A Guyland, alias GAYLAND, the Present Usurper of the kingdom of FEZ▪    

A DESCRIPTION OF TANGIER, The Country and People adjoining.  
WITH An Account of the Person and Government OF GAYLAND, The present Usurper of the Kingdom of FEZ; And a short Narrative of the Proceedings of the English in those Parts.  
Whereunto is added, The Copy of a Letter from the King of FEZ to the King of ENGLAND, for Assistance against his Rebellious Subjects; And another from GAYLAND to his Sacred Majesty CHARLES the Second.  
With divers Letters and Passages worthy of Note, Translated from the Spanish into English, And Published by Authority.  
London, Printed for Samuel Speed, at the Rainbow in Fleetstreet, near the Inner Temple-Gate. 1664.   

of Africa and America, where an Acre of Ground is a Barony, and a Rood a Duchy, as yielding that Wealth with a few week's pains, that cannot be 〈…〉 for 〈◊〉 Age's Industry.  
3. Because this place, and the Country round about, is like to be that Renowned Scoene of Action, which will render us considerable in this last Age to the world. The French do intend to make themselves famous for seeking out a convenient footing in this Country: no doubt but we shall be so, for keeping ours. It is a pleasure to go over his Majesty's Dominions at home, in Cambden, Speed, etc. O what satisfaction is it then to go along with his Acquists, and travel with his Conquests abroad! to see how carefully he provides for Trade; how providently he secures the Sea; how zealously he promotes our interest and honour.  
Here you will see,  
First, the situation, improvement, strength and advantages of Tangier, that hath within 100 years' cost 20 millions of money, and the lives of one million of men.  
Secondly, the nature of the Country round about it.  
Thirdly, the Government of it; together with its ancient Kings before this late Usurpation; and their Correspondence, Embassies and Letters to the Kings of England.  
Fourthly, the present Usurpation by Gayland: whereunto is added, a Discourse of his Person, Government, Revenue, Discipline and Policy.  
Fifthly, the Transactions between him and the Earl of Tiveot in Barbary, and his Sacred Majesty in England; where are the Letters that passed between them concerning Peace and Accommodation. And  
Sixthly, here is the humour and temper of those people with whom we have to do there; together with their Customs and Manners.  
There have been whole Volumes written of this Place; as, 1. That of Hanno a MS. that was preserved for no less than 1400 years, and an hundred years ago printed by the Noble Stephanus. 2. That of Alcazar, kept now in the Tower of Tetuan. And, 3. That of Leo Affricanus, written by him as he traveled that Country in the Hegeira 953, and in the year of our Lord 1528, and translated into English by Mr. Robert Pary of Cambridge, in the year 1600. And, 4. That of Abaf●i vel Mammuled, whereof there are but two Copies now in the World; one is kept by the Governor of Morocco, and the other by the Grand Signior; it being death for any Man to take a Map of that Country without their leave. But I have not observed so much satisfaction within so narrow a compass, so many particulars in so little a Volume, in my life; especially considering that the Book is an outlandish one, and the Author a Spaniard; than whom none go a greater way about, either to do what they say, or to say what they see.  
You are to take notice, that the Geography and History are Translated by one hand, and the Letters by another; but both very exactly compared with the Original, and transmitted to the world upon the Faith and Honour of very ingenious persons.  
Here is in the Original an exact Account of the whole Kingdom, as to all the remarkable particulars in it: but we thought fit only to take its general Delineations, together with its chief Ports and Towns, and the places nearest Tangier, as most peculiarly concerning us, whether as we possess that place, or trade that way.  
I will add no more, but that I must needs think that we are very happy now adays, since Printing is so much improved, that the meanest person need bestow no more pains than a few hours reading to take that view of the world which hath cost others many years travelling: And that my Lord Rutherford Earl of Tiveot communicated to a 
* To Sir G. R.  Friend of his a little before his going over the last time, his Design of either publishing a new Description of that Country, or Translating this, or completing Leo Affricanus. We can do no more than perform the second, wishing heartily that so knowing, so observing, and so public-spirited a Person had lived to have done the first.   

A DESCRIPTION OF TANGIER.  
TANGIER or Tangis, is one of the greatest and the very ancientest City in Fez. Great it's now; thrice as great, say the most skilful Surveyors it hath been; so ancient, that we find it was built by those Canaanites fled from the face of Josuah; there being an Inscription left, and two Pillars, whereon it is engraven to this purpose; Nos fugimus a fancy Josuae praedonis filii Nave: that is to say, We here are the Inhabitants of the Land of Canaan, that fled before the face of Josuah the Son of Nun.  
We have heard much of Hercules his Pillars, but here one of them is to be seen, on a Hill within seven Miles of the place, as the other is over against it in Spain: for here Hercules is reported to have slain the Giant Anteus, that the oftener he fell, the oftener he rose again, and could never be Conquered as long as he could touch his Mother Earth.  
So considerable is this place, that Claudius and other brave Romans, drew here many Legions that they lost before the place; which they at last gained, and gave a new Name, viz. Julia T●aducta; yet in spite of that Fa●e that devolved the World upon that great City, 't is Corner of it returned at once to its old Liberty, and ancient Name, that it retains unto this day. When the Romans could do no good, the ingenuous Portuguez guessing there was a shorter Cut that way than that which they knew formerly to the Indies, and yet that that Cut could not be securely passed without an interest and hold in that Country; Vasquez Gama attempts the Expedition 1497. and with so much success, that he found the straits of Gibralta, but lived not either to instruct or encourage others to make use of, or improve his noble discovery. Yet he found the Continent large, the Sea Towns strong, the Inhabitants numerous; and breaking in to some Sea Ports, spoiled them until he came to the Atlantic, where he died.  
None could second him but a Prince, and Henry Duke of Visco doth it as far as his Estate or Credit goeth; he consults the experience of all the Sea Commanders, sends for the Astronomers and Navigators, peruseth all the Cosmography that was then in the World; he sets out, and is tossed along the waters, until he finds a Promontory, or an Head of Land, hanging out to the Sea; this he called presently, The Cape of Good Hope: yet he fails, at once the Love and Grief of that Coast. Jo. the 2d. seconds him, and under the Conduct of Degola 1500. gets in to the Prince's Island, takes Angola, I mean the City so called, and with the assistance of Bartholomew Diaz gets in to Quilon, Mosambique, and Melinde, with the King of the last whereof he made a League, and with his help and direction found Port Caliculo, and that way to the East-Indies; but he dyeth too, and his Enterprise with him. A Vasquez had the honour to begin this discovery, and a Vasquez hath the honour likewise to complete it. He therefore, Almeda, and Albu-quierque, finding their way clear to the Indies, but not safe through the straits as long as those Moors Possessed the Maritime Forts, they destroy Hamar, ruin Bazre, take Arzilla, and after much expense of Blood and Treasure under Alphonso the 5th. win Tangier; hard it was to win this Town which was the very strength of Fez. the Mistress of the Sea, the Key of the Inland-Countrey, the Sanctuary of all Malcontents and Enemies. Sometimes we have 60000, sometimes 80000, sometimes an 10000, yea sometimes 200000 before it; Besides the noblest Volunteers. Once there the two Kings of Morocco and Fez. the Princes of Ezhagger, Asgarre, Benj. Jessen, Alcazaer, 3000 Nobles, 6000 well Horsed Gentry, all in Gold and Silver; and that we may see the Christians Care was not less to keep, than the Infidels were to regain it. Sebastian King of Portugal draws out 80000 Foot, 20000 Horse, to which Stukely a Prince at least in Conceit, who had 6000 men given him to reduce Ireland to the obedience of the Pope, & the King of Spain, and was Created by his Holiness to that purpose, no less than Marquis of Lempster, Earl of Weaford, Lord Rosse added his Fortunes, and in one day all four Princes, viz. Sebastian, Stukely, Mahomet, and Abdemelech, fell therewith no less than 126000 men.  
Upon Sebastian's death, the Spaniards had the place, with the Kingdom of Portugal, until the Revolt 1640. when this City, with that Kingdom, returned to its wont obedience.  
Tangier, say the Inhabitants, was by Seddei the Son of Haddit, compassed about with walls of Brass, and the roofs of them covered with Gold; for the building whereof, he exacted great tributes of the Cities of the World, believe it who can.  
It's distance from the straits of Gibraltar is 30 miles, and from the City of Fez. 150. it hath been always a Civil, Famous, and well-peopled Town, and very stately and sumptuously built, the Field thereto belonging not very Fertile, or apt for health; howbeit not far off are certain valleys continually watered with Fountains, which furnish the said City with all sorts of Fruits in abundance: without the City also grows certain Vines albeit upon a sandy soil.  
The Country was well inhabited until such time as Arzilla was surprised by the Portugals; for then the Inhabitants being dismayed with Rumours of Wars, took up their bag and baggage and fled unto Fez. Whereupon the King of Portugal his Deputy at Arzilla sent one of his Captains thither, who kept it so long under the obedience of the King, till the King of Fez. sent one of his Kinsmen also to defend a Region of great Importance near unto the Mountains of Gum●ra, being Enemy to the Christians.  
Twenty five years before the Portugal King won this City, he sent forth an Armada against it, hoping that the City being destitute of aid, while the King of Fez. was in Wars against the Rebels of Mecnase, would soon yield itself; But contrary to the Portugals Expectation, the Fessan King concluding a sudden Truce with them of Mecnase, sent his Counsellor with an Army, who encountering the Portugals, made a great Slaughter of them, and among the rest slew their General, whom he caused to be carried in a Case or Sack unto new Fez. and there to be set upon an high place where all men might behold him.  
Afterward the King of Portugal sent a new supply, who suddenly assailing the City in the night, were most of them slain, and the residue enforced to flee; But that which the Portugal King could not bring to pass with those two Armadas, he achieved at length (as is aforesaid) with small Forces, and little disadvantage▪  
In my time Mahomet King of Fez. left no means unattempted for the recovery of this City; but so great always was the valour of the Portugals, that he had ever ill success. These things were done in the Hegeira 917. which was in the year of our Lord 1508.  
Some 12 miles from Tangier was Casor and Ezzagor, in an open and pleasant place, over against the Coast of Granada, but surprised by the Portugez; And notwithstanding many attempts by the King of Fez, what with money (which is the first offer they always make) and what with men to recover it, it is utterly lost and ruined.  
Within 13 mile of Tangier is Tettuan, called so from Tet teguin, or one Eye, because of the one Eyed Woman that had the command over it, under the Goths; fourscore and fifteen years. It was desolate after the Portugals first Invasion, until it was rebuilt by Almandaly, who fortified it with a Wall and a Ditch, from whence he cruelly molested Septa, Casor and Tangier, upon the Coasts whereof he made daily Incursions 
This Tow a likewise is Good Port.  and Inroads, putting all Christians he took to work in his Forts by Day, and lie in Sackcloth and Fetters within the deepest Dungeon in the Night.  
Some 40 miles off is Arzitta a fair Town, between which and Tangier if that correspondence could be kept which was designed by Pedro Navarro, the Trade and Government of that place would lie at our mercy, the Portugals having showed us an example how we might surprise their Forts, as they did that of Narangia, by a stratagem 1486. take their Isles, as they did Getria with a Fleet 1463. demolish their Cities, as they did Bafra and Homari.  
Round about Tangier are the wild but fruitful Mountains Chebal, Rahina, Beni-how, Beni-Chestev, whither the Moors fled and seated themselves since the Portugez took Tangia or Tangier, from whence they made such Invasions even into those Mountains, that the Infidels were hardly able to live there; till of late by the neglect of the Portugez they have been able to build Forts and strong holds in those high places, from whence they infest us at pleasure, having two advantages, whereof the first is their Warlikeness, and the second their Woods.  
1. This place stands very convenient to secure and advance the Indian commerce as far as those places where there are more riches than were ever yet discovered unto the World.  
2. It commands the Barbarians within, who could never look the Portugez in the Face till of late. 2. And all Nations without, who must ask its leave to pass to and fro the straits, to the great Treasury of the World: The Authority of that Town well managed, may make the Masters of it Arbitrators of the Interest of Europe.  
3. It may be a Free Port, or a kind of a Sound, to which all Nations on this side the Line may be glad to have addressed themselves.  
4. It will be a great relief and security to our Merchants in their long Voyages to the Indies.  
5. In that place there may be bred as in a Seminary, such Soldiers and others as may be enured to the temper and way of that Country, and therefore may be in a capacity to carry on our Interest in those Coasts as far as Justice and honour will give way, yea & we may draw thence a Regiment or two of Veteranes, upon any occasion at home. No man knoweth but themselves, what advantage the Hollanders enjoy, and the French promise themselves from one or two Towns upon any of these Coasts.  
The Christians had another excellent Harbour upon the Mediterranean, called Bedis, or Velles de Gumern, which Ferdenand King of Castille took, by shutting it up, with two Forts that commanded it, and kept it two years, until it was betrayed by a false treacherous Spaniard (who slew the Governor, because he had taken his Wife from him) into the Moors possession, and all the Christians were slain, not a man escaping, save only the Spanish Traitor, who, in regard of his Treason, was greatly rewarded both by the Governor of Bedis, and also by the King of Fez. Anno 1520.  
True, it is a wild kind of Harbour, lying open to the Sea, without any windings or high-land-shelter; so that let the wind blow from what Compass it will, the Ships riding there are exposed to the sury of it; and upon the dragging of an Anchor, Wracks do commonly follow upon the adjoining Strand; but that is to be remedied by a Moll, such as that in Weymouth, of two Furlongs Compass; that may be raised by the Shoar, some twenty yards high, within which the Ships may ride safe and quiet.  

The Lawful Government of this Country by Kings.  
THE Xeriff of Fez, whose Dominion reacheth from Capo Boiudor to Tangier, N. S. and from the Atlantic to the River Melvia; the fairest, fruitfullest, best inhabited, and most civil Port of all Africa; and likewise the most trafickable, as well in reference to the passage that way to the Indies, as to the Commodities there afforded: hath continued his Government from the year 1508. to this day, after this manner.  
A subtle, learned and ambitious Mahometan, Benumotto, 1508. boasting his descent from Mahomet, laid a Design in Numidia, where he lived, to possess Mauritania, Tingitania, while the Moors and Portuguez were at Variance: To this end, he sent his three Sons on Pilgrimage to Mella and Medina, that returning thence with a great Fame for their Religion, the people might reverence them, as they did, when they went up and down as men ravished with Contemplation, always crying Ala! Ala! The cunning Father sends them to the King of Fez, where they had no sooner got into esteem, than they desired to display their Banners against the Christians. The King's Brother smelled the Design, and asked the Xeriff; If these holy men conquered the Christians, who should conquer them?  
But their pretended holiness carried it, first for a Commission from the King, and then for a whole multitude of men, that followed the devout men, giving them a Tenth of their Estate for the Cause: With these men they poisoned the King of Morocco, set up Xeriffo, and his Son; who, with the assistance of the Christian Renegadoes, overran the whole Country; whereof 1. Amet, 1542. 2. Mahomet, 1549. 3. Abdalla, 1557. 4. Abdalla, 1572. 5. Mahomet the Second, who was murdered, 1590. 6. Hamet Abdalla, 1599 7. Maly Shecti, 1603. 8. Sidon, who rebelled against him, 1607. 9 Hamet Abdall, 1623. against whom a Hermit stirred up the people. 10. Misil Tira, 1628. who writ to King CHARLES the First of glorious memory, for assistance against the Rebels, to this purpose.  
A Letter from the King of Fez and Morocco, to the King of England.  
WHen these Letters are so happy as to come to thy Renowned Majesties pure hands, I wish the Spirit of the Righteous God may direct thy mind, to consider, that Regal Majesty is given men, to reward the good, and punish the bad: for we are the Servants of the Creator, to do good to the World, that it may bless us: for we are like those Celestial Bodies, that have our Reverence for our Beneficence; which I speak not as if I would instruct thee, whose mind is so clear, and whose apprehension is so quick, that thou art one of the great God's greatest Viceroy that is in Europe,  
There are a Company of Rebels and Pirates, that molest thy People, and are too hard for me; if thou wilt assist me, and right thyself against them, thou wilt be as glorious as the Sun, and thy Name shall perfume all Ages, who shall sing thy Virtue equal to thy Power.  
Thy God is a Lion of the Tribe of Juda, and a Prince of Peace; One that seeks Peace through War: Thy Father was a Peacemaker, by his Power, as well as his Counsel. Thy God increase thine happiness, and thy days.  
Fez 1131. Hegerin 1633:  
10. Myralla Shin, 1642. who was judged to death in that fatal year 1648. 11. Mahomet A●dalla, against whom Aguiland, or Gayland, hath managed a Rebellion to this day, after this manner.  
First, Finding the People under a very great discontent, because of the Christian Invasions on the one hand, and their own King's Oppressions on the other; Particularly,  
1. Because there was an Order, That every man that married a Wife, should bring her to Court, and there offer her Virginity to the Infidels' Lust.  
2. Because there was a Licence to drink Wine, contrary to Mahomet's Law.  
3, Because the King being weak, was about to Treat with the Christians, about building of Forts in those Countries, contrary to the Fundamentals of their Religion.  
He stirs up the Puritan Mahumetans, I mean the Zealots of that way, whereof he was one himself, (for as Cromwell was a Preacher, so is Gayland a Priest) to go up and down, and propnesie of Woes, Lamentations, and Desolation; some of which Zealots pretended a familiarity with Mahomet, that is, as our good people canted it, Communion with God. Then it was taught, That the Law was corrupted; That Mahomet would come and reform it. To this cry were added discourses of humane Liberty and Slavery. This was helped with a Dearth 1656. The alteration of some old Customs 1657. The advancement of unworthy Persons, and the admission of strangers the same year. To help forward the Design, Jealousy is raised between the King and the Nobility, who now 1658. hold their Meetings, settle their Correspondence, (and so many overthrown Estates, as there were so many Votes for Troubles) New Revelations are broached, and while the Kingdom is in a hurly burly, an Invasion is continued. The King is left so dest●●ure, that he cannot help himself: These discontented Forlornes offer him their service, his necessity accepts it; they tie him up, and gain to themselves the Military Power. Now one General is set up, and when he falls anon another; Gayland showing not himself, but as an eminent Soldier, without whom the Kingdom could not subsist. He foments the former Jealousies, prolongeth the War, frustrateth all Treaties, until at last there were two Parties in the Army, one for Peace, another for War. Now was his time to gratify the Warriors, to caress the Soldiers, to whom his Valour and Conduct had endeared him. Here is the Case in short, the Army must stand by him, or be disbanded; hereupon they choose him General, he modeleth them. At last they Remonstrate, That the King must be laid aside, as who had betrayed his Country to Foreigners. Yet he kept this close until he overcame the Enemy, shut up the Christians in their Garrison; and then he turned upon his own Masters, cut off some of his Senate for ill advising; and at last shut him up, as at this hour, within a strong City. Sure there was an evil Star, this last Age that looked upon the World; That all Men, of all Religions, were unanimously disposed to Innovate, Reform, (as we call it) and Disturb the World.   

A Description of the Person and Government of Gayland, the present Usurper of the Kingdom of Fez.  
THis Gayland, since his success, hath his Pedigree derived from Mahomet, as Cromwell had his from the Welsh Kings. His Person looks handsomer than his Condition; his Look is fat and plain, but his Nature close and reserved. He is plump, yet melancholy; valiant, yet sly; boisterous, yet of few words; watchful, and lustful; careful, and intemperate; a contradiction in Nature. Although he hath a sadness, and a heaviness by Nature, that becometh a Priest: yet he hath gained a complaizance by Art, that becomes a Prince. He hath two Qualities that may do any thing; 1. Perfidiousness, and 2. Cruelty. When he swears most solemnly, than you may be sure he lieth; so treacherous he is: and when fawns most basely, than you must look for mischief; so bloody he is. You shall have him 8. times a day at his Devotion, and as many with his Concubines, whom he never toucheth after sixteen; having his Ministers of pleasure to anoint him, and his Ladies to that purpose: So prodigious is their Lust there, that they take pleasure in haughtiness, when they cannot be naught themselves. You may be preferred and poisoned there in a day: to speak cunningly, to act daringly, to have many strong Relations, a great Estate, or one handsome Wife, is reason enough to send a man into another world.  
Gaylands Calling is a Butcher, and a Priest; for they have all Trades there. He is settling a new way of Religion, which he calls, The Ancient One: His Council are all Tradesmen, that understand business very well; and his Judges the like: His Brethren are his Favourites, who yet are Gelded, and so not dangerous. He hath little or no strength at Sea, only his tampering underhand with them of Tunis and Tripoli. He hath divided the Country among his Followers, who must be true to him, or they will not be so to themselves; the old and loyal possessors being transplanted. When he is courted to a Peace, he saith, It is in uain for him to think of Peace, until he hath made himself terrible. His Ports are strong; his Speech always dubious, and knowingly entangled. His Interest obliging him to a reserve; for he dares neither clearly own his thoughts, nor totally disclaim them; the one way endangering his Design, the other his Person: so that the skill of his Port lieth in this, neither to be mistaken by his Friends, nor understood by his Enemies. By this middle course, he gaineth time to remove Obstacles, and ripen Occasions, which to improve and follow is his peculiar Talon. He is a Slave to his Ambition, and knoweth no other measure of good and bad, but as things stand in this or that relation to his end. Honour, Faith, and Conscience, weighing nothing in that Country, further than they subserve to Interest.  
He is one that will hazard very little, if either Money or Wiles may do his work. He hath his Renegadoes, from whom he hath learned all his skill in Fortifications and Guns.  

Gaylands Revenue.  
HE receiveth from his Tributary Vassals, the Tenths and first-Fruits of their Corn and cattle. For the first-Fruits, he taketh no more than one for twenty, and the whole being above twenty; and demandeth no more than two, though it amount to an hundred. For every day's Tilth of Ground, he hath a Ducat and a quarter, and so much likewise for every House; as also, he hath after the same rate of every Person above fifteen years old, Male or Female, and when need requireth a greater sum. And to the end that the people may the more cheerfully pay that which is imposed upon them, he always demands half as much more as he is to receive.  
Most true it is, that on the Mountains there inhabit certain fierce and untamed People, who, by reason of the steep, craggy, and inexpugnable situation of their Country, cannot be forced to Tributes; that which is gotten of them is the Tenth of their Corn and Fruits; only that they may be permitted to have recourse in the Plains.  
Besides these Revenues, the King hath the Tolls and Customs of Fez, and of other Cities; for at the entering of their Goods, the natural Citizen payeth two in the hundred, and the Stranger ten.  
Amongst many other things, he hath the Revenues of Mills, which yield him little less than half a Royal of Plate, for every Hanega of Corn that is ground in Fez; where (as I told you) there are four hundred Mills. The Moschea of Caruven had fourscore thousand Ducats of Rent: The Colleges and Hospitals of Fez had also many thousands: All which the King hath at this present.  
And further, He is Heir to all the Alcaydes, and them that have Pension of him; and at their Death he possesseth their Horses, Armour, Garments, and all their Goods. Howbeit, if the Deceased leave any Sons apt for the service of the Wars, he granteth them their Father's Provision: but if they be but young, he bringeth up the Male Children to years of service, and the Daughters till they be Married. And therefore, that he may have Interest in the Goods of Rich men, he bestoweth upon them some Government, or Charge, with Provision: Wherefore, for fear of Confiscation after death, every one coveteth to hide his wealth, or to remove far from the Court, and the King's sight: For which cause, the City of Fez cometh far short of her ancient glory.  
Besides, His Revenues have been augmented of late years by mighty sums of Gold, which he fetcheth from Tombuto and Gago, in the Land of Negroes; which Gold (according to the report of Fame) may yearly amount to three Millions of Ducats.   

His Forces, and Military Strength.  
HE hath not any Fortresses of great importance, but only upon the Sea Coast, as Cabo de Guer, Larache, and Tetuan: For as the Turks and Persians do, so he placeth the strength of his Estate in Armed men; but especially in Horse. And for this Cause he standeth not much upon his Artillery; although he hath very great store (which his Predecessors took from the portugals, and others) in Fez, Morocco, Tarodant, and in the aforesaid Ports; causing also more to be Cast when need requireth; for he wanteth not Masters of Europe in this Science. He hath a House of Munition in Morocco, where they make ordinarily Six and forty quintals of Powder every Month; as likewise Calivers, and Steel Bowes.  
His Forces are, First, Of two thousand seven hundred Horse, and two thousand Harquibuziers.  
The second is, of a Royal Squadron of six thousand Gentlemen, being all of noble Parentage, and of great account. These men are mounted upon excellent horses, with Furniture and Arms; for variety of Colours, most beautiful; and for Riches of Ornament, beyond measure estimable; for every thing about them shineth with Gold, Silver, Pearls, Jewels, and whatsoever else may please the eye, or satisfy the curiosity of beholders. These men, besides all sorts of Provision for their Family, receive further in Wages, from seventy to an hundred Ounces of Silver a man.  
The third sort of Forces which he hath, consisteth of his Timarioth: For he granteth to all his Sons, and Brothers, and other Persons of Account and Authority among the People of afric, or to the Princes of the Arabians, the benefit of great Lordships and Tenors for sustentation of his Cavalry; and the Archiades themselves till the Fields, and afterwards reap Rice, Oil, Barley, Butter, Sheep, Hens, and Money, and distribute the same monthly to the Soldiers, according to the several qualities of their Persons. They also give them Cloth, Linen, and Silk to apparel themselves, Arms of Offence and Defence, and Horses, with which they serve in the Wars, and if they die, or be killed, they allow them other. Every one of these Leaders contendeth to bring his People into the Field well ordered. Besides this, They have between four and twenty and thirty Ounces of Silver wages every year.  
His fourth Military Forces are the Arabians, who live continually in their Avari, (for so they call their Habitations, each one of them consisting of an hundred or two hundred Pavilions) governed by divers Alchiades, to the end they may be ready in time of need. These serve on horseback; but they are rather to be accounted Thiefs, than true Soldiers.  
His fifth kind of Forces Military, are somewhat like unto the trained Soldiers of Christian Princes; and among these, the Inhabitants of Cities and Villages of the Kingdom, and of the Mountains are enroled, whom the King makes very little account of, and very seldom puts Arms into their hands, for fear of Insurrections and Rebellions, except in the Wars against the Christians, for than he cannot conveniently forbid them: For it being written in their Law, That If a Moor kill a Christian, or is slain by him, he goeth directly into Paradise: Men, Women, and those of every Age and Degree, run to the Wars hand afore head, that at least they may there be slain, and by this means gain Heaven.  
200000. Men he brought against Tituan 1659. Yet he cannot long continue a War; yea, not above 3. Months, because his Forces living on that Provision which he hath daily coming in, as well for Sustenance, as for Apparel; and not being able to have all this conducted thither, where the War requireth, it followeth of necessity, that in short time they must return home for their Maintenance.  
We want nothing but Men, and those men nothing but the Apprehension of that infinite Treasure we might have in Mandinga, Aethiopia, Congo, Angola, Pratua, Toroa, Monomolapa, etc. If we could but bring this man to terms.  
His Men march not all in Company, but the respective Commanders set forth two hours one after another, every one having its Ambuscado and Stratagem, not in any strict Order of Rank and File. Ye though their Discipline is not exact, their Order is so without confusion and violence. All the Commanders have their Wives and Boys attending them well guarded. Their hoarse Drums serve to deafen the Ears, and confound the Senses to any other Clamour, with some Brass Dishes, and wind Instruments, to noise the Varnes, carried by Fellows on horseback, a little before every Company; whose Horses are very swift, it being a shame there to lose a Drum.. His Weapon is Bow and Arrow, an Iron Pole, a Shrenes, a Petronel, a Harquebuz, Scemiter; all over armed like a Porcupine.  
They Eat and Lie in one Blanket, tying their horses bridle to their arms while they graze.  
When they come towards an Enemy, they march very exactly and silently, not a man, upon pain of death, daring to break the Order.  
When they are near an Engagement, the Horse encompass their Foot in the Rear, in form of a halfmoon or Crescent; those Horse have order not to meddle with the Enemy, but only to drive and necessitate the Foot upon them, till they have pierced through their Battalions, if possible; and if they chance to recoil, to hold them to the Slaughter, till they have wearied and dulled the Enemy's Swords; and then the Reserve and they together fall in with fresh fury and vigour: and this serves for all advantages of Military Policy, to quicken his multitudes through despair to high and gallant services.  
He chooseth rather to tyre out a Town, than storm it; then as soon as he hath raised his Battery, and made a kind of breast-work, with some Mounts in it, to overlook the place, he makes his approaches in spite of the Bullet, and filleth up the Trenches with Bodies, if he cannot do it with other matter; and when once a breach is made, it's either a Soldier's death in honour, or a Dogs in the Camp, for any to retreat. Their Patience and Resolution making up their defect of Skill and Art.   

Gaylands Court.  
HE hath one chief Counsellor, to whom he gives a third part of his Revenue, of whom he hath taken a secret Oath, to establish his Son after him. To him he adds a Secretary, a Treasurer, a Steward, the Captain of his Guard, and the Governors of the respective Cities under his Command. Next them are his Deputies, or Major Generals, who have their Provinces on condition they have in readiness on any occasion 200. Horse a man. After these are his Collectors of Tribute; and next them the Commanders of Forts, to awe the Country to the payment of that Tribute.  
He hath likewise a Troop of Light Horse, who have nothing but their Diet, save what they can plunder; and Apparel once a year: whose Horses are attended by Christian Slaves, in Shackles, carried about on Camels. To these we may add his Purveyors, his Grooms of the Stable, his Granators, and their Notaries. He keeps 500 Horse ready to execute any of his Offices, Decrees, and expedite their service.  
He hath the Keeper of his Seal, who overlooks all others, and is as it were Lord high Controllor. He is attended always in pubick with 1200. Horse and Foot. His Armies are led by Ensign-Bearers, who are always such as understand best all Passages, Fords, etc. The Cities are bound at their own Charge to send the Magicians to the Wars.  
He hath one, like a Master of Ceremonies, that sitteth at his Feast, ordering every man to sit down in order, and speak in his turn. His Concubines are all white, but the Women he will have Children by must be black.  
He goeth very plain, and feareth nothing more than gathering of Taxes, the burden whereof their Law hath mitigated, and the people cannot endure.  
When he goeth abroad, there is notice given to all his Relations, and Servants, who attend at his Gate or Tent, and march thence according to the Harbingers direction in order. 1. The Standard. 2. the Drums. 3. the Master of the Horse. 4. the Pensioners and Guards. 5. the Officers of State. Then the Sword, the Shield, and the Cross-Bow; and at last Gayland and his Favourite, with the Footmen; one whereof, the first carrieth his Stirrups, the other his Partisan, the 3. the Covering of his Saddle, the 4. the Halter for his Horse, and the 5. his curious Pantofle; after him come his Eunuches, his Harquebuziers, and Light Horse; of all which he is the plainest man.  
When he lieth in the Field (as all those Kings do most part of the year, to keep their Subjects quiet) his Tent is four square like a Castle, in the midst of his Nobleman's, that make a Town, made of Cloth, with glistering Spheres a top, and then the Soldiers made of Goats-skins. In the midst of all are his Kitchen and Pantrey; next these Pavilions are the Artificers, the Merchants, and other Followers Tents: Next them the Stables, and round them the Foot, about them the Horse, and the Light-Horse of the outside. You would think his Tent is inacessible, yet are they sometimes so careless and sleepy, that Enemies have been known to come within a Furlong of his Royal Pavilion. Barbarism, with all its care, hath not the art to secure itself.   

Gaylands Policies.  
1. HE hath a standing Army, enriched with the Spoils of the King and Country; that will be undone, if it returns either to a Peace, or any thing that may threaten a Restitution.  
2. Most of the Officers of this Army, are related to himself, by Kindred, or Alliance.  
3. All the old Nobility, are either cut off, or kept under.  
4. All the Grievances that the People have lain under these forty years, are ordered to be brought to him in Tables, and he hath the honour to redress them.  
5. Every Body hath access to him himself; Provided, that they come with no Mantle, or Sleeves, or with their Breasts opened.  
6. He keeps his Revels and Gambols, wherewith he takes the Country People three times a Year, as Running, Hunting, etc.  
7. He employeth so many rigid Officers over the respective Provinces, as may exasperate them, and then he offereth those Exactors a Sacrifice to the Vulgar Fury; gaining thereby, together with their Rigour, the Reputation of Mildness and Moderation.  
8. The Army knoweth not one day where it must be the next; so marching it up and down at once, to keep the Country from rising, and his Followers from settling to any Combinatior or Confaederacy.  
9 Besies that, they are of so many Nations and Interests, that they can hardly ever close to any Particular Design against his General one.  
10. He hath an excellent way of Droll, whereby he at once pleaseth and discovereth the common Humour.  
11. He layeth out as much Money as he can in Slaves and Renegadoes, to whom he is beholding for all his Skill and Conduct.  
12. He hath wrought upon the Necessities of those about his Master the King, that there is not any Order passeth him, whereof he hath not Advertisement, before ever it comes to be put in Execution.  
13. He hath got in likewise with the two last Viziers, and him that now governeth, by Money; whereof none hath so little use as the Turk, and yet none more Covetous.  
14. It is as usual as can be with him to send in his own very Soldiers and Ingineers with Provision, in the habit of Country Fellows to the very Walls of Tangier to descry in what posture things stand, and where he may make his most successful attempts.  
15. To countenance his own Usurpations, he hath appointed 200 Priests and Soldiers to regulate both the Religion and Law of the place; both which he intends to publish, with certain new Interpretations delivered, as he pretends, to two holy Priests at Tituar, who are now under ground for two years, discoursing with Mahomet, and shall get up after the two years' end with two Trumpets, to reform the World. Lord! That there can be no Treason, even in Africa without Inspiration.  
16. There is now a design set on foot to draw the poor Country that hath been harassed with these late divisions, and are ready to embrace any settlement, rather than the late Disorders, to press him to take upon himself the Sovereignty, as the most likely means to heal the breaches (that we may borrow our modern Elegancies) and lay aside the unhappy Xeriff as the grand obstacle of the peace and settlement. (Goodly, goodly! sure the Phanatique Spirit hath possesled them, and they that turn the world upside down are gone thither also.  
17. He is upon settling a Company, to traffic upon the same terms that the Europeans do; at whose Charge he intends such a Navy may be Equipped, as may give Law to the straits, with the Grand Seigniours leave.  
18. He doth intend to bring in some ambitious Christian Prince, with whose Interest he intends to check all other Pretenders.  
19 He cannot endure any man that speaks cunningly and subtly; insomuch, that it is the way of his Creatures, to make their Addresses in clear Terms, when Canting Parts are Treason against Tyrants.  
20. His special Cronies are the Zealous and Enthusiastic ecclesiastics, with whose grave Countenances he gains a great Reverence to all his proceedings.  
21. He keeps up a constant Faction in his Camp between his chief Officers, whereby they watch one another so closely, that they cannot do any thing to his prejudice, for fear of one another's mutual inspection and observation. Divide & Impera is got now beyond Italy.  
22. He trains up the Moors to so much Discipline, that they shall march 20000. together, with that order and silence, for forty Mile, that they cannot be discovered; yea, there is not a word spoken in the Camp for two days together sometimes, except in his own Tent: And what is more remarkable, 2. or 3000. of them shall lodge themselves in the Fernes, and among the rising Grounds, so that you may ride through those very Grounds, and not discover a man, Nay, bear up your belief a little longer, while I tell you, that 10000 of them shall hide themselves in the Sand, so as that you may go over them, and not discover them.  
23. He arms his choice men very well, that they may survive his Encounters to a considerable Skill, Experience and Confidence; which if his men were cut off in every occasion, fresh-water-Souldiers are not capable of: And besides, being so armed, he ordereth them not to Charge until they come within Execution of the Enemy, which they will do manfully, bearing up against his Charges to his very face.    

The Proceedings of the English at Tangier, since they possessed it, and were opposed by the Usurper Gayland.  
AMong the many great Benefits we proposed to ourselves by our Alliance with Portugal, this is not the least, that we might enjoy a secure and free Trade in Africa and America, those Treasures of the Universe: In order to which end, we had in the year 1661. the ancient City of Tangier delivered to us; a place where we might in our Traffic that way, both refresh, and secure ourselves, and give Law to others: And no sooner was it delivered to us, than the Right Honourable the Earl of Peterborough, Listed 1000 Foot, and 300. Horse; the last in Southwark, the first in Black-Heath, to possess and secure it. His Officers were, Captain Levet, Captain Mordant, Captain Blake, Captain Anesley, Captain Belletore, Captain Clerk, Captain Fairborn, Captain Colls, Captain Car, Captain Nerve, Major Johnson, and Lieutenant Colonel Sir James Snith.  
And as his Lordship prepared himself for the Government of it from hence, so the Right Honourable the Earl of Sandwich, went thither October in the same year; where he found strong Fortifications, many fair Gardens, and so well situated, that no Ship can pass in or out of the straits, but Ships as ride there may see and speak with them; and that the Portuguez were very civil to the English, and made great expressions of their welcome: And thereupon, in December following, the aforesaid Honourable Lord addressed himself for his Charge, I mean the Command of Tangier, which we found situated strongly on the side of a Hill, having one Gate only to the water side, and Land-ward four Gates, one within the other; and a great many good brass Canons were mounted on the Walls of it; and in the middle of it we saw a Fountain of Water, that continually runneth with a very full stream, that conveyeth itself under the Town.  
December 9 1661. The English and Irish Forces were embarked in several Vessels, according to my Lord rutherford's order, from Dunkirk to Tangier; never any Soldiers were shipped to foreign service more willingly, never any carried more resolutely; the number 3200. old Soldiers; the Commanders, Col. Fitz-Gerard, Col. Farrel, Sir Robert Horley, L. C: Kingwell, Major Fiernes, Captain Summer, Captain Flord, Captain Herbert, Captain Emerson, Captain Brooks: No sooner was my Lord upon the place, than he settled a very fair Correspondence with the Portuguez and Moors there, upon the old Portugal terms, until he could be able to procure himself better; so that we had the Accommodations of that Place upon as good Conditions as we could wish: In the mean time our works went on, our Soldiers were enured to the Country, we were better acquainted with the humour and interest of the People; and in a word, had exacter Observation of our Advantages, in order to a further settlement.  
April 11. 1663. The Moors had a Design of drawing upon Tangier, whereof his Excellency having Intelligence by the Arabian Spies he employed to that purpose, drew up a Regiment of Foot, and a Troop of Horse; but being not willing to spend any of his own men upon the Barbarians, he sent out some Moors who had heretofore revolted, and come in, and have been many ways useful and serviceable to us; who accordingly being horsed, encountered with a Party of the Enemy, in the sight of the Town, and wounded the Shots Son, one of the principal Persons of the Country, of which wounds he is since dead, and his loss is much lamented by the Infidels. In revenge whereof, as we conjecture, five days after a considerable Party came within our Trench, and one of their chief Captains was killed by our Artillery. These little Braveries prejudice them more than they can annoy us, who can look on until the Country is harassed and ruined with Poverty, Hunger and Sickness. The Moors will be necessitated in all probability ere long to a better Compliance with Tangier; already many of them did run over to us with Horses and cattle; so that fresh Provisions were no varieties; and upon the whole matter our condition was much another thing than it was when we first settled there; Health, Plenty, Trade, Security, and good Government, having put us into a very settled Condition; and his Excellency the Lord Peterborough, having so well and happily settled all the Concernments, to the honour and advantage of his Majesty, then ready, by his Majesty's grace and favour, to return into England, and put the City into his Successors hands, having paid off all Arrears, and filled up all Stores and Ammunitions. And as an Argument of our Prosperity, we had very good Correspondenee with Algiers, together with a resolution to continue in Amity with us; they of Sallee likewise desire a good understanding with us: Tangier rendering England much more considerable to Algiers, than it would be, were this Garrison in other hands. The Works were strengthened by the same Noble Lord; the Garrison enlarged; the Quarters were disposed; the Rate of Victuals was settled; the Guards were ordered, and 5. Mile round clearly gained.  
But the Earl of Tiveot arriving, there began a little stone Redoubt, which we perfected without any opposition from the Enemy, also we made Entrenchments and Lines of Communication from place to place, insomuch that a great deal of ground was left free to us, to feed our cattle in safety.  
Thursday the 4th. of June we began another Redoubt on the top of the hill, which overlooketh the Town to the very Ports thereof; at the same time we made Retrenchments beyond the hill that we might not be surprised, nor our works molested. Gayland hearing of the consequence of this Redoubt, and of our daily Retrenching, assembled his Army consisting of 4000 Horse, and 20000 Foot, and Encamps within a league of the Town: Two fugitives one after another brought us news that he resolved to attaque our works.  
Upon Sunday morning we divided our Retrenchments into three Posts: whereof Col. Fitz-Gerard and his Regiment, was to maintain that near the Sea on the East: Col. Norwood, with half the Governors' Regiments the middle Post, wherein lay the new great Redoubt: L. C. Knightley, with the other half of the said Regiment, where the little Redoubts were on the right hand: Col. Bridges with the Horse in the midst of all, to give succour as need should require, and repel the Enemy if they entered our works: Col. Alsop the Town Major still visiting the posts; The outmost lines of all for favouring the workmen being divided into three posts, commanded one by a Lieutenant and 30 men, another by an Ensign and 18 men, and the third by a Sergeant and 12. We made a six Pounder Gun to be carried to the outmost line at the Sergeants post, and gave order that after all, the Garrison should be in readiness, and at the shooting of the said Gun, should take arms; which was accordingly executed at 12 a Clock at night; and after the Gun was brought off, all those outer Lines were sown with Chaustraps, Cultrips or stories, whereof we brought over 36000. and the avenues with Sowgards or hollis, wherein was put Powder as in a Mine, and Loaden above with Stones, Granades and Swedes feathers were put into those farther posts.  
Sunday the 14 precisely at twelve a clock in the day, whenall the Officers were retired to dinner, the ordinary Guards in the Retrenchments, appeared in an instant Gaylands forces, who had long attaqued our outmost Lines, (the Lieutenant, Ensign and Sergeants Posts) with three Regiments of Red and White Colours, Black Colours, & one of a sort of Violet Colour, seconded by a Regiment of Horse. Our Soldiers surprised and amazed, abandoned their Posts, and left the Powder in the Sowguards, with some Granades, to the Enemy, who pursued with incredible vigour the Soldiers towards the Town. Mean time the great Body of Foot attaqued the great Redoubt, and showed more than ordinary resolution in standing firm before our Granades and fire. In the Fort was Commander, by his turn, Major Ridgert with some forty men; and to his succour came Lieutenant-Col. Chun Volunteer, and Captain Giles a Lieutenant in the Governors' Regiment, and several others Reform Officers: which Major & Officers defended themselves most gallantly, killing about 40 of the Moors. The Chaustraps that were sown about all the Lines, and the Redoubt in particular, were of wonderful use and effect: for the barefooted Moor, when they were pricked in the feet by them, sitting down to pick them out, were pricked behind. Many both of Foot and Horse were so hurt. Mean time, the Colonel and Lieutenant-Colonels, with the Officers, commanded in case of Alarm to maintain the three Posts; as also Col. Bridges with his Horse marched out, repulsed most gallantly the Enemy, took in all their Posts again; and in the end the Enemy retired in great haste and disorder. They lost, as near as we can conjecture by taking off the dead, (for they never leave any bodies behind them, if possible) above 100 in all, 14 being left within our Lines, which they could not carry off, and several others in the fields; Colonel Norwood with all imaginable gallantry going to the outer point before the Redoubt, and Captain Needham with him. The said Captain did kill a Moor for his part, and for his pains was shot himself thorough the arm in the flesh only. We lost 14 killed in the field, and twenty hurt with Horse: and we suppose we had more of our men hurt from our inner Line and Walls, than by the Enemy.  
It is reported by the Portuguez and Jews, that he had never lost so many men at any time. They are men of order and resolution, and have most excellent Fire-arms and Lances.  
I had forgot to tell you, that when the Horse charged us, he that did command them was clothed in Crimson Velvet; who being killed, they went all off immediately: which maketh us suspect he was of eminent quality.  
After this Encounter, an Express was sent to compliment Gayland; who returned the Answer enclosed by one of his own domestics, who confesseth that our Crows feet or Chaustraps did their Foot great harm, and that they have lost many men.  
The Earl of Tiveots Letter to Gayland. Written in Spanish.  
THe King my Master having honoured me with the Command of this place, I did not look for less courtesy than your Excellency used with my Predecessor, giving me the welcome: but on the contrary, your Excellency stole from me the hour of eating, in which visits are usually received. Notwithstanding what is passed, if your Excellency doth incline to a better correspondence, be it in peace or war, you shall not find me less disposed or provided, though it be at the same hour. Valuing myself upon the Laws of Soldiery, I shall bury the dead bodies you left behind you: but if your Excellency desire to bury them yourself, after you manner, you may send for them. God keep your Excellency the many years that I desire.  
Tangier, June 14.  
Gaylands Letter to the Earl of Tiveot. Written in Spanish. Signed above in Arabic Letters.  
I Received your Excellencies of the 14 currant, in which you seem to complain, that I did not bid you welcome: whereas on the Contrary it belongs to me to do so; Persons of your quality being accustomed in these parts to give notice of their arrival, and not to dispose of any thing, as your Excellency hath done in my Lands. Notwithstanding, I gave order to my Subjects, that, the occasion presenting itself, they should give good quarter to your Excellencies, as they did with the Centinel which they took the other day, whom I charged them to use well. As to the Correspondence, it is well known how punctal I am in it; of which you may be informed. I did not expect less from your Excellency's courtesy, than you have used to the dead; for which I am infinitely obliged to you. God keep your Excellency many years, as I desire.  
 
Postscript.  
If your Excellency please to send any person or persons from you, you may do it; and this shall secure him, which goes with my servant.  
The Earl of Tiveots Reply.  
I Received your Excellencies of the 15 currant, the same Evening by the hands of your Servant, who carries this back to you. To which I answer, That if there hath been any omission on my part, as to the accustomed Civility of th●se Countries, it was a sin of ignorance, for which your Excellency hath sufficiently chastised. I am beholden to you for the good quarter which your Excellency commanded to be given to the Soldiers your men took the other day: if my good fortune gives me the same occasion, I will pay it with Interest. As to what concerns the Peace and good Correspondence between the King my Master and your Excellency, there only wants a good disposition on your part, as it hath been treated formerly with my Predecessor: to which if your Excellency inclines, signifying it to me, I will send persons to effect it on my behalf. God k●●p your Excellency many and happy years.  
From Tangier, June 16. 1663.  
Notwithstanding these Compliments, Gayland attempted a new Work of ours with 10000 Men: but the most vigilant and excellent Governor had so warily supplied the defects of that place, by planting great Gun to annoy the Assailants; that, though the assault was very sharp, the Enemy was beaten off, and that with the loss of 900. men; which entertainment they liked so ill, that the Army was drawn off: And thereupon the said Governor, as happy to improve Advantages, as resolute to gain them, sent a Letter to Gayland, to let him know, That his Master, the King of Great Britain, as he wanted neither Resolution nor Ability to manage his just Right in that Garrison: so he was so great a Friend to Peace, that he would be ready to entertain a better Correspondency with his Excellency: Which seconded with the Defeat, (than only you oblige the unworthy, when you can awe them) prevailed so much upon the Usurper, that he sent Messengers for a Treaty, which had so fair a progress, that both Parties came to an Agreement. Indeed so ill was Gaylands success, so great our progress in Fortifications; such convenience we had for fresh Air, and fresh Victuals, that we were in a plight (if it had been thought fit to have sent Sir John Lawson, to do as much by Sea, as we could do by Land; to shut up the Havens and Towns of Sallee and Tituan, and batter A●sella to the ground. Every day put us in a better state, both of freedom and security, having by our late Treaty gained a six months' Peace, which did exceedingly conduce to our settlement. At our first arrival, a Flux troubled us, but within six Months our temper agreed exceedingly well with the temper of the Climate.  
August 24. 1663. The Vigilancy, Courage and Conduct of the Earl of Tiveot, moved Gayland (in his own Expression) to require a Peace; which, although concluded but for six Months, was by him desired for seven Years: After which time the English Forts are finished, and this Advice waited upon his Excellence, who was then embarquing for Englond.  
At that time, the Design of the Mould, intended for the safety and advantage of Shipping, was in a good forwardness of persection, the Passage of the Stone being out out of the Rocks, & way made for a Gunpowder blow, & undermining. There was a new Key made, 30 yard's foundation laid, & 3 yards raised above water; & well they might for no Place in the World afforded either better Materials, or those more conveniently disposed for the perfecting of such a Work, which the Moors call, and others shall find, The Key of the World: Indeed, they that understand the World, and themselves very well, look upon this Place with great hopes of the Reputation and Advantage it may one day bring to the English Nation.  
August 26. 1663. The Moors kept their Peace made with the English very punctually, whom they treated, when they went down into their Countries (which is rich, and well inhabited) with great Civility. The Earl of Tiveot was much esteemed for his Valour, and well beloved for his Candour and Humanity; insomuch, as the very Moors term him a Good Man. (and indeed, he was a Person of exact honour and integrity) The Place was healthy, and the situation pleasant, and Provisions of sorts in such abundance, that a man can scarce live cheaper any where.  
But about this time we began our Mould, and found it very hard to blow up the Rocks under water, to make way for our Boats and Engines, which otherwise cannot bring Stone, but with difficulty, at the top of high water: but in a month, way was made for our Engines to weigh our Stones, and in six week's time we laid 30. yards of Foundation, and raised that two yards high: It should seem we are better at this work than any other, this being better work than any in the Straight.  
But that we might not only secure ourselves, but oblige our Neighbours; we sent Supplies, with a great deal of hazard, to the Saint & Fall; a Favour he acknowledged so great, that he hath promised, when ever it is in his power, he will not be backward in requital. And now Gayland Compliments his Sacred Majesty in Spanish, to this purpose.  
A Letter from Gayland to His Sacred Majesty Charles the Second, King of England.  
Sacred Royal Majesty,  
HAving been advertised by his Excellency the Earl of Tiveot, of his sudden occasion to visit these Parts; I could not forbear this Address in respect of the Peace, and good Intelligence we have lately affected in Your Majesty's Name. And having found his Excellency a Cavalier of great Valour and Honour, and of so noble a Mind; I could not choose but desire to Correspond with him by my Letters, to signify my Inclination of Compliance in all things that concern the Service of Your Majesty; and which formerly I have forborn to do, for want of so fit a Juncture to enable me.  
I hope from the Divine savour, that this Peace will be attended with many considerable Augmentations in order to Your Majesty's Service, the effecting of which good Work being justly attributed (with no small praises) to the Prudence of his Excellency; I beseech Your Majesty to command him speedily back, that we may perfect all things with him so greatly to be loved and esteemed.  
If in any parts of our Dominions there is any thing that offers itself for Your Majesty's Service, the signification of Your Commands shall be esteemed the greatest favour that can be expressed.  
God keep your Majesty, and give You all manner of felicity.  
And the Governor of Morocco to the King of Portugal, thus.  
The Copy of a Letter from the King of Tetuan, Governor of Morocco to the King of Portugal  
Sancta Crux, June 27. 1663.  
HIgh and Mighty, Don Alfonso, King of Roman Christians and of Portugal, thanks be to God that we are obliged to give account, and none is free from that duty, and therefore we give him the praise unto him due, and this praise is for the daily favour we receive from him.  
By Order of the Servant of our Lord God on high, to whom I submit all my affairs, who is called Abdelazir 4 Mahomet, Grandson of Aly; This our writing in the name of God our Lord. To your Majesty the King of Portugal, Catholic D. Alfonso, whom God bless, and after that we give thanks to God for having made us Moor, and Participate unto your Majesty, how much we esteem the favour which you have done to my Servants, who arrived in a little English Vessel safe in the Haven of Sancta Crux, together with the good news which I received from the King Maly Mahomet, to whom your Majesty was generously pleased to give his liberty, and I for my part, cannot but he very thankful, and do offer myself and my Subjects with all that which from this Kingdom may be necessary, to your Majesty without any fail: and your Majesty, whom God bless, may out of hand make trial thereof. And I do give my Word, and so this Letter goes signed by my hand and seal, and from hence forward will celebrate the Peace between me and your Majesty with these undernamed conditions which are.  
That all the Portugal Nation, and their contractions, may go, and come, enter, and come out feeely, into, or from any of my Havens, by Sea or Land, with all security; and in case they meet in the Sea with the Turk, or any other Shipping, of whatsoever Nation it be, coming out of any of my Seaport Towns, they shall receive no damage. And also if any of your Majesty's Vessels chance to have bad weather at their Fishing, they may retire into this Haven: wherein, (although they meet with any Shipping, either Turks, or Spaniards, or any Nation whatsoever Enemies to your Majesty) you Majesties Shipping or Men shall be in no danger; and as for the Wheat and Horses which shall be necessary for your Majesty, all shall be punctually and with speed given to your Majesty, whereof your Majesty may make present trial, sending Ships, Goods, Money, and Vessels, for the Wheat and Horses, and One that understands Our Language, whom your Majesty may send in the Company of Maly Mahomet who is there, to whom your Majesty was generally pleased to give his Liberty, for at his arrival here, he is to be King of Morocco, where they expect him each hour, and the Kingdom has no other Heir by Maly Mahomet, and I engage for him, that he will perform his word in whatsoever he promiseth to your Majesty, wherein he shall not fail as in duty bound, and is natural to him to do it: so waiting for Maly Mahomet, and for all your Majesty's Orders, which I shall always observe, and 〈◊〉 as your Majestics loving Subject and Servant to God, who may bless your Majesty, give you long life, and happy, and defend you from your Enemies.  
Your Majesty's Friend, Cide Abdelazi, Son of Mahomet, Grandson of Aly.  
Hereupon we had free Trade with the Moors, they daily bringing their Camels, laden with Hides and Skins, which is their chief Commodity; and in return they get Money, and other Provision: This Place being the great Market for those things that come from Algiers to Tituan, and from thence hither; especially when a square of 30. yards towards a Molle was brought a yard above the water mark: That new experiment of Maste-floates promoting our Design exceedingly.  
Indeed, so forward were we in February, that Gayland began to be jealous of us, and therefore there are several Debates between him and his Excellency, the Earl of Tiveot, whether a War or Peace. Free he would have us to the Fortification of those Redoubts nearest the Town; but as for those further off, as the Hollanders answer the Ambassadors that come to them, saying, It may be so, we will consider: So said he, He would take 14. day's time to think of it. And they have a Saying amongst them, the meaning whereof I understand not; 13. days make a wise man.  
But from Debate it comes to Action; the Moor comes on with Horse and Foot to hinder the Enlargement of our Quarters, as it concerned him, but was beaten off; and, what is a shame in that Country, left one of his Horse Colours behind him: Neither is he more in earnest than we, for we banish all the Jews out of Town, and go on a pace with the Works, without any further Attempt or Interruption; only when the Lord Governor declared, he could entertain no Peace, without some more Liberty allowed, and secured in the Country: Gayland advised with his Mushroom Grandees, his Lords of the other House; and after mature deliberation, he sent word by two of his principal Officers, and his Secretary, which was to this Effect; That, having consulted all his Savois and Rabbis upon the Point, it appeared, That they were bound by a Law not to suffer Christians to Fortify in Africa; but if his Excellency accepted of Quarters, as in the Portuguez time, they were willing to give them. To which my Lord replied; That, He must either have Peace with those Terms aforesaid, or War without them.  
And the very next week his Lordship commenced a new Redoubt upon the utmost Live; against which Work, what Stratagems! what Ambuscadoes! what Surprises! while we were so confident, that one writes to England thus.  
We expected Gaylands whole Army any time these seven days; if he stays but two days longer, he must come to our terms, and suffer this Place to be comfortable to the Garrison, and the Inhabitants: Or, which is more, let him come when he will, we question not, but we shall maintain our Ground in spite of his heart: We have good Lines to defend; and better Men certainly are not in the World: To which must be added; That we have a Governor, under whose Conduct (with God's ordinary Providence) we can fear nothing.  
But ah! humane Confidence! he was an excellent man, but a man still; for the next News you heard, was; That the Earl of Tiveot, designing to cut ways and passages in an adjoining Wood, that was as great annoyance to Tangier, as it was a shelter to the Moors; and having in vain sent out Scouts, who were suffered to graze their Horses in the midst of the Enemies, who lay undiscovered, behind those rising Grounds, in Fernes, and thick Grass; fell into an Ambuscado of the whole Infidel Army, where he sold his life at a dear rate; a life indeed invaluable but that there are many such lives comprehended in his SaCRed Majesty's large and universal Care; which hath that influence even upon this distant Place; that, notwithstanding Gaylands attempts upon it several times since that miscarriage, not only secures, but advanceth it to as much Reputation as ever it enjoyed since it was in the Christians hands. How many Millions would the French give for such a place? who are now to seek for a footing in those Coasts.  
The Soil is proper for any Grain, or Trees, and asketh nothing but dressing to be admirable. There is no need of carrying Provision thither, as to other Plantations, for the support of the Colonies; the abundance of things there being so great, that the Country produceth enough for its self, and to spare. The Waters are excellent; the Fruits delicious, and and without Hyperbole; the Place may be improved into a Paradise: Over and above this, there are Golden Mines, in such plenty, that in great falls of Rain, and ravages of Water, the Veins of Gold discovered themselves, all along the Coast, and upon the Mountains. The Inhabitants are of a Disposition tractable enough, & with good words, are ready and willing to be employed in any service; being a People humble, and obedient, and of a very good humour. The Country is shared among divers petty Pretenders, who are still making war one upon the other; and from whose Disagreement we might easily take a rise to an absolute establishment of ourselves among them. Beyond this Place the Trading lieth open without difficulty into India; and more commodiously yet to the Country of Aethiopia, where Commerce is scarce understood, and where are the richest Gold Mines upon the face of the Earth. In a word, there is not any where a fitter Place for a general Magazine of all Commodities to be brought from those Parts into Europe, than is this Place; from whence we may carry the business of Commerce and Discovery further than any have yet done before us. Besides that, the Place is of so gentle a Climate, that what clothes serve us here in the spring, may serve us there all the year; and having within its self whatsoever may honestly, by way of Commerce, serve either to the pleasure, plenty, or necessities of humane life.  
Add to this, that lying in a middle way, it secures us from the danger and loss o● long and tedious Voyages backwards and forwards, which we were tired with before this acquists; which is as good a breathing place as can be, with all Conveniences about us, to refresh our men, and follow our course at pleasure: whereas others meet no relief between India & home commonly at 7. months' Voyage; for want of which, they are so miserably harassed with the Journey, that a long time it takes them to recover it.  
And over and above all this, when others are come as far as Tangier, they dare not pass the Channel without our leave, which they may be made either to fight, or pay for.  
Again, this openeth an honest way of livelihood to those English men, whose Necessities have debauched them to unable and shifting ways of living; this relieveth the Poor, that must either beg or starve; employeth those whose languishing Industry is as good as lost, because not exercised: And brings back that sincere and quiet way of Dealing, which is now lost among a lazy sort of men, that have nothing to do but to be troublesome.   

What Natural Impressions and Motions the Air of Africa is subject unto, and what Effects ensue thereupon.  
THroughout the greatest part of Barbary stormy and cold Wether begin commonly about the midst of October. In December and January the Cold groweth somewhat more sharp in all places, howbeit this happeneth in the Morning only, and that very gently and remissly. In February the Wether is somewhat mitigated, but very unconstant. In March the North and West Winds usually blow, which adorns the Trees with Blossoms. In April Cherries are commonly ripe, and all fruits attain to their proper form and shape. In the midst of May they gather their Figs; and in Mid - June their Grapes are ripe in many places: In which Month and July their Pears, sweet Quinces, and their Damascens attain unto sufficient Ripeness. Their Figs of Autumn may be gathered in August, howbeit they never have so great plenty of Figs and Peaches as in September. By the midst of August they usually dry their Grapes in the Sun, whereof they make Reisons, which if they cannot finish in September, by reason of unseasonable Wether, of their Grapes as then ungathered they use to make Wine and Must. In the midst of October they take in their Hay, and gather their Pomegranates and Quinces. In November they gather their Olives, beating them off their Boughs with certain long Poles, by reason of the tallness of their Trees, which no Ladder can reach. They have three Months in the Spring always temperate. They begin their Spring on the fifteenth day of February, accounting the eighteenth of May the end thereof, all which time they have most pleasant Wether, But if from the five and twentieth of April, to the fifth of May, they have no Rain fall, they take it as a sign of ill Luck, which wa●er they call Naisau, that is, Water blessed of God, and some store it up in Vessels, most religiously keeping it as an holy thing. Their Summer lasteth till the sixteenth of August, all which time they have most hot and clear weather; Except perhaps some showers of Rain fall in July and August, which do so infect the Air; the great Plagues and Pestilent Fevers fall thereupon, which are almost always mortal. Their Autumn they reckon from the 17 of August to the 16 of November, having commonly in the Months of August and September not such extreme heats as before. Howbeit all the time between the 15 of August and the 15 of September is called by them, The Furnace of the whole Year; for it brings Figgs, Quinces, and such kind of Fruit to their full Maturity. From the 15 of November begin their Winter; and as soon as Winter cometh they begin to till the Ground, which lieth in the Plains; but in the Mountains they go to plough in October. The People here are most certainly persuaded, that every year containeth 40 extreme not days, beginning upon the twelfth of June: and again, so many days extreme cold, beginning from the twelfth of December. Their Equinoxies are upon the 16 of March, and the 16 of September: and their Solstice on the 16 of June, and the 16 of December: These Rules they most stri●ctly observe (though they know not a Letter in the Book) in Husbandry, and Navigation; which together with the Houses of the Planets, are the first Lessons they teach their Children; as also the great Book in 3 Volumes, called, The Book of Husbandry. They reckon Trine by the Moon; and allow 354 Nights to the Year, viz. 30 Nights in each of the first six Months, and 26 in each of the last six. They are undone if it reins not 12 days in the year, viz. the six first of April, and the six last of September. They live till threescore, as lustily as we do at thirty, and then they droop suddenly, scarce any of them exceeding seventy; the failing of their Teeth and Eyes forerunning their deaths; the reason whereof may be their excessive inclination to Venery, for which purpose they tolerate hundreds of Stews in Fez: they being so impudent, that they will continue in the very Act of Uncleanness, though twenty should come and see them, therefore they are ●ald at 26 commonly; and many of them die of the French Pox: a Disease that came thither with the Jews that were banished Castille; with whose Wives the Moors lay, and were infected: A Disease, they say, that if you go but into Numidia, the very Air of the Place Cures you of: As the Armenian Earth doth of the Plague here.   

The Qualities of these People, Good and Bad.  
THey are Religious to a Superstition, so far, the day they Pray (and they are very often at their Churches or Masques) they spit, nor touch their privy parts. Their dexterity and skill in Mathematics and Mechaniques is extraordinary: Very Faithful they are, but Cunning, No People so Lustful, and none so Jealous; Familiarity with one of their Wives is Death. Give Place to thy Elders, is a great Rule amongst them. When ever they discourse of Love, the Youth are to withdraw.  
But with these Virtues, they have their Vices too, being very needy and covetous; very proud and wrathful; very implacable and revengeful. So Clownish they are, that they will scarce hear you: yet so credulous, that they will believe you, say what you will. Abounding so much with Choler, they speak always angry and loud; and you will never walk the Streets, but you will meet with a Squabble. Desperate they are in their Undertake: Careless they are of their Time; which they spend in Hunting, or War, or Theft. Thus have I described as well their Vices as their Virtues; though I am indebted to this Country for my Birth, and most part of my Education.  
Now to deliver somewhat concerning the estates of these Christians: They are called by some Cofti, or Coptitae, and by others, Christians from the Girdle upward: for albeit they be baptised, as we are, yet do they circumcise themselves like to the Jews: so as a man may say, their Christianity comes no lower than the girdlestead. But that which is worse, they have for 1000 years followed the heresy of Eutiches, which alloweth but of one Nature in Christ: by which heresy they also separate and dismember themselves, from the Union of the Church of Europe. The occasion of this separation and schism, was the Ephesine Council, assembled by Dioscorus in defence of Eutiches, who was now condemned by the Chalcedon Council by six hundred and thirty Fathers congregated together, by the authority of Leo the first. For the Cofti fearing, that to attribute two natures unto Christ, might be all one, as if they had assigned him two hypostases or persons, to avoid the heresy of the Nestoreans, they became Eutichians. They say their Divine Service in the Chaldean, oftentimes repeating Alleluja. They read the Gospel first in Chaldean, and then in Arabic. When the Priest sayeth Pax vobis, the youngest among them layeth his hand upon all the people that are present. After Consecration, they give a simple piece of Bread to the standers by: a Ceremony used also in Greece. They exercise their Function in the Church of Saint Mark, amidst the ruins of Alexandria, and in that of Suez, upon the Red Sea: They obey the Patriarch of Alexandria, and affirm themselves to be of the Faith of Prete janni, In our days two Popes have attemptted to reduce them to the Union of the Romish Church, Pius the Fourth, and Gregory the Thirteenth; whose Letter they received with reverence, laying them upon their heads before they opened them.    

A DESCRIPTION OF The KINGDOM of FEZ.  
THe World we know is divided into four parts; Asia, Europe, Africa and America: the place under present consideration lieth in Africa.  
Africa is bounded on the East by the Red Sea, and the famous Bay of Arabia; on the West, with the Atlantic Sea, which divides it from America; on the North it is parted by the Mediterranean from Europe; and on the South with the Ethiopian Sea, from that place which Geographers call Terra Australis incognita; altogether bounded by the Sea, but that there is an Isthmus, or a Neck of Land, (of threescore, faith Dr. Heylin; threescore and nine, saith Leo Affricanus; but fifty and four, saith Munster; and seventy four miles, saith Atlas) between it and Asia: over which Neck Cleopatra would have drawn her Ships when her dear Anthony was defeated, and adventured herself to an unknown Coast to escape Caesar's success and fortune, had not her Minions company invited her to her own Egypt, to put a period to that Rant and Frolic wherewith Fate and Fortune played with, and exercised that Age of the World.  
The form of Africa, saith Leo, is a Pyramid reversed; the Basis whereof, which reacheth from Tangier, and the Straight of Gibraltar, to the foresaid Isthmus, and is in length 1918 Italian miles; the Cone narrow, but 4155 miles in length; that is to say, in plain English, that part of the world is 1920 miles abroad towards us, and runs up narrower and narrower 4156 miles the further it goeth from us. Asia is less than America, Africa then Asia, Europe then Africa; that course cloth hath good measure.  
Touching the temper of the Air, which depends most an end upon the position and aspect of the Heaven; we guess that since the Aequator, (I mean that Line that is supposed to divide the Heavens into two equal parts) crosseth over the middle of this Country, therefore it was, by those of old, (that had no more Geography than they drew up by aim in their Studies, and concluded from some of their own uncertain Speculations and conjectural Principles) judged to lie under the most Torrid Zone, and so for the most part unhabitable: whereas a few more years experience, travel and observation, hath manifested most part of this Country habitable and temperate; the cool of the Night's allaying the heat of the Days: for there the mists, dews, and showers of the one, refresh the scorches and parches of the other; as indeed that vicissitude of Sun and Moon was designed by the Almighty, (who disposed all things in number, weight and measure, according to the eternal counsel of his will) to keep this world in an equal temper, not overheated with the fever of the Torrid, nor overcooled with the ague of the Frigid Zone.  
The best Description extant of this Coast that the Ancients had, was that great Soldier and exact Observator Hannoes' Journal, a great while locked in his Punic Tongue, until that great Restorer of Learning at once bestowed upon it the pains of a Translation into the Greek Tongue, and the charge of an Impression at Basil, 1526.  
Africa is divided into, 1. Egypt, 2. Numidia, 3. Lybia, 4. Terra Nigritorum, 5. Ethiopia, Superior and Inferior; with the Islands adjoining to these respective parts. The subject of this Discourse lieth in Barbary.  
Barbary lieth Eastward towards Cyrenaica; Westward, toward the Atlantic Sea; Northward, upon the Mediterranean, towards the straits of Gibraltar, and the Atlantic; and Southward, towards Atlas, Spain and Numidia.  
It is called Barbary but lately by the Saracens, either, as the more ancient Authors will have it, from the word Barbar, which among those people signifieth Murmur or Grumbling, because the Language of that place is like the condition of it, discontented: Or from Bar, (as our modern Writers assert it) a Desert in that 
* Viz. The Punic.  Language, intimating the desolateness of the place before their replenishing or peopling of it.  
It is in length from the Atlantic to the straits, fifteen hundred miles; and in breadth from Mount Atlas to the Mediterranean, an hundred in the Inland Countries; but outwardly towards the straits, three hundred.  
This Barbary is divided into four parts by most Geographers; but it is well known by those that travel to consist of six parts, viz. Cus or Chus, Hea, Hascora, Duccala, Morocco and Fez.  
The first, is a long piece of barren ground, of one hundred and almost eighty Italian miles.  
The second coasts along as may miles upon the Atlantic to the very mouth of the straits: It's sixty German miles long, and fifty English miles broad; Mountainous, but well inhabited; Hilly, but plentiful with all manner of necessaries; the highest places there, being as well peopled as our Valleys here.  
The third is large, but wild and Mountainous; useless rather from its inhabitants carelessness, than its own nature.  
The fourth is eminent for nothing but that great Temple or Mosche made all of Whalebones.  
The fifth, Morocco, the Inhabitants whereof are called Moors from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which in the Greek signifieth black or obscure, and denotes either their Complexion, which is Tawny, and inclining to black; or their Condition, as who are bafe in their Original, and not very honourable in their present state.  
Morocco hath on the East of it Maloa; on the West from Tremison, the Atlantic Ocean; on the South, Atlas; and on the North, Fez. It hath its chief denomination from the chief City of it, Morocco: it hath large Cities well inhabited & as well fortified; whereof one contained Anno 1659., (when there went out an Enrolment from the Xeriff or chief Governor to Tax every Family by the Poll) 150000 Families, 486 Mosches or Churches: on the Tower of the chiefest whereof, or the Mother-Church, as they call it, there was a Globe that weighed 800 pound in Gold, and was valued at 1300000 ducats. The Country is like Ireland, rich and fertile, and wants only skilful and laborious inhabitants, that may improve it to that rich advantage it is capable of; that Country coming up, as all Travellers aver, to our Saviour's proportion of increase, some times and places thirty fold, some fifty, some sixty, and some and hundred.  
The Air is much after the temper of England, but that there is a Southwind that ever and anon blows and brings along with it an extraordinary and a very hurtful heat, like that at Scanderoon, did not an Eastern blast bring with it four times a year, (viz. about the middle of July, the latter end of August, the beginning of March, and most part of May, as extraordinary cold that balanceth the former excess to a temper exceeding pleasant and healthful; insomuch as it was observed by Mr. Tevillian, (that traveiled Morocco anno 1633. when King Charles the first of glorious memory, upon the humble Request of the King of Fez, sent 15 ships to assist him in the Conquest of the Pirates of Sala, who were too hard for him; and to his great grief, poor man, infested all Europe and Asia that were concerned in the Eastern Trade) that never any English, Welsh, or Scotch, that were cast upon those coasts, died before they were an hundred years old: nor any French or Irish that lived there a twelvemonth for some years together, until Art helped Nature; and they understanding the temperature of the Climate, and their own constitution, were taught those Rules and Prescriptions that corrected the first, and assisted the second.  
Of the eleven Mountains of Barbary, four are fallen to the share of this part of it; 1. Thanebes, 2. Gous, 3. Phocra, 4. Usaletto: from which spring up those pleasant and wholesome streams, that run like so many Veins of Blood, turning and winding through this uneven Ground, dispensing their Refreshments and Verdure on all sides, with equal kindness to Men, to Beasts, to the Grass and Corn.  
But Morocco and Fez are as it were all one, as well in the state and condition of the Country, as in the Government.  
Come we then at last to Fez, wherein lieth Tangier, the place we have in our Eye.  
Fez hath on the South of it Morocco, which is no other than the other half of it: on the North, the Mediterranean; on the East, Malon and Tremeson; on the West, the Atlantic. It is thought by that excellent Surveyor Maurus, to be as big as Toledo, that is almost twice as big as England, and something over.  
The Ground is very uneven and unequal; no Hills higher than its Mountains, no Wilderness wider and loser than its Deserts; no Parks more woody than its Forests; no Valleys more Pleasant and Profitable than its Champaign's, which what they want in length and breadth, they gain in depth; as if Nature had heaped one Acre upon two, in the matchless fertility thereof: Our Age, barren of Belief, affords not Faith so easily to the Story, as this Land afforded Food to their ten hundred thousand men, Anno 1569, when an hundred thousand fell at the famous Battle before Tangier.  
The Soil of the Country of Armagh in Ireland is so rank of itself, that if any compost or artificial improvement be added unto it, it turns barren (saith my ingenious Author) out of fullenness and indignation, that men should suspect the native fruitfulness thereof; and Fat upon Fat is false Heraldry in Husbandry: An English man once dunged two Acres of this Country towards Gosel, and it's barren to this day, and called by the Inhabitants in the Punic, Erapi vosci Does; Gods curse upon Europe.  
Ships, when sailing, are generally conceived to have one moiety of them invisible under Water; and some Countries in like manner are counted to have their Wealth equally within the Earth, and without it: But the proportion holds not exactly in Fez, whose visible Wealth far transcendeth her concealed Substance. And yet we find some Minerals therein of considerable use and value: As,  
1. Brass and Iron, so plentifully, that though they have not the Blessing of Asher, Thy shoes shall be iron and brass, yet have they so competent a store of it, that she is no Gentlewoman there, that hath not her twenty great Iron Rings about her.  
2. Salt, without which no Meat is savoury to Man, no Sacrifice acceptable to God: Abimelech sowed Sechem and Abdamelech Gasel with Salt. There are two sorts of Salt; 1. Fossilis, digged; 2. Coctilis, boiled: both here plentifully, the first about Hea, the last about Heahem, and in Lakes near Fez, where they set no Salt on their Tables, but every one takes a little in his hand.  
3. Glass; whereof the best in the World (saith the great Historian of Nature) is found on the River Belus, and the next to that, (saith Solinus) in Hevalous, or as they call it now, Hebal.  
4. Marble; the great Ornament of their Cities and Temples.  
5. Precious Stones in abundance, no doubt near Arzilla, as we may guests by those few found there by chance, by Vasquez in his second Expedition.  
6. Curious medicinal Waters, arising from the sulphurous spring of Mount Anaba.  
7. For Gold and Silver: though to avoid the Invasions of other Nations, they say with St. Peter, Silver and Gold have I none; yet no doubt if the European Industry possessed the place of the African sloth, it would find the Indies in its way thither: for Fez the chief City of this Region hath its name from that Gold that is supposed to lie a breeding in the very Bowels of it: But the upper fruitfulness of the Soil makes them the more negligent in digging into the bowels thereof; as those need not play beneath board, who have all the Game in their own hands: For this Country hath plenty,  
1. Of oil-olive; so called, to difference it from Seed or train-oil: hereof there are three kinds, or rather degrees: whereof, 1. the coursest makes lamps, which they burn in their Mosques, Temples and great Palaces, Day and Night: 2. A middle sort for fineness, used for Meat or rather Salad, with their cold Herbs, and colder Pap: 3. The finest, compounded with Spices, for Ointment for Kings, Priests and Ladies, at their more solemn occasions of Pomp and State, of Piety and Devotion, and of Pleasure and Entertainment. Three Carrects of Oil was one of the designed Presents to the Renowned King CHARLES the First, 1634, by Abdalla, that were lost in the Mediterranean, where Oil itself sunk.  
2. Honey: This is their Sugar, as Salt is their Pepper; whence it was called by the Ancients Terra Melliflua: the Canaanites here (for you shall hear anon how they fled hither from the face of Joshua) as well as in their own Country, enjoying a Land that flowed with Honey: the Gentile part whereof use Honey after the Persian manner in their Sacrifices; which Grotius saith 
Leu. 2. 11. Vid. Critic. Sacra, in loc.  is the reason why Honey was forbidden in the Jewish Oblations. And to this Honey belongeth Wax, wherewith they dress their Leather, the best here, if you will believe Valtolin, that famous Shoemaker and Traveller, whose Shoes were surely made of running Leather.  
3. Fruits. The biggest and most plentiful that ever I read of: As,  
1. Dates: whereof there is this tradition amongst them, That a Date-Tree over-shadowed an Olive-Tree, and that Olive-Tree a Figtree, and that Figtree a Pomegranate, and that Pomegranate a Vine. 2. Almonds. 3. Nuts. 4. Figs. 5. Pomegranates. 6. Pears. 7. Spices. 8. Cherries. 9 Plums and Apples. Of which they made their most considerable Presents, whereof good store were sent at several times to the Earls of Peterburrough and Tiveot, from that excellent Rebel Gayland, who wants nothing of a complete man, as Cromwell did not, but that he hath not common Honesty.  
4. Barley: It was the Humility of Christ, it is the necessity of the Fezians, to eat Barley-Loaves.  
5. Vines: so good, that notwithstanding the strict Laws of Mahomet, to which they are most subject, the inhabitants cannot but request their King to allow, and the King cannot but grant them a liberty to drink Wine; especially at Ezhaggen, some fifteen Leagues off of Tangier; where it's a part of the City-Charter, That they may drink Wine on Mundays, Tuesdays, Thursdays and Sundays. Yet as great as good; so that what is prophesied of Judah, may be true here, That they may bind their foals to the Vine, and their ass' colts to the choice Vine, though Vines with us are tied to other Trees for their support; and that a Grape there in many places is as big as a Plum with us.  
6. Wood: so that round Tangier the Country seemed formerly a continued Grove of sweet Firs, shady Palms, strong Oaks, close Cypress, etc. and where Trees are wanting, there Grass and Ferns look like thick Coppices, so high, that a whole Army may be lodged Horse and Foot in a field, and not discerned; as they did to our sorrow, in the late action on the third of May, 1664.  
These are their Vegetables: Their Beasts are,  
1. Goats: whose flesh is good Meat, as their skins make good Leather, and their Fleeces good Chamlets.  
2. Their Diet is so plain, that they have very few Cattle for meat, but many for show and service; as 1. Lions, so tame, that they will gather stones up and down the streets in Fez, and hurt none; and his Highness' Prince Rupert hath one of my Lord Rutherford's bestowing, that will lie upon his Bed as quietly as any Lamb. 2. Elephants. 3. Dragons. 4. Leopards. 5. Horses, the handsomest, the strongest and swiftest in the World: A Barbary Horse, is a Proverb.  
I had almost forgot that Balm or Balsam, whereof the first Plants, Josephus saith, (Antiq. l. 8.) the Queen of Sheba brought from this place to Judea. This Balsam is twofold:  
1. Xylo-Balsamum, the Parent, being the shrub out of which it proceeded.  
2. Opo-Balsamum, being the Daughter, which trickled like tears from the former: Useful, 1. for the Healthful, making a most odoriferous and pleasant perfume: 2. For the Sick, being sovereign and medicinal: 3. For the Dead, being an admirable preservative against corruption.  
To Balm I add what is more necessary, as well as more common, I mean Water: They think we Northern People are drowned with a Dropsy; and we suspect they of the South are on fire with a fever: This is a Land like Judea, (as it is described Deut. 8. 7.) A land of brooks of waters, of fountains and depths, that spring out of valleys and hills: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, saith Strabo, A well-watered Country.  Object. 
But you will say, Our Englishmen talk of Mountains and Hills.  Answ. 
Such fruitful Hills as make the Land insensibly larger in extent, though no whit less in increase: some Cattle, as Goats, some Fruits, as Vines, thrive never better than on these Mountains, or on the side of these Hills: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Grassy and fair fruitful Hills; which as they afford a plentiful Prospect, so they conduce much to make the City's impregnable that are built among them.  Object. 
They talk of Deserts too.  Answ. 
Indeed the word Desert sounds hideously in an English Ear, and frights our Fancies with the apparitions of a place full of dismal shades, savage Beasts, and doleful Desolation; whereas among these People it imports no more than a woody Retiredness from public Habitation; most of them in extent not exceeding our great Parks in England, and more alluring with the pleasure of privacy, than affrighting with the sadness of Solitariness.  

SECT. II.  
TOuching the Inhabitants of this place, we are to understand, That when the Isles of the Gentiles were divided among the Sons of Noah, this Coast fell to the lot of Mizraim and Phut, the sons of Cham, who first inhabited it upon the dispersion; but thinly, until upon Joshua's approach, the Canaanites fled hither from the face of Joshua, and built Tangier, as will appear more particularly in the description of that place.  
Of those Canaanites there were seven People, whereof six came hither: As,  
1. The Hittites, those sons of Anak, so formidable to their Foes, that some conceive them named from Hittah, to scare or frighten, such the terrible impressions of them upon their Enemies!  
2. The Gergashites, whom the Hierusalem-Talmud makes to dwell near Cinnereth, on the East of Jordan, whence they stole (faith my Author) into Egypt.  
3. The Canaanites, particularly so called, that dwelled by the sea and coast of Jordan.  
4. The Cadmonites, or Easterlings.  
5. The Amorites.  
6. The Arvadites.  
These men possessed the place until the Phoenicians and most remote Punicks dispossessed them; and they, until the Saracens turned them out of doors.  
1. Here are placed the Cynocephali, that have heads like Dogs, snouts like Swine, and ears like Horses.  
2. Here are the Sciapodes; that have such a broad foot, and but one, that they cover their heads from the heat of the Sun, and the violence of the showers, by lifting this up over them.  
3. Here are the Gumnosophantes that go naked, and fear nothing more than a clothed man; being ignorant of the use of Weapons, and one being able without a miracle to chase 1000 of them.  
4. Here are the Blemmiaes, men that walk as St. Dyonis did from Paris to Rheimes, without heads, having their eyes and mouths in their breasts.  
5. Here are the Egipans, that have only the bodies of men, sometimes made up of the necks and heads of Horses, Mules, Asses, etc. And,  
6. That this part of Africa may have its share in that saying, Semper aliquid Affrica portat novi, Africa is always teeming with some new Monster. The other day not far from Tangier, was to be seen a Child with an Eagles Bill, Claws, and Feathers too, which was understood to bode some alteration in that Government: whereupon the King and his Friends bestirred themselves against Gayland, and he gathered up all his forces against us; breaking the League with us, and upon no terms admitting the Forts we designed in those parts to enlarge our quarters.  
But the People that we converse with, are as other men, save that they are of a duskish Complexion, and something inclining to black. Their Stature tall and slender, having much of the Arabians in them. Their Nature subtle, sly, close, and reaching. Their Disposition active for War and Horsemanship, otherwise there is not an idler people under the Cope of Heaven: the simplest of them shall dwell with you a twelvemonth, and you know no more of his mind then the first day you saw him; and he shall give as exact an account of your Actions, Inclinations and Designs, as any man living. They are very proud and ambitious; and shall do more for an Obeisance, than they will sometimes for a Town; and buy a Feather for their Cap at a higher rate, than they will a Suit of clothes to their backs.  
They are as light as the Feathers they wear, and as unconstant as their Interest; never trusted by the Spaniard or Portugez, but when they had Swords in their hands. Neither are they more wily themselves, then jealous of others; especially in the case of their Women, whose feature is comely, whose skin is delicately soft, whose complexion is blackish, and the darker the more amiable; whose Ornaments are sumptuous only to please their Husbands, and keep at home; it being death to stir abroad without leave, and a Keeper. Distrust is the nature there of every particular man, and the policy of all; whereby they keep strangers from that acquaintance with their advantages and disadvantages, which otherwise they might have. No peace is to be had with them without an Hostage, no kindness without a security; it being a saying amongst them, as some think, received by tradition from their Ancestors the Canaanites, Remember Ai, and distrust.  
Hence they pretend it is one of the Laws of Mahomet, (as they alleged it to the Earl of Tiveot) That they should not suffer either the Christians or the Europeans to build any Forts in their Country.  
So cautious and wary are they, that you can hardly wrong them; and so implacable if you do, that they will never forgive you. Remember this (said Gayland's Brother of a little Brush given them) two years hence: as much as to say, We will never forget or forgive. They are too ignoble to be Masters of that honourable quality of Passing by Offences.  
And as they are themselves irreconcilable, (it's the Heathens Character, and it is a true one; Without understanding, Covenant-breakers, without natural affection, implacable, unmerciful) so they judge others too: If once the Moor offendeth, he will never trust you; once angry, he thinks, and ever so: his own unkindness makes him as much your enemy out of caution, as yours can make him out of Passion.  
A stately Gate is that which they observe most in themselves, and that which they take most notice of, and tender most respect to in others. The Moor loves and fears a Man; therefore the tallest and most personable men were employed to treat with that Barbarian, who was more guided with his eyes then his ears; with what he saw, than what he heard; in a word, Appearances than Reasons.  
And yet so much Reason are they Masters of, that (though their shifts, tricks and unconstancy argue them men of a little reach, those being only the little ways and escapes of men that have not a solid wisdom to look round about them, and carry on things handsomely) they say when pressed to an Affair of a sudden, Stay a little, we must think what we shall do next year.  
Though their Gate seem Majestic when they strut and walk, yet none more low and despicable when they sit, even in greatest state: for when our General and Governor was to meet Gayland and his Nobility, we found them all upon the ground upon their Carpets, sitting cross-legged like Tailors.  
Their Garments are as sumptuous as their Gate majestic: for though the poorer sort wear raw Hides, I mean Goatskins, Leather, Haircloth, Sackcloth, and other course Vestinents; yet we seldom meet them out of their fine Linen, their Silk, their Scarlet, and their Cloth of Gold. Of all Colours, they, as the Jews, delight in white, as the emblem of purity, cheerfulness, knowledge and victory. No work are they more taken with, then with Washing: but their most solemn Colour is Black, and their most Royal and Noble one is Blue; the true and natural Dying whereof, is lost in all the world but in that place. Their Scarlet and Crimson is worn by the Nobility; and their Purple, which is but the Gaudiness of Red, allayed with the Gravity of Blue, is with them as with us, Royal.  
Next their skin they wear Linen (as most cleanly, soft and wholesome, but died in Violet) lose, and at night lie in the same. Next this, their Coat, which comes down to their feet, as modest and grave; and about that a Girdle, which is also their Purse. Fringe is a great Ornament among their Priests. Over this a Mantle, which is among the poorer sort their Coat by day, and by night their Coverlet. As soon as they are born, they are Coated; and when Striplings, the Coat is Particoloured; when Men, the Coat becomes a Cloak; when in the Field, he hath a Coat of Mail tucked on with a Military Girdle, his Bow and Arrow, his Sword, his Buckler, his Pike, and of late his Gun too; to all this the Ancients add his Staff: all their Turbans or Mithraes of: pleated Linen or calico, in the manner of a Pyramid on their heads, and their Sandals on their feet, which had Soles, but no upper Leather, save only the Ligaments whereby they were tied to the Instep and cross of the feet. Hence their frequent Washings in those parts, not only to cool them, but chiefly to clear them from the Gravel, and cleanse them from the dirt, which those Casements of their Sandals let in: but for fear of foul weather, they have their Shoes carried after them, as the Jews had; whence the expression, whose shoes I am not worthy to bear.  
Their Women are veiled, and as I told you kept in, but nobly apparelled with Garments wrought with Needlework, or very curiously woven; adorned with their Earrings, Bracelets, Frontlet's, Mufflers: and if they chance to go abroad, Oh how they stretch out their necks! how they walk and mince as they go! how they paint their eyes and eyebrows, and gild their nails!  
Thus are they attired; a man would now know how they are disposed. Very idle I told you they are; and what usually follows upon that, very quarrelsome: nothing more usual among them then deadly feuds; 1000 against ●000; one Tribe as it were against another; which nothing can compose but a foreign Enemy, against whom their very hatred unites them more effectually than their love could do among themselves. Yet I must say this for them, Though they are the worst Enemies, yet they are very good Friends, i. e. very civil: for let a stranger travel amongst them, and come into town, they will throw Dice who shall entertain him. If the Pilgrim saith be will to his Inn, thither they flock to him with their gifts and their presents: if he is not provided, then say they, This man's house is yours. Their reason for it they will give you; Abraham entertained strangers, and thereby angels unawares: we are so journers as all our fathers were.  
You would ask, What is their Religion? what is their Language?  
I answer: For their Religion in the uttermost parts of it, it's Heathenish; and all that we ever observed them do, was crossing their foreheads, kissing their hands, bowing their heads to the Sun, and once a year offering a Kid, once a month meeting at their Groves: for these Heathens think it not fit to circumscribe any thing that hath the name of a god within any compass, but that Heaven they say he dwells in.  
But most of them are Turks; and though that Country hath been most famous of old for the Studies of Mathematics and Philosophy, those great Philosophers, Avicenna, Averro; those ingenious Poets, Terrence, Apuleias; those holy Fathers, Cyprian, Tertullian, Lactantius, Victor, Fulgentius; and as famous for the excellent Library in Fez, wherein there were 4000 Volumes of History, 2000 of Philosophy, 3000 of Astronomy, Geography, and other Mathematics, that were more worth than all the Libraries in the world, which that Tyrant, made up of ignorance and fury, Maleche Shegge, destroyed all but two Books; whereof the one was an ancient Book of the Mysteries of Mahomet's Religion and Government, and the other the State of Europe: yet now is it but the seat of Barbarism, and the habitation of gross ignorance in every thing but, as you may read more anon, in Mechanics.  
The Bishop of Dunkelden thanked God he knew not a Letter either in the Old Testament or the New, but that he had his Proless and Ladies Psalter by heart. The very Priest here pretendeth to no more skill than so much Chirurgery as may serve him to circumcise a Child, and so much Divinity as may serve him to read his Alcoran or Testament. It was dangerous to understand Greek, and Heresy to profess Hebrew in this Land some two hundred years ago: it may cost a man his life there to be wise above the age; for that they call conjuring against the King. But Cities are the Maps of Countries, and Metropolis of Kingdoms: as therefore he who would look into the nature of England, had best take a Survey of London; so he that would be satisfied about this Kingdom, needs no more but look into Fez and Tituan, whose Descriptions follow.   

Of the Cities FEZ and TITUAN.  

Of the Inns and Mills of Fez.  
THe Inns of this City are three stories high, and contain an hundred and twenty or more Chambers a piece, and are almost unparallelled for greatness of Buildings. Herein also are Mills in four hundred places at least; every Mill standeth in a large Room, upon some strong Pillar or Post, like unto our Horse-Mills.   

A Description of the Occupations, the Shops, and the Market.  
EAch Trade and Occupation hath a peculiar place allotted thereto; the principal whereof, are next unto the great Temple. Then follow the Butcher's Shambles; next, the Course-cloath-market; afterwards, the Shops of them that scour Armours; next unto them, the Fishmongers; then follow them that make hard Reed-Coops, and Cages for Fowls. Then the Shops of them that sell liquid Soap, the Shops of them that sell Meal, albeit they are diversely dispersed throughout the whole City. Next are Seed-grain-sellers; next to them, are the ten Shops that sell straw; then the Markers, where thread and hemp use to be sold. Next to the smoky Place in the West part, (which stretcheth from the Temple to that Gate that leadeth unto Mecnase) their habitations directly stand that make Leather-tankards to draw water out of Wells. Unto these adjoin such as make Wicker Vessels; next to them are the Tailor's shops; then the Leather-shield-makers; then the twenty shops of the Laundresses or Washers. Next unto them are those that make trees for Saddles, who dwell likewise in great number Eastward, right in the way by the College founded by King Abuhinam. Next unto them are those that work Stirrups, Spurs and Bridles. From thence you may go into the streets of Sadlers; then follow the long shops of them that make Pikes and Lances: all the which shops begin at the great Temple. Next standeth a Rock or Mound, having two Walks thereupon; the one whereof leadeth to the East-gate, and the other to one of the King's Palaces.   

The Station or Burse of Merchants.  
THis Burse being walled round about, hath twelve Gates, and before every Gate an Iron Chain; which Burse is divided into twelve several Wards or Parts: two whereof are allotted unto such shoemakers as make shoes only for Noblemen and Gentlemen: two also to Silk-merchants or Haberdashers that sell Ribbons, Garters, scarves, and such other like Ornaments. Then follow those that make women's Girdles of course Wool. Next unto these, are such as sell Woollen and Linen-cloth brought out of Europe. Then may you come to them that sell Mats, Matresses, Cushions, and other things made of Leather. Next adjoineth the Customers Office. Next of all dwell the Tailors, than the Linen-drapers', who are accounted the richest Merchants in all Fez. Next are Woollen Garments to be sold. Last of all is that place where they sell wrought shirts, towels, and other embroidered works; as also, where Carpets, Beds and Blankets are to be sold.  
The aforesaid Burse or Station of Merchants was in times past called Caesaria, according to the Name of that renowned Conqueror Julius Caesar: the reason whereof some affirm to be, because all the Cities of Barbary in those days were first subject to the Romans, and then to the Goths.  
Next unto the said Burse, on the North-side, in a strait Lane, stand an hundred and fifty Grocers and Apothecaries shops, which are fortified on both sides with strong Gates. The Physician's houses adjoin for the most part unto the Apothecaries. Then the Artificers that make Combs of Box and other Wood Eastward of the Apothecaries dwell the Needle-makers. Then follow those that turn Ivory. Unto them adjoin such as sell Meal, Soap and Brooms; whereof some are dispersed in other places of the City. Amongst the Cotten-Merchants are certain that sell Ornaments for Tents and Beds. Next of all stand the Fowlers. Then come you to the shops of those that sell Cords and Ropes of Hemp; and then to such as make high Cork-slippers for Noblemen and Gentlemen to walk the streets in when it is fowl weather. Unto these adjoin the ten shops of Spanish Moors, which make Crossbows; as also those that make Brooms of a certain wild Palmtree. Next unto them are Smiths that make Nails, and Cooper's that make certain great Vessels in form of a Bucket, having Corn-measures to sell also. Then follow Wool-Chapmen; then Langols or Wyth-makers. Next of all are the Braziers; then such as make Weights and Measures; and those likewise that make Instruments to carded Wool or Flax. At length you descend into a long street, where men of divers Occupations dwell together; and here the West part of the City endeth, which in times past was a City by its self, and was built after the City on the Westside of the River.   

A description of the second part of Fez.  
THe second part of Fez is situated Eastward, and is beautified with most stately Palaces, Temples, Houses and Colleges; albeit there are not so many Trades and Occupations as in the part before described, yet are there many, especially of the meaner sort; but notwithstanding here are thirty shops of Grocers: Here also are more than six hundred clear Fountains, walled round about, and most charily kept; every one of which is severally conveyed by certain Pipes unto each House, Temple, College and Hospital.  
The South part of East - Fez is almost half destitute of Inhabitants; howbeit the Gardens abound with Fruits and Flowers of all sorts. Westward, that is, toward the King's Palace, standeth a Castle built by a King of the Lutune Family, resembling in bigness a whole Town; within this Castle stands a Noble Temple and a certain great Prison for Captives, supported with many Pillars. By this Castle runneth a certain River very commodious for the Governor.   

Of the Magistrates, the Administration of Justice, and of the Apparel used in Fez.  
IN Fez there are four sorts of Magistrates; one of the Canon Law, the other of the Civil Law, the third of Marriages and Divorcements, the next an Advocate to whom they appeal.  
A Malefactor they proceed against by leading him naked about the streets with an iron chain about his neck, after he hath received an hundred or two hundred stripes before the Governor, a Sergeant going along and declaring his faults; and at length is carried into prison back again.  
Sometimes many Prisoners are thus chained together, for each of which the Governor receiveth one Ducat, and one fourth part; and likewise he demands certain duties at their first entrance into the Goal: and amongst his other living, he gathereth out of a Mountain seven thousand ducats of yearly Revenues, so that (when occasion serveth) he is to find the King of Fez three hundred Horses, and to give them their pay.  
The Canon-Lawyers live according to Mahomet's Law, only by their reading of Lectures and Priesthood.  
In this City are four Sergeants, who receive for stipend some fee of every Malefactor that they lead about in chains. That one only that gathereth Customs and Tributes about the City, daily payeth to the Kings use thirty ducats.  
Very strict are they that nothing comes into the City by any means, before some Tribute be paid; which is paid double of him that is caught in a deceit. The set order or proportion of their ducats is to pay two ducats for the worth of a hundred; for Onyx-stones one fourth part; but for Wood, Corn, Oxen and Hens, they give nothing at all: Though at the entrance into the City they pay nothing for Rams, yet at the shambles they give two Liardos' a piece, and to the Governor of the shambles one: which Governor with his two men, is careful to see that the Bread be weight; if not, the Baker is led about with contempt, and beaten with cudgels.  
Decently and civilly attired they are, wearing in the Springtime Garments made of outlandish cloth; over which shirts, they wear a narrow and half-sleeved Cassock or Jacket, whereupon they wear a certain wide Garment close before on the Breast. They wear thin Caps covered with a certain Skarff, which being twice wreathed about their head, hangeth by a knot. They wear neither Hose nor Breeches; but in the Springtime when they ride a Journey, they put on Boots. The poorer sort have only a Cassock, with a Mantle over that, and a course Cap; the Doctors and Gentlemen in a wide-sleeved Garment; the common sort in a kind of a course white cloth: And so all according to their state and ability.  
The Inhabitants of Fez eat thrice a day, but nastily and filthily; their Tables low and dirty, their fingers their spoons and knives, the ground their seats: they never drink before they have done eating, and then a good draught of cold water.   

The manner of solemnising Marriages.  
THe Bride and Bridegroom go together to Church, accompanied with their Parents and Kinsfolks, and two Witnesses of the Covenants and Dowry; which being done, the present Guests are invited to two Banquets; the one on the Bridegroom's cost, the other upon the Bride's Fathers, who though he promiseth but thirty ducats only for a Dowry, yet will he sometimes bestow every way two or three hundred ducats besides, which is accounted a point of Liberality. The Bridegroom causeth his Bride to be carried home in a Cage eight square, accompanied with his Parents and Kinsfolks, with Music and Torches, the Bridegroom's Kinsfolk going before, and the Bride following after, and going unto the great Marketplace; and passing by the Temple, his Father-in-law takes his leave of the Bridegroom: The Father, Brother, Uncle of the Bride lead her unto the Chamber-door, and there deliver her with one consent unto the Mother of the Bridegroom, who as soon as she is entered, toucheth her foot with his; and forthwith they depart unto a several Room by themselves, where she is deflowered, and the purity of her Virginity afore that time, is declared with a Napkin stained in blood, carried in hand about, which if she be not found, the Marriage is frustrated, and she with great disgrace turned home to her Parents.  
But at a complete Marriage there are three Banquets; the one for men, the other for women, the third seven days after for all her Friends. Furthermore, At the Bridegroom's Fathers there are two Feasts; the one the night before, which is spent in Music and Dancing; the other the day after, at her brave dressing by a company of Women.  
These and many more Ceremonies do they use at a Maid's Marriage, but a Widows is concluded with less a do. They make also great Feasts and Jollities at the circumcision of their Males, which is upon the seventh day after their Birth; but at the Birth of a Daughter, they show not so much alacrity.   

Of their Rites observed upon Festival Days, and their manner of Mourning for their Dead.  
UPon Christmas they eat Salad of divers herbs, and seethed Pulse. Upon New-years-day the children go with Masks and Vizards on their faces, to the houses of Gentlemen & Merchants, singing Carols and Songs, having Fruits given them. On St. John Baptist's they make great fires of Straw. When their Child's Teeth begin to grow, they make another feast called Dentilla. And in many things they imitate Rome and other places. The women at the death of their friends assemble together in a company of their own Sex, and put on most vile sackcloth and ashes, and sing a Funeral-Song to the commendation of the party deceased, and at the end of every verse, utter hideous outcries and lamentations; all which continue seven days, at the end of which, they cease mourning forty days, and then begin to torment themselves in like manner for three days together; which Obsequies are observed by the base sort of people, but the better sort behave themselves more modestly: At this time all the Widow's friends come to comfort her, and send divers kinds of meats unto her: for in the mourning House they may dress no meat at all, till the Dead be carried forth: And the woman that loseth her Husband, Father or Brother, never goeth forth with the Funeral.   

A description of the Grammar-Schools in Fez.  
THere are almost two hundred Schools in Fez, every one of which is in fashion like a great Hall. The Schoolmasters teach their Children to write our or a certain great Table: Every day they expound a Sentence of the Alcoran, and firmly commit it to memory; which they do right well in the space of seven years: Then read they unto their Scholars some part of Orthography, which, and the other parts of Grammar, is more exactly taught in the Colleges, then in these trivial Schools. Their Schoolmasters have a very small stipend; but when their Boys have learned some part of the Alcoran, they present certain Gifts unto their Master, according to each one's ability. So soon as any Boy hath perfectly learned the whole Alcoran, his Father inviteth all his Sons Schoolfellows to a great Banquet; and his Son in costly Apparel rides through the Street upon a gallant Horse; all which, the Governor of the Royal Citadel is bound to lend him: the rest of his Schoolfellows being mounted likewise on horseback, accompany him to the Banqueting-house, singing divers Songs to the praise of God and Mahomet: Then are they brought to a most sumptuous Banquet, whereat all the Kinsfolks of the aforesaid Boys Father are usually present, every one of whom bestoweth upon the Schoolmaster some small Gift, and the Boys Father gives him a new Suit of Apparel. The said Scholars likewise use to celebrate a Feast upon the Birthday of Mahomet, and then their Fathers are bound to send each one of them a Torch unto the School, which every Boy carrieth in his hand; which being lighted betimes in the Morning, burn till Sun-rise; in the mean while, certain Singers resound the Praises of Mahomet; and as soon as the Sun is up, all their solemnity ceaseth. The Schoolmasters sell the remnant of the Wax upon the Torches for an hundred ducats, and sometimes for more. They are Free-Schools, in which, as also in the Colleges, they have two days of Recreation every Week.   

Of the Fortune-Tellers, the Conjurers, Enchanters and Jugglers in Fez.  
SOme of them use Geomantical Figures, others pour a little Oil into Water, and there show several shapes, of whom they ask such questions as the Party would be satisfied in. A third sort are women that lie with Devils, which pretend to speak within them: These lie with one another, yea, and with other young women, until some wiser than some beat the Devil out with a Cudgel. Another kind are the Conjurers that make Circles, and turn out Devils by the Magic Rule called Zairagia: First, they draw many lesser Circles within the compass of a greater: in the first they make a Cross, in the four corners of it they set down the four Quarters of the World, and at the end of each Cross the Poles, and about the Circumference they paint the four Elements; then they divide the same Circle into four parts, and every one of those four parts into seven, each part being distinguished by great Arabian characters, every Element contaming twenty eight characters: in the third circle they set down the seven Planets, in the fourth the twelve Signs, in the fifth the twelve Latin Names of the Month, in the sixth the twenty eight hours of the Moon, in the seventh the three hundred sixty five days of the Year, and about the middle thereof, the four Winds: Then take they one only character or letter of the Question asked, multiplying the same by all the particulars aforementioned, and the sum total they divide after a certain manner, placing it in some room according to the quality of the character, and as the Element requireth wherein the said character is found, without a figure: all which being done, they mark that figure which seemeth to agree with the aforesaid number or sum produced, wherewith they proceed as they did with the former, till they have found twenty eight characters, whereof they make a word that resolveth the question demanded; this Word or Speech they make a Verse of, which is an infallible answer to the question propounded. These circles I have seen at King Abulunan's College at Fez, where I saw likewise these Cabalists imprisoned by the Mahometan Inquisitors, who allow not that Art, as derogatory to the Great GOD that knoweth Secrets.  
Besides these Jugglers, there are here a Sect of People who say they are sent from Heaven to beget an holy Seed in the Earth; under which pretence they abuse the fairest Women in the Country, even tiring themselves with lust, endeavouring to lie with half a dozen or half a score a piece in a night; saying they carry about them the ninety nine Virtues that are contained in the Name of GOD.  
Another Sect there is, that pretend they are sent of GOD to dig for Gold: for which purpose they ransack Ditches, Graves, Kennels: Right Gold-finders!  
Here are a third sort that deal in Sulphur and Alchemy, who dispute every week in a great Temple, how they may turn all things to Gold; of whom the learned Geber and Mugainbi have given the World an account.  
In the Summer you shall have Towns full of Charmers, with their Scrolls, their Drums, their Pipes, their Apes and their Citterns.  
At the same time you may observe their Gentlemen strut and keep their distance from the commonalty, and their Doctors and Judges keeping as far from them.  
From eleven of clock to three you will not meet with a man in his shorts; they are all run to Taverns and Bawdy-houses.  
In every Town there is a Lazer-house, the Governor whereof is to take care of all the Lepers in the Town.  
Their Burying-places are certain Fields bought for that purpose, where they lay over every Grave two Stones, one at the head, and another at the feet of the Party deceased; their Kings being buried in Palaces.  
Hereabout are Gardens of ten or twenty miles in length, through which they derive small Veins of the River, from some of which they carry away 15000 cartload twice a year.  
Here no Mahometan is suffered to be a Goldsmith or a coiner; for they say, That is an Employment good enough for a Jew.   

Of their Beasts.  
1. THe first is the Elephant, plentiful in the Land of the Negroes, and taken by the Inhabitants thus: They make a round hedge of Boughs and Rafts, leaving a space round on the one side of them, and likewise a door standing upon the plain ground, which may be lift up with Ropes, wherewith they can easily stop the said open place or passage: the Elephant coming to take his rest under the shady boughs, entereth the hedge or enclosure, where the Hunters by drawing the said Rope, and fastening the door, imprison him.  
2. The second is Girapha, headed like a Camel, eared like an Ox, and footed like a Horse.  
3. Their Camels and Dromedaries, their strength, treasure and pleasure: wherefore if you ask how rich a man is? they will say, he hath so many Camels: they are watered but once in five days, and can go without water or provender fifteen. When they are tired they will not go for beating, but with singing such songs as they are pleased with. The swiftest of them will carry you an hundred miles a day, and the slowest but eight. They teach them to dance thus: They take a young Camel, and put him for half an hour together into a place like a Bath-stove prepared for the same purpose, the floor whereof is hot with fire: then play they without upon a Drum; whereat the Camel, not so much in regard of the noise, as of the hot pavement that offendeth his feet, lifteth up one leg after another in the manner of a Dance; and having been accustomed to this exercise for the space of a year and ten months, they then present him to the public view of the people; whenas hearing the noise of a Drum, and remembering the time when he trod upon the hot floor, he presently falleth a dancing and leaping: and so Use being turned into a kind of Nature, he perpetually observeth the same custom.  
4. The fourth is the Barbary-horse, brought up in the wild desert, and broken by Arabians since Ishmael's time. The trial of these Horses is the overtaking of a Beast called Lant or Ostrich; which if he can do, he is worth 1000 ducats. Used they are for Hunting, fed with Camel's milk, and never rid while in Pasture.  
5. The next sort of Beasts is, 1. The white Ox, called Dant or Lant, of whose skin they make shields. 2. Adimaim, like a Ram in every thing but his long Asses cars, of whose wool they make Coverlets, as of their Milk Butter and Cheese; whose tails, as do the Barbary Rams, weigh some ten, some twenty pound apiece: all the fat of them is in their tail. 3. The Lion, who the hotter the Country is, the fiercer; especially towards Springtime, and their time of coupling, when nothing is spared by them but a woman that showeth her privy-parts; at the sight whereof they cry, cast their eyes to the ground, and depart. 4. The spotted Leopard, that never killeth any thing but when toiled by Hunters into an extremity: whosoever lets a Leopard escape his Toil, must feast all the Hunters of that Province. 5. The Dabuh, that is brought out of his Den with singing.  
6. The Civer-Cat, whose excrement, which is nothing but their sweat, they gather thus thrice a day: they keep the young ones with milk, bran, and flesh in cages and grates; and first they drive them up and down the Grate till they sweat, and then they take the said sweat from under their flanks, their shoulders, their necks and their tails: which excrement of sweat is only called Civet.  
7. The Apes and Coneys run up and down in companies, one of them always watching the husbandman's coming.  
8. The Crocodile that goeth on four legs like a Lizzard, not above a cubit and an half high; its tail is full of knots; it lurks about the banks of a River, craftily laying wait for men and beasts that come the same way; about whom suddenly it winds its tail, draweth them into the water, and devoureth them. In eating they move the upper Jaw only, their nether Jaw being joined unto their breastbone. I saw them running and gaping on the banks-side, and little Birds flying in and out of their mouths; which sometimes they would catch when they had eaten up the worms in their jaws, but that a little prick upon the Birds head so galleth them that they must let it go.  
9 The Hydra, against whose poison there is no remedy but the cutting off the infected part.  
10. The Dab, a creature like a Lizzard that cannot endure water, and revived when dead by fire.  
11. The Guoral, whose head and tail they say is poison, and whose body they eat as good meat.  
12. The Chameleon, like a Lizzard, save that it hath a mouse's tail, nourished with air, roasted in Sunbeams; at which it gapes, and changeth its colour with its place.  
13. The silly Ostrich that seedeth on Iron, and forgetteth her great Eggs of eleven or twelve pounds apiece in the sand.  
14. The Locusts, that fly in such swarms that they intercept the Sunbeams.  
15. The Monster begot between the Male-Eagle and the She-Wolf, that hath a Serpent's tail and skin, a Wolf's feet, a Dragon's beak and wing, that lives 300 years they say.   

Fruits.  
AS for their Fruits, besides what we formerly mentioned, they have,  
1. Euphorbium, an herb like the wild Thistle, upon the branches whereof grow fruits like Cucumbers, 20 or 30 upon each; which when ripe, are pricked for their slimy Juices, which the people put in Bladders, and dry.  
2. Maus, or Musa, growing on a small tree, which beareth large leaves of a cubit long, big as a Cucumber, sweet as a Musmillion: they 〈◊〉 it was the fruit forbidden our first Parents in Paradise, because the leaves are fit to cover the nakedness.  
3. Terfez, a Root like Mushroom, growing in hot grounds, but of a cooling virtue, as luscious as Sugar; and being boiled in water and milk, is a great dainty in Sela.  
4. The Ettalche, an high and thorny tree, bearing leaves like the Juniper, and sweeting a Gum like Mastic: the only Remedy there against the French Pox.  
5. The Root Tauzorghent, an inch whereof perfumes a house three years, and is sold in one place for half a Ducat, and in another for 100 ducats.  
6. The Root Addad, that kills a man in an hour with the smell of it: a Present the good Women send sometimes to their beloved Husbands.  
7. The Root Turnag, which they take to strengthen men: upon which if a Maid make water, she looseth her Virginity; yea, and swelleth too, they say.    
FINIS.