KNEAZE ALEXEY MICHAILOVITZ Great Duke of Moscovie Aged XXXIV Years. 1664.  
Cross Sculpsit    

THE Present State OF RUSSIA, In a Letter to a Friend AT LONDON; Written by an Eminent Person residing at the Great Czars' Court at Moscow for the space of nine years.  
Illustrated with many Copper Plates.  O utinam Ars mores animumque depingere posset, Pulchrior in terris nulla Tabella foret! 
LONDON, Printed by John Winter, for Dorman Newman at the King's Arms in the Poultry, A. D. 1671.   

To the Reader.  
READER,  
THe Author of this subsequent Relation was a Gentleman of large Parts, and had an esteem proportionably amongst those to whom he was willing to impart his Sentiments of things, and those were many, not only in his native Country England, but in France, Italy, Holland, Germany, Flanders, Russia, etc.  
In which last place he continued nine years in an honourable employ under that Great Emperor.  
His Genius led him to be curious and inquisitive, mostly, after those things that were difficult to be attained to; and perhaps he found the means of gathering these few Papers together, as hard and uneasy as any thing that he endeavoured after in all his Travels.  
He had the happiness to be a Favourite to the Great Tzar and his Patriarch (things not usually compatible) and (it may be) has made a farther discovery of ●he Russ affairs then any Stranger has been capacitated to do before or since.  
These few Sheets he collected when he was in Mos●, and designed (since his ●●ming from thence) to melodize, and Print them ●●der the Title of The Life 〈◊〉 Ivan Vasiloidg (part of ●hich I saw:) But an acute 〈◊〉 unkind disease put a period to that and his life: What you here find was given to one of his Attendants; who was loath the world should lose the reading of so much truth concerning that Nation (although it were unfinished, and altogether rough) I must suppose you will find many faults, some of the Correctors, and some of the Printers; and if there be any of the Authors, I hope your candour will pardon his as well as theirs.  
Farewell. N. D.   

THE CONTENTS.  

CHAP. I. OF the Russians nature in general. Their contempt of Learning. Their Clergy. Liturgy. Churches. Ceremonies in Devotion. Hours of Prayer. The Priest's names. Habits. Wives. Baptism. The unnatural death of Apostates,  
CHAP. II. Of their Marriages. The Clerk's ceremony towards the Bride. Her manner of conduct. The Epithalimum sung by Boys and Girls. The old Woman's advice to the Bridefolk. The Bridal Room. The Bridegrooms boots pulled off by the Bride. Their severe Discipline to their Wives censured. No process in Law against it. The Parents contract with their Daughter's Husbands. Witchcraft used at Weddings, Abstinence from Venery. The penalty for marrying a second or third Wife. The Emperors second Son. The manner of the Emperor's electing a Wife. His disappointment how punished. His Salary to the wronged Virgin. The Queen's Relations. Of the Czaroidg not seen publicly till Fifteen. Of the Russian Children. When and how weaned. Of their Fasts and Pennances.  
CHAP. III, Of the Patriarch in general. He is supreme head of the Church. Of his Palace. The Ceremony of Palm-Sunday. His Mitre. Of the Russian Bells. The Patriarches Present to the Emperor. His Action on Good Friday. His charge to the People. The Story of a Country Fellow. Their salutation on Easter Day. The Patriarches Presents to the Czars' Servants and Nobility. Their entertainments. The Lady's Compliments one to another.  
CHAP. IU. Of their Burials. The women are obliged to mourn. Their Dirges. The Ceremony used to the dead. Those that are killed or frozen to death, buried at Midsummer. Of their Carnaval and excessive drinking. The sad consequence thereof.  
CHAP. V. Of their Imagery. Pictures exchanged in the God-market, saved in Conflagrations; they highly prise them, bestow Jewels on them. The punishment of a Woman who stole her pearl from an Image, though in case of necessity. Heresy punished. Of their Friars and Nuns.  
CHAP. VI The Tragical Relation of a Monkey. His several tricks. How he threw down the Images, and scared the Priest. His apprehension, and final condemnation. The Author's Reflections.  
CHAP. VII. Of their Music. A story of one of their Ambassadors. Beggars in Russia beg in Tunes. Their Drums, Trumpets and Hunting-horns.  
CHAP. VIII. Of their nuptial proceedings, soon consummated. They act by Brokers. The man's friends see the Bride naked. How a young fellow was cheated. The punishment of those Women who kill their Husbands.  
CHAP. IX. A merry story of a great Fish, which the Friars took to be a Devil. The contrary being discovered, they are ashamed, and make an Entertainment. Another story of a Fish, but more Tragical. What ensued upon it.  
CHAP. X. Of the Chircasses. Their Religion, Complexion, Drinking, Dancing, Government, Soldiery and Witchcraft.  
CHAP. XI. Of the Russian Government. Laws. Manner of writing. Their Clerks how called. Their Characters whence borrowed. Their Petitions. His Imperial Majesty's person and character compared with his Fathers. The Empire miserably impoverished and depopulated by the Tartarian Invasions.  
CHAP. XII. The Emperor's rise. His Ancestors but Dukes of Volodimir. His Palace how called. Of Juan Vasilowidg, and his divers odd humours, his Petition to one of his Diacks. His Conquests. How he was loved. How he fined Vologda. How he served the women that laughed at him. Of the Vayods mistake. Another Vayod how punished for taking a Goose. Juan a great lover of Queen Elizabeth. How he served the French Ambassador. How Sir Jerom Boze came off. A Shoemaker presented the Emperor with a Turnip, how rewarded. What the Emperor did with the Turnip. How a poor man entertained him. His associating with Thiefs. How he was served by one of them, and how he preferred him.  
CHAP. XIII. Of the present Emperor or great Czar. Czar from whence derived. His Titles and Arms. He marries not out of his own Dominions. His Diet. Lodging. Recreations. Visits. The Czaro●dges Birth.  
CHAP. XIV. Of the Emperor's Revenues, great Privileges, Trading, Provision, Traffic, allowance to his Household. Of his Palace, high Tower. Of his Boyars. Of the Monasteries and Nunneries. Officers of State. The Czars' temperance. Of his entertaining the Nobility. A story of General Leshly.  
CHAP. XV. Of the City of Moscow. Of the Czars' Jewels. Of his Clothes, Of the Queen and her maids of honour's attire. Their journeys in Wagons. How they road formerly. The mode and language of the Russes all one. They differ in their actions from all other Nations. Of their Clock Dial's, and contrariety to other people in several things. And of other Customs they have  
CHAP. XVI. Of their Judiciary proceedings. Of murder how punished; the accused must confess the fact. Of their Executioner and cruel Torments. The punishment of Coiners. A Fellow that shot at a Jack-daw how punished. Conspirators banished into Syberia, etc. Hanging lately used amongst them, and how.  
CHAP. XVII. Of Syberia and its Inhabitants. Chay and Bour Diana brought from thence, their qualities. Tambul the Metropolis of Syberia. A discourse of Sables, how killed. The excessive coldness of this Country. How they feed their Cows. Of the River Ob. What Caviar is made of. Of Samogeda, their Diet. Sledges how drawn. Hunting. Indistinct habit. Of their manners. And oother remarkable observations concerning these Northernlings in general.  
CHAP. XVIII Of the Southern parts of Syberia. The Wilderness called Step, full of Cherry-trees and fine Flowers. Of Elks. Of the Koorick and Perivoshick. The Country of Squirrels. Of a little Bird like a Woodcock, Another like a Hawk. A third as big as a Swan. The story of the Vegetable Lamb refuted.  
CHAP. XI A brief account of Tartary. It's Metropolis. To whom the Tartars pay Tribute, The Muscovite formerly tributary to the Crim-Tartar. How far they march in a day. They eat horseflesh, but no bread nor salt, the reason why. They are very quicksighted, excellent horsemen. Of the Colmack Tartars. The Crim's described they deride the Russian worship. The grounds why they do it.  
CHAP. XX. What the simpler sort of Russians are their Idolatry and ignorance, what they think of St. Nicholas, their high conceit of good works. They are great Rogues. Some are good among them. The Poles are not so barbarous as the Russes. The Poles characterised, their Laws; their King how styled, he is very magnificent. King Henry weary of the title. How he made shift to get away out of Poland.  
CHAP. XXI. Of Lues Venerea. Of the Polonian Plica, a familiar distemper, and very infectious, yet they highly esteem it. When hair first began to be powdered. The Poles more honourable in keeping Articles than the Russes. A comparison of the Polish and Russian Languages. Their salutations are stately. How the Tartars and Chircasses salute. The Chircasses Religion.  
CHAP. XXII Of the Present Czar his Father. Grave Wolmer how disappointed in Marriage. Czar Michael's death. The story of Boris Juanoidg. How the Czar elects a Wife. Whom Boris preferred. His height makes him envied. Eliah exalted. The Russians extol Marriage. Eliah disabled. Who succeeds him. Nashokin a great Reformer. Highly commended, His words concerning the French and Danes supporting the Hollanders against England. He is a great lover of the English. How he censured a Bill of Mortality, and some other discourse which he held.  
CHAP. XXIII. The Czars' description. His answer to a Stranger. How he appears in public. He never visits any Subject. His Court without noise. He seldom dines publicly. At Easter his Subjects kiss his hand. How he pays his Strelsies. What he has done to employ the poor. The Czaritza governs the Women. From whence the emperor's chief Revenues proceed,  
CHAP. XXIV. The Czar goes every year to a house of pleasure called Obrasawsky. Of the curious tents erected there. How cautious the Emperor is of letting the vulgar sort behold his pastimes. This commended for several reasons. None are to petition the Czar in the fields. What happened to a poor Russian Captain for so doing. The Emperor's resentment for his death. Peter Solticove turned out of Office, and banished the Court; the cause why. Nashockin put in his place. The Czar in the night time visits his Chancellor's desks. He has Spies in every corner. 'Tis death to reveal any thing spoken in the Court. The Russians answer to inquisitive persons. The Czars' children how attended; they are bound to keep secrecy.  
CHAP. XXV. The story of a Jew turned Mahometan, he falsely accuses Nashockin, and is lashed for his pains. Jews how crept into the Court. A Discourse of Bogdan Matfeidg (the Czars' great Favourite) his Pander and Amours. His Lady's jealousy, how she was made away. The Czar reproves him. He and Nashockin no good friends. Of the Czars' Religion, wherein he is very zealous and constant. He fasts at several times eight months in a year, disposes of all Ecclesiastical Preferments. His high commendation.  
CHAP. XXVI. Trading in Russia very low. English Cloth a drug, why slighted. The Author's Reflection. If Persians trade there, what English are like to suffer. What the Russians are in general. Concerning the Dutch, what the English must do to outvie them. How much they abuse us to the Emperor. 'Twere convenient for England to undeceive the Czar. How things should be represented to Nashockin and Bogdan. The Russians mightily pleased with their peace with Poland.  
CHAP. XXVII. Of Caviar, how and where made. The length of the Fish Belluga. Caviar of two sorts. The Belluga swallows abundance of Pebbles; it is an excellent meat. Isinglass is made of his Sounds.  
CHAP. X●X●●● Of several sorts of Mushrooms which grow in Russia, their forms and qualities, they are divided by Botanists into two kinds, viz. Lethales and Salutiferae.    

A SURVEY Of the present State of RUSSIA,  

CHAP. I.  
Of the Russians nature in general, their contempt of Learning, their Clergy, Liturgy, Churches, Ceremonies in Devotion, hours of Prayer, the Priest's names, Habit, Wives, Baptism: The unnatural death of Apostates.  
AS for the Situtaion of Russia; it is so well known, that it would be a needless labour for me to set it down; my design at present is to Survey ●●e Religion and Manners of the Inhabitants. And to this purpose, I have made a slender Essay, the truth whereof, I hope, will excuse the plainness of the dress; the stuff is course, and the thread not fine▪ but the matter I conceive will be both pleasant and profitable. Having had therefore fair opportunities, and good intelligence, I am the more willing to give you an account of this Empire. Indeed, hitherto no man of parts or abilities has been suffered to travel the Country. For the people are very jealous, and suspect those who ask them any questions concerning their Policy, or Religion, they being wholly devoted to their own Ignorance, and Education; (which is altogether illiterate, and rude, both in Civil and Ecclesiastical Affairs) look upon Learning as a Monster, and fear it no less than a Ship of Wildfire; and thus they verify the old Saying, Ars nullum habet inimicum praeter ignorantem.  
In the year of our Lord, 1560. the Art of Printing was brought in amongst them (as Thevet relates in the life of Basil) and a Latin School also was erected, but the Tribe of Levi soon destroyed it, Vi & Armis. I shall therefore commence my discourse with them, who are not set apart for this Function, as in other Nations, but any Layman of a good life and conversation may take upon him the Priesthood.  
This Nation received the Christian Faith about six hundred years since, from a certain Priest of Chioff, who is said to cure one of the Dukes of Musco by prayer, upon which Miracle he and all his people were baptised. They borrow their Liturgy from the Greek Church, which is written in the Sclavonian Language, and used in their devotion with as much knowledge, as the Latin amongst the Papists. They follow the Greeks, though lamely, in the Architecture of their Churches, whose chief ornaments are Images, adorned with rich Stones and Pearls, wherein they admit no Sculpture but only painting; for they look upon the Romish Statue-worship as Idolatry. They kneel not in their devotions, but lie prostrate▪ and upon some great Vigils they stay all night in their Churches, at certain times prostrating and crossing themselves, and knocking their heads against the Ground. At certain Intervals they discourse of business, and most commonly the Emperor dispatches the Affairs in the time of their Service, where he is attended with all his Nobility; and if he miss any, he makes inquiry after them. At Whitsuntide they fall prostrate upon Sycamore branches (our Maple, which they call Sycamore with us, but falsely) wherewith their Churches are strewed, upon a fond persuasion that the holy Ghost descends upon these leaves, as Manna upon Oake-leaves. They have no Instrumental Music, for the last Patriarch abrogated it, because the Papists used it. In their Prayers, three hours after Sunrising, they call Obedny, at Sunset Vecherney; about one a clock in the morning, Zaoutrinys. Miserere mei Domine (which they call Hospody p●mele) they repeat an hundred times; and that Priest is counted the best fellow that can mumble most in a breath. You shall have five or six reading confusedly together, one a Chapter, another a Psalm, a third a Prayer, etc.  
A Parish-Priest they call a Pope; as Pope Petro, Pope juan; a Bishop Metropolite; a chief Pope Protopope. The Popes go most commonly in Purple, some in Green, others as they fancy, only distinguished with two flappes on both sides their breast, and a purple Scul-cap to cover their shaved crowns. They never cut the hairs of their heads or beards; a thing not observed by any other Clergy in the world. A Pope must be a married man, and the Husband but of one Wife; grounded on that Text, a Bishop must be the Husband of one Wife. Hereby it appears, the Pope's Priesthood is wrapped up in his Wife's Smock; for when she dies he must officiate no longer, which makes them indulge their Wives more than ordinary for their Office sake. They marry young, that they may come early into a livelihood, their Wives are also distinguished from others by a flap on each side their breast. Their Baptism differs not from the Romish, but only in dipping all over. He that takes up the Russian Faith, be he Lutheran or Papist, must first renounce his former Baptism, curse Father and Mother, and spit thrice over his shoulder. It was a custom to hire Strangers to christian the Russians, but now they are grown wiser than to buy souls at that rate. 'Tis observed by some old Standards here, that of two hundred English, Scotch and Dutch, who have renounced their Religion, few, or none, have died a natural death.   

CHAP. II.  
Of their Marriages; the Clerk's ceremony towards the Bride, her manner of conduct, the Epithalamium sung by Boys and Girls; the old Woman's advice to the Bridefolk; the Bridal Room; the Bridegrooms Boots pulled off by the Bride; their severe Discipline to their Wives censured; no process in Law against it; the Parents contract with their Daughter's Husbands; Witchcraft used at Weddings; abstinence from Venery; the penalty for marrying a second or third Wife; the Emperor's second Son; the manner of the Emperors electing a Wife; his disappointment how punished; his Salary to the wronged Virgin; the Queen's Relations; of the Czaroidg not seen publicly till Fifteen; of the Russian Children; when and how weaned; of their Fasts and Pennances.  
THeir Marriages are not very solemn; a few attend the Bride about three a clock in the afternoon, and at their coming out of the Church, the Pannama, or Clerk, strews Hops upon the Bride, and wishes her children as thick as Hops; another with a Sheepskin coat turned outward meets her, and prays she may have as many children as there are hairs on his coat.  
The Bridegroom is led home by young Fellows, and the Bride (being covered all over) by an old Woman, and the Pope marches before with his Cross. They sit a while down at Table with Bread and Salt before them, but eat nothing; In the mean time a Choir of Boys and Girls standing aloft, sing Epithalamiums, or nuptial Songs, so bedaubed with scum of bawdry and obscenity, that it would make Aretine's ears glow to hear them. After this they are conducted by the Pope and Old-women to a Room, where she advises the Bride to be debonair and buxom, and exhorts the Bridegroom to bestow due benevolence, and here they are shut up for two hours; the old Woman in the interim attends for the tokens of Virginity, which having gotten, she goes triumphantly, and demands Albricias of the Parents, first tying up the Bride's hair which before hung over her ears. The married couple must have no earth over their heads (a Ceremony strictly observed, as if mortality than ought not to be the object of their meditations) for you must know all warm Rooms are covered with earth half a yard thick to keep in the heat.  
The Bridegroom has a Whip in one Boot, and a Jewel or some Money in the other, he bids the Bride pull them off, if she happens upon the Jewel, he counts her lucky, and bestows it upon her; but if she lights upon the Boot with the Whip in it, she is reckoned amongst the unfortunate, and gets a Bride-lash for her pains, which is but the earnest-penny of her future entertainment. The Russians discipline to their Wives is very rigid and severe, more inhuman in times passed then at present. Yet three or four years ago a Merchant beat his Wife as long as he was able, with a Whip two inches about, and then caused to put on a Smock dipped in Brandy three or four times distilled, which he set on fire, and so the poor creature perished miserably in the flames: Certainly this person was a Monster, not a Man, born of a Tygress, not a Woman, and in no wise deserved the Epithet of good or wise. For the Heathens themselves condemn such unchristian villainy.  Hom. II. 
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〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
And yet what is more strange, none prosecuted her death; for in this case they have no penal Law for killing of a Wife or Slave, if it happen upon correction; but it is a strange chastisement to kill, seeing the design hereof was never intended to end people, but to mend them. Some of these Barbarians will tie up their Wives by the hair of the head, and whip them stark naked. But this severity is not commonly used, unless it be for Adultery or Drunkenness: And I perceive it begins to be left off, or at least the Parents endeavour to prevent it, by their cautious contracting their Daughters; For in their Jointures they oblige their Husbands to find them with clothes suitable to their quality, to feed them with good wholesome meat and drink, to use them kindly without whipping, striking or kicking them, many more terms and tautologies they use; not unlike the Common Laws of England. Upon Forfeiture they put this in execution, which is determined in one Court, but not without bribery, as all other Suits are. I wish the English had more of the former (I mean their expedition) and less of the latter, viz. their corruption. Seldom a Wedding passes without some Witchcraft (if people of quality marry) chiefly acted as 'tis thought by Nuns, whose prime devotion tends that way. I saw a fellow coming out of the Bride-chamber, tearing his hair as though he had been mad, and being demanded the reason why he did so, he cried out: I am un●one: I am bewitched: The remedy they use, is to address themselves to a white Witch, who for money will unravel the Charm, and untie the Cod-piece-point, which was this young man's ●ase; it seems some old Woman had ●yed up his Codpiece-point. The Ecclesiastical Law commands their abstinence from Venery three days a week, viz. Monday, Wednesday, Friday. After coition they must bathe before they enter ●he Church. A man that marries a second Wife is debarred the Church, but ●ot the Church-porch: If a third the Communion: If a man thinks his Wi●e ●arren he will persuade her to turn Nun, that he may try another; if she refuses he will Cudgel her into a Monastery. ●f the Empress had not brought a second Czaroidg or Prince, born June 2d. 1661. after four Girls together, 'tis thought she would have been sent to her Devotions. His Imperial Majesty intending to marry, had divers young Ladies brought before him, at last he liked one (which they say is very beautiful still) but his chief Confessor had a mind to persuade him to another, who had an younger Sister, so when this fair Lady was brought, they found his Majesty's inclinations so strong for her, as they feared she would get the Crown, and indeed so she did; it being a Ceremony, upon his liking, to tie the Crown upon her head, but the plot was so laid, that the Women should tie up her hair so hard as to put her into a Swoon, which they did, crying out she had the Falling-sickness: Upon this her Father was accused of Treason for proposing his Daughter, whipped, and sent with disgrace into Syberia, where he died. The Maid remains still a Virgin, and never had any fit since The Emperor being conscious of the wrong: he had done her, allows her a very great Pension. The King's Father in Law, Eliah the Son of Daniel, dares not say the Empress is his Daughter, nor dare any of her Kindred own themselves to be so; non dare juan Paoloidg Martischca say he is his Uncle. None are suffered to see the Czaroidg▪ but at fifteen years old he is exposed to public view, though not seen by any before, but his chief Tutor, and some Family-Servants: only Relations may see young children among the Russians, for they will seldom permit any Strangers to look upon them, for fear they should cast some ill aspect upon them.  
Their Children are commonly strong and hardy, they give them suck not above a month or two at the most; after which they feed them with an Horn, or Silver Cup made Horn-wise, with a dried Cows-dug tied to the small end, through which they suck. At two years old they observe their Fasts, which are severe: They have four in a year, and in Lent, upon Wednesdays, Fridays and Saturdays, they eat no Fish, but feed on Cabbage and Cucumbers, and course Rye bread, and drink Caenasse, which is a Liquor one degree below our small Beer.  
They will not drink after a man that eats Flesh. If a Medicine has Cor. cervi, ungul. Al. or pill. lepor. in it, they will not take it, though to save their lives, so precise are they in observing their Fasts: Their Penance commonly is so many bowings, and knockings of their heads before an Image, and sometimes to eat nothing but Bread and Salt and Cucumbers, and to drink Water for a season. That which is Pogano (or unclean) may not be eaten at any time; as Horseflesh, Mares-milk, Asses-milk, Hares, Squirrels, Coneys, Elks: Theriaca or Treacle, is Pogano, because it has Viper's flesh in it. Castorium, Musk and Civet are not to be used internally amongst them. Sugar-Candy, and Loaf-Sugar are Scarumna, or prohibited in Fasting-days; a Knife that has cut Flesh is Scarumna for a Sootky, or twenty four hours. 'Tis good policy, as it happens, that they are so strict, else the Flesh in the Country would soon be destroyed; For the Russian Boors being perfect Slaves, are careless of more than what serves from hand to mouth; and as for the surplus, the Lord or his Steward takes it away.   

CHAP. III.  
Of the Patriarch in general, he is supreme Head of the Church: Of his Palace: The Ceremony of Palm-Sunday: His Mitre: Of the Russian Bells: The Patriarches present to the Emperor: His Action on Good-Friday: His charge to the People: The Story of a Country-fellow: Their salutation on Easter Day: The Patriarches Presents to the Czar's Servants and Nobility: Their entertainments: The Lady's Compliments to one another.  
THe Patriarch is supreme Head in all Church-Affairs, highly honoured by his Majesty: But upon some pet he retired himself to his Countryhouse about two years ago: Some say he began to innovate certain things, or rather reform them; for he is no lover of Images, to which the Russes are grossly devoted. The See continues vacant, and they cannot choose another in his place.  
His Palace joins to the Emperors, built of Stone, and stately enough for its bigness; his place is supplied by a Metropolite in the Ceremony of Palm-Sunday: After this manner.   depiction of building. 
On Good Friday the Patriarch goes into an Hole in the Church, and there he stands to bless the People, and gives them this charge. Go your way, neither eat nor drink for three day's space; at night he lies prostrate, and prays till Easter day.  
This Hand showeth how the Russ ought to set their Fingers when they Cross themselves.  
This Hand showeth how the Russ Priests ought to set their Fingers when they Bless or Cross the People.  
Their greatest expression of joy upon Festivals is drinking, and the greater the day is, the greater are their debauches. To see Men, Women, and Pope's reeling in the streets is counted no dishonour. After a very great Entertainment or Poctivat among the grand Ladies, the Lady of the Feast sends her chief Gentleman the next day with an Howd'ye to her Guests, to inquire of their health, and if they got well home, or slept well. The Lady answers: I thank thy Lady for her good cheer, which made me so Merry, [pian-drunk,] that indeed I know not how I got home! A fine commendation indeed for her Ladyship. The Mother many times gives her Child a Love-name, by which he is called: As Almaus my Diamond: The Diack of Prosolsky Precaus, is called Boris Iuano●dg; but his right name is Eliah Iuano●dg.   

CHAP. IU.  
Of their Burials: The Women are obliged to mourn: Their Dirges. The Ceremony used to the dead: Those that are killed or frozen to death, buried at Midsummer: Of their Carnaval and excessive drinking: The sad consequence thereof.  
THeir Burials are strange, as soon as the breath is out of the body (as we commonly express it) they carry the Corpse into the Church, where it abides not long before it be buried in the Churchyard. The Wife of the deceased is obliged to howl most pitifully, and hire others to do the like, but little reason have they to do it, considering their severe usage; but custom, not love, may possibly incite them to do it: Ut fleren● oculos erudiere suos, is Ovid's general observation on the whole Sex. The Russians count that the greatest Funeral where are most Women-mourners; such were the Praeficae among the old Romans. These therefore in a doleful tone cry out (as the wild Irish do, O hone) Timminny Dooshinca; Alas my Dear, why hast thou left me, was I not obedient to to thee in all things? was I not careful of thy House? did I not bring thee fine Children? hadst thou not all things in abundance? Or thus; Why wouldst thou die? hadst thou not a fair Wife, pretty Children, much Goods, good Clothes, and Brandywine enough? As soon as any one is dead they open the windows, and set a Basin of holy Water for the Soul to bathe in, and a Bowl of Wheat at the head of the Corpse, that he may eat, having a long Journey to go.  
After this they put on his feet a pair of black-shoes, and some Copeakes, or pieces of money in his Mouth, with a Certificate in his hand (from the Metropolite of the place) to St. Nicholas, of his life and conversation.  
If any one dies without Confession and Extreme-Unction, he is denied Christian burial. Such as are killed or frozen to death, are brought into the Zemzky precaus, an Office for that, and many other trials, and there they are exposed to view three or four days; if any own them they are carried away, if not they are sent to the Bosky or Boghzi Dome (i.e. God's House) which is a great pit in the fields arched over, wherein they put an hundred or two hundred, and let them rest till Midsummer, and then the Popes go and bury them, and cover them with earth.  
Thirty days after burial, they read the Psalter over daily upon the Grave, having a little Booth made up of Mats to shelter them from the weather, but what their meaning is in this, I cannot understand.  
In the Carnaval before Quadragessima, or Lent, they give themselves over to all manner of debauchery and luxury, and in the last week they drink as if they were never to drink more. Some drink Aquavitae four times distilled, until it fire in their mouths, and kindle a flame not unlike that of Bocca di inferno, which issues out at their throat; if they have not milk given them to drink, they presently die. Much wiser in my judgement are our English Bully-rocks, who love to keep fire at its due distance, no less than a Pipes length off their Noses. These drinking bouts are commonly attended with quarrels, fightings and murders. This custom the Jovial Poet looked upon no less than barbarous: Inter potandum pugnare Thracum est, barbarum tollite morem, verecundumque rixis prohibete Bacchum. Some of these going home drunk, if not attended with a sober companion, fall asleep upon the Snow (a sad cold bed) and there they are frozen to death. If any of their acquaintance chance to pass by, though they see them like to perish, yet will they not assist them, to avoid the trouble of examination if they should die in their hands: For those of the Zemsky precaus will extort something out of every body's purse, who comes to their Office. 'Tis a sad sight to see a dozen people brought upright in a Sledge frozen to death, some have their arms eaten off by Dogs, others their faces, and others have nothing left but Bones: Two or three hundred have been brought after this manner in the time of Lent. By this you may see the sad consequence of drunkenness, the Epidemic distemper not only of Russia, but of England also.   

CHAP. V.  
Of their Imagery: Pictures exchanged in the God market, saved in Constagrations; they highly prise them, bestow Jewels on them: The punishment of a Woman who stoll her pearl from an Image, though in case of necessity. Heresy punished▪ Of their Friars and Nuns.  
THeir Imagery is very pitiful painting, flat and ugly, after the Greek manner; I ask why they made their God's so deformed, they answered me, they were not proud. When a Picture is worn out, they bring it into the God-market, where laying it down, they choose out a new one, and deposit money for the exchange (for they must not be said to buy it) if the money be not enough the God-maker shoves it back, and then the Devoto adds more, till the other be satisfied.  
An obliterate Image they put into the River, and crossing themselves, bid it Prosti, i. e. Farewell Brother. And if any of their Brethren meets with Jove, he turns into Neptune, and they crossing themselves, cry, Prosty Bradt, God be with you Brother. In time of fire they strive above all things to save their Images: but if they escape not the Conflagration they must not be said to be burnt, but gone up. If a Church be burned, they say it is ascended, they must not say burned. These are their pretty ridiculous distinctions, 'tis wonder they do not, with Anaxagoras, affirm Snow to be black.  
Sometimes they will hold their Gods to the fire, trusting they can help them, if they will. A Fellow thinking to have stayed the fire by that means, held his Micola so long, that he had like to have been burnt himself, and seeing he did him no good, he threw him into the midst of the fire, with this curse. No Chart. i. e. The Devil take thee. They bestow Jewels upon them of a great value. This year a Woman, who had formerly adorned her Micola with some Pearl, being necessitated, came to the Church, and prayed Micola to lend her some of his Jewels, for she was at present in great want, the dumb brute not speaking any thing to the contrary, she (thinking silence gave consent) made bold to take a Ruby or two off him: but the Pope spying her, complains to the Justice, who commanded both her hands to be cut off, which was done three months since.  
In their private houses they do ordinarily give and take, as they thrive in their business; for if they have any great losses, they will come home and rob Micola to his shirt. Herosie among the Russes is punished with fire. The Heretic goes up to the top of a little house, and so jumps in, and upon him they throw straw and Luchines, which are dry splinters of Fir-wood, these being fired soon soffocate him. Satis superque severa est hac animadversio.  
The Friars and Nuns are not so strict as in the Roman Church. The Friars are great Traders in Malt, Hops, all sort of Corn, Horses, Cattle, and whatsoever else may but enrich them. The Nuns go abroad, some begging, others visiting the great Ladies, where they get a Fox before they return home. These are fine Votaresses indeed▪   

CHAP. VI.  
The Tragical Relation of a Monkey. His several tricks. How he threw down the Images, and scared the Priest. His apprehension, and final condemnation. The Author's Reflections.  
NOw that I am discoursing of the Russian Church, it will not be amiss to relate a sad Tragical story, which was acted in the time of our English Resident, who it seems had a Monkey famous amongst the Muscovites to this day, for he would take money in his mouth, and go into the Market, and show it to the Costermongers, who in kindness would give him Nuts and Apples; many such apish pranks he was wont to play. But we come now to the Catastrophe of his mirth. Being not content to act a merry part in Foro, he begins lu dear cum Sacris, and goes into a Church hard by the English House, where he crept in and tumbled down their Gods. The Priest amazed to see what was done, crosses himself a thousand times, and sets their Godships in their places again, exorcises the foul Fiend, taking his Horse-tail dipped in holy water, he dashes the doors and windows, that this Devil might not re-enter. But for all this, one morning early Pug came in at a window, and began with St. Nicholas and the rest of the Gods and Goddesses in order, as they stood in his way; down he throws Dagon and the wares of Rimnon as zealously as if he had been bred up in new England, and ever and anon he grinned in the Pope's face, who standing armed with a Cross and holy Water, therewith besprinkled Pug, who (hating it as bad as the Devil,) fled home.  
Presently the Pope goes to the Patriarch, and complains most bitterly against a Nincheen (or Stranger) living in the English house, for throwing down many of their Gods, breaking their Lamps, pulling off their Jewels and Chains of Pearl wherewith they were adorned and last for profaning the holy place. Hereupon an order was sent to search and examine the Ambassadors house; all his Retinue was brought forth. No, it was none of them, but a little Ninicheen; so the young children were brought out, and by chance the Monkey came jumping in with the Children: O that is the Nincheen, quoth the Pope, apprehend him, which was done accordingly, and the Patriarch finding out the folly, was ashamed, and sent away the Priest with disgrace for a Fool. But however, poor Pug (to pacify the angry Gods) was delivered over to the secular power, who chastisd him so severely that he died upon it. Now Chronology would be enquired into, Whether Ben Jonson's Zeal of the Land, or Country man of Banbury, who in a Fanatic fury destroyed the Ginger-bread-Idols in Bartholomew Fair, for which he suffered persecution, and was put into the stocks: Or this American Reformer, who threw down the Russian Gingerbread (for if you saw their Images, you would take them for no better than guilded Gingerbread) I say whether of these two is the Proto-Monkey, Martyr, and aught to have precedency in their Canonization. But I leave the determination of this nicety to those who are professed Critics, and well versed in Controversy.  
This special piece of the Russian Church-History was forgotten to be inserted in its right place, and therefore is set down here by way of Corollary. I pretend not to be an exact Historian, or Methodist, and so must beg my Readers pardon. However I relate the truth as it comes to my memory.   

CHAP. VII.  
Of thheir Music. A story of one of their Ambassadors. Beggars in Russia beg in Tunes. Their Drums Trumpets and Hunting-horns.  
BEfore you go out of this holy Church (which I never desired to enter) pray be pleased to hear some of the Russian Music: Ever since Orpheus his time these Beasts have delighted therein.  

If you you have heard the Music of the Spheres  
Pray stay and hear the Music of the Bears.  
Which do at pleasure force both smiles and tears.   

They modulate so sweet you would admire 'em,  
Their pipings just as if Pan did inspire 'em,  
And for the Harp They're Asini ad Lyram.   
The Swedes call the Russes Bears, or Ursae septentrionales. By the way suffer me to tell you a story of Eliah when he was Ambassador in Holland. This man being treated with all Dainties both of Flesh and Fish, said, he had rather have a piece of Paultusse, or Turbet half salted, which begets such an Hogo as best suits a Russian pa●●at, but strong enough to destroy a whole Guild of squeasy stomached Cockneys. The Hollanders willing to gratify his ears with the best Music in all Holland, both Vocal and Instrumental, asked him how he liked it, to which he replied; very well, for the Beggars use to beg in such Tunes in Russia. What tunes they were I know not. But all the Beggars here beg singing, as well Prisoners as Cripples, and a strenuous voice looseth nothing by its harsh notes. For the Russians love nothing soft or smooth but their women's fat sides. But I come to their Music, lest I should tire you with tuning it. You must know they have Musick-Schools, where Children are brought up with great diligence, and in much severity. Their notes are very strange, borrowed, I suppose, of the Greeks, or Sclavonians. Their Gamut has small variety; instead of Fa, sol, lafoy, they sing Ga', ga, ge, warbling them out, as if they were indeed either gauged or throttled.  
Their Cadences and Closes are so unexpected, that they seem frighted into them, as our Fiddlers are when a Constable comes in the midst of a Lesson. Sometimes they will run hard upon a scent, as though they meant to imitate the Italian Recitative Music. Finally, when they have brought up these children to a perfection, what with Bases, Tenors, Contratenors', and Trebles, you shall hear as good a Consort, as ever was sung a at Cats Vespers. They have but little Instrumental Music, it being prohibited by the Patriarch in opposition to the Romish Church. And it has also been thought State policy to forbid all Music or Jollity among the Commons, to prevent Effeminacy. They have Bagpipes, and small Fiddles with bellies like Lutes, wherewith they play four or five notes.  
As for their Warlike Music they have Kettle Drums, whose dull sound does well agree with the Russian Saturnine Genius. And the Trumpet, which I think has not been long used, for they can hardly blow it so well as a Sow-Gelder does his Horn. In their hunting they use brass Bugles, which altogether make an hideous noise. In short, if you would please a Russian with Music, Get a consort of Billingsgate Nightingales, which joined with a flight of screech Owls, a nest of Jackdaws, a pack of hungry Wolves, seven Hogs in a win●y day, and as many Cats with their Corrivals, and let them sing Lacrymae, and that will ravish a pair of Russian ●uggs, better than all the Music in Ita●●, light Airs in France, Marches of England, or the Jigs of Scotland.  
They are great strangers to Dancing, as esteeming it beneath their Gravity. Sometimes in their wine they will cause their Slaves, both Tartars and Polacks, to dance after their way, which is as rude as our Trenchmore.  
This I had pricked down by one of the Patriarches Choristers, being Anthems of the several times of Prayer, viz. Morning, Evening, and Midnight.  

1. Obedni Anthem.  
Deliver me, O Lord of thy abundant mercy.  
For thy mercy sake cleanse me of my sins; O Lord my Saviour.   

2. Tzaoutrinys.  
We trust in Christ our Saviour: and our hope is in him. Hallelujah, etc.   

3. Vecherny.  
Lord hear my prayer; And hear me when I call: And let my cry come unto thee.    

CHAP. VIII.  
Of their nuptial proceedings, soon consummated. They act by Brokers. The man's friends see the Bride naked. How a young fellow was cheated. The punishment of those Women who kill their Husbands.  
THeir way of proceeding in their Marriages puts me in mind of Terence, where the Father abruptly tells his Son he must be married. Uxor tibi ducenda est Pamphile hodie praeter●ens modo apud forum. They give their children but short warning, and they must not refuse the Parent's choice; nor their Lords neither: For example, at this time Boris Juanoidg Morosof, the second man in the Empire propounds one of his Retainers in marriage to a rich Widow of Dutch extract, but Rebaptised into the Russian Faith. The Widow falls down at Boris Juanoidges Lady's feet, Sister to the press, and entreats her to interceded for her to her Lord, for she was minded to remain a Widow during life. No request would be granted: What, said she, wilt thou Bischest, i.e. dishonour my Lord so far as to refuse that man, to whom my Lord has given his word that he shall marry thee. A great disgrace it is to offer the least affront or denial to that which may tend to the breach of my great Lords word.  
They do most by Brokers,, and the Youngman seldom sees his Wife till they come into the bride's Chamber; if she be ugly she pays for it sound, it may be the first time he sees her. To prevent future mistakes, the Bridegroom's Friends, viz. five or six Women see the Bride stark naked, and observe whether she has any defect in her Body, if but the least Pimple appear, she must be cured of it before she marries.  
One at Vologda intending to marry his Daughter, employed a Broker to a young man, who would not have her till he had seen her: Hereupon it was ordered she should pass through such a Street at Noonday, the fellow was placed in an house, and was to see her through an hole; now the wench (you must know) had but one eye, and he was set on the right side, where she appeared handsome, and passed for currant; so the Indentures were drawn, and Sureties given that he should not beat, but how they were kept, I have not yet learned. A Woman that kills her Husband is buried alive, put into the ground up to the neck, and there suffered to die, which is soon done in Winter. Here the crime and the punishment are well accommodated: For it is fit she should die without mercy, who had no bowels nor affection left for her Husband.   

CHAP. IX.  
A merry story of a great Fish, which the Friars took to be a Devil. The contrary being discovered, they are ashamed, and make an Entertainment. Another story of a Fish, but more Tragical. What ensued upon it.  
BEfore I leave the Churchmen, I must tell you a merry story of the Monastery of Rostone, which stands upon a Lake, and not far from this Friar● there is a Nunnery also, for commonly they are near together. In this Lake, about twenty years since, a Fish was seen of such a magnitude, that they supposed it could not be a Fish, but rather some spectrum, Leviathan, or Water-Devil. It would often appear half above water, which made an Eagle stoop at it with such violence, that piercing his Talons into the Flesh, he could not pull them out again; but Leviathan plunging to the bottom with his enemy, carried him into an unknown element, and so overcame him, but could not be so rid of him, for his Talons still stuck fast, which made him repair to the shore, where being seen by the Friars with feathers on his back, he confirmed their Fears; and therefore to prevent further mischief, they fell a ringing the Bells, went on procession with all the instruments and weapons of defence, wherewith these Friars-militant wont to resist the foul Fiend, but all this did little avail to profligate the supposed enemy of Mankind. At last one Mr. Roger Eton a Merchant coming by, hears this sad Relation, and being curious to see with the rest, who stood upon the shore, he undertook to encounter the Monster; an attempt no doubt as perilous by Water, as that of St. George's was by Land; the worst was, he could not find a Russ so bold & hardy as to row the Boat for him, till he had made one courageous by drinking. In short, he shots the Beast with a screwed Gun, who being taken up, proved to be nothing else but an overgrown Pike▪ a yard and an half long, and as big as a Man. The Fraternity ashamed of their Processions made against a silly Fish, did nevertheless to gratify their Champion, make themselves and him drunk, and so the Play ended. But a worse Tragedy was acted, when they took another Pike not so large at this, intending to entertain one Mr. White an English Merchant; for the Cook cutting it open, found a newborn Infant in its belly, which was suspected to be thrown in by one of the Nuns: This accident spoiled their intended mirth, and the farther entertainment of Strangers.   

CHAP. X.  
Of the Chircasses. Their Religion, Complexion, Drinking, Dancing, Government; Soldiery and Witchcraft.  
THe Chircasses hold the same Greek Faith with the Russians, but are not altogether so superstitious; for they permit Strangers to come into their Churches. One of their Protopopes had appointed one in the Parish to come to him about midnight unto private confession, but as the story goes, she failed of her promise. Next morning in the Church she stands aloof by herself, and after the Protopope had incensed the rest of the good women, he comes to her, and instead of a Benediction, he demands why she kept not her promise; to which she replied. Chichaco Boyallis, I was afraid of Chichaco (a cursed Cur which he had) than he incensed her again, and said he was tied up, Then (quoth she) Moya Dooshinco, My Dear, Ah what a sinner was I, that I knew not so much before. Excuse this Drollery, which only serves as a Farce to fill up the Scene of a jejune story; for I shall hardly make the Description of this barbarous place worth the pains and trouble of Reading.  
Now we are in Chichass Land, it will not be amiss to tell you what people they are, viz. A kind of Tartars, a rude swarthy looked people; their Women are very unhandsome, gross, and grossly given to drinking; so that at an Entertainment they will be drunk before meat comes on the Table, and with eating recover themselves, and after Dinner be drunk again, and then recover themselves by Dancing, which they love so much, that they count him a mean man who does not keep a Fiddler in his house. Their Government is perfectly Anarchical, for upon an Insurrection they destroyed all their Nobility and Gentry, and are now governed by Colonels of their own choosing, with whom the meanest is Hail Fellow well met. Soldiers they call in their Language, Cossacks, which makes some mistake, and think them to be a Nation. These people are much devoted to Witchcraft, and count it an extraordinary piece of learning practised by the chief Women in the Country. They are more hospitable to Strangers than the Russians, and their Country or Land is better and warmer.   

CHAP. XI.  
Of the Russian Government Laws. Manner of writing. Their Clerks how called. Their Characters whence borrowed. Their Petitions. His Imperial Majesty's person and character compared with his Fathers. The Empire miserably impoverished and depopulated by the Tartarian Invasions.  
THe Russian Government is perfectly Monarchical, it has offices called Precauses; the dispensation of their Justice is commonly Arbitrary, for they have very few written Laws, they go much upon Precedents (but money is their best Precedent, which overthrows all the former) They waste abundance of Paper in writing down things at large (as our Common-law Clerks do) all in Rolls of a great length, and although they have a Table before them, they cannot write but upon their knees, after the old fashion that St. Jerom is pictured. Their Clerks they call Podiacks, and he that is Lord Deputy, Diack. They borrow most of their Characters from the Greeks, (in number. 42.)  
All things are transacted by way of Petition, which is rolled up like a Waser, and the Petitioner holds it up before the Boyar, who if in a good humour puts forth his hand to receive it, and either reads it presently, or gives it to his Diac, who commonly must be bribed for a Remembrancer. His Imperial Majesty is a goodly person, two months older than King Charles the Second, of a sanguine complexion, light brown hair, his beard uncut, he is tall and fat, of a majestical Deportment, severe in his anger, bountiful, charitable chastely uxorious, very kind to his Sisters and Children, of a strong memory, strict in his Devotions, and a favourer of his Religion; and had he not such a cloud of Sycophants and jealous Nobility about him, who blind his good intentions, no doubt he might be numbered amongst the best and wisest of Princes▪ His Father was a great lover of English men, and a man  Cyrillic alphabet. 


А Auz  
Б Booki  
В Geadi  
Г Glaghole  
Д Dobro  
Е Yeast  
Ж Shiveate  
Selo  
З zembla  
И Isha  
●  
К Kako  
Л Ludy  
М Meslate  
Н Nash  
О One  
П Pokoy  
Р Rutse  
С Slou  
Т Twerda  
У Eke  
Ф Fer  
Х Kher  
Ote  
Ц Tsi  
Ч Cherve  
Ш Sharv  
Щ Tshaw  
Year  
Ы Year  
Ь Ere  
yea  
you  
Ю your  
ya  
O  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
Pse  
●eta  
Eshitsa  
 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉    of peace: but this Emperor is of a warlike spirit, engaged against the Crim, Polacks and Swedes, with what success let time declare. Thus much I know: This Empire is impoverished, depopulated and spoiled so much in ten years, as it will not recover its pristine prosperity in forty. Seven years ago the Plague carried away 7 or 8 hundred thousand people: And three years since the Crim carried away captive out of the Borders 400000 souls into perpetual Captivity, besides 300000 were consumed and killed by dint of Sword in several Armies; the best of the Land is harassed, the rest untilled for want of men. For in five hundred Versts, travel up the River, you may see ten women and children for one man. All things are there become scarce; every thing six times the rate that it was formerly; and Copper-money is not valued.   

CHAP. XII.  
The Emperor's rise. His Ancestors but Dukes of Volodimir. His Palace how called. Of Juan Vasilowidg, and his divers odd humours, his Petition to one of his Diacks. His Conquests. How he was loved. How he fined Vologda. How he served the women that laughed at him. Of the Vayods mistake. Another Vayod how punished for taking a Goose. Juan a great lover of Queen Elizabeth. How he served the French Ambassador. How Sir Jerom Boze came off. A Shoemaker presented the Emperor with a Turnip, how rewarded. What the Emperor did with the Turnip. How a poor man entertained him. His associating with Thiefs. How he was served by one of them, and how he preferred him.  
REturn we now to our Great Emperor, who is an absolute Morarch, but has a Council both general and particular to advise with. His Dominions are enlarged by his Forefathers; for at first they were but Dukes of Volodimir, and increasing in strength possessed themselves of Moscow, or (as they write) Moscua. The Emperor's Palace to this day is called, Crimlena Gorod, or Crim-Castle. Juan Vasilowidg (that is called the Tyrant) was a stout Prince, but had many strange humours. One day he came to his Diac, and gave him a Petition, desiring him that he would be pleased to make ready 20000 Men and Arms by such a time, and he should be very thankful to him, and pray for his health, and so he subscribed himself, Thy humble Servant, Jockey of Moscua. In this Expedition he conquered Casan, a thousand Versts down the River Volga, and Astracan (quasi civitas) the Imperial City two thousand Versts hence; Took Syberia three thousand Versts distant, and one of the best flowers of the Empire. The people loved him very well, for he treated them kindly, but chastised his Boyars. He had a Staff with a very sharp Spike in the end thereof, which in discourse he would strike through his Boyars' feet, and if they could bear it without out any flinching, he would highly prefer them.  
He once sent to Vologda for a Colpack of Fleas, and because they could not bring him full measure, he fined them.  
On a Festival he played certain mad pranks, which caused some Strangers, viz. Dutch and English Women to laugh; he taking notice hereof, sent for them all to his Palace, and had them stripped stark naked before him in a great Room, than he commanded four or five bushels of pease to be thrown down before them, and made them pick them all up, when they had done he gave them some wine, and bade them take heed how they laughed before an Emperor again. He sent for a Nobleman of Casan, who was called Plesheare, which is Bald, and the Vayod mistaking (as the Russians say) thought he had sent for an hundred and fifty Baldpates: Polteraste sounding like his name signified so many. He therefore got together about eighty or ninety, and sent them up speedily, with an excuse that he could find no more in his Province, and desired pardon. The Emperor seeing so many Baldpates, wondered what it meant, and crossed himself; at last one of the chief delivering the Letter, he asked his Diack what he wrote to the Vayod, who showed him the copy, by which he found out the mistake, and so making the Baldpates drunk for three days, he sent them whom again. Another Vayod had taken a Goose for a bribe stuffed full of Ducats, and being complained of, he took no notice of him, till one day passing through the Poshiarr (an open place like Smithfield, where execution was used to be done) he commanded the Hangman to cut off his Arms and his Legs; and at every blow the Hangman asked him whether Goose was good meat.  
He courted Queen Elizabeth very much to marry her, and was a great friend to the English. Once upon a suspicion of Treason, he fortified Vologda, and drew all his Treasure thither, and as some think upon extremity, intended his flight for England. This Emperor erected the best buildings in all Moscua.  
This Juan Vasilowidg nailed a French Ambassadors hat to his head. Sir Jerom Boze a while after came as Ambassador, and put on his Hat, and cocked it before him, at which he sternly demanded how he durst do so, having heard how he chastised the French Ambassador. Sir Jerom answered, he represented a cowardly King of France, but I am the Ambassador of the invincible Queen of England, who does not veil her Bonnet, nor bore her Head to any Prince living; and if any of her Ministers shall receive any affront abroad, she is able to revenge her own quarrel. Look you there (quoth Juan Vasilowidg to his Boyars) there is a brave Fellow indeed, that dares do and say thus much for his Mistress; which Whoreson of you all dare do so much for me your Master? This made them envy Sir Jerom, and persuade the Emror to give him a wild Horse to tame; which he did, managing him with such rigour, that the Horse grew so tired and tamed, that he fell down dead under him; this being done, he asked his Majesty if he had any more wild Horses to tame. The Emperor afterwards much honoured him, for he loved such a daring fellow as he was, and a mad blade to boot.  
When Juan went his progress, many of the Commons as well as Gentry presented him with fine Presents: A good honest Bask-shoemaker, who made shoes of Bask for a Copeak a pair, consults with his wife what to present his Majesty; says she, a pair of fine Lopkyes, or shoes of Bask; that is no rarity (quoth he); but we have an huge great Turnip in the Garden, we'll give him that, and a pair of Lopkyes also. Thus they did; and the Emperor took the present so kindly, that he made all his Nobility buy Lopkyes of the fellow at five shillings a pair, and he wore one pair himself. Thus put the man in stock, whereby he began to drive a Trade, and in time grew so considerable, that he left a great estate behnd him. His Family are now Gentlemen, and called Lopotsky's. There is a tree standing near his quondam house, upon which it is a custom to throw all their old Lopkyes as they pass by, in memory of this Gallant.  
A Gentleman seeing him so well paid for his Turnip, made account by the rule of proportion to get a greater Reward for a brave Horse; but the Emperor suspecting his design, gave him nothing but the great Turnip, for which he was both abashed and laughed at.  
Juan in a disguise sought a lodging in a Village nigh the City, none would let him in but a poor man whose wife was then in Travel, and delivered whilst he was there; away he went before day, and told the man he would bring him some Godfathers next day; accordingly he and many of his Nobility came and gave the poor Fellow a good largess, and burned all the houses in the Village but his, exhorting them to charity, and telling them, because they refused to admit Strangers into their houses, they should be forced to seek their Fortunes, and try how good it was to lie out of doors in the Winter.  
Sometimes he would associate with Thiefs in a disguise, and once he advised them to rob the Exchequer; for (says he) I know the way to it; but one of the Fellows up with his Fist, and struck him a hearty good blow on the Face, saying, Thou Rogue, wilt thou offer to rob his Majesty who is so good to us; let us go rob such a rich Boyar who has cozened his Majesty of vast sums. At this Juan was well pleased, and at parting changed caps with the fellow, and bid him meet him next morning in the Duaretz (a place in the Court where the Emperor used often to pass by) and there (said he) I will bring thee to a good cup of Aqua vitae and Mead. The Thief came accordingly, and being discovered by his Majesty, was called up, admonished to steal no more, preferred in the Court, and served for a discoverer of Thiefs.   

CHAP. XIII.  
Of the present Emperor or great Czar. Czar from whence derived. His Titles and Arms. He marries not out of his own Dominions. His Diet. Lodging. Recreations. Visits. The Czaroidges Birth.  
THis present Emperor comes of Juans Race by the Mother's side: He had an elder Brother, an hopeful Prince, although he would take Pigeons, and pick out their eyes, saying to one, thou art a Traitor, and to another, cutting off his head, Thou art Ivan such an one, a Rebellious Traitor to my Father and me. But he died young.  
All the Emperor's Sons are called Czarowidges, that is to say Czar's Sons, As for the word Czar, it has so near relation to Cesar (as Thevet observes in Basils' life) that it may well be granted to signify Emperor. The Russians would have in to be an higher Title than King, and yet they call David Czar, and our Kings, Kirrols, probably from Carolus Quintus, whose history they have among them.  
The present Emperor's name is Alexie Michalowidg Romanove. viz. Alexis the Son of Michael the Roman. He puts in many Titles into his broad Seal as the Spaniards do. And thus he styles himself.  BY the Grace of God We the Great Lord Tzar, and Great Duke Alexei, Michailorich of all Great, Little, and White Rosia. Self upholder of Moscow, Kyore, Vladimer, Norgorod. Tzar of Cazan. Tzar of Astrachan. Tzar of Siberia, Lord of Plesco, and Great Duke Smolensko, Twersko, Vgorsko, Permsko, Veatsko, Bolgarsko. Lord and Great Duke of Norgorod in the lower Countries of Chernigove, Rezan, Rostove, Yeroslave, Beloozer, Odooria, Obdoria, Condinea, and all the Northern parts Commander. Lord of the Land of Iveria, of the Kartalinian and Groozinian Dukes: And of many other Dominions and Countries, East, West and North Heir thereof, From Father and Grandfather Lord and Monarch. 
The Emperor in his Arms gives the spread Eagle, as descending from the Roman Emperors, but he carries a distinction, for he bears between the double head of the Eagle a mitred Crown, and in the Eagles breast St. George on Horseback; which some say was added upon Queen Elizabeth's bestowing the Order of the Garter to Juan Vasilowidg.  
The Czarowidg (as I said elsewhere) is not seen of the people till he is about fifteen years old, nor of many Noblemen; but then he is exposed to public view, carried upon men's shoulders, and set on high in the Marketplace, which is to prevent Impostors, wherewith this Land has often been deceived.  
The Czar marries not out of his own Dominions, but takes a wife where he pleases, though seldom out of the Nobility. When she dies, all the interest of her Kindred and Relations dies with her. Eliah the present Emperor's Father in law was of so mean account, that within this twenty years he drew wine to some English men, and his daughter gathered Mushrooms, and sold them in the Market. The other which he should have had was a Captain's Daughter. The Imperial Palace is built of Stone and Brick, except some lodgings wherein his Majesty sleeps and eats all the winter: For they esteem wooden Rooms far wholesomer than Stone; and they have some reason to think so, because their stone Rooms being arched thick reverberate a dampness when the Stove is hot. The Emperor lodges three story high. His drink is Brague made of Oates. His bread is made of Rye, which the Russians esteem a stronger nourishment than Wheat. The Czar lies in no sheets, but in his Shirts and Drawers, under a rich sable Coverlid, and one Sheet under him. His Recreations are hunting and hawking. He keeps above three hundred Falconers, and has the best Ger-Falcons in the World, which are brought from Syberia; he flies at Ducks or other Fowl. He hunts the Bear, Wolf, Tiger, Fox, or rather baits them at his pleasure.  
Whensoever he goes forth, the East Gate of the inner Wall of the City is shut till he returns. He seldom visits any Subject, yet the last year he did, but went not in the common way, for the side of a wall was pulled down. At the birth of the Czaroidg the Commons for joy bring him great Presents, which he returns back again, but if he likes any of them, he gives the full worth. On the Saturday after Good Friday, he goes into some of the Prisons, examines the Prisoners crimes, and delivers many of them. An English man put in for coining, was lately released. They put very few to death here, only whip them, which is worse than the pains of death.   

CHAP. XIV.  
Of the Emperor's Revenues, great Privileges, Trading, Provision, Traffic, allowance to his Household. Of his Palace, high Tower. Of his Boyars. Of the Monasteries and Nunneries. Officers of State. The Czars' temperance. Of his entertaining the Nobility. A story of General Leshly.  
AS the Emperor's Territories are great, so is his Revenue; For (First) he is master in a manner of every man's Estate, the Son does always petition for his Fathers Land. They all hold in Capite. He is heir to all who die intestate, criminally or without heirs.  
Secondly, his Customs are very considerable.  
Thirdly, The Cabacks (or places where in are sold Aquavitae and strong Beer) are his Royalty, and farms out foam for 10000 Rubbles per annum, and some again for 20000 Rubbles.  
Fourthly, His Bath-Stoves, which are very frequent here, are a great Entrado, for their Religion obliges to free-Baths, both Men, Women and Children. When they are hissing hot, they cast cold water upon them. Some come out into the Snow, and tumble in it stark naked, and then go into the Stove again.  
Fifthly, He is the chief Merchant in all the Empire.  
Sixthly, His Sable Trade in Syberia yields a vast treasure, brought in by the exiled Slaves sent thither in disgrace.  
Seventhly, The Caviar made at Astracan, as also the Ithyocolla and Agarick, all which he monopolizes.  
Ivan Velacky john the Great  
There are also five Monasteries, and two or three Nunneries together, with most of the Precauses, or Courts of Justice, the Apotheca, or Ammunition Gallery. The Czar has Officers of State as other Princes have, but not of so great value. His Gentlemen of the Bedchamber come not into his Chamber, but wait in the next Room to it, and at the Table also, some two or three Rooms off. The Czar is temperate in his Diet, drinks very little Wine, sometimes he drinks at meals a little Cinnamon water, or oil of Cinnamon in his small beer. For Cinnamon here (you must know) is the Aroma Imperiale,; the scents of Musk and Ambergris are not much esteemed, but Rose water is much used at Court, and so is holy Water in the Church.  
At the entertainment of his Nobility, the Emperor sits in his Chair, and delivers out of his hand a Chark of treble or quadruble Spirits, which are able to take away his breath who is not accustomed to them. His Majesty will laugh to see his Subjects handsomely fuddled, and sometimes he will put Mercury into their Liquor. Old General Alexander Leshly a Scot aged ninety nine years; now alive at Smolensko, had discourse with the Emperor about the storming of Smolensko, who being earnest to hear would not dismiss Leshly, then afflicted with an uncessant Diarrhaea▪ his modesty kept him a little too long, but at last being necessitated, he got away abruptly: The Emperor wondering at it, demanded the reason of his sudden departure; but understanding how the case went with the old man, who had lost nothing but the bolt of his back-gate, he fell into such a laughter as sufficiently declared he was not displeased with the General's abruptness.   

CHAP. XV.  
Of the City of Moscow. Of the Czars' Jewels. Of his Clothes, Of the Queen and her maids of honour's attire. Their journeys in Wagons. How they road formerly. The mode and language of the Russes all one. They differ in their actions from all other Nations. Of their Clock Dial's, and contrariety to other people in several things. And of other Customs they have  
THe City of Mosova (as the Russians write it) stands upon a great deal of ground, encompassed with three Walls, besides that of the Imperial Castle. The innermost is a red Wall of Brick, the next to this is the white Wall, and the third is wooden Wall filled up with earth, which I suppose to be fifteen or sixteen Miles compass, and it was made up in four or five days, upon the approach of the Crim-Tartar; there is as much Fir in it as would make a row of Lendon Paper-houses fifteen miles long. Since his Majesty has been in Poland, and seen the manner of the Prince's houses there, and guessed at the mode of their Kings, his thoughts are advanced, and he begins ●o model his Court and Edifices more stately, to furnish his Rooms with Tapestry, and contrive houses of pleasure abroad. As for his Treasure of Jewels, I think no Prince ●oth exceed him, yet he hath many ●●ul Stones, but the Russians affecting greatness in Jewels, will upon that score ●ispense with small faults. The fashion of the Emperor's clothes is like that of 〈◊〉 Nobility, but only richer. That of ●he Empress is the like, only the tire of 〈◊〉 head is higher, and her smock-●●eeves longer, about ten or twelve yards English, and her upper most Gown has wide sleeves like our Bachelors of Arts, which all her women of honour wear also. Commonly her Imperial Majesty makes her Journeys in the night with most of her women (in Wagons covered with red cloth) viz. Chamber-women, Ladies and Embroideresses. Not long since they were use to ride on Horseback with white Hats, a skein of silk about their Necks, and Astride. Ri●um teneatis Amici.  
The mode of men and women, rich and poor, are all one, all over the Empire, from the highest to the lowest, and their Language one, yea and Religion too, which certainly must hugely tend to their peace and preservation.  
Here I might make some Reflections upon our own unhappy divisions and differences in opinions, but this perhaps might be censured as an unhistorical Action, and therefore, Cynthius aurem.—  
The Russians are a People who differ from all other Nations of the world, in most of their Actions.  
Their Shirt they wear over their Drawers, girded under the Navel (to which they think a Girdle adds strength) None, neither male nor female, must go ungirt for fear of being unblessed. They whistle not with their lips (that they count profane) but through the Teeth▪ a strange way of whistling indeed. Whe● they spit on any thing to wipe it (as Shoes, etc.) they do use an action no● unlike sneezing. In cases of admiration or incredulity, instead of a shrug, they wave their heads from one shoulder to another. Their very speech and acce●● also differs from other Nations. 'Tis 〈◊〉 grand Sin with them to omit lotionem ●●st mictum. As we use paper in our ●acking-Office to clear accounts, so Ju●● de Rusco uses a little Spade made of 〈◊〉 thin shaved, like the Ivory Spatula's ●hich Merchants and Scriveners use to ●●ld up letters, and smooth them.  
In our Clock-dyals' the Finger moves 〈◊〉 the Figure: In the Russian e contra, 〈◊〉 Figures move to the Poynter. One Mr. Holloway, a very ingenious man, contrived the first Dyal of that fashion; ●ying, because they acted contrary to 〈◊〉 men, 'twas fitting their work should ●e made suitable. Because the Roman Catholics kneel at their devotion, they will stand, for they look upon kneeling ●s an ignoble and barbarous Gesture. because the Polonians shave their ●eards, they count it sinful to cut them. Because the Tartar abhors Swines-flesh, ●●ey eat it rather than any other flesh, ●●though its food is most Pogano, or unclean of any Beast. They count it a ●●eat sin for a Russ to lie with a Dutch woman or English Woman; but a venial Piccadillo for a Russ woman to prostitute herself to a Stranger, for they say her issue will be educated in the true ancient Faith, but a Russ gets an uncircumcized child of a Stranger. The pre●e● Rye above Wheat, and stinking Fish above fresh. They count their miles b●ninties, and not by hundreds. Thei● New years day is the first of September● From the Creation they reckon 706● and odd years. To things improbabl● they easily give credit, but hardly believe what is rational and probable.  
In their salutes they kiss the woman● right cheek. Lands 25 of Inheritance are entailed upon the youngest Brother.  
They write upon their knees, though a table stand before them.  
They sow with the needle towards them, and thrust it forward with thei● forefinger; it should seem they are ba● Tailors.  
They know not how to eat Pease an● Carrots boiled, but eat them shells an● all, like Swine. They do not pick thei● Pease, but pull them up by the roots and carry them into the Market to b● sold▪  
They know not the name of Cornuto: ●ut of a Cuckold they say, He lies under ●e Bench.  
They will sooner take the word of a ●●an who has a Beard, than the oath of ●●ne who is Beardless.  
The beauty of Women they place in ●●eir satness, juxta illud ●●alicum, Dio ●●i faccia grassa, to mi faro bella. God ●●ake me ●at, and I'll make myself beautiful.  
Their painting is no better than that ●f our Chimneys in the Summer, viz. ●●ed Oaker and Spanish White.  
They paint or slain their teeth black, ●●on the same design that our Ladies ●ear black patches: Or it may be their ●●eth being spoiled by mercurial painting, they make a virtue of necessity, and ●●y up that for an Ornament which is ●●ally a Deformity. Low foreheads ●●d long eyes are in fashion here; to ●hich purpose they strain them up so ●●rd under their Tires, that they can 〈◊〉 ill shut them, as our Ladies lift up ●●eir hands to their heads. They have secret amongst them to slain the very ●lls of their eyes black. Narrow 〈◊〉 and slender Wastes are alike ugly in the sight.  
A lean Woman they account u● wholesome, therefore they who are inclined to leanness, give themselves ov●● to all manner of Epicurism, on purpose to fatten themselves, and lie a be● all day long drinking Russian Bran● (which will fatten extremely) the● they sleep, and afterwards drink again list Swine designed to make Baco● These are their odd customs, which 〈◊〉 may justly censure as the Satirist d●● the debauched Romans in his time, saying. Dum vitant stulti vitia in contrary currunt. And indeed to say truth the● madness is so great, that all the Hel●bore in Anticyra cannot purge it away▪   

CHAP. XVI.  
Of their Judiciary proceedings. Of murder how punished; the accused must confess the fact. Of their Executioner and cruel Torments. The punishment of Coiners. A Fellow that shot at a Jack●aw how punished. Conspirators banished into Syberia, etc. Hanging lately used amongst them, and how.  
I Cannot at present give you an account of their Judiciary proceedings, which are very confused, and yet they have a method, and every Province its Precause or Office, wherein is a Bayor, or Lord, and a Chancellor called a Diac, who hath many Clerks under him: He represents the Boyar, who is the Representative of his Imperial Majesty. If there be a Suit in Law, and no bribes on either side, most commonly the Plaintiff gets the better for they presume he has most right.  
Murder is here to be bought off with money; If a Man kill his Slave or his Wife in correcting them, there is no law against them. Or if a man is murdered, and no body prosecuted his murderer, the law takes no notice of his death.  
The accused cannot be condemned although a thousand witnesses come in against him, except he confesses the Fact; and to this end they want not torments to extort Confessions; For first, they put them upon the Strappado, if this does not, they secondly whip them, and herein their Hangmen are very exquisite: For 'tis said at six or seven lashes they are able to kill a man. Sometimes the confederate will see the enemy to execute such a piece of his office, to prevent farther mischief.  
They can strike to an hairs breadth, and with a sharp kind of Iron pierce through the very Ribs; they will slice down a man's back like a Chine of Pork, and when that's done, they will salt the raw place, bind his hands and legs, and putting a Cowlstaff through them, hold him over the Fire, and Carbonadoe him. If he persists (for may be the party has nothing to confess) they let him lose, and the Hangman sets his shoulders, and lets him rest twenty days, till he be almost well, and then repeats the former Torments, and perhaps pull out a Rib or tow with a pair of hot Pincers; If all this will not do (for some will outstand all these Tortures) they will then shave the crown of his Head, and drop cold water upon the bare place, which some that have felt, acknowledge to be the quintessence of all Torments; for every drop strikes like a dart to the very heart. All this is done where the Hangman is not bribed, for he will then cut deep. I have seen some whose backs have been scarified like the bark of a Tree, which afterwards were healed, but they could never wear out the scars and marks thereof.  
The punishment of Coiners is to melt some of the coin, and pour it down their throat. Neque enim lex ●ustior ulla est, quam necis Artifices Arte perire sua.  
A Fellow two years ago, being foolhardy, shot at a Jack-daw in the Imperial Court, but the Bullet glanced, and fell into one of his Majesty's Rooms, for which fact he lost his left Leg and right Hand. If there be secret conspiracy contrived and disclosed in the acting, the Traitors are secretly tormented, and afterwards sent towards Syberia; and in the way an hundred or two hundred Versts off, softly put under the Ice. Others having their Noses cut off, and their eyes pulled out, or their Ears cropped, are banished into Syberia, three thousand Versts distance.  
Hanging has not been in use but of late years; for the dull Russ thought if the Malefactor were strangled, his soul was forced to sally forth at the Postern-gate, which made it Pogano, viz. defiled. The Hangman's place is hereditary, and he teaches his children to strike upon a leathern Bag.  
The Malefactor puts his head into the Noose, and turns himself off when the Hangman commands him.   

CHAP. XVII.  
Of Syberia and its Inhabitants. Chay and Bour Diana brought from thence, their qualities. Tambul the Metropolis of Syberia. A discourse of Sables, how killed. The excessive coldness of this Country. How they feed their Cows. Of the River Ob. What Caviar is made of. Of Samogeda, their Diet. Sledges how drawn. Hunting. Indistinct habit. Of their manners. And other remarkable observations concerning these Northernlings in general.  
SYberia is a vast unknown Province, reaching to the Walls of Cataya. I have spoken with one that was there, who traded with the Chinesses, and another also who said he saw a Sea beyond Syberia wherein were Ships and Men in strange habits, like the Chinesses by their description, rich in cloth of Gold and Jewels, no Beards but on their upper lip. From hence this latter brought Chay and Bour Dian. The Chay is that which we call Teah or Tey, and Bourdian. is Anisum Indicum Stellatum, the Merchants say they use it (as we do in England) with Sugar, and esteem it a rare Remedy in diseases of the Lungs, flatus Hypochondriaci, and distempers of the Stomach; 'tis brought over in papers about one pound weight, written on with Chinese Characters. They who travel into these parts are six years in their Journey, staying for winter way in some places, and summer in others. The Metropolis of Syberia is Zambul, the Residence of the chief Vayod. They trade in Furs, and chiefly in Sables, which, as some say, are found in no other part of the world beside. They feed on a Berry or Nut, which here grows plentifully upon trees, what it is I cannot learn, but am promised some of them, with further information. They hunt six or seven weeks together, and are drawn by Dogs, whom they feed with Fish, wherewith their Lakes and Rivers abound,: they put forty or fifty Dogs in a Sledge, and are clothed with treble Furs; they lie out all night in the coldest season, and make fires, with which they dress their Fish. The Dogs are expert in finding out the Sable, and the Men as dextrous in shooting them in the nose with a bolt, which makes them become a prey to the hounds. Except they hit the Sable in the nose they lose him, for he is an hardy Beast, and will run away with an Arrow in his Body; besides, it spoils the Fur.  
'Tis so excessive cold here, that water thrown up into the Air will descend congealed into Ice. The most Northern parts afford no Bread, but Fish in abundance, which they eat dried instead of bread, and yet they live to a great age. They feed their Cows with Fish during the frost, which makes the milk taste fishy. The River Ob is a vast River, whose end is as yet unknown: there is great store of Fish called Bebuga, much like a Whale, but better meat, out of whose spawn and the Sturgeons together, they make Caviar at Astracan, which they lay in great heaps of salt, and after a little fermentation press it, and barrel it up. We have some here pressed; 'tis a great dainty, but will not keep.  
The North of Syberia is called Samogeda, or Tsamoeida, which signifies Cannibals, or Men-eaters, for they eat those whom they conquer in battle. Their food is most Fish, their riches Dear, of which they have great herds, and so tame, that at whistle they will appear at hand, and suffer themselves to be harnessed, and put to the sledges by pairs, which they will draw swiftly as wind eighty miles a day. When they hunt for new Deer, they consult the Priest, who, after many ceremonies and conjurations, tells them in what quarter they must go, and most commonly they find his predictions true. There is no distinction in the clothes of Male or Female, but both are made of Dear skins, with the hair side outward, which by experience they find the warmest. You can hardly distinguish the men and women by their visage, neither wear Beards, and both have faces like Baboons.  
Their Manners, Language and Religion are brutish, for they worship the Sun and Moon, and good reason have they to adore the one, and make good use of his light, which they enjoy so little in the winter. They are excessively jealous of their Wives, which puts me in mind of the strength of fancy and custom: One being asked if he thought not an English Woman (than present, young and handsome) as pretty and fair as his Lady ugly; answered, no surely, thy Wife's complexion is pale, like the belly of a Fish, our women's colours are natural and genuine. Their Daughters are esteemed great Riches, and must not be seen by young men, till contracted in Marriage, which they are at six or seven years old, that they may be sure to have them Virgins: they buy them of their Parents for so many head of Deer, and take them home to their houses, and lock them up all Italiano. The men likewise serve their wives so, when they go an hunting, and 'tis as ordinary as strings to a purse. For they have a Proverb, He that leaves his purse open invites a Thief to it; such as have seen their Engines, say they come not short of the Italian ones.  
Their houses are only round tents made of Deer-skins and Mats, with a fire in the midst, and a hole at the top for the smoke, about which they lie round, and find themselves warm enough. In the Summer they remove near the Rivers to fish, which they dry, and preserve against Winter, they kill their fishes with arrows, and most commonly eat them raw: they eat young Puppies, and count them a rare dish. They are not thought worthy of a Governor by his Imperial Majesty, nor so considerable as to be taxed, only voluntarily they pay a few Deer. None understand their barbarous language but themselves, nor yet their Laws which they execute secretly. When they sell a Deer to Strangers, they are sure to indent to have the garbage, which they eat after a slight squeezing out of the excrements. He is best qualified amongst them who knows most in Magic, wherein they are excellent, especially before Strangers, but amongst the Russes they dare not play any feats, lest they should be accused. At Archangelo divers of them being treated by an English Merchant, one in the company being very drunk, besouled himself, and was as rude as a Bear, or Tom a Bedlam.  
Hereupon an old Woman was called in, who whispered in his ear, touched his forehead, and the man became as sober as if he had drunk nothing.   

CHAP. XVIII.  
Of the Southern parts of Syberia. The Wilderness called Step, full of Cherry-trees and fine Flowers. Of Elks. Of the Zoorick and Perivoshick. The Country of Squirrels. Of a little Bird like a Woodcock. Another like an Hawk. A third as big as a Swan. The story of the Vegetable Lamb refuted.  
GOing towards the more Southern parts of Syberia, you shall see a Wilderness called the Step, which is six or seven hundred Versts long, most of it ●s Champain, it has but few Rivers, ●et the ground is incredibly fruitful. There you may ride a days journey through a field of Cherry-trees, not a●ove three quarters of a yard high; the reason why they are such dwarves, is, because they are so often burnt down by Strangers or Travellers, who making fires in the Autumn catelesty depart, and the grass being long and dry takes fire, which sometimes has pursued them to death, two or three hundred Furlongs have been burnt at a time. These trees yield a sine red Cherry, but very tart: Such as have been transplanted have proved very good. I have spoken with those who have seen here variety of Tulips, Damask and red Roses. Asparagus exceeding large, Onions, Marjoram, Time, Sage, Chicory, Endive, Savory, etc. & what else we carefully nourish in our Gardens; Liquorish also in great plenty, which invite thither Ursa major and Ursa minor: lastly Parsnips and Carrots. Merchants fetch from thence much Salgemmar, and Nitre.  
Their Elks are the largest in the world; they have also a little Beas● called a Zoorick, about the bigness of a Badger, but not of that make; it has ● dark brindled fine smooth hide, short legs, a little head, a back almost a spa● broad, and is indeed a pretty plump creature. They dwell under ground like Coneys, When Colonel Crafords Regiment quartered near their cells, they came out wondering at them, and standing upon their hinder legs, they made such a shrill and unexpected noise, as put the men into such a fright, and the horse grazing by them, that some ran away ten Versts before they could be overtaken. The Russes relate strange stories of their mutual Wars, taking Prisoners, and making Slaves to bring in their winter provision, as Hay and Roots; ●his may pass for a Russian Fable. But, ●or certain they say, that their Burroughs are very finely contrived, and that they are so neat and curious in their houses, that if any of them die in the Burrow, they will carry them out and bury them. ●n these parts there is another Beast called Perrivoshick, whose fur is brown yellow, mixed with a little white and black, which shows well in a coat, though little valued here, because the ●urr is short, and of little warmth; this beast ●s said to be very civil in carrying Squirrels and Ermines over Rivers, and this is the reason why he is called Perrivoshick, i. e. the Ferry man or Transporter; and the same word in the Russian tong●● signifies a Translator. The Russes say these Beasts take great delight in transporting other creatures. I never heard it from any eye-witness, but this I have, that whole Countries of Squirrels having spent their provision on the one side the River, will adventure over to the other, using their tails for their Masts, Rudder and Sails, and a small chip or stick for their Boat, with a fore-wind, which veering about hazards the whole Fleet; for they cannot stack about, and if once their sails take wet they are utterly undone and defunct.  
About Cazan and Astracan there is a little Bird about the bigness of a Woodcock, his legs and bill not unlike a Snipe, but the feathers and neck like a Cock of the Game, being cut and trimmed they fight like Cocks, sparring at one another, and yet they have no● spurs. They are in continual war, i● kept in the house, and will lie on their guards with their bills on the ground, and at first advantage run a tilt with their single Rapiers, as violently as any duelist, brusling up their neck-feathers (a guissa di gallo) they are meat beyond Quails, and are also f●●nd about Archangelo, with another B●●l as great as an Owzle, made like an Hawk, who flies at smaller birds, catches them, sticks them on a thorn, and picks them very clean before she eats them. There ●s a Bird brought hither from Astracan ●as big as a Swan, not unlike in his body and his feet, but hath somewhat shorter and thicker neck; he has also a very ●ide throat able to swallow down a fish ●ine inches adout. Perhaps in some histories of these parts, you may have ●eard of a vegetable Lamb, which de●ours all the grass about it, and then flies; but this is as true as the story of Monocular people in Sir John Mande●ils Travels, and such like Fables, which ●ave not the least shadow of truth.   

CHAP. XIX.  
A brief account of Tartary. It's Metropolis. To whom the Tartars pay Tribute, The Muscovite formerly tributary to the Crim-Tartar. How far they march in a day. They eat horseflesh, but no bread nor salt, the reason why. They are very quick sighted, excellent horsemen of the Colmack Tartars. The Crim's described, they deride the Russian worship. The grounds why they do it.  
HAving fetch't this compass, I thin● it fit to touch upon Tartary, an● tell you what account I have had from thence, which though incomplete tak● as you find it, and be pleased to excus● the brevity of this Narration.  
The Metropolis of Tartary is calle● Crim, it is a strong walled Town upo● the Tartarian Sea, from whence the grea● Cham is named the Crim-Tartar. The● say the City is built of Stone and Bri● very stately. The people are tributa● to the Turk, and Moscua was formerly tributary to them, and paid ten thousand Sheepskin coats yearly to the Duke of Moscovi's homage, which was to feed the Crims' horse with oats out of his Cap, to this also he was sworn by a strict doth. But within this ten years the tribute has been refused, because the Tartar broke the League by invading the Confines: And indeed they are troublesome neighbours, like Flies when they are routed, they fly in a moment, dispersing themselves one by one, but at night rendezvous again; and 'tis almost as impossible to got one of their led horses, which will not leave their companions.  
They will march an hundred miles a day with changing their horses once or twice; for every man is furnished with three at four at least. If any of them tire o● die, they share them among the troop, and being sufficiently chased under the saddle, they make an hearty meal of them. If any of them fall sick, they give him some Mare's milk, or fresh blood from an horse which they bl●●d on purpose.  
They bring no Salt nor Bread along with them, nor do they eat any at all, alleging that Salt makes them dim-sighted, and Bread breeds a dull and heavy nourishment.  
They are certainly as quicksighted as any people in the world, and will descry upon the Step or Wilderness (where a man hath nothing to hinder his prospect thirty or forty miles round) I say, they will descry a single man, when a Russ cannot see a whole troop of Tartars.  
There are no better Horsemen in the world, at full speed they will raise up themselves upon their stirrups, and shoot behind them with their arrows, which sufficiently gall their enemy's Horse.  
The Colmack Tartar-women are as good soldiers as their Husbands, many of them acknowledge the Emperor for their Sovereign.  
This year an an army of Women to revenge the taking of some Children and Captives by the Crim's people, encountered the Tartars Army, took many prisoners, and routed the rest. O brave Viragoes! worthy to be numbered amongst the Amazonian Worthies.  
The Colmacks have a vast Country, and live in Tents, where they use grazing, Tamberlane was born here.  
They are larger sized than the Crim-Tartars, and of an other feature, but more swarthy. The Crim-Tartars are flat-faced, small eyed, have their eyes deep set, narrow foreheads, and low broad shoulders; they are of a middle stature, so shaped, that 'tis hard for them to conceal themselves in any place wheresoever they show their faces.  
They break the noses of their children being new born; saying, it is a foolish thing to wear a nose, that stands in a man's sight. They are all Mahometans, and laugh at the Russians for worshipping a painted piece of board, and say 'tis better to worship the Sun, because he has a glorious body, does the world much good, and none can injure him as they may a wooden Idol. Your Gods (say they to the Russes) in a short time grow blind, (i. e. obliterate) and then you throw them into the River with a Copeak or two, and a piece of Olibanum tied up in a string, and so commit them to the Volgian stream which runs into the Caspian Sea; and we take them up, and broil a piece of Horse flesh upon them. What is that for a God? which is no better than a Gridiron, and cannot resist the hands of them that destroy it. Most rationally spoken. Mosovitae non possunt respondere Argumento.   

CHAP. XX.  
What the simpler sort of Russians are, their Idolatry and ignorance, what they think of St. Nicholas, their high conceit of good works. They are great Rogues. Some are good among them. The Poles are not so barbarous as the Russes. The Poles characterised, their Laws▪ their King how styled, he is very magnificent. King Henry weary of the title▪ How he made shift to get away out of Poland.  
TRue it is the simpler sort of people in Russia are mere Idolaters, and in the Northern parts, as Archangele and Cola, they know no other God but St. Nicholas, whom they really imagine to to rule all the world. They say he came to St. Nicholas (a Port-town by Archangels) swimming from Italy upon a Millstone; if any Russ should question the truth of this story 'tis as much as life is worth. They celebrate the Festivals of their own Saints with greater honour than the Apostles. For they say of St. Nicholas, he is Nasha Bradt, one of our Brothers, and has a greater kindness for us his Countrymen, than St. Peter or St. Paul who never knew us. When they have extorted a vast Estate out of the bowels of poor people, and grinding the faces of Strangers, they think to expiate all their wicked actions at last by building a Church, and endowing it with abundance of Images adorned with Jewels, and furnishing it with a Ring of Bells; this they account a meritorious work, and indeed it is so when the glory of God is chiefly aimed at, and not selfinterest selfinterest and vain applause sought thereby. Greater Rogues there are not in the whole world, yet there is many good people also. Such as have improved their parts by conversing with Strangers, are more civilised; yea those who have seen the Polish way of living, which though I cannot much admire, yet surely 'tis not so barbarous as the Russian; for they have a way to improve their wits by Learning, which they are debarred in Muscovia; and may travel out of their own Country, a thing prohibited to the Russians.  

Poles▪  Notwithstanding all these improvements, they are a scurvy nasty Nation as as ever I conversed with, proud and insolent, hugely self-conceited, always extolling their own Country above all others, vain and prodigal in their expenses before company, gaudy in their Apparel, rich in their Horses and Trappings, civil and hospitable to Strangers, till they have seen all their pomp, and have been drunk twice or thrice, and then like Welshmen they are willing to be rid of them. They are greater Drinkers than the Russes, and so quarrelsome in their drink, as few Gentlemen are seen without some eminent scars, which they wear as badges of honour gotten in the wars of Bacchus.  
Their Laws are the most barbarous of any people living, for homicide is satisfied by a pecuniary mulct, a Crown (as I remember) for killing a Peasant, and so higher according to the quality of the person.  
Their King may be styled Rex Bacchatorum, for in their Comitia, when a vote has passed all but one peremptory Coxcomb, he will rise up in the spirit of contradiction, and laying his hand upon his Cimitar saucily protest against it, though not able to give a reason for what he says, and perhaps the business is demurred for that time; next day being half drunk, he will be the first in passing the very same vote. Their King is little better than a painted Rudder, which seems to steer, but does not. Henry the Third, afterwards King of France was (as I take it) King of Poland, and so weary of his Kingship, that he would willingly have changed it for a pair of Shoes of good running Leather. On a certain day he made an entertainment for many of the Nobility, whom he made drunk, having for his own wine nothing but fair water coloured red: One of these drunken Lords he laid in his own Royal Bed, the Curtains were drawn, and Waiters stood by the bed side, who knew nothing of the design. In the mean time the King slipped away, and by horses laid on purpose made his escape out of the Confines.  
The Son of Bacchus being in the interim well attended, at last awakened, and betrayed the plot, whereupon they made all possible haste to catch their King again, but being gone into another Country they treated with him, beseeching him to return, and they would for the future be very civil unto him; but he answered, No.  
That bird deserves to be a prisoner all its days, that will return again to the Cage when he is once got lose: As for mine own part I had rather be a Peasant in France, than King in Poland. Stultissima optio—   

CHAP. XXI.  
Of Lues Venerea. Of the Polonian Plica, a familiar distemper, and very infectious, yet they highly esteem it. When hair first began to be powdered. The Poles more honourable in keeping Articles than the Russes. A comparison of the Polish and Russian Languages. Their salutations are stately. How the Tartars and Chircasses salute. The Chircasses Religion.  
MY Lady Lues Venerea is as well known in Poland as in the place where she was born; not a mushy panny (Lord) nor a pannya (Lady) but are intimately acquainted with her, and so is the Court and the Country.  
The Russes in the conquests of Vilna, and many other Towns and Provinces on the Borders of Poland, have taken her Ladyship prisoner, whom they are like to keep longer than their Towns. For till this War she was not known here this thousand years: But when she gets into such a cold Country as this, she earths like a Badger so deep, that there's no driving of her out without a Pickaxe or Firebrand; juxta illud, les Veroles de Rouen et la boue du Paris ne jamais sortont la pais sans oster la piece. The Pox of Roven, and the Dirt of Paris never go away without taking a piece out.  
But what is worse, the Poles have the Plica as familiar among them, as the French have the Itch; and so infectious too, that few in a house escape it when 'tis once crept in amongst them. Certainly there cannot be a greater plague in the world, for besides its many dreadful symptoms, the nasty elfish lock stinks like an old Ulcer, and yet they wear it as a badge of Nobility. Some you shall have with hair full of brayds or knots, as I saw a Monks, which looked like Medusa's, who for this monstrosity was accounted a man of more than ordinary sanctity. The like esteem they have of Horses, who are troubled herewith in their Manes, or Foretops, for they think them Steeds of good courage and service, If an envious person cuts off never so little of the Plica, the Horse either dies, runs mad, or becomes blind and lame.  
They say the first use of Hair-powder came from the Poles, who were fain to perfume the Plica to abate its odious stench. 'Tis hard escaping this disease if you pass through the Country, where Arsenical Mines poison the water, for it comes on a sudden; Unico aquae Arsenicae haustulo, &c,  
The Poles are more honourable in keeping their Articles and Covenants than the Russians, who seldom keep faith with an enemy, if the breach thereof be but advantageous. Yet in private concerns the Russ fears an oath, because 'tis seldom administered, which makes it the more to be reverenced.  
Their Languages differ not much, just as English and Scotch, the Polish is said to be the more copious and complimental, but to my ears, which judge by outward sounds, it seems the more harsh in pronunciation, and worse than a medley of Welsh, Irish and Cornish.  
They spit in your face when they talk. Their Orthography is like the Welsh, six Consonants to one Vowel. Their salutations are in lofty terms, they bow not so much as the Russians. The Tartars salute with their forefinger upon their mouth, and a little nod, and embrace their Superiors about the knees. The Chircasses salutes are blunt and rude, as, how do thy Children and thy Servants, thy Cows and thy Sheep, thy Horses and Goats and Swine, thy Cocks, Hens and Turkeys, are they all in good health? This they punctually repeat every morning they meet. They are of the Greek saith, but not so superstitious as the Russians, who think their Churches defiled if a Stranger sets his foot into them, and therefore wash them after that pollution, and the Stranger must either turn Russ, or satisfy his folly with the loss of his life; in which they imitate the Mahometans, as also in many other fooleries.   

CHAP. XXII.  
The Court of Russia.  
Of the Present Czar his Father. Grave Wolmer how disappointed in Marriage. Czar Michael's death. The story of Boris Juanoidg. How the Czar elects a Wife. Whom Boris preferred. His height makes him envied. Eliah exalted. The Russians extol Marriage. Eliah disabled. Who succeeds him. Nashokin a great Reformer. Highly commended, his words concerning the French and Danes supporting the Hollanders against England. He is a great lover of the English. How he censured a Bill of Mortality, and some other discourse which he held.  
IT would be too tedious and impertinent at this present time to recount the rise of the Family of the Romanoves, how they assumed the name of Czar, how Basil about one hundred and forty years since reduced the lesser Dukes of Russia, and Juan Vasilowich prosecuted what his Father began, and subdued the Kings of Cazan, Astrocan and Syberia; this would become the history of the Czars' life, which I wish I had opportunity and ability to write: For certainly since Kings reigned upon earth, there never was a man heard of more prodigiously Tyrannical, and yet a more fortunate Prince than he.  
The Father of this present Czar was was Michael, a Prince of incomparable clemency and magnificence, a lover of peace and amity with all Christian King's, kind to Strangers, and very Religious. Grave Wolmer, the late King of Denmark's natural Son should have married his Daughter, but the Clergy objected he was an Heretic, hereupon 〈◊〉 proffered his Chaplains should maintain the truth of his Faith, which the Russian Priests refusing, the Czar breaks ●ut into passion; saying, What Faith 〈◊〉 this that we profess, that you are unwilling to bring to a trial. Some few days after going well to bed, about midnight he was taken with a vomiting, and died in the morning, and (after the Russian fashion) was carried into the Church the next night. So the dispute ended. His Czaritsa did not long survive him, and Grave Wolmer was fain to leave his Mistress, and shift for himself as well as he could.  
This Czar often charged his Son to follow his Governors' counsel in all affairs, who was Boris Juanoidg Morosove by name, of whose Father the Russes relate this story, That he being a favourite of the great Tyrant, presumed (being a Widower) to beg one of his handsome Concubines for a Wife, which was granted him, but whilst they were at their amorous enjoyments shut up in the Bathstove, he secretly conveyed 〈◊〉 wild Bear, which fell upon them, and devoured them both. He had two Sons Boris and Chleab, which the Emperou●● educated. Boris being a kind of Lord Protector, diminished the number o● household Servants, brought the rest t● half wages, raised the Customs, and gav● Ambassadors half allowances, sent a● the old Dukes to Governments afar off; Ripnine to Belgorod, and Corakin to Cazan.  
The Czar being to take a Wife, all the choice beauties in the Country are brought before him, one he fancies, and gives her a Handkerchief and Ring, she appears again in a Royal dress; but Boris ordered the Crown to be tied so hard about her head, that she fell into a swoon, this was presently construed an Epileptic fit,; her Father being examined with torments, was, alas poor old Gentleman, sent into Syberia, and died by the way with grief, and left his Family in disgrace. The maid is still alive, but never known to have had any more fits. She has been offered many Noblemen, but refuses all, and keeps the Handkerchief and Ring. The Czar allows her a pension to expiate the injury done to her Father and Family.  
Boris Juanoidg proposed Mary the Daughter of Eliah Daneloidg of obscure Gentility, raised by the death of his Uncle Grammatine the Chancellor of the Ambassadors Office, to whom he filled wine in his minority, The present Ctzaritsa has often gone into the woods to gather Mushrooms. She was a tolerable beauty. adorned with the precious jewels of modesty, industry and religion. She was married prrvately for fear of Witchcraft, which is here common at Nuptials. Boris petitioned for the younger Sister Anna, and obtained her, and from thence concluded his interest well riveted. But the Lady was not so well pleased with him being an old Widower, and she a succulent black young Lass; so instead of children jealousies were got, which produced a leathern lace about a finger thick, a compliment that often passes between the Russian Lords and their Ladies, when their Amours are extravagant, or the Brandy wine too strong in their heads. One William Barnsly an English man (born at Barnsly Hall in Worcestershire) was sent to Syberia by this Boris' instigation for being suspected too familiar in his house. He has been their above twenty years, and at last he turned Russ, and was richly married.  
This height of Boris draws envious eyes from the ancient Nobility, whom he daily makes to decline, and brings in creatures of his own. The people murmur at their new Taxes, accuse Boris, and peremptorily demand him of the Czar, who finding himself surprised, desired the life of Boris might be spared, and kissing the Cross, swore he should never come to the Court again. The old Nobility are countenanced for a time: In the mean while the commons are complemented underhand to petition for Boris his Restauration, which was easily granted. Boris hereupon gratifies the people, and becomes their Favourite, and a patron also to Strangers. He died six years since, in a good old age, successful he was in his Counsels, beloved of his Prince, lamented by the People, but not of the Nobility, who cannot yet accomplish their designs. For Eliah Daneloidg is made Generalissimo. He is a goodly person, has limbs and muscles like Hercules, a bold man, of great parts, and such a vast memory, that he knew all the Commission Officers of an Army eighty thousand strong, where they quartered, and what their qualifications were; the Czar rather Cizaritsa has often gone into the woods to gather Mushrooms. She was a tolerable beauty. adorned with the precious jewels of modesty, industry and religion. She was married prrvately for fear of Witchcraft, which is here common at Nuptials. Boris petitioned for the younger Sister Anna, and obtained her, and from thence concluded his interest well riveted. But the Lady was not so well pleased with him being an old Widower, and she a succulent black young Lass; so instead of children jealousies were got, which produced a leathern lace about a finger thick, a compliment that often passes between the Russian Lords and their Ladies, when their Amours are extravagant, or the Brandy wine too strong in their heads. One William Barnsly an English man (born at Barnsly Hall in Worcestershire) was sent to Syberia by this Boris' instigation for being suspected too familiar in his house. He has been their above twenty years, and at last he turned Russ, and was richly married.  
This height of Boris draws envious eyes from the ancient Nobility, whom he daily makes to decline, and brings in creatures of his own. The people murmur at their new Taxes, accuse Boris, and peremptorily demand him of the Czar, who finding himself surprised, desired the life of Boris might be spared, and kissing the Cross, swore he should never come to the Court again. The old Nobility are countenanced for a time: In the mean while the commons are complemented underhand to petition for Boris his Restauration, which was easily granted. Boris hereupon gratifies the people, and becomes their Favourite, and a patron also to Strangers. He died six years since, in a good old age, successful he was in his Counsels, beloved of his Prince, lamented by the People, but not of the Nobility, who cannot yet accomplish their designs. For Eliah Daneloidg is made Generalissimo. He is a goodly person, has limbs and muscles like Hercules, a bold man, of great parts, and such a vast memory, that he knew all the Commission Officers of an Army eighty thousand strong, where they quartered, and what their qualifications were; the Czar rather feared him than loved him; but the Czaritsa always kept up his Interest. He is made Lord Treasurer, and six or seven Offices more are conferred upon him, all which he manages with great vigour, but not without Bribery. Which the Czar did the more connive at, because he knew full well that this Silver stream at long running would fall into the Ocean. Notwithstanding all these expectations, at last perceiving Eliah too kind to some of his handsome Tartar and Polish slaves, he urged him (being an old Widower) either to marry or refrain the Court. For the Russians highly extol marriage, partly to people their Territories, and partly to prevent Sodomy and Buggery, to which they are naturally inclined, nor is it punished there with Death. A lusty Fellow about eight years since being at this beastly sport with a Cow, cried to one that saw him Ne Misheay, do not interrupt me; and now he is known by no other name over all Muscovy, then Ne Misheai.  
Eliah at present having had an Apoplectic fit, is disabled in body and mind, and knows no body without being told. His miss had been the greater, had not that great Statesman Nashockin, succeeded and supplied his place in many Offices.  
It was this Nashockin who concluded the peace with Poland upon honourable terms, and finished the League with Swedland. He is now made Chancellor of the Ambassadors Office, Treasurer, Lord of Russia minor, and has several other Offices. He contrived the Silk-trade through Russia, and 'tis thought all the Indian Trade will be drawn that way. He is now about reforming the Russian Laws, and new modelling all the Czardom. There shall be no delatory Suits; all Governors with their Assistants shall have power of life and death; for before all Criminals were brought to Moscow, with no less trouble than charge to the Czar. This same counsel Jethro gave to Moses. This Nashockin is one who will not be corrupted, he is a very sober abstemious man, indefatigable in business, an admirer of Monarches: Speaking about the French and Dan● siding with the Hollander against England, he broke forth into these words. I wonder that these two King's should have no more prudence or reason, than to support or countenance such Boors against the Monarch of England, who should rather join together with the rest of the Princes in Europe to destroy all Republics, which are no better than the Nurseries of Heresy and Rebellion. I have heard him say, that 'tis the Czars' interest to keep a good correspondence with the King of England above any other Christian Prince. He is the only Patron the English have. Being solicited to admit of English goods, he produced the London Bill of Mortality, wherein very few died of the Plague; notwithstanding (said he) how do we know but the Goods may be brought out of some of the infected houses, and one spark of fire will kindle a whole sack of Charcoal. 'Tis a strange custom to publish your infirmities. Beggar's indeed expose their ulcers to to raise commiseration, and get relief. But they who proclaim the P●st, give a caveat against all commerce of them, as men set up lights to keep ships off their coasts. Another thing seems strange unto us, that Royal Letters are often sent privately to us in in behalf of private men to demand Justice, as if our Czar had not made sufficient provision for Strangers as well as Natives. We seldom have any such applications from any other Prince but that of Denmark, where we hear they are purchased at a cheap rate: What they cost in England we know not, but what have we to do with the customs of other Nations. Their clothes will not fit us, nor our clothes them: thus he ended his discourse abruptly, and if he had spoken more than he had mind should be repeated. But by this you may judge (tanquam ex unque leonem) that he is a great Politician, and a very grave and wise Minister of State, not inferior peradventure to any one in Europe.   

CHAP. XXIII.  
The Czars' description. His answer to a Stranger. How he appears in public. He never visits any Subject. His Court without noise. He seldom dines publicly. At Easter his Subjects kiss his hand. How he pays his Strelsies. What he has done to employ the poor. The Czaritza governs the Women. From whence the emperor's chief Revenues proceed.  
I shall now give you a further description of the Czar. He is a goodly person, about six foot high, well set, inclined to fat, of a clear complexion, lightish hair, somewhat a low forehead, of a stern countenance, severe in his chastisements, but very careful of his Subjects love. Being urged by a Stranger to make it death for any man to desert his Colours; he answered, it was a hard case to do that, for God has not given courage to all men alike. He never appears to the people but in magnificence, and on Festivals with wonderful splendour of Jewels and Attendants▪ He never went to any Subject's house but his Governors when he was thought past all recovery. His Sentinels and Guards placed round about his Court, stand like silent and immovable Statues. No noise is heard in his Palace, no more than if uninhabited. None but his Domestics are suffered to approach the inward Court, except the Lords that are in Office. He never dines publicly but on Festivals, and then his Nobility dine in his presence. At Easter all the Nobility and Gentry, and Courtiers kiss the Emperor's hand, and receive Eggs. Every meal he sends dishes of meat to his Favourites from his own Table. His stores of Corn, and dried flesh are very considerable, with these he pays his Strelsies or Janzaries, giving them some cloth, but very little money; for they have all Trades, and great Privileges.  
The Emperor with his Pottash, Wax and Honey, he buys Velvet, Satin, Damask, cloth of Gold and Broadcloth, with which he gratifies his Officers for their service.  
He hath now seven Versts off Moscow, built Work-houses for Hemp and Flax, in that good order, beauty and capacity, that they will employ all the poor in his Kingdom with work. He hath allotted many miles of waste Land for that design.  
The Czaritza is to govern the women's side for her use and profit. Thus the Czar improves the Manufactures of his Country, feeds all the Labourers as cheap as we do our Dogs. And lays up the money that comes out of the Cabacks, Bath stoves, Tart, Pitch, Hemp, Flax, Honey, Wax, Caviar, Sturgeon, Bellusa, and other salted and dried fish from Astracan, Cazan, the Lake Belsira, and many other Lakes and Rivers with which the Country abounds, especially Syberia in the latter.   

CHAP. XXIV.  
The Czar goes every year to a house of pleasure called Obrasawsky. Of the curious tents erected there. How cautious the Emperor is of letting the vulgar sort behold his pastimes. This commended for several reasons. None are to petition the Czar in the fields. What happened to a poor Russian Captain for so doing. The Emperor's resentment for his death. Peter Solticove turned out of Office, and banished the Court; the cause why. Nashockin put in his place. The Czar in the night time visits his Chancellor's desks. He has Spies in every corner. 'Tis death to reveal any thing spoken in the Court. The Russians answer to inquisitive persons. The Czars' children how attended; they are bound to keep secrecy.  
EVery year towards the latter end of May the Czar goes three miles out of Moscow, to an house of pleasure called Obrasausky: In English Transfiguration, being dedicated to the Transfiguration in the Mount. And according to that, Master 'tis good for us to be here, let us make three Tabernacles; So the Emperor has most magnificent Tents, his own is made of cloth of Gold, lined with Sables. His Czaritsa's with cloth of Silver, lined with Ermines. The Princes according to their degree. His and Czarritsa's, with those of his eleven children and five Sisters, stand in a circle with the Church-Tent in the middle, the most glorious show in its kind that ever I saw. There are Rails and Guards set Musket shot from them, beyond which no man may pass without order: Fo● the Czar will have none of the vulgar people to be eye-witnesses of his pastimes. Indeed the too near approaches of the common Rabble make discovery of Prince's infirmities, not to say vanities, Majesty is jealous of Gazers. This made Montezume King of Mexico keep his Subjects at such a distance that they ●urst not behold him, familiarity breeds contempt, when Princes expose themselves too much unto public view, they grow cheap, and are little regarded. Therefore in a Theatre, the Stage is railed in, that the Spectators may not crowd upon the Scenes, which show best at a distance. And so it fares with Princes, the more they are reserved the more they are observed, the more implored the more adored; otherwise they run a great hazard of being contemned, and reckoned no better than their Subjects, seeing an equal mortality and frailty of flesh attends all men. When the Czar goes into the Country or fields to take his pleasure he gives strict charge that none should interrupt him with Petitions. A Captain of white Russia, and native of that Country being three years without pay, and finding no restress from Peter Solticove Lord of that Province, came and pressed too near the Czars' coach; the Czar perceiving no petition in his hand, suspected he might ●e an Assassinate, and with his staff ●once Cxar Juans) not unlike a dart, intending to push the fellow away, he ●ruck him to the heart, and he died. The Nobility rid up to the coach, and ●●arching what arms the man had, found ●othing but a wooden spoon, and a petition for three years' Arrears, Whereupon the Czar smote his Breast, saying, I have killed an innocent person, but Peter Solticove is guilty of his blood, whom God forgive; and immediately sending for him, after a severe check, he turned him out of his place, banished him from the Court, and appointed Nashockin that great Minister of State to take his Office, and examine and find out the misdemeanours thereof. This happened in June last, and this action was but whispered, and that too with much peril of a man's tongue.  
In the night season the Czar will go about and visit his Chancellor's Desks, and see what Decrees are passed, and what Petitions are unanswered. He has his spies in every corner, and nothing is done or said at any Feast, public Meeting, Burial or Wedding but he knows it. He has spies also attending his Armies to watch their motions, and give a true account of their actions: These spies are Gentlemen of small fortunes who depend on the Emperor's favour and are sent into Armies, and along with Ambassadors, and are present on all public occasions.  
'Tis death for any one to reveal what is spoken in the Czars' Palace. I being curious to see the fine buildings for the Flax and Hemp, asked to what end they were built, but not a Workman durst tell me, though they know it well enough; but they replied, God and the Emperor know best, this was all I could get from them. The Czars' children are attended with children of their own bred up with them, and there is none of them but know their distance, and their degrees of bowing to all sorts of persons. None dare speak a word what passes in their Court.   

CHAP. XXV.  
The story of a Jew turned Mahometan, he falsely accuses Nashockin, and is lashed for his pains. Jews how crept into the Court. A Discourse of Bogdan Matfeidg (the Czars' great Favourite) his Pander and Amours. His Lady's jealousy, how she was made away. The Czar reproves him. He and Nashockin no good friends. Of the Czars' Religion, wherein he is very zealous and constant. He fasts at several times eight months in a year, disposes of all Ecclesiastical Preferments. His high commendation.  
THis Summer a Jew turned Persian Mahometan, and an Interpreter to the Persian Merchants, came in their behalf with a loud complaint against Nashockin for a business depending in the Ambassadors Precause, or Court. To whom the Czar replied, saying, I have left Nashockin to determine all affairs of Merchants, let him do you Justice, but if I find your Interpreters complaint impertinent, I shall place all my displeasure on his back; and so it proved, whereupon he was graced with thirty good ashes laid on in order like red tape upon tawny leather, and doubtless they will outlast the best Garment he hath: For their whip are very keen, and cut to the bone.  
The Jews of late are strangely crept into the City and Court, by means of a Jewish Chirurgeon (pretendedly baptised Lutheran) who assists Bogdan Matfeidg (Steward of the Household) in his amours, and supplies him with Polish handmaids, he being bred up in Poland. But his Lady (as she had good cause) being jealous of these handsome Slaves which her Husband kept, some in his Gardens, and some in his House, became a burden unto him; they therefore one night last Winter brought her some Dainties, which she eat, and was merry after it, but in the morning was found dead in her bed. Others say 'twas a poisoned glass of wine they gave her, which cured her of all diseases. This caused much grumbling among the Commons, and since that time the Czar has urged him to marry, and abandon that wicked life he led with his Polish Doxies, or else he should his place. 'Twas said he would take one of his Mistresses for his wife. This Bogdan is the Czars great Favourite, Lord High Steward, and regulates all domestic Affairs. He was bred up from a child with the Czar, and is of the same age. They call him the whispering Favourite, because when ever he comes to Council, he acts behind the Door. Nashockin is no friend to him, nor he to the English, being better supplied with money from the Dutch.  
As to the Czars' Religion, he is of the Greek Faith, and very strict in the observation thereof. He never misses divine Service, if he be well he goes to it, if sick it comes to him in his chamber. On fast-days he frequents midnight prayers (the old vigils of the Church) standing four, five or six hours together, and prostrating himself to the ground sometimes a thousand times, and on great Festivals fifteen hundred. In the great Fast he eats but three meals a week, viz. on Thursday, Saturday Sunday; for the rest he takes a piece of brown bread and salt, a pickled Mushroom or Cucumber, and drinks a cup of small beer. He eats Fish but twice in the great Lent, and observes it seven weeks together, besides Maslinets (or cleansing) week, wherein they eat milk and eggs. Out of the Fast he observes Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, and will not then eat any thing that comes of flesh. In fine, no Monk is more observant of Canonical hours, than he is of Fasts. We may reckon he fasts almost eight months in twelve, with the six weeks fast before Christmas, and 2 other small fasts.  
Those that instituted so many Fasts advanced fish to spare flesh, which else would be destroyed, because they are forced to house their Cattle all the winter, sometimes five months' space. The Czar does not disdain to assist at the Processions bareheaded, and on foot if it be not rainy. He is a great Patron of the Church, yet restrains the profuse bounty of dying men to the Clergy. None can found a Monastery without his licence. He makes bold with the Church Treasary upon loan in time of war, and pays it again ad Graecas Calendas. For indeed should he not do so his contribution would fall short, seeing the Church holds almost two third parts of the Czardom. In his Palace he has an Hospital of very old men, 120 years old, with whom he often discourses, and delights to hear them tell what passed in his Ancestors time. Once a year, viz upon good Friday, he visits all the prisons in the night, and taking personal cognizance of all the Prisoners, buys out some that are in debt, and releases others that are criminal, as he thinks fit: He pays great sums for such as he is informed are really necessitated. His Czaritza buys out Women. He disposes of all Ecclesiastical preferments, but has left the election of the Patriarch to lot, having (as he thinks) had ill luck in using his Prerogative for the late Patriarch Nicon.  
To conclude this Chapter, without doubt this present Emperor of Russia is as pious, conscientious, clement, merciful and good a Prince as any in the world. As for his People and Ministers of State, they are like other Nations, ready to act any thing for Bribes or Money, and to deceive as many as they can.   

CHAP. XXVI.  
Trading in Russia very low. English Cloth a drug, why slighted. The Author's Reflection. If Persians trade there, what English are like to suffer. What the Russians are in general. Concerning the Dutch, what the English must do to outvie them. How much they abuse us to the Emperor. 'Twere convenient for England to undeceive the Czar. How things should be represented to Nashockin and Bogdan. The Russians mightily pleased with their peace with Poland.  
THe Trade last Summer was very low in Moscow, by reason of their late war, which had drained them of two Fifths, besides the raising of their Customs, and taking their Goods by force for copper money, which fell from an hundred to one, till at last it was called in, to the undoing of many men. Divers hanged themselves, others drunk away the residue of their States, and died with drinking,  
English Cloth is a Drug, because dearer than the Dutch, which though slight, and shrinks a sixth part in wetting, yet the Russians like it, because they say none but new cloth will shrink, but we are too blame for not fitting them with the like. Again, we keep our old trade of Cloth, but they bring Silks, and all manner of pedlary ware, which vends better than cloth, the which grows now much out of Fashion. Sed si populus vult decipi, decipiatur.  
If the Persian and Indian Silk trade prevail in Russia, the Czar, I fear will think it too great a boon to restore the English Immunities, and 'twill be as hard for them to regain their privileges, as it was for Pharoahs' people to drive their Chariots through the Red Sea, when their wheels fell off.  
As I have nothing to say against the magnificence, splendour, clemency and ●●rtue of the Czars own person, So I have no reason to recommend the Russes integrity, for the generality of them are false, Truce-breakers, subtle Foxes▪ and ravenous Wolves, much altered, since their traffic with the Hollander, by whom they have much improved themselves in villainy and deceit,  
The Dutch, like Locusts, swarm in Moscow, and eat bread out of the English-mens mouths, they are more in number, and richer, and spare no gifts to attain their ends; whereas the English depending on their old privileges, think 'tis enough to say with the Jews, We have Abraham to our Father, we are English men, do us right, or we will complain: But the Russians are of Solomon's opinion, that money answers all things.  
If we would outdo the Dutch Trade, it must not be driven on by such as take up Goods upon trust and time, as it has been these twenty years last passed. At present they come like Locusts out of the bottomless pit, and so they do all the world over, where there is a Sunshine of gain. In Russia they are better accepted than the English, because they gratify the Nobility with gifts, which they will have if they lend any assistance.  
The Hollanders have another advantage, by rendering the English cheap and ridiculous by their lying pictures, and libelling pamphlets, this makes the Russian think us a ruined Nation. They represent us by a Lion painted with three Crowns reversed and without a tail, and by many Mastive Dogs, whose ears are cropped and tails cut off. With many such scandalous prints, being more ingenious in the use of their Pencils than Pens. These stories take much with barbarous people, when no body ●s present to contradict them.  
It would not be impertinent, in my opinion, if some intelligent person in Moscua should represent the state of his Majesty of Great Britain's Kingdoms, Forces and Territories to the best advantage, and also his Colonies in the West-Indies, with all their Revenues, and drawing a Map of the aforesaid places, present it to Afanasy Nashockin, to breed in him an opinion of his British Majesties real greatness, which the Dutch have so much extenuated. Bogdan Matfoidg the Chamber-Favouritie should not be neglected neither. He fancies Rarities, and therefore should be presented▪ with some. For as Nashockin maintains reason of State, so Bogdan must be the man to procure the Czars' personal affection towards his Majesty of Great Britain.  
The Russes are very proud of, and much pleased, with the honourable peace they have made with Poland, and now think no Nation superior; for they are never good natured but when they are either beaten or bribed. No master (to them) like Mars nor mistress like Luna, these indeed are the only Planets, which rule the world.   

CHAP. XXVII.  
Of Caviar, how and where made. The length of the Fish Belluga. Caviar of two sorts. The Belluga swallows abundance of Pebbles; it is an excellent meat. Isinglass is made of his Sounds.  
HAving elsewhere mentioned Caviar, I shall now give you a full account thereof; It is made at Astracan, of the Rows of Sturgeon and Belluga. The Belluga is a large Fish, about twelve or fifteen foot long, without scales, not unlike a Sturgeon, but more luscious and large; his flesh is whiter than Veal, and more delicious than Marrow. Of these two Fishes they take great numbers only for their Rows sake, which they salt and press▪ and put up into Casks, some they send pressed, and a little corned with Salt being accounted a great Dainty. Caviar is of two sorts, the first made of the Sturgeons' spawn, this is black, and small grained, somewhat waxy, like Potargo, and is called Eekra by the Russians, the Turks make this. The second sort is made of the Belluga's Row, in whose belly is found an hundred and fifty, and two hundred weight of spawn, 'tis a grain as large as a small pepper corn of a darkish grey. The Belluga lies in the bottom of the River, and swallows many large pebbles of an incredible weight to ballast himself against the stream of Volga, augmented by the snows melting; when the waters are assuaged he disgorges himself. His spawn is called Arminska Eckra, perhaps the Armenians were the first makers of Caviar. This they cleanse from its strings, salt it, and lay it upon shelving boards to drain away the ●yly part, and the more unctuous fat●y substance; this being done they put 〈◊〉 into casks, and press it very hard, ●ill it become indurate.  
Near Astracan they kill many hundred of Bellugas for the spawn, and thr●● away the rest; but 'tis pity, seeing 〈◊〉 Fish is one of the greatest Dainties th●● comes out of the watery Element, especially his belly, which surpasses 〈◊〉 marrow of Oxen. That glue wh●●● they call Isinglass is made of the B●●luga's sounds.   depiction of mushrooms.  

CHAP. XXVIII.  
Of several sorts of Mushrooms which grow in Russia, their forms and qualities, they are divided by Botanists into two kinds, viz. Lethales and Salutif●rae.  
IN describing the Vegetables which grow in Russia, I shall only give you an account of some few Mushrooms very remarkable for their shape and qualities. Being seven in number. 
Fig. 1.  1. Rizhices black and red, they are small, and grow in Marshes in one night's space. 2. Volnitzi's black and brown, with some red and copped. 3. Gribbuy's are brown and darkish yellow, with a stalk like a Pi●aster. 4. A Groozshdy grows hollow like a Simnel, and being full ripe is white like a well ordered Tulip. 5. Dozhshovick is white, large and spongy. Lethalis habetur. 6. Fungus faviginosus, Honey-comb-Mushrooms, in Russ Smorteshkyes are the first that appear above ground, Gribbuys next, and the rest towards the Autumn. 7. Maslenicks, Butter-Mushrooms, signifying the fat of the earth.  
Fungos dividunt Botanici in Lethales & salutiferos sive aediles. Lethales' apud Ruthenos pauci sunt, aediles varii & nullibi meliores, pauperum sunt cibus, divitum cupedia-Mille carri Moscoviti●i fungis onerati in ipsa Moscu● quotannis expenduntur. Servantur autem muria conditi.  
Carri autem sunt parvi & sicut Hybernici unico equo tracti. Qui primo succrescunt mense Maii vel Aprilis numerantur inter Lethales & a Gerrardo nostro Faviginosi nuncupantur. Hic vero Magnatum fercula adornant: Et charo vaeneunt.  

Fig. 2.  Ruthenici Smortezshkys, Artocreata & Juscula ingrediuntur.  
Sub fine Mensis Maii & initio Junii (modo pluit) prorumpunt unica nocte Rizshickys minores fungi quìdam nigricant, alii rubescunt, praecipue in locis paludosis.  

Fig. 3.  Volnitzi sunt fusci coloris russique magis cacuminati.  

Fig. 4.  Gribbuy's Junii mense primum apparent praedictis majores fusci, russi, duri stipite in forma medictatis Collumellae tumescentes.  

Fig. 5.  Groozshidys' fungorum maximi: palmam lati, instar Omasi bubuli sunt Crassis & candidi. Dum crudi sunt succo abundant, eos sicut Tithymallum muria corrigunt Rutheni, aliter fauces & guttur inflammabunt. Ipse semel nimis inconsiderate assatos comedere tentabam, non sine suffocationis periculo.  

Fig. 6.  Mastenickies quasi pinguedo terrae, nam Masla apud Moscovitas, butyrum, oleum, sevum, omneque adiposum vel oleaginosum significat: nam dicunt Masla Carrova Oleum vaccinum, Derravanna masla olcum olivarum, vel potius oleum Arborarium, nam Derrava arborem sonat.  
Hi Maslinickys mense Julio nascuntur, & colori Butyri rectissime assimilantur. Sed de Fungis satis.   depiction of mushrooms. 

Fig. 3.  In the end of May, and beginning of June (if it rain) the Rishickies break forth in one night, these are a lesser sort of Mushrooms, some are blackish, others reddish, especially in Fennish places.  

Fig. 4.  Volnitzis' are of a brownish tawny colour, and more copped.  
Gribbuys first appear in June greater than all the rest, brownish, reddish, hard stalked, swelling in the middle like a pillar.  

Fig. 5.  Groozhdies, the greatest of Mushrooms, an hand breadth, like a Cow-tripe thick and white, whilst raw very ivycy; the Russians correct it (as they do Sea-lettice) with brine, else they will inflame the chaps and throat, once I rashly adventured to eat them roasted, not without danger of choking.  

Fig. 6.  Maslenicks signify the fat of the earth. For Masla amongst the Russians denotes butter, Oil, Tallow, or any fat or oily thing, as masla Corrova, Cow-oyl: Derravana masla, oil Olive, or oil of trees; for Derrava signifies a tree.  
Maslinickys' spring in July, and resemble the colour of butter: but this shall suffice touching Mushrooms.  
Thus Reader thou hast had a brief and pleasant Narration of Russia, and which indeed was never perfected by any, for reasons assigned by the Author at the beginning of this Treatise.    

The Stationer to the Reader.  
THis Copy I received from the hands of a Gentleman that attended upon the learned Dr. C. all the time of his being with the Emperor of Russia, It was then in the form of a Letter written with the Doctors own hand to an eminent Doctor of Physic here in London. Afterwards I was advised by several Persons of Quality to put it into the hands of some that were learned and skilful, to distribute it into Chapters and Sections, for the more easy finding out anything contained therein, and the better methodizing it, that it might answer the Title designed for it. And in regard the Author died before it came to the Press, which prevented his looking it over, or correcting any thing that might be occasioned through his hasty writing of it, I was necessitated to get another worthy person to Transcribe it, who being altogether a stranger, not only to the Doctor's stile and way of writing, but also to the stile and language of this Country of Russia except by reading. The Reader I humbly conceive will not wonder if some literal and other small errors in that Language have escaped his hand, which is most in the proper names of Men and Office, and indeed not so much to be attributed to the Transcribing as the Printing, Russ being a language not ordinarily printed in England. All which mistakes are carefully and faithfully collected, by comparing the Book with the first Copy: And whereas in p. 6. it is said it was a custom to have strangers, to christian the Russian, read to be christened Russ; and in p. 84. l. 21. the word being is to be left out: The Russian words that are to be corrected, are as followeth.  
Page 13 line 17. for Caenass r. quass. p. 19 l. 21, r. Almaus & l. 22. r. Posolsky. p. 28. l. 23. & 296. r. Nimcheen. p. 36. l. 9 for press, r. Empress, p. 38. l. 3. read Rostove, p. 41. l. 8. read Boyalsa, and l. 19 Chirchass. p. 46. l. 18. r. Pleasheve. p. 54. l. 16. for in r. him. p. 55. l. 3. read Michailovich, l. 5. r. Kyove, l. 6. r. Nougorod, p. 77. l. 19 r. Beluga, p. 112. l. 16. r. Beluga, p. 119. l. 15. r. lashes, p. 121. l. 4. add the word lose.  
FINIS.   

Books sold by Dorman Newman at his Shop at the King's Arms and Bible in the Poultry.  

Folio.  
THe History of King John, King Henry the Second, and the most Illustrious King Edward the First, wherein the ancient Sovereign Dominion of the Kings of Great Britain over all persons in all causes is asserted and vindicated: with an exact History of the Pope's intolerable usurpation upon the Liberties of the Kings and Subjects of England and Ireland. Collected out of the ancient Records in the Tower of London. By William Prinn, Esq; of Lincoln's Inn, and keeper of his Majesty's Records in the Tower of London.  
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Mount Pisgah, or a Prospect of Heaven, being an exposition on the fourth chapter of the first Epistle of St. Paul to the Thessalonians. By Tho. Case sometimes student in Christ-church, Oxon, and Minister of the Gospel.  
The virtue and value of Baptism. By Zach. Crofton.  
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Vindiciae Pietatis, or a vindication of Godliness from the imputation of folly and fancy; with several directions for the attaining and maintaining of a godly life. By R. Allin.  
Heaven on Earth, or the best▪ Friend in the w●rst times; to which is added a Sermon preached at the funeral of Thomas Mosley Apothecary: By James Janeway.  
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The Christians great interest, or the trial of a saving interest in Christ, with the way how to attain it. By William Guthry late Minister in Scotland.  
The virtue, vigour and officacy of the Promises displayed in their strength and glory. By Tho. Henderson.  
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The present state of Russia, by Dr. Samuel Collins, who resided nine years in that Court, 〈◊〉 Octo.  

1. The discovery of natural corruption.  
2. The remedy of natural corruption.  
3. Meditations of mortality:  
4. The description of a Friend.  
5. God's Troops invading man.  
6. The helpfulness of faith in great trials.   
These six several Treatises by Nicho. Locking Minister of the Gospal.  
FINIS.