CONSIDERATIONS Requiring greater Care for Trade IN ENGLAND, AND SOME Expedients Proposed.  
LONDON: Printed for S. Crouch, over-against the Exchange in Cornhill. 1695.   

CONSIDERATIONS requiring greater Care for TRADE in ENGLAND, and some Expedients Proposed.  
'TIS very well known, that since the Discovery of the East and West Indies, and increase of Navigation thereon, the state of Europe in general, and every Nation in it in particular, is much altered, more especially in the course of War; for whereas before it was supplied by Soldiers, either voluntary or bound thereto by Tenure of Lands, who found their own Arms and , and for a certain time Provisions; so that War was but of little Expense to the State, and often decided by a Field-Battle (as that between Algiers and Tunis last Year) whereupon the Men went every one home again to his own House; now we see all corners of Europe crowded with listed, disciplined, and standing Armies in Pay, which as it cannot be done without huge Funds of Money, and the Ancient Demesnes of Princes not sufficing, Taxes are every where increased on the Subject; to the end the Fountains of which may be kept open, as 'tis reciprocally needful the State should by all means consult increase of Wealth to the People, (no other ways supplied so well as by Home Manufacture and Foreign Trade) accordingly a change of the Management of War in Europe is not more obvious, than the Methods used to furnish necessary deniers for it in the Subject: Therefore in this Age, not only Republics, but even the most Absolute Monarchies, do sedulously court Improvement of their Wealth by Trade, witness France and Sweden, Florence, nay, the Popedom; nor are we so to dread the Monster Arbitrary Power, as to conceive the same Considerations that lead every Man to proportion Burdens to the strength of his Animal, and yield a Pasture to the Milch Kine, will not also cherish so much Mercy and Goodness in the worst Princes, as not to extort more from their Subjects than they have any Means or Ability to raise.  
Nothing is more demonstrative than (point d'Argent, point de Suisse) no Money, no Soldiers; and no greater obstruction to the Success of Arms than want of Pay, besides the increasing use of Fortifications, Artillery, and Fire-Engines is costly; wherefore that State which has most Money, may have most Men, and will be most like to have her Erterprises succeed: Whoever thinks the Valour of a few may counter-balance the Numbers of an Enemy, or that an unexperienced Army can stand against a Veterane, will run mighty hazard of being deceived; and tho' the English Ancient Victories in France were sufficient to breed in us a conclusion of the former, yet now a change of the Discipline of Arms puts Men under a nearer equality, so that whoever considers the course of our late and present Wars, may observe the Agressor mostly to exceed in Number; besides War now adays is not determined by Point of Honour, and Dint of Sword, so much as by manifold Intrigues, wherein Gold has obtained the Reputation of a Virtue Superlative.  
As an Alteration of the state of War in Europe requires unusual Supplies of Money from the Subject, 'tis as certain that the support of Estates in Peace does now also call for Supplies much enhanced of those in former Ages, for Demesnes, the Ancient support of Crowns, are generally embezzled, the Nature and Form of Courts, the Course of Alliances, Intrigues, and Negotiations are altered, Officers of all sorts multiplied, Frauds complicate and inveterate, besides the accurrence of standing Troops. Wherefore I conclude some extraordinary care is to be taken, that increase of Wealth in the Subjects may enable them to bear such new Burdens; for if maintenance of the State require increase of Revenue when the Subject's Purse is exhausted, as in the present case of Denmark, it must needs make both King and People uneasy; and whatever Country this happens in, will be exposed to danger of becoming a Prey to some other.  
To draw down a Consideration of the Premises to a nearer relation with England, I take for granted Money is now more than ever the Nerve of War, and Trade the great Minister of Wealth; and if every Nation in Europe be Armed at all Points, that a Posture of Defence, even in Peace, is necessary to be maintained by us; 'tis a greater Blessing than the unthankful People of England esteem it, to have the Ocean for our Circumvallation and Barrier, which Fences us against Surprise and Ravages, excuses the Charge and Terror of Garrisons and Fortifications, and continues to us that Quiet, Liberty, and Security of former Ages, all the rest of Christendom, more or less, have lost; nevertheless an Island must have a Line also of moving Castles, Marine Force is so increased, and all Maritime Nations provided for Invasion, that we ought to conclude ourselves no longer safe than our Naval Strength is superior, or at least equal to that of our Neighbours.  
To speak of Power at Sea, and the Advantages it gives Possessors of it, is a very large Theme, and we need not go back to Tyre, Athens, Carthage, Venice, and the Barbarous Normans or Danes to inquire into her Wonders, our late and more experienced Ages yield as fruitful Instances: Trade and Power at Sea are productive one of another, the former indeed seems Naturally entitled to Parental Honour, though she can no more slourish without Protection of Authority, than the Royal Navy without her, so that a Discourse of them may run as of one Interest. In the Invasions of the Romans, Saxons, Danes, and Normans, this Isle was unequal to them in Ships at those Junctures, though at several other times it was, and ever since the last has been upon the Offensive, and so exempted from the Broils of Europe, more at leisure to become Umpire and Balance of it; even since increase of Navigation we have (blessed be God) been so happy as to maintain a Force at Sea, which has given Terror to other Nations rather than Encouragement to Invade us; but should it ever arrive (which God forbidden) to have the Tables turned upon us, the ill Effects would be so much greater as our Security from such Attempts has hitherto been, our Coasts being easy of Access, and not so planted with Forts as those long accustomed to Defence; and the Union of Scotland and Ireland, which wholly rely on us, does not diminish but increase our necessity of Strength at Sea.  
Before Discovery of the East and West-Indies, there was little Traffic in the Ocean, the Hans-Towns and Flemings had what was; but when Spain had of a sudden by the Spoils of America, so overtopped the rest of Europe, as to make some fair offers for the Universal Monarchy of it, other Nations became enquirers after those Mines, and among them all, none made more Successful Advances to a Participation with her than England; the History of Queen Elizabeth, and our large Plantations give Evidence of it, and under that Illustrious Queen our Navigation reached the West-Indies and Muscovy; the Traffic of the Hans-Towns was here extinguished, and our East-India, Turkey (if not African) Companies had their Foundations. How Navigation since has improved with us, the whole World can Witness, and that we may continue to equal, or exceed every Nation on Earth, is, if God permit, not improbable, our Stituation, Harbours, Productions, Manufactures, Genius, Timber, and Nautick Skill affording all Encouragements to hope it.  
Every Country in measuring its own Strength, must taken in a Computation of her Neighbour's to make a right Estimate thereof, and 'tis this Consideration alone which can give Jealousy to our Honour and Welfare: The Neighbour-Nations which can only affect us, either to Eclipse our Glory, disturb our Quiet, or endanger our Safety, are France, Spain, Holland, Denmark, and Sweden; Spain, Denmark, and Sweden are as yet unable to Enterprise on us, so that Holland and France only fall under a watchful Consideration.  
Holland (whose Seven Provinces are little more in extent than Yorkshire) is well known to have received the Birth of her Commonwealth since increase of Navigation, and is form entirely to Encouragement of it; what Wealth, Strength, and Consideration in Europe she has obtained by that means, needs no Proof: Moreover the long Wars, wherein she first lift up her Head, and scarce intermitted, with which she has been since exercised, have trained her to Modern Discipline of Arms, and enured her Subjects to such Taxes, that about 30000 Soldiers, and between 30 and 40 Men of War are maintained by her in time of Peace, and more than doubled in War without difficulty; Powerful Fleets, and standing Armies, and established Funds for them, are things which ought to give Jealousy; nevertheless increase of Wealth seems her chief aim, she has Enemies at Land, her Government not composed for Foreign Conquests no more than the Genius of the People, and England has many Advantages of her both for War and Trade.  
However I shall Remark here, that as Trade in England arose and has thriven, chief through the Advantages of Nature, and Genius of her People; in Holland it neither arose from the Productions of the Soil, as in Egypt and the Baltic; or from the peculiar Manufactures of her People, as in France, and some Towns in Germany; or from Accident, as in Spain and Portugal; or from mere Necessity, as in Venice and Genoa; or from the Amaenity of her Clime, all four Elements conspiring to thwart it; or from Situation, for when standing on the same Platform with Flanders, she was infinitely outstripped by it; but plainly from the Interest of Trade being interwoven with her Original Scheme of Government: And 'tis from a steady pursuit of that Policy she has Triumphed over Nature, and Envy of Crowned Heads, and lives like a Salamander in the Flames of War, which consume all besides her. From this Example I crave leave to infer, that the Bon-minn of a Government is more Productive of Commerce than all Advantages of Nature.  
Nevertheless, for Reason's , Holland is not to be feared, in comparison with France, the Scourge of this Age, which has a People Martial in their Nature, or made so by Discipline of some Ages, and stands possessed of all the Arts of War, and whose immoderate Success has justly alarmed all Christendom, though we might sit unconcerned, were not her Naval Force also proportionably increased. The Crown of France, Anno 1624. was not Owner of one Ship, but hired of her own Subjects, and of England and Holland those she then used to Assault Rochel. Cardinal Richlieu in that Juncture came to the Management of Affairs, and observing thereon how France lay open to the Arms of England, made it his principal care to provide against such an Inconvenience, and so effectually, that Anno 1637. France set out her first Line of Battle, containing above 50 Ships, and 20 Galleys, with which she recovered the Islands of St. Margaret and Honorat near Thoulon, then possessed by the Spaniards; and Anno 1642. Richlieu dying, left above an Hundred Ships and Galleys, with Stores suitable, in the Royal Arsenals: how her Fleets have been increased since, to the Terror of Italy, Spain, and all the Mediterranean Shores, let Histories relate; I only observe, that England has been so far from forbidding her to build Ships of War in the Ocean (as 'tis said Queen Elizabeth did to Henry the Fourth) that we have been at least unconcerned Spectators, if not Contributors to it; nevertheless we have little felt the Effects of a stupid Contempt of that Formidable Growth till this War, wherein France has twice disputed even Dominion of the Channel.  
France was so unacquainted formerly with the Sea, that her Language wants a proper term for the word, Fleet; and it appears, that though the Native Riches and Extent of the Country might enable her Monarch to maintain a Royal Navy without the subservience of an answerable Trade, yet that also was cultivated by the care of Richlieu; for Rochel and the Cautionary Towns being subdued Anno 1630. the Protestants were for many Years indulged Liberty: And 'twas found France had Materials of her own Growth for Building and Rigging Ships; from 1642, to Anno 1660, became a Parenthesis as to this matter, through the Confusions of her present King's Minority, and a Civil War, but since that time Plantations have been Established and Improved in the West-Indies, an East-India Company form by Royal Charter, with great Privileges, Fishery encouraged, Harbours, Channels, and all Conveniences to Traffic cultivated, Manufactures invented, and wonderfully improved, Customs on Port Trade above all Taxes avoided, Courts of Merchants for deciding all Affairs of Commerce established in most of her Great Cities; in fine, no Contemptible Trade has been raised in the Mediterranean from Marseilles, and I question if Dunkirk is more improved by Land in Fortifications, than by Sea in Traffic and Shipping since 'twas ours.  
Dominion of the British Seas, especially the Channel, is not only an undoubted Prerogative and Right of the Crown of England, but the brightest Gem in it: To the Nation 'tis a Wall of Brass, and the greatest Bulwark of our Religion, Laws, and Properties; without which all other Provisions will be too short to secure them: And should France ever obtain it, how heavy would the Yoke of our Slavery be, or Conflict difficult to prevent it? Her Coast runs Parallel to ours, her Armies are above 300000 Men, her Gentry Numerous and Warlike, Pretensions she never wants to her Neighbour's Possessions, nor Ambition, Reason of State, or Envy of our Wealth, nor Thirst of Revenge for our Ancient Glories over them; we may confidently aver, that the Miseries of this Island under the Roman, Saxon, Dane, and Norman Invasions, and all their Ravages, Cruelties, and Impositions, would be far exceeded by those the Tyranny of France would bring with it, with more danger of continuance also: So much is said only to awaken us from that profound Security, our former Victories over her, a flourishing Power at Sea, Dominion of the Channel, and long Peace have nourished in us.  
But to withdraw our Eyes from so black a Prospect, and be satisfied that the Gracious God has cut out so much Work for France, there's no fear of that Dilemma during this War; our Wealth accumulated by long Peace, good Condition of the Navy Royal, and mighty Stock of Shipping for Trade at beginning of the War, with a Powerful Confederacy by Land, Conjunction with Holland by Sea, and Renowned Virtue of our King, cannot fail (under God) to secure from it: But whereas Trade has extremely suffered, and our Losses in it been such, as must have overwhelmed any other Nation, and which, unless better secured and improved, will doubtless expire in few Years, our National Wealth, and Naval Power must find much difficulty to survive, when Holland increased in the one, and France in the other by our Spoils, shall become more Formidable to us.  
Whereas Wealth is now the Measure of every Nation's Strength, more than the Valour of its Natives, (the latter being enslaved, and only subservient to the Goddess Money, as in the instance of Switzerland) and this War is much more destructive to the Wealth of England, than to that of any other Country concerned in it; 'tis a Consideration, which, though it ought not to lessen our Devotion to so good a Cause, yet aught to excite us to furnish ourselves with the means of pursuing and more effectually promoting it, a Supply of Soldiers being much easier found than Money; in like manner, whereas the Barrier of our Island is a Naval Force, our Loss supposed of 2000 Ships, whereof near 1000 gained to the Enemy, the decay of our Native Timber, and inhancement in Price of Foreign, the Transmigration of Traffic, and a Check upon the Bravery of our Seamen, require us to retrieve all by double Diligence, since the strong Confederacy now against France may in our particular future Exigence no Ways be safely relied on.  
Upon the whole, I know nothing so probable to reinstate England in her Treasure exhausted, and Naval Strength perishing by this War, as some new Securities and Encouragements to Commerce; if all that has been desired of the Government had been consulted in its Favour, and our Losses came only from the unavoidable stroke of Heaven, or usual Fate of Arms, it were Criminal, and highly unworthy to Complain; but that the Cruisers and Convoys appointed by King and Parliament, have been defective in their Duty, and that Complainants have found little Regard or Redress from the Lords of our Admiralty, is too notorious: This is said in relation only to Losses in the present War, but as to new Securities and Advantages requirable to Redeem us from the Fatal Consequences of those Losses, we must insist on former and long Grievances to Trade, under which, though it has been able heretofore to struggle, yet there are many Reasons to fear it cannot possibly for the future; which Reasons are taken from a change of the Balance of Trade and Naval Power in Europe, which this War has already, and must further produce.  
Some Papers touching the Balance of Trade have been Printed, wherein is seen how all Countries employ their study to render it Advantageous, in particular, before this War 'tis plain how France for Twenty Years preceding had gradually beaten out our Exportations thither, and turned the Balance vastly to her own Advantage; several other Countries have done the like by us of late Years, in particular, touching Woollen Cloth, generally now Fabricked by those who used to be furnished hence; so as whoever will give himself the pains to inquire into the Acquests other Nations have made upon our Trade, and then add the dismal Effects of this War, will find no solid Grounds to expect that England should recover her former Glory, Wealth, and Dominion at Sea, without some new Advantages to Traffic from the Government; which if it had in any proportion to what other Countries give (as already instanced) the God of Nature has so bountifully supplied all furtherances, we should no doubt outstrip our Emulous Neighbours, and perhaps outshine our Ancient Glories; for to Vindicate and Entail our Dominion of the Seas, I account more desirable, than to sound our Trumpets again in the Gates of the Lovure.  
If a Man went about to enumerate Immunities and Advantages Holland gives Trade, it would be said, he had an inclination to such a Government as that; wherefore I here declare once for all, I no more envy Holland its Government than I do France, and I prefer our Constitution before any other whatever; I know nothing wherein 'tis so defective as in the Argument before us, and if Navigation was more encouraged, no ways apprehend how the Royal Prerogative would be invaded by it, any more than the Privileges of Parliament, or Liberties of the People; nor would it be expected that a Monarchy abounding in Territory, should pursue the Methods of Commerce in a Commonwealth, which has nothing else to trust to, any more than that a Gentleman, who may Hunt every day within his own Grounds, should put himself behind a Counter: If any say, Commerce cannot be so consulted in a Monarchy as a Commonwealth, I see no reason for such a Conclusion from the Nrture of the thing, and am not of that mind; for though in former Ages Commonwealths have generally most abounded in it, that has arose chief from their Situation, want of Terra firma, or some other Accident, and does not amount to a Conclusion against Monarchy; for Trade was in all Ages, till within little more than a Hundred Years past, counted a contemptible thing, as it is still by some Mighty and Famous Kingdoms, and is indeed but a Modern System of Politics, little descanted on by the greatest Writers and Professors of that Science, and so not only out of the way of our Domestic Studies, but esteemed unhappily descrepaut with them, though in those Kingdoms wherein it has been cultivated, I do not see but Trade has slourish'd by as hasty degrees as in any Commonwealths: I confess, where the Monarchy is Absolute, there can be no Security for any thing; and unless the Prince's Wisdom overrules and pursues the good of Trade, as a Maxim of State, Merchandise must be more obnoxious to Rapine than Inheritances of Land; but where the Will of the King is circumscribed by Laws, there is as much Security as can be in a Commonwealth, and I can see no Obstacle to the Encouragement of Trade, so the State conclude it her apparent Interest.  
Under the House of Burgundy how did Commerce flourish at Antwerp and Bruges, several Ages before the Rabid Fury of the Duke D' Alva? Never did Navigation more Improve in any Country than ours under Queen Elizabeth, People were safe in the increase of their Estates, and her Prerogative was neither Eclipsed, or her Learning tarnished by it. France did not propound it a Care worthy of the State till about Sixty Years ago; what stupendious Advances has she made? And but for that Check given by the mistaken Politics of extirpating Protestants, how much greater might they not have been? We might observe the same things of Portugal, Florence, Sweden, and others; but whereas they have been only under certain Princes, and at certain Periods, and followed by intervals of Relaxation, besides that I suppose it no other Fate than has attended Commonwealths which have past their Zenith, and declined, I will observe that among the Princes of all those Nations before cited, the wisest and bravest have given most Encouragement to Navigation and Commerce; and in the Periods they have had their highest Ascendant, Navigation and Commerce have rather contributed as a Cause, than followed as an Effect only. From all which Instances I infer, there is nothing pertaining to the Essence of Monarchy, which contradicts the Argument pleaded for.  
As to England, if Navigation be the Source of her Wealth, and Wall of her Defence, and after this War, will be the only means of maintaining such a Fleet in readiness, as can continue the Blessings of Liberty derived from our Ancestors, and will be to us a better Security than Fortifications, Garrisons, and Armies, and will establish on our Island the Glory of being the Balance of Europe; 'tis therefore concluded the greatest Interest we have to pursue, and being no ways Injurious to Royalty, we may promise ourselves from His Majesty, who has already acquired Heroic Immortality in our Rescue from Fatal Miseries, whatever is needful to preserve us from the like in futurity. And His Majesty's Gracious Concessions to Scotland, in a late Act of Trade, are a particular Pledge to us of his Royal Favour in any suitable Requests for England.  
As I have referred the Reader already to several Books and Papers Printed of Trade, to make some Computation of the Balance of it, so I must here to inform himself of the particular Encumbrances on it; in general I beg leave to say, that several Countries in Europe, nay, Monarchies, give more Encouragement, and study the Advancement of it more, and if Traffic with us stand upon daily increasing Disadvantages, in Comparison to other Nations, 'tis not like to remain long with us; whether the Alteration of the Exchange lately to most Foreign Parts, of near 20 per Cent. Prejudice to England, be not a sad Symptom of her approaching Exit, I leave others to Judge, though if our own Naval Power and Wealth were to be continued without her, that Consideration would have nothing of dismal in it; 'tis plain His Most Excellent Majesty sees clearly a Necessity of some new Provisions on this behalf, by that Gracious Proposal of Laws for the Advancement of Trade, in his Speech to this Parliament, and for the Subject in cases wherein the usual Methods are not adequate to new Emergencies, there our proper Remedy must be sought in Parliament.  
The several disadvantages of Trade are not hereby proposed to be insisted on, our Parliament is too Numerous a Body to have Particulars Examined, Debated, and Resolved; the generality of her Members unacquainted with Trade, the Houses taken up with multiplicity of Business, besides a time of War is not seasonable for such a Disquisition; howbeit some of her Grievances have already been touched, and in part relieved by Parliament, as in the Act appropriating 43 Convoys or Cruisers for Insurance of Traffic near our Coasts during the War; but alas, there are most Conveniences in Port, and those who buy Places are not over-officious to lose their Lives; whereas the same under Direction of the Merchants might have saved probably above half our Losses. The Sum of what is fit to be requested of our Representatives is, for the Considerations herein before mentioned, and for as much as the Ancient Boroughs of the Kingdom have desisted from the Original Scheme of sending Resident Members (and no doubt in all regards, except Trade, more to the Kingdom's benefit) and it would be Interruption to other urgent Affairs in the Sessions of Parliament to descend into the detail of Merchantil, That An Act might Pass to Constitute A Council of Merchants, Sedentary at London, and vested with Powers only adapted to Improvement and Security of home Manufacture and Foreign Trade for the future.  
Only the allowable Passion of Love to his Native Soil, and no particular Loss at Sea, or Personal Interest in Traffic (the Author no whit concerned) dictates these Lines, and he would rejoice as much to see the End consulted by any other means as these here proposed. I find on the Restauration, King Charles promised to erect a like Council, from his own Observation of the wonderful Benefit of such in Foreign Parts, and need of it for the welfare of Trade in England. In fine, the Committees at Whitehall, if composed of Merchants, might have produced desired Effects: The proper work of this proposed Council might be during War, to offer Directions to the Admiralty for Assignation of the Convoys (as best Judges of the dangers of Ships) and prescribe time of Sailing to our most distant Voyages. In Peace, to inquire narrowly into the Balance of Trade with every Nation, to examine due making of Manufactures, to draw up Results and Methods for Improvement of Navigation and Commerce, and intent studiously the welfare of them in every regard; in some cases to determine of themselves, in others to have recourse to the Privy-Council or Admiralty, in others to digest Matters for Information or Sanction of Parliaments. All which may be easily contrived to the vast emolument of the Kingdom, without intersering (I conceive) with any part of our Constitution.  
But if any love Contention, I think whoever seeks an Interest for the People separate from that of the Crown, and those who desire one in the Crown destructive to the People's, are equally Public Enemies; and I wish there was in the Political the same Care, Sympathy, and Tenderness, as is in the Members of a Natural Body. It would be easy to accumulate particular Advantages from the Expedient mentioned, to the King and Parliament distinctly, besides the general ones already quoted, and those peculiar to Tradesmen; but suppose the Clergy and Nobility should not find herein any particular Interests, yet the same Principles of Conscience and Honour which lead them in other things, will direct to concur to the National in this; and since it comprehends equal Provision for all Classes of Trade, I exhort those concerned not to bury themselves so much in the welfare of their particular Companies, or Personal Concerns, as to despise or neglect that of others and future Ages, no Man more auspiciously consulting Private Wealth by other means, than by serving his Generation, he may inward Peace, and future Blessedness.  
Wherefore let a Bill be tendered this Parliament, with a Computation of Losses to the Port of London since the War, as a Foundation of praying the above said Remedy, and there is reason to hope Success, since 'tis no more than needs, to set us on some tolerable Level with other Nations, and perpetuate Wealth and Navigation, which are the Security of England, no more than right Reason dictates that Merchants should direct in Affairs of Traffic, no more than the Nature and End of Customs warrant to expect, no more than has been granted the Scots in their last Session of Parliament, and His Majesty in his late Gracious Speech to ours, invites to sue for; and God forbidden our chief Interest for preserving this Kingdom, should through our own default be lost under the best King it has had some Hundred Years; for however invaluable Blessings otherwise we enjoy under this Government, they are all lodged in the Vessel of the Commonwealth, and must Shipwreck with it.  
FINIS.   

Some Books lately Printed.  
AN Essay on the State of England, in Relation to its Trade, its Poor, and its Taxes, for carrying on the War against France. By John Cary, Merchant in Bristol.  
A Letter from an English Merchant at Amsterdam, to his Friend at London, concerning the Trade and Coin of England.  
Sir Thomas Row's Speech at the Council-Table, about the Alteration of the Coin, in July 1640. With some Observations thereon.  
Some Thoughts concerning the better Security of our Trade and Navigation, and carrying on the War against France more Effectually: Humbly offered to Consideration.  
Some Remarks on a Report containing an Essay for the Amendment of the Silver Coins. By Mr. William Lownds.  
A New Discourse of Trade, wherein is recommended several Weighty Points relating to Companies of Merchants, the Act of Navigation, Naturalisation of Strangers, and our Woollen Manufactures, the Balance of Trade, and the Nature of Plantations, and their Consequences, in Relation to the Kingdom, are seriously discussed. And some Proposals for Erecting a Court of Merchants for determining Controversies relating to Maritine Affairs, and for a Law for Transferring of Bills of Debt, are Humbly offered. The Second Edition. By Sir Josiah Child.  
De Jure Maritimo & Navali: Or, A Treatise of Affairs Maritine, and of Commerce. In Three Books. The Fourth Edition. By Charles Molly.