the Teasel worn about the neck or arm in a thin Lease, do cure the Ague, is certainly a Fable. The first as I said is only used by them that dress Cloth, to raise the Wool thereof with the crooked Prickles of the head, making it fit that their Shearers may cut it smooth, and yet a Nap may be left thereon, but the other sorts are as useful in Physic, especially the second.    

CHAP. CCLXIII. Of Rice.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as Theophrastus saith, in Latin also Oryza that as well as other Nations following the Greek, as near as their Dialect will permit. There being but one kind hereof, I shall pass to the Description.   

The Form.  
Rice cometh up in a manner like unto wheat, but that the stalks seldom exceed a yard in height, and the Leaves are much thicker, which come forth at the joints, as those of the Reed do, at the top whereof groweth a bush or tuft, spiked, yet spread into branches, sending forth purplish blossoms standing a part each from one another, after which cometh the seed enclosed in a brown streaked husk, and an awn or beard at the end of every one of them, as Barley hath, which beink husked or hulled is very white, blunt at both ends, but not altogether so big or long as Wheat: The Root is like unto that of other grain, perishing every year after it hath brought its seed to its full bigness, as other Grain doth.   

The Places and Time.  
Rice is usually sold here in England by the Druggist's, and others that deal in the like Commodities, but it is brought to them by the Merchants out of divers parts, as the East-Indies, where it is their chiefest food, as you shall hear anon, from Syria, Aethiopia, and Africa, and not only from thence, but from Spain, Italy and Germany, to all which places it was brought from the East Indies, where it groweth most naturally in Fenny and waterish places, being sown in the Spring, and gathered about the middle or end of Autumn.   

The Temperature.  
It is somewhat binding and drying, but otherwise it is very temperate, scarcely exceeding in heat or cold.   

The Virtues.  
The use of Rice is very much commended by the Physicians of all Ages to stay the I as●s and Fluxes of the Belly, as well as the Stomach, and is prescribed by those even of later times for the same purpose, as also for the Hemorrhoides or Piles, especialiy if it be a little parched before it be used, and afterwards boiled in Milk wherein hot Steel or hot Stones have been quenched. But if that be not sufficiently effectual for the Flux, there may be pottage made thereof after this manner. Take a good handful of Oaken bark, and boil it in a gallon of running Water to the 〈…〉 half, or thereabouts: then straining it, and suffering it to cool, take half a pound of Jordan Almonds, and beat them in a Mortar with Hulls and all on, afterwards strain them with the aforesaid Water, and so with Rice make Pottage. O 〈…〉 it blanched Almonds be stamped with Rosewater and strained into Rice broth, pottage or milk, it is also very good for the Flux, and so is the Flower or Meal taken either in a Potion or Glister. The ordinary sort of Rice pottage, made with Rice well steeped and boiled in Water, and good Milk, and spiced with S●gar and Cinnamon, is very pleasant and easy of digestion, and is thought to increase the natural seed, as Matthiolus writeth. The fine flower hereof mixed with yolks of eggs, which being fried with fresh butter, and eat morning and evening, helpeth the bloody Flux. The same is put into Cataplasms that are applied to repel humours, that fall to any place, and may be conveniently applied to Women; breasts to stay Inflammations, but it must be at the beginning: Being boiled in running Water, and the face washed therewith, taketh away pimples, spots, and other deformities thereof. It is without question very excellent and wholesome food, for the East Indians, whose general feeding it is, do live more free from sickness, and longer than others that meddle not with it, sometimes they boil the grain till it be plump, and tender, but not broken, having a little green Ginger and Pepper and Butter put to it, and sometimes they boil the pieces of flesh, or Hens, and other Foul cut in pieces in their Rice, which dish they call Pillaw, being as they order it an excellent and well tasted Food; They have many other dishes, wherein Rice is an ingredient, as in Catcheree, Dupiatc● and Mangee-real as the Portugals call it, which signifies as much as Food for a King; They eat it likewise with their Fish, and please themselves much therewith. When Sr. Thomas Row was sent Ambassador from England to the Great Magul, he and Mr. Terry his Chaplain were entertained by Asaph Chan, the greatest Favourite in all that Empire, the Ambassador had threescore and ten dishes, Asaph Chan threescore, Mr. Terry fifty, in most of which were Rice presented, some white, some yellow, some green, some purple, as also in their Jellies and Culices. The meaner sort of people also eat Rice boiled with their Green-Ginger and a little Pepper, after which they put Butter into it, but this is their principal dish, and but seldom eaten of them, being to them as Roast-meat is to poor folks amongst us. And so much for the great estimation that Rice hath in the East Indies, which is indeed the wholesomest grain that grows, though not so much in use amongst us.    

CHAP. CCLXIV. Of Flixweed.  

The Names.  
IT hath no pure Greek name set down by any Author, that I can find, yet those Latin names that it hath obtained, are many of them composed of Greek, as well as Latin, as Pseudonasturtium sylvestre, Sophia Chirurgorum, and Thalietrum or Thalictrum, but not truly, for that name belongeth to the Rhubarb that grows in our Meadows. It is called Pseudonasturtium sylv●stre, because it pertains to the Family of the wild Cress', but why it is called Sophia Chirurgorum, I know not, unless it be the Sophia Paracelsi, wherewith the Paracelsians pretend to do wonders in uniting broken bones, and healing old sores: yet, though the matter be disputable, it is generally called and known by the name of Sophia Chirurgorum. In English it is called Flixweed, from the Virtues that it hath to cure the flux.   

The Kinds.  
And because Flixweed is said to be of the Family of wild Cresses, I shall add one or two more thereunto, so that there is 1 Common Flixweed. 2 Broad leafed Flixweed. 3 Narrow leafed wild Cresses. 4 Spanish wild Cresses.   

The Forms.  
Flixweed riseth up with a round upright hard stalk, half a yard, or two foot high, but seldom more, spread into sundry branches, whereon do grow many Leaves, of an overworn grayish green colour, sinely cut, and divided into a number of fine jags, like unto those of the Wormwood, commonly called Roman; The Flowers which are small, and of a dark yellow colour, do grow in a spiked fashion upon the tops of the spriggy branches, after which come very small long Pods, with much small yellowish seed in them. The Root is long and woody, perishing every year, yet if it be suffered to seed and shed, it will not fail you of many appearances for one, the next year.   

The Places and Time.  
The three first, grow very frequently by Hedge-fides, Highways, upon old Walls, and amongst rubbish in most places of this Land, especially the first; The last hath been found only in the Kingdom of Valentia in Spain; They Flower from the beginning of June to the end of September, the seed ripening in the mean while.   

The Temperature.  
Flixweed is said to dry, without any manifest sharpness or heat.   

The Virtues.  
And whosoever shall drink the seed of flux weed in Wine, or the Water of a Smith's Forge, wherein Iron and Steel have been often quenched, shall find by experience that it hath not its name for nothing, for it is of excellent use to stop the bloody Flix, the Lask, and all other Issues of blood; The Herb itself boiled in either of the said liquors, and drunk, performeth the like effects, no less powerfully than Plantain or Comfry, as also to consolidate Bones that are either broken or out of joint. The j●yce thereof drunk in Wine, or the Decoction of the Herb drunk, doth kill the Worms in the Stomach or Belly, and the Worms which sometimes breed in putrid and filthy Ulcers. The said Herb being bruised, or the juice thereof being put into Ointments and Salves, doth quickly heal all sores, how soul or malignant soever they be, and therefore it would be taken into especial notice by those good people, who delight in curing the Wounds and Maladies of their Neighbours. There may be also a Syrup made hereof, which is admirable good to be used inwardly, when any of the former occasions shall require. The distilled Water of the Herb is not altogether so effectual for the purposes aforesaid, yet for those whose Palates will not brook any of the former Medicines, this may be taken, it being a little clearer, and therefore more acceptable.    

CHAP. CCLXU. Of the Pilewort.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Chelidonium minus in Latin, for what reason I know not, it being like unto the Chelidonium majus or greater Celandine, neither in nature or form. It is called also Hirundinaria minor, as some have supposed, because it springeth when Swallows come in, and withereth at their going away, but this is true in neither, for it flowrisheth long before their coming, and departeth presently after. But the names of Ficaria and Scrophularia minor are more  unto it, because the Roots not only re-resemble those kernels of the Fundament called the Piles, and those hard swell that sometimes seize upon the neck and other parts, but is very powerful to cure them. In English it is usually known by the name of Pilewort, as it ought to be, yet it hath been also called the lesser Celandine, and Figwort, from the Latin names.   

The Form.  
Pilewort or Celandine the less, groweth with many pale round green leaves, spread as it were upon the ground, by reason of their weak and trailing branches whereon they are set, of a fat, smooth, and somewhat shining aspect, marked in some places, though not often, with black spots, from amongst which rise up divers small yellow flowers, consisting of nine or ten very narrow Leaves, upon their slender foot-stalks, somewhat like unto those of Crowfoot, as the seed also is, it being set upon a head after the same manner. The Root is composed of divers small kernels of the bigness of wheat Corn, or bigger, hanging to the body by a small string or fiber, and having another such a string at the end also, all which are of a whitish colour.   

The Places and Time.  
It groweth in most parts of this Land, that are not ploughed up, if they be any thing addicted to moisture, or overshaddowed, either with Walls or Trees, as in Meadows, and Pastures, by Highway side●, by Ditches, Wall sides, Hedges, Trenches, etc. It cometh forth about the beginning of March, and flowreth not long after, it beginneth to fade in April, and is so far gone in May, that the Roots thereof can scarcely be found, therefore be sure you look for it in its due season.   

The Temperature.  
Though Pilewort have not that acrimony and sharpness which Dioscorides and Galen affirm to be in theirs, yet those that have succeeded them do agree, that howsoever it hath the properties thereof.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
The most profound Crollius in his Book of Signatures, hath observed that Pilewort hath the perfect Signature of the Hemorrhoides or Piles, or such like excrescences that appear in or about the Fundament, and therefore he saith, that not only the decoction being drunk is a profitable remedy for the said evil accidents, but being hung about the neck, so that it may lie against the Mouth of the Stomach, it performeth the same, and so it doth being made up into an oil, Ointment or Salve, as also helpeth the kernels about the ears and throat, called the King's Evil, or any other hard Wens or Tumours, as Mr. Culpeper saith, he proved upon his own Daughter which had the King's Evil, and delivereth it for an extraordinary secret. The juice taken from the Roots and put into the Nose, purgeth the head, and the decoction thereof with a little Honey put into it, and gargled in the Mouth, doth the same effectually, and doth purge and cleanse the breast of phlegm, or any other tough humours that do offend; It also helpeth a running Itch, and those Nails of the Fingers and Toes, that grow deformed and scabbed. The Piles themselves being bathed with the juice mixed with the Patient's Urine, or with Wine, draweth them together and drieth them up, and taketh the pain quite away. The distilled water of the Leaves and Flowers, that have the spots and marks upon them, is an admirable remedy to cleanse the Faces of those are tanned, freckled, or otherwise accidentally spotted, and this it doth by Signature, as the aforesaid Crollius hath also recorded.    

CHAP. CCLXVI Of Water-Betony.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Latin (for the Greek name is not where expressed) Betonica Aquatica, and Aquatilis most commonly, yet there be that call it Ocymast●um majus, Clymenon, and Scrophularia, the likeness of the Plants causing the interposition of Names, as being mistaken one for another; And so likewise in English some have called it Brownwort, which is the same with Scrophularia or Figgewort, but usually it is called Water-Betony, and of some Bishops-Leaves and Brook-Betony.   

The Kinds.  
The sorts hereof are quickly reckoned up, for they are but two. 1 The greater Water-Betony. 2 The lesser Water-Betony.   

The Form.  
The greater Water-Betony, which is most common, riseth up somewhat like Figwort, but many times higher, with square hard greenish stalks, and sometimes brown, set with such like dark broad green Leaves, so very like unto those of Figwort, that they have been often mistaken one for another, being also dented about the edges, but with rounder notches, by the diligent observance whereof they may be distinguished, in that respect somewhat resembling the Wood-Betony Leaves, yet of a larger Sise, and two for the most part set at a joint; At the tops of the branches, and likewise at the joints, where the Leaves co●e out from the middle of the Stalk upwards, come forth many round bellied Flowers, which being fully blown, are open at the brims, yet divided into two parts, so the uppermost is like a hood, and the lowermost like a lip hanging down, of a dark red colour, which passing away, there succeed round heads, which is small and of a brownish colour. The Root consisteth of a great number of fibres, or strings, which being fastened to the bottom of the stalk, feedeth it with sufficient nutriment in the Summer, but not in the Winter, for then the stalk perisheth.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in our Land as frequently as any Plant whatsoever, by Brooks and other Watercourses, but is seldom found for from the Water side, unless it hath been purposely removed into a Garden or so; The second groweth in the like places of Germany about Basil, and will abide in Gardens, if it be brought thither for rarity sake. They flower in July and August, and their seed is ripe shortly after.   

The Temperature.  
It is said that Water-Betony is hot and dry, but the operations that proceed therefrom, do speak it rather to be of a cold quality.   

The Virtues.  
Mr. Langbam, a well experienced and industrious Practitioner of Physic, in his Garden of Health, doth in divers places of that Chapter, which he writes concerning Water-Betony, commend it for the Piles or Hemorrhoides whether the Root be eaten, or stamped, and applied thereunto, or the Leaves and Seed-cases bruised and applied outwardly likewise, or the Powder of it drunk, or strewed thereon. The Leaves, Stalks, Seed, Root or Juice, are likewise good to waste and dissolve any other swelling or hardnesses, in any part whatsoever being stamped with Vinegar, and applied Morning, Noon and Night. The leavs only stamped and applied to old rotten, corrupt, spreading and fretting sores, and Pocks, heals them, and Cankers also, being applied with Salt. The juice being pressed forth of the whole herb and drunk, helpeth those that spit blood or are troubled with any Flux or excess of Flowers, or bleeding at the Nose, and driveth out the botch in the Throat. A dram of the seed drunk in Wine, is effectual to expel all sorts of Worms out of the Belly or parts adjacent, and so it is a remedy against venomous bitings. The said seed taken in Wine with Myrrh and Pepper is very good for the Sciatica. The Leaves or Seed-cases bruised, and applied unto fresh sores, healeth and skinneth them, and so it doth rotten sores, swell, and Lepry, and so doth the juice of the whole Herb and Root taken in May, and kept in a close glass for your use, which must be ordered in this manner, as often as need is: Take thereof with Wax and Oil of each a like quantity, which boiled till it be an Ointment, will be fit for the purpose. The juice boiled with a little Honey, and tents dipped therein, are very effectual to cure such sores as are dressed therewith, whether they be old or fresh, and is good for bruises and hurts, whether inward or outward. The herb alone sodden in Spring Water, quencheth all unkind heats without danger, and exceedeth all other Medicines for the Lepry, Scab, Itch, Boyles, Weals, Pushes, etc. and the stamped Leaves and Cream are used for the same purposes. The distilled Water of the Leaves is available for many of the like uses, as also to bathe the face and hands that are discoloured by the sun, or have any spots or blemishes thereon, as also for any redness or high colour of the face. The said Water, or the juice of the Leaves mixed with a little Brimstone and Salt-Peter, taketh away the ache of the eyes, and the seed mixed with honey, and applied to the forehead, stoppeth the running of them, and the juice of it, and Comfrey removeth the dulness of them.  
Those parts which serve for Nutrition being thus spoken to, as also those that are subservient to them; I shall now, without saying any thing more of such Plants as might be referred to the last Transition, pass unto those parts which are ordained for Generation, and first I shall speak of such Simples as provoke Lust. Secondly, of such as abate Lust. Thirdly, of such as provoke women's Courses. Fourthly, of such as stop women's Courses. Fifthly, of such as help the Disease called the Mother, and other effects of the Womb. Sixthly, of such as are profitable for Ruptures. And Seventhly, of such as help the Diseases of the Privy Members, to every of which Heads I shall appropriate divers Plants, and speak to them in order. And first to those which provoke Lust, of which there may be some occasion to persons that are married, and destitute of Children, single persons having more need to observe the next head then this.    

CHAP. CCLXVII. Of the Artichoke.  

Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Scolymus, of Dioscorides 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Cactos, of Theophrastus, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Cynara and Cinara, of divers others, which last name is by the Poets derived either from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Canis, because when King Locrus enquired of the Oracle where he should build a City, the Oracle answered in that place where he should be bit by the Leg with a Wooden Dog, who hurting his Leg with a wild Articoock as he passed by, understood that that was the Wooden Dog, which the Oracle meant, and so he built the City there where it grew. Or from Cinara, who being a fair Maid, was turned into an Artichock. It is called also in Latin Cinara, and so one would have it to be originally so, deriving it a Ciner●, either because it delighteth to be danged with Ashes, or because the Leaves are of an Ash colour.   

The Kinds.  
There be several sorts of Artichokes. 1 The red Artichock. 2 The white Artichock. 3 The French Artichock. 4 The Thistle Artichock. 5 The Chardon. 6 The wild Artichock of Candy.   

The Forms.  
The Artichock hath divers great, large, and long hollowed Leaves, much cut in, or as it were torn on both the edges, of a whitish green colour: from whence riseth up a strong thick and round stalk, covered many times with a thin skin like unto down, bearing at the top one scaly head, somewhat like unto a Pine Apple at first, but afterwards the scales become more separated, yet in the best kinds they stare not much, being either of a reddish, brown, whitish, or greenish colour, in some broad at the ends, in others sharp, or prickly, after the said head hath been suffered to stand a long while; in some there will break forth at the top thereof many bluish purple thrums or threads, under which groweth the seed amongst the choaky or downy substance in the middle of the head, and under that the edible substance which is most commended; The Root spreadeth itself in the ground reasonable well, yielding divers heads of Leaves or suckers, whereby it is increased, if so be the head be cut of before it flower, otherwise it will hardly abide the next Winter.   

The Places and Time.  
The two first have been so long planted in Gardens, that their natural place is not where expressed by any Author. The third seemeth by its name to have been brought out of France to us, but whether it groweth there naturally, I dare not affirm. The fourth is to be found about Mompelier. The fift is planted much about Brussels, the last is a natural of Candy, as its names declares. They are commonly propagated by Suckers, which being clipped of and replanted in February, March, or April, do the same year sometimes or the next at least, bear good heads, but then care must be taken to secure them from the cold, by raising little hills about them close to the Leaves, and likewise by laying a Colewort or Cabbage leaf upon the Top of every one to defend the Apple from those frosts, which happen in March and April, when they begin to run to head, and are ready to be eaten in May and June, and will flower in the end of Summer, if they be suffered to stand, and the seed will be ripe shortly after, but then the Root will be in danger of perishing, which otherwise would endure many years.   

The Temperature.  
Some have supposed Artichokes to be hot and dry in the second degree, but to me they seem very temperate.   

The Virtues.  
Artichokes have been in all Ages counted to be very lusty Meat, and are certainly found to be so in ours, or else they would not be so much desired by lucurious persons, to whom I commend them not, but rather to those which are married, and cannot so far use the act of generation, as to have the benefit of Children, for they procure bodily lust both in Men or Women, whether they be well boiled, and eaten with Butter, Vinegar, and Pepper, or the boiled bottoms put into Pies and Baked, and so they are very restorative, and strengthen the Stomach, and though they increase seed, yet they stay the involuntary course thereof called Nocturnal pollution; Some writ that the young buds of Artichokes steeped in Wine, and drunk, (I mean the Wine, not the Artichokes) doth the same, and provoketh Urine exceedingly, purging away thereby the rank and rammish savour of the whole Body, but especially of the armholes, if the Decoction of the Root having the Pith taken out, being made in Wine, or the distillation thereof bruised and distilled in Wine in an Alembick be taken. The young shoots may be boiled and eaten as Asparagus so may the heads while they are yet very small buds, but it is more profitable to let them grow to be more substantial. The Chardon which is whited like Endive, and then sold in the Winter, is eaten raw of divers with Vinegar, Oil, and Pepper, but be sure there be salt too, or else it will not be right.    

CHAP. CCLXVIII. Of Sea-Holly.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Eryngium, from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, to Vomit, as some have fabulously supposed, who say, that a Goat cropping a branch of Sea-Holly maketh the whole flock to follow him till he have vomited it up, or till the Herdsman hath given him somewhat to cause him so to do. The Latins follow the Greeks in this, as they do in many other names, be the cause of their denomination right or wrong, and call it Eryngium also, from whence the Shops do corruptly call it Iringus and Eringo. In English it is termed Sea-Holly, because divers of the sorts are prickly, somewhat like Holly, and for that they commonly grow upon the Sea Coasts.   

The Kinds.  
Dioscorides maketh but one sort of Eryngium, but divers others have been discovered since his time, so that there is 1 Ordinary Sea Holly. 2 Upland Sea-Holly. 3 Hungary Sea Holly. 4 The small smooth bastard Sea-Holly. 5 Small bastard Sea-Holly of Spain.   

The Form.  
The ordinary Sea-Holly cometh up with Leaves, which at the first are soft and gentle, yet as they grow older, they become very hard and prickly, being crumpled about the edges, with here and there a sharp point sticking forth, of a bluish green colour, standing every one upon a long foot-stalk, from whence riseth up a round and strong stalk, yet somewhat crested, having several joints and leaves set thereat, being more divided, sharp and prickly: the branches which rise from them have likewise other smaller branches, bearing several bluish round prickly heads with many small jagged prickly leaves, growing like a star, out of which come blue flowers with whitish threads in the midst: The Root is but about the bigness of a man's finger, yet of an extraordinary length, set with rings or circles towards the upper part, brownish on the outside, but white within, having some pith in the middle, and of a very pleasant taste.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth upon the Sea Coasts in every Country, and is sometimes brought into the Gardens of those that love varieties: the second is very frequent in Franconia and also in Narbone in France, even in the midland Country: the name of the third discovers its place: the fourth hath no other place set down but the Garden of John Mutton, but it is conceived to come out of some hot Country because it flowreth late; the last was found by Clusius at the foot of certain Hills near Salamanca in Spain. Some of them flower in the end of Summer, and give ripe seed about a Month after, but others flower so late, that they cannot perfect their seed.   

The Temperature.  
The Roots of Eryngium or Sea-Holly which are most in use, are temperate in respect of heat, of somewhat a drying and cleansing faculty.   

The Virtues.  
The Roots of Sea-Holly commonly called Eryngo Roots, after they be condited or preserved with Sugar, are exceeding good, not only to restore those that are consumed and withered with age, and which want natural moisture, but for all other sorts of people that have no delight or appetite to V●nery, so that it amendeth the defects of nature in those that stand in need thereof, and some there be that do, though I doubt that these Roots are abused by many that need them not, as many of this sort also are, but how to help that is past my skill. The decoction of the Root in White Wine being drunk is very effectual to open the Obstructions of the Spleen and Liver, and helpeth the yellow Jaundice, the Dropsy, the pains in the Loins, the wild Colic, provoketh Urine, and expelleth the Stone, and procureth women's Courses. The continued use of the Decoction for fifteen days taken first and last morning and evening doth help the Strangury, the pissing by drops, the stops of Urine, and the Stone, and all defects of the Reins or Kidneys; and if the said drink be continued longer, it is said that it perfectly cureth the Stone, yea that experience hath found it so, and is good for the French Pox. The Roots bruised and applied outwardly help the Kernels of the Throat, commonly called the King's Evil; and being taken inwardly aswel as applied to the place stung or bitten by any Serpent, causeth it to heal speedily. If the Roots be bruised and boiled in old Hogs-grease, or salted Lard, and applied to broken Bones, Thorns, etc. remaining in the flesh, doth not only draw them forth, but healeth up the place again, gathering new flesh where it was consumed. The juice of the Leaves dropped into the ears, helpeth the Imposthumes therein. The distilled water of the whole Herb, when the Leaves are young, is profitably drunk for all the diseases aforesaid, as also to cause Mirth by driving melancholy from the heart, to help Quartane and Quotidian Agues, and those that have their Necks so drawn awry, that they cannot stir them unless they move their whole Bodies. The young and tender shoots are eaten of divers where they grow plentifully, being almost as available to provoke Lust, as the Roots.    

CHAP. CCLXIX. Of Potatoes.  

The Names.  
IT is not probable that I should show you by what names the ancient Greek and Latin Writers did call these kinds of Plants, they being as I suppose known to neither of them, being brought of later years from the Indies, so that I hope it will be sufficient to tell you how the Modern Writers have called them. Clusius calleth the Spanish Potatoes, which are those in most request now amongst us, Battata, Camotes, Amotes and Ignanes, or as some writ it Inhames. Those of Virginia are called Battata and Battatas Virginiana sive Virginianorum, Papas, Papus and Pappus. Those of Canada which we in English call Jerusalem Artichokes, because the Root being boiled is in taste like the bottom of an Artichock, are called by Pelleterius, Heliotropium Indicum tuberosum, by Columna, Flos Solis Farnesianus, sive Aster Peruvianus tuberosus. The Names and Kind's being thus mixed together, I shall proceed to the description of those that are called Spanish Potatoes, because they are most for our purpose, as being most respected.   

The Virtues.  
The Spanish Potatoes rise up with many long branches, which by reason of their weight and weakness lie trailing on the ground, whereon are set at several distances, broad, and in a manner three square Leaves, somewhat like unto those of the Winter Cherry, of a dark green colour, the two sides thereof being broad and round, and the end pointed reasonable close together; The Roots (for we have not read either of the seed or flower) are firm, sweet and very many, like in shape and form unto asphodel Roots, but much greater and longer, of a pale brown colour on the outside, but white within, set together at one head.   

The Places and Time.  
The Potatoes, which we call Spanish, because they were first brought up to us out of Spain, grew originally in the Indies, where they, or at least some of this kind, serve for bread, and have been planted in many of our Gardens, wherein they decay rather than increase, but the soil of Ireland doth so well agree with them, that they grow there so plentifully that there be whole fields overrun with them, as I have been informed by divers Soldiers which came from thence; The Names of the second and third do sufficiently speak their places, yet it will not be amiss to tell you that the last came from Canada, and not from Jerusalem, notwithstanding some ignorant people that have them growing in their Gardens with us, call them Artichokes of Jerusalem. The first beareth its green Leaves all the Summer, which perish with the Stalk at the first approach of great frosts; The second thrusteth forth its Leaves in the beginning of May, the flowers bud forth in August, and the fruit is ripe in September: The last flower about the latter end of Summer, and the Roots are fit to be taken up from the time that the Stalk is withered, until it spring again, which is the greatest part of the Winter.   

The Temperature.  
The Leaves of Potatoes are hot and dry, as may plainly appear by the taste, but the Roots are of a temperate quality.   

The Virtues.  
Which way soever Potatoes be dressed they comfort, nourish and strengthen the Body, procuring bodily lust, and that with greediness. Some only roast them under the Embers to take away their windiness, and then eat them after they are peeled; Others having roasted them and peeled them as before, put them into Sack with a little Sugar or without, and so they are delicate to be eaten. They are used also to be baked with Marrow, Sugar, Spice, and other things in Pies, which are a costly and dainty dish for the Table; And some there be that preserve and candy them, as they do divers other things; and so ordered they are very delicate, and fit to accompany other sweet Meats, when a Banquet is presented. The Virginia Potatoes may be dressed after any of the aforesaid ways, but they are not altogether so delicate as the former. The Potatoes of Canada, called Jerusalem Artichokes as I said, were of great account when they were first received amongst us, but by reason of their great increasing they are become common, and consequently despicable, especially by those which think nothing good unless it be dear; but if any one please to put them into boiling Water, they will quickly become tender, so that being peeled, sliced and stewed with better and a little Wine, they will be as pleasant as the bottom of an Artichoke.    

CHAP. CCLXX. Of Skirret.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Sisarum and Siser in Latin, being the sa●e Root which Tiberius the Emperor so much loved, that he commanded it to be conveyed unto him from Gelduba a Castle in Germa●● standing about the River Rhine, as Pliny reporteth; divers of the later Herb●rists do call it Servillum or Chervillum and Servilla, and we in English Skiriet and Ski●wort, they being much mistaken who think Siser to be a Parsnep.   

The Kinds.  
There be but two sorts of Skirrets, and one of them must be fetched as far as Egypt. 1 The Common Skirret. 2 Skirrets of Egypt or white Carrots.   

The Form.  
The Common Skirret hath sundry stalks of winged leaves, which are composed of many others, oppositely set upon a middle rib, and every one snipt about the edges, somewhat like unto those of the Parsnep, but that they are smaller and further set a sunder, being also smother and greener, from amongst which riseth up the stalk, not much above half the height of the Parsnep, bearing at the tops umbels of white flowers, which afterwards turn into small dark seed, somewhat bigger and darker than Parsley-seed; The Root is composed of divers small long lesser Roots, meeting together in one head like the A●phodill, banched out and uneven or rugged, of a whitish colour even on the outside, but more white within, having in the middle of the Root a long small hard pith or string, which no other Root that either hath been or now is edible hath besides it.   

The Places and Time.  
The natural places of the first is in Narbone, which is almost forgotten through its long continuance in Gardens, where the second groweth not, being found wild in Egypt by grand Cairo, as Ra●wolsius saith Some sow them of seed amongst their Onions in February or March, which is as good always for them as for Parsneps, for than they will not hinder one another, the Onions being to be drawn betimes, and then the Skirrets may have the full use of the ground in Winter, which by the February following will be fit for use, some of them being broken off to be used for food, and some to be planted again for increase, which bring forth plentifully every year, if the ground be good; They flower and seed the second year like as the Pasnep doth, but somewhat later, but they must not be removed at all.   

The Temperature.  
The Roots of the Skirret which are only in use, are moderate in heat and moisture.   

The Virtues.  
Though the Roots of Skirrets be but of indifferent nourishment, yet because they be easily concocted, yield a reasonable good juice, and are somewhat windy, they have been judged effectual to provoke lust, and experimentally proved so to do, being either baked in Pies, as Potatoes after they have been boiled, peeled, and pithed, or else stewed with Pepper, Butter and Salt, and so eaten, or as others use them to roll them in Flower, and fry them in Butter, after they have been boiled, peeled, and pithed; either of which ways they are more pleasant, and more provocative than Parsnep, as all agree that eat them. They may be also eaten cold with Vinegar and Oil, being first boiled and dressed in manner aforesaid. The juice of the Roots drunk with Goat's milk stoppeth the Laske; the same drunk with Wine is effectual for windiness in the Stomach, and the gripe of the belly, and Hicket as some say. It doth somewhat respect the Kidneys and Bladder by moving Urine, and a little to consume the Stone and Gravel in them. The Egyptian sort is eaten by those of that Country, as familiarly as any other root whatsoever.    

CHAP. CCLXXI Of Pease.  

The Names.  
THis sort of Pulse is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Pisum from Pisa being the name of a place where they grew very plentifully, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with an ●, which last way of writing seemeth to agree most with the Etymology, for it is thought to be derived 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because it is covered with a Coat or Hull, which is more eminent in this, then in any other seeds; It is called in Latin Pisum and in English Pease and Peason.   

The Kinds.  
There be divers sorts of Pease, nine whereof I shall reckon up, and add unto them two sorts of Ciches, 1. The Rouncivall. 2. The green Hasting. The Sugar Pease. 4. The spotted Pease. 5. The grey Pease. 6. The white Hasting. 7. The Pease without skin. 8. The Rose Pease. 9 Fulham Pease. 10. White Chiches. 11. Red Chiches.   

The Form.  
Pease do always come up with long, weak, hollow and brittle whitish green stalks branched into divers parts, putting forth at every joint where it parteth, one broad, round leaf, compassing the stalk so that it cometh almost through, in some sort like unto Thoroughwax; the Leaves are winged, that is, they consist of divers small Leaves set together at a middle rib, of a whitish green colour, with claspers at the end of the Leaves, whereby it catcheth hold of whatsoever standeth next it; the Flowers come forth from between the Leaves and the stalks two or three together, yet so divided that they stand every one upon a several footstalke, which are either wholly white, or purple, or mixed white and purple, or purple and blue; the fruit cometh forth in long and somewhat round Cod, whereof some are longer, some are shorter, some thicker, and some slenderer, the fruit itself also differing, some being round, some cornered, some small, some great, some white, others grey, and some spotted; the Root is small and quickly perisheth after it hath done bearing.   

The Places and Time.  
Some of these Pease grow only in Gardens, and are supported with stakes and bushes; some of them are sown in the Fields by Gardeners, and are gathered to sell green in the Markets; the grey Pease are sowed by Husbandmen to feed their Cattle with; the Fulham Pease, which came first out of France, is so called, because the grounds about Fulham near London do bring them forward soon: the Rose Pease, which is sometimes called the Scottish Pease should be brought out of Scotland by its name. The Chiches are very frequent in Spain; but I know not whether they grow there naturally. They Flower and seed all the Summer long, sooner or later, according to the time of their sowing.   

The Temperature.  
Pease, especially when they are young are of a mean temperature, as most other things are which are used for food; they are less windy than Beans, but pass not through the Body so soon as they.   

The Virtues.  
A dish of young Pease are very pleasant to all sorts of people, but especially to young Women, who either are or would be with Child; for they help both the generative and procreative faculty very much, and therefore they do not only eat of them themselves, but commend them to their Hasbands, notwithstanding they are eaten, but not with so much desire, by all other sorts of people. They are also used to make Pottage, wherein many do put in Mints, Parsley, or some other such hot herbs, to give it the better relish, and they be used to the same purpose when they be ripe and dried, especially in the Lent season. The said dried Pease are much used in long Voyages at Sea, both for change, and also because they are not so salt as those things that lie in powder, and are no inconsiderable food in bestedged Cities and Garrisons, nor in poor Folks houses, being first steeped in running Water. Being sodden in Water and a Lie made therewith, helpeth spreading sores of the Head, the spots of the Face, and other discolouring of the skin; the same decoction mixed with Honey and Barley meal, helpeth spreading sores, that are hard to cure; being boiled in water with Or●bus, and applied to any swell or aches, it helpeth them; the broth wherein they have been boiled is good, take Purgations withal, to cleanse the Stomach that is raw, through cold and moist humours, whether of the white or grey, but especially the grey; the Pottage made of them is good for the Strangury, and to take Sena withal morning and evening for the Ague, and Rhubarb for the Jaundice; the powder of them being made very fine stoppeth bleeding at the Nose. The Cloth that is spotted or stained being laid a soak in the Broth wherein Pease have been boiled, and then washed in River Water and dried, becometh clean and spotless. The white Ciches also boiled and stewed are a dainty dish, of a very good relish and nourishment: they increase bodily Lust as much or more than any other sort of Pulse, and as it is thought help to increase the Seed, and also Milk in women's Breasts. The red Ciches have a cleansing faculty, whereby they provoke Urine, and break the Stones in the Kidneys, the Cream of them boiled in Water being drunk, which olso moveth the Belly downwards, provoketh women's Courses as well as Urine, and increaseth both Milk and Seed; one Ounce of Cicers, two Ounces of French Barley and an handful of Marsh mallow Roots washed clean and sliced, being boiled in the broth of a Chicken, and four Ounces taken in a morning without eating any thing within two hours after, is a good remedy for a pain in the Sides.    

CHAP. CCLXXII. Of Rocket.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Euzomon, ob gratiam, non ob suavitatem, in jure & obsoniis condiendis, for its savoury, not for its sweet taste in seasoning Meat and Broth, and Eruca in Latin, quia velicando Linguam quasi erodat, because if it be eaten alone raw, it is so corrosive that it will make the tongue barn, which is no token of sweetness (which commonly accompanies temperate things) but of much heat and strength.   

The Kind's.  
There are thirteen several sorts of Rocket mentioned by Authors. 1 Roman Garden Rocket with white seed. 2 Great Garden Rocket. 3 Great Rocket of America. 4 The more Common wild Rocket. 5 Small ill smelling wild Rocket. 6 Small wild Rocket of Mompelier. 7 Small hoary wild Rocket. 8 Blue flowered Rocket. 9 Narrow leafed wild Rocket. 10 English Sea Rocket. 11 Candy Sea Rocket. 12 Square Codded Rocket. 13 Italian Sea Rocket.   

The Forms.  
The more common Wild Rocket is most effectual for the present purpose, and therefore omitting the Description of those that be before it, I shall only describe that: it hath long, narrow, and very much divided Leavs, with slender cuts and gashes, or jags on both sides of the middle rib, of a sad overworn green colour when it groweth on the ground, but when it groweth upon high walls as I have often seen it, they are of a fresh, though somewhat dark green colour; from amongst which, rise up divers stiff Stalks about a foot high sometimes, set with the like Leaves, but smaller and smaller as they grow nearer to the top, branched from the middle into divers lesser stalks, bearing sundry yellow Flowers on them made of four Leavs a piece, as the others are, which afterward yield small reddish seed in little long pods, of a bitter and hot biting taste, somewhat like unto that Milk which is burnt too, as they call it, and so are the Leaves. The Root is small, but somewhat woody, enduring divers years, if I mistake not.   

The Places and Time.  
The two first have been Inhabitants of the Garden so long that their natural places are forgotten; the third came from that part of America called Canada: the fourth groweth very plentifully about the Abbey of St Alban on every side, upon the Walls thereof, and divers other Walls thereabouts that are of any standing, it being either the nature of the Mortar thereabouts to produce it, or else the seeds are carried upon them by the wind, or rather by Birds; some of the other grow with us also, but divers of them belong to others Countries, so that we have them not, unless it be in the Gardens of some that are curious; they flower about June and July, and their seed is ripe in August.   

The Temperature.  
Rocket is hot and dry in the third degree, and therefore it is seldom eaten alone, unless it be in some cases.   

The Virtues.  
All the sorts of Rocket, but especially the wild kind which I have described, are very effectual to quicken and stir up Nature where it is dull, or not sufficiently active for generation, upon which account it was very famous in Virgil's time, who in his Poem called Moretum, maketh mention of it in these Words; Et Venerem reuccans Eruca morantem; and is so likewise amongst the modern Italians, who call it Rocket gentle, by which Epithet some understand any thing that maketh one quick, and ready to jest lasciviously, as this herb doth; yet some will have it to be so called because it is more pleasant and gentle in taste then the wild kind which is more strong and efficacious; it serveth also to help digestion and provoketh Urine exceedingly; the herb boiled or stewed and some Sugar put thereto, helpeth the Cough in Children, being often taken; the Seed moveth to Venus as much or more than the Herb, and is also good against the biting of the Shrew Mouse, and other venomous Creatures, and it expelleth the Worms out of the Body; being taken in drink it doth away the ill scent of the Arm●pts, increaseth Milk in Nurses, and wasteth the Spleen; being mixed with Honey and applied, it cleanseth the skin from Spots, Morphew, and other discolourings thereof, and used with Vinegar it taketh away Freckles and redness in the Face, and other parts; and with the gall of an Ox, it amendeth foul Scars, black and blue Spots, and the marks of the small Pocks. The roots boiled in Water and then stamped and applied, helpeth any grief that cometh of Ruptures, Splinters, Fractures, or unplacing of joints. The Leaves are fittest to be eaten with Lettuce, Purslane, and such like Salad herbs to take away the coldness of them; for being eaten alone, they heat too much and cause the Headache.    

CHAP. CCLXXIII. Of Mustard.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Napy, by Aristophanes and others that use the Attic Dialect, but more commonly 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sinapi, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because it is offensive to Eyes, making them water, if any one be too busy with it. It is also called in Latin Sinapi and Sinapis in imitation of the Greek, in English Senvie, but most commonly Mustard.   

The Kind's.  
To this Kind six sorts may properly be referred. 1 Ordinary Mustard. 2 Broad leafed Mustard. 2 Small wild Mustard. 4 Small Mustard of Mompel●r. 5 Wild Mustard of Naples. 6 Sea Mustard of Egypt.   

The Form.  
The ordinary Mustard groweth up with many long rough Leaves, jagged with uneven and unorderly gashes, somewhat like a Turnip, but a great deal lesser, of an overworn green colour and sharp taste, from whence ariseth up a stalk two or three foot high, which divideth itself into several branches, whereon do grow divers pale yellow Flowers in a great length together, which turn into small and long Pods, wherein is contained blackish seed inclining to redness, of a fiery sharp taste, much exceeding that of the Leaves; the Root is tough and white, running deep into the ground, with many small Fibres thereat, perishing yearly, yet if it be suffered to shed the seed, from thence it will sow itself without any more ado.   

The Places and Time.  
The first, though it be sown by divers for their private uses in their Gardens and Orchards, yet the same is found wild also abroad in many places, especially in G●ociste●shire about T●wxbury, where they grind it, and make it up into ball●, which are brought to London and other remote places, as being the best that the world affords; The second groweth in Gardens only; But the third is found in the borders of fields, and also in the low rills and furrows of them; The three last are strangers to us, as their names do declare. They all flower in July and their seed is ripe in August.   

The Temperature.  
The seed of Mustard, which we chief use, doth heat and make thin, and also draw forth, being hot and dry in the fourth, as Galen saith; but the other smaller sorts are not so hot.   

The Virtues.  
The seed of Mustard taken either by itself, or with other things, either in an Electuary or Drink, prevaileth mightily to stir up bodily lust, by the heat which it causeth, b●ing a great help to remove that deadness and stupefaction that possesseth the seed and members of generation, is those which are of cold constitutions. It is also of good effect to bring down women's Courses, for the falling Sickness, the Lethargy, drowsy or forgetful evil, to ●se i● both inwardly and outwardly, to rub the Nostril's, Forehead, and Temples, to warm and quicken the Spirits; for by the fierce sharpness it purgeth the brain by sneesing, and drawing down Rheum and other viscous humours, which by their residence there become very offensive, or by their distillation upon the Lungs and Chest, procure coughing, if it be first beaten, and then made up into little balls with honey, and one or two be swallowed down fasting every morning, not only helpeth the former distempers, but cleanseth the breast so effectually, that if those that are addicted to singing, take thereof, it will clear their Voices very m●ch in a short time; It strengthens the heart, resisteth poison, warmeth the Stomach, helpeth digestion, provoketh Appetite, easeth the continual pain of the Spleen, sides and belly, wasteth the Quartane Ague, and if used for some time, quite cureth it; The Decoction of the seed being taken in Wine, which used as a Gargoyle, sendeth up the Palate of the Mouth being fallen down, and it also dissolveth those Tumours and Swell which sometimes gather about the Throat, if a plaster, wherein pretty store of the powder of this seed is mixed, be applied, and so it helpeth the Sciatica, and other Aches of the joints, by discussing the humours which cause them; Being applied in like manner to the Sides, Loins, or Shoulders which are grieved with any Ache or pain, it draweth forth the cause which doth evacuate itself by Blisters, and by that means helpeth them. It is also used to help the falling of the hair, and being chewed in the Mouth it oftentimes helpeth the Toothache; Being bruised, mixed up with honey, and applied, or else made up with Wax, it taketh away the Marks, and black and blue spots of bruises, or the like, the roughness and s●●bbednesse of the Skin, as also the Leprosy and Lousy Evil; it helpeth also the Crick in the Neck, by which it is so drawn awry, that the liberty of breathing is well nigh taken away; The distilled Water of the Herb, when it is in flower, is much used, not only to drink inwardly for the diseases aforesaid, or to wash the Mouth when the Palate is down, and to Gargoyle the Throat, but outwardly also for Scabs, Itch, or other like infirmities, and cleanseth the Face from Morphew, Spots, Freckles and other deformities. The Oil of Mustard, which is made by infusing four pound of ground Mustardseed, with four pound of Oil, for ten days together, and then straining it, is good for the griefs of the Reins, Palsies, Gouts, Stitches and Swell. The seed hereof, with good vinegar added thereunto, being ground, is that Sauce that we eat both with Fish and Flesh, especially if it be salt. It is excellent for such whose blood wants clarifying, to stir up appetite in those whose Stomaches are weak through Age, or any cold disease, but it is naught for Choleric people. And if there be any one that doth not think the ordinary Mustard or Sauce delicate enough, or less pleasing to the palate and Stomach, let them take of Mustard seed two ounces, of Cinnamon half an ounce well beaten, which being made up into Balls or Cakes with honey and vinegar, and dried in the Sun, will be fit to keep a long while, until use shall be made thereof by relenting it with a little Vinegar, for so it is presently made into a sauce very well worth commendation, and the same way the balls of Te●xbury Mustard are relented, which of so simple a Sauce hath not its Parallel.    

CHAP. CCLXXIV. Of Cotton.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Xylum and Gossipium, I know not for what reason, yet the Latins follow the Greeks in this as they do in many other things, without examining the cause of the name, much less imposing a better of their own, but in truth it happeneth so in all other Languages. Serapio calleth it C●to from whence cometh our English word Cotton, and B●mbax, as it is also called in the Apothecary's shops, from whence the word Bombast cometh.   

The Kinds.  
The sorts of Cotton are four. 1 The Tree of fine Cotton. 2 The Bush of lump Cotton. 3 Thorny Indian Cotton. 4 The long leafed Cotton of Java.   

The Form.  
The bush of lump Cotton which I conceive that to be that whose seeds are most frequent in the Apothecary's Shops, and therefore it is that I choose rather to give you the description thereof, riseth out of the ground with an upright stem of about a Cubit high, divided from the lowest part to the top into sundry small branches whereupon are set disorderly certain broad Leaves, cut for the most part into three sections or parts, and sometimes more, somewhat indented about the edges, not much unlike those of the Vervain Mallow but lesser, softer and of a grayish colour, amongst which come forth the flowers standing upon slender foot stalks, the brims and edges whereof are of a yellow colour, and the middle part purple, somewhat in fashion like a Bell-flower, after which cometh the fruit, wherein is contained the seed wrapped up in a great lump of fine white Cotton, of the bigness of small pease, in shape like the Trettles or Dung of a Coney, sticking close together in two rows, with white sweet kernels within them. The Root is small and single, with a few fibres thereat, and of a woody substance, as all the rest of the Plant, yet it perisheth every year as soon as it hath perfected its seed.   

The Places and Time.  
The first is natural to Asia the greater, and the East and West- Indieses, and hath been brought into Asia the lesser, Egypt, and some Christian Countries, but as morarity: The second is more frequent both in the lesser Asia, Egypt, and divers parts thereabouts, as also in Cypr●●, Candy, and other Islands of the Mediterranean Sea; The names of the two last speak their places. The lump Cotton is sown about the later end of April, and then it will be ready to be mown or reaped about August or September; for if it be suffered to stand any longer than its due time, it casteth forth its Wool and Seeds upon the ground.   

The Temperature.  
The seeds of Cotton are said to be hot and moist, and the Wool or Cotton itself to be hot and dry.   

The Virtues.  
Of all the seeds I have yet mentioned, there is none more absolutely effectual not only to increase the seed of generation and natural strength, but also to stir up bodily lust then this of Cotton, which may be had at any Apothecary's shops; It is also used to lenify the harshness of the Throat, to help those that are short wound, by opening the Passages, whose obstruction was the cause thereof; and those also that have sharp distillations upon the Lungs, so that it is also a good remedy for the Cough; for it not only drieth up the Rheum, but causeth tough phlegm to be easily expectorated or avoided: It is used likewise in gripe and gnawings of the Stomach and Guts, yea, though they come by poison, and are good also in all hot (or I should rather think in cold) Agues. The juice of the Leaves is good for the Lask of young Children, and for the gnawing and grinding in the belly. The Ashes of the Cotton Wool being being burned, is very admirable to staunch the bleeding of Wounds, and is used in restrictive Medicines, as Bole Armoniac is, for which it is more effectual. The oil pressed out of the seed, doth make the skin to become exceeding smooth, taking away Spots, Freckles, and other blemishes thereof. Some do think, and that not without good reason, that the Byssus of the Ancients is the Wool of the Tree of fine Cotton, of which the Byssina ●ela or fine white Callicoe Cloth that cometh out of the East Indies is made. Common experience telleth us also, how profitable Cotton Wool is to make Fustian Cloth, Stockings, Gloves, and divers other necessaries, and it is the best Wool that can be to put in an Inkehorn.    

CHAP. CCLXXV Of the Fistick Nut.  

The Names.  
IT hath gotten divers Greek Names, or rather the same Name diversely altered; for though 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Pistacia be the ordinary Name, yet Nicander in one place calls it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Phistacia, and in another 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Possidonius writeth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; It is called in Latin Pistacia, Pistacium, and of some Nux Pistacia, and the Tree is thought to be the Terebintbus Indica of Theophrastus; We call the fruit in English Pistackes and Fistick Nuts, and the Tree the Fistick Tree.   

The Form.  
The Tree which beareth the Fistick Nuts, groweth to be of a reasonable large size in the hot Countries, though but very slender in ours, dispersed into sundry branches, whose bark is of a dark russet colour; the leaves are winged, five or seven growing commonly on a stalk, the odd one standing always at the end, each whereof is broader and larger than those of the Ash, but not so sharp pointed, smooth almost, shining with divers veins therein, and of a pale yellowish green colour, from amongst which do come forth many white flowers set together on a long cluster, and consequently the fruit which are somewhat long and round Nuts bigger than filberts, pointed at the ends, with a rough outer shell somewhat like unto the outer shell of an Almond, but tough and hard to break, yet cleaving into two parts, and smooth and white on the inside thereof, having a full green N●t or kernel within, filling the whole shell, the rind and peeling whereof is thick and red, the kernel being sweet to smell unto, pleasant in ●ast and altogether inoffensive.   

The Places and Time.  
The Fistick Tree groweth naturally in Bactria and other parts near unto the East-Indies, being brought from thence into Persia, Arabia, Syria, and Egypt as also into the warmer coasts of Italy and Naples, where they thrive and prospe●, bringing forth their flowers in May, and their ripe fruit in September, or thereabouts.   

The Temperature.  
Fistick Nuts are of temperature hot and moist.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The Kernels of the Fistick Nuts may be sade to have the Signature of the Testicles, or rather the Nut of the Yard, as Cr●llius saith, and therefore the ●ating of them being condited or made into Comfits, or otherwise is as conducible for the increasing of seed, and stirring up of V●nery, as the Kernels of the Pine Apples are, being very little inferior in goodness to them; Whether they be eaten or drunk they be friendly to the Stomach, and yield to the body no small nourishment, for they make even those bodies which are in a Consumption to recover strength; They are good against the stingings and bite of Serpents, and other venomous Creatures, by reason of the thin Essence and little bitter substance that is mingled with the sweet in them, and for the same ca●se they ●pen the Obstructions of the Liver, and are good also for the Chest and Lungs, concocting, ripening, and expelling the raw humours ●hat many times offend them; There is also a little astringent quality in them, whereby they strengthen both the Liver and Stomach, to be put either in Meats or Medicines; They also remove sand and gravel out of the Reins or Kidneys and assuage their pain, and are also good for Ulcers.    

CHAP. CCLXXVI. Of the Chestnut Tree▪  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Castana, and Castan●a, but m●st usually Castanea in Latin, and so is the fruit which is also called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Sardianae glans, and ●opima. Sou●e have called it Euboida or Euboica, and Heracle●t●ca, because as it should seem they grew plentifully in those parts, and Gaza translating Theophrastus, calls it Avellana Nux, but improperly, and Ageloc●us, as Athenaeus saith, called it Mo●a, and Amo●a: Though Pliny seemeth to make the Tarentina, Salariana, Meterano, Cor●liana Balanitis, etc. to be divers sorts hereof, yet indeed they are only the diversity of places, which cause this difference of Names.   

The Kind's.  
There are four especial sorts of Chestnuts. 1 The ordinary Chestnut. 2 The Horse Chesnut. 3 The Dwarf Chesnut. 4. The Chestnut of Peru. 5 Purging Chestnuts of America.   

The Form.  
The ordinary Chestnut Tree groweth very tall and high, bearing great, long, rough and wrinkled Leaves, dented about the edges, putting forth at the time of the year divers long Catkins or bloomings, somewhat like the Oak, but of a more greenish yellow colour; the Fruit groweth between the leaves and the branches towards the end of them, enclosed in three several Husks, the outermost whereof is whitish and prickly like an Urchin, which openeth itself when it is ripe, and showeth the Nut, being flat on the one side, and round but flat on the other, whose shell or husk is smooth, brown, and shining a little on the outside, but hairy within, tough also and not easy to break, under which lieth the kernel covered with a thin reddish bitter skin or peeling, which is of a firm substance and white, sweet and pleasant in ●aste, form somewhat like a Heart, the wood hereof is tough and of a brownish colour.   

The Places and Time.  
The First groweth upon Mountains and in Woods usually, yea there be divers Woods in England, which have few Trees in them but Chesnut Trees, one whereof is within a mile and a half of Feversham in Kent, yet these that grow in the warmer Countries produce greater Nuts; the Second groweth naturally in Turk●, and is entertained in divers of our Gardens, that pretend to rarities, and indeed i● is a stately Plant; the Third groweth upon pilate's hill, which is not fare from Lions in France; the two last in the West Indies: the Catkins show themselves in March, the Leaves in April, and immediately after the Flowers, but the Fruit is not ripe until the Autumn.   

The Temperature.  
Chestnuts are neither hot nor cold, but in a mean between both, yet they ar● very dry and binding.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
Every one will be ap● enough to discover the Signatures that this Nut bears, and so likewise of divers others that tend to this purpose, so that a small hint will be sufficient. It is not ordinarily delivered, that this Nut should stir up Venery; only Langham in his Garden of Health mentioneth it for that purpose, which is more than probable, if the much nourishment they afford, and the windiness going along with them (both which qualities are very conducible hereunto) be considered. The meal of these Nuts made into an Electuary with Honey is said to be very profitable for those that are troubled with a Cough, spitting of blood laske, or any Flux of blood in Man or Woman, but especially the inner skin that covereth the kernel, if the decoction thereof in Wine or Water, or the powder thereof be taken in some convenient Liquor. The way to remedy the windiness of them in part (for it will not totally be consumed) is first to prick them through the husk with a penknife or bodkin, and then roast them under the embers or hot ashes, and so they yield commendable nourishment; yet if they be eaten immoderately they cause the Headache, are hard of digestion and bind the body. The powder of the said Nut kernels being dried and applied with Barley Meal and Vinegar doth cure unnatural blast, and swelling of the Breasts. Being stamped with Honey and Salt and applied to the biting of a mad Dog, it freeth it from doing harm, and healeth it. The Horse Chestnuts in Turkey and other Eastern Countries where they grow plentifully, are given to Horses to cure them of the Cough, shortness of breath, and other diseases, whence it had its name. The other three sorts are of very little note, and therefore I shall say nothing of them.    

CHAP. CCLXXVII. Of the Tree of Cacao and Chocolate.  

The Names.  
IT is called by the West Indians, amongst whom it was first known, and not in any part of the Christian world till after the discovery of Am●rica, Cacao sive Cacavate, besides which name it hath received none either Greek or Latin; in English it is called, The Pear-bearing wholesome Almond Tree; the Confection wherein the Cacao is the main ingredient, is in the Indian language called Chocolate, being compounded of A●e as some say, or as others, A●le, which in the Mexican Language signifieth Water, and Choco the noise that the Water (wherein the Chocolate is put) maketh when it is stirred in a Cup, until it bubble and rise unto a froth; it may be called in English A compounded or Confectioned drink, yet it is better known by the names of Chocolate and Chocoletto, for so it is usually called.   

The Kinds.  
There are two sorts of Cacao. 1 The common Cacao, which is of a grey colour inclining towards red. 2 Patlaxte which is broader and bigger, white and more drying, whereby it causeth watchfulness, and therefore is not so useful as the ordinary, the description whereof, though imperfect, take as followeth.   

The Form.  
The Tree of Cacao is of a mean size, so delicate and tender that it must be defended from the S●n, and therefore other Trees are first planted, which being grown up to that height, that they may be fitted and plashed like an Arbour▪ the Cacao Tree is then set; for if it should be set before, it would perish through the extreme heat of the Country where it groweth; what bark, Leaves or Flower it beareth is not set down by any Author that I have met with, but the fruit is said nearly to resemble the form of a Pear, or Pear fashioned Gourd, wherein are contained ten or twelve kernels, somewhat bigger than Armands, blackish without, with brownish ashcoloured veins within, very sweet and pleasant in taste to the Indians, yet to strangers it is bitter and unpleasant.   

The Places and Time.  
They both grow in divers parts of the West Indies, especially in or about ●uatimale, whence they have been brought into Hispaniol●, where they are plentiful, as may be gathered from some of the Relations of the Commodities of that Island and Jamaica, lately come from thence; they delight only in warm and we●, yet shadowed places; their time is not expressed; yet it is said, that after they have gathered the Fruit, they break the outer rind, and lay the inner fruit upon Mats to dry in the Sun, until the moisture within them be consumed, and then they keep them both for Meat and Merchandise.   

The Temperature.  
The Cacaoes' or Kernels of the aforesaid fruit are of different parts; first they are very cold and dry, and should therefore be restringent and obstructive, yet they are so far partakers of heat and moisture, that if they be skilfully ground and mixed together, both the restringent and obstructive faculty is corrected.   

The Virtues.  
The Confection made of Cacao called Chocolate or Chocoletto which may be had in divers places in London at reasonable rates, being taken in substance, or, as is more usual, relented in Milk, is of wonderful efficacy for the procreation of Children; for it not only vehemently incites to Venus, but causeth Conception in Women, and hastens and facilitates their delivery, and besides that, it preserves health, it makes such as drink it often to become fat and corpulent, fair and amiable; it is an excellent help to digestion, it cures Consumptions and Cough of the Lungs, the Plague of the gu●s and other Fluxes, the green Sickness, Jaundice and all manner of Inflammations, Oppilations and Obstructions; it quite takes away the Morphew, cleanseth the Teeth and sweeteneth the breath, provokes Urine, cures the Stone and Strangury, expels poisons, and preserves from all infectious diseases; these and divers other Virtues have been found in it by divers noble Personages, who by some continued use thereof have received much benefit thereby, every day producing new and admirable effects in such as drink it. The particular ingredients of the Confection, their qualities and virtues, the way of compounding and using it, with the Dose or quantity that is to be taken at a time, is punctually set down in that learned and ingenuous, though short Tract, which was written originally in Spanish by Antonio Colminer● of Ledesma, Doctor in Physic, and faithfully rendered in English by my much honoured Friend Captain James Wadsworth.    

CHAP. CCLXXVIII. Of Satyrions.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sat●rium, from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because it was found out by the Satyrs, who first used it to stir up lust, for which they were so notable; it is also called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Orchis, which is as general a name as Satyrium is, one kind whereof is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, another 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Cynosorchis, and Tragorchis; in Latin Testiculus Canis, and Testiculus Capri; in English Satyrion, Orchis, Doggestones, Goatestones, Foolestones, Cullions, Standle wort, Standard grass, Kingfingers, Gandergosses, etc.   

The Kinds.  
All the sorts of Satyrions would fill a sheet of Paper, and therefore I shall specify only the chiefest of them that grow in England. 1 The Male Satyrion Royal. 2 The Female Satyrion. 3 Marish Satyrion. 4 Spotted marish Satyrion. 5 Creeping Satyrion. 6 Be Satyrion. 7 Butterfly Satyrion. 8 The elegant purplish fly Satyrion. 9 Yellow fly Satyrion. 10 Scarlet fly Satyrion. 11 Fly Satyrion. 12 Bird Satyrion. 12 Dogs stones with a gaping Flower. 13 Little purple flowered Doggestones. 14 The Male Foolstones or Crowtoes. 15 The Female Foolestones or Crowtoes. 16 The Lizard Flower or Goat's stones. 17 The Spider Orchis. 18 Spur flowered Orchis or Red handed Orchis. 19 Humble be Orchis. 20 Lady-Traces.   

The Form.  
The Male Satyrion Royal hath divers large, broad, and long, smooth, green Leaves, lying on the ground, amongst which, riseth up a round stalk with some such Leaves on it, but lesser towards the top, where grows a large head of pale purple flowers, spotted with a deeper purple colour, each Flower having a heel of the same colour behind it; the Roots are flat and broad, two joined together at a head like unto hands, one whereof is firm, and the other lose and spongy, as it is also in the Orchises that have Roots like Stones, altering every year by course; for when the one riseth and waxeth full, the other waxeth lank, the full one sinketh if it be put into water, the la●k one swimmeth.   

The Places and Time.  
As the Satyrions are many, so the places are different, for some grow in Fields and Meadows, some in Moorish grounds and Marshes, and others upon Hills and Mountains, some of the most considerable I shall particularise unto 〈◊〉 The Bee Satyrion groweth in a large Close near El●feild, on the side of the Hill, between it and Oxford; The Butterfly Satyrion hath been found in Stow-Wood, being not far from the former places; The eighth in Brodworth-Wood in Iork●shire; The tenth in Swanscombe-Wood; The eleventh on a Hill Southwest of Bath; The sixteenth nigh the high way between Crayford and Dartford in Kent; The seventeenth hard by Walcot, a Mile from Barnet. They flower in the Months of April, May, and June, some earlier, and some later than another.   

The Temperature.  
That part of any of these Roots that is full and heavy, is hot and moist, and that which is spongy and light, is hot and dry, the full one seemeth to have much superfluous windiness, which the lank one is without.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
The full and plump Roots of the Satyrion or Orchis whereof the Electuary Diasatyrion is made, are of mighty efficacy to provoke to Venery, which they that have Bulbous Roots do by Signature, but the lank or shriveled mortifies lust, so that here is a Remedy both to help Nature if it be deficient, and to restrain it if be too luxuriant; Being boiled in Milk, especially the Goat's stones, and those other whose smell doth imitate that of the seed, and eaten with white Pepper do the same, and also nourish and strengthen those that are in a Consumption, or have the Hectic Fever; The same Roots boiled in Wine and drunk, stop the Flux, and being green, they consume all tumors, cleanse rotten sores and Fistulaes', being applied, and the powder thereof being cast into fretting and devouring Ulcers, and Sores, stayeth the same from further fretting and festering; Being boiled in Wine with a little Honey, it cureth the rotten Ulcers and Sores of the Mouth, and being bruised only and applied, it is good against inflammations and swell. The Satyrion Royal, which is that before described, hath this particular virtue above the rest, that being bruised and drunk in wine, it provoketh Vomit, and purgeth the Stomach and Belly, by means whereof it cureth an old Fever, if as much as one's thumb be used before the fit come. The flowers of Dogges-stones are also effectual to cause, provoke, increase, and sti● up Nature, in case she forget herself, through the coldness of any one's constitution.    

CHAP. CCLXXIX. Of Dragons.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Dracontia and Dracontium, from the resemblance that the stalk hath with the skin of a snake, which is very great, and it is observed by Pliny, that it springeth out of the ground when snakes first begin to stir, and as soon as they retire, it retireth also: It is called in Latin Serpentaria, Bisaria and Colubrina, but most commonly Dracunculus, in English Dragons.   

The Kinds.  
There be three sorts of Dragons. 1 Great Dragons. 2▪ Small Dragons. 3 Water Dragons.   

The Form.  
The great Dragon riseth up with a bare or naked round whitish stalk about half a yard high or higher, which is many times thick, but always smooth, and spo●ted very much with spots of divers colours, like those of the Adder or Snake, bearing at the top thereof a few green Leaves very much divided on all sides, standing upon long Foot-stalks, in the middle whereof (if the Root have been long planted) cometh forth a great long husk or hose, green and of a dark purplish colour on the inside, with a slender long reddish pestle or clapper in the middle, like unto that of the flower of Cuckowpint, but greater; The skin or film whereof when the seed waxeth big, being stretched and broken in sunder, there appeareth the Fruit like to a bunsh or cluster of Grapes; The Berries whereof at the first be green, afterwards red and full of juice, in which is contained seed, which is somewhat hard; The Root is great, round, flat and whitish on the outside, but whiter within, with divers fibres hanging thereat, much like unto the Cuckowpint both in form and taste.   

The Places and Time.  
The two first are planted in Gardens, where they have been so long, that their natural place is not recorded; The third groweth for the most part in Fenny places, where the Water always standeth, and sometimes in Watery and marish places. They flower in July and the berries are ripe in September.   

The Temperature.  
The Roots of Dragons are biting and bitter, and not without some astriction, and therefore there is no question but that it is hot and dry, at least in the second Degree.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
As it hath the form, taste and temperature of Cuckowpint, so it hath not only the Signature, which will sufficiently declare itself, but the Virtues also according to the Signature, for they are both notable for stirring up of inclinations to copulation, being either well roasted under the embers or boiled. Being prepared either of the said ways, and mixed with honey it doth the same, and is also good for the straightness of the Breath, dangerous Coughs and Catarrhs, Convulsions, and Cramp●, by consuming tough and gross humours, and scouring and cleansing the inward parts; The same dried and mixed with Honey scoureth malignant and fretting Sores, that are hard to cure, especially mixed with the Root of Briony, and taketh away all white spots and scurf being rubbed therewith; The juice of the Root putteth away all Webs and Spots of the Eyes, and is good in Eye Medicines, and being dropped into the Ears with Oil taketh away the pain of them: The fresh Leaves are good for Ulcers, green Wounds, and venomous bitings, drawing out the venom, or whatsoever else hindereth the healing of them, and with honey they take away the spots of the Face, both which i● may be said to do by Signature; With the Roots and Leaves are made Oils, Ointments, and Plasters, excellent good to heal Ulcers, Bi●es, Fistulaes', Pocks, Cankers, fretting and consuming Sores, and all such like annoyances; The Fruit also cureth malignant Ulcers, and consumeth the Polipus or proud flesh that sometimes groweth in the Nose; The distilled water of the Leaves hath virtue against the Pestilence, or any pestilential Fever, or poison being drunk blood warm, with the best Treacle or Mithridate; The smell of the herb driveth away Serpents, and is hurtful for Women with Child, for it will cause abortion.   
So much for Plants that provoke Lust, I shall now speak of some that abate it, and first.   

CHAP. CCLXXX. Of Agnus or the  Tree.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Agnus, which signifieth Castus , from the effects; for both the Seeds and Leaves do preserve Chastity very much; and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Lugos, quasi Vimen, for its wonderful flexibility; The Latins call it Vitex, and the Physicians and Apothecaries call it Agnus Castus, but not without error; for Agnus and Castus signify the same, the one being the Greek, the other the Latin Name, so that whosoever useth them both is guilty of a great Tautology; we in English the  Tree.   

The Kinds.  
The  Tree is of two sorts. 1 Narrow Leafed  Tree. 2 The broader Leafed  Tree.   

The Form.  
The  Tree riseth up higher than a Shrub, yet seldom attaineth to any great height, having divers branches covered with a dark colour, very pleasant and easy to be bend without breaking, like unto the Willow, with sund●y large Leaves, cut or divided like unto those of Hemp, either into five or seven parts or Leaves, each of them being long and narrow like unto Willow Leaves, but smaller; The Flowers do grow at the uppermost part of the branches in long spikes, somewhat like unto those of Lavender, growing at several spaces up to the tops of a blush white colour, after which come small round seeds of the bigness and likeness almost of Pepper, being of a blackish grey colour, and tasting somewhat hot and strong, and therefore some have called it Piper agr●ste.   

The Places and Time.  
They both grow by the Watersides, and in the moister grounds of Italy and Spain, and in the furthest part of France, and other hot Countries, where they flower in July, and their seed is ripe in August; but with us where they are planted for their rarity, as in Mr. John Danvers his Garden at Chelsey, etc. they will hardly flower.   

The Temperature.  
The Leaves and Seed of the Chast-Tree, as Galen saith, are hot and dry in the third degree, and of a very thin essence or substance, sharp also and binding.   

The Virtues.  
Not only the Seeds of Agnus used and taken in what manner soever, do restrain the instigations to Venery, which it must needs do by a Specific property, seeing it is of the same Temperature with Pepper, which worketh contrary effects, but the Leaves also are effectual to the same purpose; and therefore the Athenian Matrons in their Thesmophoria did use these Leaves as Shee●s to lie upon, thereby to preserve their thoughts, if it were possible, from impurity. The said Seed only being drunk in Wine to the quantity of a dram, powdered or with Penniroyall, resisteth the bitings of venomous Beasts, Spiders, or the like, and helpeth the Dropsy, and those that are troubled with the Spleen; it also procureth Milk in women's Breasts, provoketh their Courses, and expelleth Urine: The decoction of the Leaves and Seeds is very good for Women troubled with the pain of the Mother, and the Inflammation of those parts, and the hot fumes thereof sat over are no less effectual: Being applied to the head in the manner of a Pultis, it easeth the pains thereof; and being mixed with Oil and Vinegar, it helpeth those that are troubled either with the Lethargy or Frenzy. The Leaves of Agnus, and of the Vine being stamped with Butter and applied to the swell of the Cod and Genitories that are hard, dissolveth and assuageth them, and being p●t into Plasters and applied to the Reins, it helpeth the Satyriasis or continual standing of the Yard, and so doth the seed being eaten, which also drieth up the natural seed of Generation, and therefore it must needs be an exc●llen● Remedy for all such as would live chaste, or desire to extinguish those carnal mo●ions, to which there be few but are subject, and this it is said to do, it the se●ds be but carried about one. Some mix it with Oil and Ointments, that are made to heat, mollify, and heal the hardness or stiffness of any me●b●r, that is waxed deadish, sleepy, benumbed or wearied, it cureth also the clefts and chaps of the Fundament, being laid to with Water. Being used with Barley meal it helpeth Imposthumes and with Niter and Vinegar it taketh away the Freckles of the Face, and used with Honey it helpeth the sores in the Mouth and Throat. It is of singular good use for the purposes aforesaid, especially to withstand uncleanness, but the too often use thereof causeth the Headache, yet if the Seeds be parched or fried before they be eaten, they will the less trouble the Head, and being so prepared they dissolve the wind in the Stomach or Belly as they do when they are fresh, but not so effectually.    

CHAP. CCLXXXI. Of Hemp.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cannabi●, (which very word the Latins also use, as having n●ne o● their own to express it) from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 (saith Lobel) because it delights very much to grow near watery places, whether Springs ●r Breeks, for so the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sign fi: Some have also called it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because of its great use in ●●king Cordage: We in English call it H●mp●, and sometimes Welsh Pa●sl●● and N●●k weed, but these are but Nick N●mes.   

The Kinds.  
Though custom hath caused the bar●en Hemp● to be called the Female, and that which bears S●●d to be the Male, yet I see no reason for it, they being from the same Seed, and therefore must be of the same kind, howsoever there be two sorts hereof. 1 Common Hemp. 2 Virginian Hemp.   

The Form.  
The common Hemp, which is that which is manured both Male and Female, riseth up out of the ground after the same manner, neither can they be distinguished, till they come to be well grown, and then the Female, as they call it, which is ripe, and must be pulled first, is easily known from the other, by the fewness of its Leaves, which are smaller, and of a lighter green colour then the other, but the Male hath the stronger stalks, with a more bushy head, and greater Leaves, of a dark green colour: The Female beareth flowers and no feed followeth, the Male beareth seed without any show of flowers, and endureth longer before it be ripe: They both rise up to be five or six foot high, if the ground wherein they grow be rank, but not otherwise, with many Leaves set thereon at distances, which are subdivided into divers others, yet standing upon one foot stalk, somewhat like unto the Leaves of Bastard Hellebore or Bears▪ foot, but more dented about the edges; The seed is contained in divers husked bunches, coming from the bottom of the Leaves, which being prepared and make fit to be threshed, it cometh forth being almost round, with a somewhat hard shell, under which lieth a kernel of a white substance; The Roots are made of many strong strings, which take fast hold in the ground, so that they are very troublesome to pull up, unless the ground be mellow, or presently af●er rain, yet they die and perish every year.   

The Places and Time.  
The first is sown in most Counties of this Land, but not so frequently in some as in others, yet wheresoever it ●is, it delights in a well dunged and watery soil, which must be either ploughed or digged deep, or else it thriveth not. It is sown in March or April, and riseth out of the ground, within few days after it is committed thereunto, making its way through Cloth, Shoe Soles, or any such thing that lies over it; The Female Hemp is ripe in July, and therefore called Summer Hemp, the Male in September, when the Winter approacheth, and therefore it is called Winter Hemp.   

The Temperature.  
There be some that speak Hemp to be cold and dry, but the major part of Writers are of opinion that it is hot and dry.   

The Virtues.  
The Seed of Hemp used frequently, is good for those which are troubled with a thorn in the flesh, for besides that, it consumeth windiness, it doth so much disperse it, that it drieth up the natural Seed of procreation therewith; Being boiled in Milk and taken, it helpeth such as have a dry, and hot Cough, as Tragus saith; An Emulsion made of the Seed, is given with good success to those that have the Jaundice, especially in the beginning of the disease, if there be no Ague accompanying it, for it openeth the Obstruction of the Gall, and causeth digestion of Choler therein; A decoction of the said Seed, stayeth Laskes and Fluxes, that are continual, easeth the pains of the Colic, and allayeth the troublesome humours in the Bowels; An Hempseed Posset, with some Nutmeg, procureth Sleep being taken bedward; The Leaves fried with some of the blood of those who bleed exceedingly, and eaten, stayeth the issuing out thereof, whether it be at the Mouth, Nose, or any other place; The juice of the Leaves are held to be very effectual to kill worms either in Man or Beast, and being dropped into the ears, it killeth the worms that are in them, and draweth forth Earwigs, or other living Creatures gotten into them; The decoction of the Root allayeth Inflammations in the Head, or any other parts, and so doth the Herb itself, or the distilled Water thereof; The said decoction easeth the pains of the Gout, the hard tumours or knots in the joints, the pains and shrinking of the Sinews, and the pains of the Hip; The fresh juice mixed with a little Oil and Butter, is good for any place that hath been burnt with fire, being thereto applied; Notwithstanding these Virtues, it is said to be hard of digestion, hurtful to the Head and Stomach, and breedeth ill blood and juice, and in the body, if it be taken without discretion. Concerning the gathering, shocking, threshing, watering, peeling or stripping, breaking, dressing and spinning of Hemp I dare not be too particular, lest I should be contradicted by every Country Huswife, every of which doth very well know that the Summer Hemp affordeth most Teere as they call it, and maketh the finer Cloth for Shirts, Smocks, Aprons, Table , and such like necessary uses, and that the Winter Hemp hath in it more Hards, which being Spun, serveth for Sheets, Dresser-Cloths and the like. The Cordage that is made of the rough Hemp, is not altogether inconsiderable, for by it Ships are guided, Bells are rung, Rogues are kept in awe, Beds are corded, etc. Nay, the Rags of the old Cloth that is made of Hemp, serve to make Paper, which is as useful a commodity as any whatsoever. And if there be any one that is not sufficiently satisfied with these uses of Hemp, and Hempseed, let them read the Works of John Taylor, the Water Poet, who hath written very much in the praise of Hempseed.    

CHAP. CCLXXXII. Of the Water Lillie.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and in Latin also Nymphaea, because it loveth to grow no where but in the Water, which the Greeks sometimes call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, though that word hath other significations also, or rather from the Story though fabulous (for many of purplants have received names upon such accounts) of the Nymph which pinned away for the love of Hercules, and was changed hereinto; It is called by the Apothecary's Nenuphar; by Apuleius, Mater Herculara, Algapalustris, Papaver palustre, Clavus Veneris, and Digitus; by Ma●cellus, Clava H●rculis; Some have called it in English the Water Rose, as well as the Water Lilly.   

The Kinds.  
Of the Water Lilies, both white and yellow, there be seven sorts. 1 The great common white water Lilly. 2 The lesser white water Lilly. 3 Small white water Lily, commonly called Froybit. 4 The great white water Lily of Egypt. 5 The great yellow water Lilly. 6 The smaller yellow water Lilly. 7 Small yellow water Lily, with lesser flowers.   

The Form.  
The great common white water Lilly hath very large round Leaves, in the shape of a buckler, thick, fat, full of juice, and of a dark green colour, which, standing upon long, round, and smooth foot-stalks, full of a sponglous substance, always float upon the water, seldom or never growing above it: from amongst which, there rise up from the Root other thick and great stalks, like unto the foot-stalks of the Leaves, each of them sustaining one only large white flower thereon, green on the out side, but exceeding white within, consisting of divers row, of long and somewhat thick, and narrow Leaves, smaller and thinner, the more inward they be, with many yellow threads or thrums in the middle, standing about a small head, which after the leaves are fallen of, becometh like unto a Poppy Head, containing in it broad, blackish, Oily and glittering seed, of a bitter taste; The Roots be round, long, and tuberous, with many knobs thereat, like Eyes, of substance lose and spongy, of colour black without, and white within, out of which groweth a multitude of strings, by which it is fastened in the ground under the bottom of the Water.   

The Places and Time.  
All the sorts of Water Lilies, except the fourth, whose name showeth its place also, do grow in most parts of England, where there be any standing pools, great ditches, or small slow running Rivers, in every of which they are frequent, and sometimes in large Rivers, which run pretty quick; They flower in the Months of May and June, and their seed is ripe in August.   

The Temperature.  
The Leaves and Flowers of the Water Lilies are cold and moist, but the Root and Seed are cold and dry.   

The Virtues.  
The Seed and Root of the Water Lily, whether white or yellow, but principally the yellow being boiled in Water, is of wonderful efficacy to cool, bind, and restrain, and therefore the said decoction cannot but be exceeding good for those who shall endeavour to preserve themselves from Lechery and uncleanness, for it not only stoppeth the involuntary passage of sperm in Sleep, commonly called Nocturnal pollution, but is so powerful in this particular, that the frequent use hereof extinguisheth even the very Motions to venery, and so doth the Root and Seed used in meat or drink, or the Root only bruised and applied to the genitals, or the green Leaves laid upon the Region of the back, either of which ways it is available, also for the Gonorrhoea or running in the Reins, and the whites, or any other flux in Man or Woman, but especially if it be boiled in thick red wine and drunk; The said Root is very good for those whose Urine is hot and sharp, to be boiled in Wine or Water, and the decoction thereof drunk; The Leaves do cool all Inflammations, and both the outward and inward heats of Agues, the decoction thereof being drunk or bathed with; They are also very effectual to expel the secondine or After birth, whereof they have the Signature, as the learned Crolli●● observeth; Both the simple and compound Syrupes, which are made of white water Lilly flowers, and may be had at the Apothecaries, are fine and cooling they alloy the heat of Choler, provoke Sleep, settle the brains of Frantic persons, by cooling the hot distemperature of the head, as they do the distempers of other parts, as the Heart, Liver, Reins, and Matrix, proceeding of Heat, and so doth the Conserve made of the said flowers; The distilled Water of the said flowers is very effectual for all the diseases aforesaid, both inwardly taken, and outwardly applied, and is very much commended for the taking away of Freckles, Spots, Sunburn, and Morphew from the skin in the Face, or any other part of the Body, and so doth the Root being stamped with Water, and applied often to the discoloured part, which being applied to Wounds, stauncheth the blood, and being mixed with Tar, it cureth the naughty scurf of the Head; The oil made of the flowers, as the Oil of Roses is made, cureth the Headache, causeth sweet and quiet sleep, and putteth away all Venerous dreams, and taketh down the standing of the Yard, the Head and privities being anointed therewith, and is profitable also to cool hot tumours and the inflammations of Ulcers and Wounds, neither doth it only ease, but also heal them.    

CHAP. CCLXXXIII. Of Hemlock.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Conion, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, à circumvertend●, because it did so intoxicate the brain of those that took the juice thereof, that they presently fell a staggering, or else every thing seemed to them to turn round, but though that which grew in Greece would do so, yet that which we have, is not so powerful; howbeit I shall not wish any one to try; It is called in Latin● Cicuta, which some will have to be so denominated, quod velut cutem circumcirc● habeat, because it is covered with a double Skin; In English Hemlock, Hemlock, Kex, and of some Herb Bennet, though not truly.   

The Kind's.  
To this kind may be referred these seven sorts. 1 The common great Hemlock. 2 Foolish Hemlock or Counterfeit Parsley. 3 The greatest Hemlock. 4 White wild Hemlock. 5 Red wild Hemlock. 6 Marsh or water Hemlock. 7 Bulbous rooted wild Hemlock.   

The Form.  
The common great Hemlock groweth up with a hollow green stalk, two or three foot high, of a dark green colour, and sometimes spotted, whereupon at several joints are set very large winged Leaves, which are subdivided in many others that are lesser, dented about the edges, of a dark green colour also, branching out itself towards the top into several umbels or spoky tufts of white flowers, after which followeth the seed, of a pale green colour, and flattish, when it is ripe; The Root is long, white, and sometimes crooked and hollow within, the whole Plant is very unsavoury, and therefore offensive to the Senses, especially to that of smelling.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in most Countries by Walls and Hedge sides, especially in stinking and corrupt places, and therefore it is frequently found in such ditches which are made for the conveyance of any noisome excrements, or wherein dead Dogs and Cats, and other Carrion is used to be cast, this poisonous Plant drawing unto it and feeding upon the malign juice and nourishment, which those places plentifully afford: The second is found in Gardens, as well as other places, where it is sometimes mistaken for Parsley, by those that are ignorant of Herbs; The third is said to be found only in Gardens about these parts; The fourth and fifth are frequent in the moist Grounds and Marshes of France, and besides the Waters there; The sixth is not altogether a stranger to our own Rivers sides, especially to the Thames; The last is best known to be of Hungaria and Austria. They differ not much in their time, for all of them flower and seed in July or thereabouts.   

The Temperature.  
Hemlock is held to be cold in the fourth degree by Galen and others, yet many are of opinion that the Hemlock that groweth in England is not so cold as that which the Ancients make mention of.   

The Virtues.  
Though the Hemlock that grew in Greece and thereabouts were pernicious to be applied to the Privities for the restraining of Lust, because they made those members to pine away, yet that which grows with us, (unless it be in a very noisome and stinking place) is said to be a good receipt for that purpose, both the Leaves and tops being bruised, and applied to the Genitals; The same being applied to the Breasts of Maidens which are great and swagging, or hanging down, causeth them to be contracted and to become round and lovely, without any danger, and repelleth the Milk of those that are oppressed therewith, either upon the putting out of their Children to nurse, or the weaning of them. It may also be safely applied to any Inflammations, Tumours, or Swell in any part of the Body, as also to St. Anthony's fire, Weals, Pushes and creeping Ulcers, that rise of hot sharp humours, by cooling and repelling the Heat, especially the concrete juice which is pressed out of the Leaves and Umbels of seed, whilst they are young and then dried in the Sun, and made into little Balls, being afterwards dissolved in some convenient liquor, as Plantain Water or the like. The same may be used in such Medicines as are applied for the asswaging of any extraordinary pain, which it doth by the narcoticall or benumbing faculty that it hath. The Leaves bruised and laid to the forehead is good for their eyes that are red and swollen, as also to take away the Pin and Web growing therein, for which a small handful of the Herb, with half so much Bay Salt beaten together and applied to the contrary wrist, for four and twenty hours is much commended, but it must be renewed two or three times. If the Root hereof be roasted under the embers, wrapped in double wet Papers until it be soft and tender, and then applied to the Gout in the hands or fingers, it will quickly help this evil: It is said the Leaves stamped and dried and made into a Plaster, doth heal all ruptures, or chappings within nine or ten days, and being made hot between two tiles, and applied to the Legs that are swollen with a bruise or fall, it helpeth them. The seeds also beaten small, and moistened with Vinegar, and the groin and Cod anointed therewith, abateth the inordinate appetite to Venery, helpeth the swelling and coming out of the Matrix, being applied thereunto, and maketh the Dugs that exceed in bigness to become less: Being applied to the soles of the Feet, it bringeth down the humours that cause the falling sickness. I am not ignorant how that Socrates, through the accusation of Aristus and Melitus was sentenced to destruction with a potion hereof, yet it is the opinion of the learned Dr. How (whose endeavours for the advancement and perfection of Simpling can never be sufficiently commended) that our ordinary Hemlock is not so dangerous to be taken inwardly, as is generally supposed, he having made trial first upon Beasts and then upon Men, and never found it to have any pernicious operation, yet I go not hereby to encourage any one to make use of it rashly, and no respect being had unto the places where it grows, without the advice of an able Physician, and then no doubt but it may be taken inwardly for the falling sickness, being boiled in Wine and drunk, and if it be rightly applied in a Fever, it may very well prevent death, by procuring Sleep; And though it should have some of those hurtful qualities which have been said to be in it, yet it is not rendered altogether useless, for those Plants which even in Health do bring death, in some sicknesses do prevent it; But if any one should by tempering herewith, or by eating hereof instead of Parsley, or the Root instead of a Parsnip, (for which they have been mistaken) be troubled with any of those Symptoms, which it is said to cause, as the Frenzy or pertubation of the fight, and other senses, as if they were stupefied or drunk, the best way will be to drink liberally of the best and strongest pure Wine, which I take to be Sack, before it strike to the Heart, and the same may be done by Vinegar, as Tragus writeth upon his own experience, especially if there be some Gentian put to either of them. It is question less soporiferous, as appears by Matthi●lus his stories of the Asses which were laid so fast a sleep by the eating thereof, that they seemed dead, in so much that the Owners of them being loath to lose their skins, caused them to be flayed, and so lost their Asses, as some say, which after the Hemlock had done working, stirred and wakened out of their sleep, to the great grief and amazement of the Owners, but to the laughter and merriment of others, to see the Asses walk without their Skins.    

CHAP. CCLXXXIV. Of Camphire.  

The Names.  
IT is probable that Camphora was not known to the Grecians, for if it had, surely Dioscorides or some other Writer of theirs, would have taken notice of it. It is called in Latin Camphora, Caphura, and Capura, from the Arabic word Cafur, so that it may be lawfully supposed that the knowledge of the thing itself, as well as its name, came from the Arabians. In English Camphire, Camfire, Camphor, and Camfer.   

The best Kind.  
Because I find but one Tree from which Camphire proceedeth, as also that it is sometimes sophisticated, I thought it not amiss to give you (as formerly the sorts of other Plants so) the best sort of Gum that issueth from this, which is white, shining and clear as Chrstall, not full of spots, easy to be broken and brittle, also being set on fire it burneth, and is not easily quenched, and hath a strong ●cent with it also.   

The Form.  
The Tree that yields Camphire is of a very great size, like to a Wallnut-Tree, whose Wood is somewhat solid and firm, and of an Ash or Beech like colour, or somewhat blacker; The Leaves are whitish like unto Willow Leavs, neither the flower nor fruit have been observed by any that have writ thereof, though questionless it beareth both; The Gum which is the Camphire, issueth forth partly of its own accord, but chief by incision; It cometh forth clear and white, without any spot therein, but what it acquireth from their foul hands that touch it, and is of a very strong scent, and of thin parts, so that being but a while exposed to the air, both the scent and substance vanish away: the Wood being made into several Works will smell thereof a long time.   

The Places and Time.  
Some have thought Camphire to be a kind of Mineral, because it is sometimes digged out of the Sand that lieth on the Indian shore, all along that tract which reacheth from Memel to Gedan, as Scaliger affirmeth, yet he is not of that opinion, but saith it is a Tear or Gum of a Tree growing in India upon the Sea Coasts, and that it falleth from thence into the Sea, and is carried into those parts by the tide. I find it not any where expressed at what time the said Gum is to be especially gathered.   

The Temperature.  
It hath been the opinion of divers Physicians, that Camphire is cold and dry in the third degree, but others esteem it to be hot, because of its bitterness and strong scent.   

The Virtues.  
Though the faculty which Camphire hath in extinguishing Venery be denied by Scaliger, who writes thus. We have certain experience that Camphire doth not extinguish Venery, for saith he, a young Man did the feat lustily, although he had a piece thereof in his hand; He saith also, that he tried it upon a Bitch that went too proud, to whom he gave, and applied it all the ways he could devise, but all in vain, for, Coivit, concepit, peperit; Yet this experience is not sufficient, for when it is said Camphire extinguisheth Lust, it is not so to be understood, as if by one act, or by using it outwardly once or twice it should prevail, but it is to be often used, both inwardly and outwardly, and then it will be found wonderful effectual to that purpose; It is also very available for the running of the Reins, and likewise against the Whites in Women, and also for the rising of the Mother, being dissolved in Balm water, by the help of a blanched Almond, without which or some other Oily or viscous thing, as a Syrup or the like, it will not, cold water having little or no power to make it relent; It resisteth Putrefaction and Venom, and is therefore frequently used in the time of the Pestilence, both to defend those that are not infected from it, and to expel it from those that are, and to fortify the Heart in that, as well as in Fevers, and all other contagious diseases, being taken either in Electuary, Powder or Potion, etc. It cools the heat of the Liver and Back, and is good for all manner of inflammations, which it is said to do by accident, in drawing hot vapours and humours away, and so discussing them in the same manner, as linseed-oil, Vernix, and such like, doth cure burning, for of its proper nature, it is held to be altogether hot; It helpeth the pains of the Head, and the heat thereof, if it be mixed with yellow Saunders and Red-Rose Water, and the Temples and Forehead bathed therewith; It stoppeth blood that floweth out of the Nostrils, if it be smelled to, and refresheth the brain; It is used with good success against St. Anthony's fire, and so it is against heat and inflammations of the eyes; It is good in Wounds and Ulcers, to abate the heat in them, and is of much use among Women to beautify their face, and is useful also for Men that are troubled with heat and Pimples in their Faces; Being applied to the Reins or Testicles, with the juice of Nightshade, it correcteth the Lust of the Flesh when it is inordinate, and is good for single Persons to preserve their chastity; It easeth the pains of the Teeth that are hollow, being put thereinto, and for this purpose the Oil is very excellent; Being put into a piece of fine Linen or Taf●ecy, and hanged about the Neck, it cures Agues, especially in Children, and that by a specific Virtue; It is also good to recover the sense of smelling to those that have lost it, and to preserve from infection in times of contagion; When it is set on fire it will not suddenly quench, though it be cast into Water, and therefore it is used with other things to make Wildfire, as they call it; Notwithstanding the Virtue's aforesaid, it is not safely given to such as have weak Heads or Stomaches, or to such as abhor the smell thereof, for it causeth the Headache, and taketh away Sleep, neither is it to be given in Choleric diseases; And when neither of these affects do hinder, 'tis not safe to give above five or six grains of it at the most, except it be in the Pestilence, or such like disease.    

CHAP. CCLXXXV. Of Tutsan.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and also Androsaemum in Latin, from the colour of the juice which is in the Flowers, resembling Man's blood, for so the Greek word signifies; Some have called it also Dionysia, and others Siciliana, and Herba Siciliana, because it was thought to grow no where naturally, but in Sicily; It is called in English Tutsan, from the French, who call it Toutsaine, and that properly, because it is an excellent Wound herb; Some call it also Park Leaves, because it is familiar to Woods and Parks.   

The Kind's.  
There be four sorts of Tutsan mentioned by Authors. 1 Common Tutsan or Park Leaves. 2. Matthiolus his Tutsan. 3 Tutsan of Naples. 4 Stinking Tutsan.   

The Form.  
Common Tutsan groweth up with brownish shining round stalks, chamsered or crested, hard and woody, being for the most part, two foot high, branching forth even from the bottom, and having divers joints, at each of which stand two fair large Leaves, of a dark bluish green colour on the upper side, but somewhat yellowish underneath, turning reddish toward the Autumn, yet abiding on the branches all the Winter: at the tops whereof stand large yellow flowers, which give place to Heads of Seed, being at the first greenish, then reddish, and at last of darkish purple colour, when they are full ripe, wherein are contained not only small brownish seed, but a reddish juice or liquor, like unto blood, of a reasonable scent, but of an harsh or styptic taste, as the Leaves also and Flowers be, though in a lower degree; The Root is brownish, somewhat great, hard, and woody, spreading well in the ground, and of long continuance.   

The Places and Time.  
There are very few Woods, Groves, or woody Grounds, as Parks, and Forests, where the first doth not grow, whence it is brought by divers into their Gardens, both because it is a gentile, and an useful plant; The second is found about Bristol, Bath, and other parts of the West Country; The third groweth Southward of Naples, upon the Hills Cirinola; The last groweth by the Water's side in Candy, and upon Mount Baldus, as Pona saith. They flower in July and August, and the Berries with the seeds are ripe in September.   

The Temperature.  
Tutsan moderately heateth and drieth, yet the seed is endued with an abstersive quality.   

The Virtues.  
The Leaves and Flowers of Tutsan are said to restrain those fleshly Motions, wherewith divers are infested, not only when they are eaten, but also when they are taken in drink, or strewed under one, but the seed much more being toasted and rubbed, and then eat or drunk; and Mr. Culpeper saith also, they are Antivenere●ll, and I think therein he speaks truth; Castory being boiled in the juice of Tutsan, and drunk, helpeth also that passion of the privy members, called Gonorrhoea, which is an excretion or shedding of the Seed or sperm against the Patients will, caused either by some violent disease, as the Falling Sickness, Convulsion or Cramp, or else by some overstraining of the body, with lifting of extraordinary heavy burdens, by which a flux or weakness of the retentive Virtue in the spermatick Vessels is sometimes procured, and this disease chanceth not only to Men but also to Women, in whom it is hard to cure. Two drams of the seed beaten small being taken in the morning, or after Supper, either in Mead, Wine, or fair Water, purgeth choleric humours, and therefore it helpeth the Sciatica or Hip-Goat; The herb healeth burn by fire, and stayeth the bleeding of wounds, the green being bruised and applied for the first, or the green or powder of the dry for the second; It hath formerly been accounted, and certainly is a sovereign herb to heal any wound or sore, either outwardly or inwardly, and therefore may be used now as heretofore it hath been in Drinks, Lotions, Balms, Oils and Ointments, for any sort of green wound, or old Ulcers and Sores, in all which the people of former Ages found it very effectual, though those of this do ignorantly contemn all those that savour either of antiquity or cheapness.  
To this Head and the purposes therein contained, do belong Nightshade, Purslane, Henbane, Housleek, Lettuce which are cold, and Rue and Calamint, which are so hot that they destroy the seed, but having handled them already upon other occasion, I pass now to the third Head, wherein we are to speak of some Plants that procure women's Courses.    

CHAP. CCLXXXVI. Of Mugwort.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Artemisia in Latin, because as Pliny hath said, so many others have believed, that Artemisia the Queen of Caria was both the Mother and Godmother hereunto by finding out the Virtues, and giving it her name; yet others are of opinion that it took its name from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Artemis, that is, Diana, because it is chief applied to women's diseases, over which Diana, that is the Moon hath much influence; It was commonly called Parthenis, quasi Virginalis, Maidenwort, and Parthenium as Apuleius saith, though now Feaverfew be better known by that name; Some superstitious Monks and Nuns have called Zona divi Johannis, St. John's Girdle, believing that St. John Baptist wore a Girdle hereof, when he was in the Wilderness; It is also called Ma●er Herbarum.   

The Kind's.  
Though Pliny and others reckon but two sorts of Mugwort, there are five or six come to the knowledge of these later times. 1 Common Mugwort. 2 Small Mugwort. 3 Fine Mountain Mugwort. 4 Fruitful Mugwort. 5 Virginian Mugwort. 6 Sea Mugwort.   

The Forms.  
The common Mugwort hath divers Leaves lying on the ground, very much divided and deeply dented about the edges somewhat like unto the common Wormwood, but much larger, of a darkish green colour on the upper side, but very white and hoary underneath; from amongst which come up divers stalks, which are sometimes of a purplish colour, seldom exceeding two foot in height, except it be in extraordinary rank ground, whereon grow such Leaves as those below, but lesser, branching forth very much towards the top, whereon are set so many small pale yellowish flowers, like buttons, that they be●d again, which falling away, there comes small seed enclosed in small round Heads; The Root is long and hard, with many fibres growing thereat, whereby it taketh fast hold in the ground, yet the stalks and leaves die in the Winter, the whole Plant is of a reasonable good scent.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth plentifully, as in other Lands, so in our own, by the ways and ditch sides, and in divers other places; The second is found in such like places, but not so frequently; The three next are entertained as Stran●ers in the Gardens of the curious; The last groweth about Rye and W 〈…〉 say 〈◊〉 a●d in other parts of the Sea coast; They do all flower and seed in July and August or thereabouts.   

The Temperature.  
Mugwort is hot and dry in the second degree, being somewhat of thin parts.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
There is no Herb so generally received, or more usually proved for the curing of women's diseases as Mugwort, whether it be inwardly or outwardly used; The decoction of the Leaves, which are most in use, being made with Water or Wine and drunk, provoketh the courses, bringeth away the Birth and After birth, and helpeth the inflammations and stops of the Mother, as also the stopping of Urine, and is a good help against barrenness in Women, that with the red stalks having the signature of women's Flowers, and therefore it is endued with very much virtue, as to provoke, so to stop and correct them, in case they be superfluous, which a spoonful of the Syrup performeth very excellently, which is also good to retain the Matrix in its place, and to help other passions thereof, as Coldness, Wind, Pain, etc. it strengthens the Nerve, opens the Pores, and corrects the blood; The said decoction helpeth the stops of the Liver and Spleen proceeding from a cold cause, and is profitable for the Jaundice being boiled with Centory and taken; Two or three drams of the Leaves in Powder, being drunk in Wine, helpeth the Sciatica, and the juice being taken helpeth the biting of a Mad Dog. A decoction thereof being ●ate over, doth also perform those effects which that doth which is taken inwardly though not so vigorously, and so doth the juice thereof made up with Myrrh, or the Root put up as a Pessary; Being made up with Hog's grease into an Ointment, it taketh away Wens, and hard knots and kernels that grow about the Neck and Throat, as also to ease the pains about the Neck, especially if some field Daisies be put therein. The juice of the Herb, or the Herb it sel●e being taken, is a good remedy for them that have taken too great a quantity of Opium. A decoction thereof made with Camomile, Agrimony and Sage, and the place bathed therewith warm, taketh away the pains of the Sinews and Cramp, and the same cannot but be a great refreshment to those whose feet are surbated through sore travel, if they be bathed therein; yet I have scarce so much faith as to believe that the Herb only carried about one should take away all sense of weariness, as Pliny reporteth, and therefore I have put it amongst other Traditions in my former Book, to which I might have added that concerning the Coals that are found at the Roots hereof, upon St. Joons' Eve, and divers others.    

CHAP. CCLXXXVII. Of Pennyroyal.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Glecon and Blecon, from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, balatus, either because the heat thereof causeth Sheep and Goats to bleat, when they are eating of it, or rather, as Pena saith, from expelling thick phlegm from the Lungs; It is called in Latin Pulegium, and Pulejum also, quod incensum pulices n●cat, because it killeth Fleas being burned, to which the Epithet Reg●le is added to distinguish it from Pulegium montanum, by which name, wild Time is sometimes called; It hath many English Names, as Run by the ground, and Lurk in Ditch, because of its manner of growing, Pudding-grasse, because it is used in Hog-puddings, and might be in Bag-puddings also, Pulial Royal, and of some Organy.   

The Kind's.  
There be six sorts of Pennyroyal. 1 Common Pennyroyal. 2 Great Pennyroyal. 3 Thick or double Pennyroyal. 4 White flowered Pennyroyal. 5 French or Harts Pennyroyal, which I take to be the same with Upright Pennyroyal. 6 Round leafed Pennyroyal.   

The Form.  
Common Pennyroyal hath many weak round stalks divided into sundry branches, rather leaning or lying on the ground then standing upright, whereon are set at several joints small roundish dark green Leaves, close by which towards the tops of the branches, do come forth divers rundles of small flowers, of a purple, and sometimes of a whitish colour; I he branches being broken and thrust in the earth, which is the usual way of propagating it, (for I never observed nor heard whether it bear any seed or no) shoot for small fibres or Roots at the joints, as it lieth upon the ground, fastening itself therein, so that it quickly overspreadeth the place where it hath once taken footing, especially if it be moist and shady; It is of somewhat a strong but very wholesome smell.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth upon Putney Heath, as also upon Barns Common, and in divers other moist and watery places of this Land, but for its usefulness it is brought up and cherished in Gardens. The second is not so frequent as the former, yet it is said to grow very plentifully in Essex, in divers places of the highway betwixt London and Cholc●ester, and in other parts thereof; The third is said to be a spontaneall of our own Land, but taken notice of only by the curious; The fourth groweth in Piedmont, and the fift about Mompelier in France very plentifully; The last grew in the Garden at Padua, but whence it came is not recorded. They flower about August, and sometimes later.   

The Temperature.  
Galen saith that Pennyroyal is hot and dry in the third degree, and of subtle parts, rarifying or making thin, warming and digesting.   

The Virtues.  
There is hardly a Country Lass of sixteen years old but knows that Pennyroyal boiled in Beer and drunk, provoketh the courses, and therefore they have recourse to it as often as occasion requires, and if it be boiled in Wine, it will not hurt them; Neither is it only useful for Women, so long as they continue Maids, but when they are married also, for if so be a Child should die in the Mother's Womb, as sometimes it doth, and therefore is not able to make its way forth; The said decoction made in Wine will not only expel it, but also the afterbirth; Taken with Water and Vinegar mingled together, it stayeth the disposition to vomit, and allayeth the gnawing of the Stomach; Being mixed with honey and salt it cleareth the Breast of all gross and thick humours, and openeth the passages of the Lungs, helpeth Cramps, purgeth melancholy humours by Stool, and being drunk with Wine it helpeth such as are stung by venomous Beasts; The decoction thereof is good in the Falling Sickness, Dropsy, Jaundice, Stopping of the Urine and in the Leprosy; Being stamped with a like quantity of Mints, and some Vinegar to it, it is profitable against fainting and swooning, if it be either smelled thereto, or a little thereof put into the Mouth, and so it helpeth the Lethargy and Falling Sickness; And if it be carried to Sea, and used with the unwholesome and stinking Water which Men are sometimes compelled to drink in their long Voyages, it helpeth it much, and causeth it to be the less hurtful; The powder of the dried Herb, or the Ashes of it being burnt, strengtheneth the Gums, being rubbed therewith, and being boiled in Wine with Honey and Salt, it helpeth the Toothache; Being applied to the place that is troubled with the Gout until it wax red, it profiteth very much, and so it doth those that are Splenetic or Livergrown, if some salt be added thereunto; It helpeth the swelling and hardness of the Mother, if it be put in Baths for Women to sit in, and so it helpeth the Itch, especially if it be boiled in Water; The green Herb being bruised and some Vinegar put thereto, doth not only take away black and blue marks near the eyes or in any other place, but healeth foul Ulcers, by causing the matter to digest, and by cleansing them, and so it doth any discolourings that happen to the face, by fire or otherwise; It helpeth the cold griefs of the joints, taking away the pains by its heat, being fast bound to the place after a bathing, or having been in an hot house; The distilled Water is very effectual for many of the purposes aforesaid, especially for women's diseases, and to ease pains in the Bowels.    

CHAP. CCLXXXVIII. Of Southernwood.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Abrotonum, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quòd conspectu tenerum appareat, for its pretty aspect to the eye; The Latins following the Greek, call it also Abrotonum, but more commonly Abrotanum, to which they add the Epithet Mas, to distinguish it from the Abrotanum faemina, which the most judicious hold to be Lavender Cotton, which I have already spoken to.   

The Kinds.  
There be divers kinds of Southernwood here to be remembered. 1 Common Southernwood. 2 Great Southernwood. 3 Tree Southernwood. 4 Unsavoury Southernwood. 5 Small sweet Southernwood. 6 Field Southernwood. 7 Hoary Field Southernwood.   

The Form.  
Common Southernwood riseth up with divers small woody branches, the tops whereof are so weak that they bend downwards again, especially for some space after they be shot forth, but towards the end of the year they become as woody almost as the elder Stems, which are commonly about two foot high, and in time rise to be almost as high as a man, from whence do proceed many small fine and short Leaves, somewhat like unto those of Fennell, but not so long, of a grayish or rosset green colour, somewhat strong, but not unpleasant to the smell, and of a strong and somewhat bitter taste; from the middle almost to the tops of the upper sprigs do sometimes stand small round yellow flowers, hanging like little buttons, which op●n very little, and after them cometh the seed, which is smaller than that of Wormwood; The Root is woody, having divers strings annexed thereto, but growet hnot very deep.   

The Places and Time.  
The first hath been so long a free Denizen of the Gardens that whence it had its original Extraction is altogether forgotten; The second groweth wild in some parts of Germany, yet they usually vouchsafe unto it a station in their Gardens; The third came originally from the L●vant, and is now distributed into divers places, as into England, Italy, Germany, the Low Countries, etc. The fourth as is said, was found in Austria, Hungary, and the Coasts near adjoining; The ●ift is found only with them that are curious; The sixth is an Inhabitant of the Harcynian Wood in Germany, and the last hath its natural dwelling near Lintz in Austria. Many of them do flower in June and July, but some of them later, or not at all, so that their seed is seldom seen. Some of them, if not all, lose their Leaves in the Winter as many other Trees.   

The Temperature.  
Southernwood is hot and dry in the end of the third degree, having the force both of rarifying and discussing.   

The Virtues.  
The tops of Southernwood, for the flowers and seed are not so common stamped raw with water and drunk, bringeth unto women their monthly purgations, in case they come not at their usual time, but stay so long, that expectation may seem frustrated, and so it is profitable for those who cannot take breath without holding their Necks strait up, for those that are troubled with the Cramp, or Shrinking of the Sinews, for the Sciatica also, and for them that can hardly make water, all which effects the flowers and seed do excellently perform, if they can be had. Being drunk in Wine it is good against all poison and venom, and destroyeth the Worms both by killing and expelling them; The seed of Southernwood doth both digest and consume all cold humours, tough slime and phlegm, which do usually stop the Spleen, Kidneys and Bladder; The tops boiled in Wine or Water, with Honey or Sugar, and drunk three or four times a day, helpeth the shortness and straightness of the breath, by cutting the slimy and tough phlegm that causeth it, and so it is a good remedy for the Cough, the Cardiack passion, and for many other inward griefs; The branches being burnt, and the ashes mixed with the Oil of Palma Christi, or old Oil Olive restoreth the hair, where it is fallen off, and causeth the Beard to come forth speedily, if the bare places be anointed therewith twice a day against the Sun or Fire, which it may be said to do by Signature, the fineness of the Leaves somewhat resembling the Hair; The tops only being stamped with a roasted Quince, and applied to all inflammations of the eyes, taketh them away; The Leaves boiled tender and stamped with Barley Meal, and Barrowes grease, until it become like a salve, dissolveth and wasteth all cold humours and swell, being spread upon a piece of Cloth or Leather, and applied thereunto; And being stamped with Oil, and those Limbs that are benumbed with cold, or bruised, being anointed therewith, it helpeth them, and taketh away the shivering fits of the Ague, by heating the body, if it be anointed therewith before the fits do come, but especially the Back bone; If it be boiled with Barley Meal, it taketh away Pimples, Pushes, or Weals, that rise in the Face, or other parts of the Body; The Herb bruised and laid to, helpeth to draw forth Splinters, and Thorns out of the flesh; The ashes thereof drieth up and healeth old sores and Ulcers that are without, although by the sharpness thereof it biteth sore; as also the sores that are in the privy parts of Men or Women. The Oil made of Southernwood, being used as an ingredient in those Ointments that are used against the French disease is very effectual, and likewise killeth Lice in the Head. The distilled Water of the Herb is said to help them much that are troubled with the Stone, as also for the Diseases of the Spleen and Mother. The Germans commend it for a singular Wound Herb, and therefore call it Stabwort; It is held to be more offensive to the Stomach, than Wormwood, if it be taken inwardly, and therefore is never used in our ordinary Meat and Drink, and besides it will make some men's Heads to ache, yet the Herb somewhat dried, and put into a linen bag, and laid as a Stomacher next the skin, comforteth a cold Stomach well, so that though inwardly taken it is not so good for the Stomach as Wormwood, yet outwardly applied it is better. It driveth away spiders, and other vermin, being laid for a strewing, or burnt in such places as they be frequent; It is said that if a branch of Southernwood be laid under one's Bed, Pillow, or Bolster, it provoketh carnal copulation, and resisteth all enchantments that hinder the same.    

CHAP. CCLXXXIX. Of Savoury.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Thymbron and Thymbra, perhaps from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 suffio, because of its odor or smell; and Thymbra also in Latin, besides which, it hath none other Latin Name as some suppose, though others make bold to call it Satureia, either à saturando, because it is used in broth and stewed meats, to give thereunto a good relish, and by that means causeth them the better to satisfy hunger, or from Satyrus, A Satire, because they used it to provoke Venery, which I cannot be so confident as to assert, seeing that I find that it helpeth the disease called Satyriasis or Priapismus, which is wrought by a contrary quality, which derivation I suppose to be rather by Antiphrasis; Some hold it also to be the same which was called Cunila by the Ancients.   

The Kinds.  
The sorts of Savoury, as well those that are rare, as those which are common, are five. 1 Winter Savoury. 2 Summer Savoury. 3 Rock Savoury. 4 The true Savoury of Candy. 5 Prickly Savoury of Candy.   

The Form.  
Winter Savoury is a small low bushy herb, somewhat like unto Hyssop, but not so high, with divers small hard branches, compassed on every side with narrower & sharper pointed Leaves then those of Hyssop, with which they have some resemblance, yet this doth sometimes grow with four Leaves set at a joint, so that it may be easily distinguished therefrom, of a reasonable strong scent, yet not so strong as that of the Summer kind; amongst which grow the flowers of a pale purplish and sometimes whitish colour, set at several distances towards the tops of the Stalks; The Root hath divers small strings thereat, but the body of it is woody, as the rest of the Plant is.   

The Places and Time.  
The first is so common that there be few Gardens without it; The second is not so familiar, though the natural place of neither of them is remembered by any Author that hath written of this Subject, yet it is very probable that there grew great plenty thereof in that field near unto Troy, which is said to be called Thymbra for that reason, and from thence Apollo, one of the Patrons of that City, was called Thymbraeus; The rest also grow wild in divers places of Europe, as the third upon St. julian's Rock, and the two last in Candy as their names declare, and are cherished by those that delight in variety of Plants; They are propagated both by seed and slipping, in the Spring time especially, yet those which abide all Winter, are more usually increased by slipping then sowing; They flourish in the end of Summer, and therefore seldom perfect their Seed.   

The Temperature.  
Savoury is hot and dry in the third degree, it not only maketh thin, but openeth the passages.   

The Virtues.  
To provoke the Terms, not only the blood is to be attenuated, but the mouths of the Vessels are also to be opened, both which faculties are in Savory, as is but now expressed in the Temperature, and therefore it must needs be very effectual for that purpose, being boiled in Wine or Water and drunk. It is also commended for Women with Child, to take thereof inwardly, and to smell often thereunto, which effect is more likely than that it should help dull and decayed coiture, for that which provoketh the Terms moderately, rarifieth the menstruous blood, making it active, and fit to nourish the Conception, which the frequent desire and consequently the acts of Copulation do many times destroy, besides those things which incite to Venery are commonly windy, but this expelleth wind, yet I shall not be over earnest to press this opinion, because I know that many simples have very different operations. It is also a present help for the rising of the Mother procured by wind, the belly being fomented therewith, it provoketh Urine, and expelleth wind out of the stomach and bowels. It procureth a good appetite, by taking away that loathing from the Stomach, which hindereth the same: It cutteth tough phlegm in the Chest and Lungs, and helpeth to expectorate it the more easily, and therefore it is not without good reason used both for a farsing or faceting herb as they call it, and to season stewed meat and broths, as I said before; It quickeneth the dull Spirits in the Lethargy, the juice thereof being snuffed or cast up into the Nostrhils: The juice dropped into the eyes cleareth a dull sight, if it proceed of thin cold humours distilling from the brain: The juice heated with a little Oil of Roses, and dropped in the ears, cureth the noise and singing in them, and deafness also: Applied with Wheat Flower in the manner of a Pultis, it giveth ease to the Sciatica, or Members that have the Palsy, by heating and warming them. It taketh away the stinging of Bees, Wasps, etc. and being laid in Chambers, it killeth Fleas. It is said that if a Woman's belly be swollen, as if she were with Child, when indeed she is not, Savery stamped and strained with Ale, and drunk with the powder of Jet and white Amber, and the said Herb with Hyssop and Leeks fried in fresh Butter, and applied to the back and belly, maketh her gaunt, and reduceth her to her due proportion, and it is like enough to be true.    

CHAP. CCXC. Of Time.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Thymus, either 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because it is given to those (qui deliquium animi patiuntur) which are apt to swoon, and troubled with giddiness of the head, or else 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because the Ancients used to burn it first of all in their heathenish sacrifices: Wild Time or Mother of Time, as they call it, of which I intent to entreat also in this Chapter, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Serpitium in Latin à serpendo, because it is so small that it spreadeth its branches upon ground, seeming as it were to creep and not to stand.   

The Kinds.  
There be thirteen sorts of Time, and Mother of Time. 1 Common Garden Time. 2 The true Time of the Ancients. 3 Hoary Time. 4 Mastic Time. 5 Unsavoury Time. 6 French wild Time. 7 The greater Mother of Time. 8 Rough Mother of Time. 9 Hungarian Mother of Time. 10 The ordinary small wild or Mother of Time. 11 Lemmon Time. 12 Musk Time. 13 Guilded or embroidered Time.   

The Form.  
The ordinary Garden Time is a small low woody Plant, with brittle branches, and small hard green Leaves on them, having small white purplish flowers standing with some Leaves in roundles round about the tops of the Stalks; The seed is small and browner than Marjerome seed; The Root is wood● and abideth well divers Winters, if they be not too violent, and the Plants not grown too great or woody, for than they will perish therein, and therefore the best way is to slip it, and transplant it every third or fourth year.   

The Places and Time.  
The two first grow very plentifully in Spain, the one in old Castille, the other about Sevill where they use no other, as also in Syria, etc. The third and fourth do acknowledge no place but the Garden; The fift and sixth are Spaniards, the one growing by the Sea side near Alikanta, the other in old Cast●le, as it doth also in France about Narbone, whence it hath its name; The seventh is only sound in the Gardens of the curious; The eighth about Basil; The ninth in Hungary: The tenth is frequent in most pastures of this Land; The eleventh in many places of Kent; The two last are nursed up in Gardens only. Most of them flower in July, or thereabouts.   

The Temperature.  
Time is hot and dry in the third Degree.   

The Virtues.  
Time being of the same Temperature with Savery, worketh the same effects, nay it is somewhat more powerful in women's diseases; for being boiled in Water with Honey, and drunk, it not only bringeth down women's monthly purgations, but is also effectual to cause those that are in hard Labour to be delivered, be the Child alive or dead, and then expelleth the Secondine or Afterbirth; The same is good against the Cough and Shortness of breath, it provoketh Urine, dissolveth clotted or congealed blood in the Body, and killeth the Worms in the Belly; Being taken with Honey in an Electuary, it causeth tough phlegm to be easily brought away, and helpeth those also that are dull sighted; It is of good use in Meat● and Broths to warm and comfort the Stomach, and to help both the sick and so●nd to break wina; It is very profitable in the Colic, Iliack, and N●p●●iti●k passions, and most excellent against M●lin●●ly and St●ppings of the Manix. Four drams of dried Time in Powder, being given fasting with S●rupe of Vinegar, helpeth them that are troubled with the Gout, for it purgeth away Choser and other sharp humours; and one dram thereof given fasting in Meade or Metheglin, dissolveth the hard swell of the B●ly; It is profitable also for those that have swell in their sides, and p●i●s in the Loins and Hips; It is likewise given to those that have pains in their Eyes, and are blear-eyed; The Decoction thereof dissolveth tumours or swell, if they be bathed therewith upon the first rising thereof; The j●yce thereof being anointed or bathed on the place with some Vinegar, taketh away lose and hanging Warts; It helpeth those that have the Sciatica, applied with Wine and Meal, and helpeth the swollen C●ds being laid thereto; It is used in Baths to expel Wind, and ease the Joynt-Gout. The Wild Time or Mother of Time is more effectual than the former to provoke the Terms and Urine, if it be boiled in Wine and drunk; It is also helpful to those that are troubled with griping pains in their B●k●es, or that have Cremps, or are bursting bellied, or are troubled with inflammation of the Liver; It helpeth the Ague, easeth the Strangury, breaketh the Stone in the Bladder, stayeth the Hicket, and is available for those that spit or vomit blood; Being taken inwardly or applied outwardly, after it hath been boiled in Rosewater, it helpeth the Headech and Frenzy, and if you make a Vinegar of the Herb, as the Vinegar of Roses is made, it is excellent good to be used in the Lethargy inwardly or outwardly, or both, and to stay Vemiting. Being taken with Honey, Liquoris and Anniseeds in Wine, it helpeth a dry Cough, and is comfortable both to the Head, Stomach, and Reins, and helpeth to expel wind; It is a remedy against venomous brings, either taken in drink, or outwardly applied.    

CHAP. CCXC. Of Alexander's.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because it is a kind of Parsley that exceedeth all others in bigness, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, being a word which in composition doth augment the signification of that whereunto it is joined, as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 also doth; It is also named Hipposelinum by the Latins, and Olus atrum, either because of its dark green colour, or because it maketh the pottage wherein it is boiled to look blackish; Galen and others have taken it to be the Smyrnium of the Ancients, but Dioscorides saith the true Smyrnium is another herb, of which the present age seems to be ignorant. It is called in English Alexander's, Alizanders, and Allisanders'.   

The Kinds.  
There be two sorts of Alexander's. 1 Garden Alexander's. 2 Alexanders of Candy.   

The Form.  
Garden Alexander's groweth with divers large Leaves which are winged, or cut into many parts, somewhat resembling Smallage, but greater, broader, rounder, and more cut in about the edges, of a dark green colour, and somewhat an hot and spicy taste, and a little bitter withal, from amongst which riseth up one or more round and great stalks, sometimes a yard high and better, whereon grow divers branches with Leaves like unto the lowermost, but lesser, at the extremities whereof do grow large tufts or umbels of white flowers, after which cometh the seed, being of a blackish colour, not full round, but streaked on the back, and of an hot and bitterish taste, as the root also is, which being great, thick, long and blackish on the outside, but white underneath, it spreadeth itself under the ground into many parts.   

The Places and Time.  
The first is said to be commonly sown in most Gardens of Europe where they have it, yet it hath been found wild also in some Isles about our own Land, by Mr. WILLIAM QUICK, the seed whereof being supposed to a different kind from that of the Garden, when it was sowed, proved to be the same; The other came from Candy as its name doth testify; They both flower in June and July, and the seed is ripe in August.   

The Temperature.  
The Seed and Roots of Alexander's are hot and dry in the third degree, of a cleansing and attenuating faculty.   

The Virtues.  
It is agreed on by all Authors that the seed of Alexander's made into powder and taken in a small Cup of White-Wine, either raw or boiled, is very powerful not only in moving the Courses, but expelling the afterbirth; The same is very profitable also to provoke Urine and to help the Strangury, and availeth against the bitings of Serpents, and breaketh wind, and is therefore good for the Colic; The upper part of the Root and the Leaves are very useful to be boiled together in Broth for the purgation of the blood in the Spring time, to which may be also added Nettle tops, Elder buds, Cleavers, Watercresses, etc. Some eat the Roots hereof raw with Vinegar, some stew them, and so eat them, and that chiefly in the time of Lent, to help to digest the crudities and viscous humours that are gathered in the Stomach by the much use of Fish at that time; It doth also warm any other cold Stomach, and by the bitterness helpeth to open Stops of the Liver and Spleen; The Leaves bruised and applied to any bleeding wound, stoppeth the blood and drieth up the sore without any grief, and maketh such tumours as are hard and scrofulous to come to maturity and ripeness; The Roots preserved in a pickle of Vinegar and Salt, are a very wholesome sauce with Meats, for it stirreth up the Appetite, cleanseth and comforteth the Stomach, and removeth stops of the breast, and shortness of breath; They are convenient for every Age and Constitution, especially the Phlegmatic, and such as are subject to be stuffed up upon any distemper; The seed hath, besides what hath been expressed, all the Virtues wherewith the ordinary Parsley seed is endued, being altogether void of those evil and hurtful qualities which are said to be in Parsly seed, and is therefore convenient and better than the Garden sort, if it can be had; It is given in Powder, from a Scruple to two Scruples: in Decoction, from a Dram to two Drams.    

CHAP. CCXCI Of Anemonies.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Anemone, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from the Wind, because it was anciently believed, that these kinds of Flowers did never open themselves, but when the wind did blow. In Latin also Anemone, and Herba Venti. We call them in English Anemonies after the Greek name, & Wind-flowers after the Latin, but the common people call them Emones, the wild kinds whereof are called Pulsatill●es, which because they flower about Easter are called Pasque-Flowers, Pasque in French signifying Easter, and Pass-Flowers.   

The Kinds.  
To reckon up every particular Member of this exceeding numerous Family, were almost an Herculean Labour, and is thought would gravel the most experienced Florist in Europe, and therefore I shall not undertake it, but mention a few of those which are common, beginning first with the Pulsatillaes', not because they are fittest to provoke the Terms, but because they grow in our own Land, more frequently, I mean naturally, than the other, and yet are taken notice of by few. 1. ●he purple Pasque-flower. 2 The red Pass flower. 3. The double Pass-flower. 4. The Pass flower of Denmark. 5. The Wood Anemone or Wind-flower. 6. Anemone or Wind flower with a tuberous Root. 7. The Flesh coloured Anemone. 8. The blue Anemone.   

The Form.  
The purple Pasque-flower hath many leaves lying on the ground, somewhat rough or ha●ry hard in feeling, and finely cut into many small Leaves, of a dark green colour almost like the leaves of Carrots, but finer and smaller, from among which rise up naked stalks, rough or ha●ry also, for about the middle thereof with some small divided Leaves compassing them, above which they rise almost a span each of them bearing one pendulous Flower made of six Leaves, and of a fine Violet Purple colour, but somewhat deep withal, in the middle whereof stand many yellow threads, set about a purple pointel; after the Flower is past, there cometh up instead thereof, a bushy head of long seeds, which are small and hoary, having at the end of every one a small hair, which is grey likewise; the root is small and long▪ growing downwards into the ground, with a tuft of hair at the head thereof, and not lying or running under the upper crust thereof, as the other wild Anemonies do, which is the greatest difference betwixt them: The Plant is of no sharpness until it be bruised between ones fingers, and then the Leaves held to the Nose will twinge the nostrils very much.   

The Places and Time.  
The first grows in a close belonging to the Parsonage of Hildersham, 6 miles from Cambridg● the second in great abundance on a Heach towards Barneck 3 miles from Stamford, the third grows also in England, but I have not understood the determinate place; the fourth should be a D 〈…〉 by his name; the fifth grows in Stow Wood two miles from Oxford: the sixth upon Cotteswald Hills, near Black Burton, very plentifully; the two lift are cherished up in Gardens, with many others, which are best known to them that delight therein. The ordinary time to plant. Anemonies is most commonly in August, some of which perhaps will flower before Winter, but most usually in February, March, or April, few or none of them abiding until May; but if you will keep some Roots out of the ground unplanted until February, March, or April, and plant some at one time, and some at another, and then those that were planted in February will, flower about the middle or end of May, and so the rest accordingly after that manner, you may have the pleasure of these Plants all the Summer long, provided that you keep the Roots neither too dry nor too moist, and that they be planted where they may be somewhat shadowed.   

The Temperature.  
Both these sorts, as well Pulsatillaes' as Anemonies, are sharp, biting the tongue, and of a binding quality, but the Pulsatillaes' exceed the other, in that they exulcerate and eat into the skin, in case they be stamped and applied to any part of the body, whereupon they have been taken by some to be of the kind of Cr●wfoot, which many vagabond Villains apply to their Arms and Legs, and pretend that they are burnt, or some other misfortune hath happened to them.   

The Virtues.  
There is some other use for Anemonies, besides the setting forth of a garden, for the Leaves being boiled in White▪ wine, and the Decoction drunk, provoke the Terms mightily. The Leaves and Stalks boiled with clean husked Barley, causeth abundance of Milk, if Nurses eat thereof. The body being bathed with the decoction of them, cures the Leprosy. The Leaves being stamped, and the Juice snuffed up the nose purgeth the head mightily, and so doth the Root, being chewed in the mouth, for it procureth much spitting, and bringeth away many watery and phlegmatic humours (yea more than any Pills that are cried up for that purpose) and is therefore excellent for the Lethargy. Being made into an Ointment, and the Eyelids anointed with it, it helps the inflammations of the Eyes, whereby it is apparent that the heat of the one draweth out the heat of the other, as fire will fetch out the fire, when any one happens to be burnt, if they burn the same place the second time; and besides, it cleareth the sight by removing any Web, or other Spots therein. The same Ointment is excellent good to cleanse malignant and corroding Ulcers. Both Anemonies and Pulsatillaes' are gathered to put into Flower-pots, and to dress Garlands, and to str●w windows withal.  
I might have treated of divers other Plants under this Head, but because there be few of them but are good for the Mother and other infirmities of the Womb, I shall say no more of them here, but reserve them till I come to speak thereof, which will be as soon as I have set down some of those that stop the Terms, both which were necessary to be mentioned severally, for the more methodical prosecution of what we promised.    

CHAP. CCXCII. Of Comfrey.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Symphy●um, and Symphitum magnum, from the wonderful faculty that it hath in binding and glewing together, insomuch that the Latin● are not content with the word Symphytum, which they sometimes use, but call it also Consolida, à Consolida●d●, Consolidare being an obsolete word, signifying to sodder, or glue together. It is also called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Pectos' or Pecton, but Pliny saith, it was called Alus or Alum: it hath other names, as Solidago, Inula rustica, Ost●●c●llon, but the most usual is Symphytum or Consolida major, which is in English the greater Confound, commonly called Comfrey, and of some Knit-back and Black-wort.   

The Kinds.  
Some refer 4 sorts to this kind. 1. Common great Comfrey. 2. Great Comfry with purple Flowers. 3. Comfrey with knobbed Roots, 4. Narrow Comfrey of Naples.   

The Form.  
The common great Comfrey hath divers very large and hairy green leaves lying on the ground, so hairy, and prickly that it will cause an itching in any tender part of the body, which it doth but touch; the Stalk that riseth from amongst them, being about half a yard, or two foot high, hollow and cornered, or squarish, is very hairy also, having many such like Leaves as grow below, but lesser and lesser toward the top: At the joints of the Stalks it is divided into many Branches, with some Leaves thereon, at the ends whereof stand many Flowers in order, one above another, which are somewhat long and hollow, like the finger of a glove, but much smaller, of a pale whitish colour, after which cometh small black seed, the root is great and long, black without, but white within, short or easy to break, and full of a glutinous or clammy juice, of little or no taste at all, but of very great virtue.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth generally throughout all the Land, both by Ditches and Watersides, and in fat & fruitful Meadows, whence for its usefulness it is oftentimes brought into Gardens, by those that understand the least profit that it afforded; and so is the ●ec●nd, which is not so often found as the first, to grow naturally, though many times it be in several places; the third groweth in Gardens only with us, but is natural to the Woods of Germany, Austria, and Hungary; the name of the last showeth whence it is, they flower in May and June, and give their Seed in July and August, or thereabouts.   

The Temperature.  
Comfrey hath a cold quality, but not immoderate, it drieth and bindeth in great measure.   

The Virtues.  
It may be observed, that those Plants that are effectual to stop any Flux, or inward or outward bleeding, are no less profitable for stopping of the Terms, when they have exceeded their usual time of flowing, so that whatsoever is good for the one is good for the other, and as I shall speak to some of them here, to which purpose I reserved them, so I shall refer the Reader back to them, which I have spoken to already upon other occasions, as Shepherds purse, Strawberries, Myrtles, Water-lillies, Plantain, Housleek, Knotgrass, etc. The way of using it for the distempers aforesaid, is to boil the roots in Water or Wine, & to drink the decoction, and so it helpeth those that spit blood, or that bleed at the mouth, or that make a bloody Urine, and is very sovereign also for all inward hurts, bruises, and wounds, and the ulcers of the Lungs: The same also drunk, stayeth the falling down of Rheum from the head to the lungs, the Fluxes of humours or blood by the belly, and stoppeth not only the Reds, which are the mouthly Flowers of Women, but the Whites also, which is a continual distillation, or flux of the Matrix proceeding from abundance of phlegmatic humours, that oppress the whole body, and therefore it may not be stopped until those evil humours be purged; but that being done, there is not a better remedy than this Decoction, as also for the running of the Reins, happening by what course soever. The Syrup that is made of the said Roots is very effectual for all inward griefs and hurts aforesaid; and the distilled Water may be used for the same, though not so effectually, and is useful for outward Wounds and Sores in the fleshy or sinewy part of the body wheresoever. The Decoction of the Leaves also ●s in some sort effectual for all the said purposes: Camerarius saith, that two ounces of the juice being taken by one that is troubled with the Lethargy, it restoreth him. The said Roots bruised and applied in the manner of a Plaster to any fresh or green Wound or Cut, helpeth the same immediately, by glewing the lips of them together, yea, they are so glutinative, that they will fasten together pieces of meat that have been cut asunder, making them all into one lump, if they be boiled in a pot therewith, it must therefore be of especial good use in all manner of Ruptures, the decoction or Syrup taken inwardly, and the Roots stamped, and applied to the place in the form of a Plaster. The said Plaster is good to be applied to women's breasts, that grow sore by much flowing into them, as also to stop the overmuch bleeding of the Hemorrhoides, to cool the Inflammation, and to give ease to such pains as happen thereabouts. Being applied after the same manner upon a piece of Leather (as it may be also in the form ●r cases to any place that is troubled with the Gout▪ it taketh away the pain presently, and so it giveth ease to pained joints, and profiteth very much for running a●d m●st Ulcers, Gangrenes, Mortifications, and the like: The powder of the dried Root▪ and Cinnamon doth consolidate the Matrix of any one when it happeneth to be torn by sore travail in Childbirth.    

CHAP. CCXCIII. Of Mouseare.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Myosota, from whence these Herbs are generally called Myosotis, but two of them especially, the rest being more commonly called in Latin P 〈…〉 sella, which is a kind of barbarous name put thereon because of its hairyness: It is also called Auricula Muris, for that resemblance that the Leaves have with the Ear of a Mouse, as the Greek name doth likewise intimate: Some call the greater sort Grim the Collier in English, the middle sort Mouseare, and the lesser sort ●corpion-Mouseare.   

The Kinds.  
To this kind may be referred these seven sorts: 1. The Common Mouseare: 2. Great Mouseare: 3 Codded Mouseare: 4. Common upright Mouseare: 5. Another upright Mouseare: 6. Mouseare-Scorpion-grass: 7. Water-Scorpion-grass.   

The Form.  
The Common Mouseare is a low Herb creeping upon the ground by small strings, or wires, somewhat after the manner that the Strawberry-plant doth, whereby it shooteth forth and increaseth, each string taking root again, after it hath run but a very little way, and sending forth many small, and somewhat short Leaves, set in a round form together, hollowish in the middle, where they are broadest, of an hairy colour all over, as well above as below, and very hairy (resembling in many things the Ear of a Mouse) which being broken do give a white Milk; from amongst these Leaves spring up divers small hairy Stalks, about an handful long, coming forth at the joints of the Wires, where there grow also divers Leaves, but smaller than the former, one at a place, as the Flowers also do▪ consisting of many pale yellow Leaves, broad at the points, and a little dented in, set in three or four rows, the greater outermost, and the smaller inward, very like a Dandelyon flower, but lesser, being a little radish underneath about the edges, especially if it grow in dry ground, turning at length into a certain Down, which the wind carrieth away, with the seed to boot: The root is small and thredy.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in most Pasture grounds of this Land, especially if the soil be but a little sandy; the second doth sometimes grow in the like places, but more usually upon Walls, as upon Queen's College wall in Oxford; the third is also found in this Land▪ growing in the borders of some Fields; the fourth upon the banks of Ditches, and in them also, if they be dry; the fifth upon dry barren Heaths, especially upon Hamstead Heath, where it is very plentiful; the sixth is common upon the dry banks of ditches, and the last will grow in ditches amongst the mud, though there be some water in them; as in the ditch between the two Waters next the Holly-bush at Oxford, by the Cawsway that leads to Botly. They abide green all the Winter, and flower in June and July.   

The Temperature.  
Mouseare is hot and dry, and of a cleansing, binding, and consolidating quality.   

The Virtues  
The juice of Mouseare in Wine, or the decoction thereof drunk, is of very great force to stay the abundance of Women's Courses, as also the Whites, and all other Fluxes of blood, whether at the Mouth or Nose, or by Stool, and all inward bleedings also, the same is very available to help the Jaundice, although of long continuance, to drink thereof morning and evening, but then other drink must be abstained from, two or three hours after; and so it is often used as a special remedy against the Stone, and other pains of the Bowels: Being taken in like manner, before the Fit of a Quartane Ague, it is said to keep back and lessen the fit very much, and by use of it to take it quite away. The Decoction thereof, with Succory and Centory, is held very effectual to help the Dropsy, and them that are inclining thereto, as also the diseases of the Spleen. A Syrup made of the juice of Mouseare and Sugar, is very useful for such are as troubled with the Cough or Ptisick, and helpeth exceedingly all Ruotures or Bursting, if a spoonful or two thereof be taken at a time The green Herb bruised, and presently bound to any fresh Cut or Wound, doth quickly bring together the Lips thereof, for it is a singular good Wound herb, as well for outward as inward Wounds: ●he Juice or Decoction of the green, or the powder of the dried ●erb, is most singular to stay the malignity of spreading or fretting Cancers or Ulcers wheresoever, as well those in the Mouth, as Secret parts of Men and Women. The distilled Water is likewise very available in all the Diseases aforesaid, as also to wash Wounds, and outward Sores & to dio the Tents & wet Cloathe● therein, that are to be applied thereunto. If Sheep be suffered to feed long in any such p●ace or pasture, where Mouseare groweth in any plenty, it maketh them to become very costive, or stopped, as the Shepherds call it, and therefore they are, or should be, careful to keep them away from such places, lest they grow sick, and lean, and die quickly, as by the carelessness or ignorance of some young Shepherds, they sometimes do: If hot Iron or Steel, or any Instrument made thereof, be quenched in the juice of this Herb, it hardeneth it so much, that nothing can go beyond it: And it is said, that if it be given to any Horse that is to be shooed, the Smith cannot hurt him.    

CHAP. CCXCIU Of Yarrow.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Stratiotes Chiliophyllos; Stratiotes because soldiers heretofore made great use thereof to heal their Wounds, having▪ as is supposed, learned ●he vulnerary quali●y hereof from Achi●es, that famous Disciple of Chiron, who with one kind hereof healed the Wounds of Teleph●● which hath ever since been called Ach●llea, and is by some used promiscuously for any sort of Yarrow, though others restrain it to one only. And 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is added unto it as an Epithet, to distinguish it from Water-Housleek▪ or Fresh Water-Souldier, which is called Stratiotes Potam●i●s, setting forth thereby the great number of its Leaves. And hence it is called in Latin Millefolium, à foliorum multitudine, a certain number being put for an uncertain, but sure it is, it hath abundance. Some have also called it Supercilium Veneris, Acrum, and Acrum Sylvaticum, in English Milfoile, Yarrow, and of some Nose-bleed, by Antiphrasis, as I conceive, because being put into the Nose, it stayeth the bleeding thereof.   

The Kinds.  
There be many sorts of Milfoile, both of the Land and of the Water, of each whereof I shall put down some: 1. Common Yarrow, or M●lfoile. 2. Yarrow with a red Flower. 3. Yellow Milfoile. 4. Achilles' yellow Woundwort. 5. Achilles' sweet Woundwort, both which being most like Milfoile, are by divers referred to this kind. 6. Ordinary Water-yarrow. 7. Small Water-Milfoile. 8. Hooded Water-Milfoile. 9 Crowfoot-Milfoile.   

The Form.  
The Common Yarrow hath many long Leaves lying upon the ground, which are subdivided, or finely cut into so many small parts, that it exceedeth the small Leaves, even of the finest Tansy, every one of which is a little jagged about the edges; from among which do rise up two Stalks, being round and green, with such like winged Leaves as those below, but smaller and finer, the nearer they grow to the tops, where stand many Flowers, which are small and White, upon a Tuft or Umbel close together, each Flower being composed of five small round-pointed Leaves, with a little yellowish Thrum in the middle, of smell somewhat strong, but not unpleasant, being rubbed in the hand; the Root consisteth of many long white strings, which it sendeth forth, both deep and spreading.   

The Places and Time.  
The first is very frequent in Pastures and upland Meadow grounds, where the second groweth also, but much more rarely: The fourth, fifth, and sixth be strangers, yet for their affinity and namesakes I have put them down, though they be conceived to grow in France and Italy: The four last grow in the very Water, some more frequently than others: The hooded Water-Milfoile, hath been seldom found but about Oxford: they do all flower in June, July, August, or thereabouts.   

The Temperature.  
Yarrow is meanly cold, and somewhat binding, therefore it must be somewhat dry also.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
The decoction of Yarrow made in White-wine, and drunk, is an excellent remedy for the stopping of women's Courses also (and so it helpeth the Bloody Flux) or a good quantity thereof boiled in store of Water, being made into a Bath, and sat in or over, performeth the same: It is likewise very good to close up the stomaches of those, who, through weakness of the retentive faculty, that should be in the mouth of the Stomach, do disgorge, or vomit up whatsoever they put thereinto. A draught thereof drunk before the Fit of an Ague, and so for two or three Fits together▪ is a good Medicine for it. The Juice of the Herb and Flowers taken either in Goat's Milk, or the distilled Water of the said Herb, stayeth the running of the reins in men; but it will be more effectual, if a little powder of Coral Amber, and Ivory, be put thereto. An Ointment that may be made hereof, is not only good for green Wounds, but also for Ulcers and Fistulaes', especially such as abound with moisture, which it may be said to do by Signature, the many Incisions that are upon the Leaves resembling those of Wounds, or if your fancy will have it be more like unto Hair, it stayeth the shedding thereof, the head being bathed with the decoction thereof, or anointed with the oil of it. The powder of it being dried, taken in Comfrey or Plaintain-water, is of excellent use to stay inward bleedings, and being strewed upon any fresh wound that will not cease bleeding, it stoppeth it immediately, and so it doth the bleeding at the Nose, being put thereinto: The Juice thereof put into the Eyes, takes away the blood and redness therein, and the root or green leaves chewed in the mouth, ease the pains of the teeth. An ounce of powder of the dried Herb and Flowers, with a dram of fine Bolearmoniack put to it, taken three days together fasting, in a draught of Milk, is wonderfully commended by Matthiolus against pissing of blood. If the Juice or the Decoction be injected with a Syringe, it cureth the inward excoriations of the Yard, coming by reason of Pollutions, or extreme flowing of the Seed, although any Inflammation or Swelling should be caused thereby, as hath been proved by some single or unmarried persons, who have been very much oppressed upon this account.    

CHAP. CCXCU. Of Medesweet.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Latin, (for it hath no Greek name that I can meet with) Vlmaria, à fol●●rum Vlmi similitudine, from the similitude that is between the Leaves of this Plant, and those of Elm, but it is better known to most by the name of Regina Prati, which Appellation hath been given unto it, because in what Meadow soever it grows, it is more perspicuous than any of the rest, as also for the divers good qualities that are therein, and therefore we call it Queen of the Meadows, as well as Med●sweet: Some have called it Barba and Barbula Caprae, and Barba Caprin●, but not properly, these names belonging rather to Tragopogon, or Goatsbeard.   

The Kinds.  
There are but two sorts hereof as yet made known, that I read of: 1. The common Mede or Medowsweet. 2. The greater Medesweet, which is so far from being common, that it is a great rarity, or at least esteemed so to be by those are curious.   

The Form.  
The common Medesweet groweth up with divers▪ winged leaves, being made of several others which are broad, set on each side of a middle Rib, being somewhat rough, hard, and crumpled, not much unlike to Elm Leaves, somewhat deeply dented about the edges, having also some lesser Leaves as Agrimony hath, of a sad colour on the upper side, and greyish underneath, of a pretty pleasant scent and ta●●e, somewhat like unto B●rnet: At the tops of the Stalks and Branches, which grow to be two or three foot high, having on them divers such Leaves as those below, but somewhat lesser, stand many tufts of small white Flowers, thrust thick together, which smell much sweeter than the Leaves, and in their places being fallen cometh crooked and cornered Seed. The Root also is well scented, though somewhat woody, blackish on the outside, but reddish within, putting forth divers fibres, which draw unto it such nourishment, as maketh it to continue many years.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth very frequently in Meadows that lie towards the Waterside, and as often also upon the brinks of watery Ditches, and River-sides: The second delighteth in the shadowy Woods, and is brought from thence into the Gardens of those that love such strangers as these. They are found in Flower in some place or other, all the Summer quarter, the Seed ripening in a short space.   

The Temperature.  
Medesweet is cold and dry, with an evident binding quality adjoined.   

The Virtues and signature.  
The Root of Medesweet boiled or maed into Powder, and drunk, is of great efficacy to stay the immoderate Flux of women's Courses, and the Whites also, and after the same manner it helpeth the Bloody Flux stayeth the Laske, and all other Fluxes of Blood, and is a good remedy against vomiting. It is reported, that it first altereth, and afterwards taketh away the Fits of Agues, if it be boiled in Wine, and drunk, and if two or three little Leaves thereof be but put into a Cup of Claret Wine, it doth not only give thereunto a fine relish, somewhat like unto that of Burnet, but maketh the Heart to be merry and cheerful, for which purpose some use the Flowers also. Being boiled in Wine, it helpeth speedily those that are troubled with the Colic; and with a little Honey taken warm, it openeth the belly, but boiled in Red Wine, and drunk, it stayeth the Flux thereof. The Herb stamped with Mede, and applied▪ healeth old Ulcers that are cancerous or eaten, hollow or fistulous, for which it is very much commended, as also to assuage Swell, and to draw forth Pricks▪ and Splinters; it is also profitable to heal Sores in the mouth, or in the Secret parts, the mouth being gargled, and the other parts bathed with the decoction thereof: The distilled water hereof helpeth the heat and inflammation of the Eyes, being dropped into the Eyes, and so it cleareth the Sight also. The Powers and Leaves, though not so often used, unless it be by a few, excel all other herbs, wherewith houses were formerly decked up, especially the Chimneys in the Summer time, for the smell thereof maketh the heart merry, and delighteth the Senses, neither doth it cause the headache, or loathsomeness to meat, as some other sweet-smelling Herbs do, and therefore it was in more request with Queen Elizabeth than any other, for the purpose aforesaid. The Germans call it Wormkraut, or the Worm-plant, because the root oftentimes seemeth as if it were eaten by Worms, which is certainly the Signature thereof, for it helpeth Horses of the Bot●● and Worms, and would no doubt do the 〈◊〉 in Men, if the decoction thereof were drunk.    

CHAP. CCXCVI Of Adders-Tongue.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Oph●●gl●ss●● of the ●ater Writers (but unto the Ancients it is conceived to have been altogether unknown) from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, a Serpent or A 〈…〉 r, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, ● Tongu●▪ because 〈◊〉 of every Leaf it sendeth forth a kind of , like unto an Adder's ●ongue. The Latins, for the same reason, call it, Lingua Serpentis, or Serpenti●●, usually, yet some have called it Lingua Vul 〈…〉 ria, and L 〈…〉 ea Christ▪ 〈◊〉 thereby the great efficacy that it 〈◊〉 to cu●● wounds: We in English, Adders-tongue, and Adders-grasse.   

The Form.  
Adders-tongue riseth up but with one Leaf, which with the Stalk riseth up not above a finger's length from the ground, being ●●, and somewhat thick, of a fresh green colour, form like unto the head of a broad Javelin or P 〈…〉 or as some will have▪ unto the Leaves of Water-plantain, but lesser, 〈◊〉 the bosom, or bottom whereof on the inside, riseth up a small 〈◊〉 about two inches long▪ which hath sometimes, but very seldom, two hea●●, and th●● it falleth out by chance, the upper half whereof is somewhat bigger, being▪ dented with small round dents, of a yellowish green colour, resembling the tongue of an Adder, or Serpent, which never showeth any other Flower, yet vanisheth away without any seed that ever hath been perceived; the root is small and fibrous, abiding under ground all Winter, though the Leaves are but of small continuance.   

The Places and Time.  
Adders-tongue groweth in moist Meadows throughout most parts of England as ●● a Close or Meadow near to a small Village called Barton, besides the footway from Oxford to Stow Wood, and in a Close between Botley and Mrs. Bateman house on the West side of Oxford. It groweth also in a Meadow near unto the Preaching Spi●●le adjoining to London, and in divers other places. The time of looking for it (if you mean to find it) must be in April or May, for though it be somewhat long ere it come up, yet it falleth quite away quickly after the Tongue appeareth, especially if the weather be any thing hot.   

The Temperature.  
Adders-tongue is dry in the second or third degree, but temperate in respect of Heat.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
The Juice of the Leaves of Adders-tongue taken in the distilled water of Oaken Buds, is very effectual for those women who have their monthly Courses, flowing down too abundantly, yea and for the W●ites also, though they be otherwise very hard to be cured. Being boiled in Wine and drunk, or the powder thereof taken in Wine, is of singular operation to cure both inward and outward Wounds, as also to help those that are troubled with any Rupture or Burstennesse: It is very available against all hot Fevers, inflammations of the Liver, and all inward and outward heats: The Juice of the Leaves given to drink with the distilled Water of Horse-tail, is a singular remedy for those that void blood at the Mouth or Nose, or otherwise downwards▪ and so it is given with no less success for all manner of wounds in the Breast or Bowels, or any other part of the Body. The green Herb infused or boiled in Red or White Wine, and watery eyes washed therewith, or dropped therein taketh away the watering, and cooleth any inflammation that cometh thereby. The Leaves mixed with Swine's grease, and gently boiled and strained, is good against Burn, hot Tumours and Apostumes, spreading sores and Wildfire. The green Leaves stamped in a stone Mortar and boiled in Oil Olive, till they become dry as it were, and parched, and then strained, doth make an excellent green Balsam, not only for green and fresh Wounds, but also for old and inutterate Ulcers, and so it doth, being infused only in the said Oil, and set in the Sun for certain days, especially if a little clear Turpentine be dissolved therein. The same also stayeth and represseth all Inflammations, that rise upon pains by any hurt or wounds: Being bound hard with a truss to the new Ruptures of Children it is a sure Remedy. It is said, that if Adders-tongue be wrapped in Virgin's Wax, and put into the left Ear of an Horse, it will cause him to fall down, as if he were dead, but being taken out, he will rise again, and be as well as he was before: It ●●reth the bitings of Serpents by Signature.    

CHAP. CCXCVII Of small Moonwort.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Latin Lunaria Minor, because there be many bigger, (for its Greek name cannot be learned by any means, though it hath been diligently enquired after, and therefore it is thought by some never to have had any) à foli●● Luna crescentis made falcatis, the divisions of the Leaf being much like unto an half Moon, as also, Betrytis sive ram●sa, aut racemosa, à cap●tibus in modum r●●●mi formatis, from the spiky head thereof, which somewhat resembles a bunch of Grapes: It is also called Lunaria Petr●●, and Taura, as Ges●er saith, because it Kine feed where it groweth, they will presently go to Bull; as some Herdsmen, where it groweth plentifully have observed. Country people ca●l it in English Vnshoo the Horse, because it is said to unshoo such Horses as tread upon it; but Small Moonwort is its ordinary name.  
Some have made divers sorts hereof, but others, who have seriously considered it, do conceive that the differences that are found in this plant are only accidental, and therefore not sufficient to constitute distinct sorts.   

The Form.  
Small Moonwort riseth up but with one dark, green, thick, and fat Leaf, standing upon a small footstalke, not above an inch high, unless it be when it is in flower, and then it may be said to bear a small slender stalk, about three inches high, the upper part whereof groweth out of the bosom of the said Leaf, which is much divided on both sides, into five, sometimes seven, and sometimes more parts on a side; yea some have thought, (and but only thought) that it beareth as many parts as there be days in a Moon; each whereof is small next the middle rib, but broad forwards, and round pointed, resembling therein an half Moon, as I said before, the uppermost parts or divisions, being less than the lowest; the stalk riseth above this Leaf some two inches, bearing many branches of small long tongues, whereupon many have called it also Opheoglossum or Adder's tongue, every one being very like unto the spiky head thereof, of a brownish colour, which after they have continued a while resolve into mealy dust, so that it is doubtful whether they may be more properly called the Flowers or the Seed; the Root is slender, and compact of many small threddy strings. The whole plant is but small, and not easily found, though you pass by the place where it grows.   

The Places and Time.  
Small Moonwort groweth in divers places of this Land in Woods, as also upon Hills and Heathes, as in Stow Wood, not fare from a little house called Stockers, where I have been showed it by my ingenious friend Mr. William Browne, and in divers parts of Kent, as about Maidstone, etc. and in Somerset shire not fare from ; in Essex hard by Colchester, and in several places of Nottinghamshire. It is seldom found before April or May, and seldom after, for in ●une when the hot weather cometh, it vanisheth away.   

The Temperature.  
Small Moonwort is more cold and drying then Adder's tongue, as may be gathered by its astringent taste.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
The Leaves of the small Moonwort, boiled in Red Wine, and drank is an incomparable Medicine to stay the immoderate Flux of women's ordinary Courses, and the Whites also, and being used in the same manner it stayeth bleeding, vomiting and other Fluxes: It is held to be more available for curing of all wounds, both inward and outward, then Adder's tongue, though that be an excellent wound herb also, for it not only helpeth to take away all bl●ws and bruises, and to consolidate all Fractures and Dislocations, but it is also good for Ruptures, yea and for the Cancers of the Breasts, whereof it hath the Signature, as the learned Crollius affirmeth. It is chief used by most with other herbs to make Oils or Balsams, to heal fresh or green Wounds, and other the aforesaid purposes, for all which it it excellent good. If any one's Faith will give him leave to believe Traditions, there are enough concerning this Plant to exercise it, for it is said, yea and believed by many, that it will open the Locks, wherewith dwelling houses are made fast, if it be put into the Keyhole, as also that it will loosen the Locks, Fetters and Shoes from those Horse's feet, that go on the places where it groweth, and of this Opinion was Master Culpeper. who though he railed against Superstition in others, yet had enough of it himself, as may appear by his Story of the Earl of Essex his Horses, which being drawn up in a Body, many of them lost their Shoes upon White down in Dev●nshire, near Tiverton, because Moonwort grows upon Heaths. A pretty Conceit if you please to believe it, but I must tell you Mr. Culpeper was very unable to prove that any Moonwort grew there.    

CHAP. CCXCVIII. Of three-leafed Grass.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Triphyllum and Trifolium in Latin, and both very properly, because it hath three Leaves always joined together. Under this title I comprehend all the Trefoils, except the Trefolium odoratum, which I have already spoken to, yet I am not ignorant that Dioscorides calleth the Stinking Claver, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 simply, as if it were restrained to that sort only, notwithstanding be confesseth that it had other names; for some he saith called it Oxytriphyllon, others Menyanthe, others Asphaltion, and therefore I conceive that the word may be generally used for all manner of Trefoils, Claver, or Cloverglasses, Cock-heads, Hony-sackles and Medicaes whatsoever.   

The Kinds.  
To this Kind I shall refer these following sorts. 1. Common Meadow Trefoil with Purple Flowers. 2. White flowered Meadow Trefoil. 3. Heart Trefoil, or spotted Snail Trefoil. 4. Smooth upright narrow leafed Birds foot Trefoil. 5. Great codded Trefoil. 6. Small codded Trefoil. 7. Roundheaded Trefoil. 8. Green flowered Trefoil. 9 Strawberry or Bladder Trefoil. 10. Hop Trefoil. 11. Little yellow Trefoil. 12. The great Purple Trefoil. 13 Knotted Trefoil. 14. White Dwarf Trefoil. 15. Burgundy Trefoil, or Medick Fodder. 16. Yellow-horn Trefoil. 17. Smooth Starry Trefoil. 18. Marish Trefoil, or Bucks Beans. 19 Purplewort or Purplegrasse, called in Latin Quadrifolium fuscum, being as it seems, rather a four leafed, than a three leafed grass.   

The Form.  
Meadow Trefoil shooteth up stalks about an handful long, and sometimes longer, round and somewhat hairy, yet for the most part leaning towards the ground, whereon grow Leaves consisting of three joined together, one standing a little from another; of which those that are next the ground and roots, are rounder, and those which grow higher are longer, having for the most part in the midst, a white spot like an half Moon; from amongst which rise up stalks of Flowers, somewhat longer than the Leaves bearing many deep Purple Crimson flowers, together in a tuft, rising, smaller up to the top, which turn into little cod with small seed in them; the root spreadeth much, and endureth long.   

The Places and Time.  
The two first grow more frequently in Meadows then any of the rest, yet there be others that grow there also, some in one Country, and some in another; The third groweth in a Field between Longford and Bow, as also beyond Southwark in the right way from London to Croyden, and the parts adjacent; The eighth in Mr. Stonehouse his Orchard at Darfield. The seventeenth groweth in divers Fenny and Moorish places. The last groweth in divers Country Gardens, as well as in the Gardens of the curious, who also entertain divers of the other sorts. They flower and flourish from May to August.   

The Temperature.  
Meadow Trefoil both Leaves and Flowers, are thought by some to be cooling and binding; but others think them to be of a digesting and suppurating quality, and there is no doubt but the rest do in some sort follow the Temperature of this.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
The Decoction of Meadow Trefoil, with its Flowers, Seeds and Roots taken for some time helpeth Women that are troubled with the Whites, and consequently the extraordinary overflowing of their ordinary courses, it being more than probable, that what is available for the fi●st is profitable for the second, because the first is harder to be cured. The Decoction of the Leaves and Flowers having some Honey put thereto, and used in a Clyster, easeth the fretting pains of the Guts, and bringeth forth tough and slimy humours, that cleave to the Guts. The said Leaves boiled with a little Barrowes grease, and used as a Pultis, taketh away hot swell and Inflammations. The juice, especially of that which is spotted upon the Leaves, being strained and dropped into the Eyes, or mixed with a little Honey and applied, is a familiar Medicine with divers, to take away the Pin and Web, (as they call it) in the Eyes, by Signature; and so it ceaseth the pain and Inflammation of them when they are bloodshotten. The said Juice is also held to be very available against the biting of an Adder being drank, the herb also being boiled in Water, and the place washed with the decoction, and then some of the herb laid to the hurt place also, and so is the herb boiled in Swine's grease and made into an ointment. The herb also bruised and heated between two Tiles, and applied hot to the Share, causeth them to make Water who had it stopped before. It is held likewise to be good for wounds, and to take away Scars. The Burgundy Trefoil called also Foenum Burgundiacum, Burgundy Hay, and Meddick Fodder, is conceived by divers to be that which Dioscorides commends for its cooling property, as also that whose Oil, as A●icen saith, is very effectual against the trembling of the Heart. An Oil drawn out from the Seed, as it is done from Almonds, is said to be good for the Stone. In those Countries where it groweth plentifully, it is found so powerful to fatten Cattle, that they are feign to be stinted, lest they should grow so fat, that suffocation should ensue. If the March Trefoil be the Isopyrum of Dioscorides, as some suppose it to be, than the Seed thereof is good against the Cough and other griefs of the Breast, or Chest; for, as Galen saith, it cleanseth and cutteth tough and gross humours, and maketh them the easier to be expectorate or spit forth; it is also good to purge and cleanse the Liver, and to help those that spit blood. The Leaves of Purplewort stamped, and the Juice given in drink, is very confidently administered, and that with good success, not only to Children, but to others also that have the disease called in English the Purples, which it doth by Signature. And if the Heart Trefolle were used, it would be found to be a great strengthner of the Heart, and cherisher of the Vital Spirits, relieving the body against Faintings and Swoonings, fortifying it against Poisons & Pestilence, and defending the Heart against the noisome vapours of the Spleen, for it resembleth the heart both in form and colour, and surely it hath not so eminent Signatures for nothing.    

CHAP. CCXCIX. Of Moneywort.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Latin (for Greek name it hath none, that I can meet with in any Author) Nummularia of the round form of the Leaf, somewhat like unto Money, and Serpentaria, because it is reported, that if Serpents be hurt or wounded, they do recover themselves with this herb. Fuschsius calleth it Centummorbia, from its wonderful efficacy in healing Ulcers and green wounds; and Tabermontanus would have it named Hirundinaria, because as Swallows do usually fly close to the ground, so this Plant cleaveth close to the Earth. It is called in English, Herb two pence, Twopenny grass, but usually Money-wort.   

The Kinds.  
Though Moneywort seemeth to be of different sorts, because it groweth to be of several sizes, yet that is to be impated to the fertility or ●●●rility of the soil they enjoy, howsoever there be two sorts thereof, 1. Common Moneywort, 2. Small Moneywort with purplish Flowers.   

The Form.  
The Common Moneywort sendeth forth divers long, weak and slender branches, lying and running upon the ground, set with two Leaves, at each joint, opposite one to another, at equal distances, which are almost as round as a penny, but that they are a little pointed at the ends, smooth, and of yellowish green colour: at the joints with the Leaves from the middle forward. come forth at the joints, sometimes one, and sometimes two yellow flowers, standing each upon a small footstal●e, being composed of five narrow leaves, pointed at the ends, with some yellow threads in the middle, which being passed, there stand in their places small round heads of Seed. The Root is small and threddy.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth by Ditches, Streams and other places where the Water uses to overflow in the Winter time, as I have observed in Christ-Church Meadow by Oxford, and in divers other places. The second groweth in such like places, but not so frequently, nor so plentifully as the former. They both flower about June and July, and their Seed is ripe quickly after.   

The Temperature.  
Moneywort is somewhat cold but very astringent, drying and binding, as the taste thereof doth demonstrate.   

The Virtues.  
The Juice of Moneywort taken in Wine, or the decoction thereof is singular good to stay the immoderate fl●wings of women's Courses, whether it be at the usual time, or after, for at either, the patient may hereby be brought to great coldness, faintness of the heart, swooning, and sometimes to the Dropsy, yea and to Death itself, so that the cure of them is to be sought after, when they are excessive, and the Whites also, which are as dangerous, if not more. Neither is it effectual for such Fluxes only, as I have mentioned, but for others, whether they be Laskes, bloody Fluxes, bleedings inward or outward, and the weakness of the Stomach, that is given to casting or vomiting. Being boiled with Wine and Honey, it cureth the Wounds of the inward parts, and Ulcers of the Lungs, and so it prevaileth against that violent Cough in Children commonly called the Chinne-Cough, but it should be the Chine-Cough, for it doth make as it were make the very Chine-bone to shake. The Flowers and Leaves stamped are exceeding good for all Wounds, either fresh or green, to heal them speedily, and for old Ulcers that are of a spreading nature, especially if it be stamped and boiled in Oil Olive, with some Rosen, Wax, and Turpentine added thereto: To wash or bathe them with the Decoction, or to have Tents dipped in the Juice, and put into them, is also effectual.    

CHAP. CCC. Of Darnell.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Aera, by most, yet some call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Thyarus, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Zizanium; in Latin Lolium, yet Pliny calleth it Aera as well as Lolium: Some call it also Triticum temulentum, and Triticum fatuum, in English Darnell, and of some Juray and Ray. Red Darnell is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Phoenix, which name the Latins sometimes use, à seminis colore Phaeniceo, from the red Crimson colour; others call it Lolium rubrum, to distinguish it from the former, which is called Lolium simply, or sometimes Lolium album, others Hordeum murinum, in English Wall Barley and Way Bennet.   

The Kinds.  
The most usual kinds of Darnell are two: 1. White Darnell. 2. Red Darnell.   

The Form.  
Darnell groweth with sundry long, fat, and rough Leaves, which when the Stalk riseth, which is slender and jointed, are narrower, but rough still; at the top whereof groweth a long Spike, composed of many heads, set one above another, containing two or three husks, with sharp, but short beards or awnes at the ends; the Seed is easily shaked out of the ear, the Husk itself being somewhat tough, so that it increaseth exceedingly in those places where it chanceth to seed, to the prejudice of the Husband man, amongst whose Corn it groweth: The Root is composed of a multitude of fibres, continuing all the Winter, as the Leaves also do.   

The Places and Time.  
Both of them grow too too frequently in the ploughed fields, both amongst Wheat and Barley, and sometimes also in those that are fallow, to the great grief of the Country Husbandmen, who have much ado, notwithstanding all their diligence of weeding it out of their standing Corn, & of picking it out of the Sheaves to make their Grain tolerable, and therefore Virgil doth not without cause call it Infaelix Lolium. They spring and flourish with the Corn commonly, and their seed is ripe in August, as soon, if not before the Corn they grow with.   

The Temperature.  
Galen saith, that Darnell is hot in the beginning of the third degree, and dry in the end of the second, whereby it attenuateth, resolveth and cleanseth.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The seed of Red Darnell boiled in Red Wine, and the Decoction thereof drunk stayeth the abundance of women's Courses by Signature, and it is said to do the same if it be but put into a piece of Crimson Leather or of Scarlet Cloth, & bound unto the Thigh, or any other convenient place. It is also effectual to stay the Lask and all other Fluxes, and restraineth the sudden passing away of Urine. The Meal of White Darnell is very good to stay Gangrenes, and other such like fretting and eating Cancers, and putrid Sores. If the same be applied with Salt and Radish roots to any Leprosy, Morphew, Ringworm, or the like, it helpeth it, and cleanseth the skin: with quick Brimstone and Vinegar it dissolveth Knots and Kernels, and if it be boiled in Wine with Pigeon's dung and Linseed, it breaketh those Knots and Kernels that are hard to be dissolved. A Decoction made thereof with Water and Honey, and the place bathed therewith, is profitable for the Sciatica. If a Woman sit over the fumes of it, Barley meal, Myrrhes and Frankincense, it is thought to help Conception, as likewise if it be made into the form of a Plaster, and laid upon the Belly. Being made into a Pultis with Swine's grease, it draweth out all Splinters, Thorns, and broken Bones that are in any part: The Root boiled in Wine, and drunk, after it hath stood certain days, killeth the Worms. Whosoever reads these properties of Darnell, will think it to be a very virtuous Plant, but its faults are behind, which are not a few; for besides that it pestereth Husbandmen, as I have said, it troubleth the Brain and Senses, procuring troublesome Dreams, if the seeds happen into Bread, and if it happen into Drink, it will make a man drunk, or giddy-headed presently. And it is so naught for the Eyes both ways, that it was formerly proverbially objected to one that was ill-sighted, that he had eaten Darnell.    

CHAP. CCCI Of Flowergentle, and Blites.  

The Names.  
FLower gentle is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Amaranthus, because the red Flower thereof, will endure for a very long time, without any sensible decay, if it be gathered in its right season; by which name it is known amongst the Latins, who sometimes call it Flos Amoris, from its lovely aspect, from whence we have it called in English Fleuramer, Flowergentle, Flower Velure, and Velvet Flower from its softness, but it is most commonly called Amaranthus by the Florists of our days. Blitt is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because it is quasi fatuum olup, unsavoury and without taste, and therefore Dioscorides put it amongst those Herbs that be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 insipida; in Latin Blitus and Blitum, in English Blite and Blites.   

The Kinds.  
Though Awaranthus be a kind of Blite, and not Blite a kind of Amaranthus, yet because Amaranthus is better known in these days than Blite, and of more efficacy for our present purpose, therefore I have set it in the Front. 1. The common purple Flowergentle. 2. The neat lesser purple Flowergentle. 3. Spotted or variable Flowergentle. 4. The greater Fleuramor, or purple Flowergentle. 5. The green Flowergentle of New-England. 6. Crimson-velvet Flowergentle. 7. Crested Flowergentle. 8 Great white Blite. 9 Small wild white Blite. 10. Small wild red Blite. 11. Wild Blite with much seed.   

The Form.  
The Common purple Flowergentle riseth up wi●h a stalk a Cubit high, and sometimes higher, which is streaked or chamfered along the fame, yet towards the Ro●t it is very smooth, and of a reddish colour, dividing itself towards the top into small branches, about which stand long leaves, broad, sharp pointed, soft, slippery, of a green colour, and tending to reddish; the Flowers are long, spiky, soft and gentle tufts of hairs, many as it were growing together, broad at the bottom, and small up at the top, Pyramid or Steeple fashion, very brave to look upon, but without any smell at all; which being bruised, yieldeth a Juice of almost the same colour,: the seed lieth scattered in the tufts aforesaid, being small and somewhat black, but glittering; the root ●●short and full of strings, perishing every Winter.   

The Places and Time.  
All the sorts of Amaranthus are strangers by Extraction, some coming from the Eastern Countries, as Persia, Syria, Arabia, etc. others from the Western, as New England, and the West Indies, yet some of them are pretty well naturalised, being common in our Gardens, and the rest are to be seen in the Gardens of the curious, as in that of John Trad●sca●● at Lambeth. etc. The sorts of Blites are found wild in divers places of our own Land. The Amaranthus beareth its gallant tufts o● sp●kes in August for the most part, yet some perfect them not until September. The Blite flourisheth all the Summer long, seeds about August or September, and continues green all the Winter, in which it differeth from the former.   

The Temperature.  
Flower gentle is held to be of a binai●g faculty, and consequently to be cold and dry, but Blite is cold and moist in the second degree.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The Flowers of Amaranthus dried and beaten into power, stops the Terms in Women and that by Signature, if it be put into Wine and Honey boiled together and drunk, and so it is effectual for the perilous Flux of blood, & continual pain of the Belly, w●th often scouring and spitting of blood, bleeding at the Nose, and also for the Whites in Women. The said Flower boiled in Wine, and the Decoction drunk, is available against all venomous bitings, the Sciatica, distilling of the Urine and Ruptures: The Herb boiled in Wine, and the Fundament fomented therewith, taketh away the painful Piles; and restraineth their bleeding, and stayeth the often going to the Stool, the Herb being also applied. The Root held in the Mouth ceaseth the pains of the Teeth, and being stamped and made into an Ointment with May-butter, it assuageth all Inflammations. The Herb being boiled and applied, is a speedy Remedy for any Bruise. The dried Herb keepeth Garments from the Worms and Moths, if it be said amongst them. Blites are used amongst the poorer sort of people in France for food, but they yield to the body small nourishment, as Gal●n saith, and by often eating become obnoxious, by causing Vomiting and Fluxes of the Belly, with exceeding gripe: The Physical use of them is to restrain the Fluxes of blood either in Man or Woman, especially the Red, which it doth by Signature, as the white sort doth the Whites in Women. The White Bleet with much ●●ed, which is therefore called All-seed of some, is a very acceptable bait unto Fishes, as hath been proved by experience: Some Old Wives will not suffer any Blites to be put into their Pottage, for fear of hurting their Ey● sight.    

CHAP. CCCII. Of the Dragon-Tree.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Latin Drace Arbour, from its strange manner of growing, as I conceive, for being altogether unknown to D●●scorides, and the rest of the ancient Greek and Latin Authors, there is no Greek name for it, but only for the Gum or Rosin, which they call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, without expressing whether it came from Herb or Tree, or was a mineral of the Earth, and it is probable it was because they knew not: The said Gum is sometimes called ●innabaris also in Latin, but most commonly Sanguis Draconis, and thereupon Pliny, Solinus, and also Monardus have set it down for a truth, that it was the blood of a Dragon or Serpent crushed to death by the weight of the dying Elephant falling upon him, after that he had received his mortal wound from him, and that both their bloods mingled together was the true Sanguis Deaconis, but certainly it was so called from the bloody colour that it is of being nothing else but a mere Gum. It is called in English Dragons tears, and Dragon's blood.   

The Form.  
The Dragon Tree groweth not like a Sugar soaf, as I said in my former Book, but riseth as high as the Pine Tree, with a great body & rugged bark, full of chaps & cliffs hearing 8, or 9, great Arms equally spreading from the trunk, bare for a cubit's length, and then thrusting forth three or four more lesser branches, yet as thick as ones arm, bearing only at the tops of them divers long and narrow Leaves, joined together at the bottom, and encompassing another, as those of the Flower de-Luce do, each of them being a cubit in length, and an inch in breadth, but growing narrower and narrower towards the top, till it be pointed with the thick middle rib, that runneth through the same, reddish about the edges, and sharp like the Iris Leaves, abiding always green, as most of the trees in those parts do, from among the Leaves at th● heads come forth certain foot-stalks about a foot long, divided into little branches, whereon do grow at divers spaces (I suppose, first Flowers, though not observed) divers fruits or be●●ies in little clusters, each of them like unto a small Cherry, of a sowrish or tart taste, and of a yellowish colour when they are r●p● with a stone and kernel within them very like unto a Cherry-stone: Out of this tree, being sl●t or bored, cometh forth a thick dark red Gum or Rosin, which hardeneth quickly, and will melt at the fire, and flame also, if it be cast therein, which being bruised, showeth a very orient red crimson, or bloody colour; the wood of the trunk is so hard and firm, that it will scarcely admit cutting, but the younger branches are not so hard.   

The Places and Time.  
This Tree grows both in the ●anary Islands and in that of Madera, and in Brasil also, where it groweth to be of a goodly stature It flourisheth and grows gre●n all the year, as I have said, but the time of flowering and trutifying is not expressed.   

The Temperature.  
Sanguis Draconis, or the Gum of the Dragon-tree, is in all probability cold in the second degree, and dry in the third, and is very astringent.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
If all red things do stop women's Courses by Signature, according to the opinion of some, then certainly this Gum may be said to do it thereby, there being hardly another Tree in the world (unless Mr. Hammonds Flesh-tree, which some think is the same that yieldeth a red Juice; Amaranthus indeed, which is handled in the former Chap is red all over on the outside, and so is the wood of Brasil and Red ●aunders, but the juice of neither of them is so, whence it is likely that the Sap, which in other plants concocteth only in the Fruit, doth in this also concoct in the Body of the Tree, which maketh it the more admirable; It serveth also to restrain all other Fluxes of Blood or Humours; as the Bloody Flux, Lasks, Whites in women, and the Gonorrhoea in men, bleeding at Nose, Mouth, or any other part, whether internal or external, being either inwardly or outwardly used it is said also to help the Strangury. and stops of the Urine, to fasten lose Teeth, and is very available for the Gums that are spongy, or troubled with lose flesh: It is good also to stay the watering of the Eyes, and to help those places that are burnt with fire. The Goldsmiths and Painters of Glass use it much in their works, the one for an Enamel, and to set a Feil under their precious Stones, for their greater lustre, and the other by Fire to strike a crimson colour into Glass for Windows, or the like. Though the Gum only be commended, yet no doubt in the natural places, or where it groweth, both bark and fruit might be applied for such like Diseases as the Gum is put unto, they being also very astringent.    

CHAP. CCCIII Of the Beech Tree.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Oxya (and not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, as some would have it) because it is Scissima, as Gaza translates it, that is, in laminas scissilis, apt to cleave into Trenchers, or the like, for though 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; was so long mistaken for the Beech Tree, that Fagus became the common Latin name thereof, and so continueth, yet Dalaechampius hath plainly detected it to be a kind of Oak, whose Acorns are fit for food than the Mast of Beech, the Etymology thereof being 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, ab esca vel esu. The Fruit is called in Latin Nuces Fagi, Beech-Mast, and Buck-Mast in English, because Dear delight to feed thereon.   

The Form.  
The Beech Tree groweth to be of a great and tall stature, spreading the boughs and brances on every side, so that it maketh a very large and pleasant shadow, if the said boughs be not lopped off to make it grow upwards, covered with a very smooth white bark, as the body also is, so that any thing may easily be cut thereon, whereon are placed many thin, smooth, broad Leaves, almost round, but that they are pointed at the end, and somewhat finely dented about the edges, of a sad green colour, as long as they receive nourishment from the Sap, but that ceasing, they presently turn yellow and fall away: The blowings or Catkins are small and yellow, like those of the Birch Tree, but lesser, and of shorter continuance; The Fruit is contained in a rough husk, somewhat like the Chestnut, but not altogetther so prickly and rough bristled, which being ripe openeth itself into three parts, and showeth a small three-square Nut, covered with a smooth and soft skin, browner and lesser by much than the Chestnut, under which lieth a sweet white Kernel, but of a more astringent quality; The Roots be few and short, in respect of the bigness of the Tree, both for breadth and depth.   

The Places and Time.  
The Beech Tree delighteth to grow in some places more than in other; for as in the Chiltorne Country no wood is more familiar, so in others not far from it, a Beech Tree is a great rarity, as in Oxfordshire, where there is one growing between Oxford and Baubury, which is so famous, that it is noted over all that Country, and called the Beechen Tree, there being scarcely a Traveller that goes by that way but takes especial notice of it, yea formerly many went to it (though it be somewhat out of the way) to cut their names upon its smooth bark, so that now it is so full of letters, that there is hardly any space left. It bloometh in the end of April, or the beginning of May for the most part, and the Mast or Fruit is ripe in September.   

The Temperature.  
The Leaves of the Beech Tree are cooling and binding, but the Nuts are said to be hot and moist in the first degree, and yet very astringent.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
The Leaves, Bark, Buds, or Husks of the Beech Tree sodden in Red Wine, or Running Water, and sitten over by Women, whose Courses do flow too abundantly, causeth them to cease, and maketh the Matrix and Fundament, that are fallen down, to return into their place: and the Decoction thereof in clean Red Wine, with Cinnamon and Sugar being drunk, is good for the same purpose. The Leaves take away Blisters, and that by Signature, there being many times divers small Bladders thereupon, and being laid to hot Swell at the beginning, do discuss them, and are good for Ulcers also, being boiled into a Pultis, or made into an Ointment when they are fullest of Virtue. The Nuts or fruit are sweet, and were in ancient times used for food, as the Poets say, but now they are esteemed fit for Deer and Swine to feed upon to fatten them, which it doth wonderfully, and therefore these Trees are many times planted in Parks, Forests, and Chases, yet they are not without some use in Physic, for they are said to break the Stone, and expel it, which may be by the Signature of the Nuts themselves, which being burned, and the Ashes mixed with Hony, and applied, is good for a Skald and Scurvy Head, when the Hair goeth off, which it may be said to do by the Signature of the Husks. The Water that is found in the hollow places of decaying Beech-trees will cure both Man and Beast of any Scurf, Scab, or running Tetters, if they be washed therewith. The Leaves chewed are good for the diseases of the Gums and Lips: The Wood is smooth and white, and therefore profitable for divers uses, as to make Cups, Dishes, and the like; and the Ashes thereof are very good to make Glass, as Crescentius writeth.    

CHAP. CCCIU Of the Hasell-Nut-tree.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Nux Pontica, because it was said to be brought at first out of Pontus into Asia and Greece, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Nux tenuis, sive parva, the Small Nut, to distinguish it from the Walnut. It is called in Latin Cor●lus, and Nux Avellana, it being at first called Abellina, from the Country where it was first taken notice of, which since hath received some alteration: Some have called it Nux Prenestina, and Heracleotica, we call the manured kind the filbert, and the wild kind, the Hazel Nut, Wood Nut, or Small Nut-Tree.   

The Kinds.  
The two chief kinds aforementioned, are distinguished or subdivided into divers others, as 1. The ordinary filbert. 2. The red filbert. 3. The long filbert. 4. filberts of Macedonia, or Constantinople. 5. The great Wood Nut, or Hasel Nut. 6. The lesser Hazel Nut. 7. Virginian Hasel Nut.   

The Form.  
The Ordinary Filbert-tree groweth to be pretty tall and big, but seldom to any great bulk or size, with divers suckers or sprouts from the roots, if they be permitted to grow, and spread into divers branches, covered with a brownish, speckled, thin, outer bark, under which there is a greener, bearing large or cr●mpled Leaves, somewhat like unto those of Alder, dented about the edges, of a sad green colour above, and greyish underneath; The Catkins, which seem to supply the place of Flowers, upon this and divers other Trees, because they have no other, appear presently after the Leaves are fallen off, in November, or thereabouts, which are then firm and close, of a reddish yellow colour, but towards the Spring they become more yellow, and fall away at the coming forth of the Leaves, or a little before: The Nuts break forth in divers places of the Stalks, sometimes single, but commonly in clusters, three, four, five or more together, each enclosed in a husk, which is at first of a green colour, but afterwards brown, which reacheth beyond the Nuts, and is parted at the end into sundry jags; the Nut within is much longer than the Wood Nut, yet round withal, with a brownish thin shell on the outside, and a white peeling covering the Kernel within, which is white and hard, and of a very sweet and pleasant taste.   

The Places and Time.  
The three first are usually planted in Gardens and Orchards, but are not all alike common, for the red sort is not altogether so frequent as the other; the fourth should come out of Greece by its name, but it is now visible in some of our English Gardens, as at the lower end of Mrs. pollard's Garden, by the house where Mr. Ditchfield lives, in St. Alban. The fifth and sixth are conceived to come of the same kind, only the fifth groweth in Orchards, and so is bigger than that which groweth wild in the Woods. The name of the last speaks its native Country. The fruit is ripe in August, or September at the farthest.   

The Temperature.  
Hasell Nuts newly gathered are hot and moist in the first degree, but after they have been kept a while, they are hot and dry.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The Skins that cover the Nut Kernels, being taken in Wine, to the quantity of a Dram, are very effectual also to stay women's Courses, especially those of the red Filbeard, which have the Signature of them. The dried Husks and Shells to the weight of two dams taken in Red Wine, doth the same, and stayeth the Lask likewise, and so doth the Milk that is drawn from the Kernels, and likewise the Catkins: The parched Kernels made into an Electuary, is very good to help an old Cough; and being parched, and a little Pepper put to them and drunk, it digesteth the distillation of Rheum from the Head. A Decoction of the inner rind of the Branches being made in small Ale, and taken first and last for nine or ten days together, is a special remedy for the Strangury. Nuts eaten alone in to● great a quantity, are by no means commended, for they are said to be hard of digestion, to fill the stomach with wind, to cause vomiting and the Headache, especially when they be old, for than they are worse than they are being newly gathered, yet if any one be so much taken with them that he cannot refrain them, let him eat Raisins together with them, that so the moisture of the one may qualify the dryness of the other, and this hath been an ancient custom, as Schola Salerni teacheth in the following Verse; — Sum●ro sic mot est uncibussociando rac●mos; as also to eat them after Fish instead of Cheese, thereby to hinder the engendering of Phlegm, which is thus expressed;  Post pisces Nuces, post Carnes Caseus ●●sii. 
To say no more of those Simples that are appropriated for restraining the Natural Courses of Women, as also the Whites. I shall now proceed to those that are serviceable for the Mother, and divers other distempere of the Womb, amongst which you shall find but few, which do not provoke the Terms also, and therefore I made some▪ Reference of such to this Head.    

CHAP. CCCV. Of Motherwort.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Cardi●ca in Latin, because it is good against the infirmities of the Heart, as the trembling thereof, Swoon, etc. It was unknown to the ancient Writers, as is supposed, because there is some clutter amongst the latter about it, for Dodonaeus took it to be a Sideritis, Tragus to be a Wild balm, Bru●felsius to be a Marrubium Mas, Anguillara to be Lycopsis, or Branca lupina, and Bauchinus calleth it, Marrabium fortè primum Theophrasti, etc. But We in English call it Motherwort, and not without good reason, for it is of great virtue to help the Mother, as well as the Heart, and therefore some have thought that Matricaria, which is usually put for Feaversew, would better sort with it.   

The Form.  
Motherwort groweth with hard, square, brownish, rough, strong Stalks, rising to be two or three foot high, and sometimes more, spreading into many branches, whereon grow Leaves on each side with long footstalkes, two at every joint, which are somewhat broad and long, rough as it were, and crumpled with many great veins, that show themselves therein of a sad green colour, and so deeply dented about the edges, that they may be said almost to be torn or divided: from the middle of the branches up to the top of them, do grow the Flowers round about them at distances, in sharp-pointed rough hard husks, somewhat after the manner of Bawm, or rather of Horehound (of which some would have it to be a kind) being of the same form, though of a more red or Purple colour, after which come small round blackish Seeds in great plenty, which being suffered to shed, filleth all the places about it with its offspring, so that there needeth no care of propagation: The Root is compact of many small strings: The whole Plant is of a very ●anke smell, and bitter taste.   

The Places and Time.  
Motherwort delighteth to grow among rubbish, and by the sides of Walls and Hedges beyond the Seas in divers places, but hardly with Us, unless it be in Gard●ns where it hath been sown or planted. It flourisheth, flowreth and Seedeth from the Spring till Winter, and then the Leaves and Stalks perish, but the Root endureth.   

The Temperature.  
Motherwort is hot and dry in the second degree, being also of a cleansing or binding Faculty.   

The Virtues.  
There is hardly a more effectual herb for the Wemb then Motherwort, for it not only helpeth the Suffocations, or Stranglings of the Mother, but is wonderfully useful to Women in their sore Travel, the powder thereof to the quantity of a Spoonful, being taken in Wine, and therefore it hath not its name for nothing. But because the Patient when the fit of the Mother is upon her, is most commonly incapable of taking any thing inwardly, or of being placed over, or in any decoction, though that also be prescribed as effectual; therefore the best way of using it will be, by applying foments, and little bags thereof warmed, to the bottom of the Belly; and Share, than which there is scarcely a more present remedy, especially if Camomile, Wormwood, Penniroyall, Lovage, and other strong-sented herbs be used therewith: The said powder taken as aforesaid, provoketh Urine and women's Courses, and is right good against the trembling of the Heart, the Cramp, Convulsion and Palsy, for seeing it is a bitter herb, and consequently hot and dry, it doth thereby cut, extenuate, and discuss those gross humours that are settled in the Veins, Joints and Sinews of the Body. And in case any squeamish palate should refuse it because of its bitterness, it may be made into a Syrup and Conserve and so it driveth melancholy vapours from the Heart, and maketh one merry, cheerful and blithe. It is also available to cleanse the breast from Phlegm, to open the obstructions and stops of the Entrails, and to kill all kind of Worms in the Belly. Moreover it is commended for healing green wounds, and serping them from impostumation and inflammation, stopping the blood and curing them, if it be bruised and applied. It is also a Remedy against certain diseases in Cattles, as the Cough, Murren, etc.    

CHAP. CCCVI. Of Feaverfew.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Par●henium, because it is effectual for distempers of the Womb, to which even Virg●ns are sometimes subject, and in Latin Matricaria, for the same reason, but it is more commonly called Febrifuga, quia Febres fugat, from its virtue in expelling Fevers and Agues, and thence comes the word Feaverfew, yet some call it Featherfew, and Fedderfew. Galen saith that in his time Parthenium was called Anthemis Helxine, Linozostis, and Amaracus.   

The Kinds.  
There are said to be eight sorts of Feaverfew, 1. Common Feaverfew. 2. Naked Feverfew. 3. Double Feverfew. 4. Sweet Feverfew. 5. Unsavoury Feverfew. 6 Fine leafed Feverfew. 7. Mountain Feverfew of Clusius. 8. Small Sea Feaverfew.   

The Form.  
Common Feaverfew groweth with many large fresh green Leaves, very much torn or cut in on the Edges: from amongst which rise up two or three hard Stalks beset round with many such like Leaves, but somewhat smaller, at the tops whereof stand many single flowers, upon several small footstalkes, consisting of many small white Leaves standing round about a yellow thrum in the middle; What Seed it beareth hath not been observed, but that it hath Seed may appear from hence, that wheresoever the flowers are suffered to shed, there it increaseth very plentifully, yet it must needs be very small. The Root is somewhat hard, tough, and short, having divers strings thereat. The whole Plant i● of a strong smell and bitter taste.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth wild by divers Walls, and Hedges, yet it is more frequent in Gardens, where it is little esteemed, because it requires no great tendance: The second was found in Essex, and is now nursed in the Gardens of the curious, as the third also is, as in the Garden of Mr. Tradescant at Lambeth etc. The rest are Strangers, and therefore it will be to little purpose to express their places, They are in flower the greatest part of Summer.   

The Temperature.  
Feaverfew is hot and dry in the third degree, or hot in the third degree, and dry in the second, being withal of a purging, cleansing, and opening faculty.   

The Virtues.  
The Decoction of the flowers of Feaverfew, or the Herb itself, made in Wine, is exceeding effectual for the diseases of the Mother, whether it be the rising of the Mother, or the hardness or inflammations of the same, especially if a little Nutmeg or Mace be put therein, and drunk often in a day; and so it bringeth down women's Courses also with speed, and warmeth those parts oppressed by stops or cold, as also helpeth to expel the dead Child, and the Secondine or Alter-birth; To sit over the hot fumes of the Decoction of the herb made in Water or Wine, is likewise effectual for the same purposes, and sometimes when the Patient is in her fit of the Mother, and cannot be made to sit orderly, nor take any thing inwardly, the boiled herbs may be applied warm to the privy parts. The Juice hereof, with the Juice of Motherwort, being drank in old Ale with gross Pepper, is also a good Medicine to prevent the fits of the Mother. A decoction thereof taken with some Sugar or Honey helpeth the Cough, and stuffing of the Chest by Cold as also to cleanse the R●ines and Bladder, by expelling the Stone from them. The powder of the Herb taken in Wine with some Syrup of Vinegar, purgeth both Choler and Phlegm, and is available for those that are pursy or short wound, as also for those that are troubled with Melancholy or Sadness. It is very effectual for all pains in the Head coming of a cold cause, the herb being bruised and applied to the Crown of the Head, and particularly for the Swimming of the Head: It is also very good against the Wind in the Stomach being taken inwardly, and so it is frequently given before the fits of Agues: the herb being also bruised with a few Corns of Bay-salt, and applied to the Wrists. It i● likewise profitable in the Dropsy, and helpeth such as are impotent as to the matter of precreation, if it proceed of a cold or moist cause, for it is hurtful to very hot and dry bodies: and if any one chance to take too great a Dose of Opium, it is a good remedy to prevent the danger that may ensue: Being bruised and heated on a Tile, after it is moistened with a little Wine, or fried with a little Oil and Wine in a Frying pan, and applied warm to the Stomach, and Belly, helpeth the griping pains of Wind, and the colic. The distilled Water is useful to take away Spots, Freckles, and other deformities of the skin.    

CHAP. CCCVII. Of Catmint or Nep.  

The Names.  
IT is thought that the Greeks had not the knowledge of this Herb, because we find no Greek name for it upon Record; but though they might not have the happiness to enjoy the benefit of so useful a Simple, yet the Latins, who have added much to what hath been derived unto them, do call it Mentha Cattaria, and Cataria or Cattaria simply, Mentha felina, and Herba Catti, because Cats do seed upon the Branches or Leaves thereof with a great deal of greediness, and delight much to rub themselves against it, and to wallow and tumble thereon, yet it is said, as I have formerly expressed in my Book called The Art of Simpling: If you set it, the Cats will eat it. If you sow it, the Cats can't know it. The Apothecaries call it Nepeta, and indeed that name is best known every where.   

The Kinds.  
S●xe sorts of Vep are reckoned up amongst Authors, 1. Common Garden Nep. 2 Middle sized Nep 3. Small Nep. 4. Small Mountain Nep, or Catmint. 5. Strong Nep with broad Leaves. 6. Strong Nep with narrow Leaves.   

The Form.  
Common Garden Nep riseth up with Stalks about a Cubit high being four square, with a kind of boarinesse upon them, full of Branches, bearing at every joint two broad Leaves: somewhat like unto balm, but longer pointed, softer, whiter and more hoary, nicked about the Edges, and of a strong sweet scent. The flowers grow in large tufts upon the tops of the Branches, and underneath them also on the Stalks, many together of a whitish Purple colour. The Roots are composed of many long Strings or Fibres, by which it is strongly fastened in the ground; the Leaves abiding all the Winter, unless the Wether be too violent.   

The Places and Time.  
The first is sometimes found to grow upon the rough banks of Ditches, by Hedge sides, and common ways, but more commonly in the Gardens of those that know the use of it, as the second also doth, though less frequently. The rest are Spaniards by descent, yet they refuse not the entertainment of our Gardens, where they are used with much civility by those which love varieties of strange Simples. They all flourish by and after the Spring, flower in July and August, and their Seed is ripe in September.   

The Temperature.  
Nep or Catmint is hot and dry in the third degree, and of thin parts.   

The Virtues.  
The decoction of Catmint is not only effectual for the wind and pains of the Mother, or the rising thereof, but warmeth and comforteth the coldness of the womb, and drieth up the overmuch moisture thereof, which is many times the cause of barrenness, so that the frequent use hereof brings it to a right temper, and consequently makes divers Women to be joyful Mothers of Children, which otherwise might live under reproach upon that account. It is also very available to provoke women's Courses, by which it is no small help to the breeding of Children, for though at that time they come not down as they do at others, yet the Menstruous blood being stirred up, is conveied with more activity and vigour, for the nourishment of the Child. It is likewise exceeding useful for the pains of the Head that come from any cold cause, as Catarrhs, and thin Rheums, and for the giddiness thereof also, and I think it may be observed without any error, that those things that are good for the Womb, are good for the Head likewise, there being a kind of Sympathy or fellow suffering between them. It is likewise of especial use for the windiness of the Stomach and Belly, and is effectual for Cramps, or cold Aches to dissolve the Cold and Winde that afflicteth the part, and to bring warmth and comfort thereunto afterwards, and is used for Cold, Coughs, and Shortness of breath: It is a present remedy for them that are bursten inwardly, by means of some Fall received from an high place, or for any other bruises, if the Juice be given with Wine or Meade. A Bath made thereof only, or with some other convenient Herbs, and sat in up to the Navel, or the hot fumes thereof being sat over, bringeth down women's Courses, helpeth Barrenness, and warmeth those parts: The green herb bruised and applied to the Fundament, there abiding for two or three hours, easeth the sharp pains of the Piles, and the Juice also is effectual for the same purpose, being made up into an Ointment and applied. A Decoction thereof in Spring-Water is commended to wash the Head, and to take away the Scabs thereof, and may be as effectual for other parts of the Body also. The distilled Water may be used for divers of the aforesaid purposes.    

CHAP. CCCVIII. Of the Burdock and Butter-burr.  

The Names.  
IT will not be amiss to speak of both these together in one Chapter, because they be both good for the Mother. The Burdock is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Arcium, as also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Prosopium, or Prosopis, because the broad Leaves hereof were used in old time to cover the faces of those, which would not be known when they acted any thing in the Theatres, and for this reason it was also called Personata in Latin; The Shops call it Bardana, and Lappa major, in English, The great Burdock and Clotpoll Bur. The Butter burr is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Petasites, from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 extendo, because of the extraordinary breadth of the Leaves▪ and so the Latins call it: in English it is named Butterburre, perhaps because some Country Huswives wrap their Butter in the broad Leaves hereof, when they carry it abroad in hot Wether.   

The Kinds.  
Both Burdock, and Butterburre make but five sorts, 1. The Common Burdock. 2. The Rose Burr. 3. The Woolly headed Burr. 4. The small Burr called Xanthium. 5. The Butterburre, which hath most need to be described.   

The Form.  
Butterburre doth send forth its Flowers before the Leaves, in the same manner that Coltsfoot doth, of which some reckon it to be a kind, which stand upon a thick Stalk about a foot high, beset with a few small Leaves, or rather pieces, spiked fashion, and of a blush or deep red colour, quickly falling away, after which the Leaves will begin to spring, which being full grown, are larger and broader than those of the Clot burr, being somewhat thin and almost round, whose thick red Footstalkes being about a foot long, stand very near unto the middle of the Leaves, which are divided on that side which is nearest to the Stalk, of a pale green colour above, and hoary underneath. The root spreadeth much under ground, yet in some places it is no bigger than ones finger, though in some it be much greater, blackish on the outside, and white within, of a bitter and unpleasant taste.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth by Ditches and High way sides, in divers places of this Land, nay, I think I might have said in every place; the second on the Banks side between the Horse Ferry, and the Neat house near London; the fourth in the Highway leading from Draiton to Iver, two miles from Colebrook, as also between Tidenham and Chepstow, in the Foot way. The third is supposed to grow near Lipswick in Germany. The last delighteth in moist places near unto River sides, and upon the brinks and banks of Lakes and Ponds almost every where. The flowers and Burrs come forth in July and August, and the seed is ripe in September. The Butterburre flowreth in February or March, but the flowers with the Stalk will be withered and blown away (within the space of a Month) before the Leaves appear, which is commonly in April.   

The Temperature.  
The Leaves of the Burdock do cool and dry very moderately, but the root is something hot. The Butterburre is hot and dry in the second degree, and of thin parts.   

The Virtues.  
The Leaves of the greater Burdock are said to be of great efficacy for bringing the Matrix into its right place, whensoever it shall be out of it, for if it be fallen down, the Leaves laid upon the Crown of the head will draw it up, and if it should rise higher than is meet, as oftentimes it doth, if it be laid to the Soles of the Feet it fetcheth it down, and being applied to the Navel it suffereth it to stir neither way, so that it must needs be an excellent remedy for suffocations, etc. The said Leaves are good to be laid upon old Sores and Ulcers, and being applied on places troubled with the shrinking of the Sinews or Arteries, they give much ease, as also to the Gout. Being bruised with the White of an Egg, and applied to any place burnt with fire, it taketh out the Fire, gives sudden Ease, and heals it up afterwards, and so it doth Kibed heels. The Decoction of them fomented on any fretting sore or Cancer, stayeth the corroding quality, but than it must be afterwards anointed with an Ointment made of the same Liquor, Hogsgrease, Nitre, and Vinegar boiled together: The Juice of them, or rather the roots themselves given to drink with old Wine, doth wonderfully help the bitings of Serpents; and the Root beaten with a little Salt and laid on the place, suddenly easeth the pain thereof, and helpeth those that are bitten by a mad Dog. The Juice of the said Leaves taken with Honey provoketh Urine and remedieth the pain of the Bladder, and the seed is much commended to break the Stone, and to cause it to be expelled by Urine, and is often used with other Seeds and things to that purpose, as also for Stiches in the side, and the Sciatica, being drank many days together. The roots may be preserved with Sugar, and taken fasting or at other times for the said purposes, and for Consumptions, the Stone and the Lask. A dram of the Roots taken with Pine Kernels, helpeth them that spit foul, mattery, and bloody phlegm, by reason of an Ulcer of the Lungs or the like. The root clean picked and washed, stamped and strained with Malmsey, helpeth the running of the Reins in Men, and the Whites in Women, and strengtheneth the back, if there be added thereto the yolkes of Eggs, the powder of Acorns and Nutmegs brewed and mixed together, and drunk first and last. The young Stalks being peeled and eaten raw with Salt and Pepper, or boiled in the broth of fat Meat, is not only pleasant to be eaten, but increaseth seed, and stirreth up bodily Lust. The roots of the Butterburre taken with Zedoary and Angelica, or without them, are of great force against the Suffocation of the Mother, provoke women's Courses, expel Urine, and kill the flat and broad Worms in the Belly. The said Roots are by long experience found to be very available against the Plague and Pestilential Fevers, by provoking Sweat; and if the powder thereof be taken in Wine, it also resisteth the force of any other poison. The Decoction of the Root in Wine being taken is singular good for those that wheese much, and are shortwinded. The powder of the Root doth effectually heal all naughty Ulcers, or fretting Sores, and running or moist wounds, the powder being cast into, or on them. An Oil made of the said Root, is good against all shaking and cold Fevers, being applied before the Fit, it scoureth away all the filthiness of the Skin, and is good for the extreme coldness of the joints and Sinews. It is said to cure the Fartion in Horses, being given inwardly, or applied outwardly.    

CHAP. CCCIX. Of Arach or Orach.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, quod 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because is cometh up and groweth great very speedily; it is called also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Chrysolachanum, from the yellow flowers which it beareth; for which reason it is called Aureum Olus in Latin, but the Latin name by which it is best known, is Atriplex, yet that which we principally aim at in this place, is that stinking sort which Cordus calls Garosmus, because it smelleth like the stinking Fish called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, some call it Vulvaria for a like reason, but most Atriplex olida, or foetida, in English, Stinking Arach, and Notchweed. Dog's Arach, Geats Arach, and Stinking Motherwort.   

The Kinds.  
There be several sorts of Arach, of which we shall reckon up about a dozen, 1. The white Garden Arach. 2. The Purple Garden Arach. 3. The red berried Arach. 4. Wild Arach with small Berries. 5. Wild Arach with flat Roselike Berries. 6. Stinking Arach. 7. Creeping Sea Arach. 8. Narrow leafed Sea Arach. 9 The greater common wild Arach. 10. Narrow-leafed wild Arach. 11. Goose-foot or Sowbane. 12. Wild Arach, with so much Seed that it is called All-seed.   

The Form.  
The white Garden Arach hath divers Leaves, standing upon their several Footstalkes, broad at the bottom, ending in two points like an Arrow, with two feathers at the head, and small pointed at the end of the Leaf, of a whitish yellow green colour, and as it were strewed over with Flower or Meal, especially while they are young; the Stalk likewise is Mealy, or rather Sandy, bearing many branches with small yellow flowers on them, which turn into small leafy Seeds: the rest groweth somewhat deep into the ground, with many small Fibres fastened thereto, yet it fadeth away as soon as it hath born seed.   

The Places and Time.  
The two first are known to grow in no other place but in Gardens; the third came out of Spain as it hath been supposed; the fourth from a hill of Narbone in France: the fifth groweth under the Walls of Mompelier; the seventh and eighth upon the Sea coasts of our own Land almost every where; the seaventh was found about Rochel; the sixth groweth usually upon the Dunghills, yet it is taken into some Gardens of note; the rest are found by Walls, Hedges, and Ditches, in divers places of this Land. They flower and seed from June till the end of August.   

The Temperature.  
Garden Arach 〈…〉 old in the first degree, and moist in the second, participating of ● watery quality a●●ost wholly, with little earthy parts therein, and less astr 〈…〉▪   

The Virtues.  
The Garden, but especially the stinking sort of Arach, is recorded to be of great operation in the distempers of the Mother, the Juice of the first being 〈…〉 rted into the pr●●y parts of Women with a Syrle●g, the other being rubbed and held to the Nostrils, that the smell thereof might cause the Womb (which flieth from whatsoever is noisome, and followeth that which is sweet and pleasant) to return into its place, and therefore those that are subject to this disease must avoid the smelling unto sweet things, but not their contraries. And taken inwardly, it is commended as an Universal Medicine for the Womb, both easily, safely, and speedily curing ●ny disease thereof, as the fits of the Mother, Dislocation, or falling o●● thereout; It cools the Womb being overheated, which is said to be a cause of hard Labour in Childbirth. It makes barren Women fruitful, cleanseth the Womb if it be foul, and strengtheneth it exceedingly; it provokes the Terms if they be stopped, & stops them if they flow immoderately, & all this it might be said to do by Signature; and therefore it were good for those that are usually troubled with distempers of this nature, to have always by them a Syrup● made of the Juice of this herb & Sugar, for that is best, unless it be to cleanse the Womb, and then Honey is better. It killeth also the Worms that breed in the Sores of Horses, & other Cattle. But to return to the Garden Arach. It may be boiled and eaten as other Salad herbs are, and so it openeth the Belly, and maketh it soluble, which it doth by that nitrous quality that it hath, and so it doth being used as a pot-herbe in broth. The Seed being drunk with Mead or honeyed Water, is a remedy against the Yellow Jaundice, whence it is also thought to be good to open the stops of the Liver, and the herb eaten helpeth the heat thereof. The said Seed boiled in water without any Salt, having some oil of Nuts put thereto, causeth an easy Vomit, and sometimes purgeth also: It is said to be profitable for those that have taken Cantharideses, and it standeth with reason, the lubricity or oiliness of it hindering the corroding quality of them. The Decoction of the Herb being drunk, and the Herb it ●el● being applied outwardly, is an excellent Remedy for Swell in the Throat: It cooleth both Apostumes, and St. Anthony's Fire, and dissolveth Tumour, being applied thereto, either fresh or boiled; Being applied with N●●ar and Vinegar, it easeth the pains of the Gout, and cureth rough and scabbed Nails, by loosening them without pain, and so it doth being boiled with Honey. The Sea Arach ●● of like property with that of the Garden, only being somewhat sa●●ish, it purgeth more, and helpeth those that have the Dropsy. The common wild Ara●●●es are near as cold as the Garden sorts, but more drying, serving chief for Inflammations; being applied outwardly thereunto; but Goosefoot is held to be much colder, and therefore more warily to be applied, being held to be dangerous, if not deadly to be taken inwardly, for it is certainly known that it hath killed 〈◊〉.    

CHAP. CCCX. Of Laserwort, and its Assa faetida.  

The Names.  
LAserwort is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Silphium, in Latin Laser and Laserpitium, in English Laserwort, Magydare. The Gum that issueth out of the same is called Lacer, but that which is gathered from those plants that are gathered in Media and Syria, is called Assa and Asa, by the Arabian Physicians, from whence our Apothecaries have many of their names; it hath faetida added to it, to distinguish it from another sort thereof, which is called Assa du●cis, which is sweeter than the other, yet both of them very strong scented, insomuch that the Germans call the former Teuffelzdrech, that is, Diaboli stercus, Devils-durt, or dung.   

The Kinds.  
Besides the Laserwort of the Ancients, there be two others: 1. The true Laserwort of the Ancients: 2. French Laserwort: 3. Alpinus his Laserwort.   

The Form.  
The true Laserwort of the Ancients is said to grow with a Stalk as big as Ferula or 〈◊〉 Giant, the Leaves are like unto the common Smallage, and of an unpleasant savour. The Flowers grow at the tops of the Stalks, tuft-fashion, like Ferula, or Fennell, which being passed, there succeed broad and flat Seeds, like Angelica seed●, of a good savour, and of the colour. The Roots are many, coming from ●ne head or chief root, and are covered over with a thick and fat bark, there floweth out of them, being scarified or cut, a strong liquor, which being dried is very medicinable: that which groweth in Cyrent and Africa, is said to send forth Laser, and Assa dulcis, and that which groweth in Media and Syria, sendeth forth Assa salida, as I said before.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth not only in the places already expressed, but also in Armenia and Lybia, and other Eastern Countries; the second was found about Marsell●● in France; the third was first taken notice of in Cardinal Bemb●'s Garden. Those that grow of them in this part of the world do flower about Midsummer.   

The Temperature.  
The Laserwort is said to be hot and dry in the third degree, but the Assa faetida, which is only brought to us in these days, doth somewhat exceed the Leaves and Roots in heat.   

The Virtues.  
Assa faetida, if it be but smelled unto, is very profitable for women that are troubled with the rising of the Mother, and divers other diseases of the Womb, and therefore it were requisite, that those that are so troubled, should wear it about their Necks, being sewed in Silk, Linen, or some such thing. It brings down the Courses of Women, and expels the Secundine, or Afterbirth, being taken with Pepper and Myrrh. It is useful in Diseases of the Breast, Nerves, and Brain, and being taken in a Egg that is soft, it helps Hoarseness, and given with Oxymel, it helpeth the Cough, Jaundice, and Dropsy. Given with Vinegar of Squilles, or Wine and Honey boiled together, it helps the Falling-sickness. Being given in Wine or Angelica-water, it helpeth against Venom and Poison of venomous Beasts, where any are stung therewith. It cures the Quartane Ague, and Fea●ers of long continuance▪ taken with Oxymel or Syrup of Vinegar, it dissolveth coagulated Milk in women's Breasts, it killeth Worms, and expelleth Wind. It is used also to take away loathing, for which it is effectual, as appears by the story of one that for a trial tasted thereof in a cold time of the year; and after a little walking, he found himself possessed both in his Head, Arms, and Body, with a gentle Sweet, and shortly after he found his body better disposed to his dinner, than at other times before, and digesting it better, and for this purpose it is commonly used by the Indians, as also to strengthen the weakness of the Stomach, and to provoke to Venery. If it be mingled with Rue, Niter, and Honey, it breaketh Carbuncles, and Pestilential Sores, being thereunto applied, and in the same manner it helpeth Corns, and draweth them forth. Being applied with Garlic and the White of an Egg, it helps Felons and White-flawes of the Fingers. It clears the Sight, and helpeth Suffusions or Spots in the Eyes, being mixed with Honey and dropped in. It cures the stinging of venomous Beasts, being applied, and the swelling of the Spleen, being laid on as a Plaster. A Perfume thereof, and of Goat's horn, is not only good for the Mother, but prevents or much mitigates the Fit of the Falling Sickness, if the party's head be held over it when the Fit is a coming. It helpeth the Toothache, being put into an hollow Tooth. It is exceeding powerful to expel Wind, not only in Men, but also in Horses, when they are over-subject thereunto. These are the virtues of Assa faetida, which is the true and only Laser or Laserpitium of the Ancients, as Garcias saith, & that it is so accepted generally by the Arabians in India, who say they err mightily that make them differing. It is given from half a Scruple to a Dram in powder, if it be very dry, but if not, it must be dissolved in Honey or Wine, and so taken; yet Women with Child, and such as have very hot and dry bodies, must avoid it. The Assa dulcis is now a days quite lost and forgotten, being not brought into these parts; neither are the Salks, Leaves, or Roots of Laserwort to be seen with us. The Virtues of the two last are not yet discovered, that I can find.    

CHAP. CCCXI Of Cow-parsnep.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Sphondyllum and Spondylium, being derived, as some think, from Spondyle, which signifieth a Fly of a very stinking smell, like unto this Herb; Tragus, Cordus, and others, call it Branca Vrsina, and Fuchsius, Acanthus vulgaris, sive Germanica, and therefore the Apothecaries in high and low Germany, did commonly use it in Clysters instead of Beares-breech: It is called in English Cow-parsnep, and Meadow-parsnep, but some Country people call it Hog-weed, because Hogs feed upon it with a great deal of greediness.   

The Kinds.  
There be five sorts of Cow-parsneps, some of which have been made known to the world but of later days: 1. Ordinary Cow-parsnep: 2. The great Cow-parsnep of Germany: 3. Jagged Cow-parsnep of our own Land: 4. Small Mountain Cow-parsnep: 5. Smooth Mountain Cow-parsnep.   

The Form.  
The Ordinary Cow-parsnep groweth with divers large, spread, rough, winged Leaves, lying either upon the ground, or else touching it within a very little, yet sometimes they stand more upright upon their long, thick, and roundish, hairy Foot-stalks, parted commonly into five divisions, the two couples standing each against other, and the odd one at the end, each division or leaf being almost round, yet cut into the edges, somewhat deeply in divers of them, but not so deep in others, of a whitish green colour, and of somewhat a strong scent; from amongst the Leaves riseth up a round crested hairy Stalk▪ two or three foot high, with some few Joints, and Leaves thereat, like the former, but lesser, branched also at the ●op, whereon divers Umbels of somewhat large and white flowers do commonly stand, yet sometimes they are a little radish; after which cometh the Seed, which is flat, whitish, thin, and winged, two of them being always joined together: The Root is long and white, somewhat like to that of Henbane, growing down into the ground with two or three long strings thereat, having also somewhat a strong and unpleasant smell.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth not only in the corners of Meadows and in the borders of Fields, but in the Meadows and Fields themselves, many times amongst the Corn, whence the Husbandmen pull them forth and bring them home to their Hogs, being very acceptable to them, as also to other Cattle, neither do they count their Hay or Straw much the worse if it be amongst them, it being good Fodder for Cows (and therefore called Cow-parsnep) as well as for other Cattle; the second is an Inhabitant of Germany; the third being of our own Land was found by Dr. Bowl in Shropshire; the fourth on the Alp●s of Austria; the fifth and last on the Alps of Basil: They do all flower in July, and seed in August.   

The Temperature.  
Cow-parsnep is of a manifest warm Temperature: The Seed, as Galen saith, is of a sharp and cutting quality.   

The Virtues.  
The Seed of Cow-parsnep being either boiled in Wine and drunk, or powdered, and so taken therein, is commended as a good Remedy for women's passions of the Mother, and so it cleanseth the Belly from tough phlegmatic matter, abiding therein, and easeth them that are Livergrown. The smoke also of the Seed b●ing burned and received underneath, is effectual for the Mother, and being burned under the Nose, it helpeth such as are fallen into a deep sleep, or have th● Lethargy. The Root being boiled in Oil, and the Head rubbed therewith, he●p●th not only those that have the Lethargy, or Drowsy Evil, but those that have the Frenzy, or Waking Evil, if I may so call it, notwithstanding they are so contrary, and those that of a long time have been troubled with the Headache, if it be likewise used with Rue, and so it is good for Ringwormes and Tetters, the ●unning Scab and the Shingles. The Seed is effectual for those that are troubled with a Cough, or shortness of Breath, the Falling Sickness, or the Jaundice. The Root is of the like quality, and available for the said purpose, and besides, it is of great use to take away the hard callous skin that groweth on a Fistula, if it be scraped upon it. The Leaves are profitable to consume and dissolve cold swell, if they be bruised and applied thereto. The Juice of the Flowers being dropped into the Ears that are full of Matter, and run, cleanseth and healeth them. ●he poor people of Polonia and Lit 〈…〉 jam do boil the Seeds and Leaves hereof in water, and by putting a little Yeast or Barm thereunto, make of it a Liquor, which they drink as familiarly as we do Beer.    

CHAP. CCCXII. Of Birth-wort.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because it is good both to facilitate the Birth, and to purge all impurity that may be in the Womb after delivery. The Latins following the Greek do likewise call it Aristolochia, besides which it hath none other Latin name, but those which are corrupt, yet coming thence also as Pistolochia and Aristologia. In English it is called Birth-wort from the effects before mentioned.   

The Kinds.  
There are eight sorts hereof reckoned up by Bauhinus in his Pinax, though perhaps not translated Verbatim. 1. The more ordinary round rooted Birth-wort. 2. Another round rooted Birth-wort. 3. The true long rooted Birth-wort. 4. Spanish long Birth-wort. 5. The running rooted Birth-wort. 6. Spanish climbing Birth-wort. 7. The bushy rooted Birth-wort. 8. Ever-green bushy rooted Birth-wort of Candy.   

The Form.  
The more ordinary round rooted Birth-wort sendeth forth divers long, trailing square Stalks, a foot long, or thereabouts, with few or no branches, but with many round yellowish green Leaves, full of veins, standing at distances without order, every one upon the short foot-stalk: At every joint with the Leaves from the middle of these Stalks upwards, cometh one long hollow Flower, small at the bottom, but broader at the top, with a long piece or slippet, as it were, at one side of the top bending down, both of them almost of a deadish yellow, or somewhat brownish colour, and somewhat blackish purple on the inside; the Flowers being past, there come in their places small, round, and somewhat long fruit of divers sizes, but commonly about the bigness of a Walnut, when the green shell is peeled off; which being ripe, openeth itself into three parts, and showeth the Seed, which is somewhat flat and round, lying in order within it, being separated into Cells by certain skins: the root is round and tuberous, somewhat like to that of Showbread, both in form and operation.   

The Places and Time.  
I find none of these growing naturally in England, but that with the long Root, which is said to grow beyond Reding, yet divers others of the sorts are to be found either in the Physic Garden at Oxford, or in Dr. Howes Garden at Westminster, or in Mr. Tradescants Garden at Lambeth, being brought thither either mediately or immediately from their natural places: the three first growing as well in France about Mompelier, as in Spain and Italy; the next three in Spain, as also in Candy, the seaventh delights in the stony Olive yards of Provence and Spain; and the last in Candy. In the warmer Countries they flower and seed betimes, as in the months of May, June and July, but with us they flower not until the middle or end of July, and their fruit doth hardly ripen before the Winter.   

The Temperature.  
The Roots of Birth-wort are hot in the second degree and dry in the third, according to some; and hot in the third degree, and dry in the second▪ according to others; the round hath less earthy Substance, and more tenuity of part●, and therefore more effectual in most Diseases.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The learned Crollius, in his book of Signatures, doth take notice of the 〈…〉 mblance that is between the root of round Birth-wort and the Womb, and 〈…〉 ●t is not altogether strange, if it be excellent for Women that have gone out 〈◊〉 full time, especial●y when they are in Travel, for it causeth an easy and speedy delivery, whether the Chi●d be alive or dead, expelleth the Afterbirth, and all other impurity of the Womb, and provoketh the Courses, so that it must needs be an acceptable Herb to such Women as understand the Virtues of it. It is also effectual to purge Phlegm, and then Choler, and that without any trouble or commotion to the Body, for it discusseth windiness, which all other purging Medicines do usually cause, and therefore it availeth much in the diseases of the Brain●, Nerves, Breast, Stomach, Guts and Spleen: It profiteth likewise in the Falling Sickness, Cramp, Convulsion, Ruptures, shortness of Breath▪ pain of the Side, Hicket, gnawing of the Stomach, Colic, swelling of the Spleen, and especially if they come of Phlegm or Wind. It is used with good success in the Joint Gout, against Venom and Poison, against cold Agues, and against Stopping and Rebellious humours, that are the cause of long Agues. It killeth Worms, and resisteth putrefaction, and is good against the confusion's of the Nerves and Muscles, if it be given with Syrup of Vinegar, Mede or Honeyed water. It is used also in old rotten and malignant Ulcers, especially being mixed with the powder of the roots of Flower-de-luce and Honey, for being thus used it cleanseth and healeth them. It cures Ulcers of the secret parts, if they be washed with the Decoction thereof. The Powder hereof doth cleanse the Teeth, and make them white, being rubbed therewith. It easeth the Gout, being mingled with Honey and Salt, and applied. It draweth out Thorns and Spl●●ters of Bones that are broken, being applied with Turpentine. It helpeth the biting of venomous Beasts, being boiled in Wine and laid on, and so doth the powder thereof being mixed with the juice of Rue, and applied to the Wound. Being mingled with the powder of Aloes, Lime, or Chalk, and Honey, and made into an Ointment, by adding a little Wine, it cureth the Cancer and Polyppus in the Nose, if Tents dipped therein be put into the Nostril. The powder thereof tempered with Honey, cures the Ulcers of the Mouth and Gums. The fume thereof, or the powder in a quilted Cap, stayeth all Fluxes and Distillations of thin Rheum from the Head. It is held to be so excellent for Wounds in the Head, and elsewhere, that it is an usual saying, That without Birthwort, no Chirurgeon can perform any great cure. A Pessary made hereof, and with Myrrh, provokes the Terms in Women, but let such a● are with Child, and have not gone their full time, by no means meddle with it, lest it cause abortion. The distilled Water hereof is useful against creeping Ulcers and Pustules of the Genitals, both in men an women, being therewith washed, or linen cloaths dipped in the same▪ & laid on the place all night. The long Birth-wort is almost, yet not altogether, so effectual as the round, for all the diseases aforesaid, whether inward or outward, and some hold the running kind to be so also.    

CHAP. CCCXIII Of Mercury.  

The Names.  
I Mean not here to treat of that Herb that the Country people call Mercury, in Latin Bonus Henricus, which some take to be a kind of Dock, but of those sorts of Mercury which are more properly so called. French Mercury is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Linozostis, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Mercurii Herba, and though 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Parthenium be the name, which is usually given to Feaverfew, yet because this is also good for women's diseases, it was formerly so called, as divers other Herbs tending to the same purpose were. The Latins following the Greek; do call it Mercurialis, because as Pliny saith, it was found by Mercury▪ Dogs mercury, which is also a kind hereof, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cynaea and Cyn●crambe, which signifieth as much as Brassica Canina, that is, Dogs-Cabbage, but because it hath no agreement with any Cabbage, therefore some have chose rather to call it in Latin by the name of Mercurialis Canina, propter ignobilitatem, and other Mercurialis Sylvestris. The Child's or the Childing-Mercury, which is another sort hereof is called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Phyllum and Eleophyllun, quasi Oleaefolium, because the Leaves are like unto those of the Olive.   

The Kinds.  
The kinds are sufficiently declared in speaking of the names, and therefore I shall say no more of them, only that every sort hath a Male and Female.   

The Form.  
French Mercury, for so it is called, though it grow in other places besides France, riseth up with square green Stalks full of joints, a cubit high, or thereabouts, with two Leaves at every joint, and branches likewise from both sides the Stalks, with fresh green Leaves, somewhat broad and long withal, about the bigness of the Leaves of Basil, finely dented about the edges. In the Male, at the joints towards the tops of the Stalks and Branches, come forth two small round green Heads, standing together upon a short foot-stalk, which growing ripe are the Seeds, not having any Flower: In the Female the Stalk is longer, spike-fashion, set round about with small green Husks, which are the Flowers, made like small branches of Grapes, which give no Seed, but abide long upon the Stalks without shedding. The Root is composed of many small Fibres, perishing every Winter, & rising again the next year of its own sowing, if the seed of the male be permitted to shed, and so the ground will be for ever furnished with both sorts of it, for they both rise from the Seed of the Male in the same manner as Hemp, and could not be distinguished one from another, but by their Seed and Flowers.   

The Places and Time.  
The French Mercury groweth as well wild in divers places of the English Dominions, as by a Village called Brookland, in Rumney Marsh in Kent, and by the Seaside in the Isle of Wight, as in Gardens, where it is sometimes sown; The Dogs-Mercury groweth by the Hedge-sides in most places of this Land also, the Female being not so frequent as the Male, but the Child's or Childing-Mercury, groweth wild about Mompelier in France, and in Spain and Italy, and is a Sojourner in some of our Gardens. They all flourish and seed in the Summer, save the Child's Mercury, which flowreth so late with us, that it hardly beareth ripe Seed.   

The Temperature.  
Mercury is hot and dry, yet not above the second degree; it hath a cleansing faculty and a digesting quality also, as Galen saith.   

The Virtues.  
Hipocrates, whose skill in Physic was incomparable, as appears by his learned Aphorisms, doth very much commend the use of the French Mercury for women's diseases, for if it be applied to the Secret parts by way of fomentation, it easeth the pains of the Mother, and if the Decoction thereof be used, it procureth the Terms and expelleth the Afterbirth, as also for the Stangury, and diseases of the Reins and Bladder, the decoction thereof with Myrrh or Pepper being taken inwardly, or the Leaves applied outwardly, or both: He used it also for sore and watering Eyes, and for Deafness, and pains in the Ears, by dropping the juice thereof into them, and bathing them afterwards in White Wine. The decoction of the Leaves, or the juice of them taken in broth or drink, with as much Sugar put to it as will sweeten it, purgeth choleric and waterish Humours. The decoction thereof made with Water and a Cock chicken, is a most safe Medicine for the hot fits of the Ague; ●t also cleanseth the Breast and Lungs of Phlegm, but a little offendeth the Stomach; The juice or distilled water thereof snuffed up into the Nostrils, purgeth the Head and Eyes of Catarrhs and Rheums. Two or three ounces of the distilled water with a little Sugar put to it and drunk in the morning fasting, is used by some as a good Medicine to open and purge the Body of gross, viscous, & melancholy humours. Matthiolus saith, that both the Seed of the Male, and Flowers of Female Mercury boiled with Wormwood and drunk, cureth the Yellow Jaundice in a speedy manner: The Leaves or the Juice rubbed upon Warts, taketh them away: The Juice mingled with some Vinegar helpeth all running Scabs, Tetters, Ringworms, and the Itch. Being applied in manner of a Pultis to any Swelling or Inflammation, it digesteth and spendeth the humours, which were the cause thereof, and so helpeth it. It is frequently used with other things to evacuate the Belly from offensive humours, being given in a Clyster. Though Dog-mercury he less used, because it is more common, yet it may serve to purge waterish and melancholy Humours, in the same manner as the former, and also for other the said uses. It is said of Childing Mercury, that if the Male thereof be taken by a Woman three days together after conception, and that her Courses be past, she shall bring forth a Male Child, but if she take of the Female, it shall be a Girl, and the same is said of the French Mercury, but my Wife never tried either of them.    

CHAP. CCCXIV. Of Madder.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Etruthrodanum, and Eruthedanum from the red colour of the root, and Rubia Tinctorum in Latin, because Dyers make use thereof to colour Wool, as Leather-dressers also do to colour their Leather, which is the name that the Shops use also, yet Nicander calleth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Schyrium in Greek, and others call it Rub●a in Latin, without any addition.   

The Kinds.  
There be six kinds of Madder growing in our owned Land: 1. Red Madder, commonly called Garden Madder: 2. Wild Madder: 3. Wild Madder with long Leaves: 4. Sea Madder: 5. Dwarf Madder: 6. Little field Madder.   

The Form.  
The manured or Garden Madder shooteth forth many Stalks, which stand upright at their first coming up, and so likewise if they be kept cut, but if they be permitted to grow, they become long, weak, and trailing upon the ground a great way, unless they grow by some hedge, and then they will climb thereon, being foursquare, very rough and full of Joints, at every of which come forth divers long, and somewhat narrow Leaves, standing about the Stalks somewhat like the rowel of a Spu●, being very rough also; near unto the tops whereof do come forth many small pale yellow Flowers, after which come small round heads, green at the first, and reddish afterward, but black when they are ripe, wherein are contained the Seed; The Root is not so great as long, creeping very far, as well downwards as about the surface of the Earth, fat, full of substance, and of a red and very clear colour, whilst it is fresh.   

The Places and Time.  
The first, though it be commonly manured for the great profit that is made thereof, yet it groweth wild, not only upon S. Vincents Rock near Bristol, and in the Hedges about Ruthland in Wales; the second is natural also to some parts of this Land, and so is the third, which groweth in divers places of ; the fourth groweth likewise in our own Country, & so do the two last. They flower in June and July chief, and the Seed of all of them is ripe in August, or thereabout, except the Sea▪ kind, which seldom perfecteth its Seed with us.   

The Temperature.  
Madder roots are hot in the second degree, and dry in the third, and have an opening quality, and also an astringent property.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
The Decoction of Madder made in Wine and drunk, doth not only bring down the Courses in Women, and provoke Urine, but bringeth away the Birth and afterbirth, cureth the Jaundice, openeth the stops of the Spleen and Gall, and ●iminisheth the Melancholy humour: The same taken as aforesaid, or in powder, dissolveth congealed blood in the Body, and is good for such as have bruised themselves by any great fall, and is very much used in vulnerary or Wound-drinks, for which purpose the colour of the root speaks it to be useful. It is profitable also for such as have the Dropsi●, Palsy, Sciatica, or Hipgout. The Seeds of Madder taken with Vinegar and Honey, helpeth the swelling, and hardness of the Spleen. It is used also to amend or help the ill colour of the Face, and it helpeth Ulcers of the Mouth, if to the Decoction there be added a little Alum and Honey of Roses. The Juice of the Root, or Decoction thereof, is given to such as are hurt with venomous Beasts, and preserveth the Body from putrefaction, and is very good for those that have the Itch or Scab: The Roots bruised, especially whist they are fresh, and applied to any part that is discoloured with Freckles, Morphew, the White Scurf, or such like deformities of the Skin, cleanseth them thoughly, and taketh them away, especially if Vinegar be mixed therewith; or the Powder of the Root mixed with a little Juice of Garlic, Oil, and a little Honey, cureth any Itch, Scab, or foulness of the Skin, being anointed therewith. The Juice of the Root dropped into the Ears, mitigates the pain of them. The Roots applied as a Pessary, or the powder of the Root made up with Oil of Savin, and applied, brings away the Birth, and Afterbirth. By the reason that the Leaves and Roots do die a red colour, some have mistaken the effects thereof, supposing that it provokes Urine so much, that it causeth blood▪ to come forth, when as the red colour of the Urine proceeds from no other cause, but the colour of the Root, as Rhubarb will cause it to look yellow. The Decoction of Madder, given with that great composition called Triphera, is singular good to stay the Reds in Women, the Hemorrhoides, and the Bloody Flix, which it may be said to do by Signature, as hath been approved by divers experiments, so that the contrary effects herein are manifest, the one being opening, and the other restringent; and it is said to be useful against untimely birth, though the common opinion be, that it must not be given to women with child, nor often to such as have hot and dry bodies, and then the Dose must not exceed two Scruples, if it be given in Powder, nor half an Ounce, if it be given in Decoction. The Roots are good traffic amongst the Dyers, as well as the Apothecaries, as having a special property to strike a lively red colour upon their Wool and woollen Cloth, and the Curriers and other Leather-dressers, colour their Leather therewith.    

CHAP. CCCXU. Of Dittany.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by Dioscorides, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by Theophrastus, and by others 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, being derived, as some suppose 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, à pariendo, because it is exceeding helpful to Women in their pains of Child birth, not only by allaying them, but by furthering their delivery, as the Authors but now mentioned do testify. It is also called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is, Pulegium Sylvestre, but it is called by most Latin Writers Dictamnus, or Dictamnus Creticus, Dictamum or Dictamnum Creticum; and the bastard sort is called Pseudodictamnus, Pseudodictamus, and Pseudodictamum.   

The Kinds.  
Concerning that kind of Bastard Dittany, called Fraxinella, in Latin, I have already spoken, and told you that it was improperly so called, and therefore I shall here set down those that better deserve the name, and they are three; 1. Dittany of Candy; 2. Bastard Dittany; 3. Another Bastard Dittany.   

The Form.  
Dittany of Crete or Candy, for so it is now called, hath divers hard and brownish, yet somewhat hoary Stalks rising from the root, set full of Leaves, two standing together one against another, all along the Branches, which are broad, and thick, and almost round, so hoary, white, and covered over with a wooly down, that they seem not at all to be green; at the tops of the Branches come forth scaly heads, purplish on the outside, and paler on the inside, from among which come forth gaping Flowers, of a pale purplish colour, and after them small brownish Seed; the Root consisteth of many blackish strings or Fibres, from a harder long Root; the whole Herb is of a quick or fiery scent, especially if it be fresh, and of a hotter taste, for it decayeth in keeping, yet it will retain its virtue a year, or longer.   

The Places and Time.  
The first grows in the Isle of Crete or Candy, & therefore called Creticus, which by elder times was supposed to be the only place in the world; but Clusius saith, that it was signified to him, that it was found also in the Isle of Sardinia▪ with lesser and whiter Leaves than those of that of Candy, and exceeding sweet withal, and is sown in some few of our Gardens, but seldom endureth the coldness of our Winters, and then it must be carefully covered; the second groweth near Pisa and Leghorn, in the Florentine Dominions, and is frequent in the Gardens of Italy; the last in the Island Corigo. Some have thought that the first beareth neither Flower nor Seed, but not without error, for it is found to bear both in its natural soil, though in our cold Climate it seldom flowers, and then it cannot often seed. The second is late before it flowreth, so that it seldom perfecteth its seed. The last is so great a stranger, that its time is not known.   

The Temperature.  
Dittany both that of Crete, and of the Bastard kinds, is hot and dry in the third degree.   

The Virtues.  
Dioscorides, Theophrastus, and the general consent of Writers do confirm that the Leaves of Dittany being made into Powder and drank, with Water or Wine, causeth speedy deliverance and easy, though the Child be dead, and out of due course, and expelleth the Afterbirth, and it is said that Dittany, vervain and Hyssop of each one handful, being stamped, and drank by a Woman when she is in travail, saveth both the Woman and Child, though they be both in danger: It povokes women's Courses, and is profitable for those that are troubled with the Dropsy, or swelling of the Spleen. The Juice drank with Wine is a present remedy for those that are bitten or stung by any Venomous Creature: nay, the Herb is so effectual against the poison of all beasts that are venomous, that the very smell drives them away: The powder being mixed with Honey and taken, easeth the Cough and killeth Worms, and a Decoction thereof taken, is profitable for the Jaundice A P●ss●●y made of the Juice and the Powder, bringeth away the dead Child, and after birth being applied. A Bath or Decoction made thereof, and used all over, cures the ●aundise. The Juice mixed with the Powder, helps the Wula being ●allen, if it be anointed therewith; and the Juice being mixed with Woman's milk, and dropped in the ●ares that are pained, easeth them. The Roots of Dittany and Ac●r●s made into powder, and snuffed up into the Nostrils, purgeth the Brain: The Powder of Dittany and Castor mixed with the Juice of Rue, and put up into the Nose, is good for those that have the falling Sickness. It draweth forth Thorns and Splinters out of the feet or other parts, being applied thereto; and if a weak Member be but rubbed with the Juice thereof, it strengtheneth the same. The Juice is a present remedy for all wounds made with Iron, being put therein, both mundifying and cleansing the same, especially those that are made with Venomous Weapons. The same hath a purging faculty, being anointed or applied with Barley Meal. The distilled Water thereof cannot but be useful for many of the aforesaid purposes, and besides it is commended against the Pestilence, if three ounces be drank Morning and Evening, and against Venom, if six ounces thereof be drank; and three ounces thereof taken in the morning are profitable against the Stone. Though Dittany be good for Women in Labour, yet Women with Ch●ld must avoid it, because it will make them miscarry; neither is it for hot, choleric and dry bodies, nor to be much used in hot seasons: but when it is needful the Dose of the powder is from a scruple to a dram. It is a report of ancient standing, and contradicted by no Author that ever I read, that the Wild Goats and Dear in Candy, when they be wounded with Arrows, do drive them forth by eating this herb, the cure also ensuing thereupon.    

CHAP. CCCXVI Of Pepperwort or Dittander.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Lepidium, as some think quoth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, id est, maculas in cute delet, because it taketh Spots and Scars out of the Skin, or as others think, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, quod acrimoniâ urenti ulceret, because it is hot in taste, yet not so hot as to exulcerate. It is called also Lepidium in Latin, but it is as well, if not better known by the name of Piperitis, for so it is called because of its heating quality like unto Pepper, yet neither the Piperitis that Pliny mentions, nor the Lepidium of Dioscorides are the same with this, that of Pliny being a kind of Pepper called Siliquastrum, and that of Dioscorides being the Sciatica Cress called Iberis, or Cardamantica. We call it in English Dittander and Pepperwort, and some Dittany, but falsely, that being another plant which I have spoken to in the foregoing Chapter. There is a kind hereof called Scarrewort, after the Greek name, either because it maketh a mark in the hand or him that shall hold it, or because it taketh away all manner of scars, as I said before.   

The Kinds.  
There be three kinds of Dittander. 1. Common Dittander or Pepperwort. 2. French Dittander, or Scarrewort. 3. Annual Dittander, or Scarrewort.   

The Form.  
Common Dittander or Pepper-wort sendeth forth somewhat long and broad Leaves, sharp pointed, of a light bluish green colour, dented about the Edges somewhat like a Saw: the Stalk whereon most of the Leaves stand is round and tough, sometimes a cubit or more in height, spreading forth divers branches on which do grow little white flowers, after which followeth the small seed in little heads: The Root is slender and apt to increase, the whole plant is very hot and sharp in taste, as I said before.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth naturally in divers places of this Land, as about Clare in Essex, about Exeter in the West Country, about Rochester in Kent, and about Soul Abbey in Lancashire, etc. and is taken into Gardens by some that know how to use it. The other two are found about M●mpelier in France. The first and last flower about June or July; the second in August, when the other two perfect their seed.   

The Temperature.  
Dittander is hot and dry in the third degree, being of a cleansing quality, and not so hot and fiery sharp, as some Authors make them, especially the ordinary sort.   

The Virtues.  
The Women of Bury in Suffolk, and in the West Country also, as I have been told by one that came from thence, and in other places also, do usually give the Juice of Dittander, to the quantity of a Spoonful or two in Ale to be drank by those Women that are in travail, to procure them a speedy delivery. It is very effectual also for the Sciatica, or Hipgout, or any other Gout or pain in the Joints, or any other inveterate grief, the Leaves hereof to be bruised and mixed with old Hoggs-grease, and applied to the place, there to continue for four hours, if the party be a Man, but no more than two, if it be a Woman, the place being afterwards bathed with Wine and Oil mixed together, and then wrapped with Wool or Skins, after they have sweat a little. The same also amendeth the deformities and discolourings of the Skin, whether in the face or elsewhere, and helpeth to take away all manner of Marks, Scars and Scabs, which remain after the healing of Ulcers, or the like, as also the foul marks of burn, either with Fire, or an hot Iron. The other two are also judged to be endued with the same effects, and are also good for the Toothache, as Rondeletius affirmeth, who saith, he made as good use thereof for that purpose, as he did of Pellitory of Spain, and that some of the Leaves only being held, giveth ease unto them that are vexed with the said p●ine. A Leaf of Scarrewort applied to the palm of the hand or any other place, is said to make a Mark or discolouring, different from the adjaent parts, if it lie at it but a while, and continueth so after it is taken off.    

CHAP. CCCXVII. Of the Holm Oak.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, signifying to Saw, because it is so hard that it cannot be cut, but with a Saw. The greater sort is of some called in Latin, Ilex major, Ilex arbour, and Ilex glandifera, to distinguish it from the lesser, or Scarlet Holme Oak called Ilex coccifera, or coccigera. The acorn of the greater is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Acylum also in Latin, but the Scarlet Grain of the lesser is called in Greek by Theophrastus' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Coccos Phoenicea, by Dioscorides 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 simply, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Coccus Baphica. In Latin by Pliny Granum Coccum, Quisquilium, Cusculium, Scoletium, Vermiculum & Hysginum, but by the latter Writers, Coccus infectorius, and Granum infectorium, by the Arabians, Chermes or Kermes, as also by the Apothecaries, who likewise call it Grana tinctorum, in English, the Scarlet grain, or Chermes berry.   

The Kinds.  
Of the Holm Oak there be three sorts: 1. The greater prickly Holme Oak. 2. The great smooth Holme Oak. 3. The lesser or Scarlet Holme Oak, which though it be the least in quantity, yet the Scarlet Grain thereof being so eminent and useful, I shall describe that.   

The Form.  
The Scarlet Holme Oak groweth in the manner of an Hedge tree, of a mean bigness, having many fair branches, or boughs spread abroad, whereon are set Leaves green above, but whitish underneath, snipt about the Edges, and at every corner one short prickle, in manner like unto Holly, yet somewhat less: from amongst which there come sometimes, but not often, small Acorns standing in little Cups or Husks; for when it is pruined and cut low, it beareth the Scarlet grain growing all along the branches, at the several joints and foot-stalks of the Leaves, about the bigness of a Pease, of the colour of Holly or Asparagus Berries, when they are ripe, and containing in them a clear Juice of a crimson colour, as deep as any pure fresh blood which by the heat of the Sun is turned into small red worms, little bigger than fleas, at the first, but being suffered to grow great consume the inner substance of the Berry or Grain, creeping away, and leaving the Husk or Shel empty, which empty Shells are sometimes used, when the Berries themselves are not to be gotten.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth plentifully in Spain and France, the second in Spain, and Italy, but for their rarity they have been planted in some Gardens of this Land: the last groweth not only in divers places of Europe and Asia: but also in Africa and America▪ as in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and in that part of France called Provence, etc. They all flower in May, and their fruit is ripe at the end of September; The Scarlet grain cometh forth in the middle of April, and is gathered in May and June, for the use of the Apothecaries and Dyers, before the worms come forth.   

The Temperature.  
The Scarlet grain called Chermes is astringent, and somewhat bitter, and also dry, without sharpness.   

The Virtues.  
The Scarlet grain, but especially the confection made thereof called Alkermes. is not only commended, but also given by Physicians and Midwives, very frequently to such Women with Child, as by infirmity or other casualty are apt to miscarry by untimely travel, as also to comfort and strengthen them in the time of their Labour, for it is so Sovereign a Cordial, that there is none better (though perhaps there be cheaper) to fortify the heart, and to revive the fainting Spirits, of which there is great need at such times: notwithstanding it was chief devised in the beginning, for the purging of Melancholy, which appeareth by that quantity of Lapis Lazuli, which is commonly added thereunto, and is therefore profitable for those that are troubled with Melancholy passions and sorrow, proceeding from no evident cause, for it procureth mirth, as much as any Physical means whatsoever. This noble and famous Composition is also daily commended, and used with good success against the trembling and shaking of the heart, and against swoon, but than it will be most necessary that the Lapis Lazuli be left out, or at least to be very well prepared before it be put in, because the sharp and venomous quality, wherewith it is endued, working upon the Heart and other Entrails, many ●●mes doth morè harm then good. It hath been also found to be very effectual for the healing of green Wounds and Sinews that are cut, if the powder of the Berries be tempered with the Syrup of Vinegar, or Vinegar itself, and applied thereunto. The manner of reducing them into powder is this; When these Grains or Berries are seasonably gathered, the people that live in those places where they grow, cast them upon a Sheet or some such thing, sprinkling them with a little Wine or Vinegar, which being born up from the ground by the sides, or four corners, and set in the hot Sun, will have little worms growing in them, as I said before, who feeling the heat of the Sun begin to stir, and would creep quite away, if there were not one appointed purposely to look unto them, with a small Wand or Stick, who by striking the sides of the Sheet, causeth them to fall down into the middle again, till they be all dead, and dried so sufficiently with the heat of the Sun, that they may be easily done into Powder. Some use to put them into a Bag or Boulter, and shake them in the Sun, and sometimes dry them in an Oven, and afterwards bring them to the Market, and sell them to the Merchants, who direct them into all parts where they have good vent for them. The Crimson Silk that is appointed in this Confection, is not to be that which is died after the ordinary manner, because they use many things in the doing of it, which are not safe to be taken inwardly, and therefore some have used to draw a tincture out of the dried Berries, but there is a safer course now devised, namely to steep the raw silk, that hath had no Art pass upon it, in the true Juice of the Chermes Berries, which being imbibed and sufficiently coloured, the Juice after boiling and streining is fit to be used. Both the Pulp and Shells are used by those of Candy for dying, but the richer Dye, which is made of the Pulp, is four times dearer than that, which is made of the Bladders or Shells.    

CHAP. CCCXVIII. Of Ground-pine or Herb Ivy.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ghamaepitys, which name the Latines many times use, quasi humipinus vel picea, it a little resembling the Pine in the form of the Leaves, but more in the smell of the root: It is also called in Latin Ajuga, but more properly Abiga, not ab Abietis odoré, because it smells like Fir, as Pena thinketh, but as most conceive, ab abigendo partu, & procurando abortu: Some call it also Thus terrae from its smell, others Iva Arthretica, or rather Arthrytica, because it helpeth the Gout and other Joint aches. It is called in English, Herb Ivy; Forget me not, Ground Pine, and Field Cypress.   

The Kinds.  
Of Ground pine there be these four sorts: 1. The ordinary or Common Ground-pine. 2. The sweet Ground-pine. 3. Clusius his Ground-pine of Austria. 4. Bastard Ground-pine.   

The Form.  
The Common Ground-pine groweth low, seldom rising to be above the height of an hand-breadth, shooting forth divers small branches, set with slender small, long, narrow, grey, whitish Leaves, somewhat hairy and divided into three parts many times, many bushing together at a Joint, and sometimes also some growing scatteredly upon the Stalks, smelling somewhat strong like unto Rosen or Pitch; the Flowers are small, and of a pale yellow colour, growing from the Joints of the Stalks all along amongst the Leaves, after which come small, long and round Husks; the root is small and woody, perishing every year.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in divers places of Kent very plentifully, especially about Grave end, Cobham Southfleet, Horton, Dartford and Sutton, and is taken into the Gardens of those that know the use of it. The second was seen by Pena on the dry Hills and higher Meadows of Savoy: the third groweth about Vienna in Austria; the last in divers unmanured places of Spain: They all flower in June and July, and give their Seed about August.   

The Temperature.  
Ground-pine is hot in the second degree, and dry in the third.   

The Virtues.  
The Decoction of Ground-pine drunk, doth not only mervailously help all the diseases of the Mother, but procureth women's Courses, expelleth the Dead-birth, and Afterbirth, yea it is so powerful upon those feminine parts, that it is utterly forbidden to Women with Child, in that it will cause abortment or delivery before the time, in those that have not fulfilled their Months, but in those that have, it furthereth deliverance as much as may be, as well applied outwardly, as used inwardly. The said Decoction doth wonderfully prevail against the Strangury and Stops of Urine, or any inward pain rising from the diseases of the Reins, and is exceeding good also for all obstructions of the Liver and Spleen, for it cleanseth gr●sse and impu●e blood, expelling that which is congealed, and gently opening the body, for which purpose the powder thereof was formerly made up in Pills, with the Pulp of Figgs: It is effectual also in all the pains and diseases of the Joints, as Gouts, Gramps, Palsies, Sciatica and Aches, either the Decoction of the herb in Wine taken inwardly, or applied outwardly, or both for some time together; for which purpose the Pills, which are made with the powder of Ground pine, Hermodactyles, and Venice Turpentine, are very effectual. The said Pi●s continued for some time are of special use for the Dropsy, Jaundice, and also for those that have any griping pains in the Belly, or Joints. It helpeth also all diseases of the Brain, proceeding from cold and phlegmatic humours, and distillations, as also for the Falling Sickness. It is an especial remedy also against the poison of all sorts of Aconites, and other poysonful herbs, neither is it less powerful against the stinging of the Scorpion, and all other venomous Creatures. The green herb, or the Decoction thereof being applied to women's Breasts, dissolveth the hardness of them, as also all other hard tumours in any other part of the Body: The green herb or the juice thereof applied with some Honey, doth not only cleanse putrid, stinking, foul, malignant and virulent Ulcers and Sores of all sorts, but healeth and sodereth up the lips of green Wounds in any part also. The herb tunned up in drink and drank, is very much commended for those inward griefs aforementioned, being fare more acceptable to weak or dainty stomaches, and this way is almost as effectual as any other. The distilled Water of the herb hath the same effects also, but more weakly. The Conserve of the Flowers doth the like, which is much commended for the Palsy, as the Pills made of the herb, with a number of other Ingredients also are.    

CHAP. CCCXIX Of the Savine-Tree or Bush.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Brathus, Brathy, and Barathron, in Latin, Sabina and Savina, which are the more ordinary names, yet some have called it Savinera. Some think it to be the Bruta arbour Plinii, being taken from Brath● by the transposition of a Letter, and Savina altera to be the same, which he saith was called Cupressus Cretica, but some are of another opinion.   

The Kinds.  
There be but three sorts of Savine that I can find, for though perhaps some may think, that that which beareth berries, and that which beareth none to be different kinds, yet they are not, for the same tree which beareth berries in the natural places, beareth none with us, so that there be but three kinds as I said. 1. The ordinary Savine Tree. 2. The greater berried Savine Tree. 3. Gentle Savine with Berries.   

The Form.  
The ordinary Savine which groweth most commonly in the Gardens of our Country, is a pretty low Shrub, seldom exceeding the height of a Man, nor much bigger in the Stem or Trunk then a Man's arm, with many crooked bending boughs and branches, whereon are set many small, short, hard and prickly Leaves, of a dark green colour, which continue fresh both Winter and Summer: Though it be reported to bear small black Berries like unto Juniper, where it groweth naturally, yet with Us it is commonly barren, both of Flowers and Fruit: The Leaves are of a rank or strong smell.   

The Places and Time.  
The places where the first groweth naturally are Candy, Mysia, and other of the Eastern Countries; but since it hath been brought from thence, it hath been so dispersed and propagated by the slips, that there is hardly a Country Town but one or another hath it, (and the biggest that ever I saw was in Thomas Poultons' Garden at Barford) yet those that have it would do well to keep it under lock and key, and to suffer no body to have any thereof, unless it be for some honest use, the contrary whereof is sometimes made. The second groweth in the mountain Taurus, Amanus and Olympus. The last upon the mountains of Calabria and Apulia by Naples, as also near Gratianople: these two last are also found in some of our more curious Gardens, as in that of John Tradescants Garden at Lambeth, etc. They abide ever green, and show their ripe Berries not until Winter.   

The Temperature.  
The Leaves of Savine which are of greatest use in Medicine, are hot and dry in the third degree, and of subtle parts.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
That exquisite discoverer of Signatures Oswald Crollius, in his Book upon that Subject, declareth that Savine hath the Signature of the Veins of the Matrix or Womb, and therefore it is exceeding powerful in its operation upon that part, for the Decoction thereof drank, not only provoke women's Courses, send forth the Birth and Afterbirth, but causeth Abortion in those that take it before they have gone out their full time, and therefore, as I said, it is not to be permitted to those, whom you suspect to desire it for any such occasion, as some Harlots do. The said Decoction expelleth blood by Urine, and is profitable for the King's Evil A dram of Savine in Powder, mixed with three ounces of Niter, and two of Honey, doth wonderfully help such as are shortwinded, as Matthiolus saith: It killeth the Worms in Children, but it is safer to use it outwardly, then inwardly, by applying it to the Navel, or by anointing the Belly with the Oil thereof. The sum of the Decoction taken underneath, provoketh the Courses, bringeth away the Birth and Afterbirth. The Powder of the dried Leaves mixed with Honey, is an excellent remedy to cleanse old filthy Ulcers, and Fistulaes', especially if they be of long continuance, and not easy to be helped, for it resisteth putrefaction, and digesteth them exceedingly; yet it being so hot and dry, is altogether unapt for consolidating or healing them. The said powder mixed with Cream, or the green Leaves boiled in Cream and anointed on the heads of Children, which have Scabs, running or dry Sores, cleanseth them throughly, and healeth them, as also Saint Anthony's fire. The fresh Leaves bruised and laid upon running and fretting Cancers, and the like, as Tetters, Ringworms, etc. killeth and destroyeth them. The powder of the Leaves mixed with Honey, taketh away all Spots and Freckles from the Face or Body being applied thereunto, and so it helpeth the Blisters of the Yard, that are gotten by dealing with unclean Women, after they have been bathed with the Decoction of the Leaves, as the Powder of the Leaves being strewed thereupon doth also. Being given to Horses, or other Cattle in their drink, it is effectual for the Bots and the smoke thereof burned, cureth Hens that have gotten the pip. The distilled Water thereof, helpeth those that have the Worms, and is effectual also for them that have a giddiness in their Brains. The same doth cleanse the Skin from Spots and Marks, and other deformities therein.    

CHAP. CCCXX. Of the Birch-tree.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Semuda by Theophrastus, by others 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Semus and Semos, in Latin Betula, and sometimes Betulla, from the old Verb Batuo, signifying to beat, because it was and is often used for that purpose.   

The Form.  
The Birch Tree groweth in many places to be a goodly tall straight tree, fraught with many boughs, & other slender branches bending downwards, the elder being covered with a discoloured rough chapped bark, but those that are younger, are browner by much, having under them another fine white thin rind or bark. The Leaves at their first breaking out are crumpled, but afterwards they become somewhat smother, not much unlike those of the Beech-Tree, but smaller, and greener, with dents about the Edges: It beareth small and short Catkins, somewhat like to those of the Hazel Nut tree, which abide on the branches a long time, wherein the seed is contained, but at length falls to the ground.   

The Places and Time.  
Though the Birch Tree grow frequently in some Countries, yet in others it is very rare, as is in some parts of Oxford and Northamptonshires, where they are set in Gardens, as rarities, as in the Garden of my much honoured Friend John Cartwright Esquire, at his house in Aino. I remember once as I rid through little Brickhill in Buckingham-shire, which is a Town standing upon London Road, between Dunstable and Stony Stratford, every Signpost in the town almost, was bedecked with green Birch, so that in that Country it seems to be very plentiful. The Catkins come forth in April, and the Leaves soon after, but the Seed is not ripe until September.   

The Temperature.  
The Leaves of the Birch Tree are thought to be cooling, but the Bark and Catkins are hot.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The inner bark of the Birch-tree, saith the said Crollius, whom I quoted in the Chapter immediately going before, hath the Signature of the Matrix with the bloody veins thereof, and therefore the decoction thereof provoketh women's Courses, expelleth the Afterbirth, and carrieth away all manner of superfluity from the Womb. The juice of the Leaves while they are young, or the distilled Water of them, or the Water that cometh out of the Tree being bored with an Auger, taken either before, or after it is distilled again, is held to be very available to break the Stone in the Kidneys, or Bladder, and is also good to wash sore mouths, for which purposes a Lie made of the inner bark of the Birch-tree is likewise effectual. The civil uses whereunto the Birch-tree serveth are many, as for the punishment of Children both at home and at School, for it hath an admirable influence upon them, to quiet them when they are out of Order, and therefore some call it Make-peace: The old Roman Magistrates had it born in bundles before them, as an Ensign, and Instrument of Justice to be executed upon petty Offenders; it is used also to Hoop Casks, bind Faggots, make Besoms, etc.  
Having thus dispatched these Simples which are appropriated to the Womb, I pass on now to those that are available for Ruptures, which Disease is caused by the breaking or loosening of the Rim, or Film of the Belly, so that the Guts fall into the Cod. It happeneth most commonly to young Children, and those of the male-kind, yet sometimes Females, and elder persons are troubled therewith, so that it will be very requisite to speak of some particular Plants, that are very effectual for this purpose.    

CHAP. CCCXXI Of Rupturewort.  

The Names.  
IT is uncertain whether any of the ancient Greek Writers knew this herb, because we have no Greek name left for it, that we can affirm to be the true, and therefore I shall wave it. It is called in Latin Polygonum minus by Matthiolus, and Castor Durantes, Herba Cancri minor by Cordus in his Scholiastes, and Millegrana in his History of Plants, Epipactis by Anguillara, Herba Turca by Lobel, and Casalpinus, but the name which is best known, and most used by the Writers of this present age is Herniaria, being so called from its efficacy in curing the Rupture, called Hernia; It is also called in English Rupture-wort, or Burstwort, because it cureth those that are bursten.   

The Kinds.  
Though some join the sorts of Rupture-wort with those of Knotgrass, whereof they are kinds, yet for their names and virtues sakes, we have reserved them for this Chapter, and there be four sorts of them: 1. Common Rupture-wort: 2. The greater Rupture-wort of Africa: 3. Rupture-wort with longer Leaves: 4. Indian Rupture-wort.   

The Form.  
Common-Rupturewort groweth with very many threddy branches, spread round upon the ground, about a span long, divided into many other smaller parts, full of small joints, set very thick together, whereat come forth two very small Leaves, of a fresh green colour, as the Branches also are, whereat there do grow forth also a number of exceeding small yellowish flowers, scarce to be discerned from the Stalks and Leaves, which turn into Seeds as small as dust. The Root is long and small, thrusting down deep into the ground; the taste hereof is scarce perceivable at the first, yet after a while a little astringent taste, without any manifest heat, yet a little bitter and sharp withal, may be perceived therein.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in many places of our own Land, as well as in others, in dry barren grounds where it will be small, and in the moister places also, but not boggy or moorish, that are not shadowed, and is for its usefulness brought into Physick-Gardens of the greatest note; the second groweth in Africa near Tunis; the third in the dry cha●k or stony grounds of Kent, and other countries'; the fourth in America, as Monardus saith. They flourish and flower in the months of May, June, July, and August.   

The Temperature.  
Rupture-wort doth notably dry, and throughly closeth up together and fasteneth.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
Rupture-wort, saith mine Author, hath such a Signature, that thereby it may be perceived to be profitable for the falling down of the Guts into the Cod, which is commonly called Burstness, and indeed it hath neither its Signature, nor its Name in vain, for it hath been found by divers experiences, to help and cure the Rupture, not only in Children, but also in elder Persons, if the Disease be not too inveterate, a dram of the powder of the dried herb being taken in Wine every day, for certain days together, as the strength of the Disease & age of the Patient shall require, for the older people are, and the longer it is let alone, the longer it will be before it be cured; or the Decoction made of the Herb in wine, and drunk, or the juice of the distilled water of the green herb taken in the same manner; It is also wonderfully effectual for helping all manner of Fluxes, either of men or women, Vomiting also, and the Gonorrhoea, or Running of the Reins, being taken any of the ways aforesaid; It doth most assuredly help those also that are grieved with the Strangury, or have their Urine otherwise stopped, or are troubled with the Stone or Gravel in the Reins or Bladder, causing them that take it to make water very freely, and thereby to remove and wash down whatsoever sticketh, or is offensive in the passages of the Urine: The same also helpeth much all Stitches in the Side, all griping pains in the Stomach or Belly, the obstructions of the Liver, and cureth the Yellow Jaundice likewise, and killeth Worms in Children. Being outwardly applied, it conglutinateth Wounds very notably, and helpeth much to stay defluctions of Rheum from the Head, to the Eyes, Nose, and Teeth, the green Herb being bruised and bound thereto; or the Decoction of the dried Herb to bathe the Forehead and Temples, or the Nape of the Neck behind. It also drieth up the moisture of Fistulous Ulcers, or any others that are foul and spreading. The lesser Rupture-wort hath all the faculties of the other, though not so exactly. Monardus writeth, that the Indian Rupture-wort is mervailously good for them that are bursten, whether they be Children or Men that are so grieved, the green Herb being bruised and applied to the place, whereunto a Truss must afterwards be bound.    

CHAP. CCCXXII. Of Thorough-wax.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Latin Perfoliata (for it hath no certain Greek name that I can meet with) quod caulis ejus singula folia dissecat, atque penetrate, because the Stalk groweth through the Leaves, and therefore we call it in English Thorough-wax, or Thorough-leaf.   

The Kinds.  
To this Kind may be referred these nine sorts following; 1. Common Thorough-wax: 2. Double-flowred Thorough-wax: 3. Broadleafed Mountain Thorough-wax: 4. The lesser broadleafed Mountain Thorough-wax: 5. The greater narrow-leafed Mountain Thorough-wax: 6. The lesser narrow-leafed Mountain Thorough-wax: 7. The least narrow-leafed Mountain Thorough-wax: 8. Common codded Thorough-wax: 9 Codded Thorough-wax with purple flowers.   

The Form.  
The Common Thorough-wax groweth up with one strait round Stalk, and sometimes more, till it be half a yard high, or higher, whose lower Leaves being of a bluish green colour, are smaller and narrower than those that grow higher, standing close thereto, but not quite compassing it; yet as they grow higher, they do more and more encompass the Stalk, until they so wholly close together, that it passeth almost through the middle of them, branching towards the top into many parts, where the Leaves grow smaller again, every one standing singly, and never two at a joint; the Flowers are very small and yellow, standing in tufts at the heads of the Branches, where afterwards grow the Seed, which is small and blackish, many of them being thick thrust together; the Root is small, long and woody, perishing after it hath perfected its seed, which being permitted to shed, riseth again the next year.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in many Cornfields and Pasture-grounds of this Land, as in the Cornfields about Beechen-tree, in the way between Oxford and Deddington, very plentifully, and is taken into Gardens by those that know the use of it, where by the alteration of the soil, it sometimes bears a double flower, and is reckoned as a second sort, though it be but a kind of the first; all the rest are strangers, except the last save one, which is found in our own Land. They do all flower about July, and the Seed is ripe in August, or presently after.   

The Temperature.  
Thorough-waxe is hot and dry, as may be perceived by the bitterishnesse and astringency that is in it.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The commendations of Thorough-wax are so many and so great, and the success so answerable thereunto, as also to the Signature, which Crollius saith it hath, that to omit it in this place would argue me to be very careless; Take notice therefore, that the decoction of the Herb, or the powder of the dried Herb taken inwardly, or the green Leaves bruised and applied outwardly, or both, is very singular and available to cure Ruptures or Bursting, especially in Children, before it grow to be too old. It is also an excellent Remedy to help those Children that have their Navels sticking out, being applied thereunto with a little Honey and Wax, and so it draweth up the bowels, and keepeth them in their natural place, and settleth them and slacketh them, when they are too much windy and swollen. It is also of singular good use with Surgeons for all sorts of Bruises and Wounds, either inward or outward, and old Ulcers and Sores likewise, if the decoction of the Herb made with Water or Wine be drunk, and the places washed therewith, or the juice or green herb bruised and boiled, either by itself, or with other herbs, in Oil or Swines-greace, be made into an Ointment, which may be used as any time of the year. The Herb, as also the distilled Water thereof, is very good against St. Anthony's Fire, and the Shingles. The green Leaves being stamped and boiled with Wax, Oil, Rosin, and Turpentine, maketh an excellent Ointment or Salve, to incarnate or bring up flesh in deep ●●unds.    

CHAP. CCCXXIII. Of Solomons-Seale.  

The Names.  
ITt is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Polygonatum, from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 multus, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 genu, because of the many Knees, Joints, or Nodes, that are in the Root; in Latin also Polygonatum, but more usually Sigillum Solomoni●, because the flat round circles that are upon the Root, do somewhat represent a Seal, or else because of the wonderful faculty that it hath in sealing or closing Burstennesses, or green Wounds. It is also called Scala caeli, because the Leaves grow not together, but one above another, imitating the rounds of some fashioned Ladders. We call it in English Solomons-seale from the ordinary Latin name, and sometime White-wort, or White 〈…〉.   

The Kinds.  
The sorts of Solomons-seale that I find mentioned by Authors, are twelve; 1. Common Solomons-seal; 2. Great Solomons-seal: 3. The great-flowred Solomons-seal: 4. The greatest leased Solomon's seal: 5. Small Solomons-seale: 6. Broadleafed branched Solomons-seal: 7. Solomons-seal of Virginia: 8. Cl●●ter-like Solomons-seal of America: 9 Solomons-seal of Brasil: 10. The greater and lesser thorough-leafed yellow Solomons-Seal of America: 11. Narrow-leafed Solomons-seal: 12. Branched small Solomons-seal.   

The Form.  
The Common Solomons-seale groweth with a round Stalk about half a yard high, bowing or bending down the top, set with single Leaves one above another, which are somewhat large, and like unto the Leaves of the May Lily, of a bluish green colour, with some ribs therein, and a little yellowish underneath; it hath at the foot of every Leaf, almost from the bottom, small, long, white, and yellow pendulous flowers, like unto those of the May Lily also, but ending in five longer points, for the most part two together, at the end of a small foot-stalk, standing all on one side the Stalk under the Leaves; which being passed, there appear round berries, green at first, but afterwards of a blackish green, tending to blewness, wherein lieth small, white, hard, stony Seed. The Root is white and thick, full of knobs or joints, which in some places resemble the mark of a Seal; the taste thereof is at first sweet, but afterwards bitter, and somewhat sharp.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in divers places of this Land, as in a Wood two miles from Canterbury, by Fish-poole Hill, as also between Newington and Sittingburne in Kent, in Surrey about Horsely, in Wiltshire about Alderbury, in Ham●shire about Odiam, etc. The rest are not found in England, unless it be in the Gardens of the most ingenuous Herbalists. The Flowers of the common sort are ripe in May, and they seed in September.   

The Temperature.  
The roots of Solomons-seale which are most in use, are hot and dry, containing in them a certain kind of astriction, or binding and biting withal.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The Roots of Solomons-seale do, by the Impress that is set upon them, signify the wonderful virtue they have in sealing or closing up the Rim of the Belly, when it is so bursten, that the great Guts fall down into the Cod, if the Decoction in Wine, or the Powder in Broth or Drink be taken inwardly, and outwardly applied to the place: It is also very available in all other Hurts, Wounds, or outward Sores, to heal and close up the lips of those that are green, and to dry up and restrain the Flux of Humours into those that are old: It is singular good to stay Vomitings, and also Bleedings, wheresoever, as also all Fluxes in Man or Woman, whether they be the Running of the Reins in Men, or the Whites or Reds in Women: The people of divers Countries of this Land, have found by late experience, that it is incomparably good to knit and join broken bones in any part of the Body, even in those which by any weakness use to be often out of place, or will not stay in long when, they are set, the Roots being bruised and applied to the place, but the Decoction of the Root in Wine, or the bruised Root put in Wine or other Drink, and after a night's infusion, strained forth hard and drunk, soddereth and glueth together broken Bones very speedily and strangely, though the Bones be but slenderly and unhandsomely placed and wrapped up, and this it doth not only in Man, but in beasts also, the Roots being stamped and outwardly applied in manner of a Pultis: The same also is available for inward or outward Bruises, Falls, or Blows, both to dispel the congealed Blood, and to take away both the pains, and the black and blue marks that abide after the hurt. Some Authors do affirm, that the powder of the Herb, or of the Seed, purgeth Phlegm and viscous humours very notably, both upward and downward, and it is said also, that the Root chewed in the Mouth, draweth down much Phlegm out of the Head, and put up into the Nostrils causeth sneezing; but the distilled Water of the whole Herb doth without question cleanse the skin from Morphew, Freckles, Spots, or other marks whatsoever, leaving the place fresh, fair, and lovely, after it hath been a few times washed therewith.    

CHAP. CCCXXIV. Of the Balsam Apple.  

The Names.  
IT is not conceived that the Greek Writers had any knowledge of this Plant, because the name thereof is not so much as found amongst their Writings, and therefore it is, that the Latin Appellations do so much differ, there being no Antiquity to build upon. Cordus calleth it Cucumis puniceus; Gesner, Balsamina pomisera; Lobel. Balsamina Cucumerina pun●cea, but the most usual name is Balsamine, from the healing property that is in it, the Oil wherein the Apples of it have been steeped, being in many things as effectual, as the liquor of the Plant Balsa 〈…〉. It is called in English the Balsam Apple, or Apple of Jerusalem.   

The Kinds.  
The Kinds hereof are not very numerous, being distinguished into two only: 1. The Male Balsam Apple▪ 2. The Female Balsam Apple.   

The Form.  
The Male Balsam Apple springeth up with divers slender reddish Stalks and Branches, shooting forth many clasping Tendrels like a Vine, whereby it taketh hold of any Pole, or other thing that standeth near it, or else, no such thing being near, it lieth upon the ground, not being able to support itself, having the Leaves thereon cut in on the edges into sundry divisions, like unto those of the White Briony, but much smaller, tenderer, and more divided: The Flowers are yellowish white, like unto those of the Cucumber, coming out at the joints with the Leaves as they do; after which cometh the Fruit, which is somewhat long and round, pointed at both ends, and bunched on the out side with rows, the Skin itself being smooth and very red, the Pulp being reddish also, within which is the Seed, which is rough, hard, flat, and reddish, when it is first taken out, but after it is dried it is of a grayish black colour, somewhat like unto the Citrul seeds for form and bigness: The Roots are small and stringy, yet creeping a good way within the earth.   

The Places and Times  
These Plants do at present acknowledge no natural place of abode, but they are entertained as Sojourners in many of the Gardens of Italy, where they come to perfection, and their seed is sent over unto us, which with labour and industry is made to grow with us; but our cold nights being over-early, the whole Herb withereth before the Fruit be ripe, it being also late before it flowreth.   

The Temperature.  
The Male Balsame-Apple is of a notable drying quality, having withal a certain moderate coldness.   

The Virtues.  
The powder of the Leaves taken in the distilled Water of Horse-tail or Plantain, which are both good for this distemper, is a singular Remedy for the Rupture or Bursting in Children, and so it doth being drunk in Wine. A Decoction of the Leaves in Wine, or the powder thereof being drunk in the said Liquor, is affirmed to ease the griping pains of the Bowels, and the Colic passion, as also of the Mother, if it be injected with a Syringe for the purpose. The Oil that is made of the Apples, by infusing them in Oil Olive, is effectual not only for inward Wounds or hurts whatsoever, being drunk, but for all outward Wounds that are fresh and green, to sodder the Lips of them and heal them, as also to dry up the moisture of old and inveterate Ulcers, which hinder them from healing, and so cause them to heal quickly. The said Oil is also very profitable for all pricks or hurts in the Sinews, as also for Cramps and Convulsions, if the places be therewith anointed, and to heal Ulcers in the Secret parts of Man or Woman, or in women's Breasts. It gives much ease likewise to Women that are in great extremity of Childbirth, in taking away the pain of the Womb, and causing easy deliverance, if it be applied to the place; and being anointed upon the Bellies of those Women that are barren, by reason of any superfluous humidity, it causeth them to become fruitful; It cureth the Piles and other pains of the Fundament, if it be applied with Lint, such as the Surgeons use: It is of great force to take away either burn by Fire, or scaldings by Water; it taketh away those blemishes or scars that remain of Wounds and Hurts, being healed, and taketh away the pains of the stingings of Bees and Waspss. The Female is thought to come somewhat near unto the Male both in temperature and virtues, though the Form be somewhat different.    

CHAP. CCCXXV. Of Doves-foot, or Cranes-bill.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Geranium, which is a general name to all the Crantsbills', whose small heads with long slender beaks pointing forth, do very much resemble the Head and Bill of a Crane. It is called Geranium also in Latin, as also Gruinalis, Rostrum Gruis, or Gruinum, and Rostrum Ciconia, for the like reason. But because there be many Plants belonging to this Family, therefore there be divers Epithets added to distinguish them, as Geranium Columbinum, Geranium Muscatum, Geranium Arvense, Geranium Batrachoides, sive Gratia Dei Germanorum, Geranium Rupertianum, etc. We call them in English Doves-foot, Musked Cranes-bill, unsavoury Cranes-bill, Crowfoot Cranes-bill, Herb Robert, etc.   

The Kinds.  
Though there be divers Cranes-bills that grow not where in England, unless they be fostered in Gardens, yet I shall name only those which are spontaneous, and they are eleven; 1. The Common Doves-foot or Cranes-bil: 2. Doves-foot with Leaves like unto the Vervain Mallow: 3. Unsavoury field Cranes-bill: 4. Unsavoury field▪ Cranes-bill with white flowers: 5. Crowfoot Cranes-bill: 6. Red or bloody Cranes-bill: 7. Creeping Cranes-bill: 8. Musked Cranes-bill: 9 Herb Robert: 10. Great Herb Robert: 11. Rock Cranes-bill.   

The Form.  
The Common Doves-foot, or Cranes-bill, groweth with divers small, round, pale, green Leaves, cut in about the edges, more than those of the Common Mallow, to which they are compared, though they be much lesser, standing upon long radish hairy Stalks, lying in a round compass upon the ground, amongst which rise up two or three radish, jointed, slender, weak, & hairy Stalks, with some such like Leaves as the former, but smaller, and more cut in up to the tops, where grow many very small, bright, red Flowers, of five Leaves a piece, after which cometh the Seed, which is like to a Cranes or Storks bill, whereby all that pertain to this Family are known. The Root is slender, with some Fibres annexed thereunto.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth very frequently in most places of this Land, both in Gardens and elsewhere; the second is found in some Pastures also, but not so frequently as the former; the third is more commonly found in the ●orn fields, than in other places, where the fourth is sometimes f●u●d; the fifth in moist Meadows; the sixth about St. Vincent● Rock, near Brist●ll; the seventh by Wal●orth; the eighth groweth also naturally in some barren High ways, though it be taken into 〈…〉 dens for its sweet smell; the ninth groweth upon old Walls, especially those which are capped with mud, and amongst rubbish, and sometime upon Slated houses, and so doth the tenth, but not so commonly as the other; the last groweth only upon Stone walls, and in some Quarries whence Stones are d●gged▪ They do most of them flower, flourish, and continue the greatest part of Summer, without any sensible decay.   

The Temperature.  
Dove's foot▪ which is the Plantal most a●m at in this Chapter, is cold and somewhat dry, with some astriction or binding, having some power to sodder or join together.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
It is very certain that the Herb and Root o● Doves-foot dried, beaten into fine powder, and then given to the quantity of half a spoonful, fasting, and as much at night upon going to bed, in Red Wine or O●d Claret, for the space of twenty days, or thereabouts, without intermission of a day, is of wonderful efficacy to cure Ruptures of B●rstings, whether it be in young or old; but if the Ruptures be in aged persons, it will be somewhat necessary to add thereunto the powder of ●●ne Red ●aailes, that are without Shells, dried in an Oven, which fortifieth the powder of the Herb that it never faileth. It hath also the reputation of being singular good for the Wind-colic, and other pains of the Belly, proceeding from Wind, as also to expel the S●one and Gravel in the Kidneys, the decoction thereof being drunk, or used as a Bath made thereof to sit in, or to be fomented with. The decoction thereof in Wine, is an exceeding good Wound-drink, for any to take that have either inward Wounds, Hurts, or Bruises, both to stay the bleeding, to dissolve and expel the congealed blood, and to heal the parts: Being made into a Salve, with fit Ingredients, and applied to any outward Sores, Ulcers, or Fistulaes', it perfectly cleanseth and healeth them; and for green Wounds, many do but bruise the Herb and apply it to the place wheresoever it be, and it will quickly heal them; the s●me decoction in Wine fomented to any place pained with the Gout, giveth much ease; it doth the same also to all join-ache, or pains of the Sinews; the unsavoury Field-Cranes-bill are of a near temperature with Doves-foot, and may perform all the properties found in them, but it is approvedly good to expel all windiness of the Mother, and to settle it in its place, when it is fallen down, a dram of the powder thereof being drunk in Wine: It is also good for Wounds and Ulcers, and the distilled Water thereof taketh away Bruises and black Spots. The Crowfoot Cranes-bill hath the Signature of the Shank-bone, and therefore the powder thereof taken in Wine, is of singular use for those that have any Bones broken. The bloody Cranes-bill is found by the Signature thereof, to be also effectual both in inward and outward Wounds, either the decoction of the Herb or the powder of the Leaves and Roots, being used as the cause shall require, as also to stay all manner of Bleeding, Vomiting, or Fluxes, either in Man or Woman▪ Herb Robert is generally commended for the same qualities, besides it is good against the Stone, and is effectual in old Ulcers, even in the Secret parts.    

CHAP. CCCXXVI. Of the Elm.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ptelea, in Latin Vl●us, in English the Elm, and the Elme-tree.   

The Kinds.  
There were but two sorts of Elms, known to the Ancients, for though Pliny seem to make four, Attinia, Gal●ica, Nostras, and Sylvestria, yet they are reducible to two, for Attinia and Gallica, and so likewise Nostras and Sylvestris, were the same, as Collumella plainly setteth down, one whereof he calleth Vlmus Gallica, and the other Vernacula, which is Italica: Theophrastus also maketh but two sorts, Montiulmus, se● Montosa Vlmus, and Campestris Vlmus, yet the more Modern Writers make mention of four; 1. The Common Elm: 2. Broadleafed Elm, or Witch-Hasel: 3. Smooth-leafed Elm, or Witch-Elme: 4. The lesser Elm.   

The Form.  
The Common Elm groweth to be a very great Tree, with a Body of a very large size, covered with a thick rough bark, chapped or cracked in many places, but that on the branches is smother, as it happeneth in the Oak, Willow, Wallnut and divers other trees; the blossoms, that appear before the Leaves come forth, are like small tassels of red threads, which falling away, there come up in their stead broad, flat, whitish Skins, which are the Seed, and fall away by degrees, some quickly, and some again continue till the Leaves are fully come forth, and after: the Leaves are of a sad green colour, somewhat round, yet pointed at the ends, rough and crumpled for the most part, and dented about the edges, one side of the Leaf next the Stalk being longer than the other, on which do grow certain small Bladders, or Blisters, containing small Worms in them: The Wood or Timber of it is of a dark reddish yellow colour, very tough and serviceable to make Pumps, and Pipes to convey water underground, as also to make Beams, Rafters, or Transomes, and many other uses, where it may be always moist, or always dry, but where it is subject to all Wethers, it endureth not so long as the Oak.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth very frequently in every County of this Land, as the second also doth in some countries', as much, or rather more than the first; the third is to be seen in divers Woods growing in Essox; the fourth groweth also in England according to Master Goodyer, but the place is not particularly expressed. They all blossom before the Leaves come forth, and the Seed is ripe not long after the Leaves are come to their full bigness.   

The Temperature.  
Both the Leaves and Bark of the Elm be moderately hot, with an evident clearsing faculty, being also of a certain clammy and glewing quality.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
Those Bladders or Blisters that grow upon the Leaves of the Elm, are said by Crollius to have the Signature of a Rupture, the Guts coming through the Rim of the Belly, maketh the Cod's like unto it; and therefore he saith, that the water contained in those Bladders, is of much force to close up Burstennesses,  being often wet in the water that comes forth out of these, and applied thereunto, but than it must be afterwards bound with a truss; and thus much Matthiolus also affirmeth: The said Water, while it is fresh, is very effectually used to cleanse the Skin, and make it fair, whether of the face, or any other part: The same also being put into a glass, and set in the ground, or else in Horse dung, for the space of twenty five days, the mouth thereof being close stopped, and then the bottom set upon a lay of ordinary salt, that the Feces may settle, and Water become very clea●, is so singular and sovereign a Balsam for green Wounds; that there can hardly be a better, being applied to them with soft tents. The decoction of the bark of the Root fomented, mollifieth hard Tumours, and the shrinking of the Sin●wes. The Roots of the Elm boiled for a long time in Water, and the Fat rising on the top thereof, being clean scummed off, and anointed upon any place where the hair is fallen away, it will cause the same to come again very quickly. The said Bark being ground with Brine or Pickle, until it come to the form of a Pultis, is an excellent Remedy for the Gout, if it be applied to the pained place. The Decoction of the middle Bark of the Branches being thin sliced, is very good to bathe those places, which have been burnt with Fire, or scalded with Water. The ●aid Bark being boiled in Vinegar, and some Syrup of Mulberries mixed therewith, is so repercussive, that it causeth the Wula, or  that is fallen down to go up again very speedily. The same Bark being infused in Cream, is good▪ for the Shingles, and other such like eruptions of the Skin, especially if the juice of House leek ●e added thereunto, and being boiled only in water, and the Head washed therewith it cleanseth it from all manner of Scurf and Dandraff as it doth the Leprosy, from that and other parts of the Body, as the green Leaves stamped with Vinegar are said to do also. The Leaves hereof bruised and applied, healeth green Wounds, being bound thereto with its own Bark. The decoction of the Leaves, Bark, or Root, being bathed, healeth broken bones. It hath been observed, that Bees prosper not well where many Elms grow, for if they feed upon the Blooming or Seed, as they are apt to do, it will put them into such a looseness, that unless they have speedy help, they will have much ado to keep their lives.  
There be divers other things commended for Ruptures, as the Roots of Aron, the Roots of Orpine, Avens, Wood-Betony, Bistort, Comfrey, Calamint, Birdsfoot, Daisies, Gentian, Golden-rod, Horse-tail, and divers others, which I have formerly, and shall hereafter treat of. And now I pass on to the last head, which concerns the lower Region, and that is about the diseases of the Privy Members; and because the French Pox is a Malady, which for the most part comes by the immoderate use of Venery, and is communicated to some by one Act only with another that hath them, by which botches do at first grow in the Groin, though afterwards the whole frame of the Body is infected, and other evil Accidents are procured, therefore I shall first proceed to declare what Simples are most used in that Disease, and afterwards make mention of some others, that are profitable for some other distempers, happening about those parts.    

CHAP. CCCXXVII. Of Guajacum.  

The Names.  
IT is not likely that this Commodity should have any Greek name, the Ancients never having any knowledge of that part of the World. The West Indians, from whence it first came, call it Guayacan, and from thence it is called in Latin Guajacum, by some Lignum Indicum, Lignum Sanctum, and Lignum Vitae: In English Pockwood, for its excellency in curing the French Pox, and sometimes Indian Packwood, because it is brought from the West Indies.   

The Kinds.  
I find three sorts of Guajacum mentioned by some later Writers: 1. The true Guajacum, or Indian Pockwood. 2. A West-Indian tree like Guajacum. 3. A differing Indian Guajacum.   

The Form.  
This Tree, whereof Guajacum is the wood, groweth to be of the bigness of an Oak, with a reasonable thick greenish gummy bark, spread with sundry Arms, and Branches both great and small, and on them winged Leaves, set by coup●es one against another, which are but small, thick, hard, and round almost, with divers veins in them, abiding always green upon the branches; at the joints and ends of the branches come forth many flowers, standing in a tuft together, every one upon a long footstalke, consisting of six whitish yellow Leaves, not very great, with some threads in the middle, which afterwards turn into flat yellowish gristly fruit of the fashion of the seed Vessel of Thlaspi, or else o● Shepherd's purse with two divisions likewise, having in the one side a gristly seed almost as hard as horn, the other being for the most part empty, hanging down together by their long footstalkes: it yields also a Gum or Rosi● of a dark colour, which will easily burn.   

The Places and Time.  
All the three sorts of Guajacum grow in the West Indies, and the first especially about S●anto Do●ingo, whence this disease was originally brought to the King of Spain's Camp, which was at Naples, in the year 1493. he being then treating of peace with the French King whose Army was thereabouts also, and in a short time after infected with it: The Frenchmen thought that they got it by accompanying with the Spaniards, as indeed they did, and therefore they called it the Spanish Scab▪ yet the spaniards thought that the French had given it to them, and they called it the French Pox: Others called it the Disease of Naples, because it arose in those Coasts, as they supposed, when as truly it came from the West Indies, and therefore some call it the Measells of the Indies. Whence Monard●● observes, that God Almighty would so have it, that as these Pox came from those parts, so should a Remedy be brought thence also, Diseases and their Remedies commonly arising in the same Climate, which is a wonderful Act of Providence.   

The Temperature.  
Guajacum or Pockwood is hot and dry in the second degree, and hath a cleansing faculty.   

The Virtues.  
The principal Prerogative, and Excellency of Guajacum is, that it is the best remedy in the world for those kind of Pox, for it provoketh Sweat, resisteth contagion and putrefaction, and cleanseth the Blood, and strengtheneth the Liver, which is a part many times affected in this disease, the decoction of the Wood being made and used after this manner. Take of Guajacum a pound, of the bark thereof two ounces, steep them in twelve or fourteen pints of Spring▪ Water, four and twenty hours, then boil them to seven or eight pints, strain it and give thereof a good draught morning and evening, and let the party sweat upon it, and if you add two ounces of Liquorish or more, and some Aniseed, it will be much more pleasant to take This decoction which was first discovered by an Indian to a Spaniard, who had suffered great pains by the Pox, is good also in the Dropsy Falling-sickness, shortness of Breath, in Catarrhs, Rheums, and cold disti●ations of the Lungs, or other parts, Coughs and Consumptions, the Gout, Sciatica, and all other Joynt-A●hes, and for cold Phlegmatic humours for the diseases of the Bladder and Reins, and for all long and lingering diseases, proceeding from cold and moist Causes: for it openeth the stops of the Liver and Spleen, warms and comforts the stomach and entrails, and is good in Scabs, Itch, Shingl●s, Leprosy, and the like, as also in Fevers, horrible Apostumations, and swell of the Belly, the Jaundice▪ etc. It maketh the teeth white and firm if they be often washed with the decoction thereof. The Bark is also given in the aforesaid Diseases from half a dram to a dram in powder, and the Gum also is sometimes used, but the Wood is of greatest use: The best kind whereof is the bl●cker, or browner, for the yellow is but the Sap as it were, the former being in a manner all Heart, yet it is all firm, hard, close, and heavy, so that it will sink in water more th●n Ebony. It is not so good for hot and dry bodies, as it is in cold and moist, and therefore for hot diseases use the more Water, and the less Wood, and for cold griefs, more Wood and less Water.    

CHAP. CCCXXVIII. Of China.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Latin (for Greek name it never had any) China, because the Root thereof was first brought from China, which is a Country of the Oriental Indies, and therefore also it is, that it is called China Radix, or Chinaea Radix; in English, as in divers other Languages it is called China, but the Chineses call it La●patan, the Arabians and Persians, Chophchina.   

The Kinds.  
The sorts of China that I find mentioned, are two; 1. The true China Root: 2. Bastard China.   

The Form.  
The China groweth up with many prickly Branches, of a reasonable great bigness, li●e unto Sarsa parilla, or the prickly Bindweed, winding itself about Trees, and hath divers Leaves growing on them, like unto broad Plantain Leaves; what Flower or Seed it beareth, I find not mentioned by any. The Root is like to the root of a great Reed, sometimes flattish, sometimes round, not smooth, but bunched and knotty, reddish for the most part on the outside, and whitish, or sometimes a little radish on the inside: the best is solid and firm, and somewhat weighty, fresh and not wormeaten, and without any taste.   

The Places and Time.  
It groweth not only in China, Malabar, Cochin, Cranganor, Tanor, and other places of the East Indies, but also in the West Indies, as Monardus saith. Though the time be not expressed by any Author that I have met with, yet I conceive it continueth green all the year long, as divers other Plants there growing do. As for the duration of the Root, it will keep good many years.   

The Temperature.  
It is immoderately hot, and very drying.   

The Virtues.  
The Root called China is not only commended, but daily proved to be most effectual in the French D●sease, the decoction thereof being made and given in manner following: Take of China Root cut thin in slices, one ounce and an half, put into it a Gallon of fair Water, and let it stand covered a night and a day, then boil it gently till about half the Water be consumed; strain it, and give about four ounces thereof in bed, for divers mornings together, if need be. The said Decoction is also profitable in Agues, whether quotidian or intermittent, or pestilential Fevers, and also Hectics and Consumptions, to rectify the evil disposition of the Liver, the inveterate pains in the Head and Stomach, which it also strengtheneth, to dry up Rheums, to help the Jaundice, and Ruptures in Children, or others, by drying up the humours, which is the cause thereof. The Palsy also may be cured by it, and so may the diseases of the Joints, as the Gout, Sciatica, and the Nodes also, or hard bunches, that sometimes grow upon the Joints. It is useful also in the ulcers of the Yard, Scabs, Leprosy, Scirrous and watery Tumours, and is good in all cold and melancholy griefs, but especially in the Dropsy and Green Sickness. Some say it provokes Lust, which is very likely, but it is not to be used in hot and dry bodies, for to such it is very hurtful: It is also sliced into thin pieces, and boiled in broth, being bound up together with a Chicken in a Linen cloth: The dose to be put therein is from two dams to four dams.    

CHAP. CCCXXIX. Of Prickly Bindweed, and Sarsa parilla.  

The Names.  
I●t is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and in Latin Smilax aspera, to distinguish it from the other sorts of Smilax, of which there be four besides this, viz. two Trees and two Herbs; the first of the two Trees is Smilax Arcadum, a soft Oak, the other is Smilax simply, and by that is meant the Yew-tree; the first of the two Herbs is Smilax lavis, smooth Bindweed,; the other is Smilax hortensis, the French or Kidney Beane: Gaza, in his translation of Theophrastus, calleth it Hedera Cilicia, because the Leaves thereof are somewhat like Ivy; and the Hetruscians call it Hedera spin●sa, because of its prickles; the Spaniards call it Zarsa parilla, or Sarsa parilla, which signifieth a small or little Vine, whereunto it is like, and therefore when they saw the like in Peru, they called it by the same name, so that it is generally so termed at this day in most Languages, yet some writ it Sarca parillia.   

The Kinds.  
Three sorts of prickly Bindweed desire a room in this place; 1. Prickly Bindweed with red Berries: 2. Prickly Bindweed with black Berries: 3. Sarsa parilla, or the prickly Bindweed of Peru, which is the most useful, and therefore I shall describe it as well as I can.   

The Form.  
Sarsa parilla, or the prickly Bindweed of Peru, springeth up with many branches, winding themselves about the poles that are stuck in the ground about them, for to climb on, having some tender pricks, like thorns growing on them, especially at the joints; it hath divers very green Leaves like unto Bindweed, but longer, and cornered like Ivy leaves; the Flowers are great and white, every one as big as a middle▪ sized dish, which opening in the morning doth sade at night, from whence the Spaniards are said to call it Buenas Noches, that is, good night: Clusius saith, that he had a small branch with three heads of seed thereon, the largest that ever he saw of that kind, for it had five leaves a piece, every one almost an inch broad and long, which seemed to be the cup of the Flower and Fruit, every head which was three-square and skinny, had within three round Seeds, as big as great Pease, of a smoky or brownish colour. The Root, like that of Smilax aspera, is down right, and full of joints or knots, from which shoot other roots or strings, which in the Indies grow to be great and long.   

The Places and Time.  
The two first grow in Italy, Spain, and other the warmer Countries throughout Europe, and Asia; but the third is found only in the Western Indies, as Peru, Virginia, and divers other places, the goodness or badness whereof is caused from the fertility or barrenness of the ground, whereon it grows, so that the Honduras being very fertile, bringeth forth the best: They flower and fructify timely enough in the warmer Climates, but in ours they soon perish, if there be not a care to keep them from the Frost and cold in Winter, but where a convenient place is provided to set them in, they will continue, as I have seen the true Sarsa parilla, if I mistake not, in the Garden▪ house of the Lord La●bert at Wimbleton, growing in a po●.   

The Temperature.  
Sarsa parilla is hot and dry in the first or second degree, of thin parts and provoketh sweat.   

The Virtues.  
The Decoction of Sarsa parilla, or the prickly Bindweed of Peru is of great force to cure those that are troubled with the French Pox, being made and administered after the way which I shall here prescribe: Take of Sarsa parilla four ounces, cut it into small parts, and afterwards infuse it into ten pints of hot water, for the space of four and twenty hours; then boil it, being close covered, till it be near half consumed, then being strained, give a good draught thereof morning and evening. It (I mean the said Decoction) is of very great use in Rheums, Gouts, cold diseases of the Head and Stomach, and expelleth Wind both from the Stomach and Mother: It helpeth all manner of Aches in the Sinews and Joints, all running Sor●s in the Legs, all cold▪ Swell, T●●ters, or Ringwormes, and all manner of Spots and foulness of the Skin. It is also good in the Catarrh, or distillation from the head, being sharp and salt, in Cancers not ulcerate, and in Tumours which are hard to be dissolved, and it hath been found by experience to be very good for the King's Evil, a dram of the powder of Sarsa, with the powder of Ruseus, or Butchers-Broom, being taken in White▪ wine or Ale, for forty days together. The same powder, having a just quantity of Tamarisk added thereto, is a good remedy in the tumour of the Spleen. The roots of the other rough Bindweeds are also used by divers of the learned and judicious instead of Sarsa parilla, with good success; for Sarsa doth not purge the body of humours manifestly, as other purgers do, being generally held to spend them by its dryness and diaphoretical quality, rather than by heat, or by going to stool: It is given as an Antidote against all sorts of poisonous or venomous things. A dozen or sixteen of the Berries beaten to powder and given in Wine, procureth Urine when it is stopped. The distilled water of the Flowers being drunk, worketh the same effect, cleanseth the reins, and assuageth inward inflammations. If the Eyes be washed therewith, it taketh away all heat and redness in them; and if the sor●s of the Legs be washed therewith, it healeth them throughly. Sarsa parilla i● not convenient to be given to those whose Livers are overhot, nor to such as have Agues.    

CHAP. CCCXXX. Of Star-wort.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latin Aster Atticus, because the Flower of it is like a Star, and that, as it is probable, it grew plentifully about Athens. It is also called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Bubonium, because it is notable for curing those Botches about the Share, called Bubones; and for a like reason it is called Inguinalis, from Inguen, signifying the groin or share. Other names it hath, as Asterion, Asteriscon, Hyopthalmon▪ and Herba stellaria; but it is generally known by the name of Aster: In English Star-wort, or Share-wort.   

The Kinds.  
There be divers sorts of Star-wort, but few of them growing in these parts, I shall mention only six, which I take to be most familiar amongst us in our Gardens: 1. The true Aster Attic, or yellow Star-wort: 2. Star-wort with Willow leaves: 3. Narrow-leafed▪ Star-wort: 4. Italian Star-wort: 5. Virginian Star-wort: 6. Fleabane-like Star-wort.   

The Form.  
The After Attic, or yellow Star-wort, riseth up with two or three; or more, hairy Stalks, about a soot high, with long, rough, or hairy, brownish, dark, green Leauès on them, divided into two or three Branches: at every one of whose tops standeth a flat scaly Head▪ compassed underneath with five or six long, brown, rough, green Leaves, standing like a Star, the Flower itself standing in the middle thereof, is made as a border of narrow, long, pale, yellow Leaves, set with brownish yellow Thrums, which turning into Down, are carried away with the Wind. The Root is very fibrous, of a binding and sharp taste.   

The Places and Time.  
Though the Attitk After grew very plentifully about Athens, as the name seemeth to import, yet it is said to grow in other places also, as upon Hamstead Heath, four miles from London, as the fourth also doth, according to one of our English Herbarists; the second is to be sound in divers Gardens here in England, and so is the third, but not so familiarly▪ the name of the fifth speaks its Country; the last groweth naturally in many places of out own Land, in moist or shadowy places: They all flower about June or July.   

The Temperature.  
Star-wort is said to be cooling and drying; It doth moderately waste and consume, especially while it is yet soft and new gathered.   

The Virtues.  
Not only the name of Buboninus, but also the testimony of Dioscorides, do give us to understand, that the Leaves of the Flowers boiled in Water, have been of a long time held to be good for the pains and sorts in the Groin, as also the use of the fresh h●rb in Oyl● to anoint the place, and likewise if the dried Flowers be bound to the place that is grieved, it taketh away the inflammations thereof. It helpeth also Children that are troubled with the Falling Sickness, as such as have the Quinsy. It helpeth an hot Stomach, the inflammation of the Eyes and Fundament, when it is fallen down, if an Ointment be made of the green herb, and old Hogs-grease. It helpeth them that are bitten by a mad Dog, consumeth the swell of the Throat, and being burnt it driveth away Serpents. It is profitable for the pains of the Hips, if it be bound to the place, as Pliny saith.    

CHAP. CCCXXXI. Of Herb Paris, True-Love, or One-Berry.  

The Names.  
IT cannot be gathered by any of the writings of the Ancients, that they had any knowledge of this Plant, which is the reason why the Moderns have given so many various appellations thereunto; Some calling it Herba Paris, others Aconitum Pardalianches, and Aconitum Pardalianches Monococcum, supposing it to be deadly, or at least dangerous; but some that have proved the contrary, have called it Aconitum Salutiferum, which name properly belongeth to another Plant. It is called also After, but not Atticus, because it may be known from that which I have treated of in the former Chapter, Wa Versa, Wa Lupina, Solanum Tetraphyllum, etc.   

The Kinds.  
It will not be amiss to put these three sorts together: 1. Herb True-Love, or One-Berry: 2. Herb True-Love of Brasil: 3. Herb True-Love of Canada, with a round Root.   

The Form.  
The ordinary Herb-Paris, or True-love, shooteth forth Stalks with Leaves, some whereof carry no Berries, and others do, every Stalk being smooth without Joints, of a blackish green colour, rising not higher than half a foot at the most, bearing at the top four Leaves set directly one against another, like the parts of a True-Lovers Knot, which are each of them a part, somewhat like unto a Nightshade leaf, but somewhat broader; in the middle whereof there riseth up a small slender Stalk, about an inch long, bearing at the top thereof one Flower, spread open like a Star, consisting of four small and narrow long pointed leaves, of a yellowish green colour, and four other lying between them lesser than they; in the middle whereof standeth a round, dark, purplish Button, or Head, compassed about with eight small yellow mealy Chives or Heads, very lovely to bebold: the Berry in the middle, when the other Leaves are withered, becometh to be of a blackish purple colour, and full of juice, of no hot nor evil, nor yet of any sweetish taste, of the bigness of a reasonable Grape, having within it many white Seeds: the Root is small and creeping under the upper crust of the Earth, somewhat like to a Couchgrass root, but not so white, of a little binding, but unpleasant loathsome taste.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in divers places of this Land, in the Woods and Copses of Kent, Essex, Lancashire, Cheshire, etc. the second was found in the Woods of Brasil; the last brought out of Canada: They spring up in April and May, and are in flower soon after; the Berries are ripe about the beginning of June, and sometimes before May be finished.   

The Temperature.  
Herb-Paris is exceeding cold, whereupon it is proved to repress the rage and force of any Poison, Humour, or Inflammation.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
The Leaves of Herb True-love, or one Berry, by the mighty cooling quality that it hath, are exceeding powerful to discuss all those tumours and swell of the Cod's, Privy parts, and Groin, which do commonly proceed of some extraordinary heat, to allay all other kinds of inflammations in any part of the Body, to cure all manner of green wounds, and to cleanse and heal up old filthy Sores and Ulcers. The Leaves or the Juice applied to Felons, or those Nails of the Hands and Toes that have Whiteflaws, or any such like imposthume gathered under them, healeth them in a short space. The Leaves or Berries hereof are very effectual also to expel Poisons of all sorts, especially that of the Aconites, as also the Plague, & other pestilential Diseases, and therefore it is a main Ingredient in that preservative powder called Pulvis Saxonicus. It hath been observed by Matthiolus and others, that a Dram of the Seeds or Berries hereof in powder taken every day, for twenty days together, hath helped those that have lain long in a linger sickness, and others that by Witchcraft (as it was thought) were become half foolish, by wanting their wits and senses. The Leaves dried and given in powder to drink, have the like operation, yet in a weaker manner: It is thought also that the Berries will procure Sleep, being taken at night in Drink: The Roots being made into powder and taken in Wine, easeth the pain of the Colic in a short space. Crollius saith, that the black Berries of the Herb-Paris have the Signature of the Apple of the Eye, and therefore the Oil Chemically extracted from thence, is a Remedy so effectual for all the diseases of the Eyes, that it is called by some Anima Oculorum, the soul of the Eye: It was formerly thought to be very poisonous, but Pena and Lobel, by their experiments upon two Dogs, found not only that it was not dangerous, but that it was effectual to expel the most deadly operation of Sublimatum and Arsenic.  
Having now passed through the three Regions of Man's Body, and taken notice of the principal parts thereof, together with the Simples thereunto appropriated, I come at last (by the assistance of God) to the Limbs, to whose particular Maladies I should have spoken distinctly as I have hitherto to many particular distempers, but the time not permitting by reason that the Printer is like to tarry, if I make not the more haste, I am compelled to be as brief as I can, and therefore I shall only handle some principal Woundhearbes because the Limbs are more Subject to Wounds then any other part, and so conclude.    

CHAP. CCCXXXII. Of St. Johns-wort.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, super imagines & Spectra dominium habeat, and therefore some of the Latins, as Superstitious as the ancient Greeks', have called it Fuga Daemonum, supposing it to drive away Devils, of which opinion was Paracelsus, who called it Solterrestris, the terrestrial sun; for the Sun in the firmament doth by its light as some suppose, cause all the Spirits of darkness to vanish, so doth this, saith he, because it is principal of the Solar plants growing upon the Earth. It is called Hypericum also in Latin, and some call it Perforata or P●rosa, from the many holes that are to be seen in the Leaves being held against the light.   

The Kinds.  
I find but seven sorts of Salut John's wort, and therefore I shall put them all down: 1. Common Saint John's wort. 2. Small upright Saint John's wort. 3. Small creeping Saint John's wort. 4. Round leafed Saint John's wort. 5. Great woolly Saint John's wort. 6. Small creeping woolly Saint John's wort. 7. Indian Saint john's wort, with white Flowers.   

The Form.  
The Common Saint john's wort shooteth forth brownish, upright, hard, round stalks about half a yard high, spreading divers branches from the sides up to the tops of them, having two small leaves set one against another at every place, which are of a deep green colour, somewhat like unto the leaves of the lesser Centory, but narrower and full of holes in every leaf, which cannot be so well perceives, unless they be held up to the light; at the tops of the stalks and branches stand yellow flowers made of five leaves a piece, with many yellow threads in the middle, which being bruised, yield a reddish juice like blood; after which come small round heads, wherein is contained small blackish seed, smelling like Rosin: the R●ot is hard and woody, with divers strings and Fibres at it, and of a brownish colour, which abideth in the ground many years, though the stalks perish every winter.   

The Places and Time.  
The flare first grow in Woods and Copses, and divers other places in the borders of fields, and higher pasture-grounds, in most places of this Land: the fift was found near Salamanca and Valentia in Spain: the sixth is found many times in our own Country: the last came from the West-Indies. They do all begin to flower about Midsummer, and may therefore haply be called Saint john's wort, and their seed for the most part is ripe in the end of july and August.   

The Temperature.  
Saint john's wort is hot and dry, and of thin parts, as Galen saith.   

The Signature and Virtues.  
The little holes whereof the leaves of Saint john's wort are full, do resemble the pores of the skin, and therefore it is profitable for all hurts and wounds that can happen thereunto, and also for inward bruises, aswell of the body and flesh as of the Joints and Skin, if it be made into an Oil, Ointment or Salve, bathe or lotion, and used outwardly or boiled in Wine and drunk. It hath power to open obstructions, to dissolve tumours, to consolidate or sodder together the Lips of Wounds, and to strengthen the parts that are weak and feeble. The decoction of Herb and flowers, but especially of the seed, made in Wine and drunk, or the seed made into powder and drunk with the juice of Knotgrass, helpeth all manner of spitting and vomiting of blood, be it by any vein broken inwardly, by bruises, falls, or the like. The same helpeth those that are bitten or stung by any venomous Creature; and is good for those that are troubled with the Stone in the Kid-neys, or cannot make Water, and provoketh women's Courses: Two drams of the seed made into powder, and drunk in a little broth, doth gently expel Choler or congealed blood in the Stomach. The Decoction of the Leaves and Seeds being drunk somewhat warm before the Fits of Agues, whether they be quotidians, tertians or quartans, doth alter the fits, and by often using doth drive them quite away: The seed is much commended being drunk for forty days together, to help the Sciatica, the Falling Sickness, and the Palsy. The Oil of St. Johns-wort is excellent for old Sores and Ulcers aswell as green Wounds in the Legs or else where, as also for cramps and aches in the joints, and pains in the Veins and burn by fire, and so is the Juice of the green Leaves being applied, or the powder of the herb strewed thereon.    

CHAP. CCCXXXIII. Of Clowns Woundwort.  

The Names.  
IT is thought of some to be of later invention than to have any Greek name, yet it is very probable that though the virtues hereof were not throughly discovered till of late, it was not only known formerly, but called also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, as being a kind thereof, because it is of so great efficacy to cure those wounds that are made with Iron, and upon this account Thalius calleth it, as is supposed, Sideritis prima, which he termeth gravis admodum odoris. It is called in Latin Sideritis Anglica strumosâ radice, and Panax Coloni, because a Countryman cut his Leg to the bone with a , and healed himself within seven days, with nothing but this herb, and a little Hoggsgrease made into the form of a Pultis; and for the same reason it is called Clowns Woundwort in English, and by some Clowns Alheale, but neither Panax nor Allheale do properly agree with it, for though it be eminent for healing green Wounds, yet not for all other diseases as those names import.   

The Form.  
Clowns Wound-wort groweth up with slender, four square, green, rough Stalks to the height of half a yard or two foot, surrowed in a little upon every square, the joints standing somewhat fare a sunder, with two very long and somewhat narrow dark green Leaves, bluntly dented about the Edges, and sharp pointed at the end: the flowers stand towards the top compassing the stalks, at the joints, as those of Horehound do, but it endeth in a spiked top, which Horehound doth not, having long and much open gaping hoods, of a purplish red colour, with whitish spots in them, standing in somewhat rough husks, wherein afterwards stand blackish round seeds. The root is composed of many long strings, with some tuberous long knobs commonly growing amongst them, of a pale yellowish or whitish colour; the whole plant is of a strong smell somewhat like unto Stinking Horehound.   

The Places and Time.  
Clowns Allheale groweth frequently in most of the Countries of this Land, by the sides of several brooks and ditches, and sometimes by the Pathsides, and Borders of fields: It flowereth in August, and bringeth its seed to perfection about the end of September.   

The Temperature.  
This kind of Sideritis is hot in the second degree, and dry in the first, and withal of an earthy quality.   

The Virtues.  
The Leaves of Clowns Wound-wort stamped with Swine's grease, and applied unto green Wounds, in manner of a Pultis, doth heal them in a short time according to the first intention, that is, by closing up the lips of them without drawing or bringing them to Suppuration or Matter, in such absolute manner, that it is hard for any one, that hath not had the experience thereof, to believe. It is also very available in staunching of blood, and to dry up the Fluxes of humours in old fretting Ulcers, Cancers, etc. that hinder the healing of them. Neither is it excellent only for outward, but also for inward Wounds, Ruptures of veins, bloody flux, spitting, pissing, or vomiting blood, a syrup being made thereof, and taken now and then a little▪ and so Ruptures or burstings of the belly are speedily, even to admiration, cured, if a Plaster of the Herb or an ointment of the same be applied to the place. The said Plaster being applied to any vein that is swollen, or Muscle that is cut, helpeth it, and if there be a little Comfry added to it, it will be so much the better.    

CHAP. CCCXXXIV. Of Arsmart.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Hydropiper. i e. Piper aquaticum, because one kind of it hath a burning taste like Pepper, and Hydropiper in Latin sometimes, but generally Perficaria, quod folia ●jus Perfica foliis similia sunt, because the leaves of it are like unto those of the Peach-tree; yet some make this distinction, calling the mild or gentle sort Perficaria simply, and the other Hydropiper, five Perficaria urens; in English Water Pepper, and Arsmart, and in some Country's Red-knees, and of some Culrage and Cyderach.   

The Kinds.  
There be four Sorts of Arsmart growing in our own Country. 1. Dead or Spotted Arsmart. 2. Small creeping Arsmart. 3. Codded Arsmart or Touchme▪ not. 4. Biting Arsmart or Water Pepper.   

The Form.  
The ●ild or Spotted Arsmart groweth up with Leaves of a middle size both for length and breadth, set at the great red joints of the Stalks, with blackish spots upon them many times, almost like a half moon but not always; the flowers grow in long Spiky heads, either of a blush or whitish colour, which falling away blackish ●lat seed come in their places: The root is long with many fibres thereat, perishing yearly: this hath no biting taste as the Water Pepper hath, which is exceeding hot, but is rather like sour Sorrel, or else a little drying or without taste: the way of distinguishing one from an other is to break a leaf of it cross ones tongue, for the biting sort will make the tongue to smart, and so will not the other.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth very common, almost every where, in moist and watery Plashes, and near to the brims of Rivers, Ditches, and running Brooks, and sometimes in those Cornfields, that are subject to moisture in the Winter time. The second groweth also within the confines of our Country, and so doth the third, but the place thereof is not particularly expressed, and therefore some Physic Garden is the surest place to find them; the last is found in like places with the first, but not so frequently, and is to be known from i● by the red spots, which it sometimes hath, as also by the Diagnostic I have already set down. They flower in June, and their Seed is ripe in August.   

The Temperature.  
The ●ild● or dead Arsmart, as it is called, is cold and something dry, but the Biting Arsmart is hot and dry, yet not so hot as Pepper, according to Galen.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
The Leaves and Stalks of the Dead Arsmart, being stamped and applied to green or fresh Wounds, do cool and comfort them exceedingly, and keep them from impostumation, and inflammation, and so doth the juice of them being dropped thereinto. Being applied in like manner, it consumeth all cold swell, and taketh away black and blue marks of the Skin, by dissolving the congealed blood, happening upon bruises, strokes, fall●, etc. which is signified by the black spots which are upon the Leaves, and being laid to a Joint that hath a Felon thereon, it taketh it away by Signature also. A piece of the Root, or some of the Seed bruised, and held to an aching tooth, taketh away the p●ine. The Juice of it being dropped into the Ears, destroyeth the Worms that are in them, and so it is good against deafness. Two d●amms of the powder of the herb taken with a little Vinegar, openeth the obstructions of the Liver. Being stamped with Wine, and applied to the Matrix, it bringeth unto Women their monthly Courses. If it be stamped with Rue and Wormwood, and all of them fried together with Butter or Suet, and applied to the Stomach or B●lly, it killeth the Worms in them. When a Woman's Belly is great, and she not with Child, let her boil of Arsmart, Rue, and Hyssop, of each one handful in a quart of Ale, to the one half, and drink thereof first and last, it will reduce it to its just measure. The distilled Water of the herb mingled with an Ox Gall, and a little Oil of Spike, being anointed upon any place, that is troubled with the Gout, and a blue woollen cloth laid upon it, taketh away the pain thereof. Two spoonfuls of the said Water, with one of Aqua Vitae, being anointed on any place troubled with an Ache, for five or six days, taketh it quite away. It is said, that if a handful of Arsmart wetted in Water be applied to a Wound or Sore, and afterwards buried in moist ground, as the herb rotteth, so the sore will heal miraculously. The herb or juice being put to Horses or other Cattles sores, will keep away the Flies, which would otherwise stick thereto, even in the hottest time of Summer. The biting Arsmart, or Water Pepper is said by Crollius to heal Wounds by Signature, the red spots sometimes growing on the leaves, intimating as much. Being strewed in a Chamber it will soon kill all the Flea●. The Leaves rubbed upon a tired Jades back, and a good handful or two laid under the Saddle, maketh him to travel lustily again.    

CHAP. CCCXXXV. Of Bugle.  

The Names.  
IT hath no Greek name that I can meet with, but it is called in Latin Consolida media, and Solidag● min●r, as also Buglum, or Bugla, but more commonly Bugula. Matthi●lus calleth it Laurentina, and Herba Laurentina; some would have it Cham●●iss●s spicate Plin●, and others to be his Anonymos, we call it Bugle, Brown Bugle, and the middle Confound, and sometimes Sicklewort.   

The Kinds.  
There being but six sorts of Bugle, I shall put them all down: 1. Ordinary bl●w flowered Bugle. 2. Bugle with a white flower. 3. Bugle with a blush coloured flower. 4. Blue mountain Bugle. 5. Bugle with yellow flowers. 6. Sweet Portugal Bugle.   

The Form.  
The ordinary blue flowered Bugle hath larger▪ Leaves then those of Self-heale, and somewhat longer▪ but otherwise not much different, in some green on the upper side, in others more brownish, dented about the edges, somewhat hairy as the square Stalk also is, which riseth to be about a foot high sometimes, with the Leaves set by couples; from about the middle of the said stalk up to the top, stand the flowers, together with many smaller and browner Leaves than the rest, which are below, set at distances, the stalk being bare between them; amongst which flowers are also some lesser than others, of a Bluish, and sometimes of an Ash colour, not much unlike to those of Alehoofe or Ground-Ivy, after which come small round blackish seed: The root i● composed of many strings, and spreadeth upon the ground in divers parts, round about like unto M●ney-wort or Pennyroyal.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth generally throughout all England, in Woods and wet Copses; and moist Fields; and the second groweth in the like places, but not so frequently; the third groweth in Austria, and some other places of Germany; the fourth upon Carnedh Ll●wellin in Wales; the fifth is said by Ban●inus to grow with Us here in England, and the last in Portugal. They flower from May unto July, and perfect their seed in the mean time: the main root abideth many years.   

The Temperature.  
Bugle is temperate in heat, but drying moderately, and with some astringency.   

The Virtues.  
The Leaves of Bugle being bruised and applied to any manner of Ulcer or Sore, whether new and fresh, or old and inveterate, doth wonderfully cure it; and so it doth Gangrenes and Fistulaes' also, if the places be washed and bathed with the juice thereof. The same made into a Lotion with Honey and Allome cureth all sores of the Mouth and Gums, be they never so foul, or of long continuance; and worketh no less powerfully and effectually for such Ulcers and Sores, a● happen in the secret parts of Men or Women: Being also taken inwardly, or outwardly applied, it helpeth those that have broken any bone, or have any member out of Joint. The decoction of the Leaves and Flowers made in Wine and taken, dissolveth congealed blood in those that are bruised inwardly by a fall, or otherwise; and is very effectual for any inward Wounds, Thrusts or Stabs into the Body or Bowels, and is an especial help in all Wound-drinkes; and for those that are Livergrown, as they call it. An ointment made with the Leaves of Bugle, Scabious, and Sanicle, bruised and boiled in Hoggs-grease till the herbs be dry, and then strained into a Pot, is singular good for all sorts of hurts in the Body.    

CHAP. CCCXXXVI. Of Selfe-heale.  

The Names.  
IT is called by the Modern Writers (for neither the ancient Greek, nor Latin Writers knew it) Brunella from Brunellen, which is a name given unto it by the Germans, b●cause it cureth that inflammation of the Mouth, which they call die Breven, yet the general name of it in Latin nowadays is Prunella, as being a word of a more gentile Pronunciation. It is also called Cons●lida minor, and Solid●g● minor▪ and of some Consolida minima; in English, Selfe-heal, Carpenter's herb, and Hook-heale, and all from the virtues it hath in healing green Wounds.   

The Kinds.  
All the sorts of Selfe-heale are but five: 1. The Common Selfe-heale. 2. Self-heale with a white flower. 3. Selfe-heale with a great Purple flower. 4. Selfe-heale with a great white flower. 5. Selfe-heale with jagged Leaves.   

The Form.  
The Common Selfe-heale is an herb that may be said to be low and creeping, for it seldom standeth upright, having many small and somewhat round Leaves, but that they are a little pointed, unless it be when they grow in a fertile soil, and then they are larger and longer, of a sad green colour, without any dints on the edges: from among which rise up divers square hairy Stalks. about half a foot high, which sometimes divide themselves into branches, having small Leaves set thereon up to the tops, where stand brown spiked Head●, composed of many scaly Leaves and Flowers mingled together, after the same manner as those of Stachas are, gaping also, and most commonly of a bluish Purple colour, but sometimes of a pale Blue, of a sweet smell in some, though but a few places: the main root is small, but very threddy, yet taking hold of the ground by the Fibres, which it sendeth out from its branches, it increaseth very much.   

The Places and Time.  
The first, which is of as great use as any of the rest, though not so rare, groweth in ●he Fields almost every where, and shows itself many times in Gardens, though the ignorant which know not its use, do utterly extirpate it: the second groweth wild also, but not so frequently: the three last are natural only to Germany and France. The two first sorts do commonly flower in May▪ the rest later.   

The Temperature.  
Selfe-heale is moderately hot and dry, and somewhat binding.   

The Virtues and Signature.  
There is not a better Wound-herbe in the world, then that of Selfe-heale is, the very name importing it to be vere admirable upon this account, and indeed the Virtues do make it good, for this very herb without the mixture of any other Ingredient, being only bruised and wrought with the point of a Knife upon a Trencher, or the like, will be brought into the form of a Salve, which will heal any green Wound, even in the first intention, that is, as I have said, without bringing it to suppuration, or suffering any Matter to arise therein, and particularly women's Nipples when they are bitten by their sucking Children, after a very wonderful manner. It is also a very excellent remedy for that Disease which the Germans call die Bruen, which is common to Soldiers when they lie long in Camps, but especially in Garrisons, coming with an extraordinary inflammation or swelling, as well in the Mouth as Throat, the Tongue being also rough or rugged and black a hot fierce continual Fever accompanying it, the very Signature of the Throat, which the form of the Flowers do represent, signifying as much, yet it will be necessary also for the perfect cure of this Disease, that besides the drinking of the Decoction of this herb, and the washing of the Mouth therewith, the party be let Blo●d under the Tongue. It is likewise effectual for those that have received any great hurt by any bruise or fall, or any such griefs, especially if a decoction be made thereof, as also of Sanicle, Bugle and such other Wound-herbes, and then it will be more effectual to inject into the Ulcers of the outward parts; beside that the inward taking thereof will repress the sharpness of such humours, as do commonly follow any Sore, Ulcer, Inflammation, Swelling or the like. The juice hereof used with the Oil of Roses, to anoint the Temples and Forehead, is very effectual to remove the Head-Ache, and the same juice mixed with a little Honey of Roses, cleanseth and healeth the Ulcers and Sores of the Mouth and Throat, as also those of the secret parts. It is, to speak generally, good for all those purposes where Bugle is not at hand, that Bugle is prescribed for, and if they be both put together, they help broken bones so much the better.    

CHAP. CCCXXXVII. Of Saracens Confound.  

The Names.  
IT is uncertain whether this Herb were known to the Ancients, there being no Greek name for it upon Record, it having fared with this as with a great many other Wound herbs of great Excellency, that are not to be found in the Catalogue of any Greek Author. It is called in Latin Solidago, and Consolid●, ● Consolidando, from sod●ring, closing or glewing up the Lips of Wounds; for so that obsolete word signifies, to which the Epithet Saracenica is added, not only to distinguish it from the former Consounds, but also to denote the great opinion that the Turks and Saracens who were accounted great Surgeons, and of wonderful skill, had of it to heal the hurts and wounds of their Soldiers, which the Christians taking notice of, made use of it also, and found the virtues of it answerable to the estimation they put upon it: Others have called it Herba fortis, from the strong scent and take as it is supposed: in English, Saracens Confound, and Saracens Wound-wort.   

The Kinds.  
There be some Authors that set down four sorts of Saracens Confound. 1. The true Saracens Confound, with Willow Leaves. 2. The greater Saracens Confound. 3. The Germane Confound with small Cod. 4. Tragus his Germane Confound.   

The Form.  
The true Saracens Confound groweth up with many long and narrow green Leaves snipt about the edges, somewhat like unto Peach or Willow Leaves, but not of so whitish a green colour, from amongst which do rise up fair, brownish, and sometimes green hallow Stalks, near unto the height of a Man, beset from the bottom to the top with Leaves like the former, but not so large, where do stand many pale yellow Starlike flowers in green heads, which being fallen, the ripe seed being somewhat long, small, and of a yellowish brown colour, wrapped in Down, is afterwards therewith carried away suddenly by the Wind: the root is composed of many strings, or Fibres set together at a head, which perisheth not in Winter, though the Stalks and Leaves do; the whole Plant is of a strong and unpleasant taste or smell.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in the way between Dunmow and Clare in Essex, as also on the five Mile bank near Whittlesea, and between Dudson and Gua●thlow according to Doctor Bowl. The other three do grow in moist and wet grounds by Woods sides, and sometimes in the moist places of the shadowy Groves, as also by Water's sides. They flower in July, and the two first perfect their seed soon after, but that of the two last is not ripe till August, and sometimes it is September first.   

The Temperature.  
Saracens Confound is hot and dry almost in the third degree, and binding withal.   

The Virtues.  
Saracens Confound is not inferior to any Wound-herbe whatsoever; for if it be steeped in Wine and then distilled, the Water thereof may be inwardly taken, as well as outwardly applied, and so it is of extraordinary efficacy for all manner of Wounds and Ulcers, whether inward or outward; and so is the simple distilled Water thereof, as also the juice or decoction, for it first cleanseth any green Wound or old Sore, or Ulcer whatsoever, from any corruption that is bred in it, and healing it up quickly afterwards: The same also is no less effectual for the Ulcers of the Mouth or Throat, be they never so foul or stinking, by washing and gargling the Mouth and Throat therewith, and likewise for such Sores as happen in the privy parts of Man or Woman. The Herb being boiled in Wine and given to drink, helpeth the indisposition of the Liver, and freeth the Gall from Obstructions; whereby it is good for the yellow Jaundice, and for the Dropsy in the beginning thereof; as also for all inward Ulcers of the Reins or elsewhere, and inward wounds and bruises.    

CHAP. CCCXXXVIII. Of Loose-strife, or Willow-herbe.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Lysimachium, from whence the Latins have their Lysimachia. Some have thought that this Plant took its name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, from parting of Strife, because, as some of the Ancients writ, that this herb being put about the Yokes or Necks of Oxen, which are fallen out, and made one with another, it will make them tame and quiet; but I am rather of their opinion which would have it so called from Lysimachus King of Illyria, who was the first finder of the Nature and Virtues thereof, for which he is renowned unto this very day. It is called also in Latin Salicaria, antony's quòd inter Salices ●ritur, aut quid Salicis folia habet, either because it groweth amongst the Willows, or because it hath Leaves like the Willow, or both. The English Herbarists follow the Greek Etymology, in calling it Loose-strife, and sometimes Willow-herbe.   

The Kinds.  
The sort of Loose-strife which I shall here set down are twelve: 1. Purple spiked headed Loose-strife. 2. Hooded Willow-herbe or Loose-strife. 3. Blue spiked Loose-strife. 4. Wild Willow-herbe. 5. Little hooded Willow-herbe, or Bastard Hedge-Hyssope. 6. Yellow Willow-herbe, or Loose-strife. 7. Yellow Willow-herb with double Flowers. 8. The lesser yellow Willow-herbe. 9 Little codded Willow-herbe. 10. Smooth codded Willow-herbe. 11. Great codded Willow-herbe. 12. Small flowered Willow-herbe.   

The Form.  
The Purple spiked headed Loose-strife, groweth with many woody square stalks full of joints, near three-foot high, having two Leaves standing at every joint, somewhat like unto Willow Leaves, but shorter, and of a deeper green colour, some of them being sometimes brownish; the stalks are branched into many long stems of spiked Flowers, half a foot long, growing in bundles one above another, out of small Husks, very like unto the spiked Heads of Lavender, every of the flowers consisting of five round pointed Leaves, of a Purple Violet colour, tending to redness, in which Husks, after the flowers are fallen the seed is contained; the root creepeth underground, almost like Couchgrass, but greater, and shooteth up every Spring brownish heads, which afterward, growing up into Stalks, do smell like C●●led Apples, whilst they are young.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth usually by Rivers and Ditches sides, and in wet grounds in every Country of this Land, almost the others, grow in the like places, but not so frequently; but that which is most rare, is the Yellow Willow herb, with double flowers, which groweth by King's Langley in Hartford shire: Any of these being brought into Gardens, do prosper well enough, as the C●amaenerion of Rosebay Willow herb also doth, though it grow not naturally in England▪ June and July are the ordinary months wherein they flower, yet some of them stay till August.   

The Temperature.  
All the sorts of Lysimachia are hot and dry, and of an exceeding binding quality.   

The Virtues.  
The distilled Water of Willow herb, whether it be the yellow sort, or that which I have described, which is more common, is exceeding sovereign for green Wounds, whether they happen in the Body or Limbs, if to every ounce of Water there be taken two drams of May Butter without Salt, and of Sugar and Wax each as much also, & gently boiled together, till it become to be an Ointment, and then let Tents be dipped in the Liquor, that remaineth after it is cold, and put into the Wounds, and the place covered with a linen Cloth, doubled and anointed with the Ointment. It likewise cleanseth and healeth all foul Ulcers and Sores whatsoever, or wheresoever, and stayeth their inflammations, by washing them with the Water, and laying on them a green Leaf or two in Summer, or dry ones in the Winter. The distilled Water aforesaid is a present Remedy for hurts and blows on the Eyes, and for blindness, if the Crystalline humour, or Sight it so if be not perished, or spoiled, as hath been often proved; and it is also of as good use to clear the Eyes of Dust, or any other thing gotten into them, and preserveth the Sight. The said Water gargled warm in the Mouth, and sometimes drunk also, doth cure the Quinsey, and King's-evil in the Throat. The same being warmed and the Skin washed therewith, taketh away all Spots, Marks, and Scars thereof; and a little of it drank quencheth the thirst extraordinarily. And not only this, but the Yellow sorts also are good for all manner of Bleeding at the Mouth or Nose, or of Wounds, and stayeth all manner of Fluxes of the Belly, or the Bloody Flux, given either to drink or taken in a Clyster; it stayeth also the abundance of women's Courses: If the herb he bruised, and the juice only applied to green Wounds, it stayeth the bleeding, and quickly closeth together the Lips of them: The decoction, or the distilled Water thereof is often used in Gargles for sore Mouths, as also to ●ath the secret parts withal, as often as there is any Sore, or Ulcer there arising. The smoke of the Stalks being burned, driveth away Serpents, or any other venomous Creature, as Pliny saith, and the people in the Fenny Countries can testify that it driveth away the Flies and Gnats, that would otherwise molest them in the night season.    

CHAP. CCCXXXIX. Of the Daisy.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Latin (for it is a question whether the Greeks ever knew it) Bellis à bello, as some think, quasi Bellis praesidium, because it is useful in War, to heal the Soldier's Wounds; for which reason some have called it Consolida also; other have thought that it was called Bellis from the Adjective belus, signifying pretty, for it hath indeed a pretty Flower, if it be marked, some of the sorts especially. The greater sort is called by Bru●selsius, Bupthalmus, and Oculus Bovis; and by Tabermontanus, Bellium majus, by others Consolida media Vulnerariorum; yet most commonly it is called Bellis major, the lesser sort being called Bellis minor, Consolida minor, and Herba Morgarita: In English, the greater and lesser Daisy: the greater is also called Maudlin, and Maudlin-wort.   

The Kinds.  
There be divers sorts of Daisyes, as well in our Gardens, as growing beyond the Seas; yet because the time will not permit me to inquire after them, I shall give you only those that grow naturally with us, they being of greatest use for our intended purpose, and they are three: 1. The Great Daisyes, which some call Or-Eyes, and White Moons. 2. The middle sort of Daisyes. 3. The little Daisy.   

The Form.  
The Great Daisy hath very many narrow and round-pointed Leaves next the ground, cut in on both sides, making them to seem almost like unto those of the Oak, from amongst which do grow up somewhat high Stalks, with divers Leaves thereon, but smaller, and lesser divided than the lower; at the tops whereof grow large Flowers, each upon several long foot stalks, consisting of many white and narrow Leaves, as the Pale or Border, and the yellow Thrums in the middle, of little or no scent, whose Seed, which is somewhat long, is blown away with the Wind: The Root is bush of white Strings, which abide many Winters, shooting forth new Leaves in the Spring, if the cold weather hath killed the old.   

The Places and Time.  
The first, which is Great Daisy, Ox Eye, or White-Moone, groweth almost every where by the hedge sides, in the borders of fields, and other waste ground, and many times in meadows, that lie any thing high: the second groweth in the like places, but not so frequently: the place of the third can hardly be mistake, for it groweth upon every Common, and other place almost: The two first flower in May and June, and then must be gathered, for they last not long; but the last beginneth to flower in the Spring, and holdeth on most part of the Summer.   

The Temperature.  
Daisyes are held by most to be cold and dry, which are the qualities which are required in Wound herbs; yet D●donam saith they be cold and moist, which no body else doth allow of.   

The Virtues.  
The Leaves of the great Daisy or Mandlinwort made up into an Ointment, or Salve, with Wax, Oil, and Turpentine, is most excellent for Wounds, especially those wherein there is any inflammation, and which are hardly brought to digestion or maturation, as those weeping Wounds made in the Elbows, Knees, or other Joints, and it is often used in Decoction or Drinks, as well as outwardly for the same or the like purposes, as fractures in the Head, and deep wounds in the Breast. The said Decoction being drunk, cureth all Ulcers and Pustles in the Mouth or Tongue, or in the Secret parts, which proceed from the heat of the Liver, and therefore in such cases, the Juice or distilled Water of either sort, doth much temper the heat of Choler, and refresheth the Liver, and other inward parts. The Leaves bruised and applied to the Cod, or any other parts that are swollen and hot, doth dissolve the swelling, and temper the heat. A Decoction made hereof with Walwort and Agrimony, and the places fomented and bathed therewith warm, giveth great ease to them that are troubled with the Palsy, Sciatica, or other Gout: The same also disperseth & dissolveth the Knots and Kernels that grow in the Flesh, belonging to any part of the Body, & the bruises & hurts that come of falls & blows: The Juice, Decoction, or distilled Water, is drunk to very good purpose against the Rupture, or any inward Bursting. The juice of them or the distilled water dropped into the Eyes, cleareth them, and taketh away the watering of them. The little Daisyes, when the greater cannot so well be gotten, may be used with good success for all the purposes aforesaid, as also to help Agues, the decoction of them in Wine or Water being drunk. It is said that the Roots hereof being boiled in Milk, and given to little Puppies, will not suffer them to grow great.    

CHAP. CCCXL. Of Speedwell.  

The Names.  
IT must be divided into two sorts, viz. Male and Female, before I can give you the names thereof: The Greek name of the Male is unknown, if ever it had any, but in Latin it is called Veronica mass, and B●tonica Pauli; in English Speedwell, and Paul's Betony, and of some Fluellen, yet that name is thought to belong more properly to the Female kind, which is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Elatine; in Latin Veronica famina, because a Gentleman of Wales, whose Nose was so near eating off by the French Pox, that the Doctors gave order to cut it off, being cured by the use of this Herb only, to honour the Herb for saving her Nose whole, gave it one of her own Country names, Lluellin or Fluellin, it being before called Female Speedwell, which name it retaineth also.   

The Kinds.  
Of the Male and Female Speedwell there be eight sorts: 1. The Common Speedwell: 2. Speedwell with white Flowers: 3. Great Speedwell, or Fluellin: 4. Little Fluellin, or smooth Fluellin: 5. The smallest Fluellin: 6. Female Fluellin, or Speedwell: 7. Cornered Fluellin, with blue Flowers: 8. Sharp-pointed Fluellin.   

The Form.  
The Common Speedwell hath divers soft Leaves, about the breadth of a twopences, extending themselves in length also, but not very much; of a hoary green colour, a little dented about the edges, and somewhat hoary also, set by couples at the joints of the hairy, brownish Salks, which lean down to the ground, never standing upright, but shooting forth roots, as they lie upon the ground, at divers joints, much after the same manner that Nummularia, or Moneywort doth: the Flowers grow one above another at the tops, being of a bluish purple colour, and sometimes, though seldom, white, after which come small flat husks, wherein the Seed, which is small and blackish, is contained; the Root is composed of very many Fibres.   

The Places and Time.  
All these Plants which I have named, are said to grow within the Dominions of England, those which are Outlandish being omitted; The first groweth in divers Countries of this Land upon dry Banks, and Wood-sides, and other places where the ground is sandy, and particularly in Prey-wood by St. Alban very plentifully, where there be a great many good Simples besides; the third was found upon St. Vincents Rock near Bristol, by Mr. Goodyer; the fifth in a Field near unto Bar● Elmes in Surrey; the other three grow in divers Cornfields about Southfleet in Kent, abundantly, as also about Buckworth, Hammerton, and Richwersworth, in Huntingdon-shire, and in divers other places: They flower in June and July, and their Seed is ripe in August, that of the Female kind withering presently after.   

The Temperature.  
The Male Speedwell is temperately hot and dry, the bitterness thereof showing so much: The Female, though it be bitter, is held to be cooling, yet no less drying than the former.   

The Virtues.  
Both the Male and the Female Speedwell are Wound-herbs of very good note. The Male is singular to heal all fresh Wounds and Cuts in the Flesh, speedily closing the Lips of them together, and not suffering them to gather corruption; and Salve being made therewith, as also with Wax, Oil, and Turpentine, and applied outwardly, and the decoction of it in Wine taken inwardly; and so it is no less effectual for spreading Tetters, or for foul or old fretting, or running Sores or Ulcers, that have been of long continuance, and therefore the harder to cure: It stayeth the bleeding of Wounds, or other Fluxes of Blood in any other part, and dissolveth all tumours and swell, especially those of the Neck: It is also held to be a special Remedy for the Plague, and all pestilential Fevers, and infectious Diseases, for it expelleth the venom and poison from the Heart, and afterwards strengtheneth it, and maketh it able to resist all noisome vapours, if a Dram or two of the herb in powder be given with a dram of good Treacle, in a small draught of Wine, and the party be laid to sweat; and so doth the decoction thereof in Wine, or the distilled Water thereof given in some Wine: It helpeth the Memory, easeth all swimmings, turn, and other pains of the Head, and maketh Barren Women become fruitful, as it is said: It cleanseth the blood from corruption, and therefore it helpeth the Leprosy, as no worse than a French King making trial thereof, found to be true, as it is reported: The decoction of the Herb in water, or the powder thereof being dry, and given in its own distilled water, is singular good in all manner of Coughs, and diseases of the Breast and Lungs; and it hath the same operation upon Sheep, and therefore Shepherds make use of it, by adding a little Salt thereto; It openeth the obstructions of the Liver and Spleen, helpeth the yellow Jaundice, cleanseth the exulcerations of the Reins and Bladder, and also of the Mother, and of inward and outward Wounds, being inwardly and outwardly used for the Spleen and Wounds, but inwardly only for the rest; It provoketh Urine, and helpeth thereby to break the Stone; and is very profitable for the Back and Reins: The distilled water of the Herb only, or after it hath been steeped in Wine twelve hours, doth wonderfully help in the Plague, Consumption, Cough, and all other the diseases , as also to wash Wounds & Sores therewith; the same doth wonderfully help all Itches, Scabs, Scurf, Tetters, Morphew, and all discolourings of the Skin, as Freckles, Spots, and Scars, a little Coperas being dissolved therein, and bathed therewith; the said Water defendeth Garments from Moths, a little Allom being dissolved therein, and sprinkled upon them. The Leaves of the Female Speedwell, or Fluellin, being bruised and applied with Barley Meal to watering eyes, that are hot and inflamed by defluxions from the Head, doth very much help them; It stoppeth also the Fluxes of Blood or Humours, as the Lask, Bloody Flix, and women's too abundant Courses, and stayeth bleeding, whether it be at nose, mouth, or other place, whether it come by bruise, hurt, or bursting of a Vein, and wonderfully helpeth the inward parts, which need consolidating and strengthening, the Leaves being sodden in Broth made of a Hen, or a piece of Veal. It is effectual also both to heal and close up green Wounds, as also to cleanse and heal all foul and old Ulcers, spreading and fretting Cancers in the Nose or any other place, the juice and decoction of the Herb taken inwardly, and the Herb used outwardly, as Pena instanceth in one, whose Nose was so eaten with a Cancer, that it was to be cut off, left his whole Body should fall into a Leprosy, yet a Barber, who knew nothing but by tradition, being unwilling that the man should lose his Nose, desired that he might first make trial of this Herb, which perfectly cured his Nose and him. And here it would not be amiss to take my leave of Mr. Culpeper, who blames the College of Physicians for those things, whereof he himself was far more guilty than they, for, if he he were so skilful in the knowledge of Herbs, as he makes himself to be, why did he leave the Male Speedwell out of his English Physician enlarged? it being more common, and of greater use than the Female; but it seems he chanced to read of the one, and not of the other, being in all probability ignorant of both, for all his railing.    

CHAP. CCCXLI. Of Pimpernell.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Anagallis, either 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, adducere, five ejicere, quia adactos corpori acule●s extrahit, because it draws forth thorns and splinters out of the Body; or ex 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, idque ex 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Fluvio ubi ●ritur, because it was first found by the River Gallus: It is called also in Latin Anagallis, besides which it hath had many other names put upon it, put falsely, as Morsus Gallina, and Morgelina, which is that sort of Chickweed called Henbit, Auricula Muris, Macia, Helicacabus, Corch●rus, which is the Je●●es Mallow: Some call it Corallian, and the Composition made thereof Diateralli●n; others think that it should be called Collarion, and the Composition Diacollarion, because Pi●pernel is of a glutinous quality.   

The Kinds.  
There be four sorts of Pi●pernell growing in England; 1. Male Red Pimpernel: 2. Female Pimpernel: 3. Yellow Pimpernel: 4. Pimpernel with a white Flower.   

The Form.  
The Male Red Pimpernel hath divers weak square Stalks lying on the ground, with two small ●nd almost round Leaves at every joint, one against another, somewhat like unto those of Chickweed, but that they are thicker, spotted on the backside with brownish spots, without any foot-stalk, for they do as it were encompass the Stalk, wherein it differeth also from Chickweed: the Flowers stand singly, or each by themselves, at the joints between them and the Stalks, consisting of five small round▪ pointed Leaves, of a fine pale red colour, tending to an Orange, with▪ so many threads in the middle, in whose places succeed smooth round heads, wherein the Seed, which i● small, is contained: The Root is small and fibrous, perishing at, or before Winter.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in Corne-fields, by waysides, and in Gardens also, of its own accord, almost every where, and so doth the second, but less frequently, and hath been found not far from Oxford, in Rumney Marsh, at Beaconsfield in Buckingham-shire, and divers other places: the third groweth in St●w Wood, about two miles from Oxford, and also in Charletown Wood, two miles beyond Greenwich: the last groweth in a Wood on the Southside of Chis●ehirst Heath, over against Scadbury Park: They flower from May unto August, some of the Seed ripening and falling in the mean time, and the rest quickly after.   

The Temperature.  
Pimpernel is of a drying faculty, without biting, and somewhat hot, with a certain drawing quality.   

The Virtues and Signatures.  
It is agreed upon by all hands, that Pimpernell being bruised and applied to corrupt, festered and fretting Sores, cleanseth and healeth them, and draweth out th●r●s, thistles, and sp●inters, out of the Hands or Feet, or any other part of the Body: Being boiled in Wine and drunk, it is singular good against all venomous bitings, obstruction of the Liver, and pain of the Kidneys: It is a good Remedy against the Plague, and other pestilential Fevers, and contagious Sicknesses, being boiled in Wine and given to drink; but then after the taking thereof warm, they must lie a bed and sweat two hours thereupon, for hereby the venom of the Disease is expelled, but it must be used twice at the least; the same helpeth the biting of ●ad Dogs, and the stingings and bite of the Viper▪ Adder, or Scorpion, the Spots on the backside of the Leaves intimating so much: The Juice hereof mixed with a little Honey, and dropped into the Eyes, cleanseth them from cloudy mists or films growing over them, which hinder and take away the sight: It is effectual also to ease the pains of the Hemorrhoides or Piles. The distilled Water is effectual for all the purposes aforesaid, especially for cleansing corrupt and stinking wounds, and is accounted marvelous good to cleanse the Skin from any roughness, deformity, or discolouring thereof, and to make it smooth, neat, and clear, which it doth by Signature, all spotted Plants being available for the doing away Spots in the Skin, as Crollius saith, who writeth also, that it is reported that the Male Pimpernel being held in the hand till it be hot, stoppeth the bleeding of any vein that is cut, the Flower of it being of a bloody colour signifying the same. The Juice sniffed up into the Nose, purgeth the Head, and so it is said to do the Toothache, if it be put into the contrary Nostril. The Male Pimpernell is said to drive forth the Fundament, and the Female to repel it, and drive it into its place again. Some Countrypeople do judge of the Wether by beholding the Flowers of this Herb the day before, if the Leaves of them be contracted and closed up, it betokeneth Rain, but if they be spread abroad, fair Wether. The Germans have a superstitious conceit, that if it be hung over the Threshold, or Porch of the door of any house, it will defend it from Witchcraft.    

CHAP. CCCXLII. Of Woody Nightshade, or Bitter-sweet.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Glycypicron, that is Bitter-sweet in English, because the Bark of it being the wed in the mouth, tastes bitter at the first, but sweet afterwards; and for the same reason it is called Dulcamara and Amaradulci● in Latin: Some referring it to the Night-shades, do call it Solanum lignosum, o● fruticosum or rubrum, and therefore we in English call it Woody Night-shads, Bitter-sweet, and of some Felon-wort, because it cureth the Felons, which happen upon the joints of the Fingers.   

The Kinds.  
Of this kind of Nightshade, there be only these two sorts: 1. Common woody Nightshade: 2. Woody Nightshade, with white Flowers.   

The Form.  
The Common woody Nightshade groweth up with many slender, winding, brittle, woody Stalks, as high as a man, and sometimes higher, folding itself about the Hedges, or any thing else that standeth next thereunto, yet without any claspers at all, covered with a whitish rough Bark, & having a pith in the middle, shooting ou● Branches on every side, which are green while they are young, and so are the new shoots of those that are elder, whereon grow many Leaves without order, somewhat like unto those of Nightshade, but that they are pointed at the ends, with two small Leaves or pieces of Leaves usually growing upon the Foot-stalks, between the Leaf and the Branch, like little wings; of a pale green colour, but some of them have but one, and some none: the Flowers come forth at the tops and sides of the Branches, standing many together in fashion of a long Umbell, upon short foot-stalks, one above another, which consist of five narrow and long violet purple coloured Leaves, with a long gold-yellow pointel in the middle, sticking forth, which afterwards turn into round, and somewhat long Berries, green at the first, but red, soft, and full of juice when they come to ripeness, of an unpleasant bitter taste, though sweet at first, wherein many flat white Seeds are contained: the Root spreadeth itself into many strings under ground, not growing to any great bigness.   

The Places and Time.  
The first groweth in every Country by the sides of Ditches and Hedges, whereon it many times runneth; the second, is seldom met with, but by S. Margaret's Church in Rumney Marsh: The Leaves come forth in the Spring, the Flowers in July, and the Berries are ripe in August.   

The Temperature.  
The Leaves and Berries of Bitter-sweet are hot and dry, cleansing and wasting away.   

The Virtues.  
The Leaves or Berries of Bitter-sweet stamped with rusty Bac●●, applied to that Joint of the Fi●ger that is troubled with a Felon, hath been found by divers Country people, who are most subject thereunto, to be very successful for the ●uring of the same. The decoction of the Leaves and tender branches being infused and set over the fire in three p●nts of White Wine, the Pot wherein it is done, being close covered for twelve hours together, which being then strained, is a most excellent Drink to op●n the Obstructions of the Liver, Gall, and Spleen, and is used with good success, not only in the yellow, but black Jaundice, and to cleanse Wom●n hat are newly brought ab●d, a quarter of a Pint thereof being drank for many Mornings together, and if you will in the Evenings also: The said Infusion is also available for difficulty of breathing, Bruises, Falls, and congealed blood in any part of the body, and it is good against the Dropsy, for it purgeth away waterish and other humours very gently both by Urine and Stool. It is also used against putrid Fevers or Agues, and when any bone is broken, or out of joint, as likewise for Ruptures and Wounds. The Shepherds in Germany, as Tragus reporteth, do use to hang it about their Cattles neck, when they are troubled with a swimming in the Head, causing them to turn round as if they were bewitched, and therefore they say it removeth Witchcrafts both in Men and Beasts▪ b●t that swimming in the head is no effect of Witchcraft, but proceeds from a natural cause, for which this Plant is a specific remedy, as it is for all such like sudden distempers whatsoever, being hung about the the Neck, and that is not fare from the head.    

CHAP. CCCXLIII. Of Lady's Bedstraw.  

The Names.  
IT is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Gallium, or as others have it, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Galiun●, and of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Galerion and Galarion, from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which signifies Milk, into which the Women of former times did put this Herb, as those of ours do Runnet, to cause the milk to turn into a Curd, for the making of Cheese, for which purpose it is said to serve very well, and therefore divers do call it ●heese Runnet, both here and beyond the Seas. It is called in Latin Galium, after the Gree●, and that with white Flowers, M●llugo, in English Ladies Bedstraw, and sometimes Maids hair, from the fineness of the Leaves.   

The Kinds.  
There be but six sorts of Lady's Bedstraw in all, that I meet with, and therefore I shall put them down: 1. The Common Lady's Bedstraw. 2. Red flowered Ladies Bedstraw. 3. Mountain white flowered Ladies Bedstraw. 4. The common white flowered Ladies Bedstraw 5. Mountain Lady's Bedstraw of Candy. 6. Another Lady's Bedstraw of Candy.   

The Form.  
The common Lady's Bedstraw riseth up with divers small, brown square stalks, standing upright, at first, but after it cometh to be about a foot, or half a yard high, which is its usual dimension, the tops thereof lean a little downwards, being most commonly branched forth into divers parts full of joints, and with divers very fine small Leaves at every one, set at equal distances like Wood-roof, but much less, and hardly rough at all: at the tops of the branches do grow forth from several joints, many long tufts or branches of yellow flowers, set one above another very thick together, consisting of four Leaves a piece, of a strong and resinous, yet not unpleasant smell The Seed is small and black, like Poppy seed two for the most part being joined near together. The root is somewhat red, which having many small threads fastened unto it, taketh fast hold of the earth, and creepeth a little way also; but that which maketh it most to increase is, that after the branches are weighed down to the ground by the heaviness of the Flowers, it taketh root again at the joints thereof.   

The Places and Time.  
The first is frequently to be found in many places of this Land in dry Pastures. Closes, and Meadows, and sometimes in those that are wet, though I think unknown to most, but the place that I particularly remember to abound therewith, is Butlers Close at Adlerbury Towns end; the second was found in Italy, and the third in Germany, on divers hills there; the fourth is a spontaneal of our own Land, and groweth in the Abbey Orchard at Saint Alban, and in divers other places; the name of the fifth and sixth speaketh their Extraction. They flower in May and June, and the Seed is ripe in July and August.   

The Temperature.  
Lady's Bedstraw, especially that with yellow flowers, which is most common, is dry and something binding, as Galen saith.   

The Virtues.  
Though Mugwort be an Herb noted amongst the Vulgar, for preventing weariness upon sore Travel, and for doing it away after it is contracted, year I find Lady's Bedstraw, more celebrated for that purpose amongst Authors, who say that the Decoction of the Herb and Flowers being yet warm, is of admirable use to bathe the Feet of Travellers, and others who are surbated by long Journeys in hot weather, and for Laski●s and such like, whose running long cause●●ot only weariness, but stiffness in the Sinews and Joints, to both which this herb is so friendly, that it maketh them to become as lissome, as if they had never been abroad. The Flowers and Herb likewise made into an Ointment or Oil, are available for the same purposes, as also for burn with Fire, or scaldings with Water; for the dry Scab; and the Itch in Children: The said Ointment is to be made with the Flowers and Herb boiled in Hogs▪ grease or Salad Oil, having some Bees Wax melted therein, after it is strained; the Oil is made likewise with the Herb in Flower, by being set in the Sun with a sufficient quantity of salad Oil for the space of ten or twelve days: Both the Ointment and Oil may be used, either before a journey is taken, for prevention, or after, the feet being first bathed with the decoction, and then anointed with either of them, and this is the surest way. The decoction of the Herb taken inwardly, is used by divers to help to provoke Urine, and thereby to fret and break the Stone; the same also drank, helpeth to stay inward Bleedings, and also to heal inward Wounds, by the heating and drying qualities therein: the Herb, as well as the Flowers, being bruised and put up into the Nostrils, stayeth their bleeding, and it doth as much to Wounds, if it be applied to them, and it draweth forth the fire out of any place that is burned, and healeth it: Dioscorides saith, that the Root is available to provoke bodily Lust, and some say the Flowers do so also: The good Housewives about Namptwich in Cheshire do make that use of it, that the Ancients did, as I said before, that is, to put it in their Runnet, esteeming more of the Cheese whereinto that is put, then that which is made without it, as a Countryman of theirs affirmeth: The sorts with white flowers have been found by experience of the Germans, who have been great advancers of the faculty of Simpling to be good for the Sinews, Arteries, and Joints to bathe them therewith, both to take away their weariness and weakness, and to comfort and strengthen them also, whensoever need requires.     

The Conclusion.  
ANd thus, Gentle Reader, by the assistance of the Almighty, have I gone through the general Anatomy of Man's Body, with the most usual Diseases, and distempers of every part, from the Crown of the Head, to the Sole of the Feet, and appropriated such Simples (which I have in a manner Anatomised also) unto them, as I held to be most convenient for the restoring them again to their Ease and right Temper. I conceive that there is no body that understands my wellmeaning endeavours, that will think, that the remainder of such Plants, which are not expressed in this Work, have not come within my cognizance, and therefore I shall not need to be very exact in making any Apology, or laying down my Reasons for the omission of them: yet if there be any inclined to suppose so, let them know that I wilfully passed over some of them, and that there were some which the time (a thing I have much wanted ever since I undertook this business) would not permit me to insert. And let them know also, that the present design was not an universal History of Plants, for then how voluminous must we needs have been? but only of those which are more useful, and may be gotten at the Apothecaries, or Druggist's, if they grow not near every one's habitation: Yet perhaps hereafter, if Life, Health, and Leisure shall give way, I shall with a little encouragement devise some brief Appendix, wherein I shall comprise the names at least, of all such as are here wanting. But for the present I shall bid the apprehensive Reader to Farewell, and I hope I shall not only bid, but also be a means to make him so to do.  
FINIS.   

Index Latinus Nominum in quo Numerus ad Caput refertur.  

A.  
ABrotanum mas, 288  
Abrotanum faemina, 250  
Abiga, 318  
Absinthium 148  
Acetabulum, 235  
Achillea, 294  
Accipitrina, 24  
Ac●●u●, 21  
Adianthum, 15  
Adorni, 70  
Agallochum, 136  
Agaricus & Agaricum, 5  
Aegilops, 77  
Ageratum, 182  
Aglacphôtis, 2  
Agnus, 280  
Agrifolium, 242  
Agrimonia, 179  
Alab●stri Rosarum, 19  
Alcea, 93  
Alchymilla, 89  
Alcibadion, 138  
Alisma, 11  
Alkakengi, 227  
Allesuja, 1●3  
Alliaria, 131  
Allium, 72  
Alnus, 152  
Aloe, 48  
Alsine, 188  
Althaea, 215  
Alumen Catinum, 197  
Amaracus, 10  
Amaradulcis, 342  
Amaranthus, 301  
Ammi, 253  
Ammoniacum, 98  
Ammygdalus & Amygdalum, 80  
Amyrberis, 175  
Anacardium, 153  
Anagallis, 341  
Anagallis aquatica, 231  
Androsaemum, 285  
Anemone, 291  
Anethum & Anetum, 94  
Angelica, 118  
Anisum, 91  
Anonis, 57  
Ans●rina, 59  
Anthemis, 141. 306  
Anthera Rosarum, 19  
Anthos 8  
Aparine, 187  
Apium Arabum, 186  
Apium hortense, 214  
Aquil●gia, 77  
Argemone, 3  
Argentina, 59  
Arisarum, 32  
Aristolochia, 312  
Armeniacum malum, 171  
Arnoglossum, 76  
Artanita, 40  
Artemisia, 286  
Arthriticae, 11  
Arum, 32  
Arundo, 82  
Asarum, 25  
Asclepids, 126  
Asparagus, 213  
Asplenium, 204  
Assa Faetida, 310  
Aster, 330  
Astrantia, 54  
Athanasia, 249  
Attractylis, 139  
Atriplex, 309  
Avena, 144  
Aurantia, 164  
Auricula Judae, 78  
Aucricula Muris, 293  
Auricula Ursi, 11  
Axungia Vitri, 197   

B.  
Ba●charis, 25  
Balaenus Myrepsica, 149 153  
Balaustia, 52  
Balsamine, 324  
Balsamita, 182  
Barbarea, 50  
Bardana, 308  
Basilicum, 100  
Battat●, 269  
Bechium, 110  
Bellis, 339  
Berberis, 175  
Beta, 185  
Betonica, 6  
Betonica aquatica, 266  
Betula, 320  
Bipe●ula, 132  
Bismalva, 215  
Bistorta, 27  
Blitum, 301  
Borago, 120  
Brassica, 86  
Bruta, 319  
Bryonia, 191  
Bubonium, 330  
Buglossum, 166  
Bugula, 335  
Buphthalmus, 339  
Bursa Pastoris, 35  
been, 71   

C.  
Cacalia, 110  
Cacao, 277  
Cactos, 267  
Calamintha, 210  
Calamus Aormaticus, 218  
Calendula, 125  
Callitric●um, 15  
Caltha, 125  
Camelina, 254  
Campanula, 95  
Candela Regia, 112  
Canella, 137  
Canabis, 281  
Cantabrica, 135  
Capillus Veneris, 15  
Capnos, 49  
Capparis, 207  
Caprifolium, 111  
Cardamine, 50  
Cardamomum, 163  
Cardamum, 50  
Cardiaca, 305  
Carduus Benedictus, 139  
Carduus Fullonum, 262  
Carduus Mariae, 140  
Carthamus, 200  
Carthamus sylvestris, 139  
Caryophyllata, 133  
Caryophyllus, 134  
Caryophyllus flos, 135  
Cassia, 137  
Cassia fistula, 157  
Cassutha, 201  
Castanea, 276  
Ceterach, 204  
Cattaria herba, 307  
Centaurium, 248  
Centunculus, 77  
Cepa, 226  
Cepa maris, 4  
Cerasus and Cerasa, 173  
Cerefolium, 230  
Cervicaria, 61  
Chamaecistus, 259  
Chamaedries, 209  
Chamaecyparissus, 250  
Chamaemelum, 141  
Chamaepytus, 318  
Charephyllum, 230  
Chelidonium majus, 20  
Chelidonium minus, 265  
C●enopodium, 309  
China, 328  
Chironium, 247  
Cicer, 271  
Cichorium, 181  
Cicuta, 283  
Cinamomum, 137  
Cinara, 267  
Cistus, 259  
Clematis Daphnoides, 96  
Clymenum, 111  
Cnicus sylvestris, 139  
Cochlearia, 146  
Coccus infectoria, 317  
Cocc●gria, 257  
Calabrina, 37  
Colutaea, 154  
Colchicum, 119  
Colocyntha edulis, 99  
Colocynthis, 245  
Consolida, 292  
Consolida media, 335  
Consolida media herbarior, 339  
Consolida minor, 336  
Consolida Saracenica, 337  
Convolvulus, 246  
Corallina, 56  
Corallium, 55  
Coriandrum, 166  
Cornu Cervi, 238  
Corona Terrae, 26  
Coronopus, 238  
Corruda, 213  
Cortices Rosarum, 19  
Corylus, 304  
Costus, 182  
Cotonaria, 77  
Cotula, 141  
Cotyledon, 235  
Crossula, 68  
Crithmum, 239  
Crocus, 119  
Cucumis, 166  
Cucurbita, 99  
Cuminum, 159  
Cunila, 289  
Cupula Glandis, 237  
Cupressus, 234  
Curcuma, 178  
Cyclamen, 40  
Cuscutha, 201  
Cynocrambe, 313  
Cynorrhodos, 19  
Cynosbatoes, 261  
Cynosorchis, 278  
Cyparissus, 224  
Cyperus, 219   

D  
DActylus Idaeus, 2  
Daphne, 241  
Daucus, 251  
Dens Leonis, 181  
Dentaria, 56  
Dictamus and Dictamnus albus, 240  
Dictamnus, & Dictamnum, 315  
Digitalis, 67  
Diospiros, 225  
Dipsacus, 262  
Dolychus, 236  
Draco arbour, 302  
Draconis sanguis, 16  
Dracontium & Dracunculus, 279  
Dryoptoris, 115  
Dulcamara, 342  
Dulcisida, 2   

E  
Ebulus, 189  
Echium, 138  
Elaterium, 200  
Elatine, 340  
Elleborastrum, 202  
Eleoselinum, 186  
Enanthe, 213  
Endivia, 181  
Enula Campana; 79  
Epithymum, 201  
Equisetum, 34  
Erigerun, 150  
Eruca, 272  
Eryngium, 268  
Erysimum, 109  
Eupatorum, 179  
Euphorbium, 200  
Euphrasia, 22  
Euphrosyne, 120   

F  
FAba, 101  
Faba suilla, 58  
Fagus, 303  
Farfara, 110  
Farsarus, 28  
Febrifuga, 306  
Felterrae, 247  
Fenicul●m, 17  
Feniculum marinum, 239  
Ferula, 98  
Ficus, 74  
Filicala 115  
Filipendula, 224  
Filix, 206  
Flos Amoris, 301  
Flos Noctis, 247  
Fraga, 122  
Fraxinalla, 239  
Fraxinus, 194  
Fuga Daemonum, 332  
Fumaria, 49  
Fungus Sambucinus, 78   

G  
Galbanum, 98  
Galanga, 155  
Galeopsis, 66  
Galla arbour, 257  
Gallitricum, 23  
Gallium, 343  
Garosmus, 309  
Geminalis, 23  
Genista, 193  
Gentiana, 130  
Gentianella, 16  
Gerentum, 324  
Geum, 133  
Gingiber, 161  
Glans, 237  
Glycyrrhiza, 73  
Clycyside, 2  
Gnaphalium, 77  
Gossipium, 274  
Gramen caninum, 228  
Gramen Leucanthemum, 146  
Grana Paradisi, 163  
Grossul●ria, 174  
Guasacum, 327  
Grossus, 74  
Gruinalis, 325   

H  
HAlicacabus, 227  
Halimabus, 44  
Harenarius, 237  
Harundo, 82  
Hedera, 27  
Hedera terrestris, 26  
Helenium, 79  
Helianthemum, 259  
Helleborastum, 202  
Helleborus albus, 156  
Helleborus niger, 202  
Helleborine, 156  
Helxine, 69  
Hepatorium, 179  
Herba cattaria, 307  
Herba impia, 77  
Herba Morgarata, 339  
Herba Paralysis, 11  
Hebra Paris, 331  
Herba Sacra, 18  
Herba Studi●sorum, 199  
Herba Venti, 291  
Herniaria, 321  
Hibiscus, 215  
Hieracium, 24  
Hippia, 188  
Hippoglossum, 64  
Hipposelinum, 290  
Hirundinaria major, 20  
Hirundinaria minor, 265  
Hol●stium, 146  
Hordeum, 71  
Horminum 23  
Hidropiper, 334  
Hyoscyamus, 58  
Hyoscyamus Peruvianus 117  
Hypericum, 332  
Hypochaecris, 24  
Hypocistiss, 259  
Hyssopus, 75   

I  
IAcobaea, 76  
Jecoria, 180  
Jalapium, 192  
Imperatoria, 54  
Ilex coccigera, 317  
Illecebra, 47  
Inula, 79  
Intybum, 181  
Irio, 109  
Iris, 33  
Iva Arthritica, 318  
Juglans, 1  
Jujube, 83  
Juniperus 243  
Ixia, 13   

K  
KAli, 197  
Kermes, 317   

L  
LAhrum Veneris, 262  
Labrusca, 81  
Laser, 310  
Lachryma Jobbaea. 225  
Lactuca, 97  
Laudanum, 259  
Lamium, 66  
Lampsana, 104  
Lenaria, 112  
Lapathum, 183  
Lapathum Sanguineum, 16  
Lappa, 308  
Larix, 5  
Laserpitium, 310  
Lavendula, 9  
Laureola, 198  
Laurus, 242  
Lauri bacca, ib.  
Laurus Tinus, ib.  
Laurus Alexandrina, 64  
Lens & Lenticula, 102  
Lentiscus, 53  
Lepidium, 316  
Leucacantha, 232  
Leucanthemum, 146  
Leucographis, 140  
Leucoium, 135  
Levisticum, 248  
Libadium, 225  
Libanotis, 8  
Lichen, 180  
Lichen arborum, 106  
Lignum Aloes, 136  
Lignum Vitae, 327  
Lilium album, 103  
Lilium Convallium, 12  
Linaria, 199  
Lingua Cervina, 205  
Linozostis, 313  
Linum, 147  
Lithospermum, 224  
Lolium, 300  
Lotus sativa, 142  
Lonchitis aspera, 204  
Lujula, 123  
Lunaria minor, 297  
Lupinus, 212  
Lupulus Salictarius, 220  
Lysimachia, 338   

M  
MAcis, 164  
Majorana, 10  
Malicorium, 52  
Malva, 93  
Malus & Malum, 168  
Malus Armeniaca, 171  
Malus Aurantia: 167  
Malus Cotonea, 14  
Malus Cydonia, ib.  
Malus Granata, 52  
Malus Limonia, 233  
Malus Medica, 129  
Malus Persica, 170  
Marathrum, 17  
Marrubium, 105  
Marum, 290  
Mastiche, 53  
Mater Herculana, 111  
Matricaria, 305 306  
Mechoacan, 192  
Melampodium, 202  
Melilotus, 143  
Melissa, 124  
Melo, 166  
Mentha, 43  
Mentha felina, 307  
Mentastrum, 43  
Mercurialis, 313  
M●spilus, 41  
Meum, 252  
Milium Solis, 225  
Millefolium 294  
Mirobalani, 149  
Molle, 55  
Mollugo, 343  
Morus, 42  
Muscus, 15  
Myagrum, 254  
Myosotis, 293  
Myrica, 208  
Myrrhis, 117  
Myrtus, 258  
Myxa & Myxaria, 112   

N.  
NApus, 83  
Narcissus, 155  
Nardus, 217  
Nardus Rustica, 25  
Nasturtium, 50  
Nepeta, 307  
Nigella, 92  
Nummularia, 299  
Nux Avellana, 304  
Nux Ben, 153  
Nux Juglans, 1  
Nux Moscata, 165  
Nux Myristica, ib.  
Nux Vesccaria, 227  
Nymphaea, 282   

O.  
OCularia, 22  
Oculus Christi, 23  
Ocymum, 100  
Oenanthe, 224  
Olea sive Oliva, 244  
Olus album, 97  
Olus aureum, 309  
Olus Hispanicum, 185  
Ononis, 57  
Ophioglossum, 296  
Opthalmica, 22  
Orchis, 278  
Origanum, 200  
Orobanche, 247  
Orobus, 212  
Oryza, 263  
Osmunda Regalis, 206  
Osiris, 199  
Oxalis, 184  
Oxya, 303  
Oxyacantha, 232  
Oxymyrsine, 175  
Oxies, 309   

P.  
PAeonia, 2  
Palma, 62  
Palmae cerebrum, ib.  
Palma Christ●i sive Ricinus, 196  
Palma Christi sive Satyrion, 278  
Paludapium, 286  
Panax Heracleum, 241  
Panax Coloni, 333  
Paneratium, 4  
Panis Cuculi, 123  
Papillaris, 104  
Papaver, 3  
Papaver spumeum, ib.  
Parietaria, 69  
Parthenium, 306  
Pastinacea latifolia, 251  
Pastinacea tenuifolia, 16  
Pastoris Bursa, 35  
Pecten Veneris, 2●0  
Peganon, 21  
Pentaphyllum, 36  
Peplion, 44  
Pepo, 166  
Percipier Anglorum, 222  
Perdicium, 69  
Perfoliata, 322  
Perforata, 332  
Periclymenum, 111  
Perpensa, 114  
Persica, 170  
Persicaria, 334  
Personata, 308  
Petasites, ib:  
Petroselinum, 214  
Petum, 107  
Peucedanum, 30  
Phaseolus, 236  
Philanthropos, 187  
Philipendula, 224  
Phoenix, 300  
Phu, 145  
Phyllitises, 205  
Pilosella, 293  
Pimpinella, 132  
Pinguicula, 114  
Pinus, 51  
Piper, 164  
Piper aquaticum, 334  
Piper agreste, 280  
Piperitis, 316  
Pirus & Piraster, 269  
Pistachia, 275  
Pistachium Germanicum, 227  
Pisum, 271  
Plantago, 76  
Polium, 211  
Polygonatum, 323  
Polygonum, 321  
Polypodium, 115  
Polytrichum, 16  
Pomus & Pomum, 168  
Populus, 28  
Porcellia, 24  
Porrum, 255  
Portulaca, 44  
Pitentilla, 59  
Poterion, 216  
Praesium, 105  
Primula Veris, 11  
Prunella, 336  
Prunus, 172  
Prunus sylvestris, 260  
Pseudohel●eborus, 202  
Pseudolinum; 199  
Pseudodictam 〈…〉, 315  
Pseudonardus, 9  
Pseudonasturtium silvest. 264  
Psora, 85  
Psyllium 60  
Pulegium, 287  
Pulmonaria, 106  
Pulsatilla, 291  
Pyrola, 63  
Pyrus & Pyrum, 169   

Q.  
Quadrifolium.  
Qfuscum 298  
Quercus, 237  
Quinquefolium, 39  
Quinquenervia, 76   

R.  
RAcemus, 81  
Radicula, 151  
Radix, ib.  
Raphanus, ib.  
Raphanus Rusticanus, 256  
Rapum & Rapa, 88  
Rapum Genistae, 193  
Rapunculus, 95  
Regina Prati, 295  
Remora aratri, 57  
Refina Laricea, 5  
Rha, 177  
Rhabarbarum, ib.  
Rha Ponticum, 248  
Rhabarbarum Movachorum, 177  
Rhefeda, 272  
Rhus Obsonioru●r, 257  
Rhus Coriaria, ib.  
Ribs, 166  
Ricinus, 196  
Robur, 237  
Ros Solis, 108  
Rosa, 19  
Rosa Junonis, 103  
Rosmarinus, 8  
Rubia ti●ctorum, 314  
Rubus, 261  
Rubus Idaeus, ib.  
Rumex, 183  
Rupertianum, 325  
Ruscus, 229  
Rura, 21  
Ru●a capraria, 127  
Ruta muraria, 16   

S.  
SAbina, 319  
Sagapenum, 200  
Sagmina,  
Salicaria,  
Saliunca, 2●  
Salix, 36  
Salvia, 7  
Sambucus, 189  
Sampsychum, 10  
Sanguinalis, 34  
Sanguinaria, 182  
Sanguis Draconis, 302  
Sanguiserla, 132  
Samcula, 114  
Santolum, 90  
Santolina, 250  
Sarza parilla, 320  
Sass afras, 195  
Satureia, 289  
Satyrium, 278  
Saxifraga; 223  
Stabiosa, 85  
Scala Caeli, 323  
Scandix, 236  
Scylla, 4  
Schaenanthum, 160  
Scolymus, 267  
Scolopendrium, 205  
Scopa Regia, 229  
Scoparia, 199  
Scordium, 131  
Scorodonia, ib.  
Scorpoides, 293  
Scorzonera, 128  
Scrophularia major, 65  
Scrophularia minor, 265  
Secule, 266  
Sedum minus, 47  
Sentinalis, 221  
Sempervivum sylvestre, 68  
Sena, 154  
Senecio, 150  
Sentis, 261  
Septifolium, 38  
Septinervia, 76  
Serapias, 278  
Seriphium, 148  
Serpentaria, 37, 279  
Serpentina, 296  
Serpillum, 290  
Servillum, ib.  
Sigillum Solomonis, 303  
Sinapi, 273  
S●farum, 270  
Siser, ib.  
Sisymbrium, 75  
Sium, 231  
S●●ilax five Taxus de qua vide Isagoge meum cap. 19  
Smilax laevis, 236  
Smilax aspera, 329  
Smyrnium, 290  
Sol●anella, 190  
Solidago Saracenica, 337  
Solanum hortense, 29  
Solanun, lethale, ib.  
Solanum lignosum, 342  
Solanum, Vesicarium, 227  
Sonchus, 31  
Sophia Chirurgorum, 264  
Spatula faetida, 33  
Spina alba, 232  
Spinachia, 185  
Spina acida, 175  
Spondylium, 311  
Squilla, 4  
Squinanthum, 150  
Staphylinus, 251  
Staphylodendron, 227  
Strobilus, 51  
Sylvae Mater, 111  
Symphitum, 292   

T.  
Tobacco, 107  
Tamaris●●●, 208  
Tamarindus, 203  
Tamus, 191  
Tanacetum, 249  
Tapsus barbatus, 112  
Taraxacon, 181  
Telephium, 68  
Terebinthina, 5  
Testiculorum varieta●es, 278  
Teucri●●●, 209  
Thalictrum, 77  
Thalierum, ib.  
Thapsia, 16  
Thalaspi, 256  
Thymbra, 289  
Thymum, 290  
T●bacc●, 107  
Tormentill●, 38  
Tota bona, 23  
Trachelium, 61  
Tragacantha, 216  
Tragorchis, 278  
Tragoriganum, 200  
Trafi, 219  
Trichomanes, 15  
Trifolium, 298  
Trifolium acetosum, 123  
Trifolium adoratum, 142  
Trissag●, 209  
Triticum, 70  
Triticum trim●stre, ib.  
Triticum temulentum, 300  
Tussilago, 110   

V.  
Vaccinia, 116  
Valeriana, 145  
Vegres, 261  
Veratrum, 20●  
Verbascum, 11●  
Verben●, 18  
Veronica, 340  
Vesicaria, 227  
Vetonica, 6  
Vinca pervinca, 96  
Vincetoxicum, 126  
Viola, 121  
Viola tricolor, ib.  
Viperaria, 128  
Virga aurea, 45  
Virga Pastoris, 262  
Viscum, 1●  
Vitex, 280  
Vitis, 81  
Vitis alba, 191  
Vitis nigra, ib.  
Vitis Idaea, 96  
Ulmaria, 295  
Ulmus, 326  
Umbilicus Veneris, 235  
Umbilicus Terrae, 40  
Unio, 226  
Volubilis, 246  
Urinalis, 199  
Urtica, 89  
Usuea, 15  
Uva, 8●  
Uvae passae, ib.  
Uvae Corinthi●●●, ib.  
Uva Crispa, 174  
Vulgage, 25  
Vulvaria, 309  
Uuularia, 61, 64   

X.  
XAnthium, 308  
Xylum, 274  
Xyris, 33   

Z.  
Zingiber, 161  
Finis Indicis Latini▪    

A Table of the English Names in which the Numbers are to be referred to the Chapters.  

A.  
ABrecock Tree, 171  
Acacia, 260  
Acorns, 237  
Adders-tongue, 296  
Agrimony, 179  
Agnus, 280  
Ague-Tree, 195  
A●green, is Houseleek, 47  
Alecoast, 182  
Alehoofe, 26  
Allheale, 241  
Alexanders, 290  
Aller or Alder-Tree, 152  
Alleluja, 123  
Almond-Tree, 80  
Aloes, 48  
Aloe Tree and Wood, 136  
Alk akengi, 227  
Amaranthus, 301  
Ameos or Bishopsweed, 253  
Anemone, 291  
Anise, 91  
Angelica, 118  
Balsam Apples, 324  
Apples and the Kind's, 168  
Aprecock-Tree, 171  
Archall, 180  
Archangel, 66  
Aron, 32  
Arrach, 309  
Arsmnart, 334  
Artechockes, 267  
Asara bacca, 25  
Asparagus, 213  
Ash-Tree and keys, 194  
Asp or Aspentree, 28  
Assa faetida, 310  
Avens, 133   

B.  
Baldmony, 130  
Balm, 124  
Balsam Apples, 324  
Barberies, 175  
Barley, 71  
Basil, 100  
Bays and its Berries, 242  
Beans, 101  
Beane Capers, 207  
Flat Beans, 212  
French Beans, 236  
Sour Beans, 203  
Beares-Eares, 11  
Bearesfoot, 202  
Bears Garlic, 72  
Ladies Bedstraw, 143  
Beggerlice is Cleavers, 178  
Bell-flowers, 95  
Beets 185  
Beech-Tree, 303  
Paul's Betony, 340  
Water Betony, 266  
Wood Betony, 6  
Bilberries or Whorts, 116  
Prickly Bindweed, 329  
Sea Bindweed, 190  
Birch-Tree 320  
Birdsfoot, 326  
Birds-tongue, 221  
Bishops-Leaves, 266  
Birth-wort, 312  
Bishops-weed, 253  
Bistort or Snakeweed, 37  
Bitter-sweet. 342  
Bitterwort, is Gentian, 130  
Blackberryes, 261  
Blackthorn, 260  
Bladdernut, 227  
Blites, 301  
Bloud-wort, 183  
Bombast, or Cotten-Tree, 274  
Borage, 120  
Bramble Bush, 261  
Brake, 206  
The Wild Bryar-Bush, 19  
Sweet Briar or Eglantine, ib.  
Brimstone wort, 30  
White Briony, 191  
Black Briony, ib.  
Brookelime 231  
Butchers Broome, 229  
Brook betony, 266  
Broome, 193  
Broom rape, ib.  
Browne-wort, 65  
Buckshorne, 238  
Buck-mast, 303  
Bugle, 335  
bugloss, 166  
Vipers bugloss, 138  
Bulls-foot, 110  
Bullocks Lungwort, 112  
Bulleis-Tree, 260  
Bullwort, 253  
Burnet, 182  
Butterburre, 308  
Clote burr, ib.  
Butter-wort, 114  
Butchers Broome, 229   

C.  
CAbbage, 86  
Cal●mint, ●01  
Calamus Aromaticus, 218  
Camphire, 284  
Camels Hay, 150  
Camock, 57  
Camomile, 141  
Canes or Reeds, 82  
Canel or Cina●●on, 137  
Capers, 207  
Beane Capers, ib.  
Capons-taile is Valerian, 145  
Cardamomes, 163  
Carotts, 251  
Caraways, 158  
Cass●●a fistula, 157  
Purging Cassia, ib.  
Ca 〈…〉 t, 307  
Celandine, 20  
Centory, 248  
Ceterach or Miltwast, 204  
The  Tree, 280  
Cherry-Trees, 173  
Winter-Cherries, 227  
Chervill, 230  
Cheeseboules, 3  
Cheeserunning, 343  
Chesnut-Tree, 276  
Chick-weed, 188  
China, 309  
Chocolate, 277  
St. Christopher's Her●e, 206  
Sweet Cicely, 117  
Silken Cicely, 126  
C●●ers, 271  
Cinck foil, 39  
Cinamon-Tree, 137  
Cistus and its sorts, 259  
Cives, 255  
Clary, 23  
Garden Claver is sweet Trefoil, 142  
Kings Cleaver, 143  
Cleavers or Goosegrasse, 187  
Cloudberry, 261  
Clove-Tree, 134  
Clove▪ Gillowflowers, 135  
Clowns woundwort, 333  
Cole flowers, 166  
Coleworts, 86  
Columbines, 77  
Coloquintida, 246  
Colts-foot, 110  
Comfrey, 292  
Great Confound, ib.  
Middle Confound, 335  
Small Confound or Daisy, 339  
Saracens Confound, 337  
Convall Lily, 12  
Coral, 55  
Corallwort, 56  
Coralline or Sea Moss, 15  
Cork or Archall, 180  
Coriander, 166  
Corn Rose, 3  
Corn Salad, 97  
Costmany, 182  
Co●ten, 274  
Cottonweed or Cudweed, 77  
Cowslips, 11  
French Cowslips, ib.  
Cowslips of Jerusalem, 113  
Couchgrass, 228  
Coventry Bells, 95  
Crabbe-grasse, 197  
Crabbe-Tree, 168  
Cranes-bills, 325  
Garden Cresses, 50  
Water-Cr●sses, ib.  
Winter-Cresses, ib.  
S●ines-Cresses, 238  
Wart-Cresses, ib.  
Cron-Garlick, 72  
Cuckow-flowers, 50  
Cuckoo's Meat, 123  
Cuckow-pintle, 32  
Cudweed, 77  
Cullions, 278  
Culrage or Arsmart, 334  
Cumin, 159  
Currants, 166  
Cypresse-Tree, 234  
Garden-Cypresse or Lavendar Cotten, 250  
Field Cypress or Ground pine. 318   

D.  
DAisies, great and small, 339  
Dandelyon, 181  
Dane-wort, 189  
Darnell, 300  
Date-Tree, 62  
Dauke, 251  
Dill, 94  
Dittander, 316  
Dittany of Candy, 3●5  
Bastard Dittany, ib.  
False white Dittany, 240  
Devills-bitt vide Scabious,  
Devills-durt, 310  
Garden Dock or Patience, 177  
Water-dock: 183  
Wild-Dock. ib.  
Dodder of Time and other, 201  
Dogges-grasse, 228  
Dogges-Rose, 19  
Doggs-Stones, 278  
Dogges-Tooth Violet, 56  
Doves-foot, 325  
Double-Tongue, 64  
Dragons, 279  
Dragon Tree and blood, 302  
Dropwort, 224  
Dwale, 19   

E.  
EGrimony, 179  
Elder and the sorts. 189  
Elecampane. 79  
Elm. 326  
White Ellebore. 156  
Black Ellebore. 202  
Endive. 181  
Eringus or Sea Holly, 268  
Eyebright. 22   

F.  
FEarn. 206  
Feaberries. 174  
Finger fern, 204  
Mules Fern. ib.  
Featherfew. 306  
Field Cypress, 318  
Felwort. 130  
Felonwort. 342  
Fennel. 17  
Fennel Giant. 98  
Sow Fennel. 30  
Fennel Flower, 92  
Sea Fennell, 239  
Figtree, 74  
Filbeard tree, 304  
Filipendula. 224  
Fistick Nuts, 275  
Fleawort. 60  
Flixweed. 264  
Flower amor. 301  
Flower of the Sun. 79  
Fluellen. 340  
Folefoot. 110  
Foolstones, 278  
Forget me not, 318  
Fourleafed grass. 298  
Fox Gloves. 67  
Fox Stones, 278  
Framb●is or Raspes, 261  
French Beans, 236  
French Lavender. 9  
French or Vine Leeks, 255  
French Mercury. 313  
French Mallows. 93  
Fumitory. 49  
Fusses or Fusts. 134   

G.  
GAlanga, 162  
English Galangale 219  
Gallow grass. 281  
Sweet Gall, 257  
Garlic, 72  
Gent●a●. 130  
Germander, 209  
Water Germander, 131  
Gill go by the Ground, 26  
Ginger, 161  
Glassewort. 197  
Goats Organy, 200  
Goats Rue, 127  
Golden Rod. 45  
Golden Saxifrage. 223  
Gold of Pleasure. 254  
Gooseberries. 174  
Goosefoot, 309  
Goosegrasse, 178  
Gourds. 99  
Bitter Gourd▪ 246  
Grains of Paradise, 163  
Gromell, 225  
Grasses of divers sorts. 81  
Grapes of divers sorts. 228  
Winter Green. 63  
Ground I●y, 26  
Ground Pine. 318  
Grounds●ll, 150  
Gua●acum. 327  
Gum Tragacanth. 216  
Gum Arabic. ibid.   

H.  
HAarts-ease. 121  
Hartshorn, 238  
Hearts tongue, 205  
Hearts Claver, 143  
Hart Trefoil, 298  
Hazel nut tree. 304  
Hather or Heath, 208  
Haver or Oats, 144  
Hawkweed, 24  
Haw-thorne, 230  
Haymaides, 26  
Hedge-mustard, 109  
White Hellebore, 156  
Black Hellebore, 202  
Bastard Hellebore, ib.  
Hemlock, 283  
Hemp, 281  
Hemp-Tree or Agnus, 280  
Henbane, 58  
Henbane of Peru, 107  
He●●it, 188  
Haws, 232  
Heps, 19  
Herb Robert, 325  
Herb Trinity 121  
Herb Bennet, 133  
Herb Carpenter, 338  
Herb of Grace, 21  
Herb Ive, 318  
Herb Paris, 331  
Herb Twopences, 299  
Herb● William, 253  
Holy Herb, 18  
Hercules Woundwort, 241  
Hightaper, 112  
Hipwort, 235  
Hyssop, 75  
Hollihockes, 93  
Hogs Fennell, 30  
Holme or Holly Bush, 243  
Holme or Holly Oak, 317  
Holy Thistle, 139  
Holy Seed. 148  
Holy Rose. 259  
Sea Holly. 268  
Honisuckles. 111  
Hops, 220  
Horehound, 105  
Horned Poppy. 3  
Horestrong, 30  
Hookheal 336  
Horse mint 43  
Horse tail. 34  
Horse tongue. 64  
Housleek. 47   

I  
JAck by the Hedge, 131  
St. James wort, 76  
St. J●bas-wort, 332  
Indian Spikenard, 217  
Jobs tears. 225  
Joan Silver pin, 3  
Juno's tears. 18  
Ivy. 27  
Ground Ivy. 26  
Juniper tree. 244  
Jujube tree. 83  
Juray or Darnell. 300   

K  
KAli or Glassewort. 197  
St. Katherine's flower, 92  
Kexes or Hemlock, 283  
Keraelwort or Figwort, 65  
Kidney beans. 236  
Kidneywort, 235  
Knawell, 221  
Kneeholm. 229  
Knotgrass. 221  
Knotberry. 261   

L  
LAced Time Savory, etc. 201  
Lady's Bedstraw, 343  
Ladies Comb. 230  
Lady's Mantle. 89  
Ladies Seal, 191  
Ladies Smocks, 50  
Ladder to Heaven. 323  
Lambs Lettuce, 97  
Larch-Tree. 5  
Laserwort and the sorts. 310  
Lavender. 9  
Lavender Cotton, 250  
Laurel or Bay-tree. 241  
Great Laurel, or the Cherry Bay-tree. ibid.  
Spurge Laurel, 198  
Laurel of Alexandria, 64  
Laurus Tinus, 241  
Leeks, 255  
Lentils. 102  
Lentisk or Mastic tree, 53  
Lettuce. 97  
Lambs Lettuce, ibid.  
Lichwale, 225  
Liquoris. 73  
Lignum Aloes, 136  
Lignum Vitae, 327  
Lemon tree. 233  
Lily Convally, 12  
Water Lilly. 282  
Lingeor Heath, 208  
Liriconfancy, 12  
Liverwort, 180  
Loosestrife. 338  
Love in idleness. 121  
Lovage, 248  
Lungwort. 106  
Lupins. 212  
Lustwort. 108   

M  
MAdder, 314  
Maidenhair, 16  
Mayweed, 141  
Mallows, 93  
Ladies Mantle, 89  
Marjerom, 10  
Marigolds, 125  
Marvel of Peru, 29  
Masterwort, 54  
Mastic tree, 53  
Mastic Time, 290  
Sweet Maudlin, 182  
Maybush, 232  
Meehoacan, 192  
Medick Fodder, 298  
Meadow Saffron, 119  
Meadow Trefoil, 298  
Meadow Parsly, 223  
Medlars, 41  
Melilot, 143  
Melons, 166  
French Mercury, 313  
Dogs Mercury, ibid.  
Meum, 252  
Miboile, 294  
Miltwast. 204  
Miats. 43  
Cat-Mint, 307  
Calamint, 201  
M●riles. 258  
Mirabolanes, 149  
Misseltoe. 13  
Moneywort. 299  
Small Moonwort, 297  
Morrell. 29  
Moss, 15  
Mother of Time, 29  
Motherwort, 305  
Mugwort, 286  
Mulberries. 42  
Mullein, and the sorts, 112  
Monks Rhubarb. 177  
Mustard. 273  
Hedge Mustard, 109   

N.  
NArdus or spikenard 217  
Venus Navel, 235  
The Nectarin tree, 170  
Nenuphar, 282  
Nep, 307  
Nettles, 87  
Dead Nettles, 66  
Nicotian, 107  
Nigella. 92  
Nightshade, 29  
Nipplewort, 104  
Nose bleed, 294  
The Bladder Nut, 227  
The Nutmeg tree, 165  
The Hazel Nut. 304   

O.  
Oak, and the Sorts, 237  
Oak Fern, 115  
Oak moss, 15  
Oats. 144  
Oculus Christi. 23  
Oyster green. 106  
Olive tree. 245  
One Berry. 331  
Onion. 226  
Opium. 3  
Orach. 309  
Orchis. 278  
Orange tree, 167  
Organy. 287  
Orobus. 212  
Orpine. 68  
Orris. 33  
Osmund Fer●e. 206  
Ox Eye. 139  
Ox Tongue or bugloss, 166  
Oxelips. 11   

P.  
PAigles or Cowslips, 11  
Palm tree. 62  
Palma Christi, 196, 278  
Pansies. 121  
Parietary. 69  
Park Leaves, 285  
Poormans Parmacetty 35  
Parsley, 214  
Parsley pert. 222  
Parsnep. 251  
Water Parsnep, 231  
Pasque Flower, 291  
Patience. 177  
Peach-tree, and the sorts, 170  
Pear tree, and the sorts, 169  
Pease and the sorts. 271  
Pellitory of the Wall, 69  
Penny Royal. 287  
Pennywort, 235  
Peony and the sorts, 2  
Pepper. 164  
Wall Pepper. 47  
Water Pepper, 334  
Pepperwort, 316  
Perwincle. 96  
Pest●l●●ce-wort or Butter-burr, 308  
St. Peters-wort hath the same Virtues with St. J●has-wort, ●32  
Pigeens-grasse, 18  
Great P●l●-wort, 65  
S●all P●l●wort, 255  
Pimper●eil, 341  
Water Pi●nperneil, 231  
Pinetree, 51  
Ground Pine. 318  
Pistack Nuts, 275  
Pitch Tresoile, 298  
Plantain. 76  
Buck shor● Plantain, 238  
Plum-tree. 172  
P●ckwood. 327  
Poets Rosemary. 8  
Polymountain, 211  
Polipody, 115  
Pome Citron tree. 129  
Pomegranate tree, 52  
Poplar, and the Sorts, 28  
P●ppies. 3  
Horned Poppy, ibid.  
Spa●ling Poppy, ibid.  
Bastard wild Poppy, 36  
Porcelain. 44  
Potatees. 269  
Shepherds purse, 35  
Priests pintle, 32  
Prick madam, 47  
Primrose, 11  
Prunell. 336  
Pudding Pipe. 157  
Puliol Royal. 287  
Purcelane, and the sorts, 44  
Water Purslane. 188  
Purplewort, 298   

Q  
QUeen of the Meadows, 295  
Q 〈…〉 n Tree, 194  
Quick grass, 228  
Quince Tree, and the sorts. 14   

R.  
RAdish, and the sorts, 151  
H●se R●dish. 256  
Ragwort and the sorts, 76  
Ra●pions and the sorts, 95  
Ra●sons, 72  
Rape or Turnip, 88  
Broom Rape. 193  
Raspis. 261  
Redweed or wild Poppy, 3  
Reed and the sorts, 82  
The S●gar Reed or Cane, ibid.  
The Aromatical Reed, 218  
Ray or Darnell. 300  
Rest harrow, 57  
Rhapontick. 177  
Ribwort, 76  
Wake Robin, 32  
Rocket, 272  
Shepherds Rod, 265  
Roses and the sorts, 19  
Water Rose, 282  
Ros Solis. 108  
Rosemary. 8  
Poets Rosemary, ibid.  
Red Rotsie, 108  
White Rot. 114  
True Rhubarb, 177  
Bastard Rhubarb, ibid.  
Meadow Rhubarb, 77  
Mo●kes Rhubarb, 177  
Ruddes, 3  
Medow-Rue, 77  
Garden Rue, 21  
Mountain Rue, ib.  
Wild Rue, ib.  
Goat's Rue, 127  
Wall Rue, ib.  
Rupture-wort, 321  
Rice, 263  
Rye, 166   

S.  
SAffron, 119  
Sage, 7  
Wood Sage, 131  
Sage of Jerusalem, 113  
solomon's Seal●, 323  
Salt-wort, 197  
Sallow, 36  
Sampire, 139  
Saunders, 90  
Santliver, 197  
Sanicle, 114  
Sarza parilla, 329  
Saracens Confound, 337  
Saracens Birth-wort, 312  
Sassafras, 193  
Satyrion, 278  
Sawce-alone, 131  
Savoury and the sorts, 289  
Savine and the sorts, 319  
Saxifrage and the sorts, 223  
Scabious and the sorts, 85  
Scabwort, 79  
Scaleserne, 204  
Scarlet-Oake, 217  
The Scarlet grain, ib.  
Scarwort, 316  
Scordium, 131  
Scurvygrasse, and the sorts, 46  
Sea Colewort 190  
Scottish Scurvygrasse, ib.  
Sea-foale-foot, ib.  
Sea Holley, 268  
Sebesten, 84  
Selfe-heale, 336  
Sena, 154  
Bastard Sena, ib.  
Sengreene, 47  
Senvy or Mustard, 273  
Garden Setwall, 165  
Mountain Setwall, ib.  
Setter-wort, 202  
Share-wort, 330  
Shave grass, 34  
Shepherds needle, 230  
Shepherds-purse, 35  
Shepherds-stasse, 262  
Silken Sicily, 126  
Sickle-wort, 335  
Silverneed, 39  
Sink●cile, 39  
Skirrets, 270  
Sloe-bush, 260  
Smallage, 186  
Garde● Smilax, 236  
Snail Claver, 298  
Snakeweed, 37  
Snakes garlic, 72  
Soldanella, 190  
Sorrel ●nd the sorts, 184  
Wood Sorrell, 123  
Sowthi●●les, 31  
Showbread, 40  
Sowfennell, 30  
Southernwood, 288  
Spanish Potatoes, 269  
Sparrowes-tongue, 194  
Speedwell and the sorts, 240  
Spicknell or Spignell, 252  
Spicknard, 217  
spinach, 185  
Rough Spleenwort, 204  
Smooth Spleenwort, ib.  
Great Spurge or Palma Christi, 196  
Spurge Laurel, 198  
Squtnant, 160  
Stabbewort, 123  
Staggerwort, 50  
Starchwort, 32  
Starrewort, 330  
Stonecrop, 47  
Strawberries, 122  
Succory, 181  
Sulphurwort, 30  
Sumack of divers sorts, 257  
Sundew, 108  
Sunflowers, 79  
Sweet Cicely, 117  
Swallowort, 126  
Sweet Gaul, 257  
Sweet Rush, 219  
Swine's Cresses, 238  
Swines-grasse. 221   

T.  
English and Indian Tobacco, 117  
Tamarinds, 203  
Tamarisk and the sorts, 208  
Garden Tansey and the sorts, 249  
Wild Tansy, 59  
Tarragon, 166  
Tetterwort. 20  
Tetterberries, 191  
Thapsia, 30  
Distasse Thistle, 193  
Our Lady's Thistle, 140  
The black Thorn, 260  
The white Thorn, 132  
Thoroughwax, 322  
Three leafed grass, 298  
Throatwort and the sorts, 61  
Tills, 102  
Garden Time and the sorts, 290  
Dodder of Time, etc. 201  
Mother of Time, 290  
Toad-Flax and the sorts, 199  
Tobacco, 107  
Tooth-wort, 56  
Torches, 112  
T●rmen till and the sorts, 38  
Trefoil and the sorts, 298  
Treacle wormseed, 154  
English Treacle, 131  
Herb true Love, 331  
Tu●boofe, 26  
Turpentine, 5  
Turmerick, 178  
Turnips, 88  
Tu●san, 285  
Two-penny-grasse, 299   

V.  
VAlerian and its sorts, 165  
Venus Bason, 262  
Venus Hair, 15  
Venus Combe, 230  
Venus Navel, 235  
Vervain and the sorts, 18  
Bitter Vetch, 212  
Italian Vetch, 127  
Vines of divers sorts, 81  
Violets, 121  
Toothed Violets, 56  
Vipers bugloss, 138  
Vipers-grasse. 128   

W.  
WAybredde, 76  
Wake-Roh●n, 32  
walnuts and the sor●s, 1  
Walsh-nut Tree, ib.  
walwort, 189  
Wart-wort, 238  
Water Germander, 131  
Seaweed or Sea-Wrake 106  
Wheat and the sorts, 70  
White Battle, 3  
White Root, 323  
White Rot, 114  
White-wort, 306  
Whorts and the sorts 116  
The Wilding or Crabtree, 168  
Willows and the sorts, 36  
Winanke is Sassafras, 195  
Windflower, 291  
Wimote is Marshmallow, 215  
Winter-Cherries, 227  
Winter-Greene, 63  
With-wind, 247  
Withy, 36  
Witch-hasell, 326  
Woodbine and the sorts, 111  
Wood-sage, 131  
Wooddy Nightshade, 342  
Wormseed, 148  
Achilles Wood-wort, 294  
Her●●les Wound-wort, 241  
Wreck. 106   

Y.  
YArrow and the sorts, 294  
Yew, see mine introductton to the knowledge of Plants, Chap. 19  
Youthwort, 108    

A TABLE.  

A.  
ABortion remedied, Chap. 7, 21, 37, 41, 62, 249, 317.  
Abortion caused, Chap. 129, 279, 314, 315, 319.  
Aches, Chap. 87, 107, 141, 142, 252, 318, 339.  
Agues, Chap. 1, 3, 5, 6, 18, 21, 25, 33, 35, 38, 46, 47, 54, 59, 62, 105, 107, 131, 139, 140, 141, 149, 164, 172, 248, 262, 271, 274, 284, 288, 294, 306, 308, 328, 332.  
Agues hot, Chap. 90, 93, 99, 110, 116, 121, 123, 138, 168, 174, 176, 181.  
Agues in Children, Chap. 268.  
Agues Quartan, Chap. 66, 92, 115, 134, 139, 149, 154, 156, 256, 268, 293, 309.  
Agues Quotidian, Chap. 142, 154, 268.  
Agues Tertian, Chap, 92, 149.  
Almonds of the Throat, Chap. 87, 261, 273.  
St. antony's Fire, Chap. 3, 21, 24, 29, 35, 47, 60, 69, 82, 102, 110, 166, 174, 181, 258, 262, 283, 284.  
Appetite, Chap. 52, 56, 129, 175, 273, 289.  
Apoplexy, Chap. 4, 12, 136.  
Aposthumes, Ch. 45, 48, 51, 17, 82 85, 94, 98, 109, 114, 119, 168, 327.  
Astmahs', Chap. 98, 109, 111, vid. Breath short.  
Arteries, Chap. 258.   

B.  
BAck to cool, Chap. 284.  
Back to strengthen, Chap. 23, 62, 109, 121, 138.  
Belly ● lose, and pains to ease, Ch. 4, 3, ●, 20, 21, 30, 42, 48, 50, 67, 84, 93, 97, 99, 155, 175, 255, 271, 301, 310.  
Belly to bring down, Chap. 289.  
Barrenness caused, Chap. 111.  
Barrenness help●, Chap. 286, 307.  
Belly to bind, C●ap. 62, 81, 261.  
Belching, Chap. 38, 149, 259.  
Bees to increase, Chap. 91, 124.  
Biles, Chap. 23, 32, 70, 101, 124, 248, 266.  
Bitings of mad Dogs and venomous Beasts, Chap. 12, 43, 70, 72, 74, 91, 117, 118, 126, 139, 142, 252, 253, 255, 259, 275, 280, 286.  
Afterbirth to expel, Chap. 21, 23, 27, 32, 54, 64, 80, 103, 105, 117, 118, 119, 124, 130, 142, 156, 182, 286, 287, 290, 306, 313, 315, 319, 320.  
Bladder, Chap. 18, 29, 50, 74, 82, 83, 122, 165, 258, 327.  
Blast, chap. 44, 276.  
Bleeding at the Nose, and wounds, 18, 21, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 47, 52, 55, 60, 63, 66, 77, 87, 90, 96, 255, 271, 281, 284, 292, 302, 282.  
Black and blue marks, chap. 50, 62, 75, 95, 101, 151, 253, 257, 272, 273, 287, 323, 334.  
Blue to die, Chap. 116.  
Blisters, Chap. 31, 108,  
Blood to cool, Chap, 119.  
Blood to increase, Chap. 24,  
Blood to purge, Chap. 50, 83, 120,  
Bloody Flux, vide Flux:  
Blood pissing, vide pissing Blood.  
Blood spitting, vide spitting,  
Blood congealed, Chap. 253, 29●, 314, 332, 335.  
Botches, Chap. 112, 139.  
Bones broken, Chap. 30, 85, 268, 323, 326,  
Bots in Horses, Chap. 319,  
Bowels, Chap. 5, 9,  
Brain 〈◊〉, Chap. 1, 5, 8, 38, 53, 94, 141, 162,  
Breast cleansed, Chap. 5, 67, 117, 265, 273, 28, 305, 313.  
Bre●st pained and Milk curdled, Chap. 50, 98, 99, 102, 103, 181, 309, 260, 318.  
Breast s●eld ha●d and diseased, Chap. 51, 58, 60, 70, 103, 105, 109 126, 150, 263, 276.  
Breast hanging down, Chap. 89, 90, 283.  
Breath short, Chap. 18, 30, 31, 34, 35, 43, 44, 50, 51, 73, 75, 79, 85, 100, 103, 105, 106, 109, 115, 145, 274, 288, 290, 306, 319.  
Breath stinking Chap. 31, 33, 43, 53, 57, 129, 137, 148, 167, 258, 277.  
Bruises, Chap. 5, 37, 45, 65, 69, 77, 95, 131, 142, 145, 177, 179, 292, 297, 307, 334, 337 339.  
Buboes, Chap. 330, 331.  
Burn, Chap. 44, 47, 68, 99, 168, 259, 285, 324.  
Bursten, Chap. 6, 30, 37, 45, 52, 56, 57, 59, 64, 68, 70, 77, 79, 112, 144, 131, 133, 142. 145. 250 257, 283. 292. 293. 296. 307. 321. 322. 327, 324. 325. 326. 328. 333.   

C  
CAncer, Chap. 20, 26, 33, 37, 49, 63, 297, 300, 308.  
Canker, Chap. 3, 22, 29, 47, 76, 79, 102, 109, 257, 266.  
Carbuncled, Chap. 1, 81, 85.  
Cattarrahs', Chap. 3, 37, 58, 76, 90, 92, 122, 123, 252, 258, 279▪  
Chappings, Chap. 283.  
Cheerful to make, Chap. 66, 124, 138, 1●0, 168.  
Childbirth p●●ns eased, Chap. 30, 31, 40, 43, 74.  
Childbearing, Chap. 181. 289.  
Child dead expelled, Chap. 248, 251, 287, 315, 319.  
Childblains, Vid. Kib●●.  
Chincough, Chap. 299.  
Colic, Chap. 1, 6, 12, 21, 33, 40, 43, 54, 62, 72, 112, 115, 118, 133, 141, 143, 144, 147, 153, 163, 251, 253, 255, 268, 271, 324, 325.  
Choler purged, Chap. 25, 48, 49, 60, 62, 83, 121, 148, 149, 152, 154. 177. 181. 313.  
Chest, Chap. 109. 111. 145. 181.  
Cod's diseases eased, Chap. 33. 42. 70.  
Cod's swelled, Chap. 57 68 81. 93. 101. 258. 280. 331.  
Conception, Chap. 23. 251. 277. 300.  
Consumption, Chap. 4. 5. 8. 35. 62. 72. 73. 86. 91. 108. 115. 116. 120. 251. 275. 278 341.  
Convulsions, Chap. 6. 24. 33: 54. 79. 279.  
Cows poisoned by licking up of tick, Chap. 130.  
Corns, Chap. 36. 48. 81. 103.  
Colour to mend, Chap. 17. 18. 20▪ 74. 75.  
Colour deformed in wounds, Chap. 259.  
Colour high, Chap. 253.  
Courses vid. Openness,  
Coughs in Horses, Chap. 106. 276.  
Cough, Chap. 3. 4. 5, 6, 8. 18. 21. 24, 30, 33, 34, 39, 44, 50, 51, 60, 62, 69, 72, 73, 74, 75, 80, 81, 109, 115, 137, 145, 164, 167, 176, 251, 256, 258, 259, 274, 276, 277, 279, 288, 290.  
Cough old 101, 105, 120, 151,   

D.  
Dandruff, Chap. 259.  
Deafness, Chap. 5. 31. 36. 40, 58, 60, 118, 139, 313.  
Delivery easy, Chap. 55, 64, 74, 93, 111, 137, 290, 315, 316.  
Deformity, of Face, vid. Face Freckled.  
Digestion, Chap. 53, 97, 118, 137 163, 277.  
Dreams terrible, Chap. 124.  
Dropsy, Chap. 4, 18, 20, 24, 25, 32, 33, 54, 56, 74, 75, 78, 91 100, 103, 107, 126, 130, 137, 140, 149, 177, 179, 251, 262, 268, 280, 314, 318, 327, 328.  
Drunkenness, Chap. 80.  
Dumb, Chap. 8. 12.   

E.  
Ear Worms, Chap. 17. 43. 58. 60. 281.  
Ears pain, Chap. 21. 26. 27. 28 29. 30. 31. 32. 43. 47. 71. 200. 105. 118. 177. 259. 279.  
Ears Deaf, vide Deafness,  
Noise in the Ears, Chap. 31. 58. 72. 75. 80. 91. 255, 289.  
Ears Aposthumated, Chap. 60. 101. 109, 179, 268,  
Ears inflamed, Chap. 75.  
Ears running, Chap. 148.  
Eyes bloodshot, Chap. 82.  
Eyes black and blue, Chap. 32, 101  
Eyes preserved from the Smallpox Chap. 119.  
Eyes swelled, Chap. 101.  
Eye sight preserved, Chap. 79, 80, 87, 98. 100, 105, 112, 118. 124, 143. 338.  
Eyes inflamed and diseased, Chap. 3. 8. 12. 17. 18. 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 29, 32, 36, 38, 40, 47, 48, 70, 99, 102, 120, 121, 122, 130; 150, 164, 168, 181, 248, 262, 284, 288, 296, 331 258, 279.   

F.  
FAce freckled and otherwise deformed to beautify, Chap. 32, 36. 40, 50, 51, 59, 69, 79, 92, 101, 130, 133, 147, 153, 248, 259, 265, 272, 273, 274, 280, 282 319, 323, 326.  
Face red, Chap. 168, 284, 288.  
Fat to make, Chap. 81,  
Felons, Chap. 23, 101, 103, 342  
Fevers, Chap. 17, 38, 52, 55, 71 133, 129, 172 261, 282.  
Fevers, Hectic, Chap. 180. 278, 328.  
Fever old, Chap. 2. 7. 8.  
Falling sickness, Chap. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8. 12. 25. 28. 30. 37. 48. 54. 57 67. 74. 75. 91. 93. 98. 121. 126. 130. 142. 150. 156. 163. 173. 259. 273. 283. 309 315. 318. 327. 330. 332.  
Fistulaes', Chap. 3, 18, 26, 32, 35, 49, 62, 66, 69, 76, 262, 266, 278.  
Fleas to kill, chap. 21, 148, 166, 289.  
Fluxes, chap. 8, 34, 27, 35, 37, 38, 39, 44, 45, 52, 53 54, 56, 257, 262, 278, 281, 282, 300 301. 302, 321.  
Fluxes of the Belly, 101, 102. 106 112. 114. 116. 140. 259. 260. 263. 277. 304.  
Fluxes bloody, Chap. 27. 35. 38▪ 39 59 106. 112. 140. 162 179.  
Phlegm purged, Chap. 48. 50. 51. 62. 98. 114. 148. 152. 177. 182. 67. 73. 105. 107. 111. 141. 167.  
Flies to destroy, Chap. 105. 156.  
Fartion in Horses, Chap. 308.  
Fractures, Chap. 29. 7. 339.  
French-Pox, Chap. 38. 39 131. 144. 139. 266. 268. 288. 327. 328. 329.  
Frenzy, Chap. 91. 262. 280. 282.  
Fruit- full to make, Chap. 255. 271.  
Fundament, Chap. 34. 40. 43. 52 65. 102. 147. 258. 262. 280.   

G.  
GAle overflowing, Chap. 2. 17. 20. 26. 105. 122. 181.  
Gangreen, Chap. 1. 81. 102. 127 139. 257. 300. 335.  
Gargles for soar mouths, Chap. 43. 46. 49. 51. 56. 70. 75. 76. 79. 120. 122. 260. 265.  
Giddiness, Chap. 5.  
Gonoreah, Chap. 33. 37. 44: 55. 90. 97. 114. 177. 180. 282. 285. 294. 308. 321. 323. 327.  
Gout, Chap. 3. 6. 12. 17. 18. 21. 28. 32. 36. 47. 49. 58. 60. 66. 71. 79. 81. 102. 107. 109. 112 142. 262. 273, 281, 287, 318.  
Gripeings, Chap. 2, 70, 112, 124 126, 177, 248, 251, 252, 257, 259, 260, 274, 324.  
Greene- sickness, Chap. 148, 178, 277, 328,  
Gums, Chap. 37, 44, 47, 55, 287.  
Guts eased, Chap. 34, 79.   

H.  
HAnds to make smooth, Chap. 1.  
Hair to make black, 257. 258, 261.  
Hair to grow, Chap. 30, 36, 48. 69, 103, 151, 259, 273, 288,  
Hair to take away, Chap. 27, 49, 115.  
Head- Ache, Chap. 1, 4, 6, 8, 18, 25. 27, 30, 43, 47, 54, 58, 60, 90, 92, 121, 260, 276, 280, 281, 328, 329.  
Head soar, Chap. 4. 21, 35, 38, 43, 44, 50, 67, 69, 74, 135, 142.  
Head to purge, Chap. 27, 36, 37, 40, 43, 54, 100, 265.  
Head inflamed, Chap. 281.  
Head Scald, Chap. 303.  
Head Swimming, Chap. 306, 340,  
Hemorrhodies, Chap. 31, 32, 33, 37, 41. 42, 44, 47, 48, 57, 60, 62, 65, 110, 112, 145, 149, 255, 257, 259, 261. 263, 265, 266.  
Heart burning, Chap. 43, 261.  
Hens to make lay, Chap. 87.  
Heart trembling, Chap. 12, 90, 120 122, 126, 127, 128, 137, 140, 162.  
Heart comforted and strengthened, Chap. 38, 53, 55, 108, 118, 119 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 127, 130, 131. 134, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 317,  
Hickcock, Chap. 4, 17, 43, 94, 148.  
Hipp- Gout, vid. Sciatica.  
Horse pricked, Chap. 112.  
Hoarseness, Chap. 39 51, 60, 73, 84, 109, 255, 273.  
Hunger to stay, Chap. 73.   

I.  
Jaundice yellow, Chap. 2, 5, 6, 17. 18. 20. 25. 26, 35. 39 40 48. 57 100 105. 109. 120. 126. 145. 148. 175. 178. 179. 250. 268. 271. 277. 281. 286. 321. 313. 314. 318, 328.  
Jaundice black, Chap. 49. 179. 342.  
Jaws, Chap. 37. 38.  
Inflammations, Chap. 28. 34. 58. 90. 110. 121. 142. 147. 166. 181. 277. 282. 298. 329.  
Inflammations of the Liver, vide Liver to cool.  
Inflammations of Eyes, vide eyes.  
Inflammations of mouth, Chap. 29. 42.  
jacubus, Chap. 48.  
Joints eased, Chap. 5. 21. 48. 53. 60. 74. 109. 124. 142. 258. 287. 327. 328. 329. 343.  
Joints Knotted, Chap. 281.  
Itch, Chap. 20. 22. 49. 71. 79. 107. 120. 144. 153. 179. 250. 266. 287.  
Issues, Chap. 27.   

K.  
KErnels to dissolve, Chap. 38. 40. 43. 50. 65. 74 124. 130. 150. 153. 164. 266. 268. 286. 300. 328.  
Kidneys ulcerated, Chap. 63.  
Kidneys to purge, Chap. 2.  
Kibes, Chap. 58. 74. 88 102. 308.  
Stone in Kidneys, Chap. 45. 64. 69.  
King's Evil, Chap. 2. 4. 38. 43. 47. 50. 65. 66. 67. 70. 71. 76. 98. 107. 130. 164. 265. 319.   

L.  
Lethargy, Chap. 8. 30. 50. 84. 100 136. 156, 273, 280, 287, 289, 292.  
Leprosy, Chap. 12. 49, 65, 70, 71, 74, 122, 144, 179, 266, 340.  
Lasks, vid. Flux of belly.  
Lean to make, Chap. 17.  
Legs soar, Chap. 59, 74, 259, 283.  
Liver to cool, Chap. 5, 21, 99, 120, 122, 129, 175, 176, 179, 180, 284, 296.  
Liver grown, Chap. 287, 335.  
Liver- diseases eased, Chap. 8, 12, 17, 18, ●0, 25, 26, 33, 38, 43, 50, 55, 57, 67, 79, 148, 177, 179, 180,  
Lice to kill, Chap. 27. 58, 75, 107, 273.  
Loins pain, Chap. 82, 109, 138 268, 273.  
Long to stay, Chap. 41, 52.  
Loatning, Chap. 120, 167, 176.  
Lungs, Chap. 5, 18, 21, 26, 23, 73, 106, 109, 111, 112, 144, 115, 143, 248, 255,  
Lungs ulcerated, Chap. 106, 116, 120,   

M.  
MAtrix suffocated vid. Mothers, Matrix cleansed, Chap. 4, 52, 109, 126, 148, 253, 283, 292, 303, 308, 320.  
Matrix to keep in its place, Chap. 308.  
Marks of Smallpox, Chap. 272.  
Members out of Joint, Chap. 82. 115,  
Maw- Worms, Chap. 126.  
Megrim, Chap. 6, 107.  
Measles, Chap. 37, 74.  
Melancholy, Chap. 49, 55, 100, 154, 313, 317.  
Milk to increase, Chap. 17, 31, 71, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97 140, 271, 272, 280.  
Milk to dry up, Chap. 28, 43, 98, 101, 181, 283.  
Memory to help, Chap. 5, 8, 7, 22, 25, 119, 136, 340.  
Miscarrying, vide abortion.  
M●r●s, Chap. 142, 148, 257.  
M●ther help●, Chap. 6, 21, 30, 54, 62, 64, 69, 94, 118, 119, 147, 167, 251, 252, 258, 259, 280, 284, 286, 287, 288, 303, 305 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313.  
Mouth sore, Chap. 1, 40, 42, 46, 52, 64, 259, 279.  
Mouth Apostumated, Chap. 109.  
Mouth al●erated, Chap. 61, 114, 117, 253, 258, 261, 339.  
Mouth t●stamed, Chap. 29, 42, 73.  
M●rphew, Chap. 21, 33, 49, 74,  
Mumps, chap. 77.   

N.  
NAiles s●are and lose, chap. 81 258.  
N 〈…〉 a●ry, Chap. 124, 268, 273,  
Neck pai●d, and creek in it, Chap. 44, 273, 286.  
Navel, Chap. 30, 44, 60.  
Navel sticking out, Chap. 322.  
Nerves strengthened, Chap. 18, 27, 30, 33, 36, 53, 66, 69, 70, 85, 112, 141, 247, 153.  
Night ware vid. Incubus.  
Nipples soar, Chap. 104.  
Nose diseased, cured, Chap. 21, 32, 52.  
Numbness, Chap. 51.  
Nose bleeding, vide bleeding.   

O.  
OBstructions, Chap. 87, 90.  
Obstructions of the Gall, Chap. 178 281.  
Obstructions of Liver, Chap. 118, 119, 128, 130, 133, 136, 145, 165, 177, 181, 268, 275, 335 342.  
Obstructions of the Reins, Chap. 112.  
Obstructions of the spleen, Chap. 133, 136, 145, 248, 268.  
Obstruction of the Stomach, Chap. 178.   

P.  
Palsy, Chap. 6, 7, 8, 12, 25, 30, 39, 51, 131, 135, 249, 273, 318.  
Pedagora, Chap. 248, 283.  
Pestilence, vide Plague.  
Pains of Childbirth, vide Childbirth.  
palate fallen down, Chap. 42, 43, 61.  
Pi●●s vid. Hemorrhoids.  
P●sh●g of bed, Chap. 37, 72, 260, 292,  
Pissing blood, Chap. 35, 44, 72, 106, 179.  
Pin and Web, Chap. 78, 142, 145, 283, 298, vid. eyes.  
Pimples, Chap. 44, 76.  
Pipes to open, C●ap. 73.  
Frenzy, Chap. 3, 30, 44.  
Plague, Chap. 1, 8, 18, 20, 21, 26 32, 37, 38, 48, 55, 85, 125, 126, 127, 130, 132, 133, 134 135, 145, 251, 259, 279, 284 340, 341.  
Plague scares, Chap. 32, 50. 70, 74, 103, 127, 139, 1●1, 309.  
Pleurisy, Chap. 3, 24, 60, 80, 109 118, 119, 139, 142, 143, 248.  
Polypus, Chap. 37, 87, 115, 259 279.  
Poison, Chap. 1, 3, 7, 17, 21, 37, 38, 74, 88, 120, 139, 251. 277.  
Poisonous Medicines of Canthaeride, Chap. 253.  
Smallpox, 37. 38. 74, 119.  
Privities, Chap. 48, 102, 103, 106.  
Privities ulcerated, Chap. 258. 259, 293, 335, 336, 337.  
Physic, Chap. 5, 8, 44, 73, 115, 117, 118, 155.  
Purge for Children, chap. 114.  
Purples, chap. 298.  
Purge upwards and downwards, Chap. 248.  
Pushes, Chap. 28, 44, 110, 122,  
Pustles, Chap. 31, 34.   

Q.  
Quinsy, Chap. 1, 39, 68, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 90, 121, 164, 248, 261, 330.  
Qualms, Chap. 108, 165, 177.   

R.  
RAvishing, Chap. 51.  
Reins, Chap. 18, 21, 23, 24, 50, 73, 82, 83, 121, 122, 148, 162, 249, 252, 273, 318, 329.  
Reins to purge, Chap. 255.  
Running of Reins, vid. Gonorreah.  
Rickets, Chap. 143.  
Ring- Worms, vid Tetters.  
Rheum, Chap. 23, 35, 52, 53, 321, 323, 327, 328, 329.  
Rheum in head, Chap. 57, 76, 90, 110, 137, 145, 166, 175, 180.  
Ruptures, vide Burstings.   

S.  
Satyriasis, Chap. 280,  
Scabby Head vid. Head soar,  
Scabs, Chap. 13, 21, 26, 38, 65, 79, 85, 107, 115.  
Scalding, Chap. 47, 68, 99, 259.  
Sciatica, Chap. 4, 21, 23, 26, 28 30, 30, 33, 38, 58, 59, 60, 66, 76, 98, 107, 109, 119, 250, 256, 266, 273, 281, 285, 286, 288, 289, 314, 318.  
Scurvy, Chap. 46, 47, 48, 50, 256, 261, 262.  
Scrophules. vide. King's Evils  
Seed to increase, Chap. 51, 80, 271 274, 275.  
Secondine, vid. afterbirth.  
Senses strengthened, Chap. 154, 181.  
Shingles, vide. St. Anthony's fire,  
Sinews cut, Chap. 103.  
Sinews vid. Nerves.  
Sides pain, Chap. 56, 84, 86, 139, 140, 141, 143, 145, 146 260, 271, 273, 321.  
Skin to clear, Chap. 31, 46, 80, 95, 110, 122, 253, 274.  
Sheep to provoke, Chap. 3, 25, 58, 80, 94, 97, 131, 181, 283, 331.  
Sneesing to provoke, Chap. 33, 100, 164.  
Spleen, Chap. 3, 5, 17, 18, 21, 25, 26, 27, 30, 33, 38, 40, 50, 55, 57, 67, 75, 80, 111, 115, 146, 256, 280, 288, 315.  
Spitting blood, Chap. 35, 37, 52, 53, 55, 49, 70, 78, 79, 98, 106, 259, 261, 262, 266, 276.  
Spots in Face vid. Freckles,  
Spots in the Eyes, vid. eyes.  
Soars fretting, Chap. 278, 279, 308.  
Soars running. Chap. 27, 29, 105 120, 153, 156.  
Soars old, Chap. 58. 61, 67, 74.  
Stitches, Chap. 7. 27, 85, 115, 133, 139, 140, 141, 143, 145, 146.  
Stinging of Bees, Chap. 47.  
Stinging of Serpents, Chap. 75.  
Staggers in Horses, Chap. 76.  
Stammering, Chap. 64.  
Stone; Chap. 4. 6. 18. 21 27, 29, 31, 33, 34, 41, 43, 50, 54, 64, 69, 80, 91, 101, 139. 141, 151, 163, 172, 173, 248, 251, 255, 261, 268, 271, 277, 288, 308, 315.  
Stomach to strengthen and comfort, Chap. 1, 5, 8, 18, 21, 24, 31, 33, 41, 43, 46, 51, 55, 71, 79 81, 97, 115, 118, 119, 131, 136, 137, 149, 154, 165, 166, 168, 177, 259, 275.  
Stomach to cleanse, Chap. 2. 71, 139 157.  
Stomach cold to warm, Chap. 124, 129, 131, 133, 137, 139, 162 164, 167, 248.  
Stomach hot to cool, 168, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 181.  
Stratgury, Chap. 13, 28, 31, 34, 35, 43, 73, 118, 142, 145, 249 252, 256, 268, 271, 277, 304, 318, 321, 325.  
Swell to ease, Chap. 52, 139: 141, 142, 143, 153, 174, 181, 266, 271, 273, 278, 303.  
Sweat to provoke, Chap. 38, 40, 54, 125, 128, 139, 256, 308, 329.  
Sweat stinking, Chap. 137. 258. 272.  
Surfeits, Chap. 3. 27. 118.  
Swimming of the brain, Chap. 128, 139.  
Swooning, Chap. 52. 100 120. 124. 128. 135. 140. 181. 298. 299. 317.   

T.  
Tooth- Ache, Chap. 1. 20. 27. 3●. 33. 37. 39 40. 42. 44. 51. 53. 56. 59 69. 112. 125. 134. 156. 273. 284. 287. 301. 309.  
Teeth to fasten, Chap. 52. 53. 55. 59 175. 257. 302. 327.  
Teeth to white, Chap. 53, 107, 327, 277.  
Teeth to breed, Chap. 55.  
Teeth hollow, Chap. 118.  
Terms to provoke, Chap. 2, 5, ●, 17, 23, 26, 27, 48, 50, 54, 69 75, 79, 87, 92, 105, 124, 130 136. 137, 141, 178, 248, 250, 252, 253, 256, 259, 268, 271 273, 280, 287, 288, 289, 290, 309, 314, 318, 319, 320.  
Terms to stay, Chap. 12, 20, 21, 34, 37, 41, 44, 47, 49, 59, 62, 63, 64, 76, 80, 96, 114, 166, 259, 261, 262, 264, 266, 286, 293, 294, 297, 299, 300, 301, 303, 304.  
Tenasmus, Chap. 29, 77.  
Testicles, Chap. 48, 109.  
Tetters, Chap. 20, 21, 29, 34, 47, 70, 78, 105.  
Throes to draw forth, Chap. 32, 38, 51, 64, 73, 78, 81, 11●, 147, 260, 288, 300, 315, 341,  
Throughs vide. Childbirth pains  
Thirst immoderate, Chap. 44, 47, 52, 73, 82, 121, 122, 149.  
Throat sore, Chap. 32, 38, 51, 64, 73, 78, 81, 111.  
Throat swelled, Chap. 112, 330.  
Throat rough, Chap. 60, 62, 82, 84  
Tongue inflamed, Chap. 180.  
Tongue palsy, Chap. 50● never cured in woman.  
Tongues rough, Chap. ●0.  
tumors, Chap. 114, 119, 143, 147, 251, 273, 278, 283, 326 329, 340.   

V  
VEnery to provoke, Chap. 23, 43, 50, 51, 62, 72, 101, 119, 16●, 166, 251, 252, 253, 255, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271 272, 273, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279.  
Venery to restrain, Chap. 27, 44, 97, 99, 111, 118, 280, 282, 284, 285.  
Vein cut, Chap. 37, 38, 341.  
Venom, vid. Poison.  
Ulcers in divers places of the Body, Chap. 1, 3, 18, 20, 24, 26, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 45, 46, 54, 64, 69, 74, 114, 139, 142, 149, 179.  
Ulcers old, Chap. 77, 105, 299, 324, 325, 335, 338.  
Cowe● U●der s●●ld, Chap. 114, 130  
Voice, vide, Hoarseness.  
Vomit to provoke, Chap. 5, 25, 47 67, 150, 151, 155, 156, 256, 278.  
Vomit to restrain, Chap. 36, 37, 38, 41, 43, 50, 53, 59, 62, 81, 83, 94, 106, 123, 198, 257, 259, 283, 287.  
Vomiting blood, Chap. 81.  
Urinal provoked, Chap. 5, 17, 21, 24, 29, 33, 34, 35, 45, 50, 57, 62, 72, 75, 79, 80, 87, 92, 111, 139, 140, 141, 145, 150, 151, 153, 163, 248, 249, 250, 252, 253 258, 259, 267, 268, 270, 271 272, 277, 290, 298▪ 308.  
Urinal 〈◊〉 Chap. 44, 73, 84, 97 111.  
Vul●●▪ Chap. 42, 78, 111, 166, 306.   

W.  
WArts to kill, Chap. 320, 21, 28, 31, 47, 74, 112, 125, 262.  
Weariness, Chap. 286, 343.  
Wenns, Chap. 124, 143, 262.  
Weals, Chap. 26, 28, 31, 102 110, 122.  
Wheesing, Chap. 73, 75, 10●, 109, 115.  
Whites to stay, Chap. 8, 55, 66, 89, 105, 250, 266, 299, 318, 333, 334, 336, 338, 337.  
Witchcraft, good against it, Chap. 18, 331, 341.  
Wind short, vide, breath short.  
Wind broken in Horses, Chap. 179▪  
Wind- Pipe, Chap. 84.  
Wild- fire, Chap. 60, 119.  
Wind to expel, Chap. 1, 24, 43, 54, 75, 91. 94, 117, 118, 136, 143, 145, 164, 167, 248, 249, 251, 253, 270.  
Womb, Chap, 18, 30, 37, 44, 137, 74, 305.  
Worms, Chap. 1. 4. 18. 19 21. 37. 42. 44. 47. 48. 52. 72. 77 79. 80. 84. 87. 92. 107. 127. 136. 139. 148. 249. 250. 255 256, 257. 262. 266. 272. 288 290. 398.  
Wounds to heal and cleanse, Chap. 18. 26. 38. 41. 45. 56. 59 61. 63. 67. 75. 89. 102. 114. 123. 143. 145. 248. 262. 264. 288 294. 314. 315. 322. 324. 332 333. 334. 335. 337. 339. 340.  
Wounds green, Chap. 76. 77. 89. 106. 107. 114. 123, 143. 255. 259. 266. 299. 318, 333, 334. 336. 338. 337.  
Wounds bleeding, Chap. 274. 285. 340. 343.  
Wrenches, Chap. 155.   

Y.  
YArd, Chap. 52. 162. & vid. Privities.  
Yard ulcerated, Chap. 76, 94. 102. &, vid. Privities ulcerated.  
Yellows in Horses c 〈…〉. 178.   
FINIS.