MYOTOMIA REFORMATA:  
OR, A New Administration OF ALL THE MUSCLES OF Humane Bodies;  
WHEREIN The true Uses of the Muscles are Explained, the Errors of former Anatomists concerning Them Confuted, and several Muscles not hitherto taken notice of Described;  
To which are subjoined, A Graphical Description of the Bones; And other Anatomical Observations.  
Illustrated with Figures after the Life.  
By WILLIAM COWPER Surgeon.  
LONDON, Printed for Sam. Smith and Ben. Walford at the Prince's Arms in St. Paul's Churchyard. MDCXCIV.   

Librum hunc Cui Titulus MYOTOMIA REFORMATA, etc. dignum judicamus qui Imprimatur.  


Thomas Burwell Praeses.  


Censores.  
Samuel Collins,  
Fr. Slare,  
William Dawes,  
Tancred Robinson,      
  

Viris Expertissimis ROGERO KNOWLES Magistro, Reliquisque Gubernatoribus Societatis Chirurgorum Londinensium, NEC NON Doctissimis Ornatissimisque D. D bus EDVARDO BROWN, ATQUE EDVARDO TYSON, Coll. Regal. Med. Lond. Sociis, ATQUE Anatomiae Praelectoribus in Anphitheatro Celeberrimae Societatis Chirurgorum, MYOTOMIAM.  
Hanc Observantiae ergo D. D. D. GUILIELMUS COWPER.   

THE PREFACE.  
IN the Contemplation of NATURE, we meet with nothing that affords us A more Invincible Argument of the WISDOM of the DIVINE ARCHITECT, than the Structure and Composition of ANIMAL BODIES, nor are the effects of that INFINITE UNDERSTANDING more visible in any parts of an Animal Body, than in the INSTRUMENTS of VOLUNTARY MOTION, whose Variety and Contrivances are both Admirable.  
In this respect ANATOMICAL DISQUISITIONS are exceedingly entertaining; but besides it behoves PHILOSOPHERS who inquire into the Nature of Things, and PHYSICIANS especially, whose province it is to preserve the CURIOUS FABRIC of the HUMAN BODY, to acquaint Themselves fully with the Nature and Constitution of that NOBLE SUBJECT; for that is the only way to learn what are the Secret Springs by which the Mysterious Operations of SENSE and MOTION are performed, to discover the CAUSES and SEATS of DISEASES, and their SYMPTOMS, and the proper Methods of CURING and PREVENTING them.  
What Opinion the most judicious and Best of Men had of Inquiries of this Nature, even in their Infancy, we may learn from our Great Master HIPPOCRATES, who was sent for to DEMOCRITUS the Founder of the Mechanical Philosophy, to cure Him of his supposed Madness, and finding Him Dissecting the Bodies of Animals to discover the seat of the Bile, and assign the reasons of its Effects, was so far from looking upon Him to be Mad, that He pronounced Him the Wisest Man in his Country.  
Nor is the Story that is told of our Modern Philosopher DES CARTES▪ less remarkable, who showed a Gentleman that came to see his Library, nothing but a Calf which he designed to Dissect.  
But it is needless at this time to Enlarge either upon the Usefulness of ANATOMY in general, or the particular Advantages of an Exact Knowledge of MYOLOGY. in order to the PRACTICE of CHIRURGERY, and therefore I shall wave what might be said upon those Heads, and only give a short History of the Advancements that have been made in MUSCULAR ANATOMY in several Ages, and the Reasons why I undertook to Write upon that Subject.  
Without doubt HIPPOCRATES was well skilled in ANATOMY, as it appears by his Books De Glandulis, De Fracturis, etc.  
ARISTOTLE Dissected many Animals before He began to Compose their History, of which we have only a few Fragments.  
RUFFUS' EPHESIUS had also made some Progress herein, and gave the External parts their proper Names.  
GALEN and the Anatomists of his time were indefatigable in their Anatomical Labours, as appears not only from those Excellent Books of his Of Anatomical Administration, and Of the Use of Parts; but in that Compendious System of the Muscles collected out of Them by ORIBASIUS: Before and after whom we find no considerable progress made in ANATOMY, till the Rise of the Accurate Jacobus Silvius, and Andreas Vesalius, about the middle of the last Century.  
There have been indeed divers Others who have Written of ANATOMY, as Alcmaeus Crotoniata, Diocles Carystius, Erasistratus, and Herophilus, of which the two Latter are said to have Taught ANATOMY Publicly, and to have Dissected many Hundreds of Human Bodies in Greece, Syria, and Egypt: GALEN was a Disciple of the last; but we have none of their Writings now extant. Besides These there are Others mentioned by Galen, as Lycus, Quintus who was Lycus' Master, and Marianus, but we shall not repeat their Names, since their Observations afford Us no occasion to mention them hereafter.  
Amongst the many ARABIANS that have Written on this Subject, Avicenna is esteemed the Chief; and amongst the Ancient LATINS, Mundinus is reckoned the First; whose Works are Commented on by Jacobus Berengarius Carpensis, and Curtius; but neither of these furnish Us with any discoveries in Myology.  
THOMAS DE ZERBIS is also mentioned, but his Writings are supposed to be Collected from the Observations of Others.  
NICOLAUS MASSA a Physician of Venice, is reputed A Benefactor to Anatomy, and mentioned by 
* Anthropog. Lib. two. Cap. viij.  Riolan to have first Observed the Musculi pyramidals described by Falloppius.  
CAROLUS STEPHANUS assisted by the Industrious Hand of STEPHEN RIVERIUS a CHIRURGEON, (as Riolan Writes) was a Diligent Improver of this Art, and Illustrated it with Figures before Vesalius; but we were never so fortunate as to see either of these Three last mentioned.  
JACOBUS SILVIUS was an Accurate Anatomist of his time; He Wrote an Admirable Commentary on Galen's Book of the Bones, and an Answer to the Calumnies of Vesalius, whom He calls Vesanus: After his Death was Published that Incomparable Piece Entitled, Isagoge Anatomica, wherein He digested the MUSCLES and Vessels into order, which were Treated of confusedly before by Galen, Vesalius, Columbus, and Falloppius, and gave Them their NOMENCLATURE still Used by ANATOMISTS.  
Before Silvius, or at the same time, FERNELIUS, and JOHANNES GUINTERUS ANDERNACUS, were Contemporaries; but neither of Them have made any Improvements in the Knowledge of the MUSCLES.  
ANDREA'S VESALIUS began very young to examine the Parts of several Animals, in which Study by a wonderful Sagacity and peculiarity of Genius, he made a swift but Steady Progress; He was * Scholar to Guinterus, as himself confesseth in his Institution Anatom. ac Lib. de Veteri & Nova Medicina; and a Disciple to Silvius, as He acknowledges in the PREFACE to his first Impression, De Fabrica Humani Corporis, Printed in the year 1543, which passage is left out in the second Published in the year 1555. And here it may not be amiss to take notice by the by of another difference between these two Editions, to wit, that the Figures of the Former are much finer, but the Descriptions are more Correct in the Latter.  
Indeed much is owing to this Great Man, whose Accounts of the MUSCLES as well as all other Parts that were known to Him, are generally very faithfully delivered. He was Contemporary with REALDUS COLUMBUS, GABRIEL FALLOPPIUS, VALVERDA, and BARTHOLOMAEUS EUSTACHIUS, all excellent Anatomists, especially the Two Former, the First of which and CAESALPINUS started early hints of Their Knowledge of the CIRCULATION of the BLOOD; which perhaps for some Reasons They afterwards concealed. Falloppius was a most Accurate Dissector of the MUSCLES, as will appear in the following Tract, and his Ingenuity in acknowledging what He took from Vesalius is very Commendable.  
From THESE the MYOLOGY has received its greatest Improvements; and though there are divers others that have Written on this Subject, yet none except HIERONYMUS FABRICIUS ab AQUAPENDENTE, and JULIUS CASSERIUS PLACENTINUS, have given any true Marks of their knowledge herein.  
Both the RIOLAN's pretensions are great, but we Trace Them in Falloppius.  
There are divers Others in Repute with the Vulgar for their Descriptions of the Muscles, amongst which SPIGELIUS is the chief, but there seems to be nothing extraordinary in his Book besides the Figures of Jul. Casserius Placentinus, some of which are very Imperfect. Since our last named Author there has been nothing discovered in MYOTOMY except M. DU VERNY's Obliqne Muscle of the Ear.  
The Sculptures of BIDLOO are not to be forgotten, since they Express divers MUSCLES and other Parts so near the Life.  
The many that have lately written on this Subject have rather increased than diminished the Errors, especially those that Writ in ENGLISH, and particularly that Treatise of Mr. WILLIAM MOLINS, and that most Erroneous one of JOHN BROWN, are only Collections of the Mistakes of others.  
Indeed the greatest part of Books now Extant are mere Copies, or Extracts, and Useless Rhapsodies; ORIGINALS are few and Rare; MANKIND finding it much easier to Transcribe and Steal, than to Invent and Improve, though NATURE affords an Unexhaustible and yet hidden Treasure, sufficient to employ the search and Industry of all the HANDS and WITS in the World. One great Mistake has much Obstructed the Advancement of true Knowledge, and that is a general opinion the Senses are Gross and Ignoble, and that Abstracted Contemplations are the perfections of Human Nature; and so it comes to pass that MAN is fed and pleased with Chimeras and Shadows, instead of true substantial Knowledge, which is to be learned by true Physical Examinations of Sense and Experiment, by Enquiry and Observation.  
Thus, after repeated DISSECTIONS, finding the Errors of the Latter Writers of MYOLOGY to equal, if not exceed those of the more Ancient AUTHORS; I was induced to think that a Reformation of so considerable as well as Useful a Part of ANATOMY, would not be altogether Ungrateful to the Public at this Time. Neither did I entertain such a design without foreseeing it would meet with its Enemies, some of which I am Confident will disapprove of the Undertaking merely for the sake of the Undertaker.  
I did at first, I must confess, only design the Publication of my own Observations and Discoveries made in DISSECTION of the MUSCLES, but considering the Confusion Authors make, and the Multitude of Mistakes with which the Books of this kind for the most part are filled; I conceived it might prove a Work of more general Use to give their entire History; Wherein, according to my ability, I have rectified their Descriptions, supplied the Defects, and retrenched the Errors of Others, and done justice to every Man by whom I have been assisted.  
I have by way of INTRODUCTION premised my Conjectures concerning the Composition of a MUSCLE, and its Contraction for the convenience of Those who are not acquainted with the Ordinary Doctrine; which I hope the Learned Reader will excuse. For the same Reason it seemed advisable to add the Administration of their Dissection in imitation of Galen, Vesalius, and Others; whereby the Learner may at once be Informed not only of what is in NATURE, but of the manner of discovering it. These RULES are Inserted in a different Character preceding to the Descriptions, and there more especially where any difficulty may arise to the Unacquainted OPERATOR. And to render what my particular Inquiries have given me occasion to Observe more serviceable, those MUSCLES here described which have escaped the Observations of Others are not only Delineated, but Those also that have not hitherto been well expressed by the Figures of Vesalius, Julius Casserius, (which are annexed to the Works of Spigelius) and those of Bidloo, and some others; To which Authors, References are placed in the Right hand Margin at the Beginning of the Description of each MUSCLE, that the Reader may know where to find it Figured.  
Lastly, to complete my Design, and to render this Account still more Intelligible, I have added Two Figures of the SCELETON, to which References are made in the Text by Numbers answering, or subsequent to the Numbers placed upon the Figures Cited in the Left hand Margin; To the end the whole (which are my most Hearty Wishes) may be of more Use and Service to the Public.   


Fig: I.   

Fig: II.   

Fig: III.   

Fig. V.   

Fig. IU.   

Fig: VI   

Fig: VII   

Fig: VIII   

Fig: IX   

Fig: X.   

Fig: XI.   

Fig: XVII.   

Fig: XVIII    

THE INTRODUCTION: CONTAINING A Description of a Muscle.  
A MULCLE is the chief and Immediate Instrument of Spontanious Motion: It's called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, either from the resemblance divers of Them have to a Flayed Mouse, or to the Shell Fish called Musculus, or from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to Contract. Under this denomination of Muscles is comprehended all that which is called Flesh, which is not one continued Mass, but is distinguished into divers Portions, lying contiguous to each other, in such decent Order as conduces as well to an Elegant Symmetry of the whole Body, as to the Execution of each Muscles particular Office.  
A Muscle is composed of Membranes, Tendon, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, to which some add Lymphducts and Fat. Of These the two first are esteemed Proper Parts of It, the rest are counted Common: As to their Origin, whether any of the Former are derived from the Latter, or whether by an admirable Stenography of Nature they were all delineated in the Ouum of the Female, or Semen of the Male, or partly in both before the Impregnation, shall not be our Task at present to consider: But we shall briefly inquire into the Intimate Structure of a Muscle, as it appears in an Adult Body.  
A Muscle is commonly distinguished into three parts, viz. the Head, Belly, and Tail: The Head or Beginning is as it were the Centre of its Motion, fixed to the most Stable Part; its Middle or part most Tumid is called its Belly; and it's other Extreme Implanted in the Part moved is Denominated its Tail or Ending.  
The Common Integument of Muscles first offers itself to view after the Skin and Adipose Membranes are removed. This is frequently Complicated with the Tendons of Muscles, especially where Stricter Enclosures are necessary, as on the Muscles of the Cubit, and those of the Thigh and Tibia; the Uses of Which we have Demonstrated, Chap. XXVI.  
The Proper Membrane of a Muscle does immediately Inclose It, and is frequently conjoined with the Former, especially on those Parts last mentioned, where it's complicated with Tendinous Expansions, that it becomes inseparable from it: This not only involves each Muscle, but distinctly encloseth each Fasciculus of its Fleshy Fibres, as is evident in the Glutaei Maximi Deltoides, etc. And these Fasciculi of Fleshy Fibres are in a peculiar manner assisted by These their proper Enclosures, as the Muscles of the Cubit are by the Fascia lata, Whose Office I have elsewhere endeavoured to Explain.  
In the Interstices of these Fasciculi in Robust Bodies we frequently find Fat, which, by the assistance of an ordinary Microscope, appears composed of certain Transparent Membranous Cells distended with an Oily Matter; which plainly discovered itself to the Naked Eye of that Inquisitive Anatomist, Dr. Tyson, in the Dissection of a Porpess. These Adipose Cells are furnished with Blood Vessels, as was sufficiently demonstrated in an Experiment I lately made by Injecting of Mercury into the Artery of the Arm. The Use of the Fat, according to the Ingenious Dr. haver's in his Osteologia Nova, pag. 209. is to be joined with the Mucilage separated from the Neighbouring Glandules, and help to make up a Composition to preserve the Tendinous and Fleshy Fibres from growing Dry and Rigid, and to Lubricate them, and render them fit for Action.  
The Tendon of each Muscle is either partly united, or partly divided, or totally divided; if united it's merely Tendinous, if divided it's esteemed Fleshy, wherefore it's said to consist of Tendinous and Fleshy Fibres, or Fleshy Fibres only: Those parts of Them entirely Tendinous are a Compages of Filaments compactly joined without the apparent Interposition of other Parts, as Blood Vessels, Nerves, etc. The Fleshy Fibres are continuous with the Former, and are furnished with Blood Vessels, Nerves, and Lymphducts: These are divided into divers Fasciculi of a Prismatical form, Hexagon, Square, or Triangular; each Fasciculus is composed of divers Tendinous Filaments which lie Parallel to each other. Though by the disruption of these Prismes divers obliqne Interfibrillae appear (which not unlikely gave occasion to Steno to imagine them of a Rhomboidal Constructure) yet by the assistance of the Microscope They also appear no otherwise than parts of the divided Fasciculus; that appearance of Them being partly caused by their agglutination to each other, and partly by the distribution of the Blood Vessels and Nerves passing to each Fibrilla; which Intersecting each other, I am apt to think, might impose on Borellus, and make Him conceive these Fibrillae to be Composed of many Links of a Rhomboidal or Lozenge Figure. Each of these Fibrillae are much smaller than the finest Hair, Their Figure is Cylindrical, their Internal substance is porous like a Hair, with this difference, to wit, the Pores of That are more numerous and less, and in This the Pores are larger and fewer; which we shall have occasion to mention in examining the Distribution of the Blood Vessels.  
The Nerves accompany the Blood Vessels at their Ingress into Muscles, and are distributed to all their Carnous Fibres: some have thought the Head of the Muscle to be the place of their Insertions, but that opinion has been long since exploded, it being evident that divers Muscles receive two or three Branches of Nerves in differing parts of Them. How the Extremities of Nerves Terminate in These and other Parts, is still likely to be a secret in Nature, since neither the Naked Eye, or any Microscopes yet known, are capable of rendering it a matter of autopsy. The examination of Nerves by the Microscope doth sufficiently inform us, that nothing that has been said of them hitherto is less probable, than that They are employed in conveying any Part of the Succus Nutritius to other parts, which some have so grossly dreamt of. 'Tis true that an Atrophea of Parts will follow upon the abscission or relaxation of their Nerves; but if we consider what alteration must inevitably happen in the Tone of those Parts, whose Nerves are divided or relaxed, we should not be much at a loss in assigning a Cause for that Phaenomenon. That the Trunks of Nerves are composed of divers Fasciculi of Fibrillae lying parallel to each other, is what ocular demonstration evinceth; but by the help of our Glasses those Fibrillae, which before scarcely appeared to Us, will discover themselves to be still made up of divers Others; and all of Them full of Pores; And if by chance you discover a single Fibrilla, as I have sometimes done, you will find its substance porous; but (if I may be allowed to calculate its dimensions by the same Microscope) it does not seem to exceed the Hundred part of a Hair: Its contents in those curious fine Cells or Pores must necessarily be very subtle; nor will I contend with those who will call them Animal Spirits, or an Aerial Body, such as the Materia Primi, or Secundi Elementi, of Des Cartes, nor shall I concern myself with an account of the Transmission or derivation of this subtle matter from the Great Fountains, whether of the Brain▪ or Blood Vessels, passing immediately between the Nervous Fasciculi, since I hear my Ingenious Friend Dr. Ridly, will Publish his Accurate Anatomical Lectures lately Read in the Amphitheatre of the College of P 〈…〉 ians, wherein He has touched on this particular.  
The Blood Vessels of each Muscle, like those of other Parts, are Arteries and Veins, of which the former import Blood into it, and the latter convey it back again to the Heart. How These transmit their contents to each other, has been a Controversy among Anatomists, till the Industrious Leewenhock, by the Assistance of his Microscope, discovered those Vessels in the Transparent Fimbriae of the Tail of an Eel, or Lacerta aquatica, to be continued Channels, without the interposition of any Spongious Body, which Anatomists had so long imagined, which pleasing Phaenomenon, is commonly demonstrated by those Improved Microscopes made by Mr. 
* Living in Abchurch lane.  Mellang, that 'tis needless to say more of it in this place: Wherefore I shall proceed to relate what offered itself in an Experiment I lately made, by Injecting Mercury into the great Artery of the Arm, which not only proved what Borellus had observed, that even the Fleshy Fibres of Muscles are in themselves white, and that their red Tincture is from Blood, but was an Intimation of a peculiar Conformation of the Extremities of the Blood Vessels, which were filled as full with Mercury as they could be before with Blood; and afterwards, in examining the Fibrillae, I found their Cells beforementioned filled with the Mercury. These Cells, by what I have as yet observed, do not communicate with each other, but as I have some reasons to conceive, there are certain Foramina in the sides of the Arteries that open into Them. Each Globule of Mercury in the Fibrillae appeared to be almost as big as two or three Globules of the Blood: Hence it may be accounted how the Intumescence of these Parts happens by often injecting Water by the Arteries in dead Animals; That being a Body whose parts are very apt to insinuate themselves, qua da tur Porta, these Cells become distended by it. Hence also an account may be given how Muscles are excited to act by such Injections made soon after the Death of the Animal; but of this hereafter.  
These Contemplations compared with some Experiments I afterwards made, did almost tempt me to form an Hypothesis of the Contraction of a Muscle; but reflecting on the various Conjectures of so many Learned Writers, who had already employed themselves on this Subject, I found it would prove a Work of more time to refute what has already been proposed, and corroborate my Conjectures with repeated Experiments, than I had allotted myself for that purpose.  
The former Anatomists being unacquainted with the Intimate structure of a Muscle, and Use of the Parts which compose it, placed the power of Contraction in its Nerves, or in its carnous Fibres only.  
The Accurate Steno conceiving the Fleshy Fibres, and opposite Tendons of Muscles, to bear an Analogy in their Constructure to Parallellograms, imagines that an alteration of the Angles of their Areae may be made by extension only of its Fleshy Fibres; and this He supposed may be done without the Accession of new Matter.  
Dr. Willis pretends that the Animal Spirits brought by the Nerves, are lodged in the Tendons of Muscles, which joining with other Particles of an Active Nature, supplied from the Blood, make an effervescence, by which the Carnous Fibres are exagitated, which being Lax and Porous, are stuffed, and become Corrugated; hence he supposes the whole Muscle is also Contracted.  
Dr. Mayow imagines the Contraction of a Muscle may be made by an effervescence arising from the Commixture of Sulphureo-salinë Particles, secreated from the Mass of Blood, and Nitro-aerious ones transmitted by the Nerves.  
M. Du Verny Conjectures an Intumescence may be made in the Carnous Fibres of Muscles without a Ferment, supposing (like Dr. Willis) that the Tendons are Storehouses of Spirits which are excited by new ones from the Brain, and those, together with a Juice supplied by the Arteries, Extend the Fleshy Fibres, like a Fiddlestring exposed in a Moist Air.  
Dr. Croon supposes each distinct Carnous Fibres to consist of an Infinite number of small Globules or little Bladders opening into one another, and that the Nourishing Juice conveyed at large among the Carnous Fibres through the Artery, by the constant pulse of the Heart is driven on, and after mixing with another Liquor between those Fibres, passes into the Cavity of each Globule or Bladder, where it mixes with a second sort of Matter more Active than the Former, and by These constant agitations, ebullition, and effervescence, with the Natural Heat; He imagines is partly the cause, and partly the constant assister of the Motion of a Muscle. Vid. Hook's Philosophical Collect. N. 2. p. 22.  
joh. Alphonsus Borellus enlightened with Mechanical Demonstrations, after an enquiry into the intimate Structure of a Muscle, conceives its Fibres to be composed of a Chain of divers Rhombi or Lozenges, whose Areae may be enlarged or diminished by the Accession or Retrocession of Bodies, insinuating themselves like so many Wedges into it; and these He thinks are a Nervous Juice instilled ad Imperium Animae, joining with the Blood or Lymphe, whence an Ebullition or Fermentation does Arise.  
The Experiments I have made, compared with that above mentioned (by Injecting Mercury) seem to intimate, that the Blood, barely as a Fluid, is an Assistant in the Contraction of a Muscle: and this did not only appear by making a Ligature on the Descending Trunk of the Aorta of a living Animal, whereby all the Inferior Parts become Destitute of Motion, which they again recovered by losing▪ that Ligature, and admitting the Blood to flow again into the Muscles; But even after the cessation of motion in the same Animal it was surprising to Observe the Muscles of the Legs renew their Contractions, upon the injection of Water only into the Crural Artery; which Experiment I have frequently repeated with the like success.  
Hence I began to suspect, that the Blood is the Pondus by which the Action of a Muscle is performed; and that either by a Turgescence began in the Parietes of the Cells of the Fleshy Fibres caused by the contents of the Nerves Agitated ad Imperium Animae, or by Constriction of the Venous Dust, may be the immediate cause of Replietion of the Cells, whereby the length of their Fibrilla is lessened: And this Opinion I could rather entertain, because it seems to Quadrate with that of 
a De Motu Animal.  Borelle's, and the late Ingenious Dr. 
* M. Hooks Philos. Collect. Numb. 2.  Croon, to whose farther Explications I refer the Inquisitive Reader.   

THE CONTENTS.  

CHap. I. Of the Muscles of the Abdomen. 17  
Chap. II. Of the Muscles of the Testes. 30  
Chap. III. Of the Muscles of the Penis. 31  
Chap. iv Of the Muscles of the Bladder of Urine. 35  
Chap. V Of the Muscles of the Anus. 37  
Chap. VI Of the Muscles of the Hairy-scalp and Forehead. 40  
Chap. VII. Of the Muscles of the Eyelids. 43  
Chap. VIII. Of the Muscles of the Eye. 47  
Chap. IX. Of the Muscles of the Nose. 54  
Chap. X. Of the Muscles of the Cheeks and Lips. 57  
Chap. XI. Of the Muscles of Auricula or Outward Ear. Page 63  
Chap. XII. Of the Muscles of the Internal Ear. 65  
Chap. XIII. Of the Muscles of the Os Hyoides or Bone of the Tongue. 73  
Chap. XIV. Of the Muscles of the Tongue. 78  
Chap. XV. Of the Muscles of the Larynx. 80  
Chap. XVI. Of the Muscles of the Fauces. 86  
Chap. XVII. Of the Muscles of the Gargareon. 90  
Chap. XVIII. Of the Muscles of the Lower jaw. 93  
Chap. XIX. Of the Muscles of the Thorax that Appear the Body lying Supine. 98  
Chap. XX. Of the Muscles of the Scapula or Shoulderblade. 109  
Chap. XXI. Of the Muscles of the Thorax which Appear the Body lying Prone. 113  
Chap. XXII. Of the Muscles of the Head. 116  
Chap. XXIII. Of the Muscles of the Neck. 127  
Chap. XXIV. Of the Muscles of the Back and Loins. 131  
Chap. XXV. Of the Muscles of the Arm. Page 138  
Chap. XXVI. Of the Muscle of the Cubit. 145  
Chap. XXVII. Of the Muscles of the Palm of the Hand. 152  
Chap. XXVIII. Of the Muscles of the Four Fingers. 155  
Chap. XXIX. Of the Muscles of the Thumb. 166  
Chap. XXX. Of the Muscles of the Wrist or Carpus. 171  
Chap. XXXI. Of the Muscles of the Radius. 174  
Chap. XXXII. Of the Muscles of the Thigh. 178  
Chap. XXXIII. Of the Muscles of the Leg. 192  
Chap. XXXIV. Of the Muscles of the Foot or Tarsus. 206  
Chap, XXXV. Of the Muscles of the Great Toe. 214  
Chap. XXXVI. Of the Muscles of the Four Lesser Toes. 218    

Books Printed for Samuel Smith and Benjamin Walford, at the Prince's Arms in St. Paul's-Church-Yard.  
MArtini Lister M. D. & S. R. S. Exercitatio Anatomica de Cochleis maximè Terrestribus, Limacibusque, quarum Dissectiones Tabulis aeneis ad ipsas res affabrè incisis, Illustrantur. Interseritur Digressio de Respiratione. 80.  
Pharmacologia, seu manuductio ad materiam medicam, in qua medicamenta officinalia Simplicia, hoc est, mineralia, vegetabilia, Animalia, eorumque parts in medicina officinis ustata, in methodum naturalem digesta, succincté, & accurate, describuntur: cum notis generum Characteristicis, Specierun, Synonymis, differentiis, & viribus. Opus omnibus Medicis Philosophis, Pharmacopeis, Chirurgis, & Pharmacopolis ut●lissimum. A Samuel Dale in 120  
Medicinal Experiments: Or, a Collection of choice and safe Remedies, for the most part simple, and easily prepared: Useful in Families, and very serviceable to Country People. In two Volumes. By the Honourable R. boil Esq Fellow of the Royal Society. Containing about Five Hundred Receipts published from the Author's Original Manuscripts, in 120.  
Pharmacopoeia Bateana in English, by William Salmon. Containing above a Thousand Choice and Select Receipts, their Names, Compositions, Preparations, Virtues, Uses, and Doses, with many Chemical processes, as they are applicable to the whole practice of Physic and Chirurgery, with the Arcana Goddardiana Goddard's Drops, russel's Powder, the Prince's Powder, and Emplastrum Febisfugum, etc. in 80. 1694.   

MYOTOMIA REFORMATA: Or, A New Administration of all the MUSCLES OF Human Bodies, etc.  

CHAP. I. Of the Muscles of the Abdomen.  
IN the regular Administration of a Human Body, we must begin our Section with the Lower Belly, lest the speedy Putrefaction of its Viscera should become troublesome and offensive: For this purpose, Incision must be made through the common Integaments of the Body, in a Crucial Form. The first and direct Line of Division beginning at the Cartilago Ensiformis (32), must be continued to 
Fig. xvii.  the Os Pubis (38). The other Transverse from the Navel on each side to the Region of the Loins, after which, the Skin, Fat, and Membranes, of each Portion being raised from their respective Angles, the Muscles, which cover the Abdomen, will appear in their proper Situation. These may be comprehended under the general Title of Epigastrick, whereof some are Anteriour, seated in the Forepart only, some Lateral, others Posteriour, best referred to the Back and Loins. In their particular Enumeration and Description we shall constantly observe the Method we proposed to ourselves, and Treat of them according to the Order that they appear in Dissection.  

First then, Obliquus Descendens seu Declivis.  
This Muscle derives its Name from 
Vesalius prima Musculorum Tabula PP.  the Progress of its Fibres. It arises with several acute Productions, partly Fleshy, and partly Tendinous, from the lower Margin of the fifth (n), sixth (o), seventh (p), and eighth Ribs (q), where 
Fig. xvii.  its several separate Originations lie between the Indentations of the Serratus Major Anticus; These for better Distinction we choose to call its former Origin; besides which it continues to derive more heads in like manner from the ninth (r), tenth (s), and eleventh (t), and sometimes from the extremity of the last Bastard Rib (u), where it is also 
Fig. xvii.  indented with the Serratus Inferior Posticus, 
Human. Corp. Tab. Lib. II. Cap. XXXI.  as Vesalius has well observed: From its former Origin, its obliqne descending Fleshy part expands itself into a broad Membranous Tendon, before it marches over the Rectus to its Insertion in the Linea Alba and Os Pubis (38): From its latter in the same manner descending it ends partly Tendinous in the Ligamentum Pubis; but chief Fleshy on the superior and forepart of the circular edge of the Os Ilium (36). It adheres not to the 
Fig. xvii.  Transverse Processes of the Vertebrae 
Human. Corp. Fab. Lib. IU. Cap. X. Syntagma Anatomica. Cap. II.  Lumbares, as Spigelius, Veslingius, and with them most Anatomists have imagined. But its largest, last, and most Fleshy Digitation, leaving the lowest Bastard Rib at its extreme Point, and in its obliqne Descent declining forwards, still recedes gradually more and more from the Vertebrae (34), forming a Triangular Interstice, 
Fig. xvii.  comprehended by the Sacrolumbus, Os Ilium (36), and its lower side; in which Area the Fibres of the subjacent Muscle plainly appear.  
Besides the Actions vulgarly ascribed to this Muscle, and its Partner, together with the rest of their Fellows, viz. Compressing the Intestines and Bladder either in excluding the Faeces and Urine in both Sexes, or Faetus in Women; They have still a farther and more Noble Use. That part of either of them that is interjacent between their latter Origin and Spine of the Os Ilium (37), bearing an Analogy in its position to the Mastoideus of the Head, (of which hereafter) serves for the Circumrotation of the Trunk upon the Axis of the Vertebrae, when we convert the Body to the contrary side, the Feet remaining unmoved, for which necessary Motion Authors have assigned no 
De V●ntricul. & Intestinis.  Instrument, though this I think did not escape Dr. Glisson's Judicious Reflection.  
For the better Dissection of these Abdominal Muscles, observe the following Method. The Body being supported on its side, the Dorsi Latissimus of the contrary must be Freed from its divers Fleshy Originations at the Curvated parts of the Ribs, as also the Tendinous part of it, which Arises from the edge of the Os Ilium: This done, the Blood being dried, and the Fat cleared, which caution (to prevent Confusion) must perpetually be observed, the Originations of the described Obliquus Descendens will appear.  
Begin its Separation by Introducing your Fore Finger between it and the following Muscle in the above noted Interstice, then Raise that Part of it which Springs from the Lowest Rib, and Terminates in the Spine of the Os Ilium, proceeding to Free the rest of its Digitations from between the four abovenamed Serrati, being cautious not to wound its Tendon in dividing it from its subjacent Muscle, especially as it marches over the Rectus. Nor may their Separation be attempted in every Subject by reason of their strict Adhesion; wherefore in preparing these Muscles when they are to be Demonstrated after Dissection, you may proceed in the following Order.  
The Obliquus Descendens being Raised on either side (as before) to the Rectus, cut through and Raise both Tendons together, leaving them at their Insertions in the Linea Alba, taking sufficient care in their Separation from the Intersections of the Rectus. This done, on the contrary side Raise its▪ Fleshy part only, beginning in the Linea Semilunaris, by making an Aperture in its Tendon towards its Lower part, where it is separable from that of the following Muscle, thrusting a Probe between the Two Tendons, divide this Superior one through the length of the Abdomen. Then, the Fleshy part on this side being also Raised, and cleared to the Extremities of its Digitations and left there: Raise the obliqne Ascendent; and on the same side you Raised the former towards its Origination, Raise this E Contrario, so pursuing it to the Linea Alba, where it is to be left: On the contrary side, its Fleshy Portion must be Raised to its Origination. The rest of these Muscles appearing in situ require not Dissection.   

Obliquus Ascendens seu Acclivis.  
So called from the obliqne Ascent 
Spigel. Tab. 10. Lib. 4. LL.  of its Fibres, the same Error noted in the preceding Description is likewise here committed by Vulgar Anatomists. Neither of these Muscles having any Communication with the Lumbal Vertebrae. It arises Fleshy from the whole circular edge of the Os Ilium (37), and Ligamentum Pubis, 
Fig. xvii.  without any Thin Membrane springing either from the Loins, or Os Sacrum, 
Human Corp. Fab. Lib. II. CXXXI.  as Vesalius would persuade us, or from the Apices of their Transverse Processes, as others pretend, thence mounting with an order of Fibres inclining Forwards, Forms a Broad Membranous Thin Tendon, Implanted into the whole length of the Linea Alba, and the Cartilages of the eighth (q), 
Fig. xvii.  ninth (r), tenth (s), eleventh (t), and twelfth Ribs (u).  
Besides its known Use in compressing the Abdomen and its Contents, that part of it which arises Fleshy towards the back part of the edge of the Os Ilium, by the obliqne Ascent of its Fibres, to the Cartilaginious End of the Ribs, not only Depresses them and streightens the Cavity of the Thorax in Expiration, but in regard the Order of Fibres of this Intersect those of the Former Muscle, on the same side may Antagonise it in the Circumrotation of the Trunk of the Body on the Axis of the Vertebrae; as on its contrary side, its series of Fleshy Fibres being parallel to those of the said Descendens, on the opposite side may Act in Concurrence with it in discharge of its Office. In the Structure and Reciprocal Co-operation of these Muscles, the Ascending on the Right, and the Descending of the Left, Turning the Body to the Right, and Vice Versa. The Ascending in the Left and Descending in the Right in like manner Turning it to the Left, the Art of Nature indeed is very admirable.   

Pyramidalis vel Succenturiatus.  
This Muscle lying on the Rectus 
Bidloo T. 32 Q.  presents itself next in order of Dissection. It has its Name from its Figure aptly representing a Pyramid from a broad Basis ending in a Point. It Arises from the superior part of the Os Pubis (38), and in its Ascent lessens its 
Fig. xvii.  self gradually till it becomes a long Tendon inserted in the Navel. Riolan 
Anthrop. lib. 5. cap. xxxiv.  has observed the left to be most commonly the lesser, and if either be absent, it most usually is that; Falloppius 
Observat. Anatom.  (who first discovered these Muscles) conjectures they compress the Bladder of Urin. Fabritius ab Aquapendente 
Vid. Anatom. Thom. Bartholin, lib. 1. cap. vi.  imagines they support the Abdomen, and hinders the superior parts from pressing too violently on the inferior; but this Opinion seems to take its rise from observing the Anatomical subject in a supine Position. The Use, which we think most genuine and natural is this. When the Diaphragm has pressed the Viscera, whereby the Abdomen is become Tumid, these pull the Navel downwards, by which means they make a more adequate compression of the Bladder in the expulsion of Urine, than any other Muscle of this part; though it must be confessed they all contribute their assistance in that Action. They are called Succenturiati by their Author, or Auxiliary Muscles from a supposition that they are only supplemental to the following in their action, the order of Fibres in both agreeing, and these being always absent, when those are continued Fleshy to the Juncture of the Ossa Pubis.   

Rectus. 
Bid. T. 32. MN. PP.   
So called from the Rectitude of its Position. Anatomists differ in assigning the Origination of this Muscle, some deriving it from the Sternum, others from the Os Pubis; but it seems a matter more of controversy than use, since either part is indifferently moved by it, the opposite remaining stable. Little can be added to the common and well known description of these Muscles, they being continued according to the length of the Lower Belly from the Cartilago Ensiformis (32), and two of the Cartilages 
Fig. xvii.  of the True, and two of the Bastard Ribs down to the Os Pubis (38), and divided into four or five Portions by three or four Intermediate Perigraphae, or Transverse Tendinous Intersections. The Vessels which pass underneath its Upper part are the Mammary Artery Descending, and its Vein Ascending. Those of its Lower part are the Epigastrick Artery Ascending, and its Vein Descending. The Enclosure of this Muscle in the double Tendon of the Ascendens we could never as yet discern, rather suspecting that the Adhesion of the Ascending Tendon to that of the following Muscle in the Linea Semilunaris might occasion the mistake.   

Transversalis. 
Ves. Mus. Tab. 5. Y.   
So called because its Fibres run transversly over the Abdomen. This Muscle does not Arise according to the Vulgar Tradition, from any Ligament, whither springing from the Os Sacrum, or covering the Sacrolumbus, but, as Realdus Columbus truly writes, from 
De Re Anato, lib. 5. cap. xxii.  the Transverse Processes of the Lumbal Vertebrae (34) Spine of the Os Ilium 
Fig. xvii.  (37), Ligamentum Pubis, and Cartilaginious end of the Ribs below the Sternum, from whence its Fleshy part passes over the Convex Surface of the Peritonaeum, and becomes a Broad expanded Tendon before it runs under the Rectus to its Implantation in the whole Longitude of the Linea Alba. When this Muscle with its Partner Act, they Press the Abdomen directly inwards, as in Expiration. Caspar Bartholin 
De Structura Diaphragmatis. Cap. two.  observes in Bulls and Animals of the larger size, that part of this Muscle is continuous with the Diaphragm at the Cartilaginious end of the Ribs below the Sternum; whence he supposes the Diaphragma to be a Trigastrick Muscle. But whither this Observation will quadrate to a Human Body whose Posture is Erect, and manner of Respiration different from that of Quadrupeds, we leave undecided till farther Inquiries afford us better Information. The Spermatick Vessels pass through this and the Ascendant Muscle near the Inguina in the Midway between the Forepart of the Spine of the Os Ilium and Os Pubis, whence descending for some space between the Fleshy part of the last named, and Tendon of the Obliquus Descendens, they run through a Fissure of the said Tendon near the last named Bone. These Perforations not exactly corresponding to each other, is an Artifice in Nature to prevent a Prolapsus of the Intestines through them, not much unlike that obliqne Insertion of the Uretres and Ductus Bilarius passing between the Membranes of the Intestines and Bladder, whereby the retrocession of the Bile in one, and the Urine in the other is prevented.  
N. In the Dissection of these Muscles care must be taken not to wound the Cremaster on either side. The Peritonaeum with its Contents present themselves next to our Examination, but they not being Subjects of our present Enquiry, they must be all immediately removed for Reasons already mentioned. We proceed next to the Muscles of those parts, which for conveniency in Dissection offer themselves next, namely, the Testes, Penis, Bladder of Urine, and Anus. The Body being laid with the Buttocks near the brink of the Table, and the Legs forcibly devarricated for the more commodious prosecution of the work, let the Operator place himself between them, and continue the Division of the Skin, Fat, and Membranes by a Semicircular Section on each side of the Pubes meeting in the Perinaeum near the Anus, and begin to raise the Skin of the upper part of the Penis, freeing it from the Spermatick Vessels, next raising that part which lies in the Perinaeum. This done, and the Fat removed, the following Muscles offer themselves to view.    

CHAP. II. Of the Muscles of the Testes.  
EAch Testicle is attended with one proper Muscle called Cremaster, to which Riolan adds another, and 
Anthropog. lib. 5. C. xxxvi.  thinks it common to both, comprehending them in the manner of a Bag▪ and serving for their Succussation; but other Anatomists esteem it a Membrane only, calling it Dartos.  

Cremaster.  
Or Suspensor Testiculi. It Arises 
De Graaf de Virorum Organis T. 2. F. 1. CD.  Fleshy from the Lowest and Forepart of the Spine of the Os Ilium (37) and 
Fig. xv●  Upper part of the Ligamentum Pubis, its Fibres running parallel with those of the Obliquus Ascendens, (not with the Transversalis as Bartholin objects 
Lib. 1. cap. xxii.  against Riolan) and almost encompassing the Process of the Peritonaeum, descends on it to its Inferior part, which entertains the Testicle.  
It's name declares its Office.    

CHAP. III. Of the Muscles of the Penis.  
ANatomists generally describe two Pair of Muscles belonging to the Penis, viz. Acceleratores and Erectores. To these Fabritius ab Aquapendente adds a Third Pair, which are also mentioned by Bidloo, and expressed in his 47 Table.  

Acceleratores Urinae.  
So called from their Use in expediting the Ejection of Urine and Seed. Authors have been mistaken in the assigning the Originations of these Muscles, either to the Sphincter Any or Tubercles of the Ossa Ischij. They Arising Fleshy from the superior part of the Urethra, as it passes under the Ossa Pubis, and encompassing the External part of the Bulb of its Cavernous Body (CC) (mentioned in our 
Fig. xii.  Appendix). Both Muscles meet on the Inferior part, (bb) and march according to the length of the seam of the skin in the Perinaeum, parting from each other (cc) They Ascend to their 
Fig. xii.  Insertions on each side the Corpora Cavernosa Penis (GG).  
Besides the Use commonly ascribed to these Muscles in compressing the Urethra in driving out the Remains of Urine, and promoting the Ejaculation of the Semen in Coitu, (which Action is chief done by the last described Part of them embracing the Urethra as they pass to their Insertions on each side the Cavernous Bodies of the Penis) They also assist the following Muscles in Its Erection, by driving the Blood contained in the Bulb of the Cavernous Body of the Urethra (A) towards the Glans in greater 
Fig. xiv.  quantities, whereby it becomes distended, the Veins which carry off the Refluent Blood from the Corpus Cavernosum Urethrae at that time being also compressed by the Tumefaction of these Muscles.   

Erectores Penis seu Erigentes.  
By some called Directores, and by Spigelius, Collaterales Penis. They Arise 
Lib. 4. cap. xii.  Fleshy from the External Knob of the Os Ischium (39) below the beginnings 
Fig. xvii.  of the Cavernous Bodies of the Penis, in whose thick Membrane they are Inserted. (DD). 
Fig. x. Fig. xii. F F.   
When these Muscles Act they pull the Penis towards the Ossa Pubis, whereby its great Vein is compressed, and the Refluent Blood denied its passage under those Bones, by which means the Penis is Erected, of which, hereafter we shall give a more full Account.   

Transversalis Penis.  
So called from their situation. These are mentioned by Lindanus after Aquapendens, as * Thom. Bartholin takes 
Lib. 1. cap. xxiv.  notice. They Arise near the Former, from whence they pass Transversly to their Insertions at the upper part of the Bull of the Cavernous body of the Urethra. (EE.) 
Fig. x, and xii.   
To these may be added the Muscles of the Clitoris, and that of the Pudendum in Women.  
Anatomists differ concerning the number of these Muscles belonging to the Clitoris, some with Falloppius 
Observat. Anatom.  (who first Observed them) reckon One Pair only; Others Two; but De 
De Mulierum Organis, &c  Graaf inclines to the First Opinion, which we also think most agreeable to Truth. Authors have not bestowed any Proper Names on them, but since they agree so exactly with the Erectores Penis (above Treated of) except in point of Magnitude; The same Apellations may also serve here.   

Erector Clitoridis.  
This Arises Fleshy from the External 
De Gaaf de Mulierum Org. T. xl two. T. iii. F. l. GG.  Margin of the Os Ischium (39), and 
Fig. xv●  is Implanted into the Beginning of the Cavernous Body of the Clitoris.  
The Action and Use of This and its Partner is the same with the Erectores Penis. The other Pair of Muscles ascribed to this Part by Vulgar Anatomists, and Figured by De Graaf, are a Portion of the Following, adhering to it.   

Sphincter Vaginae.  
This lies immediately under the 
Ibid. e e. and T. iii. F. 28. EE.  Clitoris, encompassing the Vagina with Circular Fibres, Three Fingers in Breadth; in some Subjects, it scarcely appeareth Fleshy.  
This Acting not only streightens the Vagina, but thereby also it hinders the Blood in its return from the Plexus Retiformis, of the Pudendum; by compressing some of its subjacent Veins which pass underneath, by which means the Labia become Distended, and Vagina Contracted.    

CHAP. IU. Of the Muscles of the Bladder of Urine.  
GAlen and the Ancient Anatomists 
Lib. de Musculis, C. xxviii.  take notice but of One Muscle belonging to this Part, viz. the Sphincter, but Aquapendens mentions an other, which Spigelius calls Detrusor Urinae from its Use, which we shall first Describe.  

Detrusor Urinae.  
This by some is reckoned the First 
Spigel. Lib. viij. T. 13. MM.  Proper Membrane of the Bladder, lying under that which is derived from the Peritonaeum; its Carnous Fibres embracing the whole Bladder like a Hand (as Spigelius represents it) 
Lib. iv. cap. 12.  compresses it in the Evacuation of the Urine.   

Sphincter Vesiicae.  
Fallopius observes, that the Anatomists 
Observat. Anatom.  of his Age had not well Described this Muscle in placing it below the Prostatoe, in which case as he alleges the Semen in the Venereal Act could not be emitted without the Urine; which Observation latter Authors have not taken notice of, either through inadvertency in Dissection, or being imposed on by Part of the Levatores Any, which remained on the Prostates, which Riolan calls the 
Anthrop. Lib. v. C. xxxvii.  Sphincter Externus. It is seated in the upper part of the neck of the Bladder, immediately above the Glandulae Prostatae, " Where (as Fallopius says) 
Observat. Anatom.  you must not expect to find an entire Muscle and Substance distinct from the Subject Cannal, like that of the Anus, but the more Fleshy part of the neck of the Bladder composed of many Transverse Fibres, whose Contraction hinders the Involuntary Egress of the Urine."  
N. To discover these Transverse Fibres, our Author advises to Immerge the Bladder in scalding Water after Inflation, the External Right Fibres being removed These will appear underneath.    

CHAP. V Of the Muscles of the Anus.  
THe Penis, together with the Bladder of Urine being removed, the Muscles of the Anus offer Themselves to View. Anatomists have not agreed in their Number, Galen divides 
De Musc. cap. xxx.  the Sphincter into Two, (viz.) Carnosus, and Cutaneus, which with the Two Levatores make Four Muscles belonging to this Part. Riolan multiplies 
Anthrop. lib. v. cap. xl.  them to the Number of Nine, Three Sphincters, namely Carnosus or the Outermost, Cutaneus or the Middle, and Vaginalis or the Superior and Inmost, and Six Elevators, Two Internal, and Four External; but this Opinion seems rather grounded on Fancy, or some particular Subject, than a general Appearance of them in Dissection.  

Sphincter Ani. 
Bid. T. 47. F. 5. B, D, D, C.   
This is a Large, Thick, Fleshy Muscle encompassing the Anus; its Figure and Series of Fibres Externally, immediately under the Skin, incline 
Fig. xii.  to an ablong Oval; It is Connected Forwards to the Accelerator Urinae (D) (as above noted); Backwards to the Os Coccygis; As it is continued farther upon the Body of the Intestinum Rectum; its Fibres are Circular for near Two Inches in Breadth; it is much larger in Man than in other Animals, in whom by reason of the erect Position of the Body, there is greater Force required to Retain the Faeces, which is the Office of this Muscle.   

Levatores Ani. 
Ibid. E E.   
Riolan reprehends Spigelius for his 
Animad. in lib. Anatom. Spigelii.  Description of these Muscles. They Arise Fleshy from each side the Ossa Pubis, internally within the Pelvis (33), 
Fig. xviii.  as also from part of the Os Ischium (31) and Sacrum (O); from these Places, like Lines drawn from a Circumference towards a Centre, its Fibres Descend over the Musculi Marsupiales, to their Implantation at the Lower end of the Intestinum Rectum in the Anus. The Use of these Muscles is chief to Suspend and Draw the Anus Upwards, lest the Faecis should be burdensome to the Sphincter. In their Descent on each side Forwards from the Ossa Pubis they Pass close over the Glandulae Prostatoe, in a manner embracing them (as before) by which Mechanism they are rendered capable of Compressing them; and by Retraction of the Anus at the same time Act on the Vesiculoe Seminales, in order to promote the Emission of the Seed in Coitu. We proceed next to the Muscles of the Hairy-scalp, etc.    

CHAP. VI Of the Muscles of the Hairy-scalp, and Forehead.  
N. TO Demonstrate these Muscles, the Following Method may be Observed; make Incision through the Common Integuments of the Head, the First and Direct Line of Division being continued from the Middle, and Inferior part of the Os Occipitis, to the same part of the Os Frontis; The other Transverse from Two Circular Ducts round each Ear, intersecting the Former on the Sinciput, begin from the Concourse of Angles, taking Care in Freeing the Forehead not to Raise the Frontales.  

Occipitalis.  
This and its Partner are mentioned by Columbus, and Accurately Described 
Lib. v. cap. seven. Observat. Anatom.  by Falloppius; They are Short, but Broad, Thin, Fleshy Muscles, situated on the Occiput, from whence they Derive their Names; each of these Arises Fleshy from that Part of the Os Occipitis 
Fig. xviii.  where the Mastoideus and Musculus Splenius are Inserted, and soon becoming Tendinous joins with the Pericranium, which firmly adheres to the Hairy-scalp on the Sinciput. When these Act, they pull the Hairy-scalp Backwards.   

Frontalis.  
This Arises Thin, Broad, and Fleshy, from the Upper part of the Os Frontis near the Sutara Coronalis, and Descending by the Posterior and Fore part of the Temporalis, meets with its Partner near their Insertions to the Skin of the Eyebrows. (AA.) 
Fig. i.   
These Acting draw up and wrinkle the Skin of the Forehead, and cannot Antagonise the Former Muscles, as some Imagine, since their Originations is from the Bone Above, and their Terminations in the Skin of the Lower part of the Forehead.  
Besides these, Volcherus Coiter counts 
Observat. Anatom.  another Pair, which later Authors call Corrugatores, Arising near each Great Canthus of the Eye at the Puncta Lachrymalia; seeming to Terminate about the Middle Region of the Eyebrows. But We rather incline to the Opinion of Others, who take them to be Two Obliqne Elongations of the Former Muscles.  
N. To raise the Skin, and discover the Muscles of the Face, which in the Order of Dissection are next to be prosecuted, continue your Former Division from the Dorsum Nasi where you before left it, to its Apex, from Two Semicircular Sections on each side the Alae Nasi to the Septum Narium, make a direct one to join with a Circular Incision about the Lips, and from the middle of that of the Lower Lip, draw your Knife directly over the Chin Neck and Sternum till you meet that longitudinal one made in Dissection of the Muscles of the Abdomen. The Skin is best cleared from the Eyelids, after Raising it from the circumambient parts. In the Practice of this Operation, special Attention must be had, lest you wound the Orbicularis Palpebrarum; Care also must be taken in Raising the Skin of the Neck, and Face, not to raise the Quadratus Genae with it.    

CHAP. VII. Of the Muscles of the Eyelids.  
GALEN and the Ancient Anatomists, 
De Dissect. Muscul. Cap. VI  together with Vesalius, were extremely deceived in their Ideas of these Muscles, in dividing the Orbicularis 
Hum. Corp. Fab. Lib. II. Cap. X.  into two, and supposing thereby all the Motions of the Eyelids were performed. But this Systeme was first altered by Falloppius, partly 
Observat. Anatom.  from an Intimation of Oribasius in his Book De Dissect. Muscul ex Galeno Cap. VI. where he takes notice that in the Cure of an Aegilops, not only the described Beginnings of these Muscles are Cut and Burnt away, but the Bone underneath Exfoliated, and yet the Motion of the Eyelids remain: And partly from the Dissection of the Eye in a Sea-Calf, where he observed four Muscles latent in the Orbit, inserted above Underneath and on both sides the Palpebrae: He was induced to make the like Enquiry in Man, in whom he happily discovered the Aperiens Palpebram Rectus, which shall be described hereafter. We mention this Passage, because some latter Authors have favoured the Account of the former, retaining their Distinctions into Semicircularis Superior, and Semicircularis Inferior.  

Orbicularis Palpebrarum.  
This is a Thin Fleshy Muscle, whose Fibres do Circularly environ the Eyelids BB, and are Inserted to 
Fig. i.  them, (like the Sphincter Labiorum) not adhering to any Bone, from whence we may derive their Origin, except the Superior part of the great Bone of the Nose; by some reckoned the fourth Bone of the Upper Jaw.  
This Muscle Acting like the Sphincters of other Parts, Constringes the Eyelids. To these Riolan adds another 
Anthropog. Lib. V Cap. X  Muscle belonging to each Eyelid, which he calls Ciliaris, which we take to be a Portion of the former adjacent to the Cilia.  
To discover the following Muscle, that part of the former, lying between the Upper Eyelid and Eyebrow, must be Raised; After which, the Glandula Lachrimalis, with part of the Fat within the Orbit being removed, by extending the Upper Eyelid, either with a Hook, or your Fingers only, its Tendinous Insertion and slender Fleshy Body will appear.   

Aperiens Palpebram Rectus.  
So called from its straight Progress 
Bid. T. 12. F. 4. A.  and Use. It Arises Sharp and Fleshy from the profoundest part of the Orbit, near the place where the Optic Nerve is Transmitted, passing directly over the Musculus Attollens it becomes Tendinous as it marches over the Bulb of the Eye; whence growing still Broader and Thinner, till it is Inserted to the whole Superior part of the Upper Eyelid.  
These Muscles of the Eyelids being 
Hyron. F brit. De Visione. Cap. XI.  removed, we proceed next to those of the Eye itself; in the Demonstration of which, Aquapendens proposes two ways; the one showing the Eye with its Muscles in situ, the other the Eye taken out of its Cavity, and its Muscles expanded on the Table: The First exhibiting their Motions, the Second their Figure or Shape. In the First, though our Author advises the Brain to be taken out, and the Bones of the Orbit divided; yet we choose to perform this Operation in the following manner, without troubling ourselves with either. Both Eyelids being removed, first, with your Forefinger feel gently for the Trochlea, situated near the brink of the Orbit (o), towards the Nose; then 
Fig. iii.  clear the Tendon which passes through it: This done in like manner clear the Opposite Muscle, the Obliquus Inferior, first observing its Origination at the brink of the Inferior part of the Orbit (e), with 
Fig. iii.  the Assistance of a small Hook and Scissors▪ extract the Fat and Membranes, and Vessels from between the straight Muscles. The other manner of Demonstration may be Practised in the same Eye, or with the contrary, taking Care in dividing the Trochlea from the Orbit, to prevent Wounding the Tendon, which passes through it; The Inferior Obliqne Muscle being cut off close from its Origin, as also the rest of the Muscles, and Optic Nerve at the profoundest part of the Orbit, and the whole Eye dislodged; Disengage its Muscles, and display them, whereby you may observe, that the Trochlearis is the longest Muscle of the Eye; and that its Insertion is directly behind the Attollens; and on the contrary, the Obliquus Inferior is the shortest, whose Termination is directly behind the Abducens, by which means you may distinguish each, and find the side to which it belongs.    

CHAP. VIII. Of the Muscles of the Eye.  
Columbus reprehends Galen, Vesalius, 
De re Anatom. Lib. V Cap. VIII  and the Anatomists of his Time, for ascribing the Aperiens Palpebram Rectus, and Obliquus Superior to the Eye, and at the same time commits no less an Error himself, not only in supposing that the last named Muscle belongs to the Eyelid, but imagining that the Obliquus Inferior gins and ends in the Cornea of the Eye. But 
Observat. Anaton.  the Accurate Fallopius, who first observed the Trochlea, has given us the most exact Description of these Muscles.  

Obliquus Superior or Trochlearis.  
It receives its first Denomination from its Obliqne Position and Course, in regard of the rest of its Fellows. The Second, it derives from that Cartilaginous Ring, suspended near the Brink of the upper Part of the Orbit towards the Nose (o) through which 
Fig. iii.  its Tendon passes, being reflected on it, as a Rope on a Poultry: (A) Besides 
Fig. two.  which, it is called Longissimus Oculi, as exceeding the others in length. It arises sharp, and Fleshy from the profoundest Part of the Orbit, near the Origination of the Abducens, and becoming a Fleshy Belly (D) as it passes Obliquely close under its Superior Part, makes a round Tendon running through the Trochlea (as above mentioned) from whence reverting back (A) it's inserted to the Tunica Sclerotis, in the middle of the Distance between the Termination of the Attollens, and Optic Nerve, towards the back Part of the Bulb of the Eye. (A)   

Obliquus Inferior.  
Also called Brevissimus Oculi, it being the shortest Muscle of the Eye. This springs sharp and fleshy from immediately within the Lower, and almost outward Part of the Orbit (e), at 
Fig. iii.  the Juncture of the First Bone of the Upper Jaw (6), with the Fourth (5.), 
Fig. xvii.  becoming Thicker Ascends Obliquely over the Deprimens, growing Tendinous at its Insertion to the Tunica Sclerotis near the Implantation of the Former, directly betwixt the Abducens and Optic Nerve. (I.) 
Fig. two.   
These two Obliqne Muscles are by some called Circumagentes, and Amatorii from their Actions in Winding and Rolling the Eye about, which Motions we call Ogling. Anatomists differ in assigning the Proper Offices of these Muscles, some asserting when the Superior Acts, the Eye is Rolled from the Nose, when the Inferior, to it: Others on the contrary, suppose that the Former Draws it to the Nose, and the Latter Directs it towards the Lesser Canthus of the Eye. But if we rightly consider the Position of the Trochlea (o), which determines 
Fig. iii.  the Motion made by the Superior Obliqne Muscle, and the Origination of the Inferior (e), and that the Tendon of the Former, and the whole Ductus of the Latter pass Obliquely from the External edge of the Orbit to their Insertions at the Back part of the Bulb of the Eye, as expressed Fig. two. We must necessarily conceive, that the Vulgar Doctrines of their Motions are Erroneous: wherefore if the Obliquus Superior Acts, the Posteriour Part of the Bulb of the Eye must approach towards the Trochlea, whereby its Globe is not only drawn somewhat Forwards, but its Pupil is directed downwards; so on the contrary, when the Obliquus Inferior Acts, the Posterior part of the Bulb of the Eye approaches towards the External edge of the Inferior part of the Orbit; and its Pupil is directed Upwards, and its whole Globe Pulled somewhat outwards. Hence it is that the Bulb of the Eye is more Protuberant in those Actions, which Contrivance in Nature seems very necessary, since the Projections of the Kickshaws and Cheeks would be liable to hinder our Prospect, whether directly Upwards or Downwards: Besides the Uses of these Obliqne Muscles now mentioned, they have still a more notable one, not only in pulling the whole Eye directly Forwards, but they hold it from being Retracted, when any of the Four Straight Muscles Act, which otherwise would rather draw it Inwards, then turn it either Sideways, or Upwards, or Downwards. But these Muscles, one of them Descending inwardly from the Uppermost, and the other Ascending from the Lowermost edge of the Orbit to their Insertions, in effect not unlike an Axis, prevent its being Retracted. Hence it is when they cease to Act, the whole Globe of the Eye sinks, which may give Occasion for that Vulgar Tradition, that the Eyestrings break in Dying Persons.  
The rest of the Muscles of the Eye are called Recti from their Straight Progress and Use.   

Elevator Oculi.  
It is also called Superbus from its moral signification, it being one of the chief common marks of a Haughty Disposition to look high; wherefore its Opposite Muscle is called Humilis; but Placentinus thinks the Motions of 
Casserius, Lib. v. C. xviii.  the Upper Eyelids denote those Dispositions more significantly, for says he, Qui enim hanc elatam habent, (speaking of the Upper Eyelids) Superbi & Feroces sunt; qui vero Depressam ac dimidium fere Oculum Claudentem, ita ut Terram adspicere videantur, Humiles ac Mites sunt. This Muscle Arises Sharp, and Fleshy, near the place where the Optic Nerve enters the Orbit, and becoming a Fleshy Belly makes a Thin Tendon Inserted to the Tunica Sclerotis on the Superior and Forepart of the Bulb of the Eye under the Adnata. (E.) 
Fig. two.    

Depressor Oculi.  
This, like the Former, Arises from the Profoundest Part of the Orbit, and like it passes directly to its Insertion to the Opposite part of the Globe of the Eye. (G.) 
Fig. two.    

Adductor Oculi.  
So called because it inclines its Pupil towards the Nose, and Bibitorius, it directing the Eye towards the Cup. The Origin and Progress of This is agreeable with the Two Former, and is Inserted to that part of the Tunica Sclerotis bordering on the Nose. (H. 
Fig. two.    

Abductor Oculi.  
So called from its Action in Retracting the Eye from the Nose; it is also called Indignabundus, because it is made use of in scornful resentments. This like the Three Former Arises where the Optic Nerve is Transmitted; and is Inserted like Them to that part of the Tunica Sclerotis, that respects the Lesser Canthus of the Eye, Opposite to the Implantation of the Former (F). When these Four Right 
Fig. two.  Muscles Act together, They Pull the whole Globe of the Eye into the Orbit, from whence it's Pulled Forwards again by the Two Obliqui as before.  
To these Mullinete adds another, 
Dissertat. Anatom. Cap. vi.  which he calls the Fifth Right Muscle; the Office of which he confines to the Motion of the Trochlea, (supposing it movable) but what he has said concerning it either as to its Existence or Use is so Obscure, if not Impossible, that We can see no Reason to give it any place or description amongst those other Muscles of the Eye. Neither could we ever discover by Dissection any such Muscle, but we suspect that part of the Orbicularis Palpebrarum, which adheres to the Trochlea, might occasion the Mistake, which I rather remark, because I find others upon Mullinete's Authority, without strict enquiry into the Matter, have fallen into the same Error.    

CHAP. IX. Of the Muscles of the Nose.  
THe Nose is altogether immovable, except in its Lower Gristly parts, which are not improperly called Alae or Pinnae, these by their approach or Recess, do Constringe, or 
De Dissect. Musc. Cap. iii.  Dilate, the Nostrils. Galen assigns but One Pair of Muscles to them, to which jacobus Beringarius of Carpus in his Commentary on Mindinus adds another, Arising from the extremities of the Bones of the Nose, and Inserted to the Inside of the Alae; wherein he is followed by Vesalius. Columbus 
Lib. two. Cap. xiii. De re Anatom. Lib. v. Cap. iv.  pretends those described by Galen belong to the Upper Lip, and that Those placed in the inside of the Nose (above mentioned) are entirely fictitious; Describing still another Pair Arising from the upper parts of the Bones of the Nose, and Inserted to their Alae. Falloppius is not positive 
Observat. Anatom.  whether he has seen Those Internal Muscles mentioned by Carpus and Vesalius; but Mr. Bvessier an Accurate Anatomist informs me he has frequently Observed them, adding that those Described by Columbus above mentioned do not properly belong to the Alae, but are rather parts of the Orbiculares Palpebrarum. Falloppius still 
Observat. Anatom.  describes another Muscle, not taken notice of before him, which latter Anatomists call Constrictor Alae Nasi; The Invention of which Placentinus assumes. 
Casser, Lib. iii. Cap. ix.  In Describing these Muscles we shall imitate the Order of Riolan and others, who divide them into Proper and Common.  
The Proper, are those which move the Alae only, as the Dilatores Alarum Nasi.  
The Common, are those which move the Alae together with the Upper Lip, as the Retractores, and Constrictores Alarm Nasi. First of the Proper.  

Dilatores Alarm Nasi.  
These are Small Thin Muscles, having a double Order of Fibres decussating each other, not unlike the Musculi Intercostales: They Arise from the Inferior and Internal parts of the Ossa Narium, and are soon Inserted to the superior parts of the Alae. These pull up the Alae and Dilate the Nostrils; but I am apt to think they are not found in all subjects.   

Retractores Alarm Nasi & Elevatores Labii Superioris.  
These were mentioned by Galen; They Arise Broad and Fleshy from the Fourth Bone of the Upper Jaw (5), 
Fig. xvii.  whence descending obliquely they are soon Inserted to the Upper Lip and Alae Nasi. (C.) 
Fig. i.   
The Constrictor Alae Nasi mentioned by Falloppius and Placentinus, we suspect to be altogether Fictitious.   

Constrictores Alarm Nasi ac Depressores Labii Superioris.  
These Arise Fleshy from the Foreparts of the Fourth Bones of the Upper Jaw, immediately above the Gums of the Dentes Incisorii, and ascending, are soon Inserted to the roots of the Alae Nasi, and superior parts of the Upper Lip. (D.) 
Fig. iii.   
When these Act they draw the Upper Lip and Alae downwards; by which means they bring the latter nearer each other. Hence, when we attempt the Reception of any Odoriferous Effluvia, the Upper Lip is pulled downwards.    

CHAP. X. Of the Muscles of the Cheeks and Lips.  
SInce Authors generally disagree concerning the Number, Description, and Use, of these Muscles; We shall not Insert their particular Differences.  
These Muscles of the Lips are either Common to the Cheeks and Lips, or to both Lips, or Proper to the Upper or Under Lip only.  
Those Common to the Cheeks and Lips, are Two Pair on each side, Two Muscles, (viz.) the Quadratus and Buccinator.  

Quadratus Genae, seu Tetragonus. 
Vesal. M. T. 3. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.   
By Galen called Platusma Muoides, 
De Mus. Cap. two.  or the Muscular expansion. This is a great square Muscle lying under the skin of the Neck, and is spread over the whole Inferior Region of the Face. It Arises Thin and Membranous, according to Galen, from the Spines' of the Vertebrae of the Neck; It also springs from the skin on the superior part of the Cuccularis, and Pectoral Muscle, from hence ascending under the skin of the Neck becomes Fleshy, and one part adhering to the Os Hyoides, is soon Inserted to the Middle of the Lower Jaw; The other Broader portion proceeding farther to its Implantation in the Cheeks below the Angle of the Lips.  
When both these Muscles Act, they pull down each Angle of the Mouth, together with the Cheeks, which Posture of the Face is the proper Expression of Sorrow. But if the Inferior Parts of these Muscles (which lie on the Neck) Act alone, they distend the superincumbent skin by making it Approach to a Direct Line with the Claviculae (14) and Lower Jaw Bone 
Fig. xvii.  (10), which otherwise is Indented according to the Formation of the part, where by a Double Chin (as they call it) is Represented.   

Buccinator.  
So called because in Trumpeters it Forces out the Breath. This Muscle does not spring from the Gums of the Upper, and end in those of the Nether Jaw; nor is it of that Figure which Vulgar Anatomists would persuade Us; or Intertext with various Orders of Fibres, as others Pretend. It Arises Broad and Fleshy from the Forepart of the Processus Corone (B) of 
Fig. iv.  the Lower Jaw Bone, from hence proceeding with direct Fibres it adheres to the Gums of Both Jaws, and is so Inserted to the Angle of the Lips. (K.) 
Fig. i.   
Through the middle of this Muscle Passes the Ductus Salivalis superior (d), which Placentinus had observed and 
Theat. Anatom. Lib. iii. Cap. lxix.  called Vinculum robustum (as Casper Bauhin writes.) Besides the Use Trumpeters makes of this Muscle, it also pulls the Lips or Mouth to one side.  
The Muscles Common to both Lips are such as are Inserted into the Angles of the Mouth, as the Zugomaticus, Elevator, Depressor, and Constrictor Labiorum.   

Zugomaticus.  
So called by Riolan because it arises 
Anthropog. Lib. v. Cap. 12.  from the Os jugale or Zugoma (9). 
Fig. xvii.  It's Origination is Round and Fleshy from the External part of the said Bone, whence Descending Obliquely Forwards is Inserted near the Angle of the Lips. (G.) 
Fig. i.   
When this Muscle and its Partner Act, they draw both Lips upwards, and make a Pleasant Countenance.   

Elevator Labiorum.  
This lies between the Former Muscle and Elevator Labii Superioris Proprius. It Ariseth from the Os Quartum of the Upper Jaw (5), and Descends 
Fig xvii.  Directly to its Insertion under the Termination of the Former. (D.) 
Fig. i.    

Depressor Labiorum.  
This Arises Fleshy from the Lower Edge of the Inferior Jaw Bone (10) 
Fig. xvii.  laterally, and Ascends Directly to its Insertion at the Angle of the Lips. (H.) 
Fig. i.   
This with its Partner and the Quadrati Acting express a sorrowful Countenance, in drawing down the Corners of the Mouth and Cheeks.   

Constrictor Labiorum it. Sphincter, & Orbicularis Labiorum.  
This environs the Lips with Orbicular Fibres, and when it Acts it Purses them, wherefore some name it Osculatorius. (F F.) 
Fig. i.   
The Muscles Proper to the Upper or Nether Lip in particular are three Pair, (viz.) Elevatores Labii superioris; Depressores and Elevatores Labii Inferioris: Of these in Their Order.   

Elevator Labii Superioris.  
This Arises Fleshy from the Forepart of the Os Quartum of the Upper 
Fig. xvii.  Jaw (5) immediately above the Elevator treated of before, and descends obliquely under the skin of the Upper Lip, joining with its Partner in a Middle Line, from the Septum Narium to its Termination in the Sphincter Labiorum. (EE.) 
Fig. i.    

Depressor Labii Inferioris.  
It's difficult to determine whether This be One only or Two Muscles. It lying between the Depressores Labiorum Communes (described above) possesses that part of the Lower Jaw called the Chin (10), and Ascending 
Fig. xvii.  with a direct and transverse order of Fibres is Inserted into the Nether Lip, 
Fig. i. 〈◊〉 Fig. iv. G. G.  in Depressing of which it Turns it Outwards. (I.)   

Elevator Labii Inferioris.  
This Muscle with its Partner lies within the Lower Lip. These We First Observed some time since, They Arise Fleshy from the Inferior Part of the Gums of the Lower Jaw, which belong to the Dentes Incisorii, and Descend Directly to their Implantations in the Inferior part of the Skin of the Chin (FF); hence it is when 
Fig. iv.  These Act they make divers Indentations in the Chin, as may be Observed in Living Persons when the Lower Lip is drawn upwards.    

CHAP. XI. Of the Muscles of the Auricula or Outward Ear.  
FAlloppius the Author of these Muscles, 
Observat. Anatom.  informs us there are sometimes found Three, belonging to each Auricle; the First or Attollens, the Second or Deprimens, and the Third which is part of the Platusma Myoides. These, he says, are sometimes wanting, though he has frequently seen them. Placentinus multiplies them to 
Casserius, Lib. iv. Cap. iv.  the number of Five; but M. Du Verney in his Accurate Treatise of the Ear describes Two only, whose Account we have found the truest from those Inquiries we have made into this Part.  

Attollens Auriculam.  
This consists of divers Fleshy Fibres, and is annexed to that part of the Pericranium that covers the Temporal Muscle, whence it Descends Directly to its Implantation at the superior part of the second Wrinkle of the Cartilege of the Ear. (M.) 
Fig. i.   
It's Name declares its Use.   

Retrahens Auriculam. 
Spigel. Lib. iv. T. I. F. I. T T.   
By some called Triceps Auris, because it has sometimes Three Beginnings. M. Du Verney says it is composed 
De l'Org. Del'Ovie.  of Five or Six Fleshy Fibres which have their Origination from the superior and Forepart of the Apophysis Mastoides, and Descend obliquely to their Insertion in the middle of the Concha Auriculae.  
N. These Muscles of the Internal Ear cannot be Demonstrated till after those of the Head are dispatched, and the Brain removed; but we shall follow the example of others, and insert their Descriptions in this place; it being also customary in the Myological Lectures at Surgeons Hall to show them in a dried Preparation from the precedent Subject.    

CHAP. XII. Of the Muscles of the Internal Ear.  
THese Muscles were altogether unknown to former Anatomists, the most Internal of those belonging to the Malleus is Accurately Described 
Opuscula, Anatomica.  by Bartholomeus Eustathius, and is called Internus Auris. Volckerus Coiter mentions Two Muscles lattent on the 
Anatom. Observat.  second Meatus or Concha commonly called Timpanum, but does not Describe them; his Observations being made from Brutes, we suspect one of them 
De Aure pars prim Lib. iv. Cap. xii. De Aure, Lib. iv. Cap. xiii.  was the Internal Muscle of Eustathius, and the other the Musculus Stapidis. Fabritius ab Aquapendente, and Casserius of Placentine contend for the invention of another lying in the Meatus Auditorius called Externus, in the description of which they are followed by most Anatomists except M. Du Verny, who (not taking notice of the Accounts of others, but Writing from Dissection only) Describes Two Muscles belonging to the Malleus, wherein he omits the External one of Aquaperdens and Placentinus, and in stead of it adds another which he also calls Externus, because it lies on the External Bony Paries of the Ductus, leading from the Palate to the Ear, which from its Position we call Obliquus Auris; hence it follows that Three Muscles belong to the Malleus, of which the first that appears in Dissection is the Externus of Aquapendens; the second is the Externus of Du Verny, which we call Obliqus Aurus, and the Third is the Internus of Eustachius; to which may be added the Fourth belonging to the Stapes, called Musculus Stapidis Described by Placentinus in Brutes, and in Man by Du Verny.  
For the better Demonstration of these Muscles (after the Dissection of the Brain and all the Muscles which arise from, or are Inserted to the Basis of the Cranium) Divide the Os Temporale with part of the Os Sphaenoides of one side, and the Os Occipitis on the other, from the rest of the Bones, (it being well cleared of the Muscles, Membranes and Vessels, that remain on it) with a small semicircular Chisel cut away the Inferior Part of the Meatus Auditorius, taking care not to Wound the Membrana Timpani. This Performed, you must be very cautious in Raising the Glandulous Membrane that Invests the Meatus, to which the External Muscle adheres. The other Two Muscles of the Malleus lying enclosed within the Os Petrosum require our next Inspection. First observe the last named Bone's Conjunction to the Os Sphaenoides, where with the Chisel lightly cut off their external Laminae, and the Obliqne external Muscle of Du Verny will appear, together with the Internal one of Eustachius. But if you still proceed to break off more of the Os Petrosum, you will not only have a Prospect of the Bony part of the Aqueduct, but the Articulation of the Malleus with the Incus, and the whole Cavity of the Timpanum. Wherein may be Observed the longer process of the last named Bone, joining with the Os Orbiculare, and Stapes, and the Tendon of the Musculus Stapidis, running out of a Perforation in the Os Petrosum, down to its Insertion in the Head of the Stapes, together with the Internal Surface of the Membrana Timpani, and the long Process of the Malleus lying on it.  

Externus Auris vel Laxator Externus. 
Fabricius ab Aquapen. De Aure. F. 17. r.   
This lies in the Upper Part of the Meatus Auditorius, having a short Fleshy Body with a long slender Tendon. It Arises from the External and Superior Margin of the Meatus Auditorius, soon becoming a slender Tendon passes directly to the Upper part of the Membrana Timpani, on which it Descends for some space to its Insertion in the long Process of the Malleus, where it is Contiguous to the said Membrane. This draws the Manabrium of the Malleus, together with the Membrana Timpani Forwards.   

Obliquus Auris. 
Du Verny De Organ. Auditus, T. 6. F. 5. C D. F. 7. E.   
This may be also called Semicircularis from its Position it lying in the External Parts of the Bony Channel of the Aquaeduct, whence marching somewhat Upwards and Backwards, it enters the Timpanum in a very obliqne Sinuosity Excavated immediately above the Bone where the Timpanum is Inchased, and is Inserted to the slender Process of the Malleus. The Sinuosity in which this Muscle passes is that which may be taken notice of in the Upper Part of the Bony Circle of the Faetus. This we don't find Described anywhere before Du Verny.   

Internus Auris. 
●●. T. 6. F. 5. E. F.   
This lies in a Bony Channel Excavated in the Os Petrosum, which makes one of the Parietes Timpani; one part of this Channel is without the Timpanum, and lies in the upper part of the Bony Passage which goes from the Ear to the Palate; the other Part which is within the Timpanum, advancing as far as the Fenestra Ovalis, makes in that Place a Rising, upon which, as on a Poultry, the Tendon of this Muscle passes to the other side of the Timpanum, and Inserts itself at the Posterior Part of the Handle of the Malleus a little below the Insertion of the External Muscle; by which means it draws it towards the Os Petrosum. The Origin of this Muscle is Precisely in that Place where the Bony part of the Aquaeduct Terminates. It is covered with a Nervous Coat which forms a Sheath, accompanying it in its whole progress, and binding it fast to the Channel. When this Muscle Acts it pulls the Manubrium of the Malleus towards the Os Petrosum, whereby the Membrana Timpani becomes somewhat Concave outwardly.  
In the Tendon of this Muscle in some Animals Schelhamar has sometimes 
Chap. iii. Sect. iv.  Observed a small Bone, which we suspect he mistook for the Musculus Stapidis, in which Tendon, my very good Friend, Dr. Adair, an Accurate Anatomist, lately communicated his Observation of it to me, as it appeared in a Calves Head, which at first sight may deceive the Enquirer, it being annexed to the Stapes, and in Figure like the Osculum Quartum of Silvius; but if you be careful in your Examination, you may find both in the same Organ; the latter commonly remaining on the long Process of the Incus when separated: but if if you leave the Stapes (C) in Situ, 
Fix. ix.  you may see in that Animal, the Origin, (E) Progress (F) & Insertion (C) of its Muscle, together with the Bone in its Tendon (F) as it passes over a Projection of the Os Petrosum, which composes the Foramen Rotundum (B) on which we suspect the Tendon of this Muscle Acts, as on a Trochlea, to which end that small Bone is placed, not unlike the Petella of the Knee and Ossa Sesamoidea of the Feet; which is an elegant Mechanism in Nature.   

Musculus Stapidis. 
Du Verny, T. 5. F. 8. F.   
This lies hid in a Bony Pipe, excavated in the Os Petrosum, almost at the Bottom of the Timpanum, whence it takes its Origin. It's Belly is big and Fleshy, and suddenly forming a very thin Tendon, which Descends to its Insertion at the Head of the Stapes. The Pipe, which contains the Belly of this Muscle, is about the sixth part of an Inch long, and is much larger than the Foramen, through which its Tendon Passes.  
When this Acts, it draws the Stapes upwards to the Foramen Ovale.  
The Order of Dissection obliges us to Examine the Muscles of the Os Hyoides next, to which end the Mastoidei must be raised on both sides of the Neck; the one being Freed from its Origination, and left at its Insertion; the other on the contrary may be raised from its Insertion, and left at its Origin. This done, the Biventral Muscles of the Lower jaw may be observed in their whole Progress, wherein may be Noted, that They Descend from their Originisations through the Stylohyoides to the Os Hyoides, where an Annulus is made on each side for the Transmission of their middle Tendons; after which They reascend to their Implantations. These being also Raised contrariwise like the abovementioned Mastoidei, and the Perforations of the Stylohoidei enlarged, thorough which each contrary end of These must be drawn, leaving the one at its Origination, and the other at its Insertion, till we come to Describe the rest of the Muscles which move the Lower jaw.    

CHAP. XIII. Of the Muscles of the Os Hyoides or Bone of the Tongue.  
SInce the Os Hyoides is fastened to the Tongue and Larynx, the Muscles which move it ought to be esteemed common to both. Authors Disagree concerning their Number, 
a Lib. two. Cap. xvii.  Velasius, 
b Lib. v. Cap. xii.  Columbus, 
c Lib. iv. Cap. vi.  Spigelius, etc. Describe Four Pair, (viz.) Sternohyoideum, Coracohyoideum, Stylohyoideum, and Geniohyoideum. To these, the Accurate 
d Obseru. Anatom.  Falloppius adds another Pair, which latter Anatomists call Mylohyoideum; the Invention of which, is Arrogated by Riolan, in his Animadversions in Caspar Bauhins Theatrum Anatomicum.  
All these Muscles of the Os Hyoides receive their Denominations, from their Originations and Insertions.  

Sternohyoideus. 
Bid. T. 15. F. i. F F.   
This does not Arise from the Upper part of the Sternum (31), as Anatomists 
Fig xvii.  generally write, but from the Internal part of the Clavicula (14) next 
Fig. xvii  it, where its Origination is Broad and Fleshy, and Ascends directly over the Sternothyreoideus and Larynx, of an equal Breadth and Thickness, to its Insertion at the Basis of the Fore Bone of the Os Hyoides. (S. S.) 
Fig. i.   
This with its Partner Acting, pulls the Os Hyoides, together with the Tongue and Larynx, directly downwards.   

Coracohyoideus. 
Ibid. G G.   
This does not Arise from the Processus Coracoides Scapulae (16), as Vulgar 
Fig. xvii  Anatomists pretend Its Origination being Round and Fleshy from the superior Costa of the Scapula, at the root of the said Process, whence, marching Obliquely under the Mastoideus, it becomes Tendinous, but growing Fleshy again, It's Inserted into the Basis of the Fore Bone of the Hyois, near the Implantation of the Former Muscle. (T. T.) 
Fig. i.   
This running under the Mastoideus as on a Trochlea, it there becomes Tendinous, not unlike the Digastricus of the Lower Jaw, wherefore, This by some is also Called Biventer. When It Acts together with Its Partner, They do not only assist the Former in drawing the Os Hyoides, Tongue and Larynx, downwards; but, They also pull them somewhat Inwards, towards the Vertebrae of the Neck.   

Stylohyoideus. 
Bid. T. 15. ●rope C.   
By some called Styloceratohyoideus, because it's said to be Inserted to the Horns of the Os Hyoides. It Arises sharp and Fleshy from the Processus Styloides (f), and soon growing larger, 
Fig. iii.  It Descends obliquely Forwards to the Os Hyoides, in half its Progress thither, its Fleshy Body is Divided, to give way to the Transmission of the Middle Tendon of the Digastricus of the Lower Jaw. This Muscle is well expressed (in situ) by Bidloo.  
This with its Companions, the Styloglossus and Stylopharyngoeus Acting on each side, do draw up the Os Hyoides, Tongue and Larynx, together with the Fauces in Deglutition; whereby the Masticated Aliment is not only Compressed into the Latter, (they being then Dilated) but the Epiglottis is Depressed, and adequately covers the Rimula of the Larynx by its Aproximation to it, by which means the Descent of the least Part of the Aliment into the Aspera Arteria is Hindered; which Mechanism in Nature is indeed very Admirable.   

Mylohyoideus. 
Bid. T. 15. F F.   
Though Falloppius and his Followers 
Dissertat. Anatom.  make this a Pair of Muscles, It seems not to be divisible without apparent Violence. It possesses all that space which is between the Lower Jaw and Os Hyoides; Arising Fleshy from both sides the Mandible (10) Internally 
Fig. xvii.  near the Dentes Molares (A), 
Fig. iii.  whence Marching with a double order of Fleshy Fibres, the outwardmost of which pass directly to their Implantation in the Os Hyoides; and the Middle run Transversly over the following Muscles, being inseparably joined to each other with a Middle Line, as is well expressed by Bidloo. T. 15.  
Besides the Uses commonly ascribed to this Muscle in moving the Os Hyoides Tongue, and Larynx, Upwards and Forwards, and to either side; its last Described Transverse Order of Fibres have still a further Use in Compressing the Glandulae Sublinguales who lie immediately under them on each side: whereby they Hasten the Egress of the Spittle from the Inferior Salival Ducts into the Mouth. Hence it is we employ these Muscles (as in the Action of Deglutition) when we want Saliva to moisten the Mouth: And in that Action also they supply it with fresh Saliva to join with those Aliments where Mastication is not required; which Artifice of Nature deserves our Admiration.   

Geniohyoideus. 
Bid. T. 15. F. 2. F F.   
This with its Partner are Short, Thick, and Fleshy Muscles, Arising from the Internal parts of the Lower Jawbone called the Chin (A), and 
Fig. iii.  Dilating themselves, are soon lessened again, and Inserted to the superior part of the Fore-Bone of the Os Hyoides.  
These Acting pull the Os Hyoides, etc. both Upwards and Forwards, and assist the Genioglossi in thrusting the Tongue out of the Mouth; of which in the following Chapter.  
All these Muscles of the Os Hyoides being raised from their Originations, and left at their Insertions, the whole Bone together with them may be taken out; by dividing its two extremes from the Two Processes of the Scutiformal Cartilege, and cutting off the Originations of the Ceratoglossi and Hyothyroeidei, (of which hereafter). This done they may be expanded on a Plain, as they are represented by Placentinus and Veslingius 
Casser. Lib. two. Syntag. Anatom. Cap. xi.  in their Figures; the latter of which calls the last Described Geneiohyoides, and the preceding Geneiohyoides par internum.    

CHAP. XIV. Of the Muscles of the Tongue.  
Author's assign various Numbers of Muscles to this Part. Some reckoning Eight, others Nine, some Ten, and others Eleven, amongst which they count the Tongue itself; with whom we shall not enter the List, contenting ourselves at present with their Descriptions only, as they have appeared to us in Dissection.  
N. These Muscles of the Tongue, like those of the Os Hyoides, are named from their Originations and Insertions.  
The Administrations of These is not Difficult, provided the Muscles of Os Hyoides are carefully Dissected.  

Genioglossus.  
This with its Partner lies immediately under the Described Geniohyoidei. They Arise Fleshy from the Forepart of the Lower Jaw Internally (A), and 
Fig. iii.  enlarging themselves, are inserted to the root of the Tongue. (DD.) 
Fig. v.   
When these Act they pull the Tongue Forwards, and Thrust it out of the Mouth.   

Ceratoglossus.  
This we cut from its Broad Fleshy Origination at the superior part of the Os Hyoides laterally, whence it Ascends to its Insertion at the Root of the Tongue. (C C.) 
Fig. v.   
This with its Partner Acting draw the Tongue into the Mouth directly; if One of them Acts only, it moves it to one side.   

Styloglossus.  
This Arises Sharp and Fleshy from the Processus Styloides (f), whence 
Fig. iii.  Descending Obliquely Forwards its Inserted to the root of the Tongue immediately below the Implantation of the Former. (E E.) 
Fig. v.   
This Pulls the Tongue Up and Inwards in the Action of Deglutition, as before noted.  
To these most Authors except Falloppius 
☞  add the Basioglossus, by some called Hypsiloglossus, Arising from the Os Hyoides, and Inserted to the Tongue, but whether there be such a Muscle our late Enquirers have not acquainted Us.    

CHAP. XV. Of the Muscles of the Larynx.  
THese Muscles of the Larynx are generally divided into Common and Proper.  
The Common Arise from other Parts, and are Inserted to it, concerning which, Galen and the Ancient Anatomists erred in their Accounts; reckoning Three Pair, of which the Oesophagiaeus is esteemed as One: But this Mistake is Corrected by Aquapendendente; 
De Lar. Cap. viij.  It being but One single Muscle, and belonging to the Gula, wherefore these are reckoned to be Two Pair only; (viz.) Sternothyroideum and Hyothyroideum.  
The Proper Muscles of this Part are such whose Rise and Termination are Confined to the Cartilages themselves. Falloppius and Aquapendente 
Observat. Anatom.  have both employed themselves in their Investigation: The First rectified the Ancient System, the Latter accurately Expressed them in his Figures. These are Four Pair, besides one single Muscle, (viz.) Cricothyroideum, Cricoarytaenoideum posticum, Cricoarytaenoideum laterale, Thyroarytaenoideum and Arytoenoideus.  
N. B. That all these Muscles of the Larynx (like those Treated of in the Two precedent Chapters) have their Denominations from their Originations and Insertions.  

Sternothyroideus. 
Bid. T. 15. F. i H H.   
This Arises Broad and Fleshy from the Upper and Internal part of the Sternum, (31) whence Ascending on the 
Fig xvii.  sides of the Windpipe over the Glandulae Thyroidei, it's Inserted to the Inferior part of the Thyroidal or Scutiformal Cartilege. This with its Partner Pulls the Larynx Downwards, and lengthens the Canalis or Distance between the Rimula and Tipto of the Tongue, (which latter we take to be the true Plectrum Vocis) whereby the Tone of the Voice is rendered Grave.   

Hyothyroideus. 
H●eron. Fab. ab Aquapen. De Lary. F. 23. n. 34. N.   
This Arises Fleshy from the inferior part of the Os Hyoides laterally, opposite to the Origination of the Ceratoglossus, and Descends directly to the lower part of the Scutiformal Cartilege near the Implantation of the Former.  
This with its Fellow draw the Larynx upwards in an Acute Tone of the Voice; the Canale of the Aspera Arteria being also streightened thereby.  
We proceed next to the Proper Muscles of the Larynx.  
In the Administration of These, the Musculus Oesophagioeus must be freed from both sides the Scutiformal Cartilege, and the Arytenoidal Cartilages divided from the Glottis, and the Aspera Arteria also separated from the Gula: Cut off the Former near the Bronchia, and the Dissection of the subsequent Muscles will be the better performed.   

Cricothyroideus. 
Idem. F. 26. R R.   
This is seated on the Forepart of the Larynx, and is a Short Thin Fleshy Muscle: Arising from the Forepart of the Cricoides, whence marching obliquely, is soon Inserted to the Scutiformis internally laterally.  
This by 
a De Musc. Cap. xii.  Galen and 
b Lib. two. Cap. xxi.  Vesalius is made Two Muscles; but in separating the Inferior processes of the Scutiformal Cartilege from the Anularis, you will find but One on each side, says Aquapendente: 
Fabrit. De Laryn. C. viij.  The Origination and Insertion of which is supposed by some to be e contrario, and that its Use is rather to pull up the Anularis than to bring down the Scutiformis nearer it; but the Controversy (we think) is of no moment, since all Muscles move the Parts less Stable to those more Fixed, as is Instanced in the Recti Abdominis after Spigelius. Chap. i pag. 26.   

Cricoarytaenoideus posticus. 
Aquapenden. F. 25. S S. 38. S.   
This lies on the back part of the Larynx, and is of a quadrangular Figure. It Arises from the Posterior part of the Anular Cartilege, filling a shallow depresure of it with Fibres ascending Obliquely outwards, to their Insertion at the lowermost part of the Arytenoidal Cartilege.  
This with its Partner serve for the Apertion of the Rimula; which will plainly appear, if with your Knife you repress this Muscle, the Arytaenoidal Cartilege will then be opened thereby.   

Cricoarytaenoides lateralis. 
Id. F. 24. 32. 33. V   
This is a small, short, Fleshy Muscle, Arising from the Cartilago Cricoides laterally, and Ascending obliquely is Inserted to the Arytenoidal Cartilege near the Implantation of the Former Muscle.  
This pulls the Arytaenois sideways, and thereby opens the Rimula.   

Thyroarytaenoideus. 
Aquapen. 24. M. 32. 33. xxx.   
This is the largest of all the Proper Muscles of the Larynx. It Ariseth together with its Partner in the Internal and Concave part of the Scutiformal Cartilege, from whence they Ascend to their Implantations at the Foreparts of the Arytaenoides.  
When these Act, they approach the Cartilages to which they are Fixed, and shut the Rimula. The Contraction of these Muscles through an Inflammation in an Angina will bring sudden Death, which Case I remember I heard the late Dr. Croon say he had once Observed in Dissection.   

Arytaenoideus. 
Id. F. 25. 38. T.   
This is the smallest Muscle belonging to the Larynx, it's in the Opinion of some Double, but has always appeared to us Single. It Arises from the External part of one of the Arytenoidal Cartilages, and running Transversly, is Inserted to the other.  
This pulls the Arytenoidal Cartilages nearer each other, and shuts the Rimula Adequately.  
The Opinion of Dr. Croon (as it's related by Dr. Gibson) concerning the 
Book v. Chap. xi.  Use of these Muscles, we can by no means Approve.    

CHAP. XVI. Of the Muscles of the Fauces.  
RIolan not only pretends to the Invention 
Animad. in Spigel. & Vestin.  of these Muscles, but assumes the Discovery also of those of the Gargareon, though they were most Accurately Described before him by 
Observat. Anatom.  Falloppius under the general Title of the Muscles of the Fauces. Neither Vesalius nor Columbus mentions These, or those of the Gargareon, though the Former are partly described by Galen, Oribasius, and Avicenna, as 
* Histor. Anatom. Lib. v. Cap. ix.  Laurentius observes. Latter Writers have followed the Erroneous System of Riolan, who, as I am apt to think, either took Falloppius his Account upon Trust, or was not willing to diminish his Number of those belonging to the Fauces, lest it might appear Those of the Gargarion were also Described by him. Finding the History of these Muscles so confused, We thought it necessary to give a Figure of them to 
Fig. vi.  render our Account more Intelligible.  

Stylopharyngeus.  
This has a Round, Sharp, and Fleshy Origination at the root of the Processus Styloides, (with the above treated Styloglossus) whence descending obliquely, it expands itself at its Termination on the Internal Glandulous Membrane of the Fauces, in the middle of which its joined with its Partner. (AA.) 
Fig. vi.   
These Acting draw the Fauces upwards, and Dilate Them in order to receive the Masticated Aliment in Deglutition.  
These being Cut from their Originations, the next that offer themselves to the Knife are those which fasten this Part to the Basis of the Cranium, which according to Riolan and others 
Anthrop. Lib. v. Cap. nineteen.  consist of Two Pair of Muscles; but to us rather seem to be but one Muscle with Two Fleshy Beginnings springing from the Processus Pterigoidei, wherefore we Call it Pterigopharyngeus.   

Pterigopharyngeus.  
This Arises Thin and Fleshy from both Pterigoidal processes of the Os Cuneiforme, also from the Root of the Tongue and extremities of the Os Hyoides; from these Places its Fleshy Fibres run in a semicircular manner, embracing the superior and Back part of the Glandulous Membrane of the Fauces, where they meet in a middle line. (B B.) 
Fig. vi.   
When this Muscle Acts it brings the Middle or Back part of the Faucés towards a Plain, by which means, the Tonsils, together with the rest of the Glandules, are Compressed in the Evacuation of their Mucus, to join with the Aliment in its Descent into the Stomach in Deglutition. And at other times to promote Screation, in which This Muscle is the chief Instrument; That the Tonsilae approach towards each other, is Observable when we Inspect these Parts in living Persons.   

Oesophageaeus seu Sphincter Gulae.  
This seems to be a continuation of the Former; Arising from each side the Scutiformal Cartilege, and like it passes to a Middle line on the Back part of the Fauces. (C. C.) 
Fig. vi.   
This does not only assist the Former in Compressing the Masticated Aliment into the Gula, but is thought by some to straighten the Scutiformis, and render the Tone of the Voice more Acute.  
To these may be added the Perforated Muscle of the Gula, as Dr. Willis calls it.   

Vuginalis Gulae.  
Steno supposes this to consist of a double order of spiral Fibres mutually intercussating each other. Dr. Willis 
Pharma. Rational. Cap. two. Sect. two.  says the whole Oesophagus seems to consist of Two Muscles, which make Four Parallellograms with their opposite Fibres decussating each other. But in Man we find it far otherwise, in whom the Fibres of this Muscle are Longitudinal, and Obliqne; the Former seem to take their Original at the Arytenoidal Cartilages, and passing somewhat Obliquely to the Back part of the Oesophagus (BB), 
Fig. seven.  descend to the Stomach: The Latter (AA) seem to be a continuation of the last treated of Muscles, descending obliquely in a spiral manner not unlike 
Dissertat. in Lib. de Febribus intermittentibus.  those of the Intestines Described by the Learned Dr. Cole.    

CHAP. XVII. Of the Muscles of the Gargareon.  
THese were First Described by 
ᵃ Obseru. Anatom.  Falloppius, as was above noted, amongst those of the Fauces. Riolan 
ᵇ Anthropog. Lib. v. C. xx.  First Ascribed Them to this Part, and Gave Them the Names of Pterigostaphylinus Internus and Externus, which Appellations not pleasing the late Dr. Croon, (to whose Memory we shall 
In his Learned Lectures in Surgeons Hall.  ever pay a Just Defferance for his generous Encouragement of our Young Endeavours) he changed them for that of Sphaenopalatinus, and Pterigopalatinus, or Sphaenopterigopalatinus; for which Reason he has been Vulgarly Reputed Their First Discoverer. Neither did he propose a Third Pair, as Dr. Gibson 
Book v. Chap. xii.  conceives.  

Sphaenopalatinus. 
●slingius Tab. Cap. xi. b b.   
This descends from a Round Fleshy Origination at a Process of the Os Sphaenoides (X), which is in a Direct 
Fig. iii.  Line between the Ala Vespertilionis (P), and Processus Styloides (f), becoming a Round Fleshy Belly, in half its Progress grows less again near its lateral Insertion to the Posterior part of the Gargareon.  
This with its Partner Acting Draw the Gargareon with the Vuula Upwards and Backwards; which hinders the Masticated Aliment from Regurgitateing through the Foramina Narium in Deglutition.   

Pterigopalatinus seu Sphaenopterigopalatinus. 
abide. c c.   
The Former Appellation intimating its Progress and Insertion; the Latter its Origin also. This Arises from the same Process of the Os Sphaenoides, as the Preceding Muscle, and like it, Descends according to the length of the Interstice made by the Internal Ala of the Os Sphaenoides and Musculus Pterigoideus Internus (B) of the Lower 
Fig. iii.  Jaw; and becoming Tendinous, marches over the Processus Pterigoides, and is Inserted to the Forepart of the Gargareon.  
The Tendon of This, passes over the Pterigoidal Process, which like a Poultry gives It a Different Power from that of the Former Muscle, though they have both their Origin from the same Place. Wherefore, contrary to the Preceding. This Draws the Gargareon Forwards and Downwards; which Contrivance in Nature is no less remarkable than any of those where the like Artifice of a Trochlea is made Use of.  
N. Now all the Muscles of the Lower jaw may be Dissected; its Depressors being left at Their respective Originations and Insertions, as before, Chap. XII. Page 72.    

CHAP. XVIII. Of the Muscles of the Lower jaw.  

a De Mus. Cap. seven.  GAlen, 
b Lib. two. Cap. xv.  Vesalius, and other Anatomists Describe Four Pair of Muscles belonging to the Lower Jaw, (viz.) Temporales, Masseteres, Digastrici, and Pterigoidei. To These Falloppius adds a Fifth by later Authors called Pterigoidei Externi. And Riolan a sixth 
Lib. v. Cap. xv.  the Quadratus Genae, by him named Musculus Latus, already described Ch. X.  

Temporalis it. Crotaphites. 
Fig. i L.   
This has a large Semicircular Fleshy Beginning, from part of the Os Frontis (2), Syncipitis (1), Sphaenoides, 
Fig. xvii.  and Temporalis (3), from these places its Fibres pass (like Lines drawn from a Circumference to a Centre) under the Os jugale (9), from whence also Arise some Fleshy Fibres joining with the Former at their United, partly Tendinous and partly Fleshy Insertion, to the Upper part of the 
Fig. iv.  Processus Corone of the Lower Jaw. (B.)  
This with its Partner draws the Lower Jaw upwards. We could never Observe those Dreadful Symptoms Authors Relate in Wounds of this Muscle, though part of it has been Divided to Apply the Trepan in Fractures of the Cranium.   

Masseter.  
This is a short, Thick, partly Fleshy, and partly Tendinous Muscle; Arising Forwards from the Os Primum Maxillae superioris (6) Backwards from 
Fig. xvii.  the Os jugale (9), from hence Descending (with Fibres, decussating each other in Acute Angles) is Inserted to the Inferior and External part of the Lower Jaw Bone.  
This Assists the Former in its Office. The Ductus Salivalis Superior passing over this Muscle, is a Provident Contrivance in Nature to Accellerate the Motion of Saliva in Mastication. The next which offers itself to our Consideration is the Digastricus, by some called Graphoi 〈…〉 s, imagining it to Arise from the Styloidal Process.   

Digastricus seu Biventer. 
●id. T. ●5. F. i ●BB.   
So called from its peculiar conformation, having Two Bellies. It Arises Fleshy from the Forepart of the Processus Mastoides (8), whence Descending 
Fig. xviii. Fig. iii. G.  it becomes Tendinous, passing through the Stylohoideus and an Annular Ligament laterally fastened to the Os Hyoides; from which Bone some Tendinous Fibres do Arise and join with its Second Fleshy Belly, Ascending from thence to its Insertion at the Middle of the Inferior part of the Lower Jaw. The Middle Tendon of this Muscle and its Partner passing through Two Annular Ligaments Fixed to the Os Hyoides, as Ropes through a Double Pully is a Wonderful contrivance of the Author of Nature to render them capable of Pulling the Lower Jaw Down, which had their Progress been Direct from their Originations, they could not have performed. Nor is there any Processes whether of the Vertebrae of the Neck, or the Neighbouring Parts, that could give an Origination to these Muscles, below their Insertions, as in some Quadrupeds; Wherefore the Divine Architect of Human Bodies has placed this Double Poultry below their Terminations, whereby they Perform their designed Office. Hence Deglutition is hindered, when these Muscles are in action, they then preventing the Ascent of the Tongue and Larynx. Neither can we at that time draw the Lower Jaw down because the Centre of direction is pulled upwards. Wherefore we are obliged on that occasion to keep the Jaws close together. But in Dogs and other Voracious Animals who have these Muscles Arising from the Transverse Processes of the First Vertebra of the Neck, these Actions are not Dependent; whence it is they devour their Aliment so Quick.   

Pterigoideus Internus.  
So called from its Origin and Situation. It Arises partly Tendinous and partly Fleshy from the Processus Pterygoides or Aliformis of the Os Sphaenoides, whence it Descends to its Implantation at the Internal and Inferior part of the Lower Jaw Opposite to the Termination of the Masseter. (B.) 
Fig. iii▪   
Either of these Acting draws the Jaw to the Contrary side, if Both Act they assist the Temporales and Masseteres.  
N. To discover the Following Muscle the Two last Named on either side must be removed. But if you still desire a fairer Prospect of it, with a Chissel Cut off part of the Processus Corone, together with the Os Jugale.   

Pterigoideus Externus.  
This like the Former receives its Name from its Situation and Origin: It Arising from the External Part of the said Processus Pterigoides, (P) and superior 
Fig. iii▪  part of the Os Sphaenoides (C) seated in the cavity of the Temples opposite to the Os jugale (9), and runs Backwards 
Fig. xvii.  to its Insertion at the Neck of 
Fig. iii. E. Fig. iv.  the Processus Condyloides (AA) of the Lower Jaw.  
When This and its Partner Act, They draw the Lower Jaw Forwards; and Force the Teeth of the Inferior Jaw beyond those of the Superior, as Falloppius their first Describer observes. 
Observat. Anatom.     

CHAP. XIX. Of the Muscles of the Thorax.  
TO this Part Two Movements may be ascribed. The First of the Whole Chest with its Contents on the Vertebrae of the Back. The other of the Parts which circumscribe its Cavity (viz.) the Ribs, by whose successive Elevation and Depression the included space is enlarged or diminished. This Constant Vicissitude is necessary for the great Work of Respiration, without which no Animal Body can subsist The Muscles or Instruments of its Motion are distinguished into Proper and Common.  
The Proper are such as are peculiar to it, and have their Rise and Termination confined within the Limits of the Thorax.  
The Common, are such, which tho' they regard the adjacent Parts, yet chief respect This; of These, some are Principal Inserted here, and immediately moving This, together with Those Parts from which they are derived; Others are Auxiliary, and only move the Contiguous Bodies, whose subordinate Actions Contribute to the better performing the Grand Motion. Thus the Elevation of the Scapulae is required in Ordinary Respiration, without which, the Serrati could not Act. Thus in Asmatic Persons, Peripneumonies, Pleurisies, or other Cases, where these Parts are Inflamed or Obstructed in the due Execution of their Office; the Extension of the Vertebrae of the Neck becomes necessary for the Introsusception of Air through the Aspera Arteria and Repletion of the Vesiculae of the Lungs.  
Of the Muscles Proper to the Thorax which appear on the Fore Part, ᵃ Riolan, ᵇ Caspar Bauhin, and others 
Anthro. ●ib. v. ●ap. xxxi.  reckon Three Pair (viz.) Subclavius, Serratus Major anticus, and Triangularis, 
Theat. ●natom. ●ib. iv. ●ap. vi.  to which ᶜ Falloppius adds six more (viz.) three on each side, by us called Scalenus Primus, Secundus, and Tertius; 
Obseru. ●natom.  But in our Distribution we shall rather place the two First together with the Three Last among the Muscles common to This and the Neighbouring Parts, and add the jutercostales to the Triangularis, which together are all the Proper Muscles seated before.  

Intercostales externi & Interni. 
Bid. Tab. 26. F. i. C C. A A.   
These are placed in the Intervals of the Ribs as their Names Declare. Their Number on each side is Twice Eleven, equal to the Number of the Interstices in which they are lodged. Their Originations are differently assigned by Anatomists, but we shall acquiesce in the Opinion of Dr. Muyow (after Steno) who thinks both (viz.) Intercostales Externi, and Interni, do Arise from the Lower Edge of each Superior Rib, and are inserted to the Upper edge of each Inferior one. These are Thin and Fleshy; the Fibres of the External pass from above Obliquely downwards to the Forepart or Ossa Pubis (38): Those of the Internal, 
Fig. xvii▪  descend in like manner obliquely towards the Backpart or Os Sacrum (O): 
Fig. xvii▪  Their Fibres Decussating each other like the Letter X.  
The Sternum being raised by dividing its Cartilages on each side from the Bony end of the Ribs, the following Muscle will appear underneath.   

Triangularis. 
Bid. Tab. 2. F. i BB.   
This with its Partner lies on each side the Cartilago Ensiformis (32) within 
Fig. xvii.  the Cavity of the Thorax under the Sternum (I); some times this appears to 
Fig. xviii.  be Three, at other times Four distinct Muscles on each side. It Arises from the Inferior part of the Os Pectoris, whence its Upper part Ascends, and Lower Descends to its Implantations at the Bony end of the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and sometimes Seventh, and Eighth Ribs, near their Conjunctions with their Cartilages.  
It's reputed Use by most (if not all) Anatomists, is to Contract the Breast.  
The second Order of Muscles (viz.) such which move the Thorax in Common with the Contiguous Parts to which They are affixed; Comprehends the three Scaleni, two Serrati Antici, Sabclavius, and Diaphragma.   

Scalenus primus. 
Vesal. M. ●. 8. C.   
This Arises Fleshy from the Forepart of the Second, Third, and Fourth Transverse Processes of the Vertebrae of the Neck (n n); and Descending 
Fig. xviii.  Obliquely Forwards, becomes Tendinous at its Insertion to the First Rib (i); The Axiliary Nerves pass 
Fig. xvii.  between This and the Following Muscle.  
It's Use is to draw the superior Rib together with the rest Upwards in Inspiration.   

Scalenus Secundus. 
Vesal. M. T. 14. M.   
This springs Fleshy from the Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Transverse Processes of the Vertebrae of the Neck (n n), laterally (like the Former); 
Fig. xviii.  in its Descent it becomes Thin, and Tendinous, marching over the First Rib to its Insertion in the Second and sometimes to the Third.   

Scalenus Tertius. 
Idem N.   
This has its Beginning near the Former, from the same Transverse Processes of the Vertebrae of the Neck; as also from the Fifth and Sixth of those Processes, and is soon Inserted to the First Rib.  
These Three last Treated of Muscles are called Scaleni from their Figure, having three unequal sides. Though they are most commonly Enumerated and Described among those of the Neck, to whose Motion they are subservient, yet the Judicious Falloppius 
Observat. Anatom.  duly considering the Subclavius and Serratus Superior Posticus to be insufficient for the Elevation of the Chest, assigns These part of that Office.   

Subclavius. 
Ibid. T. 5. Z. Spig. T. 18. Lib. 4. F.   
This next presents itself to the Knife. It Arises Fleshy from the Inferior part of half the Clavicula (14), 
Fig. xvii.  next its connection with the Spina Scapulae (15), hence its Fibres Descend Obliquely Forwards to its Insertion at the superior part of the First Rib (i) near the Sternum. It's Use is intimated above; but Spigelius who has written 
Lib. iv. Cap. ix.  a Chapter expressly about this Muscle, pretends it Depresses the Clavicula, for which Opinion he Argues strenuously, and to this purpose relates an Observation from Hypocrates, that when the Clavicula is Fractured near the Sternum that next part visibly Ascends, and that part next the Scapula, together with the Humerus, falls down; but if it's Fractured near the Scapula, than neither part Rises; which, as our Author not absurdly Conjectures, to depend on the Termination of this Muscle. In the first Case, it draws the Clavicula, together with the Humerus downwards, the Fracture being betwixt its Insertion and the contrary end of the Bone that is fixed to the Sternum. In the Latter, it being Fractured on that part where it's Inserted it may draw the ends of the Bone nearer each other.   

Serratus Minor Anticus. 
Vesal. M. T. 5. T: id. T. 4. K.   
Anatomists generally reckon this Muscle amongst those of the Scapula; but we are persuaded from its Position that it may be equally serviceable to the Thorax, in Elevating those Ribs it is Inserted to: Wherefore we offer it Indifferently, whether belonging to one, or the other; but choose to Insert it in this place, because it now appears in Situ. If due Care be not taken in raising the Pectoralis, you will be in danger of Wounding this. It Arises Fleshy from the Processus Coracoides Scapulae (16), and Descends Obliquely 
Fig. xvii.  Forwards, becoming Broader and Thinner, and is Inserted Fleshy to the Bony part of the Second (k), Third (l), Fourth (m), and Fifth Ribs (n). If the Scapulae are Elevated by their Proper Muscles, This with its Partner are then capable of Dilating the Breast in Large Inspirations. But if they are Depressed, it may be easily conceived with what Difficulty that Action must then be Performed.   

Serratus Major Anticus. 
Ibid. T. 2. OOO.   
This Arises Fleshy from the whole Basis Scapulae, and Passing under the Subscapularis it becomes Broader and Thicker, still running somewhat Forwards till it's Inserted to the Eight superior Ribs laterally (i k l m n o p q) 
Fig. xvii.  by so many Distinct Fleshy portions or Digituli, representing the Teeth of of a Saw; The Two and sometimes Three Inferior of which are Indented with the Obliquus Descendens of the Abdomen, as was before noted. This like the Former Dilates the Thorax, or Moves the Scapulae Forwards and Downwards when its Muscles are relaxt.  
The next Muscle belonging to the Thorax, and appears as the Body lies Supine, is the Diaphragm. We shall not here enumerate the many Names bestowed on this Part, our Task being only at Present to consider it as a singular Muscle elegantly Framed for those Uses for which the Author of Nature has designed it.   

Diaphragma. 
Bid. T. 52. B C D E F G H.   

a Specim. Myologiae.  Steno supposes this to be a Digastric Muscle. 
b Diaphr. Structur. Cap. two.  Caspar Bartholin conceiving it Double, calls the Lower part springing from the Vertebrae of the Back and Loins the Musculus Inferior, and the Opposite Arising from the Cartilaginous End of the Ribs, the Superior: or Imagines it Trigastrical, as above noted Chap. I. Which latter Opinion of his seems to quadrate to this Part in Birds. But whether we may suppose it One or Two Muscles in Man, is a matter more of Controversy then Use. It's Inferior part Arises partly Tendinous and partly Fleshy on the Right, from the First (u), Second (w) and Third Vertebrae 
Fig. xvii.  of the Loins (x); on the Left from the Last, and Last but one of the Back, hence Ascending with Fleshy Fibres on each side running Straight, but in the middle pass somewhat Curvedly, intersecting each other do as it were embrace the Oesophagus, after which they become Tendinous, and join with its Upper part, which Arises Thin and Membranous, but soon grows Fleshy at the whole Inferior Margin of the Cartilaginous end of the Ribs, and lower part of the Os Pectoris; whence, its Fleshy Fibres like Lines drawn from a Circumference towards a Centre, pass to its Middle part, where its Tendinous Fibres are Intercussated with each other, and exhibit a Rete. It has Two large Perforations, the One in its Tendinous part to Transmit the Vena Cava towards the Right Auricle of the Heart; the other in its Fleshy part, which like an Anulus embraces the Oesophagus (as above noted). It's double Origin at the Vertebrae (34) 
Fig. xvii.  gives way to the Descending Trunk of the Arteria Magna, and Two Ascending of the Ductus Chyliferus and Vena Azygos.  
It's Use in the Animal Oeconomy is too Large to be Inserted in this place. Pecquet observes when all the Muscles of Respiration are separated and removed, the Diaphragma and Intercostales excepted, the Animal still persists to Breath. When we Inspire, its superior surface comes towards a Plain. In Expiration it's Convext towards the Thorax, and Concave towards the Abdomen. In the Former the Viscera of the Lower Belly are Compressed, and the Cavity of the Thorax enlarged. In the Latter the Air is expressed out of the Vesciculae of the Lungs.  
We might here Insert another singular Muscle the Heart, but it not being an Instrument of Voluntary Motion, or moving any other Part besides itself and the Blood, we shall therefore leave it, being sufficiently sensible how Accurately Dr. Lower, Vieusenius, and Others have Described and represented it in their Figures. The rest of the Muscles that appear on the Body lying Supine, do partly belong to the Head, Neck, and Limbs, of which in their Proper Order.  
N. To Prosecute our Work We must now lay the Subject in a Prone Position the Back Uppermost, continuing our Section from the Occiput down to the Os Sacrum, Intersecting it with a Transverse Line over the Regio Lumbalis. Which done, and the Common Integuments removed, the Subjacent Muscles may be best Dissected in the following Order.    

CHAP. XX. Of the Muscles of the Scapula or Shoulderblade.  
THese Muscles Constitute the Third Order of those belonging to the Thorax. The Reason of this Division may be seen before. pag. 98 and 99  

Cucullaris, & Trapezius. 
Vesal. M. T. 9 E K, G H.   
So named because this with its Fellow covering the Back Represents a Cowl. It Arises Fleshy from the Os 
Fig. xviii.  Occipitis (2), Tendinous from the Ligamentum Colli, and Apex of the Spine of the last Vertebra of the Neck (f), and Eight superior of the Thorax (PP), 
Fig. xviii.  from which Broad Origination becoming Thick and Fleshy, it's so Inserted to the Clavicula (11), and Tendinous to the Spina Scapulae (16), Each Muscle is Triangular, and both conjointly compose a Lozenge or Trapezium, whose large Diameter extends from the Occiput to the Fifteenth Vertebra; the shorter from near the Extremity of the Spina Scapuloe on one side, to that of the other. They contain a Triple Series of Fibres; the Middle passing directly Transverse from the First Vertebra of the Thorax: those Above Descend, and those beneath Ascend to their Insertion; whereby the Scapula is variously moved according to their Directions, either Obliquely Upward, Directly Back, or Obliquely Downwards.  
N. You must proceed with Caution in the separation of this Muscle, lest you Raise the following with it, which adheres very strictly to its Tendinous part, where it springs from the Superior Spines' of the Vertebrae Thoracis.   

Rhomboides. 
●id. G. H. I. K.   
So called from its Figure. It lies immediately under the Former, in some Subjects we have found it divided into Two distinct Muscles on each side, which Bidloo also observes. It Arises Tendinous from the Two Inferior Spines' of the Vertebrae of the Neck (e f), and Four Superior of the 
Fi. xviii.  Thorax (PP), whence descending Obliquely, becomes Thick and Fleshy, and is so Inserted to the whole Basis Scapulae (13, 13).  
When it Acts, it draws the Scapula Upwards and Backwards.  
N. This adheres strictly to its Subjacent Muscle the Serratus Superior Posticus, wherefore you must be cautious in Raising it.   

Levator Scapulae. 
Ibid. C.   
By some called Levator Patientiae, because we make use of it in large Inspirations, in order to Expire, as when we Sigh, (as they call it.) This lies immediately under the Cucullaris, arising by so many separate Originations from the Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Transverse Processes of the 
Fi. xviii.  Vertebrae of the Neck (nn), which uniting into one large Fleshy Body, Descends Obliquely to its Insertion at the Superior Angle of the Scapula (13). It's Name declares its Office.  
N. We proceed next to the Muscles of the Thorax which appear on the Backside, the Body lying Prone; to discover which, the Latissimus Dorsi must be removed, part of it being raised in the Ilia in Dissecting the Muscles of the Abdomen, where you must pursue its Separation, first Cutting it from the Posteriour part of the Spine of the Ilium (30), separating it (if possible) from the Serratus Inferior Posticus; Freeing it from the Spines' of the Loins (RR), and Inferior of the Thorax (PP), and leave it at its Insertion to the Os Humeri (19). This done on both sides, the rest of the Muscles of Respiration offer themselves.    

CHAP. XXI. Of the Muscles of the Thorax, which Appear, the Body Lying Prone.  
THose of the Forepart we examined, Chap. XVIII. the same Order we shall here Observe. First therefore of the Proper Muscles relating to this Part.  

Serratus superior posticus. 
Vesal. M. T. 11. F.   
This lies immediately under the Rhomboides, as above noted. It Arises with a Thin Tendon from the Two Inferior Spines' of the Vertebrae of the 
Fig. xviii.  Neck (f g), and Three superior of the Thorax (PP), from thence Descending Obliquely over the Splenius Capitis, and Upper Parts of the Sacrolumbalis, and Dorsi Longissimus, it becomes Fleshy, marching under the Scapula to its Insertion at the Curvature of the Second (i), Third (k), and Fourth Ribs (l), by so many distinct Fleshy End, Representing the Teeth of a Saw.  
This assists in Elevating the Ribs or Thorax.   

Serratus inferior posticus. 
Vesal. M. T. 11. Δ.   
The Origination of this Muscle is much Larger than Authors generally assign it; In a Robust Subject we Observed its Continuation not only from the Spines' of the Vertebrae of the Loins (RR), but from all those of the 
Fig. xviii.  Thorax (PP), as well underneath as below the Former Muscle; its Superior and Inferior Parts being entirely Tendinous, its Middle growing Fleshy near its Serrated Termination at the Curvature of the Ninth (q), Tenth (r), Eleventh (s), and Extremity of the Twelfth Ribs (t): The Ductus of Fibres of This passing Transverse, and those of the Precedent Descending Obliqne; do Decussate each other in Acute Angles; which Riolan has well Observed, 
Anthrop. Lib. v.  and contrary to the Opinion of Authors, assigns It with its Partner a different Use, in Depressing the Thorax, Both performing the Office of a Bandige in Binding together and Constringing the Posterior Muscles of the Spine, not unlike those constructive Enclosures of the Thigh and Cubit hereafter mentioned.  
The Common Muscles referred to the Thorax, and appearing on the Backside, are the Sacrolumbi. However We think these may be included among those of the Back, yet in imitation of most Authors we shall Treat of them in this place.   

Sacrolumbalis. 
Ibid. Q.   
This with the Dorsi Longissimus have their Origination in Common; Externally They are Tendinous as They spring from the Posterior part of the Spine of the Os Ilium (30), and Superior 
Fig. xviii.  Spine of the Sacrum (34), and all the Spines' of the Vertebrae of the Loins (RR); Internally it Arises Fleshy, not only from those Parts, but from the Transverse Processes of the last named Vertebrae (u w x y z); whence with direct Fibres Ascending before it marches over the Last Rib (t) it's divided into Two Fleshy Bodies, the Outward most of which is called Sacrolumbus, whose Fibres ascend directly, and make so many Thin Tendons as there are Ribs to whom they are Inserted; which are joined with so Accessary Muscles, Arising from each Rib, and united with them before their Insertions as they pass over the Superior, as Steno has well Observed. 
Specimen Myologiae.  And This Order or Multiformed disposition of it, is continued the whole length of the Thorax to the Third, Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Vertebra of the Neck, which Superior Part is by Diemerbroeck made a distinct Muscle, 
Lib. v. Cap. vi.  and called Cervicalis descendens. Now all the Muscles of the Head may be examined.    

CHAP. XXII. Of the Muscles of the Head.  
THe Head is moved by Muscles that are either Common or Proper.  
The Common are those which move the Head together with the Vertebrae of the Neck, which shall be described in the following Chapter; under the Title of the Muscles of the Neck.  
The Proper are those, which move the Head together with the first Vertebra of the Neck only, the rest remaining unmoved, of which Latter Anatomists, as 
a Lib. iv.  Speigelius, 
b Cap. xii.  Veslingius, and others reckon seven pair, viz. Mastoidei, Splenii, Complexi, Recti Majores, Recti Minores, obliqui Superiores & obliqui Inferiores; But 
c Lib. De Disset Muscul e● Galeno, Cap. x.  Oribasius adds two pair more, who is followed by 
d Obseru. Anatom.  Falloppius, which shall be described here, as They Arise in Dissection, together with another pair of Muscles, not mentioned by any Author, (for what I know) but first observed by me sometime since.  

Splenius. 
Bid. T. 16. AA.   
So called from its Figure, somewhat representing an Ox's Spleen, It Ariseth partly Tendinous and partly Fleshy, from the four superior Spines' of the Vertebrae of the Thorax (PP), 
Fig. xviii.  which Lower part seems to be Distinct from its superior, which Ariseth from the Spines' of the two Inferior Vertebrae of the Neck (f g): The former Ascending obliquely grows Fleshy, and becomes Tendinous again at its Insertion to the Second, Third, and Fourth Transverse Processes of the Vertebrae of the Neck (n n): The latter in like 
Fig. xviii.  manner Ascending obliquely outward, grows Fleshy, and is so Inserted to the Occiput (2), part of it lying under the implantation of the Mastoideus (C). 
Fig. viij.  Although this Muscle by Anatomists be reckoned amongst the Proper Muscles of the Head, yet when it Acteth it must necessarily move the Second and Third Vertebrae of the Neck (to which it is Inserted) obliquely backwards; But Acting with its Partner it pulleth them directly backwards.   

Complexus. 
Ibid. F G H.   
Or Implicatus according to Laurentius, 'tis also called Tergeminus from its being said to have Three Beginnings as some imagine, which we could never as yet observe in Dissection. 
Lib. v. Cap. xxi.  It Ariseth with six Thin, small Tendons from the Transverse Processes of the Vertebrae of the Neck (nn), and in 
Fig. xviii.  its descent from thence becoming Thicker and more Fleshy grows partly Tendinous about its middle, where it is interwoven with various Orders of Fibres, and becoming still more Fleshy again, is so Inserted to the Superior part of the Os Occipitis laterally (2), 
Fig. xviii.  and the back part of the Processus Mamillaris (b); The Fibres of this Muscle 
Fig. viij. D D D.  are rightly observed to decussate those of the Former. Falloppius makes 
Observat. Anatom.  that part of it which is Inserted to the Processus Mamillaris a distinct Muscle; It Arising from the Transverse Processes of the First, Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Vertebrae of the Thorax, and from as many of those of the Neck; which we have sometimes observed, but this not appearing so commonly, inclines us rather to think it a Lusus Naturae than a separate Muscle. Either of these Complexi Acting moves the Head backwards to one side; If both Act together, they assist the two Former. This with its Partner being raised, the Four following Muscles appear underneath, on each side.   

Rectus Major.  
This Ariseth partly Tendinous, but chief Fleshy from the Superior part of the double Spines' of the Second Vertebrae of the Neck, and in its Ascent becomes Broader and Fleshy, and is so Inserted to the Posterior part of the Os Occipitis. (EE.) 
Fig. viij.   
This Muscle with its Partner Acting, pulls the Head directly back on the First Vertebra, (These being both raised, the Following will appear). This with the four subsequent Muscles are named from their Progress, Position, or Magnitude.   

Recti Minores.  
These are Two small Muscles appearing both in sight at once, They arise Fleshy from the Posterior part of the first Vertebra of the Neck; and are so Inserted to the middle part of the Os Occipitis in two shallow Depressures of the said Bone. (HH.) 
Fig. viij.   
These from their Use may be called Renuentes or Nodders Backwards, and are Antagonists to those we shall hereafter describe and call Annuentes.   

Obliquus Superior.  
This Arising Fleshy from the Backpart of the Transverse Process of the First Vertebra of the Neck, and in its somewhat obliqne Ascent becometh a Fleshy Belly, and lessening itself again, is Inserted to the Os Occipitis laterally. (FF.) 
Fig. viij.   
By this, together with its Partner (they never Acting separately) the Head is moved Backwards on the first Vertebra.  
Though the two Former Muscles seem adapted for all necessary motions of the Head Backwards, yet it seems a provident Contrivance of Nature to add these; since the Recti Majores are by accident Extended when either of the Following Muscles Act in turning the Head to one side, whereby they are deprived of performing their Office at that time, but the first Vertebra of the Neck moving with the Head; these Muscles are then employed in Pulling the Head Backwards, as in looking upward to one side.   

Obliquus Inferior.  
This Ariseth Fleshy from the External part of the Spinal Process of the Second Vertebra of the Neck, close by the Origination of the Rectus major, and being dilated into a Fleshy Belly, passes obliquely to its Insertion at the Transverse Process of the First, where the Former Muscle gins. (G) When this acts on either 
Fig. viij.  side the Transverse Process of the first Vertebra of the Neck is moved towards the Spine of the Second; wherefore some Authors have reckoned it amongst the Muscles of the Neck. But since the Head is also moved thereby, and the Face turned to that side on which it Acteth, it is not improperly reckoned amongst the Muscles that move the Head; it is Assisted by the Mastoideus. But of this more in its Order.  
The Body must now be turned on the Back again, to examine the rest of the Muscles of the Head that appear on the Forepart, together with those of the Neck, of which the First is the Mastoideus which is best raised, by freeing it at its Origination on one side, and its Insertion on the other as in Chapt. XII. in Order to Dissect the Muscles of the Tongue, Os Hyoides and Larynx.   

Mastoideus. 
Vesal. M. T. 1. P.   
So called, because it is Inserted to the Mammillary Process of the Temple-Bone: It Ariseth partly Tendinous, and partly Fleshy from the Upper 
Fig. xvii.  part of the Os Pectoris (31) and near half the Clavicle; (14) with two (as it were distinct Originations, the first Ascending somewhat obliquely outwards joins with the Second, and marches up more directly, composing it Round, Thick, Fleshy Body, and as it passeth over the Upper part of the Musculus Levator Scapulae, becomes Broader again, at its Insertion to the Back part of the Processus Mamillaris (b) 
Fig. viij.  and the Adjoining part of the Os Occipitis, (B) where the Splenius (above treated of) is Implanted. (P.) 
Fig. iv.   
Anatomists not taking Notice of the true Insertion of this Muscle, have generally erred in their conjectures concerning its Use, supposing, that if both Act, the Head is bended Forewards, which Action, if rightly considered, cannot be performed by these Muscles, except the Vertebrae of the Neck are also inclined Forward with it, since their Insertion are right e Diametro opposite, if not behind the Articulation of the Head with the first Vertebra; which part of the Cranium (namely the Processus Mamillaris) neither Ascends nor Descends in that Action: Wherefore it necessarily follows, that when the Head is moved, either directly Forwards or Backwards on the first Vertebrae, these Muscles cannot Act. But if either of them Act, the Face is then turned to the contrary side; so when we look over the Left Shoulder, the Right Muscle Acts & vice versa; which may be observed in the naked Necks of living Persons, and is commonly expressed by Painters. But if either of these Muscles should more and more contract, the Head is pulled down to one side forwards, as we see in Wry-Necks commonly so called; where one of these Muscles is always contracted.  
The next Muscle that presents itself to the Knife, is partly described by 
a Lib. de Musculis. Cap. x.  Galen, and mentioned by 
b Lib. two. G. xxviii.  Vessalius belonging to the Back: 
c Observat. Anatom.  Fallopius makes it his ninth pair of the Head. It is also mentioned by Riolan, Casp. Bauhin, Bartholomeus, Eustachius and others. Tho they are large Fleshy Muscles, and appear immediately under the Gula or Pharynx, yet Spigelius and some others take no notice of them. They are likewise expressed by Bidloo, and called Recti interni: But we having observed an other small pair of Muscles underneath them of a right position likewise, deserving the Name of Recti, to distinguish which from those of the Back part, and these following Muscles we shall call them Recti interni Minores, and These, Recti interni Majores.   

Rectus internus Major. 
Bid. T. 18. ●L.   
This Arises Tendinous but chief Fleshy, from the Forepart of all the Transverse Processes of the Vertebrae of the Neck, except the first and second and in its Ascent becoming Fleshy, passes over those two Superior Vertebrae and is inserted to the Anteriour Appendix of the Os Occipitis near the great Foramen, that Transmits' the Medulla Oblongata.  
This manifestly Bends the Head Forewards, and therefore may be called Flexor Capitis from its Use.  
This with its Partner being removed, the following Muscles appear underneath them.   

Rectus internus Minor.  
This and its Partner appear on the Forepart of the first Vertebrae like the Recti minores on the Back part, and arise near its Transverse processes and Ascending directly, are inserted to the Anteriour Appendix of the Os Occipitis immediately under the Former i 
Fig. iii.   
These nod the Head forward, and are Antagonists to the Recti minores as is above noted, wherefore they may be called Annuentes.  
The last pair of Muscles which we shall Treat of belonging to the Head, are mentioned by Galen, and Accurately described by Falloppius in these 
Observat. Anatom.  Words, Ultimo loco notandi sunt Musculi duo admodum parvi qui A Processis Transverso Primae Vertebrae orti, valde graciles ascendunt ad Caput & in illud inseruntur prope Mammillarem processum. These we shall call Recti Laterales, from their Progress and Position; they may be also called Renuentes Laterales from their Use.   

Rectus Lateralis.  
This is a Short, Thick, Fleshy Muscle; Arising from the Superior part of the Extremity of the Transverse Process of the first Vertebra of the Neck, between the Former and Obliquus Superior, thence Ascends directly to its Insertion to the Os Occipitis in the Interstice made by the Processus Mammillaris and Styloides, k. 
Fig. iii.  This nods the Head to one side.    

CHAP. XXIII. Of the Muscles of the Neck.  
THE Muscles of the Neck move the Head secondarily, wherefore they are Esteemed as Common to both, of which Authors reckon Four Pair, namely the Longi Colli, the Scaleni, (which according to Falloppius are described amongst the Muscles of the Thorax) the Transversales and Spinati Colli. But first of those that appear in the Forepart.  

Longus Colli.  
This Arises partly Tendinous, but chief fleshy from the Forepart of the Five Superior Vertebrae of the Thorax, and being dilated in its middle to a fleshy Belly, is Inserted to the Forepart of all the Vertebrae of the Neck.  
This with its Partner Acting bends the Neck right forwards. Between this and the Scalenus, (described Chap. 
Cap. xi.  XIX.) lies the Rectus internus Major, described in the precedent Chapter, which Veslingius calls Musculus Brevius.  
The Body must be now turned on its Face again in order to examine the rest of the Muscles that appear on the Back part of its Trunk.   

Spinalis Colli.  
So called, because it accompanies the Spines' of the Neck, it arises from the Five Superior Transvers Processes of the Vertebrae of the Thorax, and Inferior of the Neck, and in its Ascent becomes more Fleshy, and is so inserted largely into the Inferior part of the Second Vertebrae of the Neck, laterally II. etc. 
Fig. viij.   
These Draw the Vertebrae of the Neck directly backwards: Either of these Muscles being Raised, the Following will appear underneath.   

Transversalis Colli.  
This Ariseth Fleshy from all the Transverse Processes of the Vertebrae of the Neck except the First and Second, and is inserted after an obliqne Ascending progress to their Superior Spines' (K): It being a Continuation of the same Series of Muscular Fibres that compose the Sacer and Semispinatus, of which hereafter.  
If either of these Muscles act, the Vertebrae of the Neck are moved obliquely Backward, as when we look over one Shoulder.  
Besides these Muscles (which are already Treated of by Anatomists) we observed in Dissection some Fleshy Bodies lying between the Bifurcated Spines' of each Vertebra, which upon Examination proved to be so many Pair of Muscles, as there was Insterstices between the said Spines'. And in those Bodies that have the Spinal Process of the last Vertebrae somewhat Broader than it is commonly found; we have seen Five Pair of these Muscles, which from their Situation we call Interspinales Colli.   

Interspinales Colli.  
These are small Fleshy Muscles, arising from the Superior parts of each double Spinal Process of the 
Fig. xviii.  Neck (b, c, d, e, f,) except that of the Second Vertebrae (a), and are Inserted to the Inferior parts of all the said double Spines'. LL. 
Fig. viij.   
When these Muscles Act, they draw the Spines' of the Vertebrae of the Neck nearer each other. These we first discovered in the year 1690.    

CHAP. XXIV. Of the Muscles of the Back and Loins.  
WE shall not insert the various Opinions Authors have entertained concerning these Muscles, since we have observed so great a difference in divers Subjects, as hath inclined us to think, that amongst Ten of them Three will scarce be found exactly alike in this respect; which might induce Falloppius to that Ingenious 
Obseru. Anatom.  Confession, that they seemed to him to be an Indigested Heap and confused Chaos. In order to render an Account of them as explicit as we can, we shall consider them as Common to the Back and Loins, or as Proper to either.  
The Common are such as arise from the one, and are Inserted to the other as the Dorsi Longissimi.  
The Proper are either such as Arise from the Os Sacrum or Ilium, and are Inserted to the Vertebrae of the Loins only, as the Quadrati Lumborum, or Arise from the Transverse Processes, either of the Vertebrae of the Loins or Thorax, and are Inserted to their Superior Spines'; as the Transversales Vertebrarum Dorsi & Lumborum; which by Authors are commonly called Sacer and Semispinalis: First of the Common Muscles.  

Dorsi Longissimus. 
Vesal. M. T. 12. N. T. 13. T.   
This Ariseth in Common with the Sacrolumbalis from the Spine of Os Ilium 
Fig. xviii.  (30) and the Superior part of the Sacrum (34) and all the Spines' of the Vertebrae of the Loins (RR); Externally Tendinous, Internally Fleshy, in its Ascent it is Inserted to the Transverse Processes of the Vertebrae of the Loins (S S S S) and as it marches over the last Rib (t), this great Muscle divides itself into Two, the Outermost of which is the Sacrolumbalis as described Chap, the XXI; But the Innermost next to the Spine, is the Longissimus Dorsi, which Ascends with a partly Fleshy and partly Tendinous outside, and Fibres passing somewhat obliquely outward. Part of which Tendinous Fibres arise distinct from the Inferior Spines' of the Vertebrae of the Thorax (PP) and Superior 
Fi. xviii.  of the Loins (R R) from which likewise Arise some Fleshy Fibres Ascending obliquely Inwards, and are Inserted to the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Spine of the Thorax (PP) as expressed by Bidloo, and called Semispinalis. 
Tab. 28. P.  The other larger part of this Muscle ascending on the Thorax 
Tab. 29. KK.  divides itself into many distinct Fleshy Portions not much unlike a Palm Branch, which are Inserted in a twofold manner to the Transverse Process of each Vertebra of the Thorax (O O O) and Tubercle of each Rib; as also to the Transverse Processes of the Vertebrae of the Neck (n n.)  
When this, and its Partner Acts, they are not only Serviceable in keeping the Trunk of the Body erect and bending it backwards, but they are also useful in Progression, as it may be observed when either Leg is moved forewards; This Muscle on the same side is in Action, which to us seemeth to be advantageous in rendering the Os Ilium at that time stable, so that the Thigh may be the more commodiously Elevated; in regard it is so moved by a Muscle arising from the Vertebra, above the Os Ilium, namely the Psoas.  
(To examen this Muscle it is better to use the Fingers, or the pointed Handle of a Dissecting Knife, to divide it from its Companion, the Sacrolumbalis, and discover its Ansulae, as Spigelius calls those parts of it which are Inserted to the Transverse Processes of the Vertebrae of the Back and Loins;) This being removed, the Proper Muscles offer themselves to view; first of those of the Loins.   

Quadratus Lumborum. 
Vesal. M. T. 13. 8. 14. P.   
This is a Short, Thick, Fleshy Muscle, situated in the Region of the Loins, or between the last Rib and Spine of the Os Ilium, it ariseth Fleshy from the Posteriour part of the Spine of the Os Ilium (30), and is inserted 
Fi. xviii.  to all the Tranverse Processes of the Vertebrae of the Loins internally (u w x), under the Psoas Muscle▪ This like the Musculus Rectus Abdominis, either moves the Vertebrae of the Loins nearer the Os Ilium laterally, when we are standing, on both Legs firm, or else moves the Os Ilium nearer the said Vertebrae, on the contrary side; when we stand upon one Leg only.   

Sacer. 
Vesal. M. T. 14. T.   
This may be also called Transversalis Lumborum. It lies under the Tendinous part of the Longissimus above mentioned; It ariseth Fleshy not only from 
Fi. xviii.  the Os Sacrum (34), but also from the Transverse Processes of all the Vertebrae of the Loins, and is inserted to their Superior Spines'. We have sometimes observed a Spinalis Lumborum like the Spinalis Colli above described, which Arising from the Superior Spines' of the Os Sacrum, and marching with direct Fleshy Fibres, isso Inserted to Superior Spines' of the Vertebrae of the Loins; The Transversalis Lumborum, now described lying under it.   

Semispinatus. 
Idem. T. 13. K.   
This seems to be a mere continuation of the precedent Muscle, therefore might not improperly deserve the Name of Transversalis Dorsi; it Ariseth Fleshy from all the Transverse Processes of the Vertebrae of the Thorax (OO), and marching obliquely 
Fi. xviii.  upwards is Inserted to the Superior Spines' of the said Vertebrae (PP). These with the former, and Transversales Colli, Acting, move the whole Spine, or Vertebrae of the Neck, Back, and Loins, obliquely backwards, as when we endeavour to look very much behind us: If they all Act together on each side, they assist in Erecting the Trunk of the Body.  
We need not wonder at the many Multiform Muscles inservient to the Extension or Erection of the Head, Neck, Back and Loins, if we consider how much greater force is required to that end, in regard to the projecting forewards of the Head and Thorax; for as it appears in the Skeleton, Fig. xviii. we should on the other hand think it constantly liable to fall on its Face, were it not supported by these many strong Muscles; in which we have a plain Demonstration of the Immense Wisdom of the most Wise Architect, in Frameing a Structure projecting from its Fulcimen, which for several Ends (too numerous to specify here) is to be moved Forewards, Backwards, and Sideways, and therefore by no other means could be supported so as to render it upon occasion Flexible, but by Muscles, since they only are capable of a greater Contraction and Relaxation than any other Springy Bodies composed of Ligaments, etc.  
Thus having briefly Treated of all those Muscles, as yet known that appear in the Trunk of the Body; we come next to those belonging to the Artus, and first of those that move the Arm; two of which, namely, the Pectoralis & Longissimus, we were obliged to Dissect, Pag. 104. 112. to discover their Subjacent Muscles, but we shall now describe them amongst the rest▪ as the order of Dissection requires; for the convenient Performance of which, we are wont to take of the whole Arm together, with the Scapula and Clavicula, by dividing the latter from the Os Pectoris, by which means the trouble in examining the following Muscles is lessened, those moving the Scapula being Cut from it.    

CHAP. XXV. Of the Muscles of the Arm, or, Os Humeri.  

a Chap. xviii.  GAlen, 
b Isagog. Anatom.  jacobus Silvius, and 
c Lib. II. Chap. xxiv.  Vesalius, describe Seven Muscles belonging to each Arm, viz. Pectoralis, Deltoides, Teres Major, Latissimus Dorsi, Supraspinatus, Inferaspinatns, and Subscapularis. Arantius, in his Anatomical Observations, counts another by 
d Lib. V Chap. xxiv.  Riolan, called Coracobrachieus, to which 
e Ta. xvii. Lib. iv Spigelii.  julius Casserius Placentinus adds the Teres Minor, by some reckoned as the eighth Muscle of this part, which is therefore called Octavus Humeri Placentini: Of these in their Order.  

Pectoralis. 
Vesal. Muscul. T. 1. L.   
So called from its Situation. This hath a broad Semicircular, Fleshy beginning, above, from near half the Inferior part of the Clavicula (14); 
Fi. xvii.  Below, from the Os Pectorale (31), and all the Cartilaginous End of the six superior Ribs, and from the Bony part of the seventh, it hath a distinct Fasciculus of Fleshy Fibres, (which sometimes we have seen confounded with the Obliquus Descendens Abdominis) from this large Origin it marcheth Transversly, and becoming narrower but thicker, lessens itself as it passeth over the upper part of the Biceps Cubiti, and is Inserted by a short but broad strong Tendon, to the Superior part of the Os Humeri, above the Termination of the following Muscle.  
The Fibres of this Muscle Decussate each other, near their Implantation to the Os Humeri; those of the Superior part running downwards, and those of the Inferior marching up, Intersect the Former in Acute Angles.  
When it Acts it moves the Arm either obliquely Upwards, or directly Forewards, or obliquely Downwards, according to the various Direction of its Series of Fibres.   

Deltoides. 
Vesal. Muscul. Tab. I. K.   
So called from its Figure, being like the Greek Δ. It hath a broad Origination, forewards from above one third of the Inferior and External 
Fi. xviii.  part of the Clavicula (11), where it is entirely Fleshy; Backwards it springeth partly Fleshy, but chief Tendinous from the whole Inferior Margin of the Spina Scapulae (16), from these places descending soon becomes Thick and Fleshy, growing narrower till it is inserted by its partly Fleshy, and partly Tendinous Apex, to the middle of the Os Humeri (17). This draws the Arm either directly upwards, or somewhat Forewards or Backwards according to the Direction of its differing Series of Fibres.   

Supraspinatus. 
Vesal. M. T. 11. G.   
So called because it is placed above the Spine of the Shoulderblade; It Ariseth Fleshy from the Superior part of the Basis Scapulae (13), that is above its Spine, as also from the said Spine and Costa Superior of the Scapula (15), from thence passing between the Processus Coracoides (16), and Anchoreformis 
Fig. xvii.  (15), it grows less and becoming Tendinous, marches over the Articulation of the Humerus, joining its Tendons with the following, is Inserted to the Head of the Os Humeri 
Fig. xvii.  (20). The Proper Use of this Muscle is to lift the Arm upwards towards the Occiput.   

Infraspinatus. 
Ib. T. T. I.   
So called because it is placed below the Spine. This Arises Fleshy from the Inferior part of the Basis Scapulae (13), as also from from its 
Fi. xviii.  Spine (16), and Inferior Costa (14), and Dorsum (12); from hence passing in a Triangular Form according to the Figure of the part, lessening itself as it marches over the Juncture it becomes Tendinous, and is inserted like the Former to the Head of the Os Humeri (19). This moves the Arm directly Backwards.   

Teres Minor. 
Spigel. T. 17. Lib. 4. a, b.   
So called from its Figure and Magnitude, to distinguish it from the Following.  
This Muscle in some Bodies is confounded with the Former, but in others we have found it distinct.  
It Arises Fleshy from the Lower part of the Inferior Costa of the Scapula (14) and descends obliquely 
Fig. xviii.  over the Superior Head of the Gemellus Major, where becoming Tendinous it is Inserted to the Head of the Os Humeri (19).  
When this Acteth the Arm is moved somewhat Backwards and Downwards.   

Teres Major. 
Vesal. M. T. 11. L.   
This Arises from the Inferior Angle of the Scapula (13), and becoming a Round, Fleshy Body Ascends obliquely with the Former, but then passeth under the Superior Head of the Gemellus and makes a short, Flat Tendon Inserted below the Neck of the Os Humeri close to that of the Following.   

Latissimus Dorsi sive Aniscaptor. 
Vesal. M. T. 9 O. P   
The first Appellation it receives from its large dimensions, it with its Partner covering the whole Back.  
The latter from the use that is sometimes made of it. It's Thin, Broad, Tendinous Origination is continued from the Seven Inferior Spines' of the Vertebrae of the Thorax (PP), and all those of the 
Fig. XV  Loins (RR) and Superior of the Os Sacrum (34), and the Posterior part of the Spine of the Os Ilium; (30) beginning to grow Carnous as it passes over the Longissimus Dorsi and Sacrolumbus, and in its Progress over the Curvated part of the Ribs it receives several Fasciculi of Fleshy Fibres Arising from thence, which by their Conjunction compose a Thick Body, still lessening itself in its dimensions as it marcheth towards the Axilla and running over the Inferior Angle of the Scapula, from whence sometimes does Arise a Fleshy part of it, which I have Observed in those Bodies in whom the Teres Minor was absent, is at last inserted by a Short, but Flat Strong Tendon to the Os Humeri near the Former.  
The next Muscle that presents itself, is the Coracobrachialis, by some called Perforatus, which is described by Galen and Vesalius with the Internal Head of the Biceps Cubiti.   

Coracobrachialis. 
Vesal. M. T. 1. R.   
So called from its Origination and Insertion; it Arises partly Fleshy and partly Tendinous from the Extremity of the Processus Caracoides Scapulae, (16) 
Fig. xvii.  and in its descent it becomes larger, strictly adhering to the Internal Tendinous Beginning of the Biceps, and parts from it near its Tendinous Insertion at the middle of the Internal part of the Os Humeri (18). Through this Muscle passeth a Large Nerve; wherefore by some it is called Perforatus.  
When it Acteth the Arm is moved Upwards, and turned somewhat Obliquely Outward.   

Subscapularis. 
Bid. Tab. 65. E.   
So Named from its Situation, by some called Immersus. It is a Large Fleshy Muscle, filling he Internal Con cave part of the Scapula (17); Arising Fleshy from its whole Basis and Superior and Inferior Costa Internally, and marcheth forward, lessening itself according to the Dimensions of the Bone, and passing over the juncture, is Inserted in a Semicircular Manner to the Neck of the Os Humeri (20). 
Fig. xvii.   
When this Acteth, the Os Humeri is Pulled nearer the Trunk of the Body. The Tendon of this Muscle together with the Supra and Infraspinatus and Teres Minor unite near their Insertions, and Environ the Articulation of the Os Humeri with the Scapula not unlike the Ligamentum latum of the Coxa, to prevent frequent Luxations: And by their Successive Alternate Acting, the Arm is moved Circularly.    

CHAP. XXVI. Of the Muscles of the Cubit.  
THE Lower Part of the Arm from the Elbow to the Wrist, is called the Cubit, which is either bended or Extended by Five Muscles, Namely, Biceps, Brachiaeus internus, Gemellus, Brachiaeus externus, and Anconaeus.  

Biceps. 
Vesal. M. T. 1. Q.   
Because it hath two Heads or Beginnings, the First or Outmost, Arises with a long Round Tendon from the Upper Part of the Brink of the Acetabulum Scapulae, (17.) and runs under 
Fig. xvii.  the Ligament of the Articulation in a Sulcus or Channel on the Head of the Shoulder-Bone, wherein it is enclosed by a proper Ligament. In its Descent it gins to grow Fleshy as it marcheth under the Termination of the Pectoral Muscle, where dilating itself into a Large Fleshy Body, it joins with its other Head or Beginning. The Latter Ariseth with a somewhat Broad, Flat and Long Tendon at the Extremity of the Processus Caracoides Scapulae (16); in its descent it strictly adheres to the Coracobrachialis (wherefore some Authors not rightly describing that Muscle amongst those of the Arm, have mistaken it for a Fleshy Beginning of this) But then parting from it, both these Heads compose a Large Fleshy Belly, which becoming Tendinous near the Cubit, is commonly said to be Inserted by a Strong, Round Tendon to the Tubercle at the Upper Head of the Radius, (25.) But we 
Fi. xvii.  have observed this Tendon to be double, the External of which being Thin passeth obliquely over the Musculus Pronator Radii Teres, and Membrane like expanding itself, joins with the Membrana Communis Musculorum, which Embraceth all the External Muscles of the Carpus and Fingers.  
When this Muscle Acteth the Cubit is bended.  
The double Tendinous Termination of this Muscle, (tho' not taken Notice of by any Author that we know) is very evident, and was observed first by us, some years since in Dissecting these Muscles, in Company with our very good Friend, that most Indefatigable and Curious Botanist Mr. Samuel Doody. It appeareth immediately under the Skin and Membrana Adiposa of the Cubit.  
As for the use of this External Tendon which we call Fascia Tendinosa, it seems designed not only for the more advantageous Elevation, or Bending of the Cubit, which it more easily moves, by how much the more it recedes from the Centre of its Motion or Fulcimen at the Lower part of the Arm-Bone, (23) and approaching 
Fig. xvii.  to its other Extreme; But likewise strictly including all the External Muscles, whether belonging to the Radius, Carpus, or Fingers, it thereby Corroborates them in performing those strenuous Actions they are necessarily employed in. This Latter Use was first suggested to us by observing those Artificial Bandages made of Leather which some Laborious Mechanics make Use of (by Adapting them to the Bellied part of the Muscles of the Cubit) amongst which Turner's and especially those that use the Rasp in making the Frames for Cane-Chairs (as they are commonly called) like a double Screw, are frequently obliged to this Artifice.  
In Phlebotomy the ductus of these External Tendinous Fibres ought to be respected by directing the Launcet according to their Length, to avoid too great a division of them which is frequently the Occasion of those ill Symtoms that remain after that so commonly Practised Operation by Bold Blood-Letters.  
An extraordinary Case relating to this Muscle once happened in our Practice. A Woman, three days before she consulted us, had, (as she suspected) Dislocated her Shoulder-Bone by wring of Linen clothes after washing (which is commonly done to express the Water) adding, that in straining her Arm, in that Action, she sensibly felt something (as she thought) slip out of its place on her Shoulder. After examining the part, we were well satisfied that there was no Dislocation: But observing a Depressure on the External part of the Deltoide Muscle, and finding the two Inferior Tendons of this Biciptal Rigid, and the Cubit thereby denied its due Extension, we suspected that the External Tendinous Beginning, (before taken notice of) was slipped out of its Channel in the Os Humeri; but finding the part at that time somewhat Inflamed, she having not long before made use of it. We advised her to an Emollient Application, and to give it rest till the next morning, at which time we found our Conjecture true, and by turning the whole Arm to and fro, it readily slipped into its place, she recovering the use of the Part immediately.   

Brachioeus Internus. 
Vesal. M. T. 1. S.   
This derives its Name from its Situation, lying partly under the Former, It Ariseth Fleshy from the Internal part of the Os Humeri (18) at the 
Fig. xvii.  Insertion of the Deltoides and Caracobrachialis Muscles, and descending over the Juncture of the Cubit with the Arm-Bone, it's Inserted partly Fleshy and partly Tendinous to the Superior and Forepart of the Ulna (26). This is also a Bender of the Cubit.   

Gemellus. 
Id. M. T. 2. O P Q.   
So called from its double Origin, It Ariseth first Tendinous from the Superior part of the Inferior Costa of the Scapula (14) internally, and as it 
Fig. xviii.  passeth between the two Round Muscles it grows Fleshy, and in its Descent joineth with its other Beginning, which Ariseth Broad and Fleshy from the Upper and Back part of the Os Humeri, under the Deltoid Muscle, and being Tendinous on the outside and Fleshy within, is so Inserted to the Superior and External part of the Ulna called Olecranum, and Ancon, or the Elbow. (24.) 
Fig. xviii.   
It's use is to Extend the Cubit; If we examine the two beginnings of this Muscle we shall find them interwoven with various Orders of Fibres, whereby it is rendered capable of performing the Extension of the Cubit with a greater strength, which appears in Tumblers when they are Walking on their Hands, who by an Immediate Extension of their Cubits can return to their Feet.   

Brachiaeus Externus. 
Id. M. T. 12. X.   
This seems to be the Third Beginning of the former Muscle, its Origination is continued from above the middle of the Inferior and Back part of the Os Humeri (17), to its Cavity, which receives the Olecranum (24) in the Extension of the Cubit, where joining with the Tendinous outside of the Former, it is Inserted with it, as abovesaid.   

Anconaeus. 
Bid. T. 69. prope B.   
So called by Riolan from its Situation, It Ariseth Fleshy from the Inferior 
Lib. v. Cap. xxv.  and Backpart of the Os Humeri (20), growing larger as it marcheth 
Fig. xviii.  between the Superior ends of the Ulna and Radius, and is Inserted Fleshy to the Lateral part of the Former a Thumbs length below the Olecranum. (24.)  
This is also an Extender of the Cubit.  
The Muscles of the Palm of the Hand offer themselves to be Dissected, before we can Examine Those of the Carpus, Fingers, and Radius.    

CHAP. XXVII. Of the Muscles of the Palm of the Hand.  
THe Ancient Anatomists mention 
Observat. Anatom.  but one Muscle belonging to the Palm, namely, the Palmaris longus; But Falloppius describes the Palmaris brevis, communicated to him by joannes Baptista Cannanus an Eminent Anatomist his Contemporary, and was first published by Valverda in his Anatomy, written in Spanish.  

Palmaris Longus. 
Bid. T. 64. B C.   
This has an Acute Beginning from the Internal Extuberance of the Os Humeri (22), and soon becoming a 
Fig. xvii.  Fleshy Belly, and contracting itself again to a Long, Flat, Slender Tendon, marches obliquely with the Tendon of the Flexor Carpi Superior, and passing over the Ligamentum Anulare where it expands itself, and cleaves firmly to the Skin of the Palm, is Inserted to the roots of the Fingers laterally; It being there divided to Transmit the Tendons that bend them.  
Columbus observes the long Beginning of this Muscle from the Extuberance 
Lib. v. C. xxxiii.  of the Os Humeri is sometimes wanting, which observation is also confirmed by our Experience. It Assists in firmly, grasping any Tactile Body, and defends the subjacent Tendons from External Injuries.   

Palmaris Brevis. 
Bid. T. 64. K.   
By Spigelius called Caro Musculofa 
Lib. v. C. xxxv.  Quadrata. Anatomists have been extremely deceived in their Ideas of this Muscle; it not Arising from the Membrana Carnosa, as Columbus pretends, or from the Eighth Bone of the Carpus, as Falloppius Writes; but it springeth 
Observat. Anatom.  with a Broad Membrane-like Tendon from the External part of the Os Metacarpi Minimi Digiti, and one of the Bones of the Carpus; whence Ascending over the Abductor Minimi Digiti it becomes a Thin Disgregated Fleshy Muscle, marching under the Tendinous expansion of the Former in the Palm, and is Inserted by a short, strong Tendon, to the Eighth Bone of the Carpus.  
This Acting Draws the Mons Lunae towards the Os Metacarpi Minimi Digiti, whereby the Palm becomes hollow; contrary to the Opinion of Spigelius, who pretends it Extends the Hand when we open it; which is not done by any proper Muscle, but by the Common Extenders of the Fingers.    

CHAP. XXVIII. Of the Muscles of the four Fingers.  
THESE we shall divide into Common and Proper. The Common Muscles of the Fingers are such as Arise from the External or Internal Protuberances of the Os Humeri, and subdividing themselves, are Inserted into most, if not all the Fingers; namely Perforatus, Perforans, Lumbricales, and Extensor Communis Digitorum. The Proper Muscles of the Fingers are such as have their Beginnings distinct, and are Inserted without any subdivision into each respective Finger; as the Interossei, The Extensor and Abductor Indicis, the Extensor and Abductor Minimi Digiti: First of the Common Muscles of the Fingers.  

Perforatus.  
So called because its Tendons are Perforated to admit Those of the following Muscles to pass through Them to their Insertions; It is also called Sublimis from its Situation, being above the Following; and Flexor secundi Internodii Digitorum from its Use. It Ariseth Tendinous from the Internal Extuberance of the Os Humeri (22) between the Flexores Carpi; 
Fig. xvii.  it also has a Disgregated Fleshy Origination from the Forepart of the Radius, between the Pronator Radii Teres and Flexor Pollicis Magnus, composing a Fleshy Belly lessens itself in less than half its progress, where it's divided into Four Fleshy Portions, each of which soon becomes so many Roundish Tendons, and are included in their proper Mucilaginous Membrane as they pass under the Ligamentum Transversale Carpi through the Palm; near the first Internode of the Fingers each Tendon is divided to admit those of the following Muscle to pass through them, then joining, and subdividing again, immediately before they are Inserted to the superior part of the second Bone of each Finger (30.)  
This and the following Muscle are Accurately expressed by Bidloo, Tab. 67.   

Perforans.  
Because its Tendons run through those of the Former, it's also called Profundus from its Situation, and Tertii Internodii Digitorum Flexor from its Use. It Ariseth Fleshy from near two Thirds of the Superior and Forepart of the Ulna (26), as also from the 
Fig. xvii.  Ligament between the last named Bone and Radius, becoming a Large Thick Bellied Muscle, grows outwardly Tendinous before it passes over the Pronator Radii Quadratus, and is divided into Four Round Tendons which march under those of the former Muscle beneath the Ligamentum Transversale abovementioned, (from each of these Tendons the Musculi Lumbricales are said to Arise) after which they pass through the Fissurs of those of the Former, and proceeding over their extremities, Terminate in the superior and forepart of the third Bone of each Finger. (30.) 
Fig. xvii.   
The Tendons of the last described Muscle running through those of the Precedent, is a no less Useful than Stupendous Artifice in Nature.  
To the end the Fingers (like so many Levers) should be bended with great Force, it is absolutely necessary the strongest Muscle should be Inserted nearest their Extremities, and farthest from their Fulcimina the Ossa Metacarpi: But in regard every Internode should be attended with a particular Muscle, the better to accommodate them to various Employments, and the Origination of the superior or Perforatus is confined to the Apex of the Internal Extuberance of the Os Humeri and upper part of the Radius only, wherefore could not be a fit Instrument for so Strenuous an Action, and that not only in regard to its Magnitude, but by the Approach of its two Extremes when the Cubit or Carpus are bended; both which would be no small impediments in divers Actions; it's therefore necessary it should be employed in the Motions of the second Internodes: But since these superior Tendons would be hereby liable to interrupt the Inferior in their Right progress to the Extremities of the Fingers, it seems an Argument of great Counsel in transmitting the Latter through the Fissures of each of the Former, whereby the Actions of Both are not only distinctly performed, and the extremities of the Fingers attended with the Largest Muscle, (whose Origin is below the Os Humeri, wherefore its Extremes cannot approach in the Flexion of the Cubit) but their Motions are preserved, though the Superior Muscle is totally divided, which indeed is a Provident Contrivance of the Author of Nature, and is in itself sufficient to excite our Admiration.   

Lumbricales. 
●id. T. 67. ●MMM.   
So called from their Figure, being not much unlike the Common Earthworms; they are also called Flexores Primi Internodii Digitorum from their Use. Anatomists generally derive the Originations of these Muscles from the Tendons of the last treated of; but in a Subject which we lately Dissected I observed part of that Lumbrical Muscle belonging to the Forefinger had a distinct Fleshy Original, and a long slender Tendon lying between the Two Preceding; which suggested to me that the other Three and those of other Subjects have their Beginnings in common with the Perforans, and Uniting with its Tendons are afterwards Disunited again, and growing Fleshy pass to their Tendinous Implantations with the Interossei at the first Internode of each Finger externally laterally next the Thumb.  
These we suppose perform those Minute Motions of the Fingers when the Second and Third Internodes are Curvated by the two last treated of Muscles; and therefore Used in playing on Musical Instruments, and may be thence Named Musculi Fidicinales.   

Extensor Digitorum Communis, seu Digitorum 
Bid. T. 69. G.  Tensor.  
This has an Acute Tendinous Origination from the outward Extuberance of the Os Humeri (20) between 
Fig. xviii▪  the Extensores Carpi becoming Fleshy, in less than half its progress it's divided into three Portions which become so many Tendons (of which the Middlemost is the Longest) passing under their Annular Ligaments between the Lower parts of the Ulna (23) and Radius (22) march separately over the Dorsum Manus, and remitting. Tendinous Filliaments to each other as they pass the First Internodes of each Finger, and are afterwards Inserted to the superior parts of the First, Second, and Third Bones of the Fore, Middle, and Third Fingers. (28.) 
Fig. xviii.   
There being no Force required in the Extension of the Fingers, we need not wonder that the Muscles employed in that Office are no Larger in Proportion to their Antagonists.  
The Proper Muscles of the Fingers now offer themselves to the Knife, which we shall Treat of in the Order they are above Named.   

Interossei Manus.  
These are Distinguished into External and Internal, They are aptly named from their Situation: Authors disagree in their Number, some reckoning Six, others Eight, amongst which they esteem the Abductor Minimi Digiti and Indicis, but we rather incline to the First Opinion, conceiving the Two latter named Muscles do not deserve these Denominations. They Arise Fleshy Internally in the Palm from the superior parts of the Metacarpal Bones (28) next the Carpus (27), whence 
Fig. xvii.  descending between the last named Bones they become Tendinous at the first Internode of each Finger laterally, and pass to their Insertions with the last Treated of Muscle. Each Interstice of the Metacarpal Bones entertaining Two Muscles Inserted to the sides of the Fingers.  
When all these Interossei Act together they Draw the Fingers nearer each other, and Assist in their Extension, as Galen takes notice, at which 
Lib. i. De Us. par. C. 18.  time they together with the Abductor Indicis and Minimi Digiti are capable of Divaricating the Fingers, which Action cannot without some Difficulty be performed by them when they are bended; which Contrivance of the Most Wise Architect is also observed by Galen. 
Loco supra citato.    

Extensor Indicis seu Indicator. 
Bid. T. 70. not lettered.   
It Arises Fleshy from the middle of the External part of the Ulna (23) 
Fig. xviii.  next the Radius (22), immediately below the Extensores Pollicis, and descending obliquely becomes Tendinous as it passes under its Annular Ligament at the Lower part of the Radius and Carpus (25), passing over 
Fig. xviii.  the Os Metacarpi Indicis, and joining with the Tendon of the Extensor Communis, is Inserted with it to the superior part of the 3d Bone of the Forefinger. The Tendon of it is sometimes divided. It's Name Declares its Use.   

Abductor Indicis. 
Bid. T. 68 H.   
This is not to be seen till the Abductor Pollitis is Raised; by some it is reckoned amongst the Interossei as above noted. It Arises Fleshy from the Os Metacarpi that sustains the Forefinger 
Fig. xvii.  (28), and descending over the First Internode of the said Finger becomes Tendinous, joining with the Tendon of one of the Lumbrical Muscles, and is Inserted with it together with the Tendon of the former Muscle. It's Name intimates its Use, in Drawing the Forefinger from the rest.   

Extensor Minimi Digiti. 
Bid. T. 70. & 71. K, K.   
This Arises partly Tendinous at the Extremity of the External Apophysis of the Os Humeri (20), and 
Fig. xviii.  partly Fleshy from the superior part of the Ulna (23), between the Extensor Communis Digitorum and Musculus Ulnaris Extensor, and becoming Tendinous as it passes under the Ligamentum Annulare at the Carpus (25); it is there divided into Two, sometimes three Tendons, which are United into one at its Insertion to the superior part of the 3d Bone of the Little-finger: Its Name Declares its Action.   

Abductor Minimi Digiti.  
This Appears in some Bodies divided into Two or Three Muscles, having each a differing Series of Fibres; The First of which seems to be a Flexor primi Internodii Minimi Digiti; The Second an Abductor of the same; The Third Abductor Secundi and Tertii Internodii: But this Division is not Constant, wherefore we shall Describe it as One Muscle, lest we might appear inclinable to multiply their Number, which has been a Vice amongst some. It Arises Fleshy First from the Ligamentum Transversale, and Fourth Bone of the Carpus; Secondly from the Third Bone of the Carpus; Thirdly and lastly from the superior part of the subjacent Os Metacarpi: The two First continue Fleshy to their Insertions; the Former Terminating at the superior part of the First Bone of the Little-finger forwards, the Latter ending at the same part of the said Bone laterally; the Third and Last becoming Tendinous like the Interossei, is Inserted like them with the Tendon of the Extensor Minimi Digiti at the superior part of the 3d Bone of the Little-finger.    

CHAP. XXIX. Of the Muscles of the Thumb.  
Author's disagree concerning the Number, Rise and Insertions of these Muscles, which may partly Proceed from that great Variety which may be so frequently observed in divers Subjects: As they have most commonly appeared to me, I shall endeavour to Demonstrate; first of the Benders of the Thumb.  

Flexor tertii Internodii seu Longissimus 
Bid. T. 68 L.  Pollicis.  
This we have frequently observed to have a Twofold Beginning; the first and superior of which Ariseth Acutely from the Internal Extuberance of the Os Humeri (22) between the 
Fig. xvii.  Perforatus and Perforans, becoming a Fleshy Belly and then Tendinous joins with the Middle Tendon of its other Larger Head: The second or Inferior Origin of this Muscle (is that part of it which is commonly Described) Arising with a Double Order of Fleshy Fibres for some space on the Radius (25), from immediately below its 
Fig. xvii.  superior part, which uniting in a middle Line or Tendon (not unlike the Fibrillae of a Feather joining to their Stamina) which passing over the Articulation of the Carpus becomes entirely Tendinous as it runs over the Flexor primi & secundi Internodii to its Implantation at the superior part of the 3d Bone of the Thumb (29): For the better Dissection of the rest of the Muscles of this Part, Raise the Abductor Pollicis.   

Abductor Pollicis. 
Bid. Tab. 64. I.   
This Arises Broad and Fleshy from the Internal part of the Ligamentum Transversale Carpi, whence Descending lessons itself, and becomes Tendinous at its Implantation to the superior and external part of the second Bone of the Thumb laterally.  
This Draws the Thumb from the Fingers, from whence it derives its Name.   

Flexor primi & secundi Ossis Pollicis.  
This is a Large Disgregated Fleshy Muscle Arising from the Ligamentum Transversale Carpi Bones of the Carpus (27) 
Fig. xvii.  at the Basis of the Mons Lunae and Os Metacarpi (28) of the Middle Finger, whence passes to its Insertion partly to the Ossa Sesamoidea of the second Internode, and partly to the first Bone of the Thumb. This may be divided into Three, as Vesalius writes, and Bidloo has Figured it Tab. 68 M, NN, OO, P. Its Actions are various according to the diversity of its Series of Fibres; so it Bends the First or Second Bones of the Thumb either directly, or obliquely towards the Carpus, and Volam Manus.   

Adductor Pollicis. 
Bid. T. 71. L.   
This Arises Tendinous in Common with the Abductor Indicis, becoming Fleshy Ascends obliquely to its Broad Termination at the superior part of the first Bone of the Thumb (29). This brings the Thumb nearer the Forefinger.  
The rest of the Muscles employed in the Motion of the Thumb are Extenders: Though Anatomists generally reckon but Two of them, yet it does not occur to our memory we ever found less than Three distinct Fleshy Muscles, neither do the Figures (that seem to be done after the Life) in Vesalius and Bidloo exhibit them otherwise.   

Extensor primi Internodii Pollicis. 
Bid. T. 70. not lettered.   
This Arises Tendinous from the upper part of the Ulna (23) immediately 
Fig. xviii.  below the Supinator Radii brevis, soon growing Fleshy, and becomes Tendinous again as it Descends obliquely over the Tendons of the Radialis Extensor, and is Inserted to the superior part of the First Bone of the Thumb (27). This we have sometimes found divided into Two and sometimes Three distinct Muscles.   

Extensor secundi Internodii ossis Pollicis. 
Bid. T. 70, 71. not ●etter'd.   
This Arises Broad and Fleshy from that part of the Radius (22) next the Ulna (23), and becoming Tendinous 
Fig. xviii.  passes under the same Involucrum with the Tendons of the Former to its Implantation of the superior part of the second Bone of the Thumb.   

Extensor tertii Internodii Ossis Pollicis. 
Bid. T. 70. C.   
This has a Broad, partly Tendinous, but chief Fleshy Origination from the Ulna, immediately below the Beginning of the Extensor primi Internodii, or between it and the Indicator, as also from Ligament between the last named Bone and the Radius, whence Descending obliquely, becoming Tendinous as it marches in a proper Sinus on the inferior Appendix of the Radius, wherein it's Enclosed by its Annular Ligament, and passes over the Two Tendons of the Radialis Extensor to its Insertion at the superior part of the Third Bone of the Thumb.  
When this Acts it does not only Extend the Thumb, but Brings it somewhat Backwards, in so much that some can place it on the superior and Back part of the Ossa Metacarpi.    

CHAP. XXX. Of the Muscles of the Wrist or Carpus.  
THese are generally well described by most Authors, and receive their Names from their Situation and Use.  

Flexor Carpi Radialis. 
Bid. T. 68 E.   
This Ariseth Tendinous from the Internal Extuberance of the Os Humeri (22) Becoming Fleshy adheres 
Fig. xvii.  strictly to the Pronator Radii Teres, and in half its obliqne Progress to the Carpus (27), it becomes a Flat Tendon which passeth over the Annular Ligament, and is Inserted to the Upper Part of the Os Metacarpi (28) which sustains the Forefinger.   

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris. 
Ibid. not lettered.   
This Ariseth Tendinous from the same Tubercle of the Shoulder-Bone with the Former, as also from the Superior and External Part of the Ulna (26) where the Musculus Perforans doth 
Fig. xviii.  Arise, and continuing Fleshy according to the length of the Ulna is partly Inserted by a Short, Strong Tendon into the Fourth Bone of the Carpus, and partly into the Os Metacarpi which sustains the Little Finger.  
Their Names declare their Use.   

Extensor Carpi Radialis. 
Bid. T. 69. D. F.   
By some called Bicornis and Radiaeus Externus. It hath Two Beginnings, and indeed seems to be Two distinct Muscles, the Outermost Arising Fleshy above the External Protuberance of the Os Humeri (20), immediately below the Supinator Radii Longus, in its descent becomes a Fleshy Belly, and grows Tendinous above the middle of the Radius (22): The other Beginning of this Muscle is partly Fleshy and partly Tendinous Below the Former, either from the Apex of the Extuberance of the Os Humeri or Superior Part of the Radius, and continues Fleshy somewhat Lower than the Superior; Both Tendons marching under the Extensores Pollicis, run under the Ligamentum Annulare, and are Inserted to the Superior Parts of the Ossa Metacarpi of the Fore, and Middle Fingers. (26.) 
Fig. xviii.    

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris. 
Ibid. E.   
This hath an Acute Tendinous Beginning from the Outward Extuberance of the Os Humeri (20), and becomes Fleshy as it Descendeth according to the length of the Cubit, growing Tendinous again as it marcheth over the Inferior part of the Ulna (23), and passing under the Annular Ligament, It is Inserted to the Superior Part of the Metacarpal-Bone of the Little Finger. (26.)  
If this Muscle and the Ulnaris Flexor Act, they move the Hand side-ways towards the Ulna, and in like manner if the Radialis Flexor and Extensor Act, they move it towards the Radius. It is well observed by most Authors, that the Extenders, whether belonging to the Fingers or Carpus Arise from the Outward Extuberance of the Os Humeri, and their Antagonists the Flexors, from the Internal Protuberance of the same Bone, as also from the superior and external part of the Ulna next the Anconeus (above treated of.)    

CHAP. XXXI. Of the Muscles of the Radius.  
THE Radius (22) is Moved in 
Fig. xviii.  Common with the Ulna, or Cubitus (23), but besides that, it hath 
Id. 24. & 26. Fig. xvii.  also a Proper Motion, in which the Carpus together with the Hand is chief Moved, or Turned, either Upwards or Downwards, and to this End there are two sorts of Muscles: of which some are called Pronatores, or those that turn it Inwards, and the Palm of the Hand Downwards, and others Supinatores, which turn it Outwards, and the Palm of the Hand Upwards. These have their Names from their Figure and Use.  

Pronator Radii Teres. 
Vesal. M. T. i. v.   
By some called Pronator Superior Rotundus; It Ariseth Fleshy from the Internal Extuberance of the Os Humeri (22), where those Bending the 
Fig. xvii.  Carpus and Fingers do Arise, and Firmly adhering to the Flexor Carpi Radialis, It Descends obliquely Downwards to its Fleshy Insertion, a little above the Middle of the Radius (24) 
Fig. xvii.  Externally.   

Pronator Radii Quadratus. 
Bid. T. 〈…〉 8. B.   
Or Inferior Quadratus, It Ariseth Broad, and Fleshy, from the Lower and Inner part of the Ulna (26), and passing Transversly over the Ligament, that joins the Radius to the Ulna, and is so Inserted to the Superior and External part of the Radius.   

Supinator Radii Longus. 
Ibid. C.   
This Ariseth Broad and Fleshy from the Superior and External part of the Os Humeri (17) three Fingers breadth 
Fig. xviii.  below the Termination of the Deltoides, and Descending obliquely inwards, It gradually lessens itself, and becomes a Flat, Broad Tendon, which likewise grows narrower till it is Inserted to the External and Inferior part of the Radius (24) near the Carpus. (27.) 
Fig. xvii.    

Supinator Radii Brevis. 
Bid. T. 71. G.   
This Ariseth partly Tendinous and Fleshy from the Superior and External part of the Ulna (24) next the 
Fig. xviii.  Radius, and passing obliquely Transverse over that Bone, is so Inserted to its Superior part below the Prominence of the Radius, where the Round Tendon of the Biceps endeth. (25.) 
Fig. xvii.   
We come next to the Muscles of the Thigh, Leg, and Foot, though Riolan sharply reprehends Gaspar Bauhin in his Animadversions on his Theatrum Anatomicum for Maladministration of the Muscles of the Leg before those of the Thigh, alleging that those of the Former may be all demonstrated, and the Latter remain untouched, yet we cannot agree with him in that particular, knowing it to be absolutely necessary to separate divers Muscles of the Tibia, as well as to cut off some of those moving the Os Femoris itself, before we can have a tolerable prospect of others; especially the Rotator Femoris Extrorsum. However since some Muscles which belong to the Thigh do Arise from the Vertebrae of the Back, Loins, and Os Sacrum, we shall begin with them First; and then divide the Os Ilium from the Sacrum, and remove the Trunk of the Body, which Practice is not only convenient for Dissection, in respect the Limb is more easily turned to and fro upon the Table, but in public Demonstrations is done to avoid an offensive Scent Apt to arise from the Trunk. This done, proceed to divest the rest of the Muscles of their Common Teguments the Skin, Fat, and Membranes: Taking care that the Fascia Membranosa of the Thigh and Leg be not wounded, and that you likewise take off all the Fat in the Planta Pedis, and avoid Cutting the Long Tendon of the Musculus Plantaris as it descends internally by the great Tendon of the Gasterocnemii near the Os Calcis.    

CHAP. XXXII. Of the Muscles of the Thigh.  
Author's differ in the Enumeration, Description and Office of the Muscles belonging to this Part. 
a De Mus. Cap. xxxi.  Galen, 
b Lib. two. Cap. lvi.  Vesalius, and 
c Lib. v. C. xxviii.  Columbus mention Ten, viz. Psoas, Iliacus internus, Pectineus, Glutoeus major, Glutoeus medius, Glutoeus minor, Pyriformis, Marsupialis, Triceps, and Obturator Externus; To These Falloppius adds another 
Observat. Anatom.  called Quadratus Femoris, whose Invention Riolan pretends, is due 
Animad. in Theat. Anatom. Bauhini & Anthropog. Lib. v. Cap xli.  to Silvius; and describes another, which he calls Psoas parvus, lying on the Great Psoas. To These 
* Lib. iv. Cap. xi.  Tho. Bartholin adds yet another distinct from that mentioned by Riolan, lying beneath it, having the same Fleshy Beginning about Three Fingers in Breadth, and is so Inserted to the upper Edge of the Os Ilium Backwards, where the Iliacus internus does Arise; This he tells us he found in a strong Muscular Body in the year 1651; and the following year he says he saw it with Michael Lyserus, who had observed it in a Monkey to equal the Great Psoas. That mentioned by Riolan we have frequently observed, Which, notwithstanding is absent in some Bodies, as he has well remarked. But the Latter of Bartholin I could never yet discover. But if such be found, I conjecture it should rather be referred to the Loins, together with the Quadratus Lumborum, of which I suspect it is a Part that may sometimes be Distinct. The like Lusus Naturae we frequently find in other Cases, of which the Rhomboides Scapulae and Triceps Femoris afford us Examples.  

Psoas Parvus.  
Though This aught to be counted amongst Those belonging to the Loins, yet its subserviency to the Great Psoas, & for our better convenience in Dissection, we choose rather to reserve it for this Place. It Arises Fleshy from the superior part of the First Vertebrae of the Loins internally laterally within the Abdomen, immediately below the Cavity of the Diaphragm, whence descending obliquely Inwards towards the Pelvis Abdominis (where it ceases to be Fleshy) in a manner embracing the Great Psoas, and is Inserted with a Thin, Broad, Strong Tendon, to that part of the Os Pubis (40), where it is joined to 
Fig. xvii.  the Os Ilium. This Muscle with its Partner Acting assist the Recti Abdominis in drawing the Ossa Pubis upwards, as in raising ourselves from a Decumbent Posture. Thus Ropedancers hang by their Hands, and Raise the Inferior parts of their Bodies to take hold of the Rope with their Feet. Though their proper Action is to bend the Loins, yet their Tendons embracing the Two following Muscles (which we have frequently observed to extend over their inferior parts) not unlike the Fascia Tendinosa Cubiti and Lata of the Thigh, do also Corroborate them in their Action.   

Psoas Magnus seu Lumbales. 
Vesal. M. T. 8. ☉. Bid. T. 52. K. K.   
So called from its Situation, It's a Round, somewhat Large and Fleshy Muscle, Arising from all the Vertebrae of the Loins (34), and their Transverse 
Fig. xvii.  Processes (w x y z) internally and laterally, within the Cavity of the Abdomen; from thence descending over the superior part of the Os Sacrum (35), and Spine of the Ilium 
Fig. xvii.  (37), where it's joined with the Fleshy Fibres of the following Muscle; with which its inseparably united at their partly Fleshy and partly Tendinous Insertions in the Inferior part of the lesser Trochanter of the Thigh-Bone. (46)  
This assists the Following in its Action.   

Iliacus Internus. 
Bid. T. 52. N N.   
This Arises Fleshy from above half the Superior Region, and Internal concave part of the Os Ilium (36), and in its descent over the Inferior part of the last named Bone (40), joins with the Former, and is Inserted with it as abovesaid, partly under the Termination of the Following. This together with the Former move the Thigh Forwards in Progression.   

Pectineus. 
Spigel. L. 4. T. 31. not lettered.   
So called from its beginning at the Os Pubis or Pectinis (38). It has a Thick, Broad, and Fleshy Origination from the External part of the said Bone, between the Two last described Muscles and second Head of the Triceps, and Descending Obliquely Backwards it becomes a flat strong Tendon near its Implantation to the Asperity (37) on the Posterior part of 
Fig. xviii.  the Os Femoris, immediately below the Lesser Trochanter, at the Insertion of the Two Former Muscles.  
This Acting together with the Two Preceding, do not only Draw the Os Femoris Upwards, but directs it Outwards, by its Curve descent from its Origination to its Insertion at the posterior part of the Os Femoris; which is a Provident contrivance of Nature in Walking since the Thigh-bones by their Obliqne position do thereby render the Toes liable to turn Inwards. These Three last treated of Muscles, besides the Recti Abdominis and Psoi parvi, seem to serve for the Inflexion of the Body, and Direct the whole Limb, to wit, the Thigh, Leg, and Foot outward in a more Graceful Step.  
The Musculus Membranosus presents itself next to the Knife; therefore must be Raised before we can gain a View of the rest which move the Thigh bone. This may be done, either by cutting it from its Fleshy Origination at the point of the Spine of the Os Ilium (37), and 
Fig. xvii.  turning it Downwards; or after its well cleared of the Skin, Fat, and Membranes, it may be Raised contrariwise by cutting off its Tendinous Insertion at the superior Appendix of the Fibula (53), and Freeing it from all the Muscles of the Tibia, and leaving it at its Origination: Either of these being done, proceed to Raise the Pyriformis from its Origin within the Pelvis of the Abdomen (40), and part of the Fleshy Beginning of the Glutaeus Major from the External part of the Os Sacrum (34) and Coccygis (0). 
Fig. xviii.  The Bodythen being laid in a Supine Posture, and the Legs Divaricated; with a Thin Knife divide the Os Ilium (36) 
Fig. xvii.  from the Sacrum (35.)   

Glutaeus' Major. 
Vesal. T. 9 ●. T. 10. K. Spigel. T. 29. L. 4. CC.   
So called from its being the largest Muscle of those which compose the Buttocks It has a large Semicircular Beginning; Forwards merely Tendinous, from near two Thirds of the External Part of the Spine of the Os Ilium (30); Backwards its Origination 
Fig. xviii.  is Thick and Fleshy from the Posterior part of its Spine, and hindmost part of the Sacrum (34) laterally, and whole Os Coccygis (O) as also from a Broad Ligament that's extended between the two last Named Bones and Tubercle of the Os Ischium (31); it's Fleshy Fibres Descending Disgregately in an almost semicircular manner become Tendinous as they approach the Great Trochanter (40), where it's United with its First described Tendinous Beginning, Descending over the External part of the Great Trocanter, after being joined with the Tendon of the Membranosus, proceeds to cover and strictly Embrace all the External Muscles of the Tibia like the External Tendon of the Biceps Those of the Cubit: But the other part of it proceeding from the Fleshy Body of this Muscle, is largely Inserted to the Linea Aspera (37) on the Back 
Fig. xviii.  part of the Os Femoris, near Four Fingers breadth below the Great Trochanter.  
The first described Tendinous Beginning of this Muscle doth not only serve to support its Fleshy Body, but its Fibres Intersecting those of the Membranosus as they cover all the Muscles of the Tibia, do more adequately include them, whereby they are corroborated in their Action. When this Muscle Acts it pulls the Thigh directly Backwards.   

Glutaeus Medius. 
Vesal. M. T. 10. σ. Bid. T. 72. D F. Spigel. T. 29. L. 4. L L.   
This lies chief under the Tendinous beginning of the Former Muscle, and Arising Fleshy from almost the whole External part of the Spine of the Os Ilium (30), in its Descent becomes Thicker and Fleshy, and is Inserted by a short strong Tendon to the Superior and External part of the Great Trochanter (40) in a Semicircular manner.  
If the differing Series of Fibres in this Muscle are rightly considered, their Position will manifest they are not so Useful in Extending the Thigh as Authors would persuade us, but rather employed in Turning it Inwards. This will plainly Appear if in the time of Dissection you give the Thigh that motion, you then may observe the Forepart of this Muscle notably relaxt. And in living Persons when the Thigh is turned inwards, you may see it Tumified; or if in performing that Action with your own Thigh you lay your Thumb on this Muscle, you may feel it contract or Move under the Skin. Besides its being partly useful in Extending the Thigh with the former Muscle, it is also employed in divaricating the Legs, it co-operating with the Musculus Membranosus in that Action.   

Glutaeus' Minor, 
Vesal. M. T. 11. Z. Spigel. T. 30. L. 4. G G.   
Lies totally under the Former Muscle, it being so much less than the Former, as the Former is the Precedent; It ariseth Semicircular, Broad and Fleshy, from the Dorsum Ilii (29); from hence its 
Fig. xviii.  Fleshy Fibres descend to their partly Tendinous, and partly Fleshy Insertion like the Former, at the Superior part of the Root of the great Trochanter (40).  
The Fibres of this running Parallel, with those of the Former, assist it in all its Actions: Whatsoever Authors have said concerning an Obturator Femoris introrsum, we are well assured, that there is no other Muscle employed in that Action, but the Foreparts of these Two only. They also assist in rendering the Articulation of the Thigh Bone, with the Coxa, more Stable in standing Erect.   

Pyriformis seu Iliacus Externus. 
Vesal. M. T. 10. b. Spigel. T. 29. Lib. 4. M.   
It receives its First Name from its Figure, the Second from its Situation; its beginning is Round and Fleshy from the Inferior and Internal part of the Os Sacram (35), where it respects the Pelvis of the Abdomen, and 
Fig. xvii.  descending obliquely in the great Sinus of the Os Ilium (35), above the 
Fig. xviii.  Acute Process of the Ischium, and joining with the Glutaeus Medius, it's Inserted by a Round Tendon to the Superior part of the Root of the Great Trochanter (39). This moves 
Fig. xviii▪  the Os Femoris somewhat Upwards, and turns it Outwards.   

Marsupialis seu Bursalis. 
Spigel. L. 4. T. 29. QQ.   
So called from its Tendinous running through (as it were) a Second Fleshy Beginning of itself, which Duplication represents a Purse; It is also called Obturator Internus from its Situation, and not from its Use, as some have imagined. It Ariseth Broad and Fleshy, from that part of the Os Ilium, Ischium (31), Pubis (33), and Ligament that is extended in the Great Foramen (36), of the two last named Bones internally, and marching Transversly in the Sinus of the Ischium, (fenced on each side by two Processes, the one Acute (32), the other Obtuse (31), where it is Externally Fleshy, but Internally it hath Three, sometimes Four Tendons passing in so many distinct Furrows in the said Sinus, like so many Cords in a Qadruple Pulley, where it meets with the other Fleshy Beginning, commonly called its Marsupium, arising from the abovementioned Acute and Obtuse Processes, which joining with the said Tendons at their united Insertion to the Superior part of the Root of the Great Trochanter near the Implantation of the Former Muscle (39). 
Fig. xviii.   
Riolan makes two Muscles of the 
Anthrop. ●ib. v. ●ap. 41. 〈…〉 Anatom. Cap. nineteen.  Marsupium; which Error is taken notice of by * Marchette, who thinks the Marsupium a contrivance of Nature, whereby the Motion is confirmed, and the Subjacent Tendons defended from too great a pressure.  
When this Muscle Acteth, its Insertion is directed towards that part of the Ischium, over which its Tendons run after the manner of a Pulley, and the Os Femoris is thereby turned Outwards.   

Quadratus Femoris. 
Spigel. T. 19 L. 4. not lettered.   
So called from its Figure; it Ariseth Broad and Fleshy from the Apophysis of the Os Ischium (31), and passes Transversly, with an equal Breadth and Thickness to its partly Fleshy and partly Tendinous Insertion at the Posteriour part of the Os Femoris, partly below the Great Trochanter.  
This Assists the Former Muscle in turning the Thigh-Bone outwards. The next Muscle belonging to the Thigh, which appears as the Back part of it, lies Uppermost, is the largest Beginning of the Triceps, which, (contrary to others) we reckon the First Head of that Muscle.   

Triceps. 
Vesal. M. T. 12. Z. Spigel. T. 32. L. 4. AADD. C.   
So called from its Three Heads or Beginnings, the First and Largest of which Ariseth Broad and Fleshy from the Inferior Edges and External parts of the Os Ischium and Pubis, where they are joined to each other (33) lying 
Fig. xviii.  between the Semitendinosus and Semimembranosus, and that of the Gracilis, and Descending with an Obliqne Order of Fleshy Fibres, is Inserted partly Tendinous and Fleshy near an Hands Length in Breadth to the Linea Aspera of the Thigh-Bone (37), that is immediately below the Insertion of the Former Muscle; It's Inferior part making a Strong Round Tendon Inserted into the Superior Part of the Internal and Lower Appendix of the Thigh-Bone (47). The Second Head 
Fig. xvii.  or Beginning of this Muscle Ariseth Tendinous from the Os Pubis (38), but in its Descent soon becomes Fleshy, and joins with the Former, near to its Insertion to the Middle part of the Linea Aspera of the Thigh-Bone (37). The Third and Last Beginning 
Fig. xviii.  of this Muscle springeth from the Inferior part of the Os Pubis, between the Origination of its Last Described Head, and That of the Pectineus, and Descending obliquely joins with the First, near its Insertion to the Linea Aspera of the Thigh Bone, immediately above the Termination of the Second Head of this Muscle.  
This moves the Thigh variously according to the Diversity of its Beginnings, so the First described part of it pulls the Thigh-Bone Upwards, Inwards, and somewhat Backwards; The Second and Third Beginnings of it Pulls it more Inwards, and turns it somewhat Outwards, as when we put our Legs across each other.   

Obturator Externus. 
Spigel. T. 32. L. 4. H.   
So called from its Situation, and Rotator Femoris Extrorsum from its Use; It hath a Large Fleshy Beginning from the External parts of the Os Ischium (39) and Pubis (38) and Membrane 
Fig. xvii.  that covers their Foramen (41) Externally, opposite to the Origination of the Marsupialis or Obturator Internus (already described) and passing transversly Backwards, lessens itself, and becomes Tendinous at its Insertion to the Root of the great Trochanter of the Thigh-bone (39) near the Termination 
Fig. xviii.  of the Last named Muscle. This turns the Thigh Outwards.    

CHAP. XXXIII. Of the Muscles of the Leg.  

a De Mus. C. xxxii.  GAlen, 
b Lib. two. Cap. liii.  Vesalius, 
c Lib. v. C. xxix.  Columbus, and 
d Lib. iv. C. xxxii.  Spigelius, describe Ten Muscles which move the Tibia, namely, Membranosus, Sartorius, Gracilis, Seminervosus, Semimembranosus, Biceps, Rectus, Vastus Externus, Vastus Internus, and Popliteus: To these jacobus Silvius, 
Isagog. Anatom. Lib. v. C. xxix.  Laurentius, and latter Authors add another Muscle lying between the two Vasti and call it Crureus: Of These we reckon the first seven as Common both to the Thigh and Leg, they Arising either from the Os Ilium Pubis or Ischium, and are Inserted into the Tibia or Fibula, in Moving of which they move the Thigh also▪ The other are Proper Arising from the Os Femoris only, and Inserted to the Tibia.  

Membranosus. 
Vesal. M. T. 4. 3. Spigel. T. 34. L. 4. RRSS.   
So called from the large Membranous Expansion it is Continuous with, enclosing all the Muscles of the Tibia and Tarsus; whence it is also called Fascia Lata: It hath an Acute Fleshy Beginning from the Forepart of the Spine of the Os Ilium (37) between 
Fig. xvii.  the Origination of the Sartorius and Tendinous Beginning of the Glutaeus Magnus, and being dilated to a Fleshy Belly which fills the Interstice made by the First of the two Last named Muscles and Upper part of the Rectus and Forepart of the Glutaeus Medius; in its Obliqne Descent becomes Tendinous, Four Fingers breadth below the great Trochanter (45), whence it 
Fig. xvii.  passes directly over the Vastus Externus to its proper Termination, at the Superior Appendix of the Fibula (53), but in its progress thither it is Conjoined with the Tendinous Expansion of the Glutaeus Magnus which Ariseth from the Spine of the Ileum (30) covering 
Fig. xviii.  the External part of the Glutaeus Medius and all the External Muscles of the Tibia as well as those of the Thigh-bone; and Descending over the Patella comprehends the Muscles of the Tarsus, and joins with the Ligamentum Annulare, which retains the Tendons of the Toes and Foot: Unless it may be supposed that the said Fascialata should end at the Lower part of the Thigh-Bone or Superior parts of the Tibia and Fibula, and that the last named Bones should give an Origination to the Inferior part of the said Fascia, which seems to be a Matter more of Controversy than Use. When this Muscle Acteth, the Leg and Thigh are Drawn outwards; its Tendon being joined with part of the Glutaeus Maximus, and having a different Series of Fibres intersecting each other, do thereby, compose a strong Involucrum, as well including all the Common Muscles of the Leg, as covering the Proper; whereby they Corroborate them in their Action, as the Tendinous Expansion of the Biceps Cubiti doth Those of the Carpus and Fingers.   

Sartorius. 
Vesal. M. T. i. o. Spigel. T. 34. L. 4. AA.   
It receives this Denomination from the Use Tailors make of it in bringing one Leg and Thigh over the other to sit cross Leg'd; It is also called Longissimus Femoris, it exceeding the rest of the Muscles of that Part in Length, and Fascialis from its passing over the Muscles of the Thigh and Leg like a Swath. It Ariseth Sharp and Fleshy from the Forepart of the Spine of the Os Ilium (37) close by 
Fig. xvii.  the Former Muscle, and Descending obliquely inwards above the Musculus Rectus and Vastus Internus, and over part of the Triceps, of an equal Breadth and Thickness, meets with the Gracilis below the Middle of the Thigh internally, and Descending with it becomes Tendinous in its Passage over the Internal and Inferior Head of the Thigh Bone, (under a strict Enclosure of the above described Fascia Lata) and is Inserted Four Fingers Breadth below the Superior part of the Tibia, internally (44). It's use is declared 
Fig. xviii.  above.   

Gracilis. 
Vesal. M. T. i. P. Spigel. T. 34. L. 4. F. F.   
So called from being the most slender of these Muscles; It Ariseth somewhat Broad, partly Tendinous and partly Fleshy from the Os Pubis (38) 
Fig. xvii.  internally, between the First and Second described Heads of the Triceps, and in its Straight Descent in the Inside of the Thigh grows narrow, and becomes Tendinous a little above the Former Muscle, and is so Inserted (immediately beneath it) to the Tibia. (44.) 
Fig. xviii.   
It Assisteth the Former and Following Muscles in bending the Thigh and Leg inwards.   

Seminervosus seu Semitendinosus. 
Vesal. M. T. 9 tt. Spigel. T. 33. L. 4. L.   
Which is so called from its being half Tendinous, and Nerve-like. It Ariseth partly Tendinous and partly Fleshy from the External part of the Protuberance of the Os Ischium (31), 
Fig. xviii.  and presently being Dilated to a Large Fleshy Belly, becomes a Round Tendon in half its progress, which Descending over the Fleshy Belly of the Following Muscle, marcheth close by the Gasterocnemius on the Posterior part of the Superior Appendix of the Tibia, from whence it passes Forwards to its Insertion in the said Bone immediately Below the Termination of the Former Muscle. (44.)  
This with the Former Muscle Acting, bend the Tibia directly Backwards. It's Tendon together with the two Former and following Muscles make the Inward Hamstrings, as they are commonly called.   

Semimembranosus. 
Vesal. M. T. 9 u u. Spigel. T. 33. L. 4. K.   
So called from its being half Tendinous and Membrane-like; lying immediately under the former Muscle. It Ariseth Broad and Tendinous from the Protuberance of the Os Ischium, and in its Descent becomes broader, and in less than half its Progress gins to grow Fleshy, (where the Belly of the Former Muscle lessens itself) and is dilated into a Large and Fleshy Belly, lying under the Long Round Tendon of the Former, becoming a Short Thick Tendon Inserted to the superior part of the Upper Appendix of the Tibia Backwards. N. B. That the Fleshy Belly of the former Muscle is above; and That of This is Below, and their Tendons on the contrary.   

Biceps. 
Vesal. M. T. 9 s. T. 10. Ψ. Spigel. T. 33. Lib. 4. M. V T. X.   
Or Biceps Femoris to distinguish it from That of the Cubit: It having Two Heads, the superior and longest of which Ariseth with a Round Tendon from the same Protuberance of the Ischium, as the Two Former, in its Descent becomes Large and Fleshy, and in above half its progress lessens itself again, where it is joined with its other Head, having a Broad, partly Tendinous and partly Fleshy Beginning from the Linea Aspera of the Os Femoris (37), immediately below 
Fig. xviii.  the Termination of the Glutaeus Maximus; it being thus united grows Tendinous, as it marcheth in a Channel on the External Appendix of the Os Femoris, becoming perfectly Tendinous at its Implantation to the Superior Epiphysis of the Fibula. (47.) 
Fig. xviii.   
Besides the Office commonly assigned to this Muscle in Bending the Tibia together with the Two Former, it is likewise employed in turning the Leg together with the Foot and Toes outwards, when we sit with the Knees bended.   

Popliteus. 
Vesal. M. T. 14. ●.   
By some called Subpopliteus, It Ariseth with a Short, Strong Tendon from the External Head of the Inferior Appendix of the Os Femoris (42), from whence descending obliquely over the Juncture becomes Fleshy, and Expanding itself is so Inserted to the Superior part of the Tibia internally immediately below its Superior Appendix (44). This doth not only Assist the Three Former Muscles in Bending the Tibia, but Antagonizeth the Precedent by turning the Foot and Toes outwards in that Position of the Leg as before Noted.   

Rectus Femoris. 
Vesal. M. T. i. S. Spigel. T. 34. L. 4. a a id. T. 35. AA. EE.   
Is named from its straight Progress and Situation, it Ariseth Fleshy from a Tubercle of Os Ilium, that is in the Midway between the Forepart of its Spine and the Acetabulum †, from 
Fig. xvii.  thence descending directly between the two following Muscles and over the Crureus, Its Fibres Externally Descend from a Middle Line obliquely Laterally; internally they run according to its Length, and become entirely Tendinous Four Fingers breadth above the Patella, where it is united with the Tendons of the three following Muscles, and Inserted together with them at the Upper part of the Tibia. (50.) 
Fig. xvii.    

Vastus Externus. 
Vesal. M. T. i. r. id. T. 2. t. Spigel. T. 35. L. 4. GG.   
So called from its Magnitude and Situation, It Arises outwardly Tendinous, Inwardly Fleshy from the External part of the great Trochanter (45); and Linea Aspera of the Thigh-bone 
Fig. xvii. Fig. xviii.  (37), from whence its Fibres Descend Obliquely Forwards, and on the contrary become outwardly Fleshy and Tendinous Internally, and so soon as They meet with the Tendon of the Former Muscle, grow perfectly Tendinous, and join with it and that of the two Following.   

Vastus Internus. 
Vesal. M. T. i. t. Spigel. T. 35. L. 4. LL.   
This like the Former hath its Denomination from its Situation and Magnitude; Its Beginning is Large, partly Tendinous, and partly Fleshy; it being continued from the Linea Aspera on the Back part of the Thigh-bone (37), from immediately below 
Fig. xviii.  the Lesser Trochanter, till within Three Fingers Breadth above the Inferior Appendix of the said Bone Internally Laterally; from hence its Fleshy Fibres Descend obliquely outwards in an almost Semicircular manner, and on a sudden (like the Former Muscles) ceasing to be Fleshy, its Tendon is United with that of the Rectus, together with the Former and following Muscles, and Inserted with them.   

Crureus seu Femoreus. 
Vesal. M. T. 5. II. Spigel. T. 35. L. 4. KK.   
So called from its Situation on the Bone of the Thigh, like the Musculus Brachiaeus, on that of the Arm; Its Origination is Large and Fleshy, being continued from between the Greater and Lesser Trochanter of the Thigh-bone Forwards (42), to its 
Fig. xvii▪  Lower part, that is Immediately above its Inferior Appendix, It's Fleshy Fibres descending directly, and become perfectly Tendinous a little below the Upper part of the Tendon of the Rectus, where it joins with it, and the Tendons of the Two Last Described Muscles, which passes over the External part of the Patella, (or on each side of it) and is Inserted to a Prominence at the Superior and Forepart of the Tibia. (50.)  
These Four Muscles last treated of, viz. Rectus Vastus Externus, Vastus Internus, and Crureus, may be esteemed One, in regard they make but one Tendon at their Insertion, and serve for the same Use in Extending the Tibia, or Leg, however they are divided into several Bodies, and one of them is Enclosed on all sides by the Fascia Lata, namely the Rectus, and in themselves have a Multiform Series of Fleshy Fibres, whereby they are rendered capable of Performing their Office with greater strength, which is absolutely necessary not only in Running, Walking, Leaping, etc. but in Standing to keep the Body Erect, by opposing that Flexure at the Knee, which must otherwise necessarily happen through the superincumbent Pressure. For this reason likewise we find these Extending Muscles in so great a proportion Larger than their Antagonists the Benders, which appeared by their Weight, when at the Request of my very good Friend Dr. Brown, (now Reader on the Muscular Dissections at Chyrurgeons-Hall) these Extending Muscles were weighed, and their Antagonists the Benders in the same Body, whereby we found the Former exceeded the Latter, two Pounds wanting an Ounce; The Former, namely the Extensores, weighing Three Pounds six Ounces, and their Antagonists the Latter but One Pound seven Ounces. Should it be inquired, (since it is so Apparently necessary in most, if not All Motions of the whole Body that the Leg ought to be Extended with great Force, it being bended to support its own weight only) Why the Muscles employed in that Action should all Terminate in one Tendon, when their Antagonists the Benders have Divers Inserted on both sides the Bones of the Leg; whereby They have a greater advantage in doing their office than that one single Insertion of the Extenders? It may be Answered, that such a Structure is not only for the Beauty of the Part, but it is necessary that the Tendons of the Former should be United into One near their Insertions, and that a Bony Body, such as is the Patella, should be placed on the Articulation of the Thigh-bone with the Leg to defend it from being pressed on, in going down steep places, which could not have been done, had They been divided and Inserted on each side of the Bones of the Leg like the Flexors, which is a Stupendious Device in Nature.    

CHAP. XXXIV. Of the Muscles of the Foot or Tarsus.  
COlumbus, Falloppius, and other Anatomists 
Lib. v. Cap. xxx. Observat. Anatom.  reckon Eight Muscles belonging to each Foot, rejecting Vesalius his Ninth, it being part of the Extensor Digitorum longus that is Inserted to the Metatarsal-bone of the Little Toe: but Spigelius, * Veslingius, 
Lib. iv. C. xxiv. C. nineteen.  and latter Authors making of their two first the Gasterocnemius Externus and Gasterocnemius Internus One, giving it the name of Gasterocnemius Externus only, and call its subjacent Muscle Gasterocnemius Internus, which former Anatomists had named Soleus', have reduced their Number to Seven in each Foot, whose Example we shall follow.  

Gasterocnemius Externus, it. Gemellus. 
Vesal. M. T. 9 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Spigel. T. 38. L. 4. Fig. i GG DE. Bid. T. 83. E.   
So called because (with the Soleus' or Internus of that name) it composes the Calf of the Leg: it is also called Gemellus from its being as it were double. It has two Distinct Fleshy Originations from the Superior and Hindmost parts of each Tubercle of the Lower Appendage of the Thigh-bone (42), which in their descent are 
Fig. xviii.  each dilated into two large Fleshy Bellies; The innermost of which is Thickest and Largest, having each a differing Series of Fleshy Fibres, and join to each other near where they make a Broad Strong Tendon, which narrowing itself joins with the great Tendon of the Gasterocnemius Internus, four Fingers breadth above its insertion to the Os Calcis. (49.)  
Riolan asserts, with Vesalius, that in 
Lib. v. Cap. 43.  the two Beginnings of this Muscle there are two Ossicula sesamoidea, which we must acknowledge with Marchette have hitherto escaped our Observation, though its likely it may be so in Aged Bodies, as it appeared in a Subject I lately Dissected on One Side only.  
When this Muscle Acts the Foot is said to be Extended or Pulled Backwards, which motion of it is very necessary in Walking, Running, Leaping, and standing on Tiptoe, etc. Hence it is those that Walk much have these Muscles Larger than others, through the frequent use of them, and amongst which those that carry Heavy burdens, and especially Sedans or Chairs in this Town; and Those who wear Low-heeled Shoes have these Muscles remarkably larger than Others.   

Plantaris. 
Vesal. M. T. 13. Φ. Spigel. T. 38. 〈…〉 4. Fig. 2. I●K.   
So called from its Tendon expanded in the Planta Pedis like that of the Palmaris in the Palm of the Hand. It Arises Fleshy from the Superior and Backpart of the outermost Tubercle of the Lower Appendage of the Thigh-bone (42) immediately under the External 
Fig. xviii.  Beginning of the Former Muscle, and Descending Obliquely between it and the Following, soon becomes a Thin Flat Tendon, which passing out from between Their Fleshy Bellies descends internally laterally, by their great Tendon; and marching over the Os Calcis (49), expands 
Fig. xviii.  itself on the Sole of the Foot, where it firmly adheres to the Fleshy Body of the Musculus Flexor Digitorum Perforatus, and is Inserted on both sides the first Internode of each lesser Toe. The Action of this Muscle is very obscure, its Tendinous Expansion on the Bottom of the Foot being chief serviceable in defending the subjacent Muscles, Tendons, Nerves, and large Blood Vessels, from being Compressed in Standing, Walking, etc. We have sometimes observed that the Fleshy Beginning and long Tendon of this Muscle is wanting.   

Gasterocnemius Internus. 
Vesal. M. T. 14. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Spigel. T. 38. L. 4. Fig. 2. MM. Bid. T. 84. F.   
This is placed under the two former Muscles; It's also called Soleus' from its Figure; resembling a Sole-Fish: its External Fleshy part is covered with a Transparent Tendinous expansion, which makes it appear of a livid Colour. It's Beginning is partly Tendinous, but chief Fleshy from the hindmost part of the upper Appendix of the Fibula (47), and 
Fig. xviii.  Backpart of the Tibia (45), that is below the Insertion of the Subpopliteus, and increasing to a large Fleshy Belly composed of Various Orders of Fleshy Fibres, some of them underneath aptly expressing the Figure of the top of a Feather, whose Stamina here being Tendinous join with the great Tendon which is about four Finger's breadth in length, and Inserted to the Superior and Hindmost part of the Os Calcis. 
Fig. xviii.  (49.)  
The Foot, together with the Toes, being as it were a Leaver to the whole Body, ought therefore to be attended with Muscles of great strength to Extend it, wherefore we find these Muscles so much to exceed their Antagonist the Tibaeus Anticus, as well in the advantageous construction of their differing Series of Fleshy Fibres, as their Magnitude and Insertion at the extremity of the Os Calcis: whereby they are not only rendered serviceable in Walking, Running, Leaping, etc. but do also support the Tibiae in standing, lest the superincumbent Pressure of the Weight of the Body should make them incline forwards at their Articulations with the Talus.   

Tibialis Anticus. 
Vesal. M. T. i. Z. Spigel. T. 40. NNO. Fig. 2. Bid. T. 80. D. T. 81. E.   
So called from its situation on the Forepart of the Tibia, it's also by Spigelius called Musculus Catenae, because when it is divided the Patient is forced to use a Sling to support the Foot in Walking. It's Origination is Fleshy from the Lower part of the Superior Appendage of the Tibia (50) 
Fig. xvii.  between its Prominence, where the great Tendon of all the Extending Muscles of the Leg is Inserted, and the Origination of the Musculus Extensor Magnus Digitorum Pedis: it also continues a Disgregated Fleshy Origination for near two Thirds of the Superior part of the said Tibia Externally lateral next the Fibula (52); which Composing a Fleshy Belly lessens itself in Half its Progress, and growing into a Strong and somewhat Round Tendon descending obliquely over the Inferior Part of the said Tibia, and under the Annular Ligament, is Inserted to the inside of the Os 
* F. xviii. 53.  Cuneiforme Majus (57) that sustains the Os Metatarsi Pollicis.  
This pulls the Foot Upwards and Forwards Directly.   

Peroneus primus. 
Vesal. M. T. i. ●. Spigel. T. 40. F. 2. C D. Bid. T. 81. E. 82. C.   
By some it is called Longus it being the First that offers itself to view; and the longest Muscle seated on the Fibula or Os Perone (56). It 
Fig. xviii▪  Arises Externally Tendinous, and Fleshy Internally from above half the Superior part of the said Bone, and marching somewhat Backwards becomes a Strong, Flat Tendon, Four Fingers breadth in Length above the Inferior Appendage of the said Fibula called Malleolus Externus (48), passing 
Fig. xviii.  behind which in a Channel like a Rope in a Poultry, and from thence being inflected forwards together with the Tendon of the following Muscle, they pass under an imbanding Ligament as they run over the Os Calcis, but this Tendon declining from its companion marches over the 
* F. xvii. 60.  Os Cuboides (51) under the Musculus Abductor Minimi Digiti, and over the Ossa Cuneformia in the bottom of the Foot, and under the Tendons and Muscles Bending the Toes, and is Inserted to the Superior and Hindmost part of the Os Metatarsi of the Great Toe.  
The Tendon of this Muscle being conveyed over the Hindmost part of the Malleolus Externus (44), as on a 
Fig. xviii.  Poultry, is an elegant contrivance in Nature, whereby the Ball of the great Toe (as that part is commonly called to which It is Inserted) is directed towards a Perpendicular bearing of the Weight of the Body on the Leg in standing on Tiptoe by pulling the Foot and Toes somewhat outwards.   

Peroneus Secundus. 
Visal. M. T. 6. Ψ. Spigel. T. 40. L. 4. F. 2. EEF. Bid. T. 82. B.   
By some called Semifibulaeus: It has an Acute Fleshy beginning above the Middle of the External part of the Fibula (46) under the Fleshy Belly 
Fig. xviii.  of the Former Muscle, it also continues its Fleshy Beginning from the Posterior Sharp Edge of the said Fibula, and Becoming a Fleshy Belly grows Tendinous as it runs under the Malleolus Externus (48) together with 
Fig. xviii.  the Tendon of the former Muscle, and is inserted to the Superior and External part of the Os Metatarsi of the Little Toe.  
The proper Action of this Muscle is to pull the Foot and Toes outwards.   

Tibialis Posticus. 
Bid. T. 85. G. Vesal. M. T. 15. D E.   
This being placed on the Back part of the Tibia, is also called Musculus Nauticus, because Mariners chief use it in climbing up the Masts of their Ships. It lies partly under the Flexor tertii internodii Pollicis, which Muscle must be partly raised, together with the Flexor tertii internodii Digitorum Pedis, before we can have a clear sight of it. It appears Biventral, Arising partly Tendinous and partly Fleshy from the Superior and Backpart of the Fibula (47), as also from the Ligament 
Fig. xviii.  that is continued between the said Bone and the Tibia (45), in near half its progress it becomes less, and grows Fleshy again, and making a Strong Round Tendon which runs in a Sinus on the backpart of the lower Appendage of the Tibia called the Malleolus Internus (51) under an Annular 
Fig. xvii.  Ligament, and is inserted to the Os Naviculare (54) internally and laterally. 
Fig. xviii. Fig. xvii. 56.   
This draws the Foot upwards and inwards.    

CHAP. XXXV. Of the Muscles of the Great Toe.  
THe great Toe is moved by its Proper Muscles, which we reckon to be six in number, namely, Extensor Pollicis Longus, and Extensor Brevis, Flexor Pollicis Longus, and Flexor Brevis, Adductor and Abductor Pollicis; Though Anatomists commonly mention but Four of these, yet we have observed them in several Dissections to be so many Distinct Muscles as they are Accurately Figured in Bidloo. To these may be added 
Tab. 81, & 82.  the Musculus Transversalis Placentini, which our abovementioned Author and some others make to be an Adductor Pollicis, But we take it rather to be an Adductor Minimi Digiti, Wherefore it shall be described in the following Chapter.  

Extensor Pollicis Longus. 
Vesal. M. T. 4. 14. Spigel. T. 40. L. 4. F. 2. L. Bid. T. 81. H. T. 82. G.   
This Muscle doth not Arise as most Describe it, from the Tibia, or from the Ligament between it and the Fibula. It's Beginning is Large and Fleshy from the Forepart of the Fibula (52) from immediately below 
Fig. xvii.  its superior Appendix, to Four Fingers Breadth above the Inferior one, and Descending under the Ligamentum Annulare of the Tarsus, between the Tendon of the Tibialis Anticus and those Tendons of Extensor Pedis Longus, and marching along the superior part of the Foot, Is Inserted to the Upper part of the Second Bone of the Great Toe (63). It's Name Intimates its Use.   

Extensor Pollicis Brevis. 
Bid. T. 82. not lettered.   
Though this Muscle is not mentioned by Anatomists, yet we constantly observe it in Dissection, It hath been rather taken for part of the Extensor Digitorum Brevis, but we frequently find it Distinct.  
It Ariseth Fleshy from the Forepart of the Os Calcis (61), being Dilated into a Belly, soon becomes a Long, Slender Tendon, passing obliquely over the upper part of the Foot, and is Inserted to the superior part of the Second Bone of the Great Toe, which it Extends or Pulls Upwards.   

Flexor Pollucis Longus. 
Bid. T. 84. not lettered. TT. 85. K.   
This is a direct Antagonist to the Extensor Longus, It Arises opposite to it from the Backpart of the Fibula (46) with a double Order of Fleshy 
Fig. xviii.  Fibres, running to a Middle Tendon, (like the Flexor tertii internodii Pollicis Manus above) which ceaseth to be Fleshy as it passes over the Juncture, and runs through a Channel on the Internal part of the Os Calcis (49) under the Tendon of the Musculus Flexor Digitorum Longus Perforans over the Following Muscle, and is Inserted to the Upper End of the Second Bone of the Great Toe.   

Flexor Pollicis Brevis. 
Bid. T. 86. F. i. not lettered.   
Is Short, Thick, and Fleshy, seemingly divided into Two Muscles by the Tendon of the Former passing over it. It Ariseth from the superior part of the Os Cuneforme medium (58), 
Fig. xvii.  and running over the Termination of the Musculus Peroneus, is Implanted into the Ossa Sesamoidea of the Great Toe, who are likewise Tied to the superior part of the Second Bone of the said Toe, which it Bends.   

Abductor Pollicis. 
Bid. T. 86. F. 2. C C.   
This Ariseth Fleshy from the Os Calcis internally Laterally, in half its Progress becoming Tendinous, it joins with another Fleshy Beginning, springing from the Os Cuneforme majus (57) 
Fig. xvii.  that sustains the Os Metatarsi of the Great Toe; both which making one Tendon, are Inserted to the External part of the Os Sesamoides of the Great Toe Laterally.  
This pulls the Great Toe from the rest.   

Adductor Pollicis. 
Bid. T. 86. F. 2. D.   
This is Described and Figured by 
* C. nineteen.  Veslingius, It is also mentioned by Marchette, It ariseth partly Tendinous and partly Fleshy from the Inferior parts of the Os Cuneforme Tertium (59), and Dilating itself to a Fleshy Belly, marcheth obliquely in the bottom of the Foot, and becomes less and Tendinous at its Insertion to the Internal part of the Ossa Sesamoidea of the Great Toe laterally, opposite to the Termination of the Former.  
This Brings the Great Toe nearer the rest.    

CHAP. XXXVI. Of the Muscles of the Four Lesser Toes.  
THese (like the Muscles of the Fingers) we shall divide into Common and Proper.  
The Common Muscles of the Toes are such as have their Tendons Inserted into all the Lesser Toes, as the Extensor Digitorum Pedis Longus, Extensor Brevis, Perforatus, and Perforans. The rest are the Proper Muscles of the Toes, namely, Lumbricales, Abductor Minimi Digiti, Transversalis Placentini, and the Interossei: Of these in their Order.  

Extensor Digitorum Pedis Longus. 
Vesal. M. T. i. α β. Bid. T. 82. D.   
This hath an Acute Fleshy Beginning Externally from the Inferior part of the Upper Appendix of the Tibia (50) next the Fibula (53), as also a 
Fig. xvii.  Long Fleshy one from the Superior part of the last named Bone, and lessening itself in half its Descent on the Leg, it joins with a Second, Broad, Disgregated Fleshy Beginning, continued for near half the Inferior part of the said Fibula, where Descending under the Ligamentum Annulare of the Talus, it is divided into Five Tendons, Four of which are Inserted to the Third Bones of all the Lesser Toes; The Fifth to the superior part of the Os Metatarsi of the Little Toe, which part of it Vesalius makes his 
Lib. two. Cap. lx.  Ninth Muscle belonging to the Foot.   

Extensor Digitorum Brevis. 
Vesal. M. T. 6. Ω. Bidloo T. 82. F.   
This is a short Fleshy Muscle lying under the Tendon of the Former on the Foot. It Ariseth Fleshy from the External and Forepart of the Os Calcis (61), soon Dilating itself to a Fleshy Belly, which being divided into Four Fleshy Portions becomes so many Tendons, passing over the Upper part of the Foot, and making Acute Angles with the Tendons of the Former Muscle as they run over the First Internode of each Lesser Toe to their Insertions at the superior parts of their Second.   

Perforatus. 
Vesal. M. T. 14. ☉. Spigel. T. 42. F. 2. C. D. Bid. T. 85. I.   
So called because its Tendons are Perforated like Those of the Fingers. It is also called Flexor Secundi Internodii Digitorum Pedis, from its Use and Sublimis from its Situation, It springeth from the Inferior and Internal part of the Os Calcis (49) between 
Fig. xviii.  the Musculi Abductores of the Greater and Lesser Toes. Dilating itself to a Fleshy Belly after it hath passed the middle of the Planta Pedis, it is divided into four Fleshy Portions, which become so many Tendons, and are divided near their Terminations to Admit the Tendons of the following Muscle to pass through them to their Insertions; These being United again, pass underneath them to their Implantations at the Upper part of the Second Bone of each Lesser Toe.   

Perforans. 
Vesal. M. T. 15. P. Bid. T. 85. H.   
So called because its Tendons run through the Fissures in the Tendons of the Former, It is also called Flexor tertii Internodii Digitorum Pedis from its Use. It hath an Acute Fleshy Origination from the Backpart of the Tibia (45) immediately under the 
Fig. xviii.  Musculus subpoplitaeus, having a double order of Fibres united in a middle Tendon like the Flexor Pollicis Longus, but ceaseth to be Fleshy as it passeth behind the Malleolus Internus, and running in a Channel over the Internal part of the Os Calcis (49) under it, Imbanding Liguments in half its Progress through the Sole of the Foot, it is divided into Four Tendons which march thorough the perforations of the Tendons of the Former Muscle, and are Inserted to the Third Bone of every Lesser Toe.   

Lumbricales. 
Spigel. T. 42. F. 3. F F. Bid. T. 86. FF. Bid. T. 86. F. i FF.   
So called from their Figure like those of the Hand, and though Anatomists have generally described them Arising from the Tendons of the last treated of Muscle, yet we rather think the Carnea massain the Planta Pedis, is their true Origin, It springing from the Internal part of the Os Calcis, and becoming Tendinous joins with the Tendons of the Former Muscle, in the middle of the Sole of the Foot, Then dividing itself into Four (as it were) distinct Fleshy Muscles, they all become Tendinous at their Insertions to the Internal parts of each Lesser Toe Laterally next the Great Toe.   

Abductor Minimi Digiti. 
Spigel. T. 42. Lib. 4. F. 3. K M. Bid. T. 86. F. 2. B.   
This Ariseth outwardly Tendinous, inwardly Fleshy from the External part of the Os Calcis (49), becoming 
Fig. xviii.  Tendinous in half its progress on the outside of the Foot, it joins with the other Fleshy part of this Muscle Arising Fleshy from the Outside of the Os Metatarsi of the Little Toe (57), and making one Tendon at its Insertion to the Upper part of the First Bone of the Little Toe Externally Laterally.   

Transversalis Pedis. 
●id. T. 16. F. 2. ●.   
So called from its Transverse Situation. It Ariseth Tendinous from the Internal Os Sesamoides of the Great Toe, and becoming a Fleshy Belly in its Progress over the First Internodes of the two next Toes, it is Lessened at its Insertion to the Inferior part of that Metatarsal Bone which supports that Toe next the Lesser.  
It's Use is to bring the Lesser Toe towards the Greater.  
To this may be Added a Flexor 
☞.  Primi Ossis minimi Digiti, though some reckon it amongst the following Interossei, yet its situation doth not deserve that Name. It Ariseth Fleshy from the Superior part of the Os Metatarsi Minimi Digiti, and passes directly to its Insertion in the First Bone of the Lesser Toe. In the Tendon of this and the Interossei, the Ossa Sesamoidea of the Lesser Toes are entertained.   

Interossei Pedis. 
Spigel. T. 43. L. 4. F. 2. D D C C. Bid. T. 86. F. 3. AAA.   
These are reckoned to be Seven in Number, They derive their Names from their Situation, and may each deserve a Proper Appellation from their Use. The First may be called an Adductor Minimi Digiti. The Second, which is the Largest, draws the next Toe towards the Lesser, and may be called Abductor A●ricularius. The Third Antagnises the Former, and is an Abductor of that Toe. The Fourth may be called Abductor Medii Digiti. The Fifth is an Adductor of the same. The Sixth is an Adductor, and Seventh Abductor Indicis Pedis. All these Arise Fleshy from the Superior part of the Ossa Metatarsi of the Lesser Toes (62), 
Fig. xvii.  and becoming Bellied grow Tendinous at their Insertions to the First Internode of each lesser Toe laterally.     

AN APPENDIX: Containing a Description of the Penis, and the manner of its Erection.  
REgnerus De Graaf in his Elaborate Treatise of the Organs of Generation, has Accurately Described this Part; and Fredericus Ruysch in his late Anatomical and Chyrurgical Observations Demonstrated the Structure of its Glans, which the Former has not so well Observed; to which I shall add what upon a strict Enquiry on this Subject has given me occasion to discover.  
I shall not here repeat those many Synonimous Appellations which Lascivious▪ Wits, or over sedulous Authors have Invented. The Penis is an Organ Contrived by the Author of Nature for the Ejection of the Seed, and Emission of Urine, composed of certain Spongy or Cavernous Bodies with their Vessels and Integuments, of which in their order. First of its External or Common Containing Parts, as the Cuticula, Cutis and Membrana Carnosa.  
In the Cuticula we could never Observe 
The Cuticula.  any considerable difference from that of other Parts, except on the Glans, where we find, by the assistance of a Microscope, that its Exterior surface appears Villous or Downy.  
The true Skin or Cutis (AA) in 
The Cutis. 
Fig. x.   This and the Scrotum is much Thinner than we commonly find it in other Parts; and both have a peculiar disposition of their Blood Vessels (KK): the Arteries are called here Pundenda, which Arising from the External Branch of the Illiac, and running under the Superior part of the Skin of the Penis, divide themselves into many Branches, the larger of which are still subdivided, till they become Capillary; from whose Extremities are continued so many Veins, which again uniting into larger Branches, do pass into those that partly Arise from the Corpora Cavernosa Penis, and marching under the Common Integuments, do empty themselves into the upper part of that continued from the Saphena Vein of the Foot; These for distinction we call Venae Praeputii. (K.) 
Fig. x.   
Besides the Bloud-Vessels now mentioned, 
The Lymphducts.  it has Lymphducts (LL) which I had first an opportunity of observing by Injecting this Part with Prepared Mercury; which confirms the Opinion of Schelhamer, and the Accurate Nuck, concerning the Origin of these Ducts: But whether they Arise here from that part of the Canalis Sanguineus called the Artery, or the Vein, did not appear from my Experiment; since I made Injection into both promiscuously: I observed divers Trunks on each side, passing under the Common Integuments accompanying the Venae Prep●tii, which do (as I suspect) afterwards empty themselves (like those Arising from the Inferior Parts) into the Glandulae Inguinales. This Contemplation may serve to Inform us how the Morbid matter comes to be conveyed more particularly to those Glands in Venerial Cases, and Cause those Tumours that frequently happen on that occasion, commonly called Buboes; which Conception is the more confirmed, by observing those Phaenomena that are previous to that Effect, as Ulcers, and Inflammations on the Prepuce, and by the too early Use of Astringent Topics; which probably may inspissate the Refluent Lympha, and render it unfit to pass through those Vesciculae Glandosae into their exporting Lymphducts; from which obstruction begun a Tumour may Arise; Hence an Account may be also given how soon the Malignity may be sometimes conveyed into the Mass of Blood, by the common passages of the Lympha; and a very good Reason offered for the Practice of opening those Tumours before the usual time of Supuration.  
In that part where the Praeputium is 
The Glandulae Odoriferae.  contiguous to the Balanus, my very good Friend that Judicious Anatomist, Dr. Tyson, has Discovered certain small Glands (a a); which he calls from the 
Fig. x.  great scent their separated Liquor emits, Glandulae Odoriferae: their Number is uncertain; in those that have the Praeputium longer than ordinary, they are not only more, but also larger, and separate a greater quantity of their Juice, which being lodged there, often grows Acrid and corrodes the Glans. They are very conspicuous in most Quadrupeds, particularly in Dogs and Boars, in the latter of which; their separated Liquor is contained in a proper Cist, at the Verge of the Praeputium; out of which there is a large Aperture, whereby it's remitted again to lubricate the Penis of that Animal.  
The Third Common Tegument is 
The Membrana Carnosa.  the Membrana Carnosa. This Part commonly wanting Fat for divers Reasons. First, lest its Erection into that necessary Stiffness should be thereby hindered; Secondly, lest it should be too Bulky; and lastly, it would have dulled the Pleasure the Male is affected with in Venery. But whether these considerations induced the Author of Nature to Frame this Part without a Membrana Adiposa does not appear, since its want of Fat may not unlikely depend on its great Alteration, from that Flaccidity when it is not Erected to that Extension of it when it is. In the Former, though we can conceive no great obstacle why its Adipose Cells should not be supplied with their Oil, except it's too great laxity should retard the Influent Blood in its passage through its Capillary Arteries; yet in the Latter its great Extension may not unlikely Compress them to void their contained Oil; which may be the cause why the Interstices of the Muscles and other Parts most quiescent are subject to be filled with Fat. And in the Penis itself in Children before Erection has been frequent, I have observed its Membrana Adiposa to be extended with fat; but afterwards though the Membrane remains, yet the Increase of Fat is hindered, and therefore we find it commonly without; yet in some Subjects, and those Adult too, I have found it almost covered with Fat; But what inconvenience the Party suffered when Living, was not my Fortune to be acquainted with.  
I come next to take notice of its 
The Ligaments, first, Fraenum.  Ligaments; first of that called the Fraenum (a) which ties the Prepuce to the 
Fig. xii.  lower part of the Glans (A). This in some we have found so short, that we have been obliged to divide it to procure a complete Erection; in others I have been obliged to do the like, where a Cicatrix has been made after large Ulcers on it, which frequently happens in Venerial Infections.  
The next Ligament which I shall 
The Ligamentum suspensorium Penis.  speak of, I call Suspensorium; although it has escaped the Observation of Anatomists, yet it's very conspicuous, and of remarkable Use; of which hereafter, when we come to give an Account how this Part becomes Erected. It Ariseth from the Anterior Part of the Ossa Pubis, and is fixed to the Upper part of the Dorsum Penis (c c) on each side its great Vein (I). 
Fig. x.  The rest of the Ligaments are such as compose its Capsulae or divide them as their Septums; These we shall mention in Treating of its Internal or Contained Parts, which are, the Two Corpora Cavernosa Penis, the Corpus Cavernosum Vrethrae, Their Septums, Muscles and Vessels, of which as they appear in Dissection.  
First of the Vessels that carry 
The Arteries.  Blood to it, viz. the Arteries (GG). These Arise sometimes from the Rami Iliaci interni, at other times from the Inferior parts of the Umbilical Arteries; whence an Account may be given why this Part is less than usual by tying the Umbilical Rope too close to the Belly, and that not only from the retraction of the Uracus, but by the constricture attending these Arteries by the great Extension of the Umbilical ones, from whom They have their Rise; whereby may be denied that plenty of Influent Blood; but this we leave to future Observation. As these Arteries pass towards the Penis, they send forth Two or Three Branches on each side, the Two Inferior of which (gg) run to the 
Fig. x.  Musculi Directores Penis: The Two Superior (hh) administer Blood to the Adjacent Parts, particularly to the Musculi Elevatores Any, between which and the Marsupiales Femorum, these great Trunks pass, but marching over the Cavernous Bodies of the Penis, They are both subdivided into Two large Branches, the Two Inferior of which (two) pass to the Bulb of the Cavernous Bodies of the Urethra, but the Two Superior (kk) are both subdivided again, the External (dd) running on the superior surface of the Cavernous Bodies of the Penis, the Internal (ll) entering the Capsulae pass through the middle of each Cavernous Body▪ (DD), wherein they divide 
Fig. xi.  themselves into innumerable Branches (CC) from whose Capillary extremities 
Fig. xv.  are continued so many Veins, in the 
The Veins.  Cannals of which are divers Apertures into as many Cells (D) which 
Fig. xuj.  communicate with each other, and empty themselves into the larger Venous Ducts (E), running on the superior surface of the Penis, some of which joins with those of the Prepuce; others make one large Trunk which we call Vena ipsius Penis (I), 
Fig. x.  marching on the Dorsum Penis immediately under the Ligament that ties the Ossa Pubis together internally; whereby it's Compressed in Erection, as shall be hereafter Demonstrated, but proceeding further on the Prostatae, it is there Bifurcated, and enters the Rami Illiaci interni on each side. The Veins which arise (in like manner) from the Corpus Cavernosum Urethrae pass from its Bulb through the Musculi Acceleratores (CC), whereby they are 
Fig. xii.  compressed when those Muscles are in Action.  
The Nerves (HH) that belong to 
The Nerves. 
Fig. x.   this Part, are derived from the Trunk composed by the coallestion of the Third of the Os Sacrum, and a Branch remitted from the Great Crural Nerve; which after their union provide Nerves for the Testes, Perinaeum, and Muscles of this Part, ascending on the Cavernous Bodies of the Penis, and expanding themselves on its superior surface 
Fig. x.  (cc), are distributed to all its Parts. It's Lymphducts we mentioned in describing its External Integuments, wherefore we proceed next to its Cavernous Bodies.  
The Corpora Cavernosa Penis (BB), 
The Corpora Cavernosa. 
Fig. x. id. Fig. xii. GG.   by De Graaf called Nervosa, by others Nervea spongiosa: are Two Capsuloe or oblong Folliculi every where outwardly fenced with a Thick Membrane, by 
Lib. v. Cap. xiv.  Vesalius and 
Lib. xi. Cap. xv.  Columbus supposed to be like Ligaments, whose External surface is covered with Nerves and Bloud-Vessels as is Represented (ddee); 
Fig. x.  They spring with Two distinct Originals from the Lowerside of the Ossa Pubis, whence stretching forwards meet each other, leaving an Interstice before their Conjunction, in which the Urethra (F) is conveyed: where they leave the Ossa Pubis, they are each covered with a Membrane, and are afterwards joined to each other by the intervention of a Septum intermedium, 
The Septum intermedium.  which the nearer it approaches the Glans, is more diminished (a), and 
Fig. xiii.  before it arrives to the middle of the Penis, its Fibres Ascend from the Urethra (B) to the Dorsum Penis (de) 
Fig. xii. Fig. x.  like the Teeth of a Comb, as De Graaf has well observed: but is not obliterated, and the two Cavernous Bodies united near the Glans, as he would persuade us; but on the contrary rather grows Thicker and Narrower (a), as Ruysch has well observed. 
Fig. xiii.  In Inflation the Wind I confess may sometimes pass from these Cavernous Bodies of the Penis to that of the Urethra; which yet will not always happen; which communication, depends on the Mediation of their Blood Vessels, as our last named Author also takes notice. Anatomists differ 
Their Internal substance. Lib. v. Cap. xiv.  concerning the Internal constructure of these Cavernous Bodies: Vesalius accuses Galen for his inadvertency herein. Columbus first observed their Arteries, 
Lib. seven. De Cord & Arter.  which proceeding straight to their Extremities, disperse themselves into innumerable Branches; which escaped the Observations of Former Anatomists, as he writes. Dr. Whorton imagines they are partly composed of Glandulous Flesh: others conceive They are intertext with divers Nerves, from whence the Names of Nervosa was first imposed on them. Diemerbroeck supposes they are not a mere Texture of Vessels intricately interwoven in the manner of a Net, as Bauhinus, Riolan, and Veslingius imagine, but their substance is Fibrous, Fungous, and Cavernous, like the Lungs, receiving into their hollow Interstices' Blood and Spirits from the Vessels that are dispersed through their substance. The Inquiries I have made inform me, that there is a great Analogy between the Internal structure of This and that of the Spleen, which Columbus also remarks; in both 
Lib. xi. Cap. xv.  which the sides of the Veins have large Apertures or Cells, which most plainly appear in the Bulbus of a Dog's Penis (DE): but in a Humane one 
Fig. xuj.  they are here much less, and larger in the Spleen, and do also open into each other; wherefore when the Refluent Blood is stopped, the Penis becomes equally Distended thereby, and it is driven forwards towards the Glans when its Muscles Contract.  
Under these Cavernous Bodies of the 
The Corpus Cavernosum Urethrae.  Penis lies the Urethra (B), which has 
Fig. xii.  also its Corpus Cavernosum differing very much in Figure from that of the Two Former; they being less at each End, and Largest in the Middle, whereas this on the contrary is there Lest, and Largest at its Two Extremes: neither is its Proper Tegument so Dense. The superior Part of it lying between the Two Crura of the Former, we call from its Figure Bulbus, which is covered with the 
It's Bulbus.  Musculus Accelerator Urinae (CC) (described 
Fig. xii.  Chap. III). It possesles the Lower part (E) of the Urethra (D), 
Fig. xiv.  extending itself in the Perinaeum, and is divided in Cutting for the Stone▪ in which Operation caution ought to be had to its Arteries which enter that part of the Bulb towards the Anus laterally. It has also a Septum intermedium 
It's Septum.  (a) (though not hitherto taken notice of by Anatomists) dividing the Right side of the Bulbus (A) from the Left, which Descending to the end of the Bulbous Part, is there obliterated. The Office of this Septum we conceive is to direct the Refluent Blood to the exporting Ducts, its Two Veins mentioned before. As this Corpus Cavernosum descends on the Inferior Part of the Urethra (D) it is lessened (E), but when it approaches 
Fig. xiv.  the Extremities of the Two Former, it again Dilates itself and covers them, Composing that Body which we call Glans or Balanus (A), which 
The Glans. 
Fig. xii.   De Graaf had mistaken for a Fleshy substance distinct from either. This Ruysch has well described and Figured in his abovementioned Century of Observations. Its Cells (C) in the 
Fig. xiii.  Glans (B) are much less than those of the Former, but towards its superior Part or Bulbus (A) they equal Them. 
Fig. xiv.  Having already described the Muscles of this Part, we shall proceed to give an Account how It becomes Erected.  
Galen and the Former Anatomists not knowing the Circulation of the Blood, or that it past from the Arteries into the Veins, were extremely deceived in their Ideas of the Erection 
Lib. xi. Cap. xv.  of the Penis. Columbus, who has given an almost complete Description of that Grand Work, still conceiveth the Arteries of this Part pour out Spirits with a great force into It by 
Lib. i G. xxxii.  which means its Extended. Caspar Bauhin supposes in a Venerial Appetite the Blood and Spirits flow into this Part in great plenty, and being filled like a Gut with Wind, it gins to swell, and grows hard, which he imagines is done by a Sphincter Muscle Constringing the Neck of the Bladder and roots of its Cavernous Bodies. De Graaf assigns two kinds of Vessels with its Muscles for the performance of this Office; The Nerves by which the Animal Spirits flow into its Membranous Parts, and render them more Rigid and Tumid; and the Arteries carrying Blood to distend the Corpora Cavernosa, for, as " he Reasons, we are firmly persuaded the chief Extension of the Penis is from Blood, first by Injecting Water into its Corpora Cavernosa, by its Arteries, in a Dead Body, we see it Extended to the same dimensions as when the Animal was living: Secondly, in firmly tying a Dog's Penis in Coitu, and afterwards examining it, we find nothing but Blood to Distend it." To which may be added, that in Criminals which Hang long after Death, this Part becomes Erected, the Blood in that Position of the Body falling to the Inferior Parts: And by Inflateing the Blood Vessels of a Dead Animal It will also Erect; which we first practised in a Human Body by inserting a Blow-pipe into the Saphena Vein; whereby it was not only Erected, but afforded a prospect of the External disposition of its Blood Vessels, particularly its Veins, which suggested to us a Contrivance in Nature in this Action which has hitherto escaped the reflection of Anatomists. De Graaf not considering the Use of the Adjacent Parts, assigns its Erection to its Muscles; Imagining, that by the Intumescence of their Bellies they not only compress the Corpora Cavernosa, and drive the contained Blood towards the Glans, but likewise the Passages through which it ordinarily Flows back; which latter, we can by no means admit in the Cavernous Bodies of the Penis itself, since the Musculi Erigentes are so remote from their Great Vein. Our Hypothesis founded upon the Observation abovementioned, and compared with the Structure and Situation of its Parts is as follows. The Penis is approximated to the Ossa Pubis when those Muscles Act by means of the Ligamentum Suspensorium, whereby the Blood is not only driven Forwards towards the Glans in greater plenty, and its Veins distended, but their great Trunks running over the Dorsum Penis, are Compressed as they march close under the Ligamentum Transversum of the Ossa Pubis. The like cannot happen in the Cavernous Body of the Urethra since there is no Bone whose Position can have that effect upon its Veins, as the Ossa Pubis hath upon those of the Penis itself; wherefore the Musculi Acceler atores Compressing Those of its Bulb do that Office: hence it happens in an imperfect Erection the Glans is not equally Extended with the Penis itself, and at other times is soon Relaxt; But when those Muscles Act, the Blood contained in the Bulb is driven forwards towards the Glans, whereby it becomes more Extended; so in a piece of Gut, which if filled with Wind or Water, and either end Compressed the opposite being tied, we shall see it strut out and be more distended, as De Graaf instances after Caspar Bauhin. The Blood thus hindered in its return, Distends the Cavernous Bodies which are thereby Erected; the Arteries which before were flaccid, having then their Trunks also extended, do more plentifully Import Blood into this Part. But since it is absolutely necessary some part of the detained Blood should be still passing off, lest it become Grumous and unfit for a Reflux; to this end the Venae Praeputii are joined to those of the Penis itself, as above noted, and are placed under the Skin only, and running over the Ossa Pubis carry off part of the Impelled Blood, to give way to a fresh supply from the Arteries, and preserve the Circulation uninterrupted. I remember once in an obstinate Priapisma which would not yield to ordinary repeated Phlebotomy, I opened the Vein of the Penis itself, not without the expected success, it immediately losing its troublesome Rigidity, by which I was confirmed in my Conjecture.  
This elegant contrivance in disposing these Exporting Sanguiferous Ducts, that some are liable to be Compressed whilst others remain altogether Free, is not only observable in the Penis of Men and Clytoris of Women, but in that of all Animals which have hitherto fell under our Examination, as well as in the Pudenda of all Females; and is indeed an Artifice that deserves our Admiration.   

THE EXPLICATION OF THE FIGURES.  

FIG. I.  
REpresenteth the Muscles of the Face, the Quadratus Genoe being removed.  

AA, The Muscnli Frontales.  
BB, The Orbiculares Palpebrarum.  
C, The Musculus Retractor Alae Nasi, conjoined with the Elevator Labii superioris Proprius EE.  
D, The Elevator Labiorum Communis.  
EE, The Elevator Labii superior is proprius.  
FF, The Sphincter Labiorum.  
GG, The Musculi Zugomatici.  
H, The Depressor Labiorum.  
I, The Depressor Labii Inferioris proprius.  
K, The Buccinator partly in situ.  
L, The Temporalis.  
M, The Attollens Auriculam.  
N, The Masseter.  
O, Part of the Digastricus in situ.  
P, Part of the Mastoideus.  
Q, A Portion of the Cucullaris.  
R, Part of the Elevator Scapulae in situ.  
SS, Parts of the Musculi Sternohyoidei.  
TT, Parts of the Coracohyoidei.  
a, Part of the Os jugale.  
bb, The Cartilege of the Auricula.  
cc, Glandula Parotis. d. It's Ductus 
(d)  Excretorius passing over the Musculus Masseter.  
ee, A Branch of the Corotid Artery.  
f, Part of the Lower Jawbone Bared  
g, The Glandula Maxillae Inferioris.    

FIG. II.  
EXhibits the whole Eye, together with the Origination, Progress, and Insertion of its Muscles, when taken out of the Orbit.  

AA, The Tunica Sclerotis, composing the External surface of the posterior part of the Bulb of the Eye.  
aa, The Optic Nerve.  
B, A Portion of the superior part of the Bone of the Orbit next the Nose, to which the little Cartilege called the Trochlea b ... is fixed. 
(b)   
C, A Portion of the inferior and opposite part of the external Edge of the Bone of the Orbit, from whence the Obliqne inferior Muscle does Arise.  
c, The Originations of the Four Right and superior Obliqne Muscle of the Eye from the profoundest part of the Orbit.  
D, The Musculus Obliquus superior, whose Tendon runs through the Trochlea b ... to its Insertion at the posterior part of the Bulb of the Eye (A) behind the Termination of the following Muscle.  
E, Musculus Attollens.  
F, Abducens.  
G, Deprimens.  
H, Adducens.  
I, Obliquus Inferior.    

FIG. III.  
Shows the Basis of the Cranium, with the Muscles that Arise from the First Vertebra of the Neck, and are Inserted to It, together with some of Those employed in the Motions of the Upper and Under Lip.  

A, Half of the Inferior Jawbone on the Left side.  
B, The Musculus Pterygoideus Internus in situ.  
C, Part of the Os Sphenoides.  
cc, The Ala Nasi.  
D, Musculus Depressor Labii superioris proprius, seu Constrictor Alae Nasi, in situ.  
d, Part of the Elevator Labii Inferioris proprius remaining at its Origin.  
e, The Inferior part of the Brink of the Orbit, from whence the Inferior Obliqne Musele (expressed at I, Fig. II.) does Arise.  
E, The Os jugale.  
P, The Processus Pterygoides, or Aliformis.  
ff, The Processus Styloides, one of which is frequently Broken by the Rope after the common Execution of Malefactors, as it happened in this Subject on the Right side.  
GG, The Processus Mastoides or Mammiformes.  
H, The posterior part of the First Vertebra of the Neck; gg, it's Two 
(gg)  Processes that are Articulated with the Second Vertebra.  
h, The Extremity of the Transverse Processes of the said First Vertebra.  
i, The Musculus Annvans or Rectus minor anticus, which I first observed in the year 1685.  
k, The Musculus Abnvans Lateralis or Rectus Lateralis, mentioned by Falloppius.  
b, The Obliquus superior Capitis.  
m, The Rectus minor posticus.  
I, The Right Auricle or outward Ear, nn, its Lobus Cut off. 
(nn)   
KK, The Os Occipitis.  
L, The Os Squammosum or Temporale.  
M, The Os Frontis.  
o, That part of the Orbit to which the Trochlea adhereth.    

FIG. iv  
REpresenteth the Lower Jawbone, with the Proper Muscles of the Under Lip remaining on it.  

AA, The Processus Condyloides.  
BB, The Two other Processes of the Lower Jaw called Conone.  
CCC, Part of the Internal Membrane that Invests the Mouth.  
DDEE, The Nerves and Blood Vessels passing out of the two Perforations in the Lower Jawbone to the Glandules and Muscles of the Lips and Cheeks.  
FF, The Musculi Elevatores Labii Inferioris proprii, not hitherto described by any Author for what I know.  
GG, The Internal surface of the Musculus Depressor Labii Inferioris Proprius.  
HH, The Glandules of the Cheeks.  
TWO, Part of the Musculus Spincter Labiorum.    

FIG. V  
Shows the Under side of the Tongue with its Muscles.  

A, The Apex or Tip of the Tongue.  
B, Its Basis or Root freed from the Os Hyoides.  
CC, The Musculi Ceratoglossi.  
DD, Genioglossi.  
EE, Styloglossi.  
a, A Branch of the Gustatory Nerve.    

FIG. VI  
DEmonstrates the Back part of the Muscles of the Fauces.  

AA, The Musculi Stylopharyngei.  
BB, The Pterygopharyngeis.  
a a, The Glandulae Tonsillae.  
CC, The Musculus Oesophageus.  
b b, The superior part of the Oesophageus raised to discover the progress of the Stylopharyngeus underneath it.  
c, A Piece of the Long Process of the Thyroidal Cartilege that is joined to the Os Hyoides.  
D, The superior part of the Oesophagus or Musculus Vaginalis Gulae.    

FIG. VII.  
Shows the superior part of the Oesophagus or part of the Musculus Vaginalis Gulae.  

AA, The Internal or Transverse Fibres being continued from the Oesophageus Muscle.  
BB, The External or Longitudeinal Fibres of the Vaginalis Gulae.    

FIG. VIII.  
REpresents divers Muscles of the Head and Neck.  

A, The Hairy-scalp.  
B, The Os Occipitis.  
C, Part of the Musculus Splenius.  
DDD, The Complexus Raised from its Insertion.  
EE, The Recti Majores on the Right side in situ, on the Left depending.  
FF, The Obliqui superiores.  
GG, The Obliqui inferiores.  
HH, The Recti Minores.  
ae, The Os jugale.  
b, The Processus Mastoides.  
c, The Backpart of the First Vertebra of the Neck.  
d, Part of the Musculus Complexus remaining in situ, which Falloppius makes a Distinct Muscle, and reckons it with its Partner to be Third Pair of the Head.  
III, The Musculi Spinales Colli.  
K, The Transversales Colli.  
LLL, The Interspinales Colli.  
e e e e, The Apices of the Double Spines' of the Vertebrae of the Neck.  
f, The Extremity of the Spine of the First Vertebra of the Thorax.    

FIG. IX.  
Shows part of the Organ of Hearing of a Calf.  

AA, Part of the Os Petrosum divided.  
B, The Foramen Rotundnm.  
C, The Stapes in its proper site on the Foramen Ovale.  
E, The Musculus Stapidis.  
F, A small Bone in the Tendon of the last named Muscle as it passes over a Projection of the Os Petrosum which composeth the Foramen Rotundum B.  
G, Part of the Cochlea broken up.    

FIG. X.  
REpresents the Forepart of the Human Penis Prepared with Mercury.  

AA, The Skin together with the rest of the Common Integuments of the Penis freed from it.  
aa, That part of Them which composeth the Praeputium.  
B, The Beginnings of the Corpora Cavernosa separated from the Ossa Pubis.  
bb, The Veins; cc, The Nerves, 
(cc)  dd, The Arteries, as they appear on 
(dd)  the Backpart or Dorsum Penis.  
C, The Glans or Balanus.  
DD, The Musculi Erectores.  
EE, The Transversales.  
F, Part of the Sphincter Ani.  
f, A Blow-Pipe Inserted in the Urethra.  
GG, The Trunks of the two Arteries of the Penis Cut from the Internal Branches of the Iliac Arteries: gg, Their two Inferior Branches which 
(gg)  run to the Musculi Erectores; hh, Their 
(hh)  superior Branches which administer Blood to the adjacent Parts; two, Those 
(two)  Arteries which pass to the Bulb of the Cavernous Body of the Urethra; k k, Their large Trunks which are subdivided again; the External of which d d, 
(dd)  pass on the superior surface of the Penis; the Internal ll, enter the Corpora 
(ll)  Cavernosa.  
HH, The Nerves of the Penis.  
I, The Vena ipsius Penis.  
KK, The Venae Praeputii which are joined with the Former.  
LL, The Lymphducts.    

FIG. XI.  
Shows the Two Corpora Cavernosa Penis, and that of the Urethra, after a Transverse Section, when Inflated and Dried.  

AA, The Corpora Cavernosa Penis.  
B, The Corpus Cavernosum Urethrae.  
C, The Trunk of the Vena ipsius Penis.  
DD, The Trunks of the two Arteries passing through the Corpora Cavernosa of the Penis.    

FIG. XII.  
REpresents the Backpart of the Human Penis.  

A, The Balanus.  
a, The Frenum.  
B, The External surface of the Corpus Cavernosum Urethrae.  
CC, It's Bulb covered with the Musculus Accelerator b, The conjunction 
(b)  of its Right side with the Left, corresponding to the seam of the Skin in the Perinaeum; c c Its two extremities 
(cc)  embracing the Corpus Cavernosum Urethrae, which terminate on the sides of the Cavernous Bodies of the Penis itself.  
D, Part of the Sphincter Ani.  
EE, The Musculi Transversales Penis.  
FF, The Directores or Erectores.  
GGGG, The Corpora Cavernosa Penis.  
HH, The Arteries d d d, Those 
(ddd)  Branches administering Blood to the Muscles; e e Two large Trunks of 
(ee)  Them which are subdivided into Two more f g. 
(fg)   
I, I, The Nerves of the Penis.    

FIG. XIII.  
Shows the Internal parts of the Extremities of the two Cavernous Bodies, and that of the Glans Penis.  

A, The Dorsum Penis, covered with its Capsula.  
B, The External part of the Glans.  
a, Part of the Septum of the Corpora Cavernosa.  
b b, The Internal Membrane of the Corpora Cavernosa Penis covered by the Glans.  
C, The Corpus Cavernosum Glandis Penis, on the Extremities of the Corpora Cavernosa Penis.    

FIG. XIV.  
EXhibits the Bulb of the Cavernous Body of the Urethra, being Dried after Inflation.  

A, The external part of the Bulb devested of the Musculus Accelerator Urinae.  
B, Part of the Bulb raised after Section to show its internal Cavernous Constructure.  
a, The Septum Bulbi.  
CC, The Musculi Transversales.    

FIG. XV.  
Shows part of one of the Cavernous Bodies of the Penis, being likewise dried after Inflation.  

A, That part of the Capsula of the Cavernous Body next the Os Pubis, which is here compressed by the Ligature made to retain the Wind.  
B, The Musculus Erector Penis.  
CC, The Artery as it is distributed within the Cavernous Body of the Penis on either side.    

FIG. XVI.  
REpresents the Bulb of a Dog's Penis after Inflation.  

A, The external surface of the Bulb;  
B, A Ligature made on a Vein that Arises from the superior part of It, into which the Veins of the Prepuce enter, and may therefore be called Vena Praeputii.  
CC, The large Trunk of one of the Veins of the Penis itself, which in this Animal is double, Arising from each side the Bulb.  
D, The internal appearance of the Corpus Cavernosum of the Bulb.  
EE, The Cavity of the Vein which communicates with the Cavernulae of the Bulb.  
FF, The Corpus Cavernosum Penis.    

FIG. XVII.  
REpresents the Forepart of the Human SCELETON.  

1, The Os Sincipitis or Bregmatis.  
2, The Os Frontis.  
3, The Os Temporum or Squammosum.  
4, The Two Bones of the Nose, either of which is reckoned the Fifth Bone of the Upper Jaw.  
5, The Fourth Bone of the Upper Jaw.  
6, The First Bone of the Upper Jaw.  
7, The Septum Narium.  
8, The Processus Mastoides or Mammiformis.  
9 ... The Os jugale.  
10, 11, 12, The Lower Jawbone; 10, that part of it called the Chin; 11, its Posterior Process that is Articulated to the Os Temporum, called Condyloides; 12, The Anterior Process called Corone.  
13, The Bodies of the Two Inferior Vertebrae of the Neck; f g h, Their Transverse Processes.  
14, The Clavicula.  
15, The Spina Scapulae.  
16, The Processus Coracoides Scapulae.  
17, The Short Process of the Scapula.  
18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, The Os Humeri, or Shoulder Bone; 18, that Part of it where the Deltoides Muscle is Inserted; 19, Its Head that is Articulated with the Shoulderblade; 20, the Asperity where the Musculus subscapularis is Inserted; 21, A Sinus in the Upper part of the Shoulder-bone that receives the External Tendinous Head of the Musculus Biceps; 22, The Internal Protuberance of the Lower part of the Os Humeri, whence the Two Flecting Muscles of the Carpus, Pronator Radii Teres, Palmaris, and Musculus Perforatus of the Fingers do Arise; 23, The External Protuberance of the last named Bone, whence the Muscles Extending the Carpus and Fingers do Arise.  
24, 25, The Radius, 25, It's Prominence to which the Large Tendon of the Musculus Biceps is Inserted.  
26, The Ulna.  
27, The Eight Bones of the Carpus.  
28, The Four Bones of the Metacarpus.  
29, The Three Bones of the Thumb with their Ossicula Sesamoidea.  
30, The Bones of the Fingers, Composed of Twelve Bones, of which, Three belongs to each Finger.  
31, The Upper part of the Os Pectoris or Sternum.  
32, The Lower part of the Os Pectoris or Cartilago Ensiformis, which is some times Bifid, as it appeared in the Subject from whence This Figure was Drawn.  
33, 33, The Vertebrae of the Back or Thorax.  
34, 34, The Vertebrae of the Loins.  
i, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, The Twelve Ribs.  
w, x, y, z, †, The Transverse Processes of the Vertebrae of the Loins.  
35, The Os Sacrum.  
36, 37, 38, 39, The Os Innominatum, tho' by some called Coxendix; 36, 37, That part of it called Ilium; 36, its Internal Concave part, and 37, its Spine; 38, the Os Pubis or Pectinis; 39, The Os Ischium, where it is joined to the last named Bone.  
40, 40, Shows the Great Sinusses of the Ossa Ilii, and circumscription of the Pelvis Abdominis.  
41, The Foramen of the Os Ischium and Pubis.  
42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, The Os Femoris or Thigh-Bone: 43, Its Head which is received into the Acetabulum or Cotyle of the Os Innominatum: 44, Neck of the Thigh-bone: 45, The Great Trocanter: 46, The Lesser Trocanter, where the Musculus Psoas and Iliacus Internus are Inserted: 47, The lower and Internal Head of the Thigh-bone, to which the strong Tendon of the Musculus Triceps is Implanted.  
48, The Mola or Patella, by some called Rotula.  
49, 50, 51, The Tibia; 50, a Prominence on its upper part, where the Tendons of all the Extending Muscles of the Leg are Inserted; 51, The Malleolus Internus.  
52, 53, 54, The Fibula; 53, 54, It's Superior and Inferior Appendix.  
55, The Os Astragali.  
56, The Os Cymbiforme.  
57, The Os Cuneiforme majus, seu Internum.  
58, The Os Cuneiforme medium.  
59, The Os Cuneiforme Externum.  
60, The Os Cubiforme.  
61, Part of the Os Calcis in situ.  
62, The Five Bones of the Metatarsus.  
63, The Two Bones of the Great Toe.  
64, The Twelve Bones of the Lesser Toes, of which Three compose each Toe.  
****, etc. The Appendices of the Spina Scapulae, Os Humeri, Radius, Ulna, Os Femoris, and Tibia.    

FIG. XVIII.  
REpresents the Back, and Side of the SCELETON.  

1, The Os Sincipitis.  
2, The Os Occipitis.  
3, The Processus Mammiformis.  
4, The Os Squammosum.  
5, Part of the Os Sphenoides.  
6, The Os jugale.  
7, The First Bone of the Upper Jaw.  
8, Part of the Fourth Bone of the Upper Jaw.  
9, 10, The Lower Jawbone; 10, The Internal part of It, where the Musculi Geniohyoidei and Genioglossi do Arise.  
11, Part of the Clavicula.  
12, 13, 14, 15, 16, The Scapula or Shoulderblade; 13, 13, Its Basis: From 13 to 14, It's Costa Inferior: 14, It's Processus brevis: 15, Part of the Processus Coracoides on the Left side, in situ; 16, Spina Scapulae.  
17, 18, 19, 20, 21, The Os Humeri; 17, That Part of It where the Musculus Brachiaeus Externus gins to Arise; 18, Its Head; 19, The Asperity of the Humerus, where the Musculi Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, and Teres Minor, are Inserted; 20, The External Protuberance; 21, The Internal Protuberance of this Bone.  
22, The Radius.  
23, 24, The Ulna; 24, It's superior part called the Olecranum or the Elbow.  
25, The Eight Bones of the Carpus.  
26, The Four Bones of the Metacarpus.  
27, The Three Bones of the Thumb.  
28, The Bones of the Fingers.  
†, The First Vertebra of the Neck wanting a Spinal Process.  
a, b, c, d, e, f, The Spinal Processes of the other Six Vertebrae of the Neck, of which the Five superior are Double, between whom are placed the Musculi interspinales Colli.  
n, n, n, n, The Transverse Processes of the Vertebrae of the Neck.  
h, i, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, The Twelve Ribs.  
o o o, etc. The Transverse Processes of the Vertebrae of the Thorax; PPP, etc. Their Spines'.  
RRR, etc. The Spines' of the Five Vertebrae of the Loins.  
SSS, etc. The Transverse Processes of the said Vertebrae.  
u, w, x, y, z, The Bodies of those Vertebrae.  
29, The Back part of the Os Ilium, by some called Dorsum Ilii.  
30, The Spine of the Ilium.  
31, The Protuberance of the Os Ischium, whence the Muscles Bending the Leg do Arise, namely, the Seminervosus, Semimembranosus, and one of the Heads of the Biceps; and the Quadratus Femoris.  
32, An Acute Process of the Os Ischium, between which and the last mentioned Protuberance 31 the Tendons of the Musculus Marsupialis pass, as on a Poultry.  
33, Part of the Os Pubis.  
34, The Os Sacrum.  
0, The Os Coccygis.  
35, The large Sinus of the Os Ilium, wherein the Musculus Pyriformis passes to its Termination.  
36, The Great Foramen of the Os Ischium.  
37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, The Os Femoris; 37, The Linea Aspera; 38, Its Head that is received in the Acetabulum of the Coxendix; 39, The Neck of the Thigh-bone; 40, The Trocanter major, to which divers Muscles are Inserted; 41, The Lesser Trocanter; 42, 42, The Two Inferior Protuberances of the Lower Appendix of this Bone.  
43, Part of the Patella in situ.  
44, 45, The Tibiae; 44, that part of the Left, where the Musculus Sartorius, Gracilis, and Seminervosus, are Inserted.  
46, 47, 48, The Fibula; 47, 48, It's Superior and Inferior Appendix.  
49, The Os Calcis.  
50, The Os Astragali.  
51, The Os Cuboides.  
52, The three Ossa Cuneiformia.  
53, The Os Cuneiforme majus.  
54, The Os Cymbiforme.  
55, The Ossa Metatarsi.  
56, The Bones of the Toes.  
***, etc. The Appendices of the Spina Scapulae, Os Humeri, Radius, Ulna, Ossa Metacarpi, Os Ilium, Femoris, and Tibia.     

Index Musculorum.  

A.  
ABductor Auris, vid. Retrahens Auriculam.  
Abductor Indicis. Pag. 163  
Abductor Minimi Digiti Manus. Pag. 164  
Abductor Minimi Digiti Pedis. Pag. 222  
Abductor Occuli. Pag. 53  
Abductor Pollicis Manus. Pag. 167  
Abductor Pollicis Pedis. Pag. 217  
Accelerator Urinae. Pag. 31  
Acclivis, vid. Obliquus Ascendens.  
Adductor Minimi Digiti Pedis, vid. Transversalis Pedis.  
Adductor Oculi. Pag. 52  
Adductor Pollicis Manus. Pag. 168  
Adductor Pollicis Pedis. Pag. 217  
Anconaeus. Pag. 152  
Aniscalptor, vid. Latissimus Dorsi.  
Any Sphincter, vid. Sphincter Ani.  
Any Levator, vid. Levator Ani.  
Annuens, vid. Rectus minor anticus.  
Antithenar, vid. Adductor Pollicis Manus.  
Aperiens Palpebram Rectus. Pag. 45  
Arytaenoideus. Pag. 85  
Attollens Auriculam. Pag. 64  
Attollens Nasi Alum, vid. Elevator, etc.  
Attollens Oculi, vid. Elevator Oculi.  
Attollens Palpebram, vid. Aperiens Palpebram.  
Auriculae Elevator, vid. Attollens Auriculam.   

B.  
Basioglossus. Pag. 80  
Bibitorius, vid. Adductor Oculi.  
Biceps internus Humeri. Pag. 146  
Biceps externus Humeri, vid. Gemellus.  
Biceps Femoris. Pag. 198  
Bicornis, vid. Extensor Carpi Radialis.  
Biventer, vid. Digastricus.  
Brachiaeus Externus. Pag. 151  
Brachiaeus Internus. Pag. 150  
Buccinator. Pag. 59  
Bursalis, vid. Marsupialis.   

C.  
Caro Musculosa Quadrata, vid. Palmaris Brevis.  
Catenae, vid. Tibieus Anticus.  
Ceratoglossus. Pag. 79  
Ciliaris, vid. Orbicularis Palpebrarum.  
Clitoridis Musculi, vid. Erector Clitoridis.  
Cnemodactilius, vid. Extensor tertii Internodii Digitorum.  
Collateralis Penis, vid. Erigens.  
Complexus. Pag. 118  
Constrictor Palpebrarum, vid. Orbicularis.  
Constrictor Labiorum. Pag. 61  
Constrictor Alae Nasi seu Depressor Labii superioris. Pag. 57  
Coracobrachialis. Pag. 144  
Coracohyoideus. Pag. 74  
Cremaster. Pag. 30  
Cricoarytenoideus Posticus. Pag. 84  
Cricoarytenoideus Lateralis. Pag. ibid.  
Cricothyroideus. Pag. 83  
Crureus. Pag. 202  
Cubiteus Extensor vid. Ulnaris.  
Cubiteus Flexor vid. Ulnaris.  
Cucullaris▪ Pag. 109   

D.  
Declivis, vid. Obliquus Descendens.  
Deltoides. Pag. 139  
Depressor Labii superioris seu Constrictor Alae Nasi, vid. Constrictor Alae, etc.  
Depressor Labii Inferioris Proprius. Pag. 62  
Depressor Labiorum Communis. Pag. 61  
Depressor Maxillae Inferioris, vid. Digastricus.  
Depressor Oculi. Pag. 52  
Detrusor Urinae. Pag. 35  
Diaphragma. Pag. 106  
Digastricus. Pag. 95  
Dilatator Alae Nasi. Pag. 56  
Director Penis, vid. Erector.  
Distortor Oris, vid. Zygomaticus.  
Dorsi Latissimus, vid. Latissimus Dorsi.  
Dorsi Longissimus. Pag. 132   

E.  
Elevator Any, vid. Levator.  
Elevator Auris, vid. Attollens Auriculam.  
Elevator Oculi. Pag. 51  
Elevator Labiorum Communis. Pag. 61  
Elevator Labii inferioris proprius. Pag. 63  
Elevator Labii superioris proprius. Pag. 62  
Elevator Scapulae, vid. Levator.  
Erector Clitoridis. Pag. 34  
Erigens seu Erector Penis. Pag. 32  
Extensor Carpi Radialis. Pag. 172  
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris. Pag. 173  
Extensor Communis Digitorum Manus Pag. 160  
Extensor Digitorum Pedis Longus. Pag. 219  
Extensor Digitorum Brevis. Pag. ibid.  
Extensor Indicis seu Indicator. Pag. 162  
Extensor Minimi Digiti Manus. Pag. 164  
Extensor primi Ossis Pollicis Manus. Pag. 169  
Extensor Pollicis Pedis Longus. Pag. 214  
Extensor secundi Ossis Pollicis Manus. Pag. 169  
Extensor Pollicis Brevis. Pag. 215  
Extensor tertii Ossis Pollicis Manus Pag. 170  
Exterus Auris vel Laxator Externus. Pag. 68   

F.  
Fascialis, vid. Sartorius.  
Fascia lata, vid. Membranosus.  
Fibuleus, vid. Peroneus Primus.  
Fidicinales, vid. Lumbricales Manus.  
Flexor Capitis, vid. Rectus major Antipoes.  
Flexor Carpi Radialis. Pag. 171  
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris. Pag. ibid.  
Flexores primi Internodii Digitorum Manus, vid. Lumbricales Manus.  
Flexor Pollicis Longus. Pag. 216  
Flexor Pollicis Brevis. Pag. 216  
Flexor primi Internodii Digitorum Pedis, vid. Lumbricales Pedis.  
Flexor secundi Internodii Digitorum Manus, vid. Perforatus Manus.  
Flexor primi & secundi Ossis Pollicis Manus. Pag. 168  
Flexor secundi Internodii Digitorum Pedis, vid. Perforatus Pedis.  
Flexor tertii Internodii seu Longissimus Pollicis. Pag. 166  
Flexor tertii Internodii Digitorum Manus, vid. Perforans Manus.  
Flexor tertii Internodii Digitorum Pedis, vid. Perforans Pedis.  
Frontalis. Pag. 41   

G.  
Gasterocnemius Externus. Pag. 206  
Gasterocnemius Internus. Pag. 209  
Gemellus. Pag. 150  
Genyoglossus. Pag. 79  
Genyohyoideus. Pag. 77  
Glutaeus Major. Pag. 184  
Glutaeus Medius. Pag. 185  
Glutaeus Minimus. Pag. 186  
Gracilis Pag. 196  
Graphoides, vid. Digastricus.   

H.  
Hyothyroideus. Pag. 82  
Hypsiloglossus, vid. Basioglossus.   

I.  
Iliacus Externus, vid. Pyriformis.  
Iliacus Internus. Pag. 181  
Immersus, vid. Subscapularis.  
Indicator, vid. Extesor Indicis.  
Infraspinatus. Pag. 141  
Intercostales Externi. Pag. 100  
Intercostales Interni. Pag. 100  
Internus Auris. Pag. 69  
Interossei Manus. Pag. 161  
Interossei Pedis. Pag. 224  
Interspinales Colli. Pag. 130   

L.  
Labiorum Sphincter, vid. Constritor L. etc.  
Latissimus Dorsi. Pag. 142  
Levator Ani. Pag. 38  
Levator Scapulae. Pag. 111  
Lividus, vid. Pectineus.  
Longissimus Dorsi, vid. Dorsi Longissimus.  
Longissimus Oculi, vid. Obliquus superior.  
Longus Colli. Pag. 128  
Longus Femoris, vid. Sartorius.  
Lumbricales Manus. Pag. 159  
Lumbricales Pedis. Pag. 222   

M.  
Marsupialis. Pag. 188  
Mastoideus. Pag. 123  
Masseter. Pag. 94  
Membranosus. Pag. 193  
Minimi Digiti Manus Abductor, vid. Abductor Minimi Digiti.  
Minimi Digiti Pedis Abductor, vid. Abductor Minimi Digiti.  
Minimi Digiti Tensor, vid. Extensor Minimi Digiti.  
Mylohyoideus. Pag. 76   

N.  
Nauticus, vid. Tibies posticus.  
Nonus Humeri Placentini, vid. Rotundus Minor.   

O.  
Obliquus Ascendens. Pag. 23  
Obliquus Descendens. Pag. 18  
Obliquus minor seu inferior Oculi. Pag. 48  
Obliquus superior Oculi cum Trochlea. Pag. 47  
Obliquus Inferior Capitis. Pag. 121  
Obliquus superior Capitis. Pag. 120  
Obliquus Timpani Auris. Pag. 68  
Obturator Externus. Pag. 192  
Obturator Internus, vid. Massupialis.  
Occipitalis. Pag. 40  
Oesophagaeus, seu Sphinter Gulae. Pag. 89  
Orbicularis Palpebrarum. Pag. 44  
Orbicularis Labiorum, vid. Constrictor, etc.   

P.  
Palmaris Longus. Pag. 153  
Palmaris Brevis. Pag. 154  
Patientiae, vid. Levator scapulae.  
Pectoralis. Pag. 138  
Pectoralis internus, vid. Triangularis.  
Pectineus. Pag. 181  
Pedieus, vid. Perforatus Pedis.  
Perforatus Manus. Pag. 155  
Perforans Manus. Pag. 157  
Perforatus Pedis Pag. 220  
Perforans Pedis Pag. 221  
Peroneus Primus. Pag. 210  
Peroneus Secundus. Pag. 212  
Plantaris. Pag. 207  
Platysma Myoides, vid. Quadratus Genae.  
Popliteus. Pag. 199  
Pronator Radii Teres Pag. 174  
Pronator Radii Brevis seu Quadratus. Pag. 175  
Psoas Magnus. Pag. 180  
Psoas Parvus. Pag. 179  
Pterygoideus Externus. Pag. 97  
Pterygoideus Internus. Pag. 96  
Pterygopalatinus. Pag. 91  
Pterygopharyngeus. Pag. 88  
Pyramidalis. Pag. 24  
Pyriformis. Pag. 187   

Q.  
Quadratus Femoris. Pag. 189  
Quadratus Genae. Pag. 58  
Quadratus Lumborum. Pag. 134   

R.  
Radialis Extensor, vid. Extensor Carpi.  
Radialis Flexor, vid. Flexor Carpi.  
Rectus Abdominis. Pag. 26  
Rectus Femoris. Pag. 200  
Rectus Capitis Lateralis. Pag. 127  
Rectus Capitis major Anticus. Pag. 125  
Rectus Capitis minor Anticus. Pag. 126  
Rectus Capitis Major Posticus. Pag. 119  
Rectus Capitis Minor Posticus. Pag. 120  
Rectus Palpebrae, vid. Aperiens, etc.  
Renuans, vid. Rectus Capitis minor Anticus.  
Retractor Alae Nasi, seu Elevator Labii superioris. Pag. 56  
Retrahens Auriculam. Pag. 46  
Rhomboides. Pag. 111  
Rotundus Major, vid. Teres Major.  
Rotundus Minor, vid. Teres Minor.   

S.  
Sacer. Pag. 135  
Sacrolumbalis. Pag. 115  
Sartorius. Pag. 195  
Scalenus Primus. Pag. 101  
Scalenus Secundus. Pag. 102  
Scalenus Tertius. Pag. ibid.  
Semifibuleus, vid. Peroneus secundus.  
Semimembranosus. Pag. 197  
Seminervosus. Pag. 196  
Semispinatus. Pag. 135  
Serratus Major anticus. Pag. 105  
Serratus Minor anticus. Pag. 104  
Serratus Superior posticus. Pag. 113  
Serratus Inferior posticus. Pag. 114  
Soleus', vid. Gasterocnemius internus.  
Sphenopalatinus. Pag. 91  
Sphenopterygopalatinus. Pag. ibid.  
Sphincter Ani. Pag. 38  
Sphincter Gulae, vid. Oesophagaeus.  
Sphincter Labiorum, vid. Constrictor.  
Sphincter Vaginae Uteria. Pag. 34  
Sphincter Vesicae. Pag. 36  
Spinalis Colli. Pag. 128  
Splenius. Pag. 117  
Stapedis Musculus. Pag. 71  
Sternohyoideus. Pag. 73  
Sternothyroideus. Pag. 82  
Stylohyoideus. Pag. 75  
Styloglossus. Pag. 80  
Stylopharyngeus. Pag. 87  
Subclavius. Pag. 103  
Subpopliteus, vid. Popliteus.  
Subscapularis. Pag. 144  
Succenturiatus, vid. Pyramidalis.  
Supraspinatus, seu superscapularis. Pag. 140  
Supinator Radii Longus. Pag. 175  
Supinator Radii Brevis. Pag. 176  
Supopliteus, vid. subpopliteus.  
Suspensor Testiculi, vid. Cremaster.   

T.  
Temporalis. Pag. 93  
Tensor seu Extensor Digitorum Manus.  
Tensor Pollicis, vid. Extensor.  
Teres Major. Pag. 142  
Teres Minor. Pag. 141  
Thenar, vid. Abductor Pollicis Manus.  
Thyroarytaenoideus. Pag. 85  
Tibialis Anticus. Pag. 209  
Tibialis Posticus. Pag. 213  
Transversalis Abdominis. Pag. 27  
Transversalis Colli. Pag. 129  
Transversalis Dorsi, vid. semispinatus.  
Transversalis Lumborum, vid. Sacer.  
Transversalis Femoris, vid. Quadratus.  
Transversalis Pedis Placentini. Pag. 223  
Transversalis Penis. Pag. 33  
Trapezius, vid. Cucullaris.  
Triangularis. Pag. 101  
Triceps. Pag. 190  
Trochlearis, vid. Obliquus superior Oculi.   

V  
Vaginalis Gulae. Pag. 89  
Vaginae Uteri sphincter, vid. sphincter, etc.  
Vastus Externus. Pag. 200  
Vastus Internus. Pag. 201  
Ulnaris Extensor, vid. Extensor Carpi, etc.  
Ulnaris Flexor, vid. Flexor Carpi, etc.   

Z.  
Zygomaticus. Pag. 60   
FINIS.   

ERRATA.  
PAg 19 in the Margin r. Anatomicum, p. 25. l. 12 r. hinder, p. 29 l. 1 r. Ureters, l. 19 r. Divaricated, p. 33 l. 19 r. Bulb, p. 38 l. 6 r. oblong, p. 41 l. 11 r. Sutura, p. 54 l. 18 r. Mundinus, p. 56 l. 1 r. Dilatatores, p. 57 for Defferences r. particular accounts of Them, p. 58 l. 10 r. Platysma Myoides, l. 19 r. Cucullaris, p. 60 l. 12 r. Zygomaticus, p. 65 l. 20 r. Tympanum, l. ult. r. Placentinus, p. 68 l. 21 r. Manubrium, p. 73 l. 8 r. Vesalius, p. 82 l. 6 r. Thyroideae, p. 83 l. 22 r. Annulaeris, p. 89 r. Oesophagaeus, p. 90 l. 21 r. Deference, p. 99 l. 8 r. Asthmatic, p. 104 l. 6 r. depends, p. 116 l. 1 for so r. so many, p. 123 for it r. a, p. 124 l. 11 r. Insertions, p. 128 l. 18 r. Brevior, p. 136 l. 15 r. Latissimus, l. 21 r. off, p. 142 r. Aniscalptor, p. 144 l. 21 r. for he r. the, p. 168 l. 18 r. Vola, p. 170 l. 12 for from Ligament r. from the Ligaments, p. 180 l. 23 r. Lumbalis, p. 182 l. 13 r. Doth, p. 186 for is the r. is than the, p. 202 l. 11 r. becoming, l. 16 r. pass, p. 216 l. 4 r. Pollicis, p. 221 l. 17 r. it's, p. 224 l. 10 r. Aricularis, p. 230 in the Margin r. First of the Fraenum.