THE HISTORICAL LIBRARY OF Diodorus the Sicilian.  
In Fifteen BOOKS.  
The First FIVE, Contain the Antiquities of Egypt, Asia, Africa, Greece, the Islands, and Europe.  
The Last TEN, An Historical Account of the AFFAIRS of the Persians, Grecians, Macedonians, and other Parts of the World.  
To which are added, The FRAGMENTS of DIODORUS that are found in the BIBLIOTHECA of Photius: TOGETHER With those Published by H. Valesius, L. Rhodomannus, and F. Vrsinus.  
Made English, By G. BOOTH, of the City of Chester, Esq;  
LONDON, Printed by Edw. Jones, for Awnsham and John Churchil, at the Black-Swan in Pater-Noster-Row, and Edw. Castle next Scotland-Yard Gate. M D C C.   

TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE GEORGE, Earl of Warrington.  
THIS Translation of Diodorus, (the Fruits of some vacant Hours,) when first attempted, was as early designed by a Dedication to be shrouded under the Shelter and Protection of Your Lordship's Honourable Father, whose Public Spirit ever prompted him to those Generous and Worthy Actions, (without Self-seeking,) that might any ways Advance and Further the Public Good, in the Preservation of the Peace and Happiness of his Country. Besides the Honour of his particular Respect to myself, his Noble Imitation of the Patterns of Virtue here presented, so far Encouraged me, as not in the least to doubt of a Favourable Acceptance; especially from him who breathed (as it were) the same Spirit and Soul with those Noble Hero's (that are long since gone) for the Defence of the Laws and Liberties of his own Country, as they in their several Generations did in theirs. As Your Lordship therefore is an Immediate Branch of that Honourable Stock, and next in Succession to his Estate; so I hope, and have great Reason to believe his Virtues, and Generous Qualifications, as well as his Honour and Lands, are Your Lordship's Inheritance: In Confidence therefore of the like Acceptance, as from him, I entreat Your Lordship's Favourable Entertainment of this Greek Stranger, (now Clothed, as well as I could, in an English Dress.) He'll be no Burden, but a Diverting and Profitable Companion, useful not only to the Expert General, and Honest Statesman, but to all Degrees for a Prudent Conduct of their Lives, by Examples of other men's Harms. In all which Respects, that it may be Serviceable to the Public, and, as such, Accepted and Approved by Your Lordship, is the Ambition of,  
MY LORD, Your Lordship's Most Affectionate Kinsman, And Humble Servant, G. BOOTH.   

TO THE READER.  
SO many are the Encomiums of History, both by Ancient and Modern Authors, that little or nothing can be further added to what is already extant upon that Subject; and therefore I shall wave troubling myself or the Reader with Discourses of that kind, but leave every Judicious Person to his own Experience, which is the best Judge, and will give the surest Testimony to the Truth of these Commendations. He that rests barely in the Matter of Fact related in History, pleases his Fancy for a Moment while he is Reading, but never Improves his Judgement to make it Useful in Conversation, or in the Management of Public Affairs. He gains no more than Children by hearing a Winter Tale, and Strange Stories of this brave Hero, and that mighty Giant, who did Wonders in the Land of Utopia. The Profitable Reader is He that not only seeks to please his Fancy, but makes use of his Reason in observing chief the Wonderful Providence of God, in Ruling and Governing the World in all Ages to this day; His Setting up, and Pulling down of States, Kingdoms and Empires in certain Periods of Time; His Justice in punishing Wickedness, and therein the Confirmation of his Truth and Holiness; to see and consider his Wisdom, in Ordering and Disposing of one Event for the Effecting of his Purpose in another. To observe the Causes, Progress, and End of this or that Accident, this War, that Revolution, this Success and that miserable Disaster, are the main and chief Ends and Designs of Reading of History; whereby the Understanding and Memory are not only furnished with Notions of Things done, and long since past; but the Judgement is improved with that Moral Prudence (and sometimes Religious too) as to be careful to avoid the Rocks others have before split upon; and to imitate the Virtue and honourable Actions of others, (at least for the sake of Reputation that attends upon them in this World.) Here may be found Examples which may justly put Christians to the Blush, who come not up to the Moral Virtues of poor Heathens heretofore famous (upon that account) in the Ages wherein they lived; as Themistocles for his Faithfulness to his Country, Aristides for his Justice, Scipio for his Chastity, Cato for his Sobriety, and several others for Eminent and Virtuous Qualifications. As to this present Author, and his History, he's well known among the Learned to be a Treasury of Ancient History. Amongst others, Henry Stephen, in his Tract of Diodorus, gives him this honourable Encomium: Quantum Solis lumen inter Stellas, tantum inter Omnes, quotquot ad nostra tempora pervenerunt, Historicos (si utilitas potius, quam voluptatis aurium habenda est ratio) noster hic Diodorus eminere dici potest. And Justin Martyr, and some others, call him the most famous Author of all the Greek Historians. Amongst other Excellencies of this Author, he is peculiarly observable to have a Regard and Respect to the Providence of God in the Affairs of the World; and is the Only ancient Author that takes notice in the Course of his History of the Times, wherein the most famous Historians, Philosophers and Poets flourished. Our Author himself lived about Threescore Years before our Saviour's Birth, in the time of Julius Caesar, and the Reign of Augustus; and writ a General History from the beginning of the World to his own time, in Forty Books called the Historical Library, of which only Fifteen are extant, the rest lost by the Injury of Time. The Five first are properly the Mythological Part of the History, more incertain, and full of Egyptian and Grecian Fables; but very useful for the Understanding of Ancient Authors, and the Knowledge of the Assyrian Monarchy. They give an Account of the Affairs of the World from the Beginning of Time (known to the Heathens) to the Trojan War exclusively: The Five next in order are perished, which is the reason the Eleventh Book immediaelty follows, which gins with the Expedition of Xerxes into Greece, and from thence the History is continued in Five Books to the beginning of the Reign of Philip King of Macedon, Father of Alexander the Great; and from the Reign of Philip in Five more, to the Expedition of Seleucus Nicanor in Capadocia, containing an Account of Things done for the space of 179 Years.  
The Books are divided into Chapters, for the Ease of the Reader, who may thereby the better Pause and Breath when he thinks fit; and to supply a Chronological Table in the Ten last Books, the distinction of Times is observed in the Margin, both by the Olympiads, and the Christian Aera; for the Relations in the first Five Books, were long before the Olympiads began, and the History is so ancient, that the certain Times of Persons and Things there related, are for the most part unknown or very uncertain.  
To the present Translation, is added that of the Excerpts or Pragments of some of those Books of Diodorus Siculus that are lost, Collected by Photius in his Bibliotheca, and by others, annexed at the end of the Edition of Diodorus Published by Rhodomannus. You have here likewise a further Addition of Valesius his Excerpts, Published by him in the Year of Our Lord 1634.  
After the Fragments, there's a Supplement taken out of Quintus Curtius and Arrianus, to fill up a great Chasm in Diodorus, lib. 17. p. 557. where that part of his History is lost. As those Authors had their Materials from him, (as is not doubted among the Learned) so 'tis but a piece of common Gratitude to help him over the Ditch by a Staff made out of his own Pile. That the Matter contained in this Supplement is that which is wanting in Diodorus, is apparent not only from some Part of the broken History that is there, but from the Index immediately before the 17th Book in Rhodomannus' Edition, where the Heads of the Subject Matter are to be found in their Order together, but nothing of 'em in the Body of the History. The said Heads are placed over every distinct Subject in the said Supplement.  
But as to the Translation of the Whole, it may be very well expected some Apology should be made, or Reason given, for Translating the Five first Books, which appeared in the English Tongue above Forty Years ago. To give therefore Satisfaction in that Particular, we can truly and sincerely say, it was not undertaken without some Regret, not willing to seem a captious Censurer of other men's Labours; therefore to obviate that Suspicion, we are willing to be an Advocate to excuse what was before done in this Kind, as to those Five Books; for the Errors and Defects that appear in the former Translation, are chief occasioned by an old Latin Edition of Diodorus, whereunto the Translator wholly applied himself, having at that time (without doubt) no better an Edition to direct him. At the first it was designed to have spared so much time, because they had been before Translated, but often hearing the former Censured, and a new Translation desired of those Five Books (which through a Mistake are divided by the old Latin Edition into Six, by taking the First Book to be two, because it's in two Parts) we were the more inclined, and at length resolved to endure the Toil, tho' withal we might, perhaps, fall under Censure, in undertaking to Reform the Errors of another, and yet prove as much, if not more Faulty in the same Things ourselves.  
But whatever it be, here we Present it to the Judgement of the Ingenuous Reader, together with the other Books, entreating him to accept what he Judge's worthy his Approbation, and, with a Favourable Censure, to pass by the Errors and Mistakes he may espy in the Perusal. As for the Carping Momus, if the whole were in all respects Exact and Complete, (which were a Vanity to pretend,) it were far more likely from such to meet with a Cavilling Sarcasm, than to be Indulged with any Favourable Acceptance.  
Note: The Pages placed in the Margin, are the same with Stephanus his Edition, to which Authors generally refer; and by these, any thing may be readily found in Rhodomannus his Edition.  
Note also: That from Page 1, to Page 69, and also from Page 508, to Page 640, there wants (by Mistake of the Press) the Pages in the Margin that refer to the Greek Copy.   

ERRATA.  
PReface, Book 1. Line 29. read the return of the Heraclides. Page 1. line 25. for is, read and. p. 2. l. 19 r. incredible. p. 8. l. ult. r. every place. p. 10. l. 12. r. Mysteries. p. 12. l. 36. r. at Nysa in Arabia. p. 54. l. 36. r. Success. p. 63. l. 45. for not, read hot. p. 70. l. 1. for Jupiter's, r. Interpreter. p. 71. l. 34. add these words, and then followed Arsaeus, who reigned 40 years. p. 91. l. 3. r. along. p. 127. in the Margin, for 1688. r. 1288. p. 133. l. 5. r. lurrying. p. 147. l. 41. r. dropped him. p. 148. in the Margin, r. before Christ 1254. p. ibid. l. 49. r. Argo before he took her. p. 162. l. 12. r. Brothers. p. 169. l. 2. r. Teeth. p. 183. l. 1. for the Island, r. and. p. 206. l. 12. r. Themistevein. p. 207. l. 28. r. God. p. 220. l. 45. deal they should. p. 234. l. penult. r. none of the. p. 246. l. 9 r. Some Authors say, that Xerxes. p. 255. l. 1. r. were freed. p. 260. l. 3. r. This Law. p. 267. l. 1. r. Wreaths. p. ibid. l. 10. deal had. p. 269. l. 17. r. in it much. p. 274. l. 29. r. second time. p. 282. l. 34. r. Creek Criseus. p. 293. l. last save 4, r. subjoined. p. 299. l. 10. r. premising. p. 312. l. 39 r. if we are. p. 314. l. 11. for trusts, r. suggests. p. ibid. l. 37. r. was here. p. 319. l. 17. deal his. p. 332. l. 46, 47. r. was new possessed. p. 336. l. 37. r. sent to by. p. 347. l. 17. r. the sole. p. 350. l. 13. r. and the taking up of the. p. 362. l. penult. deal with. p. 363. l. 9 for new, r. now. p. 364. l. 6. r. Aetna. p. 366. l. 41. r. Chirosophus. p. 379. l. ●1. r. Marius. p. 189. l. 19 aole because. p. 432. l. 1. r. this their Army. p. 474. l. 19 r. for he had. p. 481. l. antepenult. deal was by. p. 486. l. 40. r. straitened. p. 499. in the Contents, r. Hermias. p. ib. l. 45. deal of. p. 509. l. 19 r. set upon. p. 512. l. 3. r. baffling. p. 517. l. 42. r. Ariobarzanes. p. 517. l. 53. r. Cleomantis. p. 532. l. 2. r. Towers and two Flankers, p. 535. l. 50. r. Antixyes, and Rheomitres. p. 545. l. 39 r. encounter. p. 556. l. 9 r. sent against him. p. 562. the 7th l. from the bottom, r. Four thousand. p. 568. l. 14. r. the River. p. ibid. l. 16. r. in a Line. p. 578. l. 12. r. by his Messengers. p. ibid. l. 36. r. when the Ambassadors. p. ibid. l. 37. deal yet. p. 588. l. 7. r. at stake. p. 624. in the Margin, r. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. p. 627. l. ult. deal the first and. p. 629. in the Margin, r. seven Quarts. p. 638. l 31. r. upon his. p. 652. l. 17. r. the return. p. 663. l. 4. deal of. p. 665. l. 27. add the. p. ibid. l. 34. r. settle. p. 666. l. 7. r. near his Quarters fortified his. p. 680. l. 25. r. into. p. 683. l. 47. for But, r. Out. p. 693. l. 13. r. by Cables. p. 700. l. 1. r. forced them. p. 702. l. 38. r. Colophonians. p. 782. l. 3. r. Tryphon ' s Name. p. ibid. legate. 34. r. Saturninus. p. 784. line 31. r. too little to be. p. 785. l. 40. r. joined with them. p. 786. l. 45. add above. p. 790. l. 34. add the. p. 794. l. 5. r. which were. p. 796. l. 21. deal the second his.   


THE CONTENTS Of the First Five Books of Diodorus the Sicilian.  

BOOK I.  
Chap. 1. OF the first Generation of Men. How the World first began. Mens first manner of Life, and who were the first Men. First Men in Egypt. Who were the most ancient Gods of Egypt. Of their Demigods. Sol, Saturn, Rhea, Jupiter, Juno, Vulcan, reigned in Egypt. Of Osiris and Isis. the Acts of Osiris and Isis. Hermes his Inventions. Osiris prepares for his Expedition through the World, and to that end raises a great Army. Page 1  
Chap. 2. The Continuation of Osiris his Expedition through Ethiopia; all Arabia, India, and Europe: Buried by Isis and Mercury. How he was killed. His Death revenged by Isis and Orus. Two Bulls, Apis and Mnevis, worshipped in Egypt. Places discussed where Osiris and Isis were buried. Stories of the Egyptian Priests. Their Tears, Lunar Tears, Giants, Laws about Marriage. Osiris and Isis, their Pillars and Inscriptions. Colonies out of Egypt. 7  
Chap. 3. The Description of Egypt. Of the Lake of Serbon. The Nature of the River Nile. The Cataracts. The Mouths of Nile. The Fruits of Egypt. The Beasts, Crecodile, etc. Several Opinions concerning the Inundation of Nile. 14  
Chap. 4. The first way of Living of the Egyptians: Gods and Demigods, their Reigns in Egypt. The ancient Kings of Egypt, Moenis, etc. Their several Works. Thebes built by Busitis. The stately Sepulchers, Obelisks, and Temples there. A Description of Osymanduas his Sepulchre. Memphis built by Uchoreus. Moeris his Lake. Sesostris or Sesoosis, his famous Expedition, and great Works. 22  
Chap. 5. The Acts of Sesostris the Second: Of Ammosis, Actisan, Mendes, Proteus or Cetes, Remphis, Chemmis, (the great Pyramids built by him:) Cephres, Mycerinus Bocchoris, Sabach. The Reign of Twelve Kings in Egypt. Psammeticus Saites, one of the Kings, gained the whole; Two hundred thousand of his Army forsake him, and settle thmeselves in Ethiopia. Apries succeeds long after. Amasis' rebels, and next succeeds; and Apries is strangled by the People. Amasis' the last King, to the time of the Conquest of Egypt by Cambyses. 31  
Chap. 6. The Customs of the Egyptians. Of their Kings: As their hourly Employment, Sacrifices, Diet, etc. Burials. Division of Egypt. Their Trades in Egypt. Courts of Justice; their Law-proceeding. The several Laws of Egypt; Beasts and Birds adored as Gods in Egypt, as Lions, Wolves, Cats, the Bird Ibis, Kites, etc. Costs in their Burial of these Creatures. Reasons given of this Adoration. 36  
Chap. 7. Why the Crocodile is worshipped? Some sorts of Herbs and Roots not eaten. Why other Creatures are worshipped? The manner of their Burials. The Lawmakers in Egypt. Learned Men of Greece made Journeys into Egypt, as Orpheus, Homer, Plato, Solon, Pythagoras, etc. Several Proofs of this, as their Religious Rites, Fables, etc. in Greece of Egyptian Extraction. The exquisite Art of the Stone-Carvers in Egypt. Page 46   

BOOK II.  
Chap. 1. NInus, the first King of Assyria, his Acts; invades Babylonia, Media, and overruns several other Countries. Nineveh built by him; the Description of it; Marries Semiramis; Her Descent. Derceta, the Philistines Dagon. His Expedition against Bactria; He dies. Semitamis builds Babylon, and several strange Works there, as a Passage under Water, Jupiter's Temple, etc. Hanging Gardens in Babylon. A vast Stone cut out. The strange Property of a Morass. Her several Expeditions. The wonderful Lake in Ethiopia; Their Burials there. Semiramis' Expedition into India; Her Mock-Elephants. Her Expedition proves fruitless. She surrenders her Kingdom to Ninyas her Son: Her End. 53  
Chap. 2. Ninyas succeeds Semiramis: His close and slothful manner of Life. The Reign of Sardanapalus: His Luxury and Effeminacy: His Epitaph: Deposed by Arbaces the Mede: And the Assyrian Empire overturned. Nineveh razed. 64  
Chap. 3. Of the ancient Chaldeans, and their Philosophy. The Planets, and their Course. The Empire of the Medes, and their Kings. A Description of India. The ancient Manners and Customs of the People. Their Laws; Tribes; Description of Scythia. Of the Amazons. Of the Hyperborcans. 69  
Chap. 4. A Description of Atabia the Desert. Happy, etc. Metals, Precious Stones, Beasts, etc. AD scription of Taprobana in the Southern Ocean, now called Ceylon or Zeilan: The strange Things there: How discovered by jambulus. 78   

BOOK III.  
Chap. 1. OF the Ethiopians: Their Letters, Laws, Arms, Religion, Funerals: The Description of several Parts of the Country. Manner of making of Gold. Of the Icthyophages, their several sorts and ways of Living. 85  
Chap. 2. Chelonophages: The manner of taking Sea-Tortoises: The Cetivores, or Whale-Eaters. The Seacoasts over-against Babylon; Their manner of taking of Fish. The Rizophages, or Root-Eaters. Those called Spermaphages, and Hylophages, Hylogones or Hunters, their taking of wild Beasts: The Elephant-Fighters; how they are taken: The Simo's, Struthophages, Acridophages or Locust Eaters; their miserable Deaths. Cynomolges. The Country of the Troglodytes. Wild Beasts: The terrible wild Bull: Serpents; that great one brought alive to Alexandria. 94  
Chap. 3. A Description of the Coasts and Countries on both sides the Arabian Gulf, or Red Sea. The Perfumes of Arabia the Happy. The Fortunate Islands. A Description of part of Lybia: The Spectras near the Syrteses. 102  
Chap. 4. Of the Amazons of Africa: Their Acts: Rooted out by Hercules, and the Gorgonians by Perseus. The Atlantides, and the Gods among them. The Original of the Titanes. The Acts of Basilea, or Cybele, said to be born in Phrygia. The Original of Atlas and Saturn. A long Account given of Bacchus, and the several Bacchuses there were. The Description of the Grota in Nysa, where he was brought up. The building of the Temple of Hammon by him. The several Herculese. The Monsters Aegides and Camps killed by Minerva and Bacchus. Page 110   

BOOK IU.  
Chap. 1. WHat the Grecians say further of Bacchus. The Story of Priapus. Of Hermophroditus. Of the Muses. The Birth of Hercules; and his Twelve Labours enjoined him by Euristeus. His wand'ring Expeditions through afric, Spain, France, Italy, Sicily; His setting up two Pillars at Gades, and his other Acts by the way. The Story of Orpheus. 127  
Chap. 2. An Account of Atlas, and his Daughters called Atlantides and Hesperides. Amazon's routed by Theseus in Attica. The further Acts of Hercules; goes against Laomedon King of Troy, and other Acts. The Story of Meleager Son of King Oeneus. Amalthae's Horn. Hercules' his further Acts: His Death by a poisoned Shirt. 141  
Chap. 3. Of the Argonauts, Medea and the Daughters of Pileus. How the Argonauts gained the Golden Fleece. The Pranks of Medea. The Acts of Jason. The Cruelty of Pelias towards Jason's Kindred; How he was killed by his Daughters through Medea's Charms. Medea burns the King of Corinth's Palace, and him in it. The miserable End of Jason. Of the Heraclidae, and their return to Peloponnesus. 148  
Chap. 4. The Acts of Theseus: The Minotaur in Crete: Androgeos, the Son of Minos murdered by Aegeus. Ariadna, Daughter of Minos, in love with Theseus; Ariadna's Crown. Aegeus, King of Athens kills himself. Theseus' his Death. The War of Thebes by the Seven Captains. The Epigoni renew the War. Pedigrees of the Heroes at Troy: Of the Centauris, and Lapithae. The Pedigrees of Aesculapius, Aeacus, Ajax, Pelops, Tantalus, Oenomeus; Dardanus his Posterity to Priam's King of Troy. 159  
Chap. 5. Of Daedalus and his Works in Crete, Sicily, and elsewhere. His Flight into Sicily; Minos invades Sicily; The manner of his Death there. The Famous Temple of the Curetes or Corybants in Sicily, built by the Posterity of the Cretians that came there with Minos. The Pedigree of Aristaeus; his Acts; his Son Actaeon. Of Eryx: Venus her Temple in Eryx in Sicily; the Fame of it. Of Daphnis the Shepherd; a Description of the Herean Mountains. Of Orion. Of the Strait of Messina. 168   

BOOK V  
Chap. 1. A Description of Sicily: The Aeolide Islands, or Lipari Islands; Of Malta, Gaulus, Cercina, Corsica, Sardinia, Pityusa, and the Baleares. 176  
Chap. 2. Of Madera, Britain, Gallia, Celtiberia, Iberia, and Tyrrhenia; and of the Inhabitants, and their Laws and Customs. 184  
Chap. 3. Of Gredosia: Of the Isles of the Arabian Sea: Of the Holy Island: Of Panchaea: Of Samothracia: Of Naxus, Syme, Nausus, Calydna, Nisyrus, Carpathus. Of Rhodes, and of Chersonesus. 194  
Chap. 4. Of Crete; The first Inhabitants: Of the Idaei Dactyli; Of Jupiter, Saturn, Hyperion, Prometheus, Mnemosyne, Themis, Ceres, Neptune, Pallas: Jupiter's Race, as the Muses, Vulcan, Mars, etc. Of the ancient Hercules, Britomartis, Pluto, Rhadamanthus his Justice. Of Lesbos; Deucalion's Flood: Of the Blessed Islands; Of Tenedos, and the Cycladeses. 204    

THE CONTENTS Of the Last Ten Books of Diodorus the Sicilian,  

BOOK XI.  
Chap. 1. OF Xerxes his Expedition into Greece; and the Fight at Thermopyle, and Sea-Fight at Salamis. Page 215  
Chap. 2. How the Carthaginians invaded Sicily, and were routed by Gelon: And the time of Pindar the Poet. 226  
Chap. 3. The Victory of the Greeks over Mardonius at Platea. 230  
Chap. 4. Of the Fight with the Persians by the Grecians at Mycale in jonia. Herodotus ends with this Fight, and taking of Sestos. 233  
Chap. 5. The Death and Commendation of Gelo of Syracuse, and the Rebuilding of Athens by the Policy of Themistocles. 235  
Chap. 6. The enlarging of the Haven at Athens by Themistocles. The Treason of Pausanias; And the Justice of Aristides. 237  
Chap. 7. Hiero, King of Sicily, prepares to besiege Agrigentum; Discovers the Treason of them of Himera to Thero their Prince; Expels the Cataneans and Naxians. 240  
Chap 8. The Lacedæmonians quarrel with the Athenians for the Dominion of the Sea. 241  
Chap. 9 Hiero breaks the Power of the Hetruscans by Sea. 242  
Chap 10. The War between the Tarrentines and the Japigians. ibid.  
Chap. 11. The Death of Thero Prince of Agrigentum, and the Tyranny of his Son Thrasydeus, who abdicated the Government, and killed himself. Three hundred of the Family of the Fabii slain at one time. 243  
Chap. 12. The Malice of the Lacedæmonians against Themistocles, and his Banishment: His Praise. 244  
Chap. 13. Cymon, the Athenian General, gains many Places for the Athenians: Routs the Persians by a Stratagem at Eury medentum. 247  
Chap. 14. A great Earthquake in Sparta; The War upon them by the Helots' and Mycenians. 248  
Chap. 15. The War between the Argives and the Mycenians. 249  
Chap. 16. The Death of Hiero. 250  
Chap. 17. Thrasybulus, King of Syracuse, deposed by force of Arms for his Tyranny. 250  
Chap. 18. The Murder of Xerxes by Artabanus. 251  
Chap. 19 The War between the Athenians and Aegineaus. 252  
Chap 20. The Egyptians revolt from the Persians. New Troubles in Sicily. ibid.  
Chap. 21. Persians Expedition into Egypt. Wars in Sicily. 254  
Chap. 22. The War between the Epidaurians and Athenians. Page 255  
Chap. 23. The War between the Corinthians and Megareans. 256  
Chap. 24. The War between the Athenians and Boetians. 257  
Chap. 25. The Athenians invade the Spartans' by Tolmides. 258  
Chap. 26. The War in Sicily between the Aegestines and the Lilybeans. The Custom of Writing upon an Olive Leaf the Names of such as were to be banished in Sicily, called Petalism. 259  
Chap. 27. Pericles makes an Inroad into Peloponnesus: Besieged Sicyon. Phaylus in Sicily made Admiral against the Tyrrhenian Pirates: Is corrupted and banished. The Original of the Palici: And the Stories of the Temple, and Wonders of the Craters in Sicily. 260  
Chap. 28. The Contests between Deucetius and the Agrigentines. His strange Submission to the Syracusians, who sent him to Corinth, with Promise to supply him with Necessaries. 262   

BOOK XII.  
Chap. 1. CYmon the Athenian Admiral, his Expedition into Cyprus. Peace concluded between the Persians and Athenians. Cymon dies in Cyprus. 264  
Chap. 2. Megarians revolt from the Athenians, and are beaten. The Athenians revolted at Cheronea by the Beotians. Many Cities revolt. Peace concluded. 265  
Chap. 3. The War between the Agrigentines and Syracusians in Sicily. The War between them of Crotona and the Siberites. Sibaris razed. The building of Thurium: Charondas his good Laws in Thurium: His remarkable Death. The Laws of Zaleuchus of Locris. 266  
Chap. 4. Of the Decemviri in Rome chosen to make Laws. War between the Thurians and Tarentines. A sad Story of the Daughter of one Lucius Virginius in Rome, which caused a Disturbance and great Sedition. Law of the Twelve Tables. Peace all over the World. 272  
Chap. 5. War between the Samians and Melesians. A Sedition in Samos, which revolts from the Athenians. War in Sicily by the Syracusians against the Trinacrians 273  
Chap. 6. Corinthian War against Corcyra. Potidea revolts from the Athenians. Quarrels in Thurium. Meton's Year. Heraclea in Italy built. Potidea besieged by Phormio. 275  
Chap. 7. Of the Peloponnesian War. Potidea revolts; besieged by the Athenians, and is surrendered upon Articles. Nicias made the Athenian Admiral. Gorgia, an excellent Orator, sent from Leontine in Sicily to Athens. A Peace concluded, after the War had continued ten Years. 278  
Chap. 8. Continuation of the Peloponnesian War. War by the Romans against the Fidinates', for putting their Ambassadors to death. Quarrels between the Aegistines and the Selinuntines in Sicily. Expedition of the Athenians against Sicily under Nicias, being the 16th Year of the Peloponnesian War. 293   

BOOK XIII.  
Chap. 1. THE Athenian Fleet equipped out for Sicily. Alcibiades accused: Flies: Is condemned: Goes to Sparta out of Italy. Syracusians send for Aid to Lacedaemon: Gylippus is sent to them. Battle at Syracuse. 300  
Chap. 2. The Lacedæmonians invade Attica. Fight at Sea between the Syracusians and Athenians. Eurimedon and Demosthenes arrive in Sicily. A Plague in the Athenian Camp. Another Fight between the Syracusians and Athenians; the latter routed at Sea: The Athenians ruined in Sicily: Nicholaus his long Oration; Gylippus his Answer. Page 303  
Chap. 3. Diocles' instituted Laws for Sicily: Suffered by one of his own Laws. Three hundred appointed to Govern in Athens Athenians beaten at Sea by the Lacedæmonians at Oropus. Alcibiades recalled from Banishment. 315  
Chap. 4. The Government by Four hundred abrogated in Athens: The Victory by the Athenians over the Lacedæmonians at Sea, between Sestus and Abydos. The Persian Garrison driven out of Antandris by the help of the Lacedæmonians. Twenty two years of the Peloponnesian War ended. Here Thucydides ends his History. 317  
Chap. 5. Commotions in Sicily. Carthaginians invited thither by the Aegistines. A Sea-Fight at Dardanum between the Athenians and Lacedæmonians. A Sedition in Corcyra. The Sea-Fight at Cyzicum; and at Cleros by Land, wherein the Athenians were Victors. 320  
Chap. 6. The Spartans' seek for Peace. The Speech of Endius. The Athenians refuse. 325  
Chap. 7. Hannibal the Carthaginian invades Sicily. The miserable Destruction of Selinunte. The Ruin likewise of Himera. The Acts of Hermocrates in Sicily. 326  
Chap. 8. Thrasybulus assaults Ephesus. The Lacedæmonians besiege Pylus; and surrendered. Chalcedon besieged by Theramenes; and afterwards Byzantium, which was betrayed to Alcibiades. 331  
Chap. 9 Theramenes and Alcibiades return to Athens; are admired by the People. Lysander made General by the Lacedæmonians. Antiochus, one of the Athenian Generals, beaten at Ephesus in a Sea-Fight. Agis surprises part of the Walls at Athens, but was beaten off Alcibiades accused for assaulting Cuma, a Confederate City. Conon made Admiral in his Place. 333  
Chap. 10. Hermocrates killed at Syracuse, attempting to surprise it. 336  
Chap. 11. The Acts of Callicrates, the Lacedaemonian General. The Fight at Sea in the Harbour at Mitylene, between Conon and Callicratides. 337  
Chap. 12. Therma built in Sicily by the Carthaginians; They raise Forces to invade Italy: They land in Sicily. The noble Temple in Agrigentum: The ancient Grandeur of that City: The Riches of Gellias, a Citizen there, and some others. Agrigentum besiegeed. The Syracusians under Daphneus rout the Carthaginians near Agrigentum. Imilcar seizes the Syracusian Fleet, and takes all the Provision going to Agrigentum, which was afterwards quit by the Inhabitants: Their miserable Condition. The Phalarian Bull. 339  
Chap. 13. The Syracusian Officers accused. Dionysius made General of the Syracusians: He moves to have the Exiles recalled: He's invested with the sole Command: At length by several Artifices gains the Sovereignty. 345  
Chap. 14. The famous Battle of Argineuse at Sea, wherein the Athenians were Victors: The Officers accused for not burying the Dead. The Speech of Diomedon. The Death of Sophocles and Euripides. 348  
Chap. 15. Lysander made sole Admiral of the Lacedaemonian Fleet: He takes Caramium. The Ruin of the Athenian Fleet at Aegos Potamos. Athens taken by Lisander. The end of the Peloponnesian War. 352.  
Chap. 16. Agrigentum sacked by Imilcar the Carthaginian. The Carthaginians besiege Gela. Dionysius goes to the Aid of Gela. The Skirmishes before Gela. Camarina deserted by order of Dionysius. The Soldiers enraged at Dionysius: He hastens to Syracuse. Imilcar makes Peace with Dionysius, and returns to Carthage. The end of the first Carthaginian War with Dionysius. 354   

BOOK XIV.  
Chap. 1. A Peace between the Athenians and Lacedæmonians. The Athenians disagree about the manner of their Government; The Government by 30; The Cruelty of the 30 Tyrants, and especially towards. Theramenes. Page 358  
Chap. 2. Dionysius his Project to strengthen himself in the Sovereignty of Sicily. Syracusians revolt; are dispersed. 360  
Chap. 3. Lacedæmonians establish an Oligarchy in every City. Dionysius disarms the Syracusians. Alcibiades killed; manner of his Death. Clearchus' his Tyranny in Byzantium; the Battle at Porus by him against his Countrymen the Lacedæmonians. Lysander's Project to out the Heraclidae of the Sovereign Power. 361  
Chap. 4. Dionysius his Actions in Sicily. The Oropians subdued by the Thebans. The Lacedæmonians quarrel with the Elians. Dionysius fortifies the Epipodae. 364  
Chap. 5. The War between Cyrus and his Brother Artaxerxes King of Persia. Cyrus' Routed. The Grecian Forces in Straits: their brave Behaviour: and long and troublesome March out of Persia into Greece. 366  
Chap. 6. Thrasybulus opposes the 30 Tyrants. The cruelty of Psamnificus King of Egypt, towards his old friend Tamos that fled to him for succour from the Persians. Darcyllidas sent General against the Persians into Asia. Conon made Admiral of the Persian Fleet. 373  
Chap. 7. The War between the Rhegians and Dionysius. He prepares to make War upon the Carthaginians. Most of the Cities submit to Dionysius. He returns to the Siege of Motya: Taken. Forces sent from Carthage against Dionysius. A Sea-fight between the Carthaginians and the Sicilians. Syracuse besieged. The Speech of Theodorus against Dionysius. A grievous Plague in the Carthaginian Army. A great Destruction of the Carthaginian Fleet in the Harbour of Syracuse. The miserable Condition of Imilco in his own Country. The Troubles of the Carthaginians. 376  
Chap. 8. Agesilaus made General against the Persians by the Lacedæmonians, goes to Ephesus: They send to the King of Egypt for Assistance. The Persians routed at Sipylus by Agesilaus. Tissaphernes his head cut off in a Bath at Larissa. The War between the Phoceans and Boetians. 392  
Chap. 9 The Confederate War by the Argives and others against the Lacedæmonians. The Battle at Aricas The fight at Nemea. Pisander the Lacedaemonian Admiral routed in a Sea-fight at Cnidus by the Persian Fleet, commanded by Conon the Athenian. The Corinthian War against the Lacedæmonians, and the great Sedition there. 394  
Chap. 10. The Quarrel between the Rhegians and Dionysius. Mago the Carthaginian settles Affairs in Sicily. Routed at Abacena by Dionysius. Rhegium near surprised by Dionysius. The Acts of Iphicrates at Corinth, Plias, and Sicyon. Amyntas' lost his Kingdom of Macedonia, but was restored. The Romans take Veii: Dedicate a Golden Cup to Apollo. Their Ambassadors are taken by the Pirates of the Lipari Islands, but discharged by Timastheus. 396  
Chap. 11. The Acts of Thrasybulus the Athenian General. The Carthaginians under Mago begin a new War in Sicily against Dionysius. A Peace concluded. Rhodes falls off from the Athenians. Evagoras becomes King of Salamis in Cyprus, makes War against the Persians. The Acts of Thimbro the Lacedaemonian General in Asia. 398  
Chap. 12. Dionysius his Expedition against Rhegium. The War between the Lucanians and Thurians in Italy. The Thurians cut off by their own Rashness. Leptines generously saved those that swum to his ships, tho' he was a Friend to their Enemies. Dionysius his second Expedition into Italy: besieges Caulonia, and routs Heloris. Makes Peace with the Rhegians. Razes Caulonia to the ground, and transplants the Inhabitants to Syracuse. Watches an occasion to be revenged on them of Rhegium. Besieges it. He sends rich Chariots to the Olympic Games. His Poetry ridiculed. 401  
Chap. 13. The Peace of Antalcidas. The War by the Persians against Evagoras in Cyprus. The miserable Condition of Rhegium. Surrendered. The cruel Usage of Philo the Governor of Rhegium, and of his Son. The Expedition of the Galls against Italy. The Romans routed by the Galls at the river Allia. Rome taken by the Galls. Romans besieged in the Capitol. The Volsci revolt from the Romans. The Galls routed by Marcus Furius in their Return. All cut off afterwards in the Plains of Trausium. 404   

BOOK XV.  
Chap. 1. THE Preface. Artaxerxes Expedition against Evagoras in Cyprus. The Actions there at Sea and Land. The Lacedæmonians begin new Quarrels in Greece. As first with Mantinaea. Dionysius gives himself to Poetry. Peace concluded with Evagoras by Orontes the Persian General. Terabazus brought to his Trial. Judgement upon corrupt Judges. Terabazus acquitted. 409, 410  
Chap. 2. Mantinaea besieged by the Lacedæmonians. Dionysius aims to gain the Islands of the Adriatic Sea. The Parii built Pharos. Dionysius his Expedition into Hetruria. Prepares for War against the Carthaginians. The Sicilians routed at Cronion. The Quarrel between the Clazomenians, and them of Cuma about Leuca. The War between Amyntas and the Olynthians. The Lacedæmonians seize the Citadel. Cadmea at Thebes. Eudamidas breaks into the Olynthians' Country. 414  
Chap. 3. Polypidas sent General by the Lacedæmonians against the Olynthians. A great Plague in Carthage. The Boetian War. Cadmea retaken. A Confederacy of the Cities against the Lacedæmonians. Cleombrotus attempts to surprise the Pyreum at Athens. The Athenians seize Actea in Eubaea. Agesilaus enters Boetia. The Sea-fight at Naxus. 418  
Chap. 4. The Treballians make Incursions into Thrace. Chabrias the Athenian General assassinated. The Thebans rout the Spartans' at Orchomena. Artaxerxes seeks to make Peace among the Grecians. Peace concluded. Thebans only disagreed. The Commendation of Epaminondas. Seditions in several Cities of Greece. 423  
Chap. 5. The Persians send an Army into Egypt to reduce the Revolters. Iphicrates a skilful Commander. Sedition at Zacynthus. Platea razed by the Thebans. The Lacedæmonians seize upon the Island Corcyra. The Siege of Corcyra raised by the Athenians under Cresides. Evagoras in Cyprus murdered by an Eunuch. Dreadful Earthquakes and Inundations in Peloponnesus. A great Comet seen in Greece. 425  
Chap. 6. Artaxerxes sends again to make Peace among the Grecians. All complied but the Thebans. The Spartans' raise an Army against the Thebans. Epaminondas made the Theban General. The famous Battle of Leuctra. The terrible Seditions and Cruelites in Argos. Jason of Pherae stirs up the Thessalians to gain the Sovereignty of Greece. Polydore Prince of Pherea in Thessaly poisoned by his Brother Alexander. Plots to depose Alexander. King of Macedonia treated with to that purpose. 429  
Chap. 7. The Lacedæmonians send Politropus into Arcadia: who is slain, and his Party routed by Lycomedes. An Invasion by Epaminondas and Pelopidas into Peloponnesus. Sparta besieged. The Antiquity and History of Messena in Greece. Pallane taken by Arcadians. A wall drawn between Cenchrea and Lechcum to hinder the Thebans inroad into Peloponnesus. Epaminondas breaks through into Peloponnesus. Assaults Corinth. 434  
Chap. 8. Dionysius sends Galls and Spaniards to the assistance of the Lacedæmonians. Pelopidas and Ismenias clapped up by Alexander Tyrant of Pherea. The Boetians pursued by the Phereans: brought off by Epaminondas then a private Soldier. The Fight between the Arcadians and Lacedæmonians. Dionysius falls upon the Carthaginian Territories in Sicily. Dionysius dies. The cause of his death. The cruelty of Alexander the Pherean at Schotusa. Epaminondas breaks again into Peloponnesus. Coos peopled and Walled. The end of the Laconic and Boetick War by the Mediation of the Persian King. 438  
Chap. 9 New Stirs in Greece. The Battle between the Eleans and Arcadians near Lassion. The Quarrel between the Pisate and them of Elis about the Olympic Games. A Fight at the Time and Place of the Games. The Thebans prepare a Fleet in order to gain the Dominion at Sea. Rhodes, Chios, and Byzantium brought in to the Thebans by Epaminondas. The Thebans make War upon Orchomenon. The Reason Orchomenon razed. The Thessalians War with Alexander the Pherean. Pelopidas killed. His Praises. 441  
Chap. 10. The War between the Tegeans and Mantineans, Boetians side with the Tegeans. Epaminondas made General. The Battle at Mantinca, where Epaminondas was killed, but the Lacedæmonians routed. The Commendation of Epaminondas. 443  
Chap. 11. A Defection from the Persians in Asia. Tachos King of Egypt declares War against the Persians. The War between Tachos, and his Son Nectabanus. The death of Artaxerxes Mnemon. Agesilaus routs the Egyptians that pursued him: and restores Tachos to his Kingdom: Stirs again in Greece after the Battle of Mantinaea between the Megalopolitans and the neighbouring Towns. Peparethos besieged by Alexander of Pherea, He routs Leostenes at Sea. Charietes the Athenian Admiral his Villainies. 473   

BOOK XVI.  
Chap. 1. PHilip an Hostage at Thebes: makes his Escape; beats the Athenians, after makes Peace with them, subdues the Peons, and routs the Illyrians, and makes Peace with them. 477  
Chap. 2. The Actions of Dionysius the younger, in Sicily and other parts. Dion's Flight to Corinth, and his Return to Sicily. Andromachus peoples Tauromenum. The Civil Wars in Eubea. The Social War between the Athenians and other Nations. Philip takes Amphipolis and other Cities. His Policies to gain the Olynthians and other Places in Greece. 479  
Chap. 3. Dion's March, and Entering into Syracuse. Dionysius comes to the Island part of Syracuse. Assaults the Wall erected from Sea to Sea: is beaten by Dion. Alexander of Pherea murdered by his Wife and his two Brothers. Philip relieves the Thessalonians from the two Brothers. 481  
Chap. 4. The first rise of the Brutii in Italy. Dionysius his Admiral invades the Leontines. A Fight at Sea between Heraclides and Philistus Admirals, one of Dionysius, the other of Dion. A Faction in Syracuse. Dion leaves the Syracusians. Their sad Condition. Relieved by Dion. 484  
Chap. 5. A Continuance of the Social War. Iphicrates and Timotheus joined Admirals with Chrates by the Athenians. Iphicrates and Timotheus accused by Chrates, and fined and removed. Chrates joins with Pharnabasus and routs the Persians. The end of the Social War. Philip subdues the Confederates. 487  
Chap. 6. The Beginning of the Sacred War, or Phocian War. Philomelus seizes the Temple at Delphos after he had routed the Locrians. How the Oracle at Delphos was first discovered, and the beginning of the Tripod. The Athenians and others join with Philomelus. 488  
Chap. 7. The Battle at Phoedra between Philomelus and the Locrians. The Parties engaged in the Phocian War. The Battle between the Beotians and Phocians. Philomelus killed Onomarchus made General. His Dream, Successes and Death. 490  
Chap 8. Phayllus continues the Phocian War, Aryca razed. Phayllus dies of a Consumption. War between the Lacedæmonians and Megapolitans. Chaeronea taken by Phalecus. War between the Persians Egyptians and Phoenicians. Salamis in Cyprus besieged. The cruelty of Artaxerxes Ochus towards the Sidonians. The Calamity of Sidon. 494  
Chap. 9 Evagoras beheaded in Cyprus. Artaxerxes marches against Egypt; and gains all Egypt by the Policy of Mentor. Lost many of his Men at the Lake Sorbonis. Mentor advanced. Mentor's Stratagem to subdue Hemias' Prince of Atarne. Zena raised by Philip. The King of Egypt abdicates his Kingdom and flies to Aethiopia. 499  
Chap. 10. Philip takes Olynthus and other Cities in the Hellespont. The Athenians jealous of Philip and instigated by Demosthenes. Philip's Policies. The value of the Riches taken out of the Temple at Delphos. Dionysius sent presents to Delphos, and were taken by the Athenians. His Letter to the Athenians. The Temple burnt. The end of the Phocian War. The Punishments decreed by the Amph●tyons against the Phocians. The Miseries of the Sacrilegers. Timoleon sent to Syracuse. 502  
Chap. 11. Timoleon's Expedition into Sicily. The Carthaginians Army in Sicily. Dionysius returns to Syracuse, is beaten by Hircelas; Hircelas gains Syracuse. Timoleon's escape from Rhegium. Timoleon routs Hircelas, and gains Syracuse. Philip invades the Illyrians. Dionysius expelled. Timoleon makes good Laws. Philip invades Thrace. 508  
Chap. 12. The Acts of Timoleon in Sicily. The Preparations of the Carthaginians against Timoleon. The remarkable Siege of Perinthus by Philip. Pexodorus expels his Brother Adam from the Principality in Cana. Byzantium suddenly besieged by Philip. 510  
Chap. 13. The Athenians aid Byzantium. Philip raises his Siege. The Carthaginians transport Forces into Sicily. The remarkable Victory of Timoleon over the Carthaginians. The Acts of Timoleon in Sicily. The Works of Hiero in Sicily. 512  
Chap. 14. Elata taken by Philip: great Consternation in Athens for fear of Philip. The Boetians join with the Athenians through the Solicitation of Demosthenes. Python a famous Orator. The Battle at Cheronea between Philip and the Athenians; Lycides the Athenian General put to death. Philip rebuked by Demades; made General of Greece. Timoleon dies. 515  
Chap. 15. Philip consults the Oracle at Delphos. Philip Marries his Daughter Cleopatra to the King of Epirus. Encouraged to the Persian War by Neoptolemus his Verses. Philip's Pride. His Murder. The Cause of it, and how it was done, and by whom. 517   

BOOK XVII.  
Chap 1. COnspiracies of the Cities against Alexander. The Athenians send Ambassadors to Alexander to beg Pardon. He's made General by the Amphictyons. Attalus killed by Alexander's Command. The Wickedness of of Bagoas. Darius' commended. Raises Forces. A Description of Mount Ida. Alexander invades the Illyrians and others. Thebes besieged by Alexander and razed. The Miseries of Thebes. Prodigies. Alexander demands Demosthenes and others to be delivered up to him by the Athenians: their Answer. He returns into Macedonia: and Feasts his Soldiers. 521  
Chap. 2. Alexander lands his Army in Asia. The Battle at Granicum. The Forces of the Persians and of Alexander. Alexander kills Spithrodates; near being killed by Rosaces. Miletus besieged and taken. Ada Queen of Caria meets Alexander. Halicarnassus Besieged, Taken, and Sacked. The strange Act of the Macedonians. 528  
Chap. 3. Mytelene taken by Memnon Darius his General; his Successes He dies. Charidemus the Athenian unjustly put to Death by Darius. Alexander falls sick, recovered by Philippus. Alexander seizes Alexander of Lyncestas upon his Mother's Letters. Alexander takes Issus. The Memorable Battle at Issus, where the Mother, Wife, two Daughters and Son of Darius were taken. Alexander's noble carriage towards them. Darius' his Letters and Offers to Alexander. Darius prepares another Army. 533  
Chap. 4. Alexander marches towards Egypt; Besieges Tyre. Prodigies at Tyre. The Tyrians bind Apollo with golden chains. The Inventions of the Tyrians to defend themselves. The advancement of Ballomynus a poor Man to be King of Tyre. The Acts of Agis and Amyntas; Amyntas killed, and all his Soldiers. Alexander takes Gaza by Storm; presented by the Grecians. 538  
Chap. 5 Alexander makes a Journey to the Temple of Jupiter Hammon. He's presented by the Cyreneans. The Description of the place about the Temple. The wonderful Properties of the Fountain Solis. The Building of Alexandria. Alexander's Answer to Darius his Ambassadors. Alexander passes over the River Tigris with great Hazard. The Preparations on both sides for Battle. The Persians routed at that famous Battle at Arbela. 542  
Chap. 6. The Grecians conspire to Revolt. Memnon rebels in Thrace. Antipater marches against him. The Lacedæmonians raise an Army; are routed by Antipater, and Agis their King killed. 547  
Chap. 7. Alexander comes to Babylon. The wealth found there. Views his Troops at Sitacana. Enters Susa. The Riches there. Thence goes in the Country of the Uxians. Marches towards Persepolis. A Company of maimed Greeks met Alexander; His Bounty to them. He takes Persepolis; gives it up to the Plunder of the Soldiers. The Riches of the Citadel of Persepolis. Alexander his Feast at Persepolis. Persepolis burnt at the Instigation of Thais. Darius' murdered. 548  
Chap. 8. Bessus stirs up the Bactrians. Alexander discharges the Greek Auxiliaries with Rewards. The River Stidoetes. He enters Hyrcania; Its Richness: Enters the Mardis Country: Loses his brave Horse but is restored. Thalestris the Amazon Queen meets him. He falls into the Effeminacy of the Persians. Enters Drangina. A Plot against Alexander. Philotas and others put to Death. Marches against the Arimispi. Subdues Arachosia. 552  
Chap. 9 Alexander marches against the Paromisades. His troublesome March. Comes to Mount Caucasus. A Battle in Area by Alexander's Officers against Satibarzanes, who is killed in a single Combat by Erigyus. Bessus brought to Alexander; his Punishment. Alexander kills some Barbarians unexpectedly after they had surrendered their City. He marches to the River Indus. Mophis his remarkable delivery up of himself and his Army. 556  
Chap 10. Alexander overcomes Porus. How Apes are taken. Strange Serpents for Venom. Large Trees Marches against the Andrastians', Catheri, and against Sopithes. The Custom of them under Sopithes. Indian Dogs. Entertained by Phigeus. The Macedonians refuse to march against the Gandarides. Alexander leaves Monuments behind him at the River Hyphasis. Nicaea built, and Bucephalis. The Ibori present Alexander. Routs the Agalasians. In Danger in the River Indus by Whirlpools. Marches against the Oxidracans and Mallians. The King leaps off the Wall into the Town. A Duel between Coragus and Dioxippus. The Sambestae submit to Alexander; and the Sodrans and Mastanians. Subdues Musicanus, Porticanus, and Sambus. Poisoned Weapons. The King's Dream. Comes into the Main Ocean. Comes into Gedrosia. The Savages of the People. His Army near perishing in Gedrosia. Comes into Carmania. Punishes the Bormcial Goremours. Nearchus' returns. Islands covered at High-Tides. The strange Death of Calanus. Alexander marrieth Statira. Harpalus his Luxury. He seizes with his own Hand them that mutinyed. 561  
Chap. 11. Alexander mixes Twenty thousand Persian Darters with his Army-Marches from Susa. Bagistames breeds abundance of Horses. Hephestion dies at Ecbatana. The Lamian War. He invades the Cosscans. Marches towards Babylon. The Caldean Astrologers dissuade him from coming thither. He enters Babylon. 569  
Chap. 12. Ambassadors come to Alexander from all Parts. He buries Hephestion with great State. The Prodigies before Alexander's Death. His Death. Darius' his Mother starves herself. 570   

BOOK XVIII.  
Chap. 1. QUarrels about a Successor to Alexander. Aridaus made King. The Provinces divided amongst the Chief Commanders. Matters contained in Alexander's Note-Books. Meleager executed by Perdiccas. The Grecians revolt. A Description of Asia. Python sent against the Revolting Grecians, who were all cut off. The Lamian War: The Cause of it. Alexander's Epistle to the Exiles. Leosthenes the Athenian General. Lamia besieged. Leosthenes killed. Antiphilus placed in his room. 574  
Chap. 2. Ptolemy gains Egypt: Leagues with Antipater. Lysimachus enters Thrace. Leonatus comes to Relieve Antipater, and is routed. The Grecians beaten at Sea. Perdiccas conquers Ariarathes Prince of Cappadocia, Crucifies him, delivers the Province to Eumenes. The Grecians quite routed by Craterus and Antipater. The Athenians at length submit after all the rest but the Aetolians. The End of the Lamian War. The War in Cyrene by Thimbro. Ophellas routs Thimbro. Cyrene gained by Ptolemy. Larinda sacked. The Destruction of the Isaurians by themselves. Perdiccas affects the Kingdom of Macedon. Is opposed by Antigonus. The Etolians blocked up by Craterus and Antipater. Antigonus discover Perdiccas his Design. Peace made with the Etolians. Perdiccas' marches against Ptolemy into Egypt. 580  
Chap. 3. The Description of Alexander's Funeral Chariot. Ptolemy honoured in Egypt. Perdiccas prepares for Egypt against Ptolemy. Eumenes beats Neoptolemus, who deserted. The Battle between Eumenes and Craterus, who was killed with Neoptolemus. Combat between Neoptolemus and Eumenes. Perdiccas comes into Egypt: Assaults the Fort called the Camel's Wall: His miserable Loss in the River Nile: Is killed. Ptolemy makes Arrideus and Pytho Protectors of the Kings. Eumenes' condemned to die. The Etolians invade Thessaly. Polysperchon routs the Etolians. The Provinces again divided by Arrideus. Antigonus besieges Nora. Eumenes his Invention to Exercise the Horse. Ptolemy gains Syria and Phoenicia and Nicanor. 586  
Chap. 4. Antigonus routs Alcitas in Pisidia, and takes Attalus. Alcitas received into Termessus, and there protected. He's murdered there Treacherously; his Body inhumanly used by Antigonus. Antipater's Death. Antipater puts Demeas, one of the Athenian Ambassadors, to Death. Polysperchon made Chief in Macedonia. Cassander conspires to out him. Antigonus his Plots to be Sovereign of all. Arrideus secures himself in Phrygia: Besieges Cyzicum. Antigonus goes to raise it. Eumenes got out of Nora by Antigonus his Order. Antigonus his further Act. The various Fortunes of Eumenes. A Council in Macedonia called by Polysperchon against Cassander. The Decree of the Council. Polysperchon invites Olympias out of Epirus into Macedonia: Writes to Eumenes to join with the Kings. 593  
Chap. 5. Polysperchon courts Eumenes to assist the Kings. Eumenes his Prudence amongst the Macedonian Captains. Ptolemy sends to the Captains and others not to assist Eumenes. Antigonus contrives to kill Eumenes; who marches into Phoenicia. Nicanor deceives the Athenians, and still keeps Munychia, and subtly gets the Pyreum: Ordered by Olympias to deliver the Pyreum and Munychia to the Athenians, but he shifts it off. Alexander, Son of Polysperchon, enters Attica; secretly Corresponds with Nicanor, and displeases the Athenians. Phocion's hard Usage at his Trial in Athens, is Condemned, and Executed. Cassander arrives at the Pyreum. Polysperchon comes against him, but returns. Besieges Megalopolis, but is there much Damnified; his Elephants spoiled by a Stratagem. A Sea-Fight between Clitus and Nicanor. Nicanor beaten. Clitus afterwards routed by Nicanor, and is killed in his flight to Macedonia. Antigonus goes after Eumenes. Eumenes near losing his Army by the Breach of a Dyke in Babylonia. The Greek Cities revolt to Cassander. The Athenians make Peace with him. He kills Nicanor. 599   

BOOK XIX.  
Chap. 1. A Gathocles his Parentage and Education. His Rise. His Stratagems. His bloody Massacre at Syracuse. He gains the Sovereign Power. The Affairs of Italy. Olympias returns into Macedonia by Polysperchon's Means. The Army's revolt to her. Her Cruelties. She murders Eurydice and Arideus her Husband. Affairs in Asia. Eumenes and Seleucus. Eumenes is joined by many of the Captains. The number of their Forces. He comes to Susa. Attalus and others, Imprisoned by Antigonus in a strong Castle, seeks to escape. Are afterwards besieged, and taken. 608  
Chap. 2. Antigonus marches after Eumenes to Tigris. Eumenes cuts off many of his Men at Pasitigris. Antigonus goes into Media. Eumenes comes to Persepolis. The Description of Persia. Pencestes his great Feast. Eumenes his Policy. His Tale of the Lion. Battle in Sareteceni between Antigonus and Eumenes. Antigonus returns into Media. The Story of Cereus his two Wives striving which should be burnt. Eumenes marches to Gabiene; Cassander to Macedonia. Olympias goes to Pydna, is there besieged. The Epirots forsake their King, and join with Cassander. Antigonus' design to surprise Eumenes, who stops his March by a Stratagem. The last Battle between them in Gabiene. Eumenes basely delivered up. Antigonus' return to Media. The dreadful Earthquakes in the Country of Rhages. 615  
Chap 3. The Inundations at Rhodes: Antigonus kills Pitho, getting him into his Power by Dissimulation; then marches into Persia. Revolters from Antigonus cut off in Media. He divides the Asian Provinces; and continues to destroy all the Argyraspides. Gets great Treasure in Susa. Cassander besieges Olympias in Pydna: The great Distress to which it was reduced. Amphipolis surrendered to Cassander: He kills Olympias: Marries Thessalonices: Builds Cassandra: Imprisons Rhoxana and her Son Alexander. His Expedition into Peloponnesus against Alexander the Son of Polysperchon. The History of Thebes. Cassander rebuilds Thebes. 627  
Chap. 4. Antigonus his Army feasted by Seleucus in Babylon. Falls out with Seleucus, who flies to Ptolemy, and is kindly received. Ptolemy, Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysimachus, join against Antigonus. They send Ambassadors to him, who Winters in Cilicia. He goes into Phoenicia, and there builds Ships: Besieges Tyre. The Praise of Phyla, Wife of Demetrius. Aristodemus raises Forces for Antigonus in Peloponnesus. The Acts of Ptolemy, one of Antigonus his Captains. Antigonus his Policy Tyre delivered. The Agreement of Ptolemy's Captains, and the rest at Cyprus. The Acts of Seleucus. A Fleet comes to Antigonus from the Hellespont and Rhodes. Things done in Peloponnesus. Cassander's Acts there, and in Greece. The great Victory by Sea and Land, obtained by Polyclitus, Seleucus his Lieutenant: He's Rewarded by Ptolemy. The Acts of Agathocles in Sicily. The Romans War with the Samnites. 632  
Chap. 5. The Acts of Aristodemus. Antigonus his General in Peloponnesus: The D●means in Achaia seek to free themselves from Cassander's Garrison: They take the Citadel. Alexander, Son of Polysperchon, Assassinated. The Praise of Cratesipolis his Wife. The Acts of Cassander in Etolia, and other Parts of Greece. The Cruelty of the Etolians. Cassander sends an Army into Caria; and Aristotle with a Fleet to Lemnos. The Acts of Cassander's Army in Caria. Antigonus leaves his Son Demetrius in Caria to watch Ptolemy. His troublesome March into Asia. The Affairs of Sicily. Acrotatus his Misgovernment and Cruelties in Sicily. The Acts of Agathocles. The Affairs of Italy. 637  
Chap. 6. Several City's revolt. Lysimachus comes against them. Philip, Cassander's General, routs the Epirots and Etolians. Cassander agrees with Antigonus. Antigonus gains the Cities in Caria. Cassander's Acts in Greece. Samnites routed by the Romans. Polemon sent by Antigonus into Greece to set the Cities at liberty. The Acts of Antigonus and Cassander. Polemon's Acts in Greece for Antigonus. Ptolemy goes against Cyrene, and Cyprus; then against Demetrius. The Battle with Demetrius at Gaza. Ptolemy takes Tyre. The Acts of Antigonus his Commanders in Greece. The Epirots make Alcetas King, who is beaten by Lysiscus, Cassander's General, and he's beaten again by the other. Cassander goes against the Apolloniats. Seleucus recovers Babylon with a small Army. Demetrius' routs Cilles, Ptolemy's General. Ptolemy returns to Egypt, first wastes Samaria, Gaza, Joppa, etc. Athaneus scent against the Nabatheans by Antigonus. The Customs of the Arabians. Athaneus killed, and most of his Men. Demetrius sent against them. Description of the Asphaltes', or Lake of Sodom. Demetrius sent against Seleucus in Babylon. The Wars between the Romans and Samnites in Italy. The Acts of Agathocles in Sicily. 641  
Chap. 7. Cassander, Ptolemy, and Lysimachus, make Peace with Antigonus. Cassander murders Rhoxana and her Son. The Governors take the Style of Kings upon them. The Carthaginians raise Forces against Agathocles. Four thousand Geloans murdered by Agathocles. The Battle between Agathocles and Amilcar the Carthaginian at Himera. Agathocles routed. Several Cities revolt from Agathocles. 654   

BOOK XX.  
Chap. 1. AGathocles designs to invade Africa: His Cruelty: Pursued in his Voyage. An Eclipse of the Sun very great. Lands in Africa: Burns his Ships: His Successes in Africa. Hanno and Bomilcar made Generals in Africa. Battle between them and Agathocles, who routs them. Kills Hanno. His Stratagem by Owls. The cruel Superstition of the Carthaginians in sacrificing their Children. The Actions at Syracuse. Actions of Agathocles in Africa. The Acts of Cassander in Macedonia. Polysperchon seeks to restore Hercules, Alexander's Son. The miserable Destruction of Nichocles and his Family in Cyprus. The Wars of Parysidas his Sons, King of the Cimerean Bosphorus. The Valour of Satyrus, one of his Sons. His Death. The sad Death of Eumelus, another Son. Page 658  
Chap. 2. The Acts of Ptolemy in Cilicia and elsewhere. Polysperchon murders Hercules, Alexander's Son, by Instigation of Cassander. Amilcar taken, and put to Death by the Syracusians: His Head sent to Agathocles in Africa. The things done in Sicily. Archagathus, Agathocles Son, kills Lysiscus; He and his Son in great Danger by the Army. Affairs of Italy. The Works of Appius Claudius: The Appian way. Ptolemy comes to Corinth: His Acts there. Cleopatra, Alexander's Sister, killed by the Governor of Sardis. The further Acts of Agathocles in Africa. Ophellas decoyed, and cut off by Agathocles. Ophellas his troublesome March to Agathocles. Lamia's Cruelty, and Story of her. Bomilcar seeks to be Prince of Carthage, but is put to Death by the Citizens. Agathocles sends the Spoils of the Cyrenians to Syracuse: Most lost in a Storm. Affairs in Italy. 668  
Chap. 3. Demetrius frees all the Grecian Cities; takes the Pireum at Athens. Demetrius Phalerius flies to Ptolemy. Honours given to Demetrius in Athens. He sails to Cyprus: His Acts there: Besieges Salamis. His great Engines. Ptolemy sails to Cyprus. Sea-Fight between Ptolemy and Demetrius, wherein Ptolemy is routed. Antigonus takes the Title of King, and the like several other Captains. Agathocles his Acts at Utica in afric: Tied Prisoners to a great Engine. The sorts of People in Africa. Xenodocus routed in Sicily by Agathocles his Captains. Agathocles his Acts in Sicily. What was done by Archagathus in Africa. Mascala inhabited by some Greeks that came from Troy. Apes, their Custom among the Pithecusae. The Carthaginians draw out Thirty thousand Men out of Carthage. Misfortunes to Agathocles his Captains in Africa. The Army blocked up, and almost starved. Agathocles beats the Carthaginians at Sea near Syracuse. His Captain Leptines Harrasses the Agrigentines. Agathocles Feasts the Syracusians. His jocund Temper. His Cruelty. Routed in Africa. Carthaginian Camp burnt. The Misfortune afterwards to both Armies by one Cause. Agathocles in Chains by his own Men. Steals out of Africa. The Soldiers kill his two Sons. They make Peace with the Carthaginians. Agathocles his exceeding Cruelty at Aegista, and afterwards at Syracuse. 676  
Chap. 4. Antigonus his March into Egypt. A Tempest near Raphia, where he lost some of his Ships. He returns into Syria. Dinocrates prevails in Sicily. Agathocles is willing to resign his Government; but Dinocrates stands off. What was done in Italy. Antigonus his War with the Rhodians. Rhodes besieged by Demetrius. Agathocles routs Dinocrates his great Army with a few Men. His Cruelty to those that submitted upon Terms, where he But cheers Seven thousand. Dinocrates' in favour with Agathocles, and betrays all the Confederates. What was done in Italy. 688  
Chap. 5. The Siege of Rhodes continued: The Acts of the Sea-Captains of the Rhodians. Peace made with the Rhodians. The Acts of Agathocles in the Lipari Islands. The Acts of Demetrius in Greece. The War between the Tarentines and Lucanians. The Acts of Cleonymus the Spartan: Cassander sends to Antigonus to make Peace, who refuses. Lysimachus joins with Cassander, and so does Ptolemy and Seleucus, against Antigonus: He marches against Lysimachus. Demetrius' further Acts in Greece. The Armies of Cassander and Demetrius. Demetrius leaves Greece, and goes with his Army to his Father in Asia, after Peace made with Cassander. The Misfortunes of Pleistarchus at Sea. Ptolemy besieges Sidon, but returns to Egypt upon a false Report. Seleucus marches from Babylon with a great Army. Page 695     

THE PREFACE.  
ALL Mankind are under a great Obligation of Gratitude to those that have written Universal Histories; forasmuch as there has been an honourable Contest amongst them by their Labours and Pains, to be helpful to others in the due Conduct and Management of the common Affairs and Concerns of this present Life. For whereas they usher in a sort of wholesome Instruction, without any hazard to the Person; so they thereby also procure to their Readers, Art and Skill in Politics, above the ordinary Rate, with great Ease and Security. For Knowledge gained by Experience, though it brings a Man to an Aptness to be quick in discerning what is most advisable in every particular case, yet such Knowledge is attended with many Toils and Hazards. And thus he that was 
Ulysses.  the most experienced Man among the Heroes, viewed many Cities, and came well to understand and pry into the Minds and Tempers of Men; yet it was with many Troubles and Misfortunes: But Knowledge of what was well or ill done by others, gained by History, carries along with it Instructions, freed from those Misfortunes that others have before experienced.  
Besides, these Historians have used their utmost Diligence to reduce all Men in their Consideration of them (who are united and related one to another in the same common Nature and Original, though far distant each from other as to Place and Time) under one and the same Head, and common Order, as if they were Servants herein to the Divine Providence. For as Providence having marshaled the Stars (visible to us) in a most beautiful Frame and Order, and likewise conjoined the Natures of Men in a common Analogy and Likeness one to another, incessantly wheels about every Age, as in a Circle, imparting to each what is before by Fate shared out and allotted for them: So these Historians by committing to Writing the common Actions of Men through the whole World, as if they were the Affairs only of one City, represent their Labours as one entire Account, and common Repertory and Treasury of Human Transactions. For it's a desirable thing to be in a capacity to make use of the Mistakes of others, the better to order the course of our own Lives, and in the various Events and Accidents that may befall us, not to be then at a loss and seeking what is to be done, but rather to be able to imitate what has been well done. And certainly as to Council and Advice, all prefer Ancient Men before those that are Young, because of their Prudence gained by a long Experience. But History goes as far beyond the Knowledge of Old Men, as we are sure it does surmount all their Experience in multitude of Examples. So that any Man may justly look upon it as a thing most profitable and advantageous, to make use of this upon all occasions and accidents of this Life. As for Young Men, it teaches them the Wisdom and Prudence of the Old, and increases and improves the Wisdom of the Aged: It fits Private Men for high Places; and stirs up Princes (for the sake of Honour and Glory) to these Exploits that may immortalize their Names. It incourages likewise Soldiers to Fight the more Courageously for their Country, upon the hopes of Applause and Commendation after their Deaths. And as a Curb to the Impious and Profane, it restrains them in some measure, upon the account of being noted to Posterity, with a perpetual Brand of Infamy and Disgrace.  
What shall I say? In hopes of having the Memory of their good Acts recorded to Posterity by Historians, some have built Cities; others have applied themselves to the Promulgation of good and wholesome Laws: Many also upon this account, have set their Wits at work to invent Arts and Sciences for the good of Mankind. And whereas complete Happiness is made up of all Perfections centring in one; History consequently is to bear away the Prize, which is the Cause of all those commendable and glorious effects: For it's most certain, She is the Preserver of the Virtues of Worthy Men to Posterity, and an eternal Witness to the Cowardice and Impiety of others; and a Benefactor to all Mankind in general. For if a fine spun Story consisting merely of Fictions told of things done among the Spirits 
In Hell.  below, tends much to the promoting of Piety and Justice; how much more than may we conclude that History, the most noble Assertrix of Truth, and very Metropolis (as it were) of all Philosophy, may adorn the Manners of Men with Principles of Justice and Honesty? For there is not a Man (through the Infirmity of Human Nature) that lives scarce a moment of an entire Eternity, but is extinguished and gone for ever after this Life; and with those who never did any thing commendable in their Life-time, all their Enjoyments and Comforts perish with them. But those who have signalised themselves by virtuous Actions, are made famous in every Age, their praises being proclaimed as it were by 
Or by a Divine Mouth of History.  a Divine Voice from History.  
I judge it therefore honourable and commendable, and a piece of admirable Wisdom and Prudence, to purchase that Glory which is immortal, with Labours and Sufferings that are but short and temporal. It's confessed by all concerning Hercules, that while he was here upon Earth, he voluntarily undertook great and continual Labours, and ran through many Dangers, that by doing good to Mankind, he might gain the Reward of an Immortal Fame. And as to other Men, some are honoured as Heroes, others Deified as Gods, and all by the help and advantage of History, which has transmitted their Virtues to Posterity, and caused the Remembrance of them to be immortal. Other Monuments endure but for a little time, and are often ruined and destroyed by various Accidents; but the force and vigour of History, pierces through the whole World, and Time itself (which consumes all other things) is its Keeper, handing it down to Posterity for ever.  
History likewise conduces much to make a Man Eloquent, than which nothing is more commendable; for by this Grecians excel Barbarians, and the Learned those that are Ignorant: And by this Art alone it is, that one single Person many times prevails over Multitudes.  
To conclude; Whatever is done, appears to be such either as to Quantity or Quality, as the Eloquent Rhetorician is pleased to make it. And such we call Good Men, Men of 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Worthy Men of Language.  high Esteem for excellent Language, as those that by that Qualification have attained to the highest pitch of Virtue. But this Art of Speaking well, is divided into several Parts: That part which is Poetical, seems to delight more than to profit the Auditor; that which relates to making of Laws, tends more to Coercion than Instruction; and the other parts either contribute nothing at all to our well-being; or they are as hurtful one way, as they are useful and profitable another; and some of them even oppose the Truth with downright Lies.  
But History only (wherein Words and Things agree) comprehends in Writing, what is both pleasant and profitable; For who cannot discern, but that it persuades to Justice; condemns the wicked and vicious; praises the good, and greatly improves the Understanding of the 
Those that meet with it.  Readers? And therefore when we saw these sort of Writers deservedly in great Esteem, we were stirred up to an earnest study of prosecuting the same Subject.  
But when we seriously consider the Authors that have been before us, though we highly approve of their Method and Design, as far as we may justly; yet we conceive their Writings are not altogether composed to the due Measure of Profit and Advantage as they ought to be. For whereas to profit the Reader, it's necessarily requisite, that many and various Circumstances of Affairs be related; many set forth the Wars only of one Nation, or one single City; for very few have begun their Histories from Ancient Times, or have made it their Business to write of the Affairs of all Nations in General, to these our Days. And those that do, some of them fix no certain Time to the several Transactions they writ of; and others altogether pass over the Affairs of the Barbarians. And some there are that never mention the Ancient Mythologies, but slip them by, because of the Difficulty of the Subject. Some that have begun to write, have been prevented by Death, and so have left their Works imperfect. And none who have hitherto set themselves to this Business, have brought down their History below the Times of the Macedonians: For some have broke off at Philip, others at the Acts of Alexander, and others at his Successors or Posterity. And although many great and considerable Actions since those Times, to these our Days, have been upon the Stage; yet no Historian has hitherto undertaken to set them forth in one entire Tract, by reason of the Tediousness of the Work. And in regard that in those Writings which we have, the Times and Actions that have been comprehended in them, are huddled together in several Volumes, writ by various and several Authors, it's a very difficult matter either to understand, or remember them.  
Having therefore diligently perused and examined the Tracts of the several Authors, I determined to compose one entire History, from which the Reader might reap much Advantage, with little Labour and Pains: For he who endeavours to the utmost of his power, to comprehend in his Writings, the memorable Affairs and Actions of the whole World (as of one single City,) bringing down his History from the most ancient Times to his own Age, though he set upon a Work certainly very Laborious, yet he'll perform that which, when finished, will be undoubtedly most useful and profitable. For hence, every Man may, as out of a common Fountain, draw what is convenient and serviceable for his own private use. For as to them that have a desire to employ themselves in tumbling and turning over so many Authors; first such cannot easily get so many Books together as are necessary for their use; and then again by reason of the differing Relations and multitude of Authors, they can scarcely understand the Matters related.  
But one General History, in one entire Tract, as it may be quickly and readily perused, so the understanding of the subject matter, with far more ease goes along with the Reading. Yea, this sort of History excels all others, as far as the Whole is more useful than the Part; as the entire thing is more desirable than that which is divided; and that which fixes the exact Periods of Time, more than that which leaves the Time uncertain and unknown, when things related were done.  
Perceiving therefore that such a Work would be of mighty use and advantage; but that it would require both a long Time, and a great deal of Labour and Pains, we spent Thirty Years time in the Composing of it; and for that purpose travelled through a great part of Asia and Europe, with many Hazards and Difficulties, that we ourselves might be Eye-Witnesses of most of the Parts and Places that were necessary for the carrying on of our Design in this Work. For through the Ignorance of Places, not only common Writers, but even those who are reputed the most Eminent, have committed many Errors and Mistakes. The chief cause, and that which most helped forward the Design, (which, though thought impossible, is now fully completed and perfected) was the strong and constant desire we had of Composing such a Work. Many Helps likewise were afforded to us at Rome, for the Carrying on of what we had undertaken in this Kind. For that noble City, whose Power is stretched out as far as to the utmost Corners of the Earth (being that we had been there a long time an Inhabitant) furnished us with many things ready at hand for our purpose. For being born in Agyrus in Sicily, and having in a great measure learned the Roman Language, by means of the frequent Commerce of Romans in that Island, I diligently collected out of their Ancient Records, what I found concerning the memorable Actions of this Empire.  
We have begun our History with the Mythologies handed down to us, as well those of the Grecians, as of the Barbarians, seriously weighing and considering, as far as we were able, what every one of them have related of things done in Ancient Times. Having now finished what was designed, though not yet exposed to public view, before that be done, we shall declare something briefly concerning the whole Work.  
Our First Six Books, comprehend the Affairs and Mythologies of the Ages before the Trojan War, of which the Three First, contain the Barbarian, and the next following almost all the Grecian Antiquities. In the Eleven next after these, we have given an Account of what has been done in every Place from the Time of the Trojan War, till the Death of Alexander. In the Three and Twenty Books following, we have set forth all other Things and Affairs, till the beginning of the War the Romans made upon the Galls; at which time Julius Caesar the Emperor (who upon the Account of his great Achievements, was surnamed 
A Divine Person, or a God.  Divus) having subdued the Warlike Nations of the Galls, enlarged the Roman Empire, as far as to the British Isles; whose First Acts fall in with the First Year of the Hundred and Eightieth Olympiad, when Herodes 
A. M. 3896. Isaacson.  was chief Magistrate at Athens. But as to the Limitation of Times contained in this Work, we have not bound those things that happened before the Trojan War, within any certain Limits; because we could not find any Foundation whereon to rely with any Certainty.  
According to Appollodorus, we have accounted Fourscore Years from the Trojan War, to the Return of Heraclides: From thence to the First Olympiad, 
A. M. 2848.  Three Hundred and Twenty Eight Years, computing the Times from the Lacedaemonian Kings. From the First Olympiad, to the beginning of the gallic War (where our History ends) are Seven Hundred and Thirty Years: So that our whole Work (comprehended in Forty Books) is an History which takes in the Affairs of Eleven Hundred Thirty Eight Years, besides those Times that preceded the Trojan War.  
We have been the more careful to premise these things, that the Reader might have the clearer Prospect into the nature of the whole Tract; and that those who commonly take upon them to polish and amend Books, may be at least prevailed with not to corrupt other men's Works. Whatever therefore through the whole History is writ well, let no Man envy: What Slips there are (through Ignorance) they that are more knowing, are very free to amend.  
And now having finished what we thought fit to premise, we shall endeavour actually to perform what we before promised, as to the Writing of the History.   

THE Historical Library OF Diodorus the Sicilian. BOOK I.  


CHAP. I.  
Of the first Generation of Men. How the World first began. Mens first manner of Life, and who were the first Men. First Men in Egypt. Who were the most ancient Gods of Egypt. Of their Demigods. Sol, Saturn, Rhea, Jupiter, Juno, Vulcan reigned in Egypt. Of Osiris and Isis. The Acts of Osiris and Isis. Hermes his Inventions. Osiris prepares for his Expedition through the World, and to that end raises a great Army.  
WHAT Notions they had of the Gods who first instituted Divine Worship, and what is fabulously related of every one of the Deities (because the Subject requires much to be said) we shall distinctly set forth: And whatever we conceive to be pertinent to the present History, we shall discourse of severally and distinct, that nothing worth Observation may be omitted And we shall here give an accurate Account (as far as the Antiquity of the matters will admit) of the Generation and Original of Mankind, and of the Affairs and Transactions of all Parts of the Known World, drawing down our History from the most ancient Times.  
Of the Origen therefore of Men, there are Two Opinions amongst the most 
Of the Opinions of the first Generation of Men.  famous and authentic Naturalists and Historians.  
Some of these are of Opinion, that the World had neither 
* Gr. Without Generation or Corruption.  Beginning, nor ever shall have End; and likewise say, that Mankind was from Eternity, and that there never was a Time when he first began to be. Others on the contrary, conceive both the World to be made, and to be corruptible, and that there was a certain Time when Man had first a Being.  
For whereas all things at the first were jumbled together, Heaven and Earth, 
Of the Beginning of the World.  were in one Mass, and had one and the same Form: But afterwards (they say) when Corporeal Being's appeared one after another, the World at length presented itself in the Order we now see; and that the Air was in continual agitation, whose fiery part ascended together to the highest Place, its nature (by reason of its Levity) tending always upwards; for which reason, both the Sun, and that vast number of the Stars, are contained within that Orb. That the gross and earthy Matter (clotted together by Moisture) by reason of its Weight sunk down below into one Place, is continually whirling about; the Sea was made of the Humid Parts; and the muddy Earth of the more Solid, as yet very meorish and soft; which by degrees at first was made crusty by the Heat of the Sun; and then after the Face of the Earth was parched, and as it were firmented, the Moisture afterwards in many Places bubled up, and appeared as so many Pustles wrapped up in thin and slender Coats and Skins; which may be even seen in standing Ponds, and Marish Places, when after the Earth has been pierced with Cold, the Air grows hot on a sudden, without a gradual Alteration. And whereas Moisture generates Creatures from Heat, as from a Seminal Principle, things so generated, by being enwrapped in the dewy Mists of the Night, grew and increased, and in the Day solidated, and were made hard by the Heat of the Sun; and when the Births included in those Ventricles had received their due proportion, than those slender Skins being burst asunder by the Heat, the Forms of all sorts of Living Creatures were brought forth into the Light; of which those that had most of Heat mounted aloft, 
† Gr. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  and were Fowl, and Birds of the Air; but those that were drossy, and had more of Earth, were numbered in the order of Creeping things, and other Creatures altogether used to the Earth. Then those Beasts that were naturally watery and moist (called Fishes) presently hastened to the place connatural to them; and when the Earth afterwards became more dry and solid by the Heat of the Sun, and the drying Winds, it had not power at length to produce any more of the greater living Creatures; but each that had an Animal Life, began to increase their Kind by mutual Copulation. And Euripides the Scholar of Anaxagoras, seems to be of the same Opinion, concerning the first Generation of all things; for in his Monalippe he has these Verses.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
A Mass confused, Heaven and Earth once were  
Of one Form; but after Separation,  
Then Men, Trees, Beasts of th' Earth, with Fowls of th' Air  
First sprang up in their Generation.  
But if this Power of the Earth to produce living Creatures at the first Origen of all things seem credible to any; the Egyptians do bring Testimonies of this Energy of the Earth, by the same things done there at this day. For they say, that about Thebes in Egypt, after the overflowing of the River Nile, the Earth 
Mice bred of Mud in Egypt.  thereby being covered with Mud and Slime, many Places putrify through the heat of the Sun, and thence are bred multitudes of Mice. It is certain therefore, that out of the Earth when it's hardened, and the Air changed from its due and natural Temperament, Animals are generated. By which means it came to pass, that in the first beginning of all things, various living Creatures proceeded from the Earth. And these are the Opinions touching the Original of Things.  
But Men, they say, at first, led a rude and brutish sort of Life, and wandered 
Mens first manner of Life.  up and down in the Fields, and fed upon Herbs, and the natural Fruit of the Trees. Their Words were confused, without any certain signification; but by degrees they spoke articulately, and making Signs, and giving proper Terms to every thing upon occasion; at length their Discourse became intelligible one to another: But being dispersed into several parts of the World, they spoke not all the same Language, every one using that Dialect proper to the Place, as his Lot fell: Upon which account there were various and all sorts of Languages in the World; and these Associations of Men, first planted all the Nations of the World.  
But forasmuch as what was useful for Man's Life, was not at the beginning found out, this first Race of Mankind lived a laborious and troublesome Life, as being as yet naked, not inur'd to Houses, nor acquainted with the use of Fire, and altogether destitute of Delicacies for their Food. For not knowing as yet how to house and lay up their Food, they had no Barns or Granaries where to deposit the Fruits of the Earth; and therefore many through Hunger and Cold perished in the Winter: But being at length taught by experience, they fled into Caves in the Winter, and laid up such Fruits as were fit to keep; and coming by degrees to the Knowledge of the usefulness of Fire, and of other Conveniences, they began to invent many Arts, and other things beneficial for Man's Life. What shall we say? Necessity was Man's Instructor, which made him skilful in every thing, being an Ingenious Creature, assisted (as with so many Servants) with Hands, Speech, and a Rational Soul, ready to put every thing in execution. But what we have here said concerning the first Generation of Mankind, and his way of living in old time may suffice, 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  designing to keep within due Bounds.  
And now we shall apply ourselves to recount those things that have been done in all the known Parts of the World, whereof there is any Memorial handed down to us.  
Who were the First Kings, we ourselves can neither assert nor agree with 
Who were the First Kings.  those Historians who affirm they know; for it's not possible that the Account given of Affairs, should be so ancient as to be contemporary with the first Kings; and if any should admit any such thing, yet it's apparent, that all the Historians extant lived long after those Times. For the Greeks themselves are not only in the dark concerning the Antiquity of Nations, but many of the Barbarians also, who call themselves Natural Inhabitants, and boast themselves to be the first of all other Men who have found out things beneficial to Mankind, and to have committed to writing, things done among them many Ages before. And as for us, we determine nothing certainly of the Antiquity of particular Nations, nor which Nation is ancienter than another, or how many Years one was before another. But that we may attain the Scope and End we have before designed, we shall distinctly set forth in these Chapters, what is reported concerning things done in the several Nations, and the Antiquity of them.  
We shall first speak of the Barbarians; not that we judge them more ancient than the Grecians (as Ephorus affirms) but that we are willing in the First place to relate many considerable things of them, that when we come afterwards to the History of the Greeks, we may not confound their Antiquity with the other which are of a foreign nature to them. And because the Gods are fabulously reported to be born in Egypt, and the first Observation of the Motion of the Stars is attributed to them, and that there are many remarkable and famous Actions of renowned Men recorded to be done amongst them, we shall begin with the Affairs of Egypt.  
The Egyptians report, that at the beginning of the World, the first Men were 
The first Men in Egypt.  created in Egypt, both by reason of the happy Climate of the Country, and the nature of the River Nile. For this River being very Fruitful, and apt to bring forth many Animals, yields of itself likewise Food and Nourishment for the things produced. For it yields the Roots of Canes, the Fruit of the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. A Tree yielding most sweet and delicious Fruit. See Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 13. c. 17.  Lote-Tree, the Egyptian Bean, that which they call 
† Corchorum, Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 21. c. 〈◊〉.  Cors●on, and such like Rarities for Man's Food, always ready at hand.  
And that all living Creatures were first produced among them, they use this Argument, that even at this day, about Thebes at certain Times, such vast Mice are bred, that it causes admiration to the Beholders; some of which to the Breast and Fore-feets are animated and begin to move, and the rest of the Body (which yet retains the nature of the Soil) appears without Form. Whence it's manifest, that in the beginning of the World, through the Fertileness of the Soil the first Men were formed in Egypt, being that in no other parts of the World any of these Creatures are produced; only in Egypt these supernatural Births may be seen.  
And that we may sum up all in a word: If in the time of Deucalion's Flood, the greatest part only of all living Creatures were destroyed, then of such as were so preserved, it's very probable that those in Egypt, especially, were of the number, whose Inhabitants lie under the South Pole, and the Country for the most part without Rain: Or if all that had Life generally perished (as some affirm) and that the Earth produced Animals anew; yet they say, that notwithstanding this, the chief production of things animated, is to be ascribed to this Country. For they affirm, that if the Showers which fall in any other Places, were warmed with the same Heat that is in Egypt, the Air would be of that Temperature, as that it would aptly conduce to the Generation of Animals, as at first, in the beginning of the World. For even at this day, such Births may be seen (in the Waters that have lain long) over all the watered Country of Egypt. For they affirm, that when the River returns into its Channel, and the Sun dries the Mud, living Creatures are generated, some perfect, others half formed, even cleaving to the Soil whence they are produced. 
Osiris, Isis, Ceres, Oceanus and Minerva, the most ancient Egyptian Gods.   
The first Generation of Men in Egypt, therefore contemplating the Beauty of the Superior World, and admiring with astonishment the frame and order of the Universe, judged there were Two chief Gods that were Eternal, that is to say, The Sun and the Moon, the first of which they called Osiris, and the other Isis, both Names having proper Etymologies; for Osiris in the Greek Language, signifies a Thing with many Eyes, which may be very properly applied to the Sun darting his Rays into every Corner, and as it were with so many Eyes viewing and surveying the whole Land and Sea, with which agrees the Poet,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 
〈◊〉 Odies. 〈◊〉 Ver. 〈◊〉.   
The Sun from's lofty Sphere all sees and hears.  
Some also of the ancient Greek Mythologists call Osiris Dionysus, and surname him Sirius, amongst whom Eumolphus in his Bacchanal Verses,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
Dionysus darts his Fiery Rays.  
And Orpheus; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
He's called Phanetes and Dionysus.  
Some likewise set him forth clothed with the spotted Skin of a Fawn (called Nebris) from the variety of Stars that surround him.  
Isis likewise being interpreted, signifies Ancient, that Name being ascribed to the Moon from Eternal Generations. They add likewise to her, Horns, because her Aspect is such in her Increase and in her Decrease, representing a Sickle; and because an Ox among the Egyptians is offered to her in Sacrifice. They hold that these Gods govern the whole World, cherishing and increasing all things; and divide the Year into Three Parts (that is to say, Spring, Summer and Autumn) by an invisible Motion perfecting their constant Course in that time: And though they are in their Nature's very differing one from another, yet they complete the whole Year with a most excellent Harmony and Consent. They say that these Gods in their Natures do contribute much to the Generation of all things, the one being of a hot and active Nature, the other moist and 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Cold.  cold, but both having something of the Air; and that by these, all things are both brought forth and nourished: And therefore that every particular Being in the Universe is perfected and completed by the Sun and Moon, whose Qualities, as before declared, are Five; A Spirit or quickening Efficacy, Heat or Fire, Dryness or Earth, Moisture or Water, and Air, of which the World does consist, as a Man made up of Head, Hands, Feet, and other parts. These Five they reputed for Gods, and the People of Egypt who were the first that spoke articulately, gave Names proper to their several Natures, according to the Language they then spoke. And therefore they called the Spirit Jupiter, which is such by Interpretation, because 
Jupiter, Spirit.  a quickening Influence is derived from this into all Living Creatures, as from the original Principle; and upon that account he is esteemed the common Parent of all things. And to this the most famous Poet of the Greeks gives Testimony, where speaking of this God he says—  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 
Hom. 〈…〉 d. 8. Ver. 54●.   
Of Men and Gods the Father.  
Fire they called by Interpretation Vulcan, and him they had in Veneration as a Great God, as he that greatly contributed to the Generation and Perfection of 
Vulcan, Fire.  all Being's whatsoever.  
The Earth, as the Common Womb of all Productions, they called Metera, as 
Metera, The Earth.  the Greeks in process of time, by a small alteration of one Letter, and an omission of Two Letters, called the Earth Demetra, which was anciently called Gen Metera, or the Mother Earth, as Orpheus attests in this Verse.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
The Mother Earth Demeter also called,  
Brings forth most richly—  
Water or Moisture, the Ancients called Oceanus; which by Interpretation is a 
Oceanus, Water.  nourishing Mother, and so taken by some of the Grecians, of which the Poet says thus,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 
Hom. Ilia. 14. Ver. 302.   
The Father of the Gods the Ocean is  
Tethys the Mother called—  
But the Egyptians account their Nile to be Oceanus, at which all the Gods were Born. For in Egypt, only among all the Countries in the World, are many Cities built by the ancient Gods, as by Jupiter, Sol, Mercury, Apollo, Pan, Elithia, and many others.  
To the Air they gave the Name of Minerva, signifying something proper 
Minerva, Air.  to the nature thereof, and called her the Daughter of Jupiter, and counted a Virgin, because the Air naturally is not subject to Corruption, and is in the highest part of the Universe; whence rises the Fable, that she was the Issue of Jupiter's Brain: They say she's called also Tritogeneia, or Thrice Begotten, because she changes her natural Qualities thrice in the Year, the Spring, Summer and Winter; and that she was called Glaucopis, not that she hath Grey Eyes (as some of the Greeks have supposed, for that's a weak Conceit) but because the Air seems to be of a Grey Colour, to the view. They report likewise, that these Five Gods travel through the whole World, representing themselves to Men sometimes in the shapes of Sacred living Creatures, and sometimes in the Form of Men, or some other Representation. And this is not a Fable, but very possible, if it be true, that these generate all things; and the 
* Homer.  Poet who travelled into Egypt, in some part of his Works, affirms this Appearance, as he learned it from their Priests,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
The Gods also like Strangers come from far,  
In divers Shapes within the Towns appear,  
Viewing men's good and wicked Acts:—  
And these are the Stories told by the Egyptians of the Heavenly and Immortal 
The Earthly Gods of Egypt.  Gods. And besides these, they say there are others that are Terrestrial, which were begotten of these former Gods, and were Originally Mortal Men, but by reason of their Wisdom and Beneficence to all Mankind, have obtained Immortality, of which some have been Kings of Egypt. Some of whom by Interpretation, have had the same Names with the Celestial Gods, others have kept their own proper Names. For they report that Sol, Saturn, Rhea, Jupiter, (surnamed by some Ammon) Juno, Vulcan, Vesta, and lastly, Mercury, reigned in Egypt; and that Sol was the first King of Egypt, whose Name was the same with the Celestial Planet called Sol.  
But there are some of the Priests who affirm Vulcan to be the first of their 
Vulcan the first Inventor of Fire.  Kings, and that he was advanced to that Dignity upon the account of being the first that sound out the use of Fire, which was so beneficial to all Mankind. For a Tree in the Mountains happening to be set on Fire by Lightning, the Wood next adjoining was presently all in a Flame; and Vulcan thereupon coming to the Place, was mightily refreshed by the heat of it, being then Winter Season; and when the Fire began to fail, he added more combustible Matter to it, and by that means preserving it, called in other Men to enjoy the Benefit of that which he himself was the first Inventor, as he gave out.  
Afterwards they say Saturn reigned, and married his Sister 
This Saturn is judged upon good grounds to be Naoh. Boccard. Phaleg. lib. 1. c. 1. f. 1. Stilling. Orig. Sacr. lib. 5. c. 5. Sect. 8.  Rhea, and that he begat of her Osiris and Isis; but others say, Jupiter and Juno, who for their great Virtues, ruled over all the World. That of Jupiter and Juno were born Five Gods, one upon every day of the Five Egyptian 
† These were Five Days added to the end of every Year, to make up their former Year to consist of 365 Days. See the Reason, Orig. Sacr. 9●, 91.  intercalary Days. The Names of these Gods are Osiris, Isis, Typhon, Apollo and Venus. That Osiris was interpreted Bacchus, and Isis plainly Ceres. That Osiris married Isis, and after he came to the Kingdom, did much, and performed many things for the common 
This Osiris was called Apis, and was King of Argos, and afterwards of Egypt. Vid. Strab. Plin. about the time of Jacob's leaving Laban, Anno Mund. 2205, before Christ 1744. Hely. Cron. but by Isaacson, Ann. Mund. 2778.  Benefit and Advantage of Mankind. For he was the first that forbade Men eating one another; and at the same time Isis found out the way of making of Bread of Wheat and Barley, which before grew here and there in the Fields amongst other common Herbs and Grass, and the use of it unknown: And Osiris teaching the way and manner of Tillage, and well management of the Fruits of the Earth, this change of Food became grateful; both because it was naturally sweet and delicious, and Men were thereby restrained from the mutual Butcheries one of another: For an evidence of this first finding out the use of these Fruits, they allege an ancient Custom amongst them: For even at this day, in the time of Harvest, the Inhabitants offer the first Fruits of the Ears of Corn, howling and wailing about the Handfuls they offer, and invoking this Goddess Isis: And this they do in return of due Honour to her for that Invention at the first. In some Cities also, when they celebrate the Feast of Isis in a Pompous Procession, they carry about Vessels of Wheat and Barley, in memory of the first Invention, by the care and industry of this Goddess. They say likewise, that Isis made many Laws for the good of Human Society, whereby Men were restrained from lawless Force and Violence one upon another, out of fear of Punishment. And therefore Ceres was called by the ancient Greeks, Themophorus (that is) Lawgiver, being the Princess that first constituted Laws for the better Government of her People.  
Osiris moreover built Thebes in Egypt, with an Hundred Gates, and called it 
Osiris' built Thebes.  after his Mother's Name: But in following Times, it was called Diospolis, and Thebes; of whose first Founder not only Historians, but the Priests of Egypt themselves, are much in doubt. For some say that it was not built by Osiris, but many Years after by a King of Egypt, whose History we shall treat of hereafter in its proper place. They report likewise, that he built Two magnificent Temples, and Dedicated them to his Parents, Jupiter and Juno; and likewise Two Golden 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Golden Temples.  Altars, the greater to the great God Jupiter; the other to his Father Jupiter, who had formerly reigned there, whom they call Ammon. That he also erected Golden Altars to other Gods, and instituted their several Rites of Worship, and appointed Priests to have the Oversight and Care of the Holy things. In the time of Osiris and Isis, Projectors and ingenious Artists were in great Honour and Esteem; and therefore in Thebes there were then Goldsmiths and Braziers, who made Arms and Weapons for the Killing of Wild Beasts, and other Instruments for the husbanding of the Ground, and improvement of Tillage; besides Images of the Gods, and Altars in Gold. They say that Osiris was much given to Husbandry, that he was the Son of Jupiter, brought up in Nisa, a Town of Arabia the Happy, near to Egypt, called by the Greeks Dionysus, from his Father, and the Place of his Education. 
* Homer.  The Poet in his Hymns makes mention of Nysa, as bordering upon Egypt, where he says,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
Far off from Phenice stands the Sacred Nyse,  
Where Streams of Eygypt's Nile begin to rise,  
On Mountain high with pleasant Woods adorned.  
Here near unto Nyse, (they say) he found out the use of the Vine, and there planting it, was the first that drank Wine; and taught others how to plant it and use it, and to gather in their Vintage, and to keep and preserve it. Above all others, he most honoured 
† Mercury, or Hermes his Inventions. This Mercury is supposed to be Joseph, by Bochart. Vid. Crale, Court of the Gent. Part 1. lib. 1. c. 4. p. 45.  Hermes, one of an admirable Ingenuity, and quick Invention, in finding out what might be useful to Mankind. This Hermes was the first (as they report) that taught how to speak distinctly and articulately, and gave Names to many things that had none before. He found out Letters, and instituted the Worship of the Gods; and was the first that observed the Motion of the Stars, and invented Music; and taught the manner of Wrestling; and invented Arithmetic, and the Art of curious 
* Of the exact framing of a Body.  Graving and Cutting of Statues. He first found out the Harp with Three Strings, in resemblance of the Three Seasons of the Year, causing Three several Sounds, the Triple, Base and Mean. The Triple, to represent the Summer; The Base, the Winter; and the Mean, the Spring. He was the first that taught the Greeks Eloquence; thence he's called Hermes, a Speaker or Interpreter. To conclude, he was Osiris' 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Sacred Scribe, to whom he communicated all his Secrets, and was chief steered by his Advice in every thing. He (not Minerva, as the Greeks affirm) found out the use of the Olive-tree, for the making of Oil. It's moreover reported, that Osiris being a Prince of a public Spirit, and very ambitious of Glory, raised a great Army, with which he resolved to go through all parts of the World that were inhabited, and to teach Men how to plant Vines, and to sow Wheat and Barley. For he hoped that if he could civilize Men, and take them off from their rude and Beastlike Course of Lives, by such a public good and advantage, he should raise a Foundation amongst all Mankind, for his immortal Praise and Honour, which happened accordingly. For not only that Age, but Posterity ever after honoured those among the chiefest of their Gods, that first found out their proper and ordinary Food. Having therefore settled his Affairs in Egypt, and committed the Government of his whole Kingdom to his Wife Isis, he joined with her Mercury, as her chief Councillor of State, because he far excelled all others in Wisdom and Prudence. But Hercules his near Kinsman, he left General of all his Forces within his Dominions, a Man admired by all for his Valour and Strength of Body. As to those parts which lay near Phoenicia, and upon the Seacoasts of them, he made Busiris Lord Lieutenant, and of Ethiopia and Lybia, Anteus.  
Then marching out of Egypt, he began his Expedition, taking along with him his Brother, whom the Greeks called Apollo. This Apollo is reported to have discovered the Laurel-Tree, which all Dedicate especially to this God. To Osiris they attribute the finding out of the Ivy-Tree, and dedicate it to him, as the Greeks do to Bacchus: And therefore in the Egyptian Tongue, they call Ivy Osiris' Plant, which they prefer before the Vine in all their Sacrifices, because this loses its Leaves, and the other always continues fresh and green: Which Rule the Ancients have observed in other Plants, that are always green, dedicating Myrtle to Venus, Laurel to Apollo, and the Olive-Tree to Pallas.  
It's said, that Two of his Sons accompanied their Father Osiris in this Expedition, one called Anubis, and the other Macedo, both valiant Men: Both of them wore Coats of Mail, that were extraordinary remarkable, covered with the Skins of such Creatures as resembled them in Stoutness and Valour. Anubis was covered with a Dog's, and Macedon with the Skin of a Wolf; and for this reason these Beasts are religiously adored by the Egyptians. He had likewise for his Companion, 
† The same with Cham.  Pan, whom the Egyptians have in great Veneration; for they not only set up Images and Statues up and down in every Temple, but built a City in Thebides after his Name, called by the Inhabitants † Chemmin, which by interpretation is 
* I'm called Pan.  Pan's City. There went along with them likewise those that were skilful in Husbandry, as Maro in the planting of Vines, and Triptolemus in sowing of Corn, and gathering in the Harvest.   

CHAP. II.  
The Continuance of Osiris' Expedition through Ethiopia, all Arabia, India and Europe. Buried by Isis and Mercury. How he was killed. His Death revenged by Isis and Orus. Two Bulls, Apis and Mnevis, worshipped in Egypt. Places discussed where Osiris and Isis were Buried. Histories of the Egyptian Priests. Their Tears, Lunar Tears. Giants. Laws about Marriage. Osiris and Isis, their Pillars and Inscriptions. Colonies out of Egypt.  
ALL things being now prepared, Osiris having vowed to the Gods to let his Hair grow till he returned into Egypt, marched away through Aethiopia; and for that very Reason it's a piece of Religion, and practised among the Egyptians at this Day, that those that travel Abroad, suffer their Hair to grow, till they return Home. As he passed through Ethiopia, a Company of Satyrs were presented to him, who (as it's reported) were all Hairy down to their Loins: For Osiris was a Man given to Mirth and Jollity, and took great pleasure in Music and Dancing; and therefore carried along with him a Train of Musicians, of whom Nine were Virgins, most Excellent Singers, and expert in many other things (whom the Greeks call Muses) of whom Apollo was the Captain; and thence called the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Leader of the Muses: Upon this account the Satyrs, who are natuturally inclined to skipping, dancing and singing, and all other sorts of Mirth, were taken in as part of the Army: For Osiris was not for War, nor came to fight Battles, and to decide Controversies by the Sword, every Country receiving him for his Merits and Virtues, as a God. In Ethiopia having instructed the Inhabitants in Husbandry, and Tillage of the Ground, and built several stately Cities among them, he left there behind him some to be Governors of the Country, and others to be Gatherers of his Tribute.  
While they were thus employed 'tis said that the River Nile, about the Dog-days 
Inundation of Nile.  (at which time it uses to be the highest) broke down its Banks, and overflowed the greatest part of Egypt, and that part especially where Prometheus governed, insomuch as almost all the Inhabitants were drowned; so that Prometheus was near unto Killing of himself for very grief of heart; and from the sudden and violent Eruption of the Waters, the River was called 
† Aetoes in Greek, because an Eagle is quick, lively and swift.  Eagle.  
Hercules, who was always for high and difficult Erterprises, and ever of a stout Spirit, presently made up the Breaches, and turned the River into its Channel, and kept in within its ancient Banks; and therefore some of the Greek Poets from this fact have forged a Fable, That Hercules 
* Shot through.  killed the Eagle that fed upon Prometheus his Heart. The most ancient Name of this River was Oceames, which in the Greek pronunciation is Oceanus; afterwards called Eagle, upon the violent Eruption. Lastly, it was called Egyptus, from the Name of a King that there reigned; which the Poet attests, who says,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
In th' River of Egyptus than I placed  
The Galleys swift—  
For near Thonis (as it's called) an ancient Mart Town of Egypt, this River empties itself into the Sea.  
The last Name which it still retains, it derives from Nileus, a King of those Parts.  
Osiris' being come to the Borders of Ethiopia, raised high Banks on either side of the River, lest in the time of its Inundation it should overflow the Country more than was convenient, and make it marish and boggy; and made Floodgates to let in the Water by degrees, as far as was necessary. Thence he passed through Arabia, bordering upon the Red Sea as far as to India, and the utmost Coasts that were inhabited: He built likewise many Cities in India, one of which he called Nysa, willing to have a remembrance of that in Egypt where he was brought up. At this Nysa in India, he planted Ivy, which grows and remains here only of 
Nysa in India.  all other Places in India, or the Parts adjacent. He left likewise many other Marks of his being in those Parts, by which the latter Inhabitants are induced to believe, and do affirm that this God was born in India.  
He likewise addicted himself much to hunting of Elephants; and took care to have Statues of himself in every place, as lasting Monuments of his Expedition. Thence passing to the rest of Asia, he transported his Army through the Hellespont into Europe; and in Thrace he killed Lycurgus' King of the Barbarians, who opposed him in his Designs. Then he ordered Maro (at that time an Old Man) to take care of the Planters in that Country, and to build a City, and call it Maronea, after his own Name. Macedon his Son he made King of Macedonia, so calling it after him. To Triptolemus he appointed the Culture and Tillage of the Land in Attica. To conclude, Osiris having travelled through the whole World, by finding out Food fit and convenient for Man's Body, was a Benefactor to all Mankind. Where Vines would not grow and be fruitful, he taught the Inhabitants to make Drink of Barley, little interior in strength and pleasant Flavour to Wine itself. He brought back with him into Egypt the most precious and richest things 
Beer anciently.  that ever place did afford; and for the many Benefits and Advantages that he was the Author of, by the common Consent of all Men, he gained the Reward of Immortality and Honour equal to the Heavenly Deities.  
After his Death, Isis and Mercury celebrated his Funeral with Sacrifices and other Divine Honours, as to one of the Gods, and instituted many Sacred Rites mystical Ceremonies in Memory of the mighty Works wrought by this Hero, now Deified. Anciently the Egyptian Priests kept the manner of the Death of Osiris' secret in their own Registers among themselves; but in aftertimes it fell out, that some that could not hold, blurted it out, and so it came Abroad. For they say that Osiris, while he governed in Egypt with all Justice imaginable, was Murdered by his wicked Brother Typhon; and that 
This Osiris was murdered about the time Jacob with his whole Family came into Egypt: As 〈◊〉 H●lvicus Cro. An. Mund. 2239. Vid. Sir Walter Rawl. History, lib. 2. part 1. cap. 2. sect. 5. That this Osiris was Misraim, the Son of Cham.  he mangled his dead Body into Six and Twenty Pieces, and gave to each of his Confederates in the Treason a Piece, by that means to bring them all within the same horrid Gild, and thereby the more to engage them to advance him to the Throne, and to defend and preserve him in the Possession.  
But Isis, the Sister and Wife likewise of Osiris, with the assistance 
In the time of this Orus, Jacob is said to come into Egypt. Sir Walter Rawl. lib. 2. part 1. c. 2. sect. 5. Helvicus says in the time of Osiris, An. Mun. 2239.  of her Son Orus, revenged his Death upon Typhon and his Complices, and possessed herself of the Kingdom of Egypt. It's said the Battle was fought near a River not far off a Town now called Antaea in Arabia, so called from Anteus, whom Hercules slew in the time of Osiris. She found all the Pieces of his Body, save his Privy Members; and having a desire to conceal her Husband's Burial, yet to have him honoured as a God by all the Egyptians, she thus contrived it. She closed all the Pieces together, cementing them with Wax and Aromatic Spices, and so brought it to the shape of a Man of the bigness of Osiris; then she sent for the Priests to her, one by one, and swore them all that they should not discover what she should then intrust them with. Then she told them privately, that they only should have the Burial of the King's Body; and recounting the many good Works he had done, charged them to bury the Body in a proper place among themselves, and to pay unto him all Divine Honour, as to a God. That they should Dedicate to him one of the Beasts bred among them, which of them they pleased, and that while it was alive, they should pay it the same Veneration as they did before to Osiris himself; and when it was dead, that they should Worship it with the same Adoration and Worship given to Osiris. But being willing to encourage the Priests to these Divine Offices by Profit and Advantage, she gave them the Third part of the Country for the Maintenance of the Service of the Gods and their Attendance at the Altars.  
In memory therefore of Osiris' good Deeds, being incited thereunto by the Commands of the Queen, and in expectation of their own Profit and Advantage, the Priests exactly performed every thing that Isis enjoined them; and therefore every Order of the Priests at this Day are of opinion that Osiris is buried among them. And they have those Beasts in great Veneration, that were so long since thus consecrated; and renew their Mournings for Osiris over the Graves of those Beasts. There are Two sacred Bulls especially, the one called Apis, and the other 
Apis and Mnevis.  Mnevis, that are Consecrated to Osiris, and reputed as Gods generally by all the Egyptians. For this Creature of all others was extraordinarily serviceable to the first Inventors of Husbandry, both as to the Sowing Corn, and other Advantages concerning Tillage, of which all reaped the Benefit. Lastly, they say, that after the Death of Osiris, Isis made a Vow never to Marry any other Man, and spent the rest of her Days in an exact Administration of Justice among her Subjects, excelling all other Princes in her Acts of Grace and Bounty towards her own People; and therefore after her Death, she was numbered among the Gods, and as such had Divine Honour and Veneration, and was buried at Memphis, where they show her Sepulchre at this day in the Grove of Vulcan.  
Yet there are some that deny that these Gods are Buried at Memphis; but near the Mountains of Ethiopia and Egypt, in the Isle of Nile, lying near to a place called Philas, and upon that account also named the Holy Field. They confirm this by undoubted Signs and Marks left in this Island, as by a Sepulchre built and erected to Osiris, religiously Reverenced by all the Priests of Egypt, wherein are laid up Three Hundred and Threescore 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Bowls, which certain Priests appointed for that purpose, fill every Day with Milk, and call upon the Gods by Name, with Mourning and Lamentation. For that cause none go into the Island but Priests. The Inhabitants of 
* Or of Thebais the higher Egypt.  Thebes (which is the most ancient City of Egypt) account it a great Oath, and by no means to be violated, if a Man swear by Osiris that lies buried at Philas.  
The several parts therefore of Osiris being found, they report were buried in this manner before related; but his Privy-Members (they say) were thrown into the River by Typhon, because none of his Partners would receive them; and yet that they were divinely honoured by Isis; for she commanded an Image 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  of this very part to be set up in the Temples, and to be religiously adored; and in all their Ceremonies and Sacrifices to this God, she ordered that part to be held in divine Veneration and Honour. And therefore the Grecians, after they had learned the Rites and Ceremonies of the Feasts of Bacchus, and the 
† Noise and rude Shouting at the Feasts of Bacchus.  Orgian Solemnities from the Egyptians in all their Myteries and Sacrifices to this God, they adored that Member by the Name of Phallus.  
From 
* Mizraim the Son of Cham.  Osiris and Isis, to the Reign of Alexander the Great, who built a City after his own Name, the Egyptian Priests reckon above 
† These must be understood Lunary Years of Thirty Days, as the Egyptians used to account. Vid. Plut. Numa, Lact. lib. 2. c. 12. p. 118. Orus the Son of Osiris, was Born An. Mund. 1778. Alexander's Conquest of Egypt, An. Mun. 3661. which is 1889 Years after, which makes up 22996 Lunar Years, and 15 Days, which comes near to this Account of Diodorus. Orig. Sacr. c. 5.  Ten Thousand Years, or (as some writ) little less than Three and Twenty Thousand Years. They affirm, that those that say this God Osiris was born at Thebes in Boetia of Jupiter and Semele, relate that which is false. For they say that Orpheus, after he came into Egypt, was initiated into the Sacred Mysteries of Bacchus or Dionysus, and being a special Friend to the Thebans in Boetia, and of great esteem among them, to manifest his Gratitude, transferred the Birth of Bacchus or Osiris over into Greece.  
And that the Common People, partly out of Ignorance, and partly out of a desire they had that this God should be a Grecian, readily received these Mysteries and Sacred Rites among them; and that Orpheus took the occasion following to fix the Birth of the God and his Rites and Ceremonies among the Greeks: As thus, Cadmus (they say) was born at Thebes in Egypt, and amongst other Children begat Semele: That she was got with Child by one unknown, and was delivered at Seven months' end of a Child very like to Osiris, as the Egyptians describe him. But such Births are not used to live, either because it is not the pleasure of the Gods it should be so, or that the Law of Nature will not admit it. The Matter coming to Cadmus his Ear, being before warned by the Oracle to protect the Laws of his Country, he wrapped the Infant in Gold, and instituted Sacrifices to be offered to him, as if Osiris had appeared again in this shape; and caused it to be spread abroad, that it was begotten of Jupiter, thereby both to honour Osiris, and to cover his Daughter's Shame. And therefore it is a common Report among the Grecians, that Semele, the Daughter of Cadmus, was got with Child by Jupiter, and by him had Osiris.  
In Aftertimes, Orpheus, by reason of his excellent Art and Skill in Music, 
Orpheus.  and his Knowledge in Theology, and Institution of Sacred Rites and Sacrifices to the Gods, was greatly esteemed among the Grecians, and especially was received and entertained by the Thebans, and by them highly honoured above all others; who being excellently learned in the Egyptian Theology, brought down the Birth of the ancient Osiris, to a far later time, and to gratify the Cadmeans or Thebans, instituted new Rites and Ceremonies, at which he ordered that it should be declared to all that were admitted to those Mysteries, that 
* Osiris was called Dionysus or Bacchus.  Dionysus or Osiris was begotten of Semele by Jupiter. The People therefore partly through Ignorance, and partly by being deceived with the dazzling Luster of Orpheus his Reputation, and with their good Opinion of his Truth and Faithfulness in this matter (especially to have this God reputed a Grecian, being a thing that humoured them) began to use these Rites, as is before declared. And with these Stories the Mythologists and Poets have filled all the theatres, and now it's generally received as a Truth not in the least to be questioned. To conclude, The Priests say, that the Grecians have arrogated to themselves both their Gods and Demigods (or 
The Stories of the Heroes and Gods the Grecians derived from the Egyptians.  Heroes,) and say that divers Colonies were transported over to them out of Egypt: For Hercules was an Egyptian, and by his Valour made his way into most parts of the World, and set up a Pillar in Africa; and of this they endeavour to make proof from the Grecians themselves. For whereas it is owned by all, that Hercules assisted the Gods in the Giant's War, it's plain that at that time when the Grecians say Hercules was born, the Earth had not then strength to produce Giants, neither were there any in those Days, that is to say, in the Age next before the Trojan War; but rather (as the Egyptians affirm) at the first Generation and Beginning of Mankind; from which Time the Egyptians account above Ten Thousand Years; but from the Trojan War, not Twelve Hundred: And according to this Computation of the Egyptians, a Club and Lion's Skin may agree well enough with the ancient Hercules; for the use of Arms not being at that time found out, Men fought with Clubs and Staves, and covered their Bodies with Beasts Skins. This ancient Hercules they say was the Son of Jupiter, but know not who was his Mother: But he who was the Son of Alemena, they affirm was born above Ten Thousand Years after the other, and was called at first Alceus; but afterwards Hercules, not that he had that honourable Surname from 
* Juno is called by the Greeks, Heras, and Hercules, Heracles.  Juno (as Matris says) but assumed to himself the Name out of emulation, desirous to do as great things as the ancient Hercules, and so to inherit as well his Fame and Glory as his Name.  
Moreover, the Grecians have a very ancient Tradition, which agrees with the Egyptians, that Hercules freed the Earth from wild Beasts; which cannot possibly be applied to him who flourished about the Times of the Trojans, when most Parts of the World were free from such annoyances, by improvement of Lands and Multitudes of Populous Cities. But the reduction of the World to a more civil course of Living, agrees best with the ancient Hercules, when Men were as yet vexed and plagued with wild Beasts; and especially in Egypt, whose upper part is a Wilderness, and full of Wild Beasts at this very Day. And 'tis but very reasonable to think that Hercules should mind the Prosperity and Welfare of Egypt, his own Country, and free the Land from Beasts, and so deliver it into the Hands of the Husbandman, to be improved by Tillage; and that upon this account he was Honoured as a God.  
They report likewise, that Perseus was born in Egypt, and that the Grecians have transferred from thence the Birth of Isis into Argos, inventing a Story that she was the same with Io, who was metamorphosed into a Bull. And indeed there are great Differences and Disputes concerning these Gods: For some call the same Goddess Isis, others call her Ceres; some 
† A Lawgiver.  Thesmophorus, others Luna, others Juno, and some by all these Names.  
They term Osiris sometimes Serapis, sometimes Dionysus, and sometimes Pluto; then again Ammon; sometimes Jupiter, and often Pan. There are some likewise that say, Serapis is the same, whom the Grecians call Pluto.  
The Egyptians report that Isis found out many Medicines for the Recovery of men's Health, being very expert in the Art of Physic, and contrived many Remedies for that purpose; and therefore even now when she is advanced to an immortal State, she takes pleasure in curing men's Bodies, and to those that desire her assistance, in their sleep she clearly manifests her presence, and affords ready and effectual Relief to them that stand in need of it.  
For clear proof of all this, they say, they have not only the usual Fables of the Greeks, but the undoubted Evidence of the fact to confirm it; and that almost the whole World bears Testimony to this, by the Respect and Honour they pay to this Goddess upon the account of her great Fame in curing of Diseases: For in Sleep she's present with Persons, and applies Remedies to the Sick, and wonderfully cures those that are her Votaries. That many that have been given off by the Physicians as incurable, have been restored by her; and that many that have been blind and lame, who have sought to her for help, have been perfectly restored to their former Sight, and Soundness of Body.  
They say she found out a Medicine that would raise the Dead to Life, with 
Orus the last of the Gods, King of Egypt.  which she not only raised her Son Orus, that was killed by the Titans, and found dead in the Water, but by that Application made him Immortal. This Orus was the last of the Gods that reigned in, Egypt, after the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Translation of Osiris his Father. This Orus, they say, by interpretation is Apollo, who being taught by his Mother Isis, the Art of Physic and Divination, was very beneficial to Mankind in these respects.  
The Egyptian Priests in their Computation of Time do reckon above Three and Twenty Thousand Years from the Reign of Sol, to the passage of Alexander the Great into Asia.  
In their fabulous Stories they say, that the most ancient of their God's reigned Twelve Hundred Years, and the latter no less than Three Hundred Years apiece. Whereas this great number of Years seems incredible, some have not stuck to affirm that the motion of the Sun not being then known, the Year was reckoned according to the Course of the Moon; and therefore the Solar Year, consisting 
Lunary Years, 30 Days a Month.  then but of Three Hundred Days, some of them were sure to live Twelve Hundred Lunary Years; and even at this Day now that there are Twelve Months in the Year, many live a Hundred Solar Years.  
The like they say of them that reigned Three Hundred Years: For in their Time (they say) the Year was made up of 
† So that there was Three Years in one Solar Year.  Four Months, every Four applicable to each of the Three 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Times or Seasons.  Seasons of the Solar Year, that is to say, Spring, Summer and Winter; which is the reason that some of the Grecians call Years, Horas, Seasons; and Historical Annals, Horography.  
The Egyptians moreover among their Fables report, that in the Time of Isis, there were Men of vast Bodies, whom the Grecians call Giants, and whom they place in their Temples in prodigious Shapes, who are whipped and scourged by them that Sacrifice to Osiris. Some idly give forth, that they sprang from the Earth, when at first it gave Being to Living Creatures. Others report, that from many extraordinary things done by Men of strong Bodies, the Fables and Stories of Giants arose. But in this most agree, that for the War they raised against the Gods, Jupiter and Osiris, they were all destroyed.  
It was a Law likewise (they say) in Egypt, against the Custom of all other Nations, that Brothers and Sisters might Marry one with another, which accordingly was prosperous and successful in the Marriage of Isis, who married her Brother Osiris, and after his Death made a Vow never to marry any other Man; and after she had revenged her Husband's Death upon his Murderers, she governed the Kingdom, and reigned justly all her Days; and did good universally to all sorts of People, obliging them with many and extraordinary Benefits and Advantages. And for her sake it is a Custom among them, that they honour a Queen, and allow her more Power and Authority than a King: And in their Contracts of Marriage Authority is given to the Wife over her Husband, at which time the Husbands promise to be obedient to their Wives in all things. 
Obedience to Wives in Egypt.   
Isis' was Buried at Memphis, where at this day her Shrine is to be seen in the Grove of Vulcan: Although some affirm, that these Gods lie Buried in the Isle of Nile, at Philas, as is before said. Neither am I ignorant that some Writers say, their Sepulchers are at Arabia; whence Dionysus is called Nysaeus; there they say is a Pillar erected to each of the Deities with Inscriptions of Sacred Letters upon them; in one of which, that belonging to Isis, are these Words— 
I am Isis, Queen of all this Country, the Scholar of Mercury: What Laws I have made, none ought to disannul. I am the Eldest Daughter of the Youngest God, Saturn. I am the Wife and Sister of King Osiris. I am she that first found out Corn for Man's use. I am the Mother of King Orus. I am she that arises in the Dog-Star. The City Bubastus was built in memory of me. Farewell, rejoice O Egypt that was my Nurse, that brought me up.   
Upon Osiris' Pillar are these that follow. 
My Father was Saturn, the Youngest of all the God's. I am Osiris, that led an Army through all the Nations, as far as to the Deserts of India, and in the Country's lying to the North, as far as to the Head Springs of the River Ister; and to other Parts, as far as to the Ocean. I am the Eldest Son of Saturn, a Branch of a famous noble Stock, Cousin German to the Day. There's not a Place in the World where I have not been; and what I have discovered, I have imparted to all.   
So much of the Inscriptions on the Pillars (they say) may be read, the rest is defaced and worn out through length of Time. Thus therefore many disagree concerning the Sepulchers of these Gods, because the Priests, who were secretly instructed in the perfect Knowledge of these matters, would not suffer them to be spread abroad, out of fear of those Punishments that such were liable unto, who revealed the Secrets of the Gods.  
They report, that afterwards many Colonies out of Egypt were dispersed over 
Colonies out of Egypt.  all parts of the World: That Belus (who was taken to be the Son of Neptune and Lybra) led a Colony into the Province of Babylon, and fixing his Seat at the River Euphrates, Consecrated Priests, and according to the custom of the Egyptians, freed 
Babylonians.  them from all public Taxes and Impositions. These Priests the Babylonians call Chaldeans, who observe the Motions of the Stars, in imitation of the Priests, Naturalists and Astrologers of Egypt. That Danaus likewise took from thence another Colony, and planted them in Argos, the most ancient City almost of all Greece. And that the People of Cholchos, in Pontus, and the 
* Cholchians, Jews. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Circumcision.  Jews lying between Arabia and Syria, were Colonies out of Egypt; and that therefore it is an ancient Custom among these Nations, to Circumcise all their Male Children after the Rites and Customs received from the Egyptians. That the Athenians likewise are a Colony of the 
† Athenians, The Saits of the City Sais near one of the Mouths of Nile in Delta, in the lower Egypt.  Saits, which came out of Egypt, and are their Kindred, they endeavour to prove by these Arguments; (That is to say) That they only of all the Greeks call the City Astu, from Astu a City among those People of the Saits: And that for the better Government of the Commonwealth, they divide their People into the same Ranks and Degrees as they in Egypt do, to wit, into Three Orders; the first of which are called 
* The Nobility.  Eupatride, employed for the most part in studying the Liberal Arts and Sciences, and are advanced to the highest Offices and Places of Preferment in the State, as the Priests of Egypt are. The Second Order of Men are the Rustic and Country People, who are to be Soldiers, and take up Arms upon all occasions for the Defence of their Country, like to those who are called 
† tilers of the Ground.  Husbandmen in Egypt, who furnish out Soldiers there. In the Third Rank are reckoned Tradesmen and Artificers, who commonly bore all the necessary and public Offices, which agrees exactly with the Orders and Usage among the Egyptians.  
They say likewise, that there were some of the Athenian Generals that came 
Captain's out of Egypt. Vid. Plutarch Theseus.  out of Egypt. For they affirm, that Peteos the Father of Menestheus, who was a Captain in the Trojan War, was an Egyptian, and afterwards was King of Athens. That the Athenians had not Wit enough to find out the true reason why Two Natures were ascribed to him; for every Man knows that he was called Half a Beast, that is, half a Man, and half a Beast; and the true ground was, because he was a Member of Two several Commonwealths, a Grecian and a Barbarian. 
* The Fourth King of Athens, time of the Exodus of the Children of Israel.  Erechtheus likewise, one of the Kings of Athens, they say was an Egyptian, which they prove by these Arguments, viz. That whereas there was a great Drought (as all confess) almost over all the World, 
† This seems to be the Seven Years Famine. Scarcity all over the World but in Egypt.  except Egypt only (because of the peculiar property of the Place) which destroyed both Men and the Fruits of the Earth together, Erechtheus transported a great quantity of Corn to Athens out of Egypt, because they and the Egyptians were of the same Kindred; with which Kindness the Citizens were so affected, that they advanced him to the Kingdom. After which, he instituted the Festivals, and taught the Egyptian Rites and Mysteries of Ceres in Eleusina.  
They say moreover, that it's reported upon good ground, that the Goddess herself came into Attica at that time when Corn and other goodly Fruit in her Name were transported thither; and that therefore it seemed as if she had again renewed the Invention of Seed, as she did at the beginning. Likewise that the Athenians themselves confess, that in the Reign of Erichtheus, when the Drought had burnt up all the Fruits of the Earth, Ceres came thither and gave them Corn. And that the Rites and Mysteries of this Goddess, were then begun in Eleusina, and that the Sacrifices and ancient Ceremonies, both of the Athenians and Egyptians, are one and the same: And that they took the original of their 
* Priests or Magistrates of Athens.  Eumolphide from the Egyptian Priests, and their Heralds from their 
† Pastaphori, Egyptian Priests, who carried the Coat of Venus, whose Name was Pastos.  Pastophori. Further, that only the Grecians swear by the Name of Isis, and that in all their Manners and Customs, they are altogether like the Egyptians. These and many other such like Arguments they bring to maintain this Colony, more (I think) out of Ambition, because of the Glory and Renown of that City, than any ground of Truth they have for their Assertion. To conclude, the Egyptians say, that many Parts of the World were planted by their Ancestors, by Colonies sent from thence, by means of the State and Grandeur of their Kings, and the vast number of their People. Which Reports not being supported with sufficient Arguments, nor attested by credible Authors, we think 'em not worthy of any further Account. But thus much we thought fit to say of the Egyptian Theology.   

CHAP. III.  
The Description of Egypt. Of the Lake of Serbon. The Nature of the River Nile. The Cataracts; the Mouths of Nile. The Fruits of Egypt. The Beasts, Crocodile, etc. Several Opinions concerning the Inundation of Nile.  
AND now we shall endeavour to treat distinctly of the Country itself, and the River Nile, and other things worthy of Remark. The Land of Egypt almost all lies wholly to the South, and is naturally fortified, and the most pleasant Country of any of the Kingdoms round about it. For on the West it's defended by the Deserts of Libya, full of Wild Beasts, running out a vast way in Length; where the Passage is both difficult, and extremely hazardous, through want of Water, and other Provision. On the South it's environed with the Cataracts of Nile, and the Mountains adjoining. For from the Country of the Troglodytes, and the higher Parts of Ethiopia, for the space of Five Thousand and Five Hundred Furlongs, there's no passing either by Land or Water, without such a measure of Provision as a King himself could only be furnished with. Those Parts towards the East, are partly secured by the River, and partly surrounded by the Deserts and by the Marshes called the 
† Lake of Serbon, Plin. Na. Hist. lib. 5. c. 1●. In his time but a small Lake, said to be once 50 Miles in compass.  Barathra. For there's a Lake between Coelo-Syria and Egypt, very narrow, but exceeding deep, even to a Wonder, two Hundred Furlongs in length, called Serbon: If any through Ignorance approach it, they are lost irrecoverably; for the Channel being very narrow, like a Swadling-band, and compassed round with vast heaps of Sand, great quantities of it are cast into the Lake, by the continued Southern Winds, which so cover the Surface of the Water, and make it to the view so like unto Dry Land, that it cannot possibly be distinguished; and therefore many unacquainted with the nature of the Place, by missing their way, have been there swallowed up, together with whole Armies. For the Sand being trod upon, sinks down and giveth way by degrees, and like a malicious Cheat, deludes and decoys them that come upon it, till too late when they see the mischief they are likely to fall into, they begin to support and help one another, but without any possibility either of returning back, or escaping certain Ruin; for sinking into the Gulf, they are neither able to swim (the Mud preventing all motion of the Body) nor in a capacity to wade out, having nothing firm to support them for that purpose; for Sand and Water being mixed together, the Nature of both is thereby so changed, that there's neither fording, nor passing over it by Boat. Being brought therefore to this pass, without the least possibility of help to be afforded 'em, they go together with the Sand to the Bottom of the Gulf, at the very Brink of the Bog; and so the Place agreeable to its nature is called 
* Barathrum, a deep Gulf.  Barathrum.  
Having spoken of the Three Boundaries of Egypt, by which it is distinguished from the rest of the Continent, we now proceed to the next.  
The Fourth side is near surrounded with a 
† The Medeterranean.  vast Sea, without any Harbours, being a very long and tedious Voyage, and very difficult to find any place of Landing. For from Parcetonium in Africa, to Joppa in Coelo-Syria, for the space almost of 
* Five Thousand Furlongs. Eight Hundred Miles.  Five Thousand Furlongs, there's not one safe Harbour to be found, except Pharus. Then again all along the Coasts of Egypt, the Sea is full of Rocks and Sands, not discernible by Mariners unacquainted with the Places; so that when they look upon themselves as safe, and to have escaped the danger of the Seas, and make with great joy to Land (wanting skill to steer aright) they are on a sudden and unexpectedly shipwrackt. Others inconsiderately, because they cannot see the Land, in regard it lies so low, are carried either into the Bogs, or to the Deserts. And in this manner is Egypt naturally guarded on every side. It's of a long Form or Shape; that part that lies along to the Sea-Coast stretches forth itself in length 
† 320 Miles.  Two Thousand Furlongs; but to the South it runs almost 
* 960 Miles.  Six Thousand Furlongs. It was anciently the most Populous Country in the World, and at this day not inferior to any. It was formerly full of Famous Towns, and had in it above Eighteen Thousand Cities, as is to be seen registered in their Sacred Records: And in the time of Ptolemy Lagus, there were reckoned above Three Thousand, which remain still to this day. Once they say in a General Account taken of all the Inhabitants, they amounted to Seven Millions; and at this time are no less than Three Millions of People. And therefore they say that their Kings by the help of such a Multitude, left behind them in their great and wonderful Works, eternal Monuments of their state and grandeur; which we shall by and by distinctly treat of: But at present we shall speak of the nature of Nile, and of the property of the Soyl.  
Nile runs from the South towards the North from Spring-heads hitherto unknown, 
The nature of Nile.  for they are in the utmost Borders of Ethiopia, where by reason of the vast Deserts, and Extremity of Heat, there's no coming. It's the greatest of all other Rivers, and runs through many Countries, and therefore has many large Turn and Wind, sometimes making its Way to the East and Arabia, and then again to the West and Lybia. For it runs down from the Mountains of Ethiopia, till it empties itself into the Sea, at least 
† 1920 Miles.  Twelve Thousand Furlongs, accounting the several Wind it makes in the way. In its Course it makes many Islands; amongst many others in Ethiopia, one remarkable for its Greatness, called Meroes', 
* About 3 Miles.  Two and Twenty Furlongs broad. But in the lower Places its swelling Waves grow narrower, and the Current divides itself into Two Channels towards the Continents that lie on either side the Island. One of the Currents bends towards Africa, and is at length swallowed up in a Bed of Sand of an incredible Depth: The other makes its Course towards Arabia, on the other side, and falls into deep Guts and vast Bogs, inhabited round by divers Nations; entering at last into Egypt, it keeps no direct Course, but turns and winds here and there in some Places Ten Furlongs in breadth, in others less, sometimes running towards the East, then to the West, and sometimes back again to the South. For Mountains stand on both sides the River, and take up a large Tract of Ground; and the River forcing itself with great violence against straight and narrow Precipices, the Water is driven back, and flows over the Neighbouring Fields; and after it has run a considerable way towards the South, it returns at length to its natural Course. And though this River is thus remarkable above all others, yet this is especially observable in it, that its Stream runs calm and smooth, without any violent Surges, or tempestuous Waves, except at the Cataracts; a Place of 
Cataracts.  Ten Furlongs being so called, running down in a Precipice, in a strait and narrow Passage amongst steep Rocks; the whole is a rugged shelvy Gulf, where there lie many great Stones, like huge Rocks. The Water dashing violently against these Rocks, is beaten back, and rebounds the contrary way, by which are made wonderful Whirlpools, and by the repeated Influx, the whole Place is covered with Froth and Foam, to the no small amazement of the Beholders: For the River there runs down with as quick and violent a Current, as an Arrow out of a Bow. Sometimes it happens that (these Rocks, and the whole Gulf being covered with the vast quantity of Waters of the Nile) some Ships driven with contrary Winds are hurried down the Cataract, but there's no possibility of Sailing up against it, the force of the Stream baffling all the Art of Man. There are many Cataracts of this kind, but the greatest is that in the Confines of Ethiopia and Egypt.  
How the River Nile makes several Islands near Ethiopia (amongst which Meroe 
Meroe.  is the chief) is before declared. In this Island is a Famous City of the same Name, which Cambyses built, and called it after the Name of his Mother Meroe. This Island is said to be of the shape of a Shield, and for Greatness exceeding all the rest of the Islands in those Parts, being 
† 3000 Furlongs is about 360 Miles.  Three Thousand Furlongs in Length, and a 
* Note, Above he says it was but 22 Furlongs broad; now 1000, which is about 120 Miles.  Thousand in Breadth, having in it many Cities, of which Meroe is the Noblest. The Island is surrounded towards the Coasts of Lybia with vast Heaps of Sand, all along close to the River, and towards Arabia run along steep rocky Mountains. It's said there are in it Mines of Gold, Silver, Iron and Brass, a great number of Ebony Trees, and all sorts of precious Stones. To conclude, there are so many Islands made by this River, that it's scarce credible. For besides those Islands in that part of Egypt called Delta, there are (they say) Seven Hundred, some of which the Ethiopians inhabit, and sow with Millet; others are so pestered with Serpents, 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Cynocephales', Monkeys that have Heads like Dogs, are fierce and cruel, Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 8. c. 54.  Baboons, and all Kind's of hurtful Beasts, that it's dangerous to come into them.  
The River Nile parting itself into several Channels in Egypt, makes that part called Delta, so called from the shape resembling that 
* δ.  Greek Letter. The Two Sides of this Delta are fashioned by the Two extreme Branches of the River; the Foot of this Letter is the Sea, where the Seven Mouths of Nile disgorge themselves. 
The Mouths of Nile.  For there are Seven Places called Mouths, through which it empties itself into the Ocean. The first lying to the most Eastward Channel, is at Pelusium, called 
† Now Damiata. 1. Pelusian. 2. Tanitian. 3. Mendesian. 4. Pathmetian, or Fatnian, by Strabo. 5. Sebinnitian, 6. Bolbinitian. 7. Canopian.  Pelusaicum; the Second Taniticum; the Third Mendesium; the Fourth Phatniticum; the Fifth Sebenyticum; the Sixth Bolbitinum, and the last Canopicum or Herculeum, as some call it. There are some other Mouths made by Art, of which it's not material to write. At every of the Mouths is a City built on either side of the River, defended with strong Guards and Bridges on each Bank. From Pelusaicum as far as to the Arabian Gulf, and the Red Sea, is a Canal cut out. Necos the Son of Psameticus, was the First that began this Work, 
Attempt to cut through the Isthmus to the Red Sea.  and after him Darius the Persian carried it on, but left it unfinished, being told by some that if he cut it through the Isthmus, all Egypt would be drowned, for that the Red Sea lay higher than Egypt. The last Attempt was made by Ptolemy the Second, who cut a Sluice cross over the Isthmus in a more convenient Place, which 
Ptolemy's River.  he opened when he had a mind to Sail down that way, and then presently after shut up again; which Contrivance proved very useful and serviceable. The River which runs through this Cut is called Ptolemy, after the Name of the Maker. Where it falls into the 
† The Red Sea.  Sea, there's a City built called 
* Asinoe, now Azirus.  Arsinoe. Delta is of the shape of Sicily: Both sides are Seven Hundred and Fifty Furlongs in length, and the Foot which lies along the Sea-Coast, is Thirteen Hundred Furlongs.  
This Island has in it many Dikes and Sluices cut by Art, and is the most sweet and pleasantest part of Egypt; for being enriched and watered by the River, it produces all sorts of Grain and other Fruits; and by the Yearly overflowing of the River, the Face of the Ground is still continually renewed, and the Inhabitants have an easy way to water it by means of a certain Engine, invented by Archimedes the Syracusian, which from its Form is called 
† A Snail's Shell.  Choclia. And whereas the Nile flows gently over it, it brings along with it much Soil, which resting in low and hollow Grounds, makes very rich Marshes. For in these Places grow Roots of several Tastes and Savours, and Fruits and Herbs of a singular nature and quality, which are very useful both to the Poor, and those that are Sick; for they do not only afford plentifully in every Place things for Food, but all other things necessary and useful for the Life of Man. There grows in great Plenty Lotus, of 
Lotus, Vid. Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 13. c. 17. Ciborium.  which the Egyptians make Bread for the nourishment of Man's Body. Here's likewise produced in plenty Ciborium, called the Egyptian Bean. Here are divers sorts of Trees, amongst which those called 
* Persica, Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 13. c. 9 Sycamore, Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 13. c. 7. Bates.  Persica, whose Fruit is of wonderful sweetness: This Plant was brought out of Ethiopia by the Persians, when Cambyses conquered these Places. The Sycamore (or Egyptian Figtree) some of them bear Mulberries, others a Fruit like unto Figs, and bear all the Year long; so that a Man may satisfy his Hunger at any time. After the falling of the Waters of the River, they gather the Fruits called Bats, which for their sweet and delightful Taste are at Entertainments served up at last Course as delicious Deserts.  
The Egyptians make a Drink of Barley, called Zythus, for smell and sweetness 
Zythus.  of Taste not much inferior to Wine. They make a Liquor like Oil for the feeding of their Lamps, of the Juice of a Plant which they call Cici. There are 
Cici.  many other Plants which grow in Egypt of admirable use, which would be too tedious here to enumerate.  
The River Nile breeds many Creatures of several Forms and Shapes, amongst 
The Beasts of Nile. Crocodile, Vid. Plin. lib. 8. c. 25.  which, Two are especially remarkable, the Crocodile and the Horse as it's called: Amongst these the Crocodile of the least Creature becomes the greatest; for it lays an Egg much of the bigness of that of a Goose, and after the young is hatched, it grows to the length of Sixteen Cubits, and lives to the Age of a Man: It wants a Tongue, but has a Body naturally armed in a wonderful manner. For its Skin is covered all over with Scales of an extraordinary hardness; many sharp Teeth are ranged on both sides its Jaws, and Two of them are much bigger than the rest. This Monster does not only devour Men, but other Creatures that come near the River. His Bites are sharp and destructive, and with his Claws he tears his Prey cruelly in Pieces, and what Wounds he makes, no Medicine or Application can heal. The Egyptians formerly catcht these Monsters with Hooks, baited with raw Flesh; but of later times, they have used to take 'em with strong Nets like Fishes; sometimes they strike them on the Head with Forks of Iron, and so kill them. There's an infinite Multitude of these Creatures in the River and the Neighbouring Pools, in regard they are great Breeders, and are seldom killed. For the Crocodile is adored as a God by some of the Inhabitants; and for Strangers to hunt and destroy them is to no purpose, for their Flesh is not eatable. But Nature has provided relief against the increase of this destructive Monster; for the Ichneumon, as it's called (of the Bigness of a little Dog) running up and down 
Ichneumon;  near the Waterside, breaks all the Eggs laid by this Beast, wherever he finds them; and that which is most to be admired, is, that he does this not for Food or any other Advantage, but out of a natural Instinct for the mere Benefit of Mankind.  
The Beast called the 
† Hippopotamus, or Sea-Horse, Vid. Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 8. c. 25.  River Horse, is Five Cubits long, Four Footed, and cloven Hoofed like to an Ox. He has Three Teeth or Tusks on either side his Jaw, appearing outwards larger than those of a Wild-Boar; as to his Ears, tail and his Neighing, he's like to a Horse. The whole Bulk of his Body is not much unlike an Elephant; his Skin is firmer and thicker almost than any other Beast. He lives both on Land and Water; in the Day time he lies at the Bottom of the River, and in the Night time comes forth to Land, and feeds upon the Grass and Corn. If this Beast were so fruitful as to bring forth Young every Year, he would undo the Husbandman, and destroy a great part of the Corn of Egypt. He's likewise by the help of many Hands often caught, being struck with Instruments of Iron; for when he is found, they him him round with their Boats, and those on Board wound him with forked Instruments of Iron, cast at him as so many Darts; and having strong Ropes to the Irons, they fix in him, they let him go till he loses his Blood, and so dies: His Flesh is extraordinary hard, and of ill digestion. There's nothing in his inner Parts that can be eaten, neither his Bowels, nor any other of his Entrails.  
Besides these before mentioned, Nile abounds with multitudes of all sorts of 
Abundance of Fish in Nile.  Fish; not only such as are fresh taken to supply the Inhabitants at hand, but an innumerable Number likewise which they salted up to send Abroad. To conclude, no River in the World is more Beneficial and Serviceable to Mankind, than Nile.  
It's Inundation gins at the Summer 
* June 10th.  Solstice, and increases till the 
† Sept. 10th.  Equinoctial in Autumn; during which time he brings in along with him new Soil, and waters as well the Tilled and Improved Ground, as that which lies waste and untilled, as long as it pleases the Husbandman; for the Water flowing gently and by degrees, they easily divert its Course, by casting up small Banks of Earth; and then by opening a Passage for it, as easily turn it over their Land again, if they see it needful. It's so very advantageous to the Inhabitants, and done with so little pains, that most of the Country People turn in their cattle into the sowed Ground to eat, and tread down the Corn, and Four or Five Months after they reap it. Some lightly run over the Surface of the Earth with a Blow, after the Water is fallen, and gain a mighty Crop without any great Cost or Pains: But Husbandry amongst all other Nations, is very laborious and chargeable, only the Egyptians gather their Fruits with little Cost or Labour. That part of the Country likewise where Vines are planted after this watering by the Nile, yields a most plentiful Vintage. The Fields that after the Inundation are pastured by their Flocks, yield them this advantage, that the Sheep Yean twice in a Year, and are shorn as often. This Increase of the Nile is wonderful to Beholders, and altogether incredible to them that only hear the Report; for when other Rivers about the Solstice fall and grow lower all Summer long, this gins to increase, and continues to rise every day, till it comes to that height that it overflows almost all Egypt; and on the contrary in the same manner in the Winter Solstice, it falls by degrees till it wholly return into its proper Channel. And in regard the Land of Egypt lies low and Champain, the Towns, Cities and Country Villages that are built upon rising-ground (cast up by Art) look like the Islands of the Cycladeses: Many of the cattle sometimes are by the River intercepted, and so are drowned; but those that fly to the higher Grounds are preserved. During the time of the Inundation, the cattle are kept in the Country Towns and small Cottages, where they have Food and Fodder before laid up and prepared for them. But the common People now at liberty from all Employments in the Field, indulge themselves in Idleness, feasting every day, and giving themselves up to all sorts of Sports and Pleasures. Yet out of fear of the Inundation, a Watch Tower is built in 
* Now Grand Cairo.  Memphis, by the Kings of Egypt, where those that are employed to take care of this concern, observing to what height the River rises, send Letters from one City to another, acquainting them how many Cubits and Fingers the River rises, and when it gins to decrease; and so the People coming to understand the Fall of the Waters, are freed from their fears, and all presently have a foresight what plenty of Corn they are like to have; and this Observation has been Registered from time to time by the Egyptians for many Generations.  
There are great Controversies concerning the Reasons of the overflowing of 
Controversies about the overflowing of Nile.  Nile, and many both Philosophers and Historians have endeavoured to declare the Causes of it, which we shall distinctly relate, neither making too long a Digression, nor omitting that which is so much banded and controverted. Of the Increase and Spring-heads of Nile, and of its emptying of itself at length into the Sea, and other properties peculiar to this River above all others, though it be the greatest in the World, yet some Authors have not dared to say the least thing: Some who have attempted to give their Reasons, have been very wide from the Mark. For as for Hellanicus, Cadmus, Hecataeus, and such like ancient Authors, they have told little but frothy Stories, and mere Fables. Herodotus above all other Writers very industrious, and well acquainted with General History, made it his Business to find out the Causes of these things, but what he says, is notwithstanding very doubtful, and some things seem to be repugnant and contradictory one to another. Thucydides and Xenophon, who have the reputation of faithful Historians, never so much as touch upon the Description of any Place in Egypt. But Ephorus and Theopompus, though they are very earnest in this matter, yet they have not in the least discovered the Truth.  
But it was through Ignorance of the Places, and not through Negligence, that they were all led into Error. For anciently none of the Grecians, till the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus, ever went into Ethiopia, or so much as to the utmost Bounds of Egypt. For those Places were never frequented by Travellers, they were so hazardous, till that King marched with a Grecian Army into those Parts, and so made a more perfect Discovery of the Country.  
No Writer hitherto has pretended that he himself ever saw or heard of any one else that affirmed he had seen the Spring-heads of Nile: All therefore amounting to no more but Opinion and Conjecture, the Priests of Egypt affirm that it comes from the Ocean, which flows round the whole Earth: But nothing that they say is upon any solid grounds, and they resolve Doubts by things that are more doubtful; and to prove what they say, they bring Arguments that have need to be proved themselves.  
But the Troglodytes (otherways called Molgii) whom the scorching Heat forced 
† Bolgii.  to remove from the higher Parts into those lower Places, say, that there are some Signs whence a Man may rationally conclude, that the River Nile rises from Streams which run from many Fountains or Spring-heads, and meet at last in one Channel, and therefore to be the most fruitful and richest River of any that is known in the World.  
The Inhabitants of the Isle of Meroe (who are most to be credited upon this account) are far from inventing so much as any probable Arguments; and though they live near to the Place in controversy, are so far from giving any certain account of this matter, that they call Nile, Astapus, which in the Greek Language, signifies Water that issues out of a Place of Darkness; so that they give a Name to the River to denote their Ignorance of the Place whence it springs: But that seems the truest Reason to me, that looks to be furthest from Fiction and studied Contrivance. Yet I am not ignorant, that Herodotus who bounds Lybia both on the East and West with this River, does ascribe the exact Knowledge of it to the Africans, called Nasamones, and says, that Nile rises from a certain Lake, and runs through a large Tract of Ground down all along through Ethiopia: But neither are the Say of the Africans in this behalf (as not altogether agreeable to Truth,) nor the affirmation of the Writer (who proves not what he says) to be of absolute credit. But enough concerning the Spring-heads and Course of Nile, let us now venture to treat of the Causes of the Rise of this River.  
Thales, who is reckoned one of the Seven Wise Men of Greece, is of Opinion that the Etesean Winds that beat fiercely upon the Mouth of the River, give a 
Yearly Winds.  check and stop to the Current, and so hinder it from falling into the Sea, upon which the River swelling, and its Channel filled with Water, at length overflows the Country of Egypt, which lies flat and low. Though this seem a plausible Reason, yet it may be easily disproven. For if it were true what he says, than all the Rivers which run into the Sea against the Etesean Winds would overflow in like manner; which being never known in any other part of the World, some other Reason and more agreeable to Truth must of necessity be sought for. Anaxagoras the Philosopher ascribes the Cause to the melting of the Snow in Ethiopia, whom the Poet Euripides (who was his Scholar) follows, saying thus—  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
The pleasant Streams of th'River Nile forsakes,  
Which flowing from the Negro's parched Land,  
Swells big when th' melting Snow to th'River takes,  
Comes furling down and overflows the Strand.  
Neither is it any hard Task to confute this Opinion, since it's apparent to all, that by reason of the parching Heats, there's no Snow in Ethiopia at that time of the Year. For in these Countries there's not the least Sign either of Frost, Cold or any other effects of Winter, especially at the time of the overflowing of Nile. And suppose there be abundance of Snow in the higher Parts of Ethiopia, yet what is affirmed is certainly false: For every River that is swelled with Snow, fumes up in cold Fogs, and thickens the Air; but about Nile, only above all other Rivers, neither Mists gather, nor are there any cold Breezes, nor is the Air gross and thick. Herodotus says, that Nile is such in its own nature, as it seems to be in the time of its Increase; for that in 
* Our Winter.  Winter, when the Sun moves to the South, and runs its daily Course directly over Africa, it exhales so much Water out of Nile, that it decreases against Nature; and in Summer when the Sun returns to the North, the Rivers of Greece, and the Rivers of all other Northern Country's fall and decrease; and therefore that it is not so strange for Nile about Summer time to increase, and in Winter to fall and grow lower. But to this it may be answered, that if the Sun exhale so much moisture out of Nile in Winter time, it would do the like in other Rivers in Africa, and so they must fall as well as Nile, which no where happens throughout all Africa, and therefore this Author's Reason is frivolous; for the Rivers of Greece rise not in the Winter, by reason of the remoteness of the Sun, but by reason of the great Rains that fall at that time.  
Democritus the Abderite says, that the Northern Countries, and not those towards 
Democritus.  the South (as Anaxagoras and Euripides say) are subject to Snow; for that it's clear and evident to every Body, that in the Northern Parts, Drifts and Heaps of Snow lie congealed at the time of the Winter Solstice; but in Summer, the Ice being melted by the heat of the Sun, the Land becomes very wet, which causes many thick Mists to appear upon the Hills from the Vapours rising from the Earth. These Vapours, he says, are driven about by the Etesean Winds, till they fall upon the highest Mountains, which are (as he affirms in Ethiopia) and by the violent impression they make upon the Tops of these Mountains, great Storms and Showers of Rain are occasioned, which about the time of the Etesean Winds cause the River to rise. But if any will diligently observe the time and season of the Year when this falls out, he may easily answer this Argument; for Nile gins to swell at the time of the Summer Solstice, when there are no Etesean Winds; and after the Autumnal Equinox, when those Winds are past, it falls again. Inasmuch therefore as certain Experience to the contrary, answers all Arguments be they never so probable, the Man's diligence and ingenuity is to be commended, but his Affirmations and Opinions by no means to be relied upon: And I wave this, that it's evident that the Etesean Winds come as often from the West, as from the North. For not only the North-East Winds called Aparctie, but those of the North-West 
Plin. Nat. His. lib. 2. c. 47.  called Argeste, go under the name of the Etesean Winds. And whereas he affirms that the greatest Mountains are in Ethiopia, as it wants proof, so likewise all grounds for credit and belief, as is evident from the thing itself.  
Ephorus, who gives the last account of the thing, endeavours to ascertain the 
Ephorus.  Reason, but seems not to find out the Truth.  
The whole Land of Egypt (says he) is cast up from the River, and the Soil is of a lose and spongy nature, and has in it many large Cliffs and hollow Places, wherein are abundance of Water, which in the Wintertime is frozen up, and in the Summer issues out on every side, like Sweat from the Pores, which occasions the River Nile to rise. This Writer does not only betray his own Ignorance of the nature of Places in Egypt, that he never saw them himself, but likewise that he never was rightly informed by any that was acquainted with them. For if the overflowing of Nile should proceed from Egypt itself, it could not flow above the Land of Egypt, where it passes through Rocks and Mountainous Places. For as it takes its Course through Ethiopia for above the space of Six Thousand Furlongs, it is at its full height before ever it reach Egypt, and therefore if the River Nile lie lower than the Caverns of congested Earth, those Clefts and hollow Places must be above, towards the Superficies of the Earth, in which it is impossible so much Water should be contained. And if the River lie higher than those spongy Caverns, it is not possible that from hollow Places, much lower than the River, the Water should rise higher than the River. Lastly, who can imagine that Waters issuing out of Holes and hollow Parts of the Earth, should raise the River to such a height, as to overflow almost all the Land of Egypt? But I let pass this vain Imagination of Casting up the Soil, and lodging of Waters in the Bowels of the Earth, being so easily to be confuted. The River Meander hath cast up a great Tract of Land in Asia, whereas at the time of the Rising of Nile, nothing of that kind in the least can be seen.  
In the same manner the River Archelous in Arcadia, and Cephesus in Beotia, which runs down from Phocea, have cast up great quantities of Earth, by both which the Writer is convicted of falsity: And indeed no Man is to expect any certainty from Ephorus, who may be palpably discerned not to make it his business in many things to declare the Truth. The Philosophers indeed in Memphis have urged strong Reasons of the Increase of Nile, which are hard to be confuted; and though they are improbable, yet many agree to them. For they divide the Earth into Three Parts, one of which is that wherein we inhabit; another quite contrary to these Places in the Seasons of the Year; the Third lying between these Two, which they say is uninhabitable by reason of the scorching heat of the Sun; and therefore if Nile should overflow in the Wintertime, it would be clear and evident, that its Source would arise out of our Zone, because than we have the most Rain: But on the contrary being that it rises in Summer, it's very probable that in the Country opposite to us its Wintertime, where then there's much Rain, and that those Floods of Water are brought down thence to us: And therefore that none can ever find out the Head-Springs of Nile, because the River has its Course through the opposite Zone; which is uninhabited. And the exceeding sweetness of the Water, they say, is the Confirmation of this Opinion; for passing through the Torrid Zone, the Water is boiled, and therefore this River is sweeter than any other in the World; for Heat does naturally dulcorate Water. But this Reason is easily refuted; for its plainly impossible that the River should rise to that height, and come down to us from the opposite Zone; especially if it be granted that the Earth is round. But if any yet shall be so obstinate as to affirm it is so as the Philosophers have said, I must in short say it's against and contrary to the Laws of Nature.  
For being they hold Opinions that in the nature of the things can hardly be disproven, and place an inhabitable part of the World between us and them that are opposite to us; they conclude, that by this device, they have made it impossible, and out of the reach of the Wit of Man to confute them. But it is but just and equal, that those who affirm any thing positively, should prove what they say, either by good Authority or strength of Reason. How comes it about that only the River Nile should come down to us from the other opposite Zone? Have we not other Rivers that this may be as well applied to? As to the Causes alleged for the sweetness of the Water, they are absurd: For if the Water be boiled with the parching Heat, and thereupon becomes sweet, it would have no productive quality, either of Fish or other Kind's of Creatures and Beasts; for all Water whose Nature is changed by Fire, is altogether incapable to breed any living thing, and therefore being that the Nature of Nile contradicts this decoction and boiling of the Water, we conclude that the Causes alleged of its increase are false.  
The Opinion of Oenopides of Chios is this: The Waters (say he) that are under the Earth in Summertime, are cold, and warm in the Winter, as we see by experience in deep Wells; for in a sharp Winter they are the least cold, but in Summer they are the coldest of any other time; and therefore, saith he, there's good reason that Nile in the Winter should grow low and contracted, because the Heat in the Bowels of the Earth exhales much of the Water, which cannot be supplied, in regard no Rains fall in Egypt. But in Summertime, when the Waters that lie deep in the Earth are no longer exhaled, than the Channel of the River, according to the order of Nature, fills without any obstruction. But to this it may be answered, that many Rivers in Africa, whose Mouths lie parallel with this River, and run the like Course, yet overflow not like Nile. For on the contrary they rise in Winter, and fall in Summer, which clearly evinces his Falsity, who endeavours with a show of Reason to oppose the Truth. But to the true cause, 
* This is now found to be the true Reason at this day.  Agartharchides of Cnidus comes nearest. For he says, that in the Mountainous parts of Ethiopia, there are Yearly continual Rains 
† From the 10th of June to the 10th of September.  from the Summer Solstice to the Equinox in Autumn, and therefore there's just cause for Nile to be low in the Winter, which then flows only from its own natural Spring-heads, and to overflow in Summer through the abundance of Rains. And though none hitherto have been able to give a Reason of these Inundations, yet he says his Opinion is not altogether to be rejected; for there are many things that are contrary to the Rules of Nature, for which none are able to give any substantial Reason. That which happens in some parts of Asia, he says, gives some confirmation to his Opinion. For in the Confines of Scythia, near Mount Caucasus, after the Winter is over, he affirms, that abundance of Snow falls every Year for many Days together: And that in the Northern Parts of India, at certain Times, there falls abundance of Hail, and of an incredible Bigness: And that near the River Hydaspis'; in Summertime, it reins continually; and the same happens in Ethiopia for many Days together; and that this disorder of the Air whirling about, occasions many Storms of Rain in Places near adjoining; and that therefore it's no wonder if the Mountainous Parts of Ethiopia, which lies much higher than Egypt, are soaked with continual Rains, wherewith the River being filled, overflows; especially since the natural Inhabitants of the Place affirm, that thus it is in their Country. And though these things now related, are in their nature contrary to those in our own Climates, yet we are not for that Reason to disbelieve them. For with us the South Wind is cloudy and boisterous, whereas in Ethiopia it's calm and clear; and that the North Winds in Europe are fierce and violent, but in those Regions low and almost insensible.  
But however (after all) though we could heap up variety of Arguments against all these Authors concerning the Inundation of Nile, yet those which we have before alleged shall suffice, lest we should transgress those Bounds of Brevity which at the first we proposed to ourselves. Having therefore divided this Book, because of the Largeness of it, into Two Parts (having before determined to keep within moderate Bounds) we shall now end the first part of this Treatise, and continue in the other, those things that are further remarkable in Egypt coherent with those before, beginning with the Actions of the Kings of Egypt, and the ancient way of Living among the Egyptians.    

THE SECOND PART OF THE FIRST BOOK OF Diodorus the Sicilian.  

CHAP. IU.  
The First way of Living of the Egyptians: Gods and Demigods their Reigns in Egypt. The ancient Kings of Egypt, Menis, etc. Their several Works. Thebes built by Busiris. The stately Sepulchers, Oblisks and Temples there. A Description of Osimanduas' Sepulchre. Memphis built by Uchoreus. Meris' Lake. Sesostris or Sesoosis his famous Expedition, and great Works.  
THE First Book of Diodorus is divided into Two Parts by reason of the Greatness of it; the First whereof is as a Preface to the whole Work, and in which an Account is given of what the Egyptians say concerning the Beginning of the World, of the first Creation of the Universe, and of those Gods that built Cities in Egypt, and called them after their own Names; of the First Men, and their ancient way of Living; of the Worship of the Gods, and the building of Temples by the Egyptians. Moreover of the Situation of Egypt, and what strange things are related of Nile; the Causes of its Inundation, and the various Opinions of Philosophers and Historians concerning it: Wherein likewise is set down the Confutations of the several Writers. In this we shall handle and go through those matters that have a dependence upon the former.  
After we have distinctly set forth the ancient way of Living among the Egyptians, we shall then begin with their first Kings, and declare the Acts of every one of them successively down to Amasis.  
They say the Egyptians in ancient Times fed upon nothing but Roots and Herbs, 
Their first way of Living.  and Colewort Leaves, which grew in the Fens and Bogs, having first tried the Taste of them: But above all and most commonly, they fed upon the Herb called Agrostis, because it was sweeter than any other, and was very nourishing to men's Bodies: And it's very certain, that the cattle much covet it, and grow very fat with it. At this Day therefore Superstitious Persons in memory of its usefulness when they Sacrifice to the Gods, they worship them with their Hands full of this Herb: For they conceive Man from the frame of his Nature and 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, from his lightness.  frothy Constitution, to be a watery Creature, something resembling the Fenny and Marish Ground, and that he hath more need of moist than of dry Food. They say the Egyptians afterwards fell to another Course of Diet, and that was eating of Fish, wherewith they were plentifully supplied by the River, especially after the Inundation; when it was returned within its former Bounds: And they eat likewise the Flesh of some cattle, and clothed themselves with their Skins. That they made their Houses of Reeds, of which there are some Marks amongst the Shepherds of Egypt at this day, who care for no other Houses, but such like, which they say, serves their turn well enough. Afterwards in process of time, after many Ages, they fell to those Fruits which were made more apt and fit for Man's Food, amongst which was Bread made of Lotus, which invention some attribute to Isis, others to Menas, one of the ancient Kings: The Priests indeed do make 
† Mercury.  Hermes the Inventor of all Arts and Sciences, but say, that their Kings found out all things necessary for the Support of men's lives; and therefore that Kingdoms anciently were not inheritable, but given to such as had been most useful and serviceable to the People, thereby either to induce their Kings to be kind and beneficial to all their Subjects, or for that (as most agreeable to the Truth) it was a Law registered in their Sacred Records commanding them so to do.  
At the first (as some of them, i. e. the Priests have fabulously reported) the 
The Kings of Egypt.  Gods and 
* Heroes.  Demigods reigned in Egypt for the space almost of Eighteen Thousand Years, the last of which was Orus, the Son of Isis. Afterwards they say that Men reigned there for the space of Fifteen Thousand Years, to the Hundred and Eightieth 
† Ant. Ch. 58.  Olympiad, at which time I myself came into Egypt in the Reign of 
* Ptolemy Dionysius the Younger, before Christ, 58, reigned with Cleopatra the Year before Christ, 49.  Ptolemy, who took upon him the Name of Dionysius the Younger. Most of their Kings were Natives of the Country. There were a few in the mean time that were Ethiopians, Persians and Macedonians. Four of them that were Ethiopians, reigned not in a continued Line, but at several times, for the space of Thirty Six Years or thereabouts: From the time that Cambyses conquered the Nation, the Persians reigned for the space of a Hundred Thirty Five Years, reckoning the Defections of the Egyptians within the time occasioned by the intolerable Cruelty of the Governors, and their Impiety against the Egyptian Gods. Last of all, the Macedonians tuled there for the space of Two Hundred Seventy Six Years. The rest of the Princes were Egyptians, to the number of Four Hundred and Seventy Men, and Five Women. The Egyptian Priests keep Registers in their Temples of all their Kings successively from many Generations past; to what Greatness and Majesty every one of them arrived; what were their particular Tempers and Inclinations, and their Actions in their several times. To write particularly of every one of them, as it would be tedious, so it would be altogether superfluous, inas much as many things concerning them are insignificant, and of no use; and therefore we have limited ourselves to treat only of those Matters that are most remarkable and worthy remembrance.  
After the Gods (they say) Menas was the First King of Egypt. He taught the 
1. Menas the First King after the Gods.  People the Adoration of the Gods, and the manner of Divine Worship; how to adorn their Beds and Tables with rich clothes and Cover, and was the first that brought in a delicate and sumptuous way of Living.  
Many Ages after, reigned Gnephachthus, Father of Bocchoris the Wise; who leading 
2. Gnephachthus.  an Army into Arabia, through many barren and desert Places, his Provision failed, so that for the space of one day he was forced to take up with such mean Food as the common People, among whom he happened then to be, could supply him with, which he eat so hearty, and relished with so much delight, as for the future he forbade all Excess and Luxury, and cursed that King who first brought in that Sumptuous and Luxurious way of Living; and this change and alteration of Meat and Drink and Bedding was so delightful to him, that he ordered the Curse before mentioned, to be entered in the Sacred Records in the Temple of Jupiter at Thebes; which was the chief Reason why the Fame and Reputation of Menas became to be clouded in future Generations.  
They say, the Posterity of Gnephachthus, to the number of Fifty Two, reigned for the space of Fourteen Hundred Years; in which time there's found nothing worthy of Remark.  
Afterwards reigned Busiris, and Eight of his Posterity after him; the last of 
3. Busiris.  which (of the same Name with the First) built that great City which the Egyptians call 
* The City of the Sun.  Heliopolis, the Greeks Thebes; it was in Circuit a 
† About 20 Miles. Thebes built.  Hundred and Forty Furlongs, adorned with stately public Buildings, magnificent Temples, and rich Donations and Revenues to Admiration; and that he built all the Private Houses, some Four, and others Five Stories high. And to sum up all in a word, made it not only the most beautiful and stateliest City of Egypt, but of all others in the World. The Fame therefore of the Riches and Grandeur of this City was so noised abroad in every Place, that the Poet Homer takes notice of it in these Words—  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
— Nor Thebes so much renowned, 
Hom. Illiad. lib. 9   
Whose Courts with unexhausted Wealth abound,  
Where through a Hundred Gates with Marble Arch,  
To Battle Twenty Thousand Chariots march.  
Although there are some that say it had not a Hundred Gates; but that there were many large Porches to the Temples, whence the City was called Hecatompylus, a Hundred Gates, for many Gates: Yet that it was certain they had in it Twenty Thousand Chariots of War; for there were a Hundred Stables all along the River from Memphis to Thebes towards Lybia, each of which were capable to hold Two Hundred Horses, the Marks and Signs of which are visible at this day: And we have it related, that not only this King, but the succeeding Princes from time to time, made it their Business to beautify this City; for that there was no City under the Sun so adorned with so many and stately Monuments of Gold, Silver and Ivory, and multitudes of Colossus' and Obelisks, cut out of one entire Stone. For there were there Four Temples built, for Beauty and Greatness to be admired, the most ancient of which was in Circuit 
* Almost Two Miles.  Thirteen Furlongs, and Five and Forty Cubits high, and had a Wall Four and Twenty Foot broad. The Ornaments of this Temple were suitable to its Magnificence, both for Cost and Workmanship. The Fabric hath continued to our Time, but the Silver and the Gold, and Ornaments of Ivory and Precious Stones were carried away by the Persians, when Cambyses burned the Temples of Egypt. At which time they say those Palaces at Persepolis and Susa, and other Parts of Media (famous all the World over) were built by the Persians, who brought over these rich Spoils into Asia, and sent for Workmen out of Egypt for that purpose. And it is reported, that the Riches of Egypt were then so great, that in the Rubbish and Cinders there were found and gathered up above Three Hundred Talents of Gold, and of Silver no less than Two Thousand and Three Hundred.  
There, they say, are the wonderful Sepulchers of the ancient Kings, which for 
Sepulchers.  State and Grandeur far exceed all that Posterity can attain unto at this Day. The Egyptian Priests say that in their Sacred Registers, there are entered Seven and Forty of these Sepulchers; but in the Reign of Ptolemy Lagus, there remained only Seventeen, many of which were ruined and destroyed when I myself came into those Parts, which was in the Hundred and Eightieth Olympiad. And these things are not only reported by the Egyptian Priests out of their Sacred Records, but many of the Grecians who travelled to Thebes in the time of Ptolemy Lagus, and writ Histories of Egypt (among whom was Hecateus) agree with what we have related. Of the First Sepulchers (wherein they say the Women of Jupiter were buried) that of King Osymanduas was Ten Furlongs in Circuit, at the entrance of which they say, was a Portico of various coloured Marble, in length Two Hundred Foot, and in height 
† 67 Foot. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 16 Cubits high; i. e. 44 Foot.  Five and Forty Cubits; thence going forward, you come into a foursquare Stone Gallery, every Square being Four Hundred Foot, supported instead of Pillars, with Beasts, each of one entire Stone, Sixteen Cubits high, carved after the antique manner. The Roof was entirely of Stone, each Stone 
* Twelve Foot  Eight Cubits broad, with an Azure Sky, bespangled with Stars. Passing out of this Perystilion, you enter into another Portico much like the former, but more curiously carved, and with more variety. At the Entrance stand Three Statues, each of one entire Stone, the Workmanship of Memnon of Sienitas. One of these made in a fitting posture, is the greatest in all Egypt, the measure of his Foot exceeding Seven Cubits; the other Two much less than the former, reaching but to his Knees, the one standing on the right, and the other on the left, being his Daughter and Mother. This Piece is not only commendable for its greatness, but admirable for its Cut and Workmanship, and the Excellency of the Stone; in so great a Work there's not to be discerned the least Flaw, or any other Blemish.  
Upon it there is this Inscription— 
I am Osimanduas' King of Kings; if any would know how great I am, and where I lie, let him excel me in any of my Works.   
There was likewise at this Second Gate, another Statue of his Mother, by herself, of one Stone, Twenty Cubits in height; upon her Head were placed Three Crowns, to denote she was both the Daughter, Wife and Mother of a King. Near to this Portico they say there was another Gallery or Piazzo, more remarkable than the former, in which were various Sculptures representing his Wars with the Bactrians, who had revolted from him, against whom (it's said) he marched with Four Hundred Thousand Foot, and Twenty Thousand Horse; which Army he divided into Four Bodies, and appointed his Sons Generals of the whole.  
In the first Wall might be seen the King assaulting a Bulwark, environed with the River, and fight at the Head of his Men against some that make up against him, assisted with a Lion in a terrible manner, which some affirm is to be taken of a true and real Lion, which the King bred up tame, which went along with him in all his Wars, and by his great strength ever put the Enemy to flight. Others make this Construction of it, that the King being a Man of extraordinary Courage and strength, he was willing to trumpet forth his own praises, setting forth the Bravery of his own Spirit, by the representation of a Lion.  
In the Second Wall was carved the Captives dragged after the King, represented without Hands and Privy Members; which was to signify that they were of effeminate Spirits, and had no Hands when they came to fight.  
The Third Wall represented all sorts of Sculptures and curious Images, in which were set forth the King's sacrificing of Oxen, and his Triumphs in that War.  
In the middle of the Peristylion, open to the Air at the top, was reared an Altar of shining Marble, of excellent Workmanship, and for largeness to be admired.  
In the last Wall were Two Statues, each of one entire Stone, 
† Forty Foot.  Seven and Twenty Cubits high: Near to which Three Passages opened out of the 
* The Gallery or Cloister.  Peristylion, into a stately Room supported with Pillars like to a Theatre for Music; every side of the Theatre was Two Hundred Foot Square. In this there were many Statues of Wood, representing the Pleaders and Spectators looking upon the Judges that gave Judgement. Of these there were Thirty carved upon one of the Walls. In the middle sat the Chief Justice, with the Image of Truth hanging about his Neck, with his Eyes closed, having many Books lying before him: This signified that a Judge ought not to take any Bribes, but ought only to regard the Truth and Merits of the Cause.  
Next adjoining was a Gallery full of divers Apartments, in which were all sorts of Delicate Meats ready dressed up. Near hereunto is represented the King himself, curiously carved and painted in glorious Colours, offering Gold and Silver to the Gods; as much as he yearly received out of the Gold and Silver Mines. The Sum was there inscribed (according to the Rate of Silver) to amount unto Thirty Two Millions of 
‖ Three Thousand and Two Hundred times Ten Thousand of Mina's, every Mina 3l. 2s. 6d. That is, Ninety Six Millions of Pounds Sterl, and Sixteen Thousand Millions of Crowns.  Minas. Next hereunto was the Sacred Library, whereon was inscribed these Words, viz. The Cure of the Mind. Adjoining to this were the Images of all the Gods of Egypt, to every one of whom the King was making Offerings peculiarly belonging to each of them, that Osiris and all his Associates who were placed at his Feet, might understand his Piety towards the Gods, and his Righteousness towards Men. Next to the Library was a stately Room, wherein were Twenty Beds to eat upon, richly adorned; in this House were the Images of Jupiter and Juno, together with the Kings: And here it's supposed the King's Body lies interred: Round the Room are many Apartments, wherein are to be seen in curious Painting, all the Beasts that are accounted Sacred in Egypt. Thence are Ascents to the top of the whole Monument of the Sepulchre, which being mounted, appears a Border of Gold round the Tomb of Three Hundred Sixty Five Cubits in Compass, and a Cubit thick; within the Division of every Cubit, were the several Days of the Year engraven, with the natural rising and setting of the Stars and their Significations, according to the Observations of the Egyptian Astrologers. This Border, they say, was carried away by Cambyses and the Persians, when he conquered Egypt. In this manner they describe the Sepulchre of King Osimanduas, which seems far to exceed all others both for Magnificence and Curiosity of Workmanship.  
The Thebans boast they were the most ancient Philosophers and Astrologers of 
Astrology of the Thebans.  any People of the World, and the first that found out exact Rules for the improvement both of Philosophy and Astrology, the Situation of their Country being such as gave them an Advantage above others, more clearly to discern the rising and setting of the Stars: And that the Months and Years are best and most properly ordered and disposed by them; for they measure their Days according to the Motion of the Sun, and not of the Moon; and account Thirty Days to every Month, and add Five Days and a quarter to every Twelve Months; and by this means they complete the whole Year; but they add no intercalary Months, nor subtract any Days, as it is the Custom of many of the Greeks. But these of Thebes seem most accurately to have observed the Eclipses of the Sun and Moon, and from them do so manage their Prognostications, that they certainly foretell every particular Event.  
The Eighth of this King's Race, called after the Name of his Father Vchoreus, 
Vchoreus, the Builder of Memphis.  built Memphis, the most Famous City of Egypt. For he chose the most convenient Place for it in all the Country, where Nile divides itself into several Branches, and makes that part of the Country called Delta, so named from the shape of the Greek Letter 
† δ Delta.  Delta, which it resembles. The City being thus conveniently situated at the Head of the River, commands all the Shipping that sail up it. He built it in Circuit a Hundred and Fifty Furlongs, and made it exceeding strong and commodious in this manner: For Nile flowing round the City, and at the time of its inundation covering all round on the South Side, he casts up a mighty Rampart of Earth, both for a Defence to the City against the raging of the River, and as a Bulwark against an Enemy at Land; on every other side likewise he dug a broad and deep Trench, which received the violent Surges of the River, and filled every Place round the Rampart with Water, which fortified the City to Admiration.  
This Place was so commodiously pitched upon by the Builder, that most of the Kings after him preferred it before Thebes, and removed the Court thence to this Place: From that time therefore the Magnificence of Thebes began to decrease, and Memphis to increase to the Times of Alexander King of Macedon, who built a City called after his own Name, near the Sea, and planted it with Inhabitants, 
Alexandria.  which all the succeeding Kings of Egypt still made it their business to enlarge: For some so beautified it with Royal Palaces, some with Ports and Arsenals, and others with magnificent Buildings and rich Donations, that it's judged by most to be Second, if not the first City of the whole World.  
But we shall treat of this particularly in its proper Time and Place. But the Builder of Memphis after he had finished the Rampart and Trench, built Palaces not inferior to others, built elsewhere; yet much below the state and grandeur of the former Kings. For the Inhabitants of this Country little value the short time of this present Life; but put an high esteem upon the Name and Reputation of a Virtuous Life after Death; and they call the Houses of the Living, Inns, because they stay in them but a little while; but the Sepulchers of the Dead they call Everlasting Habitations, because they abide in the Graves to infinite Generations. Therefore they are not very curious in the building of their Houses; but in beautifying their Sepulchers they leave nothing undone that can be thought of.  
Some have thought that the City of which we have but just now spoken, was 
The Name of Egypt.  so called from the Daughter of the Founder, and tell a Fabulous Story, that the River Nile, in the shape of a Bull fell in love with her, and begat Egyptus, famous among the Inhabitants for his admirable Virtue, from whom the whole Country was called Egypt; for coming to the Crown by Descent, he was exceeding kind to his Subjects, just and diligent in all his Affairs, and therefore was judged justly to merit Honour and Esteem from all, and for his gracious Disposition generally applauded.  
After the Death of this King, and Twelve Descents, Miris came to the Crown of Egypt, and built a Portico in Memphis towards 
Miris or Maris his Lake. See Herodotus, Euterpe, lib. 2. c. 149.  the North, more stately and magnificent than any of the rest. And a little above the City, he cut a Dyke for a Pond, bringing it down in length from the City Three Hundred and Five and Twenty 
* Ten Schaenes, every Schaene 32 Furlongs, is about 48 Miles, but some say a Schaene is 60 Furlongs, then it's 90 Miles and upwards.  Furlongs, whose use was admirable, and the Greatness of the Work incredible. They say it was in Circuit Three Thousand and Six Hundred Furlongs; and in many Places Three Hundred Foot in depth. Who is he therefore that considers the greatness of this Work, that may not justly ask the Question, How many Ten Thousand Men were employed, and how many Years were spent in finishing it? Considering the Benefit and Advantage (by this great Work) brought to the Government, none ever sufficiently could extol it, according to what the Truth of the thing deserved. For being that Nile never kept to a certain and constant height in its Inundation, and the fruitfulness of the Country ever depended upon its just proportion, he dug this Lake to receive such Water as was superfluous, that it might neither immoderately overflow the Land, and so cause Fens and standing Ponds, nor by flowing too little, prejudice the Fruits of the Earth for want of Water. To this end he cut a Trench all along from the River into the Lake, Fourscore Furlongs in length, and 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Three Plethras.  Three Hundred Foot broad; into this he let the Water of the River sometimes run, and at other times diverted it, and turned it over the Fields of the Husbandmen, at seasonable times, by means of Sluices which he sometimes opened, and at other times shut up, not without great labour and cost; for these Sluices could not be opened or shut at a less Charge than Fifty Talents. This Lake continues to the Benefit of the Egyptians for these purposes to our very Days, and is 
Now in being, Eight Leagues in compass only.  called the Lake of Myris or Meris to this Day.  
The King left a place in the middle of the Lake, where he built a Sepulchre and Two Pyramids, one for himself, and another for his Queen, a Furlong in Height; upon the Top of which he placed Two Marble Statues seated in a Throne, designing by these Monuments to perpetuate the Fame and Glory of his Name to all succeeding Generations. The Revenue arising from the Fish taken in this Lake, he gave to his Wife to buy her 
† Sweet Ointments, and other fine things.  Pins, which amounted to a Talon of Silver every Day. For there were in it Two and Twenty sorts of Fish, and so vast a number were taken, that those who were employed continually to salt them up (though they were multitudes of People) could hardly perform it. And these are the things which the Egyptians relate of Myris.  
Seven Descents after (they say) 
* Sesostris in the time the Israelites were in Egypt. Sir Walter Rawl.  Sesoosis reigned, who excelled all his Ancestors in great and famous Actions. But not only the Greek Writers differ among themselves about this King, but likewise the Egyptian Priests and 
† Bards. Usher. Ann. says he was the Son of Amenophis, that was drowned in the Red Sea, in the Year of the World 2513, and this Expedition was the Nine First Years of the Children of Israel's being in the Wilderness, Usher. Ann. p. 20.  Poets relate various and different Stories concerning him: We shall relate such as are most probable and agreeable to those Signs and Marks that are yet remaining in Egypt to confirm them. After his Birth his Father performed a noble Act, and becoming a King; he caused all throughout Egypt, that were born the same Day with his Son, to be brought together; and together with his Son to be bred up with the same Education, and instructed in the same Discipline and Exercises, conceiving that by being thus familiarly brought up together, and conversing one with another, they would be always most loving and faithful Friends, and the best Fellow-soldiers in all the Wars. Providing therefore every thing for the purpose, he caused the Boys to be exercised daily in the Schools with hard and difficult Labours; as that none should eat till he had run a 
* 27 Miles.  Hundred and Fourscore Furlongs: And by this means when they came to be at men's Estate, they were fit either to be Commanders, or undertake any brave or noble Action, both in respect of the vigour and strength of their Bodies, and the excellent Endowments of their Minds.  
Sesostris in the first Place being sent with an Army into Arabia, by his Father, (with whom went his Companions that were bred up with him) toiled and troubled himself with the hunting and killing of Wild Beasts; and then having at last overmastered all his Fatigues and wants of Water and Provision, he conquered all that barbarous Nation, which was never before that time subdued. Afterwards being sent into the Western Parts, he conquered the greatest part of Lybia, being as yet but a Youth. Coming to the Crown after the Death of his Father, encouraged by his former Successes, he designed to subdue and conquer the whole World. Some report that he was stirred up by his Daughter Athyrte to undertake the gaining of the Empire of the World; for being a Woman of an extraordinary Understanding, she made it out to her Father, that the Conquest was easy: Others encouraged him by their Divinations, foretelling his Successes by the entrails of the Sacrifices, by their Dreams in the Temples, and Prodigies seen in the Air.  
There are some also that writ that when Sesoosis was born, Vulcan appeared to his Father in his Sleep, and told him that the Child then born should be Conqueror of the Universe; and that that was the reason why his Father assembled all of the like Age, and bred them up together with his Son, to make way for him with more ease to rise to that height of Imperial Dignity: And that when he was grown to Man's Estate, fully believing what the God had foretold, he undertook at length this Expedition.  
To this purpose he first made it his chief Concern, to gain the love and good will of all the Egyptians, judging it necessary in order to effect what he designed, so far to engage his Soldiers, as that they should willingly and readily venture, nay lose their Lives for their Generals, and that those whom he should leave behind him, should not contrive or hatch any Rebellion in his Absence: To this end therefore he obliged every one to the utmost of his power, working upon some by Money, others by giving them Lands, and many by free Pardons, and upon all by fair Words, and affable and courteous Behaviour. He pardoned those that were condemned for High Treason, and freed all that were in Prison for Debt, by paying what they owed, of whom there was a vast Multitude in the Goals.  
He divided the whole Country into Thirty Six Parts, which the Egyptians call 
† Provinces.  Nomi; over every one of which he appointed a 
* Nomarchus.  Governor, who should take care of the King's Revenue, and manage all other Affairs relating to their several and respective Provinces. Out of these he chose the strongest and ablest Men, and raised an Army answerable to the greatness of his Design, to the number of Six Hundred Thousand Foot, and Twenty Four Thousand Horse, and Seven and Twenty Thousand Chariots of War: And over all the several Regiments and Battalions, he made those that had been brought up with him Commanders, being such as had been used to Martial Exercises, and from their Childhood hot and zealous after that which was brave and virtuous, and that were knit together as Brothers in Love and Affection, both to the King and one to another; the number of whom were above Seventeen Hundred.  
Upon these Companions of his, he bestowed large Estates in Lands, in the richest Parts of Egypt, that they might not be in the least want of any thing, reserving only their Attendance upon him in the Wars.  
Having therefore rendezvouzed his Army, he marched first against the Ethiopians, 
Sesostris' Expedition.  inhabiting the South, and having conquered them, forced them to pay him Tribute of Ebony, Gold, and Elephant's Teeth.  
Then he sent forth a Navy of Four Hundred Sail into the Red Sea, and was the first Egyptian that built long Ships. By the help of this Fleet, he gained all the Islands in this Sea, and subdued the bordering Nations as far as to India. But he himself marching forward with his Land-Army, conquered all Asia: For he not only invaded those Nations which Alexander the Macedonian afterwards subdued, but likewise those which he never set foot upon. For he both passed over the River Ganges, and likewise pierced through all India to the main Ocean. Then he subdued the Scythians as far as to the River Tanais, which divides Europe from Asia; where they say he left some of his Egyptians at the Lake Meotis, and gave Original to the Nations of Colchis; and to prove that they were originally Egyptians, they bring this Argument, that they are circumcised after the manner of the Egyptians, which Custom continued in this Colony as it did amongst the Jews. In the same manner he brought into his Subjection all the rest of Asia, and most of the Islands of the Cycladeses. Thence passing over into Europe, he was in danger of losing his whole Army, through the difficulty of the Passages, and want of Provision. And therefore putting a stop to his Expedition in Thrace, up and down in all his Conquests, he erected Pillars, whereon were inscribed in Egyptian Letters, called Hieroglifics, these Words— 
Sesoosis, King of Kings, and Lord of Lords, subdued this Country by his Arms.   
Among those Nations that were stout and warlike, he carved upon those Pillars the Privy Members of a Man: Amongst them that were cowardly and faint-hearted, the secret Parts of a Woman; conceiving that the chief and principal Member of a Man would be a clear Evidence to Posterity of the Courage of every one of them. In some Places he set up his own Statue, carved in Stone (armed with a Bow and a Lance) above Four Cubits and Four Hands in height, of which stature he himself was.  
Having now spent Nine Years in this Expedition, (carrying himself courteously and familiarly towards all his Subjects in the mean time) he ordered the Nations he had conquered, to bring their Presents and Tributes every Year into Egypt, every one proportionable to their several Abilities: And he himself with the Captives and the rest of the Spoils (of which there was a vast quantity) returned into Egypt, far surpassing all the Kings before him in the greatness of his Actions and Achievements. He adorned all the Temples of Egypt with rich Presents, and the Spoils of his Enemies. Then he rewarded his Soldiers that had served him in the War, every one according to their Desert. It's most certain that the Army not only returned loaded with Riches, and received the Glory and Honour of their approved Valour, but the whole Country of Egypt reaped many Advantages by this Expedition.  
Sesoosis having now disbanded his Army, gave leave to his Companions in Arms, and Fellow Victors, to take their ease, and enjoy the Fruits of their Conquest. But he himself fired with an earnest desire of Glory, and ambitious to leave behind him eternal Monuments of his Memory, made many fair and stately Works, admirable both for their Cost and Contrivance, by which he both advanced his own Immortal Praise, and procured unspeakable Advantages to the Egyptians, with perfect Peace and Security for the time to come. For beginning first with what concerned the Gods, he built a Temple in all the Cities of Egypt, to that God whom every particular place most adored; and he employed none of the Egyptians in his Works, but finished all by the labours of the Captives; and therefore he caused an Inscription to be made upon all the Temples thus, None of the Natives were put to labour here. It's reported that some of the Babylonian Captives, because they were not able to bear the fatigue of the Work, rebelled against the King; and having possessed themselves of a Fort near the River, they took up Arms against the Egyptians, and wasted the Country thereabouts: but at length having got a Pardon, they chose a Place for their Habitation, and called it after the Name of that in their own Country, Babylon. Upon the like occasion they say that Troy situated near the River Nile, was so called: For Menelaus, when he returned from Ilium with many Prisoners, arrived in Egypt, where the Trojans deserting the King, seized upon a certain strong place, and took up Arms against the Greeks, till they had gained their Liberty, and then built a famous City after the name of their own. But I am not ignorant how Ctesias the Cretian gives a far different account of these Cities, when he says, that some of those who came in former times with Semiramis into Egypt, called the Cities which they built, after the Names of those in their own Country. But it's no easy matter to know the certain truth of these things: Yet it's necessary to observe the different Opinions concerning them, that the Judicious Reader may have an occasion to inquire, in order to pick out the real Truth.  
Sesoosis moreover raised many Mounts and Banks of Earth, to which he removed all the Cities that lay low and in the plain, that both Man and Beast might be safe and secure at the time of the Inundation of the River. He cut likewise many deep Dykes from the River, all along as far as from Memphis to the Sea, for the ready and quick conveying of Corn and other Provision and Merchandise by short Cuts thither, both for the support of Trade and Commerce and maintenance of Peace and Plenty all over the Country: And that which was of greatest moment and concern of all, was, that he fortified all Parts of the Country against Incursions of Enemies, and made it difficult of access; whereas before the greatest part of Egypt lay open and exposed either for Chariots or Horsemen to enter. But now by reason of the multitude of Canals drawn all along from the River, the Entrance was very difficult, and the Country not so easily to be invaded. He defended likewise the East side of Egypt against the Eruptions of the Syrians and Arabians, with a Wall drawn from jelusium through the Deserts, as far as to Heliopolis, for the space of a Thousand and Five Hundred Furlongs. He caused likewise a Ship to be made of Cedar, Two Hundred and Fourscore Cubits in length, guilded over with Gold on the outside, and with Silver within; and this he dedicated to the God that was most adored by the Thebans. He erected likewise Two Obelisks of Polished Marble, a Hundred and Twenty Cubits high, on which were inscribed a Description of the large Extent of his Empire, the great value of his Revenue, and the number of the Nations by him conquered. He placed likewise at Memphis, in the Temple of Vulcan, his and his Wives Statues, each of one entire Stone, Thirty Cubits in height, and those of his Sons, Twenty Cubits high, upon this occasion. After his return from his great Expedition into Egypt, being at Pelusium, his Brother at a Feast having invited him, together with his Wife and Children, plotted against his Life; for being all overcome by Wine, and gone to rest, he caused a great quantity of dry Reeds (long before prepared for the purpose) to be placed round the King's Pavilion in the Night, and set them all on Fire; upon which the Flame suddenly mounted aloft; and little assistance the King had either from his Servants or Lifeguard, who were all still overloaden with Wine: Upon which Sesostris with his Hands lift up to Heaven, calling upon the Gods for help for his Wife and Children, rushed through the Flames and escaped; and so being thus unexpectedly preserved, he made Oblations as to other of the Gods (as is before said) so especially to Vulcan, as he by whose Favour he was so remarkably delivered.  
Although Sesostris was eminent in many great and worthy Actions, yet the most stately and magnificent of all, was that relating to the Princes in his Progresses. For those Kings of the conquered Nations, who through his Favour still held their Kingdoms, and such as had received large Principalities of his free Gift and Donation, came with their Presents and Tributes into Egypt, at the times appointed, whom he received with all the Marks of Honour and Respect; save that when he went into the Temple or the City, his Custom was to cause the Horses to be unharnest out of his Chariot, and in their Room Four Kings, and other Princes to draw it; hereby thinking to make it evident to all, that there was none comparable to him for Valour, who had conquered the most potent and famous Princes in the World. This King seems to have excelled all others that ever were eminent for Power and Greatness, both as to his Warlike Achievements, the number of his Gifts and Oblations, and his wonderful Works in Egypt.  
After he had reigned Three and Thirty Years, he fell blind, and wilfully put an end to his own Life; for which he was admired not only by Priests, but by all 
Sesostris his Death.  the rest of the Egyptians; for that as he had before manifested the Greatness of his Mind by his Actions, so now his End was agreeable (by a voluntary Death) to the Glory of his Life.  
The Fame and Renown of this King continued so fresh down to Posterity, that many Ages after, when Egypt was conquered by the Persians, and Darius the Father of Xerxes would set up his Statue at Memphis above that of Sesoosis, the Chief Priest in the debating of the matter in the Conclave boldly spoke against it, declaring that Darius had not yet exceeded the noble Acts of Sesoosis. The King was so far from resenting this, that on the contrary he was so pleased and taken with this freedom of Speech, that he said he would endeavour (if he lived as long as the other did) to be nothing inferior to him; and wished them to compare things done proportionable to the time, for that this was the justest examination and trial of Valour. And thus much shall suffice to be said of Sesoosis.   

CHAP V.  
The Acts of Sesostris the Second. Of Ammosis, Actisanes, Mendes, Proteus or Cetes, Remphis, Chemmis (the great Pyramids built by him) Cephres, Mycerinus, Bocchoris, Sabach. The Reign of Twelve Kings in Egypt. Psammetichus Saites, one of the Kings, gained the whole; Two Hundred Thousand of his Army forsook him, and settle themselves in Ethiopia. Apries succeeds long after. Amasis' rebels, and next succeeds; and Apries is strangled by the People. Amasis' the last King, to the time of the Conquest of Egypt by Cambyses.  
THE Son of Sesostris succeeded his Father in the Kingdom, and took upon him 
Sesostris the Second, called Phero, by Herodotus.  the same Name, yet performed nothing remarkable by his Arms; but the Affliction and Misery that befell him was observable; for he became blind, as his Father did before him, deriving the Malady either from his Father in his Birth, or as a Judgement upon him for his Impiety against the River, against which (as it's fabulously reported) he threw his Javelin; whereupon falling under this Misfortune, he was forced to apply himself for help to the Gods, whom he sought to appease with many Offerings and Sacrifices for a long time together, yet could find no Relief, till at the end of Ten Years he was directed by the Oracle to go and worship the God of Heliopolis, and wash his Face in the Urinal of a Woman that 
Herodot. lib. 2. c. 11.  never had known any other Man besides her own Husband. Hereupon he began with his own Wife, and made trial of many others, but found none honest except a Gardener's Wife, whom he afterwards married when he was recovered. All the Adulteresses he caused to be burnt in a little Village, which from this Execution the Egyptians called the Holy Field, to testify his Gratitude to the God of Heliopolis for this great Benefit. At the Command of the Oracle he erected Two Obelisks, each of one entire Stone, Eight Cubits in breadth, and a hundred in height, and dedicated them to the Deity.  
After this Sesostris the Second, were many Successions of Kings in Egypt, of whom there's nothing worth remark to be found. But many Ages after, Ammosis came 
Ammosis.  to the Crown, who carried it Tyrannically towards his Subjects. For he put many to Death against all Law and Justice, and as many he stripped of all they had, and turned them out of their Estates, and carried himself haughtily and proudly in every thing towards all Persons he had to deal with. This the poor oppressed People endured for a time, while they had no power to resist those that overpowered them. But as soon as Actisanes King of Ethiopia invaded him (having now an opportunity to discover their Hatred, and to revenge themselves) most of his Subjects revolted from him, so that he was easily conquered, and Egypt became subject to the Kings of Ethiopia.  
Actisanes bore his Prosperity with great Moderation, and carried himself kindly 
Actisanes.  and obligingly towards all his Subjects. Against Robbers he contrived a notable Device, neither putting them that were guilty to Death, nor wholly acquitting or discharging them from Punishment. For he caused all that were guilty, to be brought together from all parts of the Country, and after a just and strict inquiry, and certain Knowledge of their Gild, he ordered all their Noses to be cut off, and banished them into the utmost parts of the Desert; and built a City for them, called from the cutting off of the Noses of the Inhabitants, Rhinocorura, which is situated in the Confines of Egypt and Syria, in a barren Place, destitute of all manner of Provision. All the Country round about is full of Salt and brackish Ponds, and the Wells within the Walls, afford but very little Water, and that stinking and very bitter. And he sent them to this Place on purpose that they might not for the future do any more hurt, nor lie lurking and unknown among other Men. But being banished to such a barren Place, void almost of all things necessary for the support of Man's Life (Men naturally Contriving all manner of Arts to prevent starving) they wittily found out a way to supply their Wants. For they cut up out of the Neighbouring Fields, Reeds, and flit them in several pieces, and made long Nets of them, and placed them several Furlongs all along upon the Shoar, with which they catcht the Quails (which came flying over Sea 
Vid. Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 10. c. 23. the Description of these Quails.  in great Flocks) and by that means sufficiently provided for themselves.  
After this King's Death the Egyptians recovered their Liberty, and set up a King of their own Nation to rule over them, 
‖ Mendes.  Mendes (whom some call Marus) who never undertook any Warlike Design, but made a Sepulchre for himself called a Labyrinth, not to be admired so much for Its greatness, as it was unimitable for its Workmanship. For he that went in, could not easily come out again, without a very skilful Guide. Some say that Dedalus, who came into Egypt, admired the Curiosity of this Work, and made a Labyrinth for Minos' King of Crect, like to this in Egypt, in which they fabulously relate the Minotaur was kept. But that in Crect was either ruined by some of their Kings, or came to nothing through length of Time, but that in Egypt continued whole and entire to our Days.  
After the Death of this Mendes, and Five Generations spent (during which time there was an Interregnum) the Egyptians chose one Cetes, of an ignoble Extraction, 
Proteus, Cetes.  to be their King, whom the Grecians call Proteus; this fell out in the time of the Trojan War. This Prince, they say, was a 
* To have knowledge of the Winds.  Magician, and could transform himself sometimes into the shape of a Beast, other times into a Tree, or Appearance of Fire, or any other Form and Shape whatsoever. And this agrees with the Account the Priests of Egypt give of him; from his daily Converse with the Astrologers, they say, he learned this Art. The Greeks raised this Story of Transformation, from a Custom amongst the Kings; for the Egyptian Princes used to wear upon their Heads (as Badges of their Royal Authority) the shapes of Lions, Bulls and Dragons; and sometimes to fix upon their Heads Sprouts of Trees, Fire and strong Perfumes of Frankincense, and other sweet Odours. And with these they both adorned themselves, and struck a Terror and Superstitious Awe into the Hearts of their Subjects at one and the same time.  
After the Death of Proteus, his Son Remphis succeeded him, who spent all his 
Remphis.  Time in filling his Coffers, and heaping up Wealth. The poorness of his Spirit, and his sordid Covetousness was such, that they would not suffer him to part with any thing, either for the worship of the Gods, or the good of Mankind; and therefore more like a good Steward than a King, instead of a Name for Valour, and noble Acts, he left vast Heaps of Treasure behind him, greater than any of the Kings that ever were before him: For it's said he had a Treasure of Four Hundred Thousand Talents of Gold and Silver.  
After this King's Death, for Seven Generations together, there reigned successively a Company of Kings, who gave themselves up to Sloth and Idleness, and did nothing but wallow in Pleasures and Luxury; and therefore there's no Record of any great Work, or other thing worthy to be remembered that ever any of them did, except Nile, who called the River after his own Name, which was before called Egyptus. For being that he cut many Canals and Dikes in convenient Places, and used his utmost endeavour to make the River more useful and serviceable, it was therefore called Nile.  

† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Chembes.  Chemmis the Eighth King from Remphis, was of Memphis, and reigned Fifty Years. He built the greatest of the Three Pyramids, which were accounted amongst the Seven Wonders of the World. They stand towards Lybia 
* About 20 Miles. Pyramids.  Hundred and Twenty Furlongs from Memphis, and Five and Forty from Nile. The Greatness of these Works, and the excessive Labour of the Workmen seen in them, do even strike the Beholders with Admiration and Astonishment. The greatest being Foursquare, took up on every Square 
† Seven Plethras.  Seven Hundred Foot of Ground in the Basis, and above Six Hundred Foot in height, spiring up narrower by little and little, till it come up to the Point, the Top of which was 
* Three Yards.  Six Cubits Square. It's built of solid Marble throughout, of rough Work, but of perpetual Duration: For though it be now a Thousand Years since it was built (some say above Three Thousand and Four Hundred) yet the Stones are as firmly jointed, and the whole Building as entire and without the least decay, as they were at the first laying and Erection. The Stone, they say, was brought a long way off, out of Arabia, and that the Work was raised by making Mounts of Earth; Cranes and other Engines being not known at that time. And that which is most to be admired at, is to see such a Foundation so imprudently laid, as it seems to be, in a Sandy Place, where there's not the least Sign of any Earth cast up, nor Marks where any Stone was cut and polished; so that the whole Pile seems to be reared all at once, and fixed in the midst of Heaps of Sand by some God, and not built by degrees by the Hands of Men. Some of the Egyptians tell wonderful things, and invent strange Fables concerning these Works, affirming that the Mounts were made of Salt and Salt-Peter, and that they were melted by the Inundation of the River, and being so dissolved, every thing was washed away but the Building itself. But this is not the Truth of the thing; but the great multitude of Hands that raised the Mounts, the same carried back the Earth to the Place whence they dug it; for they say there were Three Hundred and Sixty Thousand Men employed in this Work, and the Whole was scarce completed in Twenty Years time.  
When this King was dead, his Brother Cephres succeeded him, and reigned Six 
Cephres, Chabryis. Supposed to Reign in the time of David, and the beginning of Solomon's Reign, Helu-chron. 42.  and Fifty Years: Some say it was not his Brother, but his Son Chabryis that came to the Crown: But all agree in this, that the Successor, in imitation of his Predecessor, erected another Pyramid like to the former, both in Structure and Artificial Workmanship, but not near so large, every square of the Basis being only a Furlong in Breadth.  
Upon the greater Pyramid was inscribed the value of the Herbs and Onions that were spent upon the Labourers during the Works, which amounted to above Sixteen Hundred Talents.  
There's nothing writ upon the lesser: The Entrance and Ascent is only on one side, cut by steps into the main Stone. Although the Kings designed these Two for their Sepulchers, yet it happened that neither of them were there buried. For the People being incensed at them by the reason of the Toil and Labour they were put to, and the cruelty and oppression of their Kings, threatened to drag their Carcases out of their Graves, and pull them by piece-meal, and cast them to the Dogs; and therefore both of them upon their Beds commanded their Servants to bury them in some obscure place.  
After him reigned Mycerinus (otherwise called Cherinus) the Son of him who 
Mycerinus.  built the first Pyramid. This Prince began a Third, but died before it was finished; every square of the Basis was 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Three Plethras.  Three Hundred Foot. The Walls for fifteen Stories high were of black Marble like that of Thebes, the rest was of the same Stone with the other Pyramids. Though the other Pyramids went beyond this in greatness, yet this far excelled the rest in the Curiosity of the Structure, and the largeness of the Stones. On that side of the Pyramid towards the North, was inscribed the Name of the Founder Mycerinus. This King they say detesting the severity of the former Kings, carried himself all his Days gently and graciously towards all his Subjects, and did all that possibly he could to gain their Love and Good Will towards him; besides other things, he expended vast Sums of Money upon the Oracles and Worship of the Gods; and bestowing large Gifts upon honest Men whom he judged to be injured, and to be hardly dealt with in the Courts of Justice.  
There are other Pyramids, every Square of which are Two Hundred Foot in the Basis; and in all things like unto the other, except in bigness. It's said that these Three last Kings built them for their Wives.  
It is not in the least to be doubted, but that these Pyramids far excel all the other Works throughout all Egypt, not only in the Greatness and Costs of the Building, but in the Excellency of the Workmanship: For the Architects (they say) are much more to be admired than the Kings themselves that were at the Cost. For those performed all by their own Ingenuity, but these did nothing but by the Wealth handed to them by descent from their Predecessors, and by the Toil and Labour of other Men.  
Yet concerning the first Builders of these Pyramids, there's no Consent, either 
Uncertain who built the Pyramids.  amongst the Inhabitants or Historians. For some say they were built by the Kings before mentioned, some by others.  
As that the greatest was built by Armeus, the Second by 
* Ammosis.  Amasis, and the Third by 
† Maronas.  Inaronas: But some say that this last was the Sepulchre of one Rhodopides, a Courtesan, and was built in remembrance of her, at the common Charge of some of the Governors of the Provinces, who were her Amours.  
Bocchoris was the next who succeeded in the Kingdom, a 
Bocchoris, in the Reign of Vzziab King of Judah, An. Mun. 3283, before Christ 766. Helu. Cron.  very little Man for Body, and of a mean and contemptible Presence; but as to his Wisdom and Prudence far excelling all the Kings that ever were before him in Egypt.  
A long time after him, one Sabach an Ethiopian came to the 
Sabacon, or Sabaco, taken to be so, who joined with Hoshea King of Isreal.  Throne, going beyond all his Predecessors in his Worship of the Gods, and kindness to his Subjects. Any Man may judge and have a clear Evidence of his gentle Disposition in this, that when the Laws pronounced the severest Judgement (I mean Sentence of Death) he changed the Punishment, and made an Edict that the Condemned Persons should 
Persons to work in Chains, instead of being put to Death.  be kept to work in the Towns in Chains, by whose Labour he raised many Mounts, and made many Commodious Canals; conceiving by this means he should not only moderate the severity of the Punishment, but instead of that which was unprofitable, advance the public Good, by the Service and Labours of the Condemned. A Man may likewise judge of his extraordinary Piety from his Dream, and his Abdication of the Government; for the Tutelar God of Thebes, seemed to speak to him in his Sleep, and told him that he could not long reign happily and prosperously in Egypt, except he cut all the Priests in Pieces, when he passed through the midst of them with his Guards and Servants; which Advice being often repeated, he at length sent for the Priests from all parts, and told them that if he stayed in Egypt any longer, he found that he should displease God, who never at any time before by Dreams or Visions commanded any such thing. And that he would rather be gone and lose his Life, being pure and innocent, than displease 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Lord. Anarchy.  God, or enjoy the Crown of Egypt, by staining his Life with the horrid Murder of the Innocent. And so at length giving up the Kingdom into the Hands of the People, he returned into Ethiopia. Upon this there was an Anarchy for the space of Two Years; but the People falling into Tumults and intestine Broils and Slaughters one of another, Twelve of the chief Nobility of the Kingdom joined in a Solemn Oath, and then calling a Senate at Memphis, and making some Laws for the better directing and cementing of them in mutual peace and fidelity, they took upon them the Regal Power and Authority. After 
Twelve Kings reign lovingly in Egypt. Herodot. lib. 2. c. 147.  they had governed the Kingdom very amicably for the space of Fifteen Years, (according to the Agreement which they had mutually sworn to observe) they applied themselves to the building of a Sepulchre, where they might all lie together; that as in their Life-time they had been equal in their Power and Authority, and had always carried it with love and respect one towards another; so after Death (being all buried together in one Place) they might continue the Glory of their Names in one and the same Monument. To this end they made it their business to excel all their Predecessors in the greatness of their Works: For near the Lake of Myris in Lybia, they built a Foursquare Monument of Polished Marble, every square a Furlong in length, for curious Carving and other pieces of Art, not to be equalled by any that should come after them. When you are entered within the Wall, there's presented a stately Fabric, supported round with Pillars, Forty on every side: The Roof was of one entire Stone, whereon was curiously carved Racks and Mangers for Horses, and other excellent pieces of Workmanship, and painted and adorned with divers sorts of Pictures and Images; where likewise were portrayed the Resemblances of the Kings, the Temples, and the Sacrifices in most beautiful Colours. And such was the Cost and Stateliness of this Sepulchre, begun by these Kings, that (if they had not been dethroned before it was perfected) none ever after could have exceeded them in the state and magnificence of their Works. But after they had reigned over Egypt Fifteen Years, all of them but one lost their Sovereignty in the manner following.  
Psammeticus Saites, one of the Kings, whose Province was upon the Sea Coasts, 
Psammeticus. An. Mu. 3288. Ant. Ch. 669. 29 Year of Manasseth King of Judah.  trafficked with all sorts of Merchants, and especially with the Phoenicians and Grecians; by this means enriching his Province, by vending his own Commodities, and the importation of those that came from Greece, he not only grew very wealthy, but gained an interest in the Nations and Princes abroad; upon which account he was envied by the rest of the Kings, who for that reason made War upon him. Some ancient Historians tell a Story, That these Princes were told by 
Herodotus, lib. 2. c. 151.  the Oracle, That which of them should first pour Wine out of a brazen Viol to the God adored at Memphis, should be sole Lord of all Egypt. Whereupon Psammeticus when the Priest brought out of the Temple Twelve Golden Viols, plucked off his Helmet, and poured out a Wine Offering from thence; which when his Colleagues took notice of, they forbore putting him to death, but deposed him, and banished him into the Fens, bordering upon the Seacoasts. Whether therefore it were this, or Envy as is said before, that gave Birth to this Dissension and Difference amongst them, it's certain Psammeticus hired Soldiers out of Arabia, Caria and jonia, and in a Field-Fight near the City Moniemphis, he got the day. Some of the Kings of the other side were slain, and the rest fled into Africa, and were not able further to contend for the Kingdom.  
Psammeticus having now gained possession of the whole, built a Portico to the East Gate of the Temple at Memphis, in honour of that God, and encompassed the Temple with a Wall, supporting it with Colossuses of Twelve Cubits high in the room of Pillars. He bestowed likewise upon his Mercenary Soldiers many large Rewards over and above their Pay promised them.  
He gave them also a Place called Stratopedon to inhabit, and divided amongst them by Lot a large piece of Land, a little above the Mouth of Pelusium, whom Amasis (who reigned many Years after) transplanted to Memphis. Being therefore that he had gained the Kingdom by the help of his stipendiary Soldiers, he entrusted them chief in the concerns of the Government, and entertained great numbers of Strangers and Foreigners.  
Afterwards undertaking an Expedition into Syria (to honour the Foreigners) he placed them in the right Wing of his Army; but out of slight and disregard to the natural Egyptians, he drew up them in the Left; with which Affront the Egyptians were so incensed, that above Two Hundred Thousand of them revolted, and marched away towards Ethiopia, there to settle themselves in new Habitations. At first the King sent some of his Captives after them, to make an Apology for the Dishonour done them; but these not being harkened unto, the King himself with some of his Nobility followed them by Water. But they marched on, and entered Egypt, near the River Nile, where he earnestly entreated them to alter their purpose, and to remember their Gods, their Country, Wives and Children: 
Psammeticus Army revolt.  They all cried out (beating upon their Shields, and shaking their Spears) that as long as they had Arms in their Hands, they could easily gain another Country; and then turning aside the Flaps of their Coats, they showed their Privy Members, bawling out, That as long as they were so furnished, they should never want Wives or Children. Possessed with this Resolution and Magnanimity of Mind, they despised every thing that by all others are highly prized and valued, and settled themselves in a rich and fruitful Soil in Ethiopia, dividing the Land amongst themselves by lot.  
Psammeticus laid this greatly to heart, and made it his Business to settle the Affairs of Egypt, and to increase his Revenues, and entered into League with the Athenians and other Grecians, and was very kind and liberal to all Strangers that came into Egypt. He was so taken with the Grecians, that he caused his Son to be instructed in the Grecian Learning. He was certainly the first of all the Kings of Egypt that encouraged Foreigners to traffic in his Country, giving safe Conduct to all Strangers that sailed thither. For the former Kings allowed no Strangers to come into Egypt, and if any did arrive, they either put them to death, or made them Slaves: And it was the Churlishness of this Nation, which caused all that noise among the Greeks concerning the Cruelty and Wickedness of Busiris, though all was not true as it was related, but the extraordinary Severity of the Country gave occasion to the raising of those Fables.  
After Psammticeus and Four Generations past, Apries reigned Two and Twenty 
Apries.  Years. He invaded with mighty Forces, Cyprus and Phenicia, and took Sidon by Storm; and through Fear and Terror of him, brought other Cities of Phenicia into Subjection. And having routed the Cyprians and Phoenicians in a great Sea-Fight, he returned into Egypt, loaden with the Spoils of his Enemies. But afterwards sending an Army against Cyrene and Barca, he lost most of them; at which those that escaped, were extraordinarily enraged; and suspecting that he employed them in this Expedition on purpose to have them all cut off, that he might reign the more securely over the rest, they all revolted. For Amasis, a 
Amasis.  Nobleman of Egypt, being sent against them by the King, not only slighted the King's Commands in endeavouring to make all whole again, but on the contrary incited the Rebels to a higher degree of Rage and Indignation against him, and turned Rebel himself, and was created King. And not long after, when the rest of the People all went over to him, the King not knowing what to do, was 〈◊〉 to fly for Aid to the stipendiary Soldiers, who were about Thirty Thousand; but being routed in a Field-Fight near to a Town called Marius, he was there taken Prisoner and strangled.  
Amasis' having settled his Affairs in Egypt, so as he judged most conducing to the public good, governed the Egyptians with all Justice and Moderation, and by this gained the good Will of all the People. He conquered also the Cities of Cyprus, and adorned the Temples of the Gods with many rich Gifts and Offerings. Having reigned Five and Fifty Years, he died about the time Cambyses King of Persia first invaded Egypt, in the Third Year of the Sixty Third Olympiad, in which 
Olymp. 63. Ant. Ch. 523.  Parmenides of Camarina was Victor.   

CHAP. VI  
The Customs of the Egyptians: Of their Kings. Of their Hourly Employment, Sacrifices, Diet, etc. Their Burials. The division of Egypt. Their Trades in Egypt. Courts of Justice. Their Law Proceed. The several Laws of Egypt. Beasts and Birds adored in Egypt, as Lions, Wolves, Cats, the Bird Ibis, Kites, etc. Costs in their Burial of these Creatures. Reasons given of this Adoration.  
SInce sufficient hath been said of the Egyptian Kings from the most ancient 
The Customs of the Egyptians.  Times, to the Death of Amasis, (leaving for a while what remains till a more proper time) we shall now give a brief account of those Laws and Customs of the Egyptians that are most to be admired, and may especially delight and profit the Reader. For many of the ancient Customs of the Egyptians were not only allowed by the natural Inhabitants, but were greatly admired by the Grecians, so that every Learned Man earnestly coveted to travel into Egypt to learn the Knowledge of their Laws and Customs, as things of great weight and moment: And though the Country anciently forbade all reception to Strangers (for the Reasons before alleged) yet some of the Ancients, as Orpheus and Homer, and many of latter times, as Pythagoras the Samian, and Solon the Lawgiver, adventured to travel thither. And therefore the Egyptians affirm that Letters, Astronomy, Geometry, and many other Arts were first found out by them; and that the best Laws were made and instituted by them. To confirm which, they allege this as an undeniable Argument, that the Native Kings of Egypt have reigned there for the space of above Four Thousand and Seven Hundred Years, and that their Country for all that time has been the most prosperous and flourishing Kingdom in the World, which could never have been so, if the Inhabitants had not been civilised, and brought up under good Laws, and Liberal Education in all sorts of Arts and Sciences. But we shall omit what Herodotus and other Writers of the Egyptian History relate, who wilfully pursue and prefer prodigious Stories before Truth, and relate a company of Fictions merely for Sport and Diversion sake, and shall give an Account of such things as we have carefully perused and examined recorded in their Books by the Egyptian Priests.  
The First Kings of Egypt lived not after the way and manner of other Monarches, 
The way of Living of the First Kings of Egypt.  to do what they list, without Control; but in every thing conformed themselves to their Laws, not only in the public Administration of the Government, but in their daily private Conversation, and their very Meals and Diet. For among their Attendants, they had neither Slaves for Servants, nor such as were born in their Houses; but the Sons of the chiefest of the Priests (after they attained to the Age of Twenty Years) brought up and educated more nobly than any other of the rest of the Egyptians; that having such noble Attendants upon his Person (of the best and highest Rank in the Kingdom) to be always with him night and day, he might not do any thing that was base and blame-worthy. For no Prince is apt to be very wicked, except he have some ready at Hand to encourage him in his Lusts.  
There were Hours set apart in the Night as well as the Day, wherein the King 
Hours set apart.  was to do something enjoined him by the Laws, and not to indulge himself in his Pleasures.  
When he risen in the Morning, the first thing he was to do, was to peruse all the public Letters and Advices sent from all Parts, that he might order his Concerns the better, by having perfect knowledge of all the Affairs of the Kingdom. Then Washing himself, and putting on his Splendid Robes, and the Ensigns and Badges of his Royal Authority, he went to Sacrifice to the Gods.  
When the Victims were brought to the Altar, it was the Custom for the High 
The Priest's Prayers for the King.  Priest in the presence of the King and People standing round about him, to pray with a loud Voice for the Health and Prosperity of the King, who righteously ruled and governed his Subjects, wherein he recounted all the Virtues of the Prince, his Piety towards the Gods, his kindness to his People; how Continent, Just, Magnanimous and Faithful he was; how Bountiful, and what a Master he was over all inordinate Appetites and Passions; how he was Mild and Gentle in inflicing Punishments upon Offenders, less than their Deserts, and Bountiful in distributing of his Rewards. When the Priest had uttered these and such like Commendations, he at last pronounced a Curse upon all such Offences and Miscarriages as had been ignorantly committed; yet withal, clearing the King, and laying all the Blame and Gild upon his Ministers and Advisers. And this the Priest did that he might thereby induce and persuade the King to an Awe of the Gods, and to live so as might be pleasing to them; and likewise by Praise and Commendation rather gently to win upon him, than by harsh and rugged Rebukes to drive him to the practice of Virtuous Actions. Afterwards when the King had viewed the entrails and 
* Atoned the Gods by Sacrifice. History read.  finished his Sacrifices, the Priests read out of the Sacred Records, the Edicts, Laws and most useful and remarkable Actions of such as were most famous in their Generations, that the Prince might seriously consider and ponder upon what was most commendable in those Examples, and imitate them according to the Rules there prescribed. For there were not only set Times allotted for dispatch of public Business, and Administration of Justice, but likewise for taking of the Air, Bathing, lying with the Queen, and almost every action of their Lives.  
The Custom was likewise for the Kings to feed upon plain and ordinary Meat, 
Diet.  as Veal and Goose, and to drink Wine according to a stinted measure, which might neither overcharge their Stomaches, nor make them drunk. Such a moderate Diet was prescribed, as that it seemed rather to be ordered by a Skilful Physician for Health sake, than by a Lawmaker. It is indeed to be admired and very strange, that the King should not be left to his liberty for his daily Food; but much more is it to be admired, that he could not do any public Business, Condemn or Punish any Man to gratify his own Humour or Revenge, or for any other unjust 
Judgement not to be given to gratify the King's Passion.  Cause; but was bound to do according as the Laws had ordered in every particular case. The Kings observing those Rules according to the ancient Custom, were so far from thinking it dishonourable, or being uneasy under it, that they looked upon themselves to live most desirable and happy Lives; and judged that all other Men who inconsiderately indulged their natural Appetites, did many things that were attended with great Losses, or apparent Hazards at the least; yea, that some, though they know beforehand that what they were about to do was ill and unjustifiable, yet overcome either with Love or Hatred, or some other unruly Passion, committed the wicked act notwithstanding; and therefore they were resolved to follow the Rules of living, before approved by wise and prudent Men, and not to fall into the least Irregularity. The Kings therefore carrying this even Hand towards all their Subjects, were more beloved by them than by their own Kindred and Relations: For not only all the Orders of the Priests, but the whole Nation together were more concerned for the Health and Prosperity of their Kings, than they were for their Wives and Children, or their private Interests in their Goods and Estates; and therefore as long as these wholesome Laws were observed amongst 'em, they preserved their Government without stain or blemish for many Ages under the King's beforementioned, living in the height of all Worldly Happiness: And besides all this, were Conquerors of many Nations, and grew exceeding rich, and their Provinces were beautified with many stately magnificent Works, and their Cities adorned with many rich Gifts of all sorts.  
What the Egyptians performed after the Deaths of every of their Kings, clearly evidences the great Love they bore to them. For Honour done him that cannot possibly know it (in a grateful return of a former Benefit) carries along with it a Testimony of Sincerity, without the least colour of Dissimulation. For upon 
Burial of the Kings.  the Death of every King, the Egyptians generally lament with an universal Mourning, rend their Garments, shut up their Temples, inhibit Sacrifices and all Feasts and Solemnities for the space of Seventy Two Days: They cast 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Dirt  Dust likewise upon their Heads, and gird themselves under their Breasts with a Linen Girdle; and thus Men and Women Two Hundred or Three Hundred sometimes in a Company, twice a Day go about singing mournful Songs in praise of the deceased King, recalling his Virtues (as it were) from the very Grave. During that time, they neither eat Flesh, nor any thing baked or heated by the Fire, and abstain from Wine and all Sumptuous Fare: Neither dare any use Baths or Ointments, Beds trimmed up, or indulge themselves with Women. But every one (as if they had lost their dearest beloved Child) is in mourning and sadness, and spends all these Days in Lamentation. In the mean time all things are prepared in a stately manner for the Funeral, and the last day the Coffin with the Body enclosed, is set at the Entrance into the Sepulchre: And there, according to the Law, in honour of the Deceased, all the Actions of his Life are rehearsed, where every one that will, has free liberty to accuse him. But all the Priests set forth his Praise, mentioning all the noble Actions of his Life; and many Thousands of People met together at the bringing forth of the Body (if the King have ruled well) second the Priests with a tumultuous Cry and Noise of Approbation: But if he have governed otherwise, they are hush and still: And therefore many of the Kings (through the dislike of the People) have not been honoured with any Funeral Pomp or solemn Burial; upon which account the succeeding Kings (not only for the Reason's beforementioned, but because they fear the abuse of their Bodies after Death, and everlasting disgrace and dishonour) have studied how to acquit themselves by just and Virtuous Actions. These are the most remarkable Manners and Customs of the ancient Kings of Egypt.  
The whole Land of Egypt is divided into several Parts, which the Greeks call 
The Division of Egypt into Three Parts.  Nomoi, over every one of which is appointed a Lord Lieutenant or Provincial Governor, who is entrusted with Administration of public Affairs in the Province. The whole Country likewise is divided into Three Parts, whereof the First is allotted to the Priests, who are highly reverenced, and are in great Authority among the People, both for their Piety towards the Gods, and their great Wisdom and Learning wherein they instruct the People. And out of their Revenues, they provide Sacrifices throughout all Egypt, and maintain their Families and Servants, and procure all other things necessary for themselves: For they judge it not lawful by any means that the Worship of the Gods should be altered (but always performed by them after the same manner) nor that those who are the public Ministers of State should want any thing that is necessary. For these are always at the King's Elbow, as the Chief of his Privy Counsel, who assist, advise and instruct him upon all occasions. By the help of Astrology, and viewing the entrails of the Sacrifices, they Divine and foretell future Events, and out of the Records in the sacred Registers from things done in former times, they read profitable Lectures for present use and practice. For it is not (as among the Grecians) that one Man or one Woman only executes the Priest's Office, but in Egypt many are employed in the Sacrifices and Worship of the Gods, who teach the same way and manner of Service to their Children and Posterity. They are free from all public Taxes and Impositions, and are in the Second place to the King in Honour and Authority. The Second Portion belongs to the King, as his Revenue to support his Royal State and Dignity, and maintain the Charge of his Wars, and to enable him to reward those that have been eminent for their Virtue and public Service, with Gifts according to their Deserts; and inasmuch as this Portion brings in a plentiful Provision for all these purposes, the People are not 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, do not drown them.  oppressed with Taxes and heavy Impositions. The last Portion belongs to the Soldiers, who at a word are ready at the King's Commands for every Expedition; that they who venture their Lives in the Wars, being endeared to their Country by that plentiful share and proportion allotted them, may more cheerfully undergo the hazards of War. For it would be an irrational thing to intrust the safety and preservation of the whole, with them who have nothing in their Country that's dear or valuable to them to sight for. And the chief Reason why so large a share is allotted to them, is that they might more readily marry, and by that means make the Nation more populous; and so there might be no need of Foreign Aids and Assistances. Besides, that Children descended from Soldiers, would be apt to imitate the valour of their Ancestors, and minding Arms from their very Childhood, would at length (through their natural Courage and Skill in their Arms) become unconquerable.  
The Nation likewise is distinguished into Three other Classes and Orders of Men, Shepherds, Husbandmen and Artificers. The Husbandmen take the Land (fit for Tillage and bearing of other Fruits) of the King, the Priests and the Swordmen, upon an easy Rent, and take up all their Time in this Business; and because they are bred up from their very Infancy in Country Affairs, they are the most Skilful Husbandmen of any other Nation in the World. For they know exactly the Nature of the Land, the Inundation of the Waters, Seedtime and Harvest, and the gathering in of the other Fruits of the Earth, partly from the knowledge gained from their Ancestors, and partly from their own particular Experience.  
The way and manner of the Shepherds is the same, who being used to look after the Flocks and Herds from Father to Son, make it their whole Employment to feed and pasture them. They have indeed learned many things from their Ancestors concerning the best way of governing and feeding their Flocks, but not a few by their own Study and Invention. And that which is chief to be admired, is that their Industry is such in these matters, that they that keep Poultry and Geese, not content with the ordinary way of breeding these Creatures (as amongst other People) but by their Wit and Ingenuity cause them to increase to an infinite number, for they do not suffer them to hatch, but to admiration force out the Young with their Hands with so much Art and Skill, that it's done as effectually as by Nature itself.  
Arts and Trades likewise among the Egyptians are greatly improved and brought 
All to follow their own Trades and no other.  to their highest perfection. For it's a Rule only among the Egyptians, that no Mechanic or other Artificer is to be of any other Trade or Employment, or to be reckoned up among any other Orders or Classes of the Commonwealth, than such as by the Law is allowed, and taught them by their Parents; to the end that neither Envy attending Magistracy, nor public Business of the State, or any thing else might interrupt them in the diligent improvement of their Trades. In other Places we see Artificers and Tradesmen busied about many other things, and (to gratify their Covetousness) not to stick to any one Employment. For some apply themselves to Husbandry, others to Merchandise, and some follow Two or Three Trades at once. And many who run to the public Assemblies in Cities, under a Democratical Government, by Bribes and Rewards enrich themselves, to the damage and prejudice of the Commonwealth. But in Egypt if any Tradesman meddle in Civil Affairs, or exercise any more than one Trade at once, he is grievously punished. And in this manner the ancient Egyptians divided their Commonwealth, and every Order took care to preserve themselves entire, as that which they had learned, and had been handed down to them from their Ancestors. They 
Courts of Justice.  were likewise extraordinary careful concerning their Courts of Justice, for they looked upon just Sentences and Decrees pronounced from the Seats of Justice on both sides, to be of great weight and moment to the advancement of the public good. For they knew very well, that men's miscarriages would be best reformed, if Offenders were duly punished, and the Injured and Oppressed relieved: And on the contrary they foresaw, that if the Punishment due by the Law to Malefactors could be bought off for Money, Favour or Affection, than nothing but Disorder and Confusion would enter into all Orders and Societies of Men among them: And therefore to prevent this (with good effect) they chose Men of the greatest Reputation out of the Chiefest Cities to be their Judges: As out of Heliopolis, Thebes and Memphis; which Assembly of the Judges was nothing inferior to the Arcopagites in Athens, or the Senate at Sparta. Out of these (being Thirty in number) they chose one the most eminent among them to be Precedent, and in his Room the City sent another. The Judges received their Salaries from the King, but the Precedent had the greatest Allowance; about his Neck he wore a golden Chain, at which hung a Picture representing Truth, set with precious Stones. When the Precedent put on his Chain, it was a Sign than he was about to hear Causes. And when the Eight Books wherein the Laws were written were laid before 
The Law proceed.  the Judges, it was the Custom that the Plaintiff exhibited his Complaint in writing distinctly and particularly; setting forth wherein he was injured, and how, and the value of his damage sustained. On the other side the Defendant or the Party accused, after a Copy had of his Adversaries Libel, answered in Writing to every particular, either by denying or justifying, or pleading something in mitigation of Damages. Then the Plaintiff replied in Writing, and the Defendant rejoined. After the Litigants had thus twice exhibited their Libels, it was then the part of the Thirty Judges to consider amongst themselves of the Judgement to be pronounced, and incumbent upon the Precedent 
* To show that Truth was on his side.  to turn the Essigies of Truth towards one of the Litigants. And this was the usual manner of Proceed in their Courts of Justice among the Egyptians. For it was judged, that by the Harangues of Lawyers, a Cloud was cast upon the Truth and Justice of the Cause; inasmuch as the Arts of Rhetoricians, the juggling Tricks of Dissemblers, and the Fears of them that are like to be overthrown in their Cause, have wrought upon many to wave the strictness of the Law, and to turn aside from the Rule of Justice and Truth: And indeed it's often found by experience, that Offenders brought to the Bar of Justice by the help of a cunning Orator, or their own Rhetorical Flourishes (either through a Fallacy put upon the Court, or taking Insinuations, or melting Compassions wrought by the Speaker in the Judge) have escaped: Therefore the Egyptians concluded, that if all the Accusation was put into Writing, and consideration had barely of what was there set down, the Sentence would be more exact and just. And so by that means crafty and ingenious Fellows would be no more favoured, than those that were more dull, nor the experienced Artist more than those that were ignorant and unskilful, nor the audacious Liar more than those that are modest and sincere; but all would have equal Justice, in regard sufficient time was allowed by the Law, both for the Parties to answer each other, and for the Judges to consider and give Judgement upon the Allegations of both sides.  
And since now we are come to mention the Laws, we conceive it will not be 
Laws of Egypt.  foreign from our History to give an account of such Laws of the Egyptians as are either remarkable for their Antiquity, or strange and different from all other, or that may be any way useful and profitable to the studious Readers.  
1. And in the first place, those were to die who were guilty of Perjury, being such as committed the Two greatest Crimes; that is, Impiety towards the Gods, and Violation of Faith and Truth, the strongest Band of Humane Society.  
2. If any upon the Road saw a Man likely to be killed, or to be violently assaulted, and did not rescue him if he were able, he was to die for it. And if in truth he were not able to defend him, yet he was bound to discover the Thiefs, and to prosecute them in a due Course of Law. If he neglected this, he was according to the Law to be scourged with a certain number of Stripes, and to be kept without Food for Three Days together.  
3. False Accusers were to suffer the same Punishment as those whom they falsely accused were to have undergone, if they had afterwards been convicted of the Offence.  
4. All the Egyptians were enjoined to give in their Names in Writing, to the Governors of the Provinces, showing how and by what means, they got their Livelihood. He that gave a false Account in such case, or if it appeared he lived by Robbery, or any other unjust course, he was to die; which Law it's said Solon brought over out of Egypt into Athens.  
5. He that wilfully killed a Freeman; nay, a very Bondslave, was by the Law to die; thereby designing to restrain Men from wicked Actions, as having no respect to the state and condition of the Person suffering, but to the advised act of the Offender; and by this care of Slaves, Men learned that Freemen were much less to be destroyed.  
6. Parents that killed their Children, were not to die, but were forced for Three Days and Nights together to hug them continually in their Arms, and had a Guard all the while over them, to see they did it; for they thought it not fit that they should die, who gave Life to their Children; but rather that Men should be deterred from such Attempts by a Punishment that seemed attended with Sorrow and Repentance.  
7. But for Patricides, they provided a most severe kind of Punishment: For those that were convicted of this Offence, were laid upon Thorns, and burned alive after that they had, first mangled the Members of their Bodies with sharp Canes, Piece-meal about the bigness of a Man's Thumb. For they counted it the most wicked Act that Men could be guilty of, to take away the Lives of them from whom they had their own.  
8. Those that were with Child, were not to be executed till they were delivered, which Law was received by many of the Grecians, judging it very unjust for the Innocent to suffer with the Offender, and Two to die for the Offence of one only. Besides, in as much as the Crime was maliciously and advisedly committed, it was unreasonable that the Child that understood not what was done, should undergo the same Punishment. And that which is of the greatest Consideration, is, that it was altogether unjust (being the Mother was only accused and condemned as guilty) the Child (Common both to Father and Mother) should lose its Life; for that Judge is as unjust that destroys the Innocent, as he that spares him that is guilty of Murder.  
9 These are the Capital Laws which are chief worthy of Praise and Commendation; 
Laws Military  as to others, those concerning military Affairs, provided that Soldiers who ran away from their Colours or mutined, though they should not die, yet should be otherwise punished with the utmost Disgrace imaginable; but if they after wipe off their Disgrace by their Valour, they are restored to their former Post and Trust. By this inflicting of a Punishment more grievous than Death, the Lawgiver designed that all should look upon Disgrace and Infamy as the greatest of Evils: Besides it was judged, that those who were put to Death, could never be further serviceable to the Commonwealth; but such as were degraded only (through a desire to repair their Reputation) might be very useful, and do much good service in time to come.  
10. Such as revealed the Secrets of the Army to the Enemy, were to have their 
Secrets revealed to Enemies Coining, Forgery, etc.  Tongues cut out.  
11. They that coined false and adulterated Money, or contrived false Weights, or Counterfeited Seals; and Scriveners or Clerks that forged Deeds, or razed public Records, or produced any forged Contracts, were to have both their Hands cut off, that every one might suffer in that part wherewith he had offended in such a manner as not to be repaired during their Life; and that others warned by so severe a Punishment, might be deterred from the Commission of the like Offence.  
12. In Relation to Women the Laws were very severe: For he that committed 
Rape.  a Rape upon a Free Woman, was to have his Privy Members cut off; for they judged that Three most heinous Offences were included in that one vile Act, that is, Wrong, Defilement and Bastardy.  
13. In case of Adultery, the Man was to have a Thousand Lashes with Rods, and 
Adultery.  the Woman her Nose cut off. For it was looked upon very sit, that the Adulteress that tricked up herself to allure Men to Wantonness, should be punished in that part where her Charms chief lay.  
14. They say that Bocchoris made the Laws concerning Merchandise. As to these, it was a Law, That if a Man borrowed Money, and the lender had no Writing to show for it, and the other denied it upon his Oath, he should be quit of the Debt; to that end therefore in the First Place, they were to sacrifice to the Gods, as Men making Conscience, and tender and Scrupulous in taking of an Oath. For it being clear and evident that he that swears often again and again, at last loses his Credit, every Man to prevent that Mischief, will be very cautions of being brought to an Oath. Moreover, the Lawgiver had this Design, that by grounding a Man's Credit and Reputation wholly upon the Integrity of his Life and Conversation, every one would be induced to honest and virtuous Actions, lest he should be despised as a Man of no Credit or Worth. Besides, it was judged a most unjust thing not to believe him upon his Oath in that matter relating to his Contract, to whom Credit was given in the self same thing without an Oath before.  
15. For those that lent Money by Contract in Writing, it was not lawful to 
Deb 〈…〉 Usury.  take Usury above what would double the Stock; and that Payment should be made only out of the Debtors Goods; but his Body was not to be liable in any wise to Imprisonment: And those were counted the Debtors Goods, which he had either earned by his Labour, or had been bestowed upon him by the just Proprietors. But as for their Bodies, they belonged to the Cities where they inhabited, who had an Interest in them for the public Services, both in Times of Peace and War; for that it was an absurd thing for him who was to venture his Life for his Country, to be carried to Goal for a Debt by his Creditor (if it should so happen) and that the public safety should be hazarded to gratify the Covetousness of some Private Men. This Law seems to have been established in Athens by Solon, which he called 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Moderation of Usery.  Sisachthy, freeing all the Citizens from being imprisoned by their Creditors for debt. And some do justly blame many of the Lawmakers of Greece, that they forbade Arms, Plows and other things absolutely necessary for Labours, to be taken as Pawns, and yet permitted them that should use them to be imprisoned.  
16. There's a very remarkable Law among the Egyptians concerning Theft. 
〈◊〉  Those that enter into the List of Thiefs, are to give in their Names to one that is their Chief and Head, and whatever they steal, they engage to bring to him. They that have lost any thing, are to set down in writing every particular, and bring it to him, and set forth the Day, and Hour and Place, when and where they lost their Goods. Every thing being thus readily found out, after the things stolen are valued, the true Owner is to pay a Fourth part of the value, and so receives his Goods again. For being it was not possible to restrain all from Thieving, the Lawmaker found out a way that all might be restored, except a small Proportion for Redemption.  
The Egyptian Priests only Mary one Wife, but all others may have as many 
Marriage.  Wives as they please; and all are bound to bring up as many Children as they can for the further increase of the Inhabitants, which tends much to the Wellbeing either of a City or Country. None of the Sons are ever reputed Bastards, though they be begotten of a Bondmaid, for they conceive that the Father only begets the Child, and that the Mother contributes nothing but Place and Nourishment. And they call Trees that bear Fruit Males, and those that bear none Females, contrary to what the Grecians name them. They bring up their Children with very little Cost, and are sparing upon that account to admiration. For they provide for them Broth made of any mean and poor Stuff that may easily be had; and feed those that are of strength able to eat it, with the Pith of 
* Flags called Papyre, with which they made Books, and therefore sometimes called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, a Book.  Bulrushes roasted in the Embers, and with Roots and Herbs got in the Fens; sometimes raw, and sometimes boiled, and at other times fried and boiled. Most of their Children go barefooted and naked, the Climate is so warm and temperate. It costs not the Parent to bring up a Child to Man's Estate, above Twenty 
† Twenty Drachmas amount to 12s. 6●.  Drachmas; which is the chief Reason why Egypt is so Populous, and excels all other Places in magnificent Structures. The Priests instruct the Youth in Two sorts of Learning; that which they call Sacred, and the other which is more common and Ordinary. In Arithmetic and Geometry they keep them a long time: For in regard the River every Year changes the Face of the Soil, the Neighbouring Inhabitants are at great difference among themselves concerning the Boundaries of their Land, which cannot be easily known but by the help of Geometry. And as for Arithmetic, as it's useful upon other occasions, so it's very helpful to the Study of Geometry, and no small advantage to the Students of Astrology; for the Egyptians (as well as some others) are diligent Observers of the Course and Motions of the Stars, and preserve Remarks of every one of them for an incredible number of Years, being used to this Study, and to endeavour to outvie one another therein from the most ancient Times. They have with great Cost and Care observed the Motions of the Planets; their 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Periodical Motions from West to East, by force of the Primum Mobile.  Periodical Motions, and their 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Sterigmus, their stops, and then return like the Tropics.  stated Stops, and the Influences of every one of them, in the Nativity of Living Creatures, and what good or ill they foreshow; and very often they so clearly discover what is to come in the Course of men's Lives, as if they pointed at the thing with the point of a Needle. They frequently presage both Famine and Plenty; grievous Diseases likely to seize both upon Man and Beast; Earthquakes, Inundations and Comets; and through long Experience they come to the foreknowledge of such things as are commonly judged impossible for the Wit of Man to attain unto. They affirm that the Chaldeans in Babylon are Egyptian Colonies, and that their Astrologers have attained to that degree of Reputation, by the Knowledge they have learned of the Egyptian Priests.  
The rest of the common People of Egypt (as we have before declared) are 
Arts.  trained up from their very Childhood either by their Parents or Kindred in all manner of Arts and Trades whereby to get their Livelihood.  
They teach but a very few to write and read; but Tradesmen especially learn both. It's not the Custom there to learn the Art of Wrestling or Music; for they think that by the Exercise of daily Wrestling, the Youth improve in their Strength but for a little time, and that with a great deal of Hazard, but gain no Advantage at all as to the Health of their Bodies. And as for Music, they look upon it not only unprofitable, but that it also makes Men soft and effeminate.  
To prevent Diseases they make use of Clysters and purging Potions, Abstinence 
Physicians.  and Vomits, and this they repeat sometimes for several days together, and other times every third or fourth day. For in all manner of Food (they say) the greatest Part of it is superfluous, which breeds Diseases, and therefore the aforesaid Method whereby the Root of the Disease is plucked up (they say) is a mighty Help both to the Preservation and Recovery of Health. For the Physicians have a public Stipend, and make 〈◊〉 of Receipts prescribed by the Law, made up by the Ancient Physicians; and if they cannot cure the Patient by them, they are never blamed; but if they use other Medicines, they are to suffer Death, in as much as the Lawmaker appointed such Receipts for Cure, as were approved by the most learned Doctors, such as by long Experience had been found effectual.  
The Adoration and Worshipping of Beasts among the Egyptians seems justly to 
Beasts adored by the Egyptians.  many a most strange and unaccountable thing, and worthy Enquiry; for they worship some Creatures even above measure, when they are dead as well as when they are living; as Cats, 
* Ichneumon, the Indian Rat, Vid. Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 29. c. 4. and lib. 8. c. 24. He kills Asps, and the Crocodile.  Ichneumons, Dogs, Kites, the Bird 
† Ibis, a Bird the Egyptians pray unto when they are troubled with Serpents, Plin. lib. 10. c. 28.  Ibis, Wolves and Crocodiles, and many other such like. The Cause of which I shall endeavour to give, having first premised something briefly concerning them. And first of all, they dedicate a piece of Land to every kind of Creature they adore, assigning the Profits for feeding and taking care of them. To some of these Deities the Egyptians give Thanks for recovering their Children from Sickness, as by shaving their Heads, and weighing the Hair, with the like Weight of Gold or Silver, and then giving that Money to them that have the Care of the Beasts. To the Kites, while they are flying they cry out with a loud Voice, and throw pieces of Flesh for them upon the Ground till such time as they take it. To the Cats and Ichneumons they give Bread soaked in Milk, stroking and making much of them, or feed them with pieces of Fish taken in the River Nile. In the same manner they provide for the other Beasts Food according to their several kinds. They are so far from not paying this. Homage to their Creatures, or being ashamed of them, that on the contrary they glory in them, as in the highest Adoration of the Gods, and carry about special Marks and Ensigns of Honour for them through City and Country; upon which Account those that have the Care of the Beasts (being seen after off) are honoured and worshipped by all by falling down upon their Knees. When any one of them die they wrap it in fine Linen, and with Howling beat upon their Breasts, and so carry it forth to be salted, and then after they have anointed it with the Oil of Cedar and other things, which both give the Body a fragrant Smell and preserve it a long time from Putrefaction, they bury it in a secret place. He that wilfully kills any of these Beasts, is to suffer Death; but if any kill a Cat or the Bird Ibis, whether wilfully or otherwise, he's certainly dragged away to Death by the Multitude, and sometimes most cruelly without any formal Trial or Judgement of Law. For fear of this, if any by chance find any of these Creatures dead, they stand aloof, and with lamentable Cries and Protestations tell every body that they found it dead. And such is the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  religious Veneration impressed upon the Hearts of Men towards these Creatures, and so obstinately is every one bent to adore and worship them, that even at the time when the Romans were about making a League with Ptolemy, and all the People made it their great Business to caress and show all Civility and Kindness imaginable to them that came out of Italy, and through Fear strove all they could that no Occasion might in the least be given to disoblige them or be the Cause of a War, yet it so happened that upon a Cat being killed by a Roman, the People in a Tumult ran to his Lodging, and neither the Princes sent by the King to dissuade them, nor the Fear of the Romans could deliver the Person from the Rage of the People, tho' he did it against his Will; and this I relate not by Hear-say, but was myself an Eye-witness of it at the time of my Travels into Egypt. If these things seem incredible and like to Fables, those that we shall hereafter relate will look more strange. For it's reported, that at a time when there was a Famine in Egypt, many were driven to that straight, that by turns they fed one upon another; but not a Man was accused to have in the least tasted of any of these sacred Creatures. Nay, if a Dog be found dead in a House, the whole Family shave their Bodies all over, and make great Lamentation; and that which is most wonderful, is, That if any Wine, Bread or any other Victuals be in the House where any of these Creatures die, it's a part of their Superstition, not to make use of any of them for any purpose whatsoever. And when they have been abroad in the Wars in foreign Countries, they have with great Lamentation brought with them dead Cats and Kites into Egypt, when in the mean time they have been ready to starve for want of Provision. Moreover what Acts of Religious Worship they performed towards Apis in Memphis, 
† Or Mneus, an Ox dedicated to the Sun. Strabo, lib. 17.  Mnevis in Heliopolis, the Goat in Mendes, the Crocodile in the Lake of Myris, and the Lion kept in 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Leontopolis.  Leontopolis, and many other such like, is easy to describe, but very difficult to believe, except a Man saw it. For these Creatures are kept and fed in consecrated Ground enclosed, and many great Men provide Food for them at great Cost and Charge; for they constantly give them fine Wheat-Flower, Frumenty, Sweetmeats of all sorts made up with Honey, and Geese sometimes roasted, and sometimes boiled; and for such as fed upon raw Flesh, they provide Birds. To say no more, they are excessive in their Costs and Charges in feeding of these Creatures; and forbear not to wash them in hot Baths, to anoint them with the most precious Unguents, and perfume them with the sweetest Odours. They provide likewise for them most rich Beds to lie upon, with decent Furniture, and are extraordinary careful about their generating and coition one with another, according to the Law of Nature. They breed up for every one of the Males (according to their Kind's) the most beautiful She-mate, and call them their Concubines or Sweethearts, and are at great Costs and Charges in looking to them.  
When any of them die, they are as much concerned as at the Deaths of their 
Costs of Burial of Sacred Beasts.  own Children, and lay out in Burying of them as much as all their Goods are worth, and far more. For when Apis through Old Age died at Memphis after the Death of Alexander, and in the Reign of Ptolemy Lagus, his Keeper not only spent all that vast Provision he had made, in burying of him, but borrowed of Ptolemy Fifty Talents of Silver for the same purpose. And in our time some of the Keepers of these Creatures have lavished away no less than a Hundred Talents in the maintaining of them. To this may be further added, what is in use among them concerning the sacred Ox, which they call Apis. After the splendid Funeral of Apis is over, those Priests that have the Charge of the Business, seek out another Calf, as like the former as possibly they can find; and when they have found one, an end is put to all further Mourning and Lamentation; and such Priests as are appointed for that purpose, lead the young * Ox through 
† Or Bull.  the City of Nile, and feed him Forty Days. Then they put him into a Barge, wherein is a Colden cabin, and so transport him as a God to Memphis, and place him in Vulcan's Grove. During the Forty Days before mentioned, none but Women are admitted to see him, who being placed full in his view, pluck up their Coats, and show their Privy Parts: After they are forbade to come into the Sight of this New God. For the Adoration of this Ox, they give this Reason. They say that the Soul of Osiris passed into an Ox; and therefore whenever the Ox is Dedicated, to this very Day the Spirit of Osiris is infused into one Ox after another to Posterity. But some say, that the Members of Osiris (who was killed by Typhon) were thrown by Isis into an Ox made of Wood, covered with Ox-Hides, and from thence the City Busiris was so called. Many other things they fabulously report of Apis, which would be too tedious particularly to relate. But in as much as all that relate to this Adoration of Beasts are wonderful and indeed incredible, it's very difficult to find out the true Causes and Grounds of this Superstition. We have before related, that the Priests have a private and secret account of these things in the History of the Gods; but the Common People give these Three Reasons for what they do. The First of which is altogether Fabulous, and agrees with the old Dotage: For they say, that the First Gods were so very few, and Men so many above them in number, and so wicked and 
Reasons given for this Adoration.  impious, that they were too weak for them, and therefore transformed themselves into Beasts, and by that means avoided their Assaults and Cruelty. But afterwards they say that the Kings and Princes of the Earth (in gratitude to them that were the first Authors of their well-being) directed how carefully those Creatures whose Shapes they had assumed) should be fed while they were alive, and how they were to be Buried when they were dead. Another Reason they give is this: The ancient Egyptians, they say, being often defeated by the Neighbouring Nations, by reason of the disorder and confusion that was among them in drawing up of their Battalions, found out at last the way of Carrying Standards or Ensigns before their Several Regiments; and therefore they painted the Images of these Beasts, which now they adore, and fixed 'em at the end of a Spear, which the Officers carried before them, and by this means every Man perfectly knew the Regiment he belonged unto; and being that by the Observation of this good Order and Discipline, they were often Victorious, they afcribed their Deliverance to these Creatures; and to make to them a grateful Return, it was ordained for a Law, that none of these Creatures, whose Representations were formerly thus carried, should be killed, but religiously and carefully adored, as is before related. The Third Reason alleged by them, is the Profit and Advantage these Creatures bring to the common support and maintenance of Humane Life. For the Cow is both serviceable to the Blow, and for breeding others for the same use. The Sheep yeans twice a Year, and yields Wool for Clothing and Ornament, and of her Milk and Cream are made large and pleasant Chiefs. The Dog is useful both for the Guard of the House, and the pleasure of Hunting in the Field, and therefore their God whom they call Anubis, they represent with a Dog's Head, signifying thereby that a Dog was the Guard both to Osiris and Isis. Others say, that when they sought for Osiris, Dogs guided Isis, and by their barking and yelling (as kind and faithful Associates with the Inquisitors) drove away the wild Beasts, and diverted others that were in their way; and therefore in celebrating the Feast of Isis, Dogs lead the way in the Procession. Those that first instituted this Custom, signifying thereby the ancient kindness and good Service of this Creature. The Cat likewise is very serviceable against the Venomous Stings of Serpents, and the deadly By't of the Asp. The Ichneumenon secretly watches where the Crocodile lays her Eggs, and breaks them in pieces, and that he does with a great deal of eagerness, by natural instinct, without any necessity for his own support; and if this Creature were not thus serviceable, Crocodiles would abound to that degree, that there were no Sailing in Nile: Yea, the Crocodiles themselves are destroyed by this Creature in a wonderful and incredible manner. For the Ichneumenon rolls himself in the Mud, and then observing the Crocodile sleeping upon the Bank of the River with his Mouth wide open, suddenly whips down through his Throat into his very Bowels, and presently gnaws his way through his Belly, and so escapes himself, with the Death of his Enemy. Among the Birds, the Ibis is serviceable for the destroying of Snakes, Locusts and the Palmer Worm. The Kite is an Enemy to the Scorpions, horned Serpents, and other little Creatures, that both by't and sting Men to Death. Others say, that this Bird is Deified, because the Augurs make use of the swift flight of these Birds in their Divinations. Others say, that in ancient Time, a Book bound about with a Scarlet Thread (wherein were written all the Rites and Customs of Worshipping of the Gods) was carried by a Kite, and brought to the Priests at Thebes: For which Reason the Sacred Scribes wore a red Cap with a Kite's Feather in it.  
The Thebans worship the Eagle, because she seems to be a Royal Bird, and to deserve the Adoration due to Jupiter himself. They say, the Goat was accounted amongst the number of the Gods, for the sake of his Genitals, as Priapus is honoured among the Grecians: For this Creature is exceeding Lustful, and therefore they say that Member (the Instrument of Generation) is to be highly honoured, as that from which all living Creatures derive their Original. They say that these Privy Parts are not only accounted Sacred among the Egyptians, but among many others, are religiously adored in the time of their Solemn Rites of religious Worship, as those Parts that are the Causes of Generation. And the Priests, who succeed in the Office, descended to them from their Fathers in Egypt, are first initiated into the Service of this God. For this Reason the 
* Hobgoblins.  Panes and Satyrs are greatly adored among them, and therefore they have Images of them set up in their Temples, with their Privy Parts erected like to the Goat, which they say, is the most lustful Creature in the World. By this Representation they would signify their Gratitude to the Gods, for the Populousness of their Country.  
The Sacred Bulls Apis and Mnevis (they say) they honour as Gods by the Command of Osiris, both for their Usefulness in Husbandry, and likewise to keep up an honourable and lasting Memory of those that first found out Breadcorn and other Fruits of the EARTH.  
But however, its lawful to sacrifice red Oxen, because Typhon seemed to be of that Colour, who treacherously murdered Osiris, and was himself put to Death by Isis for the Murder of her Husband. They report likewise, that anciently Men that had red Hair, like Typhon, were sacrificed by the Kings at the Sepulchre of Osiris. And indeed, there are very few Egyptians that are red, but many that are Strangers: And hence arose the Fable of Busiris his Cruelty towards Strangers amongst the Greeks, not that there ever was any King called Busiris; but Osiris his Sepulchre was so called in the Egyptian Language. They say they pay divine Honour to Wolves, because they come so near in their Nature to Dogs, for they are very little different, and mutually engender and bring forth Whelps.  
They give likewise another Reason for their Adoration, but most fabulous of all other; for they say, that when Isis and her Son Orus were ready to join Battle with Typhon, Osiris came up from the Shades below in the form of a Wolf, and assisted them, and therefore when Typhon was killed, the Conquerors commanded that Beast to be worshipped, because the Day was won presently upon his Appearing.  
Some affirm, that at the time of the Irruption of the Ethiopians into Egypt, a great Number of Wolves flocked together, and drove the invading Enemy beyond the City Elaphantina, and therefore that Province is called 
* Of the City of Wolves.  Lycopolitana; and for these Reasons came these Beasts before mentioned, to be thus adored and worshipped.   

CHAP. VII.  
Why the Crocodile is Worshipped. Some sorts of Herbs and Roots not Eaten. Why other Creatures are Worshipped. The manner of their Burials. The Lawmakers in Egypt. Learned Men of Greece made Journeys into Egypt, as Orpheus, Homer, Plato, Solon, Pythagoras, etc. Several Proofs of this, as their Religious Rites, Fables, etc. in Greece, of Egyptian Extraction. The exquisite Art of the Stone-Carvers in Egypt.  
NOW it remains, that we speak of the Deifying the Crocodile, of which many 
Crocodil's why adored.  have enquired what might be the Reason; being that these Beasts devour Men, and yet are adored as Gods, who in the mean time are pernicious Instruments of many cruel Accidents. To this they answer, that their Country is not only defended by the River, but much more by the Crocodiles; and therefore the Thiefs out of Arabia and Africa being afraid of the great number of these Creatures, dare not pass over the River Nile, which protection they should be deprived of, if these Beasts should be fallen upon; and utterly destroyed by the Hunters.  
But there's another Account given of these Things: For one of the Ancient 
Menas pursued by his own Dogs, saved by a Crocodile.  Kings, called Menas, being set upon and pursued by his own Dogs, was forced into the Lake of Miris, where a Crocodile (a Wonder to be told) took him up and carried him over to the other side, where in Gratitude to the Beast he built a City, and called it Crocodile; and commanded Crocodiles to be Adored as Gods, and Dedicated the Lake to them for a place to Feed and Breed in. Where he built a Sepulchre for himself with a foursquare Pyramid, and a Labyrinth greatly admired by every Body. In the same manner they relate Stories of other Things, which would be too tedious here to recite. For some conceive it to be very clear and evident (by several of them not Eating many of the Fruits of the Earth) that Gain and Profit by sparing has infected them with this Superstition: for some never Taste Lentils, nor other Beans; and some never eat either Cheese or Onions or such like Food, although Egypt abounds with these Things. Thereby signifying that all should learn to be temperate; and whatsoever any feed upon, they should not give themselves to Gluttony. But others give another Reason; for they say that in the Time of the Ancient Kings, the People being prone to Sedition, and Plotting to Rebel, one of their wise and prudent Princes divided Egypt into several Parts, and appointed the Worship of some Beast or other in every Part, or forbade some sort of Food, that by that means every one Adoring their own Creature, and slighting that which was Worshipped in another Province, the Egyptians might never agree amongst themselves. And this is evident from the Effects; for when one Country despises and contemns the Religious Rites and Customs of their Neighbours, this always begets Heart-burnings among them. But some give this Reason for Deifying of these Creatures: They say, that in the beginning, Men that were of a fierce and beastly Nature herded together and devoured one another; and being in, perpetual War and Discord, the stronger always destroyed the weaker. In process of time, those that were too weak for the other (taught at length by Experience) got in Bodies together, and had the representations of those Beasts (which were afterwards Worshipped) in their Standards, to which they ran together when they were in a Fright, upon every occasion, and so made up a considerable Force against them that attempted to assault them. This was imitated by the rest, and so the whole Multitude got into a Body; and hence it was that that Creature, which every one supposed was the cause of his safety, was honoured as a God, as justly deserving that Adoration. And therefore at this day the People of Egypt differ in their Religion, every one Worshipping that Beast that their Ancestors did in the beginning. To conclude, they say that the Egyptians, of all other People, are the most grateful for Favours done them, judging Gratitude to be the safest Guard of their Lives, in as much as it is evident, that all are most ready to do good to them with whom are laid up the Treasures of a grateful Mind to make a suitable Return. And for these Reasons the Egyptians seem to honour and adore their Kings no less than as if they were very Gods. For they hold that without a Divine Providence they never could be advanced to the Throne; and being they can confer the greatest Rewards at their will and pleasure, they judge them partakers of the Divine Nature. Now tho' we have said perhaps more than is needful of their sacred Creatures, yet with this we have set forth the Laws of the Egyptians, which are very remarkable. But when a Man comes to understand their Rites and Ceremonies in Burying their Dead, he'll be struck with much greater Admiration.  
For after the Death of any of them, all the Friends and Kindred of the deceased throw Dirt upon their Heads, and run about through the City; mourning 
Their Burials.  and lamenting till such time as the Body be interred, and abstain from Baths, Wine and all pleasant Meats in the mean time; and forbear to clothe themselves with any rich Attire. They have three sorts of Funerals: The Stately and Magnificent, the Moderate, and the Meanest. In the first they spend a Talon of Silver, in the second twenty 
* About 62 l. 10 s.  Minas, in the last they are at very small Charges. They that have the Charge of wrapping up and burying the Body, are such as have been taught the Art by their Ancestors. These give in a Writing to the Family of every thing that is to be laid out in the Funeral, and inquire of them after what Manner they would have the Body interred. When every thing is agreed upon, they take up the Body and deliver it to them whose Office it is to take Care of it. Then the Chief among them (who is called the Scribe) having the Body laid upon the Ground, marks out how much of the left Side towards the Bowels is to be incised and opened, upon which the 
† The Dissector.  Paraschistes (so by them called) with an Ethiopian Stone dissects so much of the Flesh as by the Law is justifiable, and having done it, he forthwith runs away might and main, and all there present pursue him with Execrations, and pelt him with Stones, as if he were guilty of some horrid Offence, for they look upon him as an hateful Person, who wounds and offers Violence to the Body in that kind, or does it any Prejudice whatsoever. But as for those whom they call the 
* The Imbalmers.  Taricheutae, they highly honour them, for they are the Priests Companions, and as Sacred Persons are admitted into the Temple. Assoon as they come to the dissected Body, one of the Taricheutae thrusts up his Hand through the Wound, into the Breast of the Dead, and draws out all the Intestins, but the Reins and the Heart. Another cleanses all the Bowels, and washes them in Phaenician Wine mixed with divers Aromatic Spices. Having at last washed the Body, they first anoint it all over with the Oil of Cedar and other precious Ointments for the space of 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  forty days together; that done, they rub it well with Myrrh, Cinnamon, and such like things, not only apt and effectual for long Preservation, but for sweet scenting of the Body also, and so deliver it to the Kindred of the Dead, with every Member so whole and entire, that no Part of the Body seems to be altered till it come to the very Hairs of the Eyelids and the Eyebrows, insomuch as the Beauty and Shape of the Face seems just as it was before. By which Means many of the Egyptians laying up the Bodies of their Ancestors in stately Monuments, perfectly see the true Visage and Countenance of those that were buried, many Ages before they themselves were born. So that in viewing the Proportion of every one of their Bodies and the Lineaments of their Faces, they take exceeding great Delight, even as much as if they were still living among them. Moreover, the Friends and nearest Relations of the Dead acquaint the Judges and the rest of their Friends with the Time prefixed for the Funeral of such an one by Name, declaring that such a day he is to pass the Lake. At which Time forty Judges appear and sit together in a Semicircle, in a Place beyond the Lake; where a Ship (before provided by such as have the Care of the Business) is haled up to the Shoar, governed by a Pilot, whom the Egyptians call Charon. And therefore they say, that Orpheus seeing this Ceremony when he was in Egypt, invented the Fable of Hell, partly imitating them in Egypt, and partly adding something of his own; of which we shall speak particularly hereafter. The Ship being now in the Lake, every one is at Liberty by the Law to accuse the Dead before the Coffin be put aboard; and if any Accuser appears and makes good his Accusation, that he lived an ill Life, than the Judges give Sentence, and the Body is debarred from being buried after the usual Manner; but if the Informer be convicted of a scandalous and malicious Accusation, he's very severely punished. If no Informer appear, or that the Information prove false, all the Kindred of the Deceased leave off Mourning, and begin to set forth his Praises; but say nothing of his Birth (as is the Custom among the Greeks) because they account all in Egypt to be equally noble. But they recount how the deceased was educated from a Child, his 
1. Godliness, 2. Righteousness, 3. Sobriety commended by the Heathens.  Breeding till he came to Man's Estate, his Piety towards the Gods and his Justice towards Men, his Chastity and other Virtues, wherein he excelled; and they pray and call upon the infernal Deities to receive the deceased into the Society of the Just. The common People take it from the other, and approve of all that is said in his Praise with a loud Shout, and set forth likewise his Virtues with the highest Praises and Strains of Commendation, as he that is to live for ever with the just 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in the infernal Region.  in the Kingdom of JOVE. Then they (that have Tombs of their own) inter the Corpse in Places appointed for that Purpose; they that have none of their own, build a small Apartment in their own Houses, and rear up the Coffin to the Sides of the strongest Wall of the Building. Such as are denied common Burial, either because they are in Debt, or convicted of some horrid Crime, they bury in their own Houses; and in Aftertimes it often happens that some of their Kindred growing rich, pay off the Debts of the deceased, or get him absolved, and then bury their Ancestor with State and Splendour. For amongst the Egyptians it's a Sacred Constitution, that they should at their greatest Costs honour their Parents and Ancestors, who are translated to an Eternal Habitation. It's a Custom likewise among them to give the Bodies of their Parents in Pawn to their Creditors, and they that do not presently redeem them, fall under the greatest Disgrace imaginable, and are denied Burial after their Deaths. One may justly wonder at the Authors of this excellent Constitution, who both by what we see practised among the living, and by the decent Burial of the dead, did (as much as possibly lay within the Power of Men) endeavour to promote Honesty and faithful Dealing one with another. For the Greeks (as to what concerned the Rewards of the Just and the Punishment of the Impious) had nothing amongst them but invented Fables and Poetical Fictions, which never wrought upon Men for the Amendment of their Lives, but on the contrary, were despised and laughed at by the lewder Sort. But among the Egyptians, the Punishment of the bad and the Rewards of the good being not told as idle Tales, but every day seen with their own Eyes, all Sorts were warned of their Duties, and by this Means was wrought and continued a most exact Reformation of Manners and orderly Conversation among them. For those certainly are the best Laws that advance Virtue and Honesty, and instruct Men in a prudent Converse in the World, rather than those that tend only to the heaping up of Wealth, and teach Men to be rich.  
And now its necessary for us to speak of the Legislators of Egypt, who established 
Lawmakers in EGYPT.  such Laws as are both unusual elsewhere, and admirable in themselves. After the ancient way of living in Egypt, which was (according to their own Stories) in the Reigns of the Gods and Demigods; they say that Mnevis, a Man of an heroic Spirit 
1. Mnevis.  and famous in his Generation for a commendable Life, was the first that instituted written Laws, feigning that he received them from Mercury, and that from them would accrue great Benefit and Advantage to the public. The same Device Minos used among the Grecians in Crect, and Lycurgus among the Lacedæmonians; The first pretending he had them from Jupiter, and the other from Apollo. This Contrivance, it's said, has been made use of amongst divers other Nations, who have reaped much Advantage by observing such Laws. For it's reported, that among the 
* A People in Sarmatia, in Muscovy.  Aramaspi, Zathrausles pretended he received his Laws from a good Genius; and that Zamolxis amongst the People called the 
† A People of Scythia.  Geteses patronised his by Vesta; and among the Jews, that Moses alleged the God called I AO to be the Author of his. And this they did either because they judged such an Invention (which brought about so much Good to Mankind) was wonderfully commendable and of a divine Stamp; or that they concluded the People would be more observant out of a reverend Regard to the Majesty and Authority of those who were said to be the Lawmakers. The second Lawmaker of Egypt, they say, was Sasyches', a 
2. Sasyches'.  very wise and prudent Prince, who added to the former, and made excellent Laws also relating to the Honour and Worship of the Gods. He's reported to have found out Geometry, and to have taught the Art of Astronomy. The third who they cry up is Sesostris, who not only excelled all the Kings of Egypt in his warlike 
3. Sesostris.  Achievements, but framed Laws for Military Discipline among the Egyptians, and put every thing in due Order relating to Military Affairs.  
The fourth Lawmaker they say was King Bocchoris; a wise and prudent Man, 
4. Bocchoris.  he established every thing that concerned the Kings, and prescribed exact Rules and Laws for the making of Contracts. He was so wise and of so piercing a Judgement in his Decisions, that many of his Sentences for their Excellency are kept in Memory to this very day. He was (they say) of a very weak Constitution of Body and extraordinary covetous.  
After him King Amasis employed himself in the framing of Laws for the Directions 
5. Amasis.  of the Nomarchi in their several Governments, which reduced all the Provinces of Egypt into due Order. It's said, he was a most wise, just and good 
3 or 4 years before the death of Nabuchadnezzar, before Christ, 567.  Man, for which he was advanced to the Throne by the Egyptians, tho' he was not of the Blood-Royal. 'Tis repored, that when the Eleans were about to celebrate the Olympic Games, and sent their Ambassadors to him to advise them how they might manage those Sports most justly, he answered, That the way to do that was for none of the Eleans to be Parties in the Contest.  
Polycrates, the petty King of Samos, entered into a League of Friendship with him: But when he heard how Polycrates oppressed his own Subjects, and injured Strangers that came into his Country, he sent Ambassadors to him to advise to Moderation; but not being able to persuade him, he at length sent a Letter to him to let him know he dissolved and renounced the League that was betwixt them, saying, He was not willing forthwith to be involved in Grief and Sorrow, for that he perfectly foresaw the miserable. Fall that would presently overtake one who governed so tyrannically. He was greatly admired, they▪ say, by the Grecians both for his kind and gentle Disposition, and for that what he said, shortly after befell 
* Afterwards crucified by Oroetis, Governor of Sardis, Olymp. 64. Her. l. 3. c. 125.  Polycrates.  
Darius, the Father of Xerxes, is said to be the sixth who made Laws for the Government of the Egyptians. For with Hatred and Abhorrence of the Impiety Cambyses his Predecessor for his profaning of the Temples in Egypt, he made it his Business to approve his reverend Regard towards the Gods, and his Kindness towards Men; for the familiarly conversed with the Egyptian Priests, and learned their Theology, and acquainted himself with the Things and Transactions recorded in their Sacred Registers, whereby he came to understand the Heroic Spirits of the Ancient Kings, and their Kindness towards their Subjects, which caused him to imitate them in the like, and upon that Account he was so highly honoured amongst them, that while he was alive he gained the Title of a GOD, which none of the other Kings ever did; and when he was dead, the People allowed him all those Ancient Honours due and accustomed to be done to the former Kings of Egypt after their Deaths. And these are the Men (they say) who composed the Laws of Egypt that are so celebrated and cried up amongst other People. But in Aftertimes (they say) many of their excellent Laws were abrogated by the Macedonians, who came to be Lords and Kings of EGYPT.  
Having now given an Account of these Things, it remains we should declare 
Many Grecians travelled into Egypt.  how many wise and learned Men among the Grecians journeyed into Egypt in Ancient Times, to understand the Laws and Sciences of the Country. For the Egyptian Priests out of their Sacred Records relate, that Orpheus, Musaeus, Melampodes, Daedalus, Homer the Poet, Lycurgus the Spartan, Solon the Athenian, Plato the Philosopher, Pythagoras the Samian, Eudoxus the Mathematician, Democritus the Abderite, and Oenopides the Chian, all came to them in Egypt, and they show certain Marks and Signs of all these being there. Of some by their Pictures, and of others by the Names of Places, or Pieces of Work that have been called after their Names. And they bring Arguments from every Trade that is used, to prove that every thing wherein the Grecians excel, and for which they are admired, was brought over from Egypt into Greece. For they say, that Orpheus brought over most of the Religious Rites and Ceremonies, both as to what concerns the Celebration of the Orgia, and relating to his wand'ring up and down, and the whole entire Fable of Hell; for that the Ceremonies and Rites of Osiris agree in every thing with those of Bacchus, and that those of Isis and Ceres are one and the same, differing in nothing but the Name. And whereas he introduces the wicked tormented in Hell, the Elysian Fields for the pious and just, and the fictitious Appearances of Ghosts (commonly noised abroad) they say he has done nothing but imitated the Egyptian Funerals. And that the feigning of Mercury to be the Conductor of Souls, was derived from the old Egyptian Custom, that he who brought back the dead Body of Apis (when he came to the Place) delivered it to him who represented Cerberus, which being communicated by Orpheus to the Greeks, Homer in Imitation of him inserted it in his Poem,  
Cyllenius leads to the infernal Strand, 
Homer Odyss. lib. 24 in the beginning.   
The Hero's Ghost armed with his golden Wand.  
And then he adds,  
They reach th' Effluxes of the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Ocean. Ogilb.  swelling Seas,  
Then Leuca's rock; thence on their Course they keep  
To the Sun's Portals and the Land of Sleep,  
When straight they come into a flowery Mead,  
Where after Death departed Souls reside.  
The Name (they say) of Oceanus here mentioned is attributed to the River Nile, for so the Egyptians in their own Language call it; by the Sun's Portals is meant Heliopolis; the Meadow feigned to be the Habitation of the dead (they say) is the Place bordering upon the Lake called Acherusia, near to Memphis, surrounded with pleasant Ponds and Meadows, with Woods and Groves of Lotus and sweet Canes; and that therefore he feigned those Places to be inhabited by the dead, because that many of the Egyptian Funerals, and such as were the most considerable were there; the dead Bodies being carried over the River and the Lake Acherusia, and there interred. And that other Fictions among the Grecians concerning Hell agree with those things that are done in Egypt even at this day. For the Ship which transports the dead Bodies is called Baris, and that for the Far an Halfpenny is paid to the Ferryman, who is called in their own Country Language, Charon. They say likewise, that near to these Places is the Temple of black Hecates, and the Gates of Cocytus and Lethe, made up with brazen Bars; and besides these, that there is another Gate of Truth, next to which stands the headless Image of Justice. There are many others of these Grecian Fictions remaining still in Egypt, which both in Name and Practice continue there to this day. For in the City of Acanthus, beyond Nile towards Lybia, about 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Fifty.  an hundred and twenty Furlongs from Memphis stands an Hogshead full of Holes, into which (they say) three hundred Priests every day pour in Water carried out of the River Nile. The 
† This Fable of the Ass is feigned by Cratinus, an Athenian Comedian who flourished in the 81. Olymp. he feigns one in Hell twisting a Rope and an Ass gnawing in pieces what he had done. Whence the Proverb, Contorquet piger funiculum. See Pausanias in Phoc. c. 29. where the person twisting the Rope is called Ocnus, signifying Slothful. Funiculum intorquet longum dextra impiger Ocnus. Moxque asina intortum ventre profunda vorat. Alciat. Embl. 91.  Fable likewise of the Ass is acted at a solemn Festival not far from thence, where a Man is twisting a long Rope, and many that follow him are as fast undoing what he had before wrought.  
The Egyptians further say, That Melampodes brought into Greece the Rites and Solemnities of Bacchus, and the fabulous Story of Saturn and the Titans, and the entire History of the Sufferings of the Gods out of Egypt. And they say that Dedalus imitated the Labyrinth there, which remains to this very Day, built at first by Mendes, or (as some report) by King Marus, many Years before the Reign of Minos. They affirm likewise, that the ancient Statues of Egypt are of the same size and proportion with those set up by Dedalus in Greece; and that the stately Porch of Vulcan in Memphis, was the handiwork of Dedalus, and that he was in such high Esteem among them, that they placed his Statue of Wood (made by his own Hands) in the Temple; whom at length for his Ingenuity and excellent Inventions, they honoured as a God; for in one of the Islands belonging to Memphis, a Temple dedicated to Dedalus is resorted unto by the Inhabitants at this day.  
That Homer came into Egypt, amongst other Arguments, they endeavour to prove it especially by the Potion Helen gave Telemachus (in the Story of Menelaus) to cause him to forget all his Sorrows past. For the Poet seems to have made an exact Experiment of the Potion Nepenthes, which he says Helen received from Polymnestes the Wife of Thonus, and brought it from Thebes in Egypt; and indeed in that City even at this Day, the Women use this Medicine with good success: And they say, that in ancient Times, the Medicine for the Cure of Anger and Sorrow, was only to be found among the Diopolitans; Thebes and Diospolis being by them affirmed to be one and the same City. And that Venus from an ancient Tradition, is called by the Inhabitants, Golden Venus; and that there is a Field so called, within the Liberties of Memphis: And that Homer derived from Egypt his Story of the Embraces between Jupiter and Juno, and their Travelling into Ethiopia; because the Egyptians every Year carry Jupiter's Tabernacle over the River into Africa, and a few Days after bring it back again, as if the God had returned out of Ethiopia: And that the Fiction of the Nuptials of these Two Deities was taken from the Solemnisation of their Festivals, at which time both their Tabernacles adorned with all sorts of Flowers, are carried by the Priests to the Top of a Mountain. To these they add, that Lycurgus, Solon, and Plato borrowed from Egypt many of those Laws which they established in their several Commonwealths. And that Pythagoras learned his mysterious and sacred Expressions, the Art of Geometry, Arithmetic, and Transmigration of Souls, in Egypt. They are of Opinion likewise, that Democrates was Five Years in Egypt, and in that time much improved himself in the Art of Astrology. So they say, thet Oenopides by his familiar Converse with the Priests and Astrologers, amongst other Advantages, gained especially the Knowledge of the Periodical Motion of the Sun; and came to know that his Course is contrary to that of the Stars: And that Eudoxus likewise by studying Astrology in Egypt, left many useful Monuments of his Art behind him in Greece, for which his Name was famous. Lastly, they say that the most famous 
* Carvers of Images in Stone.  Statuaries of ancient Time lived amongst them for some time, as Telecles and Theodorus, the Sons of Rhaecus, who made the Statue of Apollo Pythius in Samos; for it's said, that one half of this Statue was made by Telecles in Samos, and the other part was finished by Theodorus in Ephesus; and that there was such an exact Symmetry of Parts, that the whole seemed to be the Work of one and the same hand: Which Art (they say) the Grecians were not at all acquainted with, but that it was in frequent use among the Egyptians. For with them the exact Cut of a Statue is not judged of by the Eye and Fancy (as it is by the Greeks) but after that they have cut out the Stone, and wrought every part by itself, than they measure the exact proportion of the whole, from the least Stone to the greatest. For they divide the whole Body into One and Twenty Parts, and One Fourth, which makes up the Symmetry and entire proportion. Upon which, after the Workmen have agreed among themselves of the bigness of the Statue, they go away, and every one of them carve their several Parts so exactly, according to their just Proportions, that the singular skill of these Workmen is wonderful and amazing. And thus the 
† Of Apollo beforementioned.  Statue in Sainos which (according to the Art and Skill in Egypt) was cut in Two from the Head to the Privities exactly in the middle, yet notwithstanding was equally proportioned in every part. And they say, that it exactly resembles the Statues in Egypt, having its Hands stretched out, and its Thighs in a walking Posture. But we have now said enough of such things as are remarkable and worthy of memory in Egypt. In the next Book (according to what we purposed in the beginning of this) we shall give an account of things done elsewhere, and of other Fables and Srories, beginning with the Actions of the Assyrians in Asia.     

THE Historical Library OF Diodorus the Sicilian. BOOK II.  

The PREFACE.  
THE Former Book (being the First of the whole) contains the Affairs of Egypt; among which are related what is fabulously reported of the Gods of Egypt, and what strange and wonderful Accounts are given of the Nature of Nile, and other things concerning that River. We have spoken there likewise of the Land of Egypt, their ancient Kings, and their several Actions; and have added the Building of the Pyramids, reckoned amongst the Seven Wonders of the World. We have likewise set forth their Laws and Courts of Justice, and the strange Adoration of Beasts in Egypt. Lastly, the manner of their Burials, and the Greeks that were famous for Learning, and travelled into Egypt, and brought over from thence many useful and profitable Arts and Sciences into Greece. In this next Book we shall describe the things done in Asia in ancient times, beginning with the Assyrian Empire.   

CHAP. I.  
Ninus the First King of Assyria: His Acts: He invades Babylonia, Media, and overruns several other Countries. Nineve built by him; the Description of it; Marries Semiramis; her Descent. Derceta the Philistines Dagon. His Expedition against Bactria; he dies. Semiramis builds Babylon, and several strange Works there; as a Passage under Water, Jupiter's Temple, etc. Hanging Gardens in Babylon. A vast Stone cut out. The strange property of a Morass. Her several Expeditions. The wonderful Lake in Ethiopia; their Burials there. Semiramis' Expedition into India: Her mock Elephants. Her Expedition proves fruitless. She surrenders her Kingdom to Ninyas her Son; her End.  
ASIA was anciently governed by its own Native Kings, of whom there's no History extant, either as to any memorable Actions they performed, or so much as to their Names.  
Ninus is the First King of Assyria that is recorded in History; 
Ninus, Ann. Mun. 2737. usher's Ann. Time of Deborah; but generally Chronologers make him far more ancient, Ann. Mun. 2000, Ant. Chr. 1950, about the time of Abraham's Birth.  he performed many great and noble Actions; of whom we have designed to set forth something particularly.  
He was naturally of a Warlike Disposition, and very ambitious of Honour and Glory, and therefore caused the strongest of his Young Men to be trained up in Martial Discipline, and by long and continual Exercise inur'd them readily to undergo all the Toils and Hazards of War.  
Having therefore raised a gallant Army, he made a League with Arieus King of Arabia, that was at that time full of strong and valiant Men. For that Nation are constant Lovers of Liberty, never upon any Terms admitting of any Foreign Prince: And therefore neither the Persian, nor the Macedonian Kings after them, (though they were most powerful in Arms) were ever able to conquer them. For Arabia being partly Desert, and partly parched up for want of Water (unless it be in some secret Wells and Pits known only to the Inhabitants) cannot be subdued by any Foreign Force.  
Ninus therefore, the Assyrian King, with the Prince of Arabia his Assistant, with a numerous Army, invaded the Babylonians, than next bordering upon him: For the Babylon that is now, was not built at that time; but the Province of Babylon had in it then many other considerable Cities, whose Inhabitants he easily subdued, (being rude and unexpert in Matters of War,) and imposed upon them a Yearly Tribute; but carried away the King with all his Children Prisoners, and after put them to Death. Afterwards he entered Armenia with a great Army, and having overthrown some Cities, he struck Terror into the rest, and thereupon their King Barzanus seeing himself unable to deal with him, met him with many rich Presents, and submitted himself; whom Ninus out of his generous dissition, courteously received, and gave him the Kingdom of Armenia, upon condition he should be his Friend for the future, and supply him with Men and Provision for his Wars as he should have occasion.  
Being thus strengthened, he invaded Media, whose King Pharnus coming out against him with a mighty Army, was utterly routed, and lost most of his Men, and was taken Prisoner with his Wife and Seven Children, and afterwards Crucified. 
Crucify'd.   
Ninus being thus successful and prosperous, his Ambition risen the higher, and his desire most ardent to conquer all in Asia, which lay between Tanais and Nile; (so far does Prosperity and Excess in getting much, inflame the Desire to gain and compass more.) In order hereunto, he made one of his Friend's Governor of the Province of Media, and he himself in the mean time marched against the other Provinces of Asia, and subdued them all in Seventeen Years time, except the Indians and Bactrians. But no Writer has given any Account of the several 
Ninus Conquers several Countries.  Battles he fought, nor of the number of those Nations he conquered; and therefore following Ctesias the Cnidian, we shall only briefly run over the most famous and considerable Countries. He overran all the Countries bordering upon the 
* Mediterranean.  Sea, together with the adjoining Continent, as Egypt and Phenicia, Celo-Syria, Cilicia, Pamphylia, Lycia, Caria, Phrygia, Mysia and Lydia; the Province of Troas and Phrygia upon the Hellespont, together with Propontis, Bythinia, Cappadocia, and the Barbarous Nations adjoining upon Pontus, as far as to Tanais; he gained likewise the Country of the Caddusians, Tarpyrians, Hyrcanians, Dacians, Derbians, Carmanians, Choroneans, Borchanians and Parthians. He pierced likewise into Persia, the Provinces of Susiana, and that called Caspiana, through those narrow Straits, which from thence are called the Caspian Gates. He subdued likewise many other less considerable Nations, which would be too tedious here to recount. After much toil and labour in vain, because of the difficulty of the Passes, and the multitude of those Warlike Inhabitants, he was forced to put off his War against the Bactrians to another opportunity.  
Having marched back with his Army into Syria, he marked out a Place for the building of a stately City: For in as much as he had surpassed all his Ancestors in the glory and success of his Arms, he was resolved to build one of that state and grandeur, as should not only be the greatest then in the World, but such as none that ever should come after him should be able easily to exceed.  
The King of Arabia he sent back with his Army into his own Country, with many rich Spoils, and noble Gifts. And he himself having got a great number of his Forces together, and provided Money and Treasure, and other things necessary for the purpose, built a City near the River Euphrates, very famous for its 
Ninive built.  Walls and Fortifications; of a long Form; for on both sides it ran out in length above 
* About 23 Miles.  an Hundred and Fifty Furlongs; but the Two lesser Angles were only Ninety Furlongs apiece; so that the Circumference of the whole was 
† About 74 Miles.  Four Hundred and Fourscore Furlongs. And the Founder was not herein deceived, for none ever after built the like, either as to the largeness of its Circumference, or the stateliness of its Walls. For the Wall was an Hundred Foot in Height, and so broad as Three Chariots might be driven together upon it in breast: There were Fifteen Hundred Turrets upon the Walls, each of them Two Hundred Foot high. He appointed the City to be inhabited chief by the richest Assyrians, and gave liberty to People of any other Nation, (to as many as would) to dwell there, and allowed to the Citizens a large Territory next adjoining to them, and called the City after his own Name 
* Ninive.  Ninus.  
When he had finished his Work here, he marched with an Army against the Bactrians, where he married Semiramis; who being so famous above any of her Sex (as in History it is related) we cannot but say something of her here in this Place, being one advanced from so low a Fortune, to such a state and degree of Honour and Worldly Glory.  
There's a City in Syria, called Ascalon, near which is a deep Lake abounding 
Semiramis her Descent.  with Fish, where not far off stands a Temple dedicated to a famous Goddess called by the Syrians 
† This was the Philistines Dagon. Vid. Ovid. Met. lib. 4.  Derceto, she represents a Woman in her Face, and a Fish in all other parts of her Body, upon the account following, as the most Judicious among the Inhabitants report; for they say, that Venus being angry at this Goddess, caused her to fall into a vehement pang of Love with a beautiful Young Man, who was among others sacrificing to her, and was got with Child by him, and brought to Bed of a Daughter; and being ashamed afterwards of what she had done, she killed the Young Man, and exposed the Child among Rocks in the Desert, and through Sorrow and Shame cast herself into the Lake, and was afterwards transformed into a Fish; whence it came to pass, that at this very Day the Syrians eat no Fish, but adore them as Gods. They say that the Infant that was exposed, was both preserved and nourished by a most wonderful Providence, by the means of a great Flock of Pigeons that nestled near to the Place where the Child lay: For with their Wings they cherished it, and kept it warm; and observing where the Herdsmen and other Shepherds left their Milk in the Neighbouring Cottages, took it up in their Bills, and as so many Nurses thrust their Beaks between the Infant's Lips, and so instilled the Milk: And when the Child was a Year old, and stood in need of stronger Nourishment, the Pigeons fed it with pieces of Cheese which they picked out from the rest: When the Shepherds returned, and found their Cheeses picked round, they wondered (at first) at the thing; but observing afterward how it came to pass, they not only found out the cause, but likewise a very beautiful Child, which they forthwith carried away to their Cottages, and made a Present of it to the King's Superintendent of his Flocks and Herds (whose Name was Simma) who (having no Children of his own) carefully bred up the Young Lady as if she had been his own Daughter, and called her Semiramis, a denomination in the Syrian Language derived from Pigeons, which the Syrians ever after adored for Goddesses. And these are the Stories told of Semiramis.  
Being now grown up, and exceeding all others of her Sex for the Charms of her Beauty, one of the King's great Officers called Menon, was sent to take an account of the King's Herds and Flocks: This Man was Lord Precedent of the King's Council, and chief Governor of Syria, and lodging upon this occasion at Simmas House, at the sight of Semiramis, fell in love with her, and with much entreaty obtained her from Simma, and carried her away with him to Ninive, where he Married her, and had by her Two Sons, Hypates and Hydaspes: And being a Woman of admirable Parts as well as Beauty, her Husband was altogether at her Devotion, and never would do any thing without her Advice, which was ever successful.  
About this time Ninus having finished his City (called after his own Name,) 
Ninus' Expedition against Bactria.  prepared for his Expedition against the Bactrians; and having had experience of the greatness of their Forces, the valour of their Soldiers, and the difficulties of passing into their Country, he raised an Army of the choicest Men he could pick out from all Parts of his Dominions '; for because he was baffled in his former Expedition, he was resolved to invade Bactria with a far stronger Army than he did before. Bringing therefore his whole Army together at a General Randezvouz, there were numbered (as Ctesias writes) Seventeen Hundred Thousand Foot, above Two Hundred and Ten Thousand Horse, and no fewer than Ten Thousand and Six Hundred Hooked Chariots. This number at the first view seems to be very incredible; but to such as seriously consider the largeness and populousness of Asia, it cannot be judged impossible. For if any (not to say any thing of the Eight Hundred Thousand Men that Darius had with him in his Expedition against the Scythians, and the innumerable Army Xerxes brought over with him into Grecce) will but take notice of things done lately, even as of Yesterday, he'll more easily credit what we now say. For in Sicily Dionysius led only out of that one City of Syracuse, an Hundred and Twenty Thousand Foot, and Twelve Thousand Horse; and launched out of one Port, a Navy of Four Hundred Sail, of which some were of Three Tire of Oars, and others of Five: And the Romans a little before the Times of Hannibal, raised in Italy of their own Citizens and Confederates, an Army little less than a Million of Fight Men; and yet all Italy is not to be compared with one Province of Asia for number of Men. But this may sufficiently convince them, that compute the ancient Populousness of the Countries by the present depopulations of the Cities at this day.  
Ninus therefore marching with these Forces against the Bactrians, divided his Army into Two Bodies, because of the straitness and difficulty of the Passages. There are in Bactria many large and populous Cities, but one is more especially Famous, called Bactria, in which the King's Palace, for greatness and magnificence, and the Citadel for strength, far excel all the rest.  
Oxyartes reigned there at this time, who caused all that were able, to bear Arms, and mustered an Army of Four Hundred Thousand Men. With these he met the Enemy at the straits, entering into his Country, where he suffered Ninus to enter with part of his Army: When he saw a competent number entered, he fell upon them in the open Plain, and fought them with that resolution, that the Bactrians put the Assyrians to flight, and pursuing them to the next Mountains, killed a Hundred Thousand of their Enemies; but after the whole Army entered, the Bactrians were overpowered by number, and were broken, and all fled to their several Cities, in order to defend every one his own Country. Ninus easily subdued all the rest of the Forts and Castles; but Bactria itself was so strong and well provided, that he could not force it; which occasioned a long and tedious Siege, so that the Husband of Semiramis (who was there in the King's Camp) being Lovesick, impatient of being any longer without his Wife, sent for her, who being both discreet and courageous, and endowed with other noble Qualifications, readily embraced the opportunity of showing to the World her own natural Valour and Resolution; and that she might with more safety perform so long a Journey, she put on such a Garment as whereby she could not be discerned whether she were a Man or a Woman; and so made, that by it she both preserved her Beauty from being scorched by the heat in her Journey, and likewise was thereby more nimble and ready for any business she pleased to undertake, being of herself a youthful and sprightly Lady; and this sort of Garment was in so high esteem, that the Medes afterwards when they came to be Lords of Asia, wore Semiramis' Gown, and the Persians likewise after them.  
As soon as she came to Bactria, and observed the manner of the Siege, how Assaults were made only in open and plain Places most likely to be entered, and that none dared to approach the Citadel, because of its natural Strength and Fortisication, and that they within took more care to defend the lower and weaker parts of the Walls, than the Castle where they neglected their Guards, she took some with her that were skilful in climbing up the Rocks, and with them with much Toil, passed over a deep Trench, and possessed herself of part of the Castle; whereupon she gave a Signal to them that were assaulting the Wall upon the Plain. Then they that were within the City being suddenly struck with a Panic Fear at the taking of the Castle, in desperation of making any further defence forsook the Walls.  
The City being taken in this manner, the King greatly admired the Valour of the Woman, and bountifully rewarded her, and was presently so passionately affected at the sight of her Beauty, that he used all the Arguments imaginable to persuade her Husband to bestow his Wife upon him, promising him as a Reward of his Kindness, to give him his Daughter Sosana in Marriage: But he absolutely refused; upon which the King threatened him, that if he would not consent, he would pluck out his Eyes.  
Menon hereupon out of fear of the King's Threats, and overpowered with the Love of his Wife, fell into a distracted Rage and Madness, and forthwith hanged himself. And this was the occasion of the advancement of Semiramis to the Regal state and dignity.  
Ninus having now possessed himself of all the Treasures of Bactria (where was abundance of Gold and Silver) and settled his Affairs throughout the whole Province of Bactria, returned with his Army to his own Country.  
Afterwards he had a Son by Semiramis, called Ninyas, and died leaving his Wife Queen Regent. She buried her Husband Ninus in the Royal Palace, and raised over him a Mount of Earth of a wonderful bigness, being Nine Furlongs in height, and ten in breadth, as Ctesias says: So that the City standing in a Plain near to the River Euphrates, the Mount (many Furlongs off) looks like a stately Citadel. And it's said, that it continues to this day, though Nin●ve was destroyed by the Medes when they ruined the Assyrian Empire.  
Semiramis was naturally of an high aspiring Spirit, ambitious to excel all her Predecessors in glorious Actions, and 
Semiramis builds Babylon.  therefore employed all her Thoughts about the building of a City in the Province of Babylon; and to this end having provided 
Semiramis Reigned, Ann. Mund. 2006, Ant. Chr. 2944. Petavius says, Abraham was born in the 24. h Year of her Reign, lib. 1. c. 2.  Architects, Artists, and all other Necessaries for the Work, She got together Two Millions of Men out of all Parts of the Empire to be employed in the building of the City. It was so built as that the River Euphrates ran through the middle of it, and she compassed it round with a Wall of Three Hundred and Sixty Furlongs in Circuit, and adorned with many stately Turrets; and such was the state and grandeur of the Work, that the Walls were of that breadth, as that Six Chariots abreast might be driven together upon them. Their height was such as exceeded all men's belief that heard of it (as Ctesias Cnidius relates) But Clitarchus, and those who afterwards went over with Alexander into Asia, have written that the Walls were in Circuit Three Hundred Sixty Five Furlongs; the Queen making them of that Compass, to the end that the Furlongs should be as many in number as the Days of the Year: They were of Brick cemented with 
* Bitumen, Asphaltes'.  Brimstone; in height as Ctesias says Fifty 
† Orgya, is 6 Foot; so 50 Crgya's is 100 Yards.  Orgyas; but as some of the later Writers report, but Fifty Cubits only, and that the Breadth was but a little more than what would allow two Chariots to be driven affront. There were Two Hundred and Fifty Turrets, in height and thickness proportionable to the largeness of the Wall. It is not to be wondered at, that there were so few Towers upon a Wall of so great a Circuit, being that in many Places round the City, there were deep Morasses; so that it was judged to no purpose to raise Turrets there where they were so naturally fortified: Between the Wall and the Houses, there was a Space left round the City of Two Hundred Foot.  
That the Work might be the more speedily dispatched, to each of her Friends was allotted a Furlong, with an allowance of all Expenses necessary for their several Parts, and commanded all should be finished in a Years time; which being diligently perfected with the Queen's Approbation, she then made a Bridge over the narrowest part of the River, Five Furlongs in length, laying the Supports and Pillars of the Arches with great Art and Skill in the Bottom of the Water Twelve Foot distance from each other. That the Stones might be the more firmly joined, they were bound together with Hooks of Iron, and the Joints filled up with melted Lead. And before the Pillars, she made and placed Defences, with sharp pointed Angles, to receive the Water before it beat upon the flat sides of the Pillars, which caused the Course of the Water to run round by degrees gently and moderately as far as to the broad sides of the Pillars, so that the sharp Points of the Angles cut the Stream, and gave a check to its violence, and the roundness of them by little and little giving way, abated the force of the Current. This Bridge was 〈◊〉 wi●h ●reat ●oices and Planks of Cedar, Cypress and Palm Trees, and was Thy 〈…〉 ●oot in breadth, and for Art and Curiosity, yielded to none of the Works o● 〈◊〉. On either side of the River she raised a Bank, as broad 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 great cost drew it out in length an Hundred Furlongs. She built likewise Two Palaces at each end of the Bridge upon the Bank of the River, whence she might have a Prospect over the whole City, and make her Passage as by Keys to the most convenient Places in it, as she had occasion. And whereas Euphrates runs through the middle of Babylon, making its course to the South, the Palaces lie the one on the East, and the other on the West Side of the River; both built at exceeding Costs and Expense. For that on the West had an high and stately Wall, made of well burnt Brick, 
* 7 Miles and an half.  Sixty Furlongs in compass; within this was drawn another of a round Circumference, upon which were portrayed in the Bricks before they were burnt, all sorts of living Creatures, as if it were to the Life, laid with great Art in curious Colours. This Wall was in Circuit Forty Furlongs, Three Hundred Bricks thick, and in height (as Ctesias says) 
† 50 Origia ' s.  a Hundred Yards, upon which were Turrets an Hundred and Forty Yards high. The Third and most inward Wall immediately surrounded the Palace, Thirty Furlongs in Compass, and far surmounted the middle Wall, both in height and thickness; and on this Wall and the Towers were represented the Shapes of all sorts of Living Creatures, artificially expressed in most lively Colours. Especially was represented a General Hunting of all sorts of wild Beasts, each Four Cubits high and upwards; amongst these was to be seen Semiramis on Horseback, striking a Leopard through with a Dart, and next to her, her Husband Ninus in close Fight with a Lion, piercing him with his Lance. To this Palace she built likewise Three Gates, under which were 
* Banqueting Houses.  Apartments of Brass for Entertainments, into which Passages were opened by by a certain Engin. This Palace far excelled that on the other side of the River, both in greatness and adornments. For the outmost Wall of that (made of well burnt Brick) was but Thirty Furlongs in compass. Instead of the curious Portraiture of Beasts, there were the Brazen Statues of Ninus and Semiramis, the great Officers, and of Jupiter, whom the Babylonians call Belus; and likewise Armies drawn up in Battalia, and divers sorts of Hunting were there represented, to the great diversion and pleasure of the Beholders. After all these in a low Ground in Babylon, she sunk a Place for a Pond Foursquare, every Square being 
† Almost 40 Miles.  Three Hundred Furlongs in length, lined with Brick, and cemented with Brimstone, and the whole Five and Thirty Foot in depth: Into this having first turned the River, she then made a Passage in nature of a Vault, from one Palace to another, 
A Passage made under Water from one Palace to another.  whose Arches were built of firm and strong Brick, and plastered all over on both sides with Bitumen Four Cubits thick. The Walls of this Vault were Twenty Bricks in thickness, and Twelve Foot high, beside and above the Arches; and the breadth was Fifteen Foot. This Piece of Work being finished in Two Hundred and Sixty Days, the River was turned into its ancient Channel again, so that the River flowing over the whole Work, Semiramis could go from one Palace to the other, without passing over the River. She made likewise Two Brazen Gates at either end of the Vault, which continued to the time of the Persian Empire. In the middle of the City, she built a Temple to Jupiter, whom the Babylonians 
Jupiter's Temple.  call Belus (as we have before said) of which since Writers differ amongst themselves, and the Work is now wholly decayed through length of Time, there's nothing that can certainly be related concerning it: Yet it's apparent it was of an exceeding great height, and that by the advantage of it, the Chaldean Astrologers exactly observed the setting and rising of the Stars. The whole was built of Brick, cemented with Brimstone, with great Art and Cost. Upon the top she placed Three Statues of beaten Gold of Jupiter, Juno and Rhea. That of Jupiter stood upright in the posture as if he were walking; he was Forty Foot in height, and weighed a Thousand Babylonish Talents. The Statue of Rhea was of the same weight sitting on a Golden Throne, having Two Lions standing on either side, one at her Knees, and near to them Two exceeding great Serpents of Silver, weighing Thirty Talents apiece. Here likewise the Image of Juno stood upright, and weighed Eight Hundred Talents, grasping a Serpent by the Head in her right Hand, and holding a Sceptre adorned with precious Stones in her left. For all these Deities there was placed a 
* Or Altar.  Common Table made of beaten Gold, Forty Foot long, and Fifteen broad, weighing Five Hundred Talents: Upon which stood Two Cups weighing Thirty Talents, and near to them as many Censers weighing Three Hundred Talents: There were there likewise placed Three Drinking Bowls of Gold, one of which dedicated to Jupiter, weighed Twelve Hundred Babylonish Talents, but the other Two Six Hundred apiece; but all those the Persian Kings sacrilegiously carried away. And length of Time has either altogether consumed, or much defaced the Palaces and the other Structures; so that at this day but a small part of this Babylon is inhabited, and the greatest part which lay within the Walls is turned into Tillage and Pasture.  
There was likewise a Hanging Garden (as it's called) near the Citadel, not 
See Queen Curtius lib. 5. Sect. 1.  built by Semiramis, but by a later Prince, called Cyrus, for the sake of a Courtesan, who being a Persian (as they say) by Birth, and coveting Meadows on Mountain Tops, desired the King by an Artificial Plantation to imitate the Land in Persia. This Garden was Four Hundred Foot Square, and the Ascent up to it was as to the Top of a Mountain, and had Buildings and Apartments out of one into another, like unto a Theatre. Under the Steps to the Ascent, were built Arches one above another, rising gently by degrees, which supported the whole Plantation. The highest Arch upon which the Platform of the Garden was laid, was Fifty Cubits high, and the Garden itself was surrounded with Battlements and Bulwarks. The Walls were made very strong, built at no small Charge and Expense, being Two and Twenty Foot thick, and every Sally-port Ten Foot wide: Over the several Stories of this Fabric, were laid Beams and Summers of huge Massy Stones each Sixteen Foot long, and Four broad. The Roof over all these was first covered with Reeds, daubed with abundance of Brimstone; then upon them was laid double Tiles pargeted together with a hard and durable 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Such as we call Plaster of Paris.  Mortar, and over them after all, was a Covering with Sheets of Lead, that the Wet which drenched through the Earth, might not rot the Foundation. Upon all these was laid Earth of a convenient depth, sufficient for the growth of the greatest Trees. When the Soil was laid even and smooth, it was planted with all sorts of Trees, which both for Greatness and Beauty, might delight the Spectators. The Arches (which stood one above another, and by that means darted light sufficient one into another) had in them many stately Rooms of all Kind's, and for all purposes. But there was one that had in it certain Engines, whereby it drew plenty of Water out of the River through certain Conduits and Conveyances from the Platform of the Garden, and no body without was the wiser, or knew what was done. This Garden (as we said before) was built in later Ages.  
But Semiramis built likewise other Cities upon the Banks of Euphrates and Tigris, where she established Marts for the vending of Merchandise brought from Media and Paretacenes, and other Neighbouring Countries. For next to Nile and Ganges, Euphrates and Tigris are the noblest Rivers of all Asia, and have their Spring-heads in the Mountains of Arabia, and are distant one from another Fifteen Hundred Furlongs. They run through Media and Paretacena into Mesopotamia, which from its lying in the middle between these Two Rivers, has gained from them that Name; thence passing through the Province of Babylon, they empty themselves into the 
† The Persi Gulf.  Red Sea. These being very large Rivers, and passing through divers Countries, greatly enrich the Merchants that traffic in those Parts; so that the Neighbouring Places are full of Wealthy Mart Towns, and greatly advanced the glory and majesty of Babylon.  
Semiramis likewise caused a great Stone to be cut out of the Mountains of Armenia, 
The gr 〈…〉 Stone 〈◊〉 of the 〈…〉 tains by 〈…〉 ramis.  an Hundred and Twenty Five Foot in length, and Five in breadth and thickness; this she conveyed to the River by the help of many Yokes of Oxen and Asses, and there put it Aboard a Ship, and brought it safe by Water to Babylon, and set it up in the most remarkable Highway as a wonderful Spectacle to all Beholders. From its shape it's called an * Obelisk, and is accounted one of the Seven Wonders of the World. 
Ob●los in Gre 〈…〉 signifies a S 〈…〉  There are indeed many remarkable and wonderful things to be seen in Babylon; but amongst these, the great quantity of Brimstone that there flows out of the Ground, is not to be the least admired, which is so much, that it not only supplied all their occasions in building such great and mighty Works, but the common People profusely gather it, and when its dry, burn it instead of Fuel; and though it be drawn out by an innumerable Company of People, as from a great Fountain, yet it's as plentiful as ever it was before. Near this Fountain there's a Spring not big, but very fierce and violent, for it casts forth a Sulphureous and gross Vapour, which suddenly kills every living Creature that comes near to it; for the Breath being stopped a long time, and all power of Respiration taken away by the force of the Exhalation, the Body presently swells so, that the Parts about the Lungs are all in a Flame.  
Beyond the River there is a Morass, about which is a crusty Earth; if any unacquainted 
Strange Properties of a Morass.  with the Place get into it, at first he floats upon the Top, when he comes into the Middle he's violently haled away, and striving to help himself, seems to be held so fast by something or other, that all his Labour to get lose is in vain. And first his Feet, than his Legs and Thighs to his Loins are benumbed, at length his whole Body is stupefied, and then down he sinks to the Bottom, and presently after is cast up dead to the Surface. And thus much for the Wonders of BABYLON.  
When Semiramis had finished all her Works, she marched with a great Army into 
Her several Expeditions.  Media, and encamped near to a Mountain called Bagistan; there she made a Garden twelve Furlongs in Compass: It was in a plain Champain Country, and had a great Fountain in it, which watered the whole Garden. Mount Bagistan is dedicated to Jupiter, and towards one side of the Garden has steep Rocks seventeen Furlongs from the Top to the Bottom. She cut out a Piece of the lower Part of the Rock, and caused her own Image to be carved upon it, and a Hundred of her Guard that were Launceteers standing round about her. She wrote likewise in Syriac Letters upon the Rock, That Semiramis ascended from the Plain to the Top of the Mountain by laying the Packs and Farthels of the Beasts that followed her one upon another.  
Marching away from ence, she came to Chaone, a City of Media, where she encamped upon a rising Ground, from whence she took notice of an exceeding great and high Rock, where she made another very great Garden in the very Middle of the Rock, and built upon it stately Houses of Pleasure, whence she might both have a delightful Prospect into the Garden, and view the Army as they lay encamped below in the Plain; being much delighted with this Place she stayed here a considerable Time, giving up herself to all kinds of Pleasures and Delights, for she forbore marrying lest she should then be deposed from the Government, and in the mean time she made Choice of the handsomest Commanders to be her Gallants; but after they had lain with her she cut off their Heads.  
From hence she marched towards Ecbatana, and arrived at the Mountain Zarcheum, which being many Furlongs in Extent, and full of steep Precipices and craggy Rocks, there was no passing but by long and tedious Wind and Turn. To leave therefore behind her an Eternal Monument of her Name, and to make a short Cut for her Passage, she caused the Rocks to be hewed down, and the Valleys to be filled up with Earth, and so in a short time at a vast Expense laid the Way open and plain, which to this day is called Semiramis' WAY.  
When she came to Ecbatana, which is situated in a low and even Plain, she built there a stately Palace, and bestowed more of her Care and Pains here than she had done at any other Place. For the City wanting Water (there being no Spring near) she plentifully supplied it with good and wholesome Water, brought thither with a great deal of Toil and Expense, after this manner: There's Mountain called Orontes, twelve Furlongs distant from the City, exceeding high and steep for the Space of five and twenty Furlongs up to the Top; on the other side of this Mount there's a great Mear which empties itself into the River. At the Foot of this Mountain she dug a Canal fifteen Foot in Breadth and forty in Depth, through which she conveyed Water in great Abundance into the City. And these are the Things which she did in Media.  
Afterwards she made a Progress through Persia and all the rest of her Dominions in Asia, and all along as she went she plained all the Way before her, levelling both Rocks and Mountains. On the other hand in Champain Countries she would raise Eminences on which she would sometimes build Sepulchers for her Officers and Commanders, and at other times Towns and Cities. Throughout her whole Expeditions she always used to raise an Ascent, upon which she pitched her own Pavilion, that from thence she might have a View of her whole Army. Many Things which she performed in Asia remain to this day, and are called Semiramis' Works.  
Afterwards she passed through all Egypt, and having conquered the greatest Part of Lybia, she went to the Temple of Jupiter Hammon, and there enquired of the Oracle how long she should live; which returned her this Answer, That she should leave this World and afterwards be for ever honoured by some Nations in Asia, when Ninyas her Son should be plotting against her.  
When she had performed these things, she marched into Ethiopia, and having subdued many Places in it, she had an Opportunity to see what was there very remarkable and wonderful. For they say there's a foursquare Lake, a hundred and sixty 
The wonderful Lake in Ethiopia.  Foot in Circuit, the Water of which is in Colour like unto Vermilion, and of an extraordinary sweet Flavour, much like unto old Wine; yet of such wonderful Operation, that whosoever drinks of it goes presently mad, and confesses all the Faults that ever he had been before guilty of; but some will scarce believe this Relation.  
The Ethiopians have a peculiar way of burying their Dead; for after they have 
Burials in Ethiopia.  embalmed the Body they pour round about it melted Glass, and then place it upon a 
* An high form or block;  Pillar, so that the Corpse may be plainly seen through the Glass, as Herodotus has reported the thing. But Ctesias of Cnidus affirms that he tells a Winter-tale, and says that its true indeed that the Body is embalmed, but that Glass is not poured upon the naked Body, for the Bodies thereby would be so scorched and defaced that they could not possibly retain any likeness to the dead: And that therefore they make an hollow Statue of Gold, and put the Body within it, and then pour the melted Glass round upon this Statue, which they set upon some high Place, and so the Statue which resembles the dead is seen through the Glass, and thus he says they use to bury those of the richer Sort; But those of meaner Fortunes they put into Statues of Silver; and for the poor they make Statues of Potter's Clay, every one having Glass enough, for there's Abundance to be got in Ethiopia, and ready at hand for all the Inhabitants. But we shall speak more fully of the Customs and Laws of the Ethiopians and the Product of the Land and other things worthy of Remark presently when we come to relate their Antiquities and old Fables and Stories.  
Semiramis having settled her Affairs in Egypt and Ethiopia, returned with her Army 
Her Expedition into India.  into Asia to Bactria: And now having a great Army, and enjoying a long Peace, she had a longing Desire to perform some notable Exploit by her Arms. Hearing therefore that the Indians were the greatest Nation in the whole World, and had the largest and richest Tract of Land of all others, she resolved to make War upon them. Stabrobates was at that time King, who had innumerable Forces, and many Elephants bravely accoutred and fitted to strike Terror into the Hearts of his Enemies. For India for the Pleasantness of the Country excelled all others, being watered in every Place with many Rivers, so that the Land yielded every year a double Crop; and by that Means was so rich and so abounded with Plenty of all things necessary for the Sustenance of Man's Life, that it supplied the Inhabitants continually with such things as made them excessively rich, insomuch as it was never known that there was ever any Famine amongst them, the Climate being so happy and favourable; and upon that account likewise there's an incredible Number of Elephants, which for Courage and Strength of Body far excel those in Africa. Moreover this Country abounds in Gold, Silver, Brass, Iron and precious Stones of all sorts, both for Profit and Pleasure. All which being noised abroad, so stirred up the Spirit of Semiramis, that (tho' she had no Provocation given her) yet she was resolved upon the War against the Indians. But knowing that she had need of great Forces, she sent Dispatches to all the Provinces, with Command to the Governors to list the choicest young Men they could find, ordering the Proportion of Soldiers every Province and Country should send forth according to the Largeness of it; and commanded that all should furnish themselves with new Arms and Armour, and all appear in three years' time at a general Randezvouz in Bactria bravely armed and accountred in all Points. And having sent for Shipwrights out of Phoenicia, Syria, Cyprus, and other Places bordering upon the Seacoasts, she prepared Timber for them fit for the Purpose, and ordered them to build Vessels that might be taken asunder and conveyed from place to place wherever she pleased. For the River Indus bordering upon that Kingdom being the greatest in those Parts, she stood in need of many River-boats to pass it in Order to repress the Indians. But being there was no Timber near that River she was necessitated to convey the Boats thither by Land from Bactria. She further considered that she was much inferior to the Indians for Elephants (which were absolutely necessary for her to make use of) she therefore contrived to have Beasts that should resemble them, hoping by this Means to strike a Terror into the Indians, who believed there were no Elephants in any place but in India.  
To this End she provided three hundred thousand black Oxen, and distributed the Flesh amongst a Company of ordinary Mechanics and such Fellows as she had to play the Cobblers for her, and ordered them by stitching the Skins together and stuffing them with Straw to imitate the Shape of an Elephant, and in every one 
Mock-Elephants.  of them she put a Man to govern them, and a Camel to carry them, so that at a distance they appeared to all that saw them as if they were really such Beasts.  
They that were employed in this Work wrought at it night and day in a Place which was walled round for the Purpose, and Guards set at every Gate, that none might be admitted either to go in or out, to the end that none might see what they were doing, lest it should be noised abroad and come to the Ears of the Indians.  
Having therefore provided Shipping and Elephants in the space of two years, in the third she randezvouzed all her Forces in Bactria. Her Army consisted (as Ctesias says) of three Millions of Foot, 
* 500000 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, but in the margin, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 200000.  two hundred Thousand Horse, and a hundred Thousand Chariots, and a hundred Thousand Men mounted upon Camels with Swords four Cubits long. The Boats that might be taken asunder were two Thousand; which the Camels carried by Land as they did the Mock-Elephants, as we have before declared. The Soldiers made their Horses familiar with these feigned Beasts by bringing them often to them, lest they should be terrified at the Sight of them; which Perseus imitated many Ages after when he was to fight with the Romans, who had Elephants in their Army out of Africa. However this Contrivance proved to be of no Advantage either to him or her, as will appear in the Issue herein a little after related.  
When Stabrobates the Indian King heard of these great Armies and the mighty Preparations made against him, he did all he could to excel Semiramis in every thing. And first he built of great Canes four Thousand River-boats: For abundance of these Canes grow in India about the Rivers and Fens, so thick as a Man can scarce fathom: And Vessels made of these Reeds (they say) are exceeding useful, because they'll never rot or be wormeaten.  
He was very diligent likewise in preparing of Arms and going from Place to Place throughout all India, and so raised a far greater Army than that of Semiramis. To his former Number of Elephants he added more, which he took by hunting, and furnished them all with every thing that might make them look terrible in the Face of their Enemies, so that by their Multitude and the Compleatness of their 
* Breastplates.  Armour in all Points it seemed above the Strength and Power of Man to bear up against the violent Shock of these Creatures.  
Having therefore made all these Preparations, he sent Ambassadors to Semiramis (as she was on her March towards him) to complain and upbraid her for beginning a War without any Provocation or Injury offered her; and by his private Letters taxed her with her whorish Course of Life, and vowed (calling the Gods to witness) that if he conquered her he would nail her to the Cross. When she read the Letters, she smiled, and said, the Indian should presently have a Trial of her Valour by her Actions. When she came up with her Army to the River Indus she found the Enemy's Fleet drawn up in a Line of Battle; whereupon she forthwith drew up her own, and having manned it with the stoutest Soldiers, joined Battle, yet so ordering the Matter as to have her Land-forces ready upon the Shoar to be assisting as there should be Occasion. After a long and sharp Fight with Marks of Valour on both sides, Semiramis was at length victorious, and sunk a Thousand of the Enemy's Vessels, and took a great number of Prisoners. Puffed up with this Success she took in all the Cities and Islands that lay in the River, and carried away a hundred Thousand Captives. After this the Indian King drew off his Army (as if he fled for Fear) but in Truth to decoy his Enemies to pass the River.  
Semiramis therefore (seeing things fall out according to her wish) laid a broad Bridge of Boats (at a vast Charge) over the River, and thereby passed over all her Forces, leaving only threescore Thousand to guard the Bridge, and with the rest of her Army pursued the Indians. She placed the Mock-Elephants in the Front that the Enemy's Scouts might presently inform the King what Multitudes of Elephants she had in her Army: And she was not deceived in her hopes; for when the Spies gave an Account to the Indians what a great Multitude of these Creatures were advancing towards them, they were all in amaze, enquiring among themselves, whence the Assyrians should be supplied with such a vast number of Elephants: But the Cheat could not be long concealed, for some of Semiramis' Soldiers being laid by the Heels for their Carelessness upon the Guard (through Fear of further Punishment) made their Escape and fled to the Enemy, and undeceived them as to the Elephants; upon which the Indian King was mightily encouraged, and caused Notice of the Delusion to be spread through the whole Army, and then forthwith marched with all his Force against the Assyrians, Semiramis on the other hand doing the like. When they approached near one to another, Stabrobates the Indian King placed his Horse and Chariots in the Vanguard at a good distance before the main Body of his Army. The Queen having placed her Mock-Elephants at the like distance from her main Body, valiantly received her Enemy's Charge; but the Indian Horse were most strangely terrified; for in Regard the Phantasms at a distance seemed to be real Elephants, the Horses of the Indians (being inur'd to those Creatures) pressed boldly and undauntedly forward; but when they came near and saw another sort of Beast than usual, and the smell and every thing else almost being strange and new to them, they broke in with great Terror and Confusion, one upon another, so that they cast some of their Riders headlong to the Ground, and ran away with others (as the Lot happened) into the midst of their Enemies: Whereupon Semiramis readily making use of her Advantage, with a Body of choice Men fell in upon them, and routed them, forcing them back to their main Body: And though Stabrobates was something astonished at this unexpected Defeat, yet he brought up his Foot against the Enemy with his Elephants in the Front: He himself was in the right Wing, mounted upon a stately Elephant, and made a fierce Charge upon the Queen herself, who happened then to be opposite to him in the left. And tho' the Mock-Elephants in Semiramis' Army did the like, yet they stood the violent shock of the other but a little while, for the Indian Beasts being both exceeding strong and stout, easily bore down and destroyed all that opposed them, so that there was a great Slaughter; for some they trampled under foot, others they rend in pieces with their Teeth, and tossed up others with their Trunks into the Air. The Ground therefore being covered with Heaps of dead Carcases and nothing but Death and Destruction to be seen on every hand, so that all were full of Horror and Amazement, none durst keep their Order or Ranks any longer. Upon which the whole Assyrian Army fled outright, and the Indian King encountered with Semiramis, and first wounded her with an Arrow in the Arm, and afterwards with a Dart (in wheeling about) in the Shoulder, whereupon the Queen (her Wounds not being mortal) fled, and by the Swiftness of her Horse (which far exceeded the other that pursued her) she got off. But all making one way to the Bridge of Boats, and such a vast Multitude of Men thronging together in one straight and narrow Passage, the Queen's Soldiers miserably perished by treading down one another under foot, and (which was strange and unusual) Horse and Foot lay tumbling promiscuously one over another. When they came at length to the Bridge, and the Indians at their Heels, the Consternation was so great that many on both sides the Bridge were tumbled over into the River. But when the greatest part of those that remained had got over; Semiramis caused the Cords and Tenons of the Bridge to be cut, which done, the Boats (which were before joined together, and upon which was a great Number of Indians not in the Pursuit) being now divided into many Parts, and carried here and there by the force of the Current, Multitudes of the Indians were drowned, and Semiramis was now safe and secure, having such a Barrier as the River betwixt her and her enemies. Whereupon the Indian King being forewarned by Prodigies from Heaven and the Opinions of the Soothsayers, forbore all further Pursuit. And Semiramis making Exchange of Prisoners in Bactra returned with scarce a third part of her Army.  
A little time after Semiramis being assaulted by an Eunuch through the treacherous Contrivance of her Son, remembered the former Answer given her by the Oracle at the Temple of Hammon, and therefore passed the Business over without punishing of him who was chief concerned in the Plot: But surrendering the Crown to him, commanded all to obey him as their lawful King, and forthwith disappeared as if she had been translated to the Gods, according to the Words of the Oracle. There are some which fabulously say she was metamorphosed into a Pigeon; and that she flew away with a Flock of those Birds that lighted upon her Palace: And hence it is that the Assyrians 
Her End. But others say she was killed by her Son Ninyas soliciting him to incestuous Embraces.  adore a Dove, believing that Semiramis was enthroned amongst the Gods. And this was the * End of Semiramis Queen of all Asia, except India, after she had lived Sixty two years, and reigned Forty two. And these are the Things which Ctesias the Cnidian reports of her in his History.  
Athenaeus, and some other Writers, affirm that she was a most beautiful Strumpet, and upon that account the King of Assyria fell in Love with her, and at first was taken into his Favour, and at length becoming his lawful Wife she prevailed with her Husband to grant her the sole and absolute Authority of the regal Government for the space of five days. Taking therefore upon her the Sceptre and royal Mantle of the Kingdom, the first day she made a sumptuous Banquet and magnificent Entertainments, to which she invited the Generals of the Army and all the Nobility, in order to be observant to all her Commands. The next day having both great and small at her beck, she committed her Husband to the Goal: And in Regard she was of a bold and daring Spirit, apt and ready to undertake any great Matters, she easily gained the Kingdom, which she held to the time of her old Age, and became famous for her many great and wonderful Acts: And these are the Things which Historians variously relate concerning her.   

CHAP. II.  
Ninyas succeeds Semiramis: His close and slothful Manner of Life. The Reign of Sardanapalus: His Luxury and Effeminacy. His Epitaph. Deposed by Arbaces the Mede; and the Assyrian Empire overturned. Nineveh razed.  
AFTER her Death Ninyas, the Son of Ninus and Semiramis, succeeded, and 
3. Ninyas.  reigned peaceably, nothing at all like his Mother for Valour and martial Affairs. For he spent all his Time shut up in his Place, insomuch as he was never seen of any but of his Concubines and Eunuches; for being given up wholly to his Pleasures, he shook off all Cares and every thing that might be irksome and troublesome, placing all the Happiness of a King in a fordid Indulgence of all sorts of Voluptuousness. But that he might reign the more securely, and be feared of all his Subjects, every year he raised out of every Province a certain number of Soldiers, under their several Generals, and having brought them in the City, over every Country appointed such a Governor as he could most confide in, and were most at his Devotion. At the end of the year he raised as many more out of the Provinces, and sent the former home, taking first of them an Oath of Fidelity. And this he did, that his Subjects observing how he always had a great Army ready in the Field, those of them that were inclined to be refractory or rebel (out of fear of Punishment) might continue firm in their due Obedience. And the further Ground likewise of this yearly Change was, that the Officers and Soldiers might be from time to time disbanded before they could have time to be well acquainted one with another. For length of Time in martial Employments so improves the Skill and advances the Courage and Resolution of the Commanders, that many times they conspire against their Princes and wholly fall off from their Allegiance.  
His living thus close and unseen, was a Covert to the Voluptuous Course of his Life, and in the mean time (as if he had been a God) none durst in the least mutter any thing against him. And in this manner (creating Commanders of his Army, constituting of Governors in the Provinces, appointing the Chamberlains and Officers of his Household, placing of Judges in their several Countries, and ordering and disposing of all other Matters as he thought sit most for his own Advantage) he spent his Days in Nineve.  
After the same manner almost lived all the rest of the Kings for the space of Thirty Generations, in a continued Line of Succession from Father to Son, to the very Reign of Sardanapalus; in whose time 
Sardanapalus. The Assyrian Empire to Sardanapalus continued 1360 Years. This is Justin's Account, and agrees best with the Holy Scriptures: So Velleius Paterculus agrees, and the Reign of Belus or Nimrod, 55 Years. The beginning of his Reign falls in Ann. Mun. 1718. And Sardanapalus his Fall, was in Ann. Mun. 3078, in the 19th of Jehu, 543 Years before the Taking of Babylon by Alexander the Great, Ant; Chr. 872, Vid. Helvicus' Chron.  the Empire of the Assyrians devolved upon the Medes, after it had continued above Thirteen Hundred and Sixty Years, as Ctesias the Cnidian says in his Second Book. But it's needless to recite their Names, or how long each of them reigned, in regard none of them did any thing worth remembering, save only that it may deserve an Account how the Assyrians assisted the Trojans, by sending them some Forces under the Command of Memnon the Son of Tithon.  
For when 
* Teutamus.  Teutamus reigned in Asia, who was the Twentieth from Ninyas the Son of Semiramis, it's said the Grecians under their General Agamemnon, made War upon the Trojans, at which time the Assyrians had been Lords of Asia above a Thousand Years. For Priam the King of Troy (being a Prince under the Assyrian Empire, when War was made upon him) sent Ambassadors to crave aid of Teutamus, who sent him Ten Thousand Ethiopians, and as many out of the Province of Susiana, with Two Hundred Chariots under the Conduct of Memnon the Son of Tithon. For this Tithon at that time was Governor of Persia, and in special Favour with the King above all the rest of the Princes: And Memnon was in the Flower of his Age, strong and courageous, and had built a Palace in the Citadel of Susa, which retained the Name of Memnonia to the time of the Persian Empire. He paved also there a Common Highway, which is called Memnon's Way to this day. But the Ethiopians of Egypt question this, and say that Memnon was their Countryman, and show several ancient Palaces which (they say) retain his Name at this day, being called Memnon's Palaces.  
Notwithstanding, however it be as to this matter, yet it has been generally and constantly held for a certain Truth, that Memnon led to Troy Twenty Thousand Foot, and Two Hundred Chariots, and signalised his Valour with great Honour and Reputation, with the Death and Destruction of many of the Greeks, till at length he was slain by an Ambuscade laid for him by the Thessalians. But the Ethiopians recovered his Body, and burned it, and brought back his Bones to Tithon. And these things the Barbarians say are recorded of Memnon in the Histories of their Kings.  
Sardanapalus, the Thirtieth from Ninus, and the last King of the Assyrians, exceeded 
Sardanapalus the Thirtieth King, and the last.  all his Predecessors in Sloth and Luxury; for besides that, he was seen of none out of his Family, he led a most effeminate Life: For wallowing in pleasure and wanton Dalliances, he clothed himself in women's Attire, and spun fine Wool and Purple amongst the throngs of his Whores and Concubines. He painted likewise his Face, and decked his whole Body with other Allurements like a Strumpet, and was more lascivious than the most wanton Courtesan. He imitated likewise a Woman's Voice, and not only daily enured himself to such Meat and Drink as might incite and stir up his lascivious Lusts, but gratified them by filthy 
* By Sodomy.  Catamites, as well as Whores and Strumpets, and without all sense of Modesty, abusing both Sexes, slighted Shame, the concomitant of filthy and impure Actions; and proceeded to such a degree of Voluptuousness and sordid Uncleanness, that he composed Verses for his Epitaph, with a Command to his Successors 
Epitaph.  to have them inscribed upon his Tomb after his Death, which were thus Translated by a 
† Cli 〈…〉, vide 〈…〉 neus, lib. 12. Clemens, lib. 2. Strom.  Grecian out of the Barbarian Language,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
Haec habeo quae edi, quaeque exsaturata Libido. 
Cicero. Tusc. lib. 5.   
Hausit, at illa jacent multa ac praeclara relicta. 

What once I gorged I now enjoy, 
An Epitaph fit for an Ox than a Man. says Aristotle.   
And wanton Lusts me still employ.  
All other things by Mortals prized,  
Are left as Dirt by me despised.    
Being thus corrupt in his Morals, he not only came to a miserable end himself, but utterly overturned the Assyrian Monarchy, which had continued longer than any we read of.  
For Arbaces a Mede, a Valiant and Prudent Man, and General of the Forces 
Arbaces.  which were sent every Year out of Media to Ninive, was stirred up by the Governor of Babylon (his Fellow Soldier, and with whom he had contracted an intimate familiarity) to overthrow the Assyrian Empire. This Captain's Name was 
* 2 Kin. 20. 〈◊〉. called Baladan, and Isa. 39 1. Ush. Ann. 61. Ant. Ch. 747.  Belesis, a most Famous Babylonian Priest, one of those called Chaldeans, expert in Astrology and Divination; of great Reputation upon the account of foretelling future Events, which happened accordingly. Amongst others, he told his Friend, the Median General, that he should depose Sardanapalus, and be Lord of all his Dominions. Arbaces hereupon harkening to what he said, promised him, that if he succeeded in his Attempt, Belesis should be chief Governor of the Province of Babylon: Being therefore fully persuaded of the truth of what was foretold, as if he had received it from an Oracle, he entered into an Association with the Governors of the rest of the Provinces, and by feasting and caressing of them, gained all their Hearts and Affections. He made it likewise his great business to get a sight of the King, that he might observe the Course and manner of his Life; to this end he bestowed a Cup of Gold upon an Eunuch, by whom being introduced into the King's Presence, he perfectly came to understand his Laciviousness, and Esseminate course of Life. Upon sight of him, he contemned and despised him as a Vile and Worthless Wretch, and thereupon was much more earnest to accomplish what the Chaldean had before declared to him. At length he conspired with Belesis so far, as that he himself persuaded the Medes and Persians to a defection, and the other brought the Babylonians into the Confederacy. He imparted likewise his Design to the King of Arabia, who was at this time his special Friend.  
And now the Years attendance of the Army being at an end, new Troops succeeded, and came into their Place, and the former were sent every one here and there, into their several Countries. Hereupon Arbaces prevailed with the Medes to invade the Assyrian Empire, and drew in the Persians in hopes of Liberty, to join in the Confederacy. Belesis in like manner persuaded the Babylonians to stand up for their Liberties. He sent Messengers also into Arabia, and gained that Prince (who was both his Friend, and had been his Guest) for a Confederate.  
When therefore the Yearly Course was run out, all these with a great number of Forces flocked together to Nineve, in show to serve their Turn according to custom, but in truth to overturn the Assyrian Empire. The whole number of Soldiers now got together out of those Four Provinces, amounted to Four Hundred Thousand Men. All these (being now in one Camp) called a Council of War in order to consult what was to be done.  
Sardanapalus being informed of the Revolt, led forth the Forces of the rest of the Provinces against them; whereupon a Battle being fought, the Rebels were totally routed, and with a great Slaughter were forced to the Mountains Seventy Furlongs from Nineve.  
Being drawn up a Second time in Battalia to try their Fortune in the Field, and now faced by the Enemy, Sardanapalus caused a Proclamation to be made by the Heralds, that whosoever killed Arbaces the Mede, should receive as a Reward, Two Hundred Talents of Gold, and double the Sum to him (together with the Government of Media,) who should take him alive. The like Sum he promised to such as should kill Belesis, or take him alive. But none being wrought upon by these Promises, he fought them again, and destroyed many of the Rebels, and forced the rest to fly to their Camp upon the Hills. Arbaces being disheartened with these Misfortunes, called a Council of War to consider what was sit further to be done: The greater part were for returning into their own Countries, and possess themselves of the strongest Places, in order to fit and furnish themselves with all things further necessary for the War. But when Belesis the Babylonian assured them that the Gods promised, that after many Toils and Labours they should have good Success, and all should end well, and had used several other Arguments (such as he thought best) he prevailed with them to resolve to run through all the hazards of the War.  
Another Battle therefore was fought, wherein the King gained a third Victory, and pursued the Revolters as far as to the Mountains of Babylon. In this Fight Arbaces himself was wounded, though he fought stoutly, and slew many of the Assyrians with his own Hand.  
After so many Defeats and Misfortunes one upon the neck of another, the Conspirators altogether despaired of Victory, and therefore the Commanders resolved every one to return to their own Country. But Belesis, who lay all that Night Stargazing in the open Field, prognosticated to them the next day, that if they would but continue together Five Days, unexpected Help would come, and they would see a mighty change, and that Affairs would have a contrary aspect to what they then had; for he affirmed, that through his Knowledge in Astrology, he understood that the Gods portended so much by the Stars; therefore he entreated them to stay so many days, and make trial of his Art, and wait so long to have an Experiment of the Goodness of the Gods.  
All being thus brought back, and waiting till the time appointed, News on a sudden was brought that mighty Forces were at hand, sent to the King out of Bactria. Hereupon Arbac●s resolved with the stoutest and swiftest Soldiers of the Army, forthwith to make out against the Captains that were advancing, and either by fair words to persuade them to a defection, or by Blows to force them to join with them in their Design. But Liberty being sweet to every one of them, first the Captains and Commanders were easily wrought upon, and presently after the whole Army joined, and made up one entire Camp together. It happened at that time, that the King of Assyria not knowing any thing of the Revolt of the Bactrians, and puffed up by his former Successes, was indulging his Sloth and Idleness, and preparing Beasts for Sacrifice, plenty of Wine, and other things necessary in order to feast and entertain his Soldiers.  
While his whole Army was now feasting and revelling, Arbaces (receiving intelligence by some Deserters of the Security and Intemperance of the Enemy) fell in upon them on the sudden in the Night; and being in due order and discipline, and setting upon such as were in confusion, he being before prepared, and the other altogether unprovided, they easily broke into their Camp, and made a great Slaughter of some, forcing the rest into the City.  
Hereupon Sardanapalus committed the charge of the whole Army to Salemenus his Wife's Brother, and took upon himself the defence of the City. But the Rebels twice defeated the King's Forces, once in the open Field, and the Second time before the Walls of the City; in which last engagement Salemenus was killed, and almost all his Army lost, some being cut off in the pursuit, and the rest (save a very few) being intercepted, and prevented from entering into the City, were driven headlong into the River Euphrates; and the number of the Slain was so great, that the River was died over with Blood, and retained that Colour for a great distance, and a long course together.  
The King being afterwards besieged, many of the Nations (through desire of Liberty) revolted to the Confederates; so that Sardanapalus now perceiving that the Kingdom was like to be lost, sent away his Three Sons and Two Daughters, with a great deal of Treasure into Paphlagonia, to Cotta the Governor there, his most entire Friend; and sent Posts into all the Provinces of the Kingdom, in order to raise Soldiers, and make all other Preparations necessary to endure a Siege. And he was the more encouraged to this, for that he was acquainted with an ancient Prophecy, That Nineve could never be taken by force, till the River became the City's Enemy; which the more encouraged him to hold out, because he conceived that was never like to be; therefore he resolved to endure the Siege till the Aids which he expected out of the Provinces came up to him.  
The Enemy on the other hand grown more courageous by their Successes, eagerly urged on the Siege, but made little impression on the Besieged by reason of the strength of the Walls; for Ballistes to cast Stones, Testudos to cast up Mounts, and Battering Rams were not known in those Ages. And besides (to say truth) the King had been very careful (as to what concerned the defence of the place) plentifully to furnish the Inhabitants with every thing necessary. The Siege continued Two Years, during which time nothing was done to any purpose, save that the Walls were sometimes assaulted, and the Besieged penned up in the City. The Third Year it happened that Euphrates overflowing with continual Rains, came up into a part of the City, and tore down the Wall Twenty Furlongs in length. The King hereupon conceiving that the Oracle was accomplished, in that the River was an apparent Enemy to the City, utterly despaired, and therefore that he might not fall into the Hands of his Enemies, he caused a huge Pile of Wood to be made in his Palace Court, and heaped together upon it all his Gold, Silver, and Royal Apparel, and enclosing his Eunuches and Concubines in an Apartment within the Pile, caused it to be set on Fire, and burned himself and them together, which when the Revolters came to understand, they entered through the Breach of the Walls, and took the City; and clothed Arbaces with a Royal Robe, and committed to him the sole Authority, proclaiming him King. When he had rewarded his Followers, every one according to their demerit, and appointed Governors over the several Provinces, Belesis the Babylonian, who had foretold his advancement to the Throne, put him in mind of his Services, and demanded the Government of Babylon, which he had before promised him. He told him likewise of a Vow that he himself had made to Belus, in the heat of the War, that when Sardanapalus was conquered, and the Palace consumed, he would carry the Ashes to Babylon, and there raise a Mount near to his Temple, which should be an eternal Monument to all that sailed through Euphrates, in memory of him that overturned the Assyrian Empire. But that which in truth induced him to make this Request was, that he had been informed of the Gold and Silver by an Eunuch (that was a Deserter) whom he had hid and concealed: Arbaces therefore being ignorant of the Contrivance (because all the rest beside this Eunuch, were consumed with the King) granted to him liberty both to carry away the Ashes, and likewise the absolute Government of Babylon without paying any Tribute. Whereupon Belesis forthwith prepared Shipping, and together with the Ashes carried away most of the Gold and Silver to Babylon. But when the King came plainly to understand the Cheat, he committed the Examination and Decision of this Theft to the other Captains who were his Assistants in the deposing of Sardanapalus. Belesis upon his Trial confessed the Fact, and thereupon they condemned him to lose his Head. But the King being a Man of a noble and generous Spirit, and willing to adorn the beginning of his Reign with the Marks of his Grace and Mercy, not only pardoned him, but freely gave him all the Gold and Silver which had been carried away; neither did he deprive him of the Government of Babylon, which at the first he conferred upon him, saying, That his former good Services did overbalance the Injuries afterwards. This gracious Disposition of the King being noised abroad, he thereby not only gained the Hearts of his People, but was highly honoured, and his Name famous among all the Provinces, and all judged him worthy of the Kingdom, who was so compassionate and gracious to Offenders.  
The like Clemency he showed to the Inhabitants of Nineve; for though he disspersed them into several Country Villages, yet he restored to every one of them their Estates, but razed the City to the ground. 
Nineve razed.   
The rest of the Silver and Gold that could be found in the Pile (of which there were many Talents) he conveyed to Ecbatana the Seat Royal of Media.  
And thus was the Assyrian Empire overturned by the Medes 
Ann. Mund. 3080. Before Christ 868. Herodotus says, lib. 1. c. 95, but 520 Years from Ninus, which Usher follows; so that Ninus falls in with the times of Deborah, as is before observed, against the Stream of all Chronologers almost.  after it had continued Thirty Generations; from Ninus above Fourteen Hundred Years.   

CHAP. III.  
Of the Ancient Chaldeans, and their Philosophy. The Planets and their Course. The Empire of the Medes and their Kings. A Description of India: The ancient Manners and Customs of the People. Their Laws; Tribes. A Description of Scythia. Of the Amazons. Of the Hyperborcans.  
HEre it will not be amiss to say something of the Chaldeans (as the Babylonians call them) and of their Antiquity, that nothing worth Remark may be omitted.  
They being the most ancient Babylonians, hold the same station and dignity in 
A Description of the Chaldeans.  the Commonwealth as the Egyptian Priests do in Egypt: For being deputed to Divine Offices, they spend all their Time in the study of Philosophy, and are especially famous for the Art of Astrology. They are mightily given to Divination, and foretell future Events, and employ themselves either by Purifications, Sacrifices, or other Enchantments to avert Evils, or procure good Fortune and Success. They are skilful likewise in the Art of Divination, by the flying of Birds, and interpreting of Dreams and Prodigies: And are reputed as true Oracles (in declaring what will come to pass) by their exact and diligent viewing the entrails of the Sacrifices. But they attain not to this Knowledge in the same manner 
P. 82.  as the Grecians do; for the Chaldeans learn it by Tradition from their Ancestors, the Son from the Father, who are all in the mean time free from all other public Offices and Attendances; and because their Parents are their Tutors, they both learn every thing without Envy, and rely with more confidence upon the truth of what is taught them; and being trained up in this Learning from their very Childhood, they become most famous Philosophers, (that Age being most capable of Learning, wherein they spend much of their time.) But the Grecians for the most part come raw to this study, unfit and unprepared, and are long before they attain to the Knowledge of this Philosophy: And after they have spent some small time in this Study, they are many times called off and forced to leave it, in order to get a Livelihood and Subsistence. And although some few do industriously apply themselves to Philosophy, yet for the sake of Gain, these very Men are opinionative, and ever and anon starting new and high Points, and never fix in the steps of their Ancestors. But the Barbarians keeping constantly close to the same thing, attain to a perfect and distinct Knowledge in every particular.  
But the Grecians cunningly catching at all Opportunities of Gain, make new Sects and Parties, and by their contrary Opinions wrangling and quarrelling concerning the chiefest Points, lead their Scholars into a Maze; and being uncertain and doubtful what to pitch upon for certain truth, their Minds are fluctuating and in suspense all the days of their Lives, and unable to give a certain assent unto any thing. For if any Man will but examine the most eminent Sects of the Philosophers, he shall find them much differing among themselves, and even opposing one another in the most weighty parts of their Philosophy. But to return to the Chaldeans, they hold that the World is eternal, which had neither any certain Beginning, nor shall have any End; but all agree, that all things are ordered, and this beautiful Fabric is supported by a Divine Providence, and that the Motions of the Heavens are not performed by chance and of their own accord, but by a certain and determinate Will and Appointment of the Gods.  
Therefore from a long observation of the Stars, and an exact Knowledge of the motions and influences of every one of them, wherein they excel all others, they foretell many things that are to come to pass.  
The say that the Five Stars which some call Planets, but they Interpreters, are most worthy of Consideration, both for their motions and their remarkable influences, especially that which the Grecians call Saturn. The brightest of them all, and which often portends many and great Events, they call 
* Sol, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Sol, the other Four they name 
† Mars, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Mars, 
* Venus, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Venus, 
† Mercury, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Mercury and 
* Jupiter, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Jupiter, with our own Country Astrologers. They give the Name of Interpreters to these Stars, because these only by a peculiar Motion do portend things to come, and instead of Jupiter's, do declare to Men beforehand the goodwill of the Gods; whereas the other Stars (not being of the number of the Planets) have a constant ordinary motion. Future Events (they say) are pointed at sometimes by their Rising, and sometimes by their Setting, and at other times by their Colour, as may be experienced by those that will diligently observe it; sometimes foreshowing Hurricanes, at other times Tempestuous Rains, and then again exceeding Droughts. By these, they say, are often portended the appearance of Comets, Eclipses of the Sun and Moon, Earthquakes and all other the various Changes and remarkable effects in the Air, boding good and bad, not only to Nations in general, but to Kings and Private Persons in particular. Under the Course of these Planets, they say are Thirty Stars, which they call Counselling Gods, half of whom observe what is done under 
Stars, Counselling Gods.  the Earth, and the other half take notice of the actions of Men upon the Earth, and what is transacted in the Heavens. Once every Ten Days space (they say) one of the highest Order of these Stars descends to them that are of the lowest, like a Messenger sent from them above; and then again another ascends from those below to them above, and that this is their constant natural motion to continue for ever. The chief of these Gods, they say, are Twelve in number, to 
P. 83.  each of which they attribute a Month, and one Sign of the Twelve in the Zodiac.  
Through these Twelve Signs the Sun, Moon, and the other Five Planets run 
The Course of the Sun, Moon, and the Five other Planets.  their Course. The Sun in a Years time, and the Moon in the space of a Month.  
To every of the Planets they assign their own proper Courses, which are performed variously in lesser or shorter time according as their several motions are quicker or slower. These Stars, they say, have a great influence both as to good and bad in men's Nativities; and from the consideration of their several Natures, may be foreknown what will befall Men afterwards. As they foretold things to come to other Kings formerly, so they did to Alexander who conquered Darius, and to his Successors Antigonus and Seleucus Nicanor; and accordingly things fell out as they declared; which we shall relate particularly hereafter in a more convenient time. They tell likewise private Men their Fortunes so certainly, that those who have found the thing true by Experience, have esteemed it a Miracle, and above the reach of Man to perform. Out of the Circle of the Zodiac they describe Four and Twenty Stars, Twelve towards the North Pole, and as many to the South.  
Those which we see, they assign to the living; and the other that do not appear, they conceive are Constellations for the Dead; and they term them Judges of all things. The Moon, they say, is in the lowest Orb; and being therefore next to the Earth (because she is so small,) she finishes her Course in a little time, not through the swiftness of her Motion, but the shortness of her Sphere. In that which they affirm (that she has but a borrowed light, and that when she is eclipsed, it's caused by the interposition of the shadow of the Earth) they agree with the Grecians.  
Their Rules and Notions concerning the Eclipses of the Sun are but weak and mean, which they dare not positively foretell, nor fix a certain time for them. They have likewise Opinions concerning the Earth peculiar to themselves, affirming it to resemble a Boat, and to be hollow, to prove which, and other things relating to the frame of the World, they abound in Arguments; but to give a particular Account of 'em, we conceive would be a thing foreign to our History. But this any Man may justly and truly say, That the Chaldeans far exceed all other Men in the Knowledge of Astrology, and have studied it most of any other Art or Science: But the number of Years during which the Chaldeans say, those of their Profession have given themselves to the study of this natural Philosophy, is incredible; for when Alexander was in Asia, they reckoned up Four Hundred and Seventy Thousand Years since they first began to observe the Motions of the Stars. But lest we should make too long a digression from our intended Design, let this which we have said concerning the Chaldeans suffice.  
Having now therefore spoken of the Assyrian Empire, and its Translation to the Medes, we shall return to that part of our History from whence we broke off.  
Whereas remarkable Authors have differed among themselves about the large 
Empire of the Medes.  Empire of the Medes, we conceive we shall not stray from the Duty of true and faithful Historians, if we compare the different relations of Writers one with another.  
Herodotus indeed, who lived in the time of Xerxes, says that the Assyrians were conquered by the Medes after they had held the Empire of Asia for the space of five Hundred Years: That thence for many Ages after there was no one King that had the sole and absolute Authority of the Empire, but that the Cities in every Place enjoyed their own Laws in a Democratical Government. At length after the Course of many Years, he says one 
* Cyaxares besieges Nineve, and taketh it An. Mun. 3348; about 3 or 4 years after the death of Josiah, before Christ 600. Herod.  Cyaxares, renowned for his Justice, was advanced to the Throne; and that he was the first that subdued the neighbouring Nations to the Medes, and gave beginning to that Empire; whose Posterity afterwards brought under the bordering Countries and enlarged their Dominions, and continued their Empire to the time of Astyages (who was conquered by 
† Conquered by Cyrus An. Mun. 3391. Before Christ 557.  Cyrus and the Persians) of whom we shall now only give a touch in short, and shall treat more distinctly and particularly hereafter when we come to the Times more proper for this Purpose. For in the second year of the seventeeenth Olympiad (as Herodotus says) Cyaxares was elected King by the Medes. But Ctesias the Cnidian who was later than Herodotus, and lived about the time of Cyrus his Expedition against his Brother A●taxarxes: (for being then taken Prisoner (for his Skill in Physic) he was taken into the King's Favour, and continued with him in great Honour and Esteem for the space of seventeen years.) Out of the public Records (in which the Persians (by force of some Law made for that Purpose) had in Order of Time noted and registered the ancient Affairs and Things done in the Kingdom) he industriously picked out every thing that was remarkable, and methodically composed them into an History, and brought them over into Greece.  
In this History he declares that after the Overthrow of the Assyrian Empire, all Asia was under the Power of the Medes, and that Arbaces who overcame Sardanapalus (as is before related) was sole Monarch, and that after he had reigned eight and twenty years, his Son Mandauces succeeded him, who reigned over all Asia fifty years. After him reigned Sesarmus thirty years; then Artias Fifty; after whom succeeded Arbianes' two and twenty years. In his time (it's said) a great War broke out between the Medes and the Cadusians upon the Occasions following. One Parsodes a Persian, for his Valour, Prudence and other Virtues, was a Man highly honoured and dearly beloved of the King, and one of the greatest Statesmen in the King's Council.  
This Man taking some Offence at a Sentence pronounced against him by the King, fled with three Thousand Foot and a Thousand Horse to the Cadusians, where he married the Sister of the most potent Man amongst them; and not only rebelled himself, but persuaded the whole Nation of the Cadusians to a general Revolt, and to stand up for their Liberties: Whereupon he was presently (upon the Account of his noted Valour) made General of the War. And now hearing that mighty Forces were preparing against him, he raised no less than two hundred Thousand Men out of the Country of the Cadusians, and pitched his Camp upon the Borders of the Province; and tho' King Arseus came against him with eight hundred Thousand Men, yet Parsodes routed him and killed above fifty Thousand, and drove the rest out of the Country. Upon this Victory he was so honoured and admired that the Inhabitants forthwith made him their King; after which he vexed and tired out Media with continual Incursions, and wasted and destroyed all Places round about him. His Name therefore being grown famous, and now waxing old and drawing near to the End of his days, he enjoined his Successor (with the Denunciation of most dreadful Execrations) never to make Peace with the Medes, and if they did he wished that both the whole Nation of the Cadusians and his own Posterity might be rooted out and perish together. And for this Reason the Cadusians were ever after Enemies to the Medes, never subject to their Kings, till Cyrus transferred the Empire to the Persians.  
After the Death of 
* Arsaeus.  Artaeus, Artynes was King of the Medes, and reigned two and twenty years; after him A●●ibarnas fourteen years, in whose Reign the Parthians revolted and delivered up both their City and Country into the Hand of the 
† A People of Scythia.  Sacae; whereupon arose a War between the Sacae and the Medes, which continued many years, and after many Battles fought, and great Slaughter on both sides, at length Peace was made upon these Conditions, That the Parthians should return to their ancient Subjection, and that both sides should quietly whatever enjoy they did 
P. 85.  before, and should ever after be Friends and Confederates. Zanara at that time was Queen of the Sacae, a Woman of a warlike Spirit, far exceeding any of her Sex among the Sacae for Courage and Activity in Martial Affairs. For this Nation is remarkable for brave spirited Women that use to go out to the Wars as Fellow-soldiers with the Men; and they say that this Virago was extraordinarily beautiful, and admirable for Courage and Council in all her Affairs. For she conquered the neighbouring Princes who had proudly oppressed the Sacae, and civilised the most part of the Country, and built many Cities, and every way improved and enriched her People; and therefore the Citizens after her Death in Gratitude for the many Aduántages they enjoyed by her and to preserve the Memory of her Virtues, built for her a Sepulchre far higher than any of the rest. For they reared up for her a Pyramid Triangular from the Foundation Three Furlongs broad on every side, spiring up in a sharp Point at the Top a Furlong in Height. They placed likewise upon her Tomb a Colossus in Gold representing her, and adored her as a Demi-Goddess, and performed all other things with more State and Grandeur than to any of her Predecessors.  
After the Death of Astibara King of the Medes, who died old in Ecbatana, his Son Apandas (whom the Grecians call Astyages) succeeded, who being conquered by Cyrus the Persian, the Empire devolved upon the Persians. Of which we shall write distinctly in its proper Place.  
Having therefore said enough (as we conceive) of the Empire of the Assyrians and Medes, and the Differences among Writers concerning them, we shall pass over to India, and give a particular Account of Things said to be done there.  
INDIA is of a Quadrangular Form, one side lying towards the East, and 
India.  the other to the South, environed and washed by the great Ocean; that side on the North is divided by the Mountain Hemodus from Scythia, where the Sacae inhabit: The Fourth part towards the West, is bounded with the River Indus, the greatest of all others next to the River Nile.  
The whole Extent of India from East to West, is Eight and Twenty Thousand Furlongs; and from North to South Two 
About 3200 Miles.  and Thirty Thousand Furlongs. The Extent of India being thus very large, it seems most of any other part of the World to lie under the 
* When the Sun enters Capricorn, it is their Summer.  Tropic of 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Rather under the Equinoctial Line.  Capricorn. And in many remote parts of India, the Sun casts no Shadow, neither is the North Pole seen there in the Night, nor any of the 
* Arctus.  Constellation called Arcturus, 
† Arcturus, Charles ' s Wain; i. e. towards the South.  in the utmost parts; and for this reason they say, the Shadows bend towards the South.  
The Mountains of India abound with all sorts of Fruit Trees, and the Fields every where clothed with Fruits of the Earth, full of pleasant Plains, watered with many Rivers; so that the Country bears Two Crops in the Year. It breeds likewise divers sorts of Creatures, both Volatile and Terrestrial, for strength and largeness remarkable above others. It affords plentiful Pastures for multitudes of mighty Elephants, in so much as those kind of Beasts which are bred there, are far stronger than those in Africa. And therefore many of them being taken in Hunting, and inur'd to Martial Exercises, are of great use and advantage to them for the obtaining of Victories. And such is the plenty there of all sorts of Fruits, that the Men are taller and bigger than any elsewhere; and the Air is so pure, and the Water so clear and wholesome, that by the help of these natural Advantages, the Inhabitants are very quick and ingenious in any Art or Profession. As the Earth is fruitful in the producing plenty of pleasant 
P. 86.  Fruits, so in the Bowels of it are to be found all sorts of Metals: For it abounds in Mines of Gold and Silver, Brass, Iron and Tin, and richly affords all other things useful both as to Pleasure and Profit, and likewise for Service in Times of War. Besides Corn, abundance of Millet grows there, being richly watered by the overflowing of the Rivers: There's likewise great store of all sorts of Pulse and Rice, and that which they call Bosphorus, and many other Fruits for the sustaining of Man's Life. To all these may be added many other Fruits useful for Food, and likewise as many fit for the feeding of cattle, of which it would be too tedious to write particularly. And for this reason it's said, that there's never any Famine in India, or want of Victuals; for being that the Land there bears Two Crops every Year, once in the Winter about the time of Wheat-seeding among other Nations, and the other about the time of the 
* Beginning of June.  Summer Solstice, when Rice, Bosporus, Sesamus and Millet are used to be sown; at both these times the Indians reap very plentifnl Harvests. And if one Harvest happens to miss, the other is sure to make amends for it. Besides there are many Fruits which grow naturally of themselves, and the Marshes afford for men's Food, abundance of Roots of a most sweet and delicious Taste. For all the Fields almost of the whole Country are watered in Summer time with the sweet Waters of the overflowing Rivers, and with the Rains from Heaven, which fall constantly at certain times every Year in the Summer; and the Roots in the Marshes (especially of the Canes) are perfectly boiled by the heat of the Sun. There are Laws likewise in India, which conduce much to the preventing of Famine among them. Amongst other People, by Devastations in time of War the Land lies untilled; but amongst the Indians, Husbandmen (as sacred) are never touched, so that though the Armies fight and engage even under their very Noses, yet they are never in the least prejudiced. For though the Armies on both sides slaughter one another, yet they never hurt the Husbandman, as one who is a Servant for the common good and advantage of them all; neither do they burn their Enemy's Country, or cut down their Trees or Plants.  
Moreover in India are many great navigable Rivers which descend into the 
Rivers. Ganges.  Plains from the Mountains in the Northern Parts (where they have their Spring-heads) and at length all meet together and fall into the River Ganges, which is 
† Something above Three Mile.  Thirty Furlongs in breadth, and takes its Course from the North to the South, and so empties itself into the main Ocean; passing by in its course the Nation of the Gandarides lying on the East, where are bred Multitudes of most monstrous Elephants. No Foreign King hitherto ever conquered that part of the Country, all Strangers dreading the number and strength of those Creatures. Even Alexander himself, who conquered all Asia besides, left only the Gandarides untouched. For when he came with his whole Army as far as to the River Ganges, and had subdued all the Indians behind him, as soon as he understood that the Gandarides had Four Thousand Elephants sitted and completely furnished for War, he wholly desisted the further Prosecution of his Design against them. Much like to the River Ganges is that called Indus, which runs with a swift Course likewise from the North, and falls into the Ocean, and divides India from the rest of Asia; and in 
Indus.  its Course through wide and spacious Plains takes in many Navigable Rivers, amongst which the most famous are Hipanis, Hydaspes, and Arcesines. There are many other Rivers also which pass through several Parts of India which enrich the Country with pleasant Gardens, and all sorts of Fruits.  
The Philosophers and Naturalists of this Country give this Reason why there 
P. 87.  are so many Rivers, and such plenty of Water in India. They say, that the adjacent Countries, the Scythians, Bactrians and Arianians, lie higher than India, whence (from good reason) they conclude that the Rains flowing down by degrees into the lower Countries, so water them, that they make many large Rivers: But above all the other Rivers of India, that they call Silla (which springs from a Fountain of the same Name) has a peculiar property: For this only of all the others will not admit any thing thrown into it to swim, but in a wonderful manner swallows up every thing, and forceably draws it to the bottom.  
Moreover India being of the largest Extent of all other by far, is inhabited by many different Nations (of whom none are Foreigners, but all natural Inhabitants:) And they say that no Strangers ever planted amongst them, nor they themselves ever sent forth any Colonies into other Countries; and they tell Stories that anciently the Inhabitants fed only upon Herbs and Roots that grow in the Fields, and clothed themselves with wild Beasts Skins, as the Grecians did; and that Arts and other things conducing to the well-being of Man's Life were found out by degrees, Necessity pressing upon a Creature that was rational and ingenious, and had likewise the further helps and advantages of Hands, Speech and quickness of invention to find out ways to relieve himself.  
Some of the Learnedest of the Indians have given an account of the Antiquity of their Country, of which it is our part here to say something in short.  
They say, that in ancient Time, when Men lived scattered and dispersed here and there, Bacchus with a great Army from the West, overran all India, which at that time had no considerable City in it able to make any resistance; and that a Plague (through the violent and parching heat) destroying many of his Soldiers, (they say) that prudent General drew his Army out of the Plains to the tops of the Mountains, where (by means of the cool Blasts of the refreshing Air, and drinking of the Spring-Waters there at hand) they were restored to their former Health; and that the Place where his Army was thus recovered, was called the 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Thigh; hence the Grecians frame a Story of this God to this Day, that Bacchus was bred in the 
* Jupiter's Thigh.  Thigh. Afterwards (they say) he diligently employed himself in sowing and planting divers Fruit-Trees, and imparted the Art to the Indians, and found out the use of Wine, and other things conducing to the comfort of Man's Life. He built likewise stately Cities, and removed the Villages to more commodious Situations; and instituted the manner of Divine Worship, and made Laws, and set up Courts of Justice; and at last for the many excellent Inventions imparted to the Indians, he was esteemed as a God, and obtained immortal Honours. They report that he had a Regiment of Women in his Army, and that in the heat of Battle he made use of Timbrels and Cymbals, the Trumpet being not at that time found out: And that after he had reigned over all India for the space of Two and Fifty Years, he died of extreme old Age, leaving the Kingdom to his Sons, who enjoyed it, and their Posterity after them successively, till many Ages after the Regal Authority was abrogated, and the Cities were governed by a Democrasy. These are the things related of Bacchus and his Posterity by the Inhabitants of the Mountainous parts of India.  
They say moreover, that Hercules was born amongst them, and like the Greeks, furnish him with a Club and a Lion's Skin; and for Strength and Courage that he excelled all other Men, and cleared both Sea and Land of Monsters and Wild Beasts: That of many Wives he begat many Sons, but one only Daughter. Among 
P. 88  these Sons, when they were grown up, he divided India into equal Parts, and appointed each to be King over their several shares, allotting likewise one part of the Kingdom to his Daughter, whom he carefully brought up under his own Eye. It's said that he built many Cities, the most famous of which is called Palibothra, in which he built a stately Palace, and planted it with a great number of Inhabitants, and fortified it round with deep Trenches, filled with Water from the River. And at length after his Death he was honoured as a God. His Posterity reigned for many Ages together, and performed many noble Actions; but never made any Foreign Expeditions, or sent forth any Colonies into other Parts; and though that after the Course of many Years, most of the Cities reduced themselves under the power of a Democratical Government, yet there were some of the Indians that flourished under a Monarchy, till the very time that Alexander invaded that Country.  
Although the Indians have Laws peculiar to themselves, differing from all other 
The Indian Law concerning their Liberties.  People, yet one especially is most remarkable, instituted by their ancient Philosophers, which is this:  
It's an established Law, That none amongst them should be a Servant; but that every one being free, all should be honoured with equal respect: For they that know that they are neither to be superior nor inferior to any, are ready to undergo all the Shocks of Fortune with Courage and Resolution. For it's a Foolish thing to make Laws for an equality amongst all, and yet at the same time to order inequality of Estates.  
All the People of India are divided into Seven Ranks; the First is Philosophers, 
The division of the People. 1 Tribe, Philosophers.  who are least in number, but chiefest in esteem: For they are free from all public Offices; and are neither subject themselves to any, nor any subject to them. Yet they are made use of by their Friends to offer Sacrifice for them while they are alive, and to perform the solemn Exequys at their Funerals when they are dead, as Persons who are greatly beloved of the Gods, and skilful in Matters relating to the Affairs of the Dead in the Shades below; for which piece of Service they are highly honoured, and presented with many rich Gifts: Especially they much advantage the Indians in general, at such times as being admitted into the public Assemblies, at the beginning of every Year they foretell Droughts, Rains, Winds and Diseases, and other things convenient and useful for the Auditors to be informed of; for so both King and People being forewarned of things to come, provide against them, and always prepare something or other that may be of advantage to them in such cases.  
And if any of the Philosophers prove afterwards to be mistaken in his Prognostication, he undergoes no other Punishment, save only that he is evil spoken of, and is to be silent ever after while he lives.  
The Second Rank or Tribe is of the Husbandmen; These are more in number 
2d Tribe, Husbandmen.  than any of the rest: These likewise are free from the Militia, and all public Offices, and spend all their time and care about Tilling and Improving the Lands.  
No Enemy ever does them any Prejudice; but out of a due regard to the common good, forbear to injure them in the least degree; and therefore the Land being never spoiled nor wasted, yields its Fruits in great Abundance, and furnishes the Inhabitants with plenty of Victuals and all other Provision. The Husbandmen live in the Fields with their Wives and Children, and never meddle with the concerns of the Cities. They pay the King his Tribute out of the Fruits of the Ground: For all the Land of India belongs to the King, and no private Man has any Land of his own. Besides the Tribute, the Fourth part of the Fruits are paid to the King.  
The Third Tribe comprehended the Herdsmen and Shepherds, and all sorts of 
3d Tribe, The Shepherds and Herdsmen.  feeders of cattle; and these neither lived in the Cities nor Villages, but in Tents, and by Hunting cleared the Land both of wild Beasts and hurtful Birds; and by this Exercise all India was freed from Ravenous Creatures which abounded in the Country, both Birds and wild Beasts of all sorts, that eat up and devoured the Seed and Fruits of the Husbandman.  
The Fourth Classis and Order of Men amongst them was made up of the Mechanics, 
4th Tribe, Artificers.  some of whom were employed in making of Arms, and others of Tools for Tillage and Husbandry, and other serviceable Utensils. This Order is 
P. 89.  not only free from all Taxes and Impositions, but is allowed a yearly proportion of Corn out of the King's Granaries.  
The Fifth is the Militia (the Second for number) who in Times of Peace live 
5th Tribe, Soldiers.  idle lives, and give themselves up wholly to their pleasures. All the Soldiers with the Warhorses and Elephants are kept and maintained out of the King's Treasury.  
The Sixth Tribe are the Ephori, who are the Inquisitors, and have a diligent 
6th Tribe, Ephori.  and observant Eye upon every thing that is done throughout all India, and upon any discovery inform the King of what the know; and when there's no King, the Princes and principal Ministers of state.  
In the Seventh Rank are reckoned the Senators, such as have Place in the great 
7th Tribe, Senators.  and General Councils: These are the fewest in number, but of greatest Dignity for their Birth, and highest esteem for their Wisdom and Prudence. Out of these are chosen the King's Privy-Council, Governors of Provinces, Judges, Generals of Armies in Times of War, and other Principal Officers.  
These are the parts into which almost all India is divided.  
It is not lawful for any to marry out of the Tribe to which he belongs, nor to exercise any other Trade or Calling than that wherein he has been bred up, as for a Soldier to employ himself in Husbandry or for an Artificer to turn Philosopher.  
India breeds the largest, most courageous and strongest Elephants of any 
Elephants.  other Place. This Creature does not couple with the Female in any strange or unusual manner (as some say) but as Horses and all other fourfooted Beasts.  
They go with young at the least Sixteen Months, at the most Eighteen. They 
16 Months with Young.  bring forth for the most part (like Mares) but one at a time, which the Dam suckles till it be Six Years old.  
Most of the Inhabitants live very long; the Oldest attain to Two Hundred Years.  
In India there are Magistrates appointed to take care of Strangers to see that no Injury be offered them; and if any of them be sick these Magistrates provide Physicians, and in all other respects are very careful of them; and if they die, they bury them; and whatever Goods or moneys they leave behind, they give it to their Kindred.  
Their Judges are very diligent in deciding Suits brought before them; and severely punish Offenders. But this short account shall suffice concerning India and its Antiquities. And now we shall say something particularly of the Scythians, which border upon the other.  
The Scythians anciently enjoyed but a small Tract of Ground, but (through their, 
Scythia, its Description.  Valour) growing stronger by degrees, they enlarged their Dominion far and near, and attained at last to a vast and glorious Empire.  
At the First a very few of them, and those very desplcable for their mean original, seated themselves near to the River Araxes. Afterwards one of their ancient Kings, who was a warlike Prince, and skilful in Arms, gained to their Country, all the Mountainous Parts as far as to Mount Caucasus, and all the Champain Country, to the 
* The Euxine Sea.  Ocean, and the Lake 
† Maeotis, a Lake branched from the Euxine Sea, now called the Black Sea.  Maeotis, and all the rest of the Plain to the River Tanais. Then they tell a Story, That a Virgin was born among them of the Earth, of the shape of a Woman from the middle upwards, and of a Viper downwards: And that Jupiter begot of her a Son called Scythes; they say, that from this Prince (being more eminent than any of his Ancestors) the People were called Scythians: There were Two Brothers that descended from this King, that were remarkable for Valour, the one called Palus, and the other Napas. These Two Brothers, after many glorious Actions done by them, divided the Country between them, and from their own Names called one part of the Inhabitants Palians, and the other Napians.  
Some time afterwards their Posterity becoming famous and eminent for Valour and martial affairs, subued many Territories beyond Tanais.  
Then turning their Arms the other way they led their Forces as far as to the River Nile in Egypt, and having subdued many Nations lying between, they 
P. 90.  enlarged the Empire of the Scythians as far as to the 
* The Indian Sea.  Eastern Ocean one way, and to the Caspian Sea and the Lake of Maeotis another.  
This Nation prospered still more and more, and had Kings that were very famous; from whom the Sacans, the Massageties, and the Arimaspanis, and many others called by other Names derive their original. Amongst others, there were two remarkable Colonies that were drawn out of the conquered Nations by those Kings; the one they brought out of Assyria, and settled in the Country lying between Paphlagonia and Pontus; the other out of Media, which they placed near the River Tanais, which People are called Sauromatians, who many Years after increasing in number and power, wasting the greatest part of Scythia, and rooting out all that they conquered, totally ruinated the whole Nation. Afterwards the Royal Line failing, they say, Women remarkable for Courage and Strength of Body reigned instead of Kings. For in these Nations, Women like Men, are trained up for the Wars, being nothing inferior to Men for Courage.  
Henceforward many and great things were done by famous Women, not only in Scythia, but in the neighbouring Nations. For when Cyrus' King of Persia the most powerful Prince in his Age, led a mighty Army into Scythia, the 
* Tomiris, Justin.  Queen of Scythia routed the Persian Army, and taking Cyrus himself in the Battle Prisoner, afterwards Crucify'd him. And such was the Valour of the Amazons, after they had thus strengthened themselves, that they not only overran their Neighbours, but conquered a great part both of Europe and Asia. But since now we have begun to speak of the Amazons, we conceive it not impertinent if we here relate cursorily those things concerning them which for the strangeness of the matter may seem to resemble Romantic Fables.  
There was heretofore a Potent Nation seated upon the River Thermodon, governed always by Women, as their Queens; in which the Women, like Men, managed all their Martial Affairs. Amongst 
An Account of the Amazons, in Sarmatia, in Asia, in the North part of Kussia, and beyond Northward.  these Female Princes (they say) there was one that excelled all the rest for strength and valour, who got together an Army of Women, and having trained them up in Martial Discipline, first subdued some of her Neighbouring Nations; afterwards by her Valour growing more famed and renowned, she led her Army against the rest, and Fortune favouring her Arms, she was so puffed up, that she called herself The Danghter of Mars, and ordered the Men to spin Wool, and do the women's Work within Doors.  
She made Laws also, whereby she enjoined the Women to go forth to the 
Laws of the Amazons.  Wars, and the Men to be as Slaves, and do all the Servile work at Home. Therefore when any Male Child was born, they broke their Thighs and Arms, to render them useless and unfit for War: And for the Females they seared off the right Breast, lest it should be an hindrance to them in Fight: And hence they were called 
* Without a Breast.  Amazons. At length grown eminent for Policy and Skill in Military Affairs, she built a large City called Themiscyra, at the Mouth of the River Thermodon, and beautified it with a stately Palace. She was very exact in Martial Discipline, and keeping good Order: She first conquered all the Neighbouring Nations, as far as to the River Tanais; and having performed all these noble Exploits (they say) in a Battle, she afterwards fought, (having first signalised her Valour) she ended her Days like an Hero. Upon her Death her Daughter 
P. 91.  succeeded her in the Kingdom, who imitating her Mother's Valour, in some Exploits excelled her: For she caused the Girls from their very Infancy to be exercised in Hunting, and daily trained up in Martial Discipline. Then she instituted solemn Festivals and Sacrifices to be offered to Mars and Diana, called Tauropoli. She advanced her Arms beyond Tanais, and brought under all the Nations as far as to Thrace. Then returning to her own Country with a rich Booty, she erected stately Temples to those Deities before mentioned, and gained the Hearts of her Subjects by her easy and gentle Government. Afterwards she undertook an Expedition against them that lay on the other side of the River, and added a great part of Asia to her Dominion, and extended her Arms as far as to Syria.  
After her Death, the Crown descended still to the next of Kin, and every one in their time governed with great Commendation, and advanced the Honour and Renown of the Amazons Kingdom.  
Many Ages after (the Fame and Renown of the Amazons being spread Abroad all the World over) they say, that Hercules, the Son of Jupiter and Alcmene, was enjoined by 
† This Euristheus was King of Mysena, who put Hercules upon all his Difficulties, on purpose to destroy him.  Euristeus to fight Hippolyta, the Amazon Queen, and to strip her of her Belt. Upon which, he made War upon the Amazons, and in a great Battle routed them, and took Hippolyta, and her Belt together, which so weakened them, that the Neighbouring Barbarians knowing their low Condition, despised them; and remembering what ruin and destruction they had formerly made amongst them, so wasted them with continual War, that not so much as the Name of Amazons is now to be found any where in the World. For a few Years after Herculeses Time, the Trojan War broke forth, at which time Penthesilea Queen of those Amazons that were left, and Daughter of Mars (having committed a cruel Murder among her own People) for the horridness of the Fact fled, and after the Death of Hector, brought aid to the Trojans; and though she bravely behaved herself, and killed many of the Greeks, yet at last she was slain by Achilles, and so in Heroic Actions ended her Days. This, they say, was the last Queen of the Amazons, a brave spirited Woman, after whom the Nation (growing by degrees weaker and weaker) was at length wholly extinct: So that these later Ages look upon all those old Stories concerning the valiant Acts of the Amazons, to be but mere Fictions and Fables. Now since we have thus far spoken of the Northern Parts of Asia, it's convenient to observe something relating to the Antiquity of the Hyperborcans.  
Amongst them that have written old Stories much like Fables, 
Hyperborcans.  Hecateus and some others say, that there is an 
* This seems to be Britain.  Island in the Ocean over against Gall, (as big as Sicily) under the Arctic Pole, where the Hyperborcans inhabit, so called, because they lie 
† Or rather very far North.  beyond the Breezes of the North Wind. That the Soil here is very rich, and very fruitful; and the Climate temperate, insomuch as there are Two Crops in the Year.  
They say that Latona was born here, and therefore that they worship Apollo above all other Gods; and because they are daily saying Songs in praise of this God, and ascribing to him the highest Honours, they say that these Inhabitants demean themselves, as if they were Apollo's Priests, who has there a stately Grove, and renowned Temple of a round Form, beautified with many rich Gifts. That there is a City likewise consecrated to this God, whose Citizens are most of them Harpers, who playing on the Harp, chant Sacred Hymns to Apollo in the 
P. 92.  Temple, setting forth his glorious Acts. The Hyperborcans use their own natural Language: But of long and ancient time, have had a special Kindness for the Grecians; and more especially for the Athenians, and them of Delos. And that some of the Grecians passed over to the Hyperborcans, and left behind them divers 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Things dedicated to the Gods.  Presents, inscribed with Greek Characters; and that Abaris formerly travelled thence into Greece, and renewed the ancient League of Friendship with the Delians.  
They say moreover, that the Moon in this Island seems as if it were near to the Earth, and represents in the face of it Excrescences like Spots in the Earth. And that Apollo once in Nineteen Years comes into the Island; in which space of time, the Stars perform their Courses, and return to the same Point; and therefore the Greeks call the Revolution of Nineteen Years, the Great Year. At this time of 
19 Years, the Great Year.  his appearance (they say) that he plays upon the Harps, and sings and dances all the Night from the 
* 10th of March.  Vernal Equinox, to the rising of the 
† In September.  Pleyades, solacing himself with the Praises of his own successful Adventures. The Sovereignty of this City, and the care of the Temple (they say) belongs to the Boreades, the Posterity of Boreas, who hold the Principality by Descent in a direct Line from that Ancestor.   

CHAP. IU.  
A Description of Arabia the Desert, Happy, etc. Metals, Precious Stones, Beasts, etc. A Description of Taprobana in the Southern Ocean, now called Ceylon or Zeilan. The strange things there. How discovered by jambulus.  
HAving now finished these foregoing Relations, we shall bend our Discourse to the other Parts of Asia not yet spoken of, and chief to Arabia. 
Arabia.   
This Country is situated between Syria and Egypt, and is divided into several Nations. On the East the Arabians, called the Nabateans, inhabit a Tract partly 
Nabateans, a Desert, dry and barren Country.  Desert, and in other Parts without Water, and very little of it there is that bears any Fruit; and therefore the Inhabitants live by Robbing and Stealing, and for that end roving up and down the Countries far and near, they vex the Inhabitants with their continual Incursions and Robberies, it being a very difficult matter to subdue them. For in the dry Country, they have Wells digged in convenient Places, unknown to Strangers, whither they fly for refuge, and are safe: For knowing where the Waters lie hid and private, upon opening of the Wells they are largely supplied; but Strangers, who pursue them (unacquainted with those Fountains) either perish for Thirst, or falling into many other Disasters, and quite tired out, scarcely ever return home: And therefore these Arabians (being that they are not to be conquered) are never enslaved, nor ever admit any Foreign Prince over them, but preserve themselves continually in perfect Liberty; and therefore neither the Assyrians anciently, nor the Medes and Persians, nor the very Macedonians themselves, were ever able to conquer them; who, though they often marched with great Forces against them, yet they ever failed in their Designs.  
In the Country of the Nabateans, there's a Rock strongly Fortified, to which there is an Ascent but one way, through which a few only at a time mount up to cast down their Farthels. There's likewise a large 
* The Lake of Sodom, or Dead-Sea and Asphaltes'.  Mere which produces Brimstone, from whence they raise no small Revenue: It's 
† 60 Miles.  Five Hundred Furlongs in length, and 
* Betwixt 7 and 8 Miles. Josephus in lib. of the Wars of the Jews, Book 5, c. 5. says its 580 Furlongs long, and 150 broad, extending in length to Zoar in Arabia.  Sixty in breadth: The Water for Smell stinks, and is bitter in Taste, so that neither Fish, nor any other living thing used to the Water can live there. There are indeed great Rivers, whose Waters are exceeding sweet, which empty themselves into the Lake, and yet it stinks howsoever. Every Year the Brimstone rises up out of the middle of the Mere, some Pieces Two, and others Three Plethras Square in quantity. The greater Pieces the Inhabitants call 
Plethra 200 or 300 Foot.  Bulls, and the lesser Calves. When the Brimstone swims upon the Water, it represents at a distance the form of an Island. There are apparent Signs of casting 
The Lake Asphaltes', or Sodom. P. 93.  up of the Brimstone Twenty Days before; for every where round the Lake for many Furlongs distant, a Steam arises with a stinking smell, and all Gold, Silver, or Brass near those Places, change their natural Colour; but return to their former, when all the Brimstone is exhaled. And in as much as all Places near adjoining are corrupted with a Fire and stinking Stench, it infects men's Bodies with Diseases, and shortens their days. However this Region abounds with Palm-trees, because it's watered with wholesome Rivers and Springs. In a Valley thereabouts grows that which they call Balsam: Whence they gain a plentiful Revenue, in regard this Plant grows in no other Parts of the World; which affords likewise excellent Medicines for the Use of the Physician.  
The other Arabia adjoining to this barren and dry Country Arabia, so far excels 
Arabia the Happy.  it, that for its Fruitfulness and Plenty of all other good things its called Arabia the Happy. It plentifully produces 
* The Bark of a sweet Cane.  Calamus and Mastic, and other Aromatic Plants, and breaths out all sorts of fragrant Smells from the Trees, and abounds with divers kinds of sweet Gums, which distil from them. The furthest Parts 
Mastic, Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Schinus.  likewise of Arabia produce Myrrh and Frankincense (so grateful to the Gods) which is carried all the World over.  
Upon the Mountains grow in abundance not only Firs and Pine-trees, but tall Cedars, Junipers and the Tree called 
* Gyratus.  Agyreus; and many other fruitful Plants, which yield not only a pleasant Tastle, but a most sweet and delicious Smell to those that come near them. The very Nature of the Soil itself is odoriferous and useful for sweet Perfumes; and therefore in some Places of Arabia in digging of the Ground they find sweet-scented Veins of Stone Metal, which furnish the Inhabitants 
Metals.  with large Quarries, who build Houses of the Stone cut out of these Delphs; and when the Rain falls upon them, the Metal in the Stone melts, and runs within the Joints of the Building, and so binds all together, that the Wall seems to be all of one Piece. In Arabia are found Mines of pure Gold called 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Gold without Fire: For it is not extracted out of the little Pieces of drossy Metal by melting in the Fire as in other Places, but its pure and refined at the first digging it out of the Earth, every Piece about the Bigness of a Chestnut, and of so bright and glorious a Colour that this Gold adds an exceeding Beauty and Lustre to the most precious Stones that are set in it.  
ARABIA is so rich in all sorts of Cattle, that many Provinces (employing themselves only as Herdsmen and Shepherds) live fully and contentedly without the Use of Corn. That Part joining upon Asia breeds vast Multitudes of exceeding great wild Beasts; for the Lions and Leopards here are far more for Number, and larger and stronger than any in Africa; to which may be added those they call the Babylonian Tigers. It produces likewise Beasts of a double Nature, and mixed Shape; amongst whom are those that are called 
* Ostrich-Camels.  Struthocameli, who have the Shape both of a Camel and an 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vid. Plin. Nat. Hist. I. 10. c. 1.  Ostrich. For in the Bulk of their Bodies they are as big as a Camel newly foaled, having upon their Heads small Hairs and great and black Eyes; in Shape and Colour they are like to Camels, having long Necks, and very short Beaks turning inwards, and sharp at the Point; they have Wings also of soft and hairy Feathers; they are supported with two strong Thighs, and are cloven hoofed, so that this Creature seems to be both terrestrial and volatile, a 
P. 94.  Land-Beast and a Bird: But being not able to fly by reason of the Bulk of her Body, she runs upon the Ground as swift as if she flew in the Air; and when she is pursued by Horsemen, with her Feet she hurls the Stones that are under her, with that Force as if they were sent out of a Sling, and many times kills the Pursuers with the Blows and Strokes they receive. When she is near being taken, she thrusts her Head under a Shrub or some such like Cover; not (as some suppose) through Folly and Blockishness, as if she would not see any or be seen of them, but because her Head is the tenderest Part of her Body she seeks to secure that Part all manner of ways she can; for Nature teaches all Creatures to seek not only to preserve themselves but their Kind; through a natural Instinct and Love of Life prompting them to perpetuate their Species by a constant Propagation.  
Those Creatures called Cameleopards partake of both kinds, as is denoted by 
Camel-leopards. Vid. Plin. Na. Hist. lib. 8. c. 18.  their Name. They are indeed less than Camels, and lower crested; but in their Heads and Eyes like unto Leopards: In the Bulch upon their Backs they resemble Camels; but in Colour, Hair, and in the Length of their Tails they are in Nature Leopards.  
There are likewise bred 
* Tragelaphi, Buffels. Tragelaphi, Goat Harts bred near the River Phasis in Colchis. Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 8. c. 33. Buffels or Buffs. Vid. Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 8. c. 34.  Tragclaphi and Buffels, and many other Creatures of a double Shape, partaking of several Natures; which would require a long Discourse to describe every one of them particularly. For it's very reasonable to conceive that by the vivifying Heat of the Sun in the Southern Parts of the World many sorts of wonderful Creatures are there bred. And upon this Account it is that there are Crocodiles and River-horses in Egypt; and great Numbers and divers sorts of Elephants, Serpeuts and other Beasts, and (amongst the rest) Dragons of an unusual Bigness and Fierceness in Ethiopia and the Deserts of Africa; and for the same Reason it is that there are Elephants in India more than elsewhere for their Number, and excelling all others in Strength and the Bulk of their Bodies. In these Parts also are produced by the Influence of the Sun, not only several kinds of living Creatures, but divers sorts of precious Stones commendable both for the Variety of 
Precious Stones.  their Colours, and their sparkling Lustre and Beauty.  
Crystal (they say) is produced of the purest Water congealed and hardened, not 
Crystal.  by Cold, but by the Power of the Sun; so that it continues for ever, and receives many Shapes and Colours according as the Spirits are exhaled.  
The 
* The Emerald of a green Colour: and so the Beryl, but sometimes of a Gold Colour.  Smaragdos and Beryl (as they are called) which are found in the Coppermines are said to have their Colour from their Mixture with Sulphur: And that the 
† Chrysolite of a Golden Colour.  Chrysolite produced by the Heat of the Sun, receives its Tincture from an hot and fiery Exhalation. And therefore it's said that those Stones called 
* Pseudocrists, counterfeit Gold or counterfeit Golden Colour.  Pseudocrists are made of Crystal calcined by the Goldsmith's Fire. By the Heat of the Sun likewise are produced 
† Rubies called Carbuncles.  Rubies, which differ one from another as there is more or less Light enclosed in them in the Concretion. And for the same Reason Birds Feathers differ in Colour, so that some are all over of a Purple Dye, others only spotted here and there. For some things seem red, others yellow, some green, and many of a golden Colour, according to their Position to the Light. To conclude, 
P. 95.  innumerable sorts of Colours (very difficult to be reckoned up) are occasioned by this Means; which we see is done by the Reflection of the Sun's Beams upon the Rainbow. Whence the Naturalists do agree, that even the various Colours of Things above proceed from their Diversity of Heat, the lively Operation of the Sun causing their several Forms and Shapes; and that the various Colours of Flowers, and even of the Earth itself proceed from the Efficacy of the Sun, whose natural Operations the Arts of Men (as Nature's Scholars) do imitate, framing Variety of Colours in Painting and Embroidery: And that as Colours are formed by Light, so Smells of Fruits, Variety of Tastes, Greatness of living Creatures, and the natural Constitution of every Thing, and the several Properties of the Earth are caused by the Heat of the Sun, which makes both the Earth and Water fruitful with its cherishing Heat, and is the Parent of every Creature; and therefore neither the Marble of Paros, nor any other Stone (tho' never so admirable) are comparable to the Stones in Arabia, which exceed all others for Lustre, Weight and Delicacy. This singular Property (as I have said) every thing is clothed with by the Power of the Sun in this Region: For by its Heat it concretes, by Exhalation hardens, and by its Light beautifies.  
Hence it is that Birds are of a hot Nature, swift of Flight, and decked most with Variety of Colours in those Regions that are directly under the Scorching Heat of the Sun.  
For in the Province of Babylon are bred many Peacocks, beautified with various Colours; and in the 
* Eastern Parts.  furthest Parts of Syria, Parrots, 
† Porphyrio, see Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 10. c. 46.  Porphyrios, 
* Meleagrides, sorts of Turkey-cocks or Hens in Africa, into which the Sisters of Meleager were transformed for their immoderate Mourning for him. Ovid. Met. lib. 8. Vid. Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 10. c. 26.  Meleagrides, and many strange Birds of various Natures and Colours. The like may be said of other Parts of the World, where the Climate is the same; as of India, the Parts about the Red Sea, of Ethiopia, and some Parts of Africa. But the Eastern Parts being richer and more fruitful breed larger and more noble Creatures.  
Those Creatures that are bred in other Countries have Nature's agreeable to the Goodness of the Soyl. So as to the Trees, the 
* Date Trees.  Palm Trees of Africa bear but small and indigested Fruit: But in Coelo-Syria the Dates which they call 
† Cariots, so called because the wine made of the Juice is hurtful to the Head. Plin. N. H. l. 13. c. 4.  Cariots, excel all others for pleasant Juice, Sweetness and Largeness. Yet in Arabia and in the Province of Babylon grow far larger than those, in Quantity fix Fingers round, some of a yellow, some scarlet, and others of a purple Dye, delightful both to the Eye and grateful to the Taste. The Palm Trees are very tall, straight and smooth to the Top. The Branches grow near to 
* Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 13. c. 4.  the Head, but not all in the like Manner. For some have their Branches growing round them on every side here and there and between them, the Fruit bursting out in Clusters through the Bark. Others represent a burning Lamp, their spiring Branches surrounding only one Part near the Top. Others whose Boughs clasp on every Part round the Tree, and guarded on both sides with a double row of tender Sprouts, represent something painted or inscribed.  
That Part of Arabia lying to the South is called Arabia the Happy; the Arabians 
Arabia the Happy.  that inhabit the inner Parts, live Pastoral Lives, and in Tents. They have great Herds of Cattle, and are continually in vast and large Pastures. That Region which lies between them and Arabia the Happy, is Desert, without Water, as 
Arabia the Desert.  we have before observed. The Places towards the West are sandy Deserts, so that all that travel there direct their Course (as Mariners at Sea) by the 
* Artic Pole.  Bear 
P. 96.  Star. The other Part of Arabia stretching towards Syria is full of Husbandmen 
Sandy Arabia.  and divers sorts of Merchants. These by their Traffic and Merchandise by importing and exporting plentifully furnish all other Parts round about, with what things they want. That Part bordering upon the Ocean lies about Arabia the Happy, and there (by many Rivers falling down together) are made many large Ponds and Lakes up and down in the Country: And because large Tracts of Ground are watered by the Rivers and the Rains that fall in the Summer time, they have a double Harvest. This Place breeds Troops of Elephants and other Beasts of vast Proportion, and likewise of double Shapes and strange Kind's; and also abundance of tame Cattle, especially Oxen and Sheep, which have very great and thick Tales. There are there bred in like manner a sort of Camels far beyond all others (both 
† Hairy and smooth.  bare and rough) and the Bulch upon their Backs twice as big as any others, and therefore they are called 
* Doublebulched.  Dityles. Some of these bring in great Profit both by their Milk and their Flesh. Others, accustomed to Burdens, will carry 
† Ten Medimnas.  twenty Bushels of Corn upon their Backs; which being of smaller Bodies, but swifter than the rest, are used to running, and dispatch a vast Tract of Ground, especially in the dry and desert Country.  
These Beasts are useful in times of War; for in Battles they carry two Archers sitting back to back, the one to oppose them that attack them in the Front, and the other to repulse such as fall upon them in the Rear. Although this Discourse of Arabia and the Things there bred and produced may perhaps seem to be too tedious, yet the observing Reader may find in it many things worthy to be known.  
And now we purpose to say something briefly of a certain Island lying in the Southern Ocean, and of the Wonders there, 
Taprobana, now Ceylon or Zeilan, in Scripture called Ophir, as Bocha●● proves.  giving first an exact Account by what Means it came to be discovered.  
There was one jambulus, from his Youth studious and learned. After the Death of his Father (who was a Merchant) he applied himself likewise to that Calling; but as he travelled through Arabia to 
This Island described by Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 6. c. 22. The Discovery by jambulus.  that Part of the Country where Spices most abounded, he and all his Company fell into the Hands of Thiefs.  
And first he was made a Shepherd, together with another of his Fellow Captives. Afterwards he was again taken by Ethiopian Skulkers, and carried away into the Maritime Parts of Ethiopia. And they were thus stolen and carried away, that (being Strangers) by them they might purge and expiate the Land. For the Ethiopian Inhabitants there had a Custom anciently used among them, and appointed by the Oracles of the Gods Twenty Generations before, that is, Six Hundred Years (every Generation comprehending 
* Thirty Years a Generation.  Thirty Years) that the Land should be purged by Two Men that were Strangers. They prepared therefore a little Ship, yet sufficient to endure the Storms at Sea, and easily to be governed by Two Men: Upon this Ship they put the Men on Board, with Six months' Provision, that (according to the direction of the Oracle) they might sail away in a direct Course towards the South, in order to arrive at a Fortunate Island, where they might find People that were gentle and kind, with whom they might live happy lives. And that if they arrived safe at the Island (they told them) their own Nation, from whence they came, should enjoy Peace and Prosperity for Six Hundred Years to come. 
P. 97.   
But if they were affrighted with the length of the Voyage, and should return again, they told them, that like impious Wretches, and destructive to the Nation, they should undergo most severe Punishments. Then they say the Ethiopians kept a Festival upon the Seashore, and after splendid Sacrifices, crowned the Purgators with Garlands, and sent them away, and so perfected the Purgation of the Nation. These Two Men (they say) being tossed for Four Months together, having passed over a vast Ocean (after many Storms and hardships at Sea) at last arrived at the Island designed in the Fourth Month.  
The Island is of a round Form, 
† About Eight Hundred Miles.  Five Thousand Furlongs in Compass. When 
The shape of the Island.  the Men drew near to Shoar, some of the Inhabitants came to meet them, and brought the Ship into Harbour: Whereupon many more flocked in, and thronged about the Strangers, wondering how ever they got thither; however they courteously received them, and entertained them with what their Country could afford.  
The Inhabitants are much unlike to us in these Parts of the World, both as to 
The Inhabitants.  their Bodies, and their way of living; but among themselves, they are for Form and Shape like one to another, and in stature above 
* Six Foot.  Four Cubits high. They can bend and turn their Bones somewhat like unto Nerves; and as the Nervous Parts after motion ended, return to their former state and position, so do their Bones. Their Bodies are very tender, but their Nerves far stronger than ours, for whatever they grasp in their Hands, none are able to wrest out of their Fingers. They have not the least Hair in any part of their Bodies, but upon their Heads, Eyebrows, Eyelids and Chins; all other Parts are so smooth, that not the least Down appears any where. They are very comely and well shaped, but the Holes of their Ears are much wider than ours, and have something like little Tongues growing out of them. Their Tongues have something in them singular and remarkable, the Effect both of Nature and Art; for they have partly a double Tongue, naturally a little divided, but cut further inwards by Art, so that it seems two, as far as to the very Root, and therefore there's great variety of Speech among them, and they not only imitate Man's Voice in articulate Speaking, but the various Chattering of Birds, and even all sorts of Notes as they please; and that which is more wonderful than all, is, that they can speak perfectly to two Men at once, both in answering to what is said, and aptly carrying on a continued Discourse relating to the subject Matter in hand; so that with one part of their Tongue they speak to one, and with the other part to the other.  
This Island is under a most excellent and moderate Climate (lying 
† near rather.  under the 
The Climate.  Aequator) neither scorched with Heat, nor pinched with Cold; there they have ripe Fruit all the Year long, as the 
* Himer.  Poet says,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
Apples and Pears always both ripe and green,  
With Grapes and Figs may ever there be seen.  
The Days and Nights are there always of an equal length; neither is there any Shadow at Noonday, because the Sun is directly in the Zenith over head. They live divided into Tribes, according to their Kindred, and into distinct Societies; 
Divided into T 〈…〉 s.  yet so as that there are not above Four Hundred admitted into any one Tribe or Society. They live in Meadows where they are plentifully supplied with all things necessary for Food by what the Earth produces. For the Fertility of the Soil, and the Temperature of the Air is such, that Corn (more than enough) grows there of itself. Plenty of Calamus likewise is produced there, whose Fruit is like to 
† 〈…〉ed E●●e.  white Vetches: When they have gathered it, they steep in it hot Water, till it puffs up to the bigness of a Pigeons Egg; then bruising it, and rubbing 
Their Bread.  it skilfully in their Hands, they knead it into Doughty, and then bake and eat it, being exceeding sweet and delicious Bread to the Taste. There are there both hot and cold large Baths, both for the curing and preventing of Distempers, being 
Baths. P. 98.  exceeding sweet and pleasant. They are learned in all sorts of Sciences, especially in Astrology. They use Eight and Twenty particular Letters, for the signifying what they mean, and Seven Characters, every one of which are formed 
Characters. Long lived.  Four manner of ways. They live long generally, without ever being Sick, to an Hundred and Fifty Years of Age.  
Those that are lame, or have any other weakness or infirmity of Body (according 
Customs and Laws.  to the severe Law of their Country) they put to Death. They writ not cross over the Sheet as we do, but begin at the top of the Leaf, and go on in one direct Line down to the Bottom. They have a Law that they may live to such a certain number of Years, and when those are run up, they dispatch themselves by a strange kind of Death; for there's an Herb of a double nature, that grows among them, upon which, if any one lies down, he silently passes away and dies, without any sense of pain, as if he were in a sweet Sleep. They never marry, but make use of Women promiscuously, and breed up the Children so begotten (as common to them all) with equal care and affection to one as well as to another. The Children while they are tender Infants are often changed by the Nurses, that they cannot be known by their Mothers; and therefore by that means there being no Ambition among them, they live in great concord and amity, without any Seditions or Tumults. There are Beasts among them very small, but of an admirable property as to their Flesh, and the excellent virtue that is in their Blood. Their 
A little Beast strange.  Bodies are round, and something like to a Tortoise, divided by Two Streaks which run down the Back; at each end of every Streak they have an Eye and a Mouth; so that they have Four Eyes to see with, and Four Mouths to feed with; but the Meat they eat, is conveyed through one Throat, and hence into the Belly, the common Receptacle of all: And so in like manner they have but one Gut, nor but one of every other of the inner Parts: They have many Feet placed round their Bodies, and make use of them to go on what side they will. There's a marvellous virtue in the Blood of this little Creature, for it presently at an instant closes all Cuts and gaping Wounds in every Body that has still life in it; and if a Hand, or any other Member of that kind (that is not Vital) be cut off, by the application of this Blood (while the Wound continues green) it heals up again.  
Each Society of these Inhabitants do keep many great Birds of a singular Nature, 
Great Birds carry Children.  by which they try the Courage of their Children; for they place them upon the Birds Backs, and as many of them as sit fast when the Birds take their Flight, they bring up; but those that faint and are terrified, they throw away, as such that can never endure hardship any long time, nor have any generous Spirit in them.  
In every Tribe or Society, the eldest governs the rest as King, and all yield him perfect Obedience: If the first put himself to Death (according to the Law) after he has lived a Hundred and Fifty Years, the next to him in age succeeds in the chief Command and Authority.  
The Sea that surrounds this Island is very rough, and causes very great and high Tides, but the Water is fresh and sweet. The 
* The Pole Arctic.  Bear Star, and many other visible with us, are never seen here.  
These Islands are Seven in number, equal in bigness one to another, and of the 
Here seems something to be wanting. Their Frugality.  same distance one from another, and the same Laws and Customs are used in all of them: And though these Islands afford plenty of Provision out of the natural growth of the Country to all the Inhabitants, yet they use them not luxuriously, but are frugal, and gather only so much as will serve their turns. They do indeed cook for themselves Flesh-meat, and all other sorts of Victuals both roasted and boiled, but as for Sauces, and other delicate Inventions of that kind by Cooks, and the various Tastes and Savours contrived for curious Palates, they are altogether ignorant of them.  
For Gods they worship especially the whole frame of Heaven, because it comprehends 
Worship.  all things; and next to that the Sun, and then all the Celestial Bodies. By various ways of Fishing and Fowling, they catch Fish and Fowl of all sorts. 
P. 99  There are among them abundance of Fruit-Trees, and Vines, and Olive-Trees, whence they draw great quantity of Oil and Wine.  
Here are exceeding great Serpents, which yet do no harm to any; nay, their 
Great Serpents.  Flesh is good Meat and very sweet. They make their Garments of a soft and fine Cotton, contained in certain Reeds and Canes. This Cotton they die with the Shell-fish called Ostrese, made up in Balls, and mixed and wrought amongst the Wool, and so with great pains make themselves Garments of a Purple Colour.  
It produces living Creatures of different Natures from all others, and even incredible because they are unusual.  
Their way of Feeding is according to a prescribed Rule; for they do not eat all 
Diet.  sorts of Meats together at one and the same time, nor the same always; but upon some certain Days Fish, other Fowl, sometimes the Flesh of Land-cattels, at other times Olives, and on other Days, very low and mean Diet. They help one another in their Callings and Employments by turns: Some employ themselves in Fishing; others in Manufactures, and others in other things useful and profitable to the Commonwealth. Some at certain times do exercise public Offices, except those that are grown old. Upon their Festival Days, and times of Invocation upon their Gods, they celebrate their Praises both in Acclametions and Songs; especially the Sun, to whom they devote themselves and their Islands.  
Their Dead they carry to the Seashore at the Fall of the Tide, covering them 
Burials.  with a little Sand, that at the time of Full Sea heaps of Sand may be raised higher upon them.  
Those Canes whence they gather Fruit to eat, are the Compass of a Crown in thickness; they say, that towards the Full of the Moon they increase, and towards the New Moon they proportionably decrease.  
The Water of their hot Springs is sweet and wholesome, and ever continues warm, never growing cold, unless it be mixed with Wine or cold Water.  
After jambulus with his Companion had continued in this Island Seven Years, they were (as wicked and vile Fellows) ejected. Having therefore their Ship fitted out, and furnished with Provision, they set Sail, and after they had continued their Voyage for above Four Months together, they fell at length upon the Sandy shallows of India, where jambulus his Companion was drowned, and he himself was afterwards cast upon a certain Village, and forthwith carried away by the Inhabitants of the Place, to the King, then at a City called Polybothia, many Days Journey distant from the Sea; where he was kindly received by the King, who had a great love for the Grecians, and was very studious in the liberal Sciences. At length (having obtained Provision from the King) he first sailed into Persia, and thence safely arrived in Greece. This jambulus committed all these Adventures to Writing, and gave an account of many things relating to the Affairs of India, before unknown to Strangers. But having now performed what we promised in the beginning of this Book, we shall here make an end.    

THE Historical Library OF Diodorus the Sicilian. BOOK III.  

The PREFACE. 
P. 100   
THE First of the Two Books preceding, contains the Acts of the ancient Kings of Egypt, and the Fabulous History of the Egyptian Gods: Of those things reported of the River Nile; of their Fruits, divers kinds of Beasts, the Situation of the Country, and of their Laws and Courts of Justice. In the Second are comprehended the Affairs of Asia, the Acts of the Assyrians in ancient Times, and amongst them the Birth and Advancement of Semiramis; how she built Babylon, and many other Cities, and invaded the Indians with a mighty Army. We have treated there likewise of the Chaldeans, and their Art in Astronomy. Of Arabia, and the wonderful things there: Of the Amazons: And lastly, of the Hyperborcans, and the Island Taprobana. In this ensuing Book pursuing such things as are coherent with those that went before, we shall treat of the Ethiopians and Africans, and of the Atlantic Islands.   

CHAP. I.  
Of the Ethiopians: Their Letters, Laws, Arms, Religion, Funerals: The Description of several Parts of the Country. Manner of making of Gold. Of the Ichthyophages, their several sorts, and way of Living.  
THE Ethiopians say that they were the First Men that ever were in the World, and that to prove this, they have clear Demonstrations: For they say, they are Natives of the Country, and not Strangers that came to settle there, and are therefore by the general Consent almost of all Men called 
† Born in the Land.  Autochthones; and that in every Man's Opinion, it's most probable that those that inhabit the 
* Near the Pole Antarctic  South, were the first Living Men that sprung out of the Earth. For being that the heat of the Sun at the first exhaled the Moisture of the Earth, and in the first production of all things, influenced it with a quickening Virtue, they say it's very rational to conclude, that those Places next to the Sun, should be the first Parents of all Living Creatures.  
It's affirmed among them, that they were the first that instituted Religious Worship, and pompous Sacrifices, with solemn Assemblies, and other things used in the Service, and to the honour of the Gods; and they hold that the Sacrifices of the Ethiopians are the most acceptable to the Gods of any other; and in Testimony hereof, they produce the most ancient Poet, and of greatest Authority amongst the Grecians, who in his Iliads introduces Jupiter with the rest of the Gods travelling into Ethiopia to the Anniversary Sacrifice, and solemn Festival prepared for them by the Ethiopians.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 
Homer Iliad. lib. 1. v. 424.   
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
For Jove and all the Gods are gone to Feast  
With pious Ethiopians in the West.  
And they say it's very evident, that the Gods reward them for their Piety, for that they were never brought into subjection to any Foreign Prince, but always remained a free People, and at perfect Peace among themselves. And although many, and those most Potent Princes likewise, have invaded, yet none have succeeded in their Attempts. For Cambyses making in upon them with mighty Forces, was in danger both to have lost his Life and his whole Army. And Semiramis (who was so famous both for her Skill and Success in Arms,) having but entered a little way into Ethiopia, presently saw it was to no purpose to think of conquering that Nation.  
Hercules likewise, and Bacchus, who ran through the whole World, forbore only the Ethiopians, being awed by the Piety of that People, and discouraged with the difficulty of the Attempt.  
The Ethiopians likewise say, that the Egyptians are a Colony drawn out from 
P. 101.  them by Osiris; and that Egypt was formerly no part of the Continent, but a Sea at the beginning of the World; but that afterwards it was by degrees made Land by the River Nile, which brought down Slime and Mud out of Ethiopia. And that that Country was made dry Land, by heaps of Earth forced down by the River (they say) is apparent by evident Signs about the Mouths of Nile. For always every Year, may be seen fresh Heaps of Mud cast up at the Mouths of the River by the working of the Sea, and the Land increased by it. Moreover they affirm, that most of the Egyptian Laws, are the same with those in Ethiopia, the Colony still observing the Customs of their Ancestors; and that they learned from the Ethiopians the Custom of Deifying of their Kings, and their Care and Costs in their Burials, and such like things used amongst them: Besides the making of Statues, and the Characters of their Letters. For whereas the Egyptians have common and ordinary Characters used promiscuously by all the Inhabitants, and likewise those they call Sacred, known only by the Priests, privately taught them by their Parents; yet the Ethiopians use both those sorts without any difference or distinction. The several Colleges of the Priests (they say) observe one and the same Order and Discipline in both the Nations. For as many as are so consecrated for Divine Service, are wholly devoted to Purity and Religion, and in both Countries are shaved alike, and are clothed with the like Stoles and Attire, and carry a Sceptre like unto a Ploughshare, such as their Kings likewise bear; with high crowned Caps tufted at the Top, wreathed round with Serpents called Asps; by which is seemed to be signified, that those who contrive any thing against the Life of the King, are as sure to die, as if they were stung with the deadly By't of the Asp. Many other things they report of their Antiquity, and of a Colony of them heretofore carried away into Egypt, of which its unnecessary further to write.  
But lest we should omit things that are ancient and remarkable, it's fit something 
Hieroglyphics.  should be said of the Ethiopic Characters, and of those which the Egyptians call Hieroglyphics.  
The Ethiopic Letters represent the Shapes of divers Beasts, Parts and Members of men's Bodies, and Artificers Tools and Instruments. For by their Writing they do not express any thing by composition of Syllables, but by the signification of Images and Representations, the meaning of them being engraven and fixed in the Memory by use and exercise. For sometimes they draw the Shape of a Kite, Crocodile or Serpent, sometimes the Members of a Man's Body, as the Eye, the Hand, the Face, and such like. The Kite signifies all things that are quickly dispatched; because this Bird flies the swistest almost of any other. For Reason presently applies it by a suitable Interpretation to every thing that is sudden and quick, or of such nature, as perfectly as if they had been spoken. The Crocodile is the Emblem of Malice: The Eye the preserver of Justice, and the Guard of the Body. Amongst the Members of the Body, the Right Hand, with open Fingers signifies Plenty, the Left with the Fingers close Preservation, and custody of Men's Goods and Estates.  
The same way of reasoning extends to all other Parts of the Body, and the forms of Tools and all other things; for being that they diligently pry into the hidden signification of every thing, and have their Minds and Memories daily employed with continual Exercise, they exactly read and understand every thing couched within the Hieroglyphics.  
A great part of the Ethiopian Laws differ very much from other Nations, especially 
The Laws of the Ethiopians.  those which concern the Election of their Kings: For they pick out the best of their Priests out of every Rank and Order, and whomsoever of those so chosen, their Revelling God (which they carry about according to Custom) does first lay hold on, the People they make King, and forthwith fall down upon their Knees, and worship as a God, and render him other Honours, as he to whom the Authority of the chief Magistrate is committed by Divine Providence.  
Being so elected, he order the Course of his Life according as the Law has 
P. 102.  prescribed; and governing in all other respects according to the Customs of the Country; he neither confers Rewards, nor inflicts Punishments upon any, but according to the ancient Laws ratified and approved by his Ancestors from the beginning.  
It is a Law among them, That no Subject shall be put to Death, nor Condemned to Dye, though he be never so guilty: But one of the 
† Sheriffs.  Lictors is sent to the Criminal, bearing before him the Badge or Sign of Death; upon sight of which, the Party goes Home, and kills himself. It is not lawful to change his Punishment by wilful Banishment, and flying into other Countries, as it is the Custom of the Greeks. And therefore they report, that one once preparing to fly out of Ethiopia, after the Sign of Death was sent to him by the King, that his Mother discerning his Design, fastened her Garter about his Neck, and he never in the least lifted up his Hands to hinder her, but underwent all till he was strangled to Death, lest he should leave behind him a Blot and Slain upon his Kindred and Family. And above all, that Custom is most strange, which relates to the Death of the Kings; for those Priests that are employed in the Service of the Gods at Meroe, who are here of greatest Authority, whensoever they please, they send a Messenger to the King, commanding him to put himself to death; for that such is the pleasure of the Gods, and that it is not lawful for any to despise the Commands of the Gods; adding also other Reasons, which a plain and honest Mind, inur'd to an ancient and constant Custom (and not being furnished with sufficient Arguments to evince the unreasonableness of the Commands) is easily induced to believe.  
And so in former Ages, the Kings without force or compulsion of Arms, but merely bewitched by a fond Superstition, observed the Custom; till Ergamenes a King of Ethiopia, who reigned in the time of Ptolemy the Second (bred up in the Grecian Discipline and Philosophy) was the first that was so bold as to reject and despise such Commands. For this Prince assuming the Spirit and Courage becoming a King, marched with a considerable Body of Men to the Place (very difficult of access) where stood the Golden Temple of the Ethiopians, and there cut the Throats of all the Priests; and having abolished that ancient barbarous Custom, reformed what appertained to the Service of the Gods, in such manner as he thought fit. There is moreover a strange and wonderful Law amongst the great Officers of the King's Household, which continues, they say, to this very day. For it's a Custom amongst the Ethiopians, that if the King be maimed or debilitated upon any occasion in any Member of his Body, all his Houshold-Servants do the same thing to themselves. For they hold it a base and unworthy thing, that if the King be lame, for his Servants to attend upon him with whole and sound Limbs, and not all to be lame as well as he. And that it's a thing most unworthy of true and firm Friendship, not to sympathise and bear a share both in Prosperity and Adversity, in Sorrow and Sadness, and in the pains and deficiencies of the Body. They say moreover, that it's a Custom for the King's Domestic Servants, to put themselves to Death when their Kings die, and such Death they account honourable, and as a Testimony of their sincere love to their Prince; and therefore it's no easy matter for the Ethiopians to assassinate any of the King's Friends, being that both they and the King are careful and solicitous for the mutual preservation of each other.  
These are the Laws of those Ethiopians that inhabit the Capital City, and the Island Meroes', and those Tracts that lie next unto Egypt. But there are many other Ethiopian Nations, whereof some dwell on both sides the River Nile, and in 
P. 103.  the Islands in the River; others border upon Arabia, and some are seated in the heart of Africa. The greatest part of these, especially those in and about the River, are Blacks, flat Faced, of curled Hair, exceeding fierce and cruel, and in their Manners like Beasts, not so much in their natural Temper, as in their studied and contrived pieces of wickedness. Their whole Bodies are filthy and nasty, and their Nails long like wild Beasts, and cruel one towards another. They have a shrill Voice, and in regard they are never taught by any how to lead a more civilised Course of Life (in that way of Education as others are) they mightily differ from us in all their Manners.  
Some of them carry Shields made of the raw Hide of an Ox, and short Lances: Others Darts with forked Points; sometimes they use Bows of Wood 
* 8 Foot.  Four Cubits long, and discharge their Arrows, by forcing the Bow with the help of their Foot; and when their Shafts are spent, they fall on with 
† A great Stake burnt at one end. clothes.  Clubs. They arm likewise their Women, till they attain to such an Age; many of whom use to hang a Brass Ring at their Lips. Some of them never wear any clothes, but go naked all their Lives long, and shelter themselves from the scorching heat of the Sun, only with such helps and defences as in their way they can meet withal. Some of them cut off Sheep's Tails, and bind them about their Loins to cover their Privities: Others make use of Beasts Skins for this purpose. Some there are that are clothed round their Loins with Breeches made of the Hair of their Heads; for the nature of the Ground is such, that the Sheep carry no Fleeces.  
Their Meat is a certain Fruit that grows about the Pools and Marshes: Some pluck off the tender Branches of small Trees, and with them cover themselves from the heat of the Southern Sun. Some sow Sesamus and Lotus: And others live upon certain tender Roots of Canes. And many of them that are good Archers, maintain themselves with abundance of Fowl they kill. But most of them live upon Flesh, Milk and Cheese. Those that inhabit the Parts above Meroes', have Two Opinions concerning the Gods.  
Some of them say they are eternal and incorruptible: Amongst which, they 
Religion.  reckon the Sun, Moon, and the entire Universe. Others they conceive were at first Mortal Men, but for their Virtue and their Benefits procured to Mankind, purchased immortal Honour. They especially worship Isis, Pan, Hercules and Jupiter, whom they account to be the greatest Benefactors to Mankind. But some few of the Ethiopians are of opinion, that there are no Gods at all: And these fly to the Marshes from the Sun when it rises, as from an implacable Enemy.  
They have Laws likewise different from all other Nations about their Funerals. Some throw their Dead into the River, as looking upon that to be the best sort 
Funerals.  of Burial. Others by pouring upon them melted Glass, keep them in their Houses; because they think it not convenient or decent that their Countenances should not be known by their Kindred, or that they should be forgotten by their Posterity. Some bury them in Earthen Coffins, about their Temples; and to swear by their Names, is counted the most Sacred Oath. Those that are most Beautiful some of of them choose to be their King, judging that Regal Power and Beauty are always the Gifts of Fortune. Others intrust the Royal Power in the Hands of the most industrious Shepherds, as such as would make it their business to take most care for the good of their Subjects. Others bestow the Kingdom upon those that 
P. 104.  are richest, judging such only most able by their Riches, to supply the wants of their People.  
There are others that are for the advancing them to the Throne, who are most approved for their Valour; because they judge those that are Conquerors to be most worthy of Honour.  
That part of the Country in Lybia that borders upon Nile, is the most pleasant 
The Description of the Parts of the Country.  and richest for all manner of Provision; for the Morasses afford the most advantageous shelters against the parching heat of the Sun; and therefore the Ethiopians and Africans quarrel, and are at continual Wars one with another for the possession of that Place. Herds likewise of Elephants out of the higher Lybia (as some writ) come down into those Parts, because of the abundance of Pasture, and the sweetness of it. For there are wonderful Morasses, abounding in all sorts of Food all along the Banks of the River, and here they are held by the Mouth, when they taste the sweetness of those Reeds and Canes that grow here, and so eat up the Food of the Inhabitants; and therefore the People are forced to resort to these Places for Relief (being Shepherds and living in Tents) making that their Country where they can find the most Plenty.  
The Herds of Elephants of which we before hinted, leave the upper Parts for want of Pasture, which is presently burnt up there by the heat of the Sun. For by reason of the scorching Heat, and want both of Spring and River-water, the Grass is parched up, and none to be had.  
Some writ, that in the Deserts and other wild Places (as they are called) are bred a World of Serpents of a wonderful bigness. These (they say) with great fury and violence, set upon the Elephants at the brink of the Waters, clasping themselves in many Circles round their Thighs, and sticking fast there so long, as that at length the Beasts (tired out by their great and weighty bulk) fall down in a foaming Sweat to the ground; upon which, others in multitudes coming in, they presently devour them, and that with ease; the poor Creatures being so unwieldy, as scarce able to move themselves. If for some Reason or other, they succeed not in their Attempt, (out of eagerness to their natural Food) they pursue not the Elephants to the River's Bank before mentioned. For they say these vast Serpents avoid all they can the open Fields, and abide about the Feet and hollows of the Mountains in deep Holes and Caves: And hence it is, that they leave not those Places so fit for their shelter and defence, Nature teaching every Creature to make use of that which is most helpful to it, and to avoid what is hurtful.  
And thus much we have thought fit to say of the Ethiopians and their Country: And now something is to be said of the Historians: For many have written such things concerning Egypt and Ethiopia, as deserve not the least credit, in as much as the Authors were either too easy to believe Lies, or else in sport and for diversion invented them themselves.  
But Agatharchides of Cnidus in his Second Book of the Affairs of Asia, Artemidorus the Ephesian, in his Eighth Book of Geography, and some others that were natural Egyptians, who have written Histories of the things herein before by us related, have in their Writings nearly pursued the Truth. And I myself in the time of my Travelling and Sojourning in Egypt, associated with many of the Priests, and conferred with many Ambassadors and others sent out of Ethiopia, whence having exactly come to the knowledge of every thing, and having likewise examined the several Relations of the Historians, have framed and moulded my History, so as to suit with those things wherein all of them did agree and consent.  
But this shall suffice to be said of the Western Ethiopians.  
We shall now speak a little of those inhabiting the Southern Parts, and towards the Red Sea. But it's fit first that we say something of the making of Gold in these Parts.  
In the Confines of Egypt and the neighbouring Countries of Arabia and Ethiopia 
P. 105. Manner of making Gold.  there's a Place full of rich Gold-mines, out of which with much Cost and Pains of many Labourers Gold is dug. The Soil here naturally is black, but in the Body of the Earth, run many white Veins, shining with white Marble, and glistering with all sorts of other bright Metals; out of which laborious Mines, those appointed Overseers cause the Gold to be dug up by the labour of a vast Multitude of People. For the Kings of Egypt condemn to these Mines, notorious Criminals, Captives taken in War, Persons sometimes falsely accused, or such against whom the King is incensed; and that not only they themselves, but sometimes all their Kindred and Relations together with them, are sent to work here, both to punish them, and by their Labour to advance the Profit and Gain of the King. There are infinite numbers upon these Accounts thrust down into these Mines, all bound in Fetters, where they work continually, without being admitted any rest Night or Day, and so strictly guarded, that there's no possibility or way left to make an escape. For they set over them Barbarians, Soldiers of various and strange Languages, so that it's not possible to corrupt any of the Guard, by discoursing one with another, or by the gaining Insinuations of a familiar Converse.  
The Earth which is hardest and full of Gold, they soften by putting Fire under it, and then work it out with their Hands: The Rocks thus softened, and made more pliant and yielding, several Thousands of profligat Wretches break it in pieces with Hammers and Pickaxes. There's one Artist that is the Overseer of the whole Work, who marks out the Stone, and shows the Labourers the way and manner how he would have it done. Those that are the Strongest amongst them, that are appointed to this Slavery, provided with sharp Iron Pickaxes, cleave the Marble-shining Rock by mere Force and Strength, and not by Art or Slight of Hand. They undermine not the Rock in a direct Line, but follow the bright shining Vein of the Mine.  
They carry Lamps fastened to their Foreheads to give them Light, being otherways in perfect Darkness in the various wind and turn wrought in the Mine; and having their Bodies appearing sometimes of one Colour, and sometimes of another (according to the nature of the Mine where they work) they throw the Lumps and Pieces of the Stone cut out of the Rock upon the Floor. And thus they are employed continually without intermission, at the very nod of the Overseer or Tax-master, who lashes them severely besides. And there are little Boys that attend upon the Labourers in the Mine, and with great labour and toil gather up the Lumps and Pieces hewed out of the Rock as they are cast upon the Ground, and carry them forth and lay them upon the Bank. Those that are about Thirty Years of Age take a Piece of the Rock of such a certain quantity, and pound it in a Stone Mortar with Iron Pestles till it be as small as a Vetch, than those little Stones so pounded are taken from them by Women and older Men, who cast them into Mills that stand together there near at hand in a long Row, and Two or Three of them being employed at one Mill, they grind it so long till it be as small as fine Meal, according to the pattern given them. No care at all is taken of the Bodies of these poor Creatures, so that they have not a Rag so much as to cover their Nakedness, and no Man that sees them can choose but must commiserate their sad and deplorable Condition. For though they are Sick, Maimed or Lame, no rest no intermission in the least is allowed them: Neither the weakness of Old age, nor women's Infirmities are any plea to excuse them; but all are driven to their work with Blows and Cudgelling, till at length overborne with the intolerable weight of their misery, they drop down dead in the midst of their insufferable Labours; so that these miserable Creatures always expect worse to come than that which they then at present endure, 
P. 106.  and therefore long for Death as far more desirable than Life.  
At length the Masters of the Work take Stone thus ground to Powder, and carry it away in order to the perfecting of it. They spread the Mineral so ground upon a broad Board somewhat hollow and lying shelving, and pouring Water upon it, rub it and cleanse it, and so all the Earthy and Drossy part being separated from the rest by the Water, it runs off the Board, and the Gold by reason of its weight remains behind. Then washing it several times again, they first rub it lightly with their Hands; afterwards they draw up the Earthy and Drossy Matter with slender Sponges gently applied to the Powdered Dust, till it be clean pure Gold. At last other Workmen take it away by Weight and Measure, and these put it into Earthen Urns, and according to the quantity of the Gold in every Urn, they mix with it some Lead, Grains of Salt, a little Tin and Barley Bran. Then covering every Pot close, and carefully daubing them over with Clay, they put them in a Furnace where they abide Five Days and Nights together; then after a convenient time that they have stood to cool, nothing of the other matter is to be found in the Pots but only pure refined Gold, some little thing diminished in the weight.  
And thus is Gold prepared in the Borders of Egypt, and perfected and completed with so many and so great toils and Vexations. And therefore I cannot but conclude that Nature itself teaches us, that as Gold is got with Labour and Toil, so it's kept with difficulty; creates every where the greatest cares; and the use of it mixed both with Pleasure and Sorrow.  
Yet the invention of those Metals is very ancient, being found out, and made use of by the ancient Kings.  
Now we shall treat of those Nations that lie scattered among the Coasts of the 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Arabian Gum 〈…〉 Ichthyophages. Fish- 〈…〉  Red Sea, and through Troglodyta and the Southern parts of Ethiopia.  
And First we shall speak of the Ichthyophages who inhabit the Sea Coasts all along as far as from Carmania and Gedrosia to the uttermost point of the Red Sea, which runs up into the Land an incredible long way, and at the entrance into it lies bounded on one side with Arabia the Happy, and with the Country of the Troglodytes on the other.  
Some of the Barbarians go stark naked, and their Wives and Children are as common among them as their Flocks and Herds. They know nothing either of Pleasure or Sorrow but what is natural, like Bruit Beasts, and have no apprehension either of Good or Evil. They inhabit not far from the very brink of the Sea Shore, where there are not only deep Caves, but Craggy Cliffs, and straight and narrow Valleys divided naturally into many crooked Wind and Turn; which being of their own nature useful to the Inhabitants, they make up the passages both in and out with heaps of great Stones, and make use of those Places instead of Nets to catch their Fish. For when the Tide comes in and overflows the Coasts (as it does twice every Day about the Third and Ninth Hour) and the Sea covers the Strand up to the Brinks of the Banks, together with the Tide it brings in a Vast number of all sorts of Fish within the Land, which at the first are kept within those parts next to the Sea, but afterwards for Food disperse themselves about those hollow Caverns; but when the Tide ebbs, and the Water by degrees leaves the hollows, and reflows through those heaps of Stones, the Fish within those Caverns are left destitute of Water. Upon which all the Barbarians (as if they were roused up by one general shout) with their Wives 
P. 107.  and Children Flock to the Place. Yet they divide themselves into several Companies, and each run with an hideous shout to their several Places as if a Prey were suddenly and unexpectedly presented to them. Then the Women and Children gather the little Fish next to the shore; and throw them upon the dry Land, as fast as they can gather them; and the Men, and more able people busy themselves in catching the great and strong Fish; for the Sea not only casts up the huge Lobsters, Lampreys and Dogfish, but also the Sea Calves, and many such like both of strange names and shape. They Master not these Creatures with Arms made by the Artist, but strike 'em through with the sharp Goat's Horns, and wound and cut them with rough Stones broken off from the Rock. For Necessity in every thing instructs Nature what to do, and readily complies with that which seems most useful and advantageous in the present exigency.  
After they have got their number in heaps together, they carry away their Booty, and put all they have caught into Stone Pots turned towards the South: the Fish being, as it were even by Fire, Fried by the heat of the Sun, after a small time they turn them upon the other side, than they take 'em by the Tails and shake 'em, and the Flesh thus scalded and softened by the Sun falls off; but the Bones they heap together in one place; and keep 'em for their use as shall be hereafter related. Then they boil their Flesh in a little Stone Pot for a certain time, mixing with them the seed of a Fruit called 
* Paliurus, a Plant bearing a red Fruit, of a pleasant Taste. 〈◊〉. Nat. 〈◊〉. l. 1●. c. 1●.  Paliurus. By working of this together it becomes a Lump of one and the same colour, and this seems as if it were a Sauce to their Meat. At last this that is thus brought into a Body, they spread upon long Tiles, and lay it forth to dry in the Sun; which after it has been dried a little (lying down together) they merrily feed upon, and eat not according to Weight and Measure but as every one thinks fit, making their natural Appetite the measure of their Repast. For they have always enough of this store to resort unto, as if Neptune performed the Office of Ceres. Yet sometimes the Sea rises so high, that all the Shores are overflowed for many Days together, so that none dare attempt to come near; in the mean time therefore (wanting food) they first gather Shellfish of such a vast magnitude, as that some of them weigh Four Minas. These they break in Pieces with huge great Stones, and eagerly guttle up the raw Fish in them, which are in Taste much like 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Oysters.  
If by Storms and Winds the Sea continues long in a high Tide, and that they are hindered from taking of Fish by Tempestuous Wether, they first (as is said before) betake themselves to the Shellfish; and when these fail, they run to the heaps of Bones; and from among them pick out those that are fresh and moist, and divide 'em one joint from another, and some they presently grash in Pieces with their Teeth, and others that are more hard they bruise with Stones and Feed upon them like so many Beasts in their Dens. And thus they provide dry Food for themselves: And as to that which is moist and juicy, their use of it is wonderful and past belief. For they Fish continually for Four Days successively, in the mean time eating merrily together in great Flocks and Companies, congratulating one another with harsh and untuneable Songs without any Melodious Harmony: Then they fall promiscuously, as every Man's Lot chances to company with their Women, for procreation sake; minding no business, nor taking any care for any thing, having so much plenty ready at hand. But the Fifth Day, they 
〈◊〉. ●●8.  go in Droves to get Drink, to those Tracts lying under the Feet of the Mountains, where are many Springs of Sweet Water, whither likewise the 
* No 〈…〉.  Shepherds drive their Flocks for the same purpose. Neither do they differ much from Herds of cattle, as they go making a horrid noise, without any articulate Voice: In this Procession the Mothers carry their sucking Children continually in their Arms, and the Fathers after they are weaned; but after they are Five Years old, they run before their Parents very jocant and playful, as if they were going to some delightful and pleasant Recreation. For not being of a froward and discontented Temper, they place their chiefest good in having sufficient to supply their necessities, never seeking any further addition to their happiness in gaining more. When they come to the Shepherds watering Places, they gorge themselves with Water to that degree, that when they return, they can scarce go, they are so heavy and unwieldy.  
All that Day they eat nothing, but every one lies grovelling upon the Ground like a Drunken Man, with their Bellies almost burst, and scarce able to breath. And the next Day they fall a feeding upon their Fish; and this course and round they run in this manner of feeding all the days of their Lives. But those People who live thus within the straight narrow Caves near to the Seashore, by reason of the plainness and meanness of their Diet, though they are scarce ever Sick, yet are far shorter lived than our own Countrymen.  
As for those other that live further beyond the Gulf, their way of Living is 
Gulf of the Red Sea.  much more strange, who naturally never covet any Drink, nor are affected with any Passion: For their Lot falling to be in the Deserts, in Places unfit for Humane Habitation, they feed plentifully, by catching of Fish, but matter not any other Food; and in regard they eat their Fish slaby, and almost raw, they are so far from coveting Drink, that they know not what it is to drink. They are therefore contented with what Providence has provided for them; accounting themselves happy in this respect, that they are not affected with that troublesome Passion, the sense of want. And that which is most to be admired, is, that they so far exceed all other Men in freedom from boisterous Passions, that what we shall now relate is scarce credible. But many Egyptian Merchants, who in their Voyage through the Red Sea, have arrived at the Country of the Ichthophages, have avowed it to me to be a certain truth, that they are not in the least moved with any thing. And Ptolemy the Third, who had a great desire to hunt the Elephants that were bred in that Country, sent Simia, one of his Friends to view the Place; who being furnished with sufficient Provision for his Journey, exactly and diligently observed the manner of those Nations lying along the Seashore, as Agatharchides of Cnidus the Historian relates. Amongst other things he says, that the Ethiopians in those Parts are not affected with any disturbing Passion; that they never use to drink, nor have the least appetite or inclination thereunto, for the Reasons before mentioned. He affirms moreover, that they have no Converse or Discourse with any Stranger, nor are moved or concerned at the sight of any, but fixing their Eyes upon them, are no more moved or affected, than as if no Person at all were near them. Nay, if they be assaulted (he says) with drawn Swords they'll not stir; and though they are hurt and wounded, yet they are not in the least provoked. Neither are the Common People at all concerned, when any of the rest are hurt or injured; but many times when their Wives and Children are killed before their Eyes, they stand insensible as if nothing of prejudice were done to them, showing no sign either of Anger or Compassion; and therefore they say, they speak not a word, but act a part with a mimic gesture of their Hands, as they use to do upon such an occasion. And that which is most of all to be admired, the 
† Pho●●.  Sea Calves (which are very familiar with them) like Men, help them to catch Fish. These different and distinct People are yet exceeding Faithful one 
P. 109.  to another, in securing one another's Children from harm and prejudice, and preserving their several Habitations from force and encroachment; and though they are of different Stocks, yet they peaceably and affectionately converse one with another, without offering the least injury on either side.  
And though this way of Living together be somewhat strange, yet through long custom, and constant use and practice, or because they find it necessary and conducing to their mutual advantage, it is still continued among them to this day.  
These Nations inhabit not after the manner of the other Ichthiophages, but have divers sorts of Dwellings according as their several Circumstances fall out to be; some live in Caves lying most commonly to the North, by which they have the advantage of being refreshed not only by the depth of the Covert, but by the cooling Breezes of the Northern Air. For those towards the South scorch like a Fiery Furnace, and by reason of the violent heat no Man can endure them. Others that cannot otherwise furnish themselves with Caves that lie Northward, gather the Ribs of Whales (which the Sea casts up in abundance) and then bending them, tie 'em together at both ends, and cover them with Sea-grass, and so rest under those, guarded from the parching heat of the Sun, as by the Cover of a shady Arch; which Art and Contrivance they are taught by their own Necessities.  
A Third sort of Lodgings these Ichthiophages have are these; about those Places grow abundance of Fir-trees, which are watered by the Sea, and bear very thick Leaves, and Fruit like unto Chestnuts: The Boughs and Leaves of these Trees, they interlace one within another, and so make for themselves a thick and close Shade, and live merry and jocund Lives, under this their new Canopy, both in Land and in Water at one and the same time, being hereby guarded from the Sun by the shade of the Trees, and the natural heat of the Place being mitigated by the continual Fluctuations of the Sea, and their Bodies refreshed with the cooling Air of some Winds that blow at certain Seasons. But to proceed as to the Fourth sort of Dwellings.  
In this place there has been from the beginning of Time, a vast heap of Moss, like a Mountain, cast up by the Sea, which is so firm by the constant heat of the Sun, that it's become solid and cemented together with Sand. In this they dig Caves of a Man's height, that part overhead they leave for a Roof, but below they make long Passages or Galleries to go in or out, one over against another. Here they abide with ease, protected from the heat of the Sun; and about the Time the Tide comes in, out they start, and then for that time employ themselves in Fishing; and at the ebbing of the Tide, after they have fed deliciously together upon the Fish they have caught, they fly again to their several Caves. They bury their Dead only at the time of Low-Water; and at that time they cast their Carcases upon the Shoar, and there let them lie uncovered, to be carried away by the next Tide. And so after all, having spent all their Days in a strange and unusual Course and way of Living, they themselves at last in their Burials become Food for the Fishes.  
But there's one Nation of the Ichthiophages whose Habitations are so strange, that inquisitive Men are very much pulled about them. For some of them dwell upon steep and dangerous hollows which time out of mind have been unaccessible to Mankind, as far as appears: For over their Heads are exceeding high Rocks, rugged and steep every way; and on both sides they are blocked up with unpassable Precipices; and before, the Sea is a Guard and Boundary to them, so that the best Footman cannot come at them. Neither have they any use or so much as 
P. 110.  knowledge of any Boats or Ships as we have. Hence (the thing being so intricate and doubtful) we may justly conclude that they are 
* There at the first, and never elsewhere.  Aborigines, and were ever in this Place without any certain time of their First Generation; which some Naturalists doubt not to affirm of all other Works of Nature whatsoever. But for as much as the perfect Knowledge of things of this nature are far above our Comprehension we may easily conclude, that those know but little, who are the most inquisitive, and soaring so high as to know all; who may perhaps tickle men's Ears with a probable Fancy, but never really attain to the Knowledge of the Truth.   

CHAP. II.  
Chelonophages: The Manner of taking Sea Tortoises. The Cetivores or Whale Eaters. The Sea Coasts over against Babylon; their Manner of taking of Fish. The Rizophages or Root Eaters. Those called Spermaphages and Hylophages, Hylogones or Hunters; their taking of wild Beasts: The Elephant Fighters; how they are taken: The Simo's, Struthophages, Acridophages or Locust Eaters; their miserable Deaths. Cynomolges: The Country of the Troglodytes. Wild Beasts: The Terrible Wild Bull: Serpents; That great one brought alive to Alexandria.  
SOmething likewise is to be spoken of the 
* Shellfish-eaters.  Chelonophages, to show the whole Course and Manner of their way of living.  
There are a vast number of Islands in the Ocean near to the Continent, very small and of a low Situation, barren both as to Tillage and the natural Fruits of the Earth. Amongst these Islands (because they are so near one to another) there are no Storms or Tempests: For the Force of the Waves are broke by the Promontories of these Islands that shoot out into the Sea, and therefore abundance of 
* Vid. Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 9 c. 10.  Sea Tortoises lie in and about these Places, seeking Relief under the Covert of this calm and quiet Shelter. In the Night they lie at the bottom of the Water feeding, but in the Day time appear above Water in that Part of the Sea that flows through the midst of the Islands, and lie sleeping with their Shells erect, exposed to the Sun, and seem to resemble a little Skiff turned with the Keel upwards; for they are of a wonderful Bigness, no less than a small Fisher's Boat.  
The Barbarians that inhabit these Islands, taking the Opportunity, quietly and silently swim to these Sea Tortoises, and assailing them on both sides; some they thrust forward to the Shoar, others they lift up till they have turned them upon their Backs; then they that are on each side guide and direct the Creature to land like a Ship by the Stem, lest the Tortoise should turn itself again, and so by its natural Strength in swimming escape from them into the Sea: And while they are thus employed, one of the Company swims to Shoar before with a long Rope tied at one end to the Fish, and then draws him to Land, those that assisted at the taking of him following close after. When he's brought into the Island, they fry the Fish a little while in the Sun, and then feed upon it merrily together. The Shells being in shape like to Boats are very useful to the Inhabitants; for they use them both to fail in to the Continent to get fresh Water; and likewise for Roofs to cover their Cottages, turning the hollow Parts downwards. So that Nature's Bounty has provided for them by one Gift many useful Advantages as Food, Vessels, Shipping and Habitations.  
Not far off from these upon the Sea Shoar in the Continent dwell other Barbarians far different from the others in their way of living; for they feed upon 
* C●tivori.  Whales cast up by Chance by the Sea. Sometimes they have Plenty of Food by Reason of the vast Proportion of these Creatures; but at other times for want of them they are almost starved; and are forced through want of Food to gnaw Pieces of old stinking Bones, and to suck the Ends of the rotten Ribs.  
So many are the Nations of the Ethiopians who feed upon Fish; and this is the manner of their living, concluding this Account in a brief and summary way.  
But the Sea Coasts over against the Province of Babylon border upon a fruitful 
The Sea coasts over against the Province of Babylon.  Country abounding in all sorts of Fruit-trees, where there is such Plenty of Fish, that they are more than the Inhabitants can consume: For upon the Sea shore they set such a number of Canes, and so interwoven one within another, that they are like to a Net spread all along by the Seaside. In every of which Works, there are many little Portals wrought and interlaced with Reeds, and are tossed this way and that way with an easy Motion. These open by the Tide, when the Sea flows in upon the Land, and when it returns into the Channel they shut again. So that through these Portals with the Efflux of the Sea the Fish slip every day, and when it ebbs they are left behind, because they cannot pass with the Water through those Canes thus knit and wrought together: And therefore near to the Seaside sometimes may be seen Heaps of Fish panting for want of Water, which those that have the Care and Oversight of this Business, gather and carry away. Hence 
P. 111.  they have both Plenty of Food, and raise a large Revenue beside. Some of the Inhabitants, when the Shoar is dry and the Country lies flat, draw broad Sluices from the Sea many Furlongs to their Cottages, at the ends of which they place Wears made of Twigs, which open when the Tide comes in, and shut again when the Sea goes out; And then the Water flowing through the narrow Mouths of the Portals, the Fish remain behind in the Sluices, and there they take out every time as many as they have occasion to use.  
Having gone through all those People bordering upon the Seacoasts as far as from the Province of Babylon to the Red-Sea, we shall now proceed to give an Account of the other Nations.  
In Ethiopia above Egypt near to the River Asa, inhabit a People called Rizophages, 
Rizophages.  who get up the Roots of the Canes that grow in the Marshes, and first wash them very clean: Then they bruise and pound 'em with Stones till they are soft and pliant; afterwards they lay a handful of 'em in the Sun till they are broiled, and this is the Food they live upon all their days. But tho' they live in Plenty and are at constant Peace one with another, yet they are miserably infested and often fallen upon by the Lions that abound in those Parts: For the Air being scorching hot, they come out of the Deserts into the Rizophages Country, both for shelter from the Heat, and to hunt the lesser Beasts for Prey; so that when the Ethiopians come out of the Marshes they are torn in Pieces by these Creatures; for being unarmed they are unable to withstand the Strength of the Lions: And the whole Nation would certainly be utterly destroyed if Providence had not provided a Remedy in this Case; for about the beginning of the Dog-days, when there's not the least Wind, there comes in such a Multitude of Gnats (larger than those that are commonly seen) that the Inhabitants are forced to fly into the Marshes and so avoid them: And the Lions partly tormented by their biting and stinging of 'em, and partly terrified with their humming and buzzing run far away out of the Country.  
Next to these are those Nations called Hylophages and Spenmatophages. The last of these gather in great Plenty Fruits which fall from the Trees in the Summer time, and so feed on them without taking any further Pains. The rest of the Year they feed upon a certain sweet Herb which grow in the shady Valleys: Which being a solid Plant, and having a Stalk like to a Turnip, it sufficiently supplies the want of other necessary Food.  
But the Hylophages, together with their Wives and Children, go into the Fields 
Hylophages, Wood-eaters.  and climb the Trees, and feed upon the Buds and tender Branches; and by constant Usage and Practice are so nimble in getting up to the Top of the highest Branch that it seems almost incredible. They skip from Tree to Tree like so many Birds, and mount up upon the slenderest Branches without the least Hazard. For being very slender and light bodied People, if their Feet fail, they catch hold with their Hands; nay, if they fall down from the very Top they are so light they get no harm. They easily chew every juicy Twig of the Tree, and as easily concoct them. They always go naked, and make use of their Wives promiscuously, and therefore all their Children they look upon to be common amongst them. They sometimes quarrel one with another for Places of Habitation; Their Arms are Clubs, with which they both defend themselves and pound in Pieces their conquered Enemy. Many of them are often famished to Death when they grow 
P. 112.  blind, being deprived of so necessary a Member for the procuring of Sustenance.  
The next adjoining Country is inhabited by the Ethiopian 
* Hylogones, Born in the Woods.  Hylogones called Hunters, who are indeed but few, but live after a peculiar and strange manner, answerable to their Name; for the Land being infested with multitudes of wild Beasts, is very terrible to live in, and very little running Water is to be found; therefore for fear of the Beasts the Inhabitants sleep all Night in Trees; and in the Morning they go to the Pools of Water with their Arms, where they hid themselves among the Boughs, and spy in the mean time out of the Trees: Then when the Sun grows hot, the wild Bulls and Leopards, and a great Number of other wild Beasts come running to the Waters (being scorched with Heat and Thirst) and do so gorge themselves with drinking, that they are ready to burst, upon which the Ethiopians leap out of the Trees and set upon the Beasts (that can scarcely stir or move) with Clubs burnt at the end, Stones and Darts, and kill 'em with ease: Thus dividing themselves into Companies, they finish their Pursuit, and feed together upon the Prey they have caught: Very rarely it is that any of them are killed, even by the fiercest or strongest of them; but by slight they overcome might. If they miss of their Prey, they wash the Skins of those they have formerly taken, and lay them upon a Fire made for the Purpose, and scorching off the Hair under the Ashes, and dividing the Skin amongst themselves, with this hard Far they satisfy their Hunger. They teach the Boys to cast Darts exactly to hit a Mark, and if they miss, they suffer them not to eat. And by this Means (through pinching Hunger) they become excellent Archers.  
Not far from these, towards the West inhabit the Ethiopians, that are called 
Elephant fighters.  Elephantomachies. They dwell in large and woody Forests; where from the Tops of the highest Trees they diligently observe the Motions and Walks of the Elephants. But they set not upon the entire Troops at once (for that were to little Purpose) but with wonderful Courage single them out as they come near to them. For when the Beast approaches to the right side of the Tree, where he that watches for him lies hid, just as the Elephant passes by, he catches, hold of his Tail with his Hands, and clasps his Feet close to his left Thigh: Then with his 
Vid. Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 8. c. 8.  right Hand he lays hold of a sharp Axe (bound upon his Shoulder and managable by one Hand) and with that gives him one Wound after another whereby he cuts the Nerves and Sinews of the Elephant's right Ham, guiding and governing his Body in the mean time by his right Hand. This Feat is performed with that admirable Quickness and Activity, as if the Combat had been designed to be ended no otherwise than by the Loss of one of their Lives. For what could be expected (since the Nature of the thing cannot admit of any other Conjecture) but either the Man must die or the Beast be overcome? The Beast being thus Hamstrung, not able to turn himself round by reason of the Slowness of his Motion, sinks sometimes on that side where he is wounded and falls down, and together with himself kills the Ethiopian. Sometimes the Elephant dashes the Man against a Tree or a Stone, and with his Weight presses upon him till he has killed him. Some of the Elephants overmastered (through the Smart and Torment of their Wounds) never regard him that wounds them, but run so long up and down the Plain, till the Ethiopian behind by his continual hacking and cutting in one and the same place, cuts his Sinews in pieces, and at length altogether disables him and brings him down: Whereupon the Ethiopians run in flocking, and cutting of Collops of his Flesh while he is yet alive, feed and feast themselves merrily together. 
P. 113. The Manner of taking Elephants.   
Some of the neighbouring Ethiopians take the Elephants without any Danger of their Lives at all, overcoming Force by 'Slight. For this Creature when he is full, after feeding, differs from all other fourfooted Beasts in disposing of himself to Sleep. For he cannot bend his Knees and lie down, but sleeps leaning his Body to the side of a Tree; so that the Tree by his frequent resort to it and pressing upon it, withers and rots; there being therefore many Signs and Footsteps of the Elephant's Walks by which the Hunters of this Prey discover where he rests himself, they having found out the Tree, saw it a little above the Ground till it be almost ready to fall, then rubbing out the Marks of their Feet they go away before the Elephant comes there, who afterwards in the Evening being full fed, makes to his usual Restingplace; and as soon as he leans with the Weight of his whole Body to the Tree, down it falls, and the Beast along with it, and there lies all Night with his Heels upward, for he cannot possibly rise. As soon as its day, they that sawed the Tree come to the Place, and there kill the poor Creature without any Hazard, and build themselves Huts, where they stay till they have eaten him up.  
Next to these Nations upon the West inhabit those Ethiopians called Simo's: To the South lie the Nation of the Struthophages; for among them is a sort of Bird 
Simo's.  of a mixed Nature, partly a Fowl and partly a Beast, and thence it has its Name. 
Struthophages.  She's little less than the greatest Hart: Nature has formed her with a long Neck, a round Body with Wings, but a tender and small Head, yet she has strong Thighs 
Ostrich.  and Legs, and her Feathers are forked; and she's so heavy and unwieldy that she cannot fly above the Earth; but she runs along with that Swiftness that she scarce touches the Ground. With a brisk gale of Wind she mounts up her Wings and makes forward as swift as a Ship with her Sails spread under Sayl. Against the Pursuer she defends herself with flinging of Stones; which she throws with that Violence out of her Feet as out of a Sling; but when the Wind is low, her Wings flag, and so being deprived of that natural Help, she's easily taken. There are a great Number of those Birds; and by divers Arts and Devices the Barbarians easily take Multitudes of them, and feed upon their Flesh and make use of their Skins both for Vestments and Coverlets for Beds.  
But when these Struthophages are set upon by the Ethiopians called Simo's, for Arms they use the Horns of the 
† The Oryx is a Beast as big as a Roebuck, which has a Horn as sharp as it will pierce Brass.  Oryxes, with which they repel the Assaults of their Enemies. For they are very great and sharp at the Ends, and these sort of Beasts do there so abound that their Horns are found scattered up and down, and so they become of special use to the Inhabitants.  
A little distant from these are the Acridophages, bordering upon the Deserts; 
Acridophages. Locust-eaters.  lesser they are than other Men, of lean and meager Bodies, and exceeding black. In these Parts in the time of the Spring the South Winds rise high and drive an infinite Number of Locusts out of the Desert, of an extraordinary Bigness, furnished with most dirty and nasty coloured Wings; and these are plentiful Food and Provision for them all their days. They have a strange and peculiar way of catching of them; for in their Country there's a large and deep Vale extending far in 
P. 114.  length for many Furlongs together, all over this they lay Heaps of Wood and other combustible Matter, of which they have Plenty in every Place, and when the Swarms of Locusts are by the Force of the Winds driven thither, than some of the Inhabitants go to one Part of the Valley and some to another, and set the Grass and other combustible Matter on Fire, which was before thrown among the Piles; whereupon arises a great and suffocating Smoke, which so stifles the Locusts, as they fly over the Vale, that they go not much further before they fall down dead to the Ground. This Destruction of them is continued for many days together, so that they lie in great Heaps: The Country being full of Salt, they gather these Heaps together and season 'em sufficiently with this Salt, which gives them an excellent Relish, and preserves them a long time sweet without the least Putrefaction, so that they have Food ever ready at hand from these Infects during all the rest of the Year: For they neither concern themselves with Flesh or Fish (being far remote from the Sea) nor have any other Provision for their Support and Sustenance. They are a little sort of People, very swift of Foot, but exceeding short lived, for they that live the longest never exceed forty: And as the Manner of their 
Their miserable Death.  Death is strange and wonderful, so it's sad and most miserable: For when they grow old, winged Lice breed in their Flesh, not only of divers Sorts but of horrid and ugly Shapes. This Plague gins first at the Belly and Breast, and in a little time eats and consumes the whole Body. He that is seized with this Distemper, first gins to itch a little, as if he had the Scab, Pleasure and Trouble being mixed together. But afterwards when the Lice begin to break out at the Skin, abundance of putrid Matter (accompanied with intolerable sharp Pa 〈…〉) issues out with them. Hereupon the sick Person so tears himself in Pieces with his own Nails, that he sighs and groans most lamentably, and while he is thus scratching of himself, the Lice come pouring out in such Abundance one after another as out of a Vessel full of Holes, and thus they miserably close and end their Days. Whether this proceeds from the Nature of their Food or the Temper of the Air is uncertain.  
Upon this Nation there borders a large Country, rich in fair Pastures, but desert and uninhabited; not that there never were any People there, but that formerly when it was inhabited, an immoderate Rain happened which bred a vast Company of Spiders and Scorpions: And (as they writ) these Creatures did so increase that tho' at the first the whole Nation attempted to destroy these implacable Enemies of their Country, yet they were not able to master them (for whosoever was bit or string with them, immediately fell down dead) so that not knowing where to abide, or how to get Food, they were forced to fly to some other Place for Relief. And this is not at all incredible, for we are assured by very good and substantial Historians, that far more strange and wonderful Things than those have happened in the World. For in Italy Field-mices bred in such vast Numbers, that they forced the Inhabitants out of the Country. In Media great Flocks of Sparrows eaten up all the standing Corn, so as the People were forced to remove elsewhere. The People called Autariats, were forced by Frogs bred in the Clouds, which poured down upon them instead of Rain, to forsake their Country, and fly to these Parts where they are now settled. And who is there that is not well acquainted by Ancient Histories, how among those many Labours Hercules undertook to eternize his Name, his driving out those devouring Birds out of the Marshes of Stymphalideses was one? And some Cities of Lybia were altogether 
P. 115.  depopulated by Lions, breaking in upon them. And these Instances we have given to convince those that are apt to question whatsoever Historians relate that seem strange and unusual. But to return to the orderly Course of our History.  
The Southern Border is inhabited by Men whom the Grecians call Cynomones; but 
Cynomones, or Cynomolges, Dog-hunters.  by the neighbouring Barbarians they are called in their own Country Language Wild Ethiopians. They wear long Beards, and keep up numbers of fierce Dogs to get them Food. For from the beginning of the Summer Solstice to the middle of Winter, an innumerable number of Indian Oxen come into their Country; the Reason of it is unknown. For its uncertain whether they fly from cruel wild Beasts, which in Troops set upon them, or that they do it for want of Pasture, or upon some other Accident (the Effect of Nature, the Parent of all Wonders) which Man's Reason cannot comprehend. These Oxen are so numerous, that the Inhabitants are not able to master them; therefore they lose their Dogs upon them, and by hunting 'em take many, of which they eat some fresh, and others they salted up.  
Many other Beasts they kill with these masty Dogs, and by this Means live upon Flesh. The Nations that lie furthest South live the Lives of Beasts under the Shapes of Men.  
But it yet remains to speak of two other Nations; the Ethiopians and the Troglodytes: But of the Ethiopians mention is made elsewhere, and therefore now we shall treat of the Troglodytes. The Grecians call them 
* Shepherds.  Nomades, for they live Pastoral Lives in the Manner of Shepherds; and are divided into Tribes under a Monarchical Government, and enjoy their Wives and Children in common, except only the Wife of the King; yet if any of them happen to lie with her, he's only fined by the King in a certain Number of Sheep.  
When the Etesian Winds blow (at which time there falls abundance of Rain) they feed upon Milk and Blood mingled together, and boiled for a little time. Afterwards when the Pastures are burnt up with the scorching Heat of the Sun, they fly into the low Marshes, where they often fight one with another for convenient Pastures for their Flocks: Those Cattle that grow old or are sick, they knock on the Head, and eat them; and from these always they have their Food and Sustenance: And therefore they never call any Father and Mother, but only a Bull, an Ox, a Goat or a Sheep, of which they call the Males Fathers, and the Females Mothers, because they have their daily Food from these and not from their Parents. Their ordinary Drink is a Liquor strained out of the Plant called 
* Bearing a red Fruit.  Paliurus: But the Drink ●or the Noblemen and Persons of Quality, is made of the Juice of a Flower no better than the worst of our Wines. Because of their Cattle they often shift and remove from one Pasture to another, and are very cautious and careful not to stay long in one Place.  
Their whole Bodies are naked, except about their Loins, which they cover with Beasts Skins. All the Troglodytes are circumcised like the Egyptians, except those who by reason of some Accident are called Cripples; for these only, of all 
Circumcision.  those that inhabit these straits, have from their Intancy that Member (which in others is only circumcised) wholly cut off with a Razor. Among the Troglodytes those called Megabareans for Arms bear round Shields made of Ox raw Hides, and Clubs bound round with Iron at the thick ends; the rest are armed with Bows and Spears.  
When they are dead they tie them Neck and Heels with the Twigs and Branches of the Plant Paliurus; then they carry the Body to the Top of a Hill, where with great Sport and Laughter they pelt it with Stones till it be covered over; and then they stick up a Goat's Horn upon the Heap, and so leave it without the 
P. 116.  least Sense of Pity or Compassion. They fight not one with another out of any Spleen or Rage one against another, like the Grecians, but merely for their flourishing Pastures. In the beginning of their Fights they make their Onsets with throwing of Stones; after some Wounds given on both Sides they fall to it with their Bows and Arrows, whereupon great Numbers are slain in a short time. For by long Experience they become good Marksmen, and being all naked are exposed to every Shot. At length their old Women by their Entreaties put an end to their Conflicts (whom they greatly reverence, for it's unlawful to do them the least Harm) and therefore as soon as they see them come towards them, they cease casting their Darts immediately, and all are quiet.  
When they grow so old that they cannot follow the Flocks, they tie themselves by their Necks to an Ox's Tail, and so put an end to their days: And if any defer his Death, any one as a Friend may first admonish him, and then if he does it not, the other may cast a Rope about his Neck and strangle him. In the like manner its lawful to put to Death any that become lame, or are seized with any desperate and incurable Distemper. For they count it the highest and greatest Offence for any one to love his Life when he is able to do nothing worth living. And therefore all the Troglodytes are of sound Bodies and of a strong and healthful Age, none exceeding Threescore. But this shall suffice concerning the Troglodytes. Yet if this Account seem strange to any, and this Manner of living incredible, let but the Climate of Scythia be compared with that of the Troglodytes, and then this our Relation may easily gain Belief. For there's so great a Difference between our Climate and theirs of which we writ, that the different Natures being weighed and considered distinctly are scarce credible. For in some Places of Scythia by the Extremity of Cold the greatest Rivers are so frozen, that vast Armies and Chariots may pass over them; and Wine and other Liquors do so congeal that they must be cut with Knives and Hatches. And most strangely and wonderfully men's Fingers and Toes drop off with rubbing against their clothes, and their Eyes grow dark and dim. Neither can the Fire cast any Warmth or Heat; and by the Force of Cold even brazen Statues are burst asunder; and at these Seasons they say the Clouds are so thick and gross, that there's neither Thunder nor Lightning in those Parts. Many other Things there happen which seem incredible to the ignorant, but are intolerable to them that feel them by Experience. But in the utmost Coasts of Egypt and the Troglodytes the Sun is so scorching hot at Midday that two standing together cannot see each other by reason of the Thickness of the Air. Neither is it safe for any to go without Shoes in these Parts, for if they do the Soles of their Feet are presently blistered all over: And except Men have something ready to drink to quench their Thirst, they forthwith faint and die, the violence of the heat quickly exhaling all the moisture out of a Man's Body: And moreover, if any do put Meat and Water into a Brazen Pot, and set it in the open Sun, it's presently boiled without Fire and Fuel. But the Inhabitants of both these Countries are so far from seeking to avoid these uncomfortable Circumstances, that they choose rather to be as it were ever dying here, than to be forced to live another sort of Life elsewhere. And thus every Country is beloved by its own natural Inhabitants, and a long usage, even from the time of Childhood, overcomes the inconveniences of an intemperate Climate. These great differences of 
P. 117.  Climates are sometimes not far asunder; for from the Lake Meotis (where some of the Scythians inhabit, in the midst of extreme Cold, and biting Frost,) many with a fair Wind sail to Rhodes in Ten Days time; thence in Four Days more, they reach to Alexandria; thence crossing the River Nile, they recover Ethiopia (most commonly) the Tenth Day; so that it's not above Four and Twenty Days sail from the coldest to the hottest Climates in the World. And therefore it's no wonder that there's such diversity of Food, Manners and Bodies so far differing from ours, when there's so great a Contrariety of Climates in so small a distance one from another.  
Having given a distinct account of Nations, and their strange and unusual Manners and Customs; something now is to be said particularly concerning the wild Beasts bred in those Countries.  
There's bred in Ethiopia, a Creature, called from the nature of the Beast, a Rhinoceros, 
Rhinoceros, so called from a Horn in his Nose.  for Courage and Strength equal with the Elephant, but not so tall. His Skin is exceeding hard, and of the colour of Box. He has a flat Horn growing out a little above his Nostrils as hard as Iron. He's always at war with the Elephant for his Pasture, and for that purpose whets his Horn against a great Stone; in the Conflict he gets under the Belly of the Elephant, and cuts and gashes him, as if it were with a Sword; and by this means his Enemy bleeds to death, and thus he destroys many of them. But if the Elephant prevent him from coming under his Belly, he catches the Rhinoceros up in his Trunk, and easily overcomes him, being far stronger in Body, and wounding deeper with the Strokes of his Tusks.  

* Sphinxes are Marmozites, Plin. Nat. His. lib. 8. c. 44.  Sphinxes are bred near to the Troglodytes in Ethiopia, not much unlike those which the Limners draw, save that they differ only in being rough. They are of a gentle nature, very docible, apt to learn any thing presently that is taught them.  
Those that are called 
† Cynocephales', Baboons, Heads like Dogs, Plin. ib.  Cynocephales', resemble ugly faced Men, and are continually snarling and grumbling. This Creature is exceeding cursed, never to be tamed, and from his Eyebrows looks with a most surly Countenance. The Females are extraordinary remarkable, for having their Privy Parts continually hanging down out of their Body.  
The Beast called 
* Cepus.  Cepus, so named from the beauty of his Body, and the comeliness of Proportion. He has the Face of a Lion, and in all other Parts is like to a Panther, except that for his bigness he is as large as a Deer. Of all these strange 
A wild Bull. Carnivorus,  Beasts none's so fierce as the Wild Bull, which Feeds upon Flesh, and is altogether invincible: he's larger than any tame Bull, and as Swift as any Horse, and his Mouth is Wide even up to his Eyes: He's exceeding red, his Eyes grayer than a Lions, and Sparkling in the Night like Fire. His Horns have a wonderful property, for he can move 'em as well as his Ears, and when he Fights keeps them fast and immovable. His Hair contrary to all other Beasts, stands on end, He's so exceeding Fierce that he'll set upon the strongest Creature whatsoever, and Feeds upon the Flesh of such as he destroys. He destroys the Flocks and Herds of the Inhabitants, and in a terrible manner Fights with Troops of Shepherds and whole Armies of Dogs at once. It's said his Skin is impenetrable; and therefore though many have attempted to Kill him, yet none were ever able to effect it. If he fall into a Pit, or be taken any other way by Snares or 'Gins 
P. 118.  laid for him, he Chokes and Stiffles himself with his unrully Rage, and will not suffer any Man to come near him though never so gently: And therefore the Troglodytes justly account this Beast the strongest of all other; to whom Nature has given the stoutness of a Lion, the swiftness of a Horse, and the strength of a Bull; and which cannot be conquered with the Sword, which subdues all other things.  
There's another Creature among the Ethopians called a Crocut, of a mixed nature, 
Crocuts.  between a Dog and a Wolf, more fierce than them both, and exceeding all others for his Tearing and Biting. Let the Bones be never so great, he presently grashes them in Pieces and digests them immediately as soon as they come into his Stomach. Some Historians (who love to tell strange things) report that this Beast will imitate the Voice and Speech of a Man, which we cannot in the least credit.  
The Inhabitants bordering upon the Deserts, say that there are in these Parts 
Serpents.  divers sorts of Serpents of an incredible bigness; for those that say they have seen some a hundred 
† 50 Yards.  Cubits long, are looked upon to be Liars, not only by me, but by every one else. But to gain the more credit to their fabulous Relation, they add a Story far more absurd and impropable. For they say, that when these vast Creatures lie rolled up in a Round in the open Plain, every Circle lying one upon another, they seem like Hills to them that are at a distance. But who can easily believe there are any such monstrous Creatures?  
But we shall say something of the greatest Serpents (that ever were seen) which 
The great Serpent brought to Alexandria.  were brought to Alexandria in Nets, discoursing by the way of the manner of the hunting and taking them.  
For 
* Ptolemy Philadelphus.  Ptolemy the Second being very much given to the hunting of Elephants, for that purpose encouraged with great Rewards many that were skilful Hunters of the strongest wild Beasts, and not sparing Costs (in gratifying the pleasure he took in this kind) he got together great multitudes of Elephants, which he trained up for his Wars; by which means many strange Beasts which were never seen before, became known to the Grecians.  
Upon these Considerations some of the Huntsmen, knowing the generosity and bounty of the King in his Rewards for things of this nature, agreed together with the hazard of their Lives to bring if it were but one of these monstrous Serpents, alive to the King to Alexandria. It was a bold and difficult undertaking; but Fortune crowned the Enterprise, and Prosperity effected the Attempt. They spied a Serpent lying in the standing Pools Thirty Cubits long, still and quiet (as it used to do at all other times, save when he spied any Beast come to the Water to drink, and then he suddenly leapt out, and with his wide Jaws, and the winding himself round about their Bodies, held them so fast as that they could never escape.)  
Hereupon these persons considering he was so very long, and naturally dull and slow, conceived some hopes of catching him in Gins and Chains, having all things ready and prepared for the purpose; but the nearer they came to him, the more they were terrified, and when they saw his Eyes kindle like sparks of Fire, his Tongue slapping about his Jaws, his terrible Hissing, the sharpness of his Scales, his rustling among the Reeds and Bushes when he began to stir himself, the greatness of his terrible Teeth, his horrible Aspect and high Round whereunto he had wound himself, they grew wan and pale with excessive fear, and with trembling Hands cast the Gin upon his Tail; upon which, as soon as it touched him, the Monster roul'd about with a terrible hiss, and lifting up himself above the head of the First that approached him, he snapped him up, and tore him in Pieces. The Second he catcht by the winding of his Tail at a great 
P. 119.  distance when he was making away, and (winding himself round him) held him fast round the middle of his Belly. Hereupon the rest were so affrighted, that away they fled; however, they did not so leave the Monster, for the hopes of the King's bounty overcame the fear of the imminent danger; and therefore what they could not do by Force they endeavoured to effect by Art, making use of this following Contrivance. They made a Toil of Bulrushes, in shape like to a Bosom Net, large enough to receive and hold the Beast; observing therefore his Hole, and the time when he went out to Feed, and when he returned, as soon as he was gone forth to hunt for his usual Prey, they stopped up the mouth of his Den with great Stones and Earth, and near to it dug another Hole, and there Placed the Toil made of Bulrushes just over against the Mouth of the Hole, that the Entrance might be plain and open. Then as he returned from Feeding, the Darters, Slingers and a great Number of Horsemen with Trumpeters and other Assailants set upon him, and the Monster (as he came nearer to them) pricked up his Head far above the Heads of the Horsemen, but none of the whole Troop of Hunters durst come near him, being made cautious by the former misfortune; but many cast Darts at him all at once at a great distance; so that by the sight of the Horses, multitude of great Dogs, and the noise of Trumpets, they terrified the Beast, and pursued him cautiously by degrees, till he came to his Hold, lest by pressing too hard and close upon him, he should be too much provoked and enraged.  
Now approaching near to the mouth of the Den, before prepared for him, they all at once made a great noise with beating upon their Arms; and so with such a multitude of Men, and the noise and sound of Trumpets, they exceedingly terrified the Monster, who not finding his former Hold, and fearing the Hunters, flies into the mouth of that which was open and near at hand. In the mean time while he was filling the Net, by rolling of himself round in it, some forthwith rid up with full speed to the Place, who (before the Beast could wind up himself) tied up the mouth of the Net, which was to the Top made very long on purpose for quickness of dispatch in this business. Then with all speed they put Roulers under the massy weight of the Net, to lift it up, and so drew it forth. The Serpent being thus shut up, hissed most dreadfully, gnawing the Bulrushes with his Teeth, and tossing himself to and fro as if he were just leaping out of the Net, which the Hunters exceedingly fearing he would do, drew him out upon the ground, and by often pricking him in the Tail, caused him to snap and by't there where he was most sensible of pain. At length they brought him to Alexandria, and presented the Beast to the King; a most strange Monster, and almost incredible. And to admiration this Creature was afterwards made tame: For keeping him low in want of Food, he abated in his fierceness, so as by degrees to be very gentle. Ptolemy liberally rewarded the Hunters; and kept and fed the Serpent thus tamed; a most wonderful sight to all Strangers that travelled into his Kingdom.  
It may not therefore be judged altogether incredible (or accounted for a Fable) what the Ethiopians have related, since so vast a Monster has been exposed to open view. For they affirm that there have been seen Serpents amongst them of that extraordinary bigness, that they have not only devoured Cows and Bulls, and other Beasts of that size, but have even fought with Elephants themselves: 
P. 120.  For they so wrap themselves round their Thighs, and hold them so fast, that they are not able to move or stir, and pricking up their heads from under the Elephant's Trunk, and looking direct upon them full in the Face with the fiery Rays that dart out of their Eyes, strike them blind, so that they fall down to the Ground as if they were struck with a flash of Lightning, and when they are down they tear them in Pieces.  
And now since we have given a clear and sufficient account of Ethiopia and Troglodita, and the bordering Countries as far as to the Torrid Zone, and of the Southern Coasts and Climates of the Red Sea, and the Atlantic Ocean, we shall proceed to the Description of the other parts bordering upon the 
* Red Sea.  Arabian Gulf, which we have learned partly from the public Records in Alexandria, and partly from those that have seen the Places themselves. For this part of the inhabited World, as likewise the British Isles, and the Places lying far to the North, are the least known of any other. But we shall describe those Northern parts which border upon the Frigid Zone, together with the British Isles, when we come to treat of the acts of Caius Caesar, who enlarged the Bounds of the Roman Empire, as far as to those parts, and by his means we come to the Knowledge of all those Countries which were altogether unknown to us before.   

CHAP. III.  
A Description of the Coasts and Countries on both sides the Arabian Gulf, or Red Sea. The Perfumes of Arabia the Happy. The Fortunate Islands. A Description of part of Lybia: The Spectras near the Syrteses.  
THe 
* The Red Sea.  Arabian Gulf (as it's called) empties itself into the Southern Ocean, and stretches out many Furlongs in length; where it falls into the Sea it's both bounded with Arabia and Troglodita. It's breadth both at the Mouths, and where it's lost in the Sea, is about Fifteen Furlongs. But from the Port of Panormus, the opposite Shoar, is one Days sailing: The greatest breadth is at Mount Tyrceus, and Macaria, where the Sea is very rough and tempestuous; nor can Land be seen from one side to another; from thence it grows narrower, till it fall into the Ocean.  
In the Sea are many great Islands, between which the Passage for Ships is very narrow, and the Water very rough. And this in short is the Situation of this Gulf. We shall begin at the 
† That is, next the Ocean.  utmost Parts of this Sea, and describe the Coasts on both sides, and what is remarkable in each, as if we were sailing along.  
And first, we shall give an account of the Coast on the 
* Westward.  Right Hand, the Seat of the Troglodytes: The Troglodytes take up all this part as far as to the vast Deserts. All along the Shoar on this right side from the City of Arsinoe, Mariners meet with many Rivers of Salt-water, pouring down from the Rocks into the Sea.  
After the passing these running Fountains, appears a Mountain in a vast and large Plain of a red Colour, which dazzles the Eyes of all those that look earnestly upon it. At the Foot of this Mountain is a Lake, with an Entrance of many wind and turn into it, known by the Na●e of 
† Venus.  Aphrodites; in this are Three Islands, Two of which abound with Figs and Olives; but the Third has neither; yet breeds great numbers of those Birds they call M●leogrides.  
From hence you sail through a vast Gulf called 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Acathar 〈…〉 s.  Filthy, or Acathartus, and near unto it is an exceeding deep Current, making a Peninsula, carrying Ships through a narrow strait into the open Sea on the other side. In sailing along by these Places, there lies an Island, surrounded with a deep Sea, Fourscore Furlongs in length; called the 
* Ophiodes.  Serpent's Island, because that in former times it abounded 
P. 121.  with divers sorts of dreadful Serpents; but in aftertimes, by the diligence of the Kings of Alexandria, it was so improved, that now there's not the least sign of any such Beast there. But it's not to be omitted for what Reason this Island was with so much charge improved: The chief reason was, for that in this Island was found the Topaz, a resplendent Stone, of a delightful Aspect, like to Glass, of a Golden colour, and of admirable brightness; and therefore all were forbidden to set footing upon that Place; and if any landed there, he was presently put to death by the Keepers of the Island. These Keepers were few, and lived a most miserable Life. And lest the Stones should be stolen and carried off, there was not a Ship left there; and if any by chance pass near to these Places, (out of fear of the King) they sail away as far off as they can. The Provision that is imported, is commonly soon spent, and there's nothing to be had that grows naturally in the Island; and therefore when their Store grows low, all the Inhabitants of the Village sit upon the Shoar, waiting and longing for the arrival of the Provision Ships; and if they stay longer than ordinary, the People are driven to the utmost desperation.  
This Stone grows in the Rocks, darkened by the brightness of the Sun; it's not seen in the Day, but shines bright and glorious in the darkest Night, and discovers itself at a great distance. The Keepers of the Island disperse themselves into several Places to search for this stone, and wherever it appears, they mark the Place, with a great Vessel of largeness sufficient to cover the sparkling Stone; and then in the Day time, go to the Place, and cut out the Stone, and deliver it to those that are Artists in polishing of ' 'em.  
Then sailing on further from these Parts, appear many of those Nations called the Ichthuophages, dispersed along the Seashore; and many likewise of those Troglodytes called 
† Shepherds.  Nomads; several Mountains likewise present themselves in this Course, as far as to the Haven called 
* Sotera.  Safe-Port, which gained this Name from some Grecians that first sailed into these Parts, and there arrived safe.  
Thence passing on, the Gulf gins to grow narrower, and bends its Course towards Arabia: And the peculiar property of the Places is such, that both the nature of the Sea, and the Soil seem to be changed; for the Land appears very flat and low, without any Hills or Rising Ground, and the Sea seems to be muddy and green all over, and is not above 
† Three Orgia's, every Orgia Two Yards.  Two Fathom and an half deep. The Greenness there is not ascribed to the nature of the Water, but to the abundance of Moss and Sea-Grass that grows at the bottom, and casts their Colour through the Water.  
This part is very safe and commodious for small Ships with Oars, because the Sea is there very calm, and no roughness of the Waves for many Leagues; and there they take abundance of Fish. But the Mariners that transport Elephants, run into great and desperate Hazards by reason of the strong built Ships they use for that purpose, and the depth of Water they draw. For oftentimes they are so driven by the violence of the Winds, at full Sail in the Night time, that they are either split upon the Rocks, or stranded upon some of the deep sanded Necks of Land thereabouts; and it's no going for the Mariners out of the Ship, because the Ford is above the height of any Man: Neither can they force the Ship in the least forward with their Poles: And although they throw all overboard but their Victuals; yet (even while they have Provision) they are reduced to the utmost Extremities; for neither Island, Promontory or Ship is to be seen 
P. 122.  in these Parts, being desert, and seldom frequented by Mariners.  
And to the other Inconveniencies, this further is an Addition, the violent Waves on a sudden raise up such heaps of Sand out of the Channel, and so enclose the Ship, as if Men on purpose had fixed it to some Continent: Being plunged into this Calamity, at first they only gently and modestly breathe out their Complaints to a doleful Wilderness, which regards them not, yet not altogether despairing of deliverance.  
For often by the raging working of the Sea, the Ship is mounted up on high above the heaps of Sand, and so the poor Creatures that were in this desperate Condition are unexpectedly (as by some God, assisting them out of an Engine) delivered. But if this help from God do not intervene, when their Provision grows low, the stronger throw the weaker overboard, that the Meat that is left may last the longer for the support of those few that remain: But at length, when all hope of safety is gone, and Provision spent, these few die far more miserably than those that perished before. For these in a moment of time, give up that Breath which Nature had given them, but those (by prolonging their Misery, and dividing as it were their Sorrows into several parts) die at last with more linger Torments. The Ships being in this miserable manner deprived of their Pilots and Mariners, continue a long time as so many Solitary Sepulchers; and at length being buried in heaps of Sand, their lofty Masts and Main-Yards remain only Spectacles to move Compassion in them that see them afar off. For by the King's Command, the Monuments of these Misfortunes are not to be touched, but are to remain as Sea-marks to Mariners to avoid those dangerous Places. It has been an ancient Report among the Ichthuophages (the Inhabitants of those Tracts) continued down to them from their Forefathers, that by a mighty reflux of the Sea (which happened in former days) where the Sea is thus green, the whole Gulf became dry Land, and appeared green all over, and that the Water overflowed the opposite Shoar, and that all the Ground being thus bare to the very lowest bottom of the Gulf, the Water by an 
This seems to be the Passage of the Israelites over the Red-Sea.  extraordinary high Tide, returned again into the ancient Channel.  
The Navigation from 
* Ptolemais, not in Phoenicia, but that bordering upon the Red Sea.  Ptolemais to the Promontory of Taurus, has been described when we spoke of Ptolemy's Pleasure in hunting of Elephants: From Taurus the Sea Coasts turn towards the East.  
Here from the time of the Summer, to the Winter Solstice, 
A further Description of the Country of the Troglodytes.  the Sun casts the shadow to the South, contrary to what it does with us. This Country is watered with Rivers flowing down from the Psebarian Mountains (as they are called) and is divided into many spacious Plains, which produce Mallows, Cardanum, and extraordinary Palm-Trees, and divers other Fruits of an unsavoury Taste, altogether unknown to us. The South parts of this Country are full of Elephants, wild Bulls, Lions and other wild Beasts. In passing over to this Coast, there lie several Islands in the way, which are altogether barren as to any Fruit that is grateful, but in them are bred strange sorts of Birds, and wonderful to view and observe. From hence sailing forward, the Sea is exceeding deep, and abounds with mighty great Whales, which yet do no harm, unless any (by chance) run upon their erected Finns; for they cannot pursue the Ships, because when they rise up towards the top of the Water, they are struck blind by the brightness and splendour of the Sun. These are the utmost Bounds of Troglodita (known to us) environed with the Psebarian Promontaries.  
And now we shall pass over to the other side of the Gulf, and take a view of 
The Arabian side of the Red Sea.  the Regions lying towards Arabia, beginning again at that part of the Sea which is called 
† Neptunium. P. 123.  Neptunium, because Ariston erected there an Altar in honour of Neptune, when Ptolemy sent him to discover the Arabian Coast as far as to the Ocean. From thence to the Month of the Gulf is a place along the Sea-Coast of great esteem among the Inhabitants for the profit it yields them; it's called the Garden of Palm-Trees, because they abound there, and are so very Fruitful, that they yield sufficient both for pleasure and necessity. But the whole Country next adjoining, is destitute of Rivers and Brooks, and lying to the South, is even burnt up with the heat of the Sun; and therefore 
* Where the Palm Trees grow.  this fruitful Tract that lies amongst dry and barren Regions (far remote from Tillage and Improvement,) and yet affords such plenty of Food and Provision, is justly by the Barbarians dedicated to the Gods. For there are in it many Fountains, and running Streams as cold as Snow, by which means the Region from one side to the other is always green and flourishing, and very sweet and pleasant to the view. In this place there's an ancient Altar of hard Stone, with an Inscription in old and illegible Characters; where a Man and a Woman (that execute here the Priest's Office, during their Lives) have the charge of the Grove and Altar. They are Persons of Quality and great Men that abide here, and for fear of the Beasts, have their Beds (they rest upon) in the Trees.  
The Mariner passing by this Country of Palms, arrives at an Island near to a Promontory of the Continent, which is called the Island of 
† Phocarum Insula.  Sea-Calves, from the great multitudes of those Creatures that frequent this Place. The Sea here so abounds with them, that it's to the admiration of the Beholders.  
The Promontory that shoots out towards this Island, lies over against Petra in Arabia and Palestine. It's said that the Gerrheans and Mineans, bring out of the higher Arabia, Frankincense and other odoriferous Gums into this Island.  
The Coast next adjoining, has been anciently inhabited by the Marranians, and afterwards by the Garyndaneans their Neighbours, who got possession in this manner.  
At the Festival celebrated every Fifth Year in the Palm Country, a great Concourse 
Garyndanians destroy the Marranians.  of the Neighbours meet together from all Parts; both to Sacrifice Stall-fed Camels to the Gods of the Grove; and likewise to carry some of the Spring-water that rises there, back into their own Country, which they say is Physical.  
The Garyndanians taking the opportunity when the Marranians were gone to the Feast, cut the Throats of all those that remained at Home, and lay in wait for those that returned, and in their way homeward, slew all them likewise; and so the Country being by this means depopulated, they divided that fruitful Region, and those rich Pastures for Flocks and Herds, by Lot amongst themselves.  
But this Coast has very few Harbours in it by reason of the many vast Mountains that lie all along as they sail; from whence is presented to the view, such variety of Colours, that they afford a most wonderful and delightful Prospect to the Passengers at Sea as they sail along.  
The Promontory of Alainites next salutes them that sail on forward, full of 
Alainites, Nabateans.  Towns and Villages inhabited by the Arabians called Nabateans: They possess a large Country all along the Sea-Coast, and go far likewise up into the Land: This Tract is very Populous, and exceeding rich in cattle. Once they lived justly and honestly, content with the Sustenance they had from their Flocks and Herds; but after that the Kings of 
* In Egypt. The Ptolemies.  Alexandria allowed liberty to Merchants to traffic in the Red Sea, they not only robbed them that were Shipwrackt, but provided little Skiffs, and acted the Pirates, and spoiled all other Merchants that trafficked in those Seas, imitating the Taurians of Pontus in cruelty and inhumanity. But afterwards being beaten in a Fight at Sea by some Galleys sent out against them, they were punished according to their Demerits.  
After the passing of these Tracts, follows a flat Champain Country, watered in every part, which (by the advantage of the many Springs and Fountains that are in it) abounds in rich Pastures, and produces great plenty of 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Clavergrass, vid. Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 18. c. 16. P. 124.  Medica and Lotus, as high as a Man. Here in these Pastures are fed not only an infinite number of cattle of all sorts, but of wild Camels, Hearts, Red and Fallow Deer. This extraordinary Plenty, invites out of the Deserts, Lions, Wolves and Leopards, with whom the Shepherds and Herdsmen are forced to have Conflicts Night and Day for the preservation of their Flocks and Herds: And thus the richness of the Country, occasions Mischief and Prejudice. For Nature often distributes her Gifts with a mixture of good and evil.  
In sailing further along by this Champain Country, the Gulf offers to the view something strange and wonderful: For it shoots up with a bending Course into the Inland Parts, Five Hundred Furlongs in length, walled in on both sides with high and steep Rocks, so that both the Entrance and Passage is very difficult. For the Rocks that lie under Water, so stop up the Entrance, that it's scarce possible to enter into the Gulf, or come out; and by the continual dashing of the Floods with the violence of the Winds beating upon the Shoar, it foams terribly, and rages on every side the Rock.  
The People that inhabit these Parts, are called Bizomenians, and live upon wild 
Bizomenians.  Beasts taken in hunting. Here's a Sacred Temple in high veneration among all the Arabians.  
To the Shoar of these Tracts, are adjoining Three Islands, which have many Ports: The first which is Desert, they say is consecrated to Isis. There remain the Foundations of the ancient Buildings and Pillars, whereon are Inscriptions in barbarous Characters; the rest are as much defaced and ruined, yet they are shaded with Olive Trees planted here and there, much different from ours.  
Beyond these Islands, there are steep Rocks hard to pass all along the Shoar, for the space of a Thousand Furlongs. For there's neither Port nor Ancorage for Ships, nor any Wood which can afford any necessary Relief to Mariners, be they in never so great wants and extremities. To this Shoar adjoins a Mountain roofed over with craggy Rocks of a stupendious height; and at the foot, are many sharp Shelves which lie under water; and behind them, many winding Hollows, worn wide by the raging Waves dashing one upon another; and the Sea being very deep, when a Storm beats upon them, and the Water rebounds, they make a noise like a mighty Thunder; and part of the Waves dashing against those huge Rocks, mount up in a Curl, and foam to admiration; and part being swallowed up within these Caverns, cause such a terrible Whirlpool, that they that are driven (against their wills) near to these Places, are ready to die for Fear. The Arabians called Thamudenians inhabit this Coast.  
Next adjoining to this Perilous Sea, is a mighty great Gulf, which washes many Islands dispered in it here and there to the view, not much unlike to the 
* Little Islands near Acarnania in Greece.  Echinades.  
All along this Coast which is very long and broad, lie high Heaps of black Sand.  
Thence sailing forward, is presented to the view, a 
† Or an Isthmus, or Chersonesus.  Peninsula, where there is the most famous Port of any mentioned by Historians called 
* Carmutha Port.  Carmutha. For it lies under a large Key, where the Gulf as it inclines to the West, is not only wonderfully pleasant to the view, but far more commodious than any other.  
A Woody Mountain hangs over it a Hundred Furlongs in compass. The Mouth of the Haven is Two Hundred Foot broad, affording a very calm and safe Harbour, where Two Thousand Sail may ride: The Water moreover is exceeding good and sweet, a large River emptying itself into it. In the middle of it lies an Island full of good Water, and fit for gardening. To conclude, it's in every respect like to the Port at Carthage, called Cothon, the Commodiousness of which we shall speak of in its proper place. By reason of the quietness and sweetness 
P. 125.  of the Water, abundance of Fish come into it out of the Ocean.  
Sailing forward, appear Five exceeding high Mountains, spiring up like the 
Mountains like Pyramids.  Pyramids of Egypt, so close as if they all united into one at the Point: Thence the Gulf appears in a round Form, surrounded with large and high Promontories: In the very middle of which rises a Hill, in form of a Table, upon which stand three Temples of a wonderful Height, dedicated to God's unknown indeed to the Greeks, but in great honour and veneration with the Inhabitants. Hence the Coast shoots out forward a long way, abounding with Fountains and fresh Water. On this Coast is the Mountain Chabnus, covered over with divers shady Woods. The Country lying at the Foot of the Mountain, is inhabited by Arabians, called Debae, who employ themselves in feeding Herds of Camels, which they make use 
Debae.  of in their most weighty Concerns: For they ride upon these when they charge their Enemy; carry upon them their Victuals, and use them upon every speedy dispatch; they drink their Milk, and feed upon their Flesh; and with their Dromedary Camels, they presently run over all the Country. There runs a River through the Country, which carries along with it such abundance of Golden Sand, that at the Mouth of it where it falls into the Sea, the Soil seems to shine and glister like Gold; but the making and refining of Gold is altogether unknown to the Inhabitants. They entertain not all sorts of Strangers, but only the Beotians and the Peloponesians, by reason of the ancient familiarity of Hercules with this Nation, as they have fabulously received it from their Ancestors.  
The Region next adjoining to this, is inhabited by the Alilaeans and Gasandians, 
Alilaeans, Gasandians.  another People of Arabia, which is not so burning hot as those near unto it, but often covered with thick Clouds, whence fall Snow, and seasonable Showers, which moderate the Heat of the Air. The Land there is rich, and capable of bringing forth any kind of Grain or Fruit whatsoever, but through the unskilfulness of the Inhabitants who addict themselves chief to Fishing, the Ground is not tilled and improved as it ought. Abundance of Gold is got there out of several Hollows in the Earth, not refined by melting of little Pieces, but growing there pure naturally, which from the nature of it is called 
† Gold without Fire.  Apyros. The least Piece of it is as big as an ordinary Nut-Kernel, the greatest not much bigger than a large Nut. The Inhabitants wear them about their Arms and Necks, interlaced with several bright sparkling Stones. But as they abound in Gold, so they are as much wanting in Iron and Brass, and therefore they exchange Gold with the Merchants, for the like weight in Iron and Brass.  
Next to these inhabit those Arabians called Carbi, and next to them the Sabeans, 
Carbi Sabeans. Arabia the Happy.  the most populous of any of the Arabians, for they possess Arabia the Happy, exceeding rich in all those things which we esteem most precious, and for breeding of cattle of all sorts, the most fertile Country in the World; for the whole Country is naturally perfumed all over, every thing almost growing there, sending forth continually most excellent Odours. On the Seacoasts grow Balsom and Cassia, and another Herb of a strange and peculiar property, which while it's fresh, is delightsom and strengthening to the Eyes, but kept a while, presently loses its virtue. Higher in the heart of the Country, are shady Woods and Forests, graced and beautified with stately Trees of Frankincense and Myrrh, Palm-Trees, Calamus and Cinnamon, and such like Odoriferous Plants. For none can enumerate the several natures and properties of so great a multitude, or the 
P. 126.  excellency of those sweet Odours that breath out of every one of them. For their Fragrancy is such, that it even ravishes the Senses with delight, as a thing divine and unutterable; it entertains them that sail along by the Coast at a great distance with its Pleasures and Delights. For in Springtime the Winds from off the Land waft the Air perfumed with the sweet Odours of Myrrh, and other Odoriferous Plants, to those Parts of the Sea that are next to them. And these Spices have nothing of a faint and languishing Smell, as those that come to our Hands; but a strong and vigorous Odour that strongly pierces all their Senses to the utmost of their Capacity: For the Wafts of Air dispersing the Perfumes of these Odoriferous Plants, abundance of pleasant, healthful and strange variety of Scents (proceeding from the richest Spices) are conveyed to them that Sail near unto the Coast. For this sweet smell, comes not from Fruit bruised in a Mortar (whose strength is in a great measure decayed) or from Spices made up in divers sorts of Vessels for Transportation; but from the ripeness of the Fruit as it grows, and from the pure and divine Nature of the Plant itself. So that they that have the advantage of these sweet Odours, seem as if they were entertained with that feigned Meat of the Gods called Ambrosia; since those excellent Perfumes cannot have a Name ascribed them transcending their worth and dignity.  
Yet Fortune has not imparted to Men an entire and unmixed Felicily in these things, but has joined some inconveniences with these Advantages, to correct them who (through a constant Confluence of Earthly Blessings) have usually despised and slighted the Gods. For these fragrant Forests abound with 
‖ Or Fiery Serpents. So Agatharchides, in Plutarch: Symp. lib. 8. c. 9 Concerning the little Serpents.  Red Serpents of a Span long, whose By't is deadly and incurable. They strike a Man with a violent Assault, leaping up in his very Face, leaving him besmeared with his own Blood.  
There's something very remarkable amongst these People, as to them that have been long sick: For being that things of a more than ordinary piercing operation pass quick through the Pores of the Body, and so discuss the stubborn Matter, there follows a dissipation of Humours, and the Party becomes curable: Therefore they burn Brimstone mixed with Goat's Hair under the Noses of the Sick, that by a contrary smell they may discuss and drive out those sweet and fragrant Odours that have overpowered the Spirits of the Sick; for that which is good in itself, is profitable and delightful, used moderately and seasonably; but an immoderate enjoyment, and beyond a due proportion of time loses the benefit and advantage of the Blessing bestowed.  
The Capital City of this Nation is called 
* Or Sa●●, from Seba, the eldest Son of Ch●●.  Sabas, and stands upon an high Hill: They are governed by Kings who inherit the Crown by Descent; yet the Honour allowed them by their Subjects is such, as that they are in some respects, notwithstanding in a sort of Bondage and Slavery: For though they seem to be privileged in this, that they have a Sovereign and absolute power in making of Laws, and are not to give an account of any of their Actions to their Subjects; yet they are as unhappy in this, that they are never to stir out of their Palace, for if they do, the People stone them to Death, for so they are commanded by an ancient Oracle.  
This Nation net only excels all the Neighbouring Barbarians in Wealth, but all other People whatsoever, for plenty of every thing that is accounted precious. For in their Traffic for a thing of a very small weight, they receive a greater Sum of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 any other Merchants that sell Goods for Silver.  
Being therefore that they never were conquered by reason of the largeness of their Country, they flow as it were in Streams of Gold and Silver, especially at Sabas, the Seat Royal of their Kings: Their Vessels, and all their Cups are of Gold and Silver, and likewise their Beds, Chairs and Stools have their Feet of Silver; and all other their Householdstuff is so sumptuous and magnificent, that it's incredible. The Porticoes of their Houses and Temples, are some of them overlaid with Gold, and Silver Statues are placed upon some of the Chapiters' of the Temples. The Doors and Roofs of their inner Rooms, are adorned with many Golden Bowls, set with precious Stones. The like wonderful cost they are 
P. 127.  at throughout their whole Building, adorning them in some Parts with Silver and Gold, in others with Ivory and precious Stones, and other things of great value. For they have enjoyed a constant and uninterrupted Peace for many Ages and Generations, being very far remote from those whose Covetousness prompts them to advance their Gain by the Riches of others.  
The Sea there, is of a very white colour, so that a Man may as justly wonder at the strangeness of the thing, as be inquisitive what should be the cause.  
Near hereunto are the Fortunate Islands, full of walled Towns; where all the 
Fortunate Islands.  Sheep and cattle are exceeding white, and none of the Females bear any Horns. The Merchants from all parts resort to these Islands, especially from Potana, built by Alexander the Great, upon the Banks of the River Indus, that there might be a commodious Port Town for shipping upon those Coasts: But of this Country and its Inhabitants we have said enough.  
And now we are not to omit what Wonders are seen there in the Heavens: What is said of the 
* Bear.  North Pole, is greatly to be admired, and puts all Mariners at a stand. For during the Month which the Athenians call 
† December.  Memacterion, none of the Seven Stars are seen about the Bear, till the first Watch of the Night; and in 
* January.  Posidion not till the Second: In the following Months, few of these (it's said) are seen by them at Sea, nor any of the Planets at all. As for the rest, some of them seem to be greater at the time of their rising, than they do with us; others not to rise and set in the same manner. Nor that the Sun (as with us) enlightens the Air upon the approach of its rising, but even while its dark night, strangely and on a sudden appears, darting forth his refulgent Rays: And therefore there both Day and Sun appears together. They say it rises out of the middle of the Sea like a burning Coal, and shoots forth great Sparks of Fire, and appears not in a round form (as it seems to do with us) but like to a Pillar something thicker than ordinary towards the Head; and that it shines not bright, nor casts forth any Rays till one a Clock, but glows like Fire in the Night without Light; at Two a Clock it resembles the form of a Shield, and sends forth on a sudden, a fiery scorching Light, even to admiration. But near the time of its setting, its effects are contrary; for during the space of Two (or as Agatharchides of Cnidus says) Three Hours before (which is the most pleasant part of the Day to the Inhabitants) he both inlightens the World by his Rays, and abates in his Heat as he sets by degrees.  
The West, South, Northwest and East Winds, blow here, as in other Parts of the World; but the South Winds never blow, nor are ever known in Ethiopia. But in Troglodita and Arabia, the South Winds are so exceeding hot, that they sometimes set whole Woods on Fire; and though the Inhabitants run into their Cottages for shelter, yet they faint and pine away with Heat; therefore North Winds are justly judged the best, which run through the whole Earth, and are always cool and refreshing.  
Having now given an account of these Countries, it will well agree with the 
Lybia.  Course of our History, to describe Lybia, bordering upon Egypt; for in Cyren, the Syrteses, and in the Mid-lands, inhabit Four sorts of Africans: Those called Nasomones possess the Parts towards the South; the Auchises the West: The Marmarides inhabit that large Tract lying between Cyrene and Egypt, as far as to the Sea-Coast: The Macae the most populous of all the rest, have their Habitations near the Syrteses.  
Some of these beforementioned People are Husbandmen, as having Fertile 
P. 128.  Lands, fit for all sorts of Tillage: Others are Shepherds and Herdsmen, who employ themselves in feeding of cattle, and maintain themselves and Families by that means. Both sorts are under a Kingly Government, not living altogether like wild Beasts or uncivilised. A Third sort there is, that are neither subject to any King, nor have any Knowledge of good or bad, or regard to right or wrong, but live continually upon Spoil and Robbery: They make sudden Eruptions out of the Deserts: These rob and steal whatever is in their way, and then presently make away back to their former lurking Holes.  
All these rude Lybians lie in the Fields in the open Air, and live like wild Beasts, contriving how they may be most cruel: They affect neither Dainty Food, nor Civil Raiment, but are clothed in Goats Skins.  
Their Princes have neither City or Town, but live in 
† Towns.  Castles near Rivers sides, where they lay up all their Stores. They command all their Subjects once a Year to take an Oath of Allegiance: Those that are obedient and observant of them, they protect as Friends and Associates: Those that refuse to submit, they condemn to die, and prosecute them with Fire and Sword, as Thiefs and Robbers. Their Arms are suitable to the nature of their Country and their own Disposition; for being nimble, and inhabiting a Country for the most part Champain, they go to the Field in times of War, each with their Darts, and a Bag filled with Stones. But they use neither Sword nor Helmet, nor any other Arms, but make it chief their Business to be quick and nimble in pursuing and retreating; and therefore are very active in running, and slinging of Stones; Care and continual Exercise improving natural Habits. They are neither just nor faithful to Strangers in any of their Compacts.  
The Country about Cyrene is a fat Soil, and very Fertile: It not only abounds in Corn, but in Wine and Oil, Fruit-Trees and Pastures, and is watered with many Rivers.  
But those Parts that lie far South, are barren and dry, without Water, and look like the Sea, where there's no variety of Objects, but all on every side Waste and Desert; over which there's no possibility of passing, and therefore there's neither Bird, nor fourfooted Beast to be seen, except it be Dear or Oxen: Neither is there so much as any Plant, or any thing else for the Eye to fix upon; for the Parts further up into the Land (for a long way together) are all full of Heaps of Sand. And as it's destitute of all things for the support of Man's Life, so it abounds as much in Serpents of all shapes and sizes, especially those which they call Cerestes; whose Bites are Mortal, and they themselves of the same colour with the Sand; and therefore not being discerned or distinguished from the Soil, many (treading upon them unawares) run the hazard of losing their Lives.  
It's reported that this sort of Serpents once entered Egypt, and depopulated a great part of the Country.  
There's likewise a strange and wonderful thing often happens in this Country, both in the Deserts, and that part lying near to the Syrteses. For some time, and most commonly in calm Wether, there appear in the Air the shapes of divers living Creatures, some standing still, others moving; some flying, others pursuing; and are of that monstrous bigness, that they greatly terrify such as are ignorant of the nature of them. Some of them pursue Men, and when they take hold of them, a Chillness with a Trembling seizes upon all parts of their Bodies; and therefore Strangers unaccustomed to such things, are ready to fall down dead with fear; but the Natural Inhabitants (being used to them) regard them 
P. 129.  not.  
Some Natural Philosopher's endeavour to give a Reason of these strange Apparitions, which look indeed like mere invented Fables: They say that there are never any Winds in this Country, and if there be any, they are very small and inconsiderable, and that the Air is often so wonderfully serene, that it's altogether without the least motion, in regard that near those Parts, there are neither Woods, deep Valleys, nor swelling Hills; neither are there any great Rivers that run through the Country, nor any sort of Grain or other Fruits that grow there; and therefore there's nothing from whence any Vapours can arise, which are the Productive matter of Winds. The Air therefore being thick in this dry and sandy Region, the same things happen here in Lybia, as do upon Rainy Days elsewhere, where in the Clouds, various Shapes and Forms may be observed: Because the Air being concreted, transforms itself into many Shapes, which being wasted up and down with gentle Gales, and with often brushing one upon another, are consolidated, and carried about hither and thither.  
At length when the Air is serene and calm, these Phaenomena by their weight fall to the Earth in that shape, that each have accidentally before received; and being that there is nothing at hand to dissolve it, what sort of Living Creature soever it meets with, it cleaves to it.  
And as for that motion to and fro which they seem to have (they say) it is not directed by any voluntary faculty; for that it is impossible any inanimate things should have a Will either to fly or pursue; but the Living Creatures to which they adhere, are the secret Causes of their several Motions.  
For in their going forward, they drive the Air before them, and therefore the Spectrum, which is made up of Air, seems gradually to go forward, and resemble one that flies; and by the Rule of Contraries, when the Body to which it approaches goes back, the Resemblances appear as if they pursued; for as much as being but empty and airy Images, they are attracted by the more solid Bodies; for by the force of the attraction the other way, they move again towards the foreparts of the Body attracting; and whether the flying animated Bodies turn or stand still, the Spectrum is still with it; and then 'tis no strange thing, or unreasonable for the Image to dissolve, when it joins to a solid animate Body, and so by diffusing itself to affect it with a chilling Cold.   

CHAP. IU.  
Of the Amazons of Africa. Their Acts: Rooted out by Hercules; and the Gorgonians by Perseus. The Atlantides, and the Gods among them. The Original of the Titanes. The Acts of Basilea, or Cybele, said to be born in Phrygia. The Original of Atlas and Saturn. A long Account given of Bacchus; and the several Bacchus' there were. A Description of the Grota in Nysa, where he was brought up. The Building of the Temple of Hammon by him. The several Herculeses. The Monsters, Aegides and Camps killed by Minerva and Bacchus.  
HAving now run over those things before mentioned, it will be pertinent in 
Amazons.  this place to relate what is reported concerning the ancient Amazons of Africa: For many have been persuaded into this Error, as to believe that there never were any but those that inhabited upon the Banks of Thermodon in Pontus; but in truth it is quite otherwise; for those in Africa were far more ancient and famous than any of the rest.  
Though we are not ignorant that the Account to be given of these will seem very strange, and a mere Novelty to the Readers, being that the Race of those Amazons were extinct long before the Trojan War; but these Viragoes about the River Thermodon, flourished not long before these our Days: For what wonder is it that the latter (the knowledge of whom is so fresh) should seem more renowned than the more ancient who are altogether unknown (through length of Time) to the greatest part of Mankind?  
For as much therefore as many things are reported of them both by the ancient Poets and Historians, and also by many later Authors, we shall likewise endeavour to give a distinct and orderly Account of their Actions; following the Example of Dionysius, who writ the History of the Argonauts and Bacchus, and many other Actions performed in ancient Times.  
In Africa there was not only one Race of Women who were famous for Valour and Warlike Exploits: For we are informed that the Gorgones (against whom Perseus made War) for Courage and Valour were eminent: How famous 
P. 130.  and potent they were, may be gathered hence, in as much as that 
* Perseus.  Son of Jupiter (the most eminent Hero among the Grecians in his time) made choice of this Expedition as the greatest and most noble Enterprise. And as for the Amazons, of whom we are now about to write, their Valour was most eminently remarkable, if we compare them with the greatest Spirited Women of our own Times.  
In the Western Parts of Africa, upon the Borders of those Tracts that are inhabitable, there were anciently a Nation under the Government of Women, whose Manners and Course of Living were altogether different from ours. It was the Custom for those Women to manage all matters of War, and for a certain time keeping themselves Virgins, they went out as Soldiers into the Field, and after so many Years run up in their warfare, they accompanied with Men, for the preservation of Posterity; but the Magistracy and all public Offices, they kept wholly in their own Hands; and the Men (as the Women do with us) looked to the Household Affairs, submitting to whatever was thought sit to be done by the Wives; and were not upon any terms admitted to intermeddle in Martial Affairs, or to Command, or be in any public Authority, which might any ways encourage them to cast off the Yoke of their Wives.  
As soon as any Child was born, they delivered it to the Father to nurse it up with Milk and other Meat agreeable to its Age. If it were a Girl, they seared off its Paps, lest they should be burdensome when they grew up; for they looked upon them to be great hindrances in Fight; and from the searing of their Paps, the Grecians called them Amazon's.  
It's reported, they inhabited an Island called Hisperia, because it lies to the West near to the Morass called Tritonides: This Fen they say, is near to the Ocean which surrounds it, and is called Tritonides, from a River that runs into it, called Triton. This Morass borders upon Ethiopia, under the greatest Mountain in those Parts, called by the Grecians Atlas, extending itself to the Ocean.  
This Island, they say, is very large, abounding with all sorts of Fruit-Trees, which supply the Inhabitants with Food: That they have many Herds of cattle, and Flocks of Sheep and Goats, which feed their Possessors both with their Milk and Flesh: But that they had no sort of Corn, for that in those Times they knew not what it was.  
These Amazons therefore, for Valour eminent above all others, and heated with an ambitious desire of War, first subdued all the Cities of this Island (except one called Mena, accounted Sacred) inhabited now by the Ethiopians, called Ichthophages: It's often scorched with many Eruptions of Fire, which break out of the Earth, and its Bowels are enriched with precious Stones, which the Grecians call 
† Carbuncles.  Anthraces, 
* Sardonixes.  Sardes and 
‖ Emeralds.  Smaragdos.  
Afterwards having subdued many of the Neighbouring Africans and Numidians, they built a great City in the Morass of Triton, which for the shape of it was called Chersonesus.  
Then being further instigated by their innate Valour and Courage, they attempted greater Matters, and invaded many other Countries. And first they set upon them upon Mount Atlas, a soft sort of People, who enjoyed a rich Country full of great Cities; among whom (in those Parts bordering upon the Ocean) the Gods first had their Original, as the Grecians fabulously report, of whom a particular Account shall be given hereafter.  
To this end, when Merina was Queen of the Amazons, she raised an Army of 
Merina Queen of the Amazons. P. 131.  Thirty Thousand Foot, and Two Thousand Horse, for they were very exact and diligent in Training up Horses for the War. The Armour they wore for Coats of Mail, were the Skins of vast Serpents, with which sort of Creatures Africa abounds. But for offensive Arms, they carried Swords, Darts and Bows, in which they were so expert, that with these they not only broke their Enemy's Battalions; but when they pursued them upon their Flight, they were sure to hit their Mark.  
Entering therefore the Country of the Atlantides, in a Battle they routed them 
Atlantides.  that inhabited Cercenes, and pursued them so close, that they entered pell-mel with them that got within the Walls, and took the City: And to strike a greater Terror into their Neighbours, they executed horrid Cruelties upon the Conquered; for they put all the Men to the Sword, and having razed the City to the Ground, carried away Captive all the Women and Children. The noise of this Destruction being spread all over the Country, the rest of the Atlantides (being struck with a Panic Fear) submitted, and delivered up all their Cities: Whereupon Merina received them all into her Favour, and made a League with them, and in the room of that which was destroyed, built another City, calling it after her own Name, and peopled it with the Captives, and with such as were willing to come there to inhabit.  
In the mean time being presented by the Atlantides with many rich Gifts, and decreeing to her (with a general Consent) many high Honours, she not only graciously accepted those Marks of their Kindness, but promised she would for the future endeavour to merit the good Opinion of the whole Nation.  
Being therefore often infested by their envious Neighbours the Gorgans', Merina to gratify the Atlantides (who addressed themselves to her for that purpose) with an Army invaded the Country of the Gorgon's, where joining Battle with them, the Engagement was smart, in which the Amazons got the day, and killed great numbers of their Enemies, and took Three Thousand Prisoners: The rest flying into Woods, Merina (designing utterly to root up the Nation) endeavoured to set the Woods on Fire; but not being able to effect it, she returned with her Army into the Confines of her own Country, where by reason of her late Victory, being secure and careless in setting her Watch, the Prisoners killed many of her Amazons with their own Swords as they were asleep; but at length being surrounded by the whole Army (fight it out to the last) they were every Man killed upon the spot. Then Merina erected Three Funeral Piles, and burnt up all those of her Army that were slain, and raised up as many Mounts of Earth over them, which are at this day called the Amazon's Sepulchers.  
The Gorgonians notwithstanding, were afterwards of great Power, till the Reign of Medusa, at which time they were conquered by Perseus. At length both they and the Amazons were utterly extinct by Hercules 
The Gorgonians rooted out by Perseus, and the Amazons by Hercules. Perseus' destroyed the Gorgonians in the time of Crideon, An. Mund. 2657, before Christ, 1291.  at the time when he travelled into the Western Parts, and erected the Pillar in Africa. For it was a thing intolerable to him, who made it his business to be renowned all the World over, to suffer any Nation to be governed any longer by Women.  
It's reported likewise, that by an Earthquake, the Tract towards the Ocean, opened 
An Earthquake.  its Mouth, and swallowed up the whole Morass of Triton.  
Merina likewise overran a great part of Africa, and passing into Egypt, made a League with Orus the Son of Isis, who then reigned there. She made War also upon the Arabians, and destroyed many of them: Afterwards having subdued Syria, the Cilicians met her with Presents, and submitted themselves; whom (upon the account they of their own accord, gave up all into her Hands) she by an Edict ordained to be a free People; and for that reason they are called the free Cilicians to this Day. Afterwards having conquered the Nations about Mount Taurus (who were both Men of strong Bodies, and stout Hearts) she descended through 
P. 132.  the greater Phrygia to the 
* The Mediterranean.  Sea; thence passing through the Maritime Tracts, she put an end to her Expedition at the River Caicus: Out of her new Conquests, she picked out the most convenient Places for the building of Cities, and built many there, among others one after her own Name; the rest she called after the Names of the chief Commanders of her Army, as Cymes, Pitanes, and Prineia, situated upon the Seacoasts; others she built up higher into the Continent.  
She possessed herself likewise of several Islands, particularly Lesbos, where she built Mitylene, calling it after the Name of her Sister, who went along with her in the Expedition. Whilst she was busy in taking other Islands, she was endangered by a Storm at Sea, where offering up her Prayers to the 
† Cybele; or Vesta, the Mother of the Gods.  Mother of the Gods for deliverance, she was driven upon a certain Desert Island, which she consecrated to the beforementioned Goddess, being admonished so to do by a Dream; and there she erected Altars, and offered magnificent Sacrifices. This Island is called Samothracia, which according to the Greek Dialect signifies the Sacred Island. But there are some Historians that say, it was formerly called Samos; and from some Thracians that came to inhabit there, Samothracia. After that the Amazons were returned into the Continent, they fabulously report, that the 
* Cybele.  Mother of the Gods (being delighted with this Island) placed there her Sons, called the Corybantes. In the Records of their Sacred Mysteries, it's declared who was their Father; and she herself, (they say) taught them the Rites and Mysteries that are now in use in that Island, and instituted and appointed a Sacred Grove, and an inviolable Sanctuary.  
About these times (they say) one Mompsus, a Thracian, banished by Lycurgus' King of Thrace, with an Army invaded the Country of the Amazons: His Associate was one Sipylus, who was likewise Banished out of Scythia, bordering upon Thrace. They with Sipylus and Mompsus overcame the other in a Battle, in which Merina the Amazon Queen, and many more of the Amazons were slain. In process of Time (after the Thracians had overcome them in several Engagements,) they say that those that remained of the Nations of the Amazons, retired into Lybia. And such was the end of the Amazonian Expedition out of Africa.  
And now since we have made mention of the Atlantides, we judge it not impertinent to relate what the Atlantides fabulously report concerning the Genealogy of the Gods, not much differing from the Fables of the Greeks.  
The Atlantides inhabited a Rich Country, bordering upon the Ocean, and were 
Atlantides, the Gods born among them.  esteemed to excel all their Neighbours in civil Reception and Entertainment of Strangers; and they boast that the Gods were born amongst them, and say that the most famous Poet amongst the Grecians does confirm this their Assertion, where he brings in Juno speaking thus—  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
The utmost bounds of Earth far off I see,  
Where Thetys' and Ocean boast to be  
The Parents of the Gods.—  
They say that Uranus was their first King, who caused the People (who then 
Uranus, Heaven or Coelum, or Coelus.  wandered up and down) to dwell in Towns and Cities, and reducing them from a lawless and savage Course of Life, taught them to use and lay up the Fruits of the Earth, and many other things useful for Man's Life. It's said he had under his Dominion, the greatest part of the World, especially towards the West and the Northern Parts: And that being much addicted to Astrology, he prognosticated many things that were come to pass in the World; and measured the Year according to the Course of the Sun, and the Months according to the Motion of the Moon; and divided the Days into Hours, and therefore the People, as at that time ignorant of the constant motion of the Stars, did so admire his Prognostications, 
P. 133.  that it grew into a common Opinion among them, that he was a God; and when he was dead, (by reason of his Deserts, and Art in Astronomy) they honoured him as a God.  
The Starry Heaven was called after his 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Ouranos.  Name, because that he was so familiarly acquainted with the Rising and setting of the Stars, and other things happening in the Etherial World; and for that his Merits transcended all the Honours that could be attributed to him, he was called the Eternal King of the Universe.  
They report that this Uranus had Five and Forty Children by several Wives, and Eighteen of these were by one Titea, who had each of them a peculiar Name, but all in Common called Titanes, from their Mother Titea, who for her Wisdom 
The Titanes.  and Beneficence was after her Death reputed a Goddess by those whom she had obliged by her Kindnesses, and was called Terra.  
Of Uranus and Titea were born several Daughters, of whom Two were most famous above the rest, Basilea and Rhea, by some called Pandora. Basilea being the Eldest (and most Prudent and Discreet) bred up her Brothers with the care and affection of a Mother, and therefore was called the Great Mother.  
After the Death of her Father, by the general Suffrage of the People and Consent 
Basiled.  of her Brothers she was elected Queen, being as yet a Virgin, and remarkable for her Modesty and Chastity. She was long unwilling to marry; but afterwards (desiring to leave Heirs of her own Body to succeed in the Kingdom) she married Hyperion one of her Brothers, whom she most dearly loved, by whom she had two Children, 
* Helio, that is, the Sun.  Helio and 
† Selene, that is, the Moon.  Selene, who for their Beauty and Modesty were the Admiration of all; her other Brothers (they say) partly out of Envy at the Issue, and partly out of fear lest Hyperion should assume the Kingdom entirely to himself, committed a notorious wicked Act; for entering into a Conspiracy, they assassinated Hyperion and drowned Helio (than a tender Infant) in 
* The River Po, in Italy.  Eridanus.  
Upon the Discovery of this sad Disaster, Selene, who passionately loved her Brother, threw herself down headlong from the Housetop; and the Mother, while she was seeking for her Son at the River side, with Grief fell asleep, and dreamt that she saw Helios standing by her to comfort her, and wished her not to grieve too much and afflict herself for the Death of her Children; for the Titanes should execute due Revenge upon the Malefactor, and that he and his Sister by the Providence of the Gods were to be deified, so as that which before was called the Holy Fire in Heaven should then be called 
* Helios is in Greek the Sun.  Helios, and that which before had the Name of Mene should then be termed 
† Luna the Moon. Selene is in Greek the Moon.  Selenes.  
When she awaked she told her Dream, and repeated all her Misfortunes, and then entreated her Subjects that they would adore her deceased Children as Gods, and that none for the future would come near her.  
Presently afterwards in a furious Rage of Madness (taking her Daughters gingling Gewgaws) she wandered up and down, with her Hair dishevelled about her Ears, and playing like a mad Woman upon a Timbrel and Cymbal, she was even a Terror to the Spectators: And while every body pitied her miserable Condition, and some attempted to lay hold on her, there arose on a sudden a terrible Storm of Rain, Thunder and Lightning, and she was never seen after. The People hereupon admiring this Prodigy, began to transfer the Name of Helios and Selene (in Honour of them) to the Sun and the Moon in the Heavens; and being persuaded that the Mother was a Goddess, they erected Altars, and (with the noise of Timbrels and tinkling of Cymbals, and other things agreeable to her Circumstances) offered Sacrifices, and instituted other divine Rites and Ceremonies in Honour of her.  
But however Phrygia is said to be the Birth-place of this Goddess: For the Inhabitants 
P. 134.  fabulously report, that Meones heretofore reigned in Phrygia and Lydia, and that he married Dyndima, and upon her begat a Daughter, which he unnaturally exposed in the Mountain Cybelus: And that there, by a divine Providence, Leopards and other fierce and wild Beasts, nourished the Child with their own Milk: But Shepherdesses thereabouts observing what was done, and (admiring the Strangeness of the thing) took away the Child, and called it, from the Place, Cybele. The young Lady growing up both in Strength and Years, was admired 
Cybele.  by all for her Beauty, Modesty and Ingenuity: For she was the first that invented the Pipe, composed of many Reeds, and the Timbrel and Cymbal in Sports and Dances: She taught likewise how to cure (by purging) Diseases both in Children and Cattle.  
For her extraordinary Love to Children, whom she often restored to Health, by singing and lulling them in her Arms, she was called by all 
* Mater montana.  The Mother of the Mount. Marsyas the Phrygian (they say) was very much with her, and the chiefest of all her Lovers: This Man, it's said, was mighty ingenious, and wonderfully chaste. His Ingenuity they gather hence, that imitating the Sound of a Pipe composed of many Reeds, he found out how one single Pipe might make the same Harmony: And as an Argument for his Chastity (they say) he never had to do with any Woman all the days of his Life.  
Cybele being now ripe of Years, loved a young Man, one of the Natives, first called Attis, afterwards Papas: This Youth she accompanied with, and was got with Child, about which time she was owned by her Parents, and received by her Father into his Palace, as a Virgin: But being afterwards informed of the Miscarriage of his Daughter, caused Attis and her Nurses to be put to Death, and their Bodies to lie exposed without Burial: Whereupon (they say) Cybele (through the Love she bore to the young Man, and overwhelmed with Grief for her Nurses) fell into a furious Madness, and ran out into the Fields, where all alone with her Hair about her Ears she filled the whole Country with the noise of her Timbrel, and her Wailing and Lamentations. But Marsyas pitying her miserable Condition, and prompted thereunto by the Remembrance of his ancient Love and Kindness he had for her, followed her wherever she went; and coming together at length to Bacchus in Nysa, found there Apollo, then in great Esteem for his Skill in playing upon the Harp, invented by Mercury. There Marsyas contended with Apollo who should be accounted the greatest Artist, and the Nysians were to be the Judges. And first Apollo played only upon his Harp. But Marsyas as soon as he had wound his Oboe (tickling their Ears with the Novelty of the Melody, and the Sweetness of his Notes) seemed far to excel his Rival. Then they made a Match that they should both make a Second Trial of their Skill before the Judges: Apollo therefore leading the way, first began as before, and added to the melodiousness of his Harp, the Harmony of his Voice, and by that means gained the Victory over the Applause formerly wan by the Oboe. At which Marsyas was in a Rage, and said, that he was highly injured in not being allowed the pre-eminence, for that they ought to judge by the Art in playing, and not in the Voice and in singing, and that according to that Rule, Trial should be made, and Judgement given concerning the Melody and Harmony between the Harp and Oboe; and that it was unjust to lay in the balance Two Arts against one. To which it's said, Apollo answered, that he did no more than the other; for that Marsyas did the same thing, when he tuned his Oboe with his Breath, and therefore either both aught to be allowed the same Privilege, or both should be restrained 
P. 135.  from making use of their Mouths, and their Hands only should be the Instruments of evidencing the excellency of their Art and Skill. What Apollo said, seemed most just and reasonable to all the Auditors. Then there was a Third Contest between them, in which Marsyas was again overcome: But Apollo was so incensed with his vying with him, that he flayed him alive: But presently after he was so sorry for what he had done, that he broke in pieces all the Strings of his Harp, and destroyed that Music which he himself had invented. But it was afterwards revived; for the Muses restored the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Mean, Linus the String called the 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Tenor, and Orpheus and Thamyris the Two Strings called the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Base, and next to the Base.  
They say that Apollo consecrated both the Harp and Oboe to Bacchus, and left them in his Cave; and afterwards falling in love with Cybele, wandered up and down with her as far as to the 
† Hyperborean, signifies very far North; by which the Ancients use to express the furthest Parts of the World.  Hyperborean Mountains.  
And whereas there was a Plague and Famine in Phrygia, the Phrygians enquired at the 
* Of Apollo at Delphos.  Oracle how they should be freed from the Calamity they lay under, It's said the God commanded them to bury Attis, and adore Cybele as a Goddess.  
The Phrygians therefore (because they could not find any part of his Body through length of time since he was killed) made a Statue for him, which they followed as to his Burial, with Howling, Lamentations, and other honourable Ceremonies proper for his Funeral, and so made an Atonement for their former Offence; which Solemnity they constantly observe to this very Day; and offer Yearly Sacrifices to Cybele, who formerly erected Altars to the Gods there. In honour of this Cybele, they built a magnificent Temple in Pesinunte, a City of Phrygia, and instituted solemn Sacrifices, and Divine Worship to her, which Work was advanced by the assistance of King Midas. They Placed Leopards and Lions standing by the Statue of the Goddess, because it was generally believed she was nursed up by them. And these are the things which the Phrygians and the Atlantides, the Inhabitants of the Coasts bordering on the Ocean, do report of this Mother of the Gods.  
After the Death of Hyperion, they report that the Children of * Coelus divided 
† Uranus.  the Kingdom amongst themselves; amongst whom Atlas and Saturn were the most renowned. The Country bordering upon the Ocean, fell by lot upon Atlas, who called the People there Atlantides, and the greatest Mountain in the World Atlas, after his own Name.  
They say, that he was an excellent ginger, and was the first that discovered the Knowledge of the Sphere; whence risen the common Opinion, that he carried the World upon his Shoulders; noting by this Fancy, his Invention and Description of the Sphere. The most eminent among his many Sons, was Hesperus, for Piety towards the Gods, and Justice and Kindness towards his Subjects. Being upon the Top of Mount Atlas to observe the motion of the Stars, he suddenly vanished in a Tempest. The People hereupon much lamenting the loss of him, that they might for ever honour him, called the Brightest 
* Hesperus the Morning Star.  Star in the Heavens after his Name.  
Atlas likewise had Seven Daughters, who were all called after their Father's Name Atlantides; but their several proper Names were Maia, Electra, Taygeta, Asterope, Merope, Halcyone, and Celaeno. All these were got with Child by several Heroic Princes, and even by some of the Gods themselves, and bore divers Sons who were the first Ancestors of several Nations, and for their virtuous Qualifications, were afterwards called Gods and Demigods.  
So Maia the Eldest, was got with Child by Jupiter, and bore Mercury, the Inventor of many Arts and Sciences for the use of Mankind.  
All the rest likewise had Sons who were famous in their Times, some of which gave beginning to whole Nations, others to some particular Cities; and therefore not only some of the Barbarians, but likewise some among the Greeks, refer 
P. 136.  the Original of many of the ancient Heroes, to these Daughters of Atlas; for they were in great Reputation for Wisdom and Justice; and therefore when they were Dead, were adored as Goddesses, and fixed in the Constellation of the 
* The Seven Stars.  Pleyades.  
Nymphs were commonly called Atlantides, because Nymphs is a general Term in this Country applied to all Women.  
They say that Saturn the Brother of Atlas, was extraordinary Profane and Covetous; and Marrying his Sister Rhea, he begat Jupiter, afterwards surnamed Olympus. There was another Jupiter the Brother of Coelus, and King of Crete, but much inferior for Glory and Renown to the later: For this later was Lord of the World; but the ancient Jupiter was only King of the Island beforenamed, and had Ten Sons whom they called Curetes, and called the Island Ida, after the Name of his Wife, where he himself was buried, the Remains of whose Sepulchre are to be seen at this Day.  
However the Cretians relate several Stories of these Jupiter's, of whom we shall write distinctly when we come to their History.  
Saturn reigned (they say) over Sicily, Africa and Italy, and enlarged his Dominion over all the Western Parts of the World, and by Garrisons and strong Forts placed in convenient Places, kept his Subjects every where within the Bounds of their Duty: And hence it is, that at this very Day in the Western Parts of Sicily, the high Mounts that are to be seen here and there, are called 
† Saturn ' s Castles. Jupiter.  Cronia.  
Jupiter (they say) was the Sun of Saturn, who contrary to what his Father did before him, carried himself justly and courteously toward all, and therefore he was called Father by all his Subjects. He succeeded in the Kingdom either as given up to him by his Father, or set upon the Throne by his Subjects out of hatred to his Father: And though Saturn afterwards by the help of the Titans, made War upon his Son, yet Jupiter overcame him in a Battle, and so gained the Kingdom: And afterwards he ran through the whole World, doing good to all Mankind: And because he was of a strong Body, and endowed with all virtuous Qualifications of Mind, he easily conquered the whole World. He chief made it his Business to punish the Impious, and to do good to all his People: And therefore (after he left the World) he was called 
* Zeus.  Zena, from Life, because he was the first that taught Men to live well: And therefore they of whom he had deserved well, rewarded him with this Honour, that he was unanimously by all placed in the highest Heavens, and called a God, and Supreme Lord of all the Earth. And this is the full Account (distinctly related) of all the Gods mentioned and recorded by the Atlantides.  
And for as much as before in the account we gave of the Egyptian Antiquities, we came in the Course of the general History, to the Genealogy of Bacchus, (whom 
B 〈…〉 s.  the Greeks call Dionysius) and his Acts—  
We conceive it sit here to add what the Grecians have delivered to Posterity concerning this God: But in regard the ancient Fabulous Historians and Poets have given different Accounts of Bacchus, and have related many monstrous Stories, it's very difficult to set forth truly his Genealogy and Acts. For some say, there was but one 
† Bacchus.  Dionysius, others that there were Three. But some say there never was any such Man, but conceive that Wine is to be taken for Dionysius. We shall therefore in short, run over distinctly what is said by every one of them.  
The Naturalists who speak of this God, and call Wine Bacchus, say, that the Earth amongst other Plants, naturally produced the Vine, and that it was not planted or found out at the first by any whatsoever. In Confirmation whereof, they 
P. 137.  instance in wild Vines, which in many places at this day bear Grapes of themselves, as well as if they were husbanded and improved by the Care and Industry of Men: And that Bacchus was by the Ancients called 
* Two Mother 〈…〉  Bimeter, because when the Vine is planted in the Earth, and gins to grow, that is to be esteemed the First Birth: The Second, when it shoots forth Branches, and puts forth Fruit, and brings them to Ripeness and Perfection; and so the First Birth of this God is to be judged to proceed from the Earth, and the Second from the Vine itself.  
The Fabulous Writers likewise feign a Third Generation of Bacchus, that he was the Son of Jupiter and Ceres, and that some Men of the Earth pulled him in Pieces, and boiled his Parts; and that Ceres gathered his Members together again, and renewed and revived him. Which Fictions the natural Philosophers explain according to natural Reason; for he is said (they say) to be the Son of Jupiter and Ceres, because the Vine is nourished by the Earth, and the Rain from Heaven, and so produces Fruit; whence comes Wine, by pressing of the Grape. That the boiling of his Members, signifies the manner of ordering the Wine, which many boil to make it more strong and fragrant. That his Members were pulled in pieces by Earthly Men afterwards, and joined together again, and he restored to his former State, denotes no more, but that after the Vintage and pruning of the Vines at the season of the Year, the Earth causes them to flourish again, and to be as fruitful as ever they were before. For it's certain, that by Ceres the ancient Poets and other Fabulous Authors meant the Mother Earth: And agreeable hereunto, are those things that are delivered in the Verses of Orpheus, and which are exhibited in the celebration of the Sacred Mysteries, which it is not lawful for any ordinary Person particularly to treat of.  
In the same manner the Naturalists explain his being the Son of Semele; for they say, that the Earth was by the Ancients called Thion and Semele; 
† From the Greek Word Somne, which signifies Splendid or Beautiful.  Semele, because the Worship of this Goddess was splendid and pompous; and Thyon from the frequent 
* Called by the Greeks Thysias, and Thyelas.  Sacrifices which were offered to her.  
He is feigned to be begotten of Jupiter, Twice, because it being supposed that the Vines with other Plants, were destroyed in Deucalion's Flood, and that it afterwards sprung up again, therefore when this God appeared again, as if he had sprung up by a Second Birth, he was feigned to be born out of Jupiter's Thigh. And these are the Opinions of them, who take Bacchus for nothing else but the use and strength found out to lie in Wine.  
But those Fabulous Authors that say this God was a Man, unanimously attribute to him the finding out and first planting of the Vine, and every thing that belongs to the use of Wine. But whether there were more than one of that Name, they differ among themselves. Some affirm there was but One, and this very Bacchus who taught the use of Wine, and gathering of Grapes, and with an Army overran the whole World, and first instituted the Rites and Festivals of the Bacchanalia. Some (as I have before declared) have affirmed, that there were Three that lived at several times, and have given an Account of the Actions of each of them.  
Of whom (they say) the most ancient was born in India, and therefore in regard 
1 Bacchus.  that Country (through the Temper of the Climate, and richness of the Soil) naturally produced Vines, they affirm he was the first that taught the way of pressing of Grapes, and found out the use of Wine; and employed himself likewise in pruning of Figtrees, and other Fruit Trees of a larger size, and taught others the same Art: And in Conclusion, that he found out whatever appertained to the Vine. And hence he was called the 
* Leneus:  Presser, and the Bearded, because it 
P. 138:  is the Custom among the Indians to let their Beards grow all their Days without cutting them.  
This they say, is the Bacchus which overran the whole World with his Arms, and found out the manner of Planting of Vines, and the pressing of Grapes with Wine-Presses (and thence was surnamed Leneus, as before) and imparted what he had discovered to others; by which Advantages he so gained the Hearts and Respects of all Men, that when he was dead, they adored him with Divine Honours. At this day they show the Place of his Birth in India, and many Cities there in their own proper Language, called after his Name. Many other things they relate of this Indian Bacchus, which is too tedious here to rehearse.  
Another Bacchus (they say) there was who was the Son of Jupiter and Proserpina, 
2d Bacchus.  or as some think, of Ceres. This they say, was the first that taught how to blow with Oxen, when Men before tilled the Ground with their own Handy Labours, and invented many other things useful for the Art of Husbandry, that the Countryman might not be overlaid with his Labours. By these Advantages and Benefits to Mankind, he gained such Reputation and Esteem, that he was by all adored as a God, and Divine Worship and Solemn Sacrifices were offered in honour of him. In all his Images and Statues he was painted and engraven with Horns, as well to signify the nature of this Second Bacchus, as to denote how great a benefit and advantage accrued to the Husbandmen by the invention of the Blow.  
A Third Bacchus they say, was born at Thebes in Beotia, of Jupiter and Semele, 
3d Bacchus.  the Daughter of Cadmus; for Jupiter being in love with her, by reason of her extraordinary Beauty, is said frequently to lie with her; at which Juno was so inflamed with Jealousy, that she resolved to be revenged upon the Girl; and to this end (minding to deceive her (she appeared in the shape of one of her Servants, and persuaded Semele (who never suspected any finister design) that it was very fitting that Jupiter should lie with her in the same splendour, and glorious appearance as he did with Juno: Whereupon Semele over persuaded Jupiter, that he would honour her in his Addresses in the same manner as he did Juno; upon which he visited her in Thunder and Lightning, which killed the young Lady, causing her to miscarry; and Jupiter forthwith clapped up the Infant within his Thigh, and when he was come to the full time of his Birth, he conveyed him to Nysa in Arabia, where being nursed by Nymphs, he was called from his Father and the Place 
* In Greek Dis, is Jupiter, and Nysa, the Place so called.  Dionysus. Being a very Beautiful Young Man, he spent the time of his Youth in Dancing, Plays, and all manner of Sports and Pleasures with Young Women.  
Afterwards he got together an Army of Women armed with 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Thersis.  Lances, and adorned with Garlands of Flowers, and marched with 'em through all Parts of the World, teaching Men his Mysterious Rites and Ceremonies, yet imparting them only to those that lived virtuously and piously. He every where likewise instituted Festival Days, and General Meetings for Sports and Dance, and composed Differences both in Cities and Countries; and instead of Wars and Seditions, established Peace and Concord amongst them. And when the noise of his coming to any Place was spread Abroad, and how kind he was to all, and how great a Benefactor he was in improving and civilising the Manners of Men, they ran out flocking from all Parts to receive him. But some few Proud and Impious Persons despised him, and gave forth that he carried * Women along with him 
† The Bachldes.  to gratify his Lusts, and that he taught his Rites and Ceremonies, merely to commit Whoredom with strange Women; but of these he took a speedy Revenge; for whenever he exerted his divine power in punishing the Wicked, sometimes he struck them with Madness, and at other times caused them to be torn in pieces by the Hands of the Women; and sometimes by his Sovereign Skill in Martial Affairs, 
P. 139.  caused his Enemies suddenly to be Slain. For instead of the Lances, he ordered his Bacchides to carry Darts wrapped round with Ivy at the Points, with which (on a sudden and unexpectedly) they assaulted and wounded to Death the Kings that were ignorant of the Stratagem, and therefore despised and contemned them, because they were Women.  
Amongst them that were punished by him, the most considerable and eminent were Pentheus the Grecian, and Myrrhanus the Indian King, and Lycurgus of Thrace. For Bacchus intending to transport his Forces out of Asia into Europe made a League with Lycurgus' King of Thrace, whose Country was washed by the Hellespont. As soon as Bacchus had transported his Bacchides into the Country, one of his Allies (as he thought Lycurgus) commanded his Soldiers to set upon Bacchus and all his mad Crew in the Night, and to cut them all off. Of which Bacchus being informed by one of the Inhabitants, called Tharops, he was no little amazed, because he had but a few with him, the Strength of his Army being on the other side of the Hellespont; upon which he himself secretly passed over to his Army: But Lycurgus in the mean time cut the throats of all his Bacchides that were left behind, in a Place called Nisius. As soon therefore as Bacchus had transported his Forces, he fought the Thracians, and overcame them; and having taken Lycurgus' Prisoner, first plucked out his Eyes, and after he had put him to all sorts of Torments he could devise, and used him with all the Contempt and Disgrace imaginable, he nailed him to the Cross. Afterwards in Recompense to Tharops 
Crucify'd.  for the Kindness showed him, he advanced him to the Kingdom of Thrace, and taught him the manner of Celebrating the Mysteries of his Solemnities called Orgyae. 
Orgyae.   
Oeagrus the Son of Tharops, succeeded his Father in the Kingdom, being instructed by him, in the same mysterious Rites and Ceremonies. Oeagrus afterwards taught them Orpheus his Son, who (being eminent for his Learning and Ingenuity) changed many things in the Orgyae. Hence those Rites and Mysteries first instituted by 
* Called liber Pater.  Bacchus were afterwards called Orphea.  
But some of the Poets, among whom is Antimachus, say, Lycurgus was not King of Thrace, but of Arabia; and that he treacherously set upon Bacchus and his Bacchides in Nysa in Arabia: And further relate that Bacchus having every where punished the wicked and rewarded the good, returned out of India, mounted upon an Elephant, into Thebes; and because he spent three Years in his Expedition, the Grecians celebrate the Festivals called Trieteriades. And report that being 
Trieteriades.  loaden with the Spoils of so great an Expedition, he was the first that was brought in Triumph into the Country. These are the Genealogies of Bacchus, according to the unanimous Consent of all the Ancients.  
But many of the Cities in Greece contend for the Place of his Birth; for the Eleans, Naxians and the Inhabitants of Eleutherae, the Teians and many other, appropriate his Birth each particularly to themselves. And the Teians for Confirmation 
The Place of Bacchus his Nativity.  of what they say, bring this Argument, that there is a Spring in their City, which at some certain times streams forth most rich and fragrant Wine: And as to the rest, some of them show Parcels of Land dedicated to him; and others (from ancient Tradition) sacred Groves and consecrated Temples. But in Truth since this God has left behind him many Tokens of his Beneficence, and likewise of his personal Presence in most Parts of the World, it's no wonder that every one affirms that his own Country and City, was the Place that was especially dear to Bacchus.  
The Poet in his Hymns confirms what we have before declared, where speaking 
P. 140.  of those that doubt the Place of his Birth, brings him in as born at Nysa in Arabia in this manner—  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
Some Dracanum, Icarus some, some Naxus name,  
Places from which the divine Bacchus came.  
From Thebes some, and from thy curling Streams  
Alphaeus others say: All silly Dreams.  
Thee Father JOVE in secret brought to Light  
Fearful of Men's, and his fair Juno's Sight,  
On Nysas Mount adorned with pleasant Woods  
Far from Phoenician Coasts near Egypt's Floods.  
Yet I am not ignorant that the Africans inhabiting the Seacoasts, do themselves challenge the Birth Place of this God, and say that what things are reported to be done by him were done among them, and show many Marks and Signs to prove what they say, which remain among them to this very day: And in further Confirmation hereof many of the ancient Historians and Poets, and likewise a great Part of the Modern Writers do agree in this thing concerning him.  
And that we may not omit any thing that is said of Bacchus, we shall range under distinct Heads what the Africans have related concerning him, and wherein the Grecian Historians have agreed with them, and lastly what Account is given of him by Dionysices, who composed a History of the ancient Stories and Fables. For he has written a History of Bacchus, of the Amazons, of the Expedition of the Argonauts, and the War of Troy, and many other things, annexing thereunto several Poems of the ancient Mythologists and Poets. He says that Linus was the first that invented Rhimes and Music in Greece: And that Cadmus brought Letters out of Phoenicia, and was the first that taught the Grecians to pronounce them, and gave them their several Names, and formed their distinct Characters: Hence these Letters are all generally called Phoenician Letters, because they were brought over out of Phoenicia into Greece: but they were afterwards called Pelasgian Characters, because the Pelasgians were the first that understood them after they were brought over. He says, that this Linus being an excellent Poet and Musician, had many Scholars, amongst whom there were three that were the most famous, Hercules, Themyris and Orpheus. Hercules learned to play upon the Harp, but was very dull and unapt to learn, insomuch as he was sometimes boxed and beaten, at which he was at length so enraged that he killed his Master by a Blow with his Harp. Themyris was very ingenious, and gave himself wholly to Music; and grew so eminent therein, that he would boast he could sing more sweetly and melodiously than the Muses themselves; at which the Goddesses were so enraged, that they both deprived him of his Art, and struck him blind besides, as Homer affirms in these Verses,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
Themyris then by th' Muses was envied  
And of his Art the Thracian they deprived.  
And then again,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
Th' enraged Goddesses than struck him blind  
That th' way to Sing or Play he could not find.  
Of Orpheus, the last of his Scholars, we shall speak particularly when we come to what concerns him.  
This Linus (they say) writ in 
* Phenician.  Pelasgian Letters, the Acts of the first Bacchus, and left other Stories in his Writings behind him. Orpheus, likewise it's said, used the same Characters, and Pronapides, Homer's Master, an ingenious Musician. Thymaetes also the Son of Thymaetus, the Son of Leomedon, who lived in the time of Orpheus, and travelled through many Parts of the World, as far as to the Western Parts of Lybia to the very Ocean: This Thymaetes visited likewise (they say) Nysa the Place where Bacchus was brought up, as is reported by the Ancient Inhabitants; where being instructed by the Nysians, he wrote a Poesy called Phrygia, of the particular Actions of this God, in very old Language and Character. 
P. 141.  Amongst other things, he says, that Ammon a King, reigning in some Part of Lybia, married Rhea the Daughter of Coelus, Sister of Saturn and the other Titans; and that when he came first to the Kingdom, he met with a beautiful Virgin called Amalthea, upon the 
* In Asia near the Caspian sea.  Ceraunean Mountains, and falling in Love with her, begat a Son of her, who was afterwards famous and admirable both for Strength and Comeliness of Person; afterwards he made Amalthea Queen of the neighbouring Nations, which in its Situation being in shape of an Ox's Horn, was therefore called the Western Horn, and that the Soil is so very rich, that it abounds with Vines and all other sorts of Fruit-trees. Being possessed of this Country, she called it after her own Name, Amalthea's Horn. And therefore Posterity call every rich Piece of Land that abounds with Fruit-trees, Amalthea's Horn.  
But Ammon fearing the rageful Jealousy of Rhea, concealed his Adultery, and privately sent away the Child afar off to the City Nysa, which lies in an Island almost inaccessible, surrounded with the River Triton, into which there is but one 
The Description of Nysa and the Gr●ta.  straight and narrow Entrance, called the Nysian Gates.  
The Land there is very rich, abounding with pleasant Meadows, Gardens and Orchards, watered on every side with refreshing Streams; wherein grow all sorts of Fruit-trees and Vines, which grow of themselves, for the most part running up upon the sides of Trees. A gentle, cooling and refreshing Wind pierces through the whole Island, which makes the Place exceeding healthful, so that the Inhabitants live much longer here, than any others in the neighbouring Countries. The first Entrance into the Island runs up in a long Vale, shaded all along with high and lofty Trees, so thick, that only a dim and glimmering light passes through; but the Fiery Beams of the Sun enter not in the least to offend the Passenger. In passing along, drill many Sweet and Crystal Springs, so that the Place is most pleasant and delightful to them that have a desire there to divert themselves. When you are out of this Vale, a pleasant and very large Grota, of a round Form, presents itself, arched over with an exceeding high Craggy Rock, bespangled with Stones of divers resplendent Colours; for being exchequered, some sparkled with Purple Rays, some with Azure, and others darted forth their refulgent Beauty in divers other Colours, no Colour being ever known, but it might be seen there. At the Entrance grew Trees of a strange and wonderful Nature, some bearing Fruit, others always green and flourishing, as if they had been created only by Nature to delight the sight: In these nested all sorts of Birds, whose Colour and pleasant Notes, even ravished the Senses with sweet delight: So that all the Place round, imparted a sort of Divine Pleasure, not only to the Eye, but the Ear; the sweetness of Natural Notes far excelling the Artificial Harmony of all other Music whatsoever. Passing through this, appears a large and spacious Grota, in every part enlightened by the bright Rays of the Sun: Here grow various sorts of Flowers and Plants, especially Cassia, and others that perpetually preserve their sweet Odours in their natural Strength. Here are to be seen the many pleasant Apartments of the Nymphs, (composed of various Flowers, planted in that order by wise Nature's Hands, and not by Man's Art) fit to receive even the Gods themselves. Within all this pleasant Round, is not a Flower or Leaf to be seen withered, or in the least decayed; so that the Spectators are not only delighted with the sight, but even transported with the Pleasures 
P. 142.  of the fragrant Smells, and sweet Odours of the Place.  
To this Cave the Child was brought by Ammon, and committed to the care of Nysa, one of the Sisters of Aristeus, to be brought up; but ordered Aristeus himself to be his Tutor, who was a Prudent, Honest, and very Learned Man: And that the Child might be the beteer secured against the mischievous Contrivances of his Stepmother Rhea, to these was joined Minerva to be his Guardian, whom the River Triton they say, brought forth a little before these Times; and therefore from thence she was called 
* Or Tritoangenes, because she first appeared in a Virgin's Habit at the River Triton.  Tritonides. They report that this Goddess lived a Virgin all her Days, and that being likewise endued with extraordinary Wisdom, she found out many Arts and Sciences; and that her strength of Body, and Manly Courage was such, that she employed herself in feats of Arms, and went out to the Wars. Amongst her other Actions, this was one remarkable, that she killed Aegides a terrible Monster, before esteemed invincible. It was the Birth of 
† The Earth.  Terra, and (in an horrible manner) naturally breathed forth Flames of Fire at her Mouth. This Monster first appeared in Phrygia, and burnt up the whole Country, which is therefore called Burnt Phrygia at this Day. Afterwards she bent her Course to the Places about Mount Taurus, and burnt and destroyed all the Woods and Forests all along, as far as to India: Thence she moved towards the Seacoasts, and burnt down the Cedars upon Mount Libanus in Phoenicia: Thence passing through Egypt, she burned up Lybia, as far as to the Western Shoar, till at length she set on Fire all the Woods upon the Ceraunian Mountains. The Earth being thus all in a Flame, and the Inhabitants partly consumed, and partly through Fear, having forsaken their Country, Minerva (they say) eminently furnished both with Wisdom and Courage, killed this Monster; and wore its Skin upon her Breast, to be both as a Breastplate and Coat of Mail against future Encounters, and likewise as a Memorial of her Valour and glorious Victory.  
Terra, the Mother of this Monster, being hereat enraged, in revenge brought forth the Giants, those implacable Enemies of the Gods, which were afterwards destroyed by Jupiter, with the assistance of Minerva, Bacchus and other Deities.  
But as for Dionysus bred up in Nysa, and instructed in the most learned Arts 
Bacchus.  and Sciences, he grew not only eminent for the Strength and Beauty of his Body, and Endowments of his Mind, but for his Inventions of things useful for Man's Life. For while he was but as yet a mere Boy, he found out the nature and use of Wine, discovering the pressing of the Clusters of the Vine, and drying of the Grapes, to the end to store them up for future use. He found out likewise what Ground was most proper for the planting of every thing, and in hopes of attaining unto Immortal Honour for the great Benefits and Advantages of those things by him discovered, he communicated his Inventions to Mankind.  
When his Fame and Glory was noised abroad in every Place, Rhea (it's said) enraged at Ammon, endeavoured to seize Dionysus: But being disappointed in her Design, she forsook Ammon, and returning to her Brother the Titans, Married her Brother Saturn, who at the instigation of Rhea, with the other Brothers, made War upon Ammon, and in a Battle routed him. That Ammon by reason of Famine was forced to fly into Crete, and married Geta, one of the Daughters of the Curati, then reigning there, and with her gained the Sovereignty of the Island, and called it after his Wife's Name Get, which was before called Idea.  
Saturn they say, having gained the Kingdom of Ammon, governed cruelly, and 
P. 143.  marched with an Army to Nysa against Dionysus, who hearing of the routing of his Father, and the Confederacy of the Titans against him, raised Soldiers in Nysa, Two Hundred of which were bred up with him, who as they were eminent for Valour, so they were great Lovers of Dionysus. He confederated likewise with the Neighbouring Lybians, Africans and the Amazons, of whom we have before related, that they were both valiant, and used to send great Forces abroad in other Countries, and had brought many Parts of the World under their Dominion. They were brought (they say) into this Confederacy chief for the sake of Minerva, who minded the same way and course of Life as they did: For the Amazons were both Warriors and Virgins. The Army with Dionysus was divided into Two Bodies, the Men commanded by him, and the Women by Minerva; and in this Order they made a violent Charge upon the Titans: The Engagement was very hot, and great numbers fell on both sides: At length upon a Wound given to Saturn, Dionysus gained the Day, who signalised his Valour in this Battle above all others. The Titans then fled to the Places formerly belonging to Ammon, and Dionysus with a great number of Prisoners returned to Nysa, where he surrounded them with his Soldiers, and then in an Harangue, accused the Titans; so that all thought they must every Man be put to the Sword: But forthwith pardoning them all, he gave them liberty either to go Home, or to take up Arms with him: Upon which they all chose to serve him, and upon the account of their sudden and surprising Deliverance, all adored him as a God. Then giving to each of them a Cup of Wine, as a Sacred Pledge of their Fidelity, he caused them Man by Man to swear that they would serve him faithfully, and fight for him to the end of the War.  
This Rite and Ceremony of pledging their Faith on both sides, by pouring out and drinking of Wine, being then first begun, was afterwards imitated by Posterity, and Truces and Leagues in times of War were called 
* Drink Offerings.  Libations.  
Dionysus afterwards undertaking a War against Saturn, and marching out of Nysa with all his Forces for that purpose, they report that Aristaeus his Tutor, was the First that with great Solemnity offered Sacrifices to him as to a God. It's said the noblest of the Nysaeans, called Silenians, were his Companions. For Selenus was the First that reigned in this Island, who is so very ancient, that none knows his Original: And forasmuch as he had a Tail growing out at his Rump, his Posterity partaking of his nature, had the same Badge. Dionysus therefore marched away with his Army (and after much toil and hazard for lack of Water passing through many Deserts, infested with wild Beasts) he came at length to 
† Zacira.  Zabima a City of Lybia, and there encamped; near to this place he killed the Monster (the Spawn of 
* The Earth Monster, Camps.  Terra, called Camps, which had destroyed many of the Inhabitants, for which he was in high Reputation among the People for his Valour. He raised a Mount of Earth over this Monstrous Beast he had killed, to the end to leave an everlasting Monument of his Valour to Posterity, which remains to this very day. Thence he marched against the Titans, causing his Army to pass quietly and orderly through all Places, carrying himself courteously and civilly towards all; assuring every Body that he undertook this Expedition for no other Reason but to punish the Impious, and benefit all Mankind: So that the Lybians admiring his good Order and Discipline, and the Greatnese of his Mind, largely supplied his Army with Provision, and freely joined with him as Confederates.  
And now approaching near to the City of Ammon, he routed Saturn again before the Walls, who afterwards set the City on Fire in the Night, with a purpose to destroy the ancient Palace of Ammon, and he himself, with his Wife 
P. 144.  Rhea, and others of his distressed Friends, secretly fled out of the City. But Dionysus was nothing like to him in his Temper; for he not only pardoned Saturn and Rhea, whom he had taken Prisoners, upon the account of being his Kindred, but entreated them that for the future they would as his Parents love him, and live with him as his choicest and most beloved Friends; so that Rhea loved him all her Life long as dearly as her own Son, but the love of Saturn was deceitful. About this time Saturn and Rhea had a Son born, called Jupiter, who was advanced to many Places of Honour by Dionysus, and afterwards became King upon the account of his Virtuous Qualifications.  
The Africans had informed Dionysus before the Fight, that Ammon at the time he was driven out of his Kingdom, foretold, that after a certain time his Son Dionysus would recover his Father's Kingdom, and that he should enlarge his Dominion over the whole World, and should be adored as a God. Dionysus hereupon concluding that the Prophecy would certainly take effect, he built a Temple and a City to his Father, and having ordered him to be worshipped as a God, constituted Priests for the Oracle.  
It's reported that Ammon was portrayed with a Ram's Head, because he always wore an Helmet in the Wars of that shape.  
There are some that 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, fabulously report.  report he had Horns naturally growing out at his Temples; and hence it is, that his Son Dionysus is represented in the same manner; and modern Authors do deliver it as a most certain Truth, That this God was Horned.  
When he had built the City, and settled the Oracle, they say, he first consulted with this new God, concerning his intended Expeditions, and that his Father answered him, that by doing good to all Mankind, he should attain to an Estate of Immortality. Being thus encouraged, he first invaded Egypt, and made Jupiter the Son of Saturn and Rhea, King of the Country, though he was but then a Boy: But appointed Olympus his Assistant and Tutor, by whose Instructions he attained to a high degree of Virtue and noble Endowments, and thence was called Jupiter Olympus.  
Dionysus was said to have taught the Egyptians the manner of planting, and use of the Vine, and to keep and store up Wine, 
† Acorns or Crabs.  Apples and other Fruits. His Fame was now so noised abroad in every Place, that none durst oppose him, but all submitted of their own accord, and with Praises and Sacrifices adored him as a God. Passing thus (they say) through the whole World, he planted and improved the Countries all along as he went, and by his good Acts obliged all Mankind to a grateful remembrance, by rendering him immortal Honour: And whereas all Men have divers Sentiments of the rest of the Gods, yet they all agree in the Immortality of Bacchus: For there's neither Greek nor Barbarian, but have tasted of his Grace and Bounty; yea, even those that inhabit the most barren Countries altogether unfit for the Planting of Vines, learned of him how to make Drink of Barley, little inferior for deliciousness of Taste to Wine. 
Beer.   
They say moreover, that Dionysus with a swift March hasted out of India to the 
* The Mediterranean.  Sea, and there found the Titanes passing over with great Forces into Crete, against Ammon. And whereas Jupiter in the mean time had brought over Forces out of Egypt to the assistance of Ammon, and a great War was broke out in that Island, Dionysus forthwith, together with Minerva and others (reputed to be Gods) transported Aids to them in Crete. Hereupon was fought a great Battle, wherein the Dionysans were Victors, and the Titanes were every Man cut 
P. 145.  off.  
After Ammon and Bacchus were translated to a state of Immortality, (and all the Titanes now utterly extinct,) Jupiter became Lord of the Universe, none daring to be so impious as to oppose him.  
These are the things which the Libyans say were done by the first Bacchus the Son of Ammon and Amalthea.  
The Second Bacchus (they say) was Son of Jupiter, by Io, the Daughter of Inachus, and reigned in Egypt, and there taught the manner of divine Worship and Sacrifices.  
The Third was the Issue of Jupiter and Semele, and was among the Grecians a Rival of the other Two before mentioned. For making it his business to imitate them, he likewise with a great Army marched through the whole World, and set up many Pillars at the utmost, Bounds of his several Expeditions, and planted and improved likewise the Countries as he went. And as the ancient Bacchus listed the Amazons into his Army, so did this other Women. He took likewise much care and pains about the Orgia and Sacred Rites and Ceremonies, some of which he reformed, and added others. But because of the length of time, the first Invention and finding out of things is unknown to many; this last Bacchus only inherits the Glory and Reputation belonging to the former, which Misfortune not only befell him, but Hercules after him.  
For whereas there was anciently Two of the same Name; one of them (and the more ancient) is said to have flourished in Egpyt, who having overcome a great part of the World, erected a Pillar in Africa. The other was born in Crete, and was one of the Idaei Dactyli; he was a Juggler, but likewise a good Soldier, and instituted the Olympic Games.  
The last was the Son of Jupiter, by Alcmene, born a little before the Trojan War: He travelled through many Parts of the World, to execute the Commands of Euristheus; and succeeded in all his Erterprises; he erected a Pillar in Europe.  
His Name being the same, and his Actions much like to those of the former, was the occasion that what things were done by the ancient Herculeses after their Deaths, were by Posterity solely ascribed to him, as if there had been never any but one Hercules in the World.  
Amongst other evident Proofs that there were more than one Dionysus or Bacchus, this very Fight of the Titanes does make it clear: For it's generally acknowledged, that Dionysus was with Jupiter in the War against the Titanes, and they say that it is an absurd and undecent thing to account Semele Contemporary with the Titanes, and to affirm that Cadmus, the Son of Agenor was more ancient than the 
* The Gods of Olympus.  Celestial Gods. And these are the things which the Lybians relate of Bacchus. Thus having now performed our Promise made at the beginning, we shall here put an end to this Third Book.    

THE Historical Library OF Diodorus the Sicilian. BOOK IU.  

The PREFACE.  
I Am not ignorant that the Writers of Antiquities in many things fall short of the truth in their Relations. For being that ancient things are (as it were) scraped out of the Rubbish with very great difficulty, they greatly perplex the Historian. And because the Supputation of Times, wherein things were done, cannot now be so exact as to infer an Infallible Argument for the truth of the Actions related; therefore it is that the Reader despises the Authors of the History. And the multitude and variety of the Gods, Demigods, and other Famous Men, whose Genealogies are to be treated of, add much more to the difficulty. And the greatest vexation of all is, that the Writers of Antiquities and Mythologies differ exceedingly in their Relations one from another: And therefore the most famed and noted Historians of later Times, have altogether waved Treatises of Ancient Things, and applied themselves to Composing Histories only of such as have happened in Times a little before their own. For Ephorus the Cumean, the Scholar of Isocrates, designing to write a General History, passing over matter of former Ages, began his Writings with the 
* Time of Samuel the Prophet, Eighty Years after the Destruction of Troy.  Return of the Heraclides: calisthenes and Theopompus, who were Contemporary, followed the same Method, and waved all matters of Antiquity. But I am of a contrary Opinion from them in this matter, and therefore the more fully to discharge what I have undertaken, have resolved with the greatest care and diligence I can, to treat of the Antiquities of Ancient Times: For there are many things, and such as are very remarkable, that have been done by the Gods and Demigods, and other Famous Men, to some of whom Posterity for their good Actions to the general benefit of Mankind, have attributed Divine Honours, as to Gods, and have adored others, by instituting Sacrifices to them as Demigods. But the due praises of all these Worthies are published to the World by History, to the Succession of perpetual Generations.  
In the Three former Books, we have treated of the Affairs of other Nations, and of their Gods; of the Description of Places in the several Countries; of the wild Beasts, and other living Creatures bred amongst them, and whatever we judged worthy of remark, or strange and wonderful.  
In this Book we shall set forth the Antiquities of the Grecians from the 
P. 147.  most ancient Times, and therein treat of the Gods, and Demigods, and of all others that have been famous and remarkable in feats of Arms, in times of War, or have found out what has been beneficial to Mankind in times of Peace, or such as have been Lawmakers.  
We shall begin therefore with Dionysus or Bacchus, because he's the most ancient, and did most benefit to Mankind.  
In the former Books we have showed how that some of the Barbarians have challenged the Birth of this God to be amongst them. For the Egyptians say, that their God Osiris is the same whom the Grecians call Dionysus; and that he went through the whole World, and first found out the use of Wine, and taught Men how to plant the Vine, and that for this great Benefit to Mankind, all generally agree that he attained to a state of Immortality.  
The Indians likewise with no less Confidence say, that he was born among them, and that he showed the way and manner of Planting the Vine, and discovered the use of Wine; which having before declared, we shall now deliver what the Grecians report concerning this God.   

CHAP. I.  
What the Grecians say further of Bacchus. The Story of Priapus. Of Hermophroditus. Of the Muses. The Birth of Hercules; and his Twelve Labours enjoined him by Euristheus. His wand'ring Expeditions through afric, Spain, France, Italy, Sicily: His setting up Two Pillars at Gades, and his other Acts by the way. The Story of Orpheus.  
Cadmus' (they say) the Son of Agenor, being sent out of Phenicia by the King his Father to seek Europa, was commanded to bring her back, or he himself never to return into Phenicia. After many 
This of Gadmus, was An. Mund. 2660, in the time of Geidon; before Christ, 1688.  long and tedious Travels through many Countries, not being able to find the lost Lady in any place, despairing of ever returning into his own Country, he came at length into Beotia, and by Command of the Oracle, built Thebes, where he resided, and married Harmonia, the Daughter of Venus, by whom he had Semele, Ino, Autonoes', Agave's and Polydores. Semele was so beautiful, that Jupiter fell in love with her, and lay with her: But making his Addresses 
* Silently,  in a mean and ordinary manner, she looked upon it as if he did it in contempt of her, and therefore earnestly entreated him to come to his Embraces with her in the same manner as he did when he lay with Juno. Whereupon decking himself in his Divine Majesty, he approached to her in Thunder and Lightning, and so lay with her in Light and Splendour: But Semele being great with Child, and not able to bear the Flashes of Lightning that shot round about her, miscarried, and she herself was consumed by the Flame; and than Jupiter took away the Infant, and delivered it to Mercury, with Orders to convey him to the Cave in Nysa (which lies between Phenicia, and the River Nile) and there to recommend him to the care of the Nymphs, to be carefully bred up. Hence from Jupiter, whom the Greeks call Dia and Nysa, he was called Dionysus, as Homer in his Hymns witnesses in this Distich.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
Far off from Phenice stands the Sacred Nyse,  
Where Streams of Egypt's Nile begin to rise,  
On Mountain high with pleasant Woods adorned  
Being brought up by the Nymphs in Nysa, they say, he found out the use of Wine, and taught the way and manner of planting the Vine; and going almost into all Parts of the World, he civilised many Nations and Countries, so that he was highly honoured of all. He found out likewise the manner of making Drink of Barley; some call it Zythus, for Taste and fragrant Smell not much 
Zythus, Beer.  inferior to Wine, which Art he especially taught them, whose Country was not fit for Planting, or producing of Vines. He led along with him an Army, not only of Men, but of Women, to execute Punishments upon impious and wicked Men.  
In Beotia (in gratitude to his own Country,) he set free all the Cities, and upon the account of this Freedom, built a City, and called it 
* In Greek, Freedom.  Eleuthera.  
After he had spent Three whole Years in an Expedition into India, he returned with many rich Spoils into Beotia, and was the first in triumph mounted upon an Indian Elephant. Therefore the Beotians and the rest of the Grecians and 
P. 148.  Thracians, to keep up the Memory of the Indian Expedition, instituted solemn Sacrifices every Third Year to Bacchus, called Trieterica, at which time they are of opinion this God appears among Men; and therefore every third Year in many Towns of Greece, the Festivals of Bacchus, called Bacchanalia, are celebrated by a Company of Women and Virgins, who (according to the solemn Rites) carry * Javelins decked with Flowers, and run about like Furies, hollowing and 
† Called Thyrses.  setting forth the Praises of the God. The Married Women likewise run to these Sacrifices, and fill the Air with loud and solemn Hymns to Bacchus, as if he were then present amongst them, in imitation of the 
* Maenadae, Women that acted like fuous Mad Women.  Maenads, which heretofore (as is said) went along with Bacchus. Amongst many others who were impious and wicked, he especially inflicted Punishment upon Pentheus and Lycurgus. But because the invention and use of Wine is very grateful to Manboth for its pleasant relish, and its strengthening and inlivening of the Body, it is the Custom at Suppertime, when pure and unmixed Wine is freely offered to all, to call upon the Good Genius; but after Supper, when the Wine is mixed with Water, to call upon 
† Jupiter the Saviour.  Jupiter Soter: For from pure and unmixed Wine, many times proceeds Madness; but tempered and allayed with 
* Water called the Liquor of Jove, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  the Liquor that descends from Jove, it truly cheers and refreshes the Spirits, and cures Men of their Madness and Intoxication. Amongst all the Gods (they say) Bacchus and Ceres deserve most to be honoured by Mankind, because they were by their good Inventions most benefited: For he found out the most pleasant Drink, and she the most strengthening Food.  
They report that there was another Bacchus or Dionysus, much ancienter than this, the Son of Jupiter and Proserpina, called by some Sabazius, at whose Birth 
Dionysus, Sabazius.  Sacreds' and Sacrifices were celebrated in secret, and in the Night, by reason of the filthy Commixtures that were then among them. It's said, he was of a very sharp Wit, and was the first that taught how to yoke Oxen, and by them how to Blow and Sow the Ground; whence they feign him to have Horns. They say likewise, that the 
† Dionysus of Thebes.  Son of Semele was of later times; of a slender and delicate shape of Body, and most comely Feature, exceeding Amorous, and addicted to the Sports of Venus: That he carried about with him, multitudes of Women in his Army, furnished with Lances wrapped about with all sorts of Flowers: And that the Muses attended him in his Expedition, Virgins excellently learned, who by their melodious Singing, Dancing and other pleasant Diversions, exceedingly delighted the God.  
Selenus, it's said was his Master, his Fauster Father, and Associate in his Wars; 
〈◊〉.  and was an excellent Instructor and Teacher, and contributed much to the improvement of Bacchus in Virtue, and the advancement of his Reputation and Honour.  
In the time of Battle, he was furnished with warlike Weapons, and a Coat of Mail covered with a Panther's Skin; in time of Peace, when he celebrated Solemn Festivals, and came into the General Assemblies, he was clothed with splendid and delicate Apparel; and to prevent the Headache by drinking of too much Wine, he wore a Mitre upon his Head, and was called 
* The Mitre Wearer.  Mitrophorus. This gave occasion to Kings afterwards to wear Diadems.  
They say, he was called 
† Bimater, one of Two Mothers.  Bimater, because both Dionysus' had one Father, but several Mothers; but the Younger succeeded the Elder in the like remarkable Actions, and therefore Posterity through ignorance of the Truth, and being both had one and the same Name, concluded that there was but one Dionysus.  
They attribute to him the carrying of a Rod, for the Reasons following: When Wine was first found out, it was drunk pure, not mixed with Water, so that in many Meetings and solemn Festivals, many times Men drunk to that 
P. 149.  Excess, that they grew Mad and Furious, and beat one another with Clubs and Staves, insomuch as some were grievously wounded, and others were killed; at which Dionysus was much offended; and though he did not altogether forbidden the drinking of unmixed Wine, because it was so pleasant and delicious, yet instead of Clubs, he ordered the use of Wanns and small Rods.  
Men have given him many Surnames, according to the several Acts or Circumstances of his Life. For he's called Bacchaeus, from the 
* 〈◊〉 bowling or Mourning Women.  Bacchaes, that accompanied him. Leneus, from pressing of the Grapes at the 
† Lonos, a Wine-press. jyrigene.  Winepress. Bromeus or Thunderer, because of the Crash of Thunder that was at the time of his Birth; and for the same Reason he was called * Fireborn: He was surnamed likewise Thriambus, because he was the first (of whom ever any mention was made) that Triumphed, when he returned loaden with many Spoils into his Country from his Indian Expedition. Many other Names were assigned him, which would be both too tedious particularly to recite, and likewise foreign from the Design of this History.  
They held that he had two 
* Biformis.  Faces, because there were two Dionysus', the ancient Dionysus, who always wore a long Beard, because all in ancient time let their Beards grow; and this later Bacchus who was a spruce young Man, as we have before declared. But some say, that a double Countenance was assigned him, because of the two special Qualities wherewith Drunkards are affected, being either raging mad, or transported with Mirth.  
They say likewise that he carried Satyrs along with him, who by their dancing and skipping in his Sports and Plays made the God exceeding merry. To conclude, as the Muses pleased and delighted him with the Knowledge of the liberal Sciences, so the Satyrs with their Tricks and antic and ridiculous Gestures and Actions completed the Happiness and Comfort of his Life.  
It's reported likewise he invented Plays, and set up theatres, and instituted Music Schools, and freed all Musicians that went along with him in his Expeditions from public Taxes; and hence it is, that Posterity (after the Example of Dionysus) have created Societies of Musicians, and decreed that all of that Profession should be free.  
But that we may keep within due Bounds, we shall here put an end to our Discourse concerning Bacchus, and his Actions in Ancient times.  
And now since what is anciently reported of Priapus is (as we conceive) pertinent to this History of Bacchus, we shall here proceed to give an Account of him.  
The Ancients feign that Priapus was the Son of Bacchus and Venus, induced thereunto by a probable Argument, which is this, That when Men are drunk they are naturally prone to Venery; and some say, that when the ancient Mythologists would name a Man's Yard, they called it Priapus; and therefore that the privy Parts (because they are the Instruments of Generation, and support the constant and continual Succession of Mankind) have received divine Honour.  
The Egyptians tell this Story concerning Priapus; They say that the Titanes in ancient times treacherously assassinated Osiris, and divided his Members into equal Parts, and that every one privately carried away a Part out of the Palace, only his privy Members they threw into the River, because none would meddle with them: But Isis (they say) after a diligent Inquiry made concerning the Murder of her Husband, and having revenged his Death upon the Titanes; by conjoining his dismembered Parts, reduced them to a humane Shape, and delivered the Body to the Priests to be buried, and commanded that Osiris should be adored as a God, 
P. 150.  and appointed the Shape of his privy Member (which only was wanting and could not be found) to be set up as a sacred Relict in the Temple, and to be honoured likewise as a Deity: And these are the Things which the ancient Egyptians feign concerning the Original and divine Worship of Priapus. Some call this God Ithyphallus, others Typhon. He's not only worshipped in the Temples in the Cities, but in the Fields and Villages, where he is reputed the Guardian and Keeper of their Vineyards and Orchards, and say that if any steal their Goods he inflicts Punishment upon them for it. This God is not only honoured in the Festivals of Bacchus, but in all other sacred Solemnities, where with Sport and Ridicule his Image is presented to the View of all.  
They feign likewise that Hermaphroditus had the like Original, who being sprung 
Hermaphroditus.  from 
* Mercury.  Hermes and 
† Venus.  Aphrodita, was from their two Names joined together so called. Some say that this Hermaphroditus is a God, who at some certain times appears to Men, and is naturally both Man and Woman; in Beauty and Slenderness of his Body he represents a Woman, but in Strength and manly Countenance, a Man. Others account these Births for Monsters, which being but rare, portend sometimes both Good and Bad by turns; but enough of these.  
Here it's fit to say something of the Muses (of whom some mention is made in 
Muses.  the History of Bacchus.) Most of the Writers of Antiquities, and those of greatest Authority, say they were the Daughters of Jupiter and 
† Memory.  Mnemosyne. Some few of the Poets (among whom is Alcman) say they were the Issue of 
* Coelum &  Coelus and 
† Terra, Heaven & Earth.  Terra. They differ likewise about their Number, for some reckon three, others nine; but the Number Nine by the Authority of the most famous Authors (such as Homer, Hesiod, and some others of the like Esteem) has prevailed before all others. For thus says Homer—  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
The Muses Nine with Voices sweet do cant.  
Hesiod likewise sums up their Names in these Verses—  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
Clio, Thalia and Melpomene,  
Likewise Erato and Terpsichore,  
Polymnia, Urania, Euterpe,  
And one beyond them all, Calliope.  
To each of these they attribute their peculiar Art in particular sorts of Sciences, as poetical Harmony, Dancing, Singing, Astrology and the rest of the liberal Arts. They are said by most to be Virgins, because liberal Sciences seem to be uncorrupt, and virtuous Qualifications.  
They are called Muses from the Greek Word Myein, which signifies the teaching of things commendable and profitable, and such as are unknown to them that are instructed. They apply likewise to each a particular Reason of their several Names. Clio, they say, is so called, because she advances men's Names to the Skies in assisting the Poets to resound their Praise. Euterpe, because she delights her Auditors with wholesome and commendable Instructions. Thalia, from the constant Glory and Honour that attends upon Learning. Melpomene, is so called from Melody, by which means she insinuates herself with Delight into the Minds of Men. Terpsichore, because she delights her Scholars with those Pleasures that result from Learning. Erato, because she procures Love and Respect to Learned Men from all. Polymnia, from the many Hymns whereby she advances the Renown of her Poets, and crowns their Names with immortal Praise and Glory. Urania, because those that are taught and improved by her are even lifted up to Heaven. Lastly, Calliope, from the Sweetness of her Voice, that is, her elegant 
P. 151.  Language and exact Composures of her Verse, whereby she gains the general Applause of her Learned Auditors.  
Having treated sufficiently of these Matters, we shall now bend our Discourse to the things done by Hercules. 
Hercules.   
I am not ignorant that those that writ of the Actions of the Ancients, especially of the Acts of Hercules, meet with many Difficulties; for of all the great Actions that ever were done in the World, those of Hercules far exceed all that ever have been recorded. A most difficult Task therefore it is to give such an Account of what this Hero did, as may be agreeable to the Worth and Dignity of his Actions, or to frame such a Discourse as may equalise the Greatness of them, for which he attained to a State of Immortality. For in as much as things that are ancient and unusual are judged incredible by most, it's absolutely necessary, though with the Diminution of this God's Glory, to omit some of his Acts, lest by relating all, the whole History be rejected as fabulous. For some unreasonably expect as clear Evidence for things that are ancient, as for those done in our own Age, and judge of the Greatness of Actions (which makes them seem incredible) according to the Rule of things done in the present time; and judge of the Strength of Hercules according to the weak Measure of men's Strength now.  
And so by reason of the Greatness and Strangeness of things related, History suffers in its Credit and Reputation. But in 
* In Mythologies.  old Stories the Truth ought not to be searched into too critically and punctually: For in the Plays and theatres, tho' we do not believe for certain that there ever were such Creatures as Centaurs, or Creatures of a double Nature of several Species', nor such a one as Geryon, that had three Bodies, yet we favourably receive and entertain those Fables, and with a general Applause advance the Honour of the 
* That is, Hercules, who carried away Geryon's Oxen.  God. How unjust is it then that Men should forget the Labours of Hercules while he was here upon Earth? Whereby he did Good to all the World, and instead of rendering him his due Praises, to calumniate him, whom our Ancestors with unanimous Consent for his eminent Virtue honoured with divine Honours.  
And what can be more impious, than not to preserve and defend that Religious Respect to this God, which they by their Example have recommended to us? But letting these things pass; we shall relate the things done by him from the beginning, according as the Poets and the most ancient Mythologists have handed them down to us.  
Perseus (they say) was the Son of Jupiter by Danae, the Daughter of Acrisius, and that Perseus begat Electryo of Andromeda, the Daughter of Cepheus, and that Electryo begat Alcmenes of Eurydice the Daughter of Pelops, and that Jupiter (deceiving Alcmenes) lay with her and begat Hercules: So that by this Genealogy Hercules descended from the chiefest of the Gods, both immediately by his Mother, and more remotely by his Great-Grand-Father Perseus. His Virtue and Valour were not only evident from his Acts, but might be concluded and foreseen by what happened before he was born: For when Jupiter lay with Alcmenes, he lengthened the Night threefold, so that spending so much time in procreating this Child, was a Sign how extraordinary strong he was like to be. They say that Jupiter lay not with her out of any amorous Pang of Love, as with other Women, but merely for Procreation sake: And therefore willing that his Embraces at this time should be lawful, he forbore all Violence; and knowing that the Woman's Chastity was such, that no Arguments would prevail with her, he deceived her by taking upon him the Shape of Amphitryo.  
And now the Time of her Delivery drew nigh, when Jupiter full of thoughts concerning the Birth of Hercules, in the presence of all the Gods declared, that he would make him King of the Persians, who was to be born that 
P. 152.  that day. Whereupon Juno enraged with Jealousy, with the assistance of 
* Ilithyia, a Goddess assistant to them in Travel.  Ilithyia her Daughter, gave a Check to the delivery of Alcmenes, and brought forth Euristeus before his full time. But though Jupiter was thus outwitted by Juno, yet that he might perform his Promise, he took care to preserve the Honour and Reputation of Hercules. And therefore it's reported that he prevailed with Juno to consent, that Euristeus being made King according to his Promise, Hercules (who should be subject to him) performing Twelve Labours (such as Euristheus should impose upon him) should be taken into the Society of the Immortal Gods.  
Alcmenes being delivered (out of fear of Juno's Jealousy) exposed the Child in a place which is now from him called Herculeses his Field. About which time Minerva, together with Juno, walking Abroad, found the Infant, and much admiring his Beauty, Minerva persuaded Juno to give it suck: The Child drawing the Breast with more violence than at his Age was usual, Juno not able to endure the pain, cast away the Infant; whom Minerva took up, and brought Home to his Mother to be nursed by her. The Accident here seems very strange and remarkable. For the Mother, who owed a natural Affection to her own Child, exposed him to Destruction; but she who hated him, as a Stepmother (unknowingly) preserved her natural Enemy.  
Afterwards Juno sent two 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Two Dragons.  Serpents to devour the Child: But he took them with both his Hands by their Throats and strangled them. Upon which account the Argives (coming to understand what was done) called him Hercules, 
* Hercules signifies the Glory of Juno, who is called in Greek Hera.  because Juno was the Occasion of his Glory and Fame; for he was before called Alcaeus. Others are named by their Parents, but he gained his Name by his Valour.  
In Aftertimes it happened that Amphitryo, being banished from Tyrinthe, settled himself in Thebes; here Hercules was educated, here he was instructed and greatly improved in all laudable Exercises, in so much as he excelled all others in Strength of Body, and also in the excellent Endowments of his Mind.  
Being now grown up to Man's Estate, he first freed Thebes from tyrannical Slavery, and thereby made a grateful Return to the Country where he was bred. The Thebans at that time were under the Tyranny of Erginus, King of the 
* A People of Thessaly.  Menyans, who every year exacted Tribute from them, not without Scorn and Contempt. Hercules therefore not at all discouraged with the Greatness of the Bondage they laboured under, attempted a glorious Piece of Service. For when those who were sent from the Menyae to collect the Tribute, carried it * insolently 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  towards the People, he cut off their Ears, and cast them out of the City, whereupon Erginus demanded the Delivery up of the Malefactor, and Creon the Prince of Thebes (dreading the Potency of Erginus) resolved to deliver him up; But Hercules stirred up the young Men of the City to arm themselves, in order to recover the Liberty of their Country, and to that end took away all the Arms that were in the Temples, formerly dedicated to the Gods by their Ancestors, of the Spoils of their Enemies. For none of the Citizens had any Arms of their own, by Reason the Menyans had disarmed the City; so that the Thebans had not the least Thought of a Revolt.  
Intelligence being brought that Erginus with an Army approached the City, Hercules set upon him in a straight Passage (where a Multitude was of little Use) and killed Erginus, and cut off almost his whole Army. He fell likewise suddenly upon the City of the Orchomenians, entering unexpectedly, and burned the Palace of the Menyae, and razed the City to the Ground.  
The Fame of this notable Exploit was presently noised over all Greece, while such a sudden and unexpected Achievement was the Subject of every Man's Admiration, and Creon the King (wonderfully taken with the Valour of the young Man) gave him his Daughter Megaera to Wife, and committed to him the Care and Charge of the City as if he had been his own Son.  
But Euristheus King of Argos (jealous of Hercules his growing Greatness) sent 
P. 15●.  for him to perform the Labours he was to impose upon him, which he refusing, Jupiter commanded him to obey King Euristheus; whereupon Hercules went to Delphos, and enquired of the Oracle concerning this Matter, who answered him, That it was the Pleasure of the Gods, that he should perform twelve Labours at the Command of Euristheus, and that when he had finished them, he should receive the Reward of Immortality. Hereupon Hercules became exceeding sad and melancholy; for he judged it very much below him to be at the Beck of his inferior; and to disobey his Father Jupiter a second time he concluded was both unprofitable and impossible. While he was in this Perplexity Juno struck him with Madness; being therefore through the Discomposure of his Mind become distracted, and by the Growth of his Distemper altogether a mad Man, he designed to murder jolaus, who saving himself by Flight he fell upon his own Children by Megara, who were next in his Way, and struck them through with his Darts, as if they had been his Enemies.  
As soon as he came again to himself, and understood his Error, he almost sunk under the Weight of his Misery (being pitied by every Body) and shut up himself in his own House a long time from the Converse and Society of Men.  
At length Time moderating his Grief, resolving to undergo all the Difficulties that were enjoined him, he went to Euristheus; who in the first place commanded 
Hercules his 12 Labours. 1. The Nemean Lyon.  him to kill the Lion in the Forest of 
* This Forest was in Achaia.  Nemea, which was of a monstrous Bigness, not to be pierced or wounded by Sword, Spear or Stones, and therefore not to be dealt with but by mere Force and Strength of Hand. His Walks were commonly between Mycenae and Nemea, near the Mountain (from what happened to it) called 
† Tretoes bored through.  Tretoes. For at the Foot of this Hill there was a Den, in which this Monster used to lurk. Hercules here meeting with him laid hold on him, whereupon the Beast beginning to fly to his Den, he resolutely pursued him (having before stopped up one of the Mouths of the Den) and so both closed, where he got the Lion by the Throat, and strangled him with his Arms. Then he clothed himself with his Skin (which was big enough to cover his whole Body) and ever after wore it as a Defence in all Conflicts.  
His second Task was to kill the Hydra of Lerna. This Monster had a hundred 
2. Hydra.  Necks rising out of one Body, and upon every Neck a serpentine Head, and when one of these was cut off, two others grew up in its stead, and therefore this Monster was accounted invincible; and not without good reason; for from the Part that was lost, arose a double Assistance in its Room. Against this Difficulty he invented this Stratagem; he commanded jolaus to sear the Part that was cut off with a Firebrand, that thereby the Blood might be stopped, by which Means the Beast was killed; and he dipped the Points of his Darts in the Monster's Gall, that wherever they struck, the Wound might be incurable.  
The third Command was, that he should bring the Erymanthean Boar (which 
3. The Ery 〈…〉 than Boar.  roved about in the Plains of Arcadia) to him alive. This seemed to be a most difficult Task. For he that fought with this Beast ought to be so subtle as diligently to watch the exact Time and fittest Opportunity in the Management of the Conflict; for if he should let him go while he was in his full strength, the Champion was in danger to be rend in pieces with his Tusks; and if he wounded him too sore, and so killed him, his Labour was lost, and his Victory imperfect. However he so prudently managed the Combat, that he brought the Boar alive to Euristheus, who was so terrified to see him come hurrying with the Boar upon his Shoulders, that he hide himself in a Brazen Hogshead.  
In the mean time Hercules subdued the Centaurs upon this occasion: There was one Pholus among the Centauris, from whom the Neighbouring Mountain was 
P. 154.  called Pholoes; this same having entertained Hercules as his Guest, took up an Hogshead of Wine that had for a long time been buried in the Earth. For it's reported that this Wine was anciently deposited in the Hands of a certain Centaur by Bacchus, who commanded that it should be broached at that very time when Hercules came thither; who now happening to be there the Fourth Age after, Pholus remembering Bacchus his Command, opened the Hogshead; whereupon the Wine being old, and exceeding strong, the Flavour of it reached to the Neighbouring Centaurs, and struck them all with a fit of Fury and Madness; whereupon they all came in Troops, and in a terrible Tumult assaulted Pholus his House, to carry away the Prey, in so much as Pholus in a great Fright hid himself.  
But Hercules unexpectedly set upon the Aggressors; for he was to fight with those who from the Mother partook of the Nature of the Gods, were as swift as Horses, as strong as double Bodied Beasts, and were endued with the understanding and prudence of Men.  
Some of these Centauris assailed him with Fir-Trees plucked up by the Roots; others with huge and massy Stones, some with lighted Firebrands, and others with Axes, with whom he undauntedly entered the List, and fought with that bravery, as was agreeable to the glory of his former Actions.  
Their Mother 
* A Cloud.  Nephele assisted them by a violent Storm of Rain, which was no prejudice to them that were fourfooted; but he that had but Two, had by this means a troublesome and slippery Standing: However Hercules with wonderful Valour overcame them, that had so many and great Advantages above him, Killing most of them, and putting the rest to flight: Of those that were slain, the most remarkable were Daphnis, Argeus, Amphion, Hippotion, Oreus, Isoples, Melanchetes, Thereus, Dupo and Phrixus. And every one of those that fled, came afterwards to condign Punishment; For Homadus, (because he ravished in Arcadia, Atalcyona, the Sister of Euristheus) was slain by Hercules, for which his Generosity was greatly admired: For though he hated his Enemy upon his own private Account, yet he judged it a commendable piece of Humanity, to have Compassion of a Woman in her afflicted Condition, upon the account of her Dishonour and Disgrace.  
Somewhat likewise remarkable happened to Pholus, Hercules his Friend: For burying the Centaurs that were killed (upon the account of his Kindred and Relation to them) plucking a Dart out of one of them, he chanced with the Point mortally to wound himself, of which he died; whom Hercules with great Pomp and State buried at the Foot of the Mount; which fell out to be far more glorious than the most stately Monument; for the Mountain being called Philoe, preserves the memory of him buried there, not by Characters and Inscriptions, but by similittude of Name. In the same manner he killed 
† Another Centaur.  Chiron (eminent for his Art in Physic) by chance with the throwing of a Dart. But this that has been said of the Centaurs shall suffice.  
Afterwards Hercules received a further Command, That he should take the 
4th Labour.  swift Hart that had golden Horns, and bring him to the King. This he performed more by Art and Subtilty than strength of Body: For some say he took her in a Net, others by tracing her to the place where she rested, and there laying hold on her when she was asleep; but others say, that he ran her down, and so gained her by swiftness of Foot. However it were, it's certain he performed this Labour not by force or any hazard, but by Art and Skill.  
Being next commanded to drive away the Birds that were about the Stymphalian 
5th Labour.  Lake, by Art and Contrivance he easily performed this: For there were an innumerable number of Birds in those Places, which destroyed and eat up all the Fruits in the Neighbourhood; and they were so numerous, that no Force could prevail to be rid of them. Being therefore there was need of Art and Contrivance in this matter, he invented a Brazen 
* Or Table, or other thing that 〈…〉 l sound and make a noise.  Pan, and by the mighty sound it made, by striking upon it, frighted the Birds, and by the continual noise, drove them at length quite away; so that the Lake was never infested with them afterwards.  
This Labour being now at an end, Euristeus in Contempt of him, commanded 
6. Augaeus his Stable.  him without any Assistant to cleanse Augeus his Stable, in which were vast heaps of Muck and Dirt which had been gathering together for many Years. Hercules 
P. 155.  therefore to avoid the ignominy of this Contempt cast upon him, scorned to carry out the Muck and Dung upon his Shoulders, but in one Days time, without any disgrace to himself, cleansed the Stable, by turning the Course of the River Peneus through it; in which thing the ingenuity of Hercules is admirable, who so executed the proud Command of his domineering Master, as to avoid every thing that was base and unbecoming the glory of his immortal Honour.  
Next was imposed upon him the bringing the Bull out of Crete, with which 
7. Bull out of Crete.  (they say) Pasiphae fell in love. To this end therefore he sailed into the Island, and by the assistance of King Minos, transported the Beast (for which he had made so long a Voyage) into Peloponesus.  
Having performed this Task, he instituted the Olympic Games, and for that purpose chose out a place he judged most convenient for the reception of such a Pompous Assembly, which were the Fields all along the Banks of the River Alpheus. Here he ordered 
Olympic Games by Hercules, An. Mund. 2730. An. Mund. 2747. Secund. Helu. tempore Servitutis Jud. sub Ammonit. ante Jephtha, Cir. 12.  the Solemnity of these Games to the honour of his Father Jupiter; and appointed to the Victors a Crown for a Reward, minding the general good and benefit of Mankind, without taking any advantage to himself. In every Exercise he was Victor, without any opposition; for by reason of his remarkable strength and valour, none durst contend with him, although the Contests were of a contrary and different nature one from another: For it's a hard matter even for a mighty Champion in Combat, always to win the Prize in a Course, and as difficult for those that are usually Victors in small Contentions, to prevail against them that are eminent in greater Contests. Hercules therefore prevailed in all these Games, carrying away the Prize from the chiefest among them.  
And here we are not to omit giving an account of the Rewards given to him by the Gods for his Virtue; for when he retired himself from Wars, and betook himself to his ease and quietness, and to follow Sports, Panegyrics and Festivals, every one of the Gods presented him with their several Gifts.  
Minerva gave him an embroidered Hood, Vulcan a Club and a Breastplate; and between these Two, was a Contest who should excel in their several Arts, whilst the one wrought and bestowed what was for pleasure and ornament in time of Peace, and the other what was for defence in time of War. Neptune presented him with Horses, Mercury with a Sword, Apollo a Bow, and taught him the art of Archery. And Ceres to expiate the Slaughter of the Centauris, instituted in honour of Hercules some small Mysteries. But concerning the Birth of this God, this is remarkable, for the first Woman upon Earth that Jupiter lay with, was Niobe, the Daughter of Pharoneus; and the last was Alcmene, who was in the Sixteenth Age after Niobe as the Mythologists say. From the time of † her Ancestors, 
Al●men●'s Ancestors.  he began to beget Men, and at length ended in this Alcmene, and would never after have any thing to do with any Mortal, or beget any Issue, never expecting to beget a more excellent Offspring.  
Afterwards when the Giants fought with the immortal Gods at Pallene, Hercules aided the Gods, and after a great Slaughter made by him of those Sons of the Earth, he became greatly renowned. For Jupiter called those only Gods of Olympus, who assisted him in the War, by this Title of Honour, to distinguish the Courageous from the Coward; which Surname he gave to Bacchus and Hercules, though their Mothers were Mortals; not only because they were the Offspring of Jove, but likewise for that they were like him in virtuous Qualifications, doing good generally to all Mankind.  
But 
* Prometheus is judged to be Noah by some, and Magog the Son of Japhet by others. See Gale's Court of the Gentiles, p. 1. c. 6. Sect. 4.  Prometheus because he stole Fire from Heaven, and handed it to Men, was clapped in Chains by Jupiter, who caused an Eagle to seize and feed continually upon his Liver: But Hercules seeing that he suffered so much for his Kindness to Mankind, shot the Bird with an Arrow, and then having pacified Jove, freed this common Benefactor from all farther trouble.  
Afterwards he was enjoined to bring away Diomedes King of Thrace's Mares, 
P. 156. Diomedes ' s Mare's.  which were kept in Stalls of Brass, and (by reason of their Strength and Fierceness) tied up in Iron Chains. Their Provender was not from the Product of the Earth, but they were fed with the Flesh of miserable Strangers that came thither, cut in small Pieces for that purpose. Hercules to gain Possession of them, laid their own Master Diomedes before them, who satiating their Hunger by his Flesh, who had wickedly taught them to feed upon Flesh, thereby became tame and manageable. Euristheus when they were brought to him, dedicated them to Juno, and their Breed continued to the time of Alexander the Great. When he had performed this Labour, he sailed with Jason to Colchos, to bring away the Golden Fleece by force of Arms. But of this we shall speak, when we come to the Expedition of the Argonauts.  
Then he was commanded to strip Hyppolyta the Amazon of her Belt. Hereupon 
9 The Amazons Belt.  resolving upon a War against the Amazons, he sailed into Pontus, from him called 
† The Euxine Sea.  Euxinus, and arriving at the Mouth of the River Thermodon, he encamped near the City Themiscyra, the Seat Royal of the Amazons: And first he demanded the Belt to be delivered to him; which being refused, he joined Battle with them.  
The choice and most noble of the Amazons were drawn up against Hercules, the rest of the Army opposed the other ordinary Troops, so that there was a very sharp Engagement. The first that fought Hand to Hand with him, was Aella, so called from her swiftness; but she found her Enemy swifter than herself: The Second was Philippis, who upon the first Onset, received a Mortal Wound, and fell down Dead. Then Prothoe entered the List, who, they say, Seven times baffled her Enemy in single Combat; but she being at length slain, he killed the Fourth called Eribea. She was so confident in her strength and feats of Arms, that she used to boast she needed none to second her; but meeting with one stronger than herself, she presently experienced the vanity of her boasting.  
After these Celaenus, Euryaea and Phobe, Companions with Diana in Hunting, (who never used to miss their Mark, yet now could none of them hit one,) in defending one another, were all killed together upon the Spot. Then he overcame Deianita, Asteria, Marpes, Tecmessa and Alcippe. The last mentioned had vowed perpetual Virginity, and kept their Oaths, but could not preserve their Lives. 
* Menalippe, she was rather Sister to Antiope, who was Queen. See Nat. Comes, lib. 7. c. 9  Melanippe also the Queen of the Amazons, (who was famous and highly admired every where for her Valour) then lost her Kingdom. The chief of the Amazons being thus cut off, he forced the rest to fly, and killing most of them in the pursuit, wholly destroyed and rooted up that Nation. Of the Prisoners he gave Antiope to Theseus, but Melanippe he discharged, having first taken from her her Belt.  
After this, a Tenth Labour was imposed upon him by Euristeus, and that 
10 G●ryon's Oxen.  was to drive away the Oxen of Geryon that pastured in Iberia near to the Ocean. Hercules perceiving he could not perform this Task without much trouble and great preparation, set forth a brave Fleet, and manned it with such a number of Seamen and Soldiers, as such an Expedition justly required: For it was noised Abroad through the whole World, that Chrysaores (so called from his Riches) King of 
† Spain.  Iberia, had 
* Of whom this Geryon was one, whom the Poets feign to have Three Bodies.  Three Sons, strong Bodied Men, and famous for Martial Affairs, and that each of them had great Armies of Valiant Men, constantly at hand attending upon them; which was the reason Euristheus imposed this Task upon him, conceiving this Expedition was greater than he was ever able to perform: But Hercules undertook this with as much confidence as he had done those before, and commanded Forces to be raised in Crete, whence he resolved to set forth; this Island being 
P. 157.  the most convenient Port from whence to make any Expedition into any part of the World. Before he set Sail, mighty Honours were conferred upon him by the Inhabitants; in grateful return of which Favours, he freed the Island from wild Beasts, so that no hurtful Creatures, such as Bears, Wolves, Serpents, and such like remained there ever after. He did these things in reverence to the Island, because it was reported that Jupiter was bred and born there. Losing thence, he arrived at Libya. Here in the first place he challenged and slew Antaeus (famous for his great strength and skill in Wrestling,) who was used to kill the Strangers he wrestled with, after he had mastered them. Then he destroyed the wild Beasts in the Deserts, and made Africa so quiet and improvable (which was before full of hurtful Creatures,) that every part was fit for Tillage, and planting of Fruit-Trees; the whole Country productive of Wine and Oil. In short, he so improved Libya (which by reason of the multitude of wild Beasts was before uninhabitable,) that no Country in the World afterwards exceeded it for fertility and richness of Soyl. In like manner he so purged the Nation from wicked Men, and insolent Tyrants, that he put all the Cities into a flourishing state and condition. It's therefore reported that he was prosecuted with the hatred and opposition of all sorts of dreadful wild Beasts, and of wicked Men; for when he was an Infant in his Cradle, he was assaulted by Serpents, and when he was a Man, he was vexed and perplexed with the Commands of a proud and unjust Tyrant.  
After the Killing of Antaeus, he went into Egypt, where he slew the Tyrant Busiris, who murdered all Strangers that landed there. After he had passed over the Sandy Deserts of Libya, he found a fertile and well watered Country, in which he built an extraordinary great City, from the number of its Gates called 
* Hecatompylon, a Hundred Gates.  Hecatompylon, which continued in a flourishing Condition till of latter Times that the Carthaginians with a great Army, (commanded by Eminent Captains) took it.  
Hercules having passed through a great part of Africa, arrived 
† Or in the straits near Cadiz.  in the Ocean, near Gades, where he erected Two Pillars, one on each side the strait upon the Continent.  
Thence (with his Fleet sailing along with him) he passed over into 
* Spain.  Iberia, where he found the Sons of Chrysaores, with Three mighty Armies. These at a distance, he challenged to a single Combat, and having at length slain the Three Generals, he gained Iberia, and drove away those remarkable Herds of cattle.  
In the mean time as he travelled through Spain, he was magnificently entertained by a petit Prince in the Country (who was a Pious and Just Man) in return of which, he bestowed upon him some of the cattle; and he again consecrated them all to Hercules, and every Year sacrificed to him one of the fairest Bulls that were bred of them; some of which Sacred Breed remain in Iberia to this Day.  
And now because we have before made mention of Hercules Pillars, we conceive 
Herculeses Pillars.  it fit in this Place to say something further concerning them.  
Hercules, when he arrived at the utmost Coasts of both Continents adjoining to the Ocean, resolved to set up these Pillars as lasting Monuments of his Expedition. That his Work therefore might be famous to all Posterity, it's said, that he much enlarged both the Mountains on each side, by making great Moulds for a long way into the Sea; so that whereas before they lay in the Sea at a great distance one from another, he made the Passage so narrow, that the great Whales from that time could not pass out of the Ocean through those straits into the Mediterranean; and by the greatness of the Work, the Glory of the Workman is 
P. 158.  preserved in everlasting remembrance.  
But there are some of a contrary Opinion, and affirm that the Continents once joined together, and that he cut a Trench through them, whereby he opened a Passage, and so brought the Ocean into our Sea. But every Man may judge of this matter as he thinks fit. The like he did before in Greece: For when the large Champain Country about Tempe, was all over a standing Lake, he cut Sluices through the lower Grounds, and through those Trenches drained all the Water out of the Lake, by which means were gained all those pleasant Fields of Thessaly as far as to the River Penaeus. But in Beotia he did quite contrary, for he caused the River which ran through the Country of the Minyae to overflow the whole Region, and turn all into a standing Pool: What he did in Thessaly, was to gain the favour of the Grecians, but that in Beotia he did to punish the Minyae, because they oppressed the Thebans.  
Hercules having committed the Government of the Kingdom of Iberia to the chiefest of the Inhabitants, marched away with his Army into 
† France.  Celtica; and over 〈…〉 n the whole Country, and put an end to their usual Impieties and Murdering of Strangers.  
And whereas a vast multitude from all Nations came and listed themselves of their own accord in his Army; having such a number, he built a Famous large City, which he called from his wandering Expedition 
* Or Alexia, Arras.  Alesia. But because many of the Barbarians from the neighbouring Places were mixed among the Citizens, it happened that the rest of the Inhabitants (being much inferior in number) learned the Barbarians Manners of the other. The Celtaes at this Day have a great esteem and honour for this City, as being the chief and Metropolis of all Gaul; and ever since the time of Hercules it has remained Free never taken by any to our very days; till at length Caius Caesar, who (by reason of the greatness of his actions) was called Divus, took it by storm, and so it came into the hands of the Romans. With the rest of the Gauls Hercules marching out of Gaul into Italy, as he passed over the Alps levelled and opened those rough and difficult Ways (that were scarce passable) to make way for his Army and Carriages. The Barbarians who Inhabited those Mountainous Parts, were used to Kill and Rob, in the strait and craggy Places, Armies as they happened to pass this way; but he subdued them and put to Death the Ringleaders of those wicked practices, and so made the Passage safe this way to all Posterity. Having passed the Alps, he continued his March through Gaul, as it's now called, and came into Liguria. The Ligurians inhabit a rough and barren Soil, but being forced by continual Labour 
Hercules comes into Liguria.  and Toil, it produces some little Corn and other Fruits: The People here are short and low, but by reason of their constant Labours well set and strong; for they are far from idle and luxurious livers, and therefore are very active, and Valiant in time of War. To conclude, because all these neighbouring Regions are plied with continual Labours and Pains (for that the Land requires it) it's the Custom for the Women to work and labour in that kind, as well as the Men; and whereas the Women as well as the Men work for Hire, there fell out a remarkable Accident concerning one of these Women, strange and unusual to any of our Female Sex. Being great with Child, and falling in Labour in the midst of her work amongst the Men, without any noise or complaint she withdrew herself into a certain Grove there near at hand, and there being Delivered, she covered the Infant with Leaves, and hide it among the Shrubs, and then returned to her Work again, without the least sign of having born a Child, and continued with her Fellow-labourers in her Work as she did before. But the Infant crying and bawling, discovered the whole matter; yet the Overseer of the 
P. 159.  Workmen would by no means be persuaded to suffer her to leave her miserable Labour, till he that hired her, pitying her condition, paid her her Wages, and discharged her.  
Hercules after he had gone through Liguria, and Thuscany, encamped at Tiber, where Rome now stands, built many Ages after by Romulus the Son of Mars. The Natural Inhabitants at that time inhabited a little Town upon a Hill, now called Mount Palla 〈…〉 e. Here 
† Cacius in the Greek.  Politius and Pinarius, the most eminent Persons of Quality among them, entertained Hercules with all the demonstrations of Kindness imaginable, and presented him with many noble Presents: There are now at Rome ancient Monuments of these Men; for the most noble Family, called the Pinarii, remains still among the Romans, and is accounted the most ancient at this day. And there are Politius his Stone Stairs to go down from Mount Palatine (called after his Name) adjoining to that which was anciently his House.  
Hercules being much pleased with the civil Entertainment of the Pallatines', foretold them, that whosoever should dedicate the Tenth of their Goods to him, after he was translated to the Gods, should be ever after more prosperous: And this Dedication has been over since constantly used to this day. For many of the Romans, not only such as are of mean Estates, but the great and rich Men (having experienced how Riches have flowed in upon them, after the Decimation of their Goods to Hercules,) have dedicated the Tenth part of their Substances, which have been of the value of Four Thousand Talents. For Lucullus (the richest almost of all the Romans in his time, valued his Estate, and consecrated the Tenths to this God, and feasted continually with prodigious Charge and Expense. The Romans afterwards built a Magnificent Temple near to the River Tiber, in honour of this God, and instituted Sacrifices to him out of the Tenths.  
Hercules marching from Mount Palatine, passed through the Maritime Coasts of Italy, as they are now called, and came into the Champain Country of Cumaea, where (it's said) there were men infamous for their Outrages and Cruelties, called Giants. This Place is also called the Phlegraean Plain, from a Hill which anciently vomited out Fire, like unto Aetna in Sicily, now called Vesuvius, which retains many 
〈…〉  Signs and marks of its ancient Eruptions.  
These Giants hearing of Hercules his Approach, met him in Battle Array; and fight with the force and cruelty of Giants, Hercules (with the Assistance of the Gods) overcame them; and cutting off most of them, quieted that Country. These Giants were called Sons of the Earth, by reason of the vast Bulk of their Bodies. These are the things that some report (whom Timaeus follows) concerning the destruction of the Giants of Phlegraea.  
Leaving the Plains of Phlegraea, he came to the Sea, where he performed some remarkable Works about the Lake Avernus (as it's called) which is consecrated to Proserpina. It's situated between Micenus and Diciarcheos, near the hot Baths, Five Furlongs in Circuit, and of an incredible Depth. The Water of this Lake is exceeding clear, and the mighty depth of this Gulf casts a blue Colour upon the Surface.  
It's reported, that anciently there was here an Oracle, where they conjured the Infernal Spirits, which the latter Ages abolished. Whereas this Lake extended 
P. 160.  as far as to the Sea, it's said Hercules by casting up of Earth, so stopped up its Current, that he made the way near the Sea, now called the Herculean way. And these are the things he did there.  
Marching thence, he came to a certain Rock in the Country of the Posidonia●s, where they report a kind of a Miracle happened. A certain Huntsman (famous all over the Country for his brave Exploits) was used formerly to fix the Heads and Feet of all the Game he took, to Trees, as an Offering to Diana: But having then taken a great wild Boar (in Contempt of the Goddess) he boasted, and declared he would only consecrate the Head to her; and forthwith according to what he said, hung it upon a Tree. It being then Summertime, about Noon, he laid him down to Sleep, during which time, the Band which fastened the Head, broken, and so it fell down upon him that slept, and killed him. And there's no reason to wonder at this, when many of the like kind are reported to have happened, by which the Goddess has revenged herself of the Impious. But the contrary happened to Hercules, for the sake of his Piety; for when he came to the Borders of Rhegium and Locris, being wearied with his March, and laid down to rest, they say he was disturbed with the noise and creaking of the Grasshoppers, whereupon he entreated the Gods to free him from that disturbance, who heard his Prayers: For the Grasshoppers flew away, not only for that time, but none were ever seen there at any time after.  
When he came to the narrowest Passage over the Sea, he caused the cattle to swim over before him into Sicily, and he himself catcht hold of one of the Horns of the Oxen, and in that manner swum along for the space of Thirteen Furlongs, as Timaeus reports the matter. Afterwards, desiring to go round the Island, he went on his Journey from Peloriadis to Eryx, and passing along the Shoar, the Nymphs opened the hot Baths for him, where he refreshed himself after his tedious Journey. These Baths were Two in number, the Hemerian and Egestean, so called from the Places. After Hercules came into the Country of Eryx, Eryx the Son of Venus and Bula, the King of the Country, challenged Hercules to wrestle with him. Both sides proposed the Wager to be won and lost; Eryx laid to stake his Kingdom, but Hercules his Oxen; Erix at first disdained such an unequal Wager, not fit to be compared with his Country; but when Hercules on the other side answered, that if he lost them, he should lose together with them Immortality, Eryx was contented with the Condition, and engaged in the Contest: But he was overcome, and so was stripped out of the Possession of his Country, which Hercules gave to the Inhabitants, allowing them to take the Fruits to their own use, till some one of his Posterity came to demand it, which afterwards happened: For many Ages after, Doriaeus the Lacedaemonian (sailing into Sicily) recovered his Ancestors Dominion, and there built Heraclea, which growing great on a sudden, became the Object of the Carthaginians Envy and Fear, lest growing stronger than Carthage itself, it should deprive them of their Sovereignty; and for that Reason they besieged it with a mighty Army, and took it by force, and razed it to the Ground; of which we shall speak particularly in its proper time.  
Hercules having viewed Sicily round, came to the City now called Syracuse, where 
P. 161.  when he came to be informed of the Rape of Proserpina; he offered magnificent Sacrifices to the Goddesses, and at Cyane sacrificed the goodliest of his Bulls, and ordered the Inhabitants to sacrifice Yearly to Proserpina, and observe an Anniversary Festival at Cyane. Then travelling through the heart of the Country with his Oxen, he was set upon by the Sicani, with a strong Body of Men; whom after a cruel Battle he routed, and cut off most of them; amongst whom (it's reported) there were Captains of extraordinary Valour, who are honoured as Demigods to this Day; to wit, Leucaspis, Pedicrates, Buphonas, Caugates, Cygaus and Crytidas: Thence he passed through the Country of Leontines, and much admired the pleasantness of the Territory, and by reason of the singular respect he found from the Inhabitants, he left there eternal Monuments of his Presence.  
Among the Agyrineans something remarkable happened concerning him; for they kept magnificent Festivals, and offered Sacrifices to him as to the Gods themselves; which was the first time he approved of such Worship, never before allowing any Sacrifice to himself: But now the Deity itself ratified his Divinity; for not far from the City in a Rocky Way, the Oxen made Impressions with their Feet, as if it had been in Wax; and the same thing likewise happening to Hercules himself, caused him to conclude that (his Tenth Labour being now perfected) his Immortality was in part sealed to him; and therefore he refused not the Yearly Solemnity of Sacrifices instituted in honour of him by the Inhabitants. That he might therefore manifest his gratitude to them for the Honours conferred upon him, he caused a Pond to be sunk near the City, Four Furlongs in Compass, which he called after his own Name. The Impressions likewise made by the Hoofs of his Oxen, he named after himself; and 
* Or built a Temple.  consecrated a Grove to Geryon, as to a Demy-God, whom the Inhabitants religiously worship at this Day. He built likewise there a famous Temple in honour of jolaus, his Associate in his Expedition, and appointed he should be honoured with Yearly Sacrifices, which are observed at this day: For all the Inhabitants of this City let their Hair grow, without Cutting, from their very Births, in honour of jolaus; till they make an Offering of them to him, and gain the favour of the God by costly and magnificent Sacrifices. Such is the Holiness and Majesty of this Temple, that whosoever do not observe these holy Rites, they are strucken Dumb, and are like Dead Men: But as soon as any recollects himself, and vows to offer his Sacrifices, and gives a Pledge to the God for that purpose, they are presently restored to their former Health. The Inhabitants therefore very fitly call the Gate where these Sacred Solemnities are performed Heraclea. They every Year likewise with great earnestness celebrate the 
† Wrestle, Quoiting, etc.  Gymnick Sports, and Horseraces; whither all the People both Bond and Free flocking, they privately taught their Servants how to worship this God, how to celebrate the Solemn Sacrifices, and to perform when they met together the Sacred Rites and Festivals.  
After this, Hercules passed over his Oxen again into Italy, and in his marching along by the Seacoasts, he killed one Lacinius that was stealing some of his Oxen. There he buried Croton, and erected a stately Monument over him, whom he had unfortunately slain; and foretold that in time to come there should be built a famous City, called after the Name of him that was there buried. Having at length marched round about Adria, and all the Coasts of that Gulf on Foot, he passed through Epirus into Peloponesus.  
Having finished his Tenth Labour, Euristheus imposed another Task upon him, 
11th Labour, Cerberus out of Hell.  and that was that he should bring Cerberus out of Hell. Preparing himself therefore to perform this, to be better enabled thereunto, he went to Athens to be initiated into the Mysterious Rites of Elusina, where Musaeus the Son of Orpheus was 
P. 162.  then High Priest.  
And because we have now occasion to mention Orpheus, we conceive it will 
A Digression to Orpheus.  not be amiss here to give a short Account of him. He was the Son of Oeagrus, and by Birth a Thracian, for the Art of Music and Poetry far excelling all that ever were recorded. For he composed a Poem for sweetness and smoothness, the Subject of all men's admiration: And he grew so eminent in this Art, that by the Melody of his Music, he was said to draw even wild Beasts and Trees after him: And being naturally very studious, he attained to an extraordinary degree of Knowledge in the ancient Theology. He improved himself likewise very much by travelling into Egypt, so that he was accounted to excel the most accomplished Person among all the Grecians for his Knowledge, both in Divinity and Sacred Mysteries, in Music and Poetry. He was one likewise in the Expedition of the Argonauts, and for the exceeding Love he had to his Wife (with an admirable Courage) descended into Hell, and there so enchanted Proserpina with the sweetness of his Music, that she gratified him so far as to suffer him to carry back his Wife along with him, that died a little before.  
In like manner they say Bacchus hereupon raised his Mother Semele from the Shades below, and enduing her with Immortality, surnamed her Thyone.  
Having now done with this Digression relating to Orpheus, we return to Hercules: When he entered the Infernal Regious (the Mythologists say) Proserpina kindly received him as her Brother, and gave him liberty to lose Theseus and Pirithous from their Chains; and at length contrary to the Expectations of all Men, brought up the 
* Cerberus.  Dog tied in his Chain, and presented him to open view.  
The last Labour enjoined him was to fetch away the Golden Apples of the 
12th Labour, The Hesperian Apples.  Hesperides, to which purpose he passed over a Second time into Africa. The Mythologists vary in their Writings concerning this; for some affirm that there were really golden Apples in some of the Gardens of the Hesperides, guarded continually by a terrible Dragon. Others say, that there are Sheep of exquisite beauty in the Hesperideses, and that from thence they are Poetically called Golden Apples, as Venus from her Beauty is called Golden Venus. Others will have it, that the Fleeces upon the Sheep's Backs are of that admirable Colour, that they glitter like Gold, and thence have been so called. And by the Dragon they understand the Shepherd of the Flocks, who being a Man of a strong Body and stout Heart, preserved the Flocks, and killed the Thiefs that attempted to steal them.  
But let every one judge of this matter as he thinks best himself: For Hercules killed the Keeper, and brought away the Apples or Sheep (which soever they were) to Euristeus, trusting now, that since all his Tasks were performed (according to the Oracle of Apollo) he should be rewarded with Immortality.   

CHAP. II.  
An Account of Atlas and his Daughters, called Atlantides and Hesperides. The Amazons routed by Theseus in Attica. The further Acts of Hercules; he goes against Leomedon King of Troy, and other Acts. The Story of Meleager Son of King Oeneus. Amalthea's Horn. Hercules' his further Acts. His Death by a poisoned Shirt.  
BUT we are not to omit what is said of Atlas, and the Original of the Hesperideses. In the Country called Hesperis, lived Two famous Brothers, Hesperus 
Atlas.  and Atlas; They were possessed of most lovely Sheep, of a Ruddy and Golden Colour, for which cause the Poets in their Phrase called them 
* Melon, in Greek, signify, both a Sheep and an Apple.  Golden Apples.  
Hesperis the Daughter of Hesperus was married to his Brother Atlas, whence the Country was called Hesperis; by her Atlas had Seven Daughters, which from their Father were called Atlantides, and from their Mother Hesperides. Busiris King of Egypt having a great desire to enjoy these Virgins by reason of their extraordinary Beauty, sent out some Pirates, with Orders to seize these Ladies, and bring them away to him. 
P. 163.   
About this time Hercules being employed in his 
† Second.  last Labour, killed Anteus in Lybia, who compelled those Strangers that came into his Country, to wrestle with him; and inflicted condign Punishment upon Busiris in Egypt, who sacrificed all Strangers that (arrived there) to Jupiter. Afterward passing over the River Nile, he came into Ethiopia, and killed Ematheon the Ethiopian King, who had challenged him to a Battle: And then he again set upon the Task enjoined him. In the mean time the Thiefs hurried away the Girls out of a Garden where they were Playing, and in great haste got to their Ships; whom Hercules met with upon a certain Shoar, where they were refreshing themselves; and being informed by the Virgins of the Rape, he killed all the Thiefs, but delivered the Girls to Atlas their Father; for which Kindness he was so grateful, that he not only readily assisted him with what things were needful for the accomplishment of what he had then in hand, but willingly taught him the Art of Astrology: For he bestowed much of his Care and Pains in the Study of this Art; and because he had a curiously wrought Sphere of the Stars, he was said to carry the whole World upon his Shoulders. In the like manner Hercules tranferring the Doctrine of the Spheres to the Greeks, gained a Name, as he that from Atlas took upon himself the burden of the whole World: The Greeks darkly signifying thereby what then happened betwixt him and Atlas.  
While Hercules was thus employed, they say, those Amazons that were left, gathered 
Amazon's routed by Theseus.  all in a Body from all Parts of the Nation, to the River Thermodon, with a Design to revenge themselves upon the Grecians, for the Losses they sustained by Hercules; and they bore a particular grudge and hatred to the Athenians, because that Theseus carried away Captive Antiope, (or as others writ) Hippolytes, Queen of the Amazons.  
Being therefore joined with the Scythians, as their Confederates, they raised a great Army, with which the Amazonian Leaders passing over the Cimmerian Bosphorus, marched through Thrace, and pierced through a great part of Europe, and encamped at length in Attica, at a Place which from them is now called the Amazonian Field. Theseus having intelligence of their Approach, marched out against them with an Army raised from among the Citizens, taking along with him Antiope, by whom he had now his Son Hippolytus. Battle being joined, those with Theseus through the Valour of the Athenians won the day, and slew part of the Amazons upon the spot, and drove all the rest out of Attica. There Antiope in the defence of her Husband, fought bravely, and died in Battle like a Hero. Those Amazons that remained, despairing ever to recover their Country, went away with the Seythians their Confederates into Seythia, and there seated themselves.  
●at having spoke sufficiently of these, we return to Hercules; who having now finished all his Labours, was told by the Oracle that it was a thing very necessary, that before he was translated to the Gods, he should plant a Colony in Sard●nia, and make his Sons of the Stock of the Thespiadae, Governors of the Island. He therefore with his Nephew jolaus, passed over thither with the Boys, because they were yet very Young. Here we think it convenient to premise something concerning the Birth of these young Boys, that we may more clearly give an account of the Colony. Thespis was of the most noble Family among the Athenians, the Son of ●r●●theus, and Prince of a Territory so called from him. He had of many Wives, Fifty Daughters. This Thespis being desirous that his Daughters should have Issue by Hercules, who was as yet but very Young, but of strength of Body beyond the usual course of Nature at that Age, invited him to a sacred Festival, and there nobly entertained him, and sent for his Daughters severally, one after another; Hercules lay with them all, and got them with Child, and so became both a Husband of Fifty Wives, and a Father of Fifty Sons; all which (being called by the general Name of Thespiadae in obedience to the Oracle, when they were grown up, he ordered them to be sent away, to plant a Colony in 
P. ●04.  Sardinia; and because jolaus was Admiral of his whole Fleet, and his Companion in all his Expeditions, he committed the care of the Colony of these Thespians to him. But Two of the Fifty remained in Thebes, whose Posterity (they say) continue there in great Honour and Esteem at this Day; and Seven more, whom they call 
* De 〈…〉 i, 〈◊〉 of the People.  Pe●uchi, resided in the City Thespis, whose Posterity (they say) were the principal Men of the City within the time of Man's Memory. All the rest, and whosoever else would go along with them, jolaus transported into Sardinia; and having overcome the Inhabitants in Battle, the pleasantest part of the Island, and that which was most Champain, he divided by Lot, which at this day is called jolation. And he so improved the Island, and planted it with Fruit-Trees, that it became afterwards a Bone of Contention: For from that time it grew so Famous for the Riches and Fruitfulness of the Soil, that the Carthaginiaus growing Rich and Powerful, so coveted this Island, that they fought many Battles to gain it; of which we shall speak hereafter in its proper Place.  
After jolaus had settled his Colony, he sent for Daedalus out of Sicily, and employed him in building many stately Structures, which remain to this Day, and from the name of the Architect, are called 
† Daedal●a.  Daedalus his Works. He built likewise stately and sumptuous Public Schools for all manner of Exercises, and Courts of Justice, with many other such Works conducing to the happiness and well-being of Man's Life: He called also the Inhabitants jolacians, after his own Name, the Thespiade allowing him that honour as their Father. For upon the Account of his faithful Service to them, they so loved him, that they called him Father. Whence it came to pass in Aftertimes, that they who sacrified to this God, call jolaus Father, as the Persians did Cyrus.  
Afterwards jolaus returned into Greece, and arrived at Sieily, were he stayed a considerable time.  
About that time some of his Fellow-Travellers (taken with the pleasantness of the Island) th' 〈…〉 e seated themselves; and being mixed among the Si●ani, they continued there, and are in great esteem with the Inhabitants. But jolaus is especially honoured, to whom for the general good, he did in many Cities, Temples and Groves are built, and Divine Worship instituted as to a Demy-God. This Colony is 〈◊〉 upon the account of a remarkable Circumstance; for the Oracle commanded that all Persons of this Colony should be Freemen, and that their Posterity for ever should so continue; which Freedom is effectually enjoyed at this very day: For many Barbarians being mixed with this Colony, in process of time the whole Colony became Barbarous; and removing themselves to the Mountains, inhabited in Places inaccessible; where being used to Flesh and Milk (having many Herds and Hocks of cattle,) they never made use of Bread-Co 〈…〉; and being that they live in Caves under Ground, they have easily avoided the Miseries of War; and therefore though both the Carthaginians and Romans have often attempted to subdue them by force of Arms, yet all has been in vain: But let this now suffice that has been said concerning jolaus and the Thespiadae, and their Colony in Sardinia.  
Hercules having now finished all his Labours, gave his Wife Megara to jolaus, 
P. 165.  suspecting that to have Issue by her, would be unfortunate, by reason of the miserable Disaster that befell his former Children; and for this Reason, he sought after another Wife (less to be suspected) by whom he might have more Children. In order whereunto, he desired jole the Daughter of Eurytus Prince of Oechaliae, in Marriage. But Eurytus 
jole the Daughter of Eurytus, refused to be given to Hercules in Marriage.  (fearing the Misfortune of Megara) told him he would consider of it. Hercules looking upon this as a Denial, to revenge himself for the Dishonour put upon him, drove away Eurytus his Horses: But Iphitus the Son of Eurythus suspecting how the matter was, came to Tirynthus to seek them; where Hercules brought him up to the Top of an high Turret, and bid him look round about, to see whether he could spy the Horses pasturing in any Place: Iphitus not discerning any of them, Hercules complained he had falsely accused him of Theft, and thereupon threw him down headlong from the Top of the Tower. For which wicked Fact being punished with a grievous Disease, he went to Neleus, at Pylus, and entreated him to expiate his Offence. Whereupon Neleus consulted concerning this matter with his Sons; who all declared (except Nestor the Youngest,) that no expiation ought to be allowed. Then he went to Deiophobus the Son of Hippolytus, and desired him to expiate him. But finding still no Remedy for his Disease, he consulted at the Oracle of Apollo what he should do to be cured; who answered him, that he should be easily freed from his Distemper, if he were sold for a valuable Price, and the Money given to Iphitus his Children. In obedience therefore to the Oracle, (forced through the violence of the Distemper) with some Friends he passed over into Asia, and there suffered one of his Servants to sell him: And sold he was as a Slave to Omphala the Daughter of Jardanus, and Queen of the Maeones, (for so the Lydians were formerly called) and the Seller gave the Price to the Children of Iphitus according to the command of the Oracle.  
Hercules hereupon being recovered of his Distemper diligently served Omphala, and cleared the Land of Robbers that infested it; for some of the Thiefs called Cercopes (who had done abundance of mischief) he Killed, others he brought bou●d before the Queen. He Killed also Sileus with a Spade, who forced all Strangers that came thither to work in the Vineyards. He recovered likewise the Spoils by force of Arms from the Itones, that wasted a great part of the Kingdom with their Depredations, and took and razed their City to the Ground, from whence they made all their Excursions. Omphale's admiring the Valour and noble Exploits of the Man, after she came to understand who he was, and from whence descended, not only Manumitted him, but Married him, by whom she had Lamon. He had a Son likewise before called Cleolaus, begotten in the time of his servitude, of one of his Fellow Servants.  
Returning afterwards into Peloponesus, he led an Army against Laomedon, King of Troy, for some Injuries received from him. For he had denied to deliver the Horses he had promised him for the Killing of the Whale at the time that he accompanied Jason by force of Arms to bring away the Golden Fleece, of which we shall presently treat particularly in the History of the Argonauts. But being at that time prevented from revenging himself by reason of the Expedition wherein he was engaged with Jason, he picked out a fit opportunity afterwards, and sailed (as some say) with Eightheen Ships against Troy, but as Homer says with Six only in the whole, who introduces Tlepolimus in these Words.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
But Hercules my Father, as is said,  
The Lion's strong in Valour did exceed,  
That only with Six Ships and Slender Force,  
For Laomedon's Horses took his Course;  
And then Besieged and took the City Troy,  
And many of her People did destroy.  
Hercules therefore, when he arrived in the Country of Troas, marched strait with a Valiant Number of Men to Troy, but left Oiclcus the Admiral, the Son of Amphiaraus with the Fleet to be ready to assist him as occasion served. In the mean time Laomedon being surprised by the sudden advance of the Enemy, in a great hurry raised as many Forces as the shortness of the time would admit him to do, and led them against the Fleet, hoping by burning of it, to put a speedy end to the War. Oicleus the Admiral met the Enemy, and was killed at the first Onset; 
P. 166.  the rest being forced to their Ships, stood off to Sea.  
Laomedon then returned and Fought with Hercules, and he and most of his Men were cut off. Hereupon Hercules presently took the City by Storm, and put many of the Inhabitants that opposed him, to the Sword, but advanced Priam (for his Justice) to his Father's Throne. He was the only Son of Laomedon, that disapproved what his Father did, and advised that the Horses should be delivered to Hercules according to the Contract. Hercules to crown Telamon's Valour with an honourable Reward, gave him Hesione the Daughter of Laomedon to Wife. For he was the first that in this Storm made his Way into the City at the very strongest part of the Castle Wall, where Hercules himself made the Assault.  
After his Return into Peloponesus, he made War upon Augeas for defranding him of his promised Reward; but after a Battle fought with the Eleans, without effecting any thing further at that time, he returned to Olenus, who had before entertained him as his Guest, whose Daughter Hippolyte was at that time just Married to Axanus. Hercules being then there, killed Eurytion the Centaur, for offering Violence to Hippolyte at the time of her Marriage.  
Being returned to Tirynthe, Euristeus (moved upon some Suspicion of Treason or other) Banished him with his Mother Alcmene; and likewise Ephicle and jolaus out of the Kingdom. Being thus forced away, he resided at Pheneus in Arcadia. Where he heard that the Sacreds' of Neptune in a Solemn Procession were sent to the Istmos under the Conduct of Eurytus the Son of Augeas: Whereupon he hasted away, and set upon Eurytus on the sudden near to Cleone where Herculeses Temple now stands, and killed him. Afterwards entering the Country of Elis, with a Potent Army, he killed also King Augeas, and took the City by Storm, and recalled Phyleus into his Country, and gave up the City, together with the Kingdom into his Hands. For he was banished by his Father, for ordering the Reward to be given to Hercules, being chosen an Arbitrator between them.  
Afterwards it happened that Tyndarus was banished from Sparta by Hippocoon, whose Sons likewise being Twenty in number, had killed Hyionus the Son of Lycimnius, Hercules his Special Friend. Hercules' understanding what they had done, made War upon them, and in a great Battle routing them, slew Multitudes of them; and took Sparta by Storm, and restored Tyndarus the Father of the 
* Castor and Pollux.  Dioscuri to the Kingdom, upon this Condition, that (in as much as he had gained it by Conquest) he should keep it, and hereafter deliver it up entire to his Posterity. In this Battle there were very few killed on Hercules his side, amongst whom were those Famous Men Iphiclus, and Seventeen Sons of Cepheus; for of Twenty, Three only escaped. On the other side, there fell Hippocoon himself with Ten of his Sons, and a great number of the Spartans'. After this Battle, he returned into Arcadia, and resorted to King Aleos, whose Daughter Augeas by stealth lay with, and got with Child, and then went to Stymphalus. Aleos being ignorant of what was done, afterwards discovered the matter, by the swelling of his Daughter's Belly, and thereupon asked her who was the Father; who answered she was forced by Hercules. Her Father not giving any credit to what she said, delivered her to a Nauphan whom he confided in, and ordered him to drown her.  
Auge being carried away for 
† Nauphalia, a City in Argos.  Nauphalia, in her Voyage fell in labour near the Mountain Parthenius, and turned aside into a Wood near adjoining, under colour of discharging the necessities of nature, and there was delivered of a Son, which she left hid among the Shrubs: Then she went away with the Nauplian, and came at length to Nauplia, a Port in the Territory of Argos, and so was unexpectedly 
P. 167.  preserved: For the Nauplian was not willing to drown her as the King had commanded, but gave her to certain Strangers of Caria, who were then setting Sail for Asia, who took her away, and sold her to Teathras King of Mysia. In the mean time the Child that was left in Mount Parthenius was found sucking of an Hind, by some Shepherds belonging to King Corythus, who brought it to their Master: Corythus willingly received it, and educated and brought it up as his own Son, and named him Telephus from the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Elaphos is a Hind in Greek.  Hind that suckled him. When he was grown up to Man's Estate, he went to the Oracle at Delphos to inquire who was his Mother, where he was answered that he must repair to Teuthras, King of Mysia: Having found out his Mother, and it being now known who was his Father, he was in high Esteem and Reputation, so that Teuthras, who had no Heir Male, married him to his Daughter Argiope, and adopted him his Heir and Successor to the Kingdom.  
In the mean time Hercules the Fifth Year after his Banishment into Pheneus, being exceedingly grieved for the Deaths of Hyionus the Son of Lycimnius, and of his Brother Iphiclus, wholly abandoned Arcadia and Peloponesus; and being accompanied with Multitudes of the Arcadians went to Calydon, a City of Aetolia. And having now neither Wife nor lawful Issue, he married Deianira the Daughter of Oen●us, Meleeager being then dead.  
And here it will not be amiss to make a small Digression, and declare what happened to Meleager.  
Oencus upon a great Plenty of Corn, in Gratitude, sacrificed to all the Gods, but 
Meleager.  only Diana: At which the Goddess being enraged, sent among them that so famed and mighty Calydonian Boar, which wasted and spoiled all the Neighbouring Region, and killed and destroyed most of their Cattle. Meleager the Son of Oeneus being then in the Flower of his Age and full Strength, and not inferior to any for Valour, associated himself with many other Gallants to hunt this Boar. He being the first that wounded the Beast with his Dart, by the general Consent of all carried away the Spoil and Honour of the day, which was the Boar's Skin. Atalanta the Daughter of Echeneus, was one of his Associates in this Hunting; and therefore Meleager (being much in Love with her) presented her with the Skin, attributing to her the Glory of the Action. But the Sons of Thestius his Fellow-hunters took it most heinously, that a Stranger should be preferred before them, and no regard be had to the Nearness of Kindred that was between them and Meleager. To defeat her therefore of Meleager's Gift they lay in wait for her, and fell upon her in her return to Arcadia and took away the Skin by Force. But Meleager (for the Love he bore to Atalanta) being much troubled at the Affront and Disgrace offered her, took upon him the Defence of her Cause, and at first advised the Aggressors to restore what they had violently taken away. But when he could not prevail, he slew them. They were the Brothers of Althaea, his Mother, who so immoderately grieved for their Deaths, that she poured out most heavy Curses against her Son, and wished the Gods would cut him off, who heard her Prayer, and killed him. Some there be that feign that when Meleager was 
Ovid. 8. Meta.  born the Destinies appeared to Althaea in her Dream, and foretold that Meleager her Son should die when a Brand that was then in the Fire should be consumed. His Mother therereupon conceiving the Life of her Son depended upon the Preservation of the Firebrand, laid it up very carefully: But being incensed at the Death of her Brothers, she threw it into the Fire, and so hastened her Son's Death. But afterwards repenting and grievously afflicted for what she had done, 
* Ovid says she stabbed herself.  she hanged herself. In the mean time Hipponous in 
† Clenum, a City in Achaia.  Olenum being incensed at his Daughter Peribaea, because she said she was with Child by Mars, sent her to Oeneus in 
P. 168.  Aetolia, and desired him that he would forthwith put her to Death: But he having lately lost both his Son and his Wife, would not kill the Lady, but married her, and begat of her Tydeus. But let this suffice concerning Meleager, Althaea and Oeneus.  
Hercules to gain the Favour of the Calydonians diverted the River 
* Vid. Ovid. Vid. Strabo. It had two Mouths representing two Horns, one of which was damned up by Hercules; the Stream roars like a wild Bull.  Achelous into another Channel which he cut for it, and by that means watered a great Part of the Country, and made it exceeding fruitful, which gave Occasion to the Poetical Fables, that Hercules fought with 
† The Son of Oceanus and Terra, fought with Hercules for Deianira the Daughter of Oeneus: and finding himself too weak transformed himself into a Bull. Vid. Ovid and Strabo.  Achelous transformed into the Shape of a Bull, and in the Conflict cut off one of his Horns, and gave it to the Aetolians: This they call Amalthea's Horn, in which (the Poets feign) grow all manner of Summer-fruit, as Grapes, Apples, and such like. By the Horn they darkly signify the new Course of the River Achelous, bending like a Horn through the other Channel: By the Apples, Pomegranates and Grapes they denote the Fruitfulness of the Soil watered by the River and the Plenty of fruitful Plants. By terming it * Amalt 〈…〉 Horn they signified the Strength of him that cut the Ditch. 
  
Afterwards Hercules assisted the Calydonians in the War against the Thes●rot., and took the City Ephyra by Storm, and slew their King Phileus; and lying with his Daughter, who was his Prisoner, on her he begat Tlepolemus. The Third Year after his Marriage to Deianira, Eurynomus the Son of Architelus (than a young Boy) serving Oeneus at Table, Hercules for some small Mistake in his Attendance gave him such a Box on the Ear (that much against his Will) he killed the poor Boy; for which Misfortune he was so grieved, that with his Wife Deianira and Hyllus his Son by her who was then a young Child, he voluntarily banished himself out of Calydonia: In his Journey, when he came to the Banks of the River Euenus he found Nessus the Centaur, who carried People over the Ford for Hire. Deianira being the first that he carried over, the Centaur fell in Love with her for her Beauty, and attempted to ravish her, whereupon she cried out for Help to her Husband, who presently shot him through the Body with an Arrow. The Centaur through the Grievousness of his Wound died in the very Act of his Rape, only had time to teil her that for the great Love he bore her he would teach her a 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Receipt for the procuring of Love by Force, whereof Hercules should never after be familiar with any other Woman besides herself, and that was, that she should anoint Hercules his under Garment with the Blood that issued from his Wound mixed together with Oil and some of his Seed that fell from him; and having thus said he immediately breathed out his last.  
Deianira observed what Directions he had given her, and mixing the Seed of Nessus with his Blood which dropped from the Arrow, kept it privately in a little Box for Hercules. Hercules having passed the River went to Ceyces, King of Trachinia, and dwelled with him as a Stranger, ever accompanied with the Arcadians as his Fellow-soldiers and Associates.  
After these things, Philas' King of the Dryopis being accused for some Act of Impiety against the Temple of Delphos, Hercules with the Assistance of the Melienses took up Arms against him, and both killed him and cast the Dryopis out of their ancient Habitations, and gave their Country to the Melienses. On his Captive the Daughter of Philas he begat Antiochus. Besides Hyllus he had afterwards other Children by Deianira, Gryneus or Gleneus and Hodites. Some of the Dryopis that were driven out of their Country passed over to Eubaea, and there built the City Carystus: Others of them sailed into the Island Cyprus, and gained new Seats, and became one People with the Inhabitants; the rest fled to Euristeus, who (in 
P. 169.  Hatred of Hercules) received them into his Protection, and they with his Assistance built three Cities in Peloponesus, Asine, Hermione and Eione.  
After the Expulsion of the Dryopis, a War broke forth between the Doreans (which inhabited Hestiaetes in the Reign of Aegimius) and the Lapithae, the Inhabitants of Mount Olympus, whose King was Coronus the Son of Phoroneus.  
But the Lapithae being much stronger than the other, the Doreans craved the Assistance of Hercules, and promised him the third Part of the Kingdom; upon which Terms they prevailed with him to join with them as their Confederate. With their joint Forces therefore they set upon the Enemy, and Hercules by the Valour of the Arcadians (whom he ever had with him as his Assistants) routed them, and slew the King himself, and cutting off Multitudes of the Enemy, forced the Lapithae out of the Territory which they contested for.  
This being thus effected, he gave up the third Part of the Country promised him to Aeginius, to be kept by him in Trust in Order to be restored to Hercules his Posterity. In his return to Trachinia, he killed Cygnus the Son of Mars, who challenged him to a Duel. And as he passed through the Country of the Pelasgi, from Itonus, he met with King Hormenius, and demanded his Daughter Astydamia in Marriage; but because Deianira was his lawful Wife before, he refused to give his Consent. Upon which he made War upon him, and both took the City and killed the King; and so possessing himself of Astydamia by Force of Arms, begat of her C●esippus. Afterwards he made a second Expedition against the Sons of Eurytus, for denying to give him jole in Marriage▪ And by the Help of the Arcadians took the City, and slew Toxeus, Molion and Pytius, the Sons of Eurytus; and carrying away jole, made to the Promontory Cenaeus in 
* Now N 〈…〉 po●t.  Eubaea, where he appointed a solemn Sacrifice, and sent Lichas his Servant to Trachine to his Wife Deianira with Orders to wish her to send him his Coat and Shirt he used to wear when he sacrificed to the Gods. Deianira (being inform by Lichas of her Husband's Love to jole, and how he had a greater Love and Kindness for her than herself) anointed the Coat and Shirt with the destructive Receipt given her by the Centaur, which Lichas (ignorant of the Matter) carried to the Sacrifice. But as soon as Hercules put on the Garment, the Infection and Venom of the Receipt began by little and little to work, which put him at last upon the Rack in most miserable Torment. For the Poison of the Arrow like a stinging Viper overspread the Garment, and by its scorching Heat even eat up the Flesh of his whole Body. Hercules being thus intolerably tormented forthwith killed his Servant Lichas; and then dismissed his Army, and returned to Trachinia. But his Torment more and more increasing he sent Lioymnion and jolus to Delphos to inquire of Apollo how he might be ●●'d. Deianira amazed at the Extremity of her Husband's Misery, and conscious of what she had done, hanged herself. The Answer of the Oracle was, That with a warlike Train they should carry Hercules away to O●●a, and there raise up for him a great Pile of Wood, and Jupiter would take great Care of the rest. jolus hereupon and those with him performed what was commanded, suspecting what the Issue was like to be. Hereupon Hercules (despairing of his Recovery) mounted the Pile, and earnestly desired those present to set it on Fire. When none would do it, at length Philocletes observed his Order, and put Fire under the Pile; and for 
P. 1ST.  a Reward Hercules gave him his Bow and Arrows; hereupon the Pile was presently on a Flame, not only by the Fire but with Thunder and Lightning from Heaven, and all was in an instant reduced to Ashes. jolus afterwards seeking for his Bones, could find none at all; whence arose an Opinion that Hercules (as the Oracle had foretold) was translated from Men to the Gods. jolus and the rest having therefore sacrificed to him as a Demy-God, and raised up a great Monument in Remembrance of him, returned to Trachinia. Afterwards Men●alus, the Son of Actor, Hercules his special Friend, instituted that in Opuntus there should be offered up to him every Year as to a Demy-God, a Bull, a Boar and a Goat. The Thebans did the same; and the Athenians were the first that offered Sacrifices to him as a God, and their pious Example first induced all the Grecians, and afterwards all other Nations as such to worship him.  
To what we have said, we must further add this, that after his Translation to the Gods, Jupiter persuaded Juno to adopt Hercules for her Son; and ever after she bore towards him a Motherly Affection. And they report, that this Adoption was brought about in this manner; Juno being gone to Bed, and Hercules laid close to her Body, she dropped down from under her clothes to the Ground; which Rite and Ceremony the Barbarians use in adopting of a Son to this day. They feign that afterwards Juno married him to 
* The Goddess of Youth, Daughter of Juno, and Cupbearer to Jupiter. At a Feast her Foot slipped, and she showed all, and was displaced, and Ganymed put in her room. Servius. She re●or'd jolaus to his Youth: See ●vid. 9 Met.  Hebe; and in the Story of the Dead the Poet introduces his Ghost in these Words,—  
— 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
Among the Gods he feasts with Hymns  
And in fair Hebe joys and sings.  
But they report that when Jupiter would have him to be one of the 
* Amongst the Heathen there were Twelve Chief Gods. Ovid calls them Deos Nobiles: They enjoyed Heaven by natural Right; Juno, Vesta, Minerva, ●eres, Diana, Venus, Mars, Mercury, Jove, Neptunus, Vulcanus, Apolio. Goodw. Antiq. 36. Lib. 2. Sect. 1.  Twelve Gods; Hercules refused that Honour; for that it was impossible for him to be taken into the Number, unless one of the Twelve were rejected, and it was an unseemly thing to accept such an Honour with the Disgrace of another God.  
Although we have been long in our Relation concerning HERCULES, yet to make amends we have not omitted any thing material that is reported of him. And now it's time that we treat of the Argonauts, for Hercules went with them in that Expedition.   

CHAP. III.  
Of the Argonauts, Medea and the Daughter of Pileus. How the Argonauts gained the Golden Fleece. The Pranks of Medea, The Acts of Jason. The Cruelty of Pelias towards Jason's Kindred; how he was killed by his own Daughters through Medea's Charms. Medea burns the King of Corinth's Palace, and him in it. The miserable End of Jason. Of the Heraclidae, and their Return to Peloponesus.  
JASON (they say) was Son of Aeson, and Nephew to Pelius King of Thessaly. And being a Man of strong Body and of an high Spirit, far above any of his Age, was ambitious to perform some memorable and remarkable Action; for knowing that Perseus his Ancestor and some 
This Expedition of the Argonauts was An. Mun. 2094. about the time of the Death of Abimelech, Judg. 9 23. before Christ 254. Helu. Chron. But Sr. Walter Raleigh says, it was the 9 Year of Gideon, 34 Years before. Lib. 2. I. Part C. 13. Sect. 6.  others (by their expeditious and admirable Achievements in foreign Countries) had purchased eternal Honour and Renown, he resolved to imitate them in the like heroic Undertake: Acquainting therefore the King his Uncle with his Purpose, he easily obtained his Consent, not that Pelius thereby aimed at the Honour and Glory of the young Man, but that he hoped (among so many Hazards and Difficulties) he would be cut off; for having no Issue Male, he was afraid lest his Brother with the Assistance of his Son would some time or other invade his Kingdom. But he concealed his Suspicion in the mean time, and promised to furnish him with Provisions for his Voyage, encouraging him to undertake the Adventure in Sailing to Colchis to bring away the Ram's Golden Fleece, so much famed and spoken of all the World over.  
Pontus at that time was inhabited by fierce and barbarous People, that were infamous for murdering of all Strangers that came amongst them, and therefore it was called 
* Inhospitable.  Axenos: However Jason (being ambitious of Glory) tho' he was something concerned at the Difficulty of the Undertaking, yet when he considered it was not altogether impossible to be accomplished, and that the more hazardous it was, the greater his Honour and Glory would be, he furnished himself with all things necessary for his Expedition.  
And in the first Place built a Ship at the Mountain Pelius, much larger in 
P. 171.  every respect than was usual in those Times; for than they used to sail only in Boats and little Skiffs. Every one therefore at the sight of the Vessel was amazed, and the intended Design and the Building of this Ship was noised over all Greece, so that many of the noble and brisk Youths were eager to join and go away with Jason in Order to partake of the Honour in this Expedition.  
Jason now launching forth his Ship, completely furnished with all things necessary, made choice of four and fifty of the greatest Persons of Quality out of the Number of those that were desirous to go along with him. Amongst whom the most remarkable were Castor and Pollux, Hercules and Telamonius, Orpheus and Atalanta, the Daughter of Schaeneus, the Sons of Thespius, and JASON himself the Head and Captain of the Expedition to Colchos; he called the Ship Argo, from the Builder, whose Name was Argus (as some fabulous Writers report) who (they say) embarked with them to repair the Ship, as Occasion might serve: But others say it was so called from its swift Sailing, for that Argon among the ancient Greeks signified swift. Being all on Board, they unanimously chose Hercules for his extraordinary Valour to be their General. After they had set Sail from jolcus, and passed by Athos and Samothrace, they were by a Tempest cast upon Sigeum, a Promontory of Troas: Where landing, they found a Young Virgin tied near to the Seashore, for this Reason as is said.  
The Report was, that Neptune being displeased with Laomedon the King concerning the fabulously famed building of the Walls of Troy, sent a vast Monster out of the Sea upon the Land, which devoured all that came upon the Shoar, and the Husbandmen that tilled the Ground upon the Sea-Coast; and that this Sea-God destroyed the People by a Plague, and blasted all the Fruits of the Field. The whole Country being in this miserable Condition, the People met in a general Assembly, and consulted together what Course was to be taken for the redress of their deplorable Condition. Hereupon it's said that the King sent to inquire of the Oracle of Apollo what was to be done in this matter: Who received this Answer, That Neptune was angry, and would be then appeased, when one of the Trojan's Children upon whom the Lot should fall, should be offered up to be devoured by the Sea-Monster. Hereupon they say, that a General Lot was cast, and that it fell upon the King's Daughter, called Hesione; whereupon Laomedon was forced to deliver up his Daughter, and left her bound in Chains upon the Shoar: And it fortunately happened at that very time, that Hercules landed with the rest of the Argonauts, and being informed by the Lady of her Misfortune, he broke off her Fetters, and brought her into the City, promising he would kill the Monster. Laomedon hereupon rejoiced exceedingly, and promised to bestow upon him as a Reward, some Horses he had that were unconquerable. They say this Monster was killed accordingly by Hercules, and that free Liberty was given the Lady either to go along with her Deliverer, or stay at Home with her Parents; the Lady it's said, chose to go along with the Stranger, not only as being more affected with the deliverance, than the Society of her Parents and Kindred, but fearing jest (if another Monster should appear) she should be again exposed by the People to the same Calamity.  
Hercules therefore receiving honourable Rewards suitable to so welcome a Guest, left Hesione and the Horses in trust with Laomedon, to be restored to him after 
P. 172.  his return from Colchis. Then he proceeded on his Voyage with the Argonauts; and presently after they were overtaken with another violent Storm, insomuch as they despaired of their Lives; Orpheus only, they say, of all his Companions in the Expedition (being a Religious Man) sacrificed and prayed to the Gods of Samothracia for their Preservation: Whereupon on a sudden there was a Calm, and Two Stars fell down upon the Heads of Castor and Pollux, to the great amazement of the Beholders; and so all concluded, that by the Providence of the Gods, they were now out of danger. Hence it has been a Custom ever since, that when any are in a Storm at Sea, they call upon the Gods of Samothracia, and when any Stars appear, they are looked upon then to be Castor and Pollux, that appear for their Deliverance.  
When the Storm was over, the noble Adventurers landed in a Province of Thrace, of which Phineus was King; where met them Two Young Men, who for the Punishment of their Offences, were driven out of the Territories, and grievously whipped all along as they came. They proved to be the Sons of Phineus, by Cleopatra the Daughter of Boreas, and Orithya the Daughter of Erechtheus. But through the malice of their Stepmother (by false Accusations) their Father was wrought upon to deal thus severely and unjustly with them; for Phineus having Married (besides his former Wife) Idaea the Daughter of Dardanus King of Seythia, was so enslaved by an inordinate Affection to her, that he humoured her in every thing she required; and therefore at that time he gave credit to her Accusation, that those Two Young Men (to please their own Mother, and in contempt of her) attempted to lay violent Hands on her.  
Hercules with the rest, fortunately landing at that very time, they say the Young Men called out to those noble Hero's, and implored them as if they had been so many Gods, to rescue them out of those miserable Circumstances, declaring the cause why their Father was so enraged against them. But Phineus meeting the Strangers, in a rage charged them not to meddle in other People's Concerns; for they might be assured, that no Father would willingly so punish his own Sons, unless the greatness of their Faults had overcome all Natural Affection.  
But it happened, that at that time, the Boreadae, the Brothers of Cleopatra, were Companions with Hercules in this Expedition. These therefore were the First that (by reason of their near Relation) by force of Arms relieved the Young Men, and breaking in Pieces their Chains, killed as many of the Barbarians as opposed them. But when Phineus himself with a multitude of Thracians that came flocking in, marched up to decide the matter by a Battle, it's said, that then Hercules stoutly laid about him, and slew both Phineus, and a great number of the other Thraclans. Then seizing upon the King's City and Palace, he set Cleopatra at liberty, and restored to her Sons their Father's Kingdom; who resolving to be revenged upon their Stepmother, he persuaded them to forbear doing any such thing, but rather to send Messengers into Scythia to her Father, to let him know that they left her wholly to his Discretion, to be punished for her Offences. Which being done accordingly, the Scythian put his Daughter to Death; and the Sons of Cleopatra were highly commended by the Thracians for their Mildness and Equity. But I am not ignorant how some of the Fabulous Authors relate, that Phineus put out his Two Sons Eyes, and that in retaliation when he was old, Boreas served him the same Sauce: And they report likewise, that Hercules going out of the Ship to get a little fresh Water, was left behind by the Argonauts in Asia. For in ancient Stories no Historians unanimously agree one with another; and therefore it's not to be admired, that in giving account of things in ancient Times, we do not in every thing agree with the Poets and other Writers.  
But it's said, that the Two Sons gave up the Kingdom to their Mother Cleopatra, and went along with the Argonauts in their Expedition; who sailing away from Thrace, and arriving at Pontus, landed in Taurica Chersonesus, being altogether ignorant of the cruelty of the Inhabitants: For it was a Custom amongst those 
P. 173.  Barbarians, to sacrifice all Strangers that arrived there, to Diana Taurica. Amongst whom it's said, that in aftertimes, Ephigenia, the Priests of the Goddess, practised the same Cruelty upon all she could lay hold on.  
And here in regard the Course of the History requires it, it's requisite we should give an Account of the Causes of this horrid Cruelty executed upon Strangers, especially this Digression seeming pertinent to the Acts of the Argonauts.  
They say, that Sol begat Two Sons, Aeetes and Perses, and that Aeetes was King of Colchis, and the other of Taurica, and that both were exceeding cruel. That Hecate was the Daughter of Perses, far more fierce and cruel than her Father; for being given to Hunting (if she could find no Game) she would sport herself with casting her Darts at Men instead of Beasts: She made it her business likewise to compound Deadly Poisons, and was the first that found out 
* Wolf-Bane, a most poisonous Herb.  Aconitum; and made trial of the nature and efficacy of every Composition, by mixing them with the Food given to Strangers. Being thus grown extraordinary skilful in this devilish Art, she first poisoned her own Father, and so usurped the Crown.  
Then she built Diana's Temple, and ordered all Strangers that arrived there, to be sacrificed to that Goddess; so that her Cruelty was noised abroad in every Place. She afterwards Married Aeetes, and by him had Two Daughters, Cerces and Medea, and one Son called Aegialeus. Cerces likewise being much addicted to the Compounding of all sorts of Medicines, found out the wonderful Natures and efficacy of divers sorts of Roots and Herbs, many she learned of her Mother Hecate, but many more she discovered by her own industry; so that she left nothing new (for any that came after her) which might any ways advance that Art. This Cerces was Married to the King of the Sarmathians, whom some call Scythians; but she likewise poisoned her Husband, and so usurping the Kingdom, executed many Butcheries and Cruelties upon the Subjects; for which (as some Writers relate) she was driven out of the Kingdom, and fled to the Ocean, and possessing herself of a certain Desert Island, settled there, together with the Women her Companions. But as other Historians say, leaving Pontus, she settled in the Promontory of Italy, now called from her Cerceum.  
They report likewise, that Medea learned the same Art from her Mother and Sister; but she plainly made use of it for contrary ends and purposes; for she constantly laid out herself to save the Lives of Strangers that were driven thither, sometimes begging the Lives of such as were condemned of her Father, and at other times by her subtle Contrivance procuring their Escapes out of Prison.  
For Aectes prompted thereunto both by the cruelty of his own Nature, and likewise incited by the Counsels and Persuasions of Hecate his Wife, observed the Custom of Murdering of Strangers. But Medea every day more and more opposed her Parents in this thing; Aectes (upon suspicion of Treason) committed his Daughter Medea to Prison, whence notwithstanding the escaped, and fled to a Temple of Apollo, seated on the Sea-Shoar; about which same time, the Argonauts sailed by Taurica, and arrived in the Night at Colchis, at the very Place where the Temple stood; where meeting with Medea, wand'ring upon the Shoar, were informed by her of the cruel Custom of Murdering of Strangers in those Parts; whereupon giving the Virgin thanks for her Humanity and Kindness, they told her of their Designs, and of the end of their adventure; and she on the other Hand informed them what Dangers she was surrounded with from her Father, by reason of her Kindness and Compassion to Strangers: It being therefore evident to both Parties what was then fit to be done, Medea on her part promised she would assist 'em to the uttermost of her power, till they had accomplished 
P. 17●  their Design; and Jason promised and confirmed by a Solemn Oath, that Medea should from that time forward be his Wife. Hereupon the Argonauts leaving a Party to guard their Ships, went with Medea in the Night to the Golden Fleece: Of which we must here write more largely, that nothing may be omitted which is pertinent to the History.  
They say that Phryxus the Son of Athamantes, to avoid the malice of his Stepmother, fled out of Greece, together with Helles his Sister, and being by the advice and direction of the Gods, transported out of Europe into Asia, upon the Back of a Golden-fleeced Ram, it happened that the Young Maid fell off into Pontus, which was therefore from thence called Hellespont: But Phryxus landing safe in Colchis, by the Command of the Oracle sacrificed the Ram, and hung up its Skin in the Temple of Mars.  
Afterwards the King was told by the Oracle, that he should die when some Seafaring Men came thither, and carried away the Golden-Fleece. And this was the Cause (besides the cruelty of his Nature) that moved this Vile Man to sacrifice Strangers, that (this horrid Cruelty being noised Abroad in all Parts) no Stranger might dare to set footing in his Country. He built a Wall likewise round the Temple, and placed a strong Guard of Taurican Soldiers to keep it, which has afforded matter for prodigious Stories among the Grecians; as how that Bulls that breathed out Fire at their Nostrils guarded the Temple, and that a Dragon kept the Fleece. For by reason of the ambiguity of the Word 
† Which signifies in Latin a Bull, and is like in sound to Taurica.  Taurus, it was strained to signify the fierceness and violence of Bulls, and the cruel Murdering of Strangers, gave rise to the fiction of the Bulls breathing out Fire. Upon the same Account the Poets have given the Name of a most terrible and monstrous Beast, placed as a Guard for Security of the Temple.  
And much like to this Story, is what they say concerning Phryxus: For they say that he sailed in a Ship, upon whose Foredeck was carved the Head of a Ram, and that Helles by leaning too much forward over the sides of the Ship to vomit, fell overboard into the Sea.  
Others say, that about the time that Phryxus with his Schoolmaster was taken by Aeetes; the Scythian King, the Father in Law of Aeetes, came to Colchis, and fell in love with the Boy, and upon that account he was bestowed by Aeetes upon the Scythian, who loved him as his own Child, and adopted him his Heir and Successor to the Kingdom. But that the Schoolmaster whose Name was 
* Crius, signifies a Ram in Greek.  Crius, was sacrificed to the Gods, and his Skin according to the Custom, was fastened to the Walls of the Temple.  
Afterwards Aeetes being foretold by the Oracle that he should die when Strangers carried away the Ram's-Skin, it's said that he gilded it with Gold, that the Splendour thereof should cause the Soldiers who were set to guard it, to be more careful and diligent in their watch. But we leave every one to judge of these things as he thinks fit.  
However it was, Medea conducted the Argonauts to the Temple of Mars, which was not above Seventy Furlongs distant from the City Sybaris, dignifyed with the Palace Royal of the Kings of Colehis. Medea therefore coming in the Night to the Temple Gates, which were fast shut up, spoke to the Guards in the Language of Taurica: Whereupon knowing her to be the King's Daughter, they forthwith opened the Gates; upon which, the Argonants rushed in with their drawn Swords, and killed many of the Barbarians, and drove the rest (terrified with the sudden Surprise) out of the Temple; and then plucking down the Fleece, they hasted back to their Ship with all speed.  
While these things were in acting, Medea was as diligent on her part, and poisoned the ever wakeful Dragon, which wound himself about the Fleece in the 
P. 175.  Temple; and then she went on Shipboard with Jason. The Tauricans that fled, informed the King of what was done, who forthwith pursuing the Greeks with his Soldiers which were ready at hand, overtook them at the Seaside, and falling upon them on the sudden, slew Iphitus, one of the Argonauts, Brother of Euristheus, who imposed upon Hercules so many Labours. But when the rest of the Greeks (who were before dispersed) fell on in a great Body upon them, the Barbarians were most of them killed by Meleager, amongst whom was the King himself. The Grecians hereupon being fired with this Success, pressed more resolutely upon the Colchians, and at length put them to flight, and slew the greatest part of them in the pursuit. Of the Argonauts were wounded in this Encounter, Jason, Lacrtes, Atalanta, and the Thespiadae, but they were cured within a few Days, by Applications, as is said, made up of Herbs and Roots by Medea. Then furnishing themselves with Provision, they set Sail, in order to return. But being got into the midst of the Pontic Sea, they were overtaken with a sudden Tempest, to the great hazard of their Lives. But Orpheus addressing himself to the Gods of Samothracia as before, the Winds presently ceased, and Glaucus the Sea-God presently appeared near to the Ship, and swum along by the Ship-side for Two Days and Nights together, and foretold to Hercules his Labours and future Immortality. He told likewise the 
† Castor and Pollux.  Tyndarides, that they should be called 
* The Sons of Jupiter.  Dioscuri, and should be adored and reverenced by all Men as Gods. Then he called the Argonauts every one by their Names, and told them, that for the sake of Orpheus' Prayers, by the provident care of the Gods, he now appeared to them, and had foretold them of things to come. Therefore he advised them, that as soon as they landed, they should pay their Vows, and give Thanks to the Gods, by whose Kindness they had been now twice delivered. Having said this, Glaucus dived again into the Sea.  
The Argonauts being now arrived at the Mouth of Pontus, made to Land, where Byzas then reigned, from whom the City is now called Byzantium. Here they erected Altars, and offered up their Prayers and Thanks to the Gods, and consecrated the Place, which is now at this Day accounted Sacred, and reverenced by all that sail by that way. Losing from thence, they passed through Propontis, and the Hellespont, and made to the Coasts of Troy. When they arrived there, Hercules sent his Brother Iphiclus and Telemon into the City, to demand Hesione and the Horses: But Laomedon laid the Messengers by the Heels, and plotted the Destruction of all the Argonauts. To which foul Act, all his Sons (except Priam) contributed their helping Hands. For Priam alleged, that Compacts with Strangers ought to be kept inviolable, and pressed that his Sister, with the Horses that were promised should be restored; whose Advice being disregarded, he privately conveyed Two Swords into the Goal to Iphiclus and Telamonius, declaring to them his Father's Design, and by this means procured their Deliverance. For forthwith killing the Keepers that resisted them, they escaped to the Sea, and discovered all particularly to the Argonauts. The Heroes hereupon readily prepared themselves for Battle, and marched on to meet the Trojans, who with their King were issued out of the City against them.  
A sharp Dispute and Conflict there was, but at length the Valour of the Heroes 
P. 176.  prevailed, where they say, Hercules exceeded them all; for he killed Laomedon, and took the City by a sudden Assault, and punished them who were Parties and Contrivers in the Design with the King; but gave the Kingdom to Priam for his Justice and Equity; and after entering into a League of Friendship with him, loosed from thence with the Argonauts. But some out of the ancient Poets say, that being furnished only with Six Ships, upon the Account of being denied the Horses, he took Troy himself, without the help of the Argonauts, and to confirm this, they allege these Verses of H 〈…〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
But Hercules my Father, as is said,  
The Lion's strong in Valour did exceed,  
That only with Six Ships and Slender Force,  
For Laomedon's Horses took his Course;  
And then Besieged and took the City Troy,  
And many of her People did destroy.  
From Troy the Argonauts arrived at Samothracia, and then again gave Thanks to the Gods, where they dedicated their Drink-Offering Bowls, and left them in the Temple, which remain there at this Day.  
The return of the Heroes was not yet known; but the common Report was throughout all Thessaly, that Jason and all his Companions were destroyed some where or other about Pontus.  
Pelias therefore now thinking it a fit opportunity to cut off all that might in any probability seem to affect the Kingdom, compelled Jason's Father to drink 〈…〉 ls Blood, and Murdered his Brother Promachus, who was then but a mere Child.  
But when Amphinome his Mother was sought for to be butchered, she acted the part of a manlike and noble Spirit, worthy of remark; for running to the King's Palace, she poured out most heavy Curses upon his Head, wishing that due Vengeance might overtake him for his Impiety; and then immediately stabbed herself, and so like an Hero ended her Days.  
Pelias having thus extinguished Jason's whole Family, in a short time after paid for it, and received the due Reward of his Wickedness: For Jason in the Night entering a Port of Thessaly not far from the City jolcos' (yet out of view of the Inhabitants) was by one informed of the sad state and condition of his Family, and thereupon all the Heroes were in a readiness to assist Jason, and to undergo all hazards for that purpose; but there arose some difference of Opinions amongst them; for some were for surprising the King with a sudden Assault, others were for the Raising of Forces out of every Country, and so to join against him in a common War: For it was impossible for Three and Forty Men, to think to overcome so Potent a Prince, both as to his Riches and the number of his Cities. In these different Councils it's said, that Medea promised to kill the King by a Stratagem, and deliver up the Palace into their Hands, without any hazard to any of them. The Heroes wondering at what she said, asked how she would accomplish it? Who answered, that she had great variety of Poisons of admirable strength and efficacy, some of them found out by her Mother Hecate, and others by her Sister Cerces; that she had not as yet made use of them for the kill of any Man; but now by the help of them, she would execute due and deserved Punishment upon the wicked Wretches; and told the Argonauts her whole Design, after what manner she would get to the King; and promised that from some Turret in the Palace that looked towards the Sea, she would give a Sign to their Watch by Fire in the Night, and by Smoke in the Day.  
Hereupon she provided a Hollow Image of the Goddess Diana, in which she hide several sorts of Poisons, and anointed her Hair with a sort of Ointment, which turned it all grey and hoary, and with the same Ointment wrinkled up her Face and her whole Body, so that she looked like an old withered Hagg. Then taking the Goddess with her, ordered in all respects so as to excite the common People to a superstitious Adoration, she entered the City when it was light; whereupon the People came running in to her from all Quarters, as if she had been an inspired Priestess: And she herself commanded every Body to bear a reverend regard to the Goddess, who was now by the special Providence of the 
P. 177.  Gods, come to them from the Hyperborcans, for the Preservation of the King and the whole City. All being now employed up and down in adoring the Goddess, and preparing of Sacrifices in honour of her, the whole City was possessed with such a Fanatical Fury of Superstition, that Medea ●●ily procured herself to be brought into the Palace; where with her Delusions she infatuated both 〈◊〉 his Daughters with such a Pang of Superstition, that they all believed the Goddess was come to load the King's House with all manner of Blessings, for 〈…〉 declared that Diana in a Chariot, drawn through the Air by Dragons, had 〈…〉 over many Parts of the World, and had now at length made choice of the K 〈…〉 as the most Pious Prince to settle her Image, and establish her worship 〈…〉 ever; adding, that she was commanded by the application of 〈…〉 to give a Check to his Old Age, and restore him to his former Youth and 〈…〉 and bestow many other Blessings upon him that might make hi● Life comfort 〈…〉 to himself, and pleasing unto the Goddess.  
The King being amazed at this strange and unusual Discourse, she promised him forthwith to give an assurance of the truth of what she said, by 〈…〉 in her own Body. To this end therefore she ordered one of 〈◊〉 his 〈…〉 ters' to bring her some Spring-Water; which being done, she shut up herself in a little Room, and bathing her Body all over in the Water, she cleansed herself of the Ointment, and so being restored to her former Vigour, as soon as she came into the King's Presence, all the Beholders were amazed; for they conceited that an Old Woman was transforwed into a Youthful and Beautiful Virgin by the power and providence of the Gods. She forthwith likewise by her Witchcraft caused the appearance of the shape of the Dragons to appear, by which the 〈…〉 dess was drawn through the Air from the Hyperborcans to continue as a Guest with Pelias.  
These things done by her, being looked upon to be above the Course of Nature, the King highly honoured her, and believed all she said to be true; and it's said that he took his Daughter's aside, and ordered them to assist her, and do whatever she commanded; and that it was fit his own Children should apply Medicines to his Body than Servants, in order to reap the Benefits designed him by the Favour of the Gods. Pelias therefore having expressly commanded that his Daughters should observe whatever Medea ordered to be done, in reference to the care of their Father's Body, were ready in all things to obey her. About Midnight therefore when Pelias was fast asleep, she said it was absolutely necessary that his Body should be boiled in a Cauldron: And though the young Ladies easily and readily of their own accord, prepared themselves to obey her, yet she applied herself to another Experiment for the gaining of further Credit to what she said: There was an old Ram bred up in the Stall, which she told the young Ladies, she would first Boil, and then it should come forth a Lamb. Whereupon they agreed, and then it's said, she cut the Ram into small Pieces, and boiled them, till to their seeming, by the use of her enchanted Drugs, she brought forth a young Lamb out of the Kettle, to the admiration and astonishment of the young Women, who now thinking they might with great assurance depend upon what she promised, resolved to observe her in all her Commands; and all of them, but Alcetis (who out of a pious and natural Affection to her, Father, would not lay Hands upon him) cudgelled him to Death. Whereupon Medea pretended that Vows and Prayers were first to be made to the Moon, before his Body was dissected, and cast into the Cauldron: To which end, she carried the Young Ladies with Torches and Firebrands to the top of the highest part of the Palace; where Medea to spin out time, mumbled out a long Prayer 
P. 178.  in the language of Colchis, that the Argonauts might make the Assault in the mean time; who now seeing the Fire from the Turret, concluded the King was dispatched; and therefore in a Body they made hastily to the City; where presently mounting over the Walls, they entered the Palace with their drawn Swords, and killed the Watch that opposed them. As soon as Pelias his Daughters were come down to boil their Father, unexpectedly seeing Jason with the rest of the Noble Youths his Companions, entered into the midst of the Palace, they grievously cried out with exceeding sorrow and lamentation: Having now neither power to revenge themselves upon Medea, nor time to purge themselves from the horrid fact that by her Delusions they had committed, they had forthwith murdered themselves, if Jason (pitying their miserable Condition) had not prevented them, and comforted them with this Consideration, that their present Misery was not occasioned by their own malicious Contrivance, but that they were without any Fault of theirs led aside by the deceit of another: He promised them likewise, that their whole family should be civilly and honourably used. Having therefore called together a General Assembly, he excused what was done, and declared that he had dealt far more gently with the Authors of those Injuries than they deserved, and what he had done, was far short of what he and his had suffered. Then he placed Acastus the Eldest Son of Pelias upon his Father's Throne, and carried himself with all due respect to the King's Daughters; and in performance of what he had promised, it's said, he at length married them to the greatest Persons of Quality.  
Alcestis the Eldest he married to Admetus the Thessalian the Son of Pheretes; Amphinome to Andraemon the Brother of Leonteus; and Eradne to Canas the Prince of Phocis, the Son of Shafalus. And these were the things afterwards done by Jason.  
Then arriving with the rest of the Heroes in the Isthmos of Peloponesus, he there sacrificed to Neptune, and dedicated the Ship Argo to that God. Having gained the special favour of Creon King of Corinth, he was made Free of the City, and ever after dwelled among the Corinthians.  
When the Argonauts were preparing every one to return into his own Country, they say Hercules made this Proposal, 
Olympic Games instituted by Hercules. This was the first Institution: But the Olympics were not an Aera, till 460 Years after, An. Mund. 3174, in the 37th Year of Vzziah King of Judah, before Christ, 774.  that to obviate the unexpected Blasts and Frowns of Fortune, they should enter into an Oath mutually to assist each other, whenever any of them stood in need of help; and that they should pick out the most remarkable place in Greece for the celebrating of Sports, and a General and Solemn Meeting of all the Grecians, and that the Games should be celebrated in honour of Jupiter Olympus, the greatest of the Gods.  
Upon which the Heroes entered into the Association proposed, and left it to Hercules to institute the Games; who made choice of the Ground in the Territories of Elis, near to the River Alpheus, for the General and Solemn Meeting, and dedicated the Place to the chiefest of the Gods, from whom it was called Olympic. Having therefore appointed Horse-coursing, Wrestling, and other Oymnick Sports, and ordered their several Prizes and Rewards, he sent Messengers to all the Cities, to acquaint them with the institution of these Games. He was in no small Honour and Repute before, upon the account of his Expedition with the Argonauts: But this Institution of the Olympic Games much more advanced his praise; for he was so cried up amongst all the Grecians, and was so eminently famous in the esteem of most of the Cities, that many desired to enter into a League of Friendship with him, and to stand and fall with him in all Dangers whatsoever.  
His Valour and Military Art was so admired by every Body, that he presently got together a vast Army, with which he went through the whole World, desiring to benefit all Mankind: Upon which account all unanimously agree that he has attained to a state of Immortality. But the Poets according to their prodigious 
P. 179.  way of relating matters, say, that Hercules himself alone, and without any Arms, performed all those famous Actions reported of him. But we have before given an Account of all those things that are fabulously related concerning this God: And now it remains that we should proceed with the History of Jason.  
It's said that he and Medea, as Man and Wife, lived together Ten Years in Corinth, and of her begat first Two Twins, Thessalus and Alcimena, and a Third called Tisandrus, much younger than the other Two. During all this time, they say Medea was greatly beloved of her Husband, being eminent not only for the excellency of her Beauty, but for her Prudence and other Virtuous Qualifications: But it's said, that when she grew old, and her Beauty began to decay, Jason fell in love with Glauces, the Daughter of Creon, and courted the young Lady to marry her. The Father agreed to the Match, and appointed a Day, but Jason they say, first applied himself to Medea, in order to persuade her to a voluntary Divorce; telling her, that he did not marry this other Lady out of any aversion or disgust to her, but that he might have Children to be Heirs to the Royal Family. Hereat the Woman stormed, and appealed to the Gods for Revenge, the Witnesses of his Oath and Vows. However it's said, Jason without any further regard to her, married the King's Daughter.  
Medea therefore being commanded to leave the City, having only one Day allowed her by Creon to prepare for her Departure, by the Art of Witchcraft she changed the Form of her Countenance, and entered the Palace in the Night, and by a Root found out by Cerces her Sister (which being kindled, was of such a nature, as it could not be extinguished) she set the Palace on Fire. And now all being in a Flame, Jason sprang out from the Burning, and escaped, but Glance and her Father Creon hemmed in on every side by the Fire, were both consumed. Some Historians say, that Medea's Sons presented the new Bride with poisoned Plasters, which she applying to herself, miserably perished, and her Father together with her, by only touching her Body in endeavouring to help her. Medea thus succeeding in her first Attempt, proceeded still to be further revenged upon 
〈…〉 〈◊〉. 7.  Jason; for she was so far transported with Rage and Jealousy, yea, with implacable Cruelty, that notwithstanding Jason's narrow Escape, and the Destruction of the Bride, she further enhanced his Misery, by murdering his Sons he had by her; for she cut all their Throats (except one who made his Escape by Flight) and buried them in the Temple of Juno; and when she had done, at Midnight fled with some of her Faithful Maidservants from Corinth to Hercules at Thebes, who undertaking as a Surety for Jason, that he should perform his Vows made to her in Colchis, promised to assist her in taking Revenge. In the mean time, every one judged Jason was justly punished in this loss, both of his Wife and Children: Not being therefore able to bear the insupportable weight of his Calamities he killed himself. The Corinthians were even astonished at the extremity of his Misery, and were especially perplexed concerning the Burying of the Children. Therefore they sent to Delphos to inquire of the Oracle how their Bodies were to be disposed of: And it's said, the Oracle ordered them to be buried in Juno's Temple, and that they should for ever after be worshipped as Demy Gods. The Corinthians accordingly observed what was commanded; and Thessalus, who escaped the cruel Hands of his Mother, was brought up by them.  
Afterwards he returned to jolcus, his Father's Country, and found Acastus the Son of Pelius, then lately dead; and thereupon (as next Heir to the Crown) took upon him the Sovereign Authority, and called the People within his Dominion 
P. 180.  after his own Name, Thessalians. But I am not ignorant that there are other Accounts given concerning the naming of them Thessalians, of which we shall speak in their proper Place.  
In the mean time they say, Medea finding Hercules at Thebes distracted, and his Children a little before by him murdered, she cured him with her Medicinal Applications. But because there was no hope of Assistance for her from Hercules at the present, by reason of the Labours imposed upon him by Euristeus, she fled to Aegeus the Son of Paedion at Athens, who married her, and begat of her Medus, afterwards King of the Medes. Others say, she was brought to her Trial by Hippotus the Son of Creon, and fairly acquitted.  
Some small time after, when Theseus returned from Traezene to Athens, she was expelled the City for Witchcraft; and Aegeus sent her away by Messengers, with Orders to conduct her to what Place soever she had a mind to go; and it's said, she went into Phoenicia; and that from thence she passed into the upper Parts of Asia, and being Married there to a certain famous King, she had a Son by him called Medus, who after the Death of his Father, succeeded in the Kingdom, and became renowned for his Valour, and after his own Name, called the People Medes.  
But by reason of the Monstrous Stories feigned by the Tragedians, there's great variety and difference in the History concerning Medea. Others in favour to the Athenians say, that she returned safe to Colchis, and took along with her Medus the Son of Aegeus: And that about that time, Aeetes was by force of Arms deprived of his Kingdom by Perses his Brother, and was restored by his Nephew Medus, who killed Perses.  
Afterwards Medeus having raised a great Army, overran many Parts of Asia above Pontus, and subdued that Part now called from him Media: But it would be here unnecessary and too tedious to relate all the Stories that they have written concerning Medea; therefore we shall now proceed with what remains of the History of the Argonauts.  
Many both of the Ancient and Modern Writers (amongst whom is Timaeus) report that the Argonauts (after the carrying away of the Golden Fleece) coming to understand that Aeetes had blocked up the Mouth of Pontus with his Fleet, to prevent their return, performed that which was wonderfully remarkable: For it's said, they sailed up to the Head of the River Tanais, and there drew the Ship a considerable way over Land into another River that ran into the Ocean, and so fell down that way into the Sea; and then bending their Course from the North to the West, leaving the Continent on their Lefthand, they at length entered our Sea near 
* Now Cadiz.  Gades: And to confirm this, they use these Arguments.  
First, that the 
† The Galls, now French.  Celts, the Inhabitants near the Ocean, do adore Castor and Pollux above all the rest of the Gods; for amongst these Celts, there's an ancient Tradition, that these Gods appeared, and came to them out of the Ocean: And they affirm, that there are several Places near the Sea, that had their Names from the Argonauts and the 
* Castor and Pollux.  Dioscuri, which remain still to this Day; and that within the Continent beyond Gades, there are apparent Marks and Signs of the return of the Argonauts: For sailing by 
† Now Tuscany.  Tyrrhenia, and arriving at a certain Island called 
* Ilua near Tuscany.  Aethalia, there's a Spacious Haven, was called by them Argo, from the Name of their Ship, which Name the Port retains to this Day: And that there is 
P. 181.  another Harbour in Hetruria, 
† About an Hundred and Twenty Miles.  Eight Hundred Furlongs from Rome, which they named Telamonius, and that the Port at the City Formia into Italy they called Aeetes, which is now named Caieta.  
They further say, that being driven upon the Quicksands in Lybia, by a Violent Tempest, they were informed by Triton the King, of the nature of the Sea in those Parts, and how to avoid the Danger; for which Kindness they presented him with a Brass Tripod, on which were inscribed very ancient Characters, which not long since it's said was amongst the Hesperians.  
We are not here to omit refuting those Historians, that affirm the Argonauts sailing through the River Ister to the Spring-heads below, passed through the Channel there strait before them into the Adriatic Gulf. But Time has now clearly manifested the mistakes of those Authors, who thought that that Ister which disimbogues itself by several Mouths into the Pontick-Sea, and that other which falls into Adria, rise from one and the same Springhead. For since the Conquest of Istria by the Romans, it's known by experience, that the Fountain-heads of this River, are not above Forty Furlongs from the Sea: But the Identity of Rivers Names has been the occasion of Historians Mistakes.  
Having now insisted long enough upon the Acts of Hercules, and the Argonauts, 
Hercules his Sons and Nephews.  its requisite according to my Promise, to relate the Actions of his Sons.  
After the Translation of Hercules to the Gods, his Children dwelled in Trachinia, with Ceyces the King. When Hyllus and some of the rest were grown up to men's Estates, Euristeus began to fear, lest when they were all grown up, he should be ejected out of the Kingdom of Micaena: Therefore he resolved to expel the Heraclides out of all parts of Greece. To this end he required Ceyces, to banish the Heraclides and the Posterity of Licymnius, together with jolaus and the Arcadian Regiments (that assisted Hercules in his Expeditions) out of his Dominions, and threatened him that if he did not he would proclaim War against him.  
Hereupon the Heraclides and their Friends, considering they were not able to contend with him, resolved to fly from Trachine of their own accord: Making therefore away to other Cities more wealthy and considerable, they desired Residence amongst them: But none durst receive them but the Athenians, who out of their natural Generosity, entertained them, and gave them and their Friends Habitations in Tricorynthus, which is one of the 
* The other Three Cities are Oenone, Probatintum and Marathon.  Four Cities of that part of Attica called Tetrapolis.  
After some time when all the Heraclides were attained to men's Estates, and their Spirits were raised up upon the account of the glory of their Father, Euristheus jealous of their growing Interest, led a strong Army against them. But the Heraclides assisted by the Athenians, having committed themselves to the care of jolaus (Hercules his Brother's Son) who together with Theseus and Hyllus, commanded the Forces, fought Euristeus, and routed his Army, and cut off a great part of them; and Euristheus himself (his Chariot breaking in pieces in his Flight) was killed by Hyllus the Son of Hercules; and all the Sons of Euristeus fell in this Battle.  
The Heraclides having obtained so remarkable a Victory over Euristeus, and their prosperous Success now advancing the number of their Forces, they invaded Peloponesus under their General Hyllus.  
One Atreus at that time, after the Death of Euristeus, had obtained the Kingdom of Mycaena; and being joined with the Tegeans, and some other Confederates, marched out against the Heraclidae. Both Armies met in the Isthmos, and there Hyllus challenged any one 
This Atreus was Uncle to Euristeus, that is, Brother of Assidamia, the Mother of Euristheus. He was the Son of Pelops, and Father of Agamemnon. Vid. Thy. lib. 1. P. 182.  of the Enemy to fight him singly, upon condition that if he overcame the other, the Kingdom of Euristheus should be given up to the Heraclidae; but if he himself were killed, that then the Heraclidae should not return into Peloponesus, within the space of Fifty Years. Whereupon Echemus King of the Tegeans entered the List, and fought with Hyllus, who was slain in the Combat. The Heraclidae thereupon in performance of the Agreement, made no further Attempt to enter Peloponesus, but returned to Trycorinthus. Afterwards Licymnius with his Children, and Tlepolemus the Son of Hercules, by the consent of the Citizens took up their Residence, and dwelled in Argos; the rest continued in Tricorynthus, till the Fifty Years were expired, and then they returned into Peloponesus, whose Acts we shall set forth, when we come to those Times. Alchmena in the mean time came to Thebes, and a little time after vanished away, so that she was worshipped by the Thebans as a Goddess. The rest of the Heraclidae, they say, applied themselves to Aeginius the Son of Dorus, who restored them to their Father's Kingdom, with which he was entrusted by Hercules, and so settled themselves among the Doreans.  
But they say, that Tlepolemus the Son of Hercules, who resided in Argos, was forced to fly thence to Rhodes, for the Killing of Licymnius the Son of Electryo, upon some falling out that was between them. The Island was then inhabited by the Hellenes, a Colony brought thither by Triopas the Son of Phorbas.  
Tlepolemus divided Rhodes, together with its Inhabitants, into Three equal Parts, and built there Three Cities, Lyndus, Jalysus and Camirus; becoming King of the Rhodians upon the account of the renow'd Actions of his Father, he afterwards assisted Agamemnon at the Siege of Troy.   

CHAP. IU.  
The Acts of Theseus. The Minotaur in Crete. Androgeus the Son of Minos murdered by Egeus. Ariadna Daughter of Minos, in love with Theseus. Ariadna's Crown. Aegeus King of Athens kills himself. Theseus' Death. The War of Thebes by the Seven Captains. The Epigoni renew the War. The Pedigrees of the Heroes at Troy. Of the Centauris, and Lapithae. The Pedigrees of Aesculapius, Aeacus, Ajax, Pelops, Tantalus, Oenomeus. Dardanus' Posterity to Priam's King of Troy.  
SInce we have spoken of Hercules and his Posterity, it remains that we say something of Theseus, because he seemed to imitate Hercules in his brave and noble Actions. 
Theseus was Cotemporary with Hercules, An. Mun. 2720, to 2745.   
He was the Son of Aethra, the Daughter of Pittheus, by 
* Aegeus Plut. judged by Neptune, till his Father was known, Plut.  Neptune, and brought up in Traezena, with Pittheus his Mother's Father. Having afterwards found (as is reported) the 
† A Sword and a Pair of Shoes. See Plut. Theseus'.  Tokens hid under a Stone by Aegeus, he resolved to go to Athens: As he travelled along the Seacoasts in the Isthmos, his Mind was full of Thoughts how to imitate the Valour of Hercules, and to perform some glorious and honourable Erterprises.  
1. First therefore he killed Corynetes, who used to carry a Club called Coryne, which he used as defensive Arms, and with the same Weapon knocked all Passengers and Travellers on the Head.  
2. Then next he slew Sinnis, who haunted the Isthmos, and used to bend down Two Pine-Trees, one to meet another, and 
He was called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, a Bender of Pines, Plut. Thesers.  bind one Arm to one of the Trees, and another to the other, of such as he took passing that way; and when he had done, then to let them spring up on a sudden, which by their force and violence so rend in Pieces the Bodies of the poor Miserable Creatures, that they died in most horrid pain and torment.  
3. The Third thing remarkable that he did, was the Killing of the Crommyonion Sow, a most vast and fierce Creature which destroyed many.  
4. The Fourth was the Killing of Sciron, who lay lurking amongst the Rocks, called from him the Scyronian Rocks: His manner was, that he would force Passengers to wash his Feet upon the top of a steep Rock, and then kick them down headlong into the Sea, near Chelone.  
5. Next he slew certion at Eleusina, who killed all that he overcame in Wrestling.  
6. Afterwards he killed one Procrustes, who resided in Corydallus in Attica: His Custom was to force all that past that way, to lie down upon a Bed, and if they were longer than it, to cut off so much of their Legs, as reached beyond the Bed; if they were shorter, than he wracked and stretched out their Limbs, till they reached the full length; thence he was named * Procrustes. 
† A Tormentor.   
Having performed these notable Exploits, he came to Athens, and by the Tokens which he brought along with him, he was known and owned by Aegeus.  
7. Afterwards he mastered the Marathonian Bull (which Hercules in performance of one of his Labours, brought from Crete into Peloponesus) and led the Monster in Triumph into Athens, which Aegeus sacrificed to Apollo. 
P. 183.   
And now it remains that we speak of the Minotaur which was killed by Theseus: 
Minotaur.  But for the clearer understanding of the History, it's necessary that we first ascend to things done some time before, that have a Reference to the Narration.  

† Teutamus.  Tectamus the Son of Dorus, the Son of Helen, the Son of Deucalion, arriving in Crete, with the Aeolians and Pelasgians, reigned there as King, and marrying the Daughter of Cretheus, had by her Asterius; in the time of whose Reign, they say Jupiter having carried away Europa out of Phoenicia, transported her upon a Bull's Back into Crete, and upon her begot Three Sons, Minos, Rhadomanthus, and Sarpedon.  
Asterius King of Crete afterwards married Europa, but having no Children of his own, he adopted the Sons of Jupiter, and left the Kingdom to them. Rhadamanthus prescribed Laws for the Cretians: Minos taking the Kingdom upon him, married Itone, the Daughter of Lyctius, and of her begat Lycastes, who coming to reign, Married Ida the Daughter of Corybantus, and of her begat another Minos, whom some say was the Son of Jupiter. He was the first of the Grecians that rigged out a gallant Navy, and gained the Dominion of the Sea. He married Pasiphoe, the Daughter of Sol and Cretes, and by her had Deucalion, Astrea, Androgeus, Ariadne, and many other Children.  
Androgeus in the Reign of Aegeus, went to Athens, to the 
* The Panathenean Festivals were kept in honour of Minerva, wherein were exhibited Wrestling, Horseraces, Dancing in Armour, etc. They were celebrated the 27th of July Yearly. Rous. Archaeal. Attic. lib. 2. c. 10. p. 67. Vid. Steph. Dict. They were instituted by Theseus; upon what ground: See Pausan. in Arcad. c. 2.  Panathenean Solemnities, where he was Victor in all the Sports and Contests; upon which Account, he became very familiar with the Sons of Pallas; and thereupon Aegeus grew jealous, lest the House of Pallas, with the assistance of Minos, should out him of his Kingdom, and therefore contrived to cut off Androgeus. To which end, as he was travelling to Thebes to see a Sacred Procession by order of Aegeus, he was waylaid by some of the Country People, and assassinated near Oenone in Attica.  
Minos afterwards hearing of the sad Misfortune of his Son, went to Athens, and required Justice for the Murder committed: But seeing that he could not prevail, he proclaimed War against the Athenians, and prayed Jupiter to send a Drought and Famine upon the City of Athens; whose Prayer was speedily heard, for forthwith there was a great Drought throughout Attica, and even through all Greece itself, together with a miserable Scarcity and dreadful Famine.  
The chief Men therefore of the several Cities, assembling themselves together, sent to consult the Oracle at Delphos, what they must do in order to avert the present Calamity; who answered, that they were to go to Aeacus the Son of Jupiter, and Aegina the Daughter of Asopus, and entreat him to offer Sacrifices for them: Which they did accordingly, and Aeacus performed what they desired: Upon which the Drought and Famine ceased in all Parts of Greece, but only in Attica, and there it still continued; so that the Athenians were forced to resort again to the Oracle, to implore Relief from the pressing Calamity. Upon which, the God returned Answer, that to expiate the Murder of Androgeus, they should give to Minos such satisfaction as he required. The Athenians obeyed the Oracle; and Minos demanded, that for Seven Years together, they should send Seven Boys, and as many Girls to be devoured by the Minotaur, and that this they should do as long as the Monster lived. The Athenians sent them accordingly, and so the Famine ceased, and Minos desisted from further prosecuting of the War. When the Seven Years were expired, Minos came again with a great Navy into the Coasts of Attica, and demanded Fourteen Boys, which were delivered him.  
Theseus with the rest of the Children his Fellows, being now ready to set Sail, Aegeus sent a Pilot along with them, with Orders, that if Theseus overcame the Minotaur, that they should enter the 
Here seems something to be wanting, as how Theseus came to be one of them. Vid. Plut. Thes.  Port of Athens with white Sails; but if he perished with black, as 
† In token of Mourning, when they carried away the Children to Crete, Plut. Thes.  they used formerly to do.  
When the Athenians arrived in Crete, Ariadna, Minos his Daughter, fell in love with Theseus for his gallant mean and deportment: Having therefore opportunity of Converse with her, by her Advice and Assistance, he both killed the Minotaur, and learned the 
P. 184.  Passage out of the Labyrinth, and so came out safe. Then privately preparing for his return into his own Country, he stole away Ariadna, and sailed out of the Port in the Night, and arrived at the Island then called Dia, but now Naxos.  
They report, that at that time Bacchus being taken with the Beauty of the Young Lady, took her by force from Theseus, and through the ardent Affection he had for her, married her; and that his love for her was such, as that after her Death, he dignifyed her with Immortality, and transformed her crown into a Constellation of Stars, called Ariadna's Crown. Theseus they say, was so grieved 
Ariadna's Crown.  to be thus bereaved of the Young Lady, that through Sorrow and Vexation, he forgot the Commands of Aegeus, and made into the Port of Athens with black Sails. At which sight, Aegeus concluding that his Son was destroyed, resolved upon an Heroic, but a sad and lamentable Action; for he went up to the top of the Citadel (and through the excessiveness of his Grief, counting his Life a Burden to him) he threw himself down Headlong. After his Death Theseus succeeded him in the Kingdom, and governed according to the Laws, and ordered and performed many things, which conduced to the welfare and increase of the City. The most famous and remarkable among all the rest was this, That he gathered all the People together that were scattered Abroad in the Country (and so were more considerable for their Number than their Power) and brought them into Athens. From this time the largeness of the City did so puff up the Athenians, and swell them with that confidence, that they questioned not but to be Lords of all Greece. But having said enough of these things, we shall go on with those that remain concerning Theseus, and which afterwards happened to him.  
Deucalion, the Eldest of Minos' Sons, reigning in Crete, entered into a League with the Athenians, and Married his own Sister Phoedra to Theseus.  
After his Marriage he sent away his Son Hippolytus, whom he had by the Amazon, to Troezena, to be bred and brought up by his Sister Aethra: Of Phoedra he begat Acamantes and Demophon.  
Hippolytus a while after coming to Athens to the Celebration of a great Festival, Phoedra was so taken with his Beauty, that she fell passionately in love with him: But he going back again for that time, she built near to the Citadel the Temple of Venus, whence she might have a prospect of Traezene.  
Afterwards going with Theseus to Traezene to visit Pittheus, she solicited Hippolytus to lie with her; who refusing the Motion, her Love was turned into Hatred and Rage, and therefore she accused him to her Husband, that he attempted to Ravish her. Theseus suspecting the truth of what she said, summoned Hippolytus to appear and answer the Accusation; but Phoedra fearing she should be discovered upon the Trial of the Cause, hanged herself.  
When Hippolytus first heard of the Accusation, he was driving a Chariot; upon the News whereof, he was in such a Consternation and Disturbance, that he let the Reins fall; which so startled the Horses, that they hurried him away, and broke the Chariot in Pieces; and he himself being fastened in the Harness, was dragged along upon the Ground, and so perished. Hippolytus thus losing his Life upon the account of his commendable Chastity, was adored by the Troezenians as a God. Theseus afterwards by a Sedition being driven out of the City, died in Banishment. But the Athenians being sorry for what they had done, brought back his Bones, and honoured him as a God, and the Place where they buried him in the midst of Athens, they made a Sanctuary, which from him was called Theseion.  
Since we have proceeded so far in the Story of Theseus, we shall give a distinct account also of the Rape of Helen, and of the intention of Pirithous to court Proserpina; for these things have a Relation to the History of Theseus.  
Pirithous the Son of Ixion, after the Death of his Wife Hippodamia, by whom he had a Son called Polypodes, went to Athens to Theseus; whom finding a Widower (having then lately buried his Wife Phoedra) he advised to steal away Helen, the Daughter of Jupiter and Leda, who was then about Ten Years of Age, and of surpassing Beauty: To this end they went (with some other of their Associates) 
P. 185.  to Lacedaemon, and catching a fit opportunity for the purpose, seized upon Helen, as their common Prize, and carried her away to Athens; where it was agreed between them, to cast Lots for her, and that he who should have the good Fortune to gain her, should faithfully assist the other (through all Hazards whatsoever) in procuring him another Wife. This Compact being confirmed by a Solemn Oath, she fell by Lot to Theseus. The Athenians were much incensed at what was done in this Business: Theseus therefore fearing the bad effect of it, privately kept Helen at Aphidna, one of the Cities of Attica, and committed her to the care of his Mother Aethra, and some other Persons of Quality that were his Faithful Friends.  
Afterwards Pirithous had a desire to court Proserpina, and for this purpose required Theseus to go along with him: At first Theseus endeavoured to dissuade him, and to take him off from such a wicked and impious Design. But Pirithous urging him the more vehemently (and by virtue of his Oath being bound thereunto) he at length agreed to join with him in the Attempt. To this end both of them descended into the 
* Hell. See this explained in Plut. Thes. This Pluto was the King of the Molossians, and his Wives and Daughters Name was Proserpina, who clapped both Theseus and the other up in Prison.  Shades below, and for their Impudence and Impiety, were clapped up, and bound fast in Chains; but Theseus was afterwards released for the sake of Hercules. But Pirithous suffers Eternal Pains with the Infernal Spirits for his Wickedness; though some Writers report, that neither of 'em ever returned. About the same time they say, Castor and Pollux (the Brother of Helen) assaulted Aphidna, and taking it by Storm, razed it to the Ground, and carried away Helen (still a Virgin) to Lacedaemon, and with her among the Captives, A●thra the Mother of Theseus.  
Having spoke sufficiently of these things, we shall now proceed to give an Account of the Seven Captains that made War against Thebes, and show the first Causes of that War. Laius' 
The Seven Captains against Thebes. This is the first War related by any Heathen Historian, either in Prose or Verse. An. Mund. 2727, the 10th Year of Jair, Judg. 10. 3. Before Christ, 1221, about 30 Years before the Trojan War.  the King of Thebes having married Jocasta the Daughter of Creon, and for a long time being without Children; at length consulted the Oracle whether he ever should have any Issue. Pithia the Priestess gave answer from the Oracle, that it would be unfortunate to him to have any Issue; for the Son that he should afterwards beget, should kill him, and involve his whole Family in most dreadful Calamities. But somewhat forgetful of what the Oracle had declared, he afterwards begat a Son, but bored his Feet through with an Iron, and ordered him to be exposed in the open Fields; and for that reason he was afterwards called Oedipus. The Servants that took him 
Oedipus.  into their Custody for that purpose, were unwilling to leave him so to the wide World, but gave him to 
† King of Scition, or Corinth.  Polybus his Wife, who was barren.  
Being attained at length to Man's Estate, Laius resolved to inquire of the Oracle, to know what was become of the exposed Infant; and Oedipus at the same time being by some one informed of the Design against him when he was so very Young, took a Journey to Delphos, to inquire of the Oracle who were his true Parents: It so fell out, that both of them meeting one another upon the Road in Phocis, Laius in a proud and haughty manner commanded Oedipus to get out of the way; who thereupon was so enraged, that he fell upon Laius and killed him, not knowing him to be his Father.  
About that time they report that Sphinx, a double shaped Monster, came to 
Sphinx.  Thebes, and put forth a Riddle to be resolved by any that could: Which none being able to do (by reason of the difficulty of the thing) she destroyed many: At length she became more moderate, and offered a Reward to such as should unfold it, that he should marry Jocasta, and with her enjoy the Kingdom of Thebes. When none else could expound the Riddle, Oedipus was the only Man that did it. The Riddle propounded by Sphinx was this; What Creature is that that is Two-Footed, Three-Footed, and fourfooted? When all others were puzzled, Oedipus interpreted it to be a Man; who when he is an Infant, creeps upon all 
* His Hands and Feet.  Four; when he grows elder, goes upright upon his Two Feet; but when he is old, he's Three-Footed, using a Staff to support him by reason of his weakness. Whereupon Sphinx (as it is reported) threw herself down Headlong from the top of the Rock: And Oedipus married his Mother unknown to him, and begat of her Two Sons, Eteocles and Polynices, and Two Daughters, Antigone and Ismene. The Sons being grown up to Man's Estate, came to the knowledge of the 
P. 186.  Wickedness committed in their Family, and therefore for the foulness of the Fact, confined Oedipus so as that he should not stir Abroad; and his Sons took upon them the Government, first agreeing together to rule Yearly one after another by turns. Eocles the Elder Brother reigned first, but when his Year was out, he refused to give way to his Brother: Polynices demanded the Government according to the Covenant between them, but his Brother turned to him the Deaf Ear; upon which he repaired to Ardrastus' King of Argos.  
At which time Tydeus the Son of Oeneus King of Calydonia, was fled out of Aetolia to Argos, for Killing of his Nephews Alcathous and Lycotheus. Adrastus' kindly entertained them both, and by command of the Oracle, gave his Daughter Argia in marriage to Polynices, and Deipyle to Tydeus. The young Men being both in great Honour and Esteem, and highly approved of by the King for their virtuous Qualifications, Adrastus promised to restore them both to their own Countries. Resolving therefore first to bring back Polynices, he sent Tydeus on an Embassage to Etocles to debate the matter with him: In his Return, it's said, he was set upon by Fifty Men, employed by Eteocles to waylay him; all whom notwithstanding he slew, and came safe, beyond all seeming Probability to Argos. Adrastus' being informed of this piece of Treachery, prepared all things necessary for the War, and Procured Capaneus, Hippomedon and Parthenopaeus the Son of Atalanta, the Daughter of Sheneus to join with him: Polynices also endeavoured to persuade Amphiraus the Soothsayer, to go along with them to the War against Thebes; but he foreknowing he should fall in that War if he went, refused to stir. Polynices therefore presented Amphiraus his Wife with a 
† Or Necklace.  Golden-Chain (which as is reported, was bestowed upon Harmonia by Minerva) to persuade her Husband to join with them as one of their Confederates. There being some Controversy about that time between Adrastus and Amphiaraus concerning the Kingdom, they agreed together to refer the whole matter in difference, both as to the Kingdom and the War, to the decisive Judgement of Euriphile the Sister of Adrastus, and Wife to Amphiaraus. Hereupon she gave Judgement for Adrastus, and that her Husband should join with the rest in the War against Thebes. Amphiaraus (though he looked upon himself to be betrayed by his Wife,) yet prepared to go along with the other Captains: But before he went, commanded his Son Alchmeon, that after he was dead, he should kill Eriphyle; who afterwards executed his Father's Commands, by murdering his Mother; but was some time after so terrified in Conscience with the horridness of the Fact, that he went stark mad.  
But to proceed; Adrastus, Polynices and Tydeus, together with Four other Captains, Amphiraus, Capaneus, Hippomedon, and Parthenopeus, with a great Army, marched against Thebes; where Eteocles and Polynices killed each other. Capeneus in attempting to scale the Walls, was likewise slain. The Earth opened her Mouth and swallowed up Amphiaraus and his Chariot together, and so he was never more seen. All the rest of the Generals likewise perished in this War except Adrastus, and a great Slaughter there was among the common Soldiers, whom the Thebans would not suffer to be carried off the Ground; so that Adrastus was forced to leave them unburied, and return to Argos.  
The Bodies of the Slain thus lying unburied at Cadmea, none daring to inter them, the Athenians (always commendable above others for their Humanity) took care of this matter, and buried them all. And these were the Misfortunes that befell the Seven Captains in the War at Thebes.  
But the Children of them that were Slain (called † Epigoni) to revenge their 
Born after.  Father's Deaths, all joined together, and resolved to make War upon that City. The Oracle of Apollo (upon Enquiry) answered them, that they should overcome 
P. 187.  Thebes, if they made Alchmaeon the Son of Amphiaraus their General. Whereupon Alchmaeon being accordingly (with unanimous consent) created Commander in chief, consulted the Oracle, both concerning the present intended Expedition, and the Revenge that he was enjoined by his Father to execute upon Eripyle his Mother. The Oracle commanded him to perform both, because she not only received a Chain of Gold for what she did, which was the occasion of his Father's Death, but a rich 
† Or Garment called Peplus.  Vale likewise as a Bribe, in order to the ruin of himself. Venus (they say) heretofore bestowed this Chain and Garment upon Harmonia the Wife of Cadmus; but both were given to Eripyle; the Chain by Polynices, and the Vale by Thersandrus, Polynices his Son, that she might persuade Alchmaeon, to go to the Theban War.  
Alchmaeon therefore raised Soldiers out of Argos, but great Numbers out of the Neighbouring Towns, and with these he marched against Thebes: The Thebans issued out of the City against them, upon which there was a sharp Engagement; but the Alchmeons at length got the Day. The Thebans being thus overcome with a great Slaughter of their Citizens, seeing themselves too weak for the other, utterly despaired of all future Success, and therefore consulted Teiresias the Soothsayer what they should do. Who advised them to abandon the City, as the only means left for their Safety and Preservation. The Cadmeans followed his Advice, and in the Night forsook the City, and fled to a Province in Beotia, called Tilphotium. The Epigonians afterwards entered and razed the City, and being now Lords of all (among others) possessed themselves of Daphne, the Daughter of Teiresias, whom (according to their Vow) they devoted (as the chief of their Spoils) to the Oracle at Delphos. The Daughter nothing inferior to her Father for the Art of Divination, mightily improved it while she continued at Delphos; for she was endued with those Parts and Qualifications that were to be admired: She writ divers sorts of Prophetical Verses in a most artificial dress and composure, out of which (they say) the Poet Homer borrowed many Verses for the adorning of his Poems. Being often in an Enthusiastical inspiration from the God, she uttered things that were Prophetical, and therefore (they say) she was called a Sibyl. For to be so inspired, is in the Greek Language to act the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Sibyl.  
The Epigonians thus prosperously succeeding in their Expedition, returned at length (loaden with Spoil) into their own Country. Among those Thebans that fled to Tilphosium, Tiresias died, and was buried by the Cadmeans with great Funeral Pomp, and adored afterwards as a God.  
Some time after leaving the City Tilphosium, they invaded the Doreans, and overcoming them in a Battle expelled them out of their Country, and settled themselves for a while in their Rooms; but afterwards part of them returned to Thebes in the Reign of Creon, the Son of Menaeceus, and the rest continued in Doris: But the expulsed Doreans at length returned into their Country, and inhabited Erineus, Citinius, and part of † Beotia. About this time Beotus the Son of Neptune and Arne, 
* In the Greek Euboea for Beotia.  came into the Country, then called Aeolis, (now Thessaly) and named those that accompanied him Beotians.  
Here it's necessary to give a distinct and particular Account of those things which 
Aeolians.  we have gathered out of the Rubbish of Antiquity, concerning these Aeolians.  
In former times, some of the Children of Aeolus (the Nephew of Deucalion and Helen) inhabited the Places before mentioned, but Mimas another Son reigned in Aeolis, and Hippotes the Son of Mimas begat Aeolus of Menalippe: And Arne the Daughter of this later Aeolus had a Son by Neptune called Beotus. Aeolus not believing she was got with Child by Neptune, judged her guilty of Whoredom, and therefore delivered her to a Metapontinian Stranger (that was there by chance at that time) to be transported to 
† A Town in Italy near Tarentum.  Metapontum; which he did accordingly, and there she was delivered of Aeolus and Beotus, whom the Metapontinian (being Childless) by direction of the Oracle, adopted for his own Sons. When they grew to men's Estate, a Sedition being raised in Metapontum, they possessed themselves 
P. 188.  of the Kingdom by force of Arms. Afterwards Arne and Autolyte, the Wife of the Metapontinian falling together by the Ears, the Sons of Arne, in assisting their Mother, killed Autolyte; which cruel Fact the Metapontinian took most heinously, and therefore they got on Shipboard, and put to Sea with their Mother Arne and many other of their Friends. Aeolus' possessed himself of the Islands in the Tyrrhenian Seas, called the Aeolides, after his Name, and built a City there which he called Lipara. But Beotus went to his Grandfather Aeolus, who received him as his Son, and he came afterwards to the Kingdom, and called the Country after his Mother Arne, but named the People Beotians, after his own Name.  
Itonus the Son of Beotus begat Four Sons, Hippalcimus, Electrion, Archilicus and Alegenor: Hippalcimus had Peneleos, Electryon, Leitus, Algenor, Cloncus, Archilycus, Prothaenor and Ariesilaus, who were all Commanders in chief of the Beotians in the Trojan War.  
Having now set forth these Affairs, we shall endeavour to give an account of 
Of the Progeny of Salmoneus and Tyro.  Salmoneus and Tyro, and of their Progeny down to Nestor, who was one of the Grecian Commanders at the Siege of Troy.  
Salmoneus was the Son of Helen, Nephew of Aeolus, and Nephew's Son to Deucalion: He made an Expedition out of Aeolis, and possessed himself of a Territory in Elis, upon the Banks of the River Alpheus, and there he built a City, which he called after his own Name Salomnia: He married Alcidice the Daughter of Aleus, and by her had a Daughter named Tyro, who was an extraordinary Beauty. His Wife Alcidice dying, he married another called 
* Aderas.  Siderone, who (after the manner of Stepmother's) hated Tyro.  
Afterwards Simoneus (being both cruel and unrighteous towards Men, and impious towards the Gods) was hated by his Subjects, and at length for his Contempt of the Gods, was by Jupiter struck dead with a Thunderbolt.  
About this time Neptune begat Two Sons of Tyro, Pelias and Neleus. Tyro being afterwards married to Cretheus, she had by him Amythaon, Pheretes and Aesones. After the Death of Cretheus, Pelias and Neleus were at strife one with another for the Kingdom. Pelias reigned as King of jolcus and the Neighbouring Countries, and being joined with Melampus and Bias, the Sons of Amythaon and Aglaia, together with some Achaeans, Phthiots and Eolians, made an inroad with his Army into Peloponesus. At which time, in Argos, Melampus (being a Soothsayer) restored some Women to soundness of Mind, that through the Anger of Bacchus were struck with a raging Madness. And for this good Act he was rewarded by Anaxagoras, King of the Argives, Son of Megapentheus, with Two parts of the Kingdom. Hereupon Melampus took his Brother Bias as his Associate with him in the Government, and resided at Argos. Then marrying Iphianira the Daughter of Megapantheus, he had by her Antiphates, Manto, Bias and Pronoes'. Antiphates had by Zeuxippe the Daughter of Hippocoon, Oicles and Amphales'. From Oicles and Hypermnestra, the Daughter of Thespius, descended Iphianira, Polybaea, and Amphiaraus: And thus Melampus and Bias, and their Posterity enjoyed the Kingdom of Argos.  
Neleus likewise with those whom he conducted, entered. Messina, and built the City Pylus, which was given to him by the bordering Inhabitants; who reigning here, married Chloris the Daughter of Amphion the Theban, and by her had Twelve Sons, of whom Periclimenus was the Eldest, and Nestor the Youngest, who went along with the rest to the Trojan War. But to the end we may keep within Bounds, this that has been said shall susfice concerning the Ancestors of Nestor.  
And now something is to be further added concerning the Lapithites and the 
Lapithites, Centaurs.  Centauris; most of whom were the Sons of Oceanus and Thetys' (as the Mythologists do report,) remarkable for their giving Names to Rivers; amongst whom was Peneus, from whom the River in Thessaly was so called. He was familiar with 
P. 189.  the Nymph Creuta, and of her begat Hypseus and Stibes, of whom Apollo begat Lapithes and Centaurus. Lapithes resided near the River Peneus, and reigned over the Neighbouring Territories. He married Orsinome the Daughter of Eurynomus, and by her had Two Sons, Phorbas and Periphas, who afterwards reigned in those Parts; and the whole Nation of the Lapithae, are so called from Lapithes. Phorbas one of the Sons of Lapithes, resided at Olenus: Whence Alector the King of Elis (fearing the power of Pelops) sent for him to his Assistance, and made him his Associate in the Kingdom. Phorbas had Two Sons, Egeus and Actor, who were afterwards Kings of Elis.  
Periphas the other Son of Lapitha, married Astyagea, the Daughter of Hypseus, and by her had Eight Children; the Eldest of whom Antion, had Issue Ixion of Perimela, the Daughter of Amythaon. Ixion (they say) upon Promise to Hesioneus of a great Dowry and rich Gifts, married his Daughter Dia, of whom he begat Pirithous: But Ixion not performing his Promise made on the behalf of his Wife Hesioneus seized his Horses in lieu of a Pawn. Ixion under colour of giving full satisfaction, desired his Father in Law to come to him; who coming accordingly, Ixion threw him into a Fiery Furnace.  
But because none could expiate him from the guilt of so heinous a Parricide, it's said that Jupiter did it. But growing afterwards in love with Juno (they say) he was so impudent, as to court her to play the Adulteress: Whereupon Jupiter turned a Cloud into the shape of Juno, with which Ixion gratified his Lust, and begat those Half Men, called Centaurs. At length, for his enormous Impiety, he was fastened by Jupiter to a Wheel, and after his Death suffered Eternal Torments.  
Others say, that the Centauris were bred up by the Nymphs in Pelion, and that when they grew up to men's Estates, they engendered with Mares, and so begat a double shaped Brood, called 
* Both Horse and Man in their Natures  Hippocentaurs. Others say, that the Centauris were the Issue of Nephele and Ixion, and because they were the first that attempted to ride upon Horses, therefore they were called Hippocentaurs, and feigned to be of a double Nature, both Man and Horse. It's said that these Centauris being of the same Stock and Original, demanded of Pirithous a share of their Father's Kingdom; which being denied, they made War upon the Lapithites; and that when the War was ended, Pirithous married Hippodamia the Daughter of Bystus, and invited Theseus and the Centaurs to the Marriage; and that the Centauris (being Drunk, and inflamed with Wine) attempted to ravish the Women that were then at the Marriage Feast: At which bold and wicked Prank, Theseus and the Lapathites were so incensed, that they killed many of them, and drove the rest as Fugitives out of the City. And for this Reason, the whole Body of the Centaurs afterwards made War upon the Lapithites, and killed most of them, and forced the rest that had escaped the Sword, to fly into Pholoe in Arcadia: But some got into Malea, and there continued. The Centauris lifted up with this Success, often issued out of Pholoe, and robbed all the Grecians that travelled that way, and killed many of the Neighbouring Inhabitants.  
Having now done with these occurrences, we shall next speak of Aesculapius 
Aesculapius' Posterity.  and his Posterity: They say he was the Son of Apollo and Coronis, and being of an acute and sharp Wit, earnestly bend his Mind to the study of Physic, and found out many Preservatives for the Health of men's Bodies; and grew at length so famous, that curing many in a wonderful manner, whose Distempers were looked upon to be desperate, he was judged to raise up many from the Dead: And therefore it's reported by the Mythologists, that Pluto complained to Jupiter of Aesculapius, that through his Cures the number of the Dead decreased; and accused 
P. 190.  him for the weakening of his Empire in the Shades below: At which Jupiter was so incensed, that he killed Aesculapius with a Thunderbolt. At whose Death Apollo was enraged to that degree, that he killed the Cyclops that made the Thunderbolt for Jupiter. Whereat Jupiter was again in wrath, and for a Punishment of his Offences, forced * Apollo to serve Mankind in a piece of constant 
4 The Sun.  Drudgery. Aesculapius (it's said) had Two Sons, Machaon and Podalirius, who were skilful in their Father's Art, and went along with Agamemnon to the Trojan War; in which War they were very useful and serviceable to the Grecians, for they cured them that were wounded in Fights with singular industry, and were in such esteem and favour among the Grecians, that by reason of their extraordinary usefulness in their Art, they were exempted from hazarding their Persons, and freed from all other public Services.  
But here we shall conclude the History of Aesculapius, and his Sons; and shall now proceed to give an account of the Daughters of Asopus, and the Sons of Aeacus.  
Oceanus and Tethys (as some Stories have it) had many other Sons, which gave 
The Daughters of Asopus and Sons of Aeacus.  Names to famous Rivers, besides Peneus and Asopus. The Residence of Peneus, was that Country which is now called Thessaly, who gave Name to that Famous River there called Peneus. Asopus dwelled at Phlias, and married Medon the Daughter of Ladon, by whom he had Two Sons, Pelasgus and Ismenus, and twelve Daughters, whose Names were Cercyra, Salamis, Aegina, Pirene, Cleone, Thebes, Tanagra, Thespira, Asopis, Sinope, Oenia and Chalcis. Ismenus one of his Sons, came into Beotia, and seated himself near the River called after his own Name. Sinope one of the Daughters was forced away by Apollo to that Place where the City Sinope now stands; so called from her: From her and Apollo sprang Syrus, who reigned over those People, from him called Syrians. Neptune transported Cercyra into that Island, now called from her 
* Or Cercyra.  Corcyra. He had by her a Son called Pheax, from whom the 
† Phia, or Phea, a City in Elis.  Pheans are so named.  
This Pheax was the Father of Alcinous, who guided Ulysses into Ithaca: Salamis also was forced by Neptune, and carried away into the Island called after her own Name; by him she had Cenchreus, who was King of this Island, and a brave spirited Man; he killed a Serpent of a vast bigness, which had destroyed many of the Inhabitants. Aegina was carried away by Jupiter from Phlias, into the Island Aegina, so called from her; and by her had Aeacus, afterwards King of that Island, whose Sons were Peleus and Telamonius. Peleus by the throwing of an Hand-Stone, unfortunately killed his Half-Brother Phocus, being both of the same Father, but not of the same Mother; for this Fact he was banished by his Father, and fled into Phthia, a Province of that Country, now called Thessaly, where he was acquitted and purged of the Slaughter by King Actor, and succeeded him in the Kingdom, Actor dying without Issue. Achilles was the Son of Peleus and Thetis, and went along with Agamemnon to the War of Troy. Telamonius likewise fled out of Egina, and arrived in Salamis, where he married Glance the King's Daughter, and by that means afterwards came to be King of that Island. After ●he Death of Glauce, he married Eribaea of Athens, the Daughter of Alcathous, and by her had Ajax, another Associate in the Trojan War.  
Having given account of these things, we shall now speak of Pelops, Tantalus 
P. 191.  and Oenomaus. And here it will be necessary to go higher, and treat distinctly of some things in time long before.  
In Pisa a City of Peloponesus, Mars begat Oenomaus of Harpina, the Daughter of 
Pelops, Tantalus and ●●nomaus.  Asopus: Oenomaus had one only Daughter, called Hippodamia, and consulting the Oracle how long he should live, the God answered that he should die when his Daughter was Married: Dreading therefore her Marriage, he resolved she should ever remain in a Virgin State, conceiving by this means only, he should avoid the danger foretold.  
But whereas many earnestly sued to have her to Wife, he made a Proposal of a Horse-Race to the Suitors, with this Condition, that he who won the Race, should have his Daughter, and that he that lost, should be put to Death.  
The Course to be run was from Pisa to the Altar of Neptune, in the Isthmus of Corinth, and the manner of starting was thus: Oenomaus first sacrificed a Ram to Jupiter; and in the mean time the Suitor makes speedily away in a Chariot drawn with Four Horses; and Oenomaus having at length finished his Sacrifice, mounts his Chariot driven by one Myrtilus, and with a Lance in his Hand, pursues the Suitor, and overtaking him, runs him through. And in this manner, by the swiftness of his Horses, always coming up to the Suitors (though they set out so long before him) he killed very many.  
But Pelops the Son of Tantalus coming to Pisa, and desiring to have Hippodamia for his Wife; as soon as he saw her, bribed Myrtilus (Oenomaus' Chariot-driver) to suffer him to be Victor; by which means he got to Neptune's Altar in the Isthmus, before Oenamaus; who concluding that what the Oracle had foretold, was now near to be fulfilled, through grief of Heart was so dejected, that he murdered himself. Pelops thus gaining Hippodamia, with her likewise gained the Kingdom of Pisa; and being a Valiant and Prudent Man, and growing rich besides, subdued most of the Countries of 
‖ Peloponesus signifies the Island of Pelops.  Peloponesus, and so called the whole Peninsula after his own Name.  
Since we have made mention of Pelops, it's fit to say something of Tantalus' Father, that we may not omit any thing worthy Remark. Tantalus the Son of Jupiter was a rich and renowned Prince, and had his Royal Seat in that part of Asia, which is now called Paphlagonia, and for the nobleness of his Birth, being the Offspring of Jove (they say) he was the very Darling of the Gods themselves. However he used not his Prosperity with that Moderation and Humility as became a Mortal; but being admitted to Familiarity and Feasting with the Gods, discovered their Secrets to Men; for which he was not only punished while he was Living, but was thrust down among the Wicked and Impious (as the Histories relate) to suffer Eternal Torments after Death. This Tantalus had Pelops, and a Daughter named Niobe, 
† By Amphion, King of Thebes.  who had Seven Sons, and as many Daughters, who were extraordinary Beauties: Being proud of the great number of her Children, she often boasted, that for her fruitfulness, she excelled 
* The Mother of Diana and Apollo.  Latona herself: At which the Goddess they say, was so enraged, that she commanded Apollo with his Arrows, to kill the Sons, and Diana with hers, the Daughters; who executing their Mother's Commands, slew all the Children at once. So that Niobe who abounded with Children, was childless at one and the same moment.  
But because Tantalus being hated by the Gods, was expelled out of Paphlagonia by Ilus the Son of Tros, something is fit to be said concerning Ilus and his Ancestors.  
The first that reigned in the Country of Troas, was Teucer the Son of the River 
D 〈…〉 danu●'s Posterity to Priam.  Scamander, and the Nymph Idaea; he was a brave Man, and gave the Name of Teucri to the Inhabitants. He had a Daughter called Batea, whom Dardanus married, and succeeded Teucer in the Kingdom; and ordered the People to be called 
P. 192.  from him Dardanians; and built a City near the Sea Shore, and called it Dardanum. He had a Son named Erichthonius, a Prosperous and Wealthy Prince; of whom the Poet Homer writes thus—  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
None richer was of all Men under th'Sun,  
Whose brave Three Thousand Mares in th' Meads did run.  
Tros was the Son of Erichthonius, and of him the People were named Trojans; he had Three Sons, Ilus, Assaracus and Ganymede; Ilus built a noble City in the Champain Country of Troas, which he called Ilium; the Son of Ilus was Lao 〈…〉 done, whose Sons were Tithonus and Priam: Tithonus led an Army into the Eastern Parts of Asia, and pierced as far as to Aethiopia, whence risen the Story of Memnon, being the Son of Aurora; which Memnon brought aid to the Trojans, and was killed by Achilles.  
Priam's married Hecuba, and by her (besides many other Sons) had Hector, who was especially remarkable for his Valour in the Trojan War. Asaracus King of the Dardanians, had Capys his Son, the Father of Anchises, who of Venus begat Aeneas, a Famous Man among the Trojans. ganymed lastly was extraordinary beautiful, and is reported to be caught up to Heaven by the Gods to be Jupiter's Cupbearer.  
And now from these, we shall proceed to Daedalus and the Minotaur, and the Expedition of Minos into Sicily against King Cocalus.   

CHAP. V.  
Of Daedalus, and his Works in Crete, Sicily, and elsewhere. His Flight into Sicily: Minos invades Sicily; the manner of his Death there. The Famous Temple of the Curetes or Corybantes in Sicily, built by the Posterity of the Cretians that came there with Minos. The Pedigree of Aristeus; his Acts; his Son Actaeon. of Eryx. Venus' her Temple in Eryx in Sicily; the Fame of it. Of Daphnis the Shepherd. A Description of the Herean Mountains. Of Orion. Of the Straight of Messina.  
DAedalus was an Athenian, of the Family of the Ericthidae; for he was the 
An. Mund. 2732.  Son of 
* Metionon.  Hymetion, the Son of Eupalamus, the Son of Erechtheus. He was extraordinary Ingenious, and very studious in the Art of Architecture, and was an excellent Statuary, and Engraver upon Stone, and improved those Arts with many notable Inventions. He made many wonderful Pieces of Work in several Parts of the World, and so far excelled in the framing and cutting of Statues, that those that were long after him, report that the Statues he made, did resemble living Men even to the Life. For their Symmetry was so exact and perfect, that their Eyes, and frame of Motion, and the whole Composure of the Body, was a lively Representation of Living Creatures. For he was the first that in Statues expressed the direct and lively aspect of the Eyes, and the progressive Motion of the Legs and Thighs, and stretching forth of the Hands and Arms, and therefore was justly admired by all: For those Artists that were before him, framed their Images with blinking Eyes, Heads hanging down, as if they were glued to their sides. But though Daedalus was thus admired for his exquisite Skill in this Art, yet he was forced to fly his Country for a Murder committed upon the occasion following. | Talus Daedalus his Sister's Son, being but a Young Boy, was at that time bred 
* Called Calus, by Fausan, lib. 1. 〈◊〉. 21.  up with his Uncle, to learn his Trade. This Talus for Ingenuity excelled his Master, and invented the Potter's Wheel: He got likewise a Serpent's Jawbone, and with it sawed a little piece of Wood asunder; then in imitation of the Tooth in the Jaw, he made the like in Iron, and so he found out an Instrument for the sawing of the greatest Pieces of Timber, exceeding useful, and tending much to the furtherance and ease of all Architects. He invented likewise the Turner's Lath, and many other Tools for the use of Architects; upon which account he was in great Esteem and Reputation. Daedalus hereat burnt with Rage and Envy against the poor Boy, and fearing he would grow far more famous than himself, secretly murdered him. Being seized upon just as he was laying the Carcase in the Ground, he was asked what he was burying? He answered, that he was covering a Serpent with Earth. Here it's very worthy of Remark, that the same Creature that was the occasion of making of the Saw, should be also the means of discovery of the Murder. Being therefore brought to his Trial at the Court of the Areopagites, and there condemned to die for the Murder; he first fled to a sort of 
† Of the Family, or Tribe of Cecrops.  People in Attica, who from him were called Daedalians: Thence he got into Crete, where he was much admired for his Art, and in great favour with King Minos.  
Afterwards (as it is commonly reported) Pasiphae the Queen, Minos his Wife, 
P. 193.  burning in her Lust after a Bull, he framed an Engine like to a Cow, and helped her by that means to satisfy her Lust. They say, that before that time, Minos Yearly sacrificed the best and largest Bull in the Herd to Neptune; and once there being a most lovely Beast in the Herd, a worse was picked out to be sacrificed; at which Neptune was so incensed at Minos, that he caused his Wife Pasiphae to go Mad for Love after the Bull; and by the Art of Daedalus, she prostituted herself to the Beast, and brought forth the Minotaur so famous in ancient Stories.  
They ascribe a double nature to this Creature, that from the Head to the 
Minotaur.  Shoulders, he resembled a Bull, and in all his lower Parts was like to a Man. It's said, that for the keeping and feeding of this Monster, Daedalus built the Labyrinth full of wind and turn, this way and that way, impossible to be found out by any Stranger before unacquainted. Here it was that the Minotaur devoured the Seven Boys, and the like number of Girls Yearly sent thither from Athens, as we have before declared.  
Daedalus being informed of Minos his Threats for making of the Cow, fearing the Rage of the King, by the help of the Queen got on Shipboard, and secretly escaped out of the Island. Icarus his Son fled away with him, and both arrived at a certain Island, situated in the Ocean far off from any Land, where the Young Man being too rash, and hasty to Land, dropped into the Sea, and there perished; from whom it's called the Icarian Sea, and the Island Icaria.  
From hence Daedalus sailed into Sicily, and landed there where Cocalus reigned, who received him very courteously, and upon the account of his great skill, and the Fame that went of him, made him his Bosom Friend.  
Some report this Story concerning him, That Daedalus continuing still in Crete, was hid by Pasiphae; Minos in the mean time making diligent search after him, in order to punish him, but not able to find him out, he promised great Rewards to such as should discover him.  
Daedalus utterly despairing to get away by Shipping, made for himself and Son, artificial Wings, jointed and compacted in a wonderful manner with Wax, and fastened them to his own and his Son's Body, and with them Daedalus suddenly flew away, and got over the Cretian Sea: But Icarus soaring too high (such is the folly of Young Men) fell down into the Sea, the Sun melting the Wax wherewith the Feathers of the Wings were joined together. But his Father flying low near the Surface of the Sea, and sprinkling his Wings in the Water, passed over safe into Sicily. Though this may seem an absurd Fable, yet we judged it not sit to be passed by.  
Daedalus stayed with Cocalus and the Sicilians a long time, and was highly honoured and esteemed by all for his excellent Art and Skill in his Profession: There are some Works of his there that remain to this day; for in the Territory of Megaris, he made a Fishpond with wonderful Art, through which the great River 
1. Colymbethra.  Alabone emptied itself into the Sea. He built likewise a City (now called Agrigentina in Camacus) upon a Rock so strong, that it was inexpugnable. The 
2. A City.  Passage to it was so strait and winding, that the Place might be easily defended by Three or Four Men. Therefore Cocalus here built a Palace, and treasured up all his Wealth, as a Place (through this Architect's ingenious Contrivance) wonderfully secure. In the Third Place, he made a Cave in the Territory of Selementa, 
3. A S●o●e, or Sweating-House; a Bannion. P. 194.  in which by Fire there under Ground, a warm Steam was so artificially raised, that by its moderate heat, it caused a gentle Sweat, and gradually cured many that resorted thither of their Distempers, with a great deal of Pleasure, without any uneasiness from the Heat. And whereas there was a high and craggy Rock in the Country of Eryx, and no room to build but upon the highest and craggiest part of it, by reason of the straight and narrow Passages about the Temple of Venus, he drew a Wall round the very Top, and plained and enlarged it in 
4. Plaining a Rock.  a wonderful manner. They say, he likewise made a Golden Honeycomb (dedicated to Venus Erycina) with such exquisite Art, and so like to a true and 
5. Honeycomb of Gold.  real one, that none could ever be comparable to it. He wrought many other excellent Pieces in Sicily, which length of Time has worn out, and consumed.  
But Minos' King of Crete, who had the Dominion at Sea, hearing that Daedalus was fled into Sicily, proclaimed War against that Island. Having therefore rigged out a mighty Fleet, he set Sail, and arrived upon the Coasts of Agrigentum, which was from him called Minoa, where he landed his Men, and sent Messengers to Cocalus, to demand the delivery up of Daedalus to Justice. Hereupon Minos and Cocalus came to an interview, and Cocalus promised to do all that Minos required, and entertained him with all honourable Respect: But when he was in a Bath, Cocalus kept him there so long, that he was stifled with the steam and heat. Afterwards he delivered his Body to the Cretians that came along with him, pretending he came to his Death, by slipping accidentally into the Hot and Scalding Baths. His Soldiers buried him with great Pomp, and built him a double Sepulchre, in the lower part whereof, in a Vault, they deposited his Bones, and near to the higher Part that was open to the view, they erected a Temple to Venus, which for many Ages after was so adored by the Inhabitants, that they offered Sacrifices there, as in a Temple peculiarly consecrated to her.  
In later Times, when Agrigentum was built, it being then discovered that the Bones were there buried, the Sepulchre was wholly ruined, and the Bones sent to the Cretians, at the time when Thero was Sovereign Lord of Agrigentum. The Cretians that were thus brought over into Sicily, after the Death of Minos, having then no King, fell at odds one with another, and raised a great Tumult. But their Ships being all burnt by the Sicilians, Cocalus his Subjects, they were out of all hope ever to return into their own Country; and therefore resolved to settle themselves in Sicily. To that end, some of them built a City, which from the Name of their King they called Minoa. Another part of them went up into the heart of the Country, and possessing themselves of a Place naturally very strong, there built Engium, a City so called from a Fountain there.  
After the Destruction of Troy, they received Merion, with other Cretians that were cast upon Sicily; and because they were of the same Nation, they made them 
The Curetes or Corybantes.  Members of their City. Afterwards making frequent Inroads into the Neighbouring Country, from so strong a Fort, they subdued many of the Borderers, and got some small Territory; afterwards being grown wealthy, they built a Temple to the 
* Called the Mother Goddesses in Crete.  Curetes or Corybantes, and most religiously adored those Goddesses and adorned their Temple with many rich Gifts. They say, these Goddesses came into Sicily out of Crete, where they were most especially adored and honoured. It's reported that they privately bred up and concealed Jupiter from his Father Saturn. In reward of which Kindness, they were taken up into the Heavens and placed among the Stars, where they make the Constellation called 
* The Bear.  Arctos. Of whom Aratus (agreeable hereunto) in his Poem of the Stars, speaks thus—  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
Upon their Shoulders him they bore away,  
If that we may believe what Stories say:  
From Crete great Jove advanced to th' Heavens clear,  
And placed the Curetes in the Northern Bear.  
For that from's Father Saturn him they hide,  
When young; and th' Youth out of all danger rid.  
It's not fit therefore that we should pass by in silence the piety of these Goddesses, 
P. 195.  and their Fame and Reputation amongst all Men. For they are not only adored by the Inhabitants of this City, but several of the Neighbouring Countries worship them with pompous Sacrifices, and other Religious Services. And the Oracle at Delphos enjoined many Cities to give divine Honour to these Goddesses; promising that by this means they should be blessed both in their private and public Concerns. And at length these Goddesses grew so Famous, that rich Gifts both of Gold and Silver were dedicated to them by the Inhabitants, and such Offerings are continued to the very time of writing this History. For they built to them a most sumptuous Temple, both for greatness of Structure, and Costlyness of Ornament. For in regard there was not Stone in that part of the Country fit for the raising such a Structure, they took care to have it brought from the Agyrinaeans, which was a 
* About Fifteen Miles.  Hundred Furlongs distance, and the way very rough and craggy, and hard to pass: And therefore to convey the Stones, they provided 
† Gr. Carts with Four Wheels.  Wagons, and a Hundred Yoke of Oxen; being the better enabled to bear the Charge, for that the Sacred Treasures were very large. For a little before our time, there were Three Thousand Oxen dedicated to those Goddesses, and so much Land as raised a vast Revenue: But having said enough of this, we shall proceed to the History of Aristaeus.  
Aristaeus was the Son of Apollo and Cyrene, the Daughter of Gypsaeus, who was 
Aristaeus his Original.  the Son of Peneus. Of his Birth some tell this Story: They say that Cyrene was very beautiful, and brought up at Mount Pelion, and that Apollo fell in love with her, and transported her into Lybia, where in later time was built a City, called after her Name Cyrene. There Apollo committed his Son Aristaeus, begotten of Cyrene (than a young Infant) to the care of the Nymphs, to be brought up by them; who gave him Three several Names, Norricus, Aristaeus and Agreus. These Nymphs taught him how to 
* To make Cheese.  curdle Milk, to order and make Bee-Hives, and plant Olive-Yards; and by this means he became the first that directed all other Men in this Art: For which he was so honoured, that all adored him as a God, as much as they did Bacchus.  
Afterwards they say, he went to Thebes, where he married Autonoe, one of Cadmus' Daughters, by whom he had Actaeon, torn in Pieces (as the Mythologists 
Actaeon.  say) by his own Dogs. Some give this Reason of his Misfortune, Because that he designed Nuptial Embraces with Diana in her 
† Within the Consecrated Ground belonging to the Temple.  Temple, dedicating to her what he got in hunting, for that Solemnity. Others say, because he boasted that in hunting, he excelled 
* Others say, because he looked at her when she was Bathing. See Paus. Boetic. c. 2.  Diana herself. And it is not improbable, but that the Goddess might be incensed at either of these. For whether for the gratifying of his Lust by his Prey, he abused the Goddess, who was ever averse from Marriage, or that he dared to prefer himself in the Art of Hunting before her, who by all the Gods themselves was granted to excel all others in that respect, the Goddess was certainly most justly angry: It's therefore very probable, that being transformed into the likeness of those Beasts he used to take, the Dogs when they were in pursuit of other Game, might tear him himself in Pieces.  
After the Death of Actaeon, Aristaeus went to 
† Apollo, the Oracle being called the Oracle of Apollo.  his Father the Oracle at Delphos, and there it's said, he was commanded by the Oracle to remove into the Island Coos, who told him that he should be there highly honoured, and in great esteem with the Coons.  
Thither therefore he sailed; a Plague afterwards raging over all Greece, he sacrificed to the Gods for the deliverance of the Grecians: When he had perfected his Sacrifice about the rising of the 
* In August.  Dog Star, at which time the Etesian Winds began to rise, the Plague stayed. This remarkable change (if it be seriously 
P. 196.  considered) may justly be wondered at; for he who had his Son torn in Pieces with Dogs, allayed the evil Influences of the Dog-Star (which commonly are pernicious) and at that time restored Health to many Thousands.  
Afterwards leaving his Children behind him, he went to Lybia, and from thence being furnished with Shipping by the Nymph his Mother, he sailed into Sardinia, where being taken with the pleasantness of the Island, he seated himself, and improved the Ground with Planting and Tillage, and civilised the Inhabitants who were before Rude and Barbarous. Here he begat Two Sons, Carmus and Calaecarpus. Afterwards he sailed to other Islands, and stayed for some time in Sicily, upon the account of its Fruitfulness both in Corn and cattle, where he imparted several things to the Inhabitants that were of great Benefit and Advantage. Therefore it's said all the Sicilians, and especially those that had Olive-Yards, adored Aristaeus as a God.  
At last, they say, he went into Thrace to Bacchus, where he learned the Rites 
The Feasts of Bacchus.  of the Orgia, and through his familiar Converse with that God, was instructed in many other things, both useful and profitable.  
After he had lived for some time near Mount 
* Between Thrace and Thessaly.  Haemus, he vanished away, and never was seen more; and was afterwards honoured as a God, not only by the Barbarians in those Parts, but by all the Grecians: But concerning Aristaeus, this shall suffice.  
Now to say something concerning Daphne and Eryx; it's reported that Eryx 
Daphnis, Eryx.  was the Son of Venus and 
† Butes King of Bythinia, called formerly Bebrycia in Asia.  Butes, a Native, a most Famous Prince. This Eryx for the Nobleness of his Birth on the Mother's side, was of great Esteem among the Inhabitants, and became King of part of the 
* Sicily.  Island, and built a City called after his own Name, upon a high and lofty Hill, upon the top of which within the City, he built a Temple to Venus, adorned 
Venus' Temple in Eryx.  with rich Oblations, and all other stately Furniture. The Goddess in reward of the Piety of the Inhabitants, and the devotion of her Son the Founder, expressed a special Love and Kindness for this City, and upon that named herself Venus Erycina.  
When any seriously considers the Majesty of this Temple, he cannot but greatly admire it; for all other Sacred Structures, after they have been famous for some time, have often by the adverse Blasts of Fortune, been at length ruined and destroyed; but this has been so far (from the very first Dedication of it) from decreasing in its Glory, that it has grown still more and more in Reputation and Esteem. For after the Consecration of it by Eyrx, Aeneas another Son of Venus, when he arrived in Sicily in his Voyage to Italy, beautified it with many rich Oblations, because it was Consecrated to his Mother; and after him the Sicilians for many Ages together (at great Cost and Expense) adored this Goddess with magnificent Sacrifices, and further adorned her Temple with many great Oblations. The Carthaginians also in later times, when they conquered part of the Island, still continued the splendid Worship of this Goddess. And lastly, the Romans, when they became Masters of the whole Island, surpassed all that were before 'em in the Worship of this Deity; and this they did upon good ground, for they derived their Original from her, and by her means were prosperous in all their Affairs, and therefore in gratitude for so many Benefits, they returned her the greater Honour and Esteem. For the Consuls and Praetors, and all that came as Governors into this Island, as soon as they came to Eryx, offered most magnificent Sacrifices, and dedicated rich Gifts for the beautifying of this Temple; and by little and little laid aside their Austerity, and pleasantly conversed both with the Women and Children in their Jollity, looking upon this to be the only way to ingratiate themselves into the favour of the Goddess. The Roman Senate likewise out of their singular respect to this Goddess, decreed that Seventeen of the most considing Cities they had in Sicily, should make an Offering in Gold to Venus, and that the Temple should be continually guarded by Two Hundred Soldiers.  
And thus though we have treated something largely of Eryx, yet the Account is not impertinent to the History of Venus.  
We shall now endeavour to relate what the Mythologists report concerning 
Daphnis, Herean Mountains.  Daphnis: In Sicily they say, are Mountains called Herei, so pleasant for Situation, and of so sweet an Air, that no Place can be better pitched upon than they, for Pleasure and Diversion in the Summer time: For there are many Springs of admirable sweet Water, and decked with Trees of all sorts. There are whole Woods of tall and stately Oaks, which bear Acorns of a vast bigness, twice as many, and twice as big as in any other part of the World.  
There likewise grows abundance of Roots and Herbs, natural Vines, and unspeakable number of 
* Apples.  Melons, so that a Carthaginian Army once ready to starve for want of Provision, was there relieved and preserved; and though so many Thousands were there fed, yet plenty remained in the Mountains still. In this Region there's a pleasant Valley, graced with Rows of Trees, affording a most 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Divine Comeliness.  ravishing prospect to the Eye, and likewise a Grove dedicated to the Nymphs: Here they say Daphnis was begotten by Mercury upon one of the Nymphs, and gained that Name from the multitude of 
* L. Daphne, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, a Laurel, in Greek.  Laurels that grow there. Being bred up by the Nymphs, and having many Herds of cattle, he diligently followed the Shepherd's Life; upon which account he was also called 
† The Cow-herd.  Bubulcus; and being very skilful and ingenious in composing Songs and Tunes, he found out the Bucolick Poems, and Harmonious Notes which are much used, and highly esteemed amongst the Sicilians at this Day. They say likewise, that he often hunted with Diana, and by his dutiful observance and attendance upon the Goddess, mightily gained her Favour, and with his Piping and Singing, wonderfully delighted her. It's likewise said, that a Nymph falling in love with him, told him, that if he lay with any other Woman but her, he should be struck blind; which afterwards proved true, for lying with a King's Daughter who had made him drunk, he forthwith lost his Sight.  
But this concerning Daphnis shall suffice. Now we proceed in short to the Story 
Orion.  of Orion. It's said, that he was the biggest and strongest Man of all the Heroes, and was much given to Hunting; and being so very strong, for the sake of Vainglory, performed many great Actions.  
Amongst other things, by casting up a Mould, he made the Harbour called Act, for Zanclus the Sicilian King, from whom the City was anciently called Zancle, but now Messina.  
But since we make mention of Messina, we conceive it no digression if we here subjoin what is related concerning the narrow Sea, whereon it is seated.  
Some ancient Writers say, that Sicily was once a Peninsula, and afterwards 
The Strait at Messina.  became an Island, in the manner following.  
The Sea beating violently upon each side of the narrowest part of the Isthmus, at length cut through and disjoined one part from the other, and the place from thence was called Rhegium, where many Years after, was built the City now so called. Others say, that that narrow Neck of the Continent, was rend asunder by an Earthquake, and by that means the Sea burst into that part where the Convulsion was made. But the Poet Hesiod affirms the contrary; for he says, that the Sea being formerly broader, Orion raised up in the open Sea, the Promontory Pelorus, and built upon it a Temple to Neptune, religiously adored by the Inhabitants. After the performing of these things, they report that he sailed into Eubaea, and there resided. Afterwards for the glory of his Actions, being fixed as a Constellation amongst the Stars, his Name became Famous to Eternity, of whom the Poet Homer makes mention in his Poem of the Dead, in these Words:  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
Next vast Orion his appearance made,  
Hunting Wild Beasts within a Fruitful Mead,  
Which on th' waste Mountains he had killed before,  
When once a brazen Knotted Club he bore.  
Where likewise he takes notice of his great Bulk; and a little after making mention of Aloiades, he adds, that at Nine Years of Age, he was 
† Nine Cubits make Four Yards and a half. Nine Orgia make Eighteen Yards.  Four Yards and an half in thickness, and Eighteen Yards in height.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
His Mother Earth his Body did so rear,  
That none for Height and Beauty might compare  
With him; except Orion who excelled  
In both; and so him more than paralleled.  
Having now treated sufficiently of the Heroes and Demigods, according as we at first designed, we shall here put an end to this Book.    

THE Historical Library OF Diodorus the Sicilian. BOOK V.  

The PREFACE.  
IT ought to be the special care of all Historians, not only in their Writings to observe whatever may be useful and profitable, but also to keep to a due Order and Method in the several parts of their History. This not only conduces much to direct and caution private Persons how to get and keep Estates, but is an extraordinary help to Writers, in composing of their Historical Treatises. For some there are, that though they are justly in high Esteem for their Eloquent Style, and Variety of Learning discovered in their Writings, yet have been too careless in distributing their Matter under proper Heads; so that though the Readers may easily discern their great Pains and Industry, yet their manner of Writing deserves justly to be censured. Timaeus indeed was very exact in his Chronology, and extraordinarily industrious to abound in variety of Relations; but for his unseasonable and immoderate Censures 
P. 199.  of others, may be justly taxed and reprehended himself; who for his unbounded Liberty that he takes in this bitter Censuring, is called by some, the 
* Epitiment  Detractor.  
But Ephorus, on the contrary, in his Universal History, acts the part of an excellent Historian, both as to the Elegancy of his Style, and his accurate Method: For he divides his Books according to their several Subjects, keeping close in every Book to things of one and the same nature. Which way and order of Writing, I approve above all others, and therefore shall endeavour to imitate him as well as I can.   

CHAP. I.  
A Description of Sicily. The Aeolides or Lipari 〈…〉 nds. Of Malta, Gaulus, Cercina, Corsica, Sardinia, Pityusa and the Baleares.  
HAving 
* Styled it the Book of the Islands.  designed this Book for a Description of the Islands, we shall first begin with Sicily, being the chiefest and most remarkable for Ancient and Memorable Actions.  
It was anciently called 
† Three corner'd like a Wedge.  Trinacria, from its Shape. Afterwards by the Sicanians, the first Inhabitants, it was called Sicania; and at last it was called Sicily, from the Sicilians, who with all their People entirely transported themselves thither out of Italy.  
In Circuit, it's 
* About Five Hundred Forty Five Mile.  Four Thousand, Three Hundred and Sixty Furlongs: For one of the Three Sides, from the Promontory Pelorus to Lilibeum, is a Thousand and Seven Hundred Furlongs; the other from Lilibeum to Pachinum, a Promontory of Syracuse, runs out in length a Thousand and Five Hundred Furlongs. The rest contains a Thousand, One Hundred and Forty Furlongs.  
The Sicilians, the Inhabitants, from old Tradition, continued down to them from their Forefathers, say, that this Island is dedicated to Ceres and Proserpina. Some of the Poets feign, that at the Marriage of Pluto and Proserpina, this Island was given to the new Bride, by Jupiter for a † Present. 
* For an Anacalypterium. These were Gifts bestowed upon the Bride by the Husband and his Friends, when she plucked off her Veil at her first being brought to her Husband. They were called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. See Archaeolog. Att. lib. 4. c. 7.  The most approved Authors say, that the Sicanians who were the ancient Possessors, were the first natural Inhabitants of this Isle; and that the Goddesses which we have beforementioned, appeared first in this Island; and that the fatness of the Soil was such, that Corn first grew here of itself, which the most Eminent of all the Poets confirms in these Words—  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
Within this Island all things grow,  
Without the help of Seed or Blow,  
As Wheat and Barley; with the Vine,  
From whence proceeds both Grapes and Wine,  
Which with sweet Showers from above  
Are brought to ripeness by great Jove.  
For in the Territory of Leontium, and in many other Parts of Sicily, there grows up wild Wheat at this very Day. If it be asked in what part of the World these Grains were first known, before the use of Corn was found out; it's most probable that they were first brought to the best and richest Country, and therefore upon that Account, we see that the Sicilians most especially worship those Goddesses who were the first Discoverers of these Fruits. That the Rape of Proserpina was in this Country (they say) is most clear and evident from hence, that neither of these 
† Ceres and Proserpina. This Rape the Ground of this Fable, was Ann. Mund. 2673, before Christ, 1275.  Goddesses ever resided in any other Place, but in this Island, wherein they delighted above all others. The Rape, they say, was in the Meadows of Enna, not far from the City, a Place decked with Violets, and all sorts of other Flowers, affording a most beautiful and pleasant Prospect. It's said, that the fragrancy of the Flowers is such, that the Dogs sent out to hunt the Game, thereby lose the benefit of their Sense, and are made incapable by their Scent to find out the Prey. This Meadow-ground in the middle and highest part of it is Champain, and well watered, but all the Borders round are craggy, guarded with high and steep Precipices, and is supposed to lie in the very Heart of Sicily: Whence it's called by some the Navel of Sicily: Near at hand are Groves, Meadows and Gardens, surrounded with Morasses, and a deep 
P. 200.  Cave, with a Passage under Ground opening towards the North, through which they say, Pluto passed in his Chariot, when he forced away Proserpina. In this Place the Violets and other sweet Flowers flourish continually all the Year long, and present a pleasant and delightsom Prospect to the Beholders all over the flourishing Plain.  
The say, that Minerva and Diana, who had both vowed Virginity as well as Proserpina, were bred up together with her, and all Three wrought a Gown for Jupiter their Father, of the Flowers they had gathered in Company one with another. And that they were exceedingly delighted in the Island upon the account of the familiar Converse they enjoyed one with another; so that each of them chose out a particular Place for their several Residences. Minerva made choice of those Parts near Himaera, where the Nymphs for the sake of Minerva opened the Hot Baths about the time of Hercules his coming thither. The Inhabitants likewise dedicated the City to her (to this Day called Athenaeum) with the Country round about. To Diana was allotted by the Goddesses the Island at Syracuse, which from her was called both by the Oracles of the Gods and by Men, 
* Virg. 3 Aen.  Ortygia. The Nymphs likewise to ingratiate themselves the more with Diana, made a mighty great Fountain in this Island, called Arethusa, wherein were bred many great Fishes, not only in Ancient Times, but there they remain to this very Day as Sacred and never touched by any. But when some in time of War have made bold to feed upon 'em, they have suddenly by the apparent anger of the Goddess been afflicted with some remarkable Calamity, of which we shall write more fully in its proper Time and Place.  
Proserpina enjoyed the pleasant Meadows about Enna in Common, with the other two Goddesses, and had a great Fountain called Cyane, in the Territories of Syracuse, consecrated to her. For they say, that Pluto after the Rape, carried away 
† Core, the Girl.  Proserpina in a Chariot to Syracuse, and there the Earth opening, both of them descended into 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Hell together, from which time in that Place arose the Spring and Lake called Cyane, where the Syracusians every Year celebrate a solemn Festival; at which they privately Sacrificed the lesser Victims, but publicly and openly they threw Bulls into the 
† Cyane.  Lake; which manner of Sacrifice Hercules introduced, when he went over all Sicily with the Herds of Geryon. After the Rape of Proserpina, they say, Ceres (not being able to find out her Daughter) lighted Firebrands at the Eruptions of Aetna, and wandered through divers Parts of the World to seek her, and did much good where she came, especially where she was courteously received, bestowing Wheat upon the Inhabitants in a grateful return of their Civility. And because the Athenians entertained this Goddess with the greatest civility; therefore next to Sicily, they were the First upon whom she bestowed this Grain; for which the People of Athens honoured this Goddess above all others with splendid Sacrifices, and sacred Mysteries at Eleusis, which for their antiquity and sanctity are greatly esteemed every where.  
The Athenians generously communicated this Blessing of Corn to many others, and they imparted of the Seed to their Neighbours, so that by degrees the whole World was full of it.  
The Sicilians therefore being the First that had the use of Corn, by reason of their Familiar Converse with Ceres and Proserpina who dwelled among them, instituted Sacrifices and Solemn Festivals to both these Goddesses, whose Names gave Reputation to the things; which Festivals were solemnised at such a time, as was most proper to point at the great benefit they had received: For they celebrated the Rape of Proserpina, in the time of Wheat Harvest, and performed these Sacrifices and Solemnities with that sanctity and application of Mind, as became them, who were obliged to be thankful for being preferred before all other People in the World with the First reception of so great a Blessing.  
They had another Festival which they celebrated to Ceres at the time of Wheat Seedings; it continued for the space of Ten Days, and was remarkable for the Name of the Goddess; and during this time every thing was celebrated with great Pomp and Splendour; but the rest of the Worship was after the old way and Fashion. But it's a Custom among them during all these Ten Days, to use 
P. 201.  Obscene and Fifthy Language in their Converse one with another, because the Goddess being put into dumps of Melancholy for the loss of her Daughter, is put to the Smile they say, by smutty Discourse. That the Rape of Proserpina was in this manner, as we have before declared, many of the Ancients both Poets and Historians do generally affirm. For Carcinus the Tragedian, who came often to Syracuse, observing how Zealous the Citizens were in celebrating the Sacreds' and Festivals of Ceres, has these Verses in his Poems.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
Ceres most lovely 
* Proserpina.  Daughter, as they say,  
By Pluto's Crafty Snares was snatched away,  
Who under Ground through darksome Caves conveyed  
To th' gloomy Shades below, the harmless Maid.  
Her mournful Mother wept and wrung her Hands,  
Seeking her Ravished Daughter in all Lands.  
Then Aetna's Flames through all the Land did roar,  
And Flakes of Fire spread the Island o'er;  
And while the noble Maid was thus bemoaned,  
For want of Corn the fainting Country groaned:  
And hence it is, that to this very Day,  
Devoutly to these Goddesses they pray.  
It's not fit we should here omit giving an Account of the Kindness and Bounty of this Goddess to Mankind: For besides that she found out Corn, she taught the Art of Husbandry, and instituted Laws, whereby Men governed their actions according to the Rules of Justice and Honesty: For which reason they say, she was called the 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Lawmaker And certainly none can bestow greater Benefits than these imparted by her, which include both Being and Wellbeing. But this concerning the Antiquities of Sicily shall suffice.  
But it's necessary to say in brief something of the Sicanians, the first Inhabitants 
Sicanians.  of Sicily, because several Historians differ in their Relations concerning them. For Philistus says they were a Colony transplanted from 
* Spain.  Iberia into this Island, and came thither from the River Sicanus from whence they were called Sicani. But Timaeus (condemning the Ignorance of this Writer) proves clearly and evidently that they were the Original Inhabitants; whose Reasons to prove their Antiquity being many we conceive it needless to recite. The Sicanians anciently dwelled in Villages, and built little Towns upon Hills that were naturally strong, for their better Security against Thiefs and Robbers. For they were not under one General Monarch, but every Town had each a several Prince. And at first they enjoyed the whole Island, and lived by Tillage and improvement of the Ground: But after that Aetna burst out in Flames in many Parts of it, and streams of Fire even overflowed the neighbouring Territory, the Country lay waste and ruined for a great space and Tract of Ground together. And in regard the Fire continued thus to spoil the Country for many years together, the Inhabitants in a Consternation forsook the Eastern Parts of Sicily, and went down into the West. At length after many Ages the Sicilians with all their Families transported themselves out of Italy, and settled in that part of the Island before forsaken by the Sicanians. Where out of a covetous desire to gain more, they encroached still further, and made incursions into the neighbouring Countries, so that there were frequent Wars between them and the Sicanians, till by a mutual Compact and agreement they settled the Boundaries of each others Territories; of which we shall give a particular account in their Proper place and time. The last that sent Colonies into Sicily were the Grecians, and those very considerable, who built Cities upon the Sea Coasts. By the multitude of Grecians that resorted thither and the frequent and ordinary Commerce with them, they learned both the Language, and the Grecians way of living, and lost (together with their own barbarous Dialect) their very Name likewise, and were called Sicilians. Having said enough of these, we shall now pass to the Islands called the Eolides, which are seven in number 
The Eolide Islands.  called Strongyle, Euonymus, Didyme, Phoenicusa, Hiera, Vulcania, and Lipara; in which last there's a City of the same name: These lie between Sicily and Italy 
P. 202.  in a direct line from East to West, and are distant from Sicily about an hundred and fifty Furlongs: They are much of an equal bigness; the greatest of them is in Circuit an hundred and fifty Furlongs. They have been all subject to great eruptions of Fire, the Passages of which by the openings of the Earth are apparent and visible at this day. But in Strongyle and Hiera to this very time violent Vapours burst out of the Earth, with a roaring dreadful noise; abundance likewise of Sand and Fiery stones are Vomited out of the Ground; the like to which may be seen about Mount Aetna: For some affirm that from these Islands there are Caverns within the Earth that run out as far Aetna, and so there's a Communication one with another, and therefore both these, and those Breaches and Casmas of the Earth at Aetna, cast forth their Flames at certain seasons by turns. They say that these Islands anciently were desert and uninhabited; and that afterwards Liparus Son of King Auson upon a sedition raised against him by his Brothers with a 
* Long Ships, or Men of War.  Fleet well man'd, Fled out of Italy into the Island, from him called Lipara, where he built a City of the same name, and tilled and cultivated the rest of the Islands. When he was old, Aeolus the Son of Hippotas, with some other of his Associates arrived in the Island, and married Cyane the Daughter of Liparus; and investing the rest that he brought along with him, with the same Rights and Privileges that the natural Inhabitants enjoyed, he became supreme Lord of the Island. Liparus afterwards having a desire to return into Italy, Aeolus assisted him in possessing the Country about Syrrentum, where (after he had reigned with a general applause) he died, and was buried in great state and funeral Pomp, and honoured by the Inhabitants as a Demy God. This is that Aeolus (which they say) entertained Ulysses in his Wander; and was reported to be pious towards the Gods, righteous towards Men, and kind and courteous to Strangers.  
It's likewise reported that he taught Mariners the use of Sails; and by the diligent observance of Fire foretold the rising of Winds; whence he was feigned to have a Sovereign power over the Winds; and for his Piety was called the Friend of the Gods. He had Six Sons, Astyochus, Xuthus, Androcles, Pheroemon, Jocastes and Agathurnus, who were all in great Reputation and esteem upon the account of the Fame of their Father's Virtues.  
Amongst these Sons Jocastes reigned as King over those Parts, lying upon the Seacoasts of Italy, as far as Rhegium. Pheroemon and Androcles enjoyed that Part of Sicily from the narrow cut of the Sea to Lilibaeum. That part of the Country that lies Eastward was inhabited by the Sicilians; the other towards the West by the Sicanians, which several People were continually Quarrelling one with another: But they freely submitted to the Sons of Aeolus, for the sake of their Father's Eminent Piety, and their own gentle and sweet Dispositions. Xuthus reigned in the Territory of Leontium, called from him Xuthia to this Day. Agathurnus possessed the Region now called Agathynites, and built the City called Agathurnum, after his own Name.  
Astyochus was Sovereign Lord of Lipara; and all of them imitating their Father's Piety and Justice, were in great Honour and Esteem. After the Posterity of Aeolus had reigned successively for many Ages together, at last the Royal Line in Sicily was extinct. After which, the Sicilians were under an Aristocratical Government: But the Sicanians fell to odds one with another about the Sovereignty, 
P. 203.  and for a long time together were embroiled in a Civil War.  
Many Years afterwards, when the other Islands (through the Severity of the Kings of Asia) were more and more emptied of their Inhabitants, some of Cnydus and Rhodes determined to transplant themselves; to which end they created Pentathlus a Cnidian, their Captain (who derived his Pedigree from Hippotes the Son of Hercules) and under his Conduct they transported themselves into Sicily, and arrived at Lilibaeum.  
This fell out in the 
* About Seven Years after the taking and destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadonozer. Ant. Chr. 585 Years.  Fiftieth Olympiad, in which Epitilidas the Laconian was Victor. At which time likewise it happened, that Aegestanes and Selinuntes were at War one with another; in which War (joining with the Selinuntines) in one Battle, they lost many of their Men, and among the rest, their General Pentathlus. The Selinuntines being thus routed, those of these Strangers that survived, determined to return Home; to which purpose they chose Gorgus Thestores and Epitherides, of the Household of Pentathlus, to be their Captains, who sailed through the Tyrrhene Sea, to Lipara, where they were kindly received, and easily persuaded to enter into a League with the Inhabitants, and dwell among them, who were then scarce Five Hundred that remained of those that came over with Aeolus.  
Afterwards when the Tyrrhenians infested the Seas with their Piracies, (being vexed with their Incursions) they prepared a Fleet for their Defence; and divided themselves into several Parts, some to till the Ground, and others to guard the Seas against the Pirates.  
Then enjoying their Estates in Common, and feeding together in Societies, they continued for some time in this Community of Life. Afterwards they divided Lipara (wherein was situated the Metropolitan City) amongst themselves; the rest of the Islands they Tilled and improved for the use of them all in Common.  
At last they divided all the Islands for the space of Twenty Years; and when that time was expired, they again made a Division by Lot. Afterwards they overcame the Tyrrhenians in many Sea-Fights, and devoted the Tenths of the best of their Spoils to the Oracle at Delphos.  
It remains we should show by what means the City of Lipara in succeeding Ages grew to that height of Wealth, that they were not only happy in themselves, but renowned and glorious Abroad.  
This City is beautified by Nature with very large and fair Harbours, and furnished with famous Baths; for they are not only Medicinal, but by reason of their singular Properties and Qualities, afford much Pleasure and Delight; and therefore many in Sicily that are taken with strange and unusual Diseases, pass over into this Island, and by washing themselves in the hot Baths, are restored presently to perfect Health, even to Admiration.  
And the Island itself to this Day, abounds in that famous Mineral of Allom, which brings in a great Revenue both to the Liparians and the Romans; For being in no other part of the World, and so very useful, the Inhabitants (upon good Reason) have the sole vending of this Commodity, and by setting what rate they please upon it, they grow prodigiously rich. Only indeed in the Isle of Melos, there grows a sort of small Allom, but not sufficient to supply any considerable number of Cities. This Island of Lipara is not large, but reasonably well stored with Fruit, and abounds with every thing necessary for the Sustenance of Man's Life; for it plentifully supplies the Inhabitants with all sorts of Fish, and bears Fruit most delicious to the Taste. But this may suffice to be said of Lipara, and the rest of the Aeolid Islands.  
Next to Lipara Westward, lies a small Island uninhabited, called (upon a remarkable Accident) Ostales. For at the time when the Carthaginians were engaged in great Wars with the Syracusians, they were furnished with considerable Forces both at Sea and Land; amongst whom were many Mercenaries out of several Countries, which were always a turbulent sort of Men, and commonly 
P. 204.  accustomed to raise many horrid Mutinies in the Army, especially when they received not their Pay at the Day when it was due. Some therefore there were at that time (about the number of Six Thousand) according to their usual Insolency and rude Behaviour (not receiving their Pay) first got into a Body together, and then with rude Shouts and Clamours, assaulted their Commanders. And when for want of Money, they still delayed to pay them, they threatened they would prosecute their Right against the Carthaginians with Force of Arms, and thereupon laid hold upon their Officers; and though they received a Check from the Senate for their unruliness, yet they were the more furious and outrageous. Whereupon the Senate privately ordered the Colonels and Officers to put all the Mutineers to Death; upon which Orders, they forthwith got them all on Shipboard, and (under colour of some Military Service to be performed) transported them to the Island beforementioned, and there landed them and left them: And though they stormed and raged at this Misfortune, yet they were in no capacity to revenge themselves upon the Carthaginians, but at length were all famished to Death: And being that so great a Number (as if they had been Captives of War) perished in so small an Island, this straight place was filled with the multitude of dead men's Bones; and for this reason the Island was called as aforesaid.  
And in this manner these Mercenaries (by the fraud of their own Officers) were brought into these Extremities, and miserably perished for want of Food.  
Having now gone through the Aeolides, we shall next view those Islands that lie on both Sides of them.  
Southward over against Sicily, lie Three Islands, which have all safe and commodious Harbours, and each of them a City.  
The first is Malta, about Eight Hundred Furlongs from Syracuse, furnished 
Malta, distant from Sicily about Sixty Miles.  with very good Harbours; and the Inhabitants are very Rich; for it's full of all sorts of Artificers, amongst whom there are excellent Weavers of fine Linen. Their Houses are very Stately and Beautiful, adorned with graceful Eaves, and pargeted with white Plaster. The Inhabitants are a Colony of Phaenicians, who trading as Merchants as far as the Western Ocean, resorted to this Island upon the account of its commodious Ports, and convenient situation for a Sea-Trade; and by the advantage of this Place, the Inhabitants presently became famous both for their Wealth and Merchandise.  
The next is Gaulus, furnished with several safe Harbours, 
Gaulus, now called Gaudus, about Five Miles from Malta.  and first inhabited by the Phaenicians.  
Then follows Circina, lying to the Coasts of Africa, in 
Cercina, now called Carcana.  which is a handsome City, and most commodious Ports, wherein may ride not only Merchant Men, but Men of War.  
Having spoken of the Southern Islands, we shall return to the rest near to the Lipari, which lie in the Tyrrhenian Sea; for near to Populonium (as it's called) a City of Hetruria, lies 
† Aethalia, now called Zerbe, formerly Lotophagitis.  Aethalia, distant from Lipara, near a Hundred Furlongs, so called from the great 
* Aethalos in Greek, is a Mist, Smoke or Fog. P. 205.  Mists and Fogs that rise there. This Island abounds with Iron Stone, which they dig and cut out of the Ground to melt, in order for the making of Iron; much of which Metal is in this sort of Stone. The Workmen employed first, cut the Stone in Pieces, and then melt them in Furnaces, built and prepared for the purpose. In these Furnaces, the Stones by the violent heat of the Fire, are melted into several Pieces, in form like to great Sponges, which the Merchants buy by Truck and Exchange of other Wares, and transport them to Dicearchia; and other Mart-Towns.  
Some of these Merchants that buy of these Wares, cause 'em to be wrought by the Copper smith's, who beat and fashion 'em into all sorts of Tools, Instruments and other shapes and Fancies; as some they neatly beat into the shape of Birds, others into Spades, Hooks, and other sorts of Utensils. All which are transported and carried about into several parts of the World by the Merchants.  
There's another Island, by the Greeks called Cyrnon, and by the Romans and 
Corsica.  Natural Inhabitants Corsica, Three Hundred Furlongs distant from Aethalia. It's an Island of an easy Access, and has a beautiful large Harbour, called Syra●usium. There are in it two Cities Calaris and Nicaea. 
Cities.   
The Phoceans built Calaris, at the time they were possessors of the Island, but were afterwards ejected by the Tyrrhenians. Nicaea was built by the 
* Or Tyrrhenians.  Etrurians, when they Lorded it as Masters at Sea, and subdued all the Islands that lie near adjoining to Hetruria.  
During the time the Cities of Corsica were subject to them, they exacted a Tribute from the Inhabitants, of resin, Wax and Honey, of which great plenty is produced in this Island. Corsican Bondslaves are naturally of such a Temper 
Servants.  and Qualification, that for usefulness they are to be preferred before all others whatsoever. The Island is large, a great part of it Mountainous and Woody, and watered with several small 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Rivers.  
The Inhabitants feed upon Milk, Honey and Flesh, which this Country affords plentifully, and exceed all other Barbarians in Justice and Humanity one towards another: For where any find Honey in hollow Trees in the Mountains, it's certainly his that finds it, without any further Dispute. The Sheep have all their Owners Mark set upon them, and that certainly secures the Property of their Masters, though there be no Shepherd to look after them. And in all other respects in their Converse and way of Living, every one of them in their several Stations observe the Rules of common Right and Justice. A very strange thing there is among 'em concerning the Birth of their Children; for when the Woman is in Labour, there's no care taken of her in the time of her Travel; 
Men in Travel for their Wives.  but the Husband goes to Bed as if he were sick, and there continues for certain Days, as if he were under the Pains of a Woman in Travel.  
Here grows in this Island abundance of extraordinary Box-Trees, which is the Reason that the Honey produced here, is many times very bitter. It's possessed by Barbarians, whose Language is very strange and difficult to be understood; they are above the number of Thirty Thousand.  
Next to this lies Sardinia, an Island as big as Sicily; it's inhabited by Barbarians, whom they call jolaeians, sprung (as they they themselves suppose) from those few that inhabited the Country with 
Sardinia belongs to the King of Spain, Six Miles from Corsica; about an Hundred and Seventy Miles in length, and Eighty Miles broad.  jolaus and the Thespidae. For at that time that Hercules instituted those so much 
* Olympic Games.  Celebrated Games, having many Children by the Daughters of Thespius, by the Command of the Oracle, he sent them with a numerous Train, both of Barbarians and Grecians into Sardinia, to settle themselves in new Habitations.  
Their Captain jolaus (Hercules his Nephew on his Brother's side) possessed himself of the Island, and built in it several famous Cities; and dividing the Country by Lot, called the People from himself, jolaeians. He built likewise public Schools and Temples, and left other Monuments for public use, and general advantage, which remain to this Day.  
For the most pleasant Fields of the Country are called after him, The Fields of 
P. 206.  jolaus, or The jolaeian Fields; and the People are still called jolaeians from him. It was foretold likewise by the Oracle concerning his Colony, that if they were called after his Name, their Freedoms and Liberties should be secured to them for ever; and accordingly their Laws and Government have been preserved firm and unshaken to this Day. For though the Carthaginians, when they were in the height of their Power, took this Island, yet they could not enslave the People: for the jolaeians fled to the Mountains, and made them Habitations under Ground, and kept and maintained many Herds and flocks of cattle, which afforded them Food sufficient, both as to Milk, Cheese and Flesh. And thus leaving the Champain Parts of the Country, they were both freed from the Toil of Ploughing and Tilling the Ground; and besides, lived at ease in the Mountains, contented with a mean and moderate Provision, as we before said.  
And although the Carthaginians often assaulted them with great Armies, yet the difficulties of the Places were such, and the wind and turn within these Subterraneous Caves were so inexplicable, that they were ever the security of these Inhabitants from Bondage and Slavery. And lastly, the Romans, since they became Masters of the Place, have often attempted to reduce them by force of Arms, but were never able to prevail, for the Reasons before alleged. But to return to the ancient Times; jolaus after he had settled all the Concerns relating to the Colony, returned into Greece. The Thespiades after they had been Lords of the Island for many Ages, were at length expulsed, and driven into Italy, and seated themselves in the Parts and Places about Cuma: The rest of the People returned to their former Barbarism, and making choice of the best Captains from among their own Countrymen, have defended their Liberties to this Day.  
Having said enough of Sardinia, we shall now go on with the other Islands.  
Next to the beforementioned Island, is Pityusa, so called from the multitude 
Pityusa.  of Pine-Trees growing there, lying in the midst of the Sea, Three Days, and as many Night's Sail from Herculeses Pillars, one Day and Night's Sail from the Coast of Africa, and only a Days Sail from Spain; as large as Corcyra, and reasonably Fruitful. It bears some few Vines and wild Olive-Trees. Amongst other things it produces, it's most esteemed for fine Wool. It's chequered with pleasant Champain Fields, and lovely Hills. There's a City in it called Ercsum, inhabited by a Colony of Carthaginians: The Island is graced with famous Ports, and high Walls, and a great number of stately Houses. Barbarians of several Nations inhabit there, but most are Carthaginians, a Colony of whom settled there about a Hundred and Sixty Years after the building of Carthage.  
There are other Islands over against Spain, which the Grecians call 
* Signifies naked.  Gymnesiae, because in Summertime the Inhabitants go naked. By the Natives and the Romans they are called 
† Baleares, now called Majorca, and Minorca, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Baleares, from casting of huge massy Stones out of Slings, wherein the Inhabitants excel all other People.  
The Greater of these Islands is larger than all the rest of the 
* In the Mediterranean.  Islands, except these Seven, Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, Crete, Eubaea, Corsica, and Lesbos. It's one Days Sail distant from Spain.  
The Lesser lies more Eastward, and breeds and feeds all sorts of brave and large cattle, especially 
‖ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Half Asses.  Mules, which for the largeness of their Bodies, and the exceeding noise they make in their Braying, are remarkable above all others. Both these Islands are of a good and fertile Soil, and are Peopled with above Thirty Thousand Inhabitants.  
As to the Fruits of the Earth; they are altogether destitute of Wine; the want therefore of it makes 'em the more eager after it. Neither have they any Oil amongst them; to supply which, they press out the Oily part of Mastic, 
P. 207.  and mix it and Swines-Grease together, and with this Composition anoint their Bodies.  
They love Women exceedingly, whom they value at such a Rate, that when the Pirates bring any Women they have taken, thither, they'll give as a Ransom Three or Four Men for one Woman. They live in Caves hewed in the Rocks, 
Habitations.  and spend all their Days in these Holes, dug up and down in the steepest part of the Rocky Mountains, by which means they provide for themselves both shelter and security.  
They make no use either of Silver or Gold Coin, but prohibit the importation 
Coyn.  of it into the Island; for which they give this Reason: For that Hercules in former times made War upon Geryon the Son of Chrysaores, for no other reason but because he was rich in Silver and Gold; and therefore that they may live more securely, and quietly enjoy what they have, they have made it a standing Law to have nothing to do with that Wealth which consists in those Metals.  
According therefore to this Decree, when once heretofore in a War they assisted the Carthaginians, they brought nothing of their Pay into their own Country, but laid it all out in Wine and Women.  
They have a filthy Custom likewise amongst 'em concerning their Marriages; 
Marriages.  for in their Marriage Feasts, all their Friends and Household Servants, as they are in Seniority of Age, one after another, carnally know the Bride, till at length it come to the Bridegrooms turn, who has the honour to be last.  
They have another strange Custom likewise about the burying of their Dead; 
Burials.  they cut the Carcase in Pieces with Wooden Knives or Axes, and so put up all the Parts into an Urn, and then raise up a great heap of Stones over it.  
Their Arms are Three Slings, one they wind about their Heads, another they tie about their Loins, and the Third they carry in their Hands. In time of War, they throw much greater Stones than any other People, and with that Violence, as if a thing were shot out of an 
* A Catapult.  Engine; and therefore in the time of Assaults made upon Towns, they grievously gall those that stand upon the Bulwarks, and in Field-Fights break in pieces their Enemy's Shields, Helmets, and all other defensive Armour whatsoever; and are such exact Marksmen, that (for the most part) they never miss what they aim at: They attain to this Skill by contival Exercise from their very Childhood, for while they are very Young, they are forced under the tutorage of their Mothers, to cast Stones out of Slings. For they fasten a Piece of Bread for a Mark to a Pole, and till the Child hit the Bread, he must fast, and then at length the Mother gives him the Bread to eat.   

CHAP. II.  
Of Medera, Britain, Gallia, Celtiberia, Iberia and Tyrrhenia, and of the Inhabitants, and their Laws and Customs.  
SInce we have gone through the Islands lying Eastward, on this side within the Pillars of Hercules, we shall now launch into the main Ocean to those that lie beyond them; for over against Africa, lies a very great 
* This seems to be Madera.  Island in the vast Ocean, of many Days Sail from Lybia, Westward. The Soil here is very fruitful, a great part whereof is Mountainous, but much likewise Champain, which is the most sweet and pleasant part of all the rest; for it's watered with several navigable Rivers, beautified with many 
† Paradises.  Gardens of Pleasure, planted with divers sorts of Trees, and abundance of Orchards, interlaced with Currents of sweet Water. The Towns are adorned with stately Buildings, and Banqueting Houses up and down, pleasantly situated in their Gardens and Orchards. And here they recreate themselves in Summer Time, as in Places accommodated for Pleasure and Delight.  
The Mountainous part of the Country is clothed with many large 
* Of Oak.  Woods, and all manner of Fruit-Trees; and for the greater Delight and Diversion of People in these Mountains, they ever and anon open themselves into pleasant Vales, watered with Fountains and refreshing Springs: And indeed the whole 
P. 208.  Island abounds with Springs of sweet Water: Whence the Inhabitants not only reap pleasure and delight, but improve in Health and Strength of Body.  
There you may have Game enough in Hunting all sorts of Wild Beasts, of which there's such plenty, that in their Feasts there's nothing wanting either as to Pomp or Delight. The adjoining Sea furnishes them plentifully with Fish, for the Ocean there naturally abounds with all sorts.  
The Air and Climate in this Island is very Mild and Healthful, so that the Trees bear Fruit (and other things that are produced there, are fresh and beautiful) most part of the Year; so that this Island (for the excellency of it in all respects) seems rather to be the Residence of some of the Gods, than of Men.  
Anciently by reason of its remote situation, it was altogether unknown, but afterwards discovered upon this occasion.  
The Phaenicians in ancient Times undertook frequent Voyages by Sea, in way of Traffic as Merchants, so that they planted many Colonies both in Africa and in these Western Parts of Europe. These Merchants succeeding in their undertaking, and thereupon growing very rich, passed at length beyond the Pillars of Hercules, into the Sea called the Ocean: And first they built a City called Gades, near to Hercules his Pillars, at the Seaside, in an Isthmus in Europe; in which, among other things proper for the Place, they built a stately Temple to Hercules, and instituted splendid Sacrifices to be offered to him after the Rites and Customs of the Phaenicians. This Temple is in great Veneration at this Day, as well as in former Ages; so that many of the Romans, famous and renowned both for their Births and glorious Actions, have made their Vows to this God, and after Success in their Affairs, have faithfully performed ' 'em. The Phaenicians therefore upon the account before related, having found out the Coasts beyond the Pillars, and sailing along by the Shoar of Africa, were on a sudden driven by a furious Storm afar off into the main Ocean; and after they had lain under this violent Tempest for many Days, they at length arrived at this Island; and so coming to the Knowledge of the nature and pleasantness of this Isle, they were the first that discovered it others: And therefore the Etrurians (when they were Masters at Sea) designed to send a Colony thither; but the Carthaginians opposed them, both fearing lest most of their own Citizens should be allured (through the goodness of the Island) to settle there, and likewise intending to keep it as a Place of Refuge for themselves, in case of any sudden and unexpected blasts of Fortune, which might tend to the utter ruin of their Government. For being then Potent at Sea, they doubted not but they could easily (unknown to the Conquerors) transport themselves and their Families into that Island. Having now spoken sufficiently of the African Ocean, and the Islands belonging to it, we shall pass over to Europe.  
For over against the French Shoar, opposite to the Hircinian Mountains (which are the greatest of any in Europe) there lie in the Ocean many Islands; the greatest of which is that which they call Britain, which anciently remained untouched, free 
Britain.  from all Foreign Force; for it was never known that either Bacchus, Hercules, or any of the ancient Heroes or Princes, ever made any attempt upon it by force of Arms: But Julius Caesar in our time (who by his great Achievements gained the Title of 
† Divus.  Divine) was the first (that any other makes mention of) that conquered the Island, and compelled the Britain's to pay Tribute. But these things shall be more particularly treated of in their proper time: We shall now only say something concerning the Island, and the Tin that's found there.  
In Form it's Triangular, like Sicily; but the Sides are unequal. It lies in an 
P. 209.  Obliqne Line, over against the Continent of Europe; so that the Promontory called 
* Kent. Camb. Brit. 186.  Cantium, next to the Continent (they say) is about a Hundred Furlongs from the Land: Here the Sea ebbs and flows; but the other Point called 
† Cornwall Point, or the Land's End.  Belerium, is Four Days Sail from the Continent.  
The last called 
* Orcas, the furthest Point of Scotland Northwest, now called Howburn. Camb. Brit. 949.  Horcas or Orcas, runs out far into the Sea. The least of the Sides facing the whole Continent, is Seven Thousand and Five Hundred Furlongs in length; the Second stretching out itself all along from the Sea to the highest Point, is Fifteen Thousand Furlongs, and the last is Twenty Thousand. So that the whole Compass of the Island is Forty Two Thousand, Five Hundred Furlongs. The Inhabitants are the Original People thereof, and live to this time after their own ancient manner and custom: For in Fights they use Chariots, as it's said the old Grecian Heroes did in the Trojan War. They dwell in mean Cottages, covered for the most part with Reeds or Sticks. In reaping of their Corn, they cut off the Ears from the Stalk, and so house them up in Repositories under Ground; thence they take and pluck out the Grains of as many of the oldest of them as may serve them for the day, and after they have bruised the Corn, make it into Bread. They are of much Sincerity and Integrity, far from the Craft and Knavery of Men among us; contented with plain and homely Fare, Strangers to the Excess and Luxury of Rich Men. The Island is very Populous, but of a cold Climate, subject to Frosts, being under the 
† The Bear.  Arctic Pole. They are governed by several Kings and Princes, who for the most part are at Peace and Amity one with another. But of their Laws and other things peculiar to this Island, we shall treat more particularly, when we come to Caesar's Expedition into Britain.  
Now we shall speak something of the Tin that's dug and gotten there. They that inhabit the British Promontory of 
* Cornwall.  Balerium, by reason of their Converse with Merchants, are more civilised and courteous to Strangers than the rest are. These are the People that make the Tin, which with a great deal of Care and Labour they dig out of the Ground; and that being Rocky, the Meetle is mixed with some Veins of Earth, out of which they melt the Mettle, and then refine it: Then they beat it into Foursquare Pieces like to a die, and carry it to a British Isle near at Hand, called 
† Isle of Wight.  Ictis. For at low Tide, all being dry between them and the Island, they convey over in Cart's abundance of Tin in the mean time. But there's one thing peculiar to these Islands which lie between Britain and Europe: For at Full Sea, they appear to be Islands, but at low Water for a long Way, they look like so many Peninsula's. Hence the Merchants transport the Tin they buy of the Inhabitants, to France; and for Thirty Days Journey, they carry it in Packs upon Horses Backs through France, to the Mouth of the River 
* In France, and falls into the Mediterranean.  Rhosne. But thus much concerning Tin. Now something remains to be said of Amber.  
Over against Scythia above Gall in the Ocean, lies an Island called 
† Basilia called Baltia, Three Days Sail from Scythia.  Basilea, upon which there's cast by the working of the Sea, abundance of Amber, not to be found in any other part of the World.  
Many of the ancient Historians have written incredible Stories of this Amber, which since have been experienced to be false: For many Poets and other Writers report, that Phaeton the Son of 
* The Sun.  Sol, while he was but as yet a young Boy, prevailed with his Father to give him liberty to drive his Chariot for one Day: 
P. 210.  Which Request obtained, the Youth not being able to manage the Reins, the Horses scorned the Charioteer, and forsook their ancient Course, and ran wildly and disorderly through the Heavens, and first set them on Fire, and by that means caused that Tract called the 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Milky Way; then burning up a great part of the Earth, many Countries were laid waste; at which Jupiter was so enraged, that he threw a Thunder-blot at Phaeton, and commanded Sol to guide his Steeds into their wont Course: And that Phaeton himself fell down into the River Po, anciently called Eridanus; and that his Sisters greatly bewailing his Death, (through excessive grief) changed their Nature, and were transformed into Poplar Trees, which Yearly to this Day distil their Tears, and by Concretion (they say) becomes this Electrum or Amber, which for Beauty and Brightness, excels all others of its Kind, and is distilled most in that Country, when the Deaths of Young Men are solemnly bewailed. But forasmuch as they that have invented this Story, have turned their Backs upon Truth, and that later Ages have disproven it by Experience of the Contrary, regard is rather to be had to true and Faithful Historians. For Amber is gathered in this Island beforementioned, and transported by the Inhabitants into the opposite Continent, from whence it's brought over to us in these Parts as is before declared.  
After this Account given of the Western Islands, we conceive it not impertinent, if we briefly relate some things which were omitted in the former Books concerning the Neighbouring Nations in Europe.  
In 
* Gall, now France.  Celtica (they say) once ruled a famous Man, who had a Daughter of a more Tall and Majestic Stature than ordinary, and for Beauty far beyond all others of her Sex. This Lady glorying much both in her Strength and Beauty, despised all that courted her, as judging none worthy of her Bed. It happened that Hercules at the time he was engaged in the War against Gallia, marched into Celtica, and there built 
† Now Arras.  Alesia. When this young Virgin saw him, admiring both his Valour and stately Proportion, she readily admitted him to her Bed; yet not without the consent of her Parents. Of this Lady he begat Galetes, who for Virtues of Mind, and strength of Body, far excelled the rest of his Nation. When he came to Man's Estate, and was possessed of his Grandfather's Kingdom, he subdued many of the Neighbouring Countries, and performed many notable Achievements by his Sword. His Valour being every where noised Abroad, he called his Subjects after his own Name, 
* Gauls.  Galatians, and the Country 
† Or Gallia, Gall.  Gallatia, Gall.  
Having shown the Original of the Name, something is to be said of the Country itself. Gall is inhabited by several Nations, but not all alike Populous: The greatest of them have in 'em Two Hundred Thousand Men, the least but Fifty Thousand. Of these there's one that has been an Ancient Ally of the Romans, and continues so to this Day.  
In regard it lies for the greatest part under the Arctic Pole, it's very cold, and subject to Frosts; for in Winter in Cloudy Days, instead of Rain, the Earth is covered with Snow; in clear Wether, every Place is so full of Ice and Frost, that the Rivers are frozen up to that degree, that they are naturally covered over with Bridges of Ice. For not only a small Company of Travellers, but vast Armies, with their Chariots and loaden Carriages, may pass over without any 
P. 211.  danger or hazard.  
There are many great Rivers run through Gaul, which by their various Wind and turn cut through and parcel the Champain Grounds, some of which have their Spring-heads from deep Lakes, others issue out from the Mountains, and empty themselves either into the Ocean or into our 
* The Mediterranean.  Seas.  
The greatest that falls into our Sea, is the Rhosne, which rises out of the Alps, and at Five Mouths, disgorges itself into the Sea. Of those that empty themselves into the Ocean, the greatest are the Danube and the Rhine; over the last of which Caesar, called 
† The God, or Divine.  Divus, (in our time) to admiration, cast a Bridge, and past over his Forces, and subdued the Gauls on the other side.  
There are many other Navigable Rivers in Celtica, to write of which particularly would be tedious: Almost all of them are some times Frozen up, as if Bridges were cast over their Channels. But the Ice being naturally smooth, and therefore Slippery to the Passengers, they throw Chaff upon it that they may go the more firmly.  
In many Places of Gaul, there's something strange and very remarkable, which is not fit to pass over in silence. For the West and North Winds in Summer are so fierce and violent, that they fling into the Air great Stones as big as a Man can grasp in his Hands, together with a Cloud of Gravel and Dust. Nay, the violence of this Whirlwind is such, that it forces men's Arms out of their Hands, rends their clothes off their Backs, and dismounts the Rider from his Horse.  
This excessive Cold and immoderate Temper of the Air, is the cause why the Earth in these Parts produces neither Wine nor Oil; and therefore the Gauls to supply the want of these Fruits, make a Drink of Barley, which they call Xythus: They mix likewise their Hony-Combs with Water, and make use of that for the same purpose. They are so exceedingly given to Wine, that they guzle it down as soon as it is imported by the Merchant, and are so eager and inordinate, that making themselves drunk, they either fall dead asleep, or become stark mad. So that many Italian Merchants (to gratify their own Covetousness) make use of the Drunkenness of the Gauls to advance their own profit and gain. For they convey the Wine to 'em both by Navigable Rivers, and by Land in Carts, and bring back an incredible price: For in lieu of a Hogshead of Wine, they receive a Boy, giving Drink in truck for a Servant.  
In Gaul there are no Silver Mines, but much Gold, with which the nature of the Place supplies the Inhabitants, without the labour or toil of digging in the Mines. For the winding Course of the River washing with its Streams, the Feet of the Mountains, carries away great pieces of Golden Ore, which those employed in this business gather, and then grind and bruise these Clods of Golden Earth; and when they have so done, cleanse them from the gross Earthy part, by washing them in Water, and then melt them in a Furnace; and thus get together a vast heap of Gold, with which not only the Women, but the Men deck and adorn themselves. For they wear Bracelets of this Metal about their Wrists and Arms, and massy Chains of pure and beaten Gold about their Necks, and weighty Rings upon their Fingers, and Crosslets of Gold upon their Breasts. The Custom observed by the higher gaul's in the Temples of their Gods, is admirably remarkable; for in their Oratories and sacred Temples of this Country, in honour of 
P. 212.  their Gods they scatter Pieces of Gold up and down, which none of the Inhabitants (their superstitious Devotion is such) will in the least touch or meddle with, though the Gauls are of themselves most exceeding Covetous.  
For Stature they are tall, but of a 
* Weak.  sweaty and pale Complexion, Redhaired, not only Naturally, but they endeavour all they can to make it redder by Art. They often wash their Hair in a Water boiled with Lime, and turn it backward from the Forehead to the Crown of the Head, and thence to their very Necks, that their Faces may be more fully seen, so that they look like Satyrs and Hobgoblins. By this sort of management of themselves, their Hair is as hard a Horse's Mane. Some of them shave their Beards; others let them grow a little. The Persons of Quality shave their Chins close, but their Moustaches they let fall so low, that they even cover their Mouths; so that when they eat, their Meat hangs tangling in their Hair; and when they drink, the Liquor runs through their Moustaches as through a Sieve. At Meal-time they all sit, not upon Seats, but upon the Ground, and instead of Carpets, spread Wolves or Dogs Skins under them. Young Boys and Girls attend them, such as are yet but mere Children. Near at Hand they have their Chimneys, with their Fires well furnished with Pots and Spits full of whole Joints of Flesh Meat; and the best and fairest Joints (in a way of due honour and regard) they set before the Persons of best Quality: As Homer introduces the Grecian Captains entertaining of Ajax, when he returned 
Hom. Iliad. lib. 7. ver. 321.  Victor from his single Combat with Hector, in this Verse—  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
But Agamemnon as a favouring Sign,  
Before great Ajax set the lusty Chine.  
They invite likewise Strangers to their Feasts, and after all's over, they ask who they are, and what's their Business. In the very midst of Feasting, upon any small occasion, it's ordinary for them in a heat to rise, and without any regard of their Lives, to fall to it with their Swords. For the opinion of Pythagoras prevails much amongst them, that men's Souls are Immortal, and that there is a Transmigration of them into other Bodies, and after a certain time they live again; and therefore in their Funerals they writ Letters to their Friends, and throw them into the Funeral Pile, as if they were to be read by the Deceased. In their Journeys and Fights they use Chariots drawn with Two Horses, which carry a Charioteer and a Soldier, and when they meet Horsemen in the Battle, they fall upon their Enemies with their 
† A kind of Dart.  Saunians; then quitting their Chariots, they to it with their Swords. There are some of them that so despise Death, that they'll Fight naked, with something only about their Loins. They carry along with them to the Wars for their Servants 
* Freemen.  Libertines, chosen out of the poorer sort of People, whom they make use of for Wagoners, and Pedees'. When the Army is drawn up in Battalia, it's usual for some of 'em to step out before the Army, and to challenge the stoutest of their Enemy to a single Combat, brandishing their Arms to terrify their Adversary. If any comes forth to fight with them, than they sing some Song in commendation of the valiant Acts of their Ancestors, and blazon out their own Praises: On the contrary they vilify their Adversary, and give forth slighting and contemptuous Words, as if he had not the least Courage. When at any time they cut off their Enemy's Heads, they hang 'em about their Horse's Necks.  
They deliver their Spoils to their Servants, all besineared with Blood, to be carried before them in Triumph, they themselves in the mean time singing the triumphant 
† A Triumphant Song.  Paean. And as the chief of their Spoils, they fasten those that they have killed, over the Doors of their Houses, as if they were so many Wild Beasts taken in Hunting. The Heads of their Enemies that were the chiefest Persons of Quality, they carefully deposit in Chests, emblaming them with the Oil of Cedars, 
P. 213.  and showing them to Strangers, glory and boast how that some of their Ancestors, their Fathers or themselves (though great Sums of Money have been offered for them) yet have refused to accept ' 'em.  
Some glory so much upon this account, that they refuse to take for one of these heads its weight in Gold; in this manner exposing their barbarous Magnanimity. For it's brave and generous indeed not to sell the Ensigns of true Valour; but to fight with the dead Bodies of those that were Men like ourselves, resembles the cruelty of wild Beasts.  
Their Garments are very strange; for they wear party coloured Coats, interwoven here and there with divers sorts of Flowers; and Hose which they call Brac●. They make likewise their Cassocks of † Basket-work joined together with Laces on the 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Laced under, or framed above the Lace.  inside, and chequered with many pieces of work like Flowers; those they wear in 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Cassocks of Rods.  Winter are thicker, those in Summer more slender.  
Their defensive Arms are a Shield, proportionable to the height of a Man, garnished with their own Ensigns.  
Some carry the shapes of Beasts in Brass, artifically wrought, as well for Defence as Ornament. Upon their Heads they wear Helmets of Brass, with large Pieces of Work raised upon 'em for ostentation sake, to be admired by the Beholders; for they have either Horns of the same Metal joined to them, or the shapes of Birds and Beasts carved upon them. They have Trumpets after the Barbarian manner, which in sounding make a horrid noise, to strike a terror fit and proper for the occasion. Some of them wear Iron Breastplates, and hooked; but others, content with what Arms Nature affords them, fight naked. For Swords, they use a long and broad Weapon called Spatha, which they hang cross their right Thigh by Iron or Brazen Chains. Some gird themselves over their Coats, with Belts gilded with Gold or Silver. For Darts they cast those they call Lances, whose Iron Shafts are a Cubit or more in length, and almost Two Hands in breadth.  
For their Swords are as big as the 
* A sort of Dart.  Saunians of other People; but the Points of their Saunians are larger than those of their Swords; some of them are strait, others bowed and bending backwards, so that they not only cut, but break the Flesh; and when the Dart is drawn out, it tears and rends the Wound most miserably.  
These People are of a most terrible Aspect, and have a most dreadful and loud Voice. In their Converse they are sparing of their Words, and speak many things darkly and * figuratively. They are High and Hyperbolical in trumpeting 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Synecdochically.  out their own Praises, but speak slightly and contemptibly of others. They are apt to menace others, self-opinionated, grievously provoking; of sharp Wits, and apt to learn.  
Among them they have Poets, that sing melodious Songs, whom they call 
‖ Bards.  Bards, who to their Musical Instruments like unto Harps, chant forth the praises of some, and the dispraises of others.  
There are likewise among them Philosophers and Divines, whom they call 
* Druids; for Saronidae or Saronids, are of the same signification with Druids, the one of an Oak, the other of an hollow Oak.  Saronidae, and are held in great Veneration and Esteem. Prophet's likewise they have, whom they highly honour, who foretell future Events, by viewing the entrails of the Sacrifices; and to these Soothsayers all the People generally are very observant.  
When they are to consult of some great and weighty matter, they observe a most strange and incredible Custom; for they sacrifice a Man, striking him with a Sword near the Diaphragma cross over his Breast, who being thus slain, and falling down, they judge of the Event from the manner of his Fall, the Convulsion of his Members, and the Flux of Blood; and this has gained among them (by long and ancient usage) a firm credit and belief.  
It's not lawful to offer any Sacrifice without a Philosopher; for they hold that by these, as Men acquainted with the nature of the Deity, and familiar in their Converse with the Gods, they ought to present their Thank-Offerings, and by these Ambassadors to desire such things as are good for them. These Druids and Bards are observed and obeyed, not only in times of Peace but War also, both by Friends and Enemies. 
P. 214.   
Many times these Philosophers and Poets stepping in between Two Armies, when they are just ready to engage near at Hand, with their Swords drawn, and Spears presented one against another, have pacified them, as if some wild Beasts had been tamed by Enchantments. Thus Rage is mastered by Wisdom, even amongst the most Savage Barbarians; and Mars himself reuerences the Muses.  
And now it will be worth while to declare, that which Multitudes are altogether ignorant of. Those who inhabit the Inland Parts beyond 
† Marseilles.  Massylia, and about the Alps, and on this side the Pyrenean Mountains, are called Celts: But those that inhabit below this part called Celtica, Southward to the Ocean and the Mountain Hyrcinus, and all as far to Scythia, are called gaul's. But the Romans call all these People generally by one and the same Name, gaul's.  
The Women here are both as Tall and as Courageous as the Men. The Children for the most part from their very Birth are gray-headed; but when they grow up to men's Estate, their Hair changes in Colour like to their Parents. Those towards the North, and bordering upon Scythia, are so exceeding Fierce and Cruel, that (as Report goes) they eat Men, like the Britians that inhabit 
* Some part of Britain, than so called, Steph.  Iris.  
They are so noted for a fierce and warlike People, that some have thought them to be those that anciently overran all Asia, and were then called Cimmerians, and who are now (through length of time) with a little alteration called Cimbrians.  
Anciently they gave themselves to Rapine and Spoil, wasting and destroying other Countries, and slighted and despised all other People. These are they that took Rome, and robbed the Temple at Delphos. These brought a great part of Europe and Asia under Tribute, and possessed themselves of some of the Countries of those they subdued. Because of their mixture with the Grecians, they were at last called Gallo-Grecians. They often routed and destroyed many great Armies of the Romans.  
According to their natural Cruelty, they are as impious in the Worship of their Gods; for Malefactors after that they have been kept close Prisoners Five Years together, they impale upon Stakes, in honour to the Gods, and then with many other Victims upon a vast Pile of Wood, they offer them up as a burnt Sacrifice to their Deities. In like manner they use their Captives also, as Sacrifices to the Gods. Some of them cut the Throats, burn or otherwise destroy both Men and Beasts that they have taken in time of War: Though they have very beautiful Women among them, yet they little value their private Society, but are transported with raging Lust to the filthy act of Sodomy; and lying upon the Ground on Beasts Skins spread under them, they there tumble together, with their 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Catamites lying on both sides of them. And that which is the most abominable is, that without all sense of Shame, or regard to their Reputation, they'll readily prostitute their Bodies to others upon every occasion. And they are so far from looking upon it to be any fault, that they judge it a mean and dishonourable thing, for any thus caressed, to refuse the favour offered them.  
Having spoken of the Celts, we shall now give an account of their Neighbours 
Celtiberians, Spaniards.  the Celtiberians. The Two Nations Celts and Iberians, heretofore breaking forth into a War about the Boundaries of their Countries, at length agreed to inhabit together promiscuously, and so marrying one with another, their Issue and Posterity (they say) afterwards were called Celtiberians. Two Potent Nations being thus united, and possessed likewise of a rich and fertile Country, these Celtiberians became very famous and renowned; so that the Romans had much ado to subdue them after long and tedious Wars with them. These Celtiberians bring into the Field not only stout and valiant Horsemen, but brave Foot, both for strength and hardiness able to undergo all manner of Labour and Toil. They wear black rough Cassocks made of Wool, like to Goats Hair. Some of them are armed with the 
P. 215.  Gauls light Shields, others with Bucklers as big as Shields, and wear Greaveses about their Legs made of rough Hair, and brazen Helmets upon their Heads, adorned with Red Plumes. They carry Two-edged Swords exactly tempered with Steel, and have Daggers beside, of a Span long, which they make use of in close Fights. They make Weapons and Darts in an admirable manner, for they bury Plates of Iron so long under Ground, till the Rust hath consumed the weaker part, and so the rest becomes more strong and firm: Of this they make their Swords and other Warlike Weapons; and with these Arms thus tempered, they so cut through every thing in their way, that neither Shield, Helmet, nor Bone can withstand them. And because they are furnished with Two Swords, the Horse when they have routed the Enemy, light and join with the Foot, and fight to admiration.  
There's another strange and wonderful Custom they have amongst 'em; for though they are very nice and curious in their Diet, yet they have a very fordid and filthy Practice, to wash their whole Bodies over with Urinal, and rub their very Teeth with it, which is counted a certain means of Health to their Bodies. As to their Manners, they are very cruel towards their Enemies and other Malefactors, but very Courteous and Civil to Strangers: For to all such from what Place soever they come, they readily and freely entertain them, and strive who shall perform the greatest Office of Kindness and Respect. Those who are attended upon by Strangers, they commend and esteem them as Friends of the Gods. They live upon all sorts of Flesh in great Plenty, and their Drink is 
Their Diet.  made of Honey, their Country abounding therewith: But they buy Wine also of the Merchants that Traffic thither.  
Of those that border upon them, the most civilised Nations are the 
* People of the higher Province of Spain.  Vaccaei, who every Year divide the Lands among them, and then Till and Blow it, and after Harvest, distribute the Fruits, allotting to every one their Share; and therefore it's Death to Steal, or underhand to convey away any thing from the Husbandman. Those they call 
‖ Lusitanians. Lusitania, now called Portugal.  Lusitanians, are most valiant of all the 
† Cimbri in the Greek, not Celtiberii, as in the Latin.  Cimbri. These in Times of War carry little Targets made of Bowel Strings, so strong and firm, as completely to guard and defend their Bodies. In Fights they manage these, so nimbly whirling them about here and there, that with a great deal of Art they avoid and repel every Dart that's cast at them.  
They use hooked Saunians made all of Iron, and wear Swords and Helmets like to those of the Celtiberians. They throw their Darts at a great distance, and yet are sure to hit their Mark, and wound deeply: Being of active and nimble Bodies, they can easily fly from, or pursue their Enemy, as there is occasion: But when they are under Hardships, they cannot bear near so much as the Celtiberians. In time of Peace, they have a kind of a light and airy way of Dancing, which requires great agility and nimbleness of the Legs and Thighs: In time of War they 
‖ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  march observing time and measure; and sing the Paeans when they are just ready to charge the Enemy.  
The Iberians, especially the Lusitanians, are singular in one thing that they do; for those that are young and pressed with ●ant, but yet are strong and courageous, get together upon the Tops of the Mountains, and furnish themselves with Arms; and having made up a considerable Body, make Incursions into Iberia, and heap up Riches by Thieving and Robbery; and this is their constant Practice in despite of all hazard whatsoever; for being lightly armed, and nimble of Foot, they are not easily surprised. And indeed steep and craggy Mountains are to 
P. 216.  them as their natural Country, and to these they fly for shelter, because there's no way in those Places for great Armies to pass. And therefore though the Romans often set upon them, and in some measure have curbed them, yet they were never able wholly to put an end to their Thieving and Robbing.  
Having related what concerns the Iberians, we conceive it not impertinent to say something of their Silver Mines. For almost all this Country is full of such Mines, whence is dug very good and pure Silver; from whence those that deal in that Metal, gain exceeding great Profit. And in the former Book we have spoken of the Pyrenean Mountains in Iberia, when we treated of the Acts and Achievements of Hercules: These are the highest and greatest of all others; for from the South-Sea, almost as far as to the Northern Ocean, they divide Gall from Iberia and Celtiberia, running out for the space of 
* About 400 Miles.  Three Thousand Furlongs. These Places being full of Woods, and thick of Trees, it's reported that in ancient time this Mountainous Tract was set on Fire by some Shepherds, which continuing burning for many Days together, (whence the Mountains were called † Pyrenean) the parched Superficies of the Earth sweat, abundance of Silver and 
† Signifying Fiery in Greek.  the Ore being melted, the Metal flowed down in Streams of pure Silver, like a River; the use whereof being unknown to the Inhabitants, the Phaenician Merchants bought it for Trifles given for it in Exchange, and by transporting it into Greece, Asia and all other Nations, greatly enriched themselves; and such was their Covetousness, that when they had fully loaded their Ships, and had much more Silver to bring Aboard, they cut off the Lead from their Anchors, and made use of Silver instead of the other.  
The Phaenicians for a long time using this Trade, and so growing more and more wealthy, sent many Colonies into Sicily and the Neighbouring Islands, and at length into Africa and Sardinia: But a long time after the Iberians coming to understand the nature of the Metal, sunk many large Mines, whence they dug an infinite quantity of pure Silver (as never was the like almost in any other place of the World) whereby they gained exceeding great Wealth and Revenues.  
The manner of working in these Mines, and ordering the Metal among the Iberians is thus; there being extraordinary rich Mines in this Country, of Gold as well as Silver and Brass, the Labourers in the Brass take a Fourth part of the pure Brass dug up, to their own use, and the common Labourers in Silver have an Euboick Talon for their Labour in Three Days time; for the whole Soil is full of solid and shining Oar, so that both the nature of the Ground, and the industry of the Workmen is admirable. At the first every common Person might dig for this Metal; and in regard the Silver Over was easily got, ordinary Men grew very rich: But after that Iberia came into the Hands of the Romans, the Mines were managed by a throng of Italians, whose Covetousness loaded them with abundance of Riches; for they bought a great number of Slaves, and delivered them to the Taskmasters and Overseers of the Mines. These Slaves open the 
P. 217.  Mouths of the Mines in many Places, where digging deep into the Ground, are found Massy Clods of Earth, full of Gold and Silver; and in sinking both in length and depth, they carry on their Works in undermining the Earth many Furlongs distance, the Workmen every way here and there making Galleries under Ground, and bringing up all the Massy Pieces of Ore (whence the Profit and Gain is to be had) even out of the lowest Bowels of the Earth.  
There's a great difference between these Mines and those in At●ica; for besides the Labour, they that search there are at great Cost and Charge; and besides are often frustrated of their hopes, and sometimes lose what they had found, so that they seem to be unfortunate to a Proverb: But those in Iberia that deal in Mines, according to their Expectations, are greatly enriched by their Labours; for they succeed at their very first sinking, and afterwards by reason of the extraordinary richness of the Soil, they find more and more resplendent Veins of Ore, full of Gold and Silver; for the whole Soil round about is interlaced on every hand with these Metals. Sometimes at a great depth they meet with Rivers underground, but by Art give a check to the violence of their Current; for by cutting of Trenches under ground, they divert the Stream; and being sure to gain what they aim at, when they have begun, they never leave till they have finished it; and to admiration they pump out those Floods of Water with those Instruments called Egyptian Pumps, invented by Archimedes the Syracusian, when 
Egyptian Cochleans.  he was in Egypt. By these with constant pumping by turns, they throw up the Water to the Mouth of the Pit, and by this means drain the Mine dry, and make the Place fit for their Work. For this Engine is so ingeniously contrived, that a vast Quantity of Water is strangely with little Labour cast out, and the whole Flux is thrown up from the very bottom, to the Surface of the Earth.  
The Ingenuity of this Artist is justly to be admired, not only in these Pumps, 
Archimedes.  but in many other far greater things, for which he is famous all the World over, of which we shall distinctly give an exact narration, when we come to the time wherein he lived.  
Now though these Slaves that continue as so many Prisoners in these Mines, incredibly enrich their Masters by their Labours, yet toiling Night and Day in these Golden Prisons, many of them by being overwrought, die under Ground. For they have no rest nor intermission from their Labours; but the Taskmasters by Stripes force them to intolerable hardships, so that at length they die most miserably. Some that through the Strength of their Bodies, and vigour of their Spirits are able to endure it, continue a long time in those Miseries, whose Calamities are such, that Death to them is far more eligible than Life.  
Since these Mines afforded such wonderful Riches, it may be greatly admired that none appear to have been sunk of later Times: But in answer hereunto, the Covetousness of the Carthaginians, when they were Masters of 
* Iberia.  Spain, opened all: And hence it was they grew so Rich and Potent, and hired so many Valiant Soldiers, by whose assistance they carried on so many great Wars, that they neither trusted to the Soldiers raised from among their own Citizens, nor to those of their Confederates, but involved the Romans, Sicilians and Africans in extreme Hazards, almost to their utter Ruins, by conquering all with their moneys dug out of the Mines. For the Carthaginians were ever of old excessively thirsting after Gain, and the Italians came not one jot behind any of them, but were as eager to engross all.  
In many Places of Spain there's sound also Tin; but not upon the Surface of 
P. 218. Portugal.  the Ground, as some Historians report, but they dig it up, and melt it down as they do Gold and Silver. Above Lusitania there's much of this Tin Metal that is in the Islands, lying in the Ocean over against Iberia, which are therefore called Cassiterides; and much of it likewise is transported out of Britain into Gaul, the opposite Continent, which the Merchants carry on Horse-backs through the heart of Celtica to Marselles, and the City called Narbo, which City is a Roman Colony, and the greatest Mart Town for Wealth and Trade in those Parts.  
But now having done with the Gauls and Celtiberians, we shall pass to the 
† The Genoans.  Ligurians. 
Ligurians.  They inhabit a rough and barren Country, and live a toilsome and troublesome Life in their daily Labour for their common Sustinence; for the Country being Mountainous and full of Woods, some are employed all Day long in cutting down Trees, being furnished with strong and great Hatchets for that purpose. The Husbandman's business for the most part lies in hewing and breaking Rocks, the Soil is so very rough and craggy; for there's not a Clod of Earth they can dig up without a Stone; and though they continually thus conflict so many Hardships, yet Custom has turned it to a Second Nature; and after all their Labour and Toil, they reap but very little Fruit, scarce sufficient to supply their Necessities. Daily Toil therefore, and scarcity of Food, is the reason they are so Lean, and nothing but Sinews. The Women share in these Laborious Tasks as much as the Men: These People hunt often, and take many wild Beasts, by which they supply the want of Bread. Being therefore accustomed to range the Snowy Mountains, and climb the rough and craggy Hills, their Bodies are very strong and brawny. Some of them for want of Corn and other Fruits, drink Water; and feed upon Locusts and wild Beasts, and cram their Bellies with such Herbs as the Land there produces; their Country being altogether a Stranger to those desirable Deities, Ceres and Bacchus.  
In the Night they lie in the Fields, and very seldom so much as in the meanest Huts or Cottages; but most commonly in hollow Rocks, and natural Caves, wheresoever they judge there may be a convenient shelter for them; and much after this manner they do in all other things, living after the old fordid and barbarous manner.  
In short, the Women here are as strong as Men, and the Men as Beasts; and therefore it's reported, that in their Wars, sometimes the biggest Men among the Gauls, have been foiled and slain in a single Combat upon a Challenge, by a little slender Ligurian.  
They are lighter armed than the Romans, for they defend themselves with a long Shield, made after the fashion of the Gauls, and their Cassocks are girt about them with a Belt: They wear wild Beasts Skins, and carry a Sword of an ordinary length: But some of them conversing much with the Romans, have changed their ancient manner of arming themselves, and have imitated their Lords and Masters. They are bold and daring, not only in times of War, but upon all other occasions. For in their Traffic they sail through the 
* Adriatic, from Sardona, a City of Liburnia, now Croatia.  Sardonian and African Seas, exposing themselves to great Hazards in little Skiffs, less than the ordinary Ships, without the help of any other Vessels; in which notwithstanding they'll boldly (to admiration) venture to weather out the greatest Storms and Tempests.  
Now it remains we should speak of the 
† Etrurians or Tuscans in Italy, now under the great Duke of Tuscany.  Tyrrhenians: They were anciently very valiant, and enjoyed a large Country, and built many Famous Cities; and having a great Navy, were long Masters at Sea, and called the Sea lying under Italy the 
P. 219.  
* Between Sicily and Sardinia, formerly the lower Sea on the South-West side of Italy, the Adriatic or Gulf of Venice, being called the Higher Sea, on the North-East of Italy.  Tyrrhenian Sea, after their own Name. Amongst other things wherewith they furnished their Land Army, they found out the most useful Instrument for War, the Trumpet, which from them is called Tyrrhena. To the Generals of their Army they gave these Badges of Honour; they allowed them an Ivory Throne, and a Purple Robe. They were the first that invented Porticoes or Galleries to their Houses, to avoid the trouble and noise of a crowd of Servants, and other Hangers-on; most of which being imitated by the Romans, and brought into their Commonwealth, were afterwards improved to a great degree of Curiosity. They gave themselves much to Learning, especially to the study of natural Philosophy; and amongst natural Events, mightily intent (above all others) to find out the nature of Thunder and Lightning: And therefore to this Day, they are admired by all Princes all the World over, who make use of them to interpret all the Prodigious effects of Thunder.  
They enjoy a very rich Country, and well Tilled and Improved; and so reap abundance of all sorts of Fruits, not only for their necessary Food, but for Pleasure and Delight.  
They had their Tables spread twice a Day, furnished with all sorts of Varieties, even to Luxury and Excess.  
Their Foot-Carpets are interwoven with Flower-works, and abundance of Silver Cups, and great variety of them they make use of. Of Household Servants they have great numbers, some of whom are very beautiful, and others exceeding rich in Apparel, above the Condition of Servants.  
Both Servants and Freemen have several Apartments allowed them, completely furnished with all manner of Adornments. At last they threw off their former Sobriety, and now live an idle and debauched Life, in Riot and Drunkenness; so that it's no wonder that they have lost the Honour and Reputation their Forefathers gained by Warlike Achievements. The goodness of the Soil does not a little add Fuel to their Luxury, for they enjoy a most Fertile Country, rich Land, whence they reap abundance of all sorts of Fruits: For Hetruria is second to none for Fertility of Soil, being a large Champain Country, yet distinguished with rising Hills here and there, fit and commodious likewise for Tillage: It's watered also with moderate Showers, not only in the Winter, but in the Summer Season.   

CHAP. III.  
Of Gredosia. Of the Isles of the Arabian Sea. Of the Holy Island. Of Panchaea. Of Samothracia. Of Naxus, Syme, Nausus, Calydna, Nisyrus, Carpathus. Of Rhodes, and of Chersonesus.  
HAving gone through the Western and Northern Countries, and the Islands of the Ocean, we shall now describe the Southern Islands lying in the Arabian Ocean, on the East part of Arabia next to 
* A Country of Asia now called Tarse, a Province of Persia.  Gredosia. This part of Arabia is a Country full of Villages, and considerable Towns, some of which are situated upon high Hills, others upon rising Grounds, or something higher than Champain Fields. Their greatest Cities have stately Royal Palaces, and are very wealthy and Populous: The Country abounds with all sorts of cattle, and is of a very fruitful Soil, affording plenty of rich Pasture for the Flocks and Herds: Many Rivers run through it, watering the Fields, to the great increase of the Fruits of the Earth. And therefore this part of Arabia which excels the rest in richness of Soil is justly called Arabia the Happy.  
Over against the utmost point of this Country near the Ocean, lie many Islands but there are but Three that are worth remark: The First is called the Holy Island, 
The Holy or Sacred Island.  wherein it's unlawful to bury the Dead: But not far from this, about Seven Furlongs distant, there's another wherein they bury: The Sacred Isle chief produces Frankincense, and in that abundance, as suffices for the Service and Worship of the Gods all the World over; it has likewise Plenty of Myrrh, with other 
P. 220.  odoriferous Spices of several sorts, which breath out a most fragrant Smell. The nature of Frankincense, and the manner of getting it is thus: The Tree is very small, like to the white Egyptian Thorn, and bears a Leaf like to the 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Willow: It puts forth a Flower of a Golden Colour; from the Bark of this Tree by incision made, distils the Frankincense in Drops like Tears.  
The Myrrhe-Tree is like to the Mastick-Tree, but bears a more slender Leaf, and grows thicker upon the Branches. The Myrrh flows forth, by digging up the Earth round about the Roots. Those that grow in a rich Soil, bear twice a Year, that is, in the Spring and Summer: That in the Springtime, is of a red colour, caused by the Dew; the other nearer Winter, is white.  
There they got likewise the Fruit of the 
* It grows in Africa, bears a red Fruit. Vlid. Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 13. c. 19  Paliurus Tree, very wholesome both in Meat and Drink, and good against a Dissentery. The Land is divided amongst the Inhabitants, of which the best part is allotted to the King, who has likewise the Tenths of the Fruits.  
They say the breadth of the Island is about Two Hundred Furlongs, inhabited by them they call Panchaeans, who transport the Myrrh and Frankincense into Foreign Parts, and sell it to the Arabian Merchants, from whom others buy these and other such like-Merchandise, and convey them to Phoenicia, Coelo-Syria and Egypt; and from those Places they are carried by the Merchants over all parts of the World.  
Besides these, there's another large Island about Thirty Furlongs distance from this last mentioned, lying to the East many Furlongs in length. For they say, from a Promontory thereof running out towards the East, may be seen India like a Cloud in the Air, the distance is so great.  
There are many things observable in Panchaea, that deserve to be taken notice of. 
Panchaea.  The natural Inhabitants are those they call Panchaei; the Strangers that dwell among them are * People of the Western Parts, together with Indians, Cretians, 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  and Scythians. In this Island there's a Famous City, called Panara, not inferior to any for Wealth and Grandeur. The Citizens are called the Suppliants of Jupiter Triphylius, and are the only People of Panchaea, that are governed by a Democracy, without a Monarch. They choose every Year the Precedents or Governors, that have all Matters under their Cognizance, but what concerns Life and Death; and the most weighty Matters they refer to the College of their Priests. The Temple of Jupiter Triphylius is about Sixty Furlongs distant from the City, in a Champain Plain. It's in great veneration because of its Antiquity and the Stateliness of the Structure, and the Fertility of the Soyl.  
The Fields round about the Temple are Planted with all sorts of Trees, not only for Fruit, but for Pleasure and Delight; for they abound with tall Cypresses Plane-Trees, Laurels and Myrtles, the Place abounding with Fountains of running Water: For near the Temple there's such a mighty Spring of sweet Water rushes out of the Earth, as that it becomes a Navigable River: Thence it divides itself into several Currents and Streams, and Waters all the Fields thereabouts, and produces thick Groves of tall and shady Trees; amongst which in Summer abundance of People spend their time, and a multitude of Birds of all sorts build their Nests, which create great delight both by affecting the Eye with the variety of their Colours, and taking the Ear with the sweetness of their Notes. Here are many Gardens, sweet and pleasant Meadows decked with all sorts of Herbs and Flowers, and so glorious is the Prospect, that it seems to be a Paradise worthy the Habitation of the Gods themselves.  
There are here likewise large and Fruitful Palms, and abundance of Walnut-Trees, 
P. 221.  which plentifully Furnish the Inhabitants with pleasant Nuts.  
Besides all these, there are a multitude of Vines of all sorts, spiring up on high, and so curiously interwoven one amongst another, that they are exceeding pleasant to the view, and greatly advance the delights of the Place.  
The Temple was built of White Marble, most artificially jointed and cemented, two Hundred Yards in length, and as many in breadth, supported with great and thick Pillars, curiously adorned with with Carved Work. In this Temple are placed huge Statues of the Gods, of admirable Workmanship, and amazing largeness. Round the Temple are built Apartments for the Priests that attend the Service of the Gods, by whom every thing in that Sacred Place is performed. All along from the Temple, is an even course of Ground, Four Furlongs in length, and a Hundred Yards in breadth; on either side of which, are erected vast Brazen Statues, with Foursquare Pedestals; at the end of the Course, breaks forth the River from the Fountains beforementioned, from whence flows most clear and sweet Water, the drinking of which, conduces much to the Health of the Body. This River is called the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Aqua Solis.  Water of the Sun.  
The whole Fountain is lined on both sides, and flagged at the bottom with Stone at vast Expense, and runs out on both sides for the space of Four Furlongs. It's not lawful for any but the Priests to approach to the brink of the Fountain. All the Land about for Two Hundred Furlongs round, is consecrated to the Gods, and the Revenues bestowed in maintaining the public Sacrifices, and Service of the Gods: Beyond these consecrated Lands, is an high Mountain, dedicated likewise to the Gods, which they call the Throne of Celus and Triphylius Olympus; for they report that 
† Called Caelum in Latin.  Uranus, when he governed the whole World, pleasantly diverted himself in this Place; and from the top of the Mount observed the motion of the Heavens and Stars, and that he was called Triphylius Olympus, because the Inhabitants were composed of Three several Nations, Panchaeans, Oceanites and Doians, who were afterwards expelled by Ammon; for it's said that he not only rooted out this Nation, but utterly destroyed all their Cities, and laid Doia and Asterusia even with the Ground. The Priests every Year solemnize a Sacred Festival in this Mountain, with great Devotion.  
Behind this Mount, in other Parts of Panchaea, they say there are abundance of wild Beasts of all kinds, as Elephants, Lions, Leopards, Deer, and many other wonderful Creatures both for Strength and Proportion. In this Island there are Three chief Cities, Hyracia, Dalis and Oceanis. The whole Country is very Fertile, and especially in the production of all sorts of Wine in great Plenty.  
The Men are Warlike, and use Chariots in Battles, after the ancient manner. The whole Nation is divided into Three Parts: The First Class is of the Priests, with whom are joined the Artificers. The other Tribe consists of the Husbandmen; and the Third are the Militia and the Shepherds.  
The Priests govern all, and are the sole Arbitrators in every matter; for they give Judgement in all Controversies, and have the Power and Authority in all public Transactions of State. The Husbandmen Till the Land, but the Fruit is brought into the Common Treasury, and who is judged the most skilful in Husbandry, receives the largest share of the Fruits for a Reward in the First Place; and so the Second, and the rest in order to the Tenth, as every one merits less or more, receives his Reward by the Judgement of the Priests. In the same manner the Shepherds and Herdsmen carefully bring into the public Stock, the Victims and other things both by number and weight, as the nature of the things are; for it's not lawful for any to appropriate any thing to themselves particularly, except a House and a Garden. For all the young Breed of cattle, and other things, and all the Revenues, are received by the Priests, and they justly distribute to every one as their necessity does require; only the Priests have a double Proportion. 
P. 222.   
They wear soft and fine Garments; for their Sheep's Wool is much finer here than any where else; both Men and Women likewise deck themselves with Golden Ornaments; for they wear Necklaces of Gold, and Bracelets about their Arms, and like the Persians have Rings hanging in their Ears. Their Shoes are such as others wear, but richly beautified with divers sorts of Colours.  
Their Soldiers for ordinary Pay, defend the Country, fortifying themselves within Camps and Bulwarks; for there's a part of the Island infested with most daring Thiefs and Robbers, who often lurch and surprise the Husbandmen.  
To conclude, these Priests for Delicacy, State and Purity of Life, far exceed all the rest of the Inhabitants: Their Robes are of white Linen, and sometimes of pure soft Wool. They wear likewise Mitres, embroidered with Gold. Their Shoes are Sandals curiously wrought with exquisite Workmanship, and in their Ears hang Golden Earrings like to the women's.  
They attend chief upon the Service of the Gods, singing melodious Songs in their Praises, setting forth their glorious Acts and Benefits bestowed upon Men. The Priests say they came originally from Crete, and were brought over into Panchaea by Jupiter, when he was upon Earth, and governed all the World; and allege their Language for a Confirmation of this Assertion, in as much as they retain many Words of the Cretian Speech among them. And further say, that they derived from their Ancestors that Civility and kindness wherewith they entertain the Cretians, the Fame and report of their ancient Consanguinity descending continually in a perpetual Succession to their Posterity: They show likewise a Record written, as they say, by Jupiter's own Hand, at the time when he was on Earth, and laid the Foundation of the Temple.  
There are in this Island likewise Mines of Gold, Silver, Brass and Iron, but not lawful for any to export them. Nay, it's not lawful for any of the Priests to go out of the Verge of the Consecrated Ground; and if any do, it's lawful for any Man that finds 'em to kill ' 'em. They have under their Charge, innumerable vast Vessels, and other Consecrated things, both of Gold and Silver, which have been laid up there in honour of the Gods for many Ages. The Gates of the Temple are of admirable Workmanship, beautified with Gold, Silver, Ivory and Thine Wood  
The 
* Whereon he lay at Meals.  Bed of the God is Six Cubits long, and Four broad, of massy Gold, most curiously wrought in every part; and near adjoining, stands the Table, as large, and of the like Materials and Workmanship with the other in every respect.  
In the middle of the Bed, is placed a great Golden Pillar, whereon are Letters inscribed, called by the Egyptians, Sacred Writing, expressing the famous Actions of Uranus, Jupiter, Diana and Apollo, written they say, by Mercury himself. 
Celus.  But this may suffice concerning the Islands lying in the Ocean over against Arabia.  
We shall now speak of those in the Aegaean Sea, near to Greece, beginning 
Samothracia.  with Samothracia. It's said this Island was anciently called Samos, and afterwards Samothracia, to distinguish from one near to it, called Samos, built by Samus.  
The Inhabitants are those that have ever been originally there, so that there's nothing certain handed down to Posterity, concerning the first Inhabitants and Governors of this Place. Some there are notwithstanding, that report, that it was anciently called Samos, and afterwards Samothracia, from Colonies that settled there out of Samos and Thrace.  
The natural Inhabitants had anciently a peculiar kind of Speech, some Marks 
P. 223.  whereof remain in the Worship of their Gods at this Day. The Samothracians themselves report, that before there was any Flood in any other Nations, there was a great one amongst them.  
The first Irruption was at the Mouth of the 
* Two Rocks in the Thracian Bosphorus.  Cyneae, and the other made through the Hellespont: For they say, that the Pontic Sea being once a standing Pool, was so swelled by the falling in of Rivers, that being overcharged with Water, it emptied itself into the Hellespont, and overflowed a great part of the Coasts of Asia, and laid a considerable part of the Champain Country of Samothracia under Water. And as a manifestation of this, some Fishermen of later time have brought up with their Nets, the Heads of Stony Pillars, certain Signs of the Cities being overflowed and ruined by the Waters. The Inhabitants that escaped (they say) fled to the higher parts of the Island, but the Sea rising still higher, they made their Addresses to their Gods, and thereupon being delivered from the imminent Danger they were in, they compassed in the Bounds of those Places wherein they were preserved throughout the whole Island, and there erected Altars, where they sacrifice to their Gods at this Day: Whence it's apparent, that they inhabited Samothracia before the last Deluge.  
Afterwards one Saon an Islander, the Son (as some say) of Jupiter and Nympha, but (as others, of Mercury and Rhena,) gathered the Inhabitants (before living scattered and dispersed) into a Body; and made Laws for their better Government, and divided them into Five Tribes, calling them after the Names of his Sons, but named himself Saon, after the Name of the Island. The Government being thus settled, it's said, that Dardanus, Jasion and Harmonia, the Children of Jupiter and Electra, one of the Daughters of Atlas, were born among them. Of these, Dardanus (being a bold and brave Spirited Man) passed over in a Pinnace into Asia, and first built the City Dardanus, and erected the Kingdom of Troy (so called, from Troy built afterwards,) and called the People Dardanians. He Reigned (they say) over many other Nations besides in Asia, and that the Dardanians above Thrace, were a Colony settled there by him.  
It's further said, that Jupiter desiring likewise to advance his other Son to a high degree of Honour and Reputation, discovered to him the Rites of the Sacred Mysteries anciently observed in that Island, but then newly revived, which it was not lawful for any to hear, but those that are initiated.  
But he seems to be the first that initiated Strangers; whence these Rites and Ceremonies became more noted and famous.  
About this time, Cadmus the Son of Agenor came thither to seek after Europa, 
Cadmus.  and being initiated into these Sacred Mysteries, married Harmonia the Sister of Jasion, not the Daughter of Mars, as the Greeks report: They say, that this was the first Marriage that was celebrated in the presence of the Gods, where Ceres in love with Jasion, presented him with Corn, Mercury with a Harp; Minerva bestowed that famous Necklace, Veil and Pipe. Electra taught him to celebrate the Sacred Mysteries of the great Mother of the Gods with Cymbals, Timbrels and Dancing. Apollo played upon his Harp, and the Muses upon wind Instruments, and the rest of the Gods celebrated the Nuptials with joyful Acclamations.  
Cadmus' afterwards (as he was commanded by the Oracle) built Thebes in Beotia; and Jasion married Cybele, of whom they say he begat Coxybas; after Jasion was received into the Number of the Gods, Dardanus, Cybele and Coripas travelling into Phrygia brought over the sacred Mysteries of the Mother of the Gods into Asia; then Cybele Married Olympus, the first, and bore Alces, and called this Goddess Cybele after her own Name. Corybas called those that celebrated the sacred Mysteries of his Mother (in a furious Rage like Madmen) after his own Name, Corybantes, and married Thebes the Daughter of 
* Cilix the Son of Phelix whence Celicid.  Cilix; and thus Pipes were brought over into Phrygia, and Mercury's Harp into Lyrnessus; which when the City was taken, was carried, away by Achilles. It's reported likewise that Pluto was the Son of Jasion and Ceres, which risen from this real Truth, that Ceres at the Marriage of Haermonia bestowed upon Jasion upon the account of her Familiarity with him, 
† Pluto's is rich in Greek  rich Presents 
P. 224.  of Corn: But what are particularly acted in the Celebration of these sacred Mysteries, it's granted are only known by those that are initiated.  
It's commonly said, that these Gods are always present, and afford their help and assistance to those that are Initiated, and call upon them, when they fall into any sudden and unexpected Distress; and that these Worshippers grow more and more Pious and Righteous, and still exceed themselves in Goodness; and therefore the most famous of the Ancient Heroes and Demygods greatly coveted to be initiated into these sacred Rites and Ceremonies: For it's believed, that Jasion, Dioscurus, Hercules and Orpheus (who were Members of this Society) through the favour of these Gods prospered in all their Wars.  
Having now finished what concerns Samothracia, the Course of the History leads us to Naxus.  
This Island was formerly called Strongyle. The Thracians were the first that 
Naxus.  settled here, upon the occasion following. It's said, that Boreas had two Sons, Butes and Lycurgus, of several Mothers. Butes the younger Plotted to Murder his Brother, which being plainly discovered, the Father appointed no greater a Punishment to be Executed upon his Son, but only commanded him, with his Accomplices to take Shipping and be gone, and seek out for themselves some other Habitations: Upon which, Butes with a Number of Thracians (his fellow Criminals) went aboard, and in a direct Course made their way through the Cyclade Islands, and arrived at Strongyle, and thus possessed of the Island, robbed all by their Piracies that passed that way. But being in want of Women, they roved about here and there, and forcibly carried them away where ever they could find them. Some of the Ciclade Islands at that time were wholly desolate, and others of them but very thinly inhabited. Running out therefore a long way off, and being repulsed at Eubaea, they arrived at Thessaly; and there landing, they met with the Nurses of Bacchus at the Mountain called Diros, Celebrating the Mysteries of the Gods in Achaia Phthiotis; being then ready to seize upon the Women, some of them cast away their Offerings and fled to the Sea, and others to the Mountain before mentioned: But Butes seized upon Coronides, and Ravished her, which dishonour she bore so heinously, that she called upon Bacchus to revenge her Disgrace, and thereupon he struck Butes with Madness, who in his Mad mood cast himself into a Pit and so perished. The rest of the Thracians seized upon other Women, amongst whom were two Noble Ladies, Iphimedia the Wife of Aloeas, and his Daughter Pancratis; with these they returned to Strongyle. In the room of Butes they Created Agassamenus King of the Island, and Married him to Pancratis the Daughter of Aloeas, a Lady of an admirable Beauty: For (before whom he took her to be his Wife) Siculus and Hecaterus, two of the most eminent Commanders, fought a Duel, and Wounded one another. Agassamenus bestowed Iphimedia upon one of his intimate Friends, whom he had made General of his Army. In the mean time Aloeas sent his two Sons, Otus and Ephialtes, to seek after his Wife and Daughter, who invading Strongyle, fought with the Thracians, routed 'em, and took the City by Storm. Not long after Pancratis died, Otus and Ephialtes possessed themselves of the Island, and ousted the Thracians, and called it Dia. Shortly after they fell out and fought a set Battle, wherein many were killed on both sides, and the two Brothers killed one another, whom the Inhabitants afterwards adored as Demygods. After the Thracians had held the Island for above two hundred Years, at length a Drought and Famine forced 'em to leave the Place. After them the Carians (being expulsed Lamia) possessed themselves of it, whose King Naxus, the Son of Polemon, afterwards ordered the Island should be called Naxus, after his own Name. This Naxus was a very famous and good Man, and left behind him a Son, called 
P. 225.  Leucippus, whose Son Smardius afterwards reigned in the Island; in whose Reign Theseus coming out of Crete with Ariadne, landed here; and in his Sleep saw Bacchus threatening him with Ruin, if he did not forsake Ariadne; with which Vision being terrified, he left her, and withdrew himself out of the Island. Then Bacchus in the Night led away Ariadne to the Mountain Arius, and then immediately disappeared, and not long after Ariadne was no more seen.  
The Naxians have many Stories amongst them concerning this God; for they say he was bred up with 'em, and therefore that this Island was loved by Bacchus more than any other, and by some called Dionysiades. For Jupiter (as the Story goes) (Semele before the Birth of Bacchus, being struck with a Thunderbolt) took the Infant Bacchus out of his Mother's Womb, and clapped him within his Thigh: But when the full time of his Birth was at Hand, to conceal him from Juno, he was brought forth in Naxus, and there committed to the care of the Nymphs, Philias, Coronidis and Cleidis, to be educated by them; and that Semele was therefore before his Birth killed by Lightning, to the end that Bacchus not being born of a Mortal, but of Two immortal Deities, might from his Birth be of an Immortal Nature. Upon the account therefore of the kindness showed him in his Education, he expressed his gratitude to the Inhabitants so far, as that he advanced them to a high degree of Wealth and Power, and furnished them with a brave Fleet of Ships; and that they being the first that made a defection from Xerxes, (they say) he assisted 'em to vanquish the Barbarians in a Sea-Fight, and that he gave a clear Evidence and Token of his Concern with them in the Battle at Platea; and that the excellency of their Wine, was an apparent demonstration of the Kindness of this God to their Island.  
The First that inhabited Syme (which before lay waste and desolate) were 
Syme.  those that came thither with Triops, under the Conduct of Chthonius, the Son of Neptune and Symes, from whom the Island was so called.  
Nireus, the Son of Charopus and Aglays, was in aftertimes King of this Island; he was a very comely and beautiful Man, and went along with Agamemnon to the War against Troy; and together with this Island, was Lord of Cnidus.  
After the end of the Trojan War, the Carians possessed themselves of this Place at such time as they were Masters at Sea; afterwards forced thence by an excessive Drought, they settled themselves in 
* Vranopolis, in Mount Athos.  Vranium. From that time it lay desolate, till the Fleet of the Lacedæmonians and Argives arrived there, and then it was Planted with new Colonies in this manner.  

† Ausos, or Auson, the Son of Ulysses and Calypso.  Nausus, one of the Companions of Hippotas, taking along with him those that came too late, at the time when the 
* Of Argos.  Country was divided by lot, possessed himself of Syme, which then lay desolate, and afterward received others (that came there under the Conduct of Xuthus) to share with him both in the Privileges of the City, and Commodities of the Country, and possessed the Island equally among them. They say, that both Cnidians and Rhodians made up part of this Colony.  
The Cares anciently possessed Calydna and Nisyrus; and afterwards Thessalus, the 
Calydna, Nisyrus.  Son of Hercules, was Lord of both the Islands; and therefore Antiphus and Philippus Kings of Coos (when they were engaged in the War of Troy) were Generals of those Forces that were sent out of these Islands. In their return from the Trojan War, Four of Agamemnon's Ships were by a Storm cast upon Calydna, and the Men that were on Board, continued there intermixed with the other Inhabitants. But the ancient Inhabitants of Nisyrus, were swallowed up by an Earthquake. After which, the Coons added it to their Dominion, as they had done Calydna before. After them, the Rhodians sent a Colony thither; all the former Inhabitants being wholly swept away with a Plague.  
As for Carpathus, that was first seized upon by some of Minos his Soldiers, at 
Carpathus. P. 226.  such time as he was Master at Sea, and lorded it over the Grecians. Many Ages after, joclus, the Son of Thymoleon of Argos, by the Command of the Oracle, brought over a Colony thither.  
The Island of Rhodes was anciently inhabited by those called Telchines; who (as 
Rhodes.  an old Story goes) were the Offspring of † Thalassa, and with Caphira the Daughter 
* The Sea.  of Oceanus brought up Neptune, who was committed to their care by Rhea. It's said, they invented several Arts, and found out many other things useful and conducing to the well-being of Man's Life. It's reported, they were the first that made Statues of the Gods, and that some of the ancient Images were denominated from them; for amongst the Lindians, Apollo is called Apollo Telchinius: Amongst the jalysians, Juno and the Nymphs were called Telchiniae; and amongst the Camiraeans, Juno was called Juno Telchinia. But these Telchines were likewise reported to be Conjurers, for they could raise Storms and Tempests, with Rain, Hail and Snow, when ever they pleased; which the 
‖ Magi.  Magicians (as is related in History, were used to do. They could likewise transform themselves into other Shapes, and were envious at all that learned their Art.  
Neptune they say, fell in love with Halia, the Sister of the Telchines, and of her begat several Children, Six Sons, and one Daughter called Rhoda, from whom the Island was called Rhodes.  
In those Days there were Giants in the Western Parts of the Island. Then likewise Jupiter having conquered the Titans, fell in love with a Nymph named Hamalia, and of her begat Three Sons, Spartaeus, Cronius and Cytus. About the time they were grown up to men's Estate, Venus in her Passage from Cythera to Cyprus, arrived at this Island; but being hindered from landing by the Sons of Neptune, together with proud and impious Language, the Goddess was so provoked, as that she struck 'em mad, and caused 'em in their raging mood to ravish their own Mother, and commit many other outrages upon the Inhabitants. Neptune coming to the Knowledge of this vile Fact, sunk his Sons under Ground for their Wickedness. Whence they were called the 
* Oriental.  Eastern Daemons. Halia threw herself into the Sea, and after was adored by the Inhabitants as a Goddess by the Name of Leucothea. Afterwards the Telchines foreseeing an Inundation coming upon Rhodes, forsook the Island, and were dispersed and scattered Abroad. Of whom Lycus went into Lycia, and built the Temple of Apollo Lycius, near to the Banks of the River Xanthus.  
When the Flood came, it risen so high, that besides destroying those that remained in the Island, all the flat and Champain part of the Country (with Showers that poured down continually) was like a standing Pool of Water: Some few that fled to the higher Grounds were preserved, amongst whom were the Sons of Jupiter. But Sol (as the Story is) falling in love with Rhoda, called the Island after her Name Rhodes, and cleared the Island of the Inundation. But the truth couched in the Fable is this: In the first Generation of all things, when the Island lay in Mud and Dirt, the Sun dried up the Moisture, and made the Land productive of Living Creatures; whence sprang the Seven Heliades, so called from 
† In Greek, Helios.  the Sun, and other Men, the Original Inhabitants. And hence it is, that they account the Island to be consecrated to the Sun, and the Rhodians in aftertimes constantly worshipped the Sun above all other Gods, as the Parent from whence they first sprang. The Names of his 
* The Heliades.  Seven Sons are Ochimus, Ceraphus, Macir, Astis, Tenages, Triopas and Candalus; 
‖ Sol, the Sun.  he had only one Daughter called Electryo, who dying a Virgin, became ever after adored by the Rhodians as a Demy-Goddess. When the Heliades attained to men's Estate, Sol told 'em, that which soever of them first sacrificed to Minerva, should ever enjoy the presence of the Goddess. The same thing it's said, was promised and foretold at the same time to the Athenians. Hereupon it fell out that the Heliades, through 
P. 227.  too much haste, forgot to put Fire under the Altars, before they laid the Sacrifices upon them: Cecrops they say, then reigned in Athens, and was later than the other in slaying the Burnt-Offering, but was before them in burning the Victim; for which Reason there's a peculiar 
* That is, laying the Victim upon the Altar before the Fire.  Ceremony used in Rhodes in their Sacred Mysteries to this Day, and the Image of the Goddess is set up there.  
These things some have related concerning the Antiquities of the Rhodians, among whom is Zenon, who wrote their History.  
The Heliades, as they were in station above other Men, so they excelled others in Learning, and especially in Astrology. They were the Persons that first found out the Art of Navigation, and the dividing of the Day into Hours. Tenages was the most ingenious of any of them, and therefore through Envy was Murdered by his Brothers; Upon discovery of the Fact, both the principal. Authors and their Accomplices fled for it.  
Macer got to Lesbos, and Candalus to Coos. Acts fled into Egypt, and there built Heliopolis, calling it after the Name of his Father; and from him the Egyptians learned the Science of Astrology.  
Afterwards, when most of the Inhabitants of Greece were destroyed by the Flood, and all Records and ancient Monuments perished with them; the Egyptians took this occasion to appropriate the study of Astrology solely to themselves; and whereas the Grecians (through Ignorance) as yet valued not Learning, it became a general Opinion, that the Egyptians were the first that found out the Knowledge of the Stars.  
And so even the Athenians themselves, though they built the City Sais in Egypt, yet by reason of the Flood, were led into the same Error of forgetting what was before. And therefore it's believed, that many Ages after, Cadmus the Son 
Cadmus.  of Agenor, brought the Knowledge of Letters out of Phoenicia first into Greece; and after him, it's supposed the Grecians themselves added some Letters to those they learned before; but a general Ignorance however still prevailed amongst them.  
Triopas, another Son, passed over into Caria, and possessed himself of the Promontory there, called from him Triopium. The rest of Sol's Sons, having had no hand in the Murder, stayed behind in Rhodes; and afterwards built the City Achaia, and dwelled in jalysia. But the Regal Power was in Ochymus the Eldest Son, who married Hegetoria, one of the Nymphs, and of her begat a Daughter called Gydippe, who afterwards went by the Name of Cyrbias, by marrying of whom Cercaphis his Brother came to the Kingdom; after whose Death, Three of the Sons, Lindus, jalysus and Camirus reigned together; in whose time a great Inundation laid Cyrbe waste and desolate. These Three Brothers divided the Country amongst themselves, and each built a City, and called them after their own Names.  
At this time Danaus fled out of Egypt with his great number of Daughters, 
Danaus.  and landed at Lindus in Rhodes; where being received by the Inhabitants, he built a Temple to Minerva, and consecrated to her an Altar. During this Travel of Danaus, Three of his Daughters died in Lindus, and the rest passed over with their Father to Argos.  
Not long after, Cadmus, the Son of Agenor, being commanded by the King to 
Cadmus.  seek after Europa, made for Rhodes; and in the Voyage being overtaken with a violent Storm, made a Vow to build a Temple to Neptune. Having therefore escaped the danger (according to his Vow) he dedicated a Temple to this God in the Island, and left some of the Phaenicians to be Overseers of the Sacred Mysteries, who were made Members of the City with the jalysians, and out of their Families (they say) from time to time were chosen the Priests. Cadmus' at that time devoted many rich Gifts to Minerva Lindia, amongst which, was a Brass Cauldron, a most excellent piece of curious ancient Workmanship; it had an Inscription upon it in Phaenician Letters; which were therefore called Phaenician, 
P. 228.  because (they say) they were first brought out of Phoenicia into Greece.  
In aftertimes, vast Serpents bred in Rhodes, which destroyed many of the Inhabitants; those therefore that remained, sent to Delos, to consult the Oracle what was to be done for the removal of the present Calamity they suffered under, who returned answer, That they should admit Phorbas and his Followers to share with them in the Island. He was the Son of Lapithas, and was then with many of his Friends in Thessaly, seeking for a convenient Place wherein to settle themselves. The Rhodians hereupon (according to the direction of the Oracle) sent for Phorbas, and received him as a Proprietor with them in the Island, who destroyed all the Serpents, and freed the Country from their former fears; and from thenceforth continued in Rhodes, and was after his Death adored as a Demy-God, having approved himself a Good Man in several other respects.  
Afterwards Althaemenes the Son of Catreus King of Crete, consulting the Oracle 
Althaemenes.  concerning some Affairs, was answered, that it would be his Fate to kill his own Father; to avoid which Misfortune, he voluntarily forsook Crete, with many others who of their own accord went along with him, and passed over to Camirus, the Metropolis of Rhodes, and there built a Temple upon Mount Atamirus, to Jupiter Atamirus, which is in great Veneration and Esteem at this Day. It's situated upon the very Top of the Mountain, whence may be had a clear Prospect of Crete. Althamenes with his Followers, thus settled in Camirus, lived in great Honour and Esteem among the Citizens. But his Father Catreus having no issue Male, and exceedingly loving his Son, undertook a Voyage to Rhodes, longing to find out his Son, and bring him back to Crete.  
And now his unalterable Destiny was near at Hand, for landing at Rhodes in the Night, with some others of his Attendants, forthwith there was a Conflict between them and the Islanders; whereupon Althamenes run in hastily to their Assistance, and (unknown to him) killed his Father with a Dart; which when he came to understand, he was so overwhelmed with Sorrow, he ever after avoided all manner of Society, and wandered up and down in the Deserts, and at last died of Grief: But by the Command of the Oracle he was afterwards honoured by the Rhodians as a Demy-God.  
After this, a little before the Trojan War, Tlepolimus the Son of Hercules, fled voluntarily from Argos, by reason of his Killing of Licymnius, whom he slew unawares; and upon inquiry having received an Answer from the Oracle concerning the planting of a Colony, he passed over with a few People into Rhodes, where being received, he settled: And being afterwards created King of the Island, he divided the Country into equal Shares by Lot; and during his Reign, ordered all other Matters according to the Rules of Justice and Equity. At length preparing to go along with Agamemnon, in the Expedition against Troy, he committed the Government into the Hands of Butas, who fled with him from Argos. And after he had gained much Glory and Renown in that War, he died in the Country of Troas.  
Now because some things of Chersonesus, are intermixed with the Affairs of 
Chersonesus.  Rhodes, over against which it lies, we conceive it not amiss here to give an account of it. Some are of Opinion it's called Chersonesus, from the nature of the Place, being like to an Isthmus, or as others writ, from one Chersonesus, once a Petty Prince there. Not long after whose time (it's said) Five of the Curetes came there; which Curetes were the Posterity of those that brought up Jupiter (born of the Mother Goddess Rhea) in the Mountains of Ida in Crete. After their arrival in Crete (with a considerable Navy) they expelled the Cares, the ancient Inhabitants, and divided the Country into Five Parts, and each of them built a City, and called them after their own Names. 
P. 229.   
Not long after, Inachus King of Argos, sent Cyrnus, one of his Noblemen and Commanders, with a considerable Fleet, to find out his Daughter Io, and not to return till he found her. After he had roved about into several Parts of the World, and could not find her, he at length arrived at Caria in Chersonesus, and there settled himself, despairing ever to return to his own Country; and afterwards partly by Force, and partly by Persuasions, he reigned as King over part of the Country, and built a City, and called it Cyrnus, after his own Name; and governed so well, to the advancement of the public Good, that he was greatly beloved and honoured by the Citizens.  
Afterwards Triopas, one of the Sons of Sol and Rhoda, fled into Chersonesus, for the Killing of his Brother: But being cleared and acquitted by King Melisseus, he sailed into Thessaly, to the assistance of Deucalion's Sons, and helped to expel the Pelasgians thence, and they divided the Country called Dotion among them. He there cut down the Grove of Ceres, and made use of it for the Building of himself a Palace; for which he was hated of the People, and forced to fly out of Thessaly, and sailed away with some of his Followers to Cnidia; where he built a City called after his own Name Triopium. Leaving this Place, he gained Chersonesus, and a great part of Caria adjoining to it.  
Many Writers, and especially the Poets, much differ about the Descent of Priopas. Some derive his Descent from Canace (the Daughter of Aeolus) and Neptune, others say, his Parents were Lapitha, the Son of Apollo, and Stibes the Daughter of Pineus. In Castabus in Chersonesus, there's a Temple dedicated to Hemithea; what is remarkable concerning her, is not fit to be omitted. Although there are many various Stories related of her, yet we shall only give an Account of what is generally granted and agreed upon by the Inhabitants to be true.  
Staphylus and Chrysothemides had Three Daughters, Molpadia, Rhoeo and Parthenos. Rhoeo was got with Child by Apollo, at which her Father was so incensed, thinking she had played the Whore with some Mortal Man, that he locked her up in a Chest, and threw her into the Sea, and the Chest was afterwards cast up upon the Island Delos, where she was delivered of a Son, whom she named Arrius. Being thus wonderfully preserved, she laid the Child upon the Altar of Apollo, and prayed to him, that if he was the Child's Father, he would save and defend the Infant: Upon which the Story goes, that Apollo hide the Child; but afterwards took care to have him carefully brought up, and endued him with a Prophetic Spirit, and advanced him to great Honour and Reputation.  
Molpadia and Parthenos, the other Sisters, having the Charge of their Father's Wine (the use of which was then but newly found out) with Drinking too much, fell fast asleep; in the mean time, a Sow which they fed, coming into the Place, threw down the Hogshead and spilt all the Wine. When the poor Ladies perceived what was done, they so dreaded the Severity of their Father, that they fled to the Sea Shoar, and threw themselves headlong from the Top of a high Rock into the Sea: But Apollo for the sake of their Sister, took them up safe, and brought them to some Cities in Chersonesus. Where Parthenos at Bubastus was adored as a Goddess, and had a Temple erected in honour to her.  
Molpadia was brought to Castabus, and for the special Revelations she had from the God, she was called 
† Half a Goddess.  Hemithea, and was in great honour and esteem among all the Chersonesians. In the Celebration of her Mysteries, (in remembrance of the Misfortune concerning the Wine) they offer Drink-Offerings of Water and Honey mixed together; and he that has touched a Swine, or eaten of Swines-Flesh, is not permitted to enter into her Temple.  
This Temple of Hemithea, in following times grew so Famous, that not only 
P. 230.  the Inhabitants adored it, but Strangers far and near resorted to it with great Devotion, and with many rich Presents and magnificent Sacrifices; and that which is most observable is, that the very Persians themselves when they destroyed all other Temples throughout all Greece, only spared the Temple of Hemithea. Thiefs and Robbers likewise that spoil and waste all before them, have still from time to time spared this Temple, though it stand open and naked, without the defence of a Wall to secure it. They say, that the Cause of the flourishing Condition of this Place is, the great Kindness of this Goddess to all Men whatsoever; for she appears to those that are sick, in their Sleep, and directs them to proper Remedies for the recovery of their Health; such as are in desperate Distempers, and resort thither, she perfectly cures and restores. Women likewise that are in hard Labour, she safely delivers, and frees from the pains and hazards of Childbearing, and therefore that Temple is full of ancient Relics and Donations safely kept and preserved to this Day, not by Guards or Walls, but only by the Religious Devotion observed in this Place.  
But let this suffice concerning Rhodes and Chersonesus; it remains we should now treat of Crete.   

CHAP. IU.  
Of Crete: The First Inhabitants. Of the Idaei Dactyli: Of Jupiter, Saturn, Hyperion, Prometheus, Mnemosyne, Themis, Ceres, Neptune, Pallas. Jupiter ' s Race; as the Muses, Vulcan, Mars, etc. Of the ancient Hercules, Britomartis, Pluto. Rhadamanthus ' s Justice. Of Lesbos. Deucalion ' s Flood. Of the Blessed Islands. Of Tenedos, and the Cycladeses.  
THE Inhabitants of Crete affirm, that the most ancient People of Crete are the Eteocretes, whose King, whom they call Creta, found out many very useful things, conducing much to the support and comfort of Man's Life. They say, likewise, that many of the Gods were born amongst them, who for their Benefits conferred upon Mankind, were eternally honoured as Deities. Of which things we shall here distinctly treat, as they are delivered to us by the most approved Authors that have writ the History of Crete.  
The first Inhabitants of Crete (of whom there's any remembrance) were the Idaei Dactyli, in Mount Ida: Some say there were a Hundred others, but Ten in number, called Dactyli, from the Ten Fingers on men's Hands.  
Some affirm, and amongst those Ephorus, that the Idaei Dactyli had their Original from Mount Ida in Phrygia, and passed over with Minos into Europe; and that they were Conjurers, and gave themselves to Enchantments, and Sacred Rites and Mysteries; and abiding in Samothracia, greatly amused and astonished the People of the Island. At which time it's said, Orpheus (who was naturally of a prompt Wit to Music and Poetry) was their Scholar, and the first that brought over the Rites and Ceremonies of their Mysteries into Greece. The Dactyli moreover (as is said) found out the use of Fire; and discovered the nature of Iron and Brass, to the Inhabitants of the Antisapterians, near to the Mountain Berecynthus, and taught the manner of working of it: And because they were the first discoverers of many things of great use and advantage to Mankind, they were adored and worshipped as Gods: One of them, they say, was called Hercules; a Person he was of great Renown, and he that instituted the Olympic Games, which were thought by Posterity to have been appointed by Hercules the Son of Alcmene, led into that Error by the Identity of Names.  
An Evidence of these things, they say, remains to this Day, in that the Women chant the Songs formerly sung by this God, and wear about them certain Annulets, in imitation of him who was a Magician, and taught sacred Rites and Ceremonies: All which were different from the Manners of Hercules the Son of Alemena.  
After the Idaei Dactyli (they say) there were Nine Curetes, some of which are feigned to be the Offspring of the Earth, and the rest to descend from the Idaei Dactyli. They dwelled in the Mountains, under the shade of thick Trees, and in 
P. 231.  Caves, and other Places that naturally afforded them a shelter and covering, the building of Houses not being then found out. They were very Ingenious, and therefore invented many things very useful and profitable: For they were the first that taught how to manage Flocks of Sheep, and to tame and bring up other cattle, and how to gather Honey; and that they were the first that showed how to cast Darts, and to Hunt; and that ordered Men into Societies and Communities, and sociably eating one with another, and brought Men into a peaceable and orderly Course of Life: They invented likewise Swords and Helmets, and dancing in Arms, and by the great noise they made, deceived Saturn. For it's said, that by them Jupiter (whom his Mother Rhea, to hid him from her Father Saturn committed to their Care) was secured and brought up: But being willing to treat of this more particularly, we must go a little higher with ou● Relation.  
The Cretians say, that the Titans were contemporary with the Curetes: They dwelled in the Country of the Gnosians, where now may be seen the ancient Foundations and Courts of the House where Rhaea inhabited, and an old Sacred Grove of Cyprus Trees. They were in number, Six Men and Five Women, the Issue of 
‖ Heavens and Earth.  Uranus and Terra, as some affirm; but as others say, the Offspring of one of the Curetes and Titaea, and called Titans after the Name of their Mother. The Sons were called 
* Saturn.  Cronus, Hyperion, Coeus, Japetus, Crius and Oceanus; the Sisters were Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoebe and Thetis; every one of whom were the Inventors of something useful and profitable to Man's well-being, and as a Reward of their Deserts, are by all Men honoured with an everlasting Remembrance.  
Saturn the Eldest, obtained the Kingdom, and reduced his Subjects from a wild and barbarous, to a more civil Course 
Saturn, held for good Reasons to be Noah. See before.  of Life, both as to Food and Manners. Having therefore upon that account gained much Honour and Reputation, he went into many Parts of the World, and persuaded all wherever he came, to Justice and Integrity of Heart; and therefore it's brought down as a certain Truth to Posterity, that in the times of Saturn, Men were plain and honest, free from all sorts of wicked Designs or Practices; yea, that they were then happy and blessed. He chief reigned over the Western Parts of the World, and was advanced to the highest Pinnacle of Honour and Renown; and therefore of later Times, both the Romans and Carthaginians (while their City stood) and other Neighbouring Nations, adored this God with magnificent and splendid Festivals and Sacrifices; and many Places up and down are called after his Name: And because at that time the Laws were strictly observed, no act of Injustice was committed, but all submitting to his Authority, lived happily, and enjoyed Pleasure and Content without any Molestation; which is attested by the Poet Hesiod, in these Verses.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉:  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
Whilst Saturn reigned, those than his Subjects were,  
Who lived the lives of Gods without all care;  
Who Sorrow, Labour, nor Old Age oppressed,  
But soundness both in Hands and Feet them blest;  
With joyful Vigour to their Feasts they went,  
Free from all Ills, their Deaths did represent  
Sound Sleep; to them flowed down what e'er was good,  
And without Toil, the Earth did yield them Food,  
And from her Fruitful Womb did them afford  
Her Fruits most freely of her own accord.  
Rich in their Flocks, and to the Gods most dear,  
During this Reign, these happy People were.  
And these are the things they reported of Saturn.  
As to Hyperion, they say, that he was the first that by his own Industry found 
Hyperion.  out the Motions of the Sun and Moon, and other Stars, and the Seasons and Distinctions of Time measured out by them, and afterwards imparted his Knowledge to others. And therefore he was called the Father of those Planets, as he that first taught the Knowledge and nature of them.  
Latona, they say, was the Daughter of Coeus and Phebe; and that Prometheus was the Son of Japetus, who (as some feign) stole Fire from the Gods, and bestowed 
P. 232.  it upon Men.  
But the truth of the Story is, he found out the way how to strike Fire out of Flint or Stone. Mnemosyne they say, found out the Art of Logic, and gave 
Mnemosyne.  proper Names to every thing, by which, whatever is discoursed of, might be distinctly known and understood: But some attribute this to Mercury. They ascribe likewise to this Goddess every thing conducing to the help of Man's Memory, from whence she has her 
* Mnemosyne. Memory in Greek. Themis.  Name.  
Themis taught the Art of Divination, and instructed Men in Holy Rites, and prescribed Laws for the Service and Worship of the Gods, and for preservation of Peace and good Government amongst Men; and therefore we call those that keep and take care of the Sacred Laws both of Gods and Men, Thesmophylacae, and Thesmothetae. And when Apollo himself is to give his Answer at the Oracle, we say, 
† To act the part of Themis.  Themisteum, because he was the first that practised Divination. These Gods therefore having thus greatly benefited Mankind, were not only adored with Divine Honours, but were accounted to be the first that after their Deaths were translated to 
* Olympus.  Heaven. Vesta, Ceres, Juno, Jupiter, Neptune and Pluto, are said to be the Children of Saturn and Rhea.  
Vesta invented the Building of Houses, and upon this account almost every 
Vesta.  Body sets up her Statue in their Houses, and adore her with Divine Honours.  
Ceres was the first that discovered the use of Breadcorn, finding it by chance 
Ceres.  growing of itself amongst other Plants and Herbs; and taught the way of Housing and Baking it, and how to sow it. For she found out Corn before Proserpina was born; after whose Birth and Rape by Pluto, she was so incensed at Jupiter, and in such grief for the loss of her Daughter, that she set all the Corn on Fire. But when she had found out Proserpina, she was reconciled to Jupiter, and gave Seed-Corn to Triptolemus, with order to impart it to all People, and teach them how to order it, and make use of it.  
Some say, she made Laws, to direct Men to deal justly and truly one with another; and from hence she was called Thesmophoron: For these great Advantages to Mankind, she was likewise highly honoured; and not only Grecians, but the Barbarians almost every where, that partook of these Fruits, adored and worshipped her with Solemn and Magnificent Festivals and Sacrifices.  
There are many Controversies and Differences concerning the first finding out of this Fruit, for some say, this Goddess first saw it, and taught the nature and use of it before any other. For the Egyptians say, that Isis and Ceres were one and the same Person, who first brought Seed-Corn into Egypt, the River Nile watering the Fields, and washing the Country at proper Seasons, much advancing thereby the growth and increase thereof.  
But the Athenians say, that although Corn was first found out amongst them, yet it was transported from other Places into Attica. The Place where it was first seen, they call Eleusina, because that Seed-Corn was first brought thither.  
The Sicilians likewise who inhabit the 
‖ Sicily.  Island, specially dedicated to Ceres and Proserpina, say, it's most reasonable to conclude, that this great Gift was first bestowed upon them who tilled and improved that Country which was most beloved of this Goddess. For it's a most unreasonable thing this Place should be reported the richest Island of the World, and yet to judge it the last in sharing of this great Blessing, as if it had been no part of their Fertility, especially when Ceres resided there herself; and all agree that Proserpina was ravished in this Place; and that this Island is a Country most proper for Corn of any other in the World, as the Poet testifies. 
P. 233.   
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 
Hom. Odies. lib. 9 ver. 109.   
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
Within this Island all things grow, 
See before c. 1.   
Without the help of Seed or Blow,  
As Wheat and Barley—  
Of Ceres therefore thus they say  
In Stories of her—  
As to the other Deities, they say, that Neptune was the first that used Navigation, and rigged out a Navy, and was appointed Admiral by Saturn; and therefore it was a common Tradition afterwards, that all Sea-Affairs were under his Rule and Government, and upon that account Mariners worship him with Solemn Sacrifices. They say moreover, that Neptune was the first that managed Horses, and taught the Art of Horsemanship, whence he was called 
* A Horseman.  Hippius.  
Pluto (they say) first showed the way of Sepulchers and Pompous Funerals, 
Pluto.  whereas before no regard was had to any of these; which was the reason he was accounted Lord of the Dead, and Prince of the Infernal 
† Of Hell. Jupiter.  Shades.  
There are many differing Opinions concerning the Genealogy and Kingdom of Jupiter. There are some of Opinion, that after the Death of Saturn, he succeeded in the Kingdom, not advanced to that dignity by a forceable Expulsion of his Father, but by a just and lawful Succession. Others report, that Saturn being forewarned by the Oracle concerning Jupiter, that a Son of his to be afterwards born, would oust him of his Kingdom by force, killed his Children one after another, as soon as they were born; at which Rhea was so grieved (not being able to work upon her Husband's obstinate Humour) that she forthwith upon his Birth hid Jupiter in Ida, recommending his Education to the Care of the Curetes, who inhabited that Mountain: And that they again lodged him in a Cave, and entrusted him with the Nymphs, entreating them to be very careful of him; who fed him with Milk and Honey mixed together, and for his better nourishment suckled him at the Paps of a Goat, called Amalthaea: For there are many Tokens of his Birth and Education in this 
* Crete.  Island to this Day.  
For when he was a young Infant, and carried away by the Curetes, they say, that the Navel String fell from him at the River Triton, whence that part of the Country, sacred to this God, is called 
† Omphalus, A Navel in Greek.  Omphalium, and the Region adjoining, Omphaleus. In Ida likewise, where this Goddess was educated, the Cave wherein he was hid, is not only consecrated to him, but the Ports near to that Promontory are under his Guard and Protection.  
But here is not to be omitted a wonderful Story that's related concerning the Bees: For they say, the God to preserve an eternal Memory of his familiarity with the Bees, changed their colour into that of Brass or Copper, washed over with Gold: And whereas the Place is exceeding high, and subject to stormy Winds, and used to be covered over with depths of Snow, he fortified the Bees with an Impassibility, so that they were able to feed and gather Honey in the most stormy and coldest Places.  
Amongst other Honours attributed to the Goat that gave him suck, he bestowed this, that he himself from her, assumed the Name of 
‖ The Goatholder.  Aegiochus. When he was grown up to Man's Estate, he first built a City at Dicta, where he was born, the Ruins whereof are to be seen at this Day.  
This God excelled all the other in Valour, Prudence, Justice, and all other Virtues: And therefore after the death of his Father, when he came to reign, he conferred many and great Benefits upon Mankind. For he was the first that instructed Men how to punish Injuries, and to deal justly and honestly one with another, to forbear Force and Violence, and bring their Differences and Controversies orderly before Tribunals and Courts of Justice, there to be ended and decided. In sum, he did whatsoever was necessary for the making of good Laws, and Preservation of Peace among Men; stirring up the Good by wholesome Advice to their Duty, and restraining the Bad through fear of severe and due Punishment 
P. 234.  for their Offences.  
It's reported, he travelled through the whole World, putting to Death Thiefs, Robbers, and other Impious Persons, establishing Commonwealths and Democracies in every Place wherever he came.  
About that time he slew several Giants with their Adherents, as Mytinus in Crete, and Typhon in Phrygia.  
Before the Battle with the Giants in Crete, upon Jupiter's sacrificing of Oxen to 
† Sol, Coelus, Terra, i. e. To the Sun, Heaven and Barth.  Sol, Coelus and Terra, in all the entrails appeared evident Signs of what was decreed by the Gods: Their Victory especially was portended; and a defection of some from the Enemy, as it proved in the issue of the War; for Musaeus fled and revolted from them, for which he was highly honoured.  
At length, all that fought with the Gods were every one cut off, and destroyed: But he was afterwards engaged in a new War against the Giants at Pallene in Macedonia, and anciently in the Plains of Italy, called Phlegraei, from 
Plin. Nat. His. lib. 3. l. 5.  the Conflagration the Country once suffered, but now called 
* In Campania near Cumas.  Cumaei.  
The reason why Jupiter destroyed the Giants, was their Violence and Oppression, making use of their strength and massy Bodies to inflave their Neighbours; and for that they were lawless, and not to be kept within any bounds of Justice, made War upon them; who for their doing good, and being beneficial to Mankind, were reputed for Gods by all People whatsoever. And he not only rooted up the Wicked and Impious, but rewarded the best of the Gods, Heroes and Men, with due Honours according to their several Deserts. The great Authority therefore and good Deeds of Jupiter were such, that to him was attributed an eternal Habitation and Kingdom in 
† In Heaven.  Olympus. And more splendid Sacrifices by his Command are offered to him than to any of the other Gods; and since his passing from Earth to Heaven, a strong Persuasion is sixth in the Hearts of all those he was kind unto, that he has the Command and Government of all that's done in Heaven; and is supreme Lord of Storms, Thunder and Lightning; and therefore they call him 
* In Greek, Zein, is to live.  Zena, because he seemed to be the Preserver of men's lives, by affording fruitful Seasons to ripen the Fruits of the Earth. They call him likewise Father, not only upon the account of his 〈…〉 e and Kindness to all Mankind, but likewise for that it's generally believed all Men were originally his Offspring.  
He's called likewise the Supreme King, by reason of the Majesty and Excellency of his Kingdom; and moreover 
† The good and wise Counsellor.  Eubuleus and † Metietes, by reason of his Wisdom and Prudence in Counsel.  
It's said also, that Minerva was the Daughter of Jupiter, born in Crete, at the Spring-heads of the River Triton, and therefore she was called 
* Or Tritona.  Tritogenea; and now at this Day there stands a little Chapel dedicated to this Goddess at the Place where she's said to have been born. They say likewise, that the Marriage of Juno and Jupiter was solemnised in the Country of the 
† In Crete, the Territory of the City Gnosus.  Gnosians, near the River Therone, where there's now a Temple, in which the Priests offer an anniversary Sacrifice and Festival with great Devotion, imitating the Nuptial Rites according as by Tradition they have received them.  
The Daughters of Jupiter, it's said, were the Goddesses, Venus, the Graces, Lucina and her Servant Diana, together with those called Horae, that is to say, 
* Eunomia, Dica, Irene, i. e. Good Laws, Justice and Peace.  Eunomia, Dica, and Irene.  
The Gods he begot; were Vulcan, Mars, Apollo and Mercury: To every one of these (they say) Jupiter imparted the knowledge of things invented and perfected by himself, and attributed the honour of the Invention to them, desirous to perpetuate their Memories, and advance their Reputation and eternal Praise amongst all Men.  
To Venus he committed the care of the mature Age of Virgins; at which time 
Venus.  they ought to Marry, and the oversight of other things used at Nuptials, together with Sacrifices and Drink-offerings, which are solemnly offered to this Goddess; but all first Sacrifice to Jupiter the Perfector, and to Juno the Perfectris, because they are the Authors and Inventors of all, as a little before we have 
P. 235.  declared.  
To the Graces was given power to beautify the Face, and to give a Comely 
The Graces.  Shape and Proportion to all the Members of the Body, and to do good wherever they pleased, and to cause the Persons to be grateful and thankful for what they received.  
To Lucina he committed the care of them that were in Travel and Childbearing, 
Lucina.  and easing of them in their Pains; and therefore Women in these hazards chief at that time, called upon her for help and assistance.  
Diana showed the way how to nurse up little Infants, and to provide Food for 
Diana.  them suitable to their tender Age; upon which account she was called the children's Nurse.  
To every one of the Horae, is allotted an Office agreeable to their several 
Horae.  Names, to the great advantage of Mankind, for the Government of themselves in the Course of their Lives. For there's no greater blessedness in this Life, than 
† Eunomia, Good Laws.  Good Laws, 
‖ Dica, 〈…〉 'tice.  Peace and 
* Irene, Peace.  Justice.  
To Minerva he committed the Care of Olive-Yards, and planting of Olive-Trees, 
Minerva.  and extracting of Oil. For before the Birth of this Goddess, this Tree grew wild, disregarded among other Trees of the Wood But the use and culture of them (as is now practised) was not then known.  
The making of Garments likewise and Architecture, and many other Arts was discovered to Men by this Goddess: She invented Pipes, and the manner of Wind Music, and many ingenious Tools and Instruments for Handicrafts; whence she was called 
* The Work 〈…〉 woman, or Goddess of Crafts. Muses.  Ergana.  
To the Muses, their Father allotted the Invention of Letters, and the Composing of Verses, called Poetry.  
But there are some who attribute the Invention of Letters to the Syrians, from whom the Phaenicians learned them, and communicated them to the Grecians when they came along with Cadmus into Europe; whence the Grecians called them Phaenician Letters. To these that hold this Opinion, it's answered, that the Phaenicians were not the first that found out Letters, but only changed the Form and Shape of them into other Characters, which many afterwards using, the Name of Phaenician grew to be common.  
Vulcan they say, found out the working of Iron, Brass, Silver and Gold, and 
Vulcan.  all other Metals that require forging by Fire; and that the general use of Fire in all other cases, was found out by him, and discovered not only to Artificers, but to all other Men; and therefore all the Masters of these Arts, pay their Devotions, and offer their Sacrifices chief to this God; and both they and all others, call Fire Vulcan, to the end that this great Good bestowed upon all Mankind, might be for ever remembered, to his eternal Honour and Praise.  
Mars they say, first taught the making of all sorts of Weapons, and how to 
Mars.  furnish Soldiers both with offensive and defensive Arms, and to fight with Courage and Resolution, destroying all them that were Enemies to the Gods.  
To Apollo is attributed the invention of the Harp, and that sort of Music; 
Apollo.  and 'tis said, he discovered the Art of Physic, which is practised by Revelation from him, by which the Sick heretofore were commonly restored to Health: He found out likewise the use of the Bow, and taught the Inhabitants to shoot; and therefore the Cretians delight much in Shooting, and call the Bow Scythicus.  
Aesculapius was the Son of Apollo and Coronides; he was instructed by his Father 
Aesculapius.  in the Art of Physic, and found out Chirurgery, and the making up of Medicines, the Virtues of Roots and Plants, and improved to that degree in his Art, that he was reputed the first Founder and Author of it, and likewise the Prince of Physicians.  
To Mercury they attribute the Invention of Messages in Times of War, by 
Mercury. P. 236.  Trumpets and Heralds, of Truces and Leagues; and as a Sign, they were sent to treat with the Enemy, they carried a 
† Mercury's Rod.  Rod before them; and therefore were suffered safely to come and go. Hence they were called the Common Mercury, because both sides enjoyed the equal benefit of a Peace after a War.  
They say, he was the first that invented Weights and Measures, and getting of Wealth by Merchandise, and the way of Cheating and Cozening of others. He was accounted the Herald of the Gods, and the best Messenger, because he was quick and ingenious in declaring particularly every thing he had in Command. Whence he was called 
* Hermes the Interpreter.  Hermes.  
He was not the Inventor of Names and Words, as some say, but excelled in clear and eloquent Expression, and delivery of his Message. He was likewise the Author of the Games of Wrestling, and invented the Harp made of a Tortoise Shell, after the Contest between Apollo and Marsyas; in which (they say) Apollo was Victor, and revenged himself of his Adversary, to a greater degree than was fit; for which he was afterwards so grieved, that they say, he broke the Strings of his Harp, and for some time forbore to play upon that Instrument.  
The Cretians say, that Bacchus found out the use of the Vine, and the manner 
Bacchus.  of planting and pruning of it, and the making of Wine, and the way of laying up the Summer Fruits; by which means they were preserved for men's use and sustenance for a long time.  
It's further reported, that this God was the Son of Jupiter and Proserpina, and born in Crete; and Orpheus in his Sacred Rites and Mysteries, says, he was torn in pieces by the Titans: But there were many of this Name Bacchus, of which we have more largely and particularly given an account already; but of this Dionysius or Bacchus his being born in Crete, they endeavour to show evident Signs, as Arguments to prove it; for they say, there are Two Islands formed by him, near Crete, in a part of the Sea called the Double Gulfs; to which Islands he gave the denomination of Dionysiadae, which he never did in any other part of the World.  
As to Hercules, it's said, that there was one of that Name, the Son of Jupiter, 
The Ancient Hercules.  born many Years before him, that was begotten of Alcmene in Argos; but who was the Mother of this Hercules is uncertain: Only this is certain, that there was no Man comparable to him for Strength; that he travelled through the whole World, inflicting just and deserved Punishment upon the Wicked, and destroyed wild Beasts that infested the Countries, and made them desolate: That he delivered Men every where out of Bondage and Slavery, and that yet he himself (notwithstanding so many hazards and difficulties) was never worsted, remaining still unconquerable and invulnerable; for which renowned Actions, he is by all Men adored with eternal Honours. But that Hercules, who was the Son of Alcmene was much later; but because he was like unto this ancient Hercules in his noble Acts, he likewise attained immortal Glory, and in after Ages (being of the same Name) 
* This Hercules is held to be Joshua. Gale's Court of the Gentiles, Part 1. Book 2. c. 5.  was accounted to be the same Person, and (through the ignorance of the Vulgar) the Deeds of the former were ascribed to the later. They say, that the Praise and Renown of this elder God, for his famous Actions, continues in Egypt to this Day, where he built a City.  
Britomartis, otherwise called Dictynna (they say) was born in Caenon in Crete, 
Britomartis, Dictynna.  and was the Daughter of Jupiter, begotten on Carmes, the Daughter of Eubulus, the Son of Ceres. It's said; she invented the Hunter's Toils and Nets, and thence was called 
† Dictyon in Greek, signifying a Net.  Dictynna: She was very familiar with Diana, and therefore it was thought by some, that Dictynna and Diana were one and the same Person, which Goddess is adored and honoured in Crete both with Temples and Sacrifices. Those are very much mistaken, who say that Dictynna was so called, from her flying and hiding herself in the Fisher's Nets to avoid Minos, who would have forced and ravished her. For it's not reasonable to imagine, that a Goddess (the Daughter of the most Supreme God) should be reduced to so low a Condition, as to stand in need of Humane help; nor is it just to imagine, that Minos, who (by the general Consent of all) was reputed a righteous and upright Man, and 
P. 237.  lived a good Life, should be guilty of such an horrid Impiety, and grand piece of Wickedness.  
Pluto (they say) was the Son of Jasion and Ceres, and born in Tripolus in Crete; 
Pluto.  and of his Descent there's a double Relation in History.  
For some say, that Jasion so improved and cultivated the Land, that it brought forth Fruit in that abundance, that they that saw it, imposed upon it a Name proper to the abundance of the Fruits, and called it 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Riches.  Pluto; and therefore Posterity afterwards used to say, That he who had more than enough had Pluto.  
Others say, that Jasion and Ceres had a Son named Pluto, who first taught Men a more orderly and careful way of Living, and how to gain and treasure up Wealth. Whereas a provident Care of getting and keeping of Estates, was altogether neglected. And these are the things which the Cretians say of those Gods which they pretend were born among them. Moreover they say, the manner of Worshipping and Sacrificing to the Gods, and other Rites and sacred Mysteries came from them to other Nations, and they bring in this as a most certain and undeniable Argument, as they suppose. For they say, the Rites and Initiations practised by the Athenians in Elusina, which are almost the most famous of any other, and those in Samothracia, and in Thracia among the Cidonians (of all which Orpheus was the Institutor) are celebrated darkly and Mystically; but in Crete at Gnosus (by an ancient Law) the very same sacred Mysteries are celebrated plainly and openly, and whatever is done in secret by others, none amongst them conceals from any that have a desire to know them; for many of the Gods (they say) went out from Crete, and travelled through many parts of the World, and were Benefactors to all sorts of Men, and communicated to them the Benefit and Advantage of such things as they themselves had found out and invented. For Ceres sailed into Attica, and from thence into Sicily, and at length into Egypt; in which Places, after she had delivered them Corn, and taught them how to sow it, she was highly honoured amongst them: So Venus dwelled near Eryx in Sicily, in the Island Cythera, at Paphus in Cyprus, and in Syria in Asia; and because she was often seen, and continued long among the Inhabitants of these Places, she was called Venus Erycina, Cytherea, Paphya and Syria. Apollo likewise continued long in Delos, Lycia and Delphos; and Diana in Ephesus, Pontus, Persia and Crete; and therefore from the Places and things done there by them, Apollo was called Apollo Delius, Lycius and Pythius; and she was styled Diana Ephesia of Cresia, Tauropolia and Persia; although both of them were born in Crete.  
This Goddess Diana is highly honoured by the Persians, and the same Mysteries and Sacrifices that are celebrated and offered to her by others, the Barbarians themselves at this very day, celebrate in honour of Diana Persia. To this purpose they give an Account of the rest of the Gods, which as they are easy for the Reader to understand, so they are too tedious for us to recite.  
Moreover they say, that many Ages after the Birth of the Gods, there were many Heroes among them, of whom the most Eminent were Minos and Rhadamanthus, who were the Progeny of Jupiter and Europa (the Daughter of Agenor) whom they report by the Providence of the Gods, to be carried over into Crete upon the Back of a Bull. Minos they say, who was the Elder, obtained the Kingdom, and built in the Island many Cities; amongst which, Three were most Famous; Gnosius, situated in that part of the Island that looked towards Asia; Phaetus, lying Southward upon the Shoar; and Cidonia situated in the Western Part over against Peloponesus. Many Laws they say, were made by him for 
P. 238.  the Government of the Cretians, receiving them from Jupiter his Father, who used to converse with him privately in a Cave. He had a great Fleet, and conquered many of the Islands, and was the first of the Greeks that gained the Dominion of the Seas; and after he had arrived to a high pitch of Glory and Honour by reason of his Justice and Valour, he died in Sicily, in undertaking a War against Cocalus, of which we have before given a particular Narrative, when we treated of the Affairs of Daedalus, who was the occasion of this War.  
Rhadamanthus they say, was the most Just Man in the World, for in executing 
Rhadamanthus.  of Justice upon Thiefs, Robbers and other Impious and Wicked Persons, he was inexorable.  
They report likewise, that he gained several Islands, and many of the Maritime Coasts of Asia, all voluntarily submitting to him upon the account of his eminent Justice. He gave the Kingdom to Erythro, one of his Sons, who called themselves Erythri, from him. To Oenopion the Son of Minos and Ariadna, they say he allotted Chius: Others say, he was the Son of Bacchus, and was taught how to make Wine by his Father.  
He rewarded likewise each of his Captains, either with some Island or City: Upon Thoantes he bestowed Lemnos; on Engyeus, Cyrnus; to Pamphilus he gave Peparathus; to Euambeus, Maronea; to Alcaeus, Parus; to Arrion, Delos; to Andreus the Island Andros, so called after his Name.  
And because he was so remarkably Just, he's feigned to be the Judge of Hell; and to distinguish between the Pious and Impious, the Good and the Bad: They say likewise that Minos is Copartner with him in that dignity, upon the account of his Uprightness, and his just and righteous Reign.  
Sarpadon, the Third Brother, they say, passed over with an Army into Asia, and 
Sarpadon.  possessed himself of Lycia and the Neighbouring Territories. His Son Evander succeeded him in the Kingdom of Lycia, who marrying Deidamia, the Daughter of Bellerophon, of her begat Sarpedon, who went to the Trojan War with Agamemnon, and is called by some the Son of Jupiter. Deucalion and Molus (they say) were the Sons of Minos: Deucalion had a Son called Idomeneus, and Molus another named Merion, who (as is said) assisted Agamemnon against Troy with a Fleet of 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the Margin, confirmed by Hom. Iliad. 11. vers. 652.  Fourscore Sail, and afterwards returned and died in their own Country, and were honourably buried and adored as Gods: They show their Sepulchre in 
† Crnosus in Crete.  Gnosus, whereon is this Inscription.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
Idomeneus in this Tomb doth lie,  
Who born in Gnosus was; and him hard by,  
I Son of Molus rest, Merion called.  
These Two are adored as Demigods by the Cretians, for they offer Sacrifice to them, and in their Wars call upon them for aid and assistance.  
Having given an Account of these things, it remains we should now speak of the Nations that are intermixed with the Cretians. That the Aeteocretians were the first Inhabitants of this Island, and reputed to have been there from the beginning, we have before declared. Many Ages after, the Pelasgi planted among them a Nation inur'd continually to Arms, and wand'ring up and down from their ancient Habitations, seized upon that part of the Island where they landed.  
The Third Nation that came thither (they say) were the Dorienses, under the Conduct of Teutamus, one of the Posterity of Dorus. It's said the greatest part of his Colony he brought from the Neighbouring Parts of Olympus, and some part from the Achaians in Laconia; for that Dorus gathered his Colony out of the Parts and Territories near to Malea.  
A Fourth sort of People that poured into Crete, were a promiscuous Company of Barbarians from several Parts round about, who notwithstanding in process of time, spoke the same Language with the ancient Cretians, the natural Inhabitants. But after the power of Minos and Rhadamanthus became prevalent and considerable, all these Nations were reduced into one Body, as one People throughout the whole Island. And at length after the return of the Heraclidae, the Argives and Spartans' sent Colonies, and possessed themselves likewise of other Islands, and both in this and those other built several Cities, of which we shall 
P. 239.  treat more fully in due and proper time.  
But since that almost all the Historians of the Cretian Affairs, differ among themselves, it's not to be wondered at if we do not agree with them all in every thing we relate; for we follow them who give the most probable Account, and are esteemed to be of most credit. For sometimes we follow Epimenides the Theologist, and sometimes Dosiadas, Sosicrates and Leosthenidas.  
Having therefore treated thus largely of Crete, we shall now apply ourselves to speak of Lesbos.  
This Island was anciently inhabited by many several Nations one after another, 
Lesbos.  by reason it was so often left and forsaken: The first that seized upon it, were the Pelasgi when it lay desert and uninhabited. For Xanthus' the Son of Triopas Prince of the Pelasgians that came from Argos, seated himself in a part of Lycia, which he had possessed himself of, and there reigned over the Pelasgians that came thither with him; whence he sailed over to Lesbos, which at that time lay desolate, and divided the Country amongst the People, and called the Island Pelasgia, which before was called Isa.  
In process of time, after the Seventh Generation, many People were destroyed by Deucalion's Flood, and Lesbos likewise at that time was by 
* Deucation's Flood.  Cataracts of Showers laid waste and desolate. But afterwards Macarius happening to touch there, and considering 
Deucalion's Flood, An. Mun. 2436, Eighteen Years before the Israelites departure out of Egypt. Orige's Flood, 248 Years before this, while Jacob was with Laban, An. Mund. 2189.  the pleasantness of the Island, there seated himself.  
This Macarius was the Son of Crinacus, the Son of Jupiter (as Hesiod and some other of the Poets say) and dwelled in the City Olanus, then called Jadoes, and now Achaia.  
He got together a great Company of jonians, and multitudes from several other Nations flocked in to him; in the first place he possessed himself of Lesbos; afterwards growing more powerful, through the richness of the Island, and his own Justice and Humanity, he gained many Neighbouring Islands, and divided the Lands amongst his Countrymen and Followers.  
About that time Lesbos, the Son of Lapithas, the Son of Aeolus, the Son of Hippotas (by the Direction of the Oracle at Delphos) arrived in this Island with new Colonies, and marrying Methymna the Daughter of Macareus, seated himself and his Followers there, and enjoyed an equal Interest with them that were there before him; and afterwards becoming a Man of great Renown, he called the Island Lesbos, after his own Name, and the People Lesbians: For Macareus had Two Daughters, Mytylene and Methymna, from whom two of the chiefest Cities of the Island were so called.  
Macareus having a design to possess himself of some of the neighbouring Islands, ordered one of his Sons to carry over a Colony first into Chius; afterwards he sent another into Samos, named Cycholaus, who seated himself there, and divided the Lands by Lot amongst those of his Colony, and ruled over them as King. The Third Island Peopled by Macareus, was Coos, over which he appointed Neander King.  
After this, he sent a large Colony with Leucippus into Rhodes, whom the Rhodians (by reason of the small number of Inhabitants that were left among them) willingly received, and suffered them to have and enjoy the Lands equally with them.  
But about that time, the Continent over against these Islands, lay under most 
The Macarian Islands.  pressing and grievous Calamities by reason of the late 
* Deucalion's Flood.  Flood; for in regard all the Fruits of the Earth by the Inundation and Excess of Rain were rotten and spoiled for a long time together, Famine exceedingly prevailed, and through Corruption of the Air, Plague and Pestilence depopulated and laid the Towns and Cities waste. But in the mean time, the Islands lying more open to the Winds, and so partaking of their healthful Gales, were loaded with the Fruits of the Earth, and the Inhabitants had fullness of all things, and in a short time were in a happy and prosperous State and Condition; and by reason of the great Plenty that was amongst them, they were called the Islands of the Blessed, or 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  The Blessed Islands. But some say, that they were called the Macarean Islands, from Macareas and jon, two Sons of one of the Princes that formerly ruled there. And indeed these Islands for richness of Soil and plenty of all things, did not only excel all the neighbouring Countries in ancient Time, but do so even to this Day. For the fertility of the Soil, the pleasantness of the Situation, and 
P. 240.  the healthfulness of the Climate is such, that they are not without cause called, but are really and in truth, Blessed and Happy Islands.  
Lastly, Macareus King of Lesbos, made the first Law among them, which was so beneficial and advantageous to the Public, that he gave it the Name of the Lion, because of the strength and force of that Beast.  
A considerable time after this Colony planted in Lesbos, another was brought into the Island Tenedos in this manner.  
Tennes was the Son of Cyrnus, King of Colone in Troas, and was a Man renowned 
Tenedos.  for his Valour; he brought over a Colony out of the opposite Continent, and possessed himself of the Island Leucophrys, at that time desolate.  
After he had divided the Country by Lot amongst his Subjects, and had built a City, he called it Tennus, after his own Name. By his good and upright Government he gained upon the Hearts of his People, and was highly honoured while he lived, and after his Death was adored as a Demy-God: For they built a Temple in honour of him, and offered Sacrifices to him as a God: Which Religious Veneration was continued to Times not long since. But we are not here to omit what the Islanders report concerning Tennes, the Founder of the City 
* Or Tennus.  Tenedos. They say that Cygnus, the Father of Tennes, giving Ear to the false Suggestions and Calumniations of his Wife, locked his Son in a Chest, and caused him to be thrown into the Sea, and that the Chest was cast up by the Waves upon Tencdos; and being thus strangely preserved by the special Providence of God, became King of the Island, and afterwards growing renowned for his Justice and other eminent Virtues, he was at length honoured and adored as a God. And because his Stepmother hired a 
† A Minstrel.  Piper by a false Oath to support her own Calumny, it's a Law amongst them of Tenedos, That no Piper shall come into the Temple.  
Afterwards when Tennes, was killed by Achilles in the time of the Trojan War, and Tenedos then laid waist by the Grecians, the Tenedeans, made another Law, that it should not be lawful so much as once to name Achilles in Tennes his Temple. These are the things related of Tenedos and its ancient Inhabitanas.  
Having now given an Account of the most considerable Islands, we shall proceed in the next place to the lesser.  
The Cyclade Islands were Formerly desolate and uninhabited: But Minos the 
The Cycladae Islands.  Son of Jupiter and Europa, King of Crete, having a strong Army at Land, and with a powerful Navy, Master at Sea, sent many Colonies out of Crete, and Peopled many of the Islands of the Cycladeses, and divided the Lands to the People by Lot, and subdued a great part of the Seacoasts of Asia; and therefore the Seaports and Havens of Asia, and of the Islands, have the same Names with those in Crete, and are called Minoi. Minos' being now grown great and powerful, began to envy his Brother Rhadamanthus his Copartner in the Kingdom, for the honour and reputation he had gained by his Justice. Willing therefore to remove him as far from him as possibly he could, he sent him into the furthest parts of his Dominions. Whereupon Rhadamanthus abiding in the Islands over against jonia and Caria, caused Erythrus to build a City in Asia after his own Name, and made Oenopion, the Son of Ariadna the Daughter of Minos, Lord of Chius.  
These things were all done before the Trojan War: But after the destruction of Troy, the Cares grown rich and wealthy, gained the Dominion at Sea, and subdued the Cycladeses, some of which they took into their own hands, and rooted out the Cretians; others they enjoyed in Common with the ancient Cretian Inhabitants. But in process of time the Grecians growing strong and powerful, the barbarous Carians were ejected out of most of the Cycladeses, and the Islands fell into the hands of the Greeks. Of which we shall give a more particular Account hereafter in proper Time and Place.  
D. G. The following Books, that is to say, the VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, are lost.    

THE Last Ten Books OF THE HISTORICAL LIBRARY OF Diodorus the Sicilian, CONTAINING, The Affairs of the WORLD for the space of 179 Years, from the Expedition of Xerxes into Greece, to Seleucus his coming into Cappadocia with his Army, and the other Confederate Princes into other Parts against Antigonus, in the 3d Year of the 119th Olympiad.  
Together with The Fragments of PHOTIUS his BIBLIOTHECA, and others, Published by L. Rhodomannus.  
AND The Fragments Published by H. Valesius, and by F. Vrsinus.  
WITH A SUPPLEMENT.  
Made English, By GEORGE BOOTH, of Chester, Esq;  
LONDON, Printed by Edw. Jones, for A. and J. Churchill at the Black-Swan in Pater-Noster-Row: 1700.   


ANCIENT SICELE ACCORDING TO THE Description of Philip Clwerius    

THE Historical Library OF Diodorus the Sicilian. BOOK XI.  

The PREFACE.  
THE Book next before this, being the Tenth in the whole Composure of our History, ends with things done in the Tear immediately before the Descent of Xerxes into Europe, and with those Debates in the General Assemblies of the Grecians at Corinth, concerning the admission of Gelo into the Grecian Confederacy.  
In this to proceed (as things were done) in a continued Series of the History, we shall begin with Xerxes ' s Expedition into Greece, and end the Year immediately before the Army of the Athenians, under Cymon their General, invaded Cyprus.   

CHAP. I.  
Of Xerxes his Expedition into Greece, and the Battle of Thermopyle, and the Sea Fight at Salamis.  
CAllias being Archon or chief Magistrate of Athens, Spurius Cassius, and Proclus Virginius Tricostus, Consuls at Rome, in the Seventy Fifth Olympiad, celebrated at Elis, (in which 
* Asyehus.  Asylus the Syracusian 
Olymp. 75. Ant. Chr. 478  was Victor) Xerxes (for the reason after mentioned) raised an Army against the Grecians. 
† He married Artozostra the Daughter of Darius; and was himself the Son of Gobrias, whose Daughter Darius married. Herod. lib. 6. c. 43. and lib. 7. c. 5.  Mardonius the Persian was Cousin German, and by Marriage likewise nearly related to Xerxes, of great esteem among the Persians for his Valour and Prudence. This Man prompted forward by the greatness of his Spirit, and the heat of his Youth, burned with Ambition, to be General of so great an Army as that Expedition required; and therefore persuaded Xerxes that he would bend all his power to subdue the Grecians, those implacable Enemies of the Persians.  
Being brought over to close with this Advice, he determined utterly to destroy and root them up: And to that end sent Ambassadors to Carthage, to treat with them concerning the joining of their Forces together: Whereupon it was thus agreed between them, That Xerxes should Land his Forces in Greece, and that the Carthaginians at the same time should with a great Army invade the Greeks in Italy and Sicily.  
According to which Compact the Carthaginians raised a great sum of Money, and hired many Soldiers out of the Provinces of Liguria in Italy 
* France.  Gallia and 
† Spain.  Iberia; and raised Men of their own throughout all Lybia, and out of Carthage it-self. In which preparations were spent Three Years, and an Army of Three Hundred Thousand Men were mustered, and Two Hundred Ships fitted out.  
On the other part Xerxes stirred up by the Industry of the Carthaginians, (by way of Emulation) as far exceeded them in Warlike Preparations, as he did in Dominion and Empire. He commanded Ships to be built every where upon the Seacoasts within his Dominions, as Egypt, Phoenicia, and Cyprus, and likewise through Cilicia, Pamphilia, Pisidia, Licia, Caria, Misia, Troas, the Cities of the Hellespont, Pontus and Bythinia, and in Three Years time (as the Carthaginians had done) set forth above Twelve Hundred 
* Long Ships: Ships of Burden were called Olcades, and were built in a round form; the first were Galleys, using Oars chief, the other Sails.  Galleys. And this was the better accomplished by means of the Preparations of those great Forces raised by Darius his Father in his Life time. For Datis, Darius his General, being not long before overcome by the Athenians in the Battle of Marathon, Darius ever afterwards bore an implacable hatred against them: But just as he was ready to pass over into Greece, he was prevented by Death.  
Xerxes, therefore encouraged both by his Father's Assistance, and the Advice of Mardonius (as is before related) resolved to invade the Grecians.  
When all things were prepared, he commanded the Officers of his Navy to randezvouze his Fleet as * Cyme, and Phocea. 
† Cuma in Eolia.  And he himself with the whole Army, both of Horse and Foot, raised out of every Province of his Dominion, marched from Susa; and advancing to Sardis, forthwith sent Heralds, 
P. 243.  into Greece, commanding them to go to all the Cities and demand in the Name of the King 
* Earth and Water were Badges and Tokens of Subjection and Slavery; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Earth and Water.  
There dividing his Army, part he sent (sufficient as was conceived) to make 
† Of Ships from Abydos to the other Side, Seven Furlongs, about a Mile, Herod. lib. 7. c. 34.  a Bridge over the Hell●spant, and another part to cut a Way through the Mountain 
* Through a Neck of Mount Athos, Twelve Furlongs over, for his Ships to pass, Herod. lib. 7. c. 22, 23, 24.  Athos, both judging it safe for his Soldiers to have so short a Cut for their March, and hoping likewise by such an extraordinary Work upon the first Attempt, to strike a Terror into the Grecians. They therefore that were sent, having so great a multitude of Hands at work, speedily dispatched the Business.  
But the Grecians being now alarmed with the vast Army of the Persians, sent Ten Thousand 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Men in Armour Others were called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, naked or light armed, that wore no Armour, such as Archers, Darters.  Men at Arms into Thessaly, to possess themselves of the Passages or Posts of Tempe. The General of the Lacedæmonians was Synetus, and of the Athenians Themistocles: These sent Messengers to all the Cities, to require them to raise Soldiers for the defence of the Passages at the common Charge; for they made it their Business with all Expedition to interest all the Cities of Greece in the War, that so the Persians might be opposed by the combined Force of all Greece together.  
But when they heard that the greatest part of the Thessalians, and those that inhabited the Straits, had submitted unto the King's Delegates or Commissioners, they returned home, despairing to make any effectual Defence at Tempe.  
And here it will not be from the purpose to declare what part of Greece assisted the Barbarians, that (deservingly branding them with disgrace) Traitors to the Common Liberty of their Country may out of a sense of shame and Dishonour be deterred from the like practice. We say therefore, that the Dolopians, Aenians, Milesians, Perrhaebians, and * Magnesians, sided with the Barbarians; and even 
† Bordering upon Thessaly.  while the Guards were in Tempe, the Achaeans, Phthiotians, Locreans, and Thessalians joined with them; and after they were withdrawn, most of the Beotians, went over to the Persians. Hereupon the Grecians, in a common Assembly at the Istmos, decreed, that if they should be victorious, those Grecians that sided with the Persians, should be sacrificed to the Gods every Tenth Man. And they ordered Ambassadors to be sent to such as at present stood neuter, to stir them up forthwith to take up Arms for the Common Liberty.  
Of these, some without delay, hearty joined themselves to the common Interest; others promised to do it in due time, though in truth by delay they were willing to have some prospect of the Issue of the War before they hazarded themselves. They of Argos by their Ambassadors in the Common Council, declared that they were ready to join in Arms with the rest of Greece, if they might have some share of the supreme Command in the Army: To whom Answer was given by the Council, that if they thought it a greater Grievance to Fight under a Grecian General for the Common Liberty, than to be Slaves to a Barbarian, they do wisely to forbear to take up Arms: But if through their Ambition they aspire to the Command of Greece, it were just that they should first signalise themselves by such noble Actions, as might justly deserve so great an Honour. After this the Grecian Cities, generally gave Answer to the King's Ambassadors (that went through Greece) in such a manner as plainly demonstrated at how high a Rate they prized the common Liberty of the Country.  
When Xerxes understood that the Bridge over the Hellespont was finished, and a Passage made through the Mountain Athos, he forthwith marched from Sardis, determining to make his Way to the Hellespont. And when he came to Abydos, he passed his Army over the Bridge into Europe; then marching through Thrace, he increased his Army by the Thracians and other Borderers. When he came to Doriscus, he commanded his Fleet should sail thither, that his Forces both by Sea and Land might join.  
There he numbered his Army, in which it is reported there 
Cornelius Nepos says Seven Hundred Thousand Foot, and Four Hundred Thousand Horse.  were enrolled above Eight Hundred Thousand Foot, more than Twelve Hundred Galleys, Three Hundred and Twenty of which were Greek Ships. The Ships themselves were provided at the Charge of the King, but furnished with Soldiers and Mariners by the 
P. 244.  Grecians within his Dominions. All the rest were Ships fitted out by the Barbarians. Of these, Two Hundred were built and man'd by the Egyptians; Three Hundred by the Phaenicians; the Cilicians, Fourscore; the Pamphilians Forty; and the Licians as many: Besides, the Carians Fourscore; and from Cyprus an Hundred and Fifty. As to those from the Grecians, the Doreans inhabiting about Caria, together with them of Rhodes and Coos, sent Forty; the jonians with them of Samos and Chius, an Hundred; the Eolians with Lesbos and Tenedos, Forty: They of the Hellespont, with them that inhabited about Pontus, Fourscore: The Islanders Fifty. For the King had secured to himself all the Islands between Cyaneas, Triopion and Sunium.  
Such was the number of the Men of War in the Navy besides Eight Hundred and Fifty prepared for transporting of Horses, and Three Thousand Ships of Burden of Thirty Oars apiece. Thus Xerxes was employed at Doriscus in numbering his Army; but the General Council of Greece, being informed that the Forces of the Persians did approach; it was ordered that the Grecian Fleet, should forthwith sail to Artemesium in 
* Now called Negropont.  Eubaea, judging that to be the most convenient place to oppose the Enemy: And a Guard of Men at Arms are sent to Thermopile, sufficient (as was conceived) to secure the Straits and Passages, and repel the Barbarians: For it was determined with all haste and speed to defend on every side all those that took part with the Grecians, and with their Forces every way to preserve their Confederates. Euribiades a Lacedaemonian, was Admiral of the whole Fleet; Leonidas 
† Or King.  General of Sparta, commanded the Forces sent to Thermopile, a brave Man and an excellent Soldier.  
Leonidas taking upon him the Command, chose only a Thousand Men out of the Army to follow him in this Expedition. But the 
* The Council, or Parliament of Sparta.  Ephori or Common Council advising him to take a greater number against so powerful an Enemy, yea, commanding him so to do, he in an intricate and perplexed Speech made Answer, That in truth that number was too few to keep the Pass against the Barbarians, but that he needed no more to accomplish that Design which they were going about to effect. Receiving this dark Answer, they asked him whether he led out the Army upon any slight and inconsiderable Attempt? He returned in Answer, that in Words and Talk he was to lead them to defend the Passages: But in truth and in the Event to die for the Common Liberty. Therefore if these Thousand which he had chosen might go along with him, the Fame of Sparta would be advanced even by their Destruction: But if all the Lacedæmonians should go thither, the very Lacedaemonian Name would be utterly extinct, they being Men never used to fly to save themselves.  
Upon this there were allotted to him a Thousand Lacedæmonians, Three Hundred Spartans', and Three Thousand out of the rest of the Army: So that he marched away with Four Thousand Soldiers to Thermopile. But the Locrians who inhabited near the Passages, had given 
† Earth and Water, signs of Subjection. Vid. Antea.  Earth and Water to the Persians, and had promised to seize the Passes.  
But when they perceived Leonidas to advance to Thermopile, they revolted and joined themselves to the Greciau Army; and so a Thousand Locrians, as many Milesians, and near a Thousand Phocians marched with him to Thermopile; besides Four Hundred Thebans, of a different Faction sided now with Greece: For the Thebans that were in Confederacy with the Persians were divided amongst themselves.  
This then is the utmost number of the Army which under Leonidas their General came to Thermopile, and there prepared themselves to bear the brunt of the whole strength of the Persians.  
Xerxes' having now numbered his Forces, marched 
* From Doriscus in Thrace, upon the Banks of Hebrus. P. 245.  away with his whole Army to the City Acanthus, his Fleet sailing near at hand over against him; thence his Navy passed through the Ditch or Sluice cut through the 
† Isthmus' of Mount Athos.  Istmos, and by that means he passed his Fleet into the other 
* That lieth before the Town.  Sea by a short and safe Cut.  
When he came to the Bay of 
† Not of Elis, as the Greek is, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, mistaken for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, near Thermopyle.  Melus, he was informed that all the Passages were possessed by the Enemy: Upon which he again increased his Forces, and joined to them little less than Two Hundred Thousand Men more, which he had raised as his Confederates out of Europe. So that besides his Naval Forces, his Land Army consisted of no less than a 
* A Hundred Myriads is a Million.  Hundred Myriads. And the rest that were in his Fleet (what in his Men of War, and what in his Transport Ships and Shipping for other Necessaries) were judged to be no way inferior for number to his Land Forces. Therefore what we find reported concerning the Number he brought with him is not to be wondered at.  
For it's said, that 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, never failing Rivers.  great Rivers were drunk up by that multitude, and that the Sea itself was even covered over by the spreading forth of the Sails of the Ships: So that the Forces of Xerxes have been by all reputed the greatest that ever any History made mention of.  
The Persian Army now encamping at the River Sperchius', Xerxes' sent Messengers to Thermopyle, both to find out with what Resolution he was likely to be opposed, and likewise to declare that the King commanded them to lay down their Arms, and return in safety to their own Countries, and become Friends and Confederates to the Persians; which if they yielded to, than he faithfully promised that he would bestow upon them both larger and richer Countries than those they did then inhabit.  
This Message being heard, those with Leonidas returned this Answer; that they were in a better Posture to be the King's Confederates being armed, than if they were disarmed; and if it happened that they must fight, than they could more gallantly and courageously venture their Lives for their Liberties. As for the Countries which the King promised them, they bid them tell him, that it was not the manner of the Grecians, by any base and dishonourable means to plant themselves in any Country, or to gain Lands and Estates but by Virtue and Valour, and being so gained by the same Valour to defend them.  
Xerxes' having received this Answer, presently sent for Demaratus the Spartan (who was banished from his Country, and fled to him) and in a scoffing manner asked the Laconian, whether the Grecians could run faster than his Horses? or whether they durst engage with so great an Army? Demaratus is reported to have answered the King thus: You are not O King, unacquainted with the Valour of the Grecians, forasmuch as your Majesty ever made use of them to reduce your Rebellious Subjects upon all occasions: And do not think that these, who have done more than the Persians in the Defence of your Majesty's Sovereignty, will approve themselves with less Valour, for the preservation of their own Liberties against the Persians.  
At which words, Xerxes laughing him to scorn, commanded him to follow him, that he might presently see the Lacedæmonians taking to their Heels.  
And now Xerxes' dislodging his Army, marched to the straits of Thermopyle, placing the Medes in the Front of the Battle, either because they were esteemed Men of greatest Courage, or that he desired to have them all cut off, for they were still proud and haughty in regard the Sovereign Power not long before was wrested from their Ancestors, and many there were likewise in the Army whose Kindred perished in the Battle of Marathon. Xerxes therefore order the Brothers and Children of those that were slain in that Battle, to be placed in a Body in view of the Medes, conceiving this would be a means to exasperate 'em to a fiercer Revenge upon the Grecians.  
The Medes therefore being put in the Front (as before said) made a fierce Charge upon the Thermopylean Guards. But Leonidas (being well prepared) had placed his Men in a close Body, in the straightest part of the Passages: Now both sides are hotly engaged, for the Barbarians having their King both the Spectator and Witness of their Valour on the one hand, and the thoughts of danger of losing of Liberty, together with the Commands of the General firing the Grecians on the other, the Fight was amazing. And now setting Foot to Foot, fight 
P. 246.  close at hand, and being locked together, Wounds were given on both sides, insomuch as the Battle was doubtful a long time, till at length the Grecians through their Resolution, and the greatness of their Shields getting ground, the Medes with much ado fell off, and began to flag, a great part of them being killed, and many others wounded. The Medes thus baffled, the Caesii and Sachae (counted excellent Soldiers) continued the Fight; and although they were fresh Men and untouched, against Men almost tired out, yet they were hewed down and quickly put to flight, and many killed by Leonidas his Soldiers: For the Barbarians being guarded with short Shields and Bucklers, were fit for Fight in the open Field, (where they could by reason of the lightness of their Arms move as they pleased,) than in narrow Passages, where they could not well touch the Bodies of their Enemies standing so close together, and being likewise defended with large Shields. On the other hand, the Barbarians being but lightly armed, lay the more open to all the Darts and Blows of the Assailants.  
Xerxes now seeing the Passages strewed with the Carcases of his Soldiers, and that the Barbarians were not able to withstand the Grecian Valour, sent against them the chiefest of the Persians, such as were called Immortal and Invulnerable, Men of far stronger Bodies than any of the rest of the Army. Of these the Grecians made a quick dispatch, for they fled presently, and Night now coming on, gave a present Cessation of Arms, with a great Slaughter of the Barbarians, few being lost on the Grecians side.  
Xerxes' fretting at the late Misfortune of his Arms, so cross to his hopes and expectations, the next day chose out of all his Regiments, such as were most approved for Strength and Valour; and after many earnest Entreaties, he told them that if they broke in upon the Grecians, and drove them out of the Passages, he would remunerate them with large Rewards; but that Death should be the Wages of them that fled. Upon which, they made a fierce and violent Charge in one Body upon the Army of the Grecians. The Soldiers of Leonidas on the other hand closing together in a Body like a strong Wall, with great resolution resisted the furious shock of their Adversaries, and were so earnest in Fight, that they would not suffer the usual fresh Aids to succeed to their Assistance; but overcoming all difficulties by Resolution, they beat down and destroyed most of the choicest of the Barbarians; every one striving who should spend most of the day in signalizing his own Valour: For the Courage of the Young Men, put on the Old and Experienced Soldiers to a higher strain of Valour than ordinary; and the Glory formerly gained by the Old, stirred up the Young Men to Emulation of Honour.  
At length this brave and choice Army of the Barbarians was routed and put to flight: In their flight they were stopped by a strong Body of Men appointed for that purpose, who drove them back upon the Enemy, and so forced them to renew the Fight. But the King being astonished and in great fear, conceiving none durst make any further Attempt upon the Grecians, one 
* Or rather a Trachinian called Ephialtes. Pausan. lib. 1. c. 4.  Trachinius an Inhabitant of the Country (to whom all the secret and byways in the Mountains were by use very well known) came to Xerxes, and promised him to lead the Persians through a certain strait and difficult 
† This was over Mount Oeta. Pausan. ibid.  Pass, that the Troops sent along with him might come upon the Backs of Leonidas his Soldiers, and by this means the Grecians being fought both behind and before, might easily be cut off.  
At the hearing of this, the King greatly rejoiced, and amply rewarded the Trachinian, and forthwith sent along with him in the Night Twenty Thousand Men. But one Tyrastiades of Cuma in the Persian Army, 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, a lover of truth and honesty.  an upright Man of honest Principles, in the Night privately conveyed himself from the Watch or Sentinels of the Persians, and came to Leonidas, and discovered what the Trachinian had contrived; which being known, a Council of War was called at Midnight, where they advised together what was to be done in the present imminent danger and state of Affairs. There were some that were of Opinion, That it was best forthwith to leave the Passages, and to return to the rest of their Associates while it was yet well with them, for that there was no hopes of safety if they continued there.  
But Leonidas the Lacedaemonian General minding to appropriate Immortal Honour 
P. 247.  to himself and his Spartans', commanded all the rest to departed, and reserve themselves for better Times, and for further help to the Greeks hereafter; enjoining only the Lacedæmonians to stay, and not to desert the defence of the straits, for that it became the Generals and Commanders of Greece resolvedly to be victorious, or to die valiantly upon the Spot.  
The Council then breaking up, all the rest presently marched away: And Leonidas being now left upon the Place only with his Citizens, was resolved with them to perform wonderful and Heroical Actions: For the Lacedæmonians being but very few (for he kept the Thespians only with him, so that all of them together did not exceed Five Hundred Men) he prepared himself bravely to die for the Liberty and Glory of Greece.  
In the mean time, they that were sent with 
† Or the Trachinian.  Trachinius, led about through the steep Passes, had beset those with Leonidas on every side: But the Grecians who had before cast off all Thoughts of Deliverance, and had preferred Honour before Life, with one Voice desired their General that he would lead them out against the Enemy before it were known to the Persians that they were surrounded.  
Leonidas hereupon commending the Courage of his Soldiers, commanded them that they would with all speed go to their Dinners with that cheerfulness as those that must be with the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Sup with them below, or with the Infernal Spirits.  Gods at Supper: And he himself presently commanded Meat to be brought to him, and fell to eating: For by this means he said they would be more able to endure, and longer to abide the Dangers and Toils of such an Engagement.  
After they had all refreshed themselves, and were ready attending upon their General, he commanded them to follow him, and break into the Enemy's Camp to kill all that they met, and make to the King's Pavilion: At which word of Command, in one Body in the Night under their General Leonidas, they should rush into the Camp of the Persians.  
The Barbarians being amazed at so sudden and unexpected an Alarm, every where run out of their Tents in great disorder and confusion. And supposing that all those that were sent with the Trachinian were cut off, and that all the Grecian Forces were amongst them, they were every where seized with fear and astonishment: A great Slaughter therefore was made amongst them by the Soldiers of Leonidas, but much more by the Persians among themselves, they not knowing who was Friend or Foe: The Mistake likewise being advanced by the Darkness of the Night, in which none could be distinguished, dread and horror prevailed all over the Camp, so that it was no wonder that a terrible Slaughter was made among them: For they killed one another, since now there was neither Time nor Place to be at any certainty, for that none knew whose Commands, or what Captain to follow, or what Colours or Ensigns to hasten to: But their Minds were in a continual Distraction. And if the King had then been in his Pavilion, he had been easily destroyed amongst the rest by the Grecians, and in that moment had an end been put to so great a War: But Xerxes presently at the beginning of the Tumult, hastened, and speedily got out of harms way. The Grecians breaking into his Pavilion, cut off the Heads almost of all they found there, and diligently sought for Xerxes (while the Night favoured them) in all parts of the Camp.  
But when the Day broke, and Light began to make a Discovery, the Persians then perceiving the Grecians to be very few, began to despise them, but durst not make straight upon them, being terrified by their amazing Courage.  
Therefore they compassed them round, and galling them every way, both in the Flank and Rear, they were all destroyed with Darts and Arrows. And this was the end of those sent with Leonidas to guard the Passes in Thermopyle, whose Valour who can sufficiently admire? who were also unanimous not to desert their Post assigned them, but undauntedly sacrificed their Lives for the common safety of Greece, and chose rather to die valiantly and in Honour, than to live as Slaves and in Disgrace.  
On the other hand, this Terror and Amazement of the Persians, cannot but be very probable; for which of the Barbarians could ever suspect so incredible an 
P. 248.  Attempt? Who could have imagined, that Five Hundred should have that Confidence, as without Fear to set upon 
* A Hundred Myriad a Million. Just. lib. 2. says Five Hundred Thousand. Orosius Six Hundred Thousand.  a Hundred Myriads? So that we may conclude that Posterity cannot but fix upon these Men as a Pattern and Example of Valour for ever; who though compassed about with inextricable Dangers, and wearied out in their Bodies with overcoming, yet in their Minds were unconquerable. These therefore are the only Men (we read of) that became more famous by their being overcome, than others by their most glorious Victories; for we ought not to make a Judgement of men's Virtues by the Event, but by their solid and well-grounded Resolutions: For Fortune is the Mistress of the First, but every Man's Reason is the Advocate for the other.  
For who can judge there were ever braver Men than these? who though they were not the Thousandth part of their Enemies, yet were acted with such brave Spirits, as to dare to try their Courage with an incredible Multitude; not that they had the least hope or expectation of overcoming upon so unequal Terms, but resolving with undaunted Resolutions and noble Souls to surpass all that ever was done in former Ages. They knew indeed they were then to fight with Barbarians: But yet they concluded, that thereby they should be sharers in Fame and Glory with all that ever were before them. For they were the only Men (since the Memory of Man) that chose rather to defend the Laws of their Country, than to preserve their own Lives, even with a Contempt of Dangers that were insuperable; judging it more desirable for Men of Valour so to signalise themselves.  
To these the common Liberty of Greece owes more than to those that afterwards overcame Xerxes in following Battles; for the Barbarians being astonished with such an extraordinary and unheard of Attempt, were afterwards much discouraged, and had little heart to Fight. The Spirits of the Grecians on the other side, were inflamed with the desire of gaining the like honour with their Countrymen. To conclude, these alone seemed to have born away with them the immortal Memory of an unparallelled Valour, above all before them: And therefore their Praises have been set forth not only by Historians, but by many Poets, amongst whom, that famous 
† Of Melus in Thessaly.  Milean Poet 
* Simonides Ceus, a Lyric Poet, in the time of Xerxes.  Simonides has described this noble Action, with high Strains of Commendation worthy of their Valour, thus—  
At famed Thermopyle these brave Souls got,  
An honourable Death, and Noble Lot;  
Their Tomb an Altar bears, which doth record  
Their Ancestors; and Death doth Life afford  
Unto their Fame, nor Rust, nor Times Teeth shall  
Devour the Trophies of their Funeral,  
The Praise of Grecian Heroes to maintain,  
Their Countries Freedom that were Slain,  
This Chapel doth contain.  
Leonidas above the rest,  
The Spartan King will this attest;  
Who gave proof to Posterity,  
That real Valour cannot die.  
Having now said enough of these Gallant Men, we shall return where we broke off. Xerxes thus possessed of the Passes, obtained (according to the Proverb) only in a 
* A Cadmean Victory. The Proverb and Reason, Erasm. Adag. 375. Paus. in Boetic. 729. c. 9  Cadmean Victory, lost a great number of his Soldiers, with the Destruction of a very few of his Enemies in comparison. And having now gained the straits, and made his way open, he determined to try his Fortune in a Sea-Fight: To that purpose he forthwith sent for Megabates the Admiral of his Navy, and commanded him to make up to the Grecian Fleet, and with the whole strength of his Navy to join Battle with them; who without delay obeys the King's Command, and loses from Pydna in Macedonia with the whole Fleet, and sails to the utmost Coasts or Promontory of Magnesia called Sepias, where meeting with a violent Storm and Tempest, he lost Three Hundred of his Ships of War, and a great number of his Transport Ships. When the Storm was over, he made away, and arrived at Aphetas, a City of Magnesia. From thence he sent forth Three Hundred Sail, and commanded the Officers that they should sail about, and make to the Right Hand of the Island 
† Vid. Antea.  Eubea, and so surround the Enemy. The Grecians in the mean time lay at Anchor at Artemesia in Eubea, whose Navy was at the most not above Two Hundred and Fourscore Sail, whereof an Hundred and Forty were fitted out by the Athenians, and the rest by the other Grecians. Euribiades, a Spartan, was Admiral of the Fleet; and Themistocles the Athenian took care of all other things relating to it. 
P. 249.  This Man by reason of his singular Prudence and Military Experience, was not only in great Reputation and Authority with the Grecians in the Fleet, but even with Euribiades himself; and all were ready at his Command. When the Sea-Officers were in Consultation where was the most commodious Place to join Battle; whilst all the rest were for abiding where they were, and to receive the Enemy as they then lay; only Themistocles was of a contrary Opinion, and declared, that that Party ever had the advantage, who in good order made the first Onset upon the Enemy: For if they then in a Body fell upon the Enemy, who was at that time in Disorder and Confusion, by coming out of several Ports, and at a great distance one from another, the Attack would probably be successful and prosperous.  
The Counsel and Advice of Themistocles prevailing, the whole Grecian Fleet in order of Battle, set sail against the Persians, who coming out of their several Ports, as they were dispersed and out of order, were met by the Navy of Themistocles, who sunk many of 'em, and forced as many more upon the Shoar.  
In the mean time, the Fleets of both Parties now come together, and Battle joined, some parts of the Fleets prevailed here and there on both sides, without absolute Victory on either, till Night put an end to the Contest. Presently followed a most dreadful Tempest, whereby many Ships of the Persian Fleet were forced out of their Harbours, and lost. So as God dimself seemed to fight for the Grecians, by reducing the Barbarians to a less number, that the Grecians might be an equal Match for them, and better able to bear the brunt of a Sea-Fight. Hence it was, that the Grecians grew more and more confident and courageous: And on the other Hand, the Barbarians ever more fearful in all Attempts.  
But after the Storm was over, having again brought together their Navy, they 
Another Sea-Fight.  made down upon the Enemy with their whole Fleet: The Grecians inforc'd with Fifty Athenian Ships, made ready, and undauntedly received the Barbarians. And here the manner of the Fight was almost like that at Thermopyle, for the Persians endeavoured to charge through the midst of the Grecians, and so to pass into 
‖ The Strait between Eubea and Beotia.  Euripus: But the Grecians, with the help of their Confederates in Eubea, defended the straits; upon which, there was again a fierce Engagement, and both sides lost many of their Men of War: But Night drawing on again, both Parties were forced into their Harbours. It's reported that the Athenians on the Grecian side, and the Zidonians on the other, bravely behaved themselves in both Battles.  
The Grecians afterwards hearing of the Defeat and Slaughter made at Thermopyle, 
The Grecians transport themselves at Salamis.  and being certainly informed, that the Persians were marching towards Athens, were in great consternation, and therefore sailing back to Salamis, they there lay. And now the Athenians seeing the extreme Hazard all were in, who remained in Athens, put on Board their Wives and Children, and all Necessaries, and whatever else they could, and transported 'em into Salamis. Then the Admiral of the Persian Fleet, understanding that the Enemy was withdrawn from their former station, presently with his whole Fleet made for Eubaea, and there first takes the City Istiea by Storm, and razed it, and then wastes and destroys the whole Country before him.  
In the mean time Xerxes marches from Thermopyle through the Confines of Phocia, 
Xerxes harras●eth Greece.  razes all the Towns far and near, and wastes and spoils all before him.  
That part of the Phocians who sided with the Grecians, not being able to Contest with so great a Multitude, forsook their Towns, and with all their Inhabitants betook themselves to the difficult Passages and Defences of the Mountain Parnassus.  
Afterwards the King entering the Country of the Doreans, forbore from Pillage and Spoil, and commanded that no Injury should be done there, because they were his Friends and Associates. But part of his Forces left there, he commanded to invade Delphos, and to burn the Temple of Apollo, and to rob and carry away all that they found there; and he himself in the mean time, led the rest of his Army into Beotia, and there encamped.  
When those that were sent to spoil the Delphian God, were advanced as far 
Xerxes' his Army punished at Delphos, P. 250.  as the Temple of Pallas, there arose a sudden and incredible Tempest, and Storm of Hail and Wind, with dreadful Thunder and Lightning, wherewith great Rocks were rend asunder, and fell upon the Heads of the Persians, and destroyed them by Heaps. The rest that survived, being terrified with this Portent of the Immortal Gods, ran away with all haste and speed. And thus by Divine Providence, the Oracle of Delphos was preserved from Ruin and Robbery. They of Delphos, that they might continue the Memory of this wonderful Appearance of the Gods to Posterity for ever, erected a great Trophy or Monument near the Temple of Pallas, on which they engraved this Elegy—  
A grateful Gift to Jove, the Delphians Me  
Have raised, proud Monument of Victory.  
By Phoebus' help, who Medean Bands confound,  
Peserved the 
† The Roof covered with Brass. See Pausan. lib. 10. 〈◊〉. 5. he says the Temple was made of Brass.  Temple that with Brass was Crowned.  
Xerxes' passing through Beotia, wasted the Country of the Thespians, and burned Platea, forsaken before of its Inhabitants. For the People of these Parts, with their Families and all their Concerns, had withdrawn themselves into Peloponesus: From thence he passed into Attica, continuing still his Devastation and Ruin of all things: And Athens itself he razes 
Athens razed.  to the Ground, and burns the Temples.  
Whilst Xerxes was thus employed, his Fleet (having first spoiled Eubaea and the Coasts of Attica) loosed from Eubaea, and came to Attica. About the same time the Corcyreans lay about Peloponesus, with Threescore Galleys, because they could not (as they pretended) recover the Cape or Promontory of Malea. But other Writers say, that this was rather done out of Policy, that they might observe how the issue of the War was like to succeed, and submit to the Persians if they were Victors; and that the Grecians, if they were Conquerors, might believe they came so far in order to assist them.  
But when News was brought to the Athenians that were at Salamis, that their Country was burnt up, and the Temple of Pallas laid in Rubbish, they were extremely grieved and dejected. An exceeding fear likewise seized the other Grecians, seeing themselves besieged (as it were) by the Enemy on every side, cooped up together within Peloponesus. And therefore it was determined that the Leaders 
Consultations among the Grecians concerning Fight at Sea,  and Officers should consult and give their Opinion what place was fittest and most convenient wherein to try their Fortune in a Sea-Fight. Many and various Opinions were proposed and bandied to and fro in this matter: The Peloponesians, as those who only minded their own security, advised that the Fight might be near the Isthmus: For Fortifying the Isthmus with a strong Wall, if things did not succeed, they might presently withdraw themselves into Peloponesus, as into a Place of greatest Safety and Defence: But if they should be penned up in the little Island Salamis, they should run into Mischiefs inextricable.  
But Themistocles advised to fight at Salamis, for that within the straits they were sure to have the Advantage, where they might fight with a few Ships against many. On the other hand, he made it out, that to fight near the Isthmus, would be great disadvantage to them, for they must fight in the open Sea, where the Enemy would have room to make use of the whole Fleet, by which a few Vessels (as they were) would soon be destroyed by such a Multitude.  
These Reasons, and many others to the same purpose in reference to the Business in Hand, being seasonably and wisely offered by Themistocles, brought over all the rest to his Opinion.  
It being now therefore determined in this General Council, to Fight within the straits of Salamis, the Grecian Captains with all speed prepared themselves for Battle against the Persians: Euribiades therefore, together with Themistocles, began to encourage the People against the Danger approaching: But they were 
P. 251.  struck with such Terror and Fear of the great Power of the Persians, that they regarded not the Advice or Commands of their Leaders and Officers; but every one to save himself, hasted with all speed to pass over from Salamis to Peloponesus.  
Neither were the Grecian Forces by Land, seized with less Fear and Terror, by reason of the great Power of the Enemy, being likewise much dejected by the Slaughter of those valiant Men at Thermopile: And then the misery of the Atheniaus, was ever before their Eyes, which amazed them, and put a damp upon all their Hopes.  
Upon which the 
* In Peloponesus.  General Council discerning the Tumult and distracting Fears among the People, made an Order for the Enclosing of the Isthmus with a Wall; and thereupon many Hearts and Hands joining together, the Work was completed: And so the Peloponesians, defended themselves by a Wall drawn out along from 
† A Port of Corinth.  Lecheum to Cenchrea 
* Five Miles.  Forty Furlongs.  
But now the Fleet at Salamis, was in a Mutiny, and in that degree of Fear, that none would obey their Officers. Themistocles therefore perceiving that Euribiades, the Admiral of the Fleet, was not regarded, and that the Violence of the Furious Popularity could not be restrained; and considering likewise that the Straits and Difficulties of the Places at Salamis were of great Advantage in order to obtain the Victory, resolved upon this Project: He commanded one chosen 
A Stratagem of Themistocles.  out for that purpose, to go privately as a Deserter to the King, to let him know that the Grecians had resolved to pass over with all their Fleet from Salamis into the Isthmus. Xerxes gives credit to what was related, as a thing very probable, and therefore resolved with all haste and diligence, to prevent the Land and Sea-Forces of the Grecians from joining; and to that purpose commanded the Ships he had from Egypt, forthwith to possess themselves of the Straits and narrow Seas between Salamis and Megaris, and orders the rest of his Navy to make for Salamis, and there without delay to Fight the Enemy. The King's Galleys were drawn up distinctly, according to their several Natiòns, that being all of one and the same Language, they might more readily aid and assist one another.  
The Fleet setting forth in this Order, the Phaenicians were in the Right Wing, and the Grecians joined with the Persians were placed in the Left. In the mean time, the Officers of the jonians sent with great Secrecy a certain Samian unto the Grecians, to acquaint them what the King determined, and in what Method and order all things were hastening forward, and that they themselves (as soon as the Battle was joined) were resolved to desert the Barbarians.  
All which, when the Samian had thus privily discovered to Euribiades, Themistocles 
The Sea Fight at Salamis.  (his Matters succeeding according to his Heart's desire, and as he had contrived,) with great Joy encouraged the Navy to Fight. The Grecians recovering their Spirits at the Message sent by the jonians, and (stirred up with fresh hope by the present Circumstances of Affairs to Fight) against their former Determinations, loosed from Salamis with great Resolution. And now the Fleet being disposed in order of Battle by Euribiades and Themistocles, the Left Wing was committed to the Lacedæmonians and Athenians against the Phoenicians, the Enemy's Right Wing.  
The Phoenicians were at that time in great Reputation for Maritime Affairs, as well by reason of the multitude of their Shipping, as for their singular and ancient Skill in Navigation. The 
† Of the Island Aegina.  Aegineans, and those of Megara, were placed in the Left Wing, for these were conceived (next to the Athenians) to be the best Seamen; and it was concluded that they would fight with the greatest Obstinacy and Resolution, in regard they had not where to fly with the rest of the Grecians for Security, if they were put to the worst. The middle Battle was supplied by the rest of the Grecians.  
Things being thus ordered and prepared, they forthwith set sail and possessed themselves of the Straits and Passages between Salamis and Heraclea.  
As for the King, he commanded the Admiral of his Fleet, that without any stop or delay, he should set upon the Enemy: And he placed himself upon an Eminence over against the Island of Salamis, from whence he might see all the Passages of the Battle.  
The Persians, indeed at the First, while they could sail in the open Seas, every 
P. 252.  one kept his station: But when they began to enter the Straits, many of the Ships were Forced out of their Order, which occasioned a great Tumult, and Confusion amongst the rest. Then the Admiral, who led the Van, fell in First with great Valour upon the Enemy, and was sunk at the First Charge, upon which, a great Terror seized the whole Fleet; for upon the Death of the Admiral many took upon 'em to command, and gave out several and different Orders; so that they durst not proceed further but tacked about and made to Sea.  
The Athenians perceiving the Terror and Confusion of the Barbarians, fiercely pursued them; some of their Ships they struck through with the Beaks of their Vessels, and brushed off the Oars of others: And many of the Barbarians Galleys in the Flight, lying open with their Broadsides to the Beaks of the Grecian Ships, by multitude of strokes were pierced through and through; So that now, not having time to turn the Heads of their Galleys, they fled as well as they could with their 
* Fled backward.  Oars reversed.  
The Phoenicians, and Cyprian Ships being now dispersed by the Athenians, and forced to Fly, the Cilicians, Pamphylians, and Lycians, who were next to them, fought indeed at the First very obstinately; but when they saw the best and stoutest of the Ships routed, and making away, they hasted also out of the Danger.  
In the other Wing, the Fight was for some small time doubtful, the Contest being vigorous on both sides; but the Phoenicians and Cyprians being driven ashore, and the Athenians making Head upon the other, the Barbarians not able to bear the Shock, fled, and lost many of their Ships in the Flight. And thus the noble Grecians got a glorious Victory at Sea over the Barbarians.  
In this Battle, Forty Ships of the Grecian Fleet were lost; but above Two Hundred Galleys of the other were sunk, besides those that were taken with their Ships and Men.  
The King being thus unexpectedly overcome, in a Rage slew the Phoenicians, as the first that fled; threatening the rest, that in due time he would measure out Punishments for them proportionable to their Demerits; who terrified with the King's Threats, forthwith made for Attica, but the Night following they sailed into Asia.  
And now Themistocles, justly esteemed the Author of this Victory at Sea, contrives 
Another Stratagem of Themistocles.  another Stratagem not inferior to the former; for the Grecians being terrified, and not daring to fight at Land against so many Thousands of Men, he thus diminishes the Forces of the Enemy.  
He sends his children's Schoolmaster to the King, with Instructions to acquaint him, that the Grecians were hasting with their Fleet to the Bridge, in order to pull 
One Sicinus a Persian, Plut. in Themist.  it down.  
This Message thè King believed, as very probable, and thereupon was in a terrible Fright, lest the Grecians, who had then the whole Command of the Seas, should block up his Passage into Asia, so that he could not return; he resolved therefore to be gone with all speed, and to leave Mardonius behind him, with an Army both of Horse and Foot, consisting of no less than Four Hundred Thousand Men. These Two pieces of Military Policy contrived by Themistocles, crowned the Grecians with the renown of Two glorious Victories: And thus stood the Affairs of Greece. But now having declared sufficient for the present, the things that were transacted in Europe, we shall go on to those done elsewhere in Foreign Parts.   

CHAP. II.  
How the Carthaginians invaded Sicily, and were routed by Gelon.  
THE Carthaginians (as it was before agreed between them and the Persians, that they should at the same time set upon the Greeks in Sicily) had made great preparation for War: And now all things being in readiness, they chose Amil●●r General of their Army, a Man of great Authority amongst the Citizens; who being furnished both with Sea and Land Forces, loses from Carthage. The Land Army was no less than Three Hundred Thousand, and his Fleet above Two Thousand Sail, besides Transport Ships for the carrying of Provision, which were above Three Thousand.  
But Sailing through the Libyan Sea, by the violence of a Storm, he lost his Ships, wherein the Horses and Chariots were on Board: And when he came 
P. 253.  to Pannormus, the Port of Sicily, he was heard to say, that there was now an end of the War; for he was much afraid, that the Sicilians by the favour of the Sea, had escaped the Danger. There he lay for the space of Three Days, refreshing his Army, and repairing his Ships; and then marched by Land against Himera, his Fleet sailing over against him near the Shoar.  
When he came to the City, he placed his Army in Two Camps, in the one his Land, and in the other his Naval Forces. Under all his Long Ships or Galleys, he caused deep Trenches to be drawn, and to be barricadoed round with Timber. His Land Forces he encamped in Front, over against the City, Extending the Fortifications from the Barracado of his other Camp to the Hills that overtopped the City. When he had thus blocked up the Place on the West side, he unladed all the Ships of Burden, of the Meat and Provision, and sent away what Ships he had left, for Corn, and what other Provision and Victuals they could buy, to be brought to him from Africa and Sardinia: But he himself marched towards the City with a choice part of the Army, and routed the Himerians that came forth to oppose him, by which the struck a great Terror into the Besieged.  
Hereupon Theron Prince of the Agrigentines, though he had aid sufficient with him for the Defence of Himera; yet being now in a great Fright, sent with all speed to Syracuse to Gelon for Succours; who being prepared with his Forces beforehand, and understanding the fear the Himerians were in, without delay, marched out of Syracuse, with no less than Fifty Thousand Foot, and Five Thousand Horse, and with a swift March came to Himera. Upon which, he revived the Spirits of the Himerians, and freed them from all Fear of the Carthaginian Army; for he encamped near the City, and fortified himself both with a Wall and deep Trench, and then sent forth all his Horse to seek out the Enemy, who were at that time dispersed, foraging all over the Country. These Horse setting upon the Carthaginians roving and disorderly dispersed, took as many Prisoners as each of them could carry back; for above Ten Thousand were brought into the City. By which Exploit, the Authority and Glory of Gelon was much advanced; and now the Himertans began to contemn their Adversaries.  
Afterwards (with no less courage) he performed other things; for all the Gates that Thero before (for fear of the Enemy) had built, he on the other Hand (in contempt of the Carthaginians) caused to be pulled down, and furnished the Place with others that were of absolute necessity. To sum up all, Gelon being an expert 
 Soldier, and prudent in Management, set his Head at work how he might by some Stratagem deceive the Barbarians, and destroy their Forces without any Danger to himself or his Army: Which Device of his was much forwarded by an Accident that then happened, for as things than stood, resolving upon burning the Enemy's Fleet, it fortuned Amilcar being then in the Camp with his Navy, preparing for a great Festival Day to Neptune, some of the Horsemen brought to Gelon a C●●rier taken in the Fields, who brought Letters from the Selim●●t●ans, in which was written, that they would send the Horsemen to him at the Day that he had appointed; which was the Day whereon he had determined the Sacrifice Upon the same Day therefore Gelon sends Horsemen of his own, commanding them, that conveying themselves privately in the Night to Places nearest and most convenient, as soon as it was Day, they should go to the Enemy's Naval Camp, as if they were the Selinutian Confederates; and being received within the Wall and Fortification, should first kill Amilcar, and then set Fire to the Ships.  
He gave moreover in Charge to those that were as Spies upon the next Hills, 
P. 254.  that as soon as the Horsemen were admitted into the Fortification, they should give notice of it by lifting up the Sign. And he himself at Break of Day (with his Army drawn up) waited when the Sign would be given.  
The Horse being come to the Carthaginians Camp about Sunrising, they were admitted by the Watch for Confederates; being entered, without delay they make up with a fierce Charge to Amilcar, who was then Sacrificing, and both killed him, and fired the Ships. And presently the Sign being given by the Spies, Gelo with all his Forces in Battalia, fell into the Camp of the Carthaginians. Whereupon the Officers presently drew forth all their Forces out of the Camp to encounter the Sicilians, and with Ensigns advanced, fought with great obstinacy. And now the Trumpets in both Armies sounded a Charge, and in Emulation each endeavoured to exceed the other in Noise and Clamour. In conclusion, great was the Slaughter on both sides, with little or no advantage to either; when presently the Flame mounting up from the Ships, and News brought of the Death of the General, the Grecians (now encouraged) doubled their Shouts, in certain hope, and confidence of Victory; but the Carthaginians altogether discouraged 
Gelo routs the Carthaginians.  and in Despair, betook themselves to Flight. And because Gelo had commanded that no Prisoners should be taken, the Slaughter in the Pursuit was very grievous; at last no less than an Hundred and Fifty Thousand were Slain. The rest gained a Place by Nature Fortified, and this gave the first stop to the Fury of the Pursuers: But because they wanted Water (through Extremity of Thirst) they were forced to deliver up themselves to the Conqueror's Mercy.  
Gelo's Name was now renowned upon the account of so great a Victory obtained merely by his own prudent Contrivance; and his Praise was advanced to the very Heavens, not only by the Sicilians, but by all others. For I may truly say, that we have no History of any General, that ever before him put in Execution, so prudent and remarkable a Stratagem; or ever slew more of the Barbarians in one Battle, or took so many Prisoners. And therefore some Writers account this Battle nothing inferior to the 
A Comparison of the Battle at Himera, with the Battle at Platea.  Fight by the Grecians at Patea, and equal this Project of Gelo to the Contrivances and Intrigues of Themistocles. But the highest Commendations (because they were both so remarkable and eminent) are by some attributed to this, and by others to that. For whereas both the Greeks and Sicilians before Fight, were terrified with the multitude of the Barbarians, the News of Gelo's Victory, (the Sicilians first prevailing) inspired the Grecians with greater Courage. But the Fortune of the Generals on either side was much different; for it's most certain, that the Persian King with many Thousands more escaped; but not only the Generals of the Carthaginians, but even all the whole Army were so slaughtered and destroyed, that (as it is reported) not one escaped to Carthage to carry the News of the Defeat. Add moreover, that the most Noble of the Grecian Commanders, Pausanius and Themistocles, were most unworthily dealt with, even by their own Countrymen; the one for his Covetousness and Treason, was killed by his Fellow Citizens, and the other (Banished Greece) was forced to fly to his greatest Enemy Xerxes, and there live in Exile. Gelo, on the contrary (after his Success, advanced to more 
P. 255.  Honour by the Love and Favour of the Syracusians,) reigned till he was old, and died admired and honoured of all. And such was the Esteem and grateful Remembrance the Citizens had of him, that the entire Government was continued in his Family Three Descents. Those therefore who have thus highly merited, challenge from us likewise their due Honour and Praise. But to return where we left. The same Day that Gelo routed the Carthaginians, Leonidas at Thermopyle with his Grecians, broke into the Camp of Xerxes with more than ordinary Valour; as if the Gods on purpose had contrived and effected at one and the same moment of time, a glorious Victory in one Place, and an honourable Death of the Grecians in another.  
After the Fight at Himera, Twenty Long Ships, which Amilcar had 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, kept out of the Barricade.  drawn out, occasionally for necessary Services, made their Escape, and only they of the whole Army, made an Attempt to return to their own Country, the rest being either Killed or Taken. But being overloaded with the Multitude of them that fled, and meeting with cross Winds and Tempests, they were all Shipwrackt and lost, save only a few that escaped in a small Boat, and arrived at Carthage; and there with a doleful Cry, declared how all the Army that was carried over into Sicily, was destroyed.  
The Carthaginians were so terrified with the unexpected Slaughter of their Men, that they all watched Night and Day, for the Guard of the City, as if Gelo had been just then ready to enter into Carthage with his whole Army. The number of those that were Slain, affected the whole City with Lamentations; and private Houses and Families were full of Tears and Complaints; while some enquired after their Children, others after their Brothers: A great number of Orphans now bereft of their Parents, with miserable Cries, bewailed both their Deaths, and their own Misery, who were now left naked and destitute of those that should take care of them.  
The Carthaginians therefore fearing lest Gelo should hasten into Africa, sent unto him Plenipotentiaries, Men both of great Eloquence and Discretion.  
In the mean time, he honourably rewarded the Horsemen that destroyed Amilcar, and upon all others that had done any remarkable Service, he bestowed the Marks of his Favour. The chiefest of the Spoils, he kept himself, with an intent to Dedicate them as Ornaments to the Temples at Syracuse: Many of the rest he gave to be set up in the Temples of the Himereans: What remained, together with the Captives, he distributed amongst his Soldiers, proportionably to every one's Merit. And those Captives that fell to the share of the Cities, were in all those Places (with their Legs shackled) employed in public Works for the Common Good. They of Agrigentum having gotten many Captives for their share, enriched both their City and Country round about with their Labours; for they had so many Prisoners, that many of the private Citizens had Five Hundred apiece.  
And the Multitude of their Captives and Slaves was advanced, not only because 
The Works at Agrigentum by the Captives.  they sent great Assistance to the War, but likewise by reason many of the Barbarians, when their Army was routed, fled up into the Midland and Borders of Agrigentum, who being all taken alive, filled the City with Prisoners. The greatest part were set apart for the Public Service, and appointed to cut and hue Stone; of which, they not only built the greatest of their Temples, but made Watercourses or Sinks underground, to convey Water from the City, so great and wide, that though the Work itself was contemptible, yet when done and seen, was worthy of Admiration. The Overseer and Master of the Work, was one Pheax, an excellent Artificer, from whom these Conduits were called Pheaces. The Agrigentines likewise sunk a Fishpond, with great Costs and Expenses, Seven Furlongs in Compass, and Twenty Cubits in Depth.  
Into this, Water was brought both from Fountains and Rivers, and by that means sufficiently supplied with Fish of all sorts, both for Food and Pleasure. 
P. 256.  And upon this Pond, fell and rested great Multitudes of Swans, which gave a most pleasant and delightful prospect to the Eye; but by neglect of succeeding Ages, it grew up with Mud, and at last through length of Time, turned wholly into dry Ground. But the Soil there being very fat and rich, they have planted it with Vines, and replenished it with all sorts of Trees, which yields to them of Agrigentum, a very great Revenue.  
When Gelo had dismissed his Confederates, he marched back with his Army to Syracuse.  
And for his notable Victory he was not only had in great Honour and Esteem by his own Citizens, but even by all the Sicilians. For he got so many Prisoners and Slaves, that the Island seemed to have all Africa under her Dominion.  
Ambassadors came continually from all the Cities and Princes of the Adverse Party, begging Pardon for their Error, and promising Observance to all his Commands for the future. But as for Gelo, he carried himself with great Complacency 
The praise of Gelo.  towards all, and entered into a League with them; and in the time of his Prosperity, behaved himself with great Modesty and 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Humanity; not only towards the Sicilians, but even towards his most implacable Enemies, the Carthaginians.  
For when Ambassadors came from Carthage, with many Tears begging his Favour, he received them very 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Courteously, and made Peace with them, upon Condition that they should pay Two Thousand Talents of Silver for the Expenses of the War: And that they should build 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Sir Walter Raleigh says, Two Armed Ships, as Pledges of the Peace; which I rather incline unto.  Two Temples, where the Articles of the League might be kept as Sacred. The Carthaginians being thus safe beyond their hopes, freely consented to the Demands, and promised a Crown of Gold to Damareta, the Wife of Gelo: For by making their Addresses unto her, she was chief instrumental for the procuring of the Peace. And after she received the Crown from the Carthaginians, which was of the value of an Hundred Talents of Gold, Gelo coined it into Money, and called it from her, Damaret●●um, every Piece worth Ten 
* Three Pounds Fifteen Shillings.  Attic Drachmas, called likewise of the Sicilians, Pentecontralitrons, from their being Fifty Pounds in weight.  
Gelo carried himself thus graciously to all, chief prompted thereunto by his own generous Disposition, yet not without some Design to engage all by Kindness. For he had a purpose to pass with his Army over into Greece, and to join with them against the Persians: But when he was ready to transport his Fleet, Messengers from Corinth brought him the News of the Victory by the Grecians at Salamis, and that Xerxes with a great part of his Army had left Europe. Upon which News he altered his Resolution, and commending the forwardness of his Soldiers, called a General Assembly, with a Command that all should meet Armed: He himself when the Assembly was met, came in amongst them, not only without any Arms, but without a 
† Tunick, a Soldiers Coat.  Tunick, covered only with a Cloak or Mantle, and in a Speech set forth the whole Course of his Life and Actions to the Syracusians; the People giving evident Testimony of their Approbation to every Word that he said, and admiring that he should so expose himself amongst Armed Men, to the Will of every Person that might have a Design against his Life; every one was so far from offering him any Violence, as a Tyrant, that had oppressed them,. that all with one Voice proclaimed him their Benefactor, their King, and the Deliverer of their Country.  
After these things, he built Two Magnificent Temples, one to Ceres, and another to Proserpina out of the Spoils: And caused a 
* A Three-footed Stool or Chair.  Tripod to be made of Sixteen Talents of Gold, which he dedicated as a Token of his Gratitude to Apollo at Delphos. He afterwards determined to build a Temple to Ceres in Mount Aetna, which so far proceeded, as that the Image of the Deity was placed in her Shrine; but by Death he was interrupted in his Design, and the Work left imperfect. 
The Death of Gelo. Pindar the Poet.  About this time, Pindar the Lyric Poet flourished. And these are all the things that were done this Year worthy of any Remark.   

CHAP. III.  
The Victory of the Greeks over Mardonius at Platea.  
XAnthippus being Archon of Athens, and Quintus Fabius Vibulanus, and Serrius Cornelius Cossus, Roman Consuls, the Persian Fleet (all but the Phaenicians) after 
P. 257.  the Battle at Salamis, lay about Cuma: And there continuing all Winter, at the Spring passed over to Samos to guard the Coasts of jonia: The Fleet consisted of Four Hundred Sail; and because they were jealous of the jonians, they kept a strict Eye upon the Cities there.  
In Greece, upon the great Success of Salamis, which was chief owing to the Valour and Conduct of the Athenians, all were of Opinion that the Athenians (bearing lifted up) would now contend with the Lacedæmonians for the Dominion of the Seas: And this the Lacedæmonians foresaw, and therefore used all their Arts and Endeavours to keep them under. And for that reason when they were to take notice of the Noble Actions in that Fight, and to distribute Rewards accordingly, the Lacedæmonians prevailed by their Interest, that the Honour of the Day should be given to them of Aegina, and among the Athenians to Amynias, the Brother of Aeschylus the Poet; because that he being General of the Galleys, first charged the Admiral of the Persians, and sunk both him and his Ship together.  
But when the Athenians shown their Resentment that they were so undeservedly 
Jealousies between the Athenians and the other Grecians.  slighted, the Lacedæmonians were afraid, lest Themistocles (being provoked with the Indignity) should contrive some considerable Mischief against them and the rest of the Grecians: Therefore to stop his Mouth, they rewarded him doubly above all the rest. But when the People of Athens understood that he had accepted what was given him, they were much incensed, and removed him from his Place as General, and put Xanthippus, of the Family of Ariphron, into his stead.  
And now the Distaste given by the Grecians to the Athenians being spread Abroad, Ambassadors came to Athens, both from the Persians and the Grecians. The Persian Ambassadors spoke to this effect: That if the Athenians would side with the Persians; they should have what part of Greece they would choose; that Mardonius the Persian General would rebuild their Walls and their Temples; and that the City should have and enjoy its former Laws and Liberties. On the other Hand, the Lacedaemonian Ambassadors earnestly entreated them, that they would not make any League with the Barbarians, but preserve their ancient Amity with the Grecians, being so near one with them, both in Nation and Language.  
To the Barbarians the Athenians gave this Return, That the Persian had no Country so rich, nor Gold so heavy, which could tempt them to forsake their Confederates the Grecians in their necessity. And to the Lacedæmonians they commanded Answer to be given, That as heretofore their care had been to preserve Greece, so for the future to their utmost Endeavour they would defend it. And in the mean time, desired that they would forthwith with all their Forces pass into Attica, in regard it was very apparent, that Mardonius when he came to understand the Athenians to be so Resolved against him, would invade Athens with all his Force: And so it came to pass; for Mardonius Encamping in Beotia, first endeavoured to draw the Cities of Peleponesus to a Defection, by sending moneys here and there to the Governors and Chief Men. And after when he received the Answer returned him by the Athenians, he raged like a Mad Man, and forthwith marched with all his Army into Attica: For besides those which Xerxes left with him, he raised many out of Thrace and Macedonia, and other Confederate Cities, to the number of Two Hundred Thousand Men and upwards.  
And now Attica being invaded by so great a Multitude, the Athenians sent 
Mardonius invades Attica.  Messengers to the Spartans', and desired their Aid, who were so slow that the Enemy violently broke in upon the Country, so that the Athenians were reduced to great straits, and now a Second time, with their Wives and Children, and all other things that they could in that Distraction and Hurry carry away, left their Country, and fled to Salamis.  
Mardonius greatly enraged, destroyed and wasted all the Country, levelling the City to the Ground, and utterly demolished all the Temples that were left untouched in the former Desolation.  
Upon his returning thus to Athens with his Forces, it was determined in the 
P. 258.  general 
* At the Isthmus.  Assembly of the Grecians, that they would all join with the Athenians, and march to Platea, and there join Battle with the Persians for the Liberty of their Country. And made Solemn Vows to the Gods, that if they became Victors, they would celebrate and set apart a Festival Day, and institute Sports to the Goddess Libertas at Platea.  
At the General Rendezvous in Peleponesus, they took an Oath to oblige one another to the Prosecution of the War, to the end their League might be inviolably observed, and that all Difficulties might be undergone with undaunted Courage. The Form of the Oath was thus,— I will not prefer Life before Liberty. 
The Oath of the Confederacy.  I will not desert my Officers, whether they live or die, but that I will bury my Fellow-soldiers that shall fall in the War, how many soever they may be. If I be victorious in this War, I will not destroy or spoil any City of my Confederates. I will not rebuild any of the Temples that are burnt or ruined, but leave them as Monuments of the Impiety of the Barbarians to Posterity.  
When they had thus sworn, they marched over the Mountain Citharon into Beotia, and encamped at the Foot of the Hill, near the City Erythra. Aristides was the Commander of the Athenians, and Pausanias the Tutor of Leonidas (who was under Age) was General of the whole Army.  
When Mardonius understood that the Enemy was entered Beotia, he marched from Thebes, and pitched his Tents at the 
Ante Chr. 478  River 
† Near Platea, and Thebes. The Fight with the Persians at Erybra.  Aesopus, and fortified himself with a deep Trench, enclosing his Camp round with a Wall of Timber. The Grecians were an Hundred Thousand, but the Persians were Five Hundred Thousand. The Barbarians began the Fight, who all the Night long, roving up and down with all their Cavalry, set upon the Grecians in their Camp: The first that felt the Brunt were the Athenians, who forthwith in good order valiantly opposed them; so that the Fight was very hot. At length the rest of the Grecians put all to Flight that made the Onset on them; only the Magareans, who had to deal with the General and best of the Persian Horse, were overpressed, yet gave no ground, but sent with all speed to the Athenians and the Lacedæmonians for Succours. When Aristides understood their Distress, he forthwith sent the chief of such Athenians as were then about him, to their aid; who joining with the other, made such a Charge upon the Barbarians, that they soon freed the Magareans from their Dangers, killing the General of the Persian Horse, with many others, and put the rest to flight.  
This happy success at the beginning of the War, filled the Grecians with hope of absolute Victory in the Conclusion. Afterwards 
The great Battle with the Persians at the River Asopus near Platea.  they removed their Camp out of the Plain, next under the Foot of the Mountain, into another Place more convenient for obtaining a perfect Victory. For on their Right Hand was an high Hill, and on their Left the River Asopus for their Defence: Between these Two they encamped, thus guarded by a natural Fortification. The straitness of the Place thus chosen by the Grecians, was of great advantage, and did much conduce to the Victory: For the Persians could not enlarge their Front as otherways they might, by reason whereof so many Thousands of the Barbarians became useless and unprofitable. The Generals, Pausanias and Aristides having now so fair an Opportunity, drew out their Forces, and advanced in Battalia as the Ground would give them leave.  
Mardonius on the other Hand, being forced to march up in a close Body, drew up his Men to the best advantage he could devise, and with a great Shout meets the Grecians, and with the choicest of his Men, who were his Lifeguard, makes the first Charge upon the Lacedæmonians, who were placed in Front to receive him. He fought with an high Resolution, and made great Slaughter amongst the Greeks; but the Lacedæmonians stoutly stood their Ground, contemning all Danger, and destroyed likewise Multitudes of the Barbarians, who (as long as 
P. 259.  Mardonius was in the Head of the Army) bore the Brunt with great Courage; but as soon as he fell (valiantly behaving himself) and that they discerned the choice of the Army with him, were all either killed or wounded, their Hearts 
The Persians routed.  failed, and they betook themselves to Flight, and were as hotly pursued by the Grecians; however the most of them got within the Timber Wall. The rest (being Grecians that sided with Mardonius) fled to, and sheltered themselves within the Walls of Thebes. The Remainder of the Army, to the number of Forty Thousand and upwards, fled another way, with Artabazus (a Man of great account amongst the Persians) who came with them back by a shorter Cut into Phocis.  
This Dispersion of the Persians caused the Forces of the Grecians likewise to be scattered, and divided into several Parties; for the Athenians, Plateans and Thespians fiercely pursued those that fled to Thebes. The Corinthians, Sicyonians and Philasians, and some few others, followed close upon the back of those that fled with Artabazus. The Lacedæmonians with the rest of the Army, besieged and assaulted those that were forced within the Wall. The Thebans receiving those that fled, issued forth, and joined with them against the Athenians their Pursuers; upon which there was a fierce and bloody Fight before the City Walls, the Thebans bravely standing to it, so that many were killed on both sides. But at length the Athenian Courage drove the Thebans back into the City.  
Then the Athenians marched back to the Lacedaemonian Camp, and joined with 
The Persians Camp forced.  them in assaulting the Persians within the Wall; where the Fight was maintained with great Obstinacy on both sides; the Barbarians on the one Hand, within a place of Strength defending themselves with great Courage, and the Grecians on the other, with all their Might, endeavouring to force the Wall, the Fight was pursued without regard or fear of Death; so that many were wounded, and great numbers, with Showers of Darts were there Slain. But neither the Wall, though strongly Fortified, nor the number of the Barbarians could withstand the fierce Assault of the Grecians, but whatever was in their way, they bore down all before them. The Grecian Generals, the Lacedæmonians and Athenians out of Emulation and desire of Glory, strove to exceed each other, encouraged both by their former Victories, and pricked forward by their own natural Valour. At length the Persians Camp was entered and taken by Storm; and though the Barbarians cried for Quarter, yet they found no Mercy. For Pausanias' considered the great number of the Enemy, insomuch as he was afraid lest through their Number (which far exceeded the Grecians) some unexpected and sudden Mischief should happen, and therefore commanded that they should take no Prisoners. Whereupon an incredible Slaughter was made in a short time, and was 
Above 100000 Persians put to the Sword in the Camp.  scarce ended, when more than an Hundred Thousand were already put to the Sword.  
When the Battle was ended, the Grecians applied themselves to the Burying of their Dead, which were above Ten Thousand. Then they divided the Spoil amongst the Soldiers, and appointed Judgement to be given concerning every thing that was done with more than ordinary Valour and Courage in that War. By the Decree of Charitides, amongst the Cities, the greatest Honour was attributed to Sparta; and amongst the Men to Pausanias.  
In the mean time Artabazus with swift Marches passed through Phocis into Macedonia, with those Forty Thousand Persians that fled with him, and brought them all over safe into Asia. The Grecians dedicated a Tenth of the Spoils, and made thereof a Tripod of Gold, and placed it in the Temple of Delphos, and engraved upon it this Elegy;  
The stout Defenders of Great Greece this gave,  
From Bondage when its Cities they did save.  
And another was Engraven by the common Consent of all, to the Honour of those Lacedæmonians who died at Thermopyle, in these Words—  
Of Pelops Country one Four Thousand brave  
Men, to 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Two Hundred Thousand Myriads. Mistaken it seems. P. 260.  Two Millions base repulse once gave.  
And another by a Private Hand thus,—  
Good Stranger tell the Spartans' here we lie,  
Stoutly their Laws while we maintaining die.  
After the same manner did the People of Athens adorn the Sepulchers of those that fell in the Persian War; and then were first instituted the Funeral Games, and a Law was then made, that the Valorous Exploits of those that were buried at the Public Charge of the City, should be thenceforth set out by the best of their Orators.  
Afterwards Pausanias the General, causing all his Army to return to their several Colours, marched against the Thebans, and required the first Authors of the Defection to the Persians, to be delivered up to Justice. The Thebans being discouraged both with the Multitude and Valour of their Enemies, the chief Authors of the Confederacy with the Persians, yielded themselves up to Mercy, and were all put to the Sword by Pausanias.   

CHAP. IU.  
Of the Fight with the Persians by the Grecians in jonia at Mycale.  
THE same day that the Battle was fought at Platea, there was another great Fight with the Persians in jonia, which I shall relate from the beginning.  
Leotychidas the Lacedaemonian, and Xanthippus the Athenian Admirals of the Navy, after the Battle at Salamis, came with their Fleet to Aegina, where staying some few Days, they failed thence to Delos with Two Hundred and Fifty Galleys. While they stayed there, Ambassadors came to them from Samos, entreating that they would be assistant to the Inhabitants of Asia, to regain their Liberty.  
Leotychidas hereupon calling a Council of War, it was there determined to assist them; and to that end, with all speed they loosed from Delos. The Officers of the Persian Fleet being then in Samos, hearing of the Expedition the Grecians intended against them, departed from Samos with their whole Fleet, and came to Mycale in jonia, and judging themselves not strong enough to encounter the Grecians, they haled all their Ships ashore, and compassed 'em in both with a Wall and a deep Trench. And in the mean time, they sent with all speed for Land-Forces from Sardis, and other Neighbouring Places, so that an Hundred Thousand Men were presently Mustered together, and they procured all other things necessary for the War, as far as was possible, being jealous that the jonians were ready to revolt.  
Leotychidas with his whole Fleet well provided, sailed with a strait Course against the Barbarians at Mycale, and sent before him a Ship, with an Herald or Cryer in it, one of greater Voice than any of the rest of his Army, and gave him in charge, that when he approached the Enemy, he should proclaim with a loud Voice, That the Grecians that had routed the Persians at Platea, were now at Hand, resolved to restore the Greek Cities in Asia to their Liberty; which was done by those with Leotychidas, because they conceived that upon the News, the Grecians in the Army of the Persians would revolt, and great Tumult, and Disorder would be made amongst them; which happened accordingly.  
As soon as the Crier came up to the Persian Fleet, and had executed his Commands, the Persians grew jealous of the Grecians, and the Grecians began to consult together of a Revolt. The Officers of the Grecian Fleet having well debated and considered all things relating to the present Affair, landed their Forces. The next Day, when all things were ready for the Onset, a Rumour was on a sudden spread in the Army, that the Grecians had overcome the Persians at Platea. Upon which, Leotychidas and his Colleagues drew up the Army in a Body, encouraging them to fight, making use of several Arguments to that purpose, and withal singing among them Songs of the Victory at Platea, thereby the more to stir up and inflame their Spirits to the present Encounter. But the Circumstances of Affairs were then very remarkable; for it's certain both Armies fought on one and the same Day; the one at Mycale, and the other at Platea. Therefore since Leotychidas could not then know any thing of the Victory at Platea, we may conclude that this Report was a Stratagem invented by him on purpose; especially considering the great distance of Places, the News could not possibly arrive in 
P. 261.  so short a time. But the Persians, now no longer confiding in the Grecians, took away their Arms, and delivered them to their Confederates, and encouraged their Soldiers, telling them, that Xerxes was at hand with a great Army for their Assistance, whereby they raised up their Spirits.  
Both Armies being now drawn up in Battalions, and advancing one towards the other, when the Persians saw the inconsiderable Number of the Grecians, they despised them, and forthwith charged upon them with a great shout. In the mean time the Samians and Milesians, determined to assist the Grecians, with all the strength they could make, and to that end with a swift March made towards the Enemy. And the jonians conceived that when they came in sight of the Grecians, they would be thereby more encouraged, which fell out otherwise; for those with Leotychidas being seized with a panic Fear, upon the apprehension and suspicion that Xerxes, was at hand with all his Forces from Sardis, there was nothing but Confusion and Distraction, through various Surmises and Opinions amongst them. Some were for retiring forthwith to their Ships, others were for standing their Ground, and fight valiantly to the last Man. Whilst they were in this Terror Disorder and Confusion, the Persian Army advanced in order of Battle, and in a terrible manner with great shouts fell in upon the Grecians, who were forced to receive the Charge, having now no time left for further Consultations. The Battle being now joined, great Courage, and Resolution was shown on all hands, and a long time the Fortune of the Day was doubtful, and many fell on both sides. But as soon as the Samian and Milesian Armies appeared, the Courage of the Grecians was revived, and the Persians so flagged and failed that they forthwith fled, and were pursued with a very great Slaughter; for the Soldiers of Leotychidas and Xanthippus followed them close at their Heels, to their very Tents. In the mean time the Aeolians and many other of the Inhabitants of Asia, came in to the assistance of the Grecians though then almost conquerors: For a general and ardent desire of Liberty possessed all the Asian Cities, and therefore many neither regarded Leagues made, or Hostages given, but together with the other Grecians with the same Rage hewed down and slew the flying Persians. And thus the Persians, were routed and dispersed with the slaughter of Forty Thousand Men; of the rest some of them escaped to their Camp, and others fled to Sardis.  
Xerxes' being informed both of the Slaughter of his Men at Platea, and of the routing of his Army at Mycale, leaving part of his Forces to carry on the War, in a great Fright fled with the rest to Ecbatana.  
When all was over, Leotychidas and Xanthippus sailed back to Samos, and then received the jonians and Aeolians as their Confederates in the War. And some time after used many persuasive Arguments to them, to leave Asia, and come over into Europe, promising them to bestow upon them the Estates of all those that 
Ant. Chr. 477.  had confederated themselves with the Persians. For if they continued in Asia, they would be in continual Alarms by Enemies that far excelled them in strength, and that were near to them; and that their Friends by reason of the distance by Sea, could not be assistant to them so opportunely, and at such Seasons as their Necessity might require. Upon which Promises the jonians, and Aeolians were persuaded, and in observance of the Grecians Desires, prepared themselves to take Shipping for Europe. But the Athenians afterwards changing their Minds, now persuaded them to remain where they were, and faithfully promised that though now if the rest of Greece should assist them, yet that they would from time to time, send them aid, as being they who were only obliged so to do, by reason of their Kindred and Relation to them. For the Athenians were jealous that if the jonians settled in new Habitations, by the common concurrence of the Grecians, they would not for the future own Athens as their Metropolitan City and place of their Original. Whereupon the jonians upon second thoughts determined not to remove out of Asia.  
Things thus accomplished, the Grecian Army divided: The Lacedæmonians 
Olymp. 75. 2. Ant. Chr. 477. Ann. Mund. 3471. P. 262.  sailed back into Laconia; the Athenians with the jonians and Islanders, made for Sestos; which Xanthippus the General took at the first Assault; and after he had put a Garrison into it, and discharged his Confederates, he returned with his Citizens to Athens. And this was the event and issue of the Medean War (as it was called) after it had continued for the space of Two Years.  
Herodotus the Historian began his History with some things before the War of Troy, and relates in Nine Books, whatever happened of Moment almost in all parts of the World; and concludes his History with the Fight at Micale, and the 
Herodotus ends his History.  Siege, and taking of Sestos. During these Transactions, the Romans had great Wars, and shed much Blood amongst the Volsians. Spurius Cassius the Year before Consul, being convicted of Treason, for aspiring to the Supreme Government, was put to Death. And these were the things done this Year.   

CHAP. V.  
The Death and Commendation of Gelo King of Syracuse; and the Rebuilding of Athens by the Policy of Themistocles.  
TImosthenes being Archon or Chief Magistrate at Athens, and Cesus Fabius, and Lucius Aemilius Mamerchus Roman Consuls, there was a settled Peace throughout all Sicily; for the strength of 
Anno Mundi, 3472. Olymp. 75. 3. Ant. Chr. 476.  the Carthaginians was utterly broken, and Gelo governed the Sicilians with that Justice and Equity, that the Laws flourished in every City, and Plenty every where abounded. The Syracusians making a Law against extravagant Pomps of Funerals, 
Law in Syracuse, against Funeral Pomp.  and not only taking away those usual vast Expenses upon the Dead, but forbidding all manner of Curiosity upon that account; Gelo willing in all things to confirm what the People agreed upon, confirmed this new Law by his own Example; for falling sick, and lying upon his Deathbed, he gave up the Kingdom to Heir his eldest Brother, and commanded that the Law should be strictly kept in reference to his Funeral. After his Death, his Successor in burying of him, observed his Commands. His Body was laid in his Wife's Inheritance, within the Nine Towers (as they were called) Places of great and sumptuous Workmanship.  
The whole City accompanied the Body to the Place, which was about 
‖ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Five and Twenty Miles.  Two 
Gelo's Funeral  Hundred Stages distant: And the Citizens erected a stately Monument over him, and commanded he should for ever after be honoured with the Honour's due to the Ancient Heroes.  
This Monument was in aftertimes destroyed by the Carthagians in their War against the Syracusians: And the Places called the Nine Towers (through Envy) were demolished by Agathocles. But yet neither 
Ante Chr. 476.  the Hatred of the Carthaginians, nor the Envy of Agathocles, 
The Commendation of Gelo and them that rule well.  nor the Force nor Fraud of any other Person, was able to eclipse the Glory of Gelo. For History has justly preserved his Fame, and will for ever hand it down to Posterity. For as it is just, and tending much to correct the Irregularities of Humane Conversation, to fix a Brand and Mark of Disgrace upon those that have used their Power wickedly and mischievously, so on the other hand, it is as just to perpetuate the Memory of those who have ruled justly and honourably to the good of others. For this will be an Inducement to Men to behave themselves so, as to merit Commendation from those that come after them. Gelo reigned only Six Years: Hiero his Brother and Heir, Eleven Years and Eight Months.  
After the Victory at Platea, the Athenians brought back their Wives and Children 
The Athenians repair their Walls.  from Troezen and Salamis to Athens, and forthwith set upon the Repairing of their Walls, and spared neither Cost nor Pains in that, nor in any other thing necessary for their Defence.  
But the Lacedæmonians considering that the Athenians had much advanced their Reputation by their Strength at Sea, fearing lest they should grow too strong, determined to forbid the building of their 
The Lacedæmonians endeavour to hinder the building of the Walls of Athens.  Walls; and therefore sent Ambassadors with all speed to Athens, to let them know, that it was not for the common good and interest of Greece, that Athens should be walled; for if Xerxes should make upon them a Second Invasion with fresh and greater Forces, if he should gain Cities out of Peloponesus ready walled, he might from thence, as out of Forts and Castles, make sudden Incursions upon them, and thereby with ease subdue the Grecians. But when the Ambassadors were not much regarded, they imperiously commanded the Carpenters and Smiths to 
P. 263.  cease from the Work. Whereupon the Athenians not knowing what to resolve 
Themistocles his Stratagem to build the Walls of Athens.  upon, Themistocles (who was then in great Favour and Authority) advised them, that they should not at present make any Noise or Stir about the matter. For if they should contend, the Lacedæmonians would easily hinder them in the Work, by making an Inroad upon them with the Forces of Peloponesus. But he intimated to the Senate privately, that he (with such others, as they should appoint) would go as Ambassadors to the Lacedæmonians, and there argue the Case with them concerning the Fortification of the City. And he gave in charge to the Magistrates, that if any Ambassadors came from Lacedaemon, they should detain them till his return from thence; and in the mean time they should with the assistance of the whole City go on with the Work, and that was the very way (he told them) to effect their Design.  
The Athenians all approved of his Advice, and Themistocles with those joined in Embassy with him, set forth for Sparta. In the mean time the People of Athens set upon the Work with might and main, sparing neither House nor Sepulchre for Materials: Women and Children, Strangers and Servants were all employed, and none permitted to be idle. The Work went on beyond expectation, and through the multitude of Hands, and diligence of those employed, advanced to Admiration; which being noised abroad, the Lacedæmonians were very hot with Themistocles concerning the Fortifying of the City. But he denied all, and wished them not rashly to believe every little Story spread Abroad, but rather to send some faithful Messengers, who might bring them a certain account of the truth, how Matters went; and for further Assurance, he delivered up himself and his Associates as Hostages to the Spartans'.  
The Lacedæmonians at present pacified and persuaded by what Themistocles 
Ante Chr. 476.  had said, took him and his Associates into Custody, and forthwith sent some of the chief of the Citizens to Athens, to make strict inquiry and observation how Affairs were. In the mean time, the Athenians in a short space, advanced their Walls to their just height. The Spartan Ambassadors as soon as they entered into Athens, being very turbulent, and sharply threatening the Athenians for what they had done, they committed them all to Prison, declaring they should not be set at Liberty, till Themistocles and the rest of their Ambassadors were sent Home. By this Trick the Laconians being deluded, were forced to redeem their own Ambassadors by the discharge of the Athenians. And this Policy of Themistocles in procuring the walling of the City, both with effectual speed and safety, purchased the great Love and Honour of the Citizens.  
Whilst these things were acting in Greece, the Romans made War upon the Tuscans, and got a great Victory, with the Slaughter of many of their Enemies, and afterwards took Tusculum by Storm, and reduced the City of the Esculaneans.   

CHAP. VI  
The enlarging of the Haven at Athens by Themistocles. The Treason of Pausanias, and the Justice of Aristides.  
AT the end of the Year, Adimantus was chosen Archon of Athens, and Fabius Vibulanus, and L. Valerius were Consuls of Rome. At this time Themistocles for his excellent Government and ingenuity in state Policy, was in great esteem, not only at Athens, but over all 
Olymp. 75. 4. Ante Chr. 475.  Greece. Being hereby encouraged, he made it his Business (by further and greater Services) to enlarge the Bounds and 
Ann. Mund. 3473.  Sovereignty of his Country: For considering that there was no Haven at the Pyreum, and the Athenians were forced to 
Themistocles his Project to enlarge the Haven Pyreum at Athens.  make use of Phaleron for their Port, which was straight and incommodious, he contrived to turn that into an Harbour, which would require the least Charge, and yet would be the most beautiful and spacious Haven in all Greece, which being accomplished, he hoped would conduce to the making the Athenians Masters of the Seas; who then had a great Fleet, and were famous for their many Victories at Sea.  
By this means he hoped the jonians (being defcended from the same Ancestors) 
P. 264.  would be brought over to them, and so by their Assistance he should be able to restore all the Grecians in Asia to their Liberty, and thereby for ever oblige them to be Friends to the Athenians.  
Moreover he concluded that the Islanders moved with the Athenians strength at Sea, would presently join with them, who were judged Persons that might be of great advantage or prejudice to them. And he very well understood that the Lacedæmonians were very considerable at Land, but understood little of Sea-Affairs; but yet he kept all private to himself, being assured that the Lacedæmonians would never suffer it to be done.  
Therefore in a Public Assembly, he told the Citizens that he had found out 
Ant. Chr. 475.  something of very great moment and advantage to the Commonwealth; but that it was not at present expedient to make it public; being of that nature, that the fewer that were acquainted, the better; and therefore wished the People to choose Two whom they could best trust, to whom he would discover the whole Design.  
The People hereupon chose Two, Aristides and Xanthippus, not only because they were Men of Integrity and honest Principles, but that they emulated Themistocles, and secretly envied him for the Glory and Reputation he had amongst the People. When they had privately heard what he had designed, and his Reasons, they made report unto the Assembly, that what Themistocles had contrived, was not only great, but of extraordinary advantage to the Commonwealth, and with ease to be effected. The People were presently taken with great admiration of the Man; and yet as soon struck with a suspicion, lest by these Inventions and great Designs, he aimed at the Sovereignty. Therefore they commanded he should forthwith discover his Purposes. But he told them again and again, that it was not for the public good openly to reveal them.  
The People now more admiring the Courage and Constancy of the Man, commanded him to reveal the business to the Senate privately; and if the Senate did judge that it was a matter feasible, and of certain advantage to the Public, than whatever was necessary for the Execution of his Design should be granted to him. Upon which, when he had informed the Senate of the particulars, and when upon the Relation, all was judged both easy, and of highest Concern and Advantage to the Commonwealth, every thing at length was granted to him which he desired (in order to the effecting of his Design) with the approbation and consent of the People.  
The Assembly then broke up with great admiration of Themistocles, every 
Ant. Chr. 475.  one expecting what would be the issue of their Counsels. And now being furnished with all things necessary, both as to Men and Money, he contrived how to delude the Lacedæmonians a Second time; for he was assured, that as they had opposed the repairing of the Walls, so they would with all their power and might obstruct the making of the Port.  
He sent therefore Ambassadors to Sparta, who should let them know how much it tended to the advantage of Greece, in case of future Invasions by the Grecians, to have in some Place or other a commodions Haven. By this Contrivance giving a check and stop to any hasty opposition by the Lacedæmonians, he forthwith sets upon the Work. And all Hands being employed in the business, the Port was finished upon a sudden, and beyond all expectation. Then he advised the People that they would add Twenty Galleys more every Year to the Fleet they had, and that they would privilege with freedom from all Impositions all Strangers and Artificers, that by that means both the City might become Populous, and store of Workmen and Tradesmen might be had with little pains; for he conceived both necessary, not only for the increase, but the support of their power at Sea: And thus the Athenians were employed.  
The Lacedæmonians now commanded Pausanias who was their General at Platea, to free the Greek Cities from the Persian Garrisons which still remained amongst them; whereupon he sailed from Peloponesus 
Pausanias' ordered to free the Grecian Cities from the Persians. Ante Chr. 475. P. 265.  (with Fifty Galleys, and from Athens with Thirty, of which Aristides was Admiral) to Cyprus, and there delivered the Cities from the Garrisons that were fixed amongst them. Thence sailing back to the Hellespont, he took Byzantium, then under the Persian Yoke, and freed the City; some of the Barbarians being put to the Sword, and others taken Prisoners; amongst whom, some of the Persians of great Quality were taken and delivered to the care and custody of Gongylus of Eretria, under pretence to reserve them for Punishment, but in truth to return them safe to Xerxes: For he had contracted a private Confederacy with the King, and was to marry the King's Daughter for his Reward, in undertaking to betray Greece. All these Matters were transacted by Messengers and Interpreters between him and Artabazus the Persian General, who secretly fed Pansanias with Money, with which he corrupted such Grecians as were for his Purpose.  
But the Treason was discovered, and the Author fell under just Punishment in 
Pausanias' his Treason.  this manner: Giving himself up to Persian Luxury and Excess, and carrying it with great Insolency and Tyranny towards those that were committed to his Charge, all highly resented his Pride and Haughtiness, especially those that had born any Office and place of Magistracy in the Commonwealth. The Soldiers therefore every where murmuring, and in all their Meetings, complaining one 
Ant. Chr. 475.  to another of these things, and of the Pride and Tyranny of Pausanias, the Peloponesians at length deserted him, and returned into their own Country, and sent Messengers to Sparta, to accuse him.  
But Aristides the Athenian making use of the present occasion in all public Meetings and Assemblies, stirred up the Cities, and by fair and smooth Words so far wrought, as to prevail with them to put themselves under the Protection of the Athenians. And that which helped forward the matter to the advantage of the Athenians was this that follows. Pausanias' had agreed with Artabazus, that he should not suffer any to return that brought him Letters from himself, lest their Intrigues should be discovered: Whereupon all such Messengers were killed to prevent their Return; which being taken notice of, and suspected by 
* One Argilius his Catamite. Cornel. Nep.  one employed in that Affair, he opened the Letters delivered to him, and by the Contents being now confirmed in his former Opinion of the Destruction of the other Letter-Carriers, he delivered the Letters to the Ephori; who not being fully satisfied of the truth by those Letters which were very dark; but insisting upon further and clearer Evidence, the Messenger told them he would find out a way how they might convict him of his Treason, by Testimony out of his own Mouth.  
Whereupon the Messenger forthwith went to Tenarus, to pay his Devotion in the Temple of Neptune, where he wrought a double 
† A Room with a Partition built in some part of the Ground belonging to the Temple; for the Greek Word is Hiero, which is the Temple or any of the Consecrated Ground. The Word Temenos, is properly the Temple itself.  Tent, one within another, within one of which were concealed 
The manner of the Discovery of Pausanias his Treason.  some of the Ephori and other Spartans'. Pausanias hastens thither, and inquires of him, what was the ground and cause of his Earnestness in his Addresses; who complained, that he by his Letters had determined his Death notwithstanding his Innocency. Upon which, Pausanias declared he was very sorry for what he had done, and begged his Pardon, and entreated him to conceal the matter, and promised he would bountifully reward him: And so they parted.  
But the Ephori and those with them took little notice at that time of the business; but a while after, the Lacedæmonians with the authority of the Ephori, consulted together to seize him, and bring him to his Trial; which he foreseeing, fled to the Temple of Minerva Chalcidica.  
The Lacedæmonians being at a stand, whether it were lawful for them to force him out of the Temple, it's said his Mother went thither, and placed a Tile she brought with her before the Gate of the Temple, and without doing or saying any other thing, returned to her own House; which when the Lacedæmonians understood (according to the Mother's Sentence) they made up the Gate of the Temple, and by this means he was famished to Death. His Body indeed was delivered to his Friends to be buried; but the Deity was highly incensed for the Violation of the Sanctuary: For when the Spartans' went to inquire 
P. 266.  at the Oracle of Delphos, concerning some other matters, they were commanded to restore the Suppliant to the Goddess: Which Command being impossible for them to observe, there were many and great Consultations among 'em what was best to be done. At length they came to this Resolve, to set up and dedicate Two Brazen Statues of Pausanias in the Temple of Minerva, which was done accordingly.  
And now according to our usual manner, through the whole Course of our History, as we have used to advance the just Praises of them that were virtuous 
The Censure of Pausanias.  and deserving, and on the other hand, to perpetuate the dishonourable Actions (after their Deaths) of such as acted wickedly, so we shall not let pass the detestable Malice and Treason of Pausanias, without Censure. For who could not but admire the madness of this Man? who after his Victory obtained at Platea, and by other noble Actions, being grown so deservedly famous and popular among 
Ante Chr. 475.  the the Grecians, did not only neglect to preserve what honour and authority he had gained, but in a sordid manner (thirsting after the Riches and effeminate Delights of the Persians,) wickedly stained all his former Glory by Treason. Grown proud by success, he grew weary of the plain Laconian way of Living, and gave himself up to the Luxury, Voluptuousness, and softness of the Persians, whom it less became of all other Men to imitate. For he knew (not by relation from others) but by his own Experience, how much the severe Discipline of his own Country did exceed the soft Manners of the other, as to the advancement of Virtue and Courage: And therefore his Treason not only brought upon himself just punishment, but likewise was the occasion that all his fellow Citizens were deprived of the Admiralty at Sea.  
For the great care and integrity of Aristides in the management of Martial Affairs being taken notice of, as likewise his Courtesy and Moderation towards all 
All submit to Aristides.  that were under his Command (and that managed with an apparent demonstration of all manner of Virtuous Qualities) all with one consent chose to subject themselves to the Athenians. The Captains and Officers therefore sent from Sparta, no longer regarding Pausanias, but all admiring Aristides, submitted in every thing to him, by which means he got the Sovereignty of the Sea without Blows.  
Aristides therefore forthwith propounds to his Confederates, That it might be decreed by the general Consent of the People in their Public Assemblies, that from thenceforth a common Fond or Treasury should be appointed at Delos, where all the Money collected for public Service should be kept. In pursuance of which Counsel, for the better managing of the War against the Persians (wherewith they were then threatened) all the Cities were commanded to contribute 
Aristides his Justice.  according to their several Abilities; which was so liberally done, as the Sum amounted to no less than Five Hundred and Sixty Talents; which he so equally and justly disposed of (being made Lord Treasurer) that he gained the entire consent and approbation of all the Cities to whatsoever he thought fit to be done.  
And now having accomplished that, which above all other things seemed to be most difficult; for his Justice and Integrity, he got the Name of Aristides the Just. And so the very same time that Pausanias by his Wickedness deprived his Citizens of the chief Command at Sea, Aristides by his Virtue gained for the Athenians that Sovereignty which they never had before. And these were the Actions of this Year.   

CHAP. VII.  
Hiero King of Sicily prepares to besiege Agrigentum; discovers the Treason of them of Himera to Thero their Prince. Expels the Cateneans and Naxians.  
WHen Phedon was Archon of Athens, the Seventy Sixth Olympiad was performed, 
Olymp. 76. Ant. Chr. 474.  in which Scamander of Mitylene was Victor; the Consuls of Rome were Cesus Fabius and Spur. Furius Medullinus. About this time died Leotichidas King of Sparta, in the Two and Twentieth Year of his Reign, to whom succeeded Archilaus, who reigned Two and Forty Years. At the same time died Anaxilaus King of Rhegium, and Zancles after he had governed Eighteen Years, and Micychus (a faithful Trustee) was admitted into the Government, upon Condition that he should restore all to the Children of the deceased King when they 
P. 267.  came of Age.  
Hiero King of Syracuse, after the Death of Gelo, had a jealous Eye towards 
Hiero King of Syracuse.  his Brother Polyzelus, because of his great Interest and Esteem among the People; and therefore contrived how to take him out of the way; to which end, he employs all Mercenaries and Strangers about him for his Guard, judging that to be the surest way for the keeping Possession of the Kingdom.  
And when the 
* A People of Sybaris in Greece.  Sybarites were besieged by the 
† A People of Croton in Italy.  Crotonites, and desired assistance from him, he raised a great Army, and committed the charge of the War to Polyzelus, with a purpose that he might fall in the Battle. But Polyzelus suspecting the Design, refused the Command; at which the King fell into a great Rage against his Brother, who fled to Thero King of Agrigentum; whereupon Hiero makes all preparation 
Ante Chr. 474.  and speed to besiege them both.  
In the mean time, Thrasideus the Son of Thero being Governor of Himera, by 
Thrasideus his Oppression.  his harsh and severe Government, quite lost the Hearts of the People. But they not daring to complain to his Father, (not looking upon him as an impartial Judge) sent Ambassadors to Hiero, with great Accusations against Thrasideus, and offer both to deliver up their City, and to assist him against Thero. But Hiero (judging it better for his purpose to deal with Thero in a calm and peaceable manner) secretly betrays the Himerians and their Plots against him. All things being made apparent and plain, Thero is not only reconciled to Hiero, but likewise 
The Treason of the Himerians discovered by Hiero. Hiero expels the Cataneans.  restores Polyzelus to his Brother's former Love and Favour, and puts to death many of the Traitors of Himera.  
About the same time Hiero expelled the Cataneans and Naxians from their own Country, and planted the Cities with new Colonies of Five Thousand Men out of Peloponesus, and as many from Syracuse, and called Catana Aetna; and distributed not only the Country of Catana, but many large Tracts adjoining, by Lot amongst the Citizens, which were Ten Thousand. And this he did, both to have Succours at hand upon any Pressing occasion, and likewise that he might be honoured after his Death, as the Founder of so great a City, (wherein were contained Ten Thousand Inhabitants. The Cataneans and Naxians he transplanted into the City of the Leontines, commanding them to abide there in common freedom with the rest of the Inhabitants.  
Thero in like manner considering how Himera was in a great measure depopulated, planted the Doreans there, and ordered that whosoever would, should be enrolled Citizens of that Place. These governed the Commonwealth with great Commendation for the space of Fifty Eight Years: Not long after which time, the Carthaginians razed the City to the Ground, which hath continued ruined and in its Rubbish to this Day.   

CHAP. VIII.  
The Lacedæmonians quarrel with the Athenians for the Dominion of the Sea.  
WHen Dromoclides was Archon of Athens, and Marcus Fabius, and Caius Manlius 
Olymp. 76. 2. Anno Mund. 3497. Ant. Chr. 473.  Consuls of Rome, the Lacedæmonians were highly concerned for their loss of the Sovereignty of the Sea, and therefore being greatly exasperated against the Grecians, who had deserted them, they breathed out Revenge, with just Indignation against them. A General Council therefore being called, they advised together concerning War to be proclaimed against the Athenians, in order to the Recovery of their Dominion at Sea: And in several other Assemblies of the People, most of them (especially the Young Men) were very hot and eager for the War, vaunting every where how rich they should be if they succeeded in their Design, and how all would be encouraged in the Service of their Country, when every private Family hath had such advantages and occasions to enrich and advance themselves.  
And they called to mind an old Prophecy from the Oracle, which bid them 
P. 268.  beware of having but an half Empire, which could signify nothing else (as they alleged) but the present Circumstances they were in. For being there were Two Sovereignties, the one at Land, and the other at Sea, if they lost the one, they must needs be Masters but of a Lame Government.  
The whole City almost being of the Opinion for a War, the matter was again referred to the Senate, supposing none would dare to contradict the general Sense of the Citizens. But one of the Senators, of the Family of Hercules, 
Ant. Chr. 473.  called Hetaemaridas, (a Man of great Esteem among the Citizens for his Virtue) advised quite otherwise, and declared his Opinion that they should suffer the Athenians quietly to enjoy the Dominion of the Sea, for that it was not the Custom of the Commonwealth of Sparta, to contend about that Sovereignty. And urging many Reasons for the confirmation of his Opinion (which was not at first very grateful) he at length prevailed both with the Senate and People to wave the War. And so it was concluded, according to his Advice, as most advantageous to desist.  
The Athenians at the first were in great fear of a bloody War with the Spartans' about this Command at Sea, and therefore they built many Galleys for that purpose, and provided a great Mass of Treasure, and sought to gain all their Neighbours and Confederates with the greatest Demonstrations of kindness and courtesy imaginable. But hearing of what was resolved and determined by the Lacedæmonians, all fear of War being now vanished, they wholly bent their Minds to advance the power and greatness of their City.   

CHAP. IX.  
Hiero breaks the power of the Hetruscans by Sea.  
WHen Acestoridas was Archon of Athens, and Cesus Fabius, and T. Virginius' 
Olymp. 76. 3. An. Mu. 3498. Ante Chr. 472.  Consuls of Rome, at that time Hiero King of Syracuse (at the Request of the Citizens of Cuma in Italy by their Ambassadors who were greatly annoyed by the Hetruscans) sent a considerable Fleet to their Assistance, who joining Battle with the Hetruscans of Tyrenia, in a Sea-Fight sunk several of their Ships, and obtained a complete Victory, and so the power of the Hetruscans being broken, they returned to Syracuse.   

CHAP. X.  
The War between the Tarentines and the Japigians.  
MEnon being Archon of Athens, L. Aemilius Mamercus, and C. Cornelius L●ntulus, Consuls of Rome, broke out a War between the Tarentines and the 
Olymp. 76. 4. Ant. Ch. 471.  Japiges, concerning the Limits of their Lands. At the first there were but little Skirmishes, and taking Booties one from another: But the Enmity increasing by degrees, and in the mean time Slaughters being committed far and near on both sides, at length it broke out into open War. The Japiges, of their Citizens and Confederates, bring into the Field above Twenty Thousand Men. The Tarentines understanding the great Preparation made against them, both with their own Citizens and Confederates of Rhegium, likewise take the Field. A bloody Battle was fought, and after many killed on both sides, at length the Japiges became absolute Victors; and in the Pursuit, the Tarentines were scattered, and broken into Two Parties, whereof one fled back towards Tarentum, the other were furiously driven towards Rhegium. The Japiges likewise divided themselves into Two Parties, of which, the one pursued close upon the back of the Tarentines; and in regard the distance of Place was but very small, there was a very great Slaughter made. The other Party so hotly pursued them of Rhegium, that they fell in pellmell with them into the City, and so took and possessed it.   

CHAP. XI.  
The Death of Thero Prince of Agrigentum, and the Tyranny of his Son Thrasydeus, who Abdicated the Government, and killed himself. Three Hundred of the Family of the Fabii slain at one time.  
THE next Year, Chares was Archon at Athens, and at Rome, Titus Memius, and 
P. 296.  Caius Horatius were Consuls. Then were celebrated the Olympian Games at Elis, being the Seventy. Seventh Olympiad, 
An. Mund. 3500. Olymp. 77. 1.  in which Dancles of Argos was Victor. About this 
Ant. Chr. 470.  time, Thero King of Agrigentum died, in the Sixteenth Year 
Thero King of Agrigentum died.  of his Reign, and Thrasydeus his Son succeeded.  
Thero governed with great Moderation and Justice, and 
The Commendation of Thero.  therefore was greatly loved and honoured by his Subjects: And at his Death was reverenced as a Divine Hero; but his Son even in his Father's Life-time, appeared to be of a violent and bloody Disposition.  
And after his Father's Death, throwing aside all restraint of the Laws, he ruled arbitrarily and tyrannically: For which 
Thrasideus King of Agrigentum his Cruelty.  reason his Subjects combined against him, as one not fit to be entrusted with the Government, and perfectly hated by all. 
Ant. Chr. 470.  And therefore within a little time after he came to an end suitable to his Deserts.  
For after the Death of his Father, he raised a great Army of Mercenaries, and of his own Subjects of Agrigentum and Himera, to the number of above Twenty Thousand Horse and Foot, and with these went against the Syracusians. But Hiero furnished with a considerable Army, 
The Fight of the Agregentines and Syracusians.  wasted the Borders of Agrigentum, and after joined Battle with the Enemy, in which most of the Grecians on both sides being drawn up one against another, were slain. But the Syracusians got the Day, with the loss of Two Thousand Men; of the other side were killed above Four Thousand.  
Thrasideus by this ill Success, perplexed in his Mind, Abdicated his Government, and fled to the Megarians called Miseans, and being there condemned to Dye, slew himself. The Agrigentines after 
Thrasideus abdicates the Government, and kills himself.  they had restored and settled their Democratical Government, sent an Ambassador to Hiero, to strike up a Peace. At the same time in Italy, the Romans had War with the Veians, and in a great Battle at Cremera were routed; and amongst others, Three Hundred of the Fabii, all of one Family, were slain every Man. And these were the Affairs and Events of this Year.   

CHAP. XII.  
The Malice of the Lacedæmonians against Themistocles, and his Banishment. His Praise.  
THE next Year Praxiergus being Archon of Athens, Aulus Virgilius Tricostus, 
An. Mu. 3500. Olymp. 77. 2. Ante Chr. ●●9.  and C. Servilius, Roman Consuls; the Eleans who before lived dispersed in several little Villages, now embodied themselves into one City, called Elis. The Lacedæmonians observing how Sparta was contemned and evil spoken of by reason of the Treachery of Pausanias, and how the Name of Athens grew famous for their Loyalty and Faithfulness one to another, endeavoured all they could to slain the Athenians with the same Blot of Ignominy. And therefore for as much as Themistocles was a Man of great Repute and Esteem amongst the Athenians, they accuse him of Treason, as if he consulted with Pausanias how 
Themistocles accused.  to betray Greece to Xerxes. And the more to provoke the Enemies of Themistocles, and to stir them up to accuse him, they made use both of Bribes and false Insinuations, affirming that Pausanias discovered his Treasonable Design of betraying Greece unto Themistocles, and solicited him to join with him both in Counsel and aid other ways: But though Themistocles would not then agree to do that, yet he did not look upon himself obliged to discover his Friend. However (notwithstanding the Potency of his Adversaries) Themistocles was clearly acquitted, 
Themistocles acquitted.  and his Name grew more famous amongst the Athenians, for he was greatly beloved by the Citizens for the former eminent Services he had done the Commonwealth. But afterwards (when by reason of his Popularity, he became suspected by some, and envied by others) unmindful of his former Deserts) they determined both to weaken his Authority, and to bring down the height of his Spirit. In the first place therefore, they Banished him the City, by the Judgement of Ostracism. This 
Themistocles Banished. P. 270.  Law was instituted at Athens, after the Tyrants were expelled out of the City by Pisistratus: And the Law was thus; Every Citizen writ the Name of him in a Shell, whom they 
The Law of Ostracism.  most suspected to be in a capacity. (by reason of his Power and Interest) to overturn the Popular Government; and he whose Name was writ in most of the Shells, was forthwith Banished for the space of Five Years. And this Law was used at Athens, not so much as a punishment for any particular 
Ant. Chr. 469.  Offence, as to humble the Spirits of proud and aspiring Men, and by their Banishment to reduce them to more Moderation and Submission.  
Themistocles thus banished from his Country, went to Argos; which when known by the Lacedæmonians (supposing now they had a fair opportunity to ruin him,) they sent again Ambassadors to Athens, to accuse him as being in Conspiracy with Pausanias in his Treason; alleging that those Injuries which did concern all Greece in general, should not be determined by the Athenians only, but by a Common Council of Greece, which was wont upon such occasions to be assembled at Sparta. Themistocles considering that the Lacedæmonians were resolved to expose the Athenians to Shame and Contempt, and that they of Athens were as ready to oppose them, in defending their Country against the Crime objected, he concluded that the matter concerning him, would be agreed to be heard in a Common and General Assembly of the Grecians at Sparta: And he had had experience, that the Lacedæmonians were guided more by Interest and Favour, than by the Rules of Justice, as by a late Experiment was apparent in a Judgement they lately gave, in a Cause between them of Argos and Athens: For they that were Judges in that Assembly, were so envious against the Athenians, that though the Athenians provided more Ships for the late War, than all the Grecians beside; 
Ant. Chr. 469.  yet they judged them worthy of no more Honour than any of the rest of the Greeks: For these Reasons he judged it not advisable to trust to that Assembly at Sparta; for from his late defence made at Athens, they took occasion to renew their Accusation; for in his Justification he had confessed he had received Letters from Pausanias, to persuade him to join with him in his Treason, conceiving this would be a strong Argument for the support of his Innocency; in as much as it might be concluded, that Pausanias would never have used such earnest entreaty, unless he had before disallowed of Pausanias his Treasonable Designs.  
For these Reasons, Themistocles fled to Admeius King of the 
* Of Epirus. Themistocles flies to the Molossians.  Molossians, and at his Court humbly prayed for Protection. The King at the first received him courteously, and promised that he would take care of his safety: But when the Lacedæmonians sent some of the Nobility to him to demand Themistocles, calling him Traitor, and the ruin of Greece, and denouncing War against the King by all the Grecians, unless he did deliver him: The King at length moved with their Threats, and yet pitying his late Suppliant on the one hand, and desiring to avoid the imputation of ignominy, of harbouring a Traitor on the other hand, advised Themistocles with all speed to be gone as privately as he could, and furnished him with a great Sum of Money for his support in his Flight. Having received the Money, and all other Supplies necessary, provided by the King for 
Ant. Chr. 469.  him, he fled in the Night from the Molossians, and finding Two Young Merchants of Liguria, who were well acquainted with the Voyage, he fled with them, and by the advantage of the Night, and the unwearied care and industry of the Two Young Men, he deceived the Lacedæmonians, and came safe into Asia, 
Themistocles flies into Asia.  where he had a special Friend called Lysithedas, a Man of great wealth and interest, and with him he abode. This Man was in great favour with Xerxes the Persian 
P. 271.  King, and had nobly entertained his whole Army as they passed that way: By which means he became very familiar and endeared to the King. The Man pitying the present condition of Themistocles, endeavoured all he could to prefer him, and promised to do him all the service that was in his power.  
But when Themistocles desired him to bring him to the King; he at first refused, alleging if he did, the King would take off his Head, because he had done so much Mischief to the Persians. Yet when he found that Themistocles was in earnest and pressing, he yielded to him, and in a short time, procured him a safe Conduct into Persia. It was a Custom there, that when any of the King's Concubines 
Themistocles conveyed into Persia.  were brought to him, they were carried in a Chariot close covered, and it was not lawful for any, either to spy or inquire who was so carried. Lysitheidas' made use of this to effect what he designed, for he procured a Chariot sumptuously adorned with Flags and Streamers, and put Themistocles into it, and with all secrecy brought him safe to the King; who had first promised Lysitheidas' 
Ante Chr. 469.  in private, that none should do him any Injury. After he came into the King's presence, and in an elegant and fluent Discourse, had satisfied him, that he had not been any ways injurious to the Persians, he was fairly discharged and acquitted. And being thus safe by the favour of an Enemy, he fell presently into a new and far greater danger, which was thus—  
Mandona, the Daughter of Darius that destroyed the Magis, and Sister of Xerxes, 
The further danger Themistocles fell into.  was of high esteem among the Persians; she lost all her Children in the Sea-Fight, where the Persians were routed; which she could not bear without great trouble, which moved all to pity her: She hearing that Themistocles was come to Court, in a Mourning Habit, and with many Tears, petitioned the King her Brother, that he would kill Themistocles; but not being able to prevail, she solicited the Nobility to the same purpose, and at length raised a tumultuous Multitude, to demand Justice against him; who rushed with great Clamours and Noise into the Palace, crying out for Justice against Themistocles. The King told the Nobility, that he would call a Senate, and whatever they ordered should be effected. Themistocles had time sufficient given him to prepare for his Trial; within which time he perfectly learned the Persian Language, and did so manage and plead his own Cause before the Senate, that he was acquitted both of Gild and 
Themistocles delivered.  Punishment.  
The King rejoiced at his Discharge, and honoured him with many rich Gifts: For he gave to him in Marriage a Virtuous Persian Lady, of Noble Birth, and excellent Beauty: And ordered him many Servants to wait upon him, and gave him all sorts of drinking Vessels, and 
Ant. Chr. 469. The King of Persia's Bounty to Themistocles.  things for daily use, not only for necessity, but for delight and pleasure. He bestowed likewise upon him, Three Cities for his Support and Maintenance: Magnesia near the River Meander (the richest City of Asia for Corn) to provide him Bread. Mynutes for Meat and Victuals, being near the Sea, where much Fish was caught; and Lampsacus full of Vines for his Drink.  
Themistocles now free from all fear of the Grecians (by whom he was undeservedly banished after all the good Services he had done for them, and richly provided for by them, whom he had afflicted with grievous Slaughters,) lived in these Cities with great plenty of all things. At length he died at Magnesia, 
Themistocles his Death.  where he was Buried, and a Sumptuous Monument there set up for him, which remains to this day.  
Xerxes longed to renew the War against Greece, and required Themistocles to 
P. 272.  be General of the Army: Who assented, upon Condition that Xerxes would swear that he would not undertake the War without him. Upon which a Bull was sacrified, and at the Solemnity the King swore accordingly. Then Themistocles drunk off a Cup of the Bull's Blood, and immediately fell down Dead.  
Thus was Xerxes diverted, and Themistocles (by the manner of his Death) left behind him a remarkable Evidence of his Sincerity in the Management of the Affairs of his Country.  
And now we are come to the Death of the bravest Man amongst the Grecians, of whom it may be justly doubted whether he fled to the Persians, with 
Ant. Ch. 469. The Praise of Themistocles.  the stain of any Gild or Treachery against his Country, but rather believed that the Athenians and the rest of the Grecians, ingrateful for all the good Services he had done, forced him most unjustly into extreme Hardships and Dangers. For if we impartially and without Envy, examine the Temper and Actions of the Man, we cannot but judge him in every respect, to be the bravest and most accomplished Person of any we have before mentioned. Therefore it may be justly admired, that the Athenians should wilfully deprive themselves of so excellent a Person: For when Sparta was in greatest power above all the other Cities, and Eurybiades the Spartan was High Admiral of the Fleet, who but he by his Counsels and Management, robbed all the Spartans' of their Glory? Whom have we ever heard of that by one Action did accomplish that which advanced his Honour above all Generals, and his City above all Greece, and Greece itself above all the Barbarians? What General ever had less Advantages, and yet subject to greater and more eminent Dangers? Who ever obtained so glorious a Victory, opposing the combined strength of all Asia, with the Citizens of a poor ruin'd City? Who ever advanced his Country to such a height and extent of Power by his honourable Actions in time of Peace? Who ever so preserved his 
Ant. Ch. 469.  Country in the greatest heat of a devouring War? By one well laid Stratagem of pulling down a Bridge, he ruin'd the Enemy's Land-Forces, causing them to divide one half from the other, and by that means making it more easy for the Grecians to destroy the rest. Therefore if we seriously consider the things done by him, and exactly and particularly examine them, it will evidently appear, that he was most unworthily dealt with by a City that he had by his Virtue and Valour advanced to the highest pitch of Glory; and that that City which was esteemed and reputed the Justest and Wisest, was to him most Cruel and Unjust.  
Though this may seem a long digression in the praise of Themistocles, yet we conceived it an inexcusable neglect, slightly to pass over his excellent and incomparable Virtues. During these Times, Micythus Prince of Rhegium, and Zancles built Teuxuntum in Italy.   

CHAP. XIII.  
Cymon the Athenian General, gains many Places for the Athenians; routs the Persians by a Stratagem at Eurymedentum.  
DEmotion or Dromodides being Archon at Athens, the Romans chose P. Valerius 
Olym. 77. 3. Ant. Ch. 468.  Publicola, and Naulius Rufus Consuls.  
During the Government of Demotion, the Athenians chose Cymon, the Son of Miltiades, to be their General, and with a great Army commanded him to pass 
Cymon General of the Athenians.  over into Asia, to aid the Confederate Cities, and to free them that were as yet garrisoned by the Persians. He came with a Fleet to Byzantium, and took the City Eion from the Persians; and forced Scyrus, where the Pelasgi and Delopes' inhabited; and appointing one amongst the Athenians to see the Repair of it, he divided the Country by Lot.  
From hence (with his Mind and Thoughts full of great Projects) he sailed back 
Ant. Ch. 468.  to the Pyreum, and being furnished with more Ships and sufficient Provision, he puts forth again with a Navy of two hundred Sail.  
At length with the jonians, and other Confederates, he got together a Fleet 
Cymon's Victory both by Sea and Land.  of three hundred Sail, and made for Caria. And when he came there, all the Grecian Cities upon the Sea-Coast, immediately revolted from the Persians. The rest (which were filled with the natural Inhabitants, and with Persian Garrisons) 
P. 273.  Cymon took by Storm. All being thus brought under his Power in Caria, Lycia wholly submitted and came under his Protection. By those that came in to the Athenians the Fleet was greatly increased. Hereupon the Persians prepared Land-Forces of their own Country, but their Seamen were of Phenicia and Cilicia: Tithraustes, Xerexs his Bastard Son, was General of the Persian Army.  
Cymon having Intelligence, that the Persian Fleet lay at Cyprus, makes strait 
The Sea Fight at Cyprus.  thither, and joins Battle with his Two hundred and fifty Ships, against Three hundred and forty of the Persians. It was fought stoutly and bravely on both sides; at length the Victory fell to the Athenians, who (besides many that were sunk and destroyed) took above a Hundred Ships with their Men. The rest flying to Cyprus, the Soldiers left their Ships and ran ashore, and the empty Vessels afterwards came into the Hands of the Enemy.  
Cymon being not yet satisfied with this Victory, forthwith sailed away with his whole Fleet, with a Design to fall upon the Land-Army of the Persians, who were then encamped at Eurymedon, contriving to delude them by a Stratagem; 
Ant. Ch. 468.  he filled the Ships he had taken with the stoutest of his Men, with Turbans and 
Cymon routs the Persians at Land by a Stratagem.  other Ornaments attired like the Persians, who deceived by the Make and Furniture of the Persian Ships, took them for a fresh Supply, and received the Athenians as Friends.  
Cymon when Night came, landed his Men, and being taken as a Friend, he rushed into the Camp of the Barbarians, now filled with Confusion and Terror, (his Soldiers killing all before 'em, and amongst the rest, Pheredates in his Tent, the King's Nephew on his Brother's side, another General of the Persians Army.) At length the whole Army through the sudden and unexpected Assault, were totally routed and put to flight; and such a Fear and Consternation surprised the Persians, that many of 'em knew not by whom they were broken; for they could not in the least imagine, that they were assaulted by the Grecians, who had no Land-Army as they were verily persuaded; but thought that the Pisideans their Neighbours, who had been a little before provoked, had risen in Arms against them. Supposing therefore this Impression upon them, to be made from the Land, they fled to their Ships as to their Friends; and because the Night was very dark, the Mistake was the greater, and more mischievous, none knowing certainly what to do. When the Persians in this Confusion were slaughtered on every side, Cymon having before directed his Soldiers, 
Ant. Ch. 468.  that as soon as he should lift up a burning Torch, they should all repair thither, gave the Sign near to the Fleet, fearing some Disaster might happen by his Men being scattered and dispersed in seeking after the Pillage of the Field; at the Sight of the Torch they left off pillaging, and all returned to their Ships.  
The next day they set up a Trophy near the place, and sailed back to Cyprus, 
P. 274.  fraught with two glorious Victories, the one at Sea, and the other at Land. For it was never before known, that such great Things both by Sea and Land were ever done by one and the same Army. From this time Cymon for the great Achievements he had bravely and wisely performed, both by his Valour and Policy, was highly advanced in Reputation, not only amongst his Fellow-Citizens, but all the rest of the Grecians: For he took Three hundred and forty Ships, Twenty thousand Prisoners, and a vast Sum of Money. The Persians greatly perplexed with this dreadful Blow, fell a Building a greater Number of Ships than they had before; for the great Successes of the Athenians after this struck them with Fear and Terror; and from this time, the City increased both in Wealth and Power, and became famous abroad for the Glory of their Arms. The Athenians dedicated the Tenths of the Spoil to their Gods, with this Epigram;  
Since Seas from Europe, Asia did divide,  
And Mars first raged with bloody Hand,  
Among Mankind the Sun hath not espied  
So sad a Fight from Sea or Land.  
From the Phenician Fleet when strongly man'd,  
An Hundred Ships were took, these slew  
Thousands of Medes, made Asia sighing stand  
Sad, and oppressed with th' Armed Crew.  
These were the things done this Year.   

CHAP. XIV.  
A great Earthquake in Sparta; the War upon them by the Helots' and Messenians.  
PHedon was now Archon of Athens, and Lucius Furius Medullinus and Marcus Manlius Vulso Consuls of Rome, when a most sad and unexpected Calamity 
Olym. 77. 4. Ant. Ch. 467.  happened to the Spartans'; for by an Earthquake there, not only the Houses were wholly overturned, but above Twenty thousand Souls buried in the Rubbish. 
A great Earthquake in Sparta.  The City shaked for a long time together, and many by the violent Fall of the Walls of the Houses miserably perished; and the household-goods and Riches of all sorts were by this dreadful Shake swallowed up.  
Thus were they punished as by some angry Deity taking Vengeance upon their Crimes. And were afterwards brought under many other Calamities, by the Hands of Men upon the Accounts following.  
The Helots' and Messenians (enraged not long before against the Lacedæmonians) 
The Helots' conspire against Sparta.  bridled their Anger for a time, whilst they feared the Power and Grandeur of the City of Sparta. But when they observed that the greatest part of the City and Inhabitants were destroyed by the late Earthquake (setting light by them that were left) they entered into a League, and with joint Force made War upon the Spartans'. But Archidamus King of Sparta by his Prudence had preserved many of the Citizens from the late Ruin, and with these resolutely goes forth against the Enemy. For while the City was in the height of this terrible Convulsion, Archidamus suddenly headed his Army, and hastened into the open Field, and commanded the rest to follow him; by which means this remnant 
Ant. Ch. 467.  was preserved. Having then marshaled his Men, he prepared for Battle.  
The Helots' with the Messenians in their first Heat, with great Confidence marched against Sparta, supposing there was none to make any Defence. But when they understood that Archidamus was ready with the Citizens that were left, to defend the City and Country, they desisted from their Design. Afterwards 
P. 275.  from a Fort they had in Missenia they made daily inroads into Laconia.  
The Spartans' send to the Athenians for Aid, who furnished them with Supplies: 
The War between the Messenians & Lacedæmonians.  And at length, by their Diligence in procuring Assistance from the rest of their Confederates, they got together an Army equal to their Enemies: Nay, at the beginning of the War, they were far superior; but afterwards they dismissed the Athenians, in truth, suspecting that they favoured the Messenians, but pretending that the Forces of the other Confederates were sufficient for the present Service. The Athenians looking upon it as a 'Slight and an Affront, departed grumbling, full of Indignation, with their Hearts boiling with Revenge against the Lacedæmonians; which Hatred increased every day more and more; and this was the first Cause of the Enmity between the Athenians and the Lacedæmonians, which afterwards broke out into open Hostility, and filled the Cities with Cruelty and Bloodshed, and all Greece with Misery and Calamity: But we shall write of these things distinctly in their due place.  
After this the Lacedæmonians, with the Forces of their Confederates, besieged Ithome. In the mean time all the Helots' revolted from the Lacedæmonians, and joined with the Messenians. And now though the War had continued ten Years complete, wasting one another with various Successes, yet they could not decide the Controversy.   

CHAP. XV.  
The War between the Argives and the Mycenians.  
WHen Theaginidas was Archon of Athens, and Lucius Emilius Mamercus and 
An. Mu. 3504. Olymp. 78. 1. Ant. Ch. 466.  Lucius Vopiscus Julius, Consuls of Rome, began the Seventy Eighth Olympiad, wherein Parmenidas Possidoniates was Victor. At that time the War broke out between the Argives and the Mycenians upon the following Occasion. The Mycenians by reason of the ancient Renown and Glory of their Country, would never submit to the Government of the Argives, as all the rest of the Cities in the Territory of Argos did, but were still governed by their own Laws distinct from them of Argos. They contended likewise with the Argives, concerning the Holy Rights of the Temple of Juno, and to have the sole Management of the Nemean Games. Besides, when the Argives made a Law, that none should aid the Lacedæmonians at Thermophyle, unless the Spartans' would relinquish and give up part of their Country to them of Argos, they of Mycena only of all the other Cities in the Territories of Argos joined with the Lacedæmonians. And lastly, they of Argos were jealous, lest by the Growth of their Power, their ancient Courage should so revive as to contend with them for the Sovereignty. For these Reasons they had an evil Eye to the Mycenians, and some time not long before had a longing Desire to ruin their City. And now they thought a fit Occasion and Opportunity was offered them, to accomplish what they before designed, in regard the Spartans' seemed not to be in a Condition, by reason of their late Calamity, to aid and assist them. To this end they marched against 'em 
Ante Chr. 466.  with a great Army both from Argos and their Confederates; and having routed 'em, drove 'em within the Walls, and besieged their City. The Mycenians made a stout Defence for a time, but wearied out and wasted by Famine, (the Laccdemonians partly through Wars of their own, and partly through the late Ruins by the Earthquake unable to assist 'em, and the help of the other Confederates failing) they became a Prey to the Conquerors. The Argives made all the Citizen's Captives, and consecrated a Tenth of the Spoil to God, and laid the City even with 
P. 276.  the Ground. Such was the End of Mycena, a City in former times flourishing 
Mycena in Greece ruined.  in all Prosperity, that had bred and brought up Men famous in their Generations, that had been glorious in the World by brave and noble Actions, and now lies waist and forsaken unto this day. These were the Affairs of this Year.   

CHAP. XVI.  
The Death of Hiero.  
LYsiatus being Governor or Archon of Athens, the Romans chose Lucius Pinarius Mamercinus, and Lucius Furius Fusus their Consuls. At this time Hiero King of Syracuse invited to him with many rich Presents the Sons of Anaxalius, Prince of Zancles, now Messina in Sicily, and put them in mind how kind Gelon had been to their Father, and advised 'em now they were come to men's Estate, to call Micythus their Tutor to account, and to take the Sovereign Power and Government into their own Hands. Being returned to Rhegium, they forthwith demanded an Account of Micythus of his Administration; who, being a just and honest Man, called together all the Friends of the two young Men, and gave so full and clear Account of his Trust, that 
The Justice and Honesty of Micythus, Tutor and Governor of the Prince of Zancles.  all then present admired his Justice and Faithfulness. The Youths now sorry for what they had done, desired him to take upon him again the Government, and as their Father, to order and dispose of all Affairs as he thought fit. But Micythus utterly refused to be any longer concerned; but giving up all, shipped his Goods, and sailed forth from Rhegium, with the general Love and Favour of the People, and made 
Rhegium in Italy.  for Greece, where he lived the rest of his Time in great Repute at Tegea in Arcadia. Hiero died at Catena, a City repeopled by him, and was there buried with great Pomp and Solemnity after he had reigned Eleven Years. He left his Kingdom to Thrasybulus his Brother, who reigned only one Year.   

CHAP. XVII.  
Thrasybulus King of Syracuse deposed by Force of Arms for his Tyranny.  
NOw was Lysanias Archon of Athens, and Appius Claudius, and Titus Quintus 
Olymp. 78. 3 Ant. Chr. 464.  Capitolinus, Roman Consuls, during whose Governments, Thrasybulus lost the Kingdom of Syracuse: Concerning whom, inasmuch as it is our purpose particularly and distinctly to write, it is necessary to look a little back, that so things may be more clearly understood from the beginning. Gelo, the Son of Dinome, a Man for Valour and Military Discipline excelling all the rest, by a notable Stratagem (as you have heard) routed the Carthaginians. And using his Victory with all Moderation towards them he had subdued, and dealing kindly and courteously with all his Neighbours, was greatly honoured among the Sicilians; and for the Sweetness of his Disposition, lived beloved of all in Peace and Quietness to the end of his days.  
Hiero the eldest of his Brothers succeeded him in the Kingdom, but far unlike him in his Government. For he was covetous, cruel and altogether a Stranger to the Candour and Sincerity of his Brother, by reason whereof many were inclined to a Defection and Revolt; but the Memory of Gelo's Generosity and general Kindness to all the Sicilians, restrained them from outward Force and Violence. But when Hiero was dead, Thrasybulus his Brother advancing to the 
P. 277.  Crown, exceeded his Predecessor in all Vice and Wickedness: For being more cruel and bloody in his Nature, he slaughtered the Citizens against all Law and 
Ant. Ch. 264.  Justice; and by false Accusations banished many others, and confiscated their Estates. At last hating his People, and the People on the other hand, hating him for the Injuries they had suffered, he raised a Standing Army, to defend himself against the feared Revolt of his Subjects. And now growing every day more and more into the Hatred of his People, abusing some, taking away the Lives of many others; the People not able longer to endure his Cruelties, made a general Defection, and risen up in Arms, to procure their Liberty by the Sword, and shake off that Yoke of Slavery and Tyranny they were under. Thrasibulus seeing the whole City of Syracuse in Arms against him, first endeavoured to cool them by fair words; but when he saw they were so incensed, that there was no opposing them, he raised Forces from Catana, a Colony not long before placed there by Hiero, and by other Confederates and Mercenaries, he got together an Army of Fifteen Thousand Men, and possessed himself of that part of the City called Acridina, and the Island which was strongly Fortified, from whence he made many Sallies and Incursions upon the Enemy.  
The Syracusians at first kept that part of the City called Ithica, and from thence annoyed Thrasibulus: And sent Ambassadors to Gela, Agrigentum, Selenunte and Himera, and to the rest of the Cities in the Heart of Sicily, desiring aid and assistance for the recovering of their Liberty. These readily answered their Request, and sent them seasonable Supplies, some Regiments of Foot, others Troops of Horse, others Ships furnished with all necessaries for War: Thus in a short time having a considerable Force both of a Fleet at Sea, and an Army by Land, the Siracusians offered Battle to the Enemy, both by Sea and Land. But Thrasibulus being forsaken of his Confederates, and having now none to trust unto 
Ant. Ch. 464.  but his Mercenaries, betook himself only to Acridina, and the Island, and left the rest of the City wholly to the power of the Syracusians. Afterwards he fought with them at Sea, and was beaten, losing many of his Ships, and fled with those that escaped into the Island. Presently after he drew out his Men from Acridina, and joined Battle with them in the Suburbs of the City, where he was again routed, with the loss of many of his Men, and retreated a Second time within his Post in Acridina.  
At length being out of all hope to regain his Sovereignty, 
Thrasibulus abdicates the Government.  he sent to the Syracusians, and came to terms of Agreement with them, and so departed into 
* A City in Magna Grecia in Italy.  Locros. The Syracusians thus freed from Slavery, suffered the Mercenaries to march away peaceably. They freed likewise the rest of the Cities from such Garrisons as were put upon them, and restored to every place the Democracy. From thenceforth the Syracusians lived in great Peace and Prosperity, and enjoyed a popular Government for the space of Threescore Years, till the Reign of Dionysius. This Thrasibulus received a well ordered and constituted Kingdom, but basely lost it by his wickedness; and spent the rest of his Days at Locris as a private Man. While these things were done in Sicily, Rome first created Four to be Tribunes 
P. 278.  of the People, Caius Sicinius, Lucius Numitorius, Marcus Duillius, and Spurius Aquilius.   

CHAP. XVIII.  
The Murder of Xerxes by Artabanus.  
AT the end of this Year, Lysitheus was made Chief Governor of Athens, and 
Olymp. 78. 4. Ant. Chr. 463.  Lucius Valerius Publicola, and Titus Aemilius Mamercus, Consuls of Rome. In their times Artabanus of Hyrcania, in great esteem with Xerxes, and Captain of his Guard, contrived to gain the Kingdom by the Murder of the King. He reveals his Design to Mithridates the Eunuch, one of the King's Chamberlains (whom he most consided in, as being his near Kinsman, and whom he had obliged by many instances of his Favour.) Mithridates presently complies with him, and brings Artabanus privately in the Night into the Bedchamber, and being entered, without delay murders the King: And in the heat of the Fact runs to the King's Sons, Two of whom, Darius the Eldest, and Artaxerxes, were then at Court: Hytaspes the Third at that time, was Governor of Bactria. Artabanus in the dead of the Night, hastens to Artaxerxes, and tells him that Darius had murdered his Father to come to the Crown: And therefore persuades Artaxerxes that he should not slothfully suffer his Brother to settle himself on the Throne, but revenge his Father's Death, and take upon himself the Sovereignty. For the effecting whereof, he promised him to bring in the King's Guards for his Assistance. Artaxerxes was easily persuaded, and with the Assistance of the Guards kills his Brother. Artabanus seeing his Treachery to succeed according to his hearts Desire, now boasts before all his Sons that the time was come for his advancement to the Kingdom, and forthwith came to Artaxerxes with his Sword drawn, and 
Ant. Chr. 463.  Wounds him. The King not being much hurt, bravely Defends himself, and kills Artabanus upon the place. Having thus not only preserved himself, but revenged 
Artaxerxes kills Artabanus.  the Murder of his Father, he was established in the Throne of Persia. This was the end of Xerxes after he had reigned Twenty Years. But his Successor continued Forty Four.   

CHAP. XIX.  
The War between the Athenians and the Aegineans.  
THE following Year wherein Archimedes was Archon of Athens, Aulus Virgilius, 
Olymp. 79. Ant. Ch. 462.  and Titus Numitius, Roman Consuls; was the first Year of the Seventy Ninth Olympiad, at which Xenophon the Corinthian won the Prize: At this time the Thracians revolted from the Athenians, through the Differences arising concerning the Mines, but were reduced by force to their Obedience. The Aegineans likewise rebelled, and being subdued, the Athenians besieged their City, which was grown proud, not only through their great Successes and Victories at Sea, but their Riches at Land, and having a brave and well furnished Navy, were ever Enemies to the Athenians; who therefore entered the 
* Aegina, near Peloponesus in the Aegean Sea.  Island with an Army, laid waste the Country, and resolved to raze the City Aegina to the Ground: Hereupon now grown great in power, they carried not themselves with that Humanity and Courtesy towards their Confederates as they were used to do, but domineered every where with a proud and high Hand. This imperious way of theirs, caused many of their Confederates to enter into Consultations for a general Defection, and some particular Places determined it of their 
Ante Chr. 462.  own accord, without flagging for, or expecting the results of a General Assembly. While these things were acting, the Athenians (being now every where 
P. 279.  Masters at Sea) sent a Colony of Ten Thousand Men to Amphipolis (chosen partly out of the Citizens, partly from among the Confederates) and divided the Country by Lot: For sometime they kept under the Thracians that bordered upon them; but when they attempted to proceed further into the heart of the Country, those that entered Thrace were wholly cut off by the 
† A People of Thrace, near the Mountain Edon.  Edones.   

CHAP. XX.  
The Egyptians revolt from the Persians. New Troubles in Sicily:  
TLepolemus being Governor of Athens, the Roman Consuls were Titus Quintius, 
Olymp. 79. 2. Ante Chr. 461.  and Quintus Arbilius Structus. Artaxerxes now newly come to the Throne of Persia, first put to Death all those that had an Hand in the Murder of his Father, and then settled Affairs so as he 
This is Artaxerxes Longimanus, who forbade the Building of Jerusalem. From his Seventh Year, began Daniel's Seventy Weeks, which is 490 Years to the Death of Christ.  thought most conducing to the interest of the Government: For he removed those Governors of the Provinces whom he most suspected, and placed others whom he most confided in, in their room. He took care to store up all manner of Provisions, and to furnish his Army with all things necessary; and ruling with all Justice and Equity, he grew into high Esteem among the Persians. In the mean time the Egyptians hearing of the Death of Xerxes, and the Troubles in Persia occasioned thereby, fell a plotting how to recover their Liberty; and to that 
The Egyptians revolt from the Persians.  end on a sudden rose against the Persians, and drove the Questors or Persian Treasurers out of Egypt.  
Then they set up one Inarus to be their King; who first had an Army of the 
Inarus set up in Egypt.  natural Inhabitants, and afterwards increased his Forces by Mercenary Foreigners. He sent likewise Ambassadors to Athens, desiring their aid, with Promises that if they regained their Liberty, the whole Kingdom should be for their Service and Advantage as well as his; and he should be ever and in every thing grateful to them. The Athenians conceiving it to be much to their advantage, if by what force they could make, they might drain the Persians of their Money, and gain likewise the Egyptians to their interest, to be ready to serve them upon all occasions, determined to send to their Assistance a Navy of Three Hundred Sail; and 
Ant. Ch. 461  to that end, all Hands were at work to make ready a Fleet. Artaxerxes receiving the News of the Revolt of the Egyptians, resolved to exceed them both in number of Men, and Provisions of War; and for that purpose forthwith raised Soldiers out of all the Provinces of the Kingdom, rigged out his Fleet, and omitted nothing necessary in the present Juncture. And thus stood the Affairs of Asia and Egypt at this time.  
In Sicily after they had cast off the Kingly Government, and restored all the 
The flourishing state of Sicily after the deposition of Tyrants.  Cities to liberty, the whole Island greatly flourished; for having a rich and fertile Soil, and Peace on every side, they grew very rich in a short time, the Land abounding in Labourers, cattle, and all other Conveniences, for the comfort and happiness of Man's Life, much being now laid up, and nothing expended in Wars. But they continued not long thus, but again broke forth into Wars and Seditions upon the account following. Thrasibulus being deposed, they called a General Assembly, to consult about the manner of a Popular Government, and there it was unanimously decreed, that a Statue should be erected to 
* Jovi Liberatori.  Jove the Deliverer, as high as a Colossus, and that there should be Yearly upon the Day that they were rid of the Tyrant, and regained their Liberty, Sacrifices offered, and Solemn Games celebrated: At which Solemnities they likewise vowed to sacrifice Four Hundred and Fifty Oxen, and therewith to feast all the People, and that all the 
P. 280.  Magistrates (according to the ancient Custom) should be chosen out of the chiefest Citizens; and that none of the Strangers who were made Denizens by Gelon, should be admitted to these Honours, looking upon them either as unworthy, or 
Ant. Chr. 461.  fearing lest they (being always inur'd to Monarchy) should endeavour a change of Government, which was no vain conception, as the Event after made evident. For Gelon had enfranchised above Ten Thousand Mercenaries, of whom, above Seven Thousand remained at that time.  
These being enraged thus to be excluded, and made incapable of being chosen 
New Stirs in Sicily at Syraeuse.  Magistrates, began to plot, and at length joining together, seized upon Acridina, a part of the City, and the forementioned Island, both of which Places were strongly walled and fortified.  
On the other side in this Confusion, the Syracusians possessed themselves of another part of the City, especially towards the Epipole, defending themselves with a Wall and strong Guards. The Seditious were so penned up, that they grew scant in their Provisions. And though they were far less in number than the Citizens, yet they were much better Soldiers; and therefore when ever they made any Sallies, in every Skirmish they went off with Success. But being so close shut up, they were nigh famished. And this was the state of Sicily at this time.  
This Year Conon was Archon of Athens, and Quintus Fabius Vibulanus, and Tiberius 
Olymp. 79 〈…〉. Ant. Chr. 46.  Aemilius Mamercus were Roman Consuls. At this time Artaxerxes King of Persia, made Archemenes the Son of Darius his great Uncle, General of his Army intended against Egypt, which consisted of above Three Hundred Thousand Horse and Foot: With these he marched into Egypt, and encamped near the River Nile, and as soon as he had refreshed his Army, prepared for Battle. The Egyptian Forces were made up of Africans and Egyptians, and waited in expectation of further Aid from the Athenians; who at length arrived with a Fleet of Two Hundred Sail, and joining with the Egyptians, the Battle began with great Resolution on both sides. The Persians indeed were far more in number; 
The Persians routed in Egypt.  but the Athenians with great Valour and Courage breaking in upon that Wing of the Persians that was placed against them, and killing and destroying many of them, the rest of the Barbarians fled, and in the pursuit, most of the Army was cut off, and the rest fled to a place called the 
† The Third part of Memphis, the other Two Parts being taken by the Athenians, Usher's Annals, 136. Thucydides, lib. 1. 37. Memphis now called Grand Cairo.  White Wall. The Athenians by whose Valour the Victory was obtained, followed close after them to the place, and Besieged it. But Artaxerxes having intelligence of the Overthrow of his Army, sent some he could most confide in, to the Lacedæmonians, with a great Sum of Money, to induce the Spartans' to make War upon the Athenians, thinking by that means to force them back, for the necessary defence of their own Country. But the Lacedæmonians would neither accept of the Money, nor hearken to any other Proposals of the Persians. Being thus without hopes of Aid from the Lacedæmonians, Artaxerxes prepared a new Army, and made Artabazus and Megabysus, both very Valiant Men, Generals, and sent them against the Egyptians.   

CHAP. XXI.  
The Persians Expedition into Egypt. Wars in Sicily.  
AT Athens, Euippas' was Archon, and Quintus Servilius and Spurius Posthumus 
P. 281. Olymp. 79. 4. Ant. Chr. 459. Artabazus and Megabyzus sent Generals into Egypt.  Albus, Consuls at Rome. At which time Artabasus and Megabyzus appointed Generals for the Egyptian War, marched away for Egypt with above Three hundred thousand Horse and Foot. When they came to Cilicia and Phenicia, they refreshed the Army, and commanded the Cyprians, Phoenicians and Cilicians to set forth a Fleet, who furnished out Three hundred Sail fitted both with Men, Provisions and all other things convenient and necessary for a Sea-Fight. In Preparations for the War, training of the Soldiers, and employing themselves in other Acts of Military Discipline, they spent almost a whole Year. The Athenians in the mean time closely besieged the Persians at the White Wall, which was valiantly defended and not likely to be taken after a Years Siege. In Sicily the Syracusians at War with the beforenamed Revolters daily assaulted 
A Fight between the Syracusians and the Seditious.  Acridina with the adjoining Island; and tho' they overcame the Rebels at Sea, yet they could not drive them out of the City, they were so fortified. But afterwards when both Armies were drawn out into the open Field, the Fight being obstinate, many were killed on both sides, but the Victory was at length gained by the Syracusians. After the Battle the Syracusians crowned Six hundred Men who were most active in the Fight, and gave to every one a * Mina in Money, as a Reward of his Valour. During these Combustions, Deucetius General 
About 3 l. 2 s. 6 d.  of the Sicilians, began a War against the Inhabitants of Catana, for withholding the Lands of the Sicilians, in which the Syracusians likewise engaged against 
A War against them of Catana.  Catana.  
The Cataneans had these Lands divided to them by Lot, when they were first placed a Colony there by Hiero the late King. And therefore defended their Right with all the Force and Power they could. But being overcome in several Battles, they were forced at length to leave Catana, and possessed themselves 
The Cities of Sicily freed from Foreigners.  of the City Aetna, formerly called Eunetia; and the ancient Inhabitants of Catana after a long time of Banishment, returned to their own Country, and former Habitations. After this, all others that were driven out of their own proper Cities in the times of Hiero, with the Assistance of their Neighbours, were forthwith 
Ant. Chr. 459.  restored, and the Usurpers were every where ejected, as the Gelones, Acragentines and Himereans. The Rhegians and Zancleans likewise threw off the regal Power of the Sons of Anaxilas, and asserted the Liberty of their Country. After this the Gelones seating themselves at Camerina, again divided the Land by Lots. At length almost all the Cities determining to root up all those they took for their Enemies, confederated together (by virtue of a public Edict) against all the Foreigners, and restored those that had been banished, to their ancient Cities; transplanting all the Strangers (that had before usurped) to Messena. In this manner all the Seditions and Tumults through the Cities of Sicily were appeased, and almost all were forced from the Power of Foreigners, and reduced to the ancient Form of a Commonwealth, and all the public Lands divided by Lot to the Citizens. 
P. 282.   
Now Phasiclides was Governor of Athens, and the Eightieth Olympiad was celebrated, 
Olymp. 80. 1. Ant. Chr. 458.  in which Tharillus the Thessalian was Victor. And at Rome were chosen Quintus Fabius, and Titus Quintius Capitolinus, Consuls. In Asia, the Persian Commanders now in Cilicia had got together a Fleet of Three hundred Sail, well 
An Expedition into Egypt by the Persian Generals.  man'd and furnished in every respect for the War, and marched with the Land-Army through Syria and Phenicia, and came at length to Memphis, (the Fleet sailing all along by the sides of them, near the Shoar) where they forthwith raised the Siege at the White Wall; both the Egyptians and Athenians being amazed at the Approach of such an Enemy: Hereupon the Persians presently call a Council of War, and prudently resolved to decline fight, but rather to endeavour to make an end of the War by some politic Stratagem. And to that end knowing that the Athenian Fleet lay at Anchor at an Island called 
* Or Prosopis in Egypt, in that Part called Delta.  Prosopitis, they diverted the Course of the River (which encompassed the Island) by deep Trenches made in the adjoining Continent, and by that means joined the Island to Main-land. The Egyptians as soon as they discerned all the Ships, stood upon dry Land, struck with Amazement, forsook the Athenians, and submitted themselves to the Persians. The Athenians thus 
The Athenian Fleet ruined by a Stratagem in Egypt by the Persians.  forsaken, and seeing the Fleet made useless, set Fire to all the Ships, that they might not come into the Power of the Enemy. And nothing terrified with their present Circumstances, they encouraged and advised one another, that they should not do any thing that should be a blemish and disgrace to the Courage and Valour they had before shown in former Encounters.  
Soaring therefore above the Valour of those that lost their Lives at Thermopole, for the safety of Greece they resolved to fight. But the Commanders of the Persians, Artabazus and Megabizus seeing the Courage of the Athenians, and considering their former Losses of so many thousand Men, they made Peace with the 
Peace made with the Athenian Army.  Athenians upon this Condition, That they should departed out of Egypt without Hurt or Prejudice. The Athenians thus preserved (through their own Valour) leave Egypt, and marching through afric to Cyrene, from thence they all came safe (beyond their hopes) unto their own Country. During these things, Ephialtes Son of Simonidas, Tribune of the People at Athens, stirred up the Rabble against 
Ante Chr. 458. A Tumult against the Magistrates in Athenis.  the Areopagites to take away the Power from the Senate in Mars Hill, and to overturn the ancient and laudable Laws of the Country. But such wicked Designs went not unpunished, for he was killed in the Night, not known by whom, and so ended his days in Dishonour.   

CHAP. XXII.  
The War between the Epidaurians and the Athenians.  
THE former Year ended, Philocles governed Athens the next, and at Rome, Aulus Posthumius were Consuls: In their times was begun the War by 
Olymp. 80. 2. Ant. Chr. 457.  the Corinthians and Epidaurians against the Athenians, who in a sharp Battle, overcame the other, and with a great Fleet made out against the Halienses, and invaded Peloponesus, where they slaughtered and destroyed many of their Enemies. The Peloponesians make Head again, and with a great Army sight them at Cerryphalia, where the Athenians again rout them. Grown now confident with these Successes, and observing the Aegineans (puffed up with the Victories that they had obtained) to carry it as Enemies towards them, they determined to make War upon them; and in Execution thereof, sent forth against them a great Fleet: They of Aegina on the other hand, trusting to their Skill 
War between the Athenians and them of Aegina. Ant. Chr. 457.  and former Successes at Sea, despised the great Forces of the Athenians, and with a small Navy, and some few other Ships lately built, venture a Sea-Fight, but were beaten, with the loss of Seventy of their Vessels; so that now they were wholly discouraged and dejected, and therefore were forced to submit 
P. 283.  themselves to the Athenians. These things were done by Leocrates, the Athenian Admiral, in the space of Nine months' War with the Aeginetes. In the mean time, Deucetius King of Sicily (very Rich, and of a Noble Family) built Menenum, and divided by Lot the adjacent Lands, amongst them of the Colony brought thither. Then he Besieged the Famous City Morgantina, and was highly honoured by all his Countrymen.   

CHAP. XXIII.  
The War between the Corinthians and Megareans.  
THE next year Bion was Archon at Athens, and Publius Servilius Structus, and 
Olym. 80. 3. Ant. Ch. 456.  Lutius Aebutius Elivas, Roman Consuls. During their Government, broke out the War between the Corinthians and Megareans about the Limits of their Country. At the first they made inroads into one another's Country, and then proceeded with little Skirmishes. At length the difference growing higher and hotter, the Megarians (suspecting their own weakness) made a League with the Athenians, by which means they balanced their Enemies in Strength and Power. And when the Corinthians sent a considerable Army from Peloponesus against Magera, the Athenians sent Aids to the Magerians under Myromides their General, a very Valiant Man. The Armies presently engaged, and great Valour and Obstinacy was showed on both sides, insomuch as the Success was very doubtful a long time; till at length the Athenians got the day, with the Slaughter of Multitudes of the Enemy. And a few Days after, the Athenians were Victors in another Battle fought at Cimolia, where they likewise killed many. Within a few Days after, a Third Battle was fought.— Hear something seems to be wanting 
Ant. Chr. 456.  in the Greek Copy.  
The Phoceans made War against the Doreans, who were originally Lacedæmonians, and inhabited Three Cities lying under Mount Parnassus, 
† Erybium.  Cytinium, Boium and Erineus. At the first, the Doreans, (being overcome) lost their Cities to the 
* Boion. War between the Phoceans and Doreans.  other. But the Lacedæmonians being of the same Blood, afterwards sent them aid under Nicomedes, formerly General of Cleomedes, who led forth an Army of Fifteen Hundred Lacedæmonians, and raised as many more out of Peloponesus as made up Ten Thousand; with these he marched to the Defence of the Doors, he being Tutor and Governor of Pleistonactis their King, who was then a Child. Having conquered the Phoceans, and recovered the Cities, he put an end to the War, upon Articles of Peace between the Two Nations.  
When the Athenians understood that the Lacedæmonians had made an end of the Phocean War, and were ready to return home, they consulted how to cut them off in their Passage by the way. To this end, having resolved upon the attempt, they took to their aid and assistance the Argives and Thessalians, and so making out against them with a Fleet of Fifty Sail, man'd with above Fourteen Thousand Soldiers, they stopped the Passages through 
* Grarenea, a Ridge of a Hill lying before the Entrance into the Isthmos. The Athenians contrive to cut off the Lacedæmonians in their return Home. Ant. Chr. 456.  Geranea. The Lacedæmonians hearing of the Contrivances of the Athenians, turned out of the way towards Tanagra in Beotia: But the Athenians marched swiftly after them, and at length the Two Armies joined Battle; and although the Thessalians (in the very heat of the Fight) deserted the Athenians, and joined with the Spartans', yet they and the Argives stood manfully to it, and after many were killed on both sides, the Night put an end to the Dispute. After this, there being sent much Provision out of Attica to the Athenians, which was understood by the Thessalians, they conceiving this to be now a fit opportunity to do some notable Service, (having refreshed themselves) in the Night marched out to meet the Carriages: And being that the Guard that attended them, never suspected any Design, but admitted the Thessalians as Friends, the Contest grew hot whether should get or lose all. For the Thessalians (being at first thus admitted) killed all they met, and 
P. 284.  being well prepared, and the other taken at unawares, made a great Slaughter. The Athenians that were encamped, hearing of what mischief the Thessalians had done, hastened to the Relief of their Countrymen, and fell with great Rage upon the Thessalians, and routed them at the first Charge with a great Slaughter. In the mean time, the Lacedæmonians came in to the and of the Thessalians, and both Armies being now drawn up in Battalia, it came to a general Battle, which was fought with great Resolution, and many killed on both sides. The issue and event being doubtful, both the one side and the other suspected the loss of the Day; but Night growing on, and the Victory still remaining doubtful, Messengers were dispatched one to another, and a Truce at length agreed upon for Four Months.   

CHAP. XXIV.  
The War between the Athenians and the Beotians.  
THIS Year ended, Mnesitheides was chosen Archon of Athens, and Lucius 
Olym. 80. 4. Ant. Ch. 455.  Lucretius, and Titus Viturius Cicurinus were Roman Consuls. In the time of their Governments, the Thebans being brought low by reason of their League with Xerxes, endeavoured by all the Artifices they could, to regain their former Power and Sovereignty; for being greatly despised by all the Beotians who had shaken off their Authority, they applied themselves to the Lacedæmonians, to assist them in recovering the Government of Beotia: And for this Kindness they 
The War between the Athenians and the Thebans.  promised that they would be at all the Charge of the War then begun against them by the Athenians, and that the Spartans' should not need to bring any Land-Forces out of Peloponesus.  
The Lacedæmonians judging it to be much to their advantage, to gratify the Thebans in their Request, conceiving that if they were thus strengthened and supported, they would become a Bulwark against the Athenians, especially the Thebans having at that time a great and well disciplined Army at Tanagra, they enlarged the Bounds and Circuit of the City of Thebes, and compelled all the Beotians to the subjection of the Thebans.  
The Athenians to obviate the Designs of the Lacedæmonians, raised a considerable Army, and made Myronides the Son of Callias, General. Having chosen a competent number of the Citizens, he told them the Day wherein he intended to march out of the City. When the Day came, many of the Soldiers (notwithstanding the Command given) did not appear; yet with those he had, he made for Beotia. Some of his Friends and Officers of the Army, persuaded him to stay, till the rest of the Soldiers came up to them. But Myronides being both a Prudent and Valiant Commander, answered, That it did not become a General to Loiter, for it was a shrewd Sign, that they who were slow and dilatory in their March towards their Enemy, would be Cowards in the Fight, and would prefer their own safety before the good of their Country. For they (said he) that readily appeared at the Day appointed, gave an evident Testimony of their Valour, that they were resolved not to shrink in the Day of Battle. Which by the Sequel did appear; 
Ant. Ch. 455. The Thebans routed by Myronides.  for he marched against the Thebans with an Army far less in number of Men, but much excelling in Prowess and Valour, and by the brave Resolution of his Soldiers, utterly routed the Enemy; which Victory was not inferior to any that were ever obtained by the Athenians in former Times. For neither that at Marathon, nor at Platea against the Persians, nor any other Exploit of the Athenians, did exceed this of Myronides against the Thebans. For the former, some of them were obtained against Barbarians, others by the help of their Confederates. But this was gained by the Athenians themselves alone, against the 
P. 285.  most Valiant of the Greeks. For the Beotians were ever accounted for stoutness and hardyness, not inferior to any in Greece; which in aftertimes was confirmed; for at Leuctra and Mantinaea, the Thebans alone fought both with the Lacedæmonians and their Confederates, and purchased to themselves great Renown, and became reputed (and that not unworthily) the best Commanders of all Greece.  
Although this Battle was one of the most Famous, yet no Author has writ any thing of the manner or order of it. However by this glorious Victory over the Beotians, Myronides has equalised his Memory with those illustrious Generals, Themistocles, Miltiades and Cimon. Immediately after the Fight, he took Tanagra by Storm, and demolished it. And running over all Beotia, wasted all before him, and divided the Spoil and Riches of the Country amongst his Soldiers.  
The Beotians enraged with the wasting and destroying of their Country, came together from all Parts, and with a great Army marched against their Enemies. 
Another Battle with the Thebans. Ant. Chr. 455.  The Fight began amongst the Vineyards of Beotia, and both sides being fully resolved, the heat of the Battle continued a whole Day, but at length with great difficulty the Valour of the Athenians prevailed.  
Myronides shortly won all the Cities of Beotia, except Thebes. Then he raised 
The Acts of Myronides.  his Camp, and marched with his Army against the Locrians (called Opuntians) routed them at the first Onset, and upon their submission took Hostages, and then broke into Pharsalia, and with as much ease overcame the Phoceans, as he did the Locrians, and receiving Hostages, marched for Thessaly, and charging them with Treason, commanded them to recall those they had Banished.  
But the Pharsalians refusing to obey, he besieged the 
† Pharsalos.  City, which (after a long and stout Defence) he was not able to take by Force, and therefore raised his Siege, and returned to Athens; where he was received with great Acclamations of Praise, for the noble Acts he had in so short a time accomplished. These were the Remarks of this Year.   

CHAP. XXV.  
The Athenians invade the Spartans' by Tolmides.  
THE Eighty First Olympiad was celebrated at Elis, wherein Polymnastus 
Olymp. 81. An. Mu. 3516. Ant. Chr. 454.  Cyreneus was Victor, at the time when Callias was Archon of Athens, and Servius Sulpitius and Publius Volumnius Amintinus were Roman Consuls. Then Tolmides the Admiral of the Athenian Fleet out of Emulation to the glory of Myronides, 
Tolmides' Design to invade Laconia.  made it his Business to do something more than ordinary remarkable. And therefore for as much as none before had ever attempted to invade Laconia, he advised the People of Athens to make an Inroad into the Country of the Spartans', undertaking that if he might have but a Thousand Armed Men Aboard his Ships, he would waste Laconia, and bring an Eclipse upon the Spartans' Glory. Having got the Consent of the People, and designing privately to get more 
His Stratagem to raise Soldiers.  Men than he at first required, he conceived this Project: All were of opinion that a choice should be made of the strongest, young and most spriteful Men in the Army. But Tolmides designing far more than the Thousand yielded to him for his intended Enterprise: He goes to every one of the ablest Men, and tells 'em each singly, that he intended to choose him for the War, and that it was far more for their Credit and Reputation, to offer themselves of their own accord, than being chosen to be compelled to the Service. When by this means he had persuaded above Three Thousand to give in their Names of their own accord, and discerned the rest to be backward, he then proceeded to the choice of the Thousand granted to him by the Consent of the People. And when all things 
P. 286. The acts of Tolmides.  were ready for the Expedition, he set Sail with Fifty Ships, and Four Thousand Soldiers, and arriving at Methon in Laconia, took it; but by reason of the speedy Succour sent by the Spartans', he was forced to quit the Place, and made for Gythium, a Port Town of the Lacedæmonians, which he likewise took, and there burnt and destroyed all the Shipping and Naval Provisions, wasting the 
Ant. Chr. 454.  Country round about. Thence he bent his Course for Zacynthus in Cephalania, and possessed himself of that City, and after he had brought all the Towns in Cephalania to a submission, he sailed with the whole Fleet to Naupactus, on the opposite Shore, which he gained at the first Assault, and there placed a Colony of the Noblest Families of the Messenians, who had been before (upon Agreement) dismissed by the Lacedæmonians. For about this time in a War against the Messenians and the Helots', the Lacedæmonians had reduced most of them to their former Subjection. And them of Ithomea they discharged upon Articles of Submission, as is before said: And as for the Helots', those of them that were the Authors and Ringleaders of the Defection, they had put to Death, and made the rest Slaves.  
Sosistratus now Praetor of Athens, the Romans chose for Consuls, Publius Valelerius 
Olymp. 81. 2. An. M. 3517. Ant. Chr. 453.  Publicola, and Caius Clodius Rhegillanus. During their Government, Tolmides continued in Beotia. But the Athenians made Pericles the Son of Xanthes General of a select number of Men, and committed to him Fifty Ships, and a Thousand Soldiers, with a Command to invade Peloponesus. Hereupon he wasted 
Pericles made General.  a great part of it, and passed into Acarnania, near the Island Oeniades, and there brought all the Cities to a Submission. So that during this Year, the Athenians gained many Cities, and became famous for their Military Discipline, and many glorious Successes in their Wars.   

CHAP. XXVI.  
The War in Sicily between the Aegestines and the Lilybeans. The Custom of writing upon an Olive-Leaf the Names of such as were to be banished in Sicily, called Petalism.  
IN this Year Ariston was Chief Magistrate at Athens, and Quintus Fabius Vibulanus 
Olymp. 81. 3. An. M. 3518. Ant. Ch. 452.  and Lucius Cornelius Curetinus, Consuls of Rome. In the time of their Government, a Peace was made between the Athenians and the Peloponesians for Five Years, by the mediation of Cimon the Athenian.  
In Sicily a War broke out between the Aegestines and the Lilybeans concerning 
A War between the Aegestines and Lilybeans in Sicily.  some Lands near to the River Mazarus: After a sharp Battle fought, and many killed on both sides, they began to cool for some time; but after an account of the Citizens was taken in every City, and a new division of the Lands was made by Lot, and that every one was to take his share as it fell, the shares fell so confused, that the Cities broke out again into Civil Discords and Dissensions, by which Mischiefs the Syracusians greatly smarted. For one called Tyndarides, a rash conceited Fellow, who protecting and feeding many poor People, 
Tyndarides' Treason in Syracuse.  by that means sought to make a Party to further his Design in obtaining of the Principality: But when it was evident, that he aimed at the Sovereign power, he was brought to his Trial and condemned to die. And when they were bringing him back to the Goal, he was by the Party he had before prepared, as aforesaid, by Force rescued out of the Hands of the Officers. This raised a Tumult through the whole City, and caused the chief and soberest part of the Citizens to join together against them; who presently apprehended the Innovators, and put them, together with Tyndarides to death. When several Attempts were made of this kind, and many were infected with this itch of Dominion, the Syracusians were at length forced after the Example of the Athenians, to make 
The Law of Petalism made in Syracuse.  a Law not much differing from that of Ostracism at Athens: For there every Citizen was to write in 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  a Shell the Name of him whom they conceived to be most powerful to possess himself of Sovereignty. So the Syracusians were to write the Name of him who was thought to be most potent upon an 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Olive-Leaf; and when the Leaves were counted, he whose Name was upon most of the Leaves, was Banished for Five Years.  
By this means they conceived they should bring down the aspiring Minds of 
P. 287. Ant. Ch. 452.  the great ones to some moderation; for they did not hereby intent the punishment of any Crime that was committed, but the prevention of Mischief, by impairing the Estates, and weakening the interest of them that might be ambitious. That therefore which the Athenians called Ostracism, from the nature of the thing, the Syracusians called Petalism.  
This continued long amongst the Athenians, but was abolished within a short 
Petalism abolished.  time after by the Syracusians, for these Reasons: For when several of the chief and best deserving Men were by this Law banished the City, the rest who were beloved by the Citizens, and were Men of great use in the Service of their Country, withdrew themselves from all public business, and out of fear of the Law, betook themselves to private Lives: But minding thus their own private Concerns, at length they fell into all manner of Profuseness and Luxury. In the mean time, the basest of the Citizens taking upon them the Government, stirred up the Common People to Innovations and Disturbances in the Commonwealth; and so all things ran a Second time into Sedition and Confusion, and a continual and mighty Storm of Trouble and Disorder shook the City. For there arose many Ringleaders and Seducers of the People, especially Young Conceited Men, who thought none spoke like themselves, nor no Wisdom like theirs. In Sum, many instead of the Principles of the ancient Justice and Honesty, instilled 
Ant. Chr. 452.  nothing into the People, but wicked Notions, both in Manners and Practice. In time of Peace, it was their only business to heap together Riches, but had no regard at all to Amity and Justice amongst Men. The Decree therefore of Petalism, upon more mature Consideration, was repealed within a short time after it was put in execution. And thus stood the Affairs of Sicily at this time.   

CHAP. XXVII.  
Pericles makes an Inroad into Peloponesus. Besieged Scytion. Phaylus in Sicily made Admiral against the Tyrrhenian Pirates; is corrupted and banished. The Original of the Palici: And the Stories of the Temple, and Wonders of the Craters in Sicily.  
WHen Lysicrates was Governor of Athens, Caius Nausius Rutillius, and Lucius 
Olymp. 81. 4. Ante Chr. 451.  Minutius Augurinus, were celebrated Consuls at Rome. During their times, Pericles the Athenian General made an Inroad into Peloponesus, and wasted the 
Pericles makes an inroad into Peloponesus.  Country of the Scytions. The Scytions marched out with a great Army against him, and Battle being joined, Pericles routed them, and killed many in the Pursuit, and having driven the rest within the Walls of the City, laid Siege to the Place. But after he had made a valiant Assault, and saw he could not 
Scytion Besieged.  win the Place, in regard the Lacedæmonians had sent Aid to the Besieged, he withdrew his Army from Scytion, and marched into Acarnania, there wasting the Country of the Oeniades; and having loaded himself with Booties and Plunder, left Acarnania. After this, he marched into Chersonesus, and divided the Country by Lot amongst a Thousand Citizens. And in the mean time Tolmides the other General made a Descent into Eubea, and divided the Country of the Naxians amongst another Thousand of the Citizens.  
As for Sicily, the 
† The Etrurians in Italy.  Tyrrhenians infesting the Sea with Piracies, the Syracusians chose one Phaylus to be Admiral of the Fleet, and commanded him to make a Descent upon 
* Hetruria. The Affairs of Sicily.  Tyrhenia. Being furnished with a Fleet well provided, upon the first attempt, he wastes the Island of Aethalia; but being corrupted by the Hetruscans with Money, he returned into Sicily, without doing any thing memorable. But the Syracusians banished him 
Ante Chr. 451.  for his Treason, and chose another called Apelles, and sent him with Threescore Ships against the 
† Hetrurians.  Tyrrhenians. Upon which he wastes the Seacoasts of Tyrhenia, and sails to Corsica, then subject to the Hetruscians, and harrased and destroyed a great part of the Island; and having wholly subdued Aethalia, returned to Syracuse, with a multitude of Prisoners and much spoil.  
After this, Ducetius Prince of the Siculi, reduced all the Cities of the same Nation (except Hybla) into one Society and Community. This Man being both Wise and Valiant, bend his Mind 
Ducetius Prince of the Sicilians, or Siculi.  for the accomplishing of something great and unusual; for having a rich Treasury, he removed the City Neas, the Place 
P. 288.  of his Birth, into a plain Champain Ground, and built a famous City near the Temple of the 
† Gemini Fatres Jovis Filii, ex Nympha Thalia. Palicon built in Sicily.  Palici (as they are called) from whom he called the City Palicon. And because those Deities now fall in our way, it's not fit we should altogether pass by the strange and indeed incredible Stories that are related concerning this Temple, and especially that great wonder there called the 
* i e. Pots or Caldrons.  Craters. For they say, that this Temple is to be preferred before all others, both for Antiquity and Religious Worship, especially for the strange and wonderful things done there.  
And first in this Temple, there are hollows in the Earth, called Craters, not 
The Wonders of the Craters in Sicily.  very large in compass, but of incredible depth, from whence break out great sparks of Fire and Water, like as from boiling Pots or Caldrons. The Water cast forth, resembles so many Streams of Fire; but there's no certainty what it is, for none hitherto ever durst approach it: For the violent irruption of the Fiery Matter is so wonderful, that it seems to be the immediate effect of some divine Power. It smells like Brimstone, as most predominant, and the bottomless Gulf roars and makes a most dreadful and horrible noise. And that which is far more to be admired is this, That this River of Fire neither flows nor makes any stay upon the Land, but in a continual motion, with an amazing force, hurls itself up into the Air. This Place therefore by these wonderful 
Ant. Ch. 451.  instances of some Divine Presence, being accounted Sacred, the most Solemn and Sacred Oaths were used here to be taken, and due Punishments were without delay executed by the Deity, upon the Perjured Person; For it hath been observed, that many such have been struck blind as they have gone out of the Temple. And the great Veneration that Persons have had for the Place, has often been the occasion that matters of great Controversy (where Might was likely to overcome Right) have been decided by an Oath in this Place. This Temple likewise at some times, is a Place of Refuge, and a special help for injured Servants to protect them against the cruelty of their Severe Masters. For they who fly thither, cannot be drawn thence, but continue safe there, till by the Mediation of Friends they are reconciled to their Masters, and mutual Oaths taken for the faithful Performance of what is promised on both sides. And it was never known, that ever any broke his Faith with his Servant in such a case, such an 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  awe (through the fear of the Gods) was upon them. This Temple is situated in a most pleasant Plain, adorned with beautiful Porches, Galleries and other stately Buildings, becoming the dignity of the Gods. But of this sufficient is said. And now we return to what we were before relating.  
Deucetius after he had walled in his new City Palicon, divided the Country adjacent among the Inhabitants. They grew wonderfully rich in a short time, 
Ant. Chr. 451. Palicon destroyed.  both by reason of the fruitfulness of the Soil, and the multitude of the People. But this Sunshine lasted not long, for destroyed it was, and lies waste and desolate to this Day. The reason of which shall be declared in its proper Place.  
In Italy, after the Sacking of Sibaris by the Crotonians, one Thessalus, about Eight and Fifty Years after getting together the remnant of the Sibarites, rebuilt Sibaris, situated between two Rivers, Sybaris and Crathis. But the Sibarites growing rich suddenly by reason of the fruitfulness of the Soil, possessed the City only Six Years, and were again ejected; which we intent to relate more fully in the following Book.   

CHAP. XXVIII.  
The Contests between Deucetius and the Agrigentines. His strange Submission to the Syracusians, who sent him to Corinth, with promise to supply him with Necessaries.  
WHen Antidote was Governor of Athens, the Romans chose Lucius Publius Posthumus, 
Olymp. 82. 2. An. M. 3521. Ant. Chr. 450. P. 289. Agrigentines' routed by Deucetius.  and Marcus Horatius' Consuls. In their time, Deucetius the General of the Siculi took Aetna, whose Prince was killed by Treachery. Afterwards he led his Army into the Country of the Agrigentines, and besieged Motyum, a Garrison of the Agrigentines. They of Agrigentum sent aid to them of Motyum, but his Army fought and routed them, and took the Place. The Winter approaching, all returned to their several Cities. The Syracusians put to Death Bilco, the General of the Army, the Author (as was supposed) of that ruin that was brought upon them in this Battle, and who was judged to have had secret Correspondence with Deucetius. At the Return of the Year, they made another General, committing to him an Army well appointed 
Fight between the Siculi and Deucetius, against the Syracusians.  in all respects, with strict Orders to ruin and destroy Deucetius. To which end he led forth the Army, and found Deucetius encamped near 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Nomae, where a Battle was fought, and after many killed on both sides, the Siculi after a valiant Resistance at last fled, but a great slaughter was made of 'em, in the Pursuit. Many of those that escaped, fled to the Forts and Strong Holds, for few had Hearts and Courage enough to run the same Fortune with Deucetius.  
Whilst these things were thus acting, the Agrigentines retook the Castle of 
Motyum taken by the Agrigentines.  Motyum by force, wherein at that time was a Garrison of Deucetius; then they marched to the Victorious Syracusians, and both encamped together: But Deucetius having lost all his Treasure in the last Battle, was brought near to the utmost extremity, partly through the Treachery of some, and partly through the Cowardice of others of his Soldiers who deserted him.  
At length seeing matters brought to so desperate a Condition, that his Friends 
A remarkable Passage of Deucetius.  who were yet about him were ready to lay violent Hands upon him, to prevent the execution of their Treacheries, he fled with all speed in the Night to Syracuse, and whilst it was yet dark, came into the Marketplace, and fell down before the Altars, and as an humble Suppliant, gave up both himself and his Country into the Hands of the Syracusians. The strangeness of the thing brought a great Concourse of People together into the Marketplace. Upon which, a General Assembly of the Magistrates was called, and there it was debated what was to be done in this matter. Some who were used and loved to speak much to the People, persuaded them to take him as an Enemy, and for his many Acts of Hostility against them, to punish him accordingly. But the Wiser sort of the Senators who were then present, declared that the Suppliant was to be preserved, and that a reverend regard was to be had to the Providence of God; 
The generosity of the Syracusians in sparing Deucetius. Ant. Chr. 450.  and that they should not have respect so much to what Deucetius deserved, as seriously to consider what was fit and just for them to do in such a case. To kill one whom Providence had laid as a Suppliant at their Feet, was unjust, but to preserve and keep to the Rules of Piety towards God, and Humanity towards Men that submit to Mercy, greatly became the Generosity of the Syracusians. Hereupon the People unanimously cried out, Let the Suppliant be safe. Deucetius thus delivered, the Syracusians sent him back to Corinth, and commanded him there to continue the rest of his Days, with a Promise to supply him with all things necessary for his comfortable support. And now having performed our Promise in setting forth those things that happened the Year next before the Athenian Expedition into Cyprus under Cymon their General, we conclude this Book.    

THE Historical Library OF Diodorus the Sicilian. BOOK XII.  

The PREFACE.  
HE who seriously considers the incertainty and instability of Humane Affairs, must needs be struck with great admiration; for he'll find that nothing which amongst Men is accounted Good, is purely such; nor any thing that is esteemed Bad, is perfectly or absolutely evil, without some ingredient of Profit and Advantage: Which Lesson we may learn from what is before Related, if we ponder and digest things well. For the Expedition of Xerxes the King of Persia into Greece by reason of his vast Army, terrified the Grecians to the highest degree, who were by that War in great danger to be brought into absolute Slavery, and might justly fear that Greece was likely to fall into the same condition with the Greek Cities in Asia, who were not long before brought under the power of the Persians. But beyond all expectation, the event of this War, was wonderful, for the Grecians were not only delivered from this threatening Storm, but by that occasion gained an everlasting Renown, and every City in Greece thereby abounded with so much Wealth, that their sudden Turn of Fortune into such a height of Prosperity was admired by all: For Fifty Years together from that time, Greece flourished in all Felicity; in which time, by the Wealth that abounded amongst them, all good Arts were highly improved, and excellent Artists are recorded to have flourished in this Age; amongst whom was Phidias that famous Statuary; and several other Arts and Sciences 
Phidias the Statuary.  then advanced to an extraordinary degree. But the great honour of Greece was Philosophy and Oratory, and chief among the Athenians, Those that were eminent for Philosophy, were Socrates, Plato and Aristotle: For Oratory, Pericles, Isocrates and his Scholars. There were others no less famous for Military Discipline and excellent Commanders, as Miltiades, Themistocles, Aristides, Cimon, Mironides, and many others, of whom it would be too tedious to give a particular account. For the Athenian Name was highly honoured almost through all parts of the World; for they so enlarged their Dominion that by their own strength without the help of the Lacedæmonians, 
P. 292.  and them of Peloponesus, they routed the mighty Armies of the Persians, both by Sea and Land; and did so weaken that great Empire, that they compelled it upon Treaties to set free all the Grecian Cities in Asia: The particulars whereof are distinctly and at large related in the former Book, and in this we have at present in hand. And now we are come to the Matters designed to be treated of, endeavouring (as near as we can) to fix the time when things were done. We began the Book next before this with the Passage of Xerxes into Greece, and continued it with an account of affairs every where happening from that time to the Year next before the Expedition of the Athenians against Cyprus under Cymon their General. In this we shall begin with that Expedition, and proceed to the War decreed by the Athenians against the Syracusians.   

CHAP. I.  
Cymon the Athenian Admiral. his Expedition into Cyprus. Peace concluded between the Persians and Athenians. Cymon dies in Cyprus.  
EVthydemus being chief Governor of Athens, Lucius Quintus Cinnatius and Marcus Fabius Vibulanus Roman Consuls, Fortune frowned upon the Athenians; 
Olymp. 82. 3 An. Mu. 3520. Ant. Ch. 448.  for in assisting the Egyptians against the Persians, they lost all their Ships in the Island 
* An Island in Egypt in that part called Delta.  Prosopis; but not long after a new War was Determined against the Persians for the Liberties of the Grecian Cities in Asia.  
For this purpose the Athenians rigged out a Navy of Two Hundred Galleys, and made Cymon the Son of Miltiades Admiral, and ordered him to make straight for Cyprus, and there invade the Persians. Accordingly he forthwith Sailed thither 
Cymon invades Cyprus.  with a brave Fleet, welled Man'd and Victualled, and in all other things in every respect sufficiently provided. Artabasus was then Admiral of the Persian Fleet, and lay with Three Hundred Ships at Cyprus: And Megabyzus was General of the 
Ant. Ch. 448.  Persian Land Forces, and encamped with an Army of Three Hundred Thousand Men in Cilicia.  
Cymon being Master at Sea, landed his Men at Cyprus, and forced Citium and Malus, but used his Victory with great Moderation and Humanity; having received 
A Sea Fight at Cyprus.  Intelligence that Fleets were come from Phenicia and Celicia to the assistance of the Islanders, he hoist up Sail, Fought with them, sunk many of their Vessels, and took an Hundred, together with their Men, and pursued the rest even to Phenicia. The Persians with the remnant of the Fleet that was left fled to Megabyzus, where he lay encamped. But the Athenians without delay pursued them, and landed 
Ante Chr. 448. A Battle at land in Cilicia with the Persians.  their Men and set upon the Enemy, but lost in this Fight Anaxicrates, Vice Admiral of the Athenian Fleet, who Fought with much Gallantry, and there fell with Honour. However the Athenians got the Day, and after they had made a great Slaughter of their Enemies, returned to their Ships, and Sailed back to Cyprus. These were the things done in the first Year of the Cyprian War.  
After this, when Pedieus was Archon of Athens, the Romans bestowed the Consular Dignity upon Marcus Valerius Lactuca and Sporius Virginius Tricostus. In the 
Olymp. 82. 4. Ant. Ch. 447. An. Mu. 3521.  time of their Government Cymon continuing Master at Sea, brought most of the Cities of Cyprus under the power of the Athenians: But Salamis the Metropolis was a very strong Persian Garrison, well stored with Arms, Ammunition and Provision of all sorts; therefore he judged it of mighty consequence and Advantage if he could gain this Place; for he conceived if this were done that the whole Island would easily fall into his Hands, and the Persians would be altogether discouraged, and not being able to relieve Salamis (the Athenians being Masters 
Salamis in Cyprus besieged by Cymon.  at Sea) would be deserted and despised by all their Confederates. Lastly, he concluded, that if the whole Island of Cyprus were by force of Arms subdued, the chief ends of the War were obtained; and so it happened: For the Athenians 
P. 293. Ant. Ch. 447.  laying close Siege to the City, Assaulted and Battered it every day. But the Garrison being well furnished with Arms and all other necessaries, easily defended themselves from the Walls against all the strength of their Enemies.  
In the mean time Artaxerxes the King of Persia, hearing of the defeating of his Armies in Cyprus, called together a Council of War, where it was determined that it was most for the Public Good to make Peace with the Grecians: Whereupon Expresses were sent to the Generals and Officers of the Persians to make Peace with them upon any Terms. Artabasus and Megabyzus forthwith dispatched Ambassadors to Athens, to treat of Peace, whose Conditions being accepted by the Athenians, they sent likewise Plenipotentiaries, the chief of whom was Callias the Son of Hipponicus.  
And these were the Articles of Peace between the Persians and the Athenians 
Peace concluded between the Persians and Athenlans.  and their Confederates, to wit, that all the Greek Cities in Asia should be free and governed by their own Laws. That none of the Persian Commanders with any Force should come within three Days Journey of the Sea. That they should not Sail in any Man of War between 
* A City in Pamphilia.  Phaselis and 
† A City in Lycia.  Cyane. When these were confirmed by the King and the Officers of his Army, the Athenians on the other side agreed and engaged not to invade any of the Provinces of Artaxes. Peace thus concluded, the Athenians withdrew their Forces from Cyprus Triumphing in the glory of their Victories, and in the advantages of the Peace. But whilst the Army stayed in Cyprus, Cymon fell Sick and there Dyed. 
Cymon dies. Olymp. 83. Ant. Ch. 446.  Afterwards, Philiscus being chief Ruler at Athens, the Romans choosing Titus Romilius Vaticanus and Caius Veturius Cicurinus Consuls, was Celebrated the Eighty Third Olympiad, in which Crison of Himera carried the Victory. At this time the Megarians revolted from the Athenians, and by their Ambassadors sent to Sparta, 
The Megarians revolt from Athenia 〈…〉 ns  made a League with them; with which Treachery the Athenians enraged sent their Forces into their Country, who robbed and spoiled every where, and so loaden with Plunder returned home. The Citizens indeed issued out of the Town for the Defence of the Country, and engaged, but were beaten and driven within their Walls.   

CHAP. II.  
The Megarians revolt from the Athenians, and are beaten. The Athenians routed at Cheronea by the Beotians. Many Cities revolt. A Peace is Concluded.  
AFter these things, when Tymarchides was chief Governor of Athens, Sporius Tarpeius and Aulus Asterius Fontinus being created Roman Consuls, the 
Olymp. 83. 2 An. M. 3525. Ant. Ch. 445.  Lacedæmonians made an Irruption into Attica, and wasted and destroyed the Country far and near; and after they had taken several Forts and Castles returned into Peloponesus. However Tolmedes the Athenian General took Cheronea; but the Beotians joining together suprized him, upon which a Bloody Battle was Fought at Cheronea, in which Tolmedes was killed, though Fight with great Resolution, and the rest of the Athenians were all killed or taken. By this remarkable Slaughter the Athenians were compelled for the redeeming of the Captives, to restore all the Cities of Beotia under their dominion unto their ancient Liberties. Afterwards, at the time when Calimachus was Archon of Athens and Sextus 
Olymp. 83. 3  Quintilius Tergeminus Roman Consuls; In Greece many Cities revolted from the Athenians, who were grown very low by reason of the late defeat at Cheronea, 
Ant. Ch. 445.  especially the Inhabitants of Eubea were plotting and contriving some dangerous Designs. Pericles, therefore being made General, makes for Eubea with a great Army, and assaulted and took the City of the 
* Called Hestiea.  Hestieans, and all the Citizen's Captives, and transplanted them, and by this so terrified the rest that they all submitted unto the Athenian Government. And a Peace was concluded for 
Peace Concluded by the Cities with Athens for 30 Years.  Thirty Years, and the Articles were Signed and Sealed by Callias and Chares.   

CHAP. III.  
The War between the Agrigentines and Syracusians in Sicily. The War between them of Crotona and the Siberites. Sibaris razed. The Building of Thurium. Charondas his good Laws in Thurium. His remarkable Death. The Laws of Zaleucus of Locris.  
IN Sicily Wars arose between them of Syracuse and of Agrigentum for these 
P. 294.  Reasons. After the Syracusians had broken the Power of Ducetius Prince of the Siculi, upon his submission to the People for Mercy, they pardoned him, but commanded him to lead a private Life at Corinth: But he continued not long there before he broke all his Engagements and Agreements, and pretending that he was commanded by the Oracle to People the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  pleasant Sea Coast in Sicily, he arrived in the Island with a great Number of Men, as Colonies to Plant there. Some of the Siculi joined him, and amongst them one Archonides, Prince of 
† Now St. Nicholas.  Erbita: While he was intent upon his Colony, the Agrigentines partly out of envy to the Syracusians, and likewise because they had spared Deucetius their common Enemy, without their Consent, make War upon the Syracusians. Upon this the Cities of the Siculi then divided; some joined with the Agrigentines, others with the Syracusians, and great Armies are raised on both sides, and the Cities are pressed to the War with great Importunity. At length emcamping one over against the other, at the River Himera, they came to a Battle, and the Syracusians got the day, and killed a Thousand of the Agrigentines upon the Place. But presently after the Fight, the Agrigentines sent Ambassadors to Syracuse to make Peace, which was agreed unto upon Conditions. Whilst things were thus acting in Sicily the City Thurium was Built in Italy: And this was the 
Thurium Built in Italy.  occasion;  
The Grecians sometime before having Built Sybaris, in a short time the City grew very Rich by reason of the fruitfulness of the Soil. For being Situated between two Rivers, Crathis and Sybaris (from whence it took its Name) and the Inhabitants having a large and rich Country to Till, they grew Rich on a 
The City Sybaris very rich.  sudden, and taking in many into the Freedom of the City, flourished to such a degree as that they seemed to exceed all the Inhabitants of Italy. For they were so populous that this one City had in it three hundred thousand Inhabitants. There was at that time in the City one called Telys, who had great Influence over the People. This Man by raising Scandals amongst the the Citizens against those who were the Richest, so far at length prevailed with the Sybarites, that they Banished Five Hundred of the most wealthy Citizens, and confiscated 
The Wealthy Citizens Banished by the instigation of Telys.  their Estates to the public Use.  
These Banished Men went to Crotona, and there (after the manner of suppliants) fled to the Altars erected in the Forum. Hereupon Telys sent Ambassadors to the Crotonians, either to deliver up the banished Men, or expect War. A Council was called, and put to the question, whether they should deliver up the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Italiotes, so strangers were called that lived in Italy. Pythagoras. Ant. Ch. 445. The War between the Sybarites and them of Crotona.  Suppliants to the Sybarites or engage in a War with an Enemy more powerful than themselves. The Senate and People made some doubt, and the People first inclined to deliver them up rather than endure the War. But afterwards Pythagoras advising them to protect the Suppliants they changed their Opinion, and determined to Fight in their Defence.  
Hereupon the Sybarites took the Field with an Army of three hundred Thousand Men. The Crotonians had but an hundred Thousand, which were commanded by Milo the Wrestler, who at the first Onset put to flight that Wing of the Army which was opposite to him; for he was of invincible Strength, and had Courage answerable to his Strength, and had been six times Victor at the Olympic Games; when he began his Fight he was Crowned with Olmpick Wealths, wearing (like Hercules) a Lion's Skin and a Club; at last he gained an absolute Victory, and thereupon was much admired by his Countrymen. Upon the rout the Crotonians gave not Quarter, but Killed all they took, so that most of the Army was destroyed, the City was sacked and miserably laid waist and desolate. But within fifty eight Years 
Sybaris razed.  after the Thessalians arrived in order to Plant there, and 
P. 295. Rebuilt 58 Years after.  within less than five Years after they had rebuilt the City, they were likewise ejected by the Crotonians. For when Calimachus was Archon of Athens, this City began to be Inhabited: But shortly after it had changed both its Name and 
Sybaris removed changed its Name and called Thurium.  Place, being Built elsewhere by Lampo and Xenocrates, which was upon this occasion. The Sybarites driven out of their Country a second time, sent Ambassadors into Greece, and desired aid from the Lacedæmonians and Athenians to assist them in restoring them to their Country, and likewise desiring that they would send a Colony to partake with them. The Lacedæmonians rejected their Address; but the Athenians resolved to assist them, and sent ten Ships with Soldiers to the Sybarites, of which Lampo and Xenocrates 
Ant. Ch. 445.  were Generals: And Proclamation was made through all the Cities of Peloponesus by the Athenian Heralds, that it should be lawful for any that would, to Plant with them in their intended new Colony. Many complied, especially being moved thereunto by the Oracle of Apollo, who advised them to Build a City there where there was little Water, and yet Bread without Measure.  
Setting Sail therefore for Italy, they at length arrived at Sybaris; and there made diligent search for the Place commended to them by the Deity. And finding a Fountain or Spring (not far from Sybaris) which was called Thuria, issuing its Waters through a brazen Pipe, called Medymnum, which signifies a Bushel (judging this to be the Place foretold by the Oracle) they compassed it in with a Wall, and there Built the City, calling it from the Name of the Spring Thurium.  
The City in length contained four Streets: The first they called Heraclea, the second Aphrodisiade, the third Olympiad, the fourth Dionysiad. The breadth was divided into three Streets; the first called Heroa, the other Thuria, and the last Thurina. When all these Streets were filled with Houses, the City appeared very compact and beautiful. But the Thurians continued not long at Peace amongst 
Sedition at Thurium.  themselves, for a grievous Sedition (and not without some cause) began to disturb their Commonwealth. For the Sybarites, the ancient Inhabitants, shared all the chief Places of the Magistracy amongst themselves, and left only the inferior 
Ant. Ch. 445.  Offices to the new Colonies. And the Wives of the ancient Citizens were first admitted to Sacrifice before those that were lately brought into the Freedom of the City. And besides, they ingross'd all the Land next to the City, and divided it among themselves, and left that which was far off to the new Comers. This Fire of Dissension broke out into a devouring Flame, insomuch that the new Colony (then more powerful than the other) destroyed almost all the ancient Inhabitants, and brought the whole City into their own Power. But the Country being very Rich, and more than was sufficient for them that remained, they sent for many out of Greece to till and improve the Land, amongst whom they divided both the Houses in the City that were destitute of Inhabitants, and the Land in the Country. The Inhabitants grew very Rich in a short time, and entering into League with the Crotonians, governed their Commonwealth from thenceforth with great Commendation; and having settled a Democracy, divided the Citizens into ten Tribes, and gave them Names according to their several Countries: Three that came out of Peloponesus they called the Arcadian, Achaean and Elean. The same Number of them that came from other more remote Parts of Greece, they named the Beotian, Amphyctonidae, and Doridae, according to their several Tribes. The four residue from other Countries of Greece they called the Jadans, Athenaidae, Enboedae and Islanders. Out of the most learned and best accomplished Citizens they chose for their Legislator Charonidas, who examined the Laws of every Country, and picked out of every one what he judged to be the best, and digested them all into one Body or Systeme: But 
Charonidas his Laws. Ant. Ch. 445.  he added many himself of his own Contrivance: To rehearse some of which it will not be unprofitable to the Reader. And first he institued, That whoever Married a second Wife, and brought a Stepmother amongst his Children, should 
1 Concerning second Marage. P. 296.  be removed from the Senate and Common Assemblies, for he judged that Man could never advise his Country well who was so imprudent in his own Family: For they that were once well Married aught to rest satisfied with such a Happiness; and such as are unfortunate in their first Match, and yet against their own experience commit a second Fault in the same kind, justly deserve to be noted for Fools. To False Accusers he appointed this Punishment, That they should be led through the City Crowned with the Shrub-Tamarisk, that it might 
2 False accusers.  appear to all, that the Offender was guilty of the highest Wickedness. And it is reported that some Convicted of this Offence, to avoid the disgrace have killed themselves. By the severity of this Law false Informers (the Plague of the Commonwealth) were driven out of the City, and the Citizens lived in great prosperity. Charonidas made likewise a new Law (never before instituted by any former Legislator) concerning keeping bad Company. For he found by Experience, That both the Manners and Judgements of good and honest 
3 Bad Company.  Men were often depraved by the society and familiarity of wicked Men, and drawn aside from the Paths of Virtue to the filthiness of Vice; and that such Company like an infectious Disease seized the Minds of the very best with its Contagion and Corruption: For the way to Vice is down the Hill with a very easy descent; by reason whereof many of more than ordinary Integrity, (ensnared with the enticing Charms of Pleasure) have fallen into the highest degree of Wickedness; desiring therefore to prevent this mischief he severely forbade the keeping company and familiarity with lewd Men: And framed a Process against ill Society, and imposed a severe Fine upon such as should be found Guilty. And he made moreover another Law more excellent than this, passed 
Ant. Chr. 445.  by, by all the ancient Lawmakers: That is, That all the Children of the Citizens should learn to 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 4 Teaching to Write.  Write, and the City should pay the Master Wages. For he knew that they who were poor were not able to be at the Charge, and by consequence must lose the advantage of Instruction for their Children: For he preferred (and not without Cause) the 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. The praise of the Art of Writing.  knowledge of Writing to be learned in the first place before all other Arts; For by the help of this many things conducing to the publice Good are preserved to Posterity; as Suffrages, Decrees, Epistles, Wills Laws and other things necessary for Instruction. Who can sufficiently set forth the praises this Art? By this the Memory of the Dead is preserved amongst the living; by these Messengers, they that are at the greatest distance, far absent, may be Conversed with as present. These preserve the Opinions of the wisest Men, the Answers of the Gods, the Learning of Philosophers, all the Sciences of the World, and hand them down to Posterity for ever. Life is due to Nature, but how to live well we owe to the Books of the Learned, so that by this good Law (at the public Care and Charge) those who were illiterate before (wholly deprived of those great Blessings) were now improved by more happy Education; so that (we may say) he far exceeded those former Lawmakers who appointed Physicians for the curing of private men's Distempers at the charge of the Public; for they provided cures for men's Bodies; but he for Ignorance and disease of men's Souls. And we never desire to have need of a 
P. 297.  Physician, but are always unwilling to part with a learned Man: Many Poets have Celebrated these Laws concerning evil Company; among others are these.—  
If one Herd with bad Company  
I ask not what he is, but, see,  
Such as his Friends are such is he. 
Ant. Chr. 457.   
Of his Law concerning Stepmothers mention is made thus, The lawgiver (say they) Charonidas, amongst others made this Law.—  
Let him have no repute but of a Fool  
That sets a Stepdame o'er his House to Rule:  
Nor let him for a civil Office sue,  
Who to an old Plague dares to add a new:  
If good luck in a Wife thou hast had, then  
Stick at a good hand; if bad, as most Men,  
thou'rt Mad if thou seek'st to be cursed again.  
In truth he who miscarries twice in one and the same thing may justly be accounted a Fool. For what Philemon the Comic Poet says of them that have often escaped Shipwreck, some have applied to this Case.  
I wonder not that one the Sea should enter  
And Sail, but that he made the second venture.  
It's no wonder to see a Man Marry; but to see him twice Marry. For it's safer and more advisable for a Man to expose himself twice to the dangers of the Sea, than to the hazards of a second Wife. For most sad and cruel discords often arise in Families between Parents and Children by the tricks and devices of Stepmothers. Hence we have the frequent and horrid pieces of Villainy of this kind represented upon the Stage by the Tragedians.  
Charonidas framed another very good Law concerning the Guardianship of Orphans. 
5 About Orphans.  Upon the first view there seems to be little in it worthy taking notice of; but Examining it more closely, we may discern much in it Wisdom and excellent Contrivance. Their Estates he committed to the care and Guardianship of next of Kin on their Father's side, but their Education and the custody of their Persons 
Ante Chr. 445.  to them of the Mothers. At first here seems nothing of any great weight in this Law, but upon more serious Consideration, it will evidently appear to be a most excellent Constitution: For if the Cause be seriously pried into why he ordered the care of the Estate to one, and the Education of the Person to another, the Wisdom and Prudence of the Lawmaker will be very evident: For they on the Mother's side would never contrive any thing of prejudice to the Person whose Estate could never come and descend to them; and the mischief was prevented as to the Kindred of the Father's side, because the Person was not committed to their Custody. On the other hand, in regard the Estate of the Orphan was to fall to the Father's Kindred in case of his Death, it was to be presumed they would take care to preserve and improve it, upon the prospect of the possibility of its coming unto themselves. Another Law he made against those that ran 
6 Against such as ran from their Colours.  away from their Colours or refused to take up Arms for the Defence of their Country: For whereas former Lawgivers made it Death, his Edict was, That such Men should sit three days in the Forum clothed in Woman's Apparel; which Constitution as it was more moderate than those in other places, so the greatness of the disgrace did work more upon ingenious Spirits to deter them from softness and effeminatness; judging it far better to die than to undergo so much disgrace in their own Country. By this way he destroyed not those that were Guilty, but reserved them for the future Service of the City as occasion should be; who in all likelihood after such disgrace would carry themselves better, and endeavour to wipe off the stain of their former reproach by doing something more than ordinary for the time to come. The Severity and Strictness likewise 
The severity of his Laws as to the repeating of them.  of his Laws gave a perpetual vigour to them; For it was absolutely forbidden to departed in the least from the Letter of the Law tho' it were never so severe or inconvenient. But if any were fit to be repealed or amended, he gave power for that purpose. For he judged it fit and just for every Man to Stoop to the 
Ant. Chr. 445.  Authority of the Lawgiver, but to suffer the Cavils and Exceptions of every private Man to prevail (nay though they seemed to tend to the Public good) was most absurd. And by this means he restrained those that would in giving of of Judgement for criminal Matters bring in their own Glosses and Expositions against the express Words of the Law, lest by their Cavils the Authority of the Laws should come to nothing. And hereupon it is reported that some Prosecutors 
P. 298.  against Criminals said to the Judges, that either the Law or the Malefactor must of necessity be preserved, Charonidas therefore appointed something more than usual concerning the amendment of the Laws. For whereas he saw that there were many in divers Cities who rashly, and hand over head going about to correct and amend the Laws, did nothing else but (by corrupting them) involve the common People in Seditions; he published this most excellent Law (differing from all that were before) That any Person who would have any Law to be altered or amended, a Council should be called, and he who would have an alteration, 
8. Concerning amendment of the Laws.  should have a Rope put about his Neck, and so continue while the Votes of the People-concerning the change of the Law were in taking; and if the Assembly did approve of the new Law, than the Author should be discharged; 
A notable Law to prevent Innovation.  but if it were rejected, than he should be forthwith hanged. By this so severe a Caution to prevent Innovation, new Lawmakers disappeared, and none durst so much as whisper any thing concerning the amendment or alteration of the Laws.  
From that time forward, there were at Thurium only Three (forced by urgent Provocations) that appeared and stood up to persuade the People to Abrogation of some Laws. For there was a Law, that he who struck out the Eye 
Ant. Chr. 445.  of another, should have his own Eye plucked out. It happened that one who had only one Eye (by the injury of another) lost that also, so that he was altogether 
Eye for Eye. The Story of him that had but one Eye.  blind. In this case although the Offender was to lose his Eye for the injury done to the other, yet the punishment was not thought equivalent to the nature of the Offence; for he who made his Fellow Citizen wholly blind, although by losing one of his Eyes, he satisfied the letter of the Law, yet the loss and prejudice was not equal; and therefore it was conceived to be most equitable and just, that he who deprived another of his sight wholly, should lose both his Eyes, if the punishment were proportioned to the Offence. This blind Man therefore (moved and heated with the pain and indignity of the thing) complained to the People of his sad Condition, and made his Address to them 
One moved to have some Laws amended.  for amendment of the Law. At length having the Rope about his Neck, he prevailed, and the Law was abolished, and another made more effectual in its place, and so he escaped hanging. Another Law likewise was moderated, whereby power was given to the Wife in some cases, to leave her Husband, and marry whom else she thought fit. For one grown old (being forsaken by his young Wife) proposed to the People for an amendment of the Law to have this further Addition, That it might be lawful for any Wife that had a desire to leave 
Law about Marriage.  her Husband, to marry any other Man, provided he were no younger than her former Husband; and that he who cast off his Wife, should marry none younger than the Wife he rejected. And he succeeded so well in his Proposal, that by having the Law amended, he not only escaped the Rope, but by this means, his Wife that had a Mind to a young Fellow, was forced to return to him again. 
Ant. Chr. 445.   
The Third Law (which Solon likewise had made) which was amended, was that concerning Virgins and Orphans. The Law was, that where there was an Heiress left, the next of Kin might demand her in Marriage; and so on the other hand, a young Woman an Orphan, might demand him that was of her next Kindred in Marriage, and he should be forced to marry her; or if she were poor, give her Five Hundred 
* Drachma was of the Value of 7 d. in our Money.  Drachmas for her Portion. There was an Orphan of this kind left of a good Family, but yet extreme Poor; she by reason of her Poverty in no likelihood to get a Husband, made her application to the People, and with many Tears bemoaned her desolate condition, and despicable state of Life, and desired an amendment of the Law to this purpose, That in lieu of the Five Hundred Drachmas, the next of Kin whom by the Law the Orphan might demand in Marriage, should be forced to marry her. The People commiserating her Condition, changed the Law, and so she was delivered from 
P. 299.  the Rope, and the rich Kinsman was forced to marry the poor Maid without any Dowry.  
Now it remains we should speak of the Death of Charonidas, concerning which, 
The remarkable Death of Charonidas.  there happened something remarkable and wonderful; for when he was gone forth against some Robbers that made inroads into the Country, before he returned, there happened a Tumult to be raised by the People in one of their Common Assemblies. Determining therefore to make diligent Enquiry into the Cause and Authors of the Sedition, he came hastily in amongst them, with his Sword girt at his side; and a Law he had made, that none should come armed into the Senate-house; but had forgotten his Sword then at his Side, and so rushed into the Assembly, and thereby gave an occasion to them that maligned him, to accuse him: Upon which, one cries out, You break the Law which you yourself made. No, says he, but I will confirm it; and forthwith ran himself through. 
† Vid. lib. 13. f. 53.  Some Writers ascribe this Fact to Diocles the Lawmaker of Syracuse.  
But having spoken enough of Charonidas, we shall now relate something in short of Zaleuchus the Lawmaker, because they were much alike in their Consultations, 
The Lawmaker Zaleuchus.  and bend their Minds and Thoughts to the same things, and flourished in Cities near adjoining one to another. Zaleuchus was an Italian born at Locris, of a noble Family, of great Learning, and Scholar to Pythagoras. He was of great esteem and account in his Country, and chosen by the People to be their Lawmaker. He began his Laws first with the Worship of the Gods. In the Preface he requires the Inhabitants, That in the First place, and above all, they should be fully persuaded, and 
Law about Religion. Excellent Notions and Rules of Natural Religion relating to Divine Worship, and this by a Heathen.  undoubtedly believe that there were Gods; and that devoutly looking up to Heaven, and viewing the Beauty and admirable Harmony and Order thereof, they should judge and certainly conclude, that that great Work was not of Men, or came there by chance: And therefore he ordained, they should adore and worship the Gods, from whom all that is good descends upon Men. And to that end, that they ought to have their Minds pure and unspotted, inasmuch as the Gods are better pleased with the just and honest Actions of Righteous Men, than with all their costly Sacrifices. Having made this Preface or Introduction, he than subjoins his Precepts. First, That none should be implacable 
Ant. Chr. 445. 1. Against Implacableness.  one against another, but that all should so manage their Animosities; as to keep a reserve in a short time to be reconciled, and in full Friendship with their Adversaries; and if any did otherwise, such a Man should be reputed of a fierce and inhuman Disposition. Secondly, He commanded the Magistrates 
2. About Magistrates.  that they should not be Proud and Domineering; that they should not give Judgement in any matter, either for Love or Hatred. And in other particulars, he devised many things with great Wisdom, Prudence and Ingenuity. 3. Whereas in all other Countries, by the excess and extravagance of Women 
3. Against the Expense of Women.  much Silver was spent and wasted, by a witty and ingenious kind of Punishment, he restrained their Excess, for he ordered, That no Woman that was Free of the City should be attended Abroad with any more than one Servant, unless she were Drunk. That none should walk abroad in the Night, except it were with an intent to play the Who●e, nor wear golden Ornaments or Garments embroidered with Gold, unless with the same intent: Nor that any 
4. Expenses of Men.  Man should wear a Gold Ring, of a Milesian Garment, unless he were guilty of Fornication or Adultery. By these dishonourable Exceptions and Conditions of Indemnity (which were Punishments in themselves) he easily restrained the Citizens from Luxury and Excess, for none were willing to expose themselves as laughingstocks to their Fellow Citizens, by owning themselves guilty of such foul Offences. Many other Laws concerning Contracts and other Differences which might arise, were with great Judgement made by him, which would be too tedious particularly to relate, and beside the scope and intent of our History: We shall therefore return whence we made a digression. 
P. 300. Olymp. 83. 4. Ant. Ch. 443.   
Lysimachides was chief Ruler of Athens, when the Romans conferred the Consular dignity upon Titus Menenius, and Poplius Sestius Capitolinus. In their time the Sybarites that had escaped in the late Sedition, seated themselves at the River Tarentum, where they continued for some time, but at length were rooted out, and utterly destroyed by the Brutii. In Greece in the mean time, the Athenians having recovered Eubea, drove the Hestians out of the City; and sending thither a Colony of a Thousand Citizens of their own, they divided the City and Land adjacent amongst them by Lot.   

CHAP. IU.  
Of the Decemviri in Rome, chosen to make Laws. The War between the Thurians and Tarentines. The sad Story of the Daughter of one Lucius Virginius in Rome, which caused a disturbance and great Sedition. The Law of the Twelve Tables. Peace all over the World.  
WHen Praxitiles was Governor of Athens, the Eighty Fourth Olympiad was 
Olymp. 84. 1. Ant. Ch. 442.  celebrated (in which Crison of Himera was Victor) and at Rome, Ten Persons (called the Decem-viri) were chosen to compose new Laws. 
* Appius.  Publius Claudius Regillanus, Titus 
† Crenucius.  Minutius, Sporius Viturius, Caius Julius, 
* Servius.  Caius Sulpitius, Publius Sestius, 
† T. Romilius.  Romilius, Sporius Posthumius, 
* A. Manlius.  Culbinius and Publius Horatius. By these Persons were Laws made. In their time a War broke out between the Thurians and them of Tarentum; in which War the Countries were wasted on both sides by Inroads by Land, and Invasions from Sea; many small Battles and Skirmishes were fought, but nothing done of any moment.  
Lysanias being chief Ruler at Athens, the Romans again chose Ten Men for 
Olymp. 84. 2. Ante Chr. 441. The Story of the Daughter of Virginius.  making of Laws. Appius Claudius, Marcus Cornelius, Lucius Minutius, Caius Sergius, Quintus Pitilius, Marcus Rabuleius, T. Antonius Meranda, Q. Fabius Vibulanus, C. Duilius, and Sp. Opius. But these could not perfect the Business wherein they were employed; for 
† Appius.  one of them fell in Love with a beautiful Virgin, but of small Fortune, whom he endeavoured to debauch by Money. But when he saw he could not gain his Design by those means, he suborned a 
* One Marcus Claudius.  Fellow fit for his purpose to claim her for his Bondslave, and to bring her before the Decem-viri, and demand Judgement against her as his Slave; which was easily obtained from a corrupt Judge, the Author of the Villainy. She being delivered to him, the Sycophant Knave carried her away as his Bondmaid. In the mean time, the 
‖ One Lucius Virginius.  Father of the Young Woman, moved with Grief and Rage at the indignity offered, hastened to the Court, where seeing no hopes of redress, he followed his Daughter close behind her, and spying a Knife in a Butcher's Shop, as he passed by, he snatched it up, and forthwith stabbed his Daughter to Death, to avoid the indignity and disgrace of such a condition, and forthwith without delay, hastening out of the City, made to the Army that was then encamped at Algidum, and with many Tears declared his miserable Condition, and implored their Assistance; which on the sudden affected them all with Commiseration, and great sorrow at his Calamity; upon which (being all stirred up with a resolution to relieve the distressed Father) in the Night they rush into Rome, and possess themselves of the Aventine Mount. As soon as the Day broke, the Decem-viri, being informed of the Rage of the Soldiers against the wickedness of the Fact (by force of Arms resolving to defend their Colleague) got together a multitude of Young Men to dispute the matter with their Adversaries by the Sword. And now a great and bloody Fight seemed to be at hand, when some of the Citizens of the best Quality, foreseeing the danger, interposed by Messengers to both Parties, in order to compose the Difference; entreating and earnestly beseeching them, that they would forbear, and not involve their Country in Blood and Destruction. At length the matter was agreed upon these Conditions, That there 
Tribunes of the People chosen at Rome.  should be Ten called 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Tribunes of the People.  Tribunes of the People chosen, who should have Sovereign Power and Authority over all the rest of the Magistrates of the City, and who might protect the common Liberty of the People: And that one of the Consuls every Year should be chosen out of the Senators, and the other out of the Common People. Yea, further, that they should have Power to choose both Consuls out from among themselves if they thought fit. And this Law was then made to be a Check to the exorbitant power of the Patricians; for they 
Ant. Chr. 441. P. 301.  under colour of their great and high Birth, and the glory of their Families, with insufferable Pride engrossed to themselves all the power and authority of the City. Amongst the Conditions it was further added, That the Tribunes of the People, at the end of every Year, should appoint as many new ones in their room to succeed, and if they did neglect it, they should be burnt alive. And though the Tribunes could not agree in their Choice, yet they should continue still in their Offices in the mean time. And this was the end of the great Commotion at Rome.  
Diphilus being Archon of Athens, the Romans created Marcüs Horatius, and 
Olymp. 84. 3. Ant. Ch. 440. The Twelve Tables at Rome.  Lucius Valerius Potitus Consuls, who perfected the Laws which suffered an irruption by the Sedition. For there were then Ten of the Twelve Tables (as they were called) only finished, the other Two were added by these Consuls. The Roman Laws thus perfected, the Consuls ordered them to be engraven upon Twelve Tables of Brass, and fixed them to the Pleaders Desk in the face of the Court. And these Laws thus written briefly and plainly without any flourish of Words remain unto this Day.  
About the time these things were done, most Nations through the World were at Peace; for the Persians made a double League with the Grecians, and with the Athenians and their Confederates, 
Most Nations of the World at Peace.  whereby Liberty was restored to all the Greek Cities of Asia. The other afterwards was with the Lacedæmonians, by which 
This may be the time mentioned in Zachary, Zach. 1. 11. which continued to the time of Darius Nothus, Ant. Chr. 440.  it was agreed quite contrary, that the Greek Cities in Asia, should remain under the power of the Persians. In like manner, the Grecians were at Peace among themselves, the Athenians and Spartans' having entered into a League for Thirty Years. And all was likewise quiet in Sicily, the Carthaginians having made Peace with Gelon, and all the Grecian Cities submitted to them of Syracuse. And the Agrigentines after the Slaughter at Himera, accepted of Terms of Peace. And all the People of Italy, France, Spain, and most Parts of the World, were at perfect Concord one with another. Therefore we have no account in History of any thing memorable done in War during this time; but all were every where at rest, solacing themselves with Sports and Sacred Festivals, and other Jollities, the common Attendants of a prosperous State and Condition.   

CHAP. V.  
The War between the Samians and the Melesians. A Sedition in Samos, which revolts from the Athenians. The War in Sicily by the Syracusians against the Trinacrians.  
TImocles was now chief Governor of Athens, and Larius Herminius, and Titus Virginius Tricostus, Roman Consuls. In their time the Samians break forth into War against the Milesians concerning 
Olymp. 84. 4. Ant. Chr. 439.  
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 pro Priene, Thucyd. Priene, a Town in jonia, under the Mountain Micale. Pericles sent against the Samians.  Priene; and discerning the Athenians more to favour the Milesians, they revolted from them. Hereupon the Athenians sent Pericles (made Admiral some time before) with Forty Sail against the Samians, who approached their City, easily reduced it, and there established a Democracy. And having imposed a Mulct of Eighty Talents upon them, and received as many Youths for Hostages, he committed them to the care and custody of the Lemnians; and so having in a short time finished with good success all for which he was sent, he returned to Athens.  
After this, a grievous Sedition happened in Samos, some being for the Democracy, 
Seditions in Samos.  others endeavouring to set up an Aristocracy, whereby the City was in a mighty popular Tumult. They who were against the Democracy went over to Sardis in Asia to Pissuthines the Persian Governor to desire aid, who lends them Seven Hundred Soldiers, hoping by this means to bring Samos under his power. 
P. 302.  The Samians with this aid, losing from Asia in the Night, stole secretly upon the City, and by the help of their Accomplices, entered and surprised it; and being thus easily possessed, forthwith eject all of the contrary Faction. Then having stolen and carried away the Hostages out of Lemnos, and strengthened Samos with Garrisons, they declare themselves open Enemies against the Athenians; who again send against them Pericles with Sixty Sail; who overcame them in a Sea Fight though they had Seventy Sail. Upon this (with the help of Twenty Five Ships, which joined him from Chios and Mitylene) he besieged Samos; and some few Days after, leaving part of his Forces to maintain the Siege, with the rest he made against the Phenician Fleet, which the Persians sent to the aid of the Samians. The Samians taking advantage of the opportunity of his departure, suddenly set upon the rest of his Fleet and routed them; with which success they grew very proud and haughty. But Pericles hearing of the ruin of his Fleet left behind, returned without delay, and got together a strong and numerous Navy, fully resolving utterly to ruin the Enemy's Fleet; And being speedily supplied by the Athenians with Threescore Ships, and with Thirty from Chios and Mitylene, he renewed the Siege both by Sea and Land, wearying the City with continual Assaults. He was the first that made use of those warlike Engines called Battering Rams, and Scorpions, by the assistance and ingenuity 
Battering-Rams and Scorpions. Ant. Chr. 439.  of Artemon the Lacedaemonian. And by his fierce and violent Assaults, battering down the Walls with his Engines, the City fell into his Hands. And after he had put to Death the Authors of the defection, he caused the Samians to pay Two Hundred Talents in Compensation for the charge of the War. He carried away likewise all their Ships, and demolished the Walls; and when he had restored the Democracy, returned into his own Country. To this time the Thirty Years Truce between the Athenians and the Lacedæmonians continued unviolated. And with these things was this Year remarkable.  
When Myrichides governed the state of Athens, Lucius Julius, and Marcus Geganius 
Olym. 85. 1. An. Mu. 3531. Ant. Chr. 438.  were Roman Consuls. The Eleans then celebrated the Eighty Fifth Olympiad, in which Crisus of Himera was the Second Victor. In these times in Sicily, Ducetius formerly Prince of the Siculi, planted the Country of the Callatines', and having settled there many Colonies, began at length to take upon him the Sovereign power over the Siculi: But falling sick, both his Life and his Designs 
Ducetius dies.  vanished together.  
The Syracusians now being Lords of all the Cities of Sicily (except Trinacria) 
War between the Syracusians and Trinacrians.  resolved to gain that likewise by force of Arms; for they were exceedingly jealous of the Trinacrians, because they were very rich, lest they should at any time after gain the Sovereignty of the 
* Sicilians.  Siculi, to whom they were related as Kindred. This City both then and ever, had many valiant Men amongst them, and upon that account was ever esteemed the principal City of the Siculi, for it was full of good Commanders, Men of brave and daring Spirits. The Syracusians therefore gathered together all their Forces both from Syracuse, and from among their Confederates, and marched against the Trinacrians; who being destitute of all assistance, by reason the rest of the Cities were subject to Syracuse, were in a bloody Battle hard put to it; and after a resolute and valiant opposition, all gallantly died upon the spot. For those that were wounded, rather than to undergo the disgrace of being Captives, dispatched themselves. They of Syracuse having obtained this Victory over a People never before subdued, 
P. 303.  made all the Inhabitants Captives, and razed the City to the Ground. The richest of the Spoils they sent to Delphos as a grateful Offering to the Gods.   

CHAP. VI  
The Corinthian War against Corcyra. Potidea revolts from the Athenians. Quarrels in Thurium. Meton's Year. Heraclea in Italy built. Potidea besieged by Phormio.  
GLaucides the Chief Magistrate of Athens, Titus Quintus, and Agrippa Furius, 
Olym. 85. 2. An. M. 3533. Ant. Ch. 437.  Consuls of Rome: The Syracusians (being Victorious as is before related) fell a building of Ships of Three Oars upon a Bank, and doubling the number of their Horse, busied themselves in raising a Land-Army. And that they might. raise, and get together a great Treasure and Fond of Money, they exacted larger Contributions from their Subjects; and this they did with a Design to subject all Sicily by degrees to their Dominion.  
Whilst these things were in doing, the Corinthian War (as it's called) broke 
The Corinthian War.  forth upon the following occasion. The Epidamnians, the Inhabitants of the Coasts of the Adriatic Sea, being Colonies brought from Corcyra and Corinth, were greatly distressed with Tumults and Seditions amongst themselves, where the stronger Party cast many of the contrary Faction out of the City; whereupon the Exiles joined together, and calling the Illyrians to their Assistance and Confederacy, they made against Epidamnum with a great Fleet: And being the Barbarians were very strong, they easily possessed themselves of the Country, and besieged the City. They of Epidamnum not able to resist so great a Force, 
Ant. Chr. 437.  sent to Corcyra for aid, who were of the same Stock and Kindred; but being disregarded by them, they made their Application to the Corinthians, owning that City to be their only Metropolis, and desired a Supply of more Citizens in the room of those that were ejected. The Corinthians partly out of pity to them of Epidamnum, and partly out of an old grudge they bore them of Corcyra (for that they only of all the Colonies, brought from them thither, neglected to send to them as their Metropolis, the usual Offerings) decreed Aid to be sent to them of Epidamnum. And accordingly they sent both a new Supply of Citizens, and a Guard of Soldiers sufficient for the defence of the City. The Corcyreans much enraged at this, fitted out a Fleet of Fifty Sail against them. The Admiral of which Fleet after his arrival commanded them of Epidamnum, to receive the Exiles: And then by Ambassadors proposed to the Corinthian Garrison, That the matter relating to the Colony, might rather be ended in an orderly Course of Justice, than by force of Arms. But the Corinthians refusing, it came at length to a War; and Fleets were prepared, and Associations and Confederacies made on both sides: And these were the Causes of that Corinthian War. In the mean time, the Romans made War against the Volsci. At first they began with light and small Skirmishes; but at length in a formal Battle the Romans became Victorious, and slew most of their Enemies upon the Field.  
When Theodorus governed Athens, and the Romans constituted Marcus Genusius, 
Olymp. 85. 3. Ant. Ch. 436.  and Agrippa Curtius Chelon, Consuls; in Italy the Nation of the Campanians began to flourish; so called from the Fruitfulness of the Country round about them. In Asia the Archaeanactidae had now held the Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosphorus for the space of Two and Forty Years; to whom then succeeded Spartacus, who reigned Seven Years. In Greece the Corinthians and Corcyreans were preparing on both sides Navies for Fights at Sea: And presently the Corinthians 
Sea-Fight between the Corinthians and Corcyreans.  made towards the Enemy with Seventy Galleys bravely sitted out; and the Corcyreans met them with Fourscore, routed them, and took Epidamnum by Storm, and made all the Corinthians their Prisoners, but put all the rest to the Sword. The Corinthians by this overthrow, wholly discouraged, returned into Peloponesus. 
P. 304.  The Corcyreans now become Masters of this part of the Sea, invaded the Confederates of the Corinthians, and wasted their Country.  
This Year ended, Euthymenis entered upon the Government of Athens, and at 
Olymp. 85. 4. An. Mu. 3535.  Rome Three Military Tribunes were appointed Magistrates with Consular dignity, Aulus Sempronius, Lucius Atilius, and Titus Celius. At that time the Corinthians, not long before overcome at Sea, determined to put forth another Navy more glorious than the former. And to that end getting together Materials from all Parts, and hiring Ship-Carpenters out of the Cities, they built Ships with all care and earnestness, and prepared all manner of Arms and Weapons, and every thing necessary for War; some Ships they built new, others they repaired, and some they borrowed of their Confederates. Nor were they of Corcyra idle, for they were nothing inferior to their Enemies in care and diligence; whence it was apparent how dreadful a War was like to ensue. In the mean time, the Athenians sent a Colony to Amphipolis, chosen partly out of their own City, and partly out of the neighbouring Forts and Castles.  
Nausimachus being chief Ruler of Athens, Titus Quintus, and Marcus Geganius Macerinus were chosen Roman Consuls. At that time, the Eleans celebrated the 
Olymp. 86. 1. An. Mu. 3536. Ant. Chr. 435.  Eighty Sixth Olympiad, in which Theopompus of Thessaly carried away the Prize. The Corcyreans hearing of the great Preparations that were making against them, sent Ambassadors to Athens, to desire their Assistance, which was done likewise by the Corinthians. The Assemblies being called, and audience given to the Ambassadors on both sides, it was determined to join with them of Corcyra. 
The Athenians join with the Corcyreans.  And without delay, they sent them Ten Ships of Three Oars in a Seat, well Man'd and provided, promising to send them more, as there should be occasion.  
The Corinthians (now abandoned by the Athenians) having Ninety Ships of their own, borrowed Sixty more of their Confederates, and so made up a Fleet of an Hundred and Fifty Sail, and furnished it with choice Commanders, and forthwith made out against the Corcyreans, to fight them upon the first opportunity. As soon as the Corcyreans heard that their Enemy's Fleet was near at Hand, they made forth against them with a Navy of an Hundred and Twenty Sail, accounting those of Athens.  
The Fleets engaged, and fought with great Resolution; the Corinthians at the 
Another Fight at Sea. Ant. Chr. 435.  first had the Advantage, but a Fleet of Twenty Sail from Athens just then appearing (sent in pursuance of a second Address made to them) the Corcyreans got the Day. The next Day the Corcyreans appeared with their whole Strength in a Line of Battle, daring the Corinthians to Fight; but they kept within their Harbours, and so avoided further Fight.  
Antilochides now Archon of Athens, at Rome Marcus Fabius, and Posthumius Aebutius 
Olymp. 86. 2. An. Mu. 3537.  
† Elbas'. Ant. Chr. 434.  Aulicus were made Consuls: In their times the Corinthians greatly resented the Confederacy of the Athenians with them of Corcyra, especially for that the Victory obtained, was chief by their means. And therefore being enraged, and seeking by all the means they could to be revenged, they stirred up their Colony at Potidea to revolt. In like manner Perdiccas the King of Macedonia, not long 
Potidea revolts from the Athenians.  before incensed against the Athenians, prevailed with them of 
* Chalcidica a Region in Macedonia.  Chalcidica to revolt, and leave the Cities upon the Sea Coast, and withdraw only into one called Olynthus.  
The Athenians hearing of the defection of Potidea, sent forth a Fleet of Thirty Sail, with Command both to destroy the Country of the Rebels, and storm the City. They according to order, bend their Course for Macedonia, and likewise besieged the City. The Corinthians sent Two Thousand Men to assist the Besieged, and the Athenians sent as many to strengthen it. Hereupon a great 
P. 305. Potidea Besieged. Ant. Chr. 435.  Battle was fought in the Isthmus near Pallene, where the Athenians were Victors, and killed above Three Hundred of the Enemy. And then straighter Siege was laid to Potidea. In the mean time, the Athenians built a new City in Propontis, which they called Letoanum.  
In Italy the Romans sent new Colonies into Ardea, and divided the Country amongst them by Lot.  
Now Charetes executed the Office of Archon at Athens, and the Romans made 
Olymp. 86. 3. An. Mu. 3538. Ant. Chr. 434.  Quintus Furius Fusus, and Manius Papyrius Crassus' Consuls. In Italy the Inhabitants of Thurium (being composed of People gathered from several Places) began to quarrel and disagree concerning what City chief Thurium, should be reputed 
Quarrels at Thurium.  a Colony of, and who should be acknowledged the Founder. For first they of Athens challenged it, affirming most of the Inhabitants came from thence. Next they of Peloponesus (because many Cities sent Colonies from thence) claimed the right of being accounted Founders of the City. In this manner (there being many Persons of Quality Members of the Colony, who had done much towards its Advancement,) there arose great Dissensions, every one challenging the dignity and honour as due to himself. At length they of Thurium sent to Delphos to consult there who should be esteemed and taken to be their Founder. The Oracle answered, That he himself should be so taken. And thus the great doubt being resolved, the Thurians declared Apollo their Founder: And so this Difference being removed, the People lived in Peace as formerly. In Greece, Archidamus King of Lacedaemon died, having reigned Forty Two Years, and Agis 
Archidamus dies.  succeeded, who reigned Seven and Forty Years.  
At the time when Apseudes was chief Governor of Athens, and Titus Minenius, 
Olymp. 86. 4. An. Mu. 3539. Ant. Chr. 453.  and Proculus Geganius Macerinus, Roman Consuls, Spartacus King of Bosphorus died, after he had Reigned Seventeen Years; whom Seleucus succeeding, Reigned only Four Years. At Athens flourished that famous ginger Meton the Son of Pausanias, who then published his Table of the Cycle of the Moon called Enneadeceterides, beginning from the Thirteenth of the Attic Month 
* Answering to the Roman Months June and July. See Aelian. Var. Hist. lib. 10. c. 7.  Scirrophorion: For in the space of Nineteen Years the Stars return to the same State and Place, and complete as it were a great Year. And therefore by some it is called Meton's Year. 
Meton's Year.  This Man in this Discovery, seems to be exactly true to a wonder, for the Motions and Aspects of the Stars, fully agree with this Description. And therefore most of the Grecians following the Rule of this Table, have never erred to this Day. In Italy they of Tarentum, drove out the Inhabitants of Siris, and bringing a new Colony thither, built a City called Heraclea.  
When Pythodorus governed Athens, and Titus Quintius, and Titus Menenius Agrippa, were Roman Consuls, the Eleans celebrated the Eighty Seventh Olympiad, in which was Victor Sophron of 
Olymp. 87. 1. An. Mund. 3540. Ant. Chr. 432.  of Amphration. At this time Spurius 
† Milius killed by Servilius Hala, Master of the Horse.  Manius affecting Sovereignty at Rome, was killed. In the mean time, the Athenians in a Signal Battle at Potidea (wherein they were Conquerors) lost their General Callias. Phormio was advanced to his Place, who as soon as he came to the Army, renewed the Siege, and pressed hard upon it with continual Assaults: But by reason of the Valour and 
P. 306.  Obstinacy of the Defendants, the Siege continued long.  
Here Thucydides the Athenian gins his History, and then proceeds to relate 
Thucydides gins his History.  the War between the Athenians and the Lacedæmonians, called the Peloponesian War. It continued Seven and Twenty Years, but Thucydides writes only of the first Two and Twenty Years, in Eight Books, others say Nine.   

CHAP. VII.  
The Peloponesian War. Potidea Revolts; Besieged by the Athenians, and is surrendered upon Articles. Nicias made the Athenian Admiral. Gorgias an excellent Orator sent from Leontine in Sicily to Athens. A Peace concluded after the War had continued Ten Years.  
WHen Euthydemus governed at Athens, the Romans created Three Military 
Olymp. 87. 2. An. M. 3541. Ant. Ch. 431.  Tribunes, invested with Consular Power; Manius Emilius Mamercus, Caius Julius, and Lucius Quintius. At this time broke forth that War between the Athenians and the Lacedæmonians, called the Peloponesian War, of longest continuance of any we read of in History.  
According to the Design of our History, it is convenient in the first Place, to 
The Peloponesian War.  declare the Causes of this War. The Athenians now endeavouring to have the Dominion of the Sea, brought over to Athens all the Money they had laid-up at Delos, which they had gathered together from the Cities of Greece, almost to the value of Eight Thousand 
* Every Talon is 187 l. 10 s.  Talents, and made Pericles' Treasurer. He was of a very noble Family, and in Eloquence far exceeded others of his Fellow Citizens: But not long after, having spent a great part of the Money (entrusted with him) upon his private occasions, and being called by the People to give an account, through grief of his incapacity to discharge himself, he fell Sick: And being thus disturbed in his Mind, in regard he was not able to make satisfaction, Alcibiades his Nephew (who was then under Age, and under his Care and Guardianship) directed him into a way how to extricate himself out of the present trouble●. For seeing his Uncle so disturbed, he asked the Reason; who answered, I am studying how I shall give an Account to the People for the Moneys committed to my Care and Custody. He replied, That it were better for him to consider and advise how he might give no account at all. Pericles hereupon following the Advice of the Young Man, contrived by all the ways imaginable how he might involve the Athenians in some great War. For by this means he foresaw 
Ant. Ch. 431.  he should avoid the Account, inasmuch as the City would be so distracted with Cares and Fears in such a conjuncture. To forward this Design, an Accident fell out very opportunely upon the following occasion. Phidias had made the Statue of Minerva, and Pericles the Son of Xantippe, was employed to see the Work done: But some of Phidias' Workmen and Servants fell out, and stirred up by the Enemies of Pericles, they fled to the Altars of the Gods. And being commanded to declare the Reason of a thing so unusual, they said, that they could make it out, that Phidias, with the connivance and help of Pericles, had imbezilled a great Sum of Money belonging to the Goddess. Whereupon an Assembly was called, at which the Enemies of Pericles moved the People to apprehend Phidias, and charge Pericles with the Sacrilege. They accused likewise 
* A Famous Philosopher, who held the Sun was a burning Plate or Stone. He was tried in Athens, for this and his Impieties: He held God was an Infinite Moving of himself. See Laertius. Lact. lib. 1. c. 5.  Anaxagoras the Sophist, the Master of Pericles, for his impious Opinions concerning the Gods; with the same Calumnies they loaded likewise Pericles, chief designing to slain the glory, and weaken the interest of so brave a Man. But Pericles being well acquainted with the Disposition of the People, as knowing that they highly valued Men of worth, in times when they were threatened with War, (the present Circumstances of Affairs making it at such times of absolute necessity:) And on the contrary, that in times of Peace (when they had nothing to do but giving the Reins to Envy and Malice) blackened the same Men with all manner of Calumny; therefore judged it advantageous for his Affairs, if he could engage the City in some considerable War, that thereby having occasion to make use of them, they should be deaf to all Acccusations against him, and should have no time or leisure to call him to an Account. To help on this his Design, 
Ant. Ch. 431.  it was lately decreed at Athens, that they of Megara, should have no Traffic with the Athenians either by Sea or Land: The Megareans therefore made their Address for Relief to the Spartans', who agreed to their Requests, and by the unanimous Assent of all the Assembly, they sent Ambassadors to the Athenians, with order to require them to rescind the Decree against them of Megara; And that if they refused, then that their Ambassadors should denounce War against 
P. 307.  them in the name both of them and their Confederates. Upon hearing of the Ambassadors, an Assembly was called to debate this matter; where Pericles, (that far surpassed all the rest in Eloquence and strength of Reason) gave his Reasons against the abrogating of the Decree. He alleged it was a step to Bondage and Slavery, and against the common good to yield to the Demands of the Lacedæmonians; but advised them rather that they should draw all their Goods and Concerns out of the Country into the City; and being now Masters at Sea, to enter into a War with the Lacedæmonians. And hereupon making an accurate Discourse of the War, he told them what a Multitude of Confederates they had, what a brave and well man'd Fleet they were Masters of, what a vast Treasure they were possessed of, brought from Delos, gathered from the common Contribution of the Cities, amounting to Ten Thousand 
* A Common Talon was about an Hundred Eighty Seven Pounds, Ten Shillings of our Money.  Talents; and though Four Thousand of it were spent in the building of the 
† The Propyle was a stately Gate or Porch belonging to the Acropolis or Citadel.  Propyle, or Citadel, and in the Siege at Potidea, yet every Year Four Hundred and Sixty Talents were raised by Tribute from their Confederates. And besides all this, that the Adornments belonging to the Shows, and the Persian Spoils amouned to Five Hundred Talents more. And that in the Temples and other public Works of the City, there were great Riches, so that the very Image of Minerva itself alone was worth Fifty Talents of Gold; whose Ornaments were so placed, that they might be taken off; and all of them when necessity required might be borrowed from the 
Ant. Ch. 431.  Goddess, so that they be faithfully restored in time of Peace. And as to the Estate of the Citizens, he told them, through the Enjoyment of a long Peace the City was grown exceeding Rich; he added moreover, that they had Twelve Thousand Armed Men, besides their Confederates, and what were in their Garrisons. And those in their Garrisons, together with their Colonies, were more than Seventeen Thousand; and that they had ready a Fleet of Three Hundred Sail. On the contrary, the Spartans' were Poor, and far inferior to the Athenians in Naval Forces. Having fired the Citizens with these Discourses, he vehemently pressed the People not to give ear to the imperious Demands of the Lacedæmonians: And by the earnestness of his Speech, he easily prevailed; for which reason he was called Olympius. Aristophanes' the Comic Poet, who flourished in the time of Pericles, mentions these things in the Verses following—  
Ye Poor and Country Swains, consider well,  
The Words I speak; if you would know, they'll tell  
Your Country how destroyed; a Spark but small,  
Brought from Megara's Law, blown up with all  
By him, hath raised such Smoke of War, Blood, Fears,  
As draws from Eyes of Greece continual Tears.  
And likewise the Comic Poet Eupolis, in other Verses, says of Pericles, whom 
Ant. Ch. 431.  they call Olympius.  
Thunder and Lightning he raised in Greece,  
Of Eloquence who was the Masterpiece;  
Only among the Orators, his Darts  
Were left fast fixed in the Hearers Hearts.  
And these were the causes of the Peloponesian War, as they are related by Ephorus.  
The principal Grecian Cities thus provoked to War, the Lacedæmonians (in a general Convention with them of Peloponesus) declared War against the Athenians, and forthwith sent their Ambassadors to the King of Persia, to enter into a League offensive with them. Ambassadors were likewise sent, to desire Two Hundred Ships of their Confederates in Sicily and Italy.  
And now being joined with the Peloponesians, and having raised a Land-Army from several Parts, and prepared with all things necessary for War, they first begin. At that time in Beotia the City Platea was a free City, in league with the Athenians: 
P. 308.  But some of the Citizens designing to enslave the Place, in contrivance with the Beotians promised to bring the City under their Power if they would but send them a Guard of Soldiers. The Beotians therefore sent Three Hundred Soldiers in the Night to Platea, who being let into the Gates, the Traitors delivered up the City into their Hands. But the Plateans willing to approve their 
Platea entr'd in the Night by the Thebans.  Faithfulness to the Athenians (at first thinking that the whole Army of the Thebans were entr'd) sent Ambassadors to them to treat and make Terms: But when Day appeared, and they of Platea understood how small a Number the Enemy was, they all as one Man came upon them, and Fought with great resolution for their Common Liberty. But because the Fight was in the Streets, the Thebans being better Soldiers at the first destroyed many of the Plateans: But afterwards they in the Houses, even the very Boys and Children by throwing down Tiles from the Roofs so sorely galled the Thebans that they were forced to fly; that part of them who got out of the City clearly escaped, but another part that fled for shelter to a little House, at length were compelled to give 
The Thebans driven out of Platea.  up themselves to the will of the Enemy.  
The Thebans being informed by them that had escaped, of this misfortune, with all their force hastened to the City: By reason of which sudden incursion many of them who lived in the Country, and those abroad being taken at unawares, were killed and many Prisoners taken; the whole Country being filled with Fears Devastations and Robberies. In the mean time the Plateans sent to the Thebans to entreat them to departed out of their Coasts, promising they would release the Prisoners. Upon which conditions the Matter was Composed; and the Thebans received the Captives and restored the Plunder to them of Platea, and so returned home. The Plateans had sometime before sent to Athens for Aid, and had brought much of their Goods out of the Country into the City: The Athenians hearing of their Distress hastened away to them a competent Number of Soldiers, who tho' they Marched with all expedition, yet they 
Ant. Ch. 431.  could not prevent the Thebans: But what was left in the Country they brought into the Town: The Women and Children and those that were infirm, they got together in a Body, and conveyed them to Athens.  
Hereupon the Lacedæmonians judging the Athenians had broke the League, gathered Forces together from all parts both from Sparta and from the rest of the Peloponesians. The Confederates of the Lacedæmonians were the Peloponesians wholly, except the Argives, for they then stood Neuters. Those out of Peloponesus were the Megareans, Ambraciots, Leucadians, Phocians, Beotians, many of the Locrians over against Eubea, and the rest those of Amphissa. Those that sided with the Athenians were the Inhabitants of the Seacoasts of Asia, the Carians, Dorians, jonians, them of the Hellespont, and all the Islanders, except the Inhabitants of Melus and Thera. The Thracians likewise were their Confederates, except those of Calcidica and Potidea. Besides these there joined with the Athenians the Messenians in Naupactus, and the Corcyreans. 
* Here seems to be something wanting and lost, i. e. who they were that sent Shipping.  All the rest sent Land-Forces. These Confederates stood firm on both sides.  
The Lacedæmonians having at length raised a great Army, made Archidamus their King, General, who made an Irruption into Attica, besieged their Castles, 
The Spartans' wast Attica.  and wasted a great part of the Country. The Athenians inflamed with desire of Revenge for this Destruction of their Country, were eager to be out to Fight their Enemies; but Pericles the General advised the hot Youths to forbear a while, telling them that he would drive the Spartans' out without Fight. To this 
Ant. Ch. 431. P. 309.  end he fitted out an hundred Galleys well Man'd, and gave the command of the Fleet to Carcinus and some other Officers, with order to make a descent into Peloponesus. Accordingly they laid waste a great part of the Seacoasts, took several Castles, and struck the Lacedæmonians with great Consternation. So that without delay they withdrew their Forces out of Attica, and made it their chief care now to defend Peloponesus. The Athenians now freed by this ingenious Contrivance from their Enemies, highly Honoured Pericles as a wise Commander and one able to carry on the War against the Lacedæmonians.  
Apolodorus now Archon at Athens, the Romans chose Marcus 
* Geganius.  Genarius and 
Olymp. 87. 3: An. Mu. 3542. Ante Chr. 430.  Lucius Sergius Consuls. In the mean time the Athenian General ceased not to waste and plunder the Sea-Coast of Peloponesus, and destroy their Castles. And being joined with Fifty Galleys of Three Tire of Oars from Corsyra, he made a more dreadful incursion into Peloponesus, and especially on the 
† Act. Pericles' harrases Peloponesus. Ant. Ch. 430. Brasidas his Valour.  Sea-Coast, and up further into the Land, burning all the Towns before him. Then he made for Methone, a City of Laconia, wasting and plundering the Country in his way, and attempted the taking of the City itself. There Brasidas a Spartan (a young Man, but of great Strength and Valour) seeing Methone likely to be lost, with some other Spartans' joining with him, made his way through the midst of the Enemy, who were dispersed here and there in their several Posts, and with the slaughter of many of them got safe into the Castle. After the Athenians had made several Assaults (in which Brasidas behaved himself with great bravery in the midst of dangers) and saw no hopes of gaining the Place, they returned to their Ships. But Brasidas who had preserved Methone by his valour and resolute Defence, was highly honoured amongst the Spartans'. And being encouraged by this Success in several Encounters, afterwards he behaved himself with that Valour that he gained a great Name and Reputation.  
The Athenians roul'd about to Elis, wasted the Country, and besieged Pheras, 
Pheras taken by Storm by the Athenians.  a Castle of the Eleans; to which they sent relief, but were beaten by the Athenians, who took Pheras by Storm. Yet within a while after the Eleans coming upon them with all their Strength, they were forced to their Ships, and Sailed back to Cephalenia; where they made a league with the Inhabitants, and then returned to Athens.  
Afterwards Cleopompus, made by the Athenians Admiral of a Fleet of thirty 
The Acts of Cleopompus.  Sail, was commanded into Eubea, both to defend the Island, and to make War upon the Locrians. He invaded and spoiled all the Sea-tract of Locris, and took the City Thronium, and afterwards routed the Locrians in a Land-Fight at Aelopes'. He then Fortified the Island Atalante, near Locris, that it might be both a Defence against the Locrians, and that from thence he might with more ease make incursions upon them.  
About the same time the Athenians cast all the Inhabitants out of Aegina, for favouring the Lacedæmonians (as they were accused) and brought new Colonies 
Ant. Chr. 430.  thither, and divided the City and Country amongst them by Lot. The Lacedæmonians appointed 
* A Town belonging to the Messenians.  There to the ejected Aeginites for their habitation; and on the other side, the Athenians forthwith allotted Naupactus for a receptacle for the Messenians, formerly ejected by the Lacedæmonians. At the same time the Athenians sent Pericles with an Army against them of Megara, who after he had harras'd the Country and taken much Spoil and Plunder, returned to Athens.  
Shortly after the Lacedæmonians with their Confederates broke a second time into Attica, and cut down the Trees, burned the Towns and most miserably destroyed 
P. 310.  almost the whole Country, except Tetrapolis, which they spared by reason of their former kindness in receiving of their Ancestors and subduing (by Arms from thence) Euristheus. For they conceived it just and equal to show kindness to them who had deserved so well from their Predecessors. The Athenians during this incursion durst not come into the Field, but kept close withim 
A Plague in Athens.  the Walls of their City, by reason whereof a great Plague raged amongst them. For a Multitude of all sorts of People being thronged together, it may be reasonably concluded that through the straitness of the Place the Air was corrupted, and caused the Infection. By this means they were so weakened that they were not able to drive the Enemy out of the Country, but sent out Pericles again with a Fleet into Peloponesus; who wasting the Seacoasts, and taking some Cities, caused the Lacedæmonians at length to leave Attica.  
The Athenians by reason of the waist and spoil made in the Country, and the great destruction of the People by the Plague in the City, fell into great discontent and vexation, and were enraged, at Pericles, whom they looked upon as the great Incendiary and occasion of the War, and therefore deprived him of the Magistracy, and upon slight and frivolous Surmizes laid a Mulct upon him of Thirty Talents. Then they sent Ambassadors 
A Talon was Two Hundred and Fifty Pounds, the greater; but the lesser an Hundred Eighty Seven Pounds Ten Shillings.  to Sparta to treat of Peace; but being slighted by the Lacedæmonians (who would admit of no reasonable Terms,) they were reduced to a necessity to choose Pericles' General again. And these were the Actions of this Year.  
Epaminondas this Year was chief Ruler of Athens, and Lucius Papyrius Crassus and 
Olymp. 87. 4. Ant. Chr. 429.  Marcus Comelius 
* Maluginensis. Pericles dies.  Macerinus Roman Consuls: At which time Pericles the General Died at Athens. A Man in Nobility of Birth, greatness of Estate, in Eloquence, Arts and Stratagems of War far beyond all the rest of the Citizens. About the same time the Athenians were very hot and earnest to recover Potidea by force, and to that end sent Hagno thither with the Army formerly commanded by Pericles. Hagno thereupon Sailed thither with the whole Fleet, and made all the preparation for the Siege imaginable, viz. Engines of all Sorts for an Assault, 
Potidea Besieged.  Arms and Darts, and sufficient Provision for the whole Army. However though he continually battered the Walls of the City in many places, yet he spent much time to no purpose. For the fear of being taken by Storm added courage to the Defendants, and the height of the Walls commanding the Port, made them very resolute: Besides, a Disease happened among the Besiegers which destroyed many of them, so that they were greatly discouraged. Notwithstanding Hagno knowing that the Athenians had been at the charge of a Thousand Talents to carry on the Siege, and that they were highly incensed against them of Potidea (because they 
Ant. Chr. 429.  were the first that made a Defection) durst not leave the Siege: But with all his might persisted, and stirred up the Soldiers even above their Strength to force the City. But at length considering that many of the Citizens were lost both in the Assaults and by the infection of the Disease, leaving a part of the Army to maintain the Siege, he returned with the rest to Athens, having lost above a Thousand Men. After he was gone, they of Potidea (being brought to the utmost extremity for want of Provision) sent to the Besiegers to treat with them upon Terms of Peace; which was readily accepted and embraced with both Arms (as they say) by the Athenians, and Peace was made upon the Terms following, to wit, That 
Potidea surrendered.  all the Inhabitants should draw out of the City, and take nothing away with them but every Man one Suit of Apparel, and every Woman two.  
Matters being thus composed, the Potideans with their Wives and Children (according to the Articles) left the City and settled themselves among the Calcideans in Thrace; after which the Athenians sent a Colony of a Thousand Persons, 
P. 311.  and divided both the City and Country adjacent amongst them by Lot.  
Phormio being now made Admiral at Athens, with Twenty Ships sailed round Peloponesus and arrived at Naupactum, where possessing himself of the Greek Criseus, he stopped the Passages against the Lacedæmonians so as that their Ships could not come forth. But their King Archidamus with a great Army began a new expedition, 
Ant. Chr. 429.  and marched into Beotia, and when he came to Platea (ready and prepared to waste and destroy the Country) he first solicited that City to revolt: 
Platea besieged by the Lacedæmonians.  But not being able to prevail, he fell a robbing and spoiling the Country all along as he went. Afterwards he Besieged the City, in hopes to weary them out for want of Provision: He incessantly likewise Battered the Walls with his Engines, and made frequent Assaults. But with all his Attempts not being able to gain the Place, he left a part of the Army to carry on the Siege, and with the rest marched back into Peloponesus.  
About this time the Athenians made Xenophon and Phanomachus Generals, and commanded them with a Thousand Men to go into Thrace. When they came as far as Pactolus in Beotia, they burned spoiled and robbed the Country all before them, and destroyed the very standing Corn. But they of Olynthus joined with the Beotians, fell upon the Athenians and slew most of them, together with their Generals. 
The Athenian Generalskilled in Beotia.   
In the mean time the Lacedæmonians by the advice of the Ambraciots with a Thousand Men and a few Ships under Cnemus their Captain, made for Acarnania and being enforced by a considerable Number of their Confederates, Cnemus arrived there and encamped near the City Stratos. But the Acarnanians in a Body came suddenly upon him, surprised him with the loss of many of his Men and drove him into the Country of Oeniades. About the same time Phormio the Athenian Commander with his twenty Ships met with the Lacedaemonian Fleet of Forty Seven 
Ante Chr. 429. The Lacedæmonians routed at Sea, at Rhium.  Sail, and Fought them, sunk the Admiral and disabled many others, took Twelve with the Men in them, and pursued the rest to the Continent. The Lacedæmonians thus unexpectedly beaten, with the remaining part of their Fleet got into Patrae in Achaia. This Battle was at a Place called Rhium. Hereupon the Athenians erected a Trophy, and Dedicated a Ship in the Isthmos to Neptune, and so returned to their Confederate City Naupactus. But the Lacedæmonians sent other Ships to join the remainder of their Fleet that were at Patra. And all of them rendezvouzed at 
* A Promontory near the Isthmos of Corinth.  Rhium, whither likewise the Lacedæmonians Land-Army Marched, and there encamped near to their Fleet.  
Phormio encouraged by the late Victory, set upon the Enemy though they far exceeded him Number, and destroyed many of their Ships; but not without some loss of his own, so that he went off but half Conqueror; but being enforced with Twenty more Ships from Athens, tlie Lacedæmonians made off for Corinth, and durst never attempt any more to Fight at Sea. And these are the things reported to be done this Year.  
Diotinus executing the place of chief Magistrate at Athens, the Romans created 
Olymp. 88 1. Ante Chr. 428.  Caius 
† Julius.  Junius and Proculus Virginius Tricostus Consuls: And they of Elis celebrated the eighty eighth Olympiad, in which Simmachus of Messina in Sicily carried away the Prize. About this time Cnemus the Lacedaemonian Admiral while he lay at Corinth contrived how to surprise the Pyreum. For he understood by his 
P. 312.  Spies that no Shipping lay there, nor any Guard was appointed to defend the Place; and that the Athenians were secure, and therefore Negligent, conceiving none durst be so bold as to come up thither to attempt any thing of that Nature.  
To this end having brought Forty Ships a little before to Megaris, with these well Man'd he set Sail from thence in the Night, and past over to Salamis, where he surprised and took the Castle Budorium, and seized their Ships and harras'd the rest of the Country. They of Salamis firing their Beacons, the 
Salamis invaded by the Lacedæmonians.  Athenians suspected that the Pyreum was taken, and ran all with great fear and confusion to their Arms for the defence of the Place: But being better informed made away for Salamis. The Lacedæmonians thus frustrated in their Design, left Salamis and returned home. After their departure the Athenians had a more watchful Eye upon Salamis, and placed there a strong Garrison; and fortified the Pyreum with Walls, and sufficient Guards for its Defence.  
About this time Sitalces King of Thrace, though he had but a Small Kingdom, yet by his Valour and Prudence greatly enlarged his Dominions; being a Man 
The Commendation of Sitalces King of Thrace.  both Just and Kind to his Subjects, and Valiant and Diligent in time of War. He made his chief care to preserve and increase his Stores, by which means he grew so very Rich that he gained larger Territories than ever any King of Thrace had done before him. For that part which lay by the Sea Coast ran along from the Borders of the Abderites to the River Ister. And that from the Sea, up into the main Land, was of as great extent as a swift Footman could Travel over in Thirteen Days.  
This Prince was possessed of so large a Country, that his yearly Revenue amounted to above a Thousand Talents. During his Reign a War broke forth, upon which occasion he raised out of Thrace more than an Hundred and Twenty Thousand Foot, and Fifty Thousand Horse. But it's necessary that we 
Ant. Chr. 428.  declare the Causes of this War, that so the following account may be better understood.  
Sitacles had entr'd into a League with the Athenians, and one of the Articles 
Sitalces his War with the Macedonians.  was, That he should faithfully Assist them in the War wherein they were engaged in Thrace. To this end he raised a powerful Army, with a design to join with the Athenians to take Calcidea by Force: And likewise for the hatred he had to Perdiccas, King of Macedonia, he resolved to restore Amyntas the Son of Philip, to his Father's Kingdom. For these Causes he was necessitated to raise a very great Army. When all things were in readiness he Marc'hd all his Forces out of Thrace, and enter d Macedonia: But the Macedonians struck with terror at the multitude of their Enemies dared not to oppose them, but getting in all their Fruits and Goods they could within their Garrisons, they kept close within their Forts and Walls. The Thracians brought Amyntas along with them as King, and first treated the Cities by Messengers and fair Speeches; but when none would hearken to them, he Assaulted the first Castle in his way, and took it by Storm. Upon which many of the Cities and Garrisons (through fear) 
Ant. Ch. 428.  surrendered of their own accord. After they had run through all Macedonia, loaded with Rich Booty, they made against the Greek Cities of the Calcideans.  
Whilst Sitalces was thus employed, the Thessalians, Achaians, Magnesians, and all the other Grecians inhabiting within Macedon and Thermopyle, confederated and raised a mighty Army; for they were afraid lest the Thracians who were so 
P. 313.  powerful, should make an inroad into their Country, and bring them under the Thracian Yoke: And the Calcideans did the like. Sitalces hereupon being informed of the great Armies raised against him by the Grecians, and knowing his Army was not able to endure the sharpness of the approaching Winter, struck up a Peace with Perdiccas, and in confirmation thereof, contracted a Marriage with him, and so marched his Army back into Thrace.  
In the mean time, whilst these things were on foot, the Lacedæmonians with 
Another inroad into Attica.  their Confederates made another irruption out of Peloponesus into Attica, under their King Archidamus, who had the Sovereign Command of the Army; and after they had destroyed all the standing Corn when it was near ripe, and made havoc and spoil all over the Country, they returned to their respective Habitations. The Athenians on the other hand, were not in heart to oppose them, but were under sore Calamities by Plague and Famine, and therefore altogether despaired of any good issue and event of the War. And these were the things observable this Year.  
Euclides was Ruler of Athens, when the Romans chose Three Military Tribunes 
Olymp. 88 2. Ant. Chr. 427. War between the Syracusians and the Leontines.  in the room of Consuls, Marcus 
* Manlius.  Mannius, Quintus Su'pitius Pretextatus, and Servitius Cornelius Cossus. At this time in Sicily, the Syracusians made War upon them of Leontum, a Colony brought thither from the Calcideans, originally Athenians, who being overpressed by the power of the Syracusians, and in great danger to lose their City, sent Ambassadors to Athens for speedy and seasonable aid, to deliver them from their present Exigency. The chief among them that were sent, was Gorgias the Orator, the most Eloquent Man of his time. He 
Gorgias the Orator.  was the first that taught the Rules of Rhetoric, and was so famous for his wise and learned Orations, that all his Scholars as a Gratuity, gave him an Hundred 
† A Mina in Silver, is about 3 l. 9 s.  Mina's apiece.  
When he came to Athens, and had Audience, he made an Oration to the People concerning the League desired; and by his new and ingenious way of speaking, the Athenians were so taken (who were otherwise Men of great Wisdom and Eloquence) that they were struck with admiration. For he adorned his Speech with most excellent Figures, 
* Paranomacisms, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Figures called Synoeceiosms, Oxymorons, Paranomacisms, and the like.  and artificial composures of Words and Sentences, as by Opposites, Paranomacisms, equal Periods like Terminations, and the like gingling strains of Rhetorical Wit, to allure and entice his Auditors, which at that time for its novelty, was much admired. But now it's looked upon to savour too much of affectation, and to be ridiculous, especially when by frequency and often repetition it becomes fulsome and tedious. Gorgias having persuaded the Athenians to enter into a League with the Leontines, returned to Leontinum with great Reputation for his Eloquence. 
Ant. Chr. 427.   
The Athenians for some time before, had an hankering Mind after Sicily, by reason of the richness of the Soil, and therefore were now more willingly persuaded by Gorgias, and decreed to send Aid as was desired. The pretence was to assist them who were their own Countrymen, and were brought into great straits, but in truth their chief Design was to gain the Island; for not many Years before, when the War broke forth between the Corinthians and them of Corcyra, and both addressed themselves to the Athenians for Aid, to make them their Confederates, the People of Athens resolved to side with the Corcyreans, because Corcyra was so situated, that it was a very ready and convenient Pass over from thence into Sicily. In short, the Athenians being now Masters at Sea, and every where successful, had many Confederates, and were richly furnished, both with Men and Money, had many Cities under their power, were possessed of a mighty Treasure in ready Money brought from Delos, gathered from the Inhabitants of Greece to the value of above Ten Thousand 
† Ten Thousand Talents amounts to 1875000 l. Sterling, the lesser Talon. The greater Talon is 250 l. The lesser is 187 l. 10 s.  Talents.  
Moreover, they had likewise many excellent Officers, and expert Commanders; by these Advantages, the Athenians were grown very confident that they should both overcome the Spartans', (and having subdued all Greece) win also the 
P. 314.  whole Island of Sicily. These were the Reasons induced them to resolve to assist the Leontines, and to that end sent them 
Ant. Chr. 427.  an Hundred Sail of Ships, under the command of Lachetes and Chabrias. With these they arrived at Rhegium, and from 
The Athenians assist the Leontines in Sicily by Chabrias.  their Colonies there and at Calcidea, they had an Hundred Ships more, which joined with the former; from thence they loosed, and came first to the Lipare Islands, where they ravaged the Country, because they were Confederates of the Syracusians. Then they made to 
* In Italy upon the Seacoasts.  Locris, and took Five Ships belonging to the Locrians, and besieged one of their Castles. The Siculi bordering upon the 
† Mylae, a City in Sicily.  Myleans coming to their aid, the Armies engaged, and the Athenians were Conquerors, and killed above a Thousand of their Enemies, and took no fewer than Six Hundred Prisoners: And presently after they took the Castle by Storm. In the mean time, Forty Ships more were sent to the Fleet by the Athenians, to carry on the War with more Vigour, under the command of Eurymedon and Sophocles. And when they were all joined, they made up a Fleet of Two Hundred and Fifty Sail. But while the War was carrying on, the Leontines by their Ambassadors, struck up a Peace with them of Syracuse: Upon which, the Athenian Fleet, returned Home. But the Syracusians received all the Leontines into the City, and made them all free of Syracuse, and from that time appointed the City Leontium to be a Fort or Garrison of the Syracusians. And this was the Condition of Sicily at this time.  
In Greece, they of the Island Lesbos revolted from the Athenians: And the 
Lesbos revolts from Athens.  Reason was, because all the Inhabitants of the Cities throughout Lesbos, were by order and decree of the Athenians, removed and brought into 
* The greatest City of Lesbos.  Mitylene. For this Reason also they entered into a League with the Lacedæmonians, and advised them how they might become Masters at Sea. To accomplish which Design, they promised them a great number of Ships: The Spartans' gave a very quick ear to this, and whilst they were preparing a Navy, the Athenians were before them, and commanded Clinippides with Forty Sail, forthwith to waft over an Army into Lesbos; who being joined with other Confederates, made for Mitylene; 
Ant. Chr. 427. Mitylene besieged by the Athenians.  and in a Sea-Fight routed the Mityleans, and then besieged them.  
Hereupon the Lacedæmonians resolved to assist them of Mitylene, and to that end prepared a brave Navy; but the Athenians enforced their Army with a Thousand Men more sent into Lesbos, before the Lacedæmonians arrived. Paches, the Son of Epiderus, was General of this Expedition, who when he arrived at Mitylene (joining with the former Army) laid a more straight Siege to the Place; and contivally assaulted the City both by Sea and Land. The Lacedæmonians in the mean time, sent Five and Forty Ships, under the Command of Alcidas, to assist the Mitylenes; and again invaded Attica, with the assistance of their Confederates; who fell upon those Places that were before untouched, and after they had most shamefully pillaged and wasted the Country, they returned Home. But the Mitylenes, oppressed with Famine, the Sword, and seditious Tumults, upon Conditions surrender the City. After which a Council was held at Athens what 
Mitylene surrendered.  they should do with them of Mitylene: There was one Cleon an Orator, a cruel and violent spirited Man, stirred up the People to kill all the Mitylenes, that were Men grown up, and to sell all the Women and Children for Slaves. The Athenians 
P. 315.  voted it to be so as Cleon had persuaded them, and sent Messengers to Mitylene, to acquaint the Governor with the Decree. When Paches had read it, another to the contrary presently came to his Hand; upon which, Paches understanding the Athenians had changed their Minds, with great joy called the Mitylenes together, and both remitted their faults, and likewise freed them from their fears. But the Athenians demolished the Walls of Mitylene, and divided the whole Island of Lesbos by Lot, except the Lands belonging to Methymna. And this was the issue of the Lesbean defection from Athens.  
About the same time, the Lacedæmonians (still carrying on the Siege at Platea) drew a Wall round the City, and fortified it with several Forts and strong Guards for its Defence. The Siege continuing long, and no Relief coming from 
Ant. Chr. 427.  Athens, the Besieged were greatly pressed both with want of Provision, and the loss of many of the Citizens who were cut off in the frequent Assaults. All therefore being doubtful what the issue might be, a Council was called to advise what was fit to be done in order to their Preservation. Many thought it most advisable to capitulate; but there were others, to the number of Two Hundred, that were for breaking through the Guards in the Night, and so fly to Athens. In pursuance whereof, observing the darkness of the Night, those that were for Capitulating, were prevailed with to assault a remote part of the Enemy's Wall; by which means, they who intended to break through the Guards (whilst their Enemies were busied in assisting their Fellows that were assaulted) scaled another part of the Wall (having got Ladders for that purpose) and killed the Guards, and so escaped to Athens.  
The next Day, the Lacedæmonians were in great vexation at the escape of them out of the City, and brought their Forces close to the Walls, and bend all their Minds and Strength with all expedition to force the Place: Upon which, the Plateans being terrified, gave up both themselves and their City to the mercy of their Enemies. 
Platea surrendered.   
But the Lacedaemonian Commanders put this Question to every one that they sent for from among the Plateans, What good Offices or Services they had ever done to the Lacedæmonians? And when one by one confessed they knew of none; they asked them again, Whether they had ever done the Spartans' any harm? And when none denied that, they ordered them all to be slain; so that all that remained in the City, were put to the Sword, and the Town itself was razed to the Ground, and the Lands belonging to it let to farm. And thus the Inhabitants 
Platea razed.  of Platea for their faithfulness to the Athenians, became involved in great Misery, and undeservedly perished.  
Whilst these things were in doing, a great Sedition and 
‖ A Sedition at Corcyra.  civil Discord arose in Corcyra upon the following occasion: In the Battle at Epidamnum, many of the Corcyreans were taken Prisoners; and while they were in custody, they promised the Corinthians, that if they might be released, they would undertake to deliver up Corcyra into their Hands. This was a very welcome and grateful Offer to the Corinthians. A considerable Number of Talents therefore being colourably procured from their Friends for their Redemption, they were all discharged.  
As soon as they returned into their Country, minding the performance of their Contract, they First seized upon the chief of the Citizens, (and especially those who could most influence the People,) and afterwards cut their Throats, and so quite dissolved the Democracy. But the Corcyreans were presently assisted by the Athenians, and recovered their Liberty, and were resolved to execute Justice upon 
Ant. Ch. 427.  the Ringleaders of the Defection. But they (through fear of punishment) fled for refuge to the Altars of the Gods, and as Suppliants begged Pardon both of the Gods and the People.  
Euthydemus was Governor of Athens, when Three Military Tribunes invested 
P. 316. Olymp. 88 3. Ant. Chr. 426. Plague breaks forth again at Athens.  with Consular Power were again chosen at Rome, Marcus Fabius, Phalinius, and Lucius Sereulius. In their time the Plague broke out afresh, when they were freed from this Contagion but very lately before: It raged so exceedingly, that they lost Four Thousand Foot Soldiers, and Four Hundred Horse; and of others, Freemen and Servants, above Ten Thousand. And now because the Course of the History may require a Declaration of the Causes of this violent Distemper, it is necessary for us in this place to set them forth.  
Abundance of Rain had fallen in the Winter, by reason whereof, the Earth being over-wet in many Places (especially in low and hollow Grounds) the Water lay like standing Pools; and those being corrupted and putrified by the heat of the Summer, thence proceeded a Mist of gross and stinking Vapours, which corrupted the Air, as it often happens about filthy Marshes. And besides, the want of good Food, much advanced the progress of the Disease, for the Year before, the Fruits by too much Rain were crude and unwholesome.  
There was likewise a Third cause of this Distemper, which was this; the 
* That is, Winds which come at stated and certain times every Year. Plin. lib. 2. c. 47.  Etesian Winds this Summer blew not, by whose gentle Breezes, the violent heat of the Air was constantly allayed before at other times; so that the Heat being now excessive, and the Air as it were inflamed, men's Bodies now wanting the usual Refreshment, contracted an evil Habit; from whence arose (through the vehement and immoderate heat) all sorts of burning Distempers. And hence it was, that many seized with this Disease, to free themselves from the burning heat that was in their Bodies, cast themselves into Pits and Wells. But the Athenians judged that 
Ant. Chr. 426.  so grievous a Distemper was from God, and therefore according to the charge given them by the Oracle, they purged the Island Delos (which was formerly dedicated to Apollo) now polluted (as they conceived) by burying many dead Bodies there. Therefore all the Graves of the Dead were dug up, and the Urns were transported into the next Island to Delos, called Rhine; and a Law was made, that it should not be lawful for any for the time to come, either to bury, or to bear any Child in Delos. They then likewise revived the Panegyric Festival in Delos, now for a long time disused. While the Athenians were thus religiously employed, the Lacedæmonians with their Confederates in Peloponesus, encamped in the Isthmos, and there consulted together concerning the invading of Attica again. But there then happening such terrible 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 An Earthquake.  Earthquakes in several parts of Greece, that it so terrified and possessed them with fear and awe of the Gods, that they all returned to their respective Countries. For the horrible Concussions of the Earth were so great, that many Cities near the Sea were sunk and drowned. And whereas that Tract of Land near Locris was before a Peninsula, by the violence of the Earthquake, a Channel was made through the Isthmos, and the Place turned into an Island now called 
† Near Eubea, now called Negropont.  Atalante.  
While these things were doing, the Lacedæmonians sent new Colonies into Trachin, and changed its Name into 
* There are many of this Name, but this is near the Mountain Oeta, and the Straits of Thermopyle. Ant. Chr. 426.  Heraclea. The Reason was, for that the Trachinians having had Wars with the Oeteans many Years, had lost most of their Citizens. And therefore being almost depopulated, they addressed themselves to the Lacedæmonians (whose Colonies they were) to repeople their City. The Lacedæmonians in regard they were their Countrymen, and Hercules their Ancestor in times long passed, had resided at Trachin, resolved to make it a large and beautiful City: And to this end, they sent a Colony thither, out of their own City, and out of others in Peloponesus, to the number of Four Thousand; and out of the rest of Greece, as many as pleased, were received as Members of the Cololony. The whole number was little less than Six Thousand. To conclude, Trachin was at length so far enlarged, that it contained Ten Thousand Men; and when they had divided the Land adjoining by Lot, they called the City Heraclea.  
Stratocles being Archon of Athens, the Consular dignity was conferred upon the Three Military Tribunes at Rome, Lucius Furius 
* Medullus.  Metellus, 
† Mamercus. P. 317. The Acts of Demosthenes the Athenian General.  Lucius Pinarius, and S. Posthumius Albus. In the time 
Olymp. 88 4. An. Mu. 3547.  of their Government, Demosthenes made Admiral of the Fleet by the Athenians, with Thirty Ships well man'd, joined with Fifteen more from Corcyra, and other Aids from the Cephaleans, Acarnanians and Messenians inhabiting 
‖ A City of Achaia, now called Lepantum by the Venetians. Ant. Chr. 426.  Naupactus, and so set sail for Leucas, and when he had harrased and wasted the Country of Leucadia, he bent his Course for Aetolia, and there burnt and destroyed many of their Villages; but the Aetolians making head against them, routed the Athenians, who fled to Naupactus. The Aetolians encouraged with this Victory, with the aid of Three Thousand Lacedæmonians, marched against Naupactus (which the Messeneans then inhabited) but were repulsed. From thence they made an Expedition against 
* A City of Aetolia.  Molycria, and took the City.  
The Athenian General Demosthenes, fearing lest they should attack Naupactus, sent a Thousand Men out of Arcarnania to strengthen the Garrison. He himself continued in Acarnania, and fell upon a Thousand Ambraciots in their March, and cut them almost all off. Upon this the whole Strength of the 
† Ambracia.  City came out against him, and he destroyed most of them likewise, so that the City was almost made desolate. Hereupon he entered into a Consultation of assaulting Ambracia, hoping it might be easily won by reason there were few left to defend it: But the Acarnanians fearing that if the Athenians were Masters of the Town, they should have more troublesome Neighbours than the Ambraciots were, refused to follow Demosthenes: Upon this Mutiny the Acarnanians became Friends with the Ambraciots, and entered into a League of Peace and Amity for an Hundred Years. Demosthenes thus deserted by the Acarnanians, returns with Twenty Sail to Athens. Presently after the Ambraciots (having lately smarted so much, and in great fear of the Athenians) desired a Garrison from the Lacedæmonians.  
Demosthenes afterwards marching with an Army to 
* A Town in the Western part of Peloponesus.  Pylus in Peloponesus, determined to draw a Wall round the Place; which was naturally Fortified, and Four Hundred Stadia's from Messena: And being well furnished with Multitudes 
† Eight Stadia's make a Mile; every Stadium is 625 Foot. 400 Sladia is 50 Miles.  of Men, in Twenty Days space he finished the Work. But the Lacedæmonians hearing of the Fortifying of Pylus, prepared great Forces, both by Land and Sea, and with a 
Ante Chr. 462.  Fleet of Forty Five Sail well man'd and provided, and with Twelve Thousand Land Soldiers, made against Pylus. For it seemed to them a thing dishonourable, to suffer them who durst not come into the Field to defend Attica from Devastations, now to nestle themselves, and to make Fortifications in Peloponesus. They encamped therefore with their Army, under the command of Thrasymedes near to Pylus, and were resolved to undergo all hardships 
Pylus besieged.  and hazards, in order to subdue the Place. To this end they stood with their Fleet in the very Mouth of the Port, to block up all the Passage and Entrance from the Enemy. And by their Forces at Land, they assaulted the Walls with one Body after another by turns, pressing on with wonderful Obstinacy and Resolution.  
They put likewise some of the choice of their Soldiers, both of the Lacedæmonians and their Confederates, into the Island Sphacteria, which was near at hand, and ran out at length over-against the Port, by which the Harbour was the safer and securer from Storms. And this they did to prevent the Athenians, it being a Place very commodious, and useful for the carrying on of the Siege. They likewise continued the Assaults every Day, without intermission, and received Wounds upon Wounds, from the Towers and Bulwarks upon the Walls, and yet remitted nothing of their Heat and Resolution; so that Multitudes were killed, and many wounded, in striving to storm a Place most strongly Fortified. 
Ant. Chr. 426. P. 318.  For the Athenians being possessed of a Town of natural Strength, and abundantly furnished with Arms and all things necessary for a Defence, most vigorously repelled their Enemies. For they hoped, that if they frustrated this Design, Peloponesus would be the Seat of the whole War; and that they should by degrees waste and destroy their Country.  
In the mean time, whilst these things were managed at the Siege with the greatest heat imaginable on both sides, and the Spartans' exercised all their Force and Power, (amongst many others that purchased Honour by their Gallantry) Brasidas mounted to the highest step of Glory; for when the other Captains and Commanders in the Fleet durst not make up to the Shoar with the Ships, by reason of sharp Rocks, and the difficulty of the Place, he acting the part of an Admiral, with a loud Voice commanded, and incessantly urged the Pilot of his own Vessel, without any regard to the Ship, to force it ashore: For he said it was a base thing for the Spartans', if they resolving (as they pretended to be victorious) should be more sparing of their Ships than their Lives; and in the mean time suffer the Athenians to Lord it in Laconia. Hereupon the Pilot was forced to run the Ship ashore, and forthwith Brasidas (resolvedly fixing himself upon the 
* Hatches or Ladder to get out of the Ship. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Hatches) encountered with a whole Troop of Athenians that made up in a Body upon him, and killed many of them that first assaulted him; but Darts flying thick about him, and receiving many Wounds, at length (through the loss of much Blood) he fell down as dead; and his Arm slipping off Board, and hanging out of the Ship, his Buckler catcht by the Waves, dropped out of his Left Hand into the Sea, and was seized presently by the Enemy; and he himself lying half Dead amongst the Heaps of those he had killed, was taken 
Ant. Chr. 426.  up and carried out of the Ship by his own Men; Thus far excelling others in Valour, that when others have been put to death because they basely threw away their Shields, he by the loss of his, gained the highest Honour and Reputation. However the Lacedæmonians obstinately persisted in the Siege at Pylus, with great loss of their Men.  
Here any one may justly admire at the wonderful and various turns and changes of Fortune at Pylus: For the Athenians drove the Spartans' out of Laconia; and they who were usually Victors at Land (now forced from Land) overpower the Athenians at Sea; and they who were before Masters at Sea, now repel their Enemies at Land. But the Siege continuing very long, they who were in the Island were in great hazard to be famished, because the Athenian Fleet now commanding at Sea, stopped all Provision that way. The Lacedæmonians therefore now fearing what would become of them that were blocked up in the Island, 
The Lacedæmonians blocked up in Sphacteria.  sent to Athens to treat upon Terms of Peace: But when nothing of Peace would be harkened unto, they desired that they would accept of an Exchange, and receive as many Prisoners of their own Men, as they were that were in the Island. But when this was refused, the Lacedaemonian Ambassadors very freely and sharply even in Athens itself, told them, that by their refusing to exchange one equal number for another, they owned that the Lacedæmonians were of more worth and value than the Athenians. Being reduced to these straits and necessities, they in the Island Sphacteria, were forced to submit, and the Athenians took them all Prisoners. The number of those that were Spartans (who then delivered up themselves) were an Hundred and Twenty; of those that were their Confederates, an Hundred and Fourscore. Cleon the Admiral of the Fleet, brought 
Ant. Chr. 426.  them all bound to Athens, where it was decreed by the People, that if the Lacedæmonians would make an end of the War, they should all be preserved; but if they persisted, they should all be put to Death. After this, the Athenians sent for the best Soldiers of the Messenians that inhabited Naupactus, and joined some of their Confederates with them for the defence of Pylus, judging the Messenians, for the 
P. 319.  inveterate hatred they had towards the Spartans', would be very eager to spoil Laconia by Sallies from so strong a Fortification: And in this condition were things at Pylus.  
In the mean time Artaxerxes, King of Persia died, having reigned Forty Years: 
Artaxerxes dies.  Xerxes succeeded him, and reigned only one Year. In Italy the Aequi rebelled against the Romanś; to suppress whom, the Romans created Aulus Posthumius Dictator, and Lucius Julius, Master of the Horse; who made an inroad with a brave Army into their Country: Upon which the Aequi presently Fought them, and were routed. A great Slaughter was made, and many taken Prisoners, and the Romans carried away great Spoil. After this Slaughter, the Aequi submitted to the mercy of the Romans. Posthumius having thus bravely managed the War (according to Custom) triumphed. A thing something incredible is reported to be done by this Posthumius; to wit, that he put his own Son to 
Posthumius put his own Son to death.  Death, for that in the Battle, out of a sprightly heat of Youth, pressing on upon the Enemy, he left his Post assigned him by his Father.  
This Year ended, 
† Or rather Iparchus. Olymp. 89. 1. An. Mu. 3548. Ant. Chr. 425. Nicias invades Melus.  Isarchus was chief Magistrate at Athens, and at Rome, Titus Quintius, and Caius Julius were Consuls; at which time, the Eighty Ninth Olympiad was celebrated at Elis; in which Symmachus was again Victor. At this time the Athenians made Nicias Admiral of their Fleet, who with Threescore Sail, and Three Thousand Men at Arms, under his Command, was ordered to invade the Lacedaemonian Confederates. Whereupon he forthwith made up to the Island Melus, spoiled the Country, and besieged the City many days. For this only of all the Islands of the Cycladeses stood firm and constant to the Lacedæmonians, because they were a Colony from Sparta. Nicias knowing he was not in a condition able to storm the Place (which made a resolute Defence) passed to Oropus in Beotia, and leaving his Fleet there, marched with his Forces into Tanagria, where he was joined with new Supplies from Athens, under the Command 
Spoils Tanagria.  of Hipponicus the Son of Callias: Both these together proceeded in wasting and spoiling the Country. Hereupon the Thebans came out against them, and fought them; but the Athenians routed them with a great Slaughter. When all was over, Hipponicus with his Forces returned to Athens, and Nicias to the Fleet; who sailing along the Coasts of Locris, wastes and destroys many Places upon the Seashore. Here Forty Ships came up to him from the Confederates, which (with those he had before) made up a Navy of an Hundred Sail; he had likewise a brave Army of Land Soldiers, with which he made for Corinth, and landing his Men, engaged with the Army of the Corinthians, beat them twice, and after 
Nicias routs the Corinthians, and invades Cythera.  the Slaughter of many of his Enemies, erected a Trophy. In this Fight there were killed only Eight of the Athenians, but Three Hundred of the Corinthians. Thence he sailed toward 
* A Town near Corinth.  Cremmion, spoiled the Country, and took the Castle by Assault. Presently after, he marches back, Fortifying the Castle in 
† In Laconia. Ant. Chr. 425.  Methone by the way, and having put in a strong Garrison, wasted the Country adjoining, and at length (spoiling and harrasing all along upon the Sea-Coast) returned to Athens. Not long after, the Athenians sent forth Threescore Sail, and Two Thousand Men at Arms against 
* An Island on the Southeast side of Laconia.  Cythera, under the command of Nicias and some others. When he had landed his Men in the Island, the City after a short Siege surrendered, and leaving there a good Garrison for the defence 
P. 320.  of the Island, he passed over to Pelomponesus, and spoiled the Country upon the Seacoasts, and took 
† In Peloponesus, now called Cerigo, belonging to the Venetians.  There (situated between the Confines of Laconia and Argos) by Assault, and demolished the Walls, and made all the Inhabitants Captives. But the Aeginetes who inhabited there, and Tantalus the Governor of the Castle, he sent Prisoners to Athens, where they were detained with other Prisoners.  
Whilst these things were acting, the Megareans now tired out with the War they had both with the Athenians and their Exiles (after many Messages backwards and forwards between the two Cities,) some of the Citizens of Megara (incensed against the Exiles) promised the Athenian Commanders to betray the City. To that end, Hypocrates and Demosthenes the Athenian Generals (by Compact with them of Megara) sent in the Night Six Hundred Soldiers to the City, whom the Traitors let in within the Walls: But the Treachery being discovered, the 
Ant. Chr. 425. Magara betrayed to the Athenians.  People were divided into Two Factions, one sided with the Athenians, and the other with the Lacedæmonians. In the mean time, one of his own accord made Proclamation, that whosoever would, might join with the Megareans and Athethenians. The Lacedæmonians thus deserted by them of Megara, the Watch which was all along upon the Walls, left their station, and fled into the Arsinal called Nicaea, where the Megareans kept all their Naval Stores and Provisions. But the Athenians entrenched round and besieged the Castle; and a little time after, sending for Workmen from Athens, compassed in Nicaea with a Wall. Upon this, the Peloponesians fearing they should all be put to the Sword, if the Place were taken by Storm, delivered up Nicaea upon Conditions to the Athenians. Thus stood the Affairs of Megara at this time.  
But Brasidas with a great Army raised in Sparta and other Parts of Peloponesus, marched to Megara, and drove the Athenians (surprised with this sudden and unexpected approach) out of Nicaea, and reduced the City to its former obedience 
Recovered by Brasidas. The Acts of Brasidas.  to the Lacedæmonians. Then he marched through Thessaly, and came to Dion in Macedonia. Thence going on to Acanthus, he assisted the Chalcedeans, and partly by Threats, and partly by fair and plausible Arguments, wrought upon the chief City of the Acanthians to desert the Athenians. Afterwards he brought over many other of the Thracians to join as Confederates with the Lacedæmonians; and henceforward desiring to carry on the War with more Vigour, sent for Soldiers out of Lacedaemon to strengthen his Army.  
The Spartans' hereupon sent to him a Thousand of the best Soldiers amongst the 
* The Descendants of Slaves. Ant. Chr. 425.  Helots', whom they had long before designed to root out, hoping most of them would be cut off in the War: And there was another vile act of cruelty committed by them, by which they determined utterly to destroy all the Helots'. For they made a Proclamation that whosoever of the Helots' had done any service for Sparta, should be made Free, and to that end they should send in their Names: When Two Thousand had writ their Names, they ordered the most powerful and chief of the Citizens to cut all the Helots' Throats in their several Houses: For they were in great dread of them, lest when they saw an opportunity they should join with their Enemies and so be instrumental to the ruin of Sparta. However, when these Helots', with some other supplies from their Confederates joined with Brasidas, his Army was very Strong. And thus strengthened he Marched 
P. 321.  his Forces to Amphipolis. Aristogoras the Milesian, was the first that brought Colonies into the City; when he fled from Darius the King of Persia. But after Aristogoras his Death, the Inhabitants were ejected by the Thracians called Edones. Two and Thirty Years after the Athenians sent thither a Colony of Ten Thousand Men. But these being destroyed by the Thracians at Drabiscum two Years after, the Thracians recovered the City under Apion, their General. This City subject to so frequent changes of War, Brasidas made it his business to subdue. To this end marching thither with a great Army, he encamped at the Bridge near to the City, and presently possessed himself of the Suburbs. The next day they of 
Ant. Chr. 425.  Amphipolis being greatly terrified, surrendered the Place, upon conditions that all that would, might leave the City, and take their effects with them. And soon after he took in many other neighbouring Cities, amongst which, the chief were Sime and Galepsus, both Colonies of the Thracians, and Myrcinus a Town of the Edones.  
He likewise fell a building new Ships at the River Strymon, and sent for fresh Supplies from Lacedemonia and other Confederates. He also caused great store of Arms to be made, by which he armed the new raised Men, and furnished himself with Darts, Weapons and all other Provisions. And being thus completely provided, he marched from Amphipolis, and encamped at a Place called 
* The Sea Shoar.  Act. Here were Five of the Towns partly inhabited by Grecians of Andros, and partly by a mixed multitude of Barbarians, descended from the 
† Iberians, a People of Macedonia, near the River Stremon: Said to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, of Two Tongues.  Bissalte, People of a double Tongue. Having brought these under his Power, he fell upon Toron, built by the Chalcideans, but then in the power of the Athenians. Here by the Treachery of some of the Inhabitants, in the Night he was let into the Town, and so won Toron. And thus far the Expedition of Brasidas prospered this Year.  
In the mean time there was a Battle fought by the Athenians 
A Battle by the Athenians with the Beotians at Delium.  at Delium in Beotia, with the Beotians upon the accounts following: The then present Government in Beotia was displeasing to some, who desired to set up a Democracy in the Cities. These Malcontents 
Ant. Ch. 425.  discovered their Designs to the Athenian Generals, Hypocrates and Demosthenes, and engaged to deliver up the Cities in Beotia. This was a very welcome Overture to the Commanders: And that the Business might the better be effected, they divided the Army, and Demosthenes with the greater part made an incursion into Beotia: But the Beotians being well prepared, having had notice of the Treachery, he marched back without doing any thing. Hypocrates in the mean time invaded Delium, possessed himself of the Place; and to prevent the March of the Beotians that way, fortified Delium with a Wall; which lies near to Oropia, and the Borders of Beotia lying towards the Mountains. But Pantoedas' the Beotian General, gathered out of all the Cities of Beotia, the best and choicest Soldiers, and with a great Army and a swift March made for Delium; for he had with him little less than Twenty Thousand Foot, and a Thousand Horse. The Athenians on the other side were more in number, but not so well armed; for coming hastily and suddenly out of the City, many were ill furnished, both as to Arms and other Necessaries. This was the condition of 
The manner of the Fight at Delium. P. 322. Ant. Chr. 425.  both Armies, yet very hot and eager on both sides to fight. In the Army of the Beotians, the Thebans were in the Right Wing, the Orchomeans in the Left, and the Beotians in the main Body. Those that were called Heniochans and Paraebates, that is, the Charioteers, or those that fought in Chariots, were placed in the Front; these were the best Soldiers, in number Three Hundred. The Athenians were forced to join Battle, before they were perfectly drawn up in Battalia; but it was fought with great Courage and Resolution on both sides. The Athenian Horse charged with that Bravery, that in the beginning they put the Enemy's Horse to flight. Then the Foot engaged, and that part of the Athenian Army that opposed the Thebans, by the violence of the Enemy's Charge were quite broken in pieces and routed. But the rest of the Athenians chased all the other Beotians, and pursued them a long way, with a great Slaughter. On the other side, the Thebans (being strong Bodied Men) left the chase of their Enemies, and fell upon the other Pursuers, hewed them down, dispersed and utterly routed them; and thus the Thebans highly advanced their Reputation by this signal Victory. As for the Athenians, some of them fled to Oropus, others to Delium; some made to their Ships, and the rest fled every way, as their Lot and Fortune led them, till Night put an end to the Pursuit. There were not 
Ant. Chr. 425.  above Five Hundred of the Beotians killed, but many more of the Athenians, and if Night had not come on, most of them had been cut off; but that saved them, and gave a check to the fury of the Conquerors. Yet the number of the Slain was so great, that with the Price of the Spoils the Thebans built a great Walk or Gallery in the Forum, and adorned it with many 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Statues of Brass; and even covered over the Temples with Brass, and the public Buildings in the Market Place, with the Arms and Shields of their Enemies. And with the Riches got in this Fight, they set up Sports and Shows at Delium.  
After this Victory, the Beotians assaulted Delium with that fury, that the greater part of the Garrison were killed in defending the Place. Two Hundred only were taken, the rest escaped to their Ships, and with other Inhabitants came to Athens. Into this Disaster fell the Athenians by their crafty Designs against the Beotians.  
In Asia, Xerxes the Persian King died, after he had reigned one Year, some say only Two Months. To him succeeded Sogdianus for the space only of Seven Months; who being killed, Darius enjoyed the Kingdom Nineteen Years. With 
Darius' Nothus gins to Reign.  this Year Antiochus of Syracuse, the noble Writer of the Affairs of Sicily ends his History, beginning at King Cocalus, and consisting of Nine Books.  
When Amyntas was chief Magistrate of Athens, Caius Papirius, and Lucius 
Olymp. 89. 2. Scione a City in Thrace. Ant. Ch. 424.  Julius were Roman Consuls. In their time the Scioneans now slighting the Athenians, by reason of the late Defeat given them, made a defection to the Lacedæmonians, and gave up their City into the protection of Brasidas, than General of the Army in Thrace. And those who escaped out of Lesbos, after the taking of Mitylene by the Athenians (who were no small Number) (some time before contriving how to return into their Country) joined together, and possessed themselves of Antandrus; from whence taking their opportunity, they issued forth and set upon the Garrison at Mitylene: At which the Athenians being incensed, command was given to Aristides and Symmachus, to lead the Army against 
Aristides and Symmachus sent into Lesbos against the Exiles of Mitylene.  them; who having passed over the Forces into Lesbos, after some few Assaults, took Antandrus, and put part of the Exiles to the Sword, and expelled the rest out of the City: And after they had strenghned the Place with a Garrison, they departed from Lesbos. After this Lamachus, with Ten Ships under his Command, Sailed for Pontus, and lay with his Fleet at Heraclea, and near the River Cacheta, lost all his Ships. For abundance of Rain falling, the Rain by the violence of the Stream, dashed in Pieces all the Vessels against the Rocks lying upon the Shoar. Hereupon the Athenians made a Truce with the Lacedæmonians 
P. 323. A Truce propounded, and made for a Year.  for a Year, upon these Conditions, that all that was then under the Power and Government of each other, should so remain on both sides. And after several Debates and Consultations, it was Judged to be the wisest course to put an end to the War, and those destructive Contentions between themselves for ever after. That which chief moved the Lacedæmonians was the earnest desire they had to release those who were taken in the Island Sphacteria. Thus far the Truce went on; but they could not agree concerning Scione, though all other things were consented to on both sides. The Contention was so hot, that all 
Ant. Chr. 424. War continued.  further overtures of Peace were at an end, and the War was still carried on upon the Account of Scione.  
About this time the City Menda fell off to the Lacedæmonians, which caused 
Menda revolts to the Lacedæmonians.  a greater heat and resolution for the keeping of Scione. To this end Brasidas removed all the Women and Children, and their best Goods out of Scione and Menda, and put strong Garrisons into them. The Athenians were so enraged at this, that they made a Decree to put all the Sciones to the Sword, when ever they took the City.  
To that end they sent Nicias and Nicostrates with Fifty Sail against them: 
Menda retaken.  They first set upon Menda, which they took by the Treachery of some within. Then they Besieged Scione, compassing it round with a Wall, and pressed upon 
Scione besieged by the Athenians.  it with continual Assaults. But the Garrison in Scione being very strong, and well provided with all things necessary, easily defended themselves, and from the top of the Walls greatly galled the Besiegers. And these were the things done this Year.  
The Year following, Alceus governing at Athens, and Opicter Lucretius, and 
Olymp. 89. 3. Ant. Ch. 423.  Lucius Sergius 
* Fidenas.  Fideniates, Roman Consuls, the Athenians cast the Delians out of the Island, and took the City into their own Hands, because they kept secret correspondence (as they alleged) with the Lacedæmonians. Being thus expulsed, Pharnaces the Persian Lord Lieutenant gave them the City 
† Or Adrametum, a City in Mysia, in the Lesser Asia.  Adramyttium to inhabit. The Athenians at the same time, sent forth Cleon, with a great Body of Foot unto the Coasts of Thrace; who arriving at Scione, shipped part of them that lay before the Town, and sailed with them to Torona. For he had intelligence that Brasidas was gone from those Parts, and had left but few Soldiers at Torona. To which Place, he approached as close as he could, and besieged it both by Sea and Land; at length he took it by Storm, and made the Women and Children Captives; the Soldiers he bound in Chains, and sent them to Athens; having left at Torona a small Garrison, he marched with the rest of his Forces to the River Strymon in Thrace, and thence to the City Scione (which is distant Thirty Stages from the City Amphipolis) which he fiercely assaulted. But here having intelligence that Brasidas encamped with his Army at Amphipolis, he makes against him with a swift March; who being informed of the approach of the Enemy, sets forth in Battalia to meet the Athenians; whereupon they presently joined Battle, the Victory continuing very doubtful for some time where it would fall, both sides bravely behaving themselves: In the mean time the Generals 
The Battle of Amphipolis, where the Generals on both sides were killed. P. 324.  fought with that Resolution, as if each would gain the Victory with his own Hands; and the Officers themselves, with undaunted Courage rushed into the heat of the Battle, insomuch as many brave Men on both sides breathed out their last. At length Brasidas fell in the Bed of Honour, amongst Heaps of his Enemies slain by his own Hand. Cleon likewise was slain in the thickest of the Combatants: And now both Armies were at a stand, and in a Consternation at the loss of their Generals; but at length the Lacedæmonians got the day, and set up a Trophy. And the Athenians upon a Truce made, buried their Dead, and sailed back to Athens. When some who returned to Lacedaemon gave an account of the Victory and Death of Brasidas, it is reported that his Mother 
Ant. Chr. 423.  asked how he behaved himself in the Battle. To whom Answer was made, That he went beyond all the Lacedæmonians. Upon which, she replied, Her Son Brasidas was an Honest and Good Man, but much inferior to many other Spartans' in Valour. What she said being noised through the City, the Ephori decreed her public Honours, because she preferred the Glory of her Country, before the particular praise of her Son. After this Battle, the Athenians determined to make 
Peace concluded.  Peace with the Lacedæmonians for Fifty Years, and did so upon these Conditions, that the Prisoners on both sides should be discharged, and that the Cities taken in the War should be restored. And so the Peloponesian War that had now continued 
Ten Years of the Peloponesian War.  Ten Years, was in this manner ended at this time.   

CHAP. VIII.  
The continuance of the Peloponesian War. The War by the Romans against the Fidinates' for putting their Ambassadors to death. The Quarrels between the Aegistines and the Seluntines in Sicily. The Expedition of the Athenians against Sicily under Nicias, being the Sixteenth Year of the Peloponesian War.  
ARiston was Archon at Athens, when the Romans committed the Consulship 
Olymp. 89. 4. Ant. Chr. 422. New Commotions.  to Titus Quintius, and Aulus Cornelius Cossus. The Peloponesian War was scarcely ended, when new Commotions and Dissensions broke out afresh, occasioned as follows. The Athenians and Spartans', with the common Consent of all their Confederates, had entered into Terms of Truce and Peace. But in the mean time they privately confederated in a League Offensive and Defensive, without taking in the Cities that had sided with either Party; which raised a suspicion as if there was a Design laid by this secret Association to enslave all 
The Cities confederate both against Athens and Sparta. Ant. Chr. 422.  Greece: And therefore the chiefest Cities in Greece sent one to another, and entered into mutual Leagues to join together against the Lacedæmonians and Athenians. The most potent Grecian Cities in this Confederacy were Four, Argos, Thebes, Corinth and Elis. And indeed there was some reason to suspect these Two Cities had some Design against Greece; for that in the Articles of the League, there was a Clause superjoyned, that it should be lawful for the Athenians and Lacedæmonians at any time when they thought fit, either to add to, or take any thing from that which was before solemnly agreed to. Besides, the Athenians had created Ten Magistrates, who were invested with full power to manage all Affairs relating to the City. And whereas the Lacedæmonians did the same thing, it was very evident at what the insatiable Ambition of the Two Cities pointed. Many therefore of the Cities now resolved to defend the common Liberty, and to that end considering the power of Athens to be low, by their late overthrow at Delium, and the honour and glory of Sparta, much diminished upon the account of so many Captives of the noblest of their Citizens taken in the Island Sphacteria, they conspired against them, and committed the Sovereign power and management of the War to the City Argos. For the ancient noble Actions done by that City, challenged above all others that preeminence and prerogative; for long before, and to the very time of the * migration of the Heraclidae into Peloponesus, the greatest Kings of Greece came out of Argos; 
An. Mu. 2847. Eighty Years after the taking of Troy, in the time of Saul and Samuel.  and besides, by the advantage of a long Peace, it was grown very rich and populous.  
Argos now concluding that the chief Command was lodged in themselves, picked out a Thousand of the strongest young Men, and best ability for Estates, whom they freed from all public Affairs, and maintained at the common Charge. These were continually by daily Exercise, to inure themselves to Martial Discipline: 
Ante Chr. 422.  And by the help of a plentiful allowance, and constant care and diligence, in a short time they became most expert Soldiers. But when the Lacedæmonians perceived all Peloponesus had conspired against them, and foreseeing the greatness and danger of the War, they made preparation for defence of the Government, as far as was possible. To that end, in the first place, they 
P. 325.  manumitted a Thousand of the Helots' that were with Brasidas: And afterwards they restored the Citizens to their former Privileges that had been taken Prisoners in Sphacteria, whom they had before degraded by reason of the disgrace they had brought upon their Country. Moreover they brought in many who had formerly done great Service in the Wars, by crying them up, and feeding them by Rewards, to encourage them to show the like instances of their Valour in the hazards of the approaching War. They carried themselves likewise with more kindness towards their Confederates, and strove to gain and win by courtesy and civility, those they had disobliged and alienated from them. But the Athenians went a quite contrary way; for conceiving that those whom 
Ant. Chr. 422.  they suspected to be false, were to be discouraged by fear of Punishment, they put them in mind of that severe Revenge taken in the business of 
† Scione is an Island in the Aegean Sea. There's another Scione in Thrace. See before.  Scione; for there when the City was taken, they put all the Men to the Sword, and carried away all the Women and Children as Captives, and planted the Island with the Plateans, who were banished their Country for their faithfulness to the Athenians.  
About the same time, the Campanians in Italy marched against Cuma with a great Army, and routed and destroyed most of the Cumeans. Then they besieged the City, and after several Assaults, at length took it by force, and having 
The Campanians take Cuma.  plundered it, and carried away all the Inhabitants that were left as Slaves, they repeopled it with Colonies sent out of their own City.  
The chief of the Senate at Athens, was Aristophilus, Lucius Quintius, and 
Olymp. 90. 1. An. Mu. 3552. Ant. Chr. 421.  Aulus Sempronius, Roman Consuls, when they of Elis celebrated the Ninetieth Olympiad, in which Hiperbius the Syracusian was crowned with Victory. And at that time, the Athenians by command of the Oracle, restored the Island Delos to the Deleans; and they that inhabited Attramitium in Delium, returned to their own Country. And now because Pylus was not given up, and restored to the Lacedæmonians, the War began to break out afresh between the Two Cities, which being understood by them of Argos, they entered into League with the Athenians. And the breach growing wider and wider, the Lacedæmonians persuaded the Corinthians, that leaving their Association with the Confederate Cities, they would join with them. In this condition and confusion of Affairs stood Peloponesus.  
As to other Places out of the Bounds of Peloponesus, the Aenians, Dolopeans and Melcans', confederated together, and set upon 
* A City in Macedonia.  Heraclea in Trachinia. The Heracleans marched against them with great Forces, wherewith they bravely fought the Enemy, but were totally routed, with the loss of a great part of their Army; the rest by Flight got within their Walls. Then they sent to the Beotians for aid, who sent them a Thousand of heavy armed Men from Thebes; by which assistance they repelled their Enemies. In the mean time, the Olyntheans. made an Expedition against the City 
* A City in the Hellespont.  Micyberna, than a Garrison of the Athenians, and having forced out the Guards there, possessed themselves of the Place.  
Archias was Archon of Athens, and Lucius Papyrius Mugillanus, and Caius Servilius 
Olymp. 90. 2. An. Mu. 3553. Ant. Chr. 420.  Structus, were Consuls at Rome, when the Argives proclaimed War against the Lacedæmonians, because they neglected to offer the usual Frankincense to Apollo Pythius. At the same time Alcibiades the Athenian General came with his Army into the Country of Argos, by whom the Argives being Forced, invaded Troezena, 
The Argives invade Troezeza near Argos.  which was Confederated with Sparta, and after they had wasted and spoiled the Country, and burned many of their Towns, at length they returned. The Lacedæmonians being greatly enraged at the Injuries done against all Law and Justice to them of Troezena, denounce War against Argos; in prosecution whereof, they raised an Army, and thereof made Agis their King, General, who marched with all 
P. 326.  speed against the Argives, and after he had made spoil and havoc in the Country, made up close to the City, and offered them Battle. Hereupon the Argives being joined with Three Thousand of the Eleans, and as many of the Mantineans, marched out of the City; and just when they were ready to join Battle, the Generals on both sides by their Ambassadors, made a Truce for Four Months; so both Armies returned, without doing any thing: But both the Cities were incensed at the Authors of the Truce, insomuch as they of Argos cast Stones at the Officers of the Army, and had ordered them all to be put to death; which had been executed if by great intercession their Lives had not been spared; but their Goods were confiscated, and their Houses pulled down.  
The Lucedemonians also intended to have put Agis to Death; but upon his 
Agis threatened to be put to Death.  promise to wipe off the stain of the late miscarriage by his future Services, with much ado he was spared. However for the future, they joined with him Ten Persons, approved for their Wisdom and Prudence, without whose Advice he was strictly charged not to do any thing for the time to come.  
After this, when the Athenians had sent forth a Thousand well-armed Men, and Two Hundred Horse by Sea to them of Argos, under the command of Nichetes 
Ante Chr. 420.  and Nichostratus (to whom Alcibiades joined himself (though then in no command) for the great love and kindness he bore towards the Mantineans and Eleans,) the Argives in a common Assembly decreed, that notwithstanding the former Agreement, they should make it their business to carry on the War with all their Power. To that end all the Officers encouraged every one their own Soldiers; who readily and hearty followed their Leaders, and encamped out of the Walls of the City. There it was concluded to be most advisable to begin first with an Expedition against Orchomenia in Arcadia. To that purpose, having advanced into Arcadia, they besieged the City, and wearled it out with 
Orcomenia taken by the Argives.  daily Assaults; and having taken the Town, they marched to Tegea, determining to force that likewise. The Tegeans desiring speedy aid from the Lacedæmonians, they with the strength of their whole City, and of their Confederates, made for Mantinaea, conceiving that by Besieging of that, a stop would be easily put to the Siege of Tegea. But the Mantineans (being enforced by the Assistance of their Confederates) marched out with the Youth of their City, and had an Army in the Field ready to oppose the Lacedæmonians. Presently hereupon Battle was joined, and a select Band of the Argives (consisting of a Thousand well disciplined and expert Soldiers) were the first that put the Enemy to flight, and made a great Slaughter in the Pursuit. But the Lacedæmonians returning from 
Ant. Chr. 420. A Battle between the Lacedæmonians and the Mantineans.  the Pursuit and Slaughter of those they had routed in another part of the Army, fell upon the Conquering Argives, and surrounding them, made no question but to cut them off every Man: And whereas these brave Men, although far inferior in number, prevailed in a great measure against their Enemies, the Lacedaemonian King (being earnest to perform his Promise to the Citizens, and to wipe off the stain of his former disgrace by some great and remarkable Action) in the Head of his Army, ran through all sorts of Difficulties in the Fight, and had killed them all upon the spot, if he had not been prevented; for Pharax (one of the Ten, joined with the King as his Council, a Man of great authority in Lacedaemon) commanded the Soldiers to open a way for the Arcadians, lest fight with Men in a desperate condition, they came to experience what Valour can do when it's driven to a necessity. The King restrained by his Command, a Passage was made for the Enemy to break through, as Pharax had ordered. And in this manner; these Thousand Men got off, and the Lacedæmonians having gained an eminent Victory, set up a Trophy, and returned Home.  
The former Year ended, Antopha was chief Governor at Athens, and Four Military Tribunes, Caius Furius, 
* Titus Quinctius.  Quintilius, 
Olymp. 90. 3. An. Mund. 3554. Ante Chr. 419.  Marcus Posthumus, and Aulus Cornelius, bore the Office of Consuls at Rome. At that time the Argives and Lacedæmonians had several Meetings and Messages to and fro, about entering into a League one with another, which was effected 
P. 327.  accordingly. Upon this, the Mantineans (now deserted by 
A League between the Lacedæmonians and the Argives.  the Garrison put in there by the Argives) were forced to come under the power of the Lacedæmonians. About the same time, the Thousand choice Men before spoken of, in the City of Argos, conspired to overthrow the Democracy, and set up an Aristocracy from among 
A Sedition in Argos.  themselves: And having many Associates and Abettors in this Affair, of the wealthiest and most courageous Men of the City, they forthwith seized upon the Tribunes of the People, and the Heads and chief of those that were for Popular Government, and cut their Throats. The rest being terrified, repealed all the ancient Laws, and began to order all Affairs in the Commonwealth, according to the Will and Pleasure of these Men. And after they had thus governed for the space of Eight Months, they were by an insurrection of the People deposed, and the Democracy restored.  
Another Disturbance likewise arose in Greece; for upon a Difference happening between the Phoceans and the Locrians, the matter came to a decision by the Sword. The Phoceans were Conquerors, 
Quarrels and a Fight between the Phoceans and Locrians.  and killed above a Thousand of the Locrians. In the mean time, the Athenians under the Command of Niceas, took Two 
Ant. Ch. 419.  Cities, 
* Cythera in Peloponesus.  Cythera and 
† Nicaea a Port Town in Megara.  Nicaea, and in 
* Melus in Thessaly.  Melus, (which was taken by Storm) they put all (but Women and Children) to the Sword, and them they made Captives.  
In Italy the Fidenates put the Roman Ambassadors to Death upon a light occasion. At which base act of Injustice, the People of Rome were highly incensed, and decreed to revenge it by a War. To this end they made Manius Aemilius Dictator, and according to the Custom, joined with him Aulus Cornelius, the Master of the Horse. When all things were in readiness, he marched against the Fidenates with all expedition, who drew out, and met him; upon which there was a sharp Engagement, and so continued for a long time; and after many were cut off on both sides, they parted at length upon equal Terms.  
At this time Euphemus was chief Magistrate at Athens, and the Military Tribunes 
Olymp. 90. 4. An. Mu. 3555. Ant. Chr. 418.  Lucius Furius, Lucius Quinctius, and Aulus Sempronius again executed the Consular Dignity at Rome. At this time the Lacedæmonians inforc'd by the Aid of their Confederates, made an incursion into Argaia, and took the small Town of of Argias, killed the Inhabitants, and razed the Castle. Then hearing that they of Argos had enlarged their Walls out as far as to the Sea, they marched thither, and pulled them down, and returned Home. The Athenians made Alcibiades General, who with Twenty Ships under his Command, was ordered to do the utmost he could to restore the Argives to their former Government; for there was such Confusion and Disorder there, that great Multitudes of them were for the advancing of the Aristocracy. Alcibiades therefore as soon as he came 
Alcibiades sent to compose matters in Argos.  to Argos, called an Assembly of those that were for the Popular Government, and caused those who seemed to side with the Lacedæmonians to be banished out of the City, and having settled the Democracy, returned to Athens. At the end of the Year, the Lacedæmonians invaded Argaia with a great Army, and making 
The Lacedæmonians invade Argaia.  waste and spoil in many Places of the Country, placed the Exiles of Argos in Orneas, and Fortified and walled the Place round, in regard it lay in Argaia; and having put in there a strong Garrison, they ordered them to waste the Country of Argos with continual Excursions. When the Lacedæmonians were marched back, the Athenians sent Forty Ships, and Twelve Hundred Soldiers 
Ant. Chr. 418. The 15th Year of the Peloponesian War. P. 328.  to the Assistance of the Argives. With this Aid they marched against Orneas, and took it by Storm, and putting part of the Garrison and the Exiles to the Sword, they expelled the rest out of the City. And these were the things done in the Fifteenth Year of the Peloponesian War.  
In the Sixteenth Year, when Aristomnestes was Archon at Athens, and Titus Claudius 
Olym. 91. 1. Ant. Chr. 417.  Spurius, Nautius Lucius Sergius, and Sextus Julius, Military Tribunes, executed the Office of Consuls at Rome, the Ninety First Olympiad was celebrated at Elis, wherein Exaneus of Acragentum was Victor. At that time the Bysantines and Chalcedeans joining with the Thracians, passed over with a great Army into Bythinia, and wasted and spoiled the Country; and after they had taken several small Towns by force, they executed most horrid cruelty. For after they had gathered together a great multitude of Prisoners, of Men, Women and Children, 
The cruelty of the Thracians. Quarrels between the Agistines and the Seluntines in Sicily.  they cut all their Throats.  
About the same time, the Aegistines and Seluntines in Sicily went to Blows, upon the Differences between them concerning the Bounds of their Country. For though the River divided the Territories of the several Cities that were at variance, yet the Seluntines passed over to the other side, and seized upon the Lands lying next to the River; and encroaching still by little and little, they gained the next to them, and laughed and jeered at those they thus abused. Provoked with these Indignities, the Aegistines at first thought to win them by fair Words, and dissuaded them all they could from seizing of other men's Estates. But when they saw they turned a deaf Ear, the Proprietors risen up in 
Ant. Chr. 417.  Arms, and drove them out of the Country, and so recontinued their ancient Possessions. Upon this, a great Fire of Strife and Contention was kindled, and Armies were raised on both sides, to decide the Controversy by the Sword. Both Armies being drawn into the Field, a sharp Battle was fought, in which the Seluntines got the Day, and killed a great number of the Aegistines.  
The power of the Aegistines being very much weakened by this Slaughter, and so unable of themselves to oppose their Enemy, they First sought Aid and Assistance from them of Acragentum and Syracuse: But these failing them, they sent Ambassadors to Carthage for relief; and they likewise refused. Upon which they sought to get Confederates beyond the Seas: And this proved successful; for whereas the Leontines had been driven both out of their City and Country by the Syracusians, those that were remaining of these Exiles consulted together and determined to enter into a League with the Athenians, from whom they were descended. The matter was debated and decreed in a Common Assembly of all their Allies, that Ambassadors should be sent to Athens, to desire their Assistance for the Relief of the oppressed Cities, and withal to promise that they would do their utmost endeavour to serve the Athenians in all their Concerns in Sicily.  
When the Ambassadors came to Athens, the Leontines pleaded their Kindred and 
Ant. Chr. 417.  ancient Allyances; but the Aegistines promised a great Sum of Money for the carrying on the War, and with all their power to oppose the Syracusians. Upon this the Athenians thought fit First to send some prudent Citizens to Sicily, better to understand the State and Condition both of the Island and of the Aegistines. When they came to Aegista, the Aegistines with great Ostentation and Vanity, showed them a great mass of Treasure, in part their own, and part borrowed. When 
Debates at Athens about afsisting the Aegistines in Sicily.  the Ambassadors were returned, and the great Riches of the Aegistines was noised Abroad, an Assembly of the People was called, where the War to be made in Sicily was proposed, and where Niceas the Son of Niceratus, a Man of great account amongst the People, argued with great prudence against the War, alleging it impossible both to contend with the Lacedæmonians, and likewise to send so great a Force as they must needs do, into parts beyond the Seas. And alleged, that when they were not able hitherto to subdue Greece, it was in vain to think to bring the greatest Island of the World under their power. He added moreover, when Carthage, that was of so large an Empire, and had often attempted Sicily, was not able to conquer it, could they suppose that the Athenians, who were far inferior in Strength and Power, could subdue an Island the most potent in Arms of all others in the World? After he had spoken this and much more, suitable 
P. 329.  to the present Occasion, Alcibiades one of the chief of the Nobility of 
Ant. Chr. 417.  Athens, persuaded the People to prosecute the War. This Man was the most Eloquent Speaker of all amongst the Citizens, and for the Nobleness of his Birth, and greatness of his Estate, and Skill in Martial Affairs, far exceeded the rest. The People upon his persuasion, without delay rigged out a Fleet of Thirty Sail from their Confederates, and an Hundred of their own. In these completely furnished with all Provisions and Necessaries, they put Five Thousand Men well Armed, and appointed Three Generals, Alcibiades, Nicias, and Lamachus for this Expedition; and thus were the Athenians then employed. And now being come to the War between the Athenians and Syracusians, according to our designed Method at the beginning, we shall pursue the things that followed in the next Book.    


The MAP of Ancient Greece Expressing especially the Places mentioned in THUCYDIDES. by THO: HOBBES   
  

THE Historical Library OF Diodorus the Sicilian. BOOK XIII.  

The PREFACE.  
IF we should imitate others in the compiling of their Histories, we should 
P. 331.  first in the Preface of every Book, observe some things pertinent to the Occasion and Subject in Hand, and then descend to the continuation of our Discourse, upon the Actions and Affairs that follow next in order: For by some small intermission from writing, we gain a breathing fit; the fruit and advantage by Prefaces. But in as much as we have promised to endeavour in a few Books, not only to relate things that have been done, but likewise to comprehend in that Relation, the time of above Eleven Hundred Years, it's necessary to avoid Prefaces, and come presently to the matters in Hand. Only promising this to inform the Reader, that in the Six former Books, are contained the things done in all Parts of the World, from the Trojan War, to the time the Athenians decreed the War against the Syracusians, to which from the Destruction of Troy, is Seven Hundred and Threescore Years: And that we shall begin this Book with that Expedition against the Syracusians, and end it at the beginning of the Second Carthaginian War against Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse.   

CHAP. I.  
The Athenian Fleet rigged out for Sicily. Alcibiades accused; Flies; Is Condemned; Goes to Sparta out of Italy. The Syracusians send for Aid to Lacedaemon. Gylippus is sent to them. The Battle at Syracuse.  
WHen Cabrias bore the Office of Archon at Athens, and the Romans invested 
Olymp. 91. 2. An. Mu. 3531. Ant. Chr. 412.  Lucius Sergius, Marcus Servilius, and Marcus Papyrius, Three Military Tribunes, with Consular dignity, the Athenians having decreed War against the Syracusians, rigged out a Fleet, raised Money, and prepared with great diligence all other things necessary for the Expedition. To this end they commissioned Three Generals, Alcibiades, Nicias, and Lamachus, to whom they committed the management of the whole War. The richer sort to ingratiate themselves with the People, some of them supplied the Fleet with Arms, others promised to advance Money towards the Victualling the Navy, and providing Pay for the Soldiers. Many likewise of the People, both Citizens and Strangers, freely offered 
Preparations against Sicily.  themselves to the Generals, to be listed and enrolled: And all were so confident, that they were ready to divide the Country of Sicily amongst themselves by Lot.  
And now the Navy was ready to set sail; when on the sudden in one Night, 
All the Images in Athens had their Heads struck off in one Night. Ant. Chr. 412.  all the Statues of the Goddess Minerva through the City (which were very many) had their Heads struck off. The Populacy conceived this not to be done by any of the meaner sort, but by some in authority, with a design to destroy the Democracy, and therefore they were highly incensed at the wickedness of the fact, and promised great Rewards to find out the Authors. In the mean time, one of the Citizens came to the Senate, and told them, that in the new Moon about Midnight, he saw several Persons go into the House of a Foreigner, amongst whom Alcibiades was one. And when the Senate asked him how he could know him at such a time of the Night? He answered, he discerned him by the light of the Moon: By which Contradiction he detected his own Falsehood, and never after could the least Discovery be made of that Fact by any Person whatsoever.  
However notwithstanding this Accident, an Hundred and Forty Galleys were rigged out, besides Ships of Burden and other Ships, for transporting of Horses, 
P. 332.  Provisions and other Necessaries, whereof there was a very great number. In this Expedition there went forth with them above Seven Thousand Men at Arms, and Slingers, and Horsemen sent from their Confederates, besides those belonging to their Fleet.  
During this time, the Officers had a private Consult with the Senate, concerning the Administration of Affairs in Sicily, in case they should conquer the 
Ant. Chr. 412.  Island. Where at length it was determined, that they of Selinuntium and Syracuse should be carried away as Captives and Slaves, and that the rest should have only a Yearly Tribute imposed upon them. The next day the Officers with the Army, marched down into the 
* The Port of Athens, Five Miles from Athens, joined to it with a long Wall. Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 2. c. 85.  Piraeum, and were followed with a great Multitude, both of Citizens and Strangers throughout the whole City; every one making it his business to take leave of his Friend or Relation. The Ships lay on every side of the Harbour with their Foredecks adorned with Flags and Streamers erect, and shining with the splendour of the Arms. The Shoar round the Harbour was filled with 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Altars of Incense, and Silver Bowls, out of which were poured out into Golden Cups, Drink-Offerings to the Gods, by them who worshipped the Deity, and earnestly prayed for the happy Success of the Expedition.  
At length they set sail from the Pyraeum, and sailing round the Coasts of Peloponesus, arrived at 
† Now Corfu.  Corcyra: For here they were commanded to stay, till they were joined by some others of their Neighbour Confederates. Being all come up to them, passing through the Ionian Sea, they came to the Promontory 
* A Promontory of Italy.  of Japygia; hence sailing along the Coasts of Italy, they were refused by the Tarrentines; and passing by the likewise of Metapontum and Heraclea, they came to the Thurians, by whom they were courteously received: Losing from thence, they made for Crotona, and there bought some Provisions: And sailing by the Temple of Juno Lacinia, passed under the Promontory called Dioscurias. After this, leaving Tesasletius (as it is called) and Locris behind them, they anchored near Rhegium and invited the Rhegians to join with them; who answered, that they must first advise with the other Italians.  
As soon as the Syracusians heard that the Athenians were within their 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. In the straits.  Seas, they made Three Generals, invested with Absoute Power, Hermocrates, Sicanus and Heraclides, who raised Soldiers and sent Messengers through all the Cities of Sicily, to press them with all earnestness to join with them in Arms for the common safety of their Country; For that the Athenians (under Colour of a War against the Syracusians) had no other Design but to subdue the whole Island. To which the Acragentines and Naxians, answered, that they were resolved to abide firm in their League with the Athenians. The Camarians and Messenians, declared they were for Peace, and refused to return any Answer to what was proposed. The Himereans and Seluntians, with them of Gela and Catanea, promised their Assistance. The Cities of the 
† The Siculi are they that came out of Italy, and called it Sicily, which was before Sicania. Sicilians is a general Name for all the Inhabitants.  Siculi (though they favoured the Syracusians) yet desired to be at ease, and not knowing what to resolve, judged it most advisable to consider a while of the business, that they might be better able to discern what was like to be the issue of so great a War.  
The Aegistines plainly declaring they could not contribute to the Athenians 
Ant. Ch. 412.  above Thirty Talents, the Athenian Generals accused them of Treachery; and setting Sail from Rhegium with their whole Fleet, arrived at Naxus in Sicily, where they were friendly and courteously received by the Citizens; and from thence they made to Catana. But they of Catana refused entrance to the Soldiers, yet admitted the Generals, and called a common Assembly; where the Athenian Generals treated with them concerning the entering into a mutual League offensive and defensive; but whilst Alcibiades was making an Harangue to court 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  the People, the Soldiers broke through a little Gate into the City, by which means the Cataneans were forced to join with the Athenians in the War against the Syracusians.  
Whilst these things were acting Abroad, they who were Enemies to Alcibiades, 
Alcibiades accused at Athens.  (through private Peaks and Grudges) at Athens took Occasion, from the maiming and spoiling of the Images, and accused him in the Common Assemblies of a Conspiracy against the Democracy; which Accusation was much supported and furthered by what had then lately happened at Argos: For some of the chief of the City, conspiring with others of their Dependants, to overturn the Democracy in Argos, were all destroyed by the Citizens. This Attempt of innovation there, 
P. 333.  caused the Accusation at Athens to be more readily believed, and therefore the People being with all earnestness stirred up by the Orators, sent a Ship from Salamis to Sicily, to recall Alcibiades, in order to abide his Trial.  
As soon as it arrived at Catana, Alcibiades was made acquainted by the Messengers, 
Ant. Ch. 412  what Order they had from the People; upon which, he (with those who were accused with him) went on Shipboard into his own Galley, and together with that from Salamis set Sail from Catana. As soon as he arrived at Thurium, either through Consciousness of the Gild of his Impiety, or through the fear of the greatness of the Danger, he and all those accused with him made their Escape. 
Alcibiades withdraws himself.  Those who were on Board the Salamian Vessel, made great inquiry after Alcibiades; but when he could not be found, they Sailed back to Athens, and there gave an Account what had happened.  
Upon which, the Athenians gave Judgement of Death upon Alcibiades, and all 
Alcibiades Condemned.  his Fellow Fugitives, (their Names being only put up to the Court) without being further heard.  
But Alcibiades fled out of Italy to Sparta, and there persuaded the Lacedæmonians to invade the Athenians: But the Generals that remained in Sicily, sailed with their Forces to Aegista, and took Hyccara, a small Town of the Siculi; out of whose Spoils they raised an Hundred Talents. And having received Thirty Talents more from the Aegistines, they sailed back to Catana; where having consulted how to possess themselves of a Place near to the chief Port of Syracuse, with-little or no hazard, they sent thither a Trusty Fellow of Catana, not suspected by the Syracusian Officers, with Orders to acquaint them that some of the Cataneans had plotted upon a sudden to set upon the Athenian Soldiers in the Night, when they had laid aside their Arms, and to burn all their Shipping in their Harbour: And that this might be the better effected, they desired the Commanders to appear with their Army, that the Design might not be defeated. As soon as the Catanean came to Syracuse, he delivered his Message. The Generals believing what he said, appointed a Night when they would march out with their Forces, and sent back the Man to Catana. At the Night appointed, the Syracusians led forth their Men towards Catana; and the Athenians (with great Silence) made out with their Fleet to the great Port of Syracuse; and seizing upon Olympius; and all the Places bordering round about, they there fortified their Camp. But the Syracusians understanding the Treachery, returned with a swift March, and set upon their Enemies Camp. They on the other side issued forth, and Battle was joined, in which the Athenians killed Four Hundred of their Enemies, and put the rest to flight: But the Athenian Generals discerning that the Enemy exceeded them in the number of their Horse (that they might be the better provided for the Siege,) sailed back to Catana.  
Messengers likewise were sent to Athens, with Letters to the Democracy to 
Ant. Chr. 412.  desire more Horse and Moneys, because the Siege they were about to begin, would be long and tedious. Upon which, it was decreed, that Three Hundred Talents and some Troops of Horse should be sent into Sicily.  
During these things, Diagoras surnamed the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. This Diagoras was a Milean; he questioned in his Writings, whether there were any Gods; for which he was prosecuted. Vid. Lact. lib. 1. p. 7.  Atheist, accused for his Impiety, for fear of the People, fled out of Attica; and a Talon of Silver was promised as a Reward by the Voice of the common Crier, to any that should kill him. In Italy the Romans had War with the Aequi, and took Lavinium by Assault: And these were the Actions produced this Year.  
Pisander now executed the Office of Archon at Athens, and the Romans created 
P. 334. Olymp. 91. 3. Ant. Ch. 411. The Syracusians crave aid of the Lacedæmonians.  Four Military Tribunes as Consuls, Publius Lucretius, Caius Servilius, Agrippa Memenius, and Spurius Veturius. At this time the Syracusians sent Ambassadors to Corinth and Lacedaemon, to desire Aid, and earnestly entreated that they would not suffer them to be reduced to the utmost extremity. The Lacedæmonians stirred up by Alcibiades, determined to assist the Syracusians, and made Gylippus General. The Corinthians sent only Two Galleys under Pythes to go along with Gylippus into Sicily for the present, while they were preparing a greater Fleet to be sent after them. Nicias and Lamachus the Athenian Generals at Catana, 
Ant. Chr. 411.  having received Three Hundred Talents, and reinforced with Two Hundred and Fifty Horse from Athens, set Sail for Syracuse, and arriving there in the Night unsuspected by them of Syracuse, possess themselves of 
† An high piece of Land near the City over-topping it.  Epipole; which they of Syracuse perceiving, made a Sally with all speed to drive them thence, but were forced back within their Walls, with the loss of Three Hundred Men.  
After this, there came to the Athenians Three Hundred Horse from Aegina, and Two Hundred and Fifty from the Sicilians, which made up a Body of above Eight Hundred Horse: Being enforced, they drew a Trench round Labdalus, and blocked up the City Syracuse on every side with a Wall. At which the Syracusians were greatly terrified, and to prevent the building of the Wall, they sallied out; but after a Skirmish with Horse on both sides, the Syracusians were beaten back with great loss. Then the Athenians with a part of their Army possessed themselves of a Place called Polichna, commanding the Port, and drew a Wall about it, wherein they included the Temple of Jupiter: So that now Syracuse was Besieged on both sides. With these many Misfortunes, the Syracusians were greatly discouraged; but when they heard that Gylippus was arrived at Himera, and raising Men, they began to take Heart. For Gylippus as 
Gylippus arrives at Himera.  soon as he came to Himera, with Four Galleys only, after he had secured his Ships, brought in them of Himera to join with the Syracusians; and from them and the Geleans, Selinuntians and Sicanians, he raised and listed Men, who when they were all mustered, made up a Body of Three Thousand Foot, and Two Hundred Horse; with which he marched through the midst of the Country, and entered into Syracuse: And after a few Days, led forth his Forces, with those of the Syracusians, against the Enemy. Whereupon a sharp Battle was fought, 
A Baatel fought near Syracuse.  wherein Lamachus the Athenian General was killed. But at length (after many killed on both sides) the Athenians got the Day.  
After this Fight, came in Thirteen Galleys from Corinth, whereupon Gylippus having drawn the Soldiers out of these Ships, with them, and the Syracusians set upon the Enemy's Camp, and assaulted the Epipole: And though the Athenians made a Sally, yet after a sharp Dispute, and many of them killed, they were routed by the Syracusians; who presently demolished the Walls and Fortifications through all the Epipole. The Athenians having lost this Place, led away their Army to another Post.  
These things thus performed, the Syracusians sent Ambassadors a Second time to Corinth and Lacedaemon for further Supplies. To whom were sent a Thousand Men from Corinth, Beotia and Sicyon; and from Sparta Six Hundred. In the mean time, Gylippus traversing the Country about from Town to Town in several Parts of Sicily, brought in many to join with him in the War; and being reinforced with Three Thousand Men from the Himereans and Sicanians, 
Ant. Chr. 411. P. 335.  he marched his Army through the Heart of the Country: But the Athenians having intelligence of their coming, cut off one half of them by an Ambush; the rest came safe to Syracuse.  
And now they of Syracuse being encouraged with fresh Supplies, determined to try their Fortune in a Sea-Fight: What Shipping they had left, they set forth, and built others, which they made use and 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  trial of in the little Harbour.  
Nicias the Athenian General, acquainted the People of Athens by Letters, that the Syracusians were much enforced, and that they were putting forth a great Fleet, with an intent to come to a Sea-Fight; and therefore desired more Shipping and Moneys to be sent him, and a Colleague to bear part of the Burden and Care of the War. For Alcibiades being fled, and Lamachus killed, he only remained, and that very infirm and unhealthful. Upon this the Athenians sent into Sicily about the Summer Solstice, Ten Galleys, under the Command of Eurymedon, with an Hundred and Forty Talents of Silver: But withal preparing and designing to send a greater Fleet at the Spring. And to that end, 
Ant. Chr. 410.  they raised Men and Money in every Place from among their Confederates. In Peloponesus the Lacedæmonians by the instigation of Alcibiades, broke the League they had made with the Athenians, and the heat of this War continued for the space of Twelve Years.   

CHAP. II.  
The Lacedæmonians invade Attica. The Fight at Sea between the Syracusians and Athenians. Eurymedon and Demosthenes arrive in Sicily. A Plague in the Athenian Camp. Another Fight between the Syracusians and Athenians. The latter routed at Sea. The Athenians ruined in Sicily. Nicholaus' long Oration. Gylippus his Answer.  
THis Year ended, Cleocritus governed in chief at Athens, and at Rome Four 
Olymp. 91. 4. An. M. 3559. Ant. Ch. 410.  Military Tribunes executed the Authority of Consuls; that is to say, Aulus Sempronius, Marcus Papyrius, Quintus Fabius, and Spurius Nautius. At this time the Lacedæmonians invaded Attica under Agis their General, and Alcibiades the Athenian. They seize upon Decelia, a Place very strong and fit for a Garrison, and there they built a Fort; from whence this War was called the Decelian War. On the other side, the Athenians sent Charides with Thirty Sail into Laconia, and decreed Fourscore Galleys, and Five Thousand Soldiers to be sent into Sicily.  
In the mean time the Syracusians in order to a Sea-Fight before determined, made out with a Fleet of Fourscore Sail well Manned, against the Enemy; whom the Athenians met with a Fleet of Sixty Sail, whereupon began a fierce Fight: 
A Sea-Fight between the Athenians and Syracusians.  And now the Athenians came running to the Seaside from every Quarter, from their Posts and Forts, some out of Curiosity to see the Engagement, others to be assistant to their Countrymen in their Flight, in case they should be worsted. The Syracusian Officers foreseeing the Athenians were likely to do, as now they did, had before given secret Orders to those that were left as a Guard for the City, to Assault the Forts of the Athenians which were full of Money, Naval Preparations, and other Provisions. The Syracusians therefore easily possessed themselves of the Forts, which were slightly guarded, and made a great Slaughter of them that came from the Seashore in aid of their Fellows. 
Ant. Ch. 410.  Hereupon a great Noise and Clamour being made about the Forts, and in the Camp, the Athenians Soldiers now engaged at Sea, were struck with great Terror, and gave back, and at length betook themselves to the defence of the Forts and Fortresses that were left; whom the Syracusians pursued, without observing any order. Whereupon the Athenians discerning there was no hope nor way left of escaping at Land, (for that the Syracusians had possessed themselves of Two of their Forts) tacked about, and were forced to renew the Fight: Upon which, with their whole Fleet, in a Line of Battle, they fell upon the Syracusians (who were separated one from another, and had their Line broken and disordered by the Pursuit) and sunk Eleven of their Ships, pursuing the rest to the Island. After the Fight, both sides set up a Trophy, the Athenians for their Victory at Sea, and the Syracusians for their Success at Land. The Fight at Sea having this Issue, and the Victory so hardly obtained, the Athenians (understanding that Demosthenes within a few Days would be with them with a Fleet, were resolved not to attempt any thing further, till those Forces arrived. The Syracusians on the contrary resolved to lay all at stake, and try the utmost by force of Arms, before the Army of Demosthenes came up. And to that end, they faced the 
P. 336. Ant. Chr. 410.  Athenian Fleet, and did all they could every Day to provoke them to a Battle.  
About that time Aristo a Corinthian Commander of a Vessel, advised the Syracusians to make the Fore-Castles of their Ships shorter and lower, which was of great advantage to them in Fights at Sea afterwards: For the Fore-Castles of the Athenian Galleys were both very slender and high built, by reason whereof their Beaks made no impression, but where they met with those equal in height; and therefore the Enemy received no great Prejudice by them. But the Vessels of the Syracusians (having their Foredecks low and strong built,) often at the first Struck sunk the Athenian Galleys.  
The Syracusians (as is before related) many Days dared the Athenians to Fight both by Sea and Land, but all to no purpose; for they kept close, and would not be drawn forth by any means. But afterwards (some of the Officers of the Fleet not being able longer to endure the Insolences of the Syracusians) partly of the Navy set upon them in the great Haven, which at length engaged the whole Fleet. The Athenians indeed excelled the other in 
Another Sea Fight.  the swiftness of their Galleys, and in the expertness and diligence of the Seamen: But because the fight was in a straight and narrow Place, this advantage was of no use to them.  
The Syracusians therefore being confusedly mixed with their Enemies, and giving them no respite or time to withdraw, they drove them from off their Decks and their Fore-Castles, with Stones and Spears. And when they had 
Ant. Chr. 410.  with the Beaks of their Ships pierced through many of the Enemy's Galleys, they boarded them, and the Fight seemed within the Ships, just like a Battle at Land. All things thus going to rack on the Athenians side, they fled outright with great precipitation; whom the Syracusians pursued close, and sunk Seven of their Galleys, and disabled many more.  
The Syracusians being now grown confident, by their late Victories both at Sea and Land, presently arrives Eurimedon and Demosthenes, with a 
Demosthenes and Eurimedon arrive at Sicily.  great Army from Athens, and with many Auxiliaries from Thurium and 
* Messapia an Island near Sicily called Calabria. Ant. Chr. 410.  Messapia which joined them in their Passage. These Generals brought with them more than Three Hundred and Ten Galleys, and Five Thousand Men, besides Seamen: But Arms, Moneys, Engines for a Siege and other Provisions were on board other Transport Ships. Upon this the Syracusians were again discouraged, judging they were never able for the future to cope with so potent an Enemy.  
Demosthenes' having now persuaded his Colleagues to seize upon the Epipole, (for● otherwise he could never straiten the City on every side) set upon the Syracusians in the night with Ten Thousand heavy Armed Men, and as many light Armed; 
Ant. Chr. 410  and the Assault being unexpected they took some Forts, and entering within the Fortifications, demolished part of the Wall. But the Syracusians running together from all parts to the Place assaulted, and Hermocrates with a choice Band of lusty Young Men hasting in with aid and assistance; the Athenians were driven out, and through the darkness of the Night and ignorance of the Passages were dispersed and scattered far from one another, so that the Syracusians with their Auxiliaries with a close pursuit killed Two Thousand Five Hundred of 
Ant. Chr. 410. The Athenians worsted.  them, and wounded many that got off, and possessed themselves of a great Number of Arms.  
After this encounter, the Syracusians sent Sicanus one of the Officers with twelve Galleys to the rest of the Cities both to inform them of the Victory and likewise to desire further Aid.  
The Athenians (their affairs now declining so much to the worse, and the 
P. 337. A Plague in the Athenian Comp.  Plague breaking forth in the Army by reason of a stinking marsh Ground near adjoining) consulted what was sit to be done in the present exigency. Demosthenes was of Opinion without delay to return to Athens, saying it was far more commendable to venture their Lives for their Country against the Lacedæmonians than to lie still in Sicily doing nothing. But Nicias said it was base and dishonourable 
Ant. Chr. 410.  to leave the Siege when they were so plentifully supplied, both with Shipping Men and Money. And moreover, that they should be involved in great Danger by those whose common practice it was, to asperse the Generals, if they should make Peace with the Syracusians, and return to their Country without the order and command of the People. Among those that were then present at the Consult some approved of the Advice of Demosthenes for returning; others agreed with Nicias. But nothing being determined, they lay idle without any Action.  
In the mean time, great Aids and Supplies came to them of Syracuse from the Siculi, Selenuntians, Geleans, Himereans and Camarineans, which encouraged them as much as it discouraged the Athenians. And besides the Plague so raged and increased that a great part of the Army Perished, which caused them all now to repent that they had not returned before. The Athenian Army therefore being in a tumult, and hasting to their Shipping, Nicias himself was forced to a Compliance. And now both the Generals agreeing in Opinion, the Soldiers Shipped their Baggage and Lumber, and having all Aboard their Ships, hoist up Sail. And the Generals caused it to be Proclaimed that upon a Sign given all should be ready, and if any loitered they should be left behind. But the Night before they intended to set Sail, the Moon was Eclipsed, which occasioned Nicias (who was 
Ant. Ch. 410.  naturally Superstitious, and then in great uneasiness by reason of the Plague) to advise with the soothsayers. By whom Answer was given, that they must not by any means Sail of three Days: Into which Opinion Demosthenes and those of his party likewise were led through their Superstition. The Syracusians understanding 
Another Sea Fight.  by Deserters the cause of the stay, Man'd all their Galleys, to the Number of Seventy Four. And drawing out their Land-Forces, set upon the Athenians both by Sea and Land. On the other side the Athenians Man'd Fourscore and Six Galleys and gave the Command of the Right Wing to Eurymedon, against whom was opposed Agatharcus the Syracusian General. In the left Wing they placed Euthydemus, in opposition to Sicanus, who Commanded for the Syracusians. Menander Commanded the middle Battle on the Athenians side, and Pithes the Corinthian for the Syracusians. And altho' the Athenians Line of Battle stretched out further in length than the Syracusians because their Ships were more; yet that which seemed to be their advantage proved to be their ruin in the Issue.  
For Eurymedon striving to surround the Wing opposite to him (by that means being severed from the rest of the Fleet) was driven by the Syracusians (who bore down upon him) into the Creek Dascones, before possessed by other Syracusians; where being hemmed in within the Straits, and forced upon the Shoar, (upon a mortal Wound given) he fell down Dead, and there seven of his Ships were destroyed. In the heat of the Fight, the report spread abroad that the General was killed, and many of his Ships lost; upon which the chiefest of the Galleys 
Ant. Ch. 410.  which were next in place and order to the Vessels lost, began to give back, and thereupon the Syracusians pressed forward and (heated by their late success) fell 
P. 338.  with great fury upon the Athenians and forced them to an absolute Flight, and driving them into the Shallows of the Haven, many of the Vessels were stranded among the Shelus and Sands. Upon which Sicanus the Syracusian Admiral filled 
* A Fireship.  a Ship with Faggots, Firebrands and Pitch, and set it on Fire among the Ships floating upon the Shallows. On the other hand the Athenians with all expedition extinguished the Flames, and when they saw there was no other way left to escape, they valiantly grappled with their Enemies, and threw them overboard. In the mean time the Land-forces of the Athenians were ready upon the Shoar to Aid them that fled that way, and bestirring themselves with extraordinary Valour and contempt of all Dangers routed the Syracusians at Land. But they being Victors at Sea returned into the City, having not lost many Men in the Sea-Fight. But the Athenians lost no less than Two Thousand Men and Eighty Galleys.  
The Syracusians now conceiving that their City was safe, and that their business remaining was to break into the Enemy's Camp and ruin their Army, blocked up the Mouth of their Haven with Ships joined, and fastened together, to hinder the 
Ant. Ch. 410.  Flight of the Athenians by Sea. To which end they made a Bridge with Boats, Galleys, and other Sihps fixed with Anchors, compacted and fastened together with Iron Chains. The Athenians perceiving that they were penned up on every side, and no way of escape remaining, consulted and resolved to fill what Ships they had remaing with the best of their Soldiers, that with the multitude of their Shipping, and resoulteness of their Soldiers (now ready to Fight as Men in a desperate condition) they might strike a Terror into the Syracusians. Hereupon the chiefest of the Officers and best and most expert Soldiers Embarked and Man'd an Hundred and Fifteen Galleys. The rest of the Army they placed in order upon the Shoar. On the other side the Syracusians (being furnished with Land-Souldiers for the Defence of their Walls) fitted out Seventy Four Galleys, attended by many of the young Boys of the City, (not yet of full Age) in other Ships as Auxiliaries to be ready to aid and assist their Parents. The Walls of the Harbour and every high Place within the City were filled with Multitudes of Spectators. For both Women and Children and all others unfit to bear Arms (with great concern and trembling of Heart) stood to view the Fight in 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  in order to judge how things were like to go with them. At the same time Nicias, the Athenian General, viewing the Fleet, and seriously considering the greatness of the danger, left his Post upon the Shoar, and went on board a Vessel, and sailed round the Athenian Fleet, and called to the Commanders 
A great Sea-Fight in the Harbour at Syracuse.  and Captains of every Galley, earnestly entreating them with his Hands lift up to Heaven, that every one would strive to outdo another, and improve to the utmost the present opportunity, being the last ground of hope they were ever like to enjoy, for in their valour in the Sea-Fight now approaching, lay the safety and preservation both of them and of their 
Ante Chr. 410. Nicias stirs up the Soldiers to Fight like Men of Valour.  Country. Those that were Fathers he put in mind of their Children: Those that were nobly born he earnestly pressed and exhorted that they would be careful to avoid what ever would slain the Honour and Glory of their Families: Those that had been advanced by the People for their former good Services, he advised now to approve themselves worthy of those marks of Honour they then bore. Lastly, he put them in mind of the Trophies at Salamis, earnestly adjuring them that they would not prostitute the Glory of their Country, and become Slaves to the Syracusians. After this Speech, Nicias returned to the Army at Land. When they in the Fleet had Sung the 
† A Song before Battle. P. 339.  Paean, they made out with a Design to break the Blockade at the Mouth of the Harbour. But the Syracusians sailed up in order of Battle against them, with that speed that they drove them off the Bomb and forced them to Fight. In this confusion some Sailed towards the Shoar, others made into the middle of the Harbour, and others towards the Fortifications; and thus their Lines being broke, the Fleet was presently separated and dispersed, by which means the Athenians, in this manner disappointed, were forced to Fight here and there, up and down in the Harbour it little 
Ant. Chr. 41 〈…〉  Squadrons and small Parties: However the Fight was obstinate on both sides. The Athenians exceeding in Number of Ships, seeing no other hopes of safety, undauntedly despised all Dangers, and resolved to die Valiantly. On the other hand, the Syracusians knowing their Parents and Children were observing them, put themselves forth to the utmost, every one striving to improve his Valour, to gain the Victory for his Country. Many there were, that when their Ships were pierced through by the violent Assault of the Enemy, leapt into the Ships that pierced them, and fought bravely upon their Fore-castles in the midst of their Enemies. Others with grappling Irons, so joined the Ships together, that they forced their Enemy to fight on Board, as if they had been at Land. And there were not a few that when their own Ships were disabled, boarded their Adversaries, and killed and threw them overboard, and so possessed themselves of their Vessels. And now the crashing of Ships one against another, and the Cries and Shouts of the Combatants and Dying Men, was heard in every Place throughout the whole Harbour: For sometimes one single Vessel was surrounded, and struck through with the Beaks of many, and so the Water forcing in at the Breaches, the Ship with all the Men in it, sunk together. And many (after their Ships were sunk) endeavoured to save themselves by Swimming, but were struck through with Darts, and wounded with Spears, and so miserably perished. In the mean time, the Masters of the Ships were amazed, 
Ant. Ch. 410.  to see the Confusion and Disorder of the Fight, seeing nothing but tumult and horror about them, one Ship often set upon by many, and what was commanded, not regarded, and the Advice to one, disagreeable to the Circumstances of another; and after all, none attending to what was said. For what by Storms of Darts, crashing of Ships, brushing off of Oars, increase of Noise and Clamour of them that were engaged, and loud Shouts of the Army upon the Shoar, encouraging them upon the Sea, none heard what Orders were given: For the Shoar was full of Soldiers, the Syracusians in one part, and the Athenians in another. By which means, they that were driven in the Fight near to the Land, were sometimes succoured by them upon the Shoar. The Spectators upon the Walls, gave great Shouts when they discerned any advantage gained by their Friends; but when they were in danger to be overcome, they filled the Air with doleful Groans and Lamentations, calling upon their Gods for deliverance. Sometimes some of the Galleys of the Syracusians were destroyed under the very Walls, and their Kindred and Relations Butchered before their Faces; so that Parents were the Eye-Witnesses of the Death of their Children, Wives of the miserable end of their Husbands, and Brothers of their Brothers.  
And after the Fight had lasted long (with much Slaughter on both sides) yet the Battle was still carried on, for none (never so greatly pressed) durst fly to Land. For the Athenians asked them which made towards the Shoar, whether they intended to Sail to Athens by Land? So the Syracusians on the Shoar, demanded of them that fled towards them, Why they were now ready 
Ant. Chr. 410.  to betray their Country, who would not suffer them that stayed on Shoar to embark with them? Did they shut up the Mouth of the Harbour, as if they 
P. 340.  would prevent the Escape of the Enemy, to the end that they themselves might have the better Excuse to fly to the Shoar? And being that every Man must of necessity die, what more honourable Death could they desire, than that for their Country, which is now a witness of the Engagement, and whom they basely and sordidly desert? With these and the like Reproaches did they who fled to Land, meet with from the Soldiers placed on the Shoar: Whereupon they returned to the Battle, though greatly disabled in their Shipping, and their Bodies so wounded, that they were scarce able to defend themselves. At length the Athenians nearest to the City were forced to fly. Presently after, they that 
The Athenians routed in the Sea-Fight.  were next gave back, till at length the whole Fleet made away. Whereupon the Syracusians pursued with a great Shout. Those of the Athenians that escaped (being driven upon the Shelves and Sands) leaped out of their broken and shattered Vessels, and fled to the Land Army. The Harbour was now full of Arms and Wrecks of Ships every where. Threescore of the Athenian Ships were absolutely destroyed, of the Syracusians Eight were lost, and Eleven disabled.  
The Syracusians towed as many of their Galleys to the Shoar as they could, and took out the Dead Bodies of their Citizens and Confederates, and gave them an Honourable Burial. The Athenians thronged together to the General's Tents, desiring them not so much to regard the Ships, as the preservation both of 
Ant. Chr. 410.  themselves and the Soldiers. Thereupon Demostbenes declared that more Ships were forthwith to be man'd, in order to force the Blockade, which if done presently, they might all easily escape.  
Nicias was of a contrary Opinion, and advised the leaving the Ships, and to march up into the heart of the Country to the Cities of their Confederates; whose Opinion all embraced: And having burnt some of their Ships, they forthwith made it their business to march away. Their Design of Decamping in the Night being known to the Enemy, Hermocrates advised the Syracusians to draw out all their Forces in the Night, and stop all the Passes on the Highways. But the Officers not approving of this, because many of the Soldiers were wounded, and all wearied and tired out by the late Engagement, sent some Horsemen to the Athenians Camp, to inform them that the Syracusians had laid all the Ways with Soldiers to entrap them in their March. The Horse coming in late in the Night, (the Athenians believing they were sent out of kindness to them from the Leontines) were in a great perplexity, and thereupon stayed at present where they were; though they might have passed with great safety, if they had not been thus deluded. The Syracusians therefore as soon as it was light, sent out Soldiers, and secured all the narrow Passes on the Road. The Athenians divided the Army into Two Parts, their Sick Men and 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Carriages they placed in the middle; those that were strong and able to fight, were in the Front and Rear: Demosthenes led these, and Nicias the other, and so they marched towards Catana. In the mean time, the Syracusians drew Fifty Galleys left behind, with Ropes into the City, and ordered all their Seamen and Soldiers out of the Galleys, and armed them, and so pursued after the Athenians 
Ant. Chr. 410.  with all their Forces, and continually vexed, galled, and even tired out the 
The miserable Condition of the Athenians in Sicily.  Rear. Pressing thus upon their Backs for Three Days together, and possessing all the Passes before them, the Way to Catana was quite blocked up. At length being chased through the Helorine Way, to the River Assinarus, where there was no going forward, they were absolutely couped up, and there the Syracusians killed Eighteen Thousand of them, and took Seven Thousand Prisoners, among whom were Demosthenes and Nicias the Generals. The rest were given as a Prey to the Soldiers; for the Athenians (no Way being left to escape) were 
P. 341.  forced to deliver up, not only their Arms but themselves, as Captives to their Enemy's Mercy.  
Upon this happy Success, the Syracusians erected Two Trophies, and fixed to them the Arms of the Generals, and then returned to the City. Hereupon the whole City gave public Thanks unto the Gods. The next Day an Assembly was called, to consider what was to be done with the Prisoners. There Diocles, one of the highest Esteem among the People, delivered his Opinion, That the Athenian Generals should be first Scourged, and then put Death, and that the rest of the Prisoners should be sent to the Quarries. And that they that had any ways assisted the Athenians, should be sold under the Spear; and that no more than Two 
‖ About half a Pint.  Cotyles of Corn a Day, should be allowed to every Prisoner. When the Decree was read, Hermocrates then in the Assembly began to speak, and say, That it was more commendable to use a Victory with Moderation and Humanity, than to overcome.  
The People murmuring and grumbling at this, as not pleasing to them, one Nicholaus, who had lost Two Sons in this War, ascends the Desk, supported by his Servants, by reason of his Age. At which the People ceased their Murmuing, supposing he would be sharp against the Prisoners. Silence being made, the Old Man began thus, Ye Inhabitants of Syracuse, I myself have born no small 
Nicholaus' Speech.  part of the Calamities of this War; for being the Father of Two Sons, I readily sent them forth to venture their Lives for the defence of their Country; and for them were sent a Messenger, who informed 〈…〉 e of the Death of them both; and though I am every Day desiring they were alive, yet considering the manner of their Deaths, I cannot but judge them happy, and bewail my own Life, and count myself most miserable: For they by losing of their Lives, (which as a Debt to Nature, they must of necessity some time or other have parted with) for the safety of their Country, have left an immortal Honour behind them. But I now in the end of my Days, being deprived of the helps of my old Age, am doubly afflicted, whilst I have both lost my Children, and likewise all hopes of Posterity. For the more glorious their ends 
Ant. Chr. 410.  were, the more grateful and desirable is their Memory; therefore the very Name of the Athenians is most deservedly hateful to me, whom you see led and supported by the Hands of my Servants, and not of my Children. Ye Syracusians, if I had discerned that this present Assembly had been appointed to consult and advise something in favour of the Athenians, I should (as Justly I might) for the many Slaughters and Calamities brought by them upon the Country, and for my own particular Miseries, most bitterly inveigh against them. But seeing we are here debating about showing Compassion to the Afflicted, and how to spread Abroad through all the World, the Honour and Glory of the People of Syracuse, I now desire with all 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sine Cornu, without a Horn.  Lenity and Gentleness, to propose what I conceive may be every way for the advantage of the Commonweath. The Athenians indeed have justly deserved to undergo all manner of Punishments for their Madness and Folly: In the first place for their Impiety towards the Gods, and next for their great injury done to us. God is certainly good in this, in bringing those into Misery and Distress, who not contented with their own abundance, fall by an unjust War upon others. Who would ever have thought that the Athenians, who had brought over Ten Thousand Talents from Delos, and invaded Sicily with a Fleet of Two Hundred Sail, and with an Army of Forty Thousand Men, should have 
Ant. Chr. 410.  been brought so low, into such Calamities as now they are? For after so so great a Preparation, neither Ship nor Man returned to bring the News of their destruction. And now, O ye Syracusians, since ye see by experience, that the Proud and Ambitious are hateful both to God and Man, (adoring the Deity) take heed of doing any thing cruel and inhuman. For what Honour is it, to destroy him that lies prostrate at our Feet? What glory to be sierce and cruel in taking Revenge? For he that is Implacable towards Men 
P. 342.  in Distress, is injurious to the common frailty and weakness of Mankind. No Man is so subtle as to be able to baffle Fate; who as it were sporting herself in men's Miseries, oftentimes on a sudden draws a black Cloud over their Prosperity. And here perhaps some may say, The Athenians have most unjustly committed many Slaughters among us, and now we have power to take full revenge. Have not the Athenians suffered already above the degree and measure of their Offence? Have ye not sufficiently punished the Prisoners? Consider when they delivered up themselves with their Arms into your Hands, they did it relying upon the mercy of the Conquerors. Therefore it would be a base thing, to deceive them in the good Opinion and Hope they had of your Humanity. Certainly they that are implacable and obstinate in their Hatred, will sight it out to the last; but these instead of Enemies, gave up themselves to you as Suppliants. For they that render their Bodies to the Enemy 
Ant. Chr. 410.  in time of the Battle, undoubtedly do it in hopes of Preservation; but if they are hurried to Execution (though they were persuaded to the contrary) they indeed fall into an unexpected Calamity; but they who act so Cruelly, may justly be termed 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  raging Fools: But it becomes those who would rule others, to recommend themselves rather by Mercy and Clemency, than to seek to establish their Grandeur by Force and Power. For they who are driven to Obedience through Fear, are ready to execute their Hatred, when they see their opportunity to Rebel. But they love those that rule them with gentleness and moderation, and do all they can to advance and strengthen their interest. What overthrew the Empire of the Medes, but then cruelty to their Subjects? For as soon as the Persians made a defection, most of the Nations together with them rebelled. How did Cyrus who was but a Private Man, gain the Sovereignty of all Asia, but by his Courtesy and Kindness to those he had subdued? He did not only forbear to execute cruelty upon King Croesus, but heaped many Favours upon him. And such was his Practice towards other Kings and People: His Mercy and Lenity being thereupon published in every Place, all the Inhabitants of Asia flocked together to him, and strove to be his Confederates. But why do I speak of Times and Places so far remote, when in this very City of ours, Gelon from an ordinary Man, became Prince of all Sicily; all the Cities giving up themselves freely to his Government? The Courtesy and winning Behaviour of the Man, gained upon 
Ant. Chr. 410.  every Person, especially his tenderness towards them that were in Distress. Therefore guided by this Example (at a time when this our City ruled over all Sicily) let us not slight that which was so commendable in our Ancestors, nor behave ourselves like Beasts, fierce and inexorable towards Men in Misery. It will ill become us to give occasion to those that envy us, to say 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  that we used our Success and Prosperity unworthily. How desirable a thing is it when we are in Affliction, to have some to sympathise with us, and when we are in Prosperity, to have others to rejoice with us! Victory is many times gained by Fortune and Chance, but Humanity and Mercy in a time of Success, are clear instances of the Virtue of the Conqueror.  
Wherefore envy not your Country this Honour, whereby they will be Famous all the World over, when it shall be said that it did not only overcome the Athenians by Arms, but by Mercy and Humanity. And hence it will appear that they who engross to themselves all the praise and commendation due to Mercy and Generosity, are far outdone by your Lenity and Compassion. And that they who first dedicated an Altar to Mercy, may find the very same in the City of Syracuse. And it will be a convincing Argument to all Mankind, that they were most justly cut off, and we most deservedly crowned with Success; because they so unjustly fell upon those who afterwards showed Mercy to such implacable Enemies; 
Ant. Chr. 410.  and that we overcame such a sort of Men as most unjustly made War upon them who learned to show Mercy even by the Cruelty and Injustice of their Enemies. And hence will follow that the Athenians shall not only undergo the Censures of others, but will likewise condemn themselves, that they should endeavour by an unjust War to destroy such Men. It is certainly a most comenable thing, to lay the first Foundation of Friendship, and extinguish Dissensions, 
P. 343.  by showing of Mercy. A good understanding amongst Friends, is to be everlasting, but Enmity with Adversaries ought to be but temporary. By this means the number of Friends would increase, and Enemies would be the fewer. But to continue Hatred and Discord for ever, and entail them to Posterity, is neither just nor safe. For sometimes it falls out that they who now seem to be more potent than the other, in a moment are brought lower than those they formerly overcame; which is clearly evinced to us by the event of the present War. They who even now besieged our City, and to that purpose hemmed us in with a Wall, by a turn of Fortune are now become our Prisoners, as you all see: It's therefore our great Prudence in the Miseries of others, to show Compassion, if we 
Ant. Ch. 410.  expect to find the same ourselves in their Condition. This present Life is full of Paradoxes and Mutations, as Seditions, Robberies, Wars, among which Humane Nature can scarce avoid loss and prejudice: Therefore if we shut up all Bowels of Mercy towards the Distressed and Vanquished, we establish a bloody Law for ever against ourselves. For it's impossible that they who are cruel towards others, should find Mercy afterwards themselves; and that they that act barbarously should be gently used; or that those who destroy so many Men against the common custom of the Greeks, when a change of Fortune comes, should obtain the common Rights and Privileges of all other Men. For which of the Grecians ever put to Death those that submitted and delivered up themselves upon hopes and belief of Mercy from the Conquerors? Or who ever preferred Cruelty before Mercy? or Precipitation and Rashness before Prudence? All Mankind indeed agree in this, to destroy an Enemy in Fight by all ways imaginable; but yet to spare those who submit and yield up themselves. For in the one case Obstinacy is corrected, and in the other Mercy is exercised. For our Rage is naturally cooled, when we see him that was an Enemy, upon change of his Fortune, now lie at our Foot, submitting himself to the will and pleasure of the Conqueror: Especially Men of mild and good Tempers are touched with a Sense of Compassion, through Affection to the same Common Nature with themselves. Even the Athenians in the Peloponesian War, when they took many of the Lacedæmonians in the Illand Sphacteria, yet restored them to the Spartans' upon Ransom. The Lacedæmonians likewise when many of the Athenians and their Confederates fell into their Hands, used the like Clemency; and it was Honourably done of them both: For Grecians should lay aside their Enmity after Conquest, and forbear Punishment after the Enemy is subdued. He that revenges himself upon the Conquered, after he hath submitted to Mercy, punishes not an Enemy, but rather wickedly insults over the weakness of Mankind. Concerning this severity one made use of these Save of the ancient Philosophers, O man! be not overwise. Know thyself. Consider Fortune commands all things. What I beseech you was the Reason that all the Grecians in former Ages, after their Victories, did not make their Trophies of Stone, but of ordinary Wood? Was it not that as they continued but a short time, so the Memory of former Feuds and Differences should in a little time vanish? If you are resolved to perpetuate your Hatred and Animosities, then learn first to slight the inconstancy of Humane Affairs. Many times a small occasion, and a little turn of Fortune, has given a check to the Insolences of the Proudest of Men. And if you purpose at any time to put an end to the War (which is probable) how can you have a better opportunity than this, in which by your Mercy and Clemency towards the Conquered, you lay the Foundations of Peace and 
Ant. Chr. 410.  Amity? Do you think the Athenians by this loss in Sicily, have no more Forces left, who are Lords almost of all the Islands of Greece, and of the Seacoasts of Europe and Asia? For not long ago, though they lost Three Hundred Galleys in Egypt, yet they compelled the King (who seemed to be the Conqueror) to make Peace with them upon Terms on his Part dishonourable. And heretofore 
P. 344.  though Xerxes had destroyed their City, yet not long after they overcame him, and became Masters of all Greece. This noble City thrives in the midst of the greatest Calamities, and nothing small and mean is the subject of any of its Consultations. And therefore it is both honourable and profitable, that we should rather (by sparing the Captives) enter into a League of Friendship with them, than to widen the breach by destroying of them. For if we put them to Death, we only gratify our Rage with a little unprofitable Pleasure for the present; but if we preserve them, they (whom we use so well) will be for 
Ant. Chr. 410.  ever grateful, and from all Mankind, we shall reap eternal Praise and Honour. 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Yea, but may some say, some of the Grecians have killed their Prisoners. What then? if they have been praised and honoured for this Cruelty, let us then imitate them who have been so careful to preserve their Honour; but if the best and chiefest among us justly condemn them, let not us do the same things with them, who did apparently so wickedly. As long as these Men who have yielded up themselves to our Mercy, suffer nothing sad and doleful from us, all the Nations will blame the Athenians: But when they hear that you have destroyed the Prisoners against the Law of Nations, all the Shame and Disgrace will fall upon yourselves. And if there be any regard to desert, we may consider that the glory of the City of Athens is such, that all acknowledge themselves bound to be grateful for the Benesits and Advantages reaped from thence. These are they who first ennobled Greece with 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  civil Education; for when by the special bounty of the Gods, it was only among them, they freely imparted it to all others. These framed Laws, by means whereof, Men that before lived like Beasts, were brought into orderly Society to live together according to the Rules of Justice: These were they who first of all protected those in Distress that fled to them, and caused the Laws for the receiving and defending of Suppliants in such case, to be inviolably observed amongst all other Nations; and it were a most unworthy thing now to deny the benefit of those Laws to them who were the Authors of them. And thus 
Ant. Chr. 410.  much in general to all. And now I shall hint something particularly to some of you, concerning the Duties incumbent upon such as should have regard to the welfare and happiness of Mankind. You that are the Orators and Men of Learning of this City, You I say have Compassion on them, whose Country is the Nursery of all Learning, and honourable Education. All you who are initiated into the Holy Mysteries, spare and save those by whom ye were instructed. You who have reaped any advantage by ingenious Education, now be grateful for that advantage. You who hereafter hope for improvement thence, debar not yourselves by your Cruelty now. For where shall Strangers be instructed in the liberal Arts, if Athens be destroyed? Some short Resentment indeed they do deserve for the present Offence, but their many good Acts may justly challenge Returns of kindess and goodwill. Besides this merit of the City, if any do but consider the private Circumstances of the Prisoners, there will be just cause and ground found to show them Mercy. For the Confederates being under the command of their Superiors, are forced to be engaged in the same War with them. Wherefore though it may be thought just to execute Revenge upon them that were the chief Authors of the Injuries, yet certainly it's very fit and commendable to pardon such as are Offenders 
Ant. Chr. 410.  against their Wills. What shall I say of Nicias? who from the beginning (favouring the Syracusians) dissuaded the Athenians from this Expedition against Sicily; and was always kind and courteous to all the Syracusians that ever came thither. How base and unworthy then would it be to put Nicias to Death, who was our Advocate in the Senate at Athens, and that he (finding no mercy for all his kindnesses) should undergo a rigorous and implacable Revenge for his Obedience to his Governors? So that though Alcibiades (who was the great promoter of this War) avoided by his flight, Revenge both from us and the Athenians, yet he who was the most courteous of all the Athenians, cannot be thought worthy of common favour. Considering therefore the Catastrophies of this present Life, I cannot but compassionate so, unfortunate a condition. For not long ago, he was esteemed one of the bravest Men of Greece, and most applauded for the integrity of his Life and Conversation; and the Eyes and well-Wishes of all the City every where followed him: But now with his Arms Pinioned in Chains of Captivity, of a 
P. 345.  deformed Countenance, suffering under the miserable condition of a Slave, as if Fortune in this Man's Life, gloried to show the greatness of her power, under whose bountiful indulgence towards us, we ought to carry it (as becomes the state and condition of Men) with Humanity and Moderation, and not to insult with barbarous Cruelty, over them who are of the same Stock and Original with ourselves. Nicholaus having thus spoken to the Syracusians, ended his Oration, and much affected his Auditors with Pity and Compassion.  
But Gylippus the Laconian burning with implacable Hatred against the Athenians, 
The Speech of Gylippus.  ascends the Tribunal, and speaks thus; I am in great admiration, O ye Syracusians, to see you led aside by enticing Words, even while you are under the smart of your miserable Butcheries you really groan under. If in the very height of Danger you are so cool in your Revenge towards them who came hither on purpose to ruin your Country, why do we contend when we are not at all injured? I entreat you by the Gods, O ye Syracusians, to give me leave, while I freely declare to you my Opinion: For being a Spartan, I must be forced to speak after the manner of the Spartans': And in the first place, some may inquire, how comes it to pass, that Nicholaus professes himself to bear so much Compassion towards the Athenians, who have made his Old Age the more miserable by the Loss of his Sons? And now appears in the Assembly in a mournful Habit, and with the shedding of many Tears, pleads for mercy for them who have murdered his own Children? Certainly he is no good Man, that so far forgets the Death of his nearest Relations, as to, judge 
Ant. Chr. 410.  it fit and just to spare them who were their most bitter and implacable Enemies. How many are here present now in this great Assembly, who are lamenting for the death of their Children? At which Words, when many of the Assembly sent forth loud Groans, he added, I discern (says he) that those Sighs are the Witnesses of the misery's suffered. How many Brothers, Kindred and Friends lost in this War, do ye now in vain desire? At which, when many more manifested their Sorrow; Seest thou not, (says Gylippus) O Nicholaus! how many the Athenians have made Miserable? All these without any cause, have they deprived of their dearest and nearest Relations, who ought so much the more to hate the name of the Athenians, by how much they bore the greater love to their Relations, Kindred and Friends. How absurd and unjust a thing is it, O ye Syracusians, for Men voluntarily to sacrifice their Lives for you, and you not to revenge their Bloods upon their inveterate Enemies? Nay, being so far from praising those who have lost their lives in defence of the common liberty, as to prefer the Safety of the Enemies, before the Honour of those that have deserved so well. You have made a Law, that the Sepulchers of your Countrymen shall be adorned and beautified: What greater Ornament can ye invent, than to destroy their Murderers? Unless it be (if the Gods permit) that by making these Enemy's Freemen of the City, you determine to set them up as living Trophies for the remembrance of your Dead Friends. But now the Denomination of Enemies is changed into that of Suppliants. From whence arises this Tenderness? For they who first compiled Laws concerning these matters, decreed Mercy to the Distressed, but Punishment to them that acted Wickedly. And now under which of these Denominations shall we account the Prisoners? As Distressed 
Ant. Ch. 41●.  and Afflicted? But what evil Spirit was it that compelled them to make War against the Syracusians without any Provocation? and breaking all the Bonds of Peace (which is so desirable amongst all) to plot and contrive the destruction of your City? Therefore as they began an unjust War, let them with Courage or without, suffer and undergo the events of War: For if they had been Conquerors, we should have felt their inexorable Cruelty; but now being subdued, they seek to avoid the Punishment in the most low and humble posture of Distressed Suppliants. What if they should be answered, that their Covetousness and wicked Ambition has hurled them into these Calamities? Let them not therefore accuse Fortune, nor challenge to themselves the name of Suppliants; for this is only due to them who are fallen into Misfortunes, and yet have preserved their Innocency and Integrity: But they who make it the 
P. 346.  business of their Lives to act all manner of Injustice, shut up all the Doors and Passages of Mercy against themselves. What is it that is most base which they will not devise? What Wickedness will they not commit? It's the special property of Covetousness, not to be content with its present Condition, but violently to lust after things remote, and what is not our own; which is most notoriously done by these Men: For though they were the most happy and prosperous of all the Grecians, yet not being able to bear the weight of 
Ant. Chr. 410.  their own greatness, they thirsted after Sicily (though separated from them by so large a Sea) to divide it by Lot amongst themselves. A most horrid and wicked thing it is to make War upon them, who never gave any occasion or provocation: And this these Men have done. These are they who not long ago entered into a League with us of Peace and Friendship, and then on a sudden begirt our City with their Forces. Certainly it's a great piece of Pride and Presumption, to forejudge the Events of a War, and to order and determine the Punishment of an Enemy, before the Conquest: And this they did not omit; for before they came into Sicily, it was enacted in their common Assemblies, That the Syracusians and Selinuntians should be made Slaves, and all the rest brought under Tribute. And now when so many complicated Vices centre in these Men, as insatiable Covetousness, Fraud and Treachery, insufferable Pride and Insolency, what Man in his Wits can show them Mercy? especially when it is so well known how they dealt with them of Mitylene: For after they had subdued them, although they had committed no Offence, but only desired to preserve their Liberty, yet they commanded them all to be put to the Sword; a most cruel and barbarous Act, and this against Grecians, against Confederates, and against those that had merited better things at their Hands. And therefore let them not think it grievous to suffer that themselves, which they have executed upon others: For it's but 
Ante Chr. 410.  just that he who makes a Law to bind others, should be subject to the same himself. But why do I speak of this? when they took 
* A Town in Thessaly.  Melus, they most miserably destroyed all the Youth of the City. And the Scioneans of the Colony of the Meleans underwent the same Fate. So that these Two sorts of People, when they fell into the cruel Hands of the Athenians, were so totally destroyed, that there was none left to bury the Dead. They who acted these things, are not Scythians; but a People who boast of Humanity and Mercy above all other. These are they that by Public Edict, utterly destroyed these Cities. Now can ye imagine how they would have dealt with the City of Syracuse, if they had taken it? Certainly, they who are so cruel towards their own Confederates, would have invented something more vile and horrid to have executed upon Strangers. By all the Rules of Law and Justice therefore, there's no Mercy remains for these Men, who have debarred themselves of all Pity and Compassion in their present Calamities. For whether can they fly? To the Gods? whose Worship according to the Laws of the Country, they endeavoured to root up? To Men? whom with all their might they were studying and contriving to make Slaves? Will they make their Addresses to Ceres and Proserpina, when they came hither to spoil and lay waste the Island dedicated to them? So it is. But say some, the People of Athens are in no 
Ant. Chr. 410.  fault, but Alcibiades who advised, and persuaded to this War. What then? We know that they who advise, for the most part frame their Speeches that way which they conceive is most agreeable to the Humour of their Auditors: And he that is to give his Vote, often trusts to the Orator what he would have to be urged. For the Orator commands not the People, but the People order the Orator to propose what is advisable, and then determine what they think fit. Besides, if we pardon the Malefactors upon their casting the fault upon their Advisers, we furnish every wicked Fellow with a ready Excuse for the clearing of himself. To speak plainly, it would be the unjustest thing in the World, to give thanks to the People for all the good and advantage we at any time reap, and execute Revenge upon the Orators for all the Injuries we suffer. It's to be admired to see some so far besotted, as to judge it fit that Alcibiades now out of our reach should be punished, and yet the Prisoners now justly brought to judgement should be discharged; that thereby it might be evident to all, that the Syracusians are so sottish, as not to have any sense of that which is ill: but admit the truth be so, that the Advisers were the Cause of the War, then let the People accuse them because they have led them into such a Disaster. In the mean time do you (as in Justice 
P. 347.  you ought) revenge yourselves upon the Multitude, by whom you have most injuriously suffered. The Sum of all is this, If knowingly and advisedly they have thus wronged you, they deserve to suffer upon that account; if they came upon you rashly and inconsiderately, they are not to be spared for that Reason, lest they make it a Practice to injure others others, under pretence of unadvisedness and inconsideration. For it's not just the Syracusians 
Ant. Chr. 410.  should be ruined by the rashness and ignorance of the Athenians, nor where the Damage is irreparable, to admit of an excuse for the Offenders. Yea, by Jupiter! But Niceas (say some) pleaded the Cause of the Syracusians, and was the only Person dissuaded the People from the War. What he said there, indeed we heard, and what he has acted here, we have now seen. For he who there argued against the Expedition, was there General of an Army against us; and he who was then the Syracusian Advocate, but even now besieged and walled in their City. He who was then so well affected towards you, lately commanded the continuance both of the War and the Siege, when Demosthenes and all the rest would have drawn off and returned. I judge therefore you will not have more regard to Words than things, to Promises than Experiences, to things dark and uncertain, than to those that are seen and apparent. Yet by Jupiter, I confess, it's a very wicked thing to perpetuate Enmities and differences. But is not the due punishment of those that violate the peace, the most natural way to put an end to Hostilities? It's certainly most unjust, when it's apparent if they had been Conquerors, they would have made the conquered all Slaves, to spare them now they are conquered, as if they had done nothing amiss: For thus getting their Necks out of the Halter, they'll speak you fair for a time, and perhaps remember the kindness so long as it is for their advantage, but no longer. One thing more I have to say, If you follow this Advice, besides many other Mischiefs, you disoblige the Lacedæmonians, who readily undertook this War for your sakes, and sent hither Aids and Supplies as your Confederates, when they might have been 
Ante Chr. 410.  quiet, and suffered Sicily to have been wasted and destroyed. And therefore if you release the Prisoners, and enter into a new League with the Athenians, it will evidently appear that you betray your Confederates; and whereas it's now in your power to ruin and destroy the common Enemies, by discharging of those who are the best of their Soldiers, you put them in a better condition for a Second Encounter. I can never be persuaded that the Athenians who bear such an inveterate Hatred, will ever continue long to be your Friends. Whilst they cannot hurt you, so long they'll make a show of Kindness, but when they think they have Power enough, then they'll execute what before they long designed. To conclude, I earnestly beseech thee, O Jupiter! and all the Gods, that the Enemies be not spared, that the Confederacy be not deserted, and that another danger of Ruin be not brought upon the Country. And to you, O ye Syracusians, I say if any Mischief happen to you by releasing the Enemy, you leave no colour of Excuse for yourselves.  
Thus spoke the Laconian; upon which the People changed their Minds, and confirmed the Advice of Diocles, and without delay the Generals with all their 
The Athenian Generals put to Death.  Confederates were put to Death. But the Citizens of Athens were adjudged, and thrust down into the Quarries. But some of them that had been well bred and instructed in several useful Arts, were by the young Men loosed from their Fetters and discharged. All the rest almost died miserably through ill usage 
Ant. Chr. 410.  in their Imprisonment.   

CHAP. III.  
Diocles' instituted Laws for Sicily; suffered by one of his own Laws. Three Hundred appointed to govern in Athens. The Athenians beaten at Sea by the Lacedæmonians at Oropus. Alcibiades recalled from Banishment.  
THE War now ended, Diocles prescribed Laws for the Syracusians. But 
Vid. Book 12. The same Story of Charonidis.  one thing very remarkable happened concerning this Man: For being of an inexorable Nature, and rigid and severe against the Offenders, amongst other Laws which he made, one was this; That if any Man came armed into the Court, he should be put to Death, without any exception of Ignorance, or of any other Circumstance of the Fact whatsoever. It happened that some Enemies made a sudden Incursion into the Borders of the Syracusians, and he was to go forth against them. In the mean time, a Seditious Tumult arose near the Court; 
P. 348. Diocles kills himself to confirm his own Law.  upon which he hastened thither with his Sword by his Side; which being taken notice of by a Private Man, who cried out, that he violated the Laws he himself had made. No by Jove (says he) I'll confirm them: And so drawing his Sword, ran himself through. These were the Actions of this Year.  
After this, when Callias governed in chief at Athens, the Romans chose Four 
Olymp. 92. 1. Ant. Chr. 409.  Military Tribunes to execute the Office of Consuls, 
† The Greek has not these Names as they are here.  Publius Cornelius, Caius Valerius, Cneius Fabius Vibulanus, and Quintius Cincinnatus. At the same time the Ninety Second Olympiad was celebrated at Elis, where Exaenetus of Agrigentum was Victor. At this time the Athenians began to be in contempt by reason of their Misfortunes in Sicily. For soon after the Chians, Samians, Byzantines and a great part of their Confederates, fell off to the Lacedæmonians. The People of Athens being upon this Account in great perplexity, laid aside the Democratical Government, and chose Four Hundred to manage the Affairs of the 
Four Hundred chosen to rule in Athens.  Commonwealth. The Sovereign Power being now devolved upon a few, they built more Galleys, and rigged out a Fleet of Forty Sail. After some Disagreement amongst the Officers, they sailed to Oropus, where the Enemy's Galleys lay at Anchor: Hereupon a Battle was fought, and the Lacedæmonians prevailed, and took Two and Twenty Sail.  
As for the Syracusians, when the War was ended with the Athenians, they rewarded the Lacedæmonians their Confederates (of whom Gylippus was General) with the Spoils taken in the War, and sent with them Five and Thirty Galleys to assist them against the Athenians, of which Hermocrates, a great Man among the Citizens, was Admiral. Then all the Booty and Prey was brought together, and out of the Spoils they adorned the Temples, and rewarded every Soldier according to his Demerit.  
After these things, Diocles a Man of great Authority amongst the People, prevailed to have the Administration of the Government altered, by choosing the Magistrates by Lot, and ordered that there should be Lawmakers appointed both to settle the Commonwealth, and to make new Laws for the future Government. The Syracusians therefore chose such from among the Citizens as 
Ant. Chr. 409.  they judged most prudent, of whom the chiefest was Diocles: He was a Man of such excellent Parts, and of so great Reputation, that the Laws (though 
Dioclean Laws in Sicily.  made with the joint help of others) were called from him the Dioclean Laws. And he was not only admired by the Syracusians whilst he lived, but when he was dead, they honoured him as an 
* Demy God.  Hero, and built a Temple to his Memory, which Dionysius afterwards pulled down when he built the new Wall. All the rest likewise of the Siculi highly valued this Man: And upon that account many of the Cities through Sicily used the same Laws that he had instituted, till such time as the Romans brought all Sicily under the power of Rome. And though in times long after Diocles, Shafalus in the time of the Government of Timoleon and Polydorus, when Hiero reigned, instituted Laws for the Syracusians, yet neither of them were ever called Lawmakers, but Interpreters of the Lawmaker; because the former Laws being written in old and obsolete Language, were scarce to be understood. And whereas there are many things in these Laws very remarkable, yet the great Hatred against Knavery and Dishonesty appears chief from this, That the bitterest and severest Punishments are levelled against all those that violate Justice. His great dexterity in Civil Affairs is evident hence, That he appointed a certain Mulct or Fine almost for every Offence or Cause Private or Public, proportionable to the nature of the thing. He's very concise in his Expressions, leaving much to the disquisition of 
Ant. Chr. 409.  the Learned Reader. The sad manner of his Death is a sufficient Testimony of the Virtuous Resolution of his Mind. I am the rather desirous to speak more 
P. 349.  than ordinary of these things, in regard most Authors heretofore mention very little concerning him.  
But to return to the Athenians, when they heard of the ruin of their Army in Sicily, they took it most grievously, yet slacked nothing in their Contests with the Lacedæmonians about the Sovereignty, but prepared a greater Fleet, and let their Money fly Abroad amongst all their Confederates that were resolved to stick by them to the utmost extremity, to gain and keep the Sovereign Power. And to that end they gave full Authority to Four Hundred Persons chosen out of the Citizens to rule and govern the Commonwealth: For in their present 
Four Hundred chosen to govern in Athens.  circumstances, they preferred an Oligarchy before their former Democracy. But the thing did not in the least answer their Expectations; for they were much more unsuccessful afterwards, for they sent forth Two Generals that were at Dissension between themselves, with a Fleet of Forty Sail against the Enemy. And although the present distressed Condition, and bad state of Affairs with the Athenians called aloud for Peace and Concord amongst themselves, yet the Generals did all they could to widen the breach, and cherish the Enmities and Animosities they bore one against another. At length sailing to Oropus, unawares and unprepared, they fought with the Peloponesians, where through their carelessness 
The Athenians routed at Sea by the Peloponesians.  at the beginning, and their sloth and inadvertency in the heat of the Fight, they lost Two and Twenty Ships, and brought the rest with great difficulty into Eretria.  
Upon this the Confederates of the Athenians (considering the Overthrow in 
Ant. Chr. 409.  Sicily, and the late ill Management of the Two Commanders) joined with the Lacedæmonians. Darius likewise the King of Persia, sought earnestly to enter into 
Darius seeks to make a League with the Lacedæmonians.  a League with the Lacedæmonians: And to that end, Pharnabazus his Lieutenant upon the Seacoasts supplied the Lacedæmonians with Money, and sent for Three Hundred Ships from Phenicia, which he had before ordered to be sent to them to Beotia. And now when the Athenians were involved in so many Mischiefs at one time, all Men thought the War at an end. For none had the least hopes that the Athenians could make any further opposition, not for the least moment of time. But the thing had a far different issue from that which was commonly supposed; for such was the brave Spirit of the Athenians, that the event was quite contrary, which happened upon this occasion. Alcibiades being Banished from Athens, aided the Lacedæmonians for some time in the War, and was very useful to them, being an eloquent Orator, daring and bold, of the most noble Family, and the greatest Estate of any of the Citizens, and therefore esteemed the chief Man of Athens. This Man having a great desire to be recalled from his Banishment, did all he could to ingratiate himself into the People of Athens, by doing them some remarkable Service, at such a time as when they seemed to be in the lowest ebb of Fortune. And therefore having a great interest in Pharnabazus, Darius' Lieutenant, and understanding that he designed to send Three Hundred Ships to aid the Lacedæmonians, prevailed with 
Ant. Chr. 409. Alcibiades prevents Aid from the Persians to the Lacedæmonians.  him to alter his Resolution. For he suggested to him that it was not safe for the King to make the Lacedæmonians too strong, nor for the advantage of the Persians: And that it was much more their interest to keep the Balance equal, that so the Two Commonwealths might be in continual War one with another.  
Pharnabazus conceiving Alcibiades had given him sound and wholesome Advice, sends back the Fleet to Phenicia: And thus the Aid intended for the Lacedæmonians, was prevented by Alcibiades. A little time after, he was recalled, 
Alcibiades recalled to Athens.  and made General of the Army, and overcame the Lacedæmonians in several Battles, and raised up his Country from their low Estate, to their former height of glory. But of these matters we shall speak more fully hereafter, lest we should transgress the due order of an History by too much Anticipation.   

CHAP. IU.  
The Government by Four Hundred abrogated in Athens. The Victory by the Athenians over the Lacedæmonians at Sea, between Sestus and Abydus. The Persian Garrison driven out of Antandris by the help of the Lacedæmonians. Twenty Two Years of the Peloponesian War ended. Here Thucydides ends his History.  
AFter this Year was ended, Theopompus governed Athens, and the Romans invested 
P. 350. Olymp. 92. 2. Ant. Ch. 408.  Four Military Tribunes with Consular Dignity, Tiberius Posthumius, Caius Cornelius, Caius Valerius, and Caeso Fabius. At this time the Athenians abrogated the authority of the Four Hundred, and restored the Democracy. Theramenes 
Democracy stored in Athens.  was the Author of this Change (a sober and prudent Man) who was the only Person that advised the recalling of Alcibiades (by whom they recovered their Strength) and by many other good Offices performed by Theramenes, to the advantage of the Public, he gained great Authority and Favour with the People. But not long after, the following things happened.  
At this time, in order to carry on the War, Two Generals were chosen by the Athenians, Thrasyllus and Thrasybulus, who randevouzed a Fleet at Samos, and there trained and exercised the Soldiers every Day to inure them to Fight at Sea. Mindarus the Lacedaemonian Admiral, in the mean while lay for some time at Miletus, expecting the Aids from Pharnabazus, and hearing that Three Hundred Galleys were arrived from Phenicia, was confident now he should be able with so great Supplies, utterly to ruin the Athenian State. But presently after having intelligence that the Fleet was returned to Phenicia, through the persuasions of Alcibiades (being now out of all hopes of any assistance from him) he furnished some Ships he had with him, from Peloponesus, and from other Foreign Confederates, and sends Dorieus with Thirteen Sail, (which some of the Grecians had lately sent him out of Italy) to Rhodes: For he had heard that some innovations were contriving there; with the rest of the Fleet (to the number of Eighty Three) he made to the Hellespont, because he heard that the Athenian Navy lay at Samos. When the Athenian Commanders saw them pass by, they hasted after them with Threescore Sail. But the Lacedæmonians arriving at Chios, the Athenians determined to sail to Lesbos, to be supplied with more Ships from their Confederates, lest they should be overpowered by Number. 
Ant. Chr. 408.   
While the Athenians were thus busied, Mindarus with the Lacedaemonian Fleet in the Night, with all speed makes for the Hellespont, and the next Day arrived at Sigeum. The Athenians hearing that they were sailed off from Chios, having received from their Confederates at the present only Three Galleys, made after the Lacedæmonians; but when they came to Sigeum, they found the Lacedæmonians were sailed from thence, save only Three Galleys, which fell forthwith into their Hands. Losing from thence, they came to 
* A Town in Thrace.  Eleuntis, where they prepared themselves for a Sea-Fight. On the other side the Lacedæmonians when they saw their Enemies were fitting themselves for a Conflict, they likewise for Five Days together employed themselves in exercising and trying their Rowers, and then ordered their Fleet, which consisted of Eighty Eight Sail, into a Line of Battle, and stood towards the Asian Shoar. The Athenians on the other side, drew out theirs all along the Tract lying upon the Borders of Europe; they were indeed fewer in number, but far more skilful in Sea-Affairs. The Lacedæmonians placed the Syracusians in the Right Wing, commanded by Hermocrates; the Peloponesians in the Left, under the Command of Mindarus. 
Ant. Ch. 408.  On the part of the Athenians, Thrasyllus commanded the Right, and Thrasybulus the Left Wing. At the first the great Contest was for the Tide, each striving to gain that. For a long time therefore they sailed round one another; at length being in a narrow Sea, they fought for a commodious Station. For the Battle being between Sestus and Abydus, the Tide in those straits 
P. 351.  was a great disadvantage to that side it forced upon. But the Athenian Pilots far excelling the other, by that means did notable Service, in many respects for the obtaining of the Victory.  
For although the Peloponesians exceeded the other in Number of their Ships, and Valour of the Assailants, yet the Skill and Diligence of the Athenian Pilots overbalanced all this, and made it of no effect; for when the Peloponesians with all their Force strove to pierce them, the Athenian Ships were placed in such excellent order, that no part of their Ships could be touched, save only the very end of their Beaks. Upon which, Mindarus considering that they assaulted them in vain, commanded that a few Ships, singly by themselves should cope with the Enemy: But neither in this case was the diligence of the Pilots wanting; for with a little motion they easily declined the strokes of the Beaks of their Enemy's Ships, and so pierced them in their broadsides, that they disabled many. At length the Dispute waxing very hot, they not only pierced 
Ant. Ch. 408.  one another's Ships with their Beaks, but the Soldiers on the Decks Fought Hand to Hand: But neither side as yet could prevail. And now in the very heat of the Battle, there appeared beyond a Promontory Five and Twenty Sail sent from Athens. Upon which the Peloponesians being in a Consternation at 
A Battle at Sea near to Abydus, between the Athenians and Lacedæmonians. The Athenians Victors.  this sudden reinforcement, tacked about for Abydus, and were closely and eagerly pursued by the Athenians. And thus ended the Battle, in which all the Ships of the Syracusians, Palleneans and Leucadians, Eight of the Chians, Five of the Corinthians, and Eleven of the Ambraciats were taken by the Athenians, who on the other side lost Five, which were sunk. After this, the Army under Thrasybulus, erected a Trophy in the Promontory, where stands the Monument of Hecuba; and Messengers were sent to Athens, to give intelligence of the Victory; and he himself sailed with the whole Fleet to Cyzion: For this City a little before the Battle, had revolted to Pharnabazus, Governor under Darius, and to Clearchus the Lacedaemonian General. This Place not being fortified, was presently surrendered, and after the Tribute agreed upon, was paid by them of Cyzium, the Fleet returned to Sestus.  
In the mean time, Mindarus the Laoedemonian Admiral, who fled to Abydus, resits the Shipping, and orders Epicles the Spartan to Eubea, to bring to him Galleys from thence; who hastens thither, and gets together Fifty Sail, and 
Ant. Ch. 408. Mindarus Shipwrackt at Mount Atbos.  fothwith made to Sea; but in passing under Mount Athos, was overtaken with such a violent Tempest, that all the Fleet was lost, and not a Man escaped, save only Twelve. In memory of this, there is an Inscription on a Monument at 
† A City in Peloponesus.  Coronea, as Ephorus observes in these Words.  
Out of the Fifty Galleys of Three Oars,  
But poor Twelve Men on Rocks were thrown,  
Of Athos Mount and saved. With Wind Sea roars,  
Rest of the Men or Ships spares none.  
About the same time Alcibiades with Thirteen Galleys, sailed to them that lay at Anchor at Samos. The Athenians had before been informed, that (through 
Alcibiades arrives at Samos, pleads his innocency.  the Persuasions of Alcibiades) Pharnabazus would not send the Three Hundred Ships (as he intended) in aid of the Lacedæmonians. Being therefore courteously received by them that lay at Samos, he made some Proposals for his Return, and made many Promises to serve his Country to the utmost of his power, absolutely denying the Crimes laid to his Charge, and complained of his hard Fortune that he was compelled (through the crafty Designs of the Enemies) to make use of his Arms against his Country. His Speech was highly applauded 
P. 352.  by the common Soldiers, and by Messengers reported at Athens; upon which he was absolved and created one of their Generals; for considering his Valour and great Interest every where amongst the Grecians, they hoped it would be much for their advantage if they again received him into his favour. And besides, Theramenes one of the greatest authority in the Commonwealth, a Man eminent for Wisdom and Prudence as ever any before him, advised the recalling 
Ant. Chr. 408.  of Alcibiades. When the Messengers returned to Samos with this account, Alcibiades joining Nine Ships more to these Thirteen he brought with him, sailed to Halicarnassus, and there forced the City to pay him a great Sum of Money. And then making great devastations in 
* An Island in the Archipelago, called otherwise Co●.  Meropides, he returns with much Spoil to Samos; and there divides the Spoil as a common Booty, not only amongst his own Soldiers, but amongst them in Samos, and by that means gains them all over to his interest.  
About this time, Antandros with the assistance of the Lacedæmonians, drove the Garrison out of their City, and so restored their Country to their Liberty: For the Spartans' being angry at Pharnabazus, for sending the Three Hundred Ships into Phenicia, entered into League with the Antandrians.  
Here Thucydides breaks off his History, containing in Eight Books (which 
Thucydides ends his History. Xenophon continues Thucydides. Ant. Chr. 408.  some divide into Nine) the Affairs of Two and Twenty Years. Xenophon and Theopompus begin theirs, where Thucydides ends. Xenophon continues his History for the term of Forty Eight Years; but Theopompus goes on with the Affairs of Greece Seventeen Years, and ends his History at the Sea-Fight at Cnidus, comprised in Twelve Books. Thus stood the state of Affairs in Greece and Asia at this time. In the mean time the Romans were in War with the Aequi, and entered their Country with a great Army, and besieged their City called 
† Volas.  Bolasus, and took it.   

CHAP. V.  
Commotions in Sicily. The Carthaginians invited thither by the Aegistines. A Sea-Fight at Darclanum between the Athenians and Lacedæmonians. A Sedition in Corcyra. The Sea-Fight at Cyzicum; and at Cleros by Land, wherein the Athenians were Victors.  
THE former Year ended, Glaucippus was created Archon at Athens, and at 
Olymp. 92. 3. An. M. 3561. Ant. Ch. 407.  Rome, Marcus Cornelius, and Lucius Furius were again chosen Consuls. About this time the Aegistines (who had confederated with the Athenians) after the War was ended in Sicily against the Syracusians) were in great fear (as they had just cause) lest the Siculi should revenge themselves upon them for the many acts of Hostility they committed against them. And therefore when the Selinuntines made War upon them concerning some Boundaries that were in Dispute, they submitted, lest the Syracusians should take that occasion to join with the Selinuntines, and so hazard the loss of their Country. But when they encroached farther upon their Territories than was agreed upon, the Aegistines desired aid of the Carthaginians, and freely offered their City to their Protection. When the Ambassadors came to Carthage, and had delivered their Message to the Senate, the Carthaginians were much perplexed what to resolve: The desire of so convenient a City strongly inclined them upon one hand, and the fear of 
The Carthaginians side with the Aegistines. Ant. Ch. 407.  the Syracusians who had lately destroyed so powerful an Army of the Athenians, discouraged them on the other. But at length their Ambition to gain the City previaled. The Answer therefore to the Ambassadors was, that they would send them aid. For the management of this Affair (in case it should break out into a War) they made Hannibal General, who was then according to their Law chief Magistrate of Carthage. He was the Grandchild of Amilcar (who was killed at Himera at the Battle fought with Gelon) and Son of Ges●on, who for killing of his Father, was Banished, and lived at Selinunta. Hannibal therefore in regard he bore a natural Hatred against the Grecians, and desired by his own Valour to wipe off the stain of his Family, was very earnest to make himself 
P. 353.  remarkable by some eminent Service for the advantage of his Country. Therefore when he understood that the Selinuntines were not satisfied with that part of Land which was yielded to them, he together with the Aegistines sends Ambassadors to the Syracusians, referring the Controversy to their Determination; in Words seeming to propose all things fair and just; but in Truth with hopes that if the Selinuntines should decline the Arbitration, the Syracusians would cast off their Confederacy and League with them. But when the Selinuntines (who sent likewise their Ambassadors) refused to stand to their Decision, and strongly opposed both the Carthaginean and Aegistean Ambassadors, the Syracusians were at length resolved both to be at peace with the Carthaginians, and likewise to stand to their League with the Selinuntines. Upon which, when the Ambassadors were returned, the Carthaginians sent to the Aegistines Five Thousand Men from Africa, and Eight Hundred from Campania. These were formerly 
Ant. Chr. 407.  hired by the Calcideans for the assistance of the Athenians against the Syracusians, but after their overthrow sailing back, they knew not under whom to serve. The Carthaginians therefore bought them all Horses, and giving them large Pay, placed them in a Garrison at Aegista. But the Selinuntines who were then both Rich and Populous, valued not the Aegistines one jot.  
At the first with a well formed Army, they spoiled the Country next adjoining to them; at length in regard they far exceeded the Aegistines in number, they despised them, and dispersed themselves, ravaging all over the Country. The Aegistean Commanders watching their opportunity, with the help of the carthaginians and Campanians, set upon them unawares: And the Assault being sudden and unexpected, they easily routed and put them to flight. They killed a Thousand, and took all their Baggage. After this Fight, both sides sent forth their Ambassadors, the Selinuntines to the Syracusians, and the Aegistines to the Carthaginians for Aid; which being readily promised on both sides, 
The Carthaginian War in Sicily.  this was the beginning of the Carthaginian War. The Carthaginians foreseeing the greatness of the War, committed the whole management thereof to Hannibal, giving him power to raise what Forces he thought sit, they themselves 
Ant. Chr. 407.  in the mean time providing all things necessary. Hannibal all that Summer, and the next Winter, raises many Mercenary Soldiers in Spain, and lists a great number of his own Citizens; and besides these, raiseth Men in every City throughout all Africa, and equips out a Fleet, intending the next Spring to pass over all his Forces into Sicily. In this Condition were the Affairs of Sicily at that time.  
In the mean time 
* See p. 61. c. 4.  Dorieus the Rhodean Admiral of the Italian Galleys, as soon as he had quieted the Tumult in Rhodes, passed over to the Hellespont, with a purpose to join Mindarus, who then lay at Abydus, getting together from all Parts, what Vessels he could from the Peloponesian Confederates. When Dorieus was come as far as Sigeum of Troas, the Athenians (who then lay at Anchor at Sestos) having intelligence of his Course, made out against him with their whole Fleet of Seventy Four Sail. Dorieus altogether ignorant of the Preparations 
The Fight at Dardanum.  against him, sails on securely: But when he understood what a powerful Navy was making towards him, he was in great Consternation, and seeing no other means left to escape, fled to Dardanum, where he landed his Men; and placing a Garrison in the City, he forthwith furnished the Place with abundance of Arms, and placed his Soldiers, some upon the Foredecks of his Vessels, and others all along upon the Shoar. But the Athenians making up suddenly 
Ant. Ch. 407. P. 354.  upon them; endeavoured to hale off the Ships from the Shoar; and by pressing upon the Enemy in so many Places at once, they almost wearied them out. Mindarus the Peloponesian Admiral, hearing the Distress Dorieus was in, forthwith set Sail from Abydos with his whole Fleet, and made for the Promontory of ●Dardanum, with Fourscore and Four Sail to assist him. The Land Forces likewise of Pharnabazus were near at Hand, to support the Lacedaemonian Fleet. When the Navies came near one to another, both sides prepared to Fight. Mindarus commanding a Fleet of Ninety Seven Sail, placed the Syracusians in the Left Wing, and he himself commanded the Right. On the Athenians, Thrasybulus led the Right, and Thrasyllus the Left Wing. The Lines of Battle being thus disposed on both sides, and the Sign given by the Admirals, the Trumpets all at once sounded a Charge. And now the Rowers neglecting nothing on their part, and the Pilots every where minding with all diligence their several Helms, a Bloody Fight began. For as often as the Ships forced forwards to pierce one another, so often did the Pilots at the same instant of time carefully move and turn the Ship, that the Strokes only fell upon the Beaks of the Vessels. The Soldiers upon the Decks when at first they saw their Broadsides lie open to the Assaults of the Enemy, began to be discouraged, but then again presently when they discerned that the Charge made by the Enemy upon them was eluded by the Art of the Pilot, their Spirits and Courage 
Ant. Chr. 407.  revived. Neither were they less active, who fought upon the Decks, for they who were at a distance, plied the Enemy continually with Darts, so that the Place where they fell, seemed to be covered over. They who fought at Hand, threw their Lances one at another, sometimes piercing through the Bodies of their Opposers, and sometimes the Bodies of the Pilots themselves. If the Ships fell fowl upon one another, than they disputed it with their Spears: And many times when they came close, they would board one another, and fight it out with their Swords. What with the doleful Complaints of them that were hastening in to the Succour of those that were worsted, and the triumphing Shouts of them that were Conquerors, every Place was full of Noise and Confusion. The Fight continued a long time with great obstinacy on both sides, till on a sudden Alcibiades (who was merely by chance sailing from Samos to the Hellespont with Twenty Ships) came in view. Before he came near, both sides hoped to have Succour from them. And both being confident, they fought with more Resolution on both sides. When he drew near (the Lacedæmonians being still in the dark) he presently set up a Purple Flag from his own Ship as a Sign to the Athenians, as it was before ordered and agreed. Upon which, the Lacedæmonians in a great Fright forthwith fled. But the Athenians encouraged with this happy success, pursued them with all their might, and presently 
Ant. Chr. 407.  took Ten of their Ships; but afterwards a great Storm arose, which much obstructed them in the Pursuit: For the Sea was so raging, that the Pilots were not able to manage the Helm, nor could they make any impression with the Beaks of their Ships upon the Enemy, because the Ships aimed at, were born back by the violence of the Waves.  
At length the Lacedæmonians came safe to Shoar, and Marched to the Land-Army of Pharnabazus: The Athenians in the mean time endeavoured to gain the Empty Ships, and pressed on with great Valour and Confidence through many hazards 
P. 355.  and difficulties; but being kept off by the Persian Army, they were forced to return to Sestus. Pharnabazus was the more earnest in opposing the Athenians, to the end he might convince the Lacedæmonians that he had no ill Design against them, when he sent back the Three Hundred Galleys to Phenicia: For he told them he did it, because at that time the King of Egypt and Arabia had some Designs upon Phenicia. After this issue of the Fight at Sea, the Athenian Fleet arrived at Sestus in the Night: And as soon as it was Day, and all their Fleet was got up together, they set up another Trophy near to the former. Mindarus arrived at Abydus about the First watch of the Night, and falls a repairing his shattered and disabled Ships, and sends to the Lacedæmonians for Supplies both of Land and Sea-Forces. For whilst his Fleet was repairing, he determined with his Land Soldiers to join with Pharnabazus, and to besiege the Confederate 
Ant. Chr. 407.  Cities of the Athenians in Asia: The 
* Of Calcis in Eubea, now Negropont.  Calcideans, and almost all the Eubeans had deserted the Athenians, and therefore were now in great fear (in regard they inhabited an Island) lest the Athenians being Masters at Sea, would invade them; they solicited therefore the Beotians to assist them to stop up Euripus, 
Euripus a straight of the Sea between Beotia and Eubea.  by which Eubea might be annexed to the Continent of Beotia. To which the Beotians agreed, because by this means Eubea would be but as the Continent to them, and an Island to others. Hereupon all the Cities set upon the Work, and every one strove with all diligence to perfect it. And Orders were sent forth not only to the Citizens, but all Foreigners and Strangers, to attend upon the Business; and all Hands were to be at Work, that it might be with all speed effected. The Mould began at Calcis in Eubea on the one side, and at Aulis in Beotia on the other: For here it was the narrowest. In these straits the Sea was very boisterous and rugged, but after this Work much more unquiet and raging, the Passage being made so very straight and narrow: For there was left only room for one Ship to pass. There were Forts built on both sides upon the extremities of the Mould, and Wooden Bridges made over the Current 
Ant. Chr. 407.  for Communication.  
Theramenes, indeed at the first being sent thither with Thirty Sail, endeavoured to hinder the Project, but being overpowered with the Number of those that defended them that were employed, he gave over his Design, and made away towards the Islands. And purposing to relieve the Confederate Cities who were under the burden of Contributions, he wasted and spoiled the Enemy's Country, and returned loaden with much Spoil and Plunder. He went likewise to some of the Confederate Cities, and imposed upon them great Mulcts and Fines, because he understood that they were secretly contriving some Changes and Innovations. Thence he sailed to 
† An Island in the Aegean Sea.  Paros, and freeing the People from the Oligarchy there, he restored the Democracy, and exacted a great Sum of Money from them who set up the Oligarchy.  
About the same time, a cruel and bloody Sedition arose in Corcyra, which is 
A Sedition in Corcyra.  said to be occasioned through private Grudges and Animosities, as much as any other Cause. In no City of that time, were ever such horrid Murders of the Citizens committed, nor ever was more Rage to the destruction of Mankind heard of: For once before this, in their quarrelling one with another, there 
Ant. Ch. 407.  were Fifteen Hundred Slaughtered, and all of them the chiefest of the Citizens. But these Murders following were much more miserable, the Sparks of old Discords being blown up into a devouring Flame: For they in authority at Corcyra, aspiring to an Oligarchy, sided with the Lacedæmonians, but the People favoured 
P. 356.  the Athenians.  
These Two People contending for the Sovereignty, took different measures: The Lacedæmonians set up an Oligarchy in the Cities of their Confederates; but the Athenians established every where in theirs, a Democracy.  
The Corcyrians therefore discerning that the great Men of their City intended to betray them into the Hands of the Lacedæmonians, sent to Athens for a Garrison, for the defence of their City; upon which, Conon the Athenian Admiral, sails to Corcyra, and leaves there Six Hundred Messenians drawn out from Naupactus; and passing from thence with the Fleet, anchored at Juno's Temple.  
In the mean time, Six Hundred of them that were for the Democracy, rushed into the Forum, and forthwith set upon them that sided with the Lacedæmonians, casting some into Prisons, killing others, and driving above a Thousand out of the City. And because they feared the number and strength of the Exiles, they manumitted all the Slaves, and infranchized all the Strangers. The Exiles presently fly into the Continent to Epirus, lying over against them. A few Days after, some of the People who favoured them that were ejected, entered the 
Ant. Chr. 407.  Forum in Arms, and sending for the Exiles into the City, laid all at stake, and fought it out. When Night parted them, Proposals were made for a Pacification, which taking effect, they all continued in their Country with equal Privileges. And this was the issue of the flight of the Exiles from Corcyra.  
At the same time Archelaus King of Macedonia marched against the Pydneans, who had revolted, and besieged their City with a great Army; to whose assistance Theramenes came with some Ships; but the Siege continuing longer than he expected, he returned 
‖ A City in Macedonia. Pydnea taken.  to Thrace to Thrasybulus the Admiral of the whole Fleet. But Archelaus at length takes Pydnea after a straight Siege, and removes the Inhabitants Twenty Furlongs further from the Sea.  
The Winter now near an end, Mindarus randezouzes his Shipping from all Quarters; for many came both from Peloponesus, and other Confederates. The Athenian Generals who lay at Sestus, hearing of the great Preparations of their Enemies, were in no small fear lest if they should be set upon with their whole Fleet at once, they should lose all their Navy; and therefore hailing down those Ships they had laid up at Sestus, they sailed round Chersonesus, and Anchored at Cardia, and thence sent to Thrace to Thrasibulus and Theramenes to come to them with the whole Fleet with all speed: Alcibiades likewise they recalled from Lesbos. So that now the Fleet was brought together with that Expedition, that the Admirals longed to fight, and put all to the hazard of a Battle.  
In the mean time Mindarus the Lacedaemonian Admiral sails in a direct Course for Cyzicum, and there lands all his Forces, and besieges the City. Pharnabazus joins him with a great Army, and by his Assistance takes the Place by Storm. Upon which the Athenian Admirals were resolved to make for Cyzicum; and to that end they advanced with their whole Fleet, and sailing round Chersonesus, arrived at Eleuntis. Then they contrived all they could to pass by Abydus in the Night, lest the Enemy should have intelligence of the number of their Ships: Sailing thence to 
* An Island in the Propontis.  Preconnesus, they there lay at Anchor all Night. The next day they landed their Men in the Territories at Cyzicum, with a command to Chareas' (who led the Army) to march straight to Cyzicum. The Fleet was divided 
The Fight at Cyzicum. P. 357.  into Three Squadrons, one under the Command of Alcibiades, another under Theramenes, and the Third commanded by Thrasybulus. Alcibiades made out with his Squadron far from the rest, and dared the Lacedæmonians to Fight. Theramenes and Thrasybulus used their utmost endeavour to close in the Enemy, so as to prevent their Sailing back to the City. When Mindarus saw only that part of the Fleet which was with Alcibiades, (having no intelligence of the rest) he despised them, and with Fourscore Sail (in great Confidence) attacks them. When he came near to Alcibiades, the Athenians (as they were commanded) counterfeited a Flight: Whereupon the Peloponesians with great joy hotly pursued them as Conquerors: But when Alcibiades saw that he had decoyed and drawn them far off from the City, he lifts up his Sign from his Ship. At which, all his Squadron at one instant tacked about full in front upon the Enemy: 
Ant. Chr. 407.  Theramenes and Thrasybuls in the mean time making to the City, left them no way to return. Upon this, they that were with Mindarus, considering the strength of their Enemies, and perceiving how they were outwitted, were in a great Consternation. At length the Athenians appearing on every side, and the return of the Peloponesians to the City intercepted, Mindarus was forced to fly to a Place upon that Coast called Cleros, where Pharnabazus was encamped with his Army. But Alcibiades making a hot Pursuit after them, sunk and took many of their Ships, and forcing the rest upon the Shoar, endeavoured to hale them thence with grappling Irons. Upon this, there was a greater Slaughter among the Athenians, in regard the Army upon the Shoar assisted the Peloponesians. And indeed the Athenians (lifted up with their Victory) evidenced more Valour than Prudence; for the Peloponesians far exceeded them in number; and the Army of Pharnabazus assisted the Lacedæmonians with great resolution, and fight from Land, had the advantage of a certain and fixed station. But when Thrasybulus saw the aid that was given to the Enemy from the Land, he landed the rest of his Men with all speed, in order to succour Alcibiades; and commanded Theramenes, that with all expedition he should join the Foot under the Command of Chares, and fight the Enemy at Land. Whilst these Orders were 
Ant. Chr. 407.  in executing, Mindarus the Lacedaemonian General, bore all the brunt in preserving of the Ships Alcibiades had laid hold on. Clearchus the Spartan, with the Peloponesians and Mercenary Persians fought with Thrasybulus, who for some considerable time, with his Seamen and Archers bore up with great Valour against the Enemy, killing many of them, but not without great loss of his own: And just when the Athenians were enclosed round with the Soldiers of Pharnabazus, on a sudden falls in Theramenes with his own and Chares his Foot. Upon this, those with Thrasybulus, who were before almost spent, and quite out of Heart, gathered Courage; so the Fight was renewed, and continued very hot and sharp a long time after; till the first that gave ground were the Persians, and by little and little their whole Body began to break in pieces. At length the Peloponesians with Clearchus being forsaken of their Fellows (after many Wounds given and received, and Slaughters on both sides) were forced likewise to give Ground. These being thus broken and dispersed, Theramenes hasted to assist Alcibiades, who was sorely pressed in another part. And though now all the 
P. 358.  Athenian Forces were joined together, yet Mindarus was not at all startled at the approach of Theramenes, but divides the Peloponesians into Two Bodies, and commands the one to engage the fresh Supply, and keeping the other with himself, earnestly adjures them that they would not slain the honour of the Spartan Name; especially when the business was now to be disputed with Alcibiades by 
Ant. Chr. 407.  a Fight at Land. And now the Battle for the safety of the Ships was renewed with great Gallantry; and Mindarus in the Head of his Men, exposing himself to all manner of Dangers, beats down many of his Enemies; but at length was killed by the Soldiers of Alcibiades, though he fought with that Valour as was agreeable to the fame and glory of his Country. Upon his Death the Peloponesians and their confederates all as one Man fled with great consternation. The Athenians pursued them for a while, but understanding that Pharnabazus was hastening after them with a great Party of Horse, they returned to their Ships; and having regained the * City, they set up Two Trophies, one for their Victory 
† Cyzicum.  at Sea near the Island Polydorus, as it is called, the other for that at Land, where the Enemy first began to fly. The Peloponesians who were left to guard the City, with those that escaped out of the Battle, marched away to Pharnabazus his Camp. The Athenians being now possessed of all the Ships, and of a great number of Prisoners, were loaden with abundance of Spoil, the Fruits of the Conquest of Two Potent Armies.  
When the News of this Victory was brought to Athens, the Success was so unexpected after all their former Losses, that the People were surprised with Joy at such a happy turn of Fortune, and offered Sacrifices to the Gods, and instituted Festivals: And upon this was raised a Thousand-Foot, and a Hundred Horse of the most Valiant of the Citizens for the carrying on of the War. The City likewise sent to Alcibiades a Supply of Thirty Sail, to encourage him with greater Confidence (especially now when they were Masters at Sea) to set upon the Cities who sided with the Lacedæmonians. 
Ant. Chr. 407.    

CHAP. VI  
The Spartans' seek for Peace. The Speech of Endius. The Athenians refuse.  
THe Lacedæmonians receiving certain intelligence of their rout at Cyzicum, sent Ambassadors to Athens to treat of Peace, the chief of whom was Endius. When he was admitted Audience, he came in, and spoke in the Laconic manner, in a short and pithy Style; whose Oration I judge not fitting to omit.  

The Oration of Endius.  
WE have determined to make Proposals of Peace to you, O ye Athenians, upon these Conditions, That the Cities gained on either side be retained: That the Garrisons every where be dismissed: That all Prisoners be released, one Athenian for one Laconian: For we are not ignorant that the War is very mischievous to us both, but much more to you, which I shall make apparent from the things themselves, if you harken a while to what I say. For our use all Peloponesus is improved and sowed, but of Attica which is not so large, you have but a part in Tillage. This War has brought over many Confederates to the Laconians; on the contrary, the Athenians have lost as many as we have gained. The richest King of the World maintains our Armies, but you force the charge of the War from the poorest of the Nations. Our Soldiers therefore being so well paid, fight cheerfully, but yours (being 
Ant. Chr. 407.  forced every one to bear their own Charges) seek to avoid both the Toil and the Expense. Moreover, when our Fleet is out at Sea, we are more in want of Ships than Men; but the greatest part of your Men are in your Ships. And that which is most considerable, although we are inferior to you at Sea, yet by the Agreement of all we are your Superiors at Land; for the Spartan knows not how to fly in a Battle at Land. On the other hand you fight at Sea, not with any hopes to gain the Sovereignty at Land, but to preserve yourselves from utter Destruction. Now it remains that I give you satisfaction, why when we thus far excel you in feats of Arms, we should seek to you for Peace. In truth, though I cannot say, that Sparta has gained any 
P. 359.  thing by this War, yet I dare affirm their Damage has not been so great as that of the Athenians. But it's the height of folly, to take pleasure in common Calamities, because our Enemies are Fellow Sufferers; whereas it had been much better neither of us had had the Experience. Neither does the content and satisfaction by the destruction of thine Enemy, balance the sorrow that is conceived at the loss of thy Friend. But it is not for these Reasons only that we desire to put an end to the War, but we are prompted hereunto by the Custom of our Country; for when we saw by these Wars so many horrid Murders, and so much Blood lamentably shed, we conceived it our duty to make it manifest both to the Gods and Men, that we are the least concerned in the causing of it.   
When the Laconian had spoke this and some other things to the like effect, the more moderate of the Athenians were inclined to Peace; but those who were accustomed to sow the Seeds of Dissension, and to make a private gain of the public Disorders, were for War. Of this Opinion was Cleopho, a Man of great interest among the People, who coming into the Assembly after he had 
Ant. Chr. 407.  said many things pertinent to the business in hand, he chief encouraged the People, by magnifying the greatness of their late Successes, and urging all in such a manner as if Fortune (contrary to her usual Custom) had now forgot to 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  dispose and order the Successes of War, by turns and mutual Changes to each side. But the Athenians at length rued this mischievous Advice which was so little to their advantage; for being thus deceived with flattering Discourses framed only to please, they were brought so low, that they could never after recover their former Strength and Grandeur; but these things shall be hereafter related in their due Place. The Athenians therefore (being thus puffed up with their Victories, and being very confident because Alcibiades was their General) concluded they should recover their former Esteem and Reputation in a short time.   

CHAP. VII.  
Hannibal the Carthaginian invades Sicily. The miserable destruction of Selinunte. The ruin likewise of Himera. The Acts of Hermocrates in Sicily.  
THE Affairs of this Year thus ended, Diocles was chosen Magistrate of Athens, 
Olymp. 92. 4. An. Mu. 3563. Ant. Chr. 406.  and at Rome, Quintus Fabius and Caius Furius were Consuls. At that time Hannibal the Carthaginian General musters an Army out of Spain and Africa, and puts them on Borad Threescore long Galleys, and provides Fifteen Hundred Transport Ships, to convey Provision, Engines, Weapons, and all other things necessary for a Siege. Passing over the African Sea with his Navy, he arrived at Lilibeum, a Promontory in Sicily over against Africa. About the same time, some Selinuntine Horsemen being in those Parts, when they saw so great a Fleet make towards them, sped away in all haste, to give intelligence to their Countrymen of the Approach of the Enemy. Upon which, the Selinuntines dispatched Messengers to Syracuse, to desire Aid. In the mean time Hannibal landed his Army, and marked out his Camp, beginning at a Pond called at that time Lilibeum; but many Years after, it gave name to a Town built in that Place.  
Hannibal's whole Army (as Ephorus relates) consisted of Two Hundred Thousand Foot, and Four Thousand Horse. Timeus says, they were not much above an Hundred Thousand. He drew up all his Ships into the Creek near Motys, intending the Syracusians should hereby be assured, that he invaded not Sicily with a design to make War upon them either by Sea or Land. Then being joined by the Aegestines and other Confederates, he raised his Camp from Lilibeum, and marched towards Selinunte. When he came to the River Mazarus, he takes Emporium at the first Assault. Approaching afterwards nearer to the City, he divides his Army into Two Parts, and encamping round the City, raises his Engines and Batteries, and gins to assault the Town with great Vigour: For he built Six high Towers, and brought as many Battering Rams 
P. 360.  to the Walls, and with the multitude of his Darters and Slingers forced the Citizens from the Forts and Bulwarks. The Selinuntines had been now a long time disused from Sieges; and in regard they were the only People of Sicily 
Ant. Chr. 406.  that sided with the Carthaginians against Gelon, they little expected they should have been brought into such Dangers by them whom they had so far engaged; and therefore were in great Consternation and Amazement, seeing the abundance of Engines, the greatness of the Army and imminent Danger wherewith they were environed. Yet they were not altogether without hope; but expecting speedy Aid from Syracuse and other Confederate Cities, all the People as one Man joined together, and drove the Enemy from the Walls. The Young Men courageously slighted all Hazards: The Old Men ran from Place to Place upon the Walls to furnish the other from time to time with all things necessary for the defence, beseeching them not to suffer the Enemy to enter. The Women and Children brought Meat and Weapons to them who were fightfor their Country, not regarding that Modesty and Sobriety which in times of Peace they were commendable for: The Fear was so great, that even Women were regardless of the Dangers.  
Hannibal promised the Plunder of the Town to his Soldiers, applies his Engines to the Walls, and with the best of his Soldiers (whom he relieved from time to time with fresh Supplies) gins the Assault. At the first Word of Command, at one instant the Trumpets sounded to Battle, and the whole Army with a great Shout ran up to their several Posts; the Walls were battered by the Rams, and the Soldiers from the High Towers, galled the Selinuntines with 
Ante Chr. 406.  their Darts: For the Selinuntines enjoying a long Peace, their Hands were not inur'd to Action, and therefore were easily driven from thence, the Wooden Towers being far higher than they. In the mean time, part of the Wall being battered down, the Campanians willing to make themselves remarkable, on a sudden, rushed into the City, and at the first greatly terrified those that were in that part of it; but presently many coming in to assist them, the Enemy was repulsed with great Loss: For the Rubbish lying in the way where they entered, when they were driven back to the Breach, they were so cumbered, that many were cut off. Night approaching, the Carthaginians drew off.  
In the mean time the Selinuntines sent forth some Horsemen in the Night to Agrigentum, Gela and Syracuse, to desire aid with all speed; for that they were not able any longer to stand it out against so great an Army. The Geleans and Agrigentines thought it best to wait for the Aids from Syracuse, that with conjoined Forces they might set upon the Carthaginians. But the Syracusians having certain intelligence that Selinunte was Besieged, without delay struck a Peace with the Chalcideans (with whom they were then in War) and gathered all their Forces together from every Place. But because they supposed that the City was only Besieged, and not in any danger to be suddenly taken, they protracted the time to make the greater Preparation. In the mean time, Hannibal as soon as it was light, renewed the Assault on every side of the Town, and presently possessed himself of that part of the Wall where the Breach was made, 
Ant. Ch. 406.  and of another Breach made in another part near adjoining; and when he had removed the Rubbish, with the choicest of his fresh Men he sets upon the Selinuntines, and forces them by degrees to give Ground, but was not able quite to break them, who now had all at stake. Many fell on both sides. The Carthaginians 
P. 361.  were still supplied with fresh Men, but the Selinuntines had none to reinforce them. And thus the Assault was renewed every Day, for the space of Nine Days, with great Resolution and Courage, and much loss on both sides. At length when the 
† Spaniards.  Iberians began to enter at the Breaches, the Women from the tops of the Houses, filled all Places with Cries and Lamentations. And the Selinuntines now judging the Town to be lost, endeavoured to block up all the narrow Passages and Streets, and by that means the Contest continued a long time. But while the Carthaginians were making their way by force, the Women and Children from the Tops of the Houses mawl'd them with Tiles and Stones; so that the Carthaginians for a long time were sorely galled, not being able to come up together in those narrow Passages, the Walls on both sides being strongly man'd; and besides being so vexed with those that cast down Stones upon the Tops of the Houses. This throwing down of Darts and other things from the Roofs of the Houses, continued till Evening: But the Carthaginians still renewing the Fight, by pouring fresh Men into the City, the other were tired out, their number decreasing, and their Enemies still increasing, so that the Selinuntines were at last forced to desert the Straits.  
The City thus taken, nothing was to be seen but weeping and wailing among 
Selinunte taken and razed.  the Grecians; and on the other side among the Barbarians, exultation and 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Ant. Chr. 406.  shouts of Victory: Those were terrified with the greatness of their Misery every where before their Eyes; These now Victorious, commanded to kill and destroy where and whom they pleased: At length the Selinuntines got in a Body together in the Marketplace, and there fought it out to the last Man. The Barbarians raging in all Parts of the City, rifled all the Houses: The Persons 
The cruelty of the Carthaginians in Selinunte.  they found there, they either burned them and their Houses together, or dragging them into the Streets, without any respect to Age or Sex, whether they were Women or Children, Young or old, without the least pity or commiseration, they put them all to the Sword, and after the barbarous manner of their Country, they mangled their Carcases; some carried about multitudes of Hands tied round their Bodies; others in Ostentation, bore about the Heads of the Slain upon the Points of their Swords and Spears. They only spared Wives who fled with their Children to the Temples; and to these only was Favour showed, not out of any Compassion to the Miserable, but out of a fear they had lest the Women being desperate, without any hopes of Mercy, should burn the Temples, and by that means they should lose the Riches and Treasures that were laid up in those Places. For these Barbarians so far exceed all other Men in Impiety, that whereas others (lest they should offend the Deity) always spare them who fly to their Temples, the Carthaginians on the contrary moderate their Cruelty towards their Enemies, for that very end and purpose that they may have a better opportunity sacrilegiously to rob the Temples. The razing and ruining of the City continued till late in the Night; all the Houses were burnt or pulled down; every Place was full of Blood and dead Bodies, Sixteen Thousand being there put to the Sword, and more than Five 
Ant. Chr. 406.  Thousand carried away Captives. The Grecians who sided with the Carthaginians, seeing the inconstancy of the things of this Life, greatly commiserated the condition of these miserable People; for the Matrons in want of Food and Sustenance amongst the Flouts and Jeers of an insulting Enemy, passed all that Night in sorrow and sadness. Some of them were forced to be Eye-Witnesses of the sufferings of their Daughters in such a kind as is shameful to relate; for the cruel Lust of the Barbarians sparing neither Girls nor Virgins grown up, afflicted these poor People with unspeakable Misery. The Mothers 
P. 362.  while they considered the Slavery they were to undergo in Lybia, and how they and their Children were subjected in great Contempt and Disgrace to the brutish Lusts of domineering Masters (whose Language they understood not, and whose Actions were altogether Beastly) were in Grief and Sorrow even to see their Children alive; for every Injury and Disgrace offered to them, affected them, as if a Dagger had pierced their own Hearts, when they were not able to yield them any other Relief but Groans and Lamentations; in so much as they accounted their Parents and Kindred that had lost their Lives in the defence of their Country, to be happy, whose Eyes saw not those Brutish and Beastly acts of Barbarous Cruelty. There were notwithstanding, Two Thousand Six Hundred that escaped and fled to Agrigentum, where they were received with all manner of Humanity and Tenderness; for the Agrigentines distributed to every Family, Corn out of the Public Stores, and desired every private Person (who yet were very ready on their own accord) liberally to 
Ant. Chr. 406.  supply them with all necessaries for their Sustenance.  
While these things were doing, Three Thousand of the best Soldiers sent from Syracuse to assist the Selinuntines, came to Agrigentum. But when they heard that the City was taken, they sent Ambassadors to Hannibal, to demand the Redemption of the Prisoners, and that he would forbear robbing of the Temples of the Gods. They returned with this Answer from Hannibal, that in regard the Selinuntines were not able to preserve their own Liberty, they were now justly brought into the condition of Slaves. That the Gods were angry at the Inhabitants, and therefore had forsaken Selinunte. But when they sent Empediones Ambassador a Second time, Hannibal restored to him all his Estate, because he always favoured the Carthaginians, and sometime before the City was taken, had advised the Citizens not to withstand: He pardoned likewise all those Prisoners that were of his Kindred, and permitted those that fled to Agrigentum to repeople the City, and till the Lands, upon paying Tribute to the Carthaginians. Thus was this City taken, Two Hundred and Fifty Two Years after the Building of it.  
After Hannibal had demolished it, he marched away with all his Army toward Himera, with a longing desire to ruin this City. For this Town occasioned the Banishment of his Father; and here it was that his Grandfather Amilcar 
Himera Besieged.  was routed by Gelon, who killed an Hundred and Fifty Thousand of the Carthaginians, and took almost as many Prisoners. In revenge whereof, Hannibal speeds away with Forty Thousand Men, and encamps upon an Hill at some distance from the City, and with the rest of his Army (to whom joined the Sicilians and Sicanians, to the number of Twenty Thousand Men) he Besieges 
Ant. Chr. 406.  the Place, and Batters the Walls with his Engines in several Places at once; and with fresh Succours even wearies out the Besieged; to the effecting of which, the forwardness of his Men (through the late Successes) was of no small advantage. Whilst he was undermining the Walls, he supported them with great Pieces of Timber, and then setting them on Fire, a great part of the Walls on a sudden tumbled down; upon which there was a sharp Conflict: These striving to enter by force, the other in dread of undergoing the same fate and destruction with them of Selinunte; so that the Besieged endeavouring with all their might, to defend their Parents, Children and Country, beat the Barbarians off, and with all speed repaired the Wall. For there had before come to their assistance Four Thousand Syracusians, and some other Confederates from Agrigentum, under the Command of Diocles the Syracusian. Then Night coming on, it gave a check to the Fury of the Besiegers, and so there was an intermission of the Assault.  
But as soon as it was Day, the Besieged resolving not to be penned up as the 
P. 363.  Selinuntines were (through Sloathfulness) placed the Guards upon the Walls, and with the rest of their own, and the Forces of their Confederates, to the number of Ten Thousand, made a Sally, and broke in on a sudden upon the Enemy. Whereupon the Barbarians were struck with Terror and Amazement, conceiving that all the Confederates of the Besieged were come to their Relief. 
Ant. Chr. 406.  The Salliants therefore being far more daring and 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  skilful in their Weapons, and especially the last hope of their safety lying in the good Success of the present Engagement, they cut off all those that first opposed them. And though the whole force of the Barbarians in 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  great disorder and confusion fell upon them (for they never suspected that the Besieged durst ever have attempted any such thing) yet they were under no small disadvantages; for Fourscore Thousand Men running in Confusion together, beat down one another, and more incommodated themselves than their Enemies. The Himereans in the mean time being in sight of their Parents, Children, and all their Friends and Relations upon the Walls, exposed themselves without fear, to all dangers for the common safety. The Barbarians therefore astonished with the Valour of 
The Carthaginians routed by a Sally from Himerd.  the Enemy, and unexpectedness of the Onset, turned their Backs, and fled in great precipitation to their Fellows encamped upon the Hill, whom the Himereans pursued, calling one to another not to give any Quarter. In this Encounter there were killed of the Carthaginians above Six Thousand (as Timeus relates) but Ephorus says Twenty Thousand. Hannibal when he saw his Soldiers so distressed, drew out those that were encamped, and came to the Relief of his shattered Troops, setting upon the Himereans now in disorder by the Pursuit: Upon which, there began another sharp Dispute, in which, at 
The Himerians repulsed. Ant. Chr. 406.  length the Himereans were put to flight; but Three Thousand of them stood their Ground, and bore the brunt of the whole Carthaginian Army; and after they had signalised their Valour, all died upon the Spot.  
After this Fight, Five and Twenty Galleys which were sometime before sent to the aid of the Lacedæmonians from the Siculi, now returning Home, arrived at Himera; but a Rumour spread through the City, that the Syracusians with all their Forces and Confederates were come to the Relief of the Himereans. Hannibal in the mean time imbarques many of his best Soldiers in his Galleys which lay at Motys, in order to Sail for Syracuse, to surprise the City now that it wanted sufficient strength to defend it as he supposed. And therefore Diocles, Commander in chief of them who were sent in aid of the Himereans, advised the Captains of the Vessels to sail with all speed to Syracuse, lest when they had lost the best of their Soldiers, in the next Fight, their own City should be taken by force. To which end it was thought advisable to leave the City for a while, and to embark one half of Diocles' Forces to go along with the Fleet till they were past the Coasts of Himera, and to leave the other half for the defence of the City till the Galleys returned. The Himereans took this grievously, but being it was not in their power to do otherwise, Galleys were filled in the Night, with Women and Children, and other things to be transported to Messena.  
Then Diocles with those under his Command, prepared for his Journey back into his own Country, leaving the Bodies of them that were slain unburied. And so many of the Himereans with their Wives and Children went along with him, as could not be otherwise transported for want of Shipping. But they that were left for the defence of the City, watched every Night in Arms upon the 
Ant. Chr. 406.  Bulwarks. And although the Carthaginiaus constantly upon the approach of Day made frequent Assaults in every Place found the City, yet they upon the Walls indefatigably bore the brunt, believing the Ships would return speedily; to which very Day they held it out courageously: But the next Day after that the 
P. 364.  Fleet was in sight far off, at that instant the Wall was battered down by the Engines, and the Spanish Regiment in a full Body, rushed into the City, part of the Barbarians forcing the Guard from the Walls, and another part that possessing the Breaches, made way for the rest of the Army to enter. At length the City was 
Himcra ruined.  entered, and the Barbarians with all Savage Cruelty, killed all in their way, till by the Command of Hannibal they forbore their Butcheries: In the mean time, the Soldiers plundered all the Houses of all things 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  valuable. Here Hannibal robbed and spoiled all the Temples, and after he had taken out those that fled thither for Refuge, he set them on Fire, and razed the City to the Ground, Two Hundred and Forty Years after the settling of the Inhabitants there. Among the Prisoners, the Women and Children he commanded to be kept safe; but the Men, to the number of Three Thousand, he caused to be brought to a rising Ground there near at Hand, where Amilcar his Grandfather perished by the Army of Gelon, and there with all sorts of Taunts, and marks of Disgrace, put them all to 
Ant. Chr. 406.  the Sword. Afterwards he disbanded many of his Forces, among the rest, he sent the Sicilians, who sided with him, to their several Countries, and with them the Campanians, who made great complaint of the Injustice of the Carthaginians, for that they contributing so much to their Successes, had not rewarded them proportionably to the Services they had done them in the War.  
However Hannibal shipped his Army, leaving a small Guard with his Confederates, and with his Transport Ships and Galleys loosed from Sicily, and arrived at Carthage, loaden with abundance of Prey. The whole City came out to meet him, and received him with loud and joyful Acclamations, as a General that had performed greater things by far in so short a time than ever any before him.  
At this time Hermocrates the Syracusian returned into Sicily. He was in great Esteem 
Hermocrates returns into Sicily.  among the Syracusians, because in the War against the Athenians, he was remarkably serviceable to his Country. He was afterwards sent as Admiral with Thirty Five Sail to the aid of the Lacedæmonians; but by a contrary Faction at Home, being condemned to Banishment, he delivered up the Command of the Fleet in Peloponesus, to those who were deputed by the Government. Afterwards 
Hermocrates banished Syracuse.  having received a considerable Sum of Money from Pharnabazus, whose Favourite he was, he sailed to Messina, and there built Five Galleys, and hired a Thousand Soldiers with his own Money; and taking likewise with him a Thousand of those that were forced from Himera, he attempted with the help of his Friends to return to Syracuse: But being prevented in this Design, he marched up into the Country to Selinunte, and took in part of the City with a Wall, and 
Ant. Chr. 406.  got together as many of the Selinuntines as survived the late Destruction, and with them and many others which he received into the Place, he made up a Body of Six Thousand choice Men. From thence he made an Excursion, and spoiled the Country of the Moty●ans, overcame them that issued out of the City against them, and killed many of them, driving the rest within their Walls. Presently after, he broke into the Borders of the 
† Panorma, now Palermo.  Panormitans, and carried away abundance of Plunder. He killed likewise Five Hundred of the Citizens that stood in Battalia before their City to oppose him, and shut up the rest within their Walls, and wasted and spoiled likewise all the other Countries that were subject to the Carthaginians, for which he was in high Esteem among the Sicilians. Hereupon the Syracusians likewise presently began to repent, when they saw that they had Banished one whose Valour merited so much to the contrary: So that when he was often named and discoursed of in Public Assemblies, the People gave many hints and signs of their desire to have him recalled. Hermocrates therefore understanding that his Name was up among the Syracusians, used his utmost endeavour to return, knowing that his Enemies and Rivals would oppose it with all their 
P. 365.  Might: And thus stood things in Sicily at this time.   

CHAP. VIII.  
Thrasybulus assaults Ephesus. The Lacedæmonians besiege Pylus; surrender Chalcedon, besieged by Theramenes; and afterward Byzantium, which was betrayed to Alcibiades.  
IN Greece, Thrasybulus sent from Athens with a Fleet of Thirty Sail well man'd, 
Ant. Chr. 406.  and with a great Army of Foot, and an Hundred Horse, sailed to Ephesus; where landing his Men in two places, he assaulted the City; but the Townsmen making a brisk Sally, there began a sharp Engagement; in which four hundred of the Athenians were killed, for the whole Strength of the City fell upon them, 
Ephesus Assaulted by Thrasybulus.  the rest getting to their Ships. Thrasybulus loosed from thence to Lesbos. But the Athenian Generals, who lay at Cyzicum, passed over to 
* A City in Bythinia in Asia, over against Constantinople.  Chalcedon, and built a Fort called Chrysopolis, putting into it a sufficient Garrison; and commanded the Governors to exact the Tenth part of all Shipping, that passed that way from Pontus. Afterwards the Forces were divided, and Theramenes was left with fifty Sail to besiege Chalcedon and Byzantium. But Thrasybulus was sent into Thrace, and brought the Cities of that Country, under the Power of the Athenians. Alcibiades having sent away Thrasybulus with thirty Sail with the rest of the Fleet, arrived at the Province of Pharnabasus. There they wasted and spoiled all that large Tract, and filled the Soldiers with Plunder, and the Generals themselves got together a great sum of Money, by the Sale of the Spoils, with a Design to case the People of the burden of their Contributions.  
The Lacedæmonians understanding that the Athenian Forces were still about the Hellespont, sent Forces against Pylus, where the Messenians were in Garrison. At Sea indeed they had Eleven Ships, of which Five were of Sicily, man'd with Spartans'; but their Land Army was but small. With these they besieged the 
Pylus besieged by the Lacedæmonians.  Fort, both by Land and Sea. But when Intelligence was brought of this, the Athenians sent out Thirty Sail, under the Command of Anytus, the Son of Anthemion, to the Relief of the Besieged. In his Passing thither, a great Storm arose, so that not being able to recover 
* A Promontory.  Malea, he returned to Athens. Upon which the People of Athens were so incensed, that they condemned him to die as a Traitor: Anytus brought into this imminent Danger, redeemed his Life with a 
Ant. Chr. 406.  Sum of Money; who is reported to be the First Athenian that ever reversed a 
Anytus redeemed his Life for Money.  Sentence for Money. In the mean time, the Besieged Messenians in Pylus, stood it out against all Assaults for a time, in hopes of Relief from Athens: But being pressed by fresh and renewed Succours from the Assailants, by the Loss of Men on the one hand, and through want of Provision on the other, they were forced 
Pylus surrendered to the Lacedæmonians.  to surrender upon Terms. Thus Pylus was reduced, and brought into the Hands of the Lacedæmonians; the Athenians having had Possession of it Fifteen Years, from the time it was fortified by Demosthenes.  
During these Affairs, the Megareans took Nisea, then belonging to the Athenians. Upon which the Athenians sent against them Leotrophides and Timarchus, with a Thousand Foot, and four Hundred Horse. Against whom all the Megareans, with the Assistance of some from Sicily, marched out, and drew up in 
Battle between the Megareans and the Athenians.  Battalia, upon the Hills called the Horns. There the Athenians fought with that Valour, that they put the Enemy to Flight, tho' far more in number than themselves. In this Battle, great Slaughter was made amongst the Megareans; but there were only Twenty killed of the Lacedæmonians: For the Athenians, taking the Loss of Nicaea very grievously, waved the Lacedæmonians, and bend all the 
Ant. Chr. 406.  Heat of their Pursuit after the Megareans, and in a great Rage cut down multitudes 
The Megareans roated.  of them. About this time, the Lacedæmonians made Cratesipidas Admiral, and man'd five and twenty Sail, with Supplies sent from their Confederates, and Commanded him to secure their Allies; who spent a long time about jonia, 
P. 366.  doing nothing Considerable. Afterwards, being furnished with Money, by the Exiles of Chius, he both restored them, and took the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Citadel of the Chians.  
When the Exiles were returned, they expelled those that Banished them, to the Number of six Hundred, who possessed Themselves of a place called 
† Atameus.  Atarneus, opposite upon the Continent, naturally fortified; from whence afterwards (growing Strong) they they wearied the Chians with frequent Invasions. During these things, Alcibiades and Thrasybulus, having fortified Labsacus, left there a sufficient Garrison; and then sailed with the whole Army to Theramenes, who was then besieging Chalcedon, having a Fleet of Seventy Sail, and five Thousand Men under his Command. The Generals, drawing up the whole Army together in a Body, Blocked up the City by a Wall of Timber, drawn from Sea to Sea. Upon which Hypocrates, made Governor there by the Lacedæmonians (whom the Laconians 
A Fight at the Siege of Chalcedon.  call Harmostis) made a Sally both with the Lacedæmonians, and all the Chalcedonians: And joining Battle with Alcibiades (whose Soldiers fought with great Resolution) Hypocrates was slain, and many more killed and wounded, and the rest fled back into the City. Afterwards Alcibiades passed over into the Hellespont, and Chersonesus, with a Design to raise moneys. But Theramenes came to Terms with the Chalcedonians, and agreed that they should pay the same Tribute 
Ant. Ch. 406.  that they did before; and so drew off his Forces, and came before Byzantium, designing to block up that place.  
In the mean time, Alcibiades having got together a vast Sum of Money, procured 
Byzantium besieged; now Constantinople.  many of the Thracians to join with him; and then making a League and Association with all them of Chersonesus, he loosed from thence with his whole Amy, and gained 
* Selymbria, a City in the Propontis, now called Seleuree.  Selymbria by Surrender, from whence he exacted a great Sum of Money; and placing there a Garrison, hastened away to Theramenes at Byzantium, where they jointly assault the Town with their whole Strength: For they were to subdue a City that was very large, and full of Resolute Men; for besides the Byzantines, who were very numerous, Clearchus Harmostes the Lacedaemonian, had with him in the City a Strong Garrison, both of Peloponesians and of Mercenaries; insomuch that (tho' they violently assaulted it) for a long time they were not able to make any considerable Impression upon the Besieged. But the Governor of the City, being gone to Pharnabazus for Money, some of the Byzantines, who had taken a Distaste at his Government (For Clearchus was sharp and rigid) betrayed the City into the Hands of Alcibiades, in this Manner: The Besiegers made as if they would raise the Siege, and Ship off their Army into jonia; and to that purpose, in the Evening, they Sailed away with their whole Fleet, and drew off their Land-Forces at some Distance from the Town; but at Midnight the Army marched back close to the City; and having before sent back their Galleys with Orders, that they should hale the Ships of the Byzantines out of the Harbour, and set up a great Shout, as if all the Army were there present, they themselves with the Land-Forces kept ready drawn up in a Body, close to the Walls, in Expectation of the Sign. In the Execution of these Commands, whilst some of the Ships were broken in pieces by the Beaks of the Ships of the Athenians, 
Ant. Ch. 406.  and others by Grappling-Irons were haled forth, and a great and terrible 
Byzantium betrayed.  Shout was made, the Peloponesians in the City, ignorant of the Treachery, sallied out to the Harbour, for the Defence of the City. In the mean time the Traitors gave the Sign from the Walls, and by Ladders took in the Soldiers of Alcibiades, while they of the Garrison were out at the Port. But the Peloponesians being informed of the Treachery, left half the Forces in the Port, and with the 
P. 367.  rest, ran with all Speed to guard the Walls, of which the Enemy was now dispossessed. And altho' the whole Athenian Army was broke in, yet the Besieged were not in the least discouraged for a long time; but with the help of the Byzantines so courageously opposed the Athenians, that the City had never come into their Hands, if Alcibiades had not made Proclamation that none of the Byzantines should be injured; which was a thing very seasonably advised: upon which the Townsmen turned their Arms upon the Lacedæmonians, so that many of them (fight it out with great Gallantry) were killed. The rest, to the number of five Hundred, fled, as Suppliants; to the Altars of the Gods. The Athenians restored the City to the Byzantines, and renewed the League and Confederacy. The Suppliants likewise were received upon Terms, that they should deliver up their Arms, and that their Persons should be Transported to Athens, there to be disposed of, as the People should think fit.   

CHAP. IX.  
Theremenes and Alcibiades return to Athens; are admired by the People. Lysander made General by the Lacedæmonians. Antiochus, one of the Athenian Generals, beaten at Ephesus, in a Sea-Fight. Agis surprises part of the Walls of Athens; but was beaten off. Alcibiades accused for Assaulting Cuma, a Confederate City. Conon made Admiral in his place.  
AFTER the End of the Year, Euctemones was made Archon of Athens, and 
Olymp. 93. 1.  the Romans constituted Marcus Papyrius, and Spurius Nautius Consuls. Then was celebrated the Ninety-third Olympiad, in which Eubatus of Cyrene got the 
An. M. 3564.  Victory. At this time the Athenian Generals (now possessed of Byzantium) gained 
Ant. Chr. 405.  all the Cities of the Hellespont, except Abydus. Then they left Diodorus and Mantitheus, with sufficient Forces, Governors in the Hellespont; and they themselves (after they had performed many Famous Exploits, for the Honour and Safety of their Country) returned with the Fleet, loaden with Spoils to Athens. When they drew near, all the People thronged out with great Joy to meet them, and a great number of Strangers, both Women and Children ran together into the Pyreum; the Arrival of the Generals filling all Persons with Admiration. For they brought along with them no less than two hundred Ships, which they had taken, and a multitude of Prisoners, with much Spoil; and their own Ships were gloriously adorned with Arms, Rich Spoils, and Golden Crowns, and such like. Every Body thronged one upon another to see Alcibiades, so as the City was even left without an Inhabitant, whilst both Bond and Free longed to have a View of Him. For he was so highly Admired at that time, that none of the 
Alcibiades received with great Applause at Athens.  former Athenians were judged comparable to this Man, who so openly and confidently had stood it out against the People. They who were Poor, and under Mulcts and Fines, now hoped they had an Excellent Advocate, who by raising Tumults and Disturbances in the City, could free them from their Penuries and pressing Necessities. He was a Man daring above all others, and an Excellent Speaker: In times of War a Brave Soldier, and as Skilful a Commander; ready 
His Description.  in undertaking any Desperate Enterprise, of a very Comly and Bautiful Countenance, of a Noble Spirit, and Aspiring Mind. All were so filled with Expectation from him, that they concluded his Return, and the Prosperity of the City, 
Ant. Chr. 405.  were coupled together. For, as the Lacedemoniuns were Successful and Victorious whilst he Assisted them, so they hoped that by his Return, their Affairs would change to the Better.  
As soon as the Fleet entered into the Harbour, all Eyes were fixed upon Alcibiades' Ship; and upon his Landing, they received him with great Acclamations, and Congratulated his Return and Victories. After he had with all Courteous Behaviour Saluted the People, he called an 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Assembly, where having made a long Defeence for the Clearing of his Innocency, he so insinuated himself into the goodwill of the People, that all cast the Blame of the 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. P. 368.  Dooms and Judgements against him upon the City itself: And therefore they restored all his Estate, not long before Confiscated, and threw the Records of his Condemnation into the Sea; and Reversed all other things that were Decreed against him: And a Decree was made, That the 
* Certain Priests of Athens.  Eumolpides should take away, and absolve him from that Curse they had pronounced against him, when he was supposed to have been guilty of Profaning the Sacred Mysteries. At last they made him General, and gave him full Power, both by Sea and Land; and committed all their Forces to his Command; upon which he Constituted. other Generals, as he thought fit: That is to say, Adimantus and Thrasybulus; and He Himself, with an Hundred Sail, passed over to Andros, and there possessed Himself of the Fort 
Alcibiades invades Andros.  Gaurium, and took it in with a Wall. But the Andrians, with the whole Strength of the City, and the Succours, sent to them from Peloponesus, sallied out against them, whereupon a sharp Engagement followed, in which the Athenians were Conquerors; a great part of them that came out of the Town, being cum off. Of those that escaped, some were scattered abroad in the Fields, others got within the Walls. After he had several times attempted to take the City by Assault, and saw he could not he prevail, left a sufficient Garrison in the Fort (by him before fortified) under the Command of Thrasybulus, and he Himself sailed away with the rest of the Army, and wasted and spoiled, Coos, and Rhodes, and there got a great deal of provision for his Soldiers. As for the Lacedæmonians, although they had lost most of their Fleet, and the Command of the Sea, together with their General Mindarus; yet they were not discouraged, but created Lysander Admiral of their Navy; a most Expert Soldier, Bold and Daring, 
Lysander the Lacedaemonian General.  and ready to undertake any thing, through all Hazards whatsoever. As soon as he entered upon his Command, he raised no small number of Soldiers, throughout all Pelopenesus, and furnished the Eleet with Seamen, as well as in the present Circumstances he was able; and presently arriving at Rhodes, he got together as many Ships from thence and the rest of the Towns, as he could, and then sailed away with what Ships hehad, to Ephesus and Miletus; where being further supplied from these Cities, and with others from Chios, he set forth from Ephesus with a Fleet of Seventy Sail. But when he understood that Cyrus; the Son of Darius, was sent from his Father, with Orders to assist the Lacedæmonians in the War, he made a 
Darius sends his Son Cyrus to assist the Lacedæmonians.  Journey to him to Sardis; and after several Arguments made to encourage the Young Man, to prosecute the War against the Athenians, he forthwith received from him Ten thousand 
* Fifteen Sh. apiece Gold.  Daricans for Pay of his Soldiers, with Command from Cyrus to proceed, without doubting his Assistance; for that he was commanded by his Father to spare no Costs for the Supply of the Lacedæmonians, in whatsoever they should undertake.  
From thence he returned to Ephesus, and sent for the Principal Men of every Neighbouring Town; and having entered into a League and Confederacy with them, promised if the War succeeded, he would make every one of them a Prince in his own City. Upon this each strove to exceed another, and supplied him with more than was required; in so much as they abundantly furnished Lysander with all things 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Alcibiades sails to Ephesus.  Necessary for the War, sooner than could in reason be imagined.  
When Alcibiades understood that Lysander was preparing a Fleet at Ephesus, he made away with his whole Navy thither; where he entered the Port without Opposition, and Anchored with many of his Vessels near Notium, and gave the Command to Antiochus, the Captain of his own Vessel, with strict Charge not to Fight till he returned. In the mean time, He Himself sailed with several Men of War to Clazomenes; which City (yet standing firm to the Athenians) was greatly oppressed by the Devastations made by some Exiles. But Antiochus, naturally Rash and Hasty, earnestly desirous to perform something Remarkable by his own Contrivance, without any Regard to the Command of Alcibiades, Man's Ten of the Best Galleys, and Commands the Captains and Officers of the Fleet, to be ready and prepared, with the rest of the Ships, to fall in where there should be Occasion: Upon this he makes up to the Enemy, and dares 'em to Battle. Lysander, being informed by some Deserters, that Alcibiades, 
Ant. Ch. 405. P. 369.  with the Best of the Men of War, were gone off, now conceived he had a sit Opportunity put into his Hands, to do something worthy of the Spartan Name: In Order thereunto, he makes forth the whole Fleet against Antiochus; and one of the Ten (which sailed before the rest, and in which Antiochus was) he presently sinks, and puts all the rest to Flight, and pursues them till the Athenian Officers 
The Athenian Fleet routed at Ephesus.  in the other Vessels, in great Confusion, came up to their Assistance. And now the Fleets on both sides were wholly engaged, not far off from the Land: In short, the Athenians (by reason of the Disorder they were in) were beaten, with the Loss of two and twenty of their Ships. Some few of the Men were taken, but the rest swum to Shore. As soon as Alcibiades heard of the Defeat, he sailed back with all Speed to Notium; and having sufficiently Man'd, and Refitted his Galleys, he sailed into the Enemy's Port; but Lysander, not daring to Engage, it was determined to sail away for Samos.  
While these things were done, Thrasybulus the Athenian General, with fifteen Galleys came up to 
‖ Thasus, an Island in the Aegean Sea.  Thasus, where he routed the Citizens, and killed about two hundred of them; and then so straight besieged them, that at length they were enforced to receive again those that favoured the Athenians, into the City, and to take in a Garrison, and renew their Confederacy with the Athenians. Thence 
Ant. Chr. 405.  he sailed to Abdera, the most Potent City of Thrace, and brought them over to the Athenians. These were the things done by the Athenian Generals from the time they left Athens.  
About this time Agis, the Lacedaemonian King, lay encamped with his Army 
Agis the Lacedaemonian King near surprising of Athens.  at Deoelea; where having Intelligence, that the Flower and Strength of the Athenians were gone away with Alcibiades, he marched up to Athens silently in a dark Night, having with him eight and twenty thousand Foot, half of which were Old Soldiers, very well armed; the other half were but Raw, and 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Lightly Armed: Besides these, there followed him twelve hundred Horse, nine of which were Beotians, and the rest from Peloponesus. He was not discerned by the Watch, till he was close at hand; and so fell upon them unawares, and slew some, and forced the rest within the Walls. Hereupon the Athenians, both Young and Old, were commanded generally to betake themselves to Arms, to oppose the Enemy; upon which, the Walls round the City were presently filled with them that ran thither from all Quarters. As soon as it was Light, and the Athenian Commanders saw the Army of the Enemy drawn up 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  into a Body, four in Depth, and eight Furlongs or Stages in Front; they were at first not little terrified, especially two parts of the Walls being now possessed by the Enemy.  
But after some time, they sent out a Body of Horse, equal in number to the Lacedæmonians: Upon which the Horse on both sides engaged, in the face of them upon the Walls: and the Contest was sharp for a considerable time: For the 
Ant. Chr. 405. A Fight by Horse under the Walls of Athens.  Foot drawn up, as is said before, were as yet five Stages from the Walls; and the Horse fought close under them. On the one side the Beotians, who had formerly routed the Athenians at Delium, looked upon it as a Dishonourable thing, to be worsted by them, whom they had before Conquered. On the other, the Athenians in regard they were known by all them upon the Walls, who were then Eye-witnesses either of their Valour, or Cowardice, resolved, through all difficulties whatsoever, to be Conquerors: Accordingly at length they routed the Lacedæmonians, and made a great Slaughter, and pursued those that fled, even close up to the Body of their Foot; who making up to them, the Horse returned into the City. Hereupon Agis (not conceiving it now a fit time to besiege the City) encamped in 
‖ A Place near the City.  Academia. The next Day, when the Athenians erected a Trophy, he drew out his Army in Battalia, and Challenged them to Battle. Upon which the Athenians marched out, and drew up in a Body under 
P. 370.  the Walls. The Lacedæmonians gave the Onset; but by reason of the showers of Darts, wherewith they were galled from the Walls, they were forced to draw off from the City. And, after great Devastations made in the rest of Attica, they returned to Peloponesus.  
As for Alcibiades, he sails with his whole Fleet, from Samos to Cuma, where 
Ant. Ch. 405. Alcibiades unjustly wastes Cuma.  under colour and pretence of feigned Crimes, laid to the Charge of the Inhabitants, he wastes and spoils the Country. And at the first takes a great multitude of Prisoners, and forces them away to his Ships; but the Cumeans, with the whole Power of the City, made out against him, for the Defence and Rescue of their Countrymen: Alcibiades for a while bore the Brunt, but being overcome by fresh Supplies, both out of the City, and from the Country, the Army was forced to fly to their Ships, and leave their Captives behind them.  
Alcibiades, being much troubled to be thus baffled, sent for the Regiments from Mitylene, and drew up his Army against the City, challenging the Cumeans to a Battle. But none coming, forth, after many Devastations, he returned to Mitylene: But the Cumeans sent to Athens, and put in their Bill against Alcibiades, in form of Law, for that he had wasted and spoiled, a Confederated City and 
Alcibiades accused at Athens by the Cumeans.  Country, which had not in the least done them any Injury; and many other Accusations they brought against him: For some of the Garrison in Samos (bearing him a Grudge) passed over to Athens, and accused him in the Public Assembly, that he was a secret Friend to the Lacedæmonians, and kept a close and intimate Correspondence with Pharnabasus, for this very purpose; that when the War was ended, he might gain the Sovereignty of Athens. These Calumnies being easily credited by the Common People, the Glory of Alcibiades began to wain; and the rather by reason of his late Ill-success at Sea, and his Miscarriages at Cuma.  
Henceforward the People of Athens began to be jealous of Alcibiades, and created ten other Commanders, Conon, Lysanias, Diomedon, Pericles, Erasmides, Aristocrates, 
Conon made Admiral. Ant. Ch. 405. Alcibiades lost his Commission.  Archestratus, Protomachus, Thrasybulus, and Aristogenes. From among these they chose out Conon to be Admiral; and forthwith sent him to Alcibiades, to demand the Fleet from him, who gave up his Charge accordingly; but not daring to return to Athens, sailed only with one Ship to Padyen in Thrace. For, besides the Rage of the Common People, he was afraid many Crimes would be laid to his charge; many (now he lay under the hatches) contriving how to load him with Accusations, and to upbraid him with his former Faults; the greatest of which was that concerning the Horses, for which there was set upon him a Mulct of 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, but in the Margin 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Fifty Talents. For when Diomedes his Friend, lent him a Chariot with four Horses, to go along with him, to Olympia, when he subscribed his Name (as the Custom was) he affirmed the Horses to be his own; and when he was Victor by that Chariot and Horses, he not only carried away the Glory, but detained the Horses from him that so friendly and kindly reposed a Trust in him. Revolving therefore all these things in his Mind, he was afraid the Athenians, now they had an Advantage 
Alcibiades avoids Athens.  against him, would rip up all his former Miscarriages, and lay the greater load upon him. Therefore he banished himself.   

CHAP. X.  
Hermocrates killed at Syracuse, attempting to surprise it.  
IN this Olympiad, the 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. This was a new Race by a brace of Mules in a Chariot, called Sinouris. Xen. Hel. lib. 1. Ush. Annal. 155.  Synouris was added to the Olympian Games. And Plistonax, King of the Lacedæmonians, died, when he had reigned 
‖ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but in the Margin 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Fifty Years. To whom succeeded Pausanias, who Governed fourteen Years. The Inhabitants of Rhodes, out of jalysus, Lindus and Camirus, Incorporated themselves into one City, now called Rhodes. Hermocrates the Syracusian, marched out of Selinunte with his Forces to Himera, and Encamped in the Suburbs of that late ruin'd City. 
* Hermocrates causes the dead Bodies to be conveyed to Syracuse. P. 371.  Where after he had by diligent Enquiry, found out in what place the Syracusians had their Post, he gathered up the dead Bodies of the Syracusians, and put them in Chariots richly adorned, and sent them to Syracuse; and he himself accompanied them, as far as it was lawful for a Banished Man to go, who was not to set a Foot within the Confines of the Country; and there he committed the Care of Conveying them to Syracuse to others. He did this to bring an Odium upon Diocles (who opposed his Return) for his Neglect in not Burying the Dead; and to regain the goodwill of the People to himself, for his Humanity.  
When the Bodies were brought to the City, there arose a Dissension amongst the People. Diocles' opposed the Burial of them, but the People were unanimously against him. At length it was resolved, That they should be buried, and the whole City graced the Solemnity with their Presence, and Diocles was Banished. However Hermocrates was never the nearer being Restored; for they were very jealous of him, that if ever he came into Authority, he would usurp the Sovereignty. When therefore he understood that for the present, it was to no purpose to strive against the Stream, he returned to Selinunte: But not long after, being sent to some of his Faction, he hastens away with three thousand Armed 
Ant. Chr. 405.  Men, and marching through Geloa in the Night, comes to the Place before appointed, where all his Soldiers could not readily follow him; so that with a few he comes up to the Gate in Acridana; where he finds some of his Friends, who had before possessed themselves of the Places; there he stayed for the rest of his Men, who came slowly on, and at length joined him. But the Design being discovered, the Syracusians ran Armed into the Forum; where (a great multitude of People being got together) they killed Hermocrates, and the most of his Accomplices. The rest that escaped (after they had cited them to Appear, in order for their several Trials) they condemned to Banishment. Some therefore that were ill wounded, were by their Friends reported to be dead, to avoid the present Fury of the People. Amongst whom was Dionysius, who usurped the Tyranny.   

CHAP. XI.  
The Acts of Callicratides, the Lacedaemonian General. The Fight at Sea in the Harbour at Mitylene, between Conon and Callicratides.  
THUS things passed for this Year, at the close of which Antigenes was chosen 
Olymp. 93. 2. Ant. Ch. 404.  Magistrate of Athens; and Manius Aemilius, and Caius Valerius, Roman Consuls. About this time Conon the Athenian Admiral, made up a Fleet of those Ships that lay at Samos, and sent for others from the Confederates; and having now got together a considerable Navy, he hasted away to fight the Enemy.  
The Lacedæmonians appointed Callicratides Admiral; Lysander being discharged of that Command for some time. This Callicratides was a very Young Man, of 
Callicratides made Admiral of the Lacedæmonians.  a Plain and Honest Mind, and an Innocent Conversation; not as yet tainted with the Vices and ill Manners of other Nations, and was highly esteemed among the Spartans', for his Justice and Integrity; and every Man owned, that he never swerved from the Rules of Justice, either in Public or Private Affairs: But on the contrary, if at any time any offered to corrupt him with Bribes, he highly resented it, and punished them accordingly. Having now received his Commission, he sails to Ephesus, and there had the Fleet delivered up to him by Lysander; which 
His Acts.  with the rest that he got together from other parts, made up a Navy of an hundred and forty Sail. The Athenians than lay at Anchor at 
* Delphinum.  Delphinum in Chios: Against whom he made with his whole Fleet, and in his way besieged a Fort of the Athenians; the Garrison there, being about five hundred, were terrified at the greatness of the Navy, and surrendered the Place upon Articles of Safe Conduct. Then Callicratides demolished the Fort, and sailed against 
† A City in jonia. Am. Chr. 404. P. 372.  Teios; and surprising the Place in the Night, got within the Walls, and sacked the City. Passing thence to Lesbos, he lay with his Army before Methymna, wherein was an Athenian Garrison. At first he prevailed little, tho' he pressed hard upon it with daily Assaults: But not long after, being let in by the Treachery of some within, he sacked the City, but put none to the Sword, and restored the Place to the Methymneans. Things thus prosperously succeeding, he hastened to Mitylene, and committing the Heavy-Armed Men, to Thorax the Lacedaemonian, commanded him to march with all speed with the Land-Army, whilst he himself made with the Fleet, to the Shoar. In the mean time Conon, the Athenian Admiral, so prepared his Fleet, 
Conon the Athenian Admiral.  (which consisted of seventy Sail) for a Sea-fight, that he excelled all the Admirals that were ever before him. With these he came to the Aid of Methymna; but when he found it was taken, he lay with his Fleet at an Island, one of those called the Hundred Islands. About Break of day next Morning, when he discerned the Enemy's Fleet making up to him, conceiving it not advisable to fight with a Fleet that was more than double his number, he resolved to sail off; and having snapped up some of the Enemy's Galleys by the way, determined to fight rather at Mitylene; concluding 
Ant. Chr. 404.  that if he were Conqueror, he could there pursue them with greater Advantage; and if he were Conquered, he had the Port near at hand, wherein to shelter himself. Upon this he Embarks all his Soldiers, and commands the Rowers to row but gently and slowly, that the Enemy might come up nearer to him. The Lacedæmonians, the nearer they came, were more eager to press on, in confidence that they should overtake and destroy those that were behind in the Rear. But Conon, by degrees falling down behind the rest, the Commanders of the best of the Peloponesian Ships, pursued with all Eagerness. By this Means, the Rowers now waxed faint, and were drawn away far from the rest of the Fleet: which Advantage being observed by Conon, and that they now approached near to Mitylene, he set up the Purple Flag from 
A Sea-fight at Mitylene, between Conon and Callicratides.  his own Ship, which was a Sign to the Officers to join Battle. Upon which the Athenians all at one time tacked suddenly about, and made upon the Enemy; and the whole Fleet, reiterated the 
‖ A Song used before Battle. Ant. Chr. 404.  Pean, and the Trumpets sounded a Charge.  
Upon this sudden Change, the Peloponesians were amazed, and made what haste they could in this Extremity, to put themselves into a Line of Battle; but having so little time to tack about, they were in great Confusion; especially in regard the Ships, where their proper place was, which they had deserted, were so far behind. Conon therefore, improving the Opportunity put into his Hands, makes strait upon them; and before they could put themselves in Order of Battle, pierces some of their Ships through, and brushes off the Oars of others. But not one of those Ships that engaged on that Wing against Conon, stirred; but with their Oars reversed, bravely kept still in one place, till their whole Fleet came up. But the left Wing of the Athenian Fleet put them (with whom they were engaged) to flight, and hotly pursued them a long time. But when all the Peloponesian Fleet came up together, Conon considering the multitude of his Enemies, drew off, and with forty Ships returned to Mitylene. In the mean time the whole Peloponesian Fleet, which had spread themselves every way, greatly amazed the Athenians (who had before pursued them that fled) and lying in their way to prevent their Return to the City, forced them upon Shoar; whither being closely pursued by the Peloponesians, the Athenians (seeing no other Remedy) forsook their Ships, and got to Land, and so fled to Mitylene.  
Callicratides having thus possessed himself of thirty Ships, and seeing that the Enemy's Fleet was now broken, concluded that for the future he was to fight upon Land; and therefore sailed strait to the City. Upon which Conon expecting the City would be besieged, made what Preparation he could to block up the Mouth of the Haven. For in that part where it was shallow, he sunk small Vessels, loaden with Stones; where it was deep, he filled great Ships of burden with Stones, and 
P. 373. Ant. Chr. 404.  sixth them with Anchors. The Athenians, and a great number of Mitylenes, out of the Country, flocked into the City through fear of the War, and forthwith prepared all things necessary for their Defence in the Siege.  
And now Callicratides commanded his Men to Land, and encamped near the City, and there erects a Trophy for his Naval Victory. The next Day, with some of his best Ships, he made towards the City, with a Design both to enter the Port, and to break the Enemy's 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Boom; giving strict Command that none of them should be far from his own Ship. Conon on the other hand Man's the Smaller Galleys, with some of his Soldiers, and places them in the Mouth of the Haven in Front, against the Enemy, and puts on Board the longer Vessels the other part of his Army. Some likewise 
A Stout Fight in Defence of the Haven at Mitylene.  were ordered to guard the Shallows, that so the Port might be defended on every side, both by Sea and by Land: And he himself with his own Squadron, fought in that part which was open into the Harbour. They that were in the great Ships, pelted the Enemies with Stones from the Main-Yard: Those that were placed near the Shoar, opposed them that endeavoured to Land. The Peloponesians all this while were nothing Inferior to their Enemies, in Courage and Resolution; for, Charging with their Ships in a full Body, and with the Best of their Men upon the Decks, it resembled both a Fight at Sea and Land together: And they fell on with such Fury, that they even Dared to hurl themselves upon the Fore-Castles of the Athenian 
Ant. Chr. 404.  Ships; judging that they whom they had so lately beaten, were not able to stand the Shock. On the other hand, the Athenians and Mitylenes concluding there was no other hopes for Safety left but in Victory, resolved to die rather than to desert their Posts. This Obstinacy on both sides continued the Fight a long time; whilst every one, without the least Fear, exposed himself to all manner of Dangers: Many upon the Decks, were sorely galled by showers of Darts on every hand: Some mortally wounded, fell from the Decks into the Sea; those that were yet untouched, or at least unsensible of their Wounds, were resolved notwithstanding to stand it out to the last. Many were killed by Stones cast down upon them from the Main-yards, which being both very big, and thrown from an high place, fell with the greater force and violence, At length, after the Fight had continued a long time, and many fell on both sides, Callicratides commanded a Retreat to be sounded, in order to refresh his Men: But not long after he puts them on board again, and renews the Fight. And after a long Conflict, by the multitude of his Ships (which overpowered the Athenians) and Valour of those upon the Decks, he so far prevailed, that he drove the Athenians from their Post: Upon which they fled into the inner part of the Harbour; and now the Passage being open, Callicratides casts Anchor close to Mitylene: For, gaining the Place about which the Contest was, he was possessed of the whole Harbour, which yet was out of the Walls of the City. For the Old City is a little Island, but that which is added of latter tim●●, lies strait beyond into the Land: Between those two runs a certain Euripus, or Current of the Sea, by which the City is more strong and defensible. 
Mitylene besieged by the Lacedæmonians.  Callicratides therefore, having landed his Men, besieg the City, and begird it on every side. And this was the Condition of Mitylene at this time.   

CHAP. XII.  
Therma built in Sicily by the Carthaginians. They raise Forces to invade Italy. The noble Temple at Agrigentum. The ancient Grandeur of that City. The Riches of Gellias a Citizen there, and some others. Agrigentum besieged. The Syracusians under Daphneus rout the Carthaginians near Agrigentum. Imilcar seizes the Syracusian Fleet, and takes all the Provision going to Agrigentum, which was afterwards quit by the Inhabitants: Their miserable Condition. The Phalarian Bull.  
IN Sicily the Syracusians sent Ambassadors to Carthage, to complain of the late War made upon them, and to persuade them to Peace for the time to come. To which the Carthaginians returned a doubtful Answer. In the mean time they raise again a numerous Army, and were unanimously resolved to do their utmost to subdue all the Cities of Sicily: But before they transported their Armies, 
P. 374.  having got together out of Carthage, and other Cities in Africa many that were willing to transplant themselves, they built a new City called Therma, near 
Therma built in Sicily by the Carthaginians. Olymp. 93. 3. Ant. Chr. 403.  the hot Baths in Sicily.  
The Affairs of this Year concluded; at Athens Callias was made chief Magistrate, and at Rome, Lucius Furius, and Cneius Pompeius were created Consuls. At this time the Carthaginians pusst up with their Successes in Sicily, and coveting the gaining of the whole Island, determined to that end, to raise a great Army; and thereof made Hannibal General (the same that had razed Selinunte and Himera) and invested him with full power for the management of the War. But because he endeavoured to excuse himself by reason of his Age, they joined Imilco in Commission with him, the Son of Hanno, one of the same Family. These Generals consulted together, and sent some eminent Carthaginians with great Sums of Money, to raise Soldiers both out of Spain and the 
* Now called Majorca and Minorca near Spain.  Baleary Islands. They raised likewise throughout Lybia, Carthaginians and Africans, and out of every City such as were most able for War. There came likewise to them from the Nations and Princes of their Confederates Abroad, both Mauritanians and Numidians, and some from the Parts near to Cyrene. Besides these, there were transported into Africa, Campanians hired out of Italy. These Campanians they had experienced to be very useful to them, when those whom they had left in Sicily, by reason of some old Grudge they bore the Carthaginians, were suspected to be ready to side with the Sicilians. At length, when all the Forces together were mustered at Carthage, Timeus reports they were not much above an Hundred and Twenty Thousand Men; but Ephorns affirms that they were Three Hundred Thousand.  
The Carthaginians now prepare all things necessary for the Transporting of 
The Invasion of Sicily. Ant. Chr. 403.  the Army; they equipt out all their Men of War, and brought together no less than a Thousand Transport Ships. Forty of their Galleys were sent before into Sicily, which were presently encountered with as many by the Syracusians at Eryx, where after a long and sharp Dispute, Fifteen of the Carthaginian Ships were sunk, the rest by the advantage of Night fled clear away. When the News of this Defeat was brought to Carthage, Hannibal the General sailed away with Fifty Galleys, contriving both to make the Enemy's Victory fruitless, and the better likewise to secure the transport of his Army. When the coming of Hannibal was noised through the Island, all were of Opinion that he intended forthwith to transport all his Forces thither: Upon which, all the Cities (hearing of the greatness of his Preparations, and that they were now like to lay all at stake) were struck with fear and amazement. The Syracusians therefore sent Ambassadors both to the Grecians in Italy, and to the Lacedæmonians, to desire aid and assistance. They sent Letters likewise to all the Magistrates of the Cities up and down, to entreat them that they would stir up the People to join every where in Arms for the common Defence of the Liberty of their Country. The Agrigentines considering the greatness of the Carthaginian Army, concluded (as the thing was in truth) that they were likeliest first to feel and undergo the pressure and weight of the War; and therefore determined that all the Corn and other Fruits of the Field, and every thing else that was valuable, should be brought out of the Country into the City: For at that time both the City and Country of the Agrigentines were very rich; 
Ant. Chr. 403.  of which it will not be inconvenient to say something here more largely. Their Vineyards were large and very pleasant, and most part of the Country abounded with Olives, so much as that they were transported and sold at Carthage. 
P. 375. A Description of the Riches of Agrigentum in Sicily.  For inasmuch as Africa at that time was not planted with this sort of Fruit, the Agrigentines grew very rich by their Trading with the Lybians. Many Marks of their great Wealth remain to this very Day; to speak a little of which, I conceive will not be a digression from the present Subject.  
And First, The stately. Buildings and Ornaments of their Temples, especially the Temple of Jupiter, do sufficiently witness the Grandeur and Riches of the Men of that Age. The rest of the Sacred Buildings, are either burnt or destroyed by the frequent Storming of that City. When the Temple of Jupiter Olympus was near to the laying on the Roof, a stop was put to the Building by the War; and the City being afterwards sacked, the Agrigentines were never able (from that time to this Day) to finish it. This Temple at Agrigentum was Three Hundred and Forty Foot in length, Threescore in breadth, 
The Description of the Olympian Temple in Agrigentum. Ant. Ch. 403.  and in height (besides the Foundation,) an Hundred and Twenty. It's the greatest in the Island, and for the largeness of its Foundation, may compare with any other elsewhere: For though the Design was never finished, yet the ancient Platform is still visible; for whereas some build up their Temples only with Walls, or compass them round with Pillars, this is built both with the one and the other; for together with the Walls, there rise lofty Pillars round on the outside of the Wall, and Foursquare within. The Compass of every one of these Pillars on the outside, are Twenty Foot, and so far distant one from another, as that a Man may well stand between each; within they are of the compass of Twelve Foot. The largeness and height of the Porticoes are wonderful; on the East Side of which, is carved the Giant's War; of exquisite and incomparable Workmanship. On the West Side is carved the Destruction of Troy, where may be seen all the brave Heroes and Commanders in their proper Habits, most admirably represented. In those former times likewise there was a Pond out of the Walls of the City cut by Art, 
* Near a Mile.  Seven Furlongs in Compass and 
† About Ten Yards.  Twenty Cubits in depth: Into this, with wonderful Art, were drawn Currents of Water, by which they were abundantly supplied with all sorts of Fish ready for their use, at all public Entertainments. Upon this Pond likewise fell Multitudes of Swans and other Fowl which entertained the Spectators with great Delight.  
The Grandeur of the City was likewise apparent, by the stateliness of the 
Ant. Chr. 403.  Sepulchers, some of which were adorned with the charging Horses of the Heroes there interred; others with those little Birds that the Children, both Girls and Boys fed and bred up in their Parents Houses. All which, Timeus affirms he saw in his time. In the Ninety Second Olympiad there were no less than Three Hundred Chariots of Agrigentum all with white Horses, that attended upon Exenetus, the Victor at the Olypmick Games, and brought him mounted in a stately Chariot with great Pomp into the City. Their nice and delicate way of Living (till it came to their very Children) both as to their Food and Raiment, was to that degree, that they wore Garments of Cloth of Gold, and had their Water-Pots and Boxes of Ointment, of Gold and Silver. There was one Gellias the Richest Man of all the Agrigentines, at that time, who built several 
Gellias' Riches.  Rooms for public Entertainment in his own House, and placed Porters at his Gates, charging them to invite all Strangers that passed by, to come in to be his Guests. Many others of the Agrigentines imitated his Example, who made it their business (after the ancient manner) to converse freely and courteously with them they thus invited. And therefore Empedocles says thus of them— 
Hospitibus sancti portus, sine labe malorum.   
It happened once, that Five Hundred Gelonian Horsemen came to his House in 
Ant. Chr. 403.  Wintertime; whom he liberally entertained, and furnished every one of 'em out of his Wardrobe with Cloaks and Coats. Polyclitus in his History declares, 
P. 376.  that when he was a Soldier in Agrigentum, he saw a Wine-Cellar in his House, in which were contained Three Hundred great 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Vessels cut out of one and the same Rock, each of which received an Hundred 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Hogsheads. And that near to these was placed a Cistern of pure white tempered Mortar, containing a Thousand Hogsheads, out of which the Liquor ran into the Vessels. It's said that this Gellias was of a very mean Presence, 
Gellias a Rich Man of Aggenmtum, of mean Aspect, but admirable Parts.  but of admirable Parts and Ingenuity. Being once sent an Ambassador to the 
‖ Centuripines'; a People in Sicily: Their City called Centuripinum. Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 3. c. 8.  Centuripines'; when he entered into the Assembly, all the People fell a Laughing, seeing the mean Aspect of the Man, so disagreeable to his great Fame and Reputation in the World. Upon which, he made this sharp Retort, That what they saw in him was not to be wondered at, because the Agrigentines always send the comeliest and handsomest Men to the noblest Cities, but to those that were mean and of little note such as himself.  
And not only Gellias, but likewise many other Agrigentines were very rich. 
Antisthenes', another rich Man.  Antisthenes' surnamed Rhodes, at the Marriage of his Daughter, feasted all the Citizens through every Street, and procured above Eight Hundred Chariots to attend upon the Bride: And not only Horsemen out of the City, but many who were invited out of the Country, went before the new Married Lady in 
Ant. Chr. 403.  great Pomp and Splendour. To add to the Solemnity of the Day, there were great Preparations for Illuminations in the City; for he ordered that as soon as they saw a Flame of Fire upon the top of the Castle, the Altars in all the Temples, and the Piles of Wood in all the Streets, and the Fuel he had prepared and provided in the Taverns, should be kindled together all at the same moment: Whose Command being observed at the very same instant, when the Bride was led forth by a Multitude that bore Torches before her, the whole City was as it were in a Flame, and the common Streets and Ways of the City were not able to contain those that attended at this Solemnity; all were so zealous to further and encourage the Gallantry and Magnificence of the Man. At that time there were more than Twenty Thousand Citizens of Agrigentum; but taking in Strangers with them, they were no less than 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Two Hundred Thousand.  
It is reported of Antisthenes, when he saw his Son pressing upon a poor Man his Neighbour, and would force him to sell a little Spot of Land to him, he chid his Son, and advised him to forbear a while; but his covetous Desire increasing the more, he told him he should not strive to make his Neighbour Poor, but rather desire he should become Rich; for being Rich, he would covet a greater piece of Land, which when he was not able to pay for lack of ready Money, he would be content to raise Money by the Sail of that which he then had.  
In short, the Excess and Luxury of the Agrigentines, by reason of their 
Ant. Ch. 403.  Riches was such, that not long after, in the very height of the Siege, which ended in the Sacking of the City, a Decree was made, that none of them that were upon the Guard in the Night, should have above a Bed, a Tent, a Woollen Mantle and Two Pillows. When this seemed a hard Law, and disturbance to their Ease and Repose, we may easily judge how soft and luxurious they were in all other things. As we were not willing to let these things pass altogether, so we shall now break off, lest we omit things more useful and necessary.  
The Carthaginians having landed their Forces in Sicily, marched strait against 
Agrigenttum besieged by the Carthaginians.  the Agrigentines, and divided their Army into Two Parts, and encamped in Two several Places; one Camp was upon certain Hills, where were placed Forty Thousand Spaniards and Africans; the other was near the City, fortified with a deep Trench and a Wall. At the first they sent Ambassadors to the Agrigentines, 
P. 377.  to invite them to join with them as Confederates, and if they did not approve of that, then that they would be neuters, and enter into League of Peace and Amity with the Carthaginians. When both Offers were rejected, they forthwith pressed on the Siege with all Vigour. Upon this, the Agrigentines listed all that were able to bear Arms, and marshaled them, some of which they placed upon the Walls, and others were appointed as Reserves to relieve their Fellows as occasion offered. Dexippus the Lacedaemonian was the Man that directed them in all things, who was lately come to their Assistance with Five 
Ant. Chr. 403.  Hundred Soldiers from Gela: For he lived about that time (as Timeus relates) at Gela, in great Esteem for the sake of his Country: And therefore Application was made to him by them of Agragentum, that he would hire as many Soldiers as possibly he could, and come to their Relief: Besides these, they hired Eight Hundred Campanians who had formerly served under Imilcar. These kept the Hill Athenea which lay over, and commanded the City, a very commodious Post.  
Imilcar and Hannibal the Carthaginian Generals having viewed the Walls, and found out a Place where it was most easy to enter, brought Two Towers of 
Agrigentum Besieged.  incredible bigness against the City: The first Day out of these they made an Assault, and after they had killed and cut off many of the Citizens, sounded a Retreat. The next Night the Besieged made a Sally and burned the Engines: But Hannibal intending to assault the Town in several Places at once, commanded his Soldiers to pull down all the Monuments and Tombs, and with the Rubbish to raise Mounts as high as the Walls, which was presently done, forwarded by so great a Multitude. But then a sudden Pang of 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Religion seized upon the Army; for Thero's Monument (a large and stately Structure) was beaten down by a Thunderbolt, which by the advice of some of the Soothsayers then present, put a stop to the perfecting of the Design, and forthwith the Plague 
A Plague among the Carthaginians. Ant. Chr. 403.  broke out in the Army, by which many were destroyed in a short time, and not a few seized with tormenting and miserable Pains, among whom Hannibal himself perished. Some that were upon the Watch, reported they saw in the Night, the Apparitions of them that were dead. Upon this, Imilcar seeing the Soldiers were possessed with the fear and awe of the Gods, first forbore to demolish the Sepulchers: Afterwards he made (according to the Custom of his Country) Supplications to the Deities, and sacrificed a Boy to Saturn, and threw 
Note the malice of the Devil, and the blindness of the poor Heathens.  a Company of Priests into the Sea, as a Sacrifice to Neptune. Notwithstanding all this, Imilcar forsook not the Siege, but choking up the River with Rubbish close to the Walls, brought up his Engines, and renewed his Assaults every Day.  
In the mean time, the Syracusians weighing the Condition of the Agrigentines, and fearing lest they should undergo the same Fate with them of Himera and Selinunte, were desirous to send them aid; And to that end having increased their Army by the Forces of their Confederates from Italy and Messina, they made Daphneus General, and having mustered the Army, they set forwards, and in their March were joined by the Camarineans, Geleans, and some others out of the heart of the Country, and all marched straight for Agrigentum, having a Fleet of Thirty Galleys, which sailed all along over against them near the Shoar. Daphneus had with him above Thirty Thousand Foot, and no less than Five Thousand Horse. Imilcar upon intelligence of the approach of the Enemy, sent forth against them the 
† Spaniards.  Iberians and Campanians, and no less than Forty Thousand out of the rest of the Army. When the Syracusians had passed the River Himera, they were met by the Barbarians: Upon which, Battle was joined, and after the Dispute 
Ant. Chr. 403.  had continued a long time, at length the Syracusians got the Day, who routed the whole Army, with the Slaughter of above Six Thousand Men, and 
The Carthaginians routed.  pursued the rest to the very City. But the Syracusian General perceiving his Men to be in disorder and confusion by their Pursuit, began to fear lest Imilcar breaking in upon them with the rest of his Army should recover the Day; for he remembered how Himereus had formerly lost all by such an Oversight. The 
P. 378.  Barbarians flying into that part of the Camp which lay nearest to Agrigentum, the Besieged concluded they were beaten and fled, and therefore earnestly desired their Commanders that they would lead them forth, crying out, Now was the time come for the utter ruin and destruction of their Enemies. But the Officers (whether corrupted by Money (as it was reported) or possessed with fear lest Imilcar should slip into the Town when the Soldiers were gone forth) would not stir, but commanded the Soldiers to abide within the Town; by which means they that fled, came safe into the Camp. But Daphneus marched forward, and encamped in the place where the Enemy before lay; to whom flocked presently the Soldiers out of the Town with Dexippus, and forthwith a Council of War was held, where all showed themselves very uneasy and discontented, that the opportunity was neglected in taking full. Revenge of the Conquered 
Ant. Chr. 40.  Barbarians, and that their Officers when they might have so easily destroyed them by a Sally out of the Town, had suffered so many Ten Thousands clearly to escape. Hereupon a Tumult arising in the Assembly with a great noise and clamour, one Menes a Camarinean, one of the Officers, stood up, and accused the Commanders of Agrigentum to such a degree, that he so exasperated the whole Assembly, that they that were accused, could not be heard to speak for themselves; but Four of them were out of hand stoned by the enraged Multitude. The Fifth called Argeus, in favour of his Youth, was discharged. Dexippus likewise the Lacedaemonian was ill spoken of, that he who was General of so considerable a Body of Men, and ever esteemed a Man more expert in Martial Affairs than most others, should carry it so basely and treacherously. After the Council was broke up, Daphneus endeavoured to force the Carthaginians Camp; but discerning it to be excellently well Fortified, drew off. Then he blocked up all the Passages with his Horse, intercepted the Foragers, and prevented all Provision being brought in to the Enemy, whereby they were reduced to great straits and necessities; for not daring to engage, and yet in the mean time starving for want of Bread, their Misery was the greater, and many were famished to Death.  
Upon this, the Campanians, and almost all the rest of the Mercenaries in a Body came to Imilcar's Tent, to demand their allowance of Bread, and threatened to fall off to the Enemy if they had it not. But Imilcar being informed that the Syracusians had loaded their Ships with abundance of Corn for Agrigentum (upon which he relied as his last shift) persuaded the Soldiers to be patiented 
Ant. Chr. 403.  a few Days, and in the mean time, pawned to them the drinking Vessels of the Carthaginian Soldiers: Hereupon he sent for Forty Galleys from Panormus and Motya, and lay in wait for the Ships that brought the Provision. For the Syracusians never suspected the Carthaginians durst appear at Sea, being now Winter, and who had some time before lost their Power and Dominion there. Therefore sailing on with great assurance, they were on a sudden attacked by Imilcar, with Forty Sail; who presently sunk Eight of their Ships, and drove the rest upon the Shoar: All which being thus taken, the Scene of Affairs was so changed on both sides, that the Campanians that were with the Agrigentines 
P. 379.  (perceiving the desperate Condition of the Grecians) corrupted with Fifteen Talents, fell away to the Carthaginians. Besides, the Agrigentines at the beginning of the Siege, when things went ill with the Carthaginians, were very profuse and prodigal, both in their Corn and other things, and therefore when the Affairs of the Barbarians were much altered to their advantage, the Besieged (being so many Thousands penned up together) were insensibly and by degrees brought into great want. It's reported that Dexippus the Lacedaemonian also was bribed with Fifteen Talents; for he on a sudden told the Italian Commanders, that it was better to withdraw, and carry on the War in some other Place, for here they were likely to be starved. The Officers therefore considering of 
Ant. Chr. 403.  what he had said, marched away with the Army to the Sea, as if now the time limited by their Commissions had been determined.  
After their departure, the Generals with the other Officers met in a Council of War, and ordered that an Account should be taken what Provision was left in the City; and when a Return was made of the Scarcity, they saw it was absolutely necessary to quit the Place; whereupon they commanded all to be ready to be gone the next Night. Upon this, there was a lamentable outcry 
The lamentable Condition of the Inhabitants of Agrigentum.  in every House throughout the whole City, of Men, Women and Children, being in a distraction through fear and dread of the Enemy on the one hand, and care of their Goods and Estates on the other, which now they must be forced in a great measure to leave to the Rapine of the Barbarians, and as an aggravation, being those very things wherein a little before they placed their happiness. However, at length, seeing that Fortune had stripped them of all their Riches, they judged it was wisdom to do what they could to save their Lives. Then might be seen not only the mighty wealth of a flourishing City forsaken, but also a multitude of miserable People left behind; for those that were sick and infirm, were disregarded by them of their own Family, whilst every one sought to preserve himself; and those that through Old Age could not remove, were in the like condition. Many that preferred Death before the 
Ant. Chr. 403.  leaving of their Country, killed themselves, choosing rather to die in their own Houses. But that multitude of People that did go forth, were guarded by the Soldiers to Gela, so that all the Ways and Country towards Gela, swarmed with a promiscuous multitude of Women and Children; amongst whom, were young Ladies, who though they had now changed their former soft and delicate way of Living, into the fatigues and sorrows of tedious Journeys, yet being quickened and stirred up by fear, bore all Difficulties with eminent Patience. They all came at length safe to Gela; and afterwards Leontium was given to them by the Syracusians to inhabit.  
Imilcar entering the City with his Army, not without some fear and jealousy, 
Agirgentum taken by the carthaginians.  killed almost all he found in it, not sparing those that fled into the Temples for refuge, but haling of them from the Altars, slew them with great cruelty. There (it's said) Gellias, who was so eminent above the rest of his Countrymen, in the greatness of his Wealth, and integrity of his Conversation, ended his Life with the Loss of his Country: For he with some others fled to the Temple of Minerva, hoping the Carthaginians would not commit any outrages against the Gods: But when he perceived the cursed Impiety of the Men, he set Fire to the Temple, and together with the Wealth that was there (consecrated to the Gods) burned himself; by one act preventing Three Evils as he conceived; the Impiety of 
Gellias, burns himself in the Temple.  the Enemy against the Gods, the Rapine and Plunder of the vast Treasure that was there, and (that which was the greatest) the abuse of his own Body.  
Imilcar having spoiled and plundered all Places both Religious and Profane, got together from the Spoil so much Riches as a City that had been inhabited by Two Hundred Thousand Men, and never taken before since it was built; and that was the richest of all the Grecian Cities, might by an easy Computation 
Ant. Chr. 403.  in that time heap together; especially since the Citizens made it their business to be stately and magnificent in a wonderful manner in every thing they undertook: For many curious Pictures drawn with admirable Art, and an infinite 
P. 380.  number of Statues of all sorts, cut and wrought with singular ingenuity, were found here by the Conqueror. The best and choicest things (among which was the Phalarian Bull) he sent to Carthage; the rest of the Spoil he 
The Phalarian Bull.  caused to be sold under the Spear. Timeus in his History, with great earnestness denies that there ever was any such Bull, when as Fortune since has disproven him; for Scipio Africanus Two Hundred and Threescore Years after this destruction when Carthage was razed, amongst other things which were then at Carthage, restored that famous Bull to the Agrigentines, which remains at Agrigentum now at the time of the writing of this History; of which I have been the more desirous to speak, because Timeus with much bitterness inveighs against the Historians that were before him as altogether unpardonable; and yet he himself in those things wherein he most pretends an earnest and diligent search after Truth, does nothing but merely trifle; for in my Opinion we ought to have a favourable regard and respect to those Authors we differ from, because they are but Men, and the truth of things that are long before 
Ant. Chr. 403.  past, are not easy to be discovered. On the other Hand, those Writers that are careless and negligent in their Inquiries, are justly to be censured; and those especially may be well judged regardless of Truth, who make it their Business to flatter some, and out of Envy to cast Dirt upon others.   

CHAP. XIII.  
The Syracusian Officers accused. Dionysius made General of the Syracusians. He moves to have the Exiles recalled. He's invested with the sole Command. At length by several Artifices gains the Sovereignty.  
IMilcar having gained the City after Eight months' Siege, a little before the Winter Solstice, did not presently sack it, to the end the Soldiers might quarter there all the Winter. When the ruin of Agrigentum was noised Abroad, the whole Island was struck with such Terror, that some of the Sicilians fled to Syracuse, and others transported themselves, their Wives, Children and Movables into Italy. When the Agrigentines that had escaped, came to Syracuse, they accused the Commanders, affirming that they had betrayed their Country into the Enemy's Hand; but the Syracusians cast the blame upon the other Sicilians, because they chose such a sort of Officers who endangered the loss of all Sicily by their Treachery.  
But when a Senate was called at Syracuse, they were in such a Consternation as none durst move or advise any thing concerning the War. And being all thus at a stand Dionysius the Son of Hermocrates renewed the Accusation against the Officers, That they had Betrayed Agrigentum to the Carthaginians, and stirred up the People forthwith to take Revenge, and not to wait for Formalities of Law in execution of Justice. But Dionysius being Fined according 
Ant. Chr. 403.  to Law by the Magistrates as a disturber of the public Peace, Philistus (who afterwards writ a History, a very rich Man) paid the Fine for him, and bid him speak his Mind freely, and promised him to pay whatever was imposed upon him, if they fined him all the Day long.  
Dionysius being thus encouraged, he stirred up the People, and filled the Assembly with Tumult by his Criminations, charging the Commanders, that for 
Dionysius' Accusation of the Officers at Agrigentum.  Bribes they had drawn off and forsaken the Agrigentines. He accused likewise many others of the best of the Citizens, traducing them that they aimed to introduce an Oligarchy; and told the Senate, That Commanders were not to be chosen according to their greatness in Power, but according to the Good Will and Regard they bore towards the People: For the Great Ones Lording it over them, had them in Contempt, and enriched themselves by the Losses of their Country; but Men of Low Fortunes never attempt any thing of such a nature, knowing their own disability.  
When he had spoken what he had designed, and so agreeable to the Humour 
P. 381.  of the People, he set all the Assembly on a Flame; for the People before boar a secret Hatred to the Commanders, because they were suspected to have dealt falsely in the management of the War, and now being the more exasperated by the Speech of Dionysius, they forthwith deprived them of their Commands, and choose others in their room, amongst whom was Dionysius, a 
Dionysius chosen one of the Generals.  Man of great Esteem and Reputation with the Syracusians, for his approved Valour in several Battles against the Carthaginians.  
Having gained this step of Preferment, he contrived all ways imaginable how to advance to the Sovereign Power over his Country; for after he was invested 
Ant. Chr. 403. His Contrivances to gain the Sovereign. Power.  with the Command, he never associated with the other Commanders, nor joined with them in any Council of War. In the mean time he caused Rumours to be spread Abroad, that they kept secret Correspondence with the Enemy, hoping thereby to get them laid aside, and so to have the sole Command of the Army lodged in himself. While he was executing these Projects, the most prudent Citizens suspected him, and every Assembly gave very hard and ill Words. On the other hand, the common People ignorant of his Deceit and Fraud, praised every thing he did, and published every where, that now at length they had got a faithful and constant Guardian and Defender of the City.  
The Consults concerning Preparations for War being very frequent, and Dionysius discerning that the Syracusians were in a great Fright, he advised to recall the Exiles: For he said it was a very absurd thing to receive Aids of Strangers from Italy and Peloponesus, and yet to be backward in making use of their own Countrymen to withstand the common Danger, who are solicited by the Enemy with great Promises of Reward to join with them, and yet are content to wander up and down amongst Strangers, and die rather than do any thing prejudical to their Country. For though they were Banished for stirring 
Ant. Chr. 403.  up Sedition in the City, yet such kindness showed 'em, would in gratitude oblige them to fight cheerfully for their Country. When he had spoken many things to this purpose, he at length procured the Suffrages of the People; for none of his Colleagues durst contradict him, for that they both feared the Rage of the People, and likewise plainly saw, that nothing would redound thence, but hatred to themselves, and more love and favour to him.  
Dionysius did this, for that he looked upon the Exiles to be Men fit for his purpose, such as were given to change, and therefore ready Tools to make use of to serve his Ambition; who would delight to see their Enemy's Throats cut, their Goods and Estates confiscate, and themselves restored. The Decree therefore for the recalling the Banished being published, they presently returned.  
And now Letters coming from Gela, to desire Assistance to be speedily sent them, Dionysius made use of this fair opportunity for the carrying on his Design; for he forthwith marched to Gela with Two Thousand Foot, and Four 
Dionysius relieves Gela.  Hundred Horse, where Dexippus the Lacedaemonian was Governor, with a strong Garrison: When he found the City in a Seditious Uproar raised by some against the People, he condemns them that were accused in a Public Assembly, puts them to Death, and confiscates their Estates, and with part of the Money paid the Soldiers, that were in Garrison under Dexippus, all their old Arrears, and the rest he distributed amongst the Soldiers that came with him from Syracuse, declaring their Pay ordered by the City should be double. By this 
Ant. Chr. 403.  means he won both the Hearts of the Soldiers at Gela, and of those that went with him thither. The Geleans likewise cried him up to the Skies, as one that had freed them from Slavery: So that out of Envy to the great Men of the City, they decreed the Supreme Power to Dionysius: Upon which, they sent Ambassadors to Syracuse to publish there his Praises, and likewise to show the Decrees of the City, by which they had honoured him with many marks of respect.  
In the mean time Dionysius endeavoured to bring over Dexippus into his Councils, 
P. 382.  but not being able to prevail, he determined to return to Syracuse with all his Forces. But the Geleans hearing that the Carthaginians had determined to set upon their City with their whole Power before any other, earnestly entreated Dionysius that he would not leave them, nor suffer their City to undergo the same Calamity with them of Agrigentum. To whom he promised to return in a short time with greater Forces; and so left Gela.  
Afterwards when the People came from the Theatre from the Plays, Dionysius at that very Hour returned into Syracuse; whereupon the Citizens came thronging about him, and enquired what News he brought concerning the Carthaginians: To whom he answered, That he had nothing to say of them, in regard their own Officers and Governors were more mischievous to the Commonwealth than the Enemies themselves; for whilst the Citizens led away 
Ant. Chr. 403.  by their Flatteries, were diverted with Sports and Plays, they themselves impoverished the Commonwealth, and defrauded the Soldiers of their Pay. And now, that the Enemy at this very time, is making incredible Preparation for War, and are even upon the Borders of Syracuse, with a mighty Army, yet it is not at all by them regarded. To what end they acted thus, he suspected long since, but now he saw clearly their Drift. For Imilcar (he said) had sent by an Herald to him, pretending to redeem some Captives, but in truth secretly to persuade him not to use that Authority he had, to pry too narrowly into things that were in doing, or at least not to obstruct them, if he was not willing to join in the Execution. Therefore he declared he was not willing any longer to be General, but was ready to lay down his Commission. For it was altogether intolerable that he only should hazard the loss of all he had with the rest of the Citizens, whilst others made Merchandise of their Country: Yea, by this means, he should become Partaker with them in their Treachery. The People being enraged by what he had said, and his Words divulged through the whole Army, every one went to his own House, in great fear and perplexity.  
The next Day an Assembly was called, where he loaded his Fellow Commanders with many Accusations; and by stirring up the People against them, greatly advanced his own Reputation. At length some in the Assembly cried out, to make him Generalissimo; and not to have the thing to be done when the Enemy was even Battering the Walls; alleging that the greatness of the War required a General that was able to do eminent Service for the Commonwealth. And for the Traitors, it was better to inquire of them in another 
Ant. Chr. 403.  Assembly hereafter; being now it was not so agreeable to the present posture of Affairs. It was also remembered, that heretofore, when Gelon had sole the Command, they had overcome 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Dionysius made sole General.  Three Hundred Thousand Carthaginians.  
Upon this, the People (who are always apt to close with the worst Advice) suddenly made Dionysius General with sole and absolute Power.  
After things thus succeeded according to his Heart's Desire, he signed an Order, that the Soldiers should receive double Pay; alleging, that hereby they would be encouraged to fight more readily and cheerfully; and bid the Syracusians not trouble or disturb themselves about Money, for there would be ways readily found out to bring in sufficient Supplies. But when the Assembly was broken up, there were many of the Syracusians that condemned what was done, as if they had had no hand in confirming it: For after they had more seriously considered the thing, they foresaw Tyranny would follow. Thus while they sought after Freedom, they most imprudently placed a Tyrant over their Country.  
Dionysius therefore to prevent the change of the People's Minds, began to contrive how he might procure a Guard for his Person: If he could gain this point, he concluded he could easily fix himself in the Sovereignty. Upon this, he commanded all that were able to bear Arms, not above Forty Years of Age, with Thirty Days Provision and their Arms, to march to the City Leontium: For this City was a Garrison belonging to the Syracusians, full of 
P. 383.  Strangers and Exiles; whom he hoped would be assistant to him, being Men given to Innovations; and to this he was the more encouraged, for that he 
Ant. Chr. 403.  knew but few of the Syracusians would be there. For the better effecting of this Design, he encamped all Night in the Field; and as he lay there, he 
Dionysius his Project to get a Guard.  feigned a Plot against his own Person, and caused a great Noise and Clamour to be made by his Servants and Attendants, upon which he fled to the Castle: Where after he had kindled several Fires, he sent for a strong Guard, and so passed that Night.  
As soon as it was Day, and the Multitude were got together into the 
† Leontium.  City, he used many probable Arguments suited to the matter in Hand, and brought over the People to give him liberty to choose Six Hundred Men, such as he thought best for his Guard. And herein Dionysius is said to imitate Pisistratus the Athenian, for he wilfully wounding himself (as if he had been assaulted by Treachery) came forthwith into the Assembly, and by that means (as it's reported) got a Guard from the Citizens, by whose help he gained the Supreme Authority.  
By the same Fraud, Dionysius cheating the People, became absolute Lord and Master over his Country; for he presently chose above a Thousand Men, such as were strong in Body, and low in Purse, and put them in Arms, and encouraged them with many large and glorious Promises. Then he brought all the Mercenary Soldiers to an entire Observance, and Obedience to him, by his winning and courteous Speeches. He made an alteration likewise in the 
Ant. Ch. 403.  Regiments, giving Commissions to them that he could most trust. Then he sent away Dexippus the Lacedaemonian into Greece, for he suspected him, lest he should become an Head to the Syracusians, in case they should take an occasion to seek to recover their Liberty. And now he sends for the Mercenaries from Gela, and gets together from every Place, all the Exiles and Lewd Fellows, not doubting but by the help of these to establish himself in the Kingdom.  
After his Return to Syracuse, when he had lodged his Forces in the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Dionysius declares himself King.  Arsenal, he openly declared himself King: The Syracusians took this grievously, but were necessitated to be silent, because it was not in their power to do any thing else: For the whole City was full of Strangers that were in Arms, and all were in fear of the Carthaginians, who had a vast Army near at Hand.  
Dionysius now presently marries the Daughter of Hermocrates (he who had routed the Athenians in Sicily) and gave his own Sister in Marriage to Polyxenus, Hermocrates his Brother in Law. This he did to strengthen himself, by matching into an Honourable Family. After this, he summoned a General Council, and contrived all ways imaginable, how to be rid of Daphneus and Demarchus, the most powerful of all his Adversaries.  
Thus Dionysius from a Scrivener, and a Man of poor and mean Abstract, got the Sovereignty of the greatest City among the Grecians, and maintained 
Ant. Chr. 403.  his Dominion all the Days of his Life for the space of Thirty Eight Years. What things he afterwards did, and how he enlarged his Dominion, we shall relate in its proper Place: For very probably he gained the largest Dominion, and of the longest continuance of any that ever hath been compassed by Usurpation.  
After the Taking of the City Agrigentum, the Carthaginians transported to Carthage all the dedicated things laid up in the Temples, the Statues and Things of greatest value; and having burnt all the Temples to Ashes, and plundered the City, they quartered there all Winter: And in the mean time furnished themselves with Engines and all sorts of Weapons, with a Design to Besiege Gela, the first thing they did the next Spring.   

CHAP. XIV.  
The Famous Battle of Arginuse at Sea, wherein the Athenians, were Victors. The Officers accused for not Burying the Dead. The Speech of Diomedon. The Death of Sophocles.  
THE Athenians weakened with continual Losses, made all Strangers and Foreigners Free of their City that would engage with them in the War. When a great multitude were Incorporated into the City, the Commanders Listed all that were fit for War, Equipped out of a Fleet of Sixty Sail, with which (every way well provided) they sailed to Samos, where they found other Commanders, who had brought together Fourscore more Galleys from other Islands; and having procured 
P. 384.  ten more from the Samians, they weighed Anchor, and made with their whole Fleet (consisting of an Hundred and Fifty Sail) to the Islands 
* Three Islands, lying between Lesbos and Eolis, near to Cane.  Arginuse, with a Design to raise the Siege at Mitylene. But Callicratides, the Lacedaemonian General, having Intelligence of the Approach of the Enemy, left Etonicus with a great Force, to maintain the Siege, and sailed himself with all Speed, with a Fleet of one Hundred and forty Sail, well Man'd, to Arginuse. These Islands were then inhabited, and had a little Town in them Peopled by the Eolians. They lie between Mitylene and Cuma, near to the Continent and the Promontory 
† Or Cane. Ant. Ch. 403.  Catanides. The Athenians, in regard their Navy, 
The Famous Battle of Arginuse.  lay not far from thence, heard time enough of the Advance of the Enemy's Fleet: yet because the Wind was very high, they waved fight that day, and prepared to engage the next. The like did the Lacedæmonians; for the Augurs on both sides dissuaded each from fight. For the Head of the Lacedæmonians Sacrifice, being laid upon the Shore, was suddenly washed away by the violence of the Waves. Upon which the Priest foretold the death of the Admiral: To which it is reported Callicratides made Answer, That the Glory of Sparta would not be obscured by his Death. Thrasybulus likewise, the Athenians Admiral, who had the Chief Command that Day, had this Dream; the Night before, he dreamt that he, and six other Commanders, in a full Theatre at Athens, acted the Tragedy of Euripides, called Phoenissa, and that the Enemies acted that called The Suppliants; and that at length he obtained a 
‖ Thebes was built by Cadmus, and called Cadmea; and the Thebans lost so many (tho' they got the Victory) in the Old War of Thebes, that it was called Cadmea Victoria. The seven Generals that came against Thebes, were all killed but one. See Diodor. lib. 4. 267, 268.  Cadmean Victory, and all of them were killed, like those at the Siege of Thebes: which when the Soothsayer heard, he interpreted it, That seven of the Chief Commanders should fall in the Fight. But in regard that the Entrails portended Victory, they commanded nothing should be said of their Deaths, but only to their Friends; but that they should publish abroad to the whole Army, that Victory was certainly promised by the View of the Sacrifices.  
Then Callicratides calling the Soldiers together, made a Speech to them suited to the Occasion; and further added, I am so cheerful and ready to undergo all hazards for 
The Brave Speech of Callicratides.  the sake of my Country, that altho' the Augur has foretold my Death, by the Portents of the Sacrifice; yet inasmuch as he has also pronounced assured Victory to You, I am impatient of delay, and ready and willing presently to die. And that the Army may not 
Ant. Chr. 404.  be disturbed, and in confusion by the Death of their Admiral, I now appoint another, who may succeed me, in case I fall; and that is Clearchus, a Man known to be an experienced good Soldier. Callicratides stirred up many with these words, to imitate his Valour, and to hasten the Battle. The Lacedæmonians now encouraging one another, embarked; so likewise the Athenians (heartened by their Officers) went aboard, and every one placed themselves according to their Squadrons. Thrasybulus and Pericles commanded the Right Wing, (this was Pericles the Son of that Pericles, the Famous Orator, whose Surname was Olympus.) But the Command of part of this Wing he delivered to Theramenes, who was at first but a Common Soldier, but afterwards at several times, commanded considerable Forces: the rest of the Officers he placed in their Order throughout the whole Fleet; and compassing the Islands called Arginuse, he drew out his Fleet in a Line, as long as possibly he could. On the other side, Callicratides advancing into the open Sea, commanded the Right Wing: The Beotians were in the Left, commanded by Thrasonidas the Theban. But when they saw that they could not reach to equal the Line of the Enemy, because the Islands stretched out so far, he divided his Navy into two parts, and fought in two places. This amazed the Beholders from all 
Ant. Chr. 403. P. 385.  parts, as if four Fleets, with no less than three hundred Sail, close together, were hotly engaged. For this was the greatest Sea-Fight that ever was fought, by Grecians against Grecians, that any History commemorates. And now at one instant all the Trumpets were commanded by the Admirals to sound a Charge, and the Armies on both sides set up great Shouts in their turns, one against another, and plying their Oars with great heat and earnestness, every one strove who should be the first in making the Onset. For there were many, that by reason of the long continuance of the War, were well instructed for Fights at Sea; and the Battle was very hot and obstinate on both sides, in regard the Best and Stoutest Men were got together to fight, in order to get or lose all at once: For none doubted but this Battle would put an end to the War, which side soever got the Victory. But Callicratides, knowing by the Predictions of the Augurs, that he was to die, endeavoured to make his Death Honourable and Glorious. Therefore he made up fiercely upon the Galleys of Nausias, the Vice-Admiral, whom he sunk, with those next to him, at the first Charge; others he disabled, striking them through with the Beaks of his Ships, and others he made useless for Fight, by brushing off their Oars. At length he struck the Ship of Pericles with such violence, that he tore off one great part from another. But the Forepart of his own Ship was so fixed by the Fierceness of the Stroke in the Prow of his Enemy's Ship, that he could not clear himself off: Upon which Pericles cast Grappling-Irons into 
Ant. Chr. 403.  Callicratides his Vessel, and so forced him up close side to side; and thereupon the Athenians in a great Body, boarded him, and put all in the Ship to the Sword. Here it is reported, that Callicratides (after he had behaved himself with great Gallantry a long time, and received many Wounds in all parts of his Body) at length wearied out, fell 
Callicratides killed.  down dead: The Report of his Death, running through the Fleet, the Peloponesians struck with a Panic Fear, began presently to fly: But tho' the Right Wing fled, yet the Beotians in the Left, stuck to it, and fought stoutly for some time; for they of Eubea (being in the same common Danger) were very Faithful to them, and all those that had revolted from the Athenians, were afraid lest they (if they recovered their former Power) would revenge themselves upon them that had deserted ' 'em. But when the Beotians saw that the greatest part of the Fleet was routed and broken in pieces, and that they were more and more pressed upon by multitudes that made up upon them, they fled outright. Some of the Peloponesians fled to Chius, others to Cumea. But the Athenians pursued 'em very far, and filled all the Seacoasts with Carcases of the Dead, and Wrecks of Ships. After this, some of the Commanders advised, that the Bodies of those that were slain, should be taken up, because the Athenians used severely to punish them, who neglected that last Office. Others were rather for sailing back forthwith to Mitylene, and in the first place to raise the Siege: But presently arose a most violent Tempest, by which the Ships were greatly shattered and broken; so that by this, and the toil of the late Engagement, the Spirits of the Soldiers were very low, so that the taking up the Bodies of the Dead was deferred. Atlength, the Storm raged and increased to that degree, that they could neither gain Mitylene, nor 
Ant. Chr. 403.  perform what they ought for the Dead: So that being driven back by the Storm, they arrived with the Fleet at Arginuse. In this Fight the Athenians lost five and twenty of their Ships, and most of their Men in them. But the Peloponesians seventy seven. There 
The Athenians Victors at Arginuse.  were so many Ships and Men destroyed, that all the Seacoasts of Cumea and Phocea, seemed to be filled with Carcases and Wrecks.  
Eleonicus, who was besieging Mitylene, having certain Intelligence of the Defeat 
Mitylene relieved. P. 386.  of the Peloponesians, sent away all the Shipping to Chios; he himself marched away with the Land-Army, to a Confederate City of the Tyrrenians, being afraid, lest, by a Sally out of the Town, when the Athenian Fleet came up, his whole Army should be cut off. When the Athenians arrived at Mitylene, they took thence Conon along with them, with forty Sail, and passed over to Samos, and there wasted and spoiled all their Enemy's Country.  
After these thing, the Lacedæmonians in Eolis and jonia, and the dispersed Islands, met in a Common Council at Ephesus; and after many Bandings and Discourses, pro and con, they at length resolved to send an Ambassador to Sparta, to desire that Lysander might be constituted Admiral of the Navy: For that he approved himself with great Commendation, when he was in Command, and was judged to be the most 
Ante Chr. 403.  Shilful General.  
But because the Lacedæmonians would not alter the Ancient Custom of their Country, they made Aratus Admiral; and sent Lysander with him, as a Private Man, to be his Assistant; with this strict Command, That the General should always follow his Advice and Council. Thus being sent forth to manage the Command of the Fleet, they got togetherfrom Peloponesus and their Confederates, as many Galleys as possibly they could.  
The Athenians when they received the happy Tidings of their Success at Arginuse, highly applauded the Commanders for the Victory; but were very angry that they neglected to bury those, who had lost their Lives in the Defence of the Government.  
Theramenes and Thrasybulus, coming before the rest to Athens, the other Officers 
The Officers accused at Athens for not Burying the Dead.  suspecting they would accuse 'em to the People for their Neglect, in not Burying the Dead, sent Letters against them, whereby they signified, that the Care of Interring them that were slain, was committed to them, which was the Chief Cause of all the Mischief that afterwards fell upon the other Officers. For whereas they might before have easily made Theramenes, and the rest of his Party, their Patrons and Advocats in the Accusations laid against them, being Men that were excellent Speakers, and of great Interest; and that which was most considerable, were best acquainted with every thing that was done in the Battle; Now on the contrary, they had so 
Ant. Chr. 403.  far disobliged 'em, that they became their most bitter Enemies and Prosecutors. For when the Letters were read to the People, they were presently all on fire against Theramenes: But he having cleared himself, their Rage was all turned again upon the other Officers. The People therefore assigned 'em a Day to be heard, and ordered the Forces to be delivered over to Conon, whom they exempted from this Bill; all the rest they commanded by an Absolute Decree forthwith to return: Among whom Aristogenes and Protomachus, fearing the Rage of the People, fled: But Thrasyllus, Calliades, Lysias, Pericles, and Aristocrates, returned to Athens, with agreat number of Ships, upon this Confidence, that by the Mediation of those they had brought along with them, who were very many, they should be acquit. But after the Assembly came together, the People yielded a quick Ear to the Accusations, and whatever the 
* The Orators, or Counsel for the People.  Demagogues said, it was well taken; but when the Accused begun to speak, a Tumult arose, and they could not be heard in their own Defence. And besides, the Relations of them that were killed, did no little further their Ruin; who came weeping and wailing into the Senate, earnestly desiring that the Commanders might suffer for their Neglect, 
The Brave Athenian Officers put to Death by the People.  in not Burying them, who had valiantly lost their Lives for their Country. At length, the Friends of the Dead, and those that prosecuted with Theramenes (of whom many were then present) prevailed. And thereupon the Commanders were condemned to die, and their Estates to be conficate. Sentence being thus given, just as they were leading to Execution by the 
‖ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Sheriffs.  Lictors, Diomedon, one of them, an Excellent Soldier, and reputed a Just Man, and Eminent in all other Virtuous Qualifications, stood up, and Silence being made through the whole Assembly, thus began:— Ye Men 
The Speech of Diomedon.  of Athens, we hearty wish that the Sentence now pronounced against us, may issue in the Prosperity and Happiness of this City: But since Fortune has prevented us 
Ant. Ch. 403.  from paying our Vows, and giving Thanks to the Gods, for the Victory, 'tis most just and fit You should perform it: See therefore that Ye do it to Jove, to Apollo, and 
P. 387.  the Glorious Goddesses; for by Prayers to them, we have overcome the Enemy. When he had said this, he was hurried away with the rest to Execution; many of the Best of the Citizens bemoaning his Fate with Tears, For he who now went to suffer, never in the least complained of the Hardness of his Case, but only advised his Countrymen: (who then acted so wickedly) to make their Addresses to the Gods; which was a clear Indication of a Man of a Pious and Generous Spirit, little deserving such base and unworthy Usage. In short, the Eleven Commanders were all put to Death, by the Officers appointed by Law, tho' they had never done the City the least Injury; but on the contrary, benefited their Country, by a Victory gained in a Sea-Fight, the Greatest that was ever fought, by Grecians against Grecians; and besides were Men whose Valour had been remarkable, in several Battles, and who had had Statues before erected in Memory of their Victories. The People were then so desperately mad and 
Ant. Ch. 403.  enraged by the Orators, beyond all Bounds of Justice, that they gratified their Anger and Revenge, upon Men that were not only Innocent, but deserved rather Honour and Rewards.  
But not long after, both the Accusers that stirred up the People, and the People themselves, who gave Credit to their Criminations, sorely Repent of what was done, as if God himself had taken Revenge of them for the Fact: For they that were so willing to be deluded by these Malicious Instigations, not long after received the Reward of their Folly; when not One, but thirty Domineering Masters were by force set over them. Then was Callixeus (he that gave Sentence of Death against the Accused) upon this Change of the People, charged as one that had deceived them, and without being admitted to any Defence, was Committed, and carried to the Common-Goal; but by the help of some Friends, breaking through the Walls, he fled to the Enemy at Deoelea; so that by the Avoiding of Death at this time, he was pointed at, as it were, by the Finger, for his Notorious Wickedness, not only at Athens, but amongst all the other Grecians abroad, all the Days of his Life after.  
These are almost all the Things that are reported to be done this Year. Amongst 
Philistus the Historian.  the Writers, Philistus concludes the First Part of the Affairs of Sicily with this Year, and with the Taking of Agrigentum; comprehending in seven Volumes; the History of above Eight hundred Years. He gins the other Part where the former ended, and proceeds in his Relations contained in four Books. About this Time died Sophocles, the 
Death of Sophocles.  Tragedian, the Son of Theophilus, ninety Years of Age. He gained eighteen Victories upon the Stage: It's reported of him, That when he Acted his last Tragedy, and 
Euripides.  came off Conqueror, he fell into so violent a Laughter, that he fell down dead. Appollodorus, 
Ant. Chr. 403.  a Writer of Chronicles, reports that Euripides likewise died this Year. But others relate, That being entertained with Archelaus, King of Macedonia, once walking abroad into the Fields, some Dogs met him, by whom he was torn in pieces; and so miserably perished, a little before this Year.   

CHAP. XV.  
Lysander made Sole Admiral of the Lacedaemonian Fleet. He takes Caramium. The Ruin of the Athenian Fleet at Aegos Potamos. Athens taken by Lysander. The End of the Peloponesian War.  
THE Year next before being ended, Alexias was made Archon of Athens this Year; 
Olymp. 93. 4.  and at Rome three Military Tribunes again executed the Places of Consuls, Caius Julius, Publius' Cornelius, and Caius Servilius. During their Magistracy, after the Commanders 
An. M. 3567.  were put to Death, the Athenians made Philocles General of the Army; and 
Ant. Chr. 403.  delivering the Fleet to him, sent him away to Conon, Commissioning them with a 
Philocles and Conon, jointly Commission'd  Joynt-Power, in the Management of the War. When he came to Conon at Samos, he Man'd all the Ships to the number of an hundred seventy three. Twenty of these he left there, and with the rest he and Conon set Sail for the Hellespont.  
Lysander, in the mean time, High-Admiral of the Lacedaemonian Fleet, with 35 Sail, 
P. 388.  which he had got together from Peloponesus, and their Confederates, next adjoining, 
Ant. Chr. 403.  passed over to Ephesus; and fitted out a Fleet, which he sent for from Chios. Then he goes to Cyrus, the Son of Darius, and receives from him a great Sum of Money, for 
A cruel Sedition at Miletus.  Payment of the Army. Cyrus' being sent for by his Father into Persia, entrusts the Management of the Affairs of his Provinces to Lysander; and commands all the Tribute 
The Feast of Bacchus. usher's Annal. 161.  to be paid to him: who being now fully supplied with all things necessary for the War, returns to Ephesus. At this Time some in Miletus, that favoured an Oligarchy, by the help of the Lacedæmonians, abolished the Democracy. And to that End, in the beginning of the Sedition, when the Dionysian Festivals were celebrated, forty that were the Greatest Enemies against their Faction, were surprised in their Houses, and murdered. Afterwards, observing their Opportunity, when the Forum was full of People, they cut off the Heads of 300 of the Richest of the Citizens. In the mean time, above 1000 of the most Considerable Persons of Quality, who were for the Democracy, afraid of the Present imminent Danger, fled to Pharnabasus, the Persian Lord-Lieutenant, who received them very courteously, and bestowed upon every one a 
* Worth 15 Shill. English.  Stater of Gold, and ordered 
† The Island mentioned Acts 27. 16. Usher. An. 161.  Clauda, a Castle of Claudia for their Residence.  
Lysander, with a great Navy, making for 
‖ This is said to be mistaken for Caramium, a Bay in Caria; for that Thasus is an Isle, and lies far off, and was taken some time after. Usher. Ann. 160. Aemil. Probus in the Life of Lysand.  Thasus, a City of Caria, in League with the Athenians, takes it by Storm, and puts all the Men to the number of 800 to the Sword, and sold all the Women and Children for Slaves, and razed the City to the Ground. After this he sailed to Attica, and many other Places; but did nothing memorable. Therefore we have nothing to write further concerning these Matters. The Sum of all is, having taken Lampsatus, he dismissed the Athenian Garrison there, and sent them Home; and after he had 
‡ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Sub hasta vendidit. Ant. Ch. 404.  plundered the City, restored it to the Inhabitants.  
The Athenian Admirals, having Intelligence that the Lacedæmonians had besieged Lampsacus with all their Forces, got together all their Fleet from every place, and with all speed made for Lampsacus, with an hundred and fourscore Sail; but hearing that it was taken, they Anchored at 
† In the Straight of the Hellespont.  Aegos Potamos, and there lay. Not long after they weighed Anchor, and made out against the Enemy, and dared them every Day to a Battle; but when the Peloponesians would not stir, the Athenians began to consider what was best to be done, for that they could not stay long there with the Fleet. Hereupon Alcibiades came to them, and assured them that Medocus and Seuthes, Kings of the Thracians, who were his special Friends, had offered him a great Army, if he would fight against the Lacedæmonians; and therefore, if he might have some share in the Command, he engaged either to force the Lacedæmonians to sight at Sea, or to fight them at Land, by an Army out of Thrace. This Alcibiades did to evidence how great his desire was to procure some Eminent Advantage to his Country, and by fresh Service, to regain their former good Opinion of him. But the Athenian Commanders 
Ant. Chr. 403.  concluded, that if matters fell out ill, all the Blame would be laid upon them; and if well, Alcibiades would reap all the Honour of the Victory. Therefore they ordered him to withdraw, and not to come near the Army for the future.  
The Enemy still avoiding a Fight, and Provision growing scarce in the Army Philocles, 
The Surprise of the Athenians at Aegos Potamos Egos, or Potamos.  who commanded that day, ordered the rest of the Officers of the Fleet, to ship their Men, and follow him, who having thirty Sail in readiness, forthwith loosed out of the Harbour. Lysander having Intelligence of this, by some Deserters, makes out to Sea with his whole Navy, puts Philocles to Flight, and sails up to the rest of the Athenian Fleet. Hereupon the Athenians which lay there (in regard they had but few of their Men on Board) were all in a great Fear, and Consternation, through the unexpected Approach of the Enemy. Lysander therefore, understanding the Confusion and Disorder of his Enemy's Fleet, commanded Etonicus on Shoar with the Land-Army, who 
P. 389.  forthwith being now landed, judged it highly necessary to improve the present Opportunity; and therefore suddenly forces into part of the Enemy's Camp: And Lysander himself coming up with all his Fleet, well Man'd and provided, haled as many of the Athenian Vessels as there were in the Harbour, with Grappling-Irons, to the Shoar. Upon this the Athenians were so amazed, and struck with such a sudden astonishment, 
Ant. Chr. 40●.  (not having time either to make out to Sea with their Ships, or to form themselves into a Body at Land) so that after a short Resistance, they turned their Backs. Hereupon some forsook their Ships, others fled out of the Camp; every one seeking where he could best preserve himself. Scarce ten of all the Commanders and Officers of the Fleet escaped; amongst whom was Conon, who not daring to return to Athens, out of fear of the People, fled to Evagoras, Prince of Cyprus, his special góod Friend. Many of the Soldiers fled by Land to Sestos. Lysander possessed himself of all the rest of the Fleet, and took Philocles, one of the Generals, prisoner, and carried him to Lampsacus, where he put him to death. Then he commanded Messengers to Lacedaemon 
The total Rout of the Athenians at Aegos Potamos.  to carry the News of the Victory; and ordered one of the Best of the Galleys to transport 'em, magnificently, adorning it with the Arms and Spoils taken from the Enemy.  
Next, he marched with his whole Army to Sestos, in pursuit of those that fled thither, took the City, and dismissed the Athenians upon Terms. From thence he sailed with all speed to Samos, and forthwith prepares to besiege the City; but sent away Gylippus (he who so eminently assisted the Syracusians at Sea) to Sparta, with fifteen 
Ant. Chr. 403.  hundred Talents of Silver, besides the Spoils. The Money was made up in little Bags, and to every Bag was fixed a 
* A little Thong of Parchment, wrapped about a Staff, and then taken off; which would agree exactly with another Staff at Sparta when it was leapt about it; and so the Letters could be read.  Seytale, upon which was written the Sum of Money therein contained. Gylippus, being ignorant of what was done, unties the Bags, and takes out three hundred Talents; but his Theft being discovered to the Ephori, by the Scytales, he fled, and thereupon was condemned to die. Clearchus, the Father of Gylippus, in former times, for his having received Money of Pericles, not to invade Attica, likewise fled, and was adjudged to die, and lived all his Days a Banished Man among the Thurians in Italy. These two Men, who were otherwise Virtuous; yet by these sordid Acts, stained and blemished all the Worthy Actions of the rest of their Lives.  
When the Athenians were fully satisfied that they were totally ruined, they determined to strive no longer to be Masters at Sea; but now employed all their Care to repair their Walls; and blocked up the Haven, expecting nothing more certain than a Siege, which happened accordingly; for presently both Agis and Pausanias, the Lacedaemonian Generals, broke into Attica with great Forces, and encamped under the very Walls of Athens. And Lysander entered the Pyraeum, with above two hundred Sail. The Athenians, tho' they were pressed on every side with so many Mischiefs, yet stood out, and easily defended the City for some time. But the Peloponesians resolved in Council, in regard it would be very difficult to force the Place, to withdraw their Forces out of Attica, and by their Navy, to hinder all Provision from being brought into the City: Which being put in Execution, the Athenians were reduced into extreme Want of all things, especially of Food; which was used to be imported to them by Sea.  
Want pressing upon them every day more and more, the City was filled with the Dead. Upon which, those that survived sent forth Ambassadors, and procured the Terms and Conditions following; viz. That the Long Fortifications of the Piraeum, 
Athens taken. Ant. Chr. 403.  and their Walls should be demolished: That they should never have above ten Long Ships: That they should leave all the Cities, and be Subject to the Lacedæmonians. And 
The End of the Peloponesian War.  thus ended the Peloponesian War, after it had continued Seven and twenty Years; a War of the longest Duration of any come to our Knowledge.   

CHAP. XVI.  
Agrigentum sacked by Imilcar the Carthaginian. The Carthaginians besiege Gela. Dionysius goes to the aid of Gela. The Skirmishes before Gela. Camarina deserted by the Order of Dionysius. The Soldiers enraged at Dionysius, he hastens to Syracuse. Imilcar makes Peace with Dionysius, and returns to Carthage. The end of the first Carthaginian War with Dionysius.  
A Little while after. 
* Darius' Nothus, who ordered the rebuilding of the Temple. P. 390.  Darius' King of Asia died, having reigned Nineteen Years; 
† Artaxerxes Mnemon, in whose Twentieth Year Nehemiah came to Jerusalem. The Carthaginians Spoils in Sicily.  Artaxerxes his Eldest Son succeeded him in the Kingdom, and reigned 43 Years. About this time Apollodorus the Athenian reports, that Antimachus the Poet flourished. Imilcar the Carthaginian General, at the return of the Spring, sacked the City Agrigentum in Sicily, and carried away the Carved Work, and richest Furniture out of all those Temples that were not utterly consumed by the Fire. From hence he made an inroad with his whole Army into the Country of Geloa. From whence, and from the Camarineans (having made great Devastations,) he filled his Camp with all sorts of Plunder. Then marching for Gela, he encamped at a River of the same Name. There was a brazen Statue of Apollo, of a wonderful bigness at Gela in the Suburbs of the City, which the Carthaginians took and sent away 
Ant. Chr. 403.  to Tyre. The Geleans had dedicated it by the Command of the Oracle of Apollo. But the Tyrians some time after, when they were Besieged by Alexander the Macedonian, reproached the Image, as if it sided with the Enemy. But after that Alexander had taken the City, the very same Day of the Week, and the very Hour (as Timeus reports) that the Carthaginians committed the Sacrilege against Apollo at Gela, the Grecians honoured the God with many magnificent Gifts and costly Sacrifices, as he by whose help they had won the City. Though these things happened in times far distant one from another, yet because the thing 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. The Carthaginians besiege Gela.  was very remarkable, I thought it no digression to compare one Event with the other in this Place.  
The Carthaginians when they had cut down all the Trees about Gela, fortified themselves by a Wall and deep Trench drawn round their Camp; for they expected that Dionysius would come to the aid of the Besieged with a great Army. They of Gela had at the beginning of the Siege to avoid Danger, determined to send away their Wives and Children to Syracuse; but when the Women all ran together to the Altars in the Forum, earnestly praying that they might undergo the same Fate with their Husbands, they were suffered to stay. After this, the Soldiers in the Town dividing 
Ant. Chr. 403.  themselves into several Squadrons, sent out part Abroad; who being well acquainted with all the Ways and Passages, fell upon the Enemy that were straggling here and there, and not only brought in Prisoners every Day, but killed many. And when the Carthaginians had battered down part of the Walls with their Rams, the Besieged stoutly defended them, and what was beaten down in the Day, both Women and Children joined with the rest and repaired in the Night: For they that were young and able, were continually in Arms, and engaged with the Enemy; the rest were diligently employed in working and other necessary Services. To conclude, they bore the brunt with that Valour and Resolution, that though their City was unfortifyed, and they received no Aid from their Confederates, and their Walls were broke down in many Places, yet Fear did not at all abate their Courage.  
In the mean time Dionysius Tyrant of Syracuse, sent for the Grecian Succours in 
Dionysius hastens to aid Gela.  Italy, and Aids from his Confederates, and employed every one almost that was able to bear Arms in Syracuse, and joined the Army of the Mercenaries with the rest. The whole amounted not to above Fifty (as some report) but (as Timeus relates) not above Thirty Thousand Foot, and a Thousand Horse, with Fifty Sail of Ships. With these Forces he hastens to the Aid of Gela. When he arrived at the City, he encamped near the Sea: This he did that his Forces might not be divided, but might fall upon the Enemy both by Sea and Land at once; for by skirmishing with his 
Ant. Chr. 403.  light Armed Men, he prevented their Foraging. And by his Horse, and the help of 
P. 391.  his Shipping, he endeavoured to intercept all Provisions that should be brought to the Carthaginians from any part of their Dominions. However he effected nothing, after he had continued there Twenty Days. After this, he divided his Foot into Three Bodies; one he delivered into the Hands of the Sicilians, with a Command that having the City on the Left, they should fall upon the Trenches and Fortifications of the Enemy: Another Body made up of Succours from the Confederates, he ordered should leave the City on the Right, and march to the Shoar. He himself with the Mercenaries designed to pass through the City, to the Place where the Carthaginian Engines were placed; and commanded the Horse, that as soon as a Sign was given by the Foot, they should pass the River, and disperse themselves over the Fields; and if they discerned that their own Party prevailed, they should join 'em, and if worsted, should secure them. He commanded likewise the Officers of the Fleet, that as soon as the Italian Bands came up, they should sail near to the Enemies Camp. While every one was executing the Orders given him in charge, the Carthaginians opposed the Enemies landing, and made it their business to defend that part of their Camp towards the Shoar where it was not fortified. At the very same instant, the Italians coming in near the Shoar, set upon the Carthaginians Camp, and there intercepted many that had issued out to prevent the Landing: And when they had put them to 
Ant. Chr. 403.  flight that were left to guard that part, they assaulted the whole Camp. Upon which the Carthaginians with the greatest part of their Army (now returned) hotly engaged them, and with much ado drove them back beyond the Trenches which they had gained, and passed. The Italians being overpowr'd with the multitude of the Barbarians, were forced to retreat, and fell into a strait and narrow Pass within the Lines, none of their Fellows advancing to support them; for the Siculi who were far off, came not up in convenient time; and Dionysius' Mercenaries because they could not march swift enough through the Streets of the City, could not secure them. Indeed the Gel●●ns for a little way made a Sally to relieve the Italians, but fearing the Walls would be left naked, they halted and returned; so that the Iberians and Campanians, with the Carthaginian Auxiliaries, fell very sharply upon the Greeks of Italy, and killed above a Thousand of them; but the Pursuers being driven back by Darts and other Shot from the Ships, the rest came safe into the Town. In the mean time the Siculi being engaged with the Carthaginians in another part, killed many of them, and pursued the rest up to their very Camp. But both the Iberians, Campanians and Carthaginians coming to the aid of the Africans, the Siculi having lost Six Hundred Men, returned into the City. The Horse likewise when they saw all was lost, made to the City, especially for that the Enemy was pressing upon them on every side. Dionysius having passed through the City with his Mercenaries with great difficulty, when he understood that his Army was broken, marched back, and sheltered himself within the Walls of the Town: Then calling a Senate of those that were 
Ant. Chr. 403.  Friends, they consulted concerning the present state of the War; where it was concluded by all, that (because the Enemy was so strong) that was now no Place to put all to hazard. Dionysius therefore sent forth a 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, an Herald.  Trumpet in the Evening, to gain a Cessation of Arms for the burying of the Dead till the next Day. Then about the first Watch of the Night, he sent a Multitude of People out of the Town, and he himself about Midnight marched forth with the Army, leaving behind him 2000 light Armed Men, commanding them to make Fires all the Night long, and set up continual Shouts that the Enemy might believe that the whole Army was still in the Town; but as soon as it began to be light, those left behind with a swift March followed Dionysius' Army. When the Carthaginians understood the Cheat, they led 
P. 392.  the Army into the City, and made a Prey of whatever was left in the Houses.  
When Dionysius came to Camarina, he caused all the Citizens, with their Wives 
The Sedition of the Camarineans and Geleans.  and Children to remove to Syracuse; and because Fear would not admit of any delay, some carried what Gold and Silver they were able; others with their Parents and little Children hastened away, without the least regard to their Estates. Some who were old and sick, were left behind by their Friends and Relations, every one thinking that the Carthaginians were at his Heels: For the late ruin and destruction of Sclinunte, Himera and Agrigentum struck all with such a terror, and filled every one with such an apprehension of the Beastly cruelty of the Barbarians, as if it had been then present before their Eyes; for they put all the Captives to the Sword, showed no Compassion to any; some they crucified, and others they tormented with intolerable Scoffs and Reproaches. The Soldiers of Dionysius seeing Men, Women and Children driven in Droves from Two several Cities in one and the same Country, were much incensed, pitying the sad Condition of the miserable People: For when they saw young Gentlemen and Ladies in marriageable Estate, unbecoming their State and Age, tumultuously and regardlessly to be driven, led and dragged in Droves through the Highways, the time not allowing any regard or respect either to old and grave Men, or young and tender Women, they were not a little affected: And especially it greatly grieved them, to see decrepit old People forced beyond the strength of nature, to go as fast as those that were young. These were the things that inflamed the Soldiers with Rage against Dionysius; for they suspected that he did this on purpose, that he might gain the Sovereignty over the rest of the Cities, through their fear of the Carthaginians: For they muttered among themselves, how small a time he gave his Assistance; that none of his Mercenary Soldiers were killed; that he fled so hastily when he had suffered so little Loss, and especially when no Enemy pursued. Therefore all those who had long wished for an opportunity to revolt, now did their utmost to shake off the Yoke of his Tyranny, prompted thereunto 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  as it were by the instinct of a Divine Providence. So that all the Italians forthwith left his Camp, and marched homewards through the Heart of the Country. The Syracusian Horsemen likewise watched for an opportunity how they might readily kill the Tyrant on the Road: But observing the Mercenaries constantly to attend 
Ant. Chr. 403.  close to his Person (unanimously with one consent) they set Spurs to their Horses, and road away to Syracuse, where they entered into the Arsenal without any opposition; 
A Revolt by the Horsemen from Dionysius.  the Guard being altogether ignorant of what was done at Gela. Upon their coming there, they forthwith rifled Dionysius' Palace, and carried away all his Gold, Silver and rich Furniture out of his House, and most cruelly and filthily abused his Wife, to vex and molest the Tyrant the more, and that this sort of Revenge might 
Their vile abuse of his Wife.  be a clear Evidence to him, of the Conspiracy against him.  
Dionysius suspecting upon his March what was done, hastens to the City with all the Horse and Foot he could confide in, with all possible speed; for he concluded he had no better course to take to disappoint the Horsemen that were gone, than to prevent all intelligence, judging his Design would be more easily accomplished, if he were sooner at Syracuse than they could believe; which happened accordingly: For the Horsemen thought that Dionysius durst neither stay with, nor be far from his Army. And therefore now as confident that they had gained their purpose, they noised Abroad that Dionysius pretended to fly from Gela for fear of the Carthaginians, but in truth he fled from the Syracusians. In the mean time Dionysius having marched without stop almost 
* 19 Leagues, or 50 English Miles. P. 393.  400 Furlongs, came about Midnight to the Gates of Acradine, with 100 Horse, and 500 Foot, and finding them shut against him, caused Reeds there ready gathered out of the Fens (with which the Syracusians used to burn Lime) to be put to the Gates: While the Gates were on Fire, those that marched flower came up to him: And when they were burnt down, he forthwith entered through Acradine with all the Forces with him. Upon which, those Horsemen (who were very few) that were of the Noblest Birth, and greatest Wealth (without staying for the People's help) got together in the Marketplace to oppose the Enemy; but were presently surrounded with the Mercenaries, and every Man killed with Darts and Pikes. Then Dionysius scouring the Streets of the City, put all to the Sword he met that were running 
Dionysius' Rage and Cruelty in Syracuse.  here and there to aid their Fellows; and not only so, but entered likewise into the Houses of those he took to be his Enemies, of whom, he cut the Throats of some, and banished others. The rest of the Horsemen escaped out of the Walls to that part of the City called Acradine. About break of Day the next Morning, all the rest of the Mercenaries, and the whole Sicilian Army came to Syracuse; but the Geleans and Camarineans incensed against Dionysius, turned off to Leontium.  
Imilcar at length forced by the Circumstances of his Affairs, sends an 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Modern Times a Trumpet.  Herald to Syracuse, to offer Terms of Peace to the Conquered: This was very acceptable News to Dionysius, and thereupon Peace was made upon these Conditions, That besides the ancient Colonies the Sicanians, Selinuntes, Agrigentines and the Himereans, should be under the Power of the Carthaginians: That they of Gela and Camerine should be suffered 
Ant. Ch. 403. A Peace by the Carthaginians with Dionysius.  to inhabit in their own Cities, yet without Walls, and be Tributary for the future to the Carthaginians: That the Leontines, Messenians and all the Sicilians should be free, and enjoy all their own Laws and Liberties, save that the Syracusians should be subject to Dionysius. When all these Articles were ratified, the Carthaginians passed over to Lybia, after they had lost above one half of their Army by the Plague, which afterwards raging through Lybia, Multitudes perished both of the Carthaginians and their Confederates.  
And now we are come to the end of the Wars; of the Peloponosian War in Greece, and of the first Carthaginian War with Dionysius in Sicily: And so having finished what we hitherto designed, we shall treat in the next Book of those Affairs that fell out afterwards.    

BOOK XIV.  
IT's Common and Natural to every Man to be touched to the Quick, to hear himself 
PREFACE.  Evil spoken of. For even they that are so notoriously Wicked that they cannot escape Reproaches, yet if they be told of their Faults, are presently in a Rage, and do all they can to palliate and cover their Crimes with finespun Excuses. Every one therefore aught to be very careful to avoid the doing of that which is of bad report, especially those that are in high Place and Power, and advanced above others in Dignity. For their actions, by reason of their eminency in the World, being more conspicuous than others, their Faults and Miscarriages likewise are more obvious. Therefore, let none in such places of Power and Authority, think to avoid Censures and Reproaches, if they are Corrupt and Unjust in their Administration. For should they escape Infamy and Disgrace during their Lives, yet let them be assured, that aftertimes will publish that Truth (to the stain of their Memory) which was stifled and smothered some time before. Let this therefore startle wicked Men to consider, that they leave behind them an ugly Representation of themselves, to the view of Posterity for ever.  
For though those things that follow after Death do nothing at all concern us, (as some Philosophers have spread abroad among the Common People) yet a wicked Course of Life is far the worse, inasmuch as the remembrance of it is hateful to all Posterity. Of which truth, he who seriously considers things related in this Book, may find ready at hand most clear and evident Examples. For the Thirty Tyrants of Athens, who by their Covetousness and Ambition involved their Country in dreadful Calamities, thereby in a short time not only lost their Authority, but left behind them an immortal stain and dishonour to their Names. And the Lacedæmonians, who had undoubtedly gained the Sovereignty of all Greece, lost what they gained, when they began to oppress their Associates and Confederates: For the Thrones of Princes are supported by Justice and Mercy, but are overturned by Cruelty and Oppression of their Subjects. As we may see in the Example of Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse, who though he had the smiles of Fortune above all the other Princes before him, yet Plots were to entrap him all his Life long; so that for fear of being Assassinated he was necessitated to wear an Iron Breastplate upon his Coat, and after his Death, became an Instance and Example of the People's hatred to all succeeding Generations. But we shall speak of these things 
P. 396.  in their proper Places.  
And now we come to those Affairs that have a Coherence with them before related, only distinguished by difference of Times. For in the foregoing Books we have treated of Things that were done from the sacking of Troy, to the End of the Peloponnesian War, and the Athenian Dynasty; which comprehends the space of Seven hundred Seventy nine Years. In this we shall add what next follows in order, and begin with the Thirty Tyrants of Athens, and from thence come down to the Taking of Rome by the Gauls, wherein is contained the History of Eighteen Years.  

CHAP. I.  
A Peace between the Athenians and Lacedæmonians. The Athenians disagree about the Manner of their Government. The Government by Thirty. The Cruelty of the Thirty Tyrants, and especially towards Theramenes.  
BY the Dissolution of the Government at Athens (which happened the Seven hundred and Eightieth year current from the Destruction of Troy) the City was involved in an 
Olymp. 94. 1. An. M. 3568. Ant. Ch. 402.  Anarchy; at that time werefour Military Tribunes appointed at Rome to execute the Consular Dignity, Caius Furius, Caius Servilius, Caius Valerius, and Numerius Fabius. And this Year was celebrated the Ninety Fourth Olympiad, in which Cocynas of Larissa was Victor. About this time the Athenians (their Power being broken) obtained a Peace with the Lacedæmonians, and liberty to govern according to their own Laws, upon Condition they demolished their Walls, which they pulled down accordingly, but could not agree among themselves about the Form of their Government. For they that were for an Oligarchy gave their Votes for the restoring that ancient Government. But the greatest part who stood up for the Democracy, preferred the Government by the Senators, declaring that to be the truest Democracy.  
When this banding one against another had continued some days; they for the Oligarchy sent to Lysander the Spartan, hoping thereby to gain the Point, in regard he was ordered (now the War was at an End) to settle the Government of the Cities, and in every Place he set up an Oligarchy. To this end they sailed to him to Samos, where he than was, having lately taken the City. When they arrived and had craved his assistance he promised them his Aid; and thereupon (after he had made Thorax Governor of Samos) passed over to the Pireum with an hundred Sail. Then calling a General Assembly, he advised them to choose Thirty Men, who should Govern the Commonwealth, and Manage all the Affairs of the City. Theramenes opposed this Proposal, repeating the Articles of 
Ant. Ch. 402.  the Peace, whereby it was agreed, That they should be governed according to the Laws of their own Country; and declared it would be a most intolerable piece of Injustice, 
The Thirty Tyrants chosen at Athens.  if (against the Sacred Ties of an Oath) their Liberties must be thus ravished from them. Lysander answered, That the Athenians had first broken the League themselves, because they did not pull down their Walls within the time agreed, and grievously threatened Theramenes, and told him, That unless he desisted from his Oppositions against the Lacedæmonians, he would put him to Death.  
Upon this, both Theramenes and the People, being in a great Fright, were forced by a general suffrage to abolish the Democracy: and Thirty Men were forthwith chosen to be Governors of the Commonwealth, in Name called Fit Magistrates, but in Deed and in Truth nothing but Tyrants. But because the Justice and Moderation of Theramene 
P. 397.  was evidently discerned by the People, they judged he would be a Bridle to the Covetousness 
Theramenes chosen one of the Thirty.  of the rest of those placed over them, and therefore chose him to be one of the Thirty.  
The Duty and Office of these Men was to choose the Members of the Senate; to create Magistrates, and to make Laws for the Government of the City. But they forbore to make any Laws upon many specious pretences. Yet they filled the Senate and all the 
Ant. Ch. 402.  Places in the Magistracy with their own Creatures; who were called Praetors, but in truth, were merely the Tyrant's Tools.  
At first they executed Justice upon Malefactors with great Severity, to the putting of them to Death: So that as yet they were well spoken of, and commended by every honest Citizen. But not long after, when they resolved to be Lawless, and set up an Arbitrary 
The Cruelty of the Thirty Tyrants of Athens.  Power: they sent for a Garrison from the Lacedæmonians, upon pretence that they would mould all things in the Government to the advantage of their Interest. For they knew very well that without a Foreign Force, they could not execute those Slaughters and Butcheries they designed, for that all would as one Man rise up against them in their own defence.  
When the Garrison from Lacedaemon was come, they presently gained the Governor Callibius, with Bribes and other fawning and flattering Addresses. Then they singled out some of the richest Citizens, such as they thought fit, and charging them as Innovators, and Plotters against the Government, put them to Death, and confiscated their Estates. But when Theramenes opposed his Colleagues, and others (who were Zealous for the Commonwealth) stood up for the Defence of their Liberties; the Thirty called a Senate, in 
Antony's Changed 402.  which Critias, the Precedent, loads Theramenes with many grievous Crimes, and chief, that he betrayed that Government, in the Administration of which he himself voluntarily accepted a share with the rest. Theramenes, in Answer to what he said, so cleared himself of every particular laid to his Charge, that he gained the good Opinion of the whole Senate. Upon which, Critias, with the rest of his Faction, (being afraid lest this Man should 
Theramenes accused by the Tyrants.  overturn the Oligarchy) surrounded him by the Soldiers, with their Swords drawn, with an intent forthwith to seize him.  
But Theramenes foreseeing their purpose, rushes through, and flies to the Altar in the 
Haled from the Altar in the Senate.  Senate-house, crying out, That he fled to the Gods, not that he hoped thereby to save his Life, but that the Impiety of his Murderers might be the more aggravated, by the violation of the Sacreds' of their Religion: But though he was thence violently haled by the 
* Sheriffs, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Lictors, yet bore all with an undaunted Spirit, being well principled in the Precepts of Philosophy, by his late Master Socrates. The People generally lamented his sad Misfortune, and unworthy Usage; but none durst rescue him by reason of the Soldiers that closed him round. But Socrates the Philosopher, and two of his Servants ran in, and endeavoured to hinder the Lictors. But Theramenes entreated them they would forbear, declaring he could not but honour their Love and Courage showed on his behalf, but that it would be his greatest Misery if he should be the Cause of the Death of those who so greatly loved him. Socrates therefore, and the rest, (when they saw none to come in to their assistance, and that 
Ant. Ch. 402.  the stronger Faction more and more increased) let fall their design. Theramenes thus forced from the Altars, was led through the Marketplace to Execution by the Officers, who had him in charge. But the common People (affrighted with the armed Men) 
Theramenes Executed  while they bewailed the Condition of this miserable Man (as one most unjustly condemned) at the same time likewise deplored their own Bondage and Slavery. For every poor Man seeing the Virtue of Theramenes so despised and trampled under foot, foresaw that they by reason of their mean and low Condition, would be valued no more than things set behind the Door.  
After they had executed him, the Thirty, upon false Accusations, put to death several 
Many other: Executed.  others of the rich Men whom they had written down in a List, and when they were dead, seized upon all they had: Among whom was Niceratus, the Son of Nicias the General, who was formerly sent against the Syracusians. He was a Man civil and courteous to all, and almost the Richest and of greatest Interest of any Man in Athens; there was not therefore a Family but it lamented his Death, the Memory of his kind and sweet Disposition forcing Tears from every one. yet the Tyrants did not in the least remit any thing of their acts of Injustice and Violence, but growing still rather worse and worse in all manner of Villainies, they cut the Throats of Threescore of the richest Men in 
They cut the Throats of the Richest in the City. Antony's Ch. 402. P. 398.  the City, that they might roll in their Estates. The miserable Citizens being thus Slaughtered and Butchered, every day, almost all that had any thing to lose fled out of the City.  
Then they put to death Autolicus, a most excellent and fluent Orator. And at length, every Man that was in any respect Eminent or Remarkable, they sacrificed to their raging Lusts. By these Cruelties they so wasted and destroyed the City, that above 
The Cruelty of the Tyrants.  one half of its Inhabitants ran away and left it.  
And although the Lacedæmonians saw the City thus spoiled and ruined, yet they laughed in their Sleeves, having no desire it should ever recover its strength any more, as was very evident by many convincing arguments. For they made a Decree, that all the Fugitives from Athens in every part of Greece, should be carried back bound to the Tyrants; and whosoever did oppose the Execution of this Decree, should be fined Five Talents.  
This was in truth looked upon as a very cruel and inhuman Edict, but the other Cities stood so much in awe of the Power of the Spartans', that it was every where obeyed. But the Argives were the first that showed their Abhorrence of the Lacedaemonian cruelty, and pitying the miserable Condition of the Exiles, received them with all tenderness of Compassion. The Thebans likewise decreed a Mulct to be imposed upon him that did not to his power assist any Fugitive whom he saw to be carried away by Force. To this pass were brought the Affairs of Athens.   

CHAP. II.  
Dionysius his Projects to strengthen himself in the Sovereignty of Sicily. The Syracusians Revolt. They are dispersed.  
IN the mean time Dionysius the Tyrant of Sicily having made Peace with the Carthaginians, 
Ant. Ch. 402.  bend all his Care to strengthen himself in the Sovereignty. For he judged that the Syracusians, now brought under by the War, had nothing to do but to seek after the recovery of their Liberty. Perceiving therefore the Island belonging to the City (which was naturally fortified) would be easily defended by a small Garrison, he divided it from the rest of the City by a strong Wall, in which he built many high Towers, near one to 
Dionysius strengthens himself in Sicily.  another, and under it Guard-houses and Lodgings, which would contain great numbers of Men: He built likewise there at great expense a 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Castle which commanded the City, that it might be a shelter ready to fly to upon any sudden commotion; with the same Wall he took in the Arsenal near to the little Port called Laccius capable to receive Threescore Sail, and had a Gate through which only one Ship at a time could enter. Then he marked out the best pieces of Land, and gave them to his Friends and Officers: the rest he equally distributed amongst the Citizens, and in the number of Citizens he accounted Manumitted Slaves, and called them Neopolites, New Citizens. He bestowed likewise Houses every where upon the common People (except those Houses that were in the Island) and those he gave as a Reward to his Friends and Mercenaries.  
Having now firmly fixed himself in the Throne (as he conceived) he marched out with an Army against the Sicilians, with a design to being them into Slavery, who as yet were free, especially those who had lately assisted the Carthaginians. To this end he lay 
Dionysius besieges Herbessus, now called Palazzulo. Ant. Ch. 402.  before the City of Herbessus, and furnished himself with every thing necessary for the Siege. They of Syracuse that were listed upon this Expedition, having got Arms into their hands, met together in private Cabals, and blamed one another for that they did not assist the Horsemen in deposing of the Tyrant. It happened at that time, that one of Dionysius' Captains threatening a Soldier for his saucy Language, and presently offering to beat him upon his sharp Retorts, the Soldiers were so enraged, that they killed the Officer, whose Name was Doricus; and calling out with a loud voice to the Citizens to 
A Conspiracy against Dionysius.  stand up for their Liberty, they sent for the Horse from Aetna; for they at the beginning of the Tyranny left the Tyrant and possessed themselves of that Castle. Dionysius being now terrified with the defection of the Syracusians, broke up the Siege, and hasts away with all speed to Syracuse, and to possess himself of the City before any of his Enemies. Upon his flight thither the Fomenters of the Rebellion created them their Captains and Leaders, who had killed the Officer, and being joined with the Horse from Aetna, they encamped in the 
* Hills over the City.  Epipoli (as they are called) lying over against the Tyrant, blocking up his passage into the open Field. These Revolters likewise continually sent Messengers to Messina and Rhegium to solicit their aid at Sea for the recovery of their Liberty. For these Cities at that time commonly set forth no less than Fourscore Galleys well Manned which they then sent to the Syracusians to assist them. Besides all this, they in the Epipoli promised by the Common Crier a great reward to him that should kill the Tyrant; and, 
P. 399.  that they would Enfranchize all Foreigners that would come over to them. And now having provided Engines for the battering down of the Wall, they Assaulted the Island every day, and kindly received all Strangers that came to them. Upon this, Dionysius 
Dionysius penned up in the Island. Ant. Ch. 402.  seeing himself forsaken of the Mercenaries, and that he was so straight penned up, called his Friends together to consult what was best to be done in the present Exigency. For he so far despaired of keeping the Sovereignty, that he did not so much as seek how he might subdue the Syracusians, but by what kind of Death he might put an end to his Life; lest he should be forced to a shameful Abdication of the Government. Heloris one of his Friends, (but others say the Poet his Father) told him, that the memory of his being a King, would be the Glorious Ornament of his Sepulchre; and Polyxenus his Father-in-law advised him to break through upon the swiftest Horse he had, and get away to those parts under the power of the Carthaginians, and crave help of the Campanians, whom Imilcar had left to defend his Conquests in Sicily. But Philistus (who afterwards writ the History) gainsaid Polyxenus, and said, Dionysius, it doth not become thee by the swiftness of thy Horse to fly away from thy Principality, but rather 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  with thy whole strength to hold it fast within thy very Thighs. Dionysius closed with this Advice, and resolved to suffer any thing rather than voluntarily lay down the Power he had gained. Whereup-upon he sent Commissioners to them in Rebellion to desire liberty for himself and those with him to departed out of the City; and in the mean time a Messenger was secretly sent to the Campanians to promise them as much Money as they should demand, if they would come and raise the Siege. Matters being agreed upon, the Syracusians consented that 
Ant. Ch. 402.  the Tyrant should have liberty to be gone with Five Ships only. After this, things began to cool; and a part of them that lay at the Siege, were discharged and drawn off as useless; and many of the Foot roved about in the Fields, as if the Tyranny had now been altogether at an end. In the mean time the Campanians encouraged by such generous Promises, first marched to Aegyrus, and there leaving their Baggage with Aegyris 
The Campanians come to assist Dionysius.  the Prince of the Place, with Twelve hundred Light Horse sped to Syracuse; where suddenly arriving, they surprised the Syracusians, and killing many of them, they broke through into the Fort to Dionysius. About the same time Three hundred Mercenaries arrived, and came in to the assistance of the Tyrant; so that now he began to pluck up his Spirits. But the Syracusians when they perceived that the Tyrant began to gather strength again, were divided into Parties, some were for continuing the Siege, others were for disbanding the Army, and leaving the City. As soon as Dionysius came to understand this, he Sallies out with what he had, and coming upon them when they were in a distraction, 
Dionysius makes a Sally● and routs the Syracusians. Ant. Ch. 402.  easily put them to flight, and pursued them to the place called the New City: Yet he killed not many there; for riding amongst his Men, he commanded them not to kill those that fled. The Syracusians were now suddenly scattered all over the Fields; and a while after above Seven thousand in a body came up to the Horsemen, and surrendered themselves. After the Burial of the Syracusians that were killed, Dionysius sent Messengers to Aetna to invite the Exiles there to lay aside their animosities, and to return to their Country, faithfully promising them that he would pardon and forget all that was passed. Upon this, some who had left Wives and Children behind them (through the irresistible force of natural Affection) complied with the invitation. The rest (when the Messengers cried up his Humanity in burying of the Dead) answered, That Dionysius himself deserved no other Courtesy, and prayed to the Gods that he might presently meet with 
P 400.  it. So that these at Aetna could not by any means be wrought upon to trust the Tyrant's Word, but continued at Aetna, waiting for a fit opportunity to pull him down.  
Dionysius carried himself with all the Respect and Tenderness imaginable towards those that returned, to encourage the rest to come back to their Country. Then he discharged the Campanians with great Rewards, for he durst not trust their fickle and unconstant Humour. When they came to Entella they prevailed with the Citizens to receive them into the Town, and to infranchise them as natural Inhabitants: but in the Night they treacherously 
The Cruelty of the Campanians at Entella  fell upon the Townsmen and cut all their Throats, and Marrying their Wives, possessed themselves of the City.   

CHAP. III.  
The Lacedæmonians establish an Oligarchy in every City; Dionysius disarms the Syracusians. Alcibiades killed; the manner of his death. Clearchus' his Tyranny in Byzantium. The Battle of Porus by him against his Countrymen the Lacedæmonians. Lysander projects to out the Heraclides of the Sovereign Power.  
IN Greece, after the end of the Peloponnesian War, the Lacedæmonians, by the general consent of all, had the Sovereign Command both at Sea and Land. Whereupon they Created Lysander again High Admiral, with Power to establish the 
* Those for an Oligarchy.  Hermoste (as they called them) in every City wherever he came. For because the Democratiste were Enemies to the Lacedæmonians, they ordered an Oligarchy to be settled in every City, and imposed a Tribute upon all they subdued. And althô they made no use of Money at any 
Ant. Ch. 402.  time before, yet now they Treasured up from the Tributes paid in by the Cities a Thousand Talents every Year.  
When they had settled the Affairs of Greece, as they thought best for the support of their 
Aristus s●nt by the Lacedæmonians to Syracuse.  Authority, they sent Aristus, a Noble Person to Syracuse, under colour to abrogate the Tyranny, but in truth and underhand to confirm it. For they concluded, that if they were instrumental to fix him in his new got Empire, they should ever oblige him to be a Friend to them. Aristus after he came to Syracuse had private Conference with Dionysius concerning these Matters; and yet in the mean time encouraged the People with fair promises to restore them to their former Liberties: But instead of that he betrayed Nicoteles, 
Aristus betrays some of the Citizens to the Tyrant.  the General of the Syracusians, and others who trusted in his Fidelity, and caused them all to be put to death, by which he strengthened the Tyrant, and by so base an Act stained his own Reputation, and dishonoured his Country.  
After this, when the People of Syracuse had left the City in the time of Harvest, to gather the Fruits, Dionysius enters into every one of their Houses, and takes away all the 
Dionysius disarms the Citizens.  Arms he could find: and presently after draws another Wall about the Castle, builds Shipping, and takes into Pay a great number of Strangers, and prepares whatever was necessary for the supporting of his Dominion; having experienced that the Syracusians would endure any thing rather than Slavery.  
While these things were acting here and there, Pharnabazus, Darius' Lord-Lieutenant, to gratify the Lacedæmonians, surprised Alcibiades and killed him. But in regard Ephorus 
Alcibiades killed.  gives an account of other things to be the causes of his death; I conceive it may not be altogether unprofitable if we relate what this Author hath recorded concerning the manner how Alcibiades lost his Life.  
In his Seventeenth Book he says, that Cyrus secretly compacted with the Lacedæmonians to make War against Artaxerxes, which coming to the Ears of Alcibiades, he forthwith hasts away 
The manner of Alcibiades his death.  to Pharnabazus, and informs him of the Intrigue, and desires from him a Passport to go to Artaxerxes, judging it fittest for him to give the first information of the Conspiracy to the King. But that when Pharnabazus heard this, he was resolved to be the first discoverer himself, and therefore forthwith sent a Messenger in whom he could most confide, and by him laid all open before the King. That when Alcibiades saw that Pharnabazus would not 
p. 401.  furnish him with Letters to make way for him to the King's Palace, he made a Journey to the Lieutenant and Governor of Paphlagonia, and desired his assistance to get to the King: And that Pharnabazus fearing lest the King should come to understand the Truth, sent some to lie in wait for Alcibiades in the way, and to murder him: and that these finding him in his Inn in Phrygia, raised up a Pile of Wood round his Lodging in the Night, and set it on fire; and that Alcibiades endeavouring to save himself in the midst 
Ant. Ch. 402.  of the Flames, partly by the Fire, and partly by Darts cast at him by his Enemies, there perished.  
About the same time Democrates the Philosopher died, being Ninety Years of Age. And Lasthenes the Theban who won the Prize this Olympiad, is said to run a Race on foot with a Running Horse, from 
* From Coronea to Thebes 30 Miles, both in Beotia in Greece.  Coronea to the Walls of Thebes, and won the Match. In Italy the Volsci set upon the Roman Garrison at 
* Verulanum in Latium. Olymp. 94. 2. Ant. Ch. 401.  Verugine, took the City itself, and killed many of the Garison-Soldiers,  
After the Affairs of this Year thus past, Euclides became Chief Magistrate of Athens. And Four Military Tribunes bore the Consular Dignity at Rome, Publius Cornelius, Numerius Fabius, Lucius Valerius, and Terentius Maximus. During the time of their Governments, the Affairs of Byzantium were but in an ill posture, by reason of their intestine Seditions, and their Wars with the Thracians their Neighbours. Not being able to put an end to their Civil Discords, they desired a Governor from the Lacedæmonians; to which end Clearchus was sent to them, who after the whole Power was put into his hands, got together a great number of Mercenaries, and acted more like a Tyrant than a Governor. For First, having invited the Magistrates of the City to a Feast, after a public Sacrifice 
Clearchus' acts like a Tyrant in Byzantium.  he caused them all to be put to Death. Presently after when there was none left to Govern the City, he strangled Thirty of the Chief Men of Byzantium, and seized upon all their Goods to his own use. He likewise put to death some of the richest of the Citizens under colour of pretended Crimes, and others he banished. Having thus enriched himself, 
Ant. Ch. 401.  he Listed vast numbers of Foreign Troops, and confirmed and strengthened himself in the Sovereignty. When the Cruelty and Power of the Tyrant was spread abroad; the Lacdemonians at the first sent Messengers to him to advise him to lay down his Government: But when he flatly refused, they sent an Army against him under the Command of Panthedas; but when Clearchus heard of his coming, he marched away with his Forces to Selymbria, of which he had before possessed himself. For by reason of his Cruelty in Byzantium he foresaw, that not only the Lacedæmonians, but the Citizens would be his Enemies; and therefore concluding that he could with more safety march out against his Enemies from Selymbria, he brought all his Money together with his Army thither. When he came there and heard of the approach of the Lacedæmonians he withdrew out to meet them, and at a place called Porus they engaged. The Battle was doubtful à long time, but at length the valiant Spartans' prevailed, and the Tyrant's Army was miserably 
Clearchus' routed at Selymbria by the Lacedæmonians. Is employed by Cyrus the Brother of Artaxerxes Mnemon. Ant. Ch. 401.  destroyed. Clearchus with a few escaped to Selymbria, and was there a while besieged, but afterwards in a great fright he fled out of the Town in the night, and sailed over to Jonia, where becoming familiar with Cyrus the King of Persia's Brother, he was made General of his Army. For Cyrus being made Chief of all the Princes and Governors of the Sea Coasts, and being of an high and aspiring Spirit, determined to make War against his Brother Artaxerxes; Looking therefore upon Clearchus to be a fellow of a bold and daring Spirit ready for any adventure, furnished him with Money, and ordered him to raise an Army of as many Foreigners as he could, hoping he had new got fit a Companion to assist him in the execution of those bold Attempts he had taken in hand. As for Lysander the Spartan, after he had settled all the City's subject to the Lacedæmonians, according 
P. 402.  to the Orders and Directions of the Ephori, some to be governed by a 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, a Decemvirate, a Government under 10 Persons.  Decemvirate, others by an Oligarchy, became of great Note and Reputation at Sparta: For by his Conduct he had put an end to the Peloponnesian War, and thereby had gained for his Country the Sovereign Command both at Sea and Land without control. Being puffed up with this Success, he designed to put an end to the Reign of the Heraclidae, and to that end endeavoured so to contrive the matter, as to procure a Decree, That any Spartan whatsoever should be capable of being elected King. Thereby he hoped that the Regal Power would presently be devolved upon himself, for the Great and Noble Services that he had done. But considering that the Lacedæmonians were led much by 
Lysander contrives to cut the Line of the Heraclidae, and to be chosen King of Sparta; Seeks to bribe the Oracles.  the Answers given by the Oracle, he resolved to bribe the Prophetess of Delphos with a large Sum of Money: For he concluded, that if he were favoured by the Oracle, his Business was done according to his Heart's desire. But when he saw that by his repeated and continual Promises of Reward, day by day, he could not prevail, he addressed himself upon the same account to the Priest of the Oracle at Dodona, by one Pherecrates of the Family of Apolloniatus, who was familiarly acquainted with the Officers of that Temple.  
But being disappointed here likewise, he took a Journey to 
* In Africa near Carthage.  Cerene, under colour to pay a Vow to Jupiter Hammon, but in truth to no other purpose than to bribe that Oracle: To that end he carried with him a great Sum of Money to bring over the Priests of that Temple to his Interest: For Lybis, the King of that Country, had been his Father's Guest, and for the great Love and Friendship that there was between them, the Brother of Lysander, was called Lybis. But notwithstanding all his hopes to prevail, by his Interest in the King and the Fullness of his Purse, he was not only frustrated of his 
Ant. Ch. 401.  Hope there, but the Priests of the Oracle sent Ambassadors to Sparta, and accused Lysander for his offering of Bribes to corrupt the Oracle. Upon which, when he was returned to Lacedaemon, he was called to answer to the Charge: But he so subtly managed his Cause, that he came off clear; and nothing was discerned concerning his Prospect to abolish the Government of the Heraclidae. But, a little after his death, when some Notes of Accounts were sought for in his House, there was found a Speech eloquently penned, which he had framed to persuade the People, That the King's might be chosen out of any of the Families of Sparta.   

CHAP. IU.  
Dionysius his Actions in Sicily. The Oropians subdued by the Thebans. The Lacedæmonians quarrel with the Eleans. Dionysius fortifies the Epipodae.  
AS soon as Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse, after his Peace made with the Carthaginians, had quieted all at home, he prepared to bring all the Towns and Cities of the Chalcideans into his Power; that is to say, Naxus, Catana, and Leontiúm. And he was the more earnest to gain these, because they lay near unto Syracuse, and would much facilitate the Enlargement of his Dominions. To this end he marches with his Forces to Enna, and takes the Castle, the Exiles there not being able to resist so great an Army.  
Thence he goes against the Leontines, and encamps at the River Tyria, not far from the 
The Acts of Dionysius in Sicily, in order to enlarge his Dominion. Ant. Ch. 401.  City, where he presently draws out his Army, and sends a Trumpet to the Town, commanding them to surrender the Place, supposing that out of Fear they would submit. But when he perceived the Leontines slighted his Commands, and prepared to furnish themselves with all things necessary for a Siege; having not then with him his Engines of Battery, he drew off for the present, and wasted and spoiled the Country round about.  
Thence he marched against the Siculi, pretending these were the People he chief aimed at in the War, thereby to make the Naxians and Cataneans the more secure. When he lay near to Enna, he persuaded Acimnestus of Enna to take upon him the Sovereignty, promising to assist him. This Acimnestus accomplished. But when he would not receive Dionysius into the City, he began to storm, and change his Measures, and stirred up the Enneans to throw off his Authority. Upon this, toregain their Liberty, they suddenly ran 
P. 403.  together armed into the Market place; and now the City was full of Tumult and Confusion; at which instant Dionysius hearing of the Sedition, and getting together his trustiest Friends, he advanced to a Place where was no Guard, and there on a sudden rushing into the City, takes Acimnestus, and delivers him up to the Wills of the Enneans, and returned without doing any hurt to the Place. Not that he did this either out of Love to Justice, or to them; but that he might be trusted for the future by the rest of the Cities.  
Removing from thence, he besieged the City of 
* Now St. Nicholas in Sicily. Ant. Ch. 401.  Erbita; but not succeeding there, he made Peace with them, and led away his Army against Catana; for Arcesilaus the Governor had promised to betray it: And in accomplishment of his Treachery, about midnight let him in within the Walls, and so he gained the City. Then he disarmed all the Citizens, and placed there a sufficient Garrison. Afterwards Procles the General of the Naxians (won over by Promises of great Rewards) betrayed the City to Dionysius. When he had rewarded the Traitor, and set all his Kindred at liberty, he razed the City, and gave the Spoil thereof to his Soldiers, and carried away all the rest of the Citizens as Slaves. He dealt not better with the Inhabitants of Catana, whom he 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i. e. sub hasta vendidit, sold under the Spear.  sold for Slaves to the Syracusians. The Country of the Naxians he gave to the neighbouring Sicilians, but the City of Catana he bestowed upon the Campanians for an Habitation.  
From thence he again moved to Leontum and besieged it with all his Forces, and by his Messengers required them to submit to his Government, and join themselves as one Body to the City of Syracuse. The Leontines seeing no hope of Relief, and considering the ruin of the Naxians and Cataneans, were seized with great terror, lest they themselves should be swallowed up in the like destruction, therefore they concluded it most advisable to yield to the present time, and so submitted to the Conditions offered, and left their Country, and went to Syracuse.  
Archonide, Prince of the Erbitans (after the People of Erbita had made peace with Dionysius determined to build a new City, for he had many Mercenaries, and a mixed multitude 
Alesa built by Archonides.  of Strangers who fled thither for fear of the War by Dionysius; and many likewise of Erbita freely gave up their Names to follow him to this new intended Colony. With this multitude he possessed himself of a little Hill, Eight 
* About a mile.  Stages or Furlongs from the Sea, and there laid the foundation of the City Alesa: But because there were other Cities in Sicily that bore that name, he added to it, as it were, a Surname, and called it from himself Alesa Archonidis. In process of time when the City abounded in wealth, partly by reason of its Traffic by Sea, and Privileges granted to it by the Romans: 
Ant. Ch. 401.   
a great desire to finish this Fortification, with all speed he gets together a great multitude from all parts of the Country, out of which he chose Threescore thousand that were Freemen and fit for his purpose, and proportioned the several parts of the Work amongst them. To every Furlong he ordered an Overseer or Master-Workman, and to every 
* About 20 Yards.  Plethrum a Mason, and Two hundred Labourers. Besides these, a great number were employed in cutting out of the Quarries rough and unwrought Stone.  
He had likewise Six thousand yoke of Oxen appointed in several places for carrying on of the Work. The multitude of the Workmen wrought great admiration in the Spectators, whilst every one was diligent to perfect that which was allotted to his share. For Dionysius to encourage 'em, promised great Rewards here to the Architects, there to the Carpenters, and here again to the Labourers; and he himself with his Friends, would often oversee the Work, whole Days together, going every where from one place to another, taking care to ease and relieve them that were tired out. At length laying aside all State and Majesty, he wrought like a private person, and would be the first that 
Ant. Ch. 400.  should set upon Works of the greatest difficulty, and endure as much hardship as the meanest Labourer; by which means every one strived who should do most, insomuch, as besides their daily Labours they wrought some part of the Night; so great was the Ambition of the very common People to finish the Work; so that (beyond what could have been believed or imagined) 
* Almost four Miles.  the Wall was finished in the space of Twenty Days, Thirty Furlongs in length, and so proportionable in height; that for its strength it seemed to slight the force of any Assailant. For it had many high Towers that stood at convenient distances one from another, and it was built of hewn Stone most artificially jointed and compacted, every Stone Four Foot square.   

CHAP. V.  
The War beeween Cyrus and his Brother Artaxerxes King of Persia. Cyrus' routed. The Grecian Forces in straits; their brave Behaviour; and long and troublesome March out of Persia into Greece.  
AT the end of the Year Exenetus was made Archon or Lord Chancellor of Athens, and Six Military Tribunes, Publius' Cornelius, Cesus Fabius, Spurius Nausius, Caius Valerius, Marcus Sergius, and Junius Lucullus executed the Consular Dignity at Rome. At this time Cyrus Chief of all the Lord-Lieutenants of the Maritine Provinces, now determins 
Olymp. 94. 4. Ant. Ch. 399. Cyrus makes War against Artaxerxes.  to prosecute that War against Artaxerxes his Brother, which he had long before been ruminating in his Mind: for this young Man was of a very high Spirit, and much addicted to Martial Affairs. To this end he Musters a great Army of strangers, and furnishes himself with all things necessary for the Expedition; but did not as yet discover to his Army what he intended, but gave out that he raised an Army to go against some Tyrants in Cilicia who had rebelled against the King. He sent moreover an Ambassador to the Lacedæmonians to put them in mind of the Services he had done 'em in the War against Athens, and to desire their Aid in the design he had now on foot. Upon this, the Lacedæmonians conceiving this War would be their advantage, forthwith decreed Aid to be sent to Cyrus, and presently sent Orders to Samus the Admiral, of their Fleet, to observe whatever was commanded him by Cyrus. Hereupon Samus having then Five 
Ant. Ch. 399.  and twenty Galleys of three Tire of Oars under his Command, with these passed over to Ephesus to Cyrus' Admiral, offering his Assistance in every thing he should be Commanded. The Lacedæmonians sent over likewise under the Command of Chricosophus, Eight hundred Corseteers. One Tamos was Admiral of the Barbarian Fleet, and had under his 
P. 406.  Command Fifty Galleys well equipped. As soon as the Spartan Fleet arrived, both Fleets set Sail, as if they intended for Cilicia.  
When Cyrus had got together at Sardis the choicest Soldiers of Asia, and Thirteen thousand Mercenaries, he made those Persians that were of his kindred, Governors of Lydia and Phrygia, but the Chief Command of Jonia and Eolia he bestowed upon his trusty Friend Tamon of Memphis. Having settled these Matters, he then presently marched with his Army towards Cilicia and Pisidia, a Rumour being spread abroad that some of those Nations had made a Defection. He had out of Asia Seventy thousand Men, of which Three thousand were Horse: Out of Peloponnesus and other parts of Greece Thirteen thousand Mercenaries. Clearchus the Lacedaemonian was General of all the Peloponnesians, except the Acheans: Proxenus of the Beotians; Socrates of the Acheans; and Meno commanded the Thessalians. The Persians led the Barbarians every one in their proper Companies and Regiments, and Cyrus was Generalissimo; who had now discovered the design of this Expedition to his Officers, but wisely concealed it from the Common Soldiers, lest by the greatness of the Attempt they should be discouraged, and so desert him. And further, considering the great Journey they were to march, he took special care of the Soldiers, was very familiar with every one, and made plentiful Provision for them in every 
Ant. Ch. 399.  place.  
At length, having passed through Lybia and Phrygia, and the Countries bordering upon Cilicia, they came to the Borders and Gates leading into Cilicia. The Passage there is very strait and rugged for the space of Twenty 
* Two Miles and an half.  Furlongs, hemmed in on either side with vast and very high and inaccessible Mountains. From these Mountains on both sides a Wall was drawn cross the Passage to defend it, in which were those Gates before mentioned. When his Forces had passed through this way, he entered into a Champain Country, inferior to none in Asia for sweetness and pleasantness: Through these pleasant Fields he marched to Tarsus, the largest City of Cilicia, which he easily forced to submit.  
When Syennesis, King of Cilicia, heard of this great Army, he was greatly perplexed what to do, because he saw he was in no condition to cope with so great a Force. But being sent for by Cyrus with promises of safe Conduct, he came to him, and being acquainted with the Design, promised his assistance against Artaxerxes, and straightway joined Cyrus with a small Party, under the Command of one of his Sons: But being a crafty Man, and preparing for the Worst, he sent the other secretly to the King to inform him of the great Forces that were coming against him; and that though he himself (much against his Will) was forced to join with Cyrus, yet he was still Loyal and Faithful to the King, and would fall off and return to the King's Standard when he had opportunity.  
In the mean time, Cyrus spent Twenty days in refreshing his Army, and Listing of more Soldiers. Then breaking up his Camp, he acquainted all the Common Soldiers, that this Expedition was intended against Artaxerxes. Upon this every one weighing the thing seriously with himself, and considering the vast length of the Way they were to march, and how many Enemy's Nations they were to pass through, took the Matter very grievously. For a Rumour was spread abroad that it was four Months march to Bactria, 
Ant. Ch. 399.  and that the King had an Army of 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Four hundred thousand Men. Upon which the Soldiers were so transported with Fear and Rage, that they resolved to kill all their Officers as Traitors. But when Cyrus (not without many Entreaties) interposed his Authority, and assured them that he not did intent to lead them against the King, but against a certain Governor in Syria, the Mutiny ceased: And upon the Increase of their Pay, they all returned to their former Love and Esteem of their General.  
Having now marched almost through all Cilicia, he took Shipping and arrived at last by 
P. 407.  Sea at Issus, the utmost City of that Country near the Seaside. At the same time, the Lacedaemonian Fleet arrived there, and landed their Men, assuring him of the Friendship of the Spartans', where they delivered to Cyrus' Eight hundred Foot, under the Command of Chirosophus: They pretended that these were sent privately to Cyrus, by his Friends, when in truth, all was done by the Decree and Order of the 
* The Senate at Sparta.  Ephori. For the Lacedæmonians had not as yet proclaimed open War against the King, but kept their Counsels secret till they spied a fit Opportunity, and how things were like to go.  
Decamping from thence, Cyrus moves towards Syria, and ordered the Admirals to sail along near unto the Shore, and attend upon him as he marched by Land. When he came to the 
* Gates.  Pile (as they are called) and found the Entrance without any Guard, he was much pleased; for he was full of Fear lest some had seized the Passes before him. For the Place is naturally very straight, and defended by Craggy Rocks on every side, so that it may be kept by a very few Men. For there are two Mountains that rise up on either side near one to another, the one mounting up with sharp Rocks of a prodigious height, and the other called Libanus, beginning at the very Entrance into the only Passage 
Ant. Ch. 399.  that leads through those Places, and runs out as far as to Phenicia. The space lying between these two Mountains is about 
* A Quarter and an half of a Mile.  Three Furlongs wide, strongly fortified, shut up with straight and narrow Gates. When Cyrus had passed through here, he discharged the Fleet, and sent it back to Ephesus; for he had no occasion to use it, being now to march through the Heart of the Country.  
After twenty Days march he came to Thapsacus, near to the River Euphrates. After he had continued here Five days, and had gained the Hearts of the Soldiers by plenty of Provision, and rich Spoils and Booties, he called a Council, and discovered to 'em his whole design. But perceiving that the Army was very uneasy upon what he said, he earnestly entreated all of them, that they would not now Desert him, and endeavoured to pacify them, by promising (besides other Rewards) a 
* 3 l. 2 s. 6 d.  Mina apiece to every Man, as soon as he came to Babylon: Upon which, being thus encouraged, and having their Expectations raised high, they at length consented. Hereupon, Cyrus passed his Army over Euphrates, and went forward without making any Halt; and as soon as he came to the Borders of Babylon he gave leave to his Army to refresh themselves.  
Artaxerxes the King, had some time before notice given him by Pharnabazus, of the secret Preparations of Cyrus against him, but now having certain Intelligence of his March, he called all his Forces together from every place to Ecbatana in Media; and with what Force he then had marched against Cyrus, not being willing to stay for the Aids from India and other Nations, who he perceived would be too long in coming up to him by reason of the great Distances of the several Places from whence they came. His Army (as Ephorus relates) amounted to no less than Four hundred thousand Horse and Foot.  
When he came within the Borders of Babylon, he Encamped at Euphrates, purposing there to leave his heavy Baggage: For he knew the Enemy was not far off, and therefore 
Ant. Ch. 399.  had just Cause to fear their desperate and daring Attempt: He drew therefore a Trench Threescore Foot in breadth and Ten in depth, and Barricaded it with Carts and Carriages as with a Wall; here he left his Baggage and those that were Sick and Weak with but a slender Guard, but he himself with a swift March made towards the Enemy who were then near at hand.  
When Cyrus saw the King's Army advancing, he forthwith commanded all his Army 
P. 408. The Battle between Cyrus and Arraxerxes: It was fought at a Placed called Cynaxa, 500 Furlongs from Babylon. Plut. Artaxerxes.  to their Arms. The Lacedæmonians and some Mercenaries were in the Right Wing, stretched out to the River Euphrates, under the Command of Clearchus the Macedonian, with whom were joined above a Thousand Paphlagonian Horse. The Lest Wing was commanded by Arideus, consisting of Phrygians and Lydians, and in this were about a Thousand Horse more. In the middle Battle was Cyrus himself, with a Guard for his Person consisting of the best Persian Soldiers and other Barbarians, to the number of Ten thousand Men; before whom marched as a Vanguard a Thousand Horse gallantly accoutred, with Grecian Swords and Coats of Mail. On the other side, Artaxerxes placed a great number of hooked Chariots in front of his whole Army, and committing the two Wings to the Command of Persian Officers, he himself remained with the Main Body, guarded with no less than Fifty thousand choice Men.  
When the Armies came within 
* A Quarter and half of a Mile.  Three Furlongs one of another, the Grecians sang the 
† The Pean was a song to Mars before the Fight, and to Apollo after the Victory. Ant. Ch. 399.  Pean, and then silently led the Van; and as soon as they came within the Cast of a Dart they ran in upon the Enemy with great Fury; for so Clearchus had ordered them, conceiving, that if they fought at a great Distance, their whole Bodies would be Marks for their Enemies, during all the time of the Fight; whereas if they engaged close at Hand, they would be less subject to the Darts and Arrows of the Persians. As soon as the Main Body with Cyrus came up to the King's, a Shower of Darts and Arrows like a Tempest, fell upon them, as great as can be imagined might be discharged by a Body of Fifty thousand Men. But after they had fought a while with their Darts at a distance, at length they fell to it hand to hand. The Lacedæmonians and Mercenaries at the first Charge routed that Part of the Army that opposed them, far exceeding the Barbarians both in dexterity of Fight and the resplendent brightness of their Arms. For all the Barbarians were but lightly armed, and many of the Regiments were of the meanest Soldiers, and the greatest part but raw and unexpert in War. The Grecians on the contrary, by so long and continual exercise of their Arms in the late Peloponnesian War, were grown very skilful and excellent Soldiers; so that they put their Adversaries presently to flight, and made a great slaughter of the Barbarians. It so happened that both the Generals (who were contending for the Kingdom) being in the main Battle on either side, and weighing how fatal the issue would be, made one against the other, purposing to decide the Controversy by their own hands; and Destiny seemed now to engage these two Brothers in a Duel, as if it had been in imitation of that ancient and stout Combat between 
* The Sons of Oedipus King of Thebes, killed one another in a Combat, fight for the Kingdom. Plut. Lives. Ant. Ch. 399.  Eteocles and Polynices, so memorised by Poets in their Tragedies. Here Cyrus made the Onset, and at a distance threw his Javelin with all his force at the King, and brought him down to the Ground, who was presently taken up as dead, and carried out of the Fight by them that were about him. Upon this Tissaphernes, a Noble Persian, steps into the King's place, encourages the Soldiers and sights valiantly himself; endeavouring to revenge the supposed Death of the King, flew about into every Place with the choicest of the Troops, and made a dreadful Slaughter wherever he came, insomuch as his Heat and extraordinary Courage was taken notice of by them that were at a great distance.  
Cyrus likewise lifted up with the Success of his Arms, fiercely rushes into the midst of the Battle, and signalised his Courage with the slaughter of many of his Enemies. But rashly, running himself into eminent Dangers, he at length received a mortal Wound from a common Soldier of the Persians, and there fell down dead: Upon whose fall the Spirits of the Royalists revived and renewed the Fight, and at last by the Number of their Forces, and Confidence of success, wearied out their opposers.  
Arideus, Cyrus' General and Commander in the other part of the Army, at the first 
P. 409.  valiantly received the Charge of the Barbarians: But afterwards (the Wing of the Enemy stretching in length far beyond him, and the Rumour of the Death of Cyrus coming to him, as a further Discouragement) he retreated with those under his Command to a Post very commodious for that purpose. Clearchus perceiving the main Body of their Army to be routed, and the rest ready to fly, stopped his own Men in their pursuit; for he feared that if the whole Army of the Barbarians should fall upon the Grecians, they would be all utterly cut off. In the mean time, the Body where the Persian King immediately commanded, having routed the Party that engaged them, rifled Cyrus' Camp. Afterwards 
Ant. Ch. 399.  (it now growing towards Night) in one Body they made against the Greeks, who valiantly (like Men of brave and generous Spirits) received the Charge; the Barbarians did 
Cyrus' Army Routed.  not long stand their ground, but being worsted by the Valour and Dexterity of the Grecians were presently put to flight.  
Clearchus, after he had made a great slaughter among them, (it being now dark) erected a Trophy, and then retired to his Camp about the time of the second Watch. The Battle thus ended, an account was taken of those that were slain on the King's side, which amounted to above Fifteen thousand, the greatest part of whom were killed by the Lacedæmonians and Mercenaries, under the Command of Clearchus. On the other side, of Cyrus his Army were slain Three thousand. No account is given of any of the Grecians that were slain, but only a few wounded.  
The next day, Arideus, who retired to his former Post (as we have before related) sent to Clearchus to desire him to join their Forces, that so they might better secure themselves by the advantage of Places near to the Sea side. For Cyrus being dead, and the King's Forces now Victors, a Terror seized the whole Army, and every one repent himself of his bold and rash attempt to Depose Artaxerxes.  
Hereupon Clearchus called a Council of War of all the Captains and Officers of the Army, to advise what was to be done in the present Exigent of Affairs. While they were in Consult, there came to them Messengers from the King, the Chief of whom was one Philenus, a Grecian, of the Island 
* Now Zant.  Zacyn 〈…〉 s. When they were introduced, they declared their Message in this manner: Thus saith King Artaxerxes; In as much as Cyrus is killed, and I am now Conqueror, lay down your Arms, make haste to my Gates, and consider how to appease me, that ye may find some favour. Upon these words all the Officers answered as Leonidas 
Ant. Ch. 399.  had done in time past when Xerxes sent to the Guard at Thermopyle to give up their Arms, which was to this purpose, That if at any time after they should become Xerxes ' s Friends, they should be more able to do him service with their Arms than without them; and if they were forced to be his Enemies they could better defend themselves in fight against him. After Clearchus had returned this Answer to the same effect, Proxenus the Theban, said thus: We have now lost almost all we have, only our Hearts and our Arms are still our own, and as long as we keep these we doubt not but by our Courage we may be able to better our Condition; But when we part with our Arms our Valour is Useless and Unprofitable: And therefore bid them tell the King, That if he designed any Attack upon them, they were ready with their Arms to oppose him. Sophilus likewise, one of the Commanders, is reported to have said, That he wondered at the King's demands; For, says he, if the King thinks himself stronger than the Grecians, let him draw down his Army upon us, and take our Arms by Force: But if he means only to persuade us, and intends to give us thanks for the favour, let him first say so. To this Socrates 
P. 410.  the Achean added, The King, said he, deals with us without Sense or Reason; for that which he would have to be taken from us, he demands forthwith to be delivered to him, and that which we are to expect in return, we must seek for after as Suppliants, by Petition and Entreaty. To conclude, If he be so ignorant how things stand, as that he thinks fit to Command the Conquerors, as if they were Conquered, that he may learn the better to judge whether side carries away the Victory, let him set upon us with his innumerable Army. But if he very well knows that we 
Ant. Ch. 399.  are Conquerors, and yet seeks deceitfully with a Lie to circumvent us, how can we rely upon his Promises for things to come? The Messengers were dismissed with these Answers, and so departed.  
Clearchus afterwards marched with his Squadron, to the Place where the rest of the Army 
The troublesome March of the Grecians out of Persia into their own Country.  that escaped out of the Battle were posted; and when all the Forces were got together they entered into a Council of War concerning their marching back to the Seaside, and so from thence how to go on. In this Consult it was judged most adviseable, not to return the same way they came; for that a great Part of it was Desert and Barren, and the more Hazardous, because the Enemy would be pressing continually upon their Heels: At length it was resolved, with a swift March to lead the Army towards Paphlagonia, yet not so fast but that they might furnish themselves with Provision in the way. But the King, as soon as he begun to be healed of his Wounds, and heard of the Enemy's being retired, supposing that they fled, hastened after them with all speed; and because they moved but slowly, at last he overtook them, and Night drawing on Encamped near at hand. About break of day next Morning the Grecians drew up in Battalia; upon which he sent Messengers to them, and for that time granted to them a Truce for three Days: within which it was agreed that the King should suffer them to pass quietly through his Country, and that he should allow them Guides to the Seaside, and furnish them with Provision in their march for their Money. And that all the Mercenaries under the Command 
Ant. Ch. 399.  of Clearchus and Arideus should pass peaceably through all places, provided they committed no outrages. Upon which, they set upon their Journey, and the King marched back with his Army to Babylon, and there rewarded them that had behaved themselves courageously in the Battle; amongst whom Tissaphernes was judged the bravest Man, and therefore he honoured him with many Rich and Princely Gifts, and bestowed his Daughter upon him in Marriage, using him ever after as his fast and faithful Friend. He made him likewise Governor and Lord-Lieutenant of all the Provinces that had been under the Command of Cyrus, upon the Seacoasts. But Tissaphernes perceiving that the King was 
Tissaphernes pursues the Grecians.  irreconcilably incensed against the Grecians, promised to destroy 'em all if he would furnish him with an Army, and be reconciled to Arideus: for through him, he said, he should be able to circumvent all the Grecians in their Journey.  
This Advice was very acceptable to the King, and therefore he suffered him to choose the best of the Soldiers, and as many as he thought fit out of the whole Army, 
* Within the Parenthesis this, or some thing like in sense is omitted in the Greek.  With these in all haste he pursued the Grecians, and at length encamped not far off from them, and sent Messengers to them to desire that Clearchus and the rest of the Commanders would come to him and hear what he had to say to them. Upon which, almost all the Colonels and Captains (as became them) went along with Clearchus to Tissaphernes; and about Two hundred Soldiers followed after to buy Provision. Tissaphernes called all the Colonels and Chief Officers into his Tent, but the Captains and other inferior Officers stood without. In a short time after upon the putting forth of a Purple Flag from the top of his Pavilion, the Commanders within were 〈◊〉 seized, and others (appointed for that 
Ant. Ch. 399. Tissaphernes' Treachery in killing the Grecian Commanders.  purpose) killed all the rest that stood without; and the other Soldiers that came to buy Victuals were killed in every place here and there as they were found; only one made his escape to the Camp, and there related the Slaughter. Upon the hearing of this bloody Fact the Soldiers in great Consternation ran in confusion to their Arms, having neither General, Colonel, or almost any other Officer.  
When none was willing to undertake the Charge, they chose several Officers from 
Cheirisophus choose General of the Greeks. P. 411.  amongst themselves, and fixed upon one of those to be the General, which was Cheirisophus the Lacedaemonian. The Army hereupon being Marshaled by these Officers into that Order which was judged best, set forward towards Paphlagonia. Tissaphernes in the mean time sends the General and the other Commanders bound in Chains to Artaxerxes, who put them all to death, but only Menon whom he released: for he was supposed to have been willing to have delivered up the Grecians, because he was angry with them for not surrendering themselves. After this horrid Act, Tissaphernes with his Forces pursued the Greeks, and picked up stragglers here and there, but durst never face their whole Army, because he was afraid of the rage and valour of Men in a desperate condition. And therefore setting upon them now and then only in such places as he judged most for his advantage, he made no great slaughter of them, but with small and inconsiderable loss on the Grecians part, pursued them as far as the Country of the 
* The Carducians' are People in Media, not subject unto Persia.  Carducians'. But then perceiving he was not likely to gain any advantage by attacking the Enemy thus in the Rear, he marches away with his Army towards Jonia.  
But the Grecians spent seven days in passing over the Mountains of the 
* Or Carduchi.  Carducians', and in that time suffered very much from the Inhabitants being a Warlike People, and well acquainted with the Passes in those parts. They were a free People, and Enemies to the King, and very good Soldiers, especially skilful and experienced in Hurling great 
Ant. Ch. 399.  Stones out of Slings, and shooting in Bows of a vast bigness, and more than ordinary strength. These People galled the Grecians from the rising Grounds, killing, and miserably wounding many of them; for their Arrows being above Two Cubits long, pierced both their Shields and Breastplates, so that no Armour could repel their force. And it's said that these sort of weapons were so extraordinary big, that the Grecians used to cast these as Saunians instead of their Thong-Darts.  
When they had passed this Country with great difficulty, they came to the River 
* Which divides Armenia from the Carduchi.  Centrites, and passed over here into Armenia, which was then under the Government of Teribazus, Lord-Lieutenant to the King of Persia, with whom they made a League, and so passed quietly as friends through his Province. But as they marched over the Mountains of Armenia, the Snow was so very deep, they were in danger every Man to be lost. For at the first when the Wind gins to rise, the Snow falls but leisurely and by degrees, so that it occasions no great molestation or trouble to the Travellers: But then presently the Wind increasing, the Snow falls so tempestuously, and on a sudden covers the ground so thick and deep that none can possibly see before them, nor know where they are. Hence Fear and Terror seized upon the whole Army, seeing nothing but certain Destruction 
Ant. Ch. 399  was behind 'em if they returned, and no possibility to advance forward by reason of the depth of the Snow; besides, Winter was then very sharp and coming on apace, 
A Tempest upon the Grecians at Land.  and such a Tempest of Wind, with a storm of Hail arose, and blew like a Whirlwind into their very Faces, that the whole Army was forced to stand still. For none being able to endure so sad and lamentable a March, every Man was necessitated to abide in the place where the Storm found him: And though all were in extreme want, yet they patiently endured that whole Night and Day the sharpness of the Winter's Cold, attended with all manner of uncomfortable circumstances. For all their Arms were covered with Snow which fell continually in great abundance. Their Bodies were stiff and benumbed with Ice (which became more sharp and biting, after the Air was calm and still) and so grievous were the pressures they lay under, that they took no Rest all the Night long. Some indeed cherished themselves with a little Fire they had kindled; others had their Bodies so benumbed with Cold, that little hopes of Life remained, having all their Fingers and Toes perished. When the Night was over, they found most of their Carriage-Horses and Cattle Lame and Useless, many Men dead, and not a few there were, who tho' they had some Life remaining, yet through the sharpness of the Cold their Bodies were immovable; and some were as if they were stricken blind by the whiteness of the Snow, and 
P. 412.  every Man had certainly perished if they had not by going a little further found some small Villages, where there was plenty of Supplies for their necessities: Here the People went down underground by steps, and the Cattle by other passages made through the Earth; and in these little Cells were stored both Hay for the Cattle, and great plenty of all things necessary for the support and sustenance of Man's Life. After they had stayed here Eight Days, they came at length to the River 
* In Colchis running into the Euxine Sea.  Phasis.  
There they abode Four Days, and then passed through the Country of the 
* Chaoniti. rather Colchi.  Chaoniti and Phasians, where being fallen upon by the Inhabitants in their march, they made a great slaughter among 'em, and possessed themselves of their Towns, which were full of Provision and other rich booty, and there they rested Fifteen Days. Thence marching through the Country of the Chalcideans, in the space of Seven Days they arrived at the River called 
* A River in Caria.  Harpasus 
* About 132 Yards.  Four Plethra broad. From thence they marched through the Plains of the Tascutians, where they had plenty of all things, and spent three Days in refreshing themselves. In four Days after they came to the great City called 
* Belonging to the Macrones, a People of Pontus. Ant. Ch. 399.  Gymnasia. Here the Prince of the Country entered into a League with them, and allowed 'em Guides as far as to the Sea: After Fifteen days journey they came to the Mountain Chenius, where they that were in the Van, as soon as they discerned the Sea afar off, were transported with exceeding Joy, and gave up so great a shout, as they that were in the Rear suddenly put themselves in a posture of Defence, supposing some Enemy had broke in upon them; But as soon as they all came to the top of the Hill, from whence they might have a prospect of the Sea, they lift up their hands and gave Thanks to the Gods as if now they were past all danger for the future. There they got together great heaps of Stones, and of them raised up high Altars, upon which they fixed the spoils taken from the Barbarians as Eternal Monuments of their Expedition. They bestowed a Silver Cup and a Persian Garment upon the Guide; who pointing to them the way to the 
* A People of Pontus.  Macrones, took his leave.  
After the Grecians entered the Country of the Macrones, they made a League with them; in confirmation of which the Grecians received a Spear from the Barbarians, and gave another to them: for this was a certain pledge of the faithful observance of their Leagues (received from their forefathers) as the Barbarians alleged: When they had passed the Mountains in these parts, they came down into the Country of the Colchians, where a great body of the Inhabitants came forth against them, whom the Grecians routed, and killed vast numbers of them: Then possessing themselves of a Hill, naturally desencible, thence they wasted the Country, and bringing all the spoil thither, they plentifully refreshed themselves. In these places were multitudes of Bees-hives, from whence might be had large Honey-combs: But a mischief to admiration happened to them that 
The strange effect of a sort of Honey.  tasted of them; for as many as eat never so little went presently Mad, and lay upon the ground as if they were dead. And because many fed themselves with these Combs, a great multitude lay up and down here and there as if they had been slain in a Field-Battle. This was a very sad day to the whole Army, being amazed with the strangeness of the thing, and the number of those that lay grovelling upon the ground. But the next 
Ant. Ch. 399  day about the same hour all came to themselves again, and risen up of sound and perfect Mind, and found themselves in no other condition than as if Health and Strength had been restored 'em by drinking of a Medicinal potion. Being thus recovered, three days after they came to 
* City in Capadocia. P. 413.  Trapezon a Greek City. This is a Colony of 
* A People of Pontus in the City Sinope. Gymnick Plays, i. e. Wrestling, Leaping, Running, Quoits, Fight with Clubs, in which sports they were naked. Isidor. Origin. Lib. 18. C. 17, 18.  Sinopians, and belonging to the Colchians: Here they continued Thirty Days, being bountifully entertained by the Citizens, and there sacrificed to Hercules and to Jupiter Soter, and celebrated the 
* A City in Pontus.  Gymnick Games. It's the common Fame that the Ship Argos with Jason and his companions arrived here. Hence Cheirisophus the General was sent to Byzantium to procure Shipping to convey them thither; for he and Anaxibius the Bizantian Admiral were accounted intimate and special friends; thither therefore he speedily sails. The Grecians in the mean time being furnished with two small Vessels by the Trapezons, made incursions both by Sea and Land upon the neighbouring Barbarians. Thirty days they had waited for the return of Cheirisophus: but he staying longer than they expected, and their Provision now growing scant, they departed from thence, and after three days reached unto * Gerasunta, which is likewise a Grecian City, built by the 
* Vide antea. Ant. Ch. 399.  Sinopians, After they had stayed here a few days they marched into the Country of the Mesynecans, but here they were assailed by the Inhabitants in great Bodies, and in an Engagement killed a great number; those that escaped fled to a Town they inhabited, defended with wooden 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Towers, Seven Stories of Chambers one above another. This Town the Grecians assaulted, and at length took it by Storm. This Place was the Metropolis and chiefest Fort of the Country, and in the highest part stood the King's Palace. It is the Law of the Country here, that the King must continue in this Palace during his Life, and thence issue out all his Edicts to the People. The Grecians related that they passed through no Nation more barbarous than this: for the Men stick not to have carnal knowledge of the Women in open view; and the better and richer sort fatten their Children with boiled Walnuts. and are stigmatised with divers marks burnt into their Flesh, both upon their Backs and Breasts. The Grecians marched through this Country in Eight days, and through the next called Tibaris in Three. Thence they passed to Gotyora a Greek City and Colony of 
Ant. Ch. 399.  the Sinopians, where they abode Fifty days, wasting and spoiling the barbarous Nations bordering upon Paphlagonia. Here the Heraclians and Sinopians furnished them with Shipping, in which both they and their Cargo were conveyed into their own Country.  
Sinope was built by the Milesians, situated within the Confines of Paphlagonia; of the greatest account and Authority of any in those parts. Here Mithridates (so famous in our Age by his Wars against the Romans) kept his Court. Cheirisophus (who was sent away for Shipping, but all in vain) returned to the Army. But the other Sinopians having entertained them with all the demonstrations of Kindness and Humanity, took care to convey them to Heraclea, a City of the Megarensians. From thence the whole Fleet arrived at a Peninsula called Acherusia, where Hercules (as the Fable is) drew Cerberus out of Hell. Thence they marched by Land through Bythinia, where they fell into great hazards and hardships by the Attacks of the Inhabitants, who assaulted them in every place as they passed. However, at last (with great difficulty) they came to Chrysopolis, a City of Chalcedonia 
* This is mistaken, as appears afterwards by the number of those that went with Xenophon into Thrace. Vide postea. Olymp. 95. 1.  Three thousand eight hundred being only left of Ten thousand. From hence some of 'em with ease and safety returned every Man into his own Country; the rest joined in a Body at Chersonesus, and besieged a City bordering upon Thrace. And this was the issue of Cyrus his Expedition against his Brother Artaxerxes.   

CHAP. VI  
Thrasybulus opposes the Thirty Tyrants. The Cruelty of Psammiticus King of Egypt, towards his old Friend Tamos that fled to him for succour from the Persians. Dercyllidas sent General against the Persians into Asia. Conon made Admiral of the Persian Fleet.  
IN the mean time, the Usurping Tyrants at Athens every day were banishing or putting 
The Cruelty of the Thirty Tyrants at Athens continued. The Acts of Thrasybulus.  to Death some or other. At which Cruelty while the Thebans were much Incensed, and courteously entertained the Exiles, Thrasybulus, Surnamed Tyrius, (but a Citizen of Athens, and forced to fly to avoid the Rage of the Thirty Usurpers) by the aid of the Thebans, underhand possessed himself of a Place in Attica called Phila. It was a very strong Castle, an 
* Twelve Mile and a half. P. 414.  Hundred Stages distant from Athens: By which means an easy Passage might be had at all times to invade Attica.  
As soon as the Tyrants had Intelligence of what was done, they led forth their Forces in order to Besiege the Place; but as soon as they were set down before it, there fell a great Snow: Whereupon, while some were very busy in removing their Tents, the Common Soldiers concluded that some of their Army was put to flight by an Enemy at hand, that had broke in suddenly upon them; upon which, being struck with a * Panic Fear, 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  they drew off and Encamped in another Place. The Thirty, when they saw the Citizens of Athens (those that had no share in the Administration of the Commonwealth with the 
* Xenophons' Hellen. Lib. 2. Ant. Ch. 399.  Three thousand) to be hot and earnest to Dissolve the Government, Encamped in the Pireum, and overawed the City with Foreign Soldiers; and in the mean time put to Death some of Elusina and Salamis, for joining in a Conspiracy with the Exiles.  
Whilst these things were acting, great numbers of the Fugitives flocked to the Camp of Thrasybulus, 
* Not in the Greek, but in the Latin, yet necessary for the Sense.  and at the same time there came to him Ambassadors from the Thirty, under colour to treat concerning some Prisoners, but in truth privately to advise him to dismiss the Fugitives, and to share with them in the Covernment of the City in the room of Theramenes, and that he should have liberty to restore any Ten of the Exiles to their Country, such as he thought fit to choose. To which Thrasybulus answered, That he looked upon his Banishment to be far more honourable than the whole Power and Dominion of the Thirty, and that he would never put up his Sword till all the Citizens from every Place were received, and the People restored to their former Liberties, descended to them from their Ancestors.  
When the Tyrants perceived the Defection increased (through hatred of their Tyranny) and that the Number of the Exiles increased, they sent their Ambassadors to Sparta to desire aid; and they themselves in the mean time got together what Forces they could, and Encamped at a Place called Acarnas. Thrasybulus leaving but a small Guard in the Castle, marches out against them with Twelve hundred of the Exiles, and setting upon them in the Night at unawares, kills many of them, and the rest (being terrified with the Tumult and Confusion occasioned by the Surprise) he forces in great precipitation to fly into the City. And presently after the success of this attack, he marches against the Pireum, and possesses himself of Munychia, a barren Hill, but strong and well fortified. Upon this the Tyrants brought all their Forces into the Pireum, and assaulted Munychia by Critias 
Ant. Ch. 399.  their General; whereupon was a sharp Encounter a long time. For the Tyrants had the advantage of Number, and the Exiles of the strength of the Place. At length the Forces of the Thirty (being discouraged and Critias slain) retired, but the Exiles judged it not advisable to pursue them.  
Frequent Assaults were afterwards made upon the Exiles; at length the Army of Thrasybulus broke in on a sudden with great violence upon the Enemy, and not only routed them, but gained possession of the Pireum.  
A great Multitude who hated the Tyranny, continually flocked out of the City into the Pireum, and all the Exiles from every place (hearing of the Success of Thrasybulus) hasted thither to him, so that at length the number of the Exiles exceeded the other; upon which Encouragement they began to besiege the City. But they within, to the end a Peace might be concluded upon fair terms, cast off the Thirty, and sent them out of the City, and Established a Decemvirate with Sovereign Power. But as soon as these Ten were settled in the Magistracy (instead of minding any thing relating to the Peace) they turned absolute Tyrants, and sent to Lacedaemon for Forty Ships and a Thousand Soldiers, under the Command of Lysander. Pausanias' then King of Lacedaemon, both out of Envy to 
The Thirty Deposed, Liberty restored to Athens. P. 415.  Lysander, and for that he understood the rest of the Greeks had an evil Eye against Sparta, marched with a great Army to Athens, and reconciled the Exiles and the Citizens. Thus at length the Athenians were restored to their Country, and now began to govern according to their own ancient Laws. Those that were afraid lest they should suffer due Punishment for their former Wickedness, had Liberty to remove themselves to Elusina. 
Ant. Ch. 399.   
About this time they of Elis fearing the Power of the Lacedæmonians, made Peace with them upon these Terms, That they should deliver their Ships to the Lacedæmonians, 
The Eleans make Peace with the Lacedæmonians.  and suffer the neighbouring Cities to govern according to their own Laws. And now Lacedaemon being at leisure and at Peace with all her Neighbours, prepares for War against them of Messina. Some of them then held a Castle in Cephalenia, others inhabited in Naupachus (within the Country of the Locrians (called Hesperians) formerly given to them by the Athenians. But they cast them out of both, and restored the Castle to the Cephalenians, and the other to the Locrians. The miserable Messinians (through the ancient hatred of the Lacedæmonians) were expelled every where, and were forced to leave Greece marching away with their Arms; some sailed to Sicily, and Listed themselves Soldiers under Dionysius; others to the number of Three thousand made to 
* A City in Lybia in Africa.  Cyrene, and joined with other Exiles there: For at that time a great Sedition was among the Cyrenians after Aristo with some others had possessed themselves of the City, by whom Five hundred of the principal Men of the City on a sudden were slain; upon which, all the Persons of Quality fled out of the Town. Hereupon, the Exiles of Cyrene joined with the Messinians, and marched in a Body against them who kept the City: The Parties engaged, and in the Fight a great slaughter was made of the Cyrenians, and almost all the Messinians were cut off. After the Fight, Messengers were sent to and fro, and the matter at length was composed by the Cyrenians among themselves, who engaged by solemn Oath one to another, That all Injuries should be afterwards for ever forgotten; so that they lived together from that time peaceably in the Government of their Common wealth. About this time the Romans sent Colonies to them called 
* Velitrae.  Ventras.  
The Year ended, Laches was made Lord-Chancellor of Athens. At Rome the Consular 
Ann. M. 3572. Olym 95. Ant. Ch. 398.  Dignity was given again to Military Tribunes, Manlius Claudius, 
* Livy says Marcus Emilius, Appius Claudius, Marcus Quintilius, Lucius Julius, Marcus Posthumius, and Lucius Valerius.  Marcus Quintius, Lucius Julius, Marcus Furius, and Lucius Valerius. Then was celebrated the Ninety Fifth Olympiad, in which Minos the Athenian was Victor. At the same time Artaxerxes King of Asia, after the Defeat of Cyrus, sent 
* Pharnabazus is here put for Tissaphernes. Ush. An. 169.  Tissaphernes to take into his Care and Charge all the Governments on the Sea Coasts; upon which the Provinces and Cities which had sided with Cyrus were greatly terrified, lest they should be punished for what they had done against the King: And therefore sought to qualify Tissaphernes by their Messengers; and every one to the utmost of his Power endeavoured to procure his Favour. But Tamos, the Chiefest of them, (Lord-Lieutenant of jonia) put his Wealth and all his Children on board, (except one called Gaus, who was afterwards the King of Persia's General) out of fear of Tissaphernes, and sailed into Egypt for Protection, to Psmammiticus the King, (Descended from the ancient Psammiticus) whom he had formerly obliged by several good Offices, and therefore hoped he should find there shelter and safe Harbour, to secure him from the impending Storm of the King's Wrath. But Psammiticus neither valuing former Benefits, nor regarding the Law of Nations to them in distress, (out of Covetousness to gain the Money and the Ships) cut the Throat of his Friend and Suppliant, and of all his Children. 
The Cruelty of the King of Egypt.   
In the mean time, the Grecian Cities throughout Asia, hearing of the Descent of Tissaphernes, sent Ambassadors to the Lacedæmonians, and earnestly entreated them, that they would not suffer them to be utterly destroyed by the Barharians. Upon this they promised forthwith to send them Aid, and by their Ambassadors solicited Tissaphernos, that he would not invade the Grecian Cities with his Army. However, regardless of their Ambassadors, 
P. 416.  he set upon the Cumeans in the first place, and wasted and spoiled the Country round about, and took a vast Number of Prisoners: And afterwards besieged the City; but by reason of Winter coming on, he could not take it, and therefore (after he had received a great Sum of Money for the Redemption of the Captives) he raised his Siege. 
Ant. Ch. 398.   
The Lacedæmonians in defence of the Greek Cities, made Thimbro General in the War against the King, and gave him the Command of a Thousand Spartans', with Orders to 
War between the Lacedaemenians and Persians.  raise as many Men more from among their Confederates, as he thought fit for the present Service. Upon which, Thimbro goes to Corinth, and mustering the Aid he had got together from several places, he passes over to Ephesus, with no more than Five thousand Men: After he had raised Two thousand more from the Confederate Cities and other places (having with him not above Seven thousand Men) he marched an 
* About Fifteen Miles.  Hundred and twenty Stages, and took Magnesia at the first Assault, a City within the Government of Tissaphernes. Then he came to Trallis, a Town in jonia, and determined to Besiege it; but not being able to effect any thing to purpose there, by reason of the strength of the place, he returned to Magnesia. This place was then unwalled, therefore (fearing lest. Tissaphernes should retake it after he was gone;) he removed it higher to the next Hill, called Thorax. From whence he made several incursions upon the Enemy, and loaded his Soldiers with variety of Plunder.  
But hearing that Tissaphernes was near at hand with a great Body of Horse, he forthwith retired to Ephesus.  
About this time part of those Soldiers that went along with Cyrus against his Brother, returned into Greece, every one to their own Country. Others, (the greater part of them that were always accustomed to Military Employment) to the number almost of Five thousand, chose Xenophon for their General, who with those Forces made an Expedition against the Thracians. who inhabited 
* A Promontory in Pontus.  Salmidessus. This is a long Creek lying shooting out along the Left side of Pontus, well known for the many Shipwrecks that have been there: by reason whereof the Thracians near those parts use to seize upon the Merchants that have escaped to Shore, and carry them away as Captives. Xenophon therefore with his Forces breaks into their Country, overcomes them in Battle, and burns many of their Towns and Villages. From hence they are sent for by Thimbro, with promise 
Ant. Ch. 398.  of being well paid, upon which they marched to him, being very eager to assist the Lacedæmonians against the Persians.  
During these Actions, Dionysius in Sicily, builds a Town at the foot of Aetna, and from a certain famous Temple, calls it Adranus. In Macedonia, King Archilaus when he 
Dionysius builds Adranus in Sicily.  was Hunting was killed by Craterus (whom he dearly loved) after he had Reigned Seven years; and his Son Orestes (yet a Child) succeeded him. After the death of Archelaus Aetropus, the Tutor and Guardian of Orestes Governed the Kingdom for the space of Six years. At the same time in Athens, Socrates the Philosopher accused by Anytus 
Socrates' condemned.  and Melitus of Atheism, and corrupting the Youth, was condemn ' to die, and after executed by drinking of a Cup of Poison. Of which wicked Action the People in a short time after repent, when in vain they could have wished that Excellent and worthy Man alive again: therefore they turned all their Fury upon his Accusers, and killed them, without staying for any Formalities of Law.  
When the Year was ended, Aristocrates bore the Office of Archon at Athens for the Year ensuing: And at Rome, Six Military Tribunes were invested with Consular Dignity, 
An. M. 3573. Olymp. 95. 2. Ant. Ch. 397. P. 417.  Caius Servilius, Lucius Virginius, Quintus Sulpitius, Aulus 
* Manlius,  Manlius, † Capitus, 
* Quintus Servilius.  Clodius, and 
* Marcus Sergius.  Marcus Ancus. During their Magistracy, the Lacedæmonians understanding that the Affairs of the War were ill managed by Thimbro, sent Dercyllidas General into Asia. Upon his arrival, he forthwith marched with the Forces against the Cities of 
* Capitolinus.  Troas, and in a trice took 
* For Larissa.  Arisba, Hamaxitus, and Colone, afterwards Ilium, Cebrene, and all the rest of the Cities in the Territory of Troas, some by Tricks and Surprise, and others by Storm.  
After this, he and 
* Tissaphernes. A Sedition at Heraclea.  Pharnabazus agreed upon a Truce for eight Months; and in the mean time he fell upon the Thracians in Bythinia, and wasted their Country, and then drew his Army into Winter-Quarters.  
At that time a great Sedition broke out in Heraclea in Thrachinia, and thereupon the Lacedæmonians sent Eripidas to compose the Differences, who when he came there, procured a Council to be called, and having beset the Senate round with armed Men, seized the Authors, and put all to death, to the number of Five hundred Men. He likewise marched with an Army against the Inhabitants of Oeta's, who had made a Defection; and after many Hardships he had reduced them unto, he forced them out of those Places, and the greatest part of them, with their Wives and Children, fled into Thessaly, and five Years after were transplanted into Boeotia.  
During these Affairs the Thracians in great Bodies made an Irruption into the 
* The Chersonese is an Istmos near the Hellespont, containing 37 Furlongs, i. e. above Four Miles from one Sea to another. Xenoph. Hell. Lib. 3.  Chersonese of Thrace, wasting and ravaging the Country every where, where they possessed themselves of all the fenced Cities. Upon this, they of the Chersonese sent for Dercyllidas the Lacedaemonian out of Asia, who transported his Army thither, and drove the Thracians out of the Country; and drawing a Wall cross from one Sea to the other, fortified the Chersonese so as that by this means he prevented the Incursions of the Thracians for the time to come, and so he returned with his Forces into Asia, after he had been bountifully 
Ant. Ch. 397.  rewarded for his Services. During the time of the Truce, 
* Tissaphernes Conon made Admiral by the Persians.  Pharnabozus went up to the King, and he and others persuaded him to equip a Navy, and make Conon the Athenian Admiral, for he was a very skilful and expert Soldier, the best that was then in Cyprus, with King Evagorus. Pharnabazus having wrought upon the King, and received Five hundred Talents for that purpose, forthwith made it his business to set forth a Fleet, and after he had sounded Conon, concerning his acceptance of Chief Command at Sea, he created him Admiral, making him many great and fair Promises in the King's Name. Hereupon Conon accepts the Place, in hopes not only to recover the Sovereignty of the Seas for his Country, by subduing the Lacedæmonians, but to advance his own Reputation by the success of his Arms. But in regard the whole Fleet was not as yet ready, he sailed away only with Forty Sail into Cilicia, and there prepared himself for the War.  
Pharnabazus likewise, and Tissaphernes having raised Men out of their several Provinces,. 
The Persians and Lacedæmonians make a Truce near Ephesus. Ant. Ch. 397.  marched forth, and made their way towards Ephesus, because the Enemy's Forces lay there. There were with them under their Command Twenty thousand Foot, and Ten thousand Horse. Dereyllidas the Lacedaemonian hearing of the Enemies march, drew forth his Army, having no more than Seven thousand Men; but when the Armies drew near one to another, a Truce was agreed upon, and a certain time prefixed, within which, Pharnabazus might send the Articles to the King to know his pleasure, whether he would have Peace or War, and that Dereyllidas might inform the Spartans' how Affairs stood in the mean time. And upon these terms the Armies drew off into their several Quarters.   

CHAP. VII.  
The War between the Rhegians and Dionysius: He prepares to make War upon the Carthaginians. Most of the Cities submit to Dionysius. He returns to the Siege of Motya. It's taken. Forces sent from Carthage against Dionysius. A Sea-fight between the Carthaginians and the Sicilians. Syracuse Besieged. The Speech of Theodorus against Dionysius. A grievous Plague in the Carthaginian Army. A great destruction of the Carthaginian Fleet in the Harbour of Syracuse. The miserable condition of Imilco in his own Country. The Troubles of the Carthaginians.  
THE Rhegians, formerly a Colony of the Chalcideans, were now uneasy under the growing Power of Dionysius, for he had enslaved the Naxians and Gataneans, who were 
P. 418. The Rhegians jealous of Dionysius.  of their own Blood and Nation; and the Rhegians seeing that they themselves were in the same common danger with those already expressed, were in a great Consternation, lest they should all be brought under the same Calamity. Therefore they judged it most advisable, and highly to concern them, to make War upon him, while they had an opportunity, before the Tyrant grew too strong. Those that were banished from Syracuse by Dionysius joined in this War, being furnished with all things necessary for that purpose by the Rhegians: for there was a great multitude of them at that time at 
* A City in Italy.  Rhegium, who (being pressed by the Rhegians, with the necessity and advantage they were likely to reap by the War) resolved to make use of the first opportunity. To that end Officers were at length chosen, and with them they sent Six thousand Foot, and Six hundred Horse, with Fifty Crabyes, when they were landed they solicited the Messenian Commanders to join with them, telling them it would be a most dishonourable thing if they should suffer 
The Rhegians invade Sicily,  a Grecian City, and next to them, to be utterly destroyed by a Tyrant. The Officers being thus persuaded, led forth the Soldiers without the order of the State. The number was Four thousand Foot, and Four hundred Horse, and with them Thirty Galleys. Before they had marched to the utmost borders of Messina, there was raised a great Mutiny 
Ant. Ch. 397.  among the Soldiers, by a Speech made to them by Laomedon a Messinian; For he advised 'em not to be the Aggressors upon Dionysius, who had not hitherto offered them any injury. Upon which the Soldiers of Messina (because the People had not by their Suffrage ordered this War (presently followed his Advice, and forsaking their Captains returned 
The Rhegians return.  home. Whereupon the Rhegians considering themselves not able to carry on the War alone, now the forces of Messina were fallen off, returned likewise to their own City. As for Dionysius, he had (upon the first notice of the Design upon him) drawn out his Forces to the utmost Confines of Syracuse, expecting the Enemy; but hearing by his Spies that they were marched back, he likewise returned with his to Syracuse.  
After this, when they of Rhegium and Messina sent Ambassadors to him to treat upon Terms of Peace (he conceiving it much to the advantage of his Affairs to prevent all other Hostilities and Disturbances from these Cities) made Peace with them. He likewise observed, that many of the Grecians ran into the Carthaginian Garrisons, not only bringing along with them their Goods and Estates, but the Laws and Customs of their several Cities; and therefore concluded, that as long as the Peace continued with the Carthaginians, those that were yet his Subjects would from time to time be sheltering themselves 
Ant. Ch. 397.  under their Protection; to remedy which, he conceived that if he renewed the War against Carthage, all those that were fled to them being oppressed by the Carthaginians would return to him. And he was the more encouraged, for that he heard that in Africa a Plague then raged, and swept away many of the Carthaginians. Having now therefore a fit opportunity to declare War against them, as he conceived, he determined to make it his chief Care to prepare Necessaries for so great an Expedition, being to engage with the most Potent Nation that then had any footing in Europe; and judging (as he very well might) that it was likely to be a great War, and of long continuance. To this end he forthwith gets together all sorts of Artificers, some out of the Towns and Cities of his own Dominions, and others hired with more than ordinary Wages out of Italy and Greece. For he resolved to make a vast number of all sorts of Arms and Weapons; likewise Galleys, both of three Oars on a Bank, and of Five, which last were never used before. For this purpose a great multitude of all sorts of Workmen were brought together, to every one of whom he ordered their proper Work according to their several Trades, and appointed some of the best and most substantial of the Citizens to be Overseers, promising great Rewards for the encouragement of the diligent. He himself directed the Form and Fashion of every sort of Weapon, because Mercenary Soldiers came flocking in to him out of many different Countries: for he purposed that every one should 
P. 419.  use such Arms (both Offensive and Defensive) as they were accustomed unto in their own Nations; for he concluded, that as it would strike a greater Terror into his Enemies, 
Ant. Ch. 397.  so his Soldiers would Fight much the better with those Arms that they had most commonly used.  
The Syracusians did all they could to forward him in his design; so that every one strove who could most advance the Work. For not only the Porches and back parts of the Temples, but the public Schools and Walks, and Galleries about the Forum, and every place up and down were full of Workmen; and besides these public places, Arms were made in great number in every large House belonging to any Citizen. The Art of making 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Engines to hurl great Stones was now first known at Syracuse, for that at this time the most excellent Artificers were met together from all parts. For the great Wages and large Promises of Rewards to the perfecting of the Work, made the Tradesmen and Artificers very intent and industrious. And besides all this, Dionysius himself came every day to oversee the Workmen, speaking kindly and courteously to them, and when he saw any more than ordinarily diligent, and quick of dispatch, that Man would be sure to receive some Reward or Honour as a mark of his Favour, and sometimes for further encouragement he would invite such to Dine or Sup with him. The Artificers thus encouraged, wrought with all diligence (striving to outvie one another) so that there were made a vast number of strange Weapons, and Warlike Engines for Battery. He 
Ant. Ch. 397.  built likewise Galleys with their Boats, both of Three and Five Oars on a Bank, of which last he was the first Inventor. For when he understood the first Galley of Three Oars was made at Corinth, he was desirous a Colony from thence (as the Syracusians were) should be the first that should enlarge the number. Having therefore provided plenty of Materials to be brought over from Italy, he sent away one half of the Workmen to Mount Aetna (where in those days were abundance of Fir and Pitch Trees) the rest he commanded to sail to Italy, and ordered them Carts to convey the Timber to the Sea side, and Ships and Seamen there to receive them, and thence without delay to transport them to Syracuse.  
When Dionysius had got together Materials sufficient for his purpose, he forthwith set about building above Two hundred Galleys, and to resit an Hundred and Ten. Besides, he built several Holds round the Harbour for the receiving of the Ships, to the number of an Hundred and sixty; of which, many would receive two Ships apiece. He likewise repaired and covered over with new Planks, and Hundred and fifty old and useless Vessels: This great preparation struck the Beholders with admiration, to see so vast a number of Ships and all belonging to them, built together in one place. For indeed the preparation was such, that if a Man did cast his Eyes upon the Ships, and consider the great Costs and Expenses in fitting them out, he would presently conclude, that all the Power and Riches, of Sicily were there employed. And then to turn and look upon the Army and Engines, he would judge that there was no Art or Trade, but what there had showed the height of their skill, to the utmost of what could possibly be done in that kind. And tho' he had performed all these with so much Cost and Care, that nothing seemed to be wanting, or could be added to make them Magnificent and Glorious; yet for further State 
Ant. Ch. 397.  and Grace to the preparation he made, an hundred and forty thousand Bucklers, or Targets, as many Swords and Helmets, and caused to be forged Fourteen thousand Corssets, of all sorts of excellent Workmanship: These he appointed and ordered to the Horse, and to the Colonels and Captains of the Foot, and to the Mercenaries who were of his Lifeguard. He prepared likewise Engines of Battery of all fashions, and a vast number of Darts. The City of Syracuse provided one half of the long Ships, with Masters, Pilots, and Rowers of their own Citizens. For the rest Dionysius hired Foreigners. After all the Ships and Arms were ready and complete, he then began to call his Army together: for he thought it not advisable to do it before, to the end to avoid Charge and Expense. About this time Astydamus the Writer of Tragedies began to open his School; he lived Sixty years: And this year the Romans as they were besieging the Veians, by a 
P. 420.  Sally out of the City were totally routed, and shamefully put to flight.  
After the former Year expired, Ithycles was made Lord Chancellor of Athens, and at Rome Six Military Tribunes bore the Consular Dignity; Lucius Julius, Marcus Furius, 
An. M. 3574. Olymp. 95. 3. Antony's Ch. 369.  
* Marcus Emilius Mamercus.  Emilius Marcus 
* Cneius Cornelius.  Caius Cornelius, Cesus Fabius, and 
* Lucius Valerius.  Paulus Sextus. This Year Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse when he had finished his preparation of Ships and Arms (as is before Declared) began to muster his Forces. To this end he chose out of the City Companies, such as he thought fittest for his purpose, and sent for such as he thought most serviceable from those Towns that favoured his Interest: He hired likewise Soldiers out of Greece, and especially from the Lacedæmonians: For from them (to whom he owed the growth and increase of his Power) he received as many Soldiers as he would for the completing of his Army: For designing to raise a numerousArmy of Strangers, and to this end offering large Pay, he had multitudes came in to him; and because he had determined upon a War which would be very great, he carried himself with all the camplacency imaginable to all the Cities through the Island, with a purpose thereby to gain their good Will and Approbation. Knowing likewise that they of Rhegium and Messina who bordered upon the Sea, were able to bring great Forces into the Field, he began to fear lest they should join with the Carthaginians when they returned into the Island, for he concluded that no small advantage would accrue to that side to which those two Cities inclined. Being in this perplexity, he gave to the Messinians a large part of the Country next adjoining to them, thereby the more to oblige them to his Interest. He dispatched likewise Ambassadors to Rhegium, to desire that they would contract affinity with him, and to that end bestow upon him a Virgin of their own City to be his Wife; in grateful remembrance of which he would give them a large portion of Land next adjoining to their Territories, and that he would endeavour to advance and increase the Wealth and Prosperity of the City, to the utmost of his Power. For after he had lost his former Wife, the Daughter of Hermocrates, who was killed in the late defection of the Horsemen, he desired Issue by another, supposing he should firmly settle himself in his Sovereignty by the kindness and obliging demeanour of his Children towards the People. But a Council being called at Rhegium to consider of the Proposal, after great banding 
Ant. Ch. 396. The Rhegians refuse Affinity with Dionysius.  on both sides it was resolved not to enter into any such Affinity.  
Dionysius being disappointed in this Project, sends Ambassadors to Locris upon the same Embassy: They embraced the Motion: Upon which he Marrys Dorid, the Daughter of Xenetus, at that time the most eminent Citizen of that place. A few days before the Marriage he sends to Locris a Galley of 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Five Oars on a Bank (a piece of new and rare Workmanship) adorned with Gold and Silver Flags, and Streamers to convey her over, and receives the Lady upon her Landing at Syracuse, into the Castle. He Married likewise a Noble Lady of Syracuse, called Aristomacha, whom he brought to his Palace in a 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Chariot drawn with four white Horses. Upon his celebrating this double Marriage at one and the same time, he often Feasted both the Soldiers and most of the Citizens. For now he laid aside his Cruelty as a Tyrant, and minding the distribution of Justice, carried himself more courteously and favourably towards his Subjects, forbearing his former bloody Slaughters and Proscriptions.  
Some few days after his Marriage he called a Senate, and there stirred up the People of Syracuse to a War against the Carthaginians, urging that they were the most implacable Enemies 
P. 421. Dionysius stirs up the Citizens of Syracuse to a War against Carthage.  of the Grecians in the World, and especially, were continually plotting and contriving how to ruin the Sicilians. The reason, saith he, that they are now at present quiet, is because the Plague rages so violently amongst them, and hath swept away great numbers of the Africans; but you'll presently see that as soon as they are free, and have recovered their strength they'll invade Si●ily with all their Power, which Island they have for a long time most greedily gaped after. Therefore, said he, it is much safer and better 
Ant. Ch. 396.  to fall upon them now they are weak, than to stay till they have recovered themselves. He added moreover, that it would be a most unjust and dishonourable thing to suffer Barbarians to enslave the Cities, who the more they coveted their Freedom, and the fonder they were of their Liberties, would be certainly more ready to engage in the common Cause with their Countrymen.  
Having debated this Matter in a long Discourse, he easily gained upon the Syracusians for their consent, for they were as desirous of the War as Dionysius himself: and especially they hated the Carthaginians, because by their means they had been brought under the power of the Tyrant: and then they hoped that out of fear of the Enemy abroad, and Plots by them that had been oppressed at home, Dionysius would be more moderate than he had been in former times. And that which weighed more than all was, that they hoped if they were Conquerors in this War (and Fortune favoured them) they should recover their ancient Liberties.  
When the Assembly was dissolved, he granted Licence to the People of Syracuse, to seize upon all the Goods and Estates of the Carthaginians; for there were many of them in Syracuse that were very rich; and many Merchants had Ships than lay loaden with rich Goods and Merchandise in the Harbour. The Syracusians therefore on a sudden flew upon the Prey. Other Cities likewise in Sicily drove out the Carthaginians that inhabited amongst them, and took and carried away all their Estates. For tho' they all hated the Tyranny of Dionysius, yet it was a delight to them to join in the War against the Carthaginians, by reason of the barbarous and beastly cruelty of the Men. And therefore those 
Ant. Ch. 396.  Grecians that inhabited the Cities within the power and jurisdiction of the Carthaginians, when they saw that now open War was Declared against them by Dionysius, gave instances likewise of their hatred against the Africans: for they not only seized upon all their Estates, but likewise their Persons, and executed all manner of Cruelty and Disgraces upon the Bodies of these miserable wretches in memory and retribution of those that they themselves before suffered when their Cities were destroyed by them, And they went on and continued this sharp Revenge upon them, to the end they might learn for the future by this example of Retaliation, not to execute such barbarous Cruelties upon them, they should afterwards subdue. For hereby they would be taught (having learned by experience) that in the events of War, and common Turns of Fortune, the Party subdued, must expect to suffer that which they themselves before executed, upon those they had conquered,  
Dionysius having now prepared all things necessary for the War, determined to send Messengers to Carthage to denounce War against them, in the name of the People of Syracuse, 
P. 422.  unless they restored all the Greek Cities they had subdued to their Ancient Laws and Liberties. Thus were the Thoughts of Dionysius at this time employed. With this year Ctesias ends his History of the Persians brought down from Ninus and Semiramis. At 
Ctesias his History ends.  this time flourished the famous Poets for Dithyrambic Verse, Philoxenus, Cythereus, Timotheus, Philesius, Telestes of Selinunte, and Bolyeidus an excellent Limner and Musician.  
Upon the expiration of the former Year Lisiades entered upon the Chief Magistracy 
An. M. 3572. Olymp. 95. 4. Ant. Ch. 395.  at Athens. And six Military Tribunes were invested with the Consular Dignity at Rome, viz. Publius Mellius, Marnius Spurius, Furius Lucius, and three others. At that time the Syracusian Tyrant (being furnished with all things necessary for the War, according to his Heart's desire) sends an Herald with a Letter to the Senate at Carthage, in which was written, That the People of Syracuse had Decreed to make War upon the Carthaginians, unless they quitted all the Grecian Cities in Sicily. The Herald, according to Order, Sails over into Africa, and delivers the Letter to the Senate, which being read first in the House, and then to the People, it occasioned no small disturbance and perplexity to the Carthaginians, through fear of the War coming so suddenly upon them, for the Plague had destroyed an infinite number of People, and they were altogether unprovided of every thing necessary. Therefore they had now nothing to do but to observe how far the Designs of the Syracusians would proceed, and whither they would tend, and in the mean time, to send some of the Senate, with a considerable Sum of Money to raise Soldiers out of Europe.  
Dionysius now marches out of Syracuse towards Aeryx with Syracusians, Mercenaries and 
The Second Carthaginian War with Dionysius. Ant. Ch. 395.  Confederate Auxiliaries. Not far from this Hill stood the City Motia, a Colony of Carthage, which was a strong Castle and inlet into Sicily: By reducing of this they hoped they should gain no small advantage, and prevent the Enemy. To this end he stirred up the People every where to Arms, and Auxiliaries from all the Greek Cities came in to him all along in his March. For they were eager and hot for the War, both because they hated the Slavery they suffered under the Carthaginians, and were likewise pricked forward with the ardent Desire and Hopes they had at length to recover their Liberties. First the Camerineans joined him: then the Geloans and Acragentines. Then he sent to them of Himera, who inhabited further off in another part of Sicily: With these and the Selinuntines who joined with him in his March, he came to Motya; His Army consisted of Fourscore thousand Foot, and above three thousand Horse. In his Fleet he had little less than Two hundred long Galleys, or Men of War, and to attend these, there were at least Five hundred Ships of burden, full of Warlike Engines, and all manner of Provision.  
When they of Eryx saw the wonderful Preparation that was made, and being terrified with the greatness of the Army, and withal hating the Carthaginians, they sided with Dionysius. But they of Motya, in expectation of Aid and Relief from Carthage, were not affrighted at the Greatness of Dionysius' Army, but were resolved to abide a Siege. For they knew very well that the Syracusians would besiege them in the first place, because they were so wholly devoted to the Interest of Carthage. This City is situated in an Island about 
Motya besieged by Dionysius. Ant. Ch. 395.  half a League from the Shore of Sicily, large and beautifully Built, and the Inhabitants very Rich. A strait and narrow Way had been made by Art from the Island to the Shore; which they of Motya at that time ruined, to prevent so ready an access for the Enemy. Dionysius after he had taken a View of the Situation of the City with his Architects, began to fill up the Place between the Island and the Shore with Rubbish, and brought his Galleys into the Mouth of the Harbour, and lay at Anchor with his Ships of Burden near to the Shore. This done, he leaves Leptinus the Admiral of his Fleet to carry on the Siege, and he himself with the Land Army sets upon the Cities that were Confederated with the Carthaginians.  
All the Cities of Sicily terrified with the greatness of his Army, presently submit to him, except only Five, viz. Ancyra, Solas, Egista, Panormus, and Entella: Upon which he Spoils and Wastes the Territories of the Solantines, Panormitans, and Ancyreans, and cuts down all their Trees: But besieges the City of the Egistines and Entellans, and by fierce and continual Assaults, uses his utmost Endeavour to take them by Storm. And thus now stood the Affairs of Dionysius.  
In the mean time, Imilco, the Carthaginian General, was busy in Raising of Men from all Parts; and making other Preparations, but forthwith sends away the Admiral with 
P. 423.  ten Galleys, with a Command secretly to weigh Anchor and make strait for Syracuse, and in the Night to destroy the Ships that he should then find in the Harbour. His Project was by this means to divide the Enemy's Forces, constraining Dionysius to send away part of his Fleet to defend Syracuse. The Admiral without delay observes his Orders, and entering the Harbour of Syracuse in the Night privately (not discerned of any) breaks in pieces, sinks and destroys almost all the Ships that were then in the Port, and sails back towards Carthage.  
Dionysius having wasted and spoiled the Fields and Territories of all them that were under the Protection of the Carthaginians, and driven the Enemy every where within their 
Ant. Ch. 395.  Walls, returns with his whole Army to Motya; supposing that when he had reduced this the rest would all presently surrender. And now setting more hands at work he speedily fills up the Channel with heaps of Stone and Rubbish, and by that means makes his approaches with his Batteries nearer to the Town. But,  
About this very time, Imilco the Carthaginian General, hearing that Dionysius had brought his Ships into the Harbour, forthwith Manned an Hundred of his best Galleys, supposing that by a sudden and unexpected Attack, he should easily possess himself of the Fleet as 
Imilco arrives in Sicily.  they lay in the Harbour, (none being out at Sea to obstruct his Design) which if it succeeded he should raise the Siege at Motya, and carry the War to Syracuse.  
To this End, he loses from Carthage with an Hundred Sail, and arrived in the Night upon the Coasts of Selinunte, and so sailing round the Promontory of Lilybeum, about break of Day reaches Motya; where surprising the Enemy he breaks some of their Ships to pieces, and burns others, Dionysius not being able then to afford any assistance. Then he enters into the Port, and so orders and places his Ships, as if he designed to set upon the Fleet as they lay. Upon this, Dionysius commands his Army to march down to the Mouth of the Harbour: But seeing that the Enemy had possessed themselves of the Passage, he durst not bring his Ships out of the Port; for he knew that the Mouth being very narrow and strait, a few Ships were able to Fight with many above their Number, and 
Antony's Ch. 395.  to Advantage. And therefore, having many Soldiers, he easily drew the Ships over the Land into the Sea, at a further distance from the Harbour, and so preserved them.  
In the mean time, Imilco pressing upon those Galleys that lay foremost and next to him, was by multitude of Darts repulsed; for many Darters and Slingers were placed upon the Decks. The Syracusians likewise from Land killed great numbers of the Enemy, by their sharp Arrows shot out of their Engines of Battery. And in truth these sort of Darts struck great terror into the Enemy, being the first time that they were used and found out. When the Carthaginian saw he could not accomplish his design, he drew off and sailed back for afric, judging it in nowise prudent to Engage in a Sea-fight with an Enemy double his number.  
When Dionysius, by the help of many Workmen had perfected the Bank or Rampire, he applied all sorts of Engines of Battery to the Walls, battering the Towers with the Rams, and driving the Defendants from the Bulwarks with the shot from the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Engines. He approached likewise to the Walls with 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, With 6 Chambers one above another.  six floored Towers which moved upon Wheels, and were as high as any House.  
However, the Citizens of Motya, although they were now in imminent Danger, and destitute of all aid from their Confederates, yet feared not all the Force and Power of Dionysius, but 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. P. 424. Ant. Changed 395.  bravely opposing the Assailants, they first placed Soldiers clothed in Coats of Mail upon the Masts of their Ships, who hoisting up their Main-yards threw burning Firebrands and Sticks dipped in Pitch, down upon the Engines, which set them presently on Fire; upon which the Sicilians ran in, and having quenched the Flame, so plied their work, that with the frequent and Repeated Batteries by the Rams, a great part of the Wall fell down. Upon which both sides rushing into the Breach with great Fury, there was a sharp Engagement: For the Sicilians thinking the Town now had been their own, endured any thing out of the insatiable desire they had to revenge themselves upon the Carthaginians, for the many Injuries they had suffered by them. On the other hand, the Besieged to avoid 
A brave Defence at Motya.  the misery of Bondage and Slavery, and seeing no hopes to escape either by Sea or Land, resolved valiantly to Die. At length despairing to defend the Walls any longer, they stopped up all the Sally Ports and betook themselves to the Hold and Buildings at the Foot of the Walls, which were perfectly built as another strong Wall. From hence the Soldiers of Dionysius were put harder to it than they were before; for when they had got within the Walls (thronging in one upon another) and thought they had now gained the Town, they were presently most miserably galled by them that were on the Tops and Roofs of these Buildings. However, with all the speed they could by the help of their wooden Towers, they advanced their Scaling-Ladders to the Houses that were next to them; and now they sought hand to hand from the Towers and the Tops of the Houses which equalled one another in height: And here the Motyans stood to it, and fought with undaunted Resolution, having their Wives and Children in their Eyes, and possessed with the sense of the imminent danger of the Ruin and Destruction both of them and theirs: For some moved with the earnest Prayers of their poor Parents then present, entreating them not to suffer them to be made a scoff and scorn to their Enemies, renewed their Courage, and without any regard to their Lives rushed into the midst of the Assailants: Others hearing the Cries and Complaints of their Wives and Children, made the more haste rather 
Ant. Ch. 395.  to die valiantly, than to see the Captivity and Slavery of their dearest Relations. There was no way left to escape or fly out of the City, for they were hemmed in by the Sea, which was commanded by their Enemies. The Cruelty of the Grecians which they had already executed upon their Prisoners, and in all likelihood would execute upon them, was that which chief terrified the Carthaginians and made them desperate. And therefore nothing remained but either to Conquer or Diego  
This Obstinacy of the Besieged, occasioned great Toil and Hardship to the Sicilians: For they were lamentably hurled off the Scaffolds which they had made; and besides, the straitness of the Place (by which they were greatly prejudiced) they fought with Men that were Desperate and prodigal of their Lives.  
Thus therefore being Engaged, some giving and receiving Wounds fell on the one hand, others repulsed by the Motyans, were thrown down Headlong from the Scaffolds and House Tops, and so miserably perished on the other. At length the Assault having continued on this manner several whole days together, and every Evening Dionysius by a Trumpet sounding a Retreat to his Men, the Motyans were inur'd now to this way of Fight: After therefore both sides were drawn off, Dionysius sent forth Archylus the Thurian, with some of the best Regiments, who on a sudden in the dead of Night by Scaling-Ladders go● over the shattered Houses, and having possessed himself of a convenient Pass, presently the rest (which were sent to his assistance by Dionysius) came in to him. But when the Motyans perceived it, with great Courage and Resolution they set upon them to beat them back, and though they had not timed it right, yet their Valour was not in the least impaired: So that there was now begun a fierce Encounter: Upon which (many more likewise mounting over) the Sicilians with much ado (overpowering them by their multitude) at length drove them from the Post; and presently by the Mould and Bank that 
Ant. Ch. 395. P. 425. Motya taken.  was raised Dionysius his whole Army broke into the City, and now every place was strewed with dead Bodies. For the Sicilians resolving to revenge themselves upon the Carthaginians for their former Cruelties, without any regard either to Age or Sex, slew all before them, putting Man, Woman, and Child to the Sword. But Dionysius having a mind to sell all the Citizens for Slaves, thereby to raise Money, commanded the Soldiers to forbear killing the Prisoners: But when he saw that none regarded him, but that the Sicilians raged like wild Beasts, he ordered a Crier by public Proclamation to declare, That he would have the Motyans to fly for refuge to the Grecian Temples. Upon which the Common Soldiers stopped their hands, but forthwith sell a plundering and spoiling all through the City, and carried away abundance of Silver and Gold, rich Garments, and all sorts of other Wealth and Treasure. For Dionysius for the Encouragement of his Soldiers for the time to come, had given them the Plunder of the City.  
After all was over, he rewarded Archylus who first mounted the Wall, with an Hundred 
* Above 300 l.  Minas, and all the rest every one according to his Merit. As many of the Motyans as were left alive he sold for 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Sold under the Spear.  Slaves: But Daimenes and some other Greeks who joined with the Carthaginians and were taken Prisoners, he commanded to be 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Crucify'd. After this he put a Garrison into Motya, and made Bito the Syracusian Governor; the greater part of the Garrison were Sicilians. Then he ordered Leptinus the Admiral with an Hundred and Twenty sail, to watch the Carthaginians at Sea; and likewise to make Incursions (as he had before designed) upon Egista and Entella. He himself returned with the Army to Syracuse, Summer now drawing near to an End. At this time Sophocles the Son of Sophocles, began to make Tragedies at Athens, and came off Twelve times a Conqueror. 
Sophoeles the Tragedian.   
When this Year was ended, Phormio entered upon the chief Magistracy at Athens; and at Rome six Military Tribunes executed the Consular Authority; Cncius Genusius, Lucius 
An. M. 3576. Olymp. 96. 1. Ant. Ch. 394.  Atilius, Marcus Pomponius, Gains Duilius, Marcus Veturius, and Valerius Publius. At this time was celebrated the Ninety Sixth Olympiad, in which Eupolis of Elis was Victor.  
In the time of their Governments, Dionysius, Lord of Syracuse, marched from thence with his Army, and invaded the Territories of the Carthaginians. When he was wasting 
Dionysius still carries on the War against the Carthaginians.  and spoiling the Country, the Halicyan out of Fear of him sent. Ambassadors to his Camp, and became Confederates. But they of Egesta made a sudden and unexpected Sally upon the Guards of the Besiegers and burnt their Tents, which caused a great Consternation and Tumult through the Camp, For the Flame catching and running along at a great distance was not easily quenched, so that some of the Soldiers in quenching of the Fire were destroyed, and many Horses were burnt and the Tents together: But Dionysius went on spoiling and wasting the Country without any Opposition.  
In the mean time, Leptinas the Admiral, who lay then with the Fleet at Motya, was very intent in observing the Enemy at Sea. And the Carthaginians having certain Intelligence 
Ant. Ch. 394.  of the strength of Dionysius, resolved to exceed him in all warlike Provision and Preparation whatsoever. To which end (according to their Laws) they made Imilco their King, 
The great Preparations of the Carthaginians against Dionysius.  and raised Forces out of all parts of Africa and Spain, of which some were their own Confederates, and others Mercenaries: At length they got together an Army of above Three hundred thousand Foot, and Four thousand Horse, besides Chariots to the number of Four hundred. They had likewise a Fleet to the number of Three hundred long Galleys, for Men of War, and Six hundred Ships of Burden (as Ephorus relates) to Transport all manner of Provision, Engines of Battery, and all other Necessaries for the War. But Timeus affirms, 
P. 426.  that not above a Hundred thousand were transported from Africa into Sicily, with which Three thousand of the Sicilians joined when they came over. Imilco delivered Commissions sealed up to every one of the Officers, with a Command they should not open them till they were out at Sea, and then to Execute their Orders. He did this, that the Spies which might be amongst them, might not be able to inform Dionysius of the Design of the Fleet. The Orders were, That they should make strait to Panormus; Upon this they all set sail with a fair Wind: The Transport Ships made directly in to the open Sea, but the Galleys sailed along the Coast of Africa.  
When the Transport Ships and Ships of Burden with a fresh Gale came within sight of Sicily, Dionysius sent out Leptines with Thirty Sail against them, with Order to Sink and Destroy as many as he could, who forthwith made up to them, and fought those he first met with, and sunk several with all the Men in them. The rest (though they were heavy loaden) by the help of the Wind fortunately veering about, easily escaped; but about Fifty were sunk down right, in which were lost Five thousand Soldiers, and Two hundred 
Ant. Ch. 394.  Chariots.  
In the mean time, Imilco arrived at Panormus, and landing his Men marched directly against the Enemy, Comanding the Fleet to sail along upon the Coast near to him. In his march he entered Eryx by Treachery; and thence hastened with all speed to Motya: 
Motya retaken by Storm.  And because Dionysius was then busy in besieging of Egista, Imilco had the Opportunity to take Motya by Storm.  
Although the Sicilians were very earnest and desirous to fight the Enemy, yet Dionysius judged it more advisable for him to draw off to some other Place, because he was both far off from his Confederates, and his Provisions too began to grow very low. Determining therefore to be gone, he advised the Sicilians for the present to quit their Cities, and join themselves to the Army, promising to plant them in a richer, and in no less a Country than their own, and telling them that when the War was ended, as many as would, might return to their former Habitations: upon this, some few of them embraced the Offer, lest if they refused they should have been plundered by the Soldiers: The rest deserted, together with the Haliceans, who sent Ambassadors to the Carthaginians, and renewed their League with them. Dionysius therefore made with all speed to Syracuse, spoiling and wasting the Country all along as he marched. But Imilco seeing all things succeed according to his Heart's desire, marched with his Army against Messina, earnest to possess himself of that City, by reason of its fit and convenient situation; for the Haven there was very commodious, capable to receive his whole Fleet, which consisted of about Six hundred 
Ant. Ch. 394.  Sail; and by that means having the Command of the Sea in those parts, he judged he should be able to intercept all the Shipping that should be sent both from Italy and Peloponnesus; to aid them of Syracuse, While he was musing and considering of these things, he made Peace with them of Hymera, and the Inhabitants of Cephalaedium. And taking in the City of Lipara, he imposed a Mulct of Thirty Talents upon the Islanders. Then 
Imilco marches to Messina in order to besiege it.  he marched strait away with his Forces for Messina (his Fleet sailing near at hand over against him) and in a short time encamped at Pelorides, not above a 
* Betwixt Seven and Eight Miles.  Hundred Stages from thence. When they of the City-heard of the approach of the Enemy, they began to disagree about the concerns of the War. For some of them understanding the great strength of the Carthaginian Army, and seeing how they deserted by their Confederates, and that they wanted their Horse which were then at Syracuse, were of Opinion that the City could not be defended. Besides, to their further discouragement, their Walls were down in many places, and they had now no time to make necessary 
P. 427.  Preparations for their Defence. Therefore they sent away their Wives and Children, and all their choicest Goods, and the richest of their Treasures to the neighbouring Cities. Others there were who remembered an old Prophecy, whereby it was foretold by the Oracle, That the Carthaginians should be carriers of Water in that City: which was commonly interpreted in that Sense, as might portend most advantage to themselves, as if the Carthaginians should be Slaves in Messina. From hence they were very confident, and by this means greatly encouraged others, so that they resolved to undergo the utmost extremity in defence of their common Liberty.  
They sent out therefore presently a select number of their briskest young Men to Pelorides to prevent the Enemy's Inroads into the Country; who did according to Order: Upon which, Imilco seeing the Messinians dispersed and scattered, in order to oppose his Descent, he commanded Two hundred Ships to make towards the City; For he hoped 
Ant. Ch. 394.  (as he might easily conjecture) that the whole Garrison of Messina would be so earnest in opposing his breaking into their Borders, that the City would be left unguarded, so that it would be easy for his Fleet to enter; and at that time the North Wind blew fresh, by which means the Ships were carried with a full Gale strait into the Harbour; and though the Guard sent to Pilorides hastened back with all speed, yet the Enemy's Fleet was in before they returned. And now the Carthaginian Army coming in on every side, speedily battered down the Walls, entered and took the City Messina. As many of the Messinions as engaged with the Enemy died valiantly upon the spot; the rest fled to the next Cities: many of the common People fled to the Mountains near at hand, and were dispersed and scattered into several Garrisons in the Country: Some were taken by 
Messina taken by the Carthaginians.  the Enemy, others that were got into narrow Creeks about the Harbour, fling themselves into the Sea, thinking they should be able to swim over to 
* Which is not above a Mile and an half to Rhegium in Italy.  Land on the other side; but of Two hundred scarce Fifty recovered the Shoar of Italy. Afterwards Imilco entered Messina with his whole Army; and the first thing he set upon, was the Besieging the Castles and Forts near to the City, but being very strong and bravely defended by them that had fled thither, when he saw he could not win them by force, he returned to the City; And having refreshed and recruited his Army, resolved to march against Syracuse.  
The Sicilians bearing an inveterate hatred to Dionysius, having now a fair opportunity all of them (except the Assarines) fell to the Carthaginians. Dionysius therefore, to the end he might be supplied with Men, sets free all the Slaves and Servants of the Syracusians, and with them sufficiently Manned Threescore Galleys: he was furnished likewise 
Ant. Ch. 394.  with a Thousand Mercenaries from the Lacedæmonians: Passing likewise from place to place through the Country, he fortified all the Castles and strong Holds, and furnished them with Provision. But his greatest care was to fortify the Castles of the Leontines, and to that end laid up Stores and Magazines there, brought in from all parts. He likewise persuaded the Campanians, who at that time inhabited in Catana, to remove and reside at the City Aetna, because it was a place of great strength.  
After things thus settled Dionysius led forth his Army an hundred and sixty Stages from Syracuse, and encamped near to a place called Taurus. He then had with him Thirty thousand Foot, and something above Three thousand Horse: His Navy consisted of a Hundred and fourscore Ships, of which there were but few that had Three Oars on a Bank. In the mean time Imilco demolished Messina, and commanded his Soldiers to pull down 
Messina razed.  the Houses to the ground, so as not one stick should be left standing, or one Stone upon another; which was effectually executed by burning some and pulling down others. For by so many hands the business was done in a trice: and such was the ruin and desolation of the City, that that place which was so lately full of Inhabitants, could now scarce be known where it stood. For Imilco considering how remote it was from the 
P. 428.  Confederate Cities, and yet the best Port and Situation in all Sioily, judged it absolutely necessary either to ruin it as he had done, or at least so far to destroy it, as that it could not be repaired in a long time, And thus Imilco, having sufficiently discovered his implacable hatred to the Grecians, commanded Mago the Admiral to sail with the whole Fleet to the Promontory of Taurus. Here the Sicilians inhabited in great numbers, but 
Ant. Ch. 394.  without any Head or certain Commander. Dionysius had heretofore given the Country of the Naxians to these Sicilians; but they induced by the Promises of Imilco then dwelled upon this Hill (which was naturally fortisyed) and there at that time they were, and so continued after the War, in a City strongly Walled, called Tauromenium, from its situation 
Tauromenium built.  upon Taurus.  
Imilco himself by swift marches came with his Army to the before mentioned place of Naxia, Mago sailing all along near to the Coast: But because Mount Aeina had a little before vomited out Fire as far as to the Shoar; the Army at land could not march so as to have the Fleet near at hand to attend them. For the passages by the Sea-Shoar were so spoiled and choked up by Rivers and Streams of Fire from Aetna, that the Army 
Imilco's march hindered by streams of Fire from Aetna.  was forced to take a Compass and march round the Mountain. Therefore Imilco commanded Mago to sail towards Catana, and he himself with the Army hastened thro' the heart of the Country to join again with the Fleet at that City.  
For he was afraid lest when the Forces were divided and far asunder, the Sicilians should set upon Mago by Sea; which happened accordingly. For Dionysius having intelligence that Mugo sailed very slowly, and that the Land Army was engaged in along and difficult March, hastened with all speed to Catana, that he might fight Mago by Sea before Imilco's Army came up. For he hoped that being upon the Shoar near at hand with his Land Forces, it would much encourage his own, and discourage the Enemy: And that which was the most considerable was, That if his Fleet were worsted, both Ships and Men had a place ready to retreat unto for their safety 
Ant. Ch. 394.   
Things thus ordered, he sent forth Leptines with the whole Fleet against the Enemy, commanding him to engage in close Order, and not to break his Line upon any account, unless he were over pressed with multitude. There were in Mago's Fleet Ships of burden 
A Fight at Sea between Mago and Leptines.  and Galleys with brazen Beaks, to the number of Five hundred. The Carthaginian's, as soon as they saw the Coasts full of Ships, and the Grecian Navy making out strait upon them, were greatly amazed, and began to tack about and make into the Shoar But presently recollecting themselves, they considered the insuperable hazard they should run themselves into, if they should fight, both with the Soldiers at Land and them in the Ships at one time, therefore they resolved to try it out at Sea, and so putting themselves into a Line of Battle, waited to receive the Enemy, Leptines eagerly forcing on with Thirty of the best Galleys in the Van (with more Valour than Prudence) began the Fight, and presently falling in upon the first Squadron, sunk several of their Ships: But when Mago with his Fleet all joined together, they surrounded the Thirty Sail, the first exceeding in Number, and the other in Valour.  
And now was begun a sharp Engagement, which looked like a Fight upon Land, the Ships grappling close one to another, for there was no distance left for them to strike with their Beaks, but they fought hand to hand with their Forecastles close in front together: Some, while they were attempting to board their Adversary, were hurled overboard; 
Ant. Ch. 394. P. 429.  others effecting what they designed, fought valiantly aboard in the midst of their Enemy's Ships. At length Leptines overpowered with number, was forced to hoist up Sail, and fly; the rest of the Fleet coming on upon the Enemy, who were in disorder, were easily routed by the Carthaginians; for the Flight of the Admiral encouraged them, and greatly discouraged and distracted the Sicilians.  
The Fight thus ended, the Carthaginians made a very hot pursuit, and sunk and destroyed, above a Hundred Vessels; and they that were in the Transport-Ships that lay along the shore, killed the Seamen as they saw them swimming to get to the Forces that were upon the Land; so that many being killed near the Land, the Shoar was full of Carcases and Wrecks: the Dionisians being not able in the least to help them. Many 
Dionysius' Fleet routed.  were killed on the Carthaginians side; but there were above a Hundred Galleys of the Sicilians sunk and taken, and more than Twenty thousand Men killed.  
After the Fight, the Carthaginian Navy anchored at Catana, whither they brought along with them the Ships they had taken, and drawing them up to the shore, refitted them, that the Eves as well as the Ears of the Carthaginians might be entertained with the Greatness of their Victory.  
Upon this Misfortune, the Sicslians judging that by returning to Syracuse they should suffer much, and be brought into great Straits by being suddenly besieged, persuaded Dionysius rather to fight Imilco; alleging, That by an unexpected Onset, the Barbarians would be terrified, and by that means they might in great probability repair their late 
Dionysius marches back to Syracuse.  Overthrow. Dionysius inclining to this Advice, and preparing to march against the Enemy, some of his Friends told him he ran a great hazard, and had reason to fear lest Imilco would invade Syracuse with his whole Fleet, and so he should lose the City. Upon this he altered his Resolution, knowing that Messina was lately lost by such an Oversight; hereupon he hastened to Syracuse, not thinking it safe for that Place to be without a strong Garrison. Many of the Sicilians upon this were much displeased, and therefore some returned to their own Habitations, and others dispersed themselves into several Castles and Forts near at hand.  
Imilco in two days march came to Catana, and caused the Ships that were there to be drawn up into the Harbour, by reason of the present Wind and Storm: Here he stayed some days and refreshed his Army, and from thence sent Ambassadors to the Campanians at Aetna to court them to a Defection from Dionysius, promising to bestow on them large Possessions, and that they should be equal Sharers in the Spoils of the War. He likewise acquainted them, that the Campanians of Entella had sided with the Carthaginians, and had supplied them with Aids against the Sicilians. In sum, he told them that the Greoians bore an inveterate Hatred to all other Nations whatsoever. But the Campanians having given Hostages to Dionysius, and sent the best of their Soldiers to Syracuse, were forced to stick to the League they had made with him, tho' they had a desire rather to fall to the other side.  
After these Misfortunes, Dionysius being now afraid of the Power of the Carthaginians, 
Dionysius sends for Aids to other Countries.  sends Polyxenus, his Father-in-Law, Ambassador to the Greoians in Italy, Lacedaemon; and Corinth, to desire their Assistance, and that they would not stand by, and see the Greek Cities in Sicily to be utterly destroyed. He sent likewise several 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Pressmasters, or one to list Foreigners. Ant. Ch. 394. P. 430.  Paymasters into Reloponnesus, with great Sums of Money to raise what Men they could, not sparing any Cost.  
But Imilco now enters with his Navy, richly adorned with his Enemy's Spoils, into the great Haven of Syracuse; this filled the Citizens with Terror and Amazement; for a Navy of Two hundred and eighty Sail of Men of War, in excellent order, entered the Port; and after them came in above a 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, pro 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Thousand Transport-Ships, wherein were above 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 deest. Imiclo enters the Part of Syracuse with his Navy.  Five hundred Soldiers: So that the Ships were near Two thousand Sail; insomuch as the whole Haven (tho' it were large) was so filled with Shipping, that it was almost covered over. When the Navy had cast Anchor in the Harbour, presently appeared the Land▪ Army on the other side, consisting (as some report) of Three hundred thousand Foot, and Three thousand Horse, besides Two hundred Longships. Imilco the General 
Encamps near the City.  pitched his Tent in the Temple of Jupiter; the rest of the Army encamped round him, about 
* A male and a half.  12 Stages distant from the City.  
A while after, Imilco draws out his whole Army in Battalia under the Walls of Syracuse, daring the Syracusians to Battle; and at the same time ordered a Hundred of his best Ships to enter into all the rest of the Harbours, the more to terrify the Syracusians, and to convince them that the Carthaginians were Masters at Sea; but when he saw none durst come out against him, he marched back to the Camp.  
After this, he most shamefully, for the space of Thirty days, wasted and spoiled all the Country round about, to the end to gratify his Soldiers on the one hand, and to discourage his Enemies on the other. He won also the Suburbs of 
* Part of Syracuse.  Achradina, and plundered the Temples of Ceres and Proserpina. But he paid for his Sacrilege within a short time after; for his Fortune began to change, and things to go worse and worse with him every day. And whenever Dionysius took Courage and skirmished with the Enemy, the Syracusians came off Conquerors. Such Terror sometimes seized the Carthaginians in the Camp, that in the Night they would run with great Terror and Confusion to their Arms, as if an Enemy had broken in upon them. Besides, a Disease at length seized upon them, which was the cause of all the Mischiefs which afterwards overtook them, of which we 
Ant. Ch. 394.  shall speak hereafter, that we may observe due course and order of Time in the Relation.  
Imilco now eager to block up the City, demolishes almost all the Sepulchers, amongst which were the Monuments of Gelo and his Wife Demareta, of rich and excellent Workmanship. He raised likewise three Forts near the Sea, one at Plenmynium, another about the middle of the Port, and the third near the Temple of Jupiter.  
In these he laid up Stores of Meat and Drink, and all other Necessaries, believing the Siege would continue long. He sent away likewise the Transport-Ships to Sardinia and Africa, to bring from thence Corn and all other Provisions.  
About this time Polyxenus, Dionysius' Father-in-Law (being returned from Italy and Peloponnesus) brought with him Thirty Galleys (Men of War) from the Confederates, under the Command of Pharacidas the Lacedaemonian. After this, Dionysius and Leptines made out to Sea with some Galleys to endeavour to get some Provision into the Town; and while they were cruising about, the Syracusians from the City espied a Ship loaden with Provision coming up to Imilco's Army; upon which, they made out with Five Sail upon it, and took it and brought it into the Town. As they were sailing away with their Prize, Forty Sail of the Carthaginians pursued them; upon which, the whole Syracusian Fleet presently hoist up Sail, and engaged, took the Admiral, and sunk and destroyed 
The Syracusians beat the Carthaginians at Sea. P. 431.  Twenty Ships more: The rest they put to flight, and pursued the Carthaginians to their main Fleet, and dared them to Battle; but they amused with this sudden Disaster, stirred not. Then the Syracusians fastened the Galleys they had taken to the Poops of their own Ships, and brought them into the City.  
Being now puffed up with this good Success, they proudly vaunted, That Dionysius was often overcome by the Carthaginians, but that now when they had not him with them, they triumphed, and were returned Conquerors. And in their Cabals here and there they would frequently discourse, and ask one another, why they should suffer themselves 
Ant. Ch. 394. Designs to depose Dionysius.  to be made Slaves by Dionysius, especially when they had now so fair an Opportunity to depose him? For till of late they said they were disarmed, but now by occasion of the present War, they had again got Arms into their Hands.  
While these things were thus whispered up and down, Dionysius lands at the Port, and presently after calls an Assembly, and in an Harangue highly praises the Syracusians, wishing them; That as they had done, so they would still continue to show their Valour and Courage for the time to come, promising them, that in a short time he would put an end to the War. When the Assembly was ready to break up, Theodorus a Syracusian, a Man of great Authority among the Nobility, and one that had done remarkable Service for his Conntry, stood up, and boldly made this Speech concerning their Liberties.  

The Speech of Theodorus.  
ALthough Dionysius has interlaced his Discourse with many Lies, yet what he said in the close of his Harangue, That he would make a speedy dispatch of the War, he may truly perform, if he himself (who has always been beaten) be not the General, but forthwith restore us to our own Laws and Liberties: For there are none of us that can freely and cheerfully venture our Lives in the Field, when there's not a Pin to choose whether we be conquered by the Carthaginians, or being Conquerors become Slaves at home to Dionysius: For whilst Conquerors or Conquered, we are sure either to serve the Carthaginians on the one hand, or a more severe and tyrannical Master on the other. If the Carthaginians prevail, by paying of Tribute we shall enjoy our Laws, but this Tyrant robs our Temples, seizes our Estates, takes away our Lives, and deprives 
Ant. Ch. 394.  Masters of their Servants to fill up the number of his Mercenaries. And he that has acted as great cruelties in a time of Peace, as any that have been executed upon the storming of Cities in a time of War, now promises to put an end to the Carthaginian War. But it as highly concerns us (Oh fellow Citizens) to be rid of the Tyrant within our Walls, as to put an end to the War without. For the Castle which is now Garrisoned by our own Slaves, is built as a Fort against the City itself, and the Mercenary Soldiers are kept in Pay to keep the Syracusians in Slavery, and he himself Lords it over the City, not as a good Magistrate for the execution of Justice; but as sole and absolute Lord, to Rule according to the Dictates of his own insatiable Desires. The Enemy now enjoys but a small part of the Country, but Dionysius has bestowed all that he has conquered upon them that have given assistance to the advancement of his Tyranny: Why are we content so long tamely to suffer these base Abuses? such, as a generous Spirit would rather choose to Die, than to be brought into a hazard and danger to suffer and undergo. We (to say the Truth) courageously endure the extremest hardships in fight against the Carthaginians; but we are so poor-spirited, that we dare not speak a word for the Laws and Liberties of our Country against a most cruel Tyrant. We that dare bravely Charge so many thousands of our Enemies, are dastardly afraid of one 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Tyrant, that has not the Courage of a generous. Slave: No Man ever presumed to compare or equal Dionysius with Gelo, for he (through the innate goodness of his Disposition) with the assistance of the Syracusians and other Sicilians restored all Sicily to their Liberty: But this vile Man when he found the City's free, either exposed them to the Will of the Enemy, or he himself made them perfect Slaves. The other, after he had fought many 
Ant. Ch. 394.  Battles in the Cause of Sicily, was so successful that an Enemy was not to be seen: But this Tyrant running away from Motya through the whole Island, at length penned himself up, not daring to look his Enemy in the Face, yet fierce and cruel enough towards the Citizens. The other for his Valour and remarkable Services done for his Country, had the Sovereignty freely and willingly bestowed on him, not only by the Syracusians, but by all the Sicilians. But this Man who has usurped the Sovereign Power, to the ruin of the Confederates, and slavery of the Citizens; Why should he not be hated 
P. 43●.  by all, who is not only unworthy of the Supreme Power, but deserves a thousand Deaths besides? Through him Gela and Camerina are spoiled, Messina razed and laid in rubbish, and Twenty thousand of our Confederates destroyed. And things are now brought to that pass, that all the Greek Cities throughout Sicily are ruined, and we are all cooped up into one. Among other Mischiefs and Miseries Naxus and Catana are by him sold for nought; many of the best situated and Confederate Cities razed to the ground. He fought twice with the Carthaginians, and was beaten in both. As soon as ever the Sovereign Power was given into his hand, he forthwith deprived the Citizens of their Liberties, putting to death all those that stood up for the Laws of their Country, and banishing those that were Rich to gain their Estates; giving their Wives in Marriage to their Servants, and to the lowest of the People, and putting Arms into the hands of Strangers and Barbarians. All these wickednesses, Oh, Jupiter, and all 
Ant. Ch. 394.  the Gods! has this hangman and base mean fellow committed. Where is now the love of the Laws and Liberties among the Syracusians? Where are the noble Actions of our Ancestors? by whom were destroyed at Himera Three hundred thousand Carthaginians; not to say any thing of the Tyrants deposed by Gelo. But that which is to be most admired is, that tho' your Fathers, even but yesterday, did rout so great an Army of the Athenians that came against Syracuse, and that in such a manner, as that they left not one to be a Messenger of their destruction; though (I say) you have so fresh an Example of your Father's Valour, yet that you should bow your Necks to the Yoke of Dionysius, and at this instant time when you have Arms in your hands, is most strange. Certainly some good providence of the Gods has brought you now hither together in Arms, that you may have an opportunity to regain your Liberty. Now is the day come wherein you may show yourselves Men of Courage, and unanimously rescue yourselves from so base and shameful a Slavery. It was an easy matter when we had no assistance, and the City was full of Mercenary Soldiers to keep us under, but now that we are Armed, now that we have Confederates to assist us, and stand by us as Spectators of our Valour, let us not yield an Inch, but make it manifest to all, that it was not Cowardice but want of opportunity that made us seem to be willing and content to be Slaves. May we not be ashamed to have an Enemy to be our General, one who has Sacrilegiously robbed all the Temples in the City; to entrust one in matters of the greatest public concern, that none (in his wits) would trust with his own private Estate. And when we see that all Men generally are more than ordinarily Religious in times of War and imminent Dangers; Can we hope that such a notorious Atheist as this should be instrumental to put an happy issue to this War? And if any Man will 
Ant. Ch. 394  but seriously consider, he may easily conclude, that Dionysius is more afraid of Peace than War. For he knows that the Syracusians (through fear of the bad consequences of commotions at this present) dare not attempt any thing against him: But he foresees that if the Carthaginians be conquered, the Syracusians being then in Arms, and encouraged with the success will seek to redeem themselves, and regain their Liberty. And this was the cause (as I conceive) that in the former War he most treacherously depopulated Gela and Camerina, and stripped 'em of all their Inhabitants; and likewise agreed as part of the Articles of the League; That many of the Greek Cities should never after be inhabited by the Grecians. This was likewise the Cause, that afterwards in a time of Peace, And against the Conditions agreed on, he enslaved Naxus and Catana, razed the one down to the ground, and gave away the other to the Campanians, a Colony out of Italy. and when he perceived that after the Cities were thus ruined, the rest were continually plotting how to rescue themselves from this Tyranny, he then for a diversion began this Second War against the Carthaginians. For the Sacred Bonds of an Oath did not so much awe him to the keeping of his League, as the fear of these Sicilians that remained did torment him, whose destruction he continually watched all opportunities to effect. When the Enemy, lately weak and weather-beaten, landed at Panormus, tho' he might 
P 433. Ant. Ch. 394.  easily then have fallen upon them with his whole Army, yet was very far from doing any such service for his Country. Afterwards he suffered Messina (that large City and commodious Port) for want of Relief, to be laid waist, not only because there were many Sicilians by that means cut off, but likewise that all Aids by Shipping from Italy and Peloponnesus might be intercepted by the Carthaginians. Then at last he fought upon the Coasts near to Catana, even close to the City, that the Enemy if they were beaten might have ready shelter in the Port of their own Allies. After this, and the Fight was over, a Storm arose, by reason whereof the Carthaginians were forced to draw up their Ships into the Harbour, at which time we had a fair opportunity of ruining them, their Land-Army not being then come up, and their Ships, many of them thrown upon the Shoar by the violence of the Storm. If we then had set upon them with our Land-Army, they must all necessarily have either fallen into our hands, if they had come to Land, or by the violence and rage of the Sea the Shoar had been filled with wrecks. But I know I need not spend many words in accusing Dionysius among the Syracusians: For if the incurable Injuries and Wrongs themselves will not raise the Spirits of the Sufferers, How can words prevail to take revenge of this Miscreant? When besides all that they have suffered they may clearly see, That he's the most impious wretch of the Citizens, the cruelest Tyrant, and most slothful and careless General: For as often as we fight the Enemy under his Conduct, so often are we beaten: But now when we lately Engaged ourselves without him, we routed the Enemies whole Fleet with a few Galleys. We ought therefore to provide a new General, lest while we make use of one who has Sacrilegiously robbed the Temples, we fight against God himself. For the Deity 
Ant. Ch. 394.  apparently opposes them who make such an Atheist their Head and Governor. For to see all our Forces in the height of their strength dispersed and scattered when he is with them, and yet a small part of our Army Conquerors when he is absent, What does it but evidence to all the special and remarkable Presence of the Gods? Therefore, Oh ye Syracusians, if he will freely 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Abdicate his Covernment, let us as freely consent that he may departed out of the City with all that belongs to him: But if he refuses so to do, now we have an opportunity to regain our Liberty. We are now here all together, we have Arms in our hands, and those that will assist us both out of Italy and Peloponnesus are near at hand. And by the Law the Chief Gommand in the Army ought either to be given to some of the Citizens, or to some of the Corinthians, who are the natural Inhabitants, or to the Spartans' who now Command all Greece.   
When Theodorus had thus spoken, the Syracusians (much perplexed in their Minds) and 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  doubtful what to do) looked back upon their Confederates, Upon which, Pharacides the Lacedaemonian Admiral of the Fleet (lately sent to their assistance) ascended the Tribunal; and every Man now hoped he would be very earnest in persuading of them to stand up for their Liberties. But he being Dionysius his Guest, and then one of his Family, told them that he was sent by the Lacedæmonians to assist the Syracusians and Dionysius against the Carthaginians, and not to deprive him of his Kingdom: and while he was (contrary to all men's expectations) opposing what had been said, the Mercenary Soldiers 
Ant. Ch. 394.  all flocked about Dionysius, but the Syracusians, no little amazed, sat still; but raged in their Minds against the Spartans': For not long before, Aretas the Lacedaemonian had betrayed 'em under the Covert and Pretence of being sent to free them from their Slavery; and now Pharacides obstructed the Syracusians in their endeavours to free themselves. However, Dionysius was now in a great fright, and forthwith Dissolved the Assembly; and afterwards courted the People with very fair and smooth words, presenting some with large Gifts, and inviting others to his Feasts and Banquets. But as to the Carthaginians, 
A Plague in the Carthaginians Army. P. 434.  after they had ruined the Suburbs, and rifled and plundered the Temples of Ceres and Proserpina, a Plague seized upon their Army, and the more to increase and sharpen the Vengeance of the Gods upon them, both the time of the year and the multitudes of Men thronging together, greatly contributed to the inhancement and aggravation of their Misery: For the Summer was hotter than ordinary, and the place itself was the great occasion that the distemper raged above all bounds. For the Athenians in the very same place, not long before, were in multitudes swept away by the Plague, for that because it was a marshy and spongy Ground. In the beginning of the Distemper, before the Sun arose, through the coldness of the Air that came off from the Water, their Bodies would fall a shaking and trembling; but about Noon, being so close penned up together, they were choked with the heat. The Infection was brought in among them by the South Wind, which swept them away in heaps, and for a while they buried them: 
Ant. Ch. 394.  but the number of the Dead increasing to that degree, that those that attended the Sick were likewise cut off, none durst come near to the infected, and (besides the want of attendance) the Distemper seemed to be incurable. For first, Catarrhs and Swell of the Throat were caused by the stench of the Bodies that lay unburied, and the putrefaction of the Soil. Then followed Fevers, Pains in the Back, Heaviness of the Loins, Dysenteries, Botches and Biles over the whole Body. Thus were many tormented by this Plague; others were struck Mad, and ran about the Camp like Wild Beasts, and beat every one they met. All the help of Physicians was in vain, both by reason of the violence of the Distemper, and the sudden dispatch it made of many: For in the midst of great Pains and horrible Torments, they died commonly the Fifth or at the most the Sixth Day; so that they who died by the War, were accounted happy by all. And it was further observable, That all that attended upon the Sick, died of the same Distemper: And that which aggravated the Misery was, that none were willing to come near to the Distressed and Languishing Persons in order to administer to them any sort of help. For not only Strangers, but even Brothers, and dear and familiar Friends and Acquaintance, were forced out of fear of the Infection, to avoid and forsake one another. Dionysius therefore hearing of the miserable condition of the Carthaginians, manned Fourscore Sail, and ordered 
Ant. Ch. 394.  Pharacides and Leptines the Admirals at spring of Day to fall upon the Enemies Fleet. And he himself before the Moon was up in the Night, got his Army together, and marching to the Temple of Cyane's, came up without being discovered to the Enemy's Camp about break of day: He had sent the Horse, and a Thousand Foot of the Mercenaries before him, to fall upon that part of the Enemy's Camp that lay up further into the Land. These Mercenaries hated Dionysius more than any other that were about him, and were often making disturbance, and mutining upon all occasions; Therefore Dionysius ordered the Horse, as soon as they were engaged with the Enemy, to fly and leave the Mercenaries to be cut off, which was accordingly observed, and they were all killed upon the spot. Dionysius himself determined to assault the Camp and the Castles both at once. The Barbarians upon this sudden and unexpected incursion of the Enemy, running in great consusion and disorder to their Arms, gave him an opportunity to take the Castle, called Polictma by Storm. On the other side, in the mean time, the Horse, with some Galleys made to the Fort near Dascon, and took it; And forthwith came up the whole Fleet, and the Army Assaulted the rest of the Forts with a mighty Shout, which struck the Barbarians with great terror and amazement; For at the first they all ran to defend their 
P. 435. The miserable condition of the carthaginians. Ant. Ch. 394.  Camp, but now seeing the Enemies whole Fleet come up, they bestirred themselves as much to preserve their Navy that then lay at Anchor: But all their Care was to little purpose, for they were prevented by the suddainness of the surrprize. For while they were ascending the Decks, and hasting on board, the Enemy's Ships came up with that fierceness upon them, and so pierced their Broad sides, that some were sunk down right at the first shock; others by repeated and frequent Assaults were broken in pieces, so that the Carthaginians were filled with dread and horror. And while the best and greatest of their Ships were up and down pierced through and through, the Air resounded with a terrible noise by the crashing of the Vessels, broken by the Beaks of the Galleys, and the Shoar over against them was presently filled with dead Bodies. The Syracusians still more and more encouraged by their Success, while each strove who should first leap into their Enemy's Ships, in every place killed and dispersed and scattered Barbarians, astonished and amazed with the fear of the present destruction. Neither was the Land Army wanting in their Assistance, in which Dionysius then was (by chance) having rid to Dascon some time before. For finding there Forty Ships of Fifty Oars apiece, besides Ships of Burden that lay near to them, and some Galleys, they threw Fire amongst 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. The strange burning of the Carthaginian Ships.  them; upon which the Flame mounting up, and spreading itself far and wide, set all the Ships on fire, and neither Merchants nor Mariners were able to stop the violence of the Flame, which (the Wind being then high) ran along from the Ships at Anchor and catcht upon the Transport Ships which lay near to them; And the Men to avoid the Fire, leaping out of the Ships into the Sea, and the Cables snapping asunder, the Ships fell foul one upon another, by reason whereof some broke in pieces, many were burnt, and others by the violence of the Winds scattered and dispersed here and there, so that all one way or other were destroyed. And here a Show, as upon a Theatre was represented to the Citizens while the Fire ran through the Transport Ships from one to another, and the Flame mounted the Masts, and consumed the Main Yards, and the ruin of the Barbarians seemed like the overthrow of such as were destroyed for some notorious 
Ant. Changed 394.  Impiety by Thunder and Lightning from Heaven. Upon these Successes both young and old that were able took Boats and passed over to the Harbour, to rifle those Ships that were almost consumed by the Fire, and to save such as might be refitted, and those that were yet sound and untouched, to tow them by their Boats to the City. Yea, such was the exceeding Joy and Emulation of all to share in the Honour of the Victory, that those whom Age might well have excused from intermeddling with matters of War, yet now beyond their Age and natural Strength made themselves remarkable, And now the Victory spread swiftly through the City, upon which the Women and Children and whole Families left their Houses and ran to the Walls and filled them with Spectators, of whom some lift up their Hands to Heaven, and gave thanks to the Gods, others cried out that the Barbarians were justly punished for their profaneness in rissing and plundering of the Temples. For indeed it seemed as if the Gods themselves were engaged in the Fight, where so many Ships were on fire with the Flame mounting into the Air, above the Masts, and the Grecians only standing by (with joyful Acclamations) as Eye-witnesses of every happy Event. And on the contrary, the Barbarians amazed and astonished 
Ant. Ch. 394.  with the dreadful misfortune (in great Confusion, and with mournful Cries) bewailing themselves. But Night put an end to the Battle, and Dionysius encamped near to the Barbarians at the Temple of Jupiter.  
The Carthaginians being thus routed both by Sea and Land, sent Ambassadors privately to Dionysius to offer him Three hundred Talents, which they had then ready in their Camp, if he would permit the remainder of their Army to transport themselves into Africa. To this Dionysius answered, that he could not suffer all to be gone, but he was content that those who were Citizens of Carthage might departed privately in the Night, but no other. For he knew well enough that neither the Syracusians nor his Confederates 
P. 436.  would ever suffer him to grant to them any such liberty. But he did this because he was unwilling utterly to destroy the Carthaginians, that the Syracusians (through fear of them) might find no opportunity or leisure by disturbing of him, to seek after the regaining of their Liberty. Having therefore agreed with the Carthaginians that they should be gone the fourth Night next after, he draws his whole Army into the City. Upon which, Imilco delivered the Three hundred Talents to some appointed for that purpose, 
Imilco gives 300 Talents to Dionysius to have liberty to departed into Africa.  who conveyed them secretly in the night into the Castle; When the time appointed was come, Imilco filled Forty Galleys with Citizens of Carthage, with an intent to be gone, leaving the rest of the Army behind him. And he was no sooner entered into the Port, but some Corinthians discerning that Dionysius trifled away the time in getting the Soldiers and Officers together, were impatient, and forthwith made after them. And by rowing hard, at length got up to the Carthaginian Ships that were in the Rear, which they sunk, by piercing them through with the Beaks of their Ships. Afterwards Dionysius drew 
The Carthaginians pursued. Ant. Ch. 394.  out his Army; but the Sicilians, who sided with the Carthaginians, were almost all fled through the heart of the Country, and escaped to their several Cities, before the Syracusians could reach up to them. In the mean time when Dionysius had placed Guards at several Passes to intercept them that fled, he marched with his Army in the Night to the Enemy's Camp: Upon which, all the Barbarians now betrayed both by their General and the Carthaginians, and likewise by the Sicilians, fled away in great fear and amazement, of whom part were taken falling in among their Enemy's Guards, that waylaid them; others, and the greatest part, threw away their Arms, and cried for Quarter. But the Spaniards with their Arms got into a Body, and sent a Trumpet to Dionysius to offer themselves to him as Confederates: Upon which, he made a League with them, and joined them to the Regiments of his Mercenaries. The rest of the common Soldiers he took, and whatever was left of the Bag and Baggage he gave for Plunder to the Soldiers. And thus was the sudden change and turn of the Carthaginian Affairs; From whence all Men may learn, That whoever they be that above measure exalt themselves, may come in short time to be convinced how weak and inconsiderable creatures they are, They, who a little before were possessed of all the Cities of Sicily but Syracuse (which they accounted themselves likewise sure of) were presently brought into such a straight, as to be afraid lest they should lose their own Country: And they who lately destroyed the Sepulchers of the Syracusians, were now Eye-witnesses of a Hundred and fifty thousand Carcases of their own Men that perished by the Plague, lying rotting upon the ground without the Honour of Burial. They who had before burnt up all before them belonging to the Syracusians, by a sudden change of Fortune now, saw their whole Fleet wrapped up, and consumed 
Ant. Ch. 394.  in Flames. They who not long ago in great Pride and Ostentation entered into the Port of Syracuse, boasting of their Successes, little thought that within a while after they should be forced to fly away in the night, and treacherously leave their Confederates to the Mercy of their Enemies. The General himself, who had pitched his Tent in the Temple of Jupiter, and had robbed the Temples of the Riches laid up in them, shamefully fled away with a few to Carthage, and tho' he escaped with Life, yet he could 
Imilco's Misery in his own Country. P. 437.  not fly from the Vengeance of the Gods for his Impiety; but lived all his Days in disgrace in his own Country, reproached and scorned by all. Nay, he was reduced to that extremity of Misery, that he wandered about round all the Temples of the City in Rags, convinced of his own Impiety, and doing Penance for his notorious Wickedness; and and at length Murdered himself, and Died in extreme Want and Poverty; by his example 
Murders himself.  leaving behind him an awe of the Gods among the Citizens. For presently after, many other calamities of War overtook them: For this overthrow being spread all over afric, their Confederates who hated them before, now for their treacherous deserting of the Soldiers at Syracuse, abhorred the Carthaginians much more than they did before. And therefore stirred up by Rage on the one hand, and encouraged to contemn the Carthaginians by reason of their late misfortune on the other, they resolved to stand up for their 
The Confederates rise up in Arms against the Carthaginians.  Liberty. And having sent Ambassadors into all parts, they raised an Army, and at length encamped themselves in the Field. Upon which, there presently came in to them, not only Free Men but Slaves, so that in a small time they made up a Body of Two hundred thousand Men.  
In the first place they took Tunis, not far from Carthage from thence they marched in a body, fought and beat the Carthaginians, and drove them within their Walls. At length the Carthaginians (against whom the Gods thus apparently fought) with faint and trembling Hearts, assembled themselves together to supplicate the Deity to be appeased and to put an end to his Wrath and Indignation against them. And presently a Spirit of 
Ant. Ch. 394.  Devotion (joined with Fear) possessed the whole City, whilst every one expected to become miserable Slaves. Therefore all were of Opinion that the Gods who were offended, should by all means in the first place be atoned. And altho' they never before Sacrificed to Proserpina or Ceres, yet now the chiefest of the Citizens were consecrated to be Priests for this Service. And having set forth the Statues of the Gods with all Pomp and Solemnity, they ordered the Sacrifices for the future to be made according to the Grecian Rites and Ceremonies. And they carefully made use of those Grecians that were with them, and who were best acquainted with the Rites of their Religion, to officiate in the Sacrifices. But after this they prepared another Navy, and all other things necessary for the carrying on of the War.  
In the mean time the Rebels, tho' they were a vast number of Men, yet they wanted good and expert Officers; and that which was worst of all, they wanted sufficient Provision for such a multitude, which the Carthaginians were supplied with, having enough brought to them by Sea from Sardinia. And besides all this, the Revolters fell a quarrelling among themselves about the Supreme Command of the Army; and some, bribed with Money by the Carthaginians, fell off and deserted the common Cause. And hence it came to pass, that (through want of Provision, and Treachery of some of their Associates) this great Rabble broke in pieces, and were dispersed here and there, every one to their own Country, and Places of Habitation, and so freed Carthage from the great 
Ant. Ch. 394.  Fright they were lately in. And this was the State of Affairs in Africa at this time.  
As for Dionysius, he discerning that the Mercenaries bore him no Good Will, and therefore, lest they should depose him, seized upon Aristotle their General, upon which the common Soldiers ran to their Arms, and in great Rage demanded their Pay. But he, to appease them, told them, That he would send Aristotle to Lacedaemon to be tried there by the Democracy, and gave them (who were about Ten thousand) the City and Country of Leontum for their Pay, which they readily accepted for the sweetness and pleasantness of the Place, and divided the Land amongst themselves by Lot. Then he raised other Mercenaries, to whom, and to those that were Freemen of his own Family, he committed the Care and Protection of his Government.  
After the Overthrow of the Carthaginians, all those that remained of them that belonged to the Cities that were taken by the Carthaginians throughout Sicily, got together, and being restored to their several Countries, began to get Strength again. And Dionysius repeopled 
Dionysius re-peoples' Messina.  Messina with a Thousand Lecrians, Four thousand Medimneans, and Six hundred Melesians of Peloponnesus, who were Exiles from Zacynthus and Naupactus. But when he discerned that he had offended the Lacedæmonians, by planting the Messinians (whom they had driven out) in so eminent and considerable a City, he removed them into another 
Ant. Ch. 394.  Place in the Province of Abacena, near the Sea, limiting them within certain Bounds. The Messinians called this City Tyndarides, and living peaceably among themselves, and receiving 
P. 438.  many into the Freedom of their City, they increased in a short time to above the Number of Five thousand. After many Expeditions and Incursions into the Territories of the Sicilians, they took Smenteum and Morgantium, and entered into League with Agyris the King of the Agyroneans, and Damon the Petty Prince of the Centorrippineans, likewise with the Erbiteans and Astorines. Cephaledium, Selunta, and Enua, were also brought under their Power and Government by Treachery. And they made Peace with them of Erbissa, and so stood the Affairs of Sicily at that time.   

CHAP. VIII.  
Agesilaus made General against the Persians by the Lacedæmonians; goes to Ephesus. They send to the King of Egypt for Assistance. The Persians routed at Sipylus by Agesilaus. Tissaphernes' Head cut off in a Bath at Larissa. The War between the Phoceans and Baeotians.  
IN Greece, when the Lacedæmonians foresaw the great War they were likely to have with the Persians, they made Agesilaus, one of their two Kings, their General, who raising Six thousand Men, and choosing Thirty of the most eminent Citizens to be Members of the Senate, passed over out of Europe to Ephesus. There he raised Four thousand more, and so marched into the Field with an Army of Ten thousand Foot, and Four 
Ush. Ann. 174. rather Four thousand Horse. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Hundred Horse.  
After the Camp followed a Rabble, (for the sake of Pillage and Plunder,) not inferior in Number to the Army itself. He ran through the Plains of the Caystrions, and wasted and spoiled all that belong to the Persians as far as to Cumae. Moving from thence, he spent the greatest part of the Summer in spoiling and wasting Phrygia, the Country next adjoining; and having loaded his Army with Pillage and Spoil, about the latter end of Autumn returned with his Army to Ephesus.  
While these Things were acting, the Lacedæmonians sent Ambassadors to 
* Otherwise called Nepherites.  Nephreus King of Egypt, in order to procure his Assistance in the War; who sent to the Spartans' Tackle and Furniture for a Hundred Galleys, and Five hundred thousand Bushels of Wheat instead of Soldiers. Pharax therefore, the Lacedaemonian Admiral, losing from Rhodes with a Hundred and twenty Sail, arrived at Cassandra a Castle of Caria, distant a Hundred 
Ant. Ch. 394. The King of Egypt sends Tackle for Ships and Wheat to the Lacedæmonians.  and fifty Stages from Caunus. Setting sail from thence, he besieged Caunus and Conon the Persian Admiral, who then lay there with a Fleet of Forty Sail. But Artaphernes and Pharnabazus approaching to the Relief of Caunus with a great Army, Pharax raised his Siege, and returned with his Fleet to Rhodes.  
After this, Canon got together Fourscore Galleys, and with these sails over the Chersones. In the mean time, the Inhabitants of Rhodes refuse to suffer the Peloponnesian Fleet to enter 
Rhodes revolts foom the Lacedæmonians.  their Harbour, and Revoit from the Lacedæmonians, and receive Conon with his Navy into their Port and City. And presently after, they who brought Corn out of Egypt, (designed for the Lacedæmonians,) not knowing any thing of the Defection of the Rhodians, sailed boldly to the Island. Upon which, Conon the Persian Admiral, with the help of the Rhodians, brought them and their Loading into the Port, and stored the City with Corn. And there came likewise other Ships to Conon, Ten from Silicia, and Fourscore from Phenicia, under the Command of the Lord Lieutenant of the Province of S●don.  
But afterwards Agesilaus drawing out his Army into the Plain of Caystrus, and the Places 
Ant. Ch. 394. Agesilaus p●●lages in Asia.  near to Sipylus, plundered and spoiled the Inhabitants. Upon which, Tissaphernes, with an Army of Ten Thousand Horse, and Fifty Thousand Foot, came upon the Backs of the Lacedæmonians, and killed all the Stragglers as they were foraging and ranging about the Country. But Agesilaus, with a Phalanx (drawn up in a Square) possessed himself of the rising Grounds at Sipylus, watching his opportunity to set upon the Enemy: and from thence overran all the Country as far as to Sardis, and amongst others wasted and 
P. 439.  destroyed a 
* Paradise.  Garden belonging to Tissaphernes, set with all sorts of Trees, and other Things for Delight, and Divertisement in time of Peace, beautified with very great Art and Cost. Marching thence, when he came half way between Sardis and Thyberne, he sent Xenocles the Spartan in the Night with Fourteen hundred Men into a Wood to lie in Ambush, in order to intercept the Enemy, he himself (about spring of Day) marching forward with the Army: As soon as he had passed the Ambuscade, the Barbarians in great 
Routs Tissaphernes by an Ambuscade.  Fury on the sudden set upon his Rear; upon which he forthwith wheeled about, and when they were hotly engaged, he lift up a Sign to them in Ambush, who forthwith with a great Shout came in and fell upon the Enemy, who seeing themselves surrounded, (in great Fear and Terror) betook themselves to their Heels, of whom Six thousand were killed in the Pursuit, and a great number of Prisoners taken, and the Lacedæmonians seized the Enemy's Camp, which was very rich. Tissaphernes himself amazed at the Valour of the Spartans', in a great Fright fled out of the Battle to Sardis. Agesilaus was moved to march up higher into the other Provinces, but because the Sacrifices did not point out to him any good Success, he returned with his Army to the Seaside,  
Artaxerxes King of Asia hearing of the routing of his Army, was both Afraid and Angry; Afraid of the Lacedæmonians, and Angry at Tissaphernes, who was the occasion of the War. And Parysatis the Queen-Mother had not long before prayed Artaxerxes, even upon her Knees, to take Revenge upon Tissaphernes; for she bore him a mortal Hatred, 
Ant. Ch. 394.  because he was instrumental to frustrate the Expedition of her Son against his Brother, Artaxerxes therefore makes Tithraustes General, and commanded him to seize Tissaphernes, giving him likewise Letters directed to all the Cities and Governors of the Provinces, ordering them to observe his Commands. As soon as Tithraustes came to Colosse in Phrygia, by the help of the Governor of Larissa he seized Tissaphernes in a Bath, and cut off his 
Tissaphernes killed by the King's Order.  Head and sent it to the King. After which, he made a Truce with Agesilaus for Six Months.  
While Affairs went thus in Asia, the Phoceans made War upon the Boeotians, and prayed 
War between the Boeotians and Phocian, called the Boeotian War.  Aid and Assistance from the Lacedæmonians. Upon which, Lysander was sent thither with a few Soldiers, who raised more after he came to Phocis; but not long after, Pausanias' King of Sparta was sent to Phocis with Six thousand, whereupon the Boeotians drew out their Forces, and being joined by the Athenians their Confederates, found Haliartus besieged by Lysander and the Phoceans. Whereupon a Battle was fought, in which Lysander, and many of the Lacedæmonians with their Confederates, were killed. The Boeotians pursued not far, but Two hundred Thebans lost their Lives, by falling down some steep Precipices through their own Carelessness. This was afterwards called the Boeotian War. But Pausanias hearing of the Defeat of the Lacedæmonians, entered into a Truce with the Boeotians, and returned with his Army into Peloponnesus.  
In the mean time, Conon the Persian Admiral committed the Care of the Fleet to Hieronymus and Nicodamus, two Athenians, and he himself hastened away to the King sailing 
Ant. Ch. 394. Conon employed by the King of Persia against the Lacedæmonians. P. 440.  to Silicia, and from thence passing to Thapsacus in Syria, he put himself in a Barge, and sailed down the River Euphrates to Babylon. Here being admitted to the King, he promised, That if the King would but furnish him with Money and other Necessaries as he should think fit, he would undertake to ruin the Lacedaemonian Fleet. The King was much pleased, and highly Commended and Rewarded him, and ordered a Paymaster to attend him, and pay him as much Money as he should from time to time require He gave him likewise liberty to choose what Persian he would to be his Colleague and Assistant in the Command; and he thereupon chose Pharnabazus, and after he had taken Order for all Things, (according to the utmost of his Power,) he went down to Sea.   

CHAP. IX.  
The Confederate War by the Argives and others against the Lacedæmonians. The Battle at Aricas. The Fight at Nemea. Pisander the Lacedaemonian Admiral routed in a Sea-Fight at Cnidus by the Persian Fleet, commanded by Conon the Athenian. The Corinthian War against the Lacedæmonians, and the great Sedition there.  
AT the end of the year Diophantus was made Lord Chancellor at Athens, and at Rome Six Military Tribunes were invested with the Consular Authority; that is to say, 
Olymp. 96. 2. Ant. Ch. 393.  Lucius Valerius, Marcus Furius, Quintus Servilius, Quintus Sulpitius, 
* Mistaken.  Claudius 
* Marcus Valerius Maximus.  Ogron, and 
* Lucius Furius. The Confederate War.  Marius Appius. In the time of their Governments, the Boeotians and Athenians, the Corinthians and the Argives, Confederated: For they conceived, that if they (being the most considerable and largest Cities of Greece) did but stick close one to another, they might easily overcome the Lordly Power of the Lacedæmonians, and the rather for that they were hated of their Confederates for their Tyrannical Government. To this end they first ordered a General Assembly of Members from the several Cities to meet at Corinth, where being met, they ordered all Things necessary concerning the War. Afterwards they sent Messengers from City to City, and by that means took off many from siding with the Lacedæmonians. And presently there joined with them all Eubea generally, the Leucadians, Acarnanians, Ambraciots, and Chalcideans of Thrace. They then endeavoured to bring into the Confederacy the Inhabitants of Peloponnesus; but none of them would hearken to them: For Sparta lying close to the sides of Peloponnesus, was as a Castle or Bulwark for the Defence of the Country. Medius, the Prince of Larissa in Thessaly, was about that time engaged in a War with Lycophrone Tyrant of the 
* Phera a City in Macedonia.  Phereans, to whom upon his Request this General Assembly sent in Aid Two thousand Men, who being furnished with these Aides, takes Pharsalus, (a Lacedaemonian Garrison,) and sells all the Inhabitants for Slaves. After this, the Boeotians, with them of Argos, separating themselves from Medius, took Heraclea in Trachinia, being let within the Walls in the night, and there they put all the Lacedæmonians to the Sword; but suffered the Peloponnesians to departed with all that belonged to them. Then they recalled the Trachinians to inhabit the City, whom the Lacedæmonians had forced to till the Land, though they were the ancient Inhabitants of the Country.  
And not long after, Istmenias the General of the Boeotians leaving the Argives to guard the City, caused the Eneans and Achamaneans to desert the Lacedæmonians, and having raised among them and other Confederates many Soldiers, he marched with an Army of no less than Six thousand Men against the Phoceans. Not long after he encamped near Aricas, a City of Locris, (the Birth-place of Ajax, as 'tis said,) where the Phoceans, under the 
Ant. Ch. 393.  Conduct of Lacisthenes a Laconian, came out against him and fought him: The Dispute was very sharp for a long time, but at length the Boeotians got the Day, and pursued the 
The Battle at Aricas.  Enemy till it grew dark, of whom they killed above a Thousand, and lost Five hundred of their own. After this Battle, both Sides disbanded their Armies, and the Phoceans returned to their own Country, and the other to Corinth; where having called a Senate, and encouraged by this good Success, (as they conceived of it,) they mustered at Corinth (raised out of all the Cities far and near) to the Number of about Fifteen thousand Foot, and Five hundred Horse.  
The Lacedæmonians seeing that the greatest Cities of Greece had confederated against them, determined to send for Agesilaus, and the Army he had with him, out of Asia. Yet 
P. 441.  in the mean time they marched out against the Enemy with Three and twenty thousand 
The Battle at Nemea.  Foot, and Five hundred Horse, which they had raised out of their own City, and from among their Confederates. And not long after a Battle was fought at the River Nemea, which continued till Night parted them, wherein part of the Army on both sides prevailed one against the other. There fell of the Lacedæmonians and their Confederates, Eleven hundred; but of the Boeotians and their Confederates, were slain Two thousand Eight hundred.  
As soon as Agesilaus had landed his Army in Europe, he was encountered by a great Body 
Ant. Ch. 393.  of Thracians, whom he routed, and killed the greatest part of them. Thence he marched through Macedonia, on purpose to pass that way Xerxes had formerly done, when he came with a powerful Army into Greece. Having therefore passed through Macedon and Thessaly, he went on forward to the Straits of Thermopylae, and passed through that way.  
In the mean time Conon and Pharnabazus, the Persian Admirals lay at Doryma in the Chersonese with a Fleet of more than Ninety Men of War; and being informed that the Enemy's 
The Sea-fight at Cnidus.  Navy lay at Cnidus, they prepared for a Sea-Fight. 
* Periarchus is here mistaken for Pisander. Ush. Ann. 179.  Periarchus the Admiral of the Lacedaemonian Fleet weighing Anchor from Cnidus, arrived at Physeus in Chersonesus with Eighty five Galleys; and losing from thence, fell upon the King's Fleet, and had the advantage against those Ships he first attacked: But upon the Persian Galleys coming up in a full Body to rescue their Fellows, his Confederates fled, and made to the Shoar; but he judging it a base and dishonourable thing for a Spartan to turn his Back, tacked about to front the Enemy, and fight with great Gallantry, (after he had destroyed many of the Persians in the heat of the Fight) was at length killed, and so fell with Honour worthy 
Pisander killed, and the Lacedæmonians routed at Sea.  of his Country. Then they with Conon pursuing the Lacedæmonians to the Shoar, took Fifty of their Galleys, but the most part of the Men swum to Land and escaped, only Five hundred were taken Prisoners; and the rest of the Galleys came to Gnidus.  
But Agesilaus being strengthened with Forces from Peloponnesus, entered with an Army 
Ant. Ch. 393.  into Boeotia, where the Boeotians and their Confederates forthwith met him at Coronea, and 
The Lacedæmonians beat the Boeotians.  engaged, in which Battle the Boeotians put that Wing of the Lacedæmonians to slight that opposed them, and pursued them to their Camp; but the rest, after a small Resistance, were routed by Agesilaus and his Party. Whereupon the Lacedæmonians looking upon themselves as Conquerors, in token of Victory erected a Trophy, and gave Leave to the Enemy to bury their Dead. For there were killed of the Boeotians and their Confederates above Six hundred; and of the Lacedæmonians and their Associates above Three hundred and fifty; Agesilaus himself being sorely wounded, and carried to Delphos to be cured.  
After the late Sea-fight, Pharnabazus and Conon invaded the Confederates of the Lacedæmonians with their whole Fleet; and first forced them of Coos to a Defection, from the Lacedæmonians, than those of 
* Nisea, a Town on the East-side of the Isthmos of Peloponnenesus.  Nisea, and 
† Tios', a City in Paphligonia.  Tios or Teium. Afterward the Chians (forcing out the Garrison there) revolted to Conon.  
The Mitylenes, Ephesians, and Erythreans likewise followed the Examples of the former. And thus all the Cities on a sudden revolted, some of which (casting out the Lacedaemonian Garrisons) took the opportunity absolutely to free themselves; others from that time gave themselves up into Conon's Hands, and from that time forward the Lacedæmonians lost the Sovereignty of the Sea.  
Conon determining to sail for Attica with his whole Fleet, weighs Anchor, and by the 
P. 442.  way beinging over the Islands of the 
* Cycladeses, Islands of the Aegean Sea near Delos, lying in a Round, and therefore so called.  Cycladeses to his side, he makes strait for 
† Cythera, an Island over against Crete.  Cythera, which he gained upon the first Approach, and taking Hostages of the Cythereans for their Fidelity, he sent them away to Laconia; and when he had put a strong Garrison into the City, he sailed for Corinth, where he had Audience of the Senate; and then entering into a League, and leaving Money with them for the carrying on of the War, he returned into Asia. About this time Eropus King of Macedonia died, after he had reigned Six Years; his Son Pausanias succeeded him, and reigned only One Year. Theopompus of Chius ends his History with this Year, and with the Sea-fight at Cnidus, containing the Relation of the Grecian Affairs in Twelve Books; begun at the Sea-fight at Cynossema, where Thucydides ends, comprehending Seventeen Years. 
Ant. Ch. 393.   
After the end of the last Year, Eubulides was made Lord Chancellor of Athens, and 
Olymp. 96. 3. An. M. 3578. Ant. Ch. 392.  Six Military Tribunes executed the Consular Dignity at Rome, (Lucius Sergius, Aulus Posthumius, Publius Cornelius, Sextus Centius, Quintus Manlius, and 
* Lucius Julius, and Lucius Furius.  Anitius Camillus.) At that time Conon the Persian Admiral arrived in the Pireum at Athens with Fourscore Sail, and promised the Citizens to rebuild the Walls of the City. For the Walls and long Thighs of the Pyream were demolished by the Lacedæmonians, according to the Articles of the Peace when the Athenians were brought very low, and their Power broken by the Peloponnesian War. To this end Conon hired many Workmen, and ordered several out of 
Conon comes to Athens.  the Fleet to be assisting to the carrying on of the Work, so that the greatest part of the 
Builds the Walls of the Pireum.  Wall was finished in a short time. For the Thebans sent in Five hundred Carpenters and Masons, and several other Cities gave their Assistance. But Teribazus, General of the Land Forces in Asia envying Conon's Successes, contrived falsely to charge him, as if he only made use of the King's Soldiers to get Towns and Cities for the Athenians; therefore sending for him to Sardis, upon his appearance he seized him and threw him into 
Ant. Ch. 392.  Prison.  
But now at Corinth some that had thirsted after the chief Rule and Command in the Government, entered into a Conspiracy, and at the time of the public Plays killed many 
The Sedition at Corinth.  in the Playhouse, and filled the City with Tumult and Sedition. And being assisted by the Argives they cut the Throats of a Hundred and Twenty Citizens, and Banished Five 
The Corinthian War.  hundred more. The Lacedæmonians raised Forces in order to reduce these Murderers by Force of Arms: But the Athenians and Beotians came with an Army to their assistance, but with an Eye to bring the City into their Subjection. But the Exiles with the Lacedæmonians and other Confederates, in the Night came up to the Lecheum and 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Arsenal, and took it by Storm. The next day the Townsmen drew out their Forces under the Command of Iphicrates, but were routed by the Lacedæmonians, who slew a great number of them. After this, the Beotians and Athenians together with the Argives and Corinthians, marched down with their Forces to the Lecheum, and at first (after a short Resistance) forced their way into the Castle. But the Lacedæmonians and Exiles (Valiantly renewing the Fight,) drove out the Beotians, and all with them, who were forced to return into the City, with the loss of about a Thousand Men.  
And now the time of Celebrating the Isthmian Games approached, and a Contest fell out amongst them concerning the Ordering and Management of the Sports: And after much wrangling, the Lacedæmonians prevailed, and gave to the Exiles the Authority of ordering that Affair: And because almost all the Skirmishes and Encounters in this War happened near to Corinth, it was called the Corinthian War, and lasted Eight Years.   

CHAP. X.  
The Quarrel between the Rhegians and Dionysius. Mago the Carthaginian settles Affairs in Sicily. Routed at Abacena by Dionysius. Rhegium near surprised by Dionysius. The Acts of Iphicrates at Corinth, Phlias, and Sicyon. Amyntas' lost his Kingdom of Macedonia, but was restored. The Romans take Veii; Dedicate a Golden Cup to Apollo. Their Ambassadors are taken by the Pirates of the Lipari-Islands, but discharged by Timasitheus.  
MOreover, about this time they of Rhegium quarrelled with Dionysius in Sicily, because 
P. 443. Ant. Ch. 392. Quarrels between the Rhegians and Dionysius.  he had fortified Messina, as if he intended thereby some Mischief against them. Upon which they received into their Protection all that were driven out by Dionysius, and all others that hated his Government. Then they gave Mylas to the late Inhabitants of Naxus and Catana to be inhabited by them; and sent Heloris with an Army to besiege Messina; and while he in the first place besieged the Castle, the Townsmen with the Mercenaries of Dionysius drew out and fell upon him, routed him, and killed above Five hundred of his Followers. Then they presently set upon Mylas and took it, and and discharged all the Naxians that were there 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  upon terms of mutual Friendship, who went to the Sicilian and Grecian Cities, some to one place and some to another.  
Dionysius now having made a League with the Cities that lay upon the Seacoasts, determined to pass over with an Army against Rhegium: But for the present his Design was retarded by the Sicilians at Tauromenum, whom therefore he resolved in the first place to reduce; 
Dionysius besieges Tauromenium.  to which end he marched thither with all his Forces, and Encamped on that side towards Naxos, and continued his Siege all Winter, in hopes that the Sicilians would leave the Hill, because they had not been long there. But they having heard their Fathers declare that the ancient Sicilians (the former Inhabitants of that Place) were expulsed thence by the Grecians when they arrived there, and built Naxus, they therefore concluded they had just cause both to defend their own Country, and to revenge the Injury done to their Ancestors by the Greeks, and so they defended the Place with great Resolution.  
In the mean time, while the Dispute was hot on both sides, 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Ant. Ch. 392.  the Winter Solstice drew near at hand, and Winter coming on apace all the Places near the Castle were full of Snow; and Dionysius conceiving that the Sicilians by reason of the strength of the Place and height of the Walls, kept but a slender Guard in the Castle, he ascends those high and steep Places in a dark and tempestuous Night, and with much difficulty (by reason of the steepness of the Rock, and depth of the Snow) at length with a scared Face and half blind with Cold and Snow; possessed himself of one part of the Castle: Then presently forcing into another, he laid open a Passage for his Army into the City: Upon which the whole Power and Strength of the Sicilians ran together, and drove the Dionystans out of the City and Castle; and he himself (by a blow upon his Brigandine) in the pursuit was knocked down, and was very near falling alive into the hands of his Enemies. And in regard the Sicilians had the advantage of high Ground (from whence they galled the other) above Six hundred of Dionysius' his Men were killed, and many lost their Arms, Dionysius himself 
Dionysius near killing.  saved only his Corslet. After this Misfortune, they of Agrigentum and Messina (those that sided with Dionysius being at a great distance) were altogether intent upon regaining their Liberty, and therefore sent back Dionysius' Ambassador, who was ordered to them to renew and continue the Confederacy and League that then was between them and the Tyrant.  
About this time Pausanias, King of Sparta, fled out of his Country, by reason of some heinous Crimes laid to his charge by the Citizens when he had reigned Fourteen Years: Agistpolis his Soft succeeded him, and continued as many years more? Then likewise died Pausania●; King of Macedon, whom Amyntas treacherously murdered after he had reigned only one Year. Amyntas, who thus thus got the Kingdom, held it Four and twenty Years.  
At the End of the Year, Demostratus was chosen Archon of Athens, and six Military 
Olymp. 96. 4. Ant. Ch. 391.  Tribunes, Lucius Titinius, Publius Licinius, Publius Melius, Quintus 
* Maenius. The Acts of Mago in Sicily. P. 444.  Mallius, Cneius Genutius, and Lucius Attilius, governed as Consuls at Rome. In their time Mago, the Carthaginian General was busy in Sicily, endeavouring to settle the Affairs of Carthage there, which were then but in an ill Condition, since the last slaughter and ruin of their Army. To this end he carried himself with all Mildness and Humanity towards all the Cities within his Government, and received all others into his Protection that were Enemies to Dionysius, and entered into Leagues with many of the Sicilians. At length he raised an Army, and marched against Messina, and when he had wasted the Country he returned with rich Booty, and Encamped near Abacena, a City of his Confederates. But Dionysius with his Army marched up to him, and upon his approach both Armies were drawn out in order of Battle, upon which there was a sharp and hot Engagement, in which the Carthaginians were routed and fled to the City, with the loss of above Eight hundred Men: And Dionysius returned to Syracuse. But within a few days after he made an Expedition against 
Dionysius sets upon Rhegium in Italy.  Rhegium with an hundred Sail well Manned; and coming upon them on a sudden in the Night, he set the Gates on Fire, and reared Scaling-Ladders to the Walls. A few only of the Rhegians at first ran to repulse the Enemy, and busied themselves in extinguishing the Fire; but by the advice of Heloris the Governor, they left the Fire, and fell with all their force upon the Enemy, and by that means saved their City. For if they had continued 
Ant. Ch. 391.  still in quenching the Flames, so small a number could not have kept out the Dionysians till the rest of the Citizens had come in to their assistance. For by throwing of Timber and other combustible matter from the Tops of the Houses next adjoining, they rather increased the Fire. Dionysius being thus disappointed in his design, wastes and destroys all the Country round about with Fire and Sword; but afterwards made a Truce with them for one Year, and so returned to Syracuse.  
In the mean time, the Grecians in Italy perceiving that Dionysius his Covetousness and 
The Grecians confederate in Italy against Dionysius.  Ambition extended as far as to their Countries, entered into a general League, and appointed a public Place for their Common Assemblies. By this means they hoped that they should both be able to oppose Dionysius, and likewise have an Army always ready to fight the Lucanians, who were ever and anon making inroads upon them.  
While these things were doing, the Exiles that were in the Lecheum at Corinth, being let into the City in the Night, endeavoured to possess themselves of the Walls, but were 
The Lacedæmonians beaten by Iphicrates near Corinth.  driven out again by Iphicratis, and forced to fly to the Arsenal, with the loss of Three hundred Men. Within a few days after, part of the Spartan Army marched through the Territories of Corinth, and were suddenly fallen upon by Iphicrates and some other Confederates, who out off the greatest part of them. And marching from thence with his Light-armed Men against Phlias, he engaged with them that came out of the Town, and killed above Three hundred of them. Hence he made against Sicyon, who drew out under 
Ant. Ch. 391  the Walls and fought him, but were beaten and forced into the City, with the loss of Five hundred Citizens.  
After these things, the Argives with all their Forces came against Corinth, and took both 
Corinth taken by the Argives.  the Castle and City, and joined that Territory to their own. Iphicrates the Athenian had had a design to be Master of that Territory, as a Place conducing much to the gaining and keeping the Principality of Greece. But the People opposing it, he Abdicated the Government, and the Athenians ordered Cabrias to Corinth in his room.  
In Macedonia Amyntas, the Father of Philip, was ejected out of his 
* Pella.  City by the Illyrians, who made an inroad into his Country, and despairing to keep his Kingdom, he gave the 
* Furius Camillus.  Olynthians the Territory next adjoining to them. However, though he lost his Kingdom at this time, yet soon after he recovered it by the help of the Thessalians, and reigned afterwards Four and twenty Years. Yet there are some that writ, that after the Expulsion of Amyntas, Argeus reigned in Macedonia for the space of Two years, and then Amyntas was restored. About the same time Satyrus, the Son of Sparticus, King of Bospherus, 
P. 445.  died, after he had reigned Fourteen years, and Leuco his Son succeeded him for the space of Forty years.  
In Italy, after Eleven years' Siege of the Veians, the Romans created 
* Cornelius Scipio. Ant. Ch. 391. The Romans take Veii.  Marcus Furius, Dictator, and 
** One of the Isles of Lipari near Sicily.  Publius Cornelius, General of the Horse. Having raised an Army they stormed Veii by undermining the Castle, razed the City and sold the Inhabitants for Slaves; after which the Dictator triumphed, and the People of Rome dedicated a Golden Cup to the Oracle at Delphos, out of the Tenth of the Spoils. But they that carried the Offering were fallen upon by * Thiefs or Pirates belonging to the Isles of Lapari, and were carried 
* Like them of Algiers.  thither. Yet when Timasatheus who was then chief Magistrate of * Lisopara, heard of it, he not only protected the Messengers from all Injuries, but caused the Cup to be restored, and suffered them to pass safely to Delphos: Who, when they had delivered the Cup into the Treasury of the 
* Messana in Peloponnesus.  Messinians, returned to Rome. And when the Romans understood how nobly Timasatheus had dealt with the Ambassadors, they presently so far honoured him, as to enter into a League of Alliance and Friendship with him; and an Hundred thirty and seven years after, when they took Lipara from the Carthaginians, they ordered all the Posterity of Timasatheus to be quit of Tribute, and free in all other respects.   

CHAP. XI.  
The Acts of Thrasybulus the Athenian General. The Carthaginians under Mago begin a new War in Sicily against Dionysius. A Peace concluded. Rhodes falls off from the Athenians. Evagoras becomes King of Salamis in Cyprus. Makes War against the Persians. The Acts of Thimbro, the Lacedaemonian General in Asia.  
WHen the Year was ended, Philocles was made Lord-Chancellor of Athens, and 
Olymp. 97. 1. Ant. Ch. 390.  six Military Tribunes 
* Publius Cornelius Scipio,  Publius Sextus, Publius Cornelius 
* Cossus. Thrasybulus made the Athenian General. The Acts of Thrasybulus  Crassus, Ceso Fabius, Lucius Furius, Quintus Servilius, and Marcus Valerius executed the Office of Consuls at Rome. At this time was celebrated the Ninety Seventh Olympiad, in which Terites was Victor. And then the Athenians ordered forth their General Thrasybulus with Forty sail of Men of War, who hastened to jonia, and there being furnished with Money from the Confederates, he weighed Anchor from thence and arrived at Chersonesus, where he stayed a while and procured Medocus and Seuthes, Princes of Thrace, to become Confederates. Presently after, he passed over to Lesbos, and anchored with his Fleet near to Eressus: But by a violent Storm Three and Twenty of his Ships were then lost. However, with those that were left he endeavoured to reduce the Cities of Lesbos to their Obedience, for all had made a Defection, except Mitylene; and first he sets upon Methymna, and fought with the Citizens led by Therimacus, a Spartan, whom he killed, with many of the Methymnians his followers, and drove the rest within their Walls; and after he had made great Spoil and Havoc in the Country, Eressus and Antissa were surrendered to him: Then (being furnished with Shipping from Chius and Mitylene,) he failed to Rhodes.  
And now the Carthaginians having (after the Slaughter at Syracuse) at length recovered 
Mago invades Sicily with an Army from Africa, and other Parts.  their Strength, resolved to renew their Attempts for the bettering their Affairs in Sicily; and because they determined to try their Fortune by a Battle at Land, they passed over but with a few long Ships; but raised Soldiers out of Africa, Sardinia, and from among the Barbarians in Italy, and armed them all completely at their own Charge, and with these they Landed in Sicily to the number of Fourscore thousand, under their General Mago; who marching through the Territories of the Sicilians, caused many Cities to desert and fall off from Dionysius, and at length Encamped at the River Chrysa in the Country of the Argyrineans, near the Road leading to Morgantinum: But when he could not bring over 
Ant. Ch. 39●.  the Argyrineans to join with him either by fair means or foul, he made an Halt, and especially because he heard an Army was upon their march against him from Syracuse. For 
P. 446.  Dionysius having intelligence of the Motion of the Carthaginians through the Heart of the 
Dionysius marches against the Carthaginians.  Country, without delay, got together what Forces he could, both Syracusians and Mercernaries, and marched against the Enemy with no fewer than Twenty thousand Men. And when he came near to the Enemy's Camp, he sent Ambassadors to Agyris, Prince of the Agyreans, who at that time was the greatest and most Powerful Prince of Sicily next to Dionysius: For he had almost all the Castles and Strong holds lying round about, under his Power and Government, and the City of the Agyreans, which he commanded, was at that time very Populous, having in it no less than Twenty thousand Citizens. Besides, it was sufficiently provided with all sorts of Victuals, and a vast Treasure was laid up in the Castle, which Agyris had hoarded up from the Confiscations of the Richest of the Citizens whom he had put to Death. Dionysius therefore entering with a few into the City, gained Agyris to join with him, promising to bestow on him a large Territory next adjoining to him if he succeeded in the War.  
Agyris then Freely and Liberally furnished Dionysius' Army with Bread and all other 
Agyris joint with Dionysius. Ant. Ch. 390.  Provision, and afterwards drew out all his Forces, and joined with him in the War against the Carthaginians.  
But Mago being in an Enemy's Country (and every day more and more pinched with want of every thing that was necessary) was very uneasy. For the Argyreans being well acquainted with all the Ways and Passes, often surprised his Men and intercepted all Provision. The Syracusions were for fight with all speed; but Dionysius would not yield to that, affirming, That Time and Want would ruin the Carthaginians without Fight. Upon this delay the Syracusians were so enraged that they deserted his Camp: Hereupon he was in a great Fright, and forthwith made free all the Slaves. Yet afterwards the Carthaginians sending Ambassadors to treat upon Terms of Peace, he made Peace with them 
Dionysius makes Peace with the Carthaginians.  and forthwith restored the Servants and Slaves to their Masters.  
The Conditions were like the former, but something fuller in this, That the Sicilians should be Subject to Dionysius, and that he should have Tauromenium.  
When the Articles were Signed and Confirmed, Mago left Sicily, and Dionysius after his taking possession of Tauromenium, banished thence most of the Sicilians; and placed in their room the Choicest of his Mercenaries. Thus stood the Affairs of Sicily at this time. And in Italy the Romans took 
* Rather Phalerium.  Falerum, a City of the Falisci by storm.  
After the End of the Former, this Year Nicoteles executed the Office of chief Magistrate 
Olymp. 97. 2. Ant. Ch. 389.  at Athens, and three Military Tribunes, Marcus Furius, Caius Aemilius, and Catlus Berus were vested with the Consular Dignity at Rome. At this time they of Rhodes that sided with the Lacedæmonians, expelled all the Citizens that favoured the Athenians; and when they got together in Arms to defend their Interest, the Lacedaemonian Confederates routed them with the slaughter of many, and proscribed all the rest that made their Escape. And 
The Lacedæmonians fled to Rhodes.  because they were afraid lest the Citizens should be contriving some Innovations, they sent for Aid from Lacedaemon. Upon this, the Lacedæmonians setting out seven Galleys, sent away Eudocimus, Philodicus, and Diphila, to manage Affairs there; who arriving at Samos, caused the City to fall off from the Athenians. Then coming to Rhodes, they busied themselves in settling and composing Matters there. And now the Lacedæmonians seeing their Affairs to succeed and prosper, they resolved again to recover the Dominion of the Sea, 
Prepare a Fleet.  and to that end prepared a Fleet, and by degrees brought in more and more Confederates to join with them. And for the same purpose they failed to Samos, Rhodes, and Cnidus, and getting together Shipping from all Parts, they Listed from thence the best Seamen they could get, and at length bravely Equipped a Fleet of Twenty seven Galleys. 
P. 447.   
At that time Agesilaus, King of Lacedaemon, hearing that the Argives lay Encamped at the Siege of Corinth, made an Incursion into the Territories of Argos with all the Forces of Sparta, except one Regiment, and having Plundered and Spoiled the People of their Goods and cattle, and cutting down the Trees all along through the Country, he returned to Sparta.  
In Cyprus Evagoras of Salamis, a Man of a Noble Family, (for he was descended from 
Ant. Ch. 389.  the Founders of that City) who was then sometime before expulsed the City by a Sedition, 
Evagoras made King of Salamis.  (but returned not long after) with a small number of Men his Confederates drove Abdemon the Tyrian, Petit-Prince of Salamis (a Friend and Ally of the King of Persia) out of the City, and so at first became King only of Salamis, the Greatest and Richest City of Cyprus, but in a short time after, growing Rich, he raised an Army and purposed to bring the whole Island under his Dominion. To which end he gained some Cities by Force, and others he won by fair Promises. But the Amathusians, Solians, and Citians, (resolving to stand it out) sent Ambassadors to Artaxerxes for aid, and charged Evagoras 
The King of Persia prepares for War against Evagoras.  with the Killing of Agyris, the Persians Confederate, and promised to be assistant to the King in getting the Island into his Hands. The King therefore both to clip the Wings of Evagoras that he might not grow too strong, and for that he considered the commodious Situation of the Place for the supply and provision of the Shipping, whereby he might defend Asia, gave order to send Aid to the Islanders.  
Dismissing therefore the Ambassadors, he sent Letters to all the Sea-Port-Towns and their Governors, to build with all speed what Ships they could, and to furnish them with Tackle, and all things necessary for the Use of the Navy. He commanded likewise 
* Hercatomnus.  Hecatomnus, Lord-Lieutenant of Caria, to make War upon Evagoras: And he himself (going through the Cities of the Upper Asia) sailed thence with a great Army to Cyprus. And such were the Affairs of Asia at this time.  
In Italy the Romans, after they had made Peace with the Falisci, began the Fourth War against the Equi; and took Sutrium by Storm, but lost the Town of Verrugo.  
When this Year ended, Demostratus was chosen Archon, or Lord-Chancellor of Athens; 
Olym 97. 3.  and Lucius Lucretius, and 
* Servilius Sulpitius. Ant. Ch. 388. Thimbro sent into Asia.  Servilius Cossus, were Roman Consuls. At this time Artaxerxes declared Strutha his General, and sent him down with an Army to the Seacoasts against the Lacedæmonians; and they hearing of his March sent Thimbro their General into Asia against him, who possessed himself of the Castle Jonda, and of the high and steep Mountain Corossus, about Forty 
* About 5 Mile.  Stages distant from Ephesus. From thence he wasted and spoiled the King's Provinces with Eight thousand Men that he had raised in Asia. But Struthas (who with a great Body of Horse, and Five thousand Heavy-armed Men, and with above Twenty thousand Light-armed, Encamped near to the Lacedæmonians) at length, when Thimbro was out with a Party, and had loaded himself with Plunder, on a sudden and by surprise, fell upon him and killed him, and took and killed many of his Soldiers, and the rest (being but few) escaped to the Castle Cnidiniam.  
At the same time, Thrasybulus the Athenian General, losing from Lesbos, arrived with his Fleet at Aspendus, and Anchored at the River Eurymedon, and though he received Contributions from them of Aspendus, yet some of his Soldiers Ravaged and Plundered the Country, 
P. 448.  which highly provoked the Aspendians, in so much, that in the Night, they set upon the Athenians, and killed many of them, together with Thrasybulus himself; which struck 
Thrasybulus killed. Ant. Ch. 388.  such a Terror into the Captains and Officers of the Fleet, that they forthwith returned to their Ships, and sailed to Rhodes, where finding that the City had deserted them, they joined with the Exiles, that possessed themselves of a certain Castle, and put themselves in Array against the City. But as soon as the Athenians heard of the Death of Thrasybulus, they dispatched away Argyrius to be General in his room. Thus stood the Affairs of Asia at that time.   

CHAP. XII.  
Dionysius his Expedition against Rhegium. The War between the Lucanians and Thurians in Italy. The Thurians cut off by their own rashness. Leptines generously saved those that swum to his Ships, though he was a Friend to their Enemies. Dionysius his second Expedition into Italy, Besieges Caulonia and routs Heloris. Makes Peace with the Rhegians. Razes Caulonia to the Ground, and transplants the Inhabitants to Syracuse. Watches an Occasion to be revenged on them of Rhegium. Besieges it. He sends rich Chariots to the Olympic Games. His Poetry ridiculed.  
IN Sicily Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse, though he had a Design, and did what he could to bring all Sicily and the Neighbouring Greeks in Italy under his Power, yet deferred the Expedition against them to some other time, as we said before. Having therefore 
Dionysius prepares to Besiege Rhegium.  in the mean time, considered how greatly it would advance his Affairs if he could gain Rhegium (the Key of Italy) he now drew out his Army into the Field. He had then under his Command Twenty thousand Foot, and a Thousand Horse, and a Hundred and Twenty Galleys. With these he passed over to the Borders of Locris, and thence marching through the Heart of the Country he wasted and spoiled all the Territories of Rhegium with Fire and Sword: His Fleet attending over against him he at length Encamped with all his Forces near the Sea. But the Italians hearing of the Arrival of Dionysius, and his Design upon Rhegium, with all speed put forth sixty Sail from Crotona for the aid of the Rhegians. Whereupon, Dionysius made forth against them with fifty Galleys, and though they made to the Shore to avoid him, yet he pursued them so close that he threw Grappling-Irons into them, to draw them off from Land; and all the Sixty Sail had certainly 
Ant. Ch. 388.  fallen into his hand, if the whole Body of the Rhegians had not with showers of Darts forced him from the Shore, and by the Advantage of a Storm (that then arose) haled up 
Dionysius overtaken by a Storm.  the Ships to Land. And though Dionysius fought very Valiantly, yet he lost seven Galleys, and no less than Fifteen hundred Men on the Rhegian Shore; and both Ships and Men being thrown upon the Shore by the Storm, many of the Seamen were taken Prisoners by the Citizens. The Tyrant himself flying in a Vessel of Five Oars escaped drowning very narrowly, and landed at length with much difficulty, about Midnight at the Port of Messina. And because Winter now drew on, having made a League with the Lucanians, he returned with his Army to Syracuse. 
Returns out of Italy to Syracuse.   
After this, the Lucanians made an Incursion into the Territories of the Thurians, upon which they sent forthwith to their Confederates for assistance: For the Greek Cities throughout all Italy had agreed together, That if the Lucanians fell upon any one of them, all the rest should come into the help of them that were so oppressed. And if any City should not have their Forces ready to defend them, the Chief Commanders should be put to Death.  
As soon therefore as the Cities had notice by the Posts of the march of the Enemy, the Thurians all unanimously prepared for the Encounter, and hastily and unadvisedly in an imprudent Heat, (not waiting for their Confederates) with above Fourteen thousand Foot and a Thousand Horse, marched against the Enemy.  
The Lucanians hearing of their approach, suffered them to enter into their Country: 
Ant. Ch. 388.  Upon which they pierced into Lucania with great Violence, and at the first were so successful as that they took a Castle, and carried away thence much Plunder, which was in truth but as a Bait laid in their way for their Destruction. For while they were puffed up and grown high-crested with this Success, they contemned the Enemy, so far as that they daringly ventured through strait and craggy Passages (through the heat of Ambition and Covetousness) eager to possess themselves of a City and Country so blessed with 
The Thurians miserably Entrapped by the Lucanians in Italy. P. 449.  the Fullness of all things as that was: But as soon as they came into the Plain surrounded with high and steep Hills on every side, the Lucanians coming in with their Forces from all Parts intercepted all the Passages, leaving them no hopes of return any ways. And showing themselves on every side from the tops of the Hills, the Grecians were struck with great Fear and Terror, both with the Greatness of their Army, and the Difficulty of the Places: For the Lucanians were no fewer than Thirty thousand Foot, and Four thousand Horse. While the Grecians were in this perplexity, unexpectedly surrounded with insuperable danger, the Barbarians marched down into the Plain, and Battle being joined ' the Italians were overpowered by multitude, and above Ten thousand of them killed upon the spot; (for the Lucanians gave not Quarter, as they were before ordered) the rest fled to a Hill near the Sea side, from whence espying some long Ships sailing towards them, hoping that they came from Rhegium (out of eagerness to save themselves) they leaped into 
Ant. Ch. 388 The generosity Leptines to the distressed  the Sea, and some of 'em by swimming got to the Ships. But this Fleet proyed to be Ships sent by Dionysius to the assistance of the Lucanians, under the Command of Leptines his Brother, who very generously received them that swum into his Ships, and set them all on Shoar (being about a Thousand) and prevailed with the Lucanians to accept a 
* Thurians.  Mina for every Man for their Ransom, and he himself engaged for the payment, and so ordered Matters among them, that the Lucanians and Italians made peace one with another. 
Mina about 3 l. 2s. 6 d.   
From this time Leptines was in great favour and much esteem with the Italians, having made an end of the War, more to his own, than to the advantage of Dionysius; who was in hopes that by means of the differences between the Lucanians and the Greeks of Italy, he should be able with much ease to accomplish his Designs there: but if he should make Peace, he judged his Conquest would be difficult. Therefore he discarded Leptines, and created Thearides his other Brother Admiral of the Fleet. During these Transactions the Romans divided the Country of the Veians; distributing to every one Four 
* Plethra, an hundred Foot, or an Acre.  Plethra of Land, but as others say Eight and Twenty. At the same time they made War upon the Aequi, and took Liflus by Storm. They sent Forces likewise against the 
* The Volsci, whose Chief City was Velitta .. Olymp 97. 4. Ant. Ch. 387. Dionysius passes again into Italy.  Veliternines who had revolted. Satricum likewise made a Defection; and a Colony was sent forth into * Certium.  
At the close of the year Antipater was chosen Chief Governor of Athens, and Lucius Valerius, and Aulus Manlius were Roman Consuls. Now Dionysius King of Syracuse Declared openly his Design of a Descent upon Italy, and to that end loosed from Syracuse with a numerous Army: For he had with him above Twenty thousand Foot and Three thousand Horse, a Navy of Forty long Ships, or Men of War, besides Three hundred Transport Ships for carrying of Corn and Provision. He arrived at Messina the Fifth day, and there refreshed his Army; from thence he sent away Thearides his Brother with Forty Sail to the Lipari Islands, for it was reported that Ten Ships of Rhegium lay there; Thearides therefore hastening thither found out the Ships in a place fit for his purpose, and possessing himself of them, with all their Men on board, he forthwith returned to Messina to Dionysius, who delivered the Prisoners bound in Chains to the custody of the Messinians. Then he Transported his Forces to 
* Or Caulum in Locris. P. 450. Heloris made General for the Italians against Dionysius.  Caulonia, and laid close Siege to the 
Caulonia besieged by Dionysius  City on every side, and battered it with his Engines.  
But the Greeks in Italy as soon as they heard of the Landing of Dionysius' Forces, raised Men and got together an Army from all parts. Crotona at that time was very populous, and many that fled and that were forced out of Syracuse inhabited there. The Chief Command and management therefore of the War was committed to them, and Heloris the Syracusian was made General of all the Forces. He was a valiant Man, and they concluded he would be faithful, because he hated the Tyrant, who had banished him out of his Country. When he had mustered all the Confederate Army at Crotona, and ordered all things as he thought fit, he hasted away with a swift March towards Caulonia, hoping by coming upon them suddenly and unexpectedly, he should not only raise the Siege, but likewise rout them with ease, being harassed and tired out with their continual toil and labour in assaulting the Town. His Army consisted of Twenty thousand Foot, and Two 
Ant. Ch. 387. A Fight between Heloris and Dionysius near Caulonia.  thousand Horse. Having marched the greatest part of his way, he encamped at the River Heloris; thereupon Dionysius drew off from the City to meet the Italians: Upon which, Heloris at the head of Five hundred of the choicest Men in the Army marched before the rest. Dionysius encamping about Forty 
* Furlongs Five Miles.  Stages from the Enemy, understood by his Spies that the Italians drew near, upon which he forthwith very early in the Morning, roused his Soldiers from Sleep, and commanded them to march forward, and about break of day fell upon the Helorians, with his Army in good order of Battle, giving the Enemy no time to get into a Body: so that Heloris was in a great strait, and with those he had with him, bore the brunt of the Enemies whole Force; but in the mean time he sent away some Friends to the Camp to bring up the rest of the Army with all speed, who diligently executed their Orders; Upon which, the Italians hearing in what hazard their General was, ran in a great hurry to his assistance. But Dionysius with a well-ordered Body of Men, doing execution in every place, cut off Heloris and almost all his Party, tho' they fought with great Resolution and Gallantry. For the Italians coming in to their help, but scattering, and by parties, 〈◊〉 Sicilians (keeping orderly together) easily overcame them. However, the Crecians for some time despised danger, and suffered 
Dionysius routs the Italians. Ant. Ch. 387.  much, tho' they saw great numbers of their fellows lie dead upon the spot. But when they heard of the death of their General (in great confusion) they trod down and killed one another, and at last, being totally discouraged and out of heart, they fled outright: Upon which many were killed up and down in the fields, and the rest betook themselves to a Mount sufficiently fortified and very defensible, save that it wanted Water. Dionysius blocked up the place with his Army, and closely guarded it all that day, and the following night: The next day they that were in the Hill (being much incommoded by the heat, and by lack of Water) sent a Trumpet to Dionysius, that they might have liberty to ransom themselves:) Who at length (growing moderate in the height of his good Fortune) sent them word that they should lay down their Arms, and surrender themselves upon discretion. Upon return of these harsh and hard Terms, they held out longer for some short time: But being grievously pressed by the necessity of Nature, and almost Starved, they surrendered themselves about the Eight Hour. Dionysius hereupon numbered them as they came down, by striking the ground with a Staff, and they amounted to above Ten thousand. They were all afraid he would have been as cruel as a wild 
Dionysius deals nobly with the distressed Italians.  Beast; but he then approved himself the mildest of all Men living. For he discharged all the prisoners without Ransom, and made Peace with them, and suffered the Cities to Govern according to their own Laws. For which great Grace and Favour he was highly Honoured, and his Name was so great that they presented him with Golden Crowns. And this was the most worthy Action that ever he did almost throughout his whole Life.  
From hence he marched with his Forces against Rhegium, with a design to besiege it. 
He marches to Rhegium.  to be revenged for their slight of him, in denying him a Wise from some of their own City. The Rhegians were greatly terrified at his approach, for they had neither Confederates nor Forces of their own sufficient to cope with him; besides, they foresaw that there was no Mercy to be expected, if the City were taken: Therefore they sent an Ambassador 
P. 451.  to him to entreat him to show them Favour, and to use them like Men. Upon which he demanded a Tribute of Three hundred Talents, and that they should deliver into his hands all their Fleet (which were Seventy in number) and send out to him an Hundred Hostages, all which terms were agreed unto.  
Whereupon he moved towards Caulonia, and transported all the Inhabitants of that place to Syracuse, and incorporated them into the City, and granted to them freedom from the public Taxes for the space of Five Years. As for Caulonia itself, he razed it to 
Caulonia razed.  the Ground, but gave the Territory to the Locrians. About the same time, the Romans (after the taking of the City Lifaeca from the Aequi,) celebrated the stately Plays which the Consuls had vowed to Jupiter.  
After the end of the year, Pyrrhio executed the Office of Lord Chancellor of Athens 
Olymp. 98. 1. Ant. Ch. 396.  the next, and Four Military Tribunes, Lucius Lucretius, Servius Sulpitius, Caius Aemilius, and Caius Rufus, were invested with the Consular Dignity at Rome. Then was acted the Ninety eighth Olympiad, wherein Sosippus the Athenian carried away the Prize. About 
* Lucius Furius.  the same time Dionysius the Prince of Syracuse entered 
* A City of the Brutians in Italy.  Hipponium with his Army, and Transported all the Citizens to Syracuse, and when he had razed the Town, he gave the Lands to the Locreans; for he was always very desirous to oblige them, because they so readily complied with him in the business of his Marriage. On the other hand he studied Revenge upon the Rhegians for their denial. For when he sent an Ambassador to them to Treat with them to send him a Virgin of some of their Citizens to be his Wife: It's said the Rhegians answered his Ambassadors, that he should have none from them except it were the Hangman's Daughter. Being highly incensed at this gross abuse (as he took it to be,) he continually studied how to be revenged. For he made not peace with 
Ant. Ch. 386.  them the year before out of any design of Kindness or Friendship with them, but only out of a desire he had to possess himself of their Fleet of Seventy Sail. For he knew he could easily take the City, when they could have no aid or assistance by Sea. To this end he made several Halts, and delayed as much as he could his drawing his Forces out of Italy, waiting for some colourable pretence or occasion to break his League with the Rhegians, without any refleicton upon his Honour. Drawing therefore his Forces down to the Sea side, he prepares all things necessary for his passage; and then desires that the Rhegians would furnish him with Provision for his Army, and he would send them as much back again from Syracuse. His design in this was, that if they refused to supply him, he thought he might have a just ground to raze their City; and if they readily answered his Request, then, after their Corn and Provision was spent (upon laying Siege to the Town) he might with more ease (through their scarcity of Food) possess himself of the place. The Rhegians, not suspecting any thing, for some few days furnished him liberally. But when he delayed and trifled away the time, sometimes pretending himself sick, other times framing other excuses; they at length smelled his design, and therefore forbore sending any further Provision to his Camp. Upon which, Dionysius seeming to be much enraged at this affront, returned to them all the Hostages, and beg 〈…〉ing the Town round with his Forces, assaulted it every day; and with a great number of Engines (of an incredible bigness) so battered the Walls, as if they had been shaken by a Storm and Tempest, so earnest was he to gain the City. The Rhegians on the other hand, (having made 
Ant. Ch. 386. Dionysius assaults Rhegium.  Phile their General) ordered all that were of Age and Strength to take up Arms, and to keep strict Guards; and spying a fit opportunity, they made a vigorous Sally; and burned the Enemy's Engines; and often skirmished out of the Walls with that Valour, and Resolution (to the exasperating of the Enemy) that they both lost many of their own, and killed no few of the Sicilians: Nay, Dionysius himself was so wounded with a Lance 
P. 452.  about the Privy Parts, 
* The Scrotum.  that he was very near losing his Life, it being a long time before he recovered. Notwithstanding, tho' the Siege was tedious, and the Rhegians resolved to defend their Liberty, yet he employed his Soldiers in continual Assaults, not in the least receding from his former design and purpose. The Olympic Games in the mean time drawing on, he sent to that Solemnity many Chariots drawn with Four Horses apiece, 
Sends Chariots and Gifts to the Olympic Games.  and exceeding swift; and likewise Tents glistering with Gold, and adorned with rich and various Embroideries of admirable Workmanship; and with these he sent likewise the most skilful Singers to advance his own praise by the reciting of Poems composed by himself; For he was (even to madness) given to Poetry, and he committed the care and oversight of all these things to his Brother Thearides, (who when he came to the ground (by the multitude of the Chariots, and richness and splendour of the Tents and Pavilions) attracted the Eyes of all the Beholders. And when the Singers began to recite the Poems of Dionysius, the People at first ran together, and greatly admired the sweet and pleasant Airs of 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Ant. Ch. 396.  the Stage-Players. But as soon as they perceived how bad and Ballad like the the Verses were, they ridiculed Dionysius, and despised him to that degree, that they risted the Tents. Lystas' likewise the Orator then at Olympid, advised the People that they should not admit any of those Procurators sent by so wicked a Tyrant to have any thing to do with those Sacred Sports. At which time he made the Speech styled by him The Olympic Oration. And how the Race began, and it so happened, that the Chariots of Dionysius were some of 'em driven out of the Line, others were broken in pieces by dashing one upon another. Neither did the Ship prosper better which conveyed the Procurators: For in their return from the Games to Sicily, they were forced by violence of a Tempest to Tarentum, a City in Italy. And it is reported that when they came to Syracuse they spread it abroad, That the badness of Dionysius' Verses had not only disgraced the Singers, but prejudiced both the Chariots and the Ship. However, tho' he knew that his Verses were hissed at, yet still he addicted himself to Poetry, being told by his Flatterers, that those thrt envied every thing that was Noble and Brave, would at length admire what they then despised. At that time the Romans slew a great number of the Volsci in the Battle at Gurasum.   

CHAP. XIII.  
The Peace of Antalcidas. The War by the Persians against Evagoras in Cyprus The miserable Condition of Rhegium: It's Surrender'd. The cruel usage of Philo the Governor of Rhegium, and of his Son. The Expedition of the Galls against Italy. The Romans routed by the Galls at the River Allia. Rome taken by the Galls. The Romans Besieged in the Capitol. The Volsci Revolt from the Romans. The Galls routed by Marcus Furius in their return. All cut off afterwards in the Plains of Trausium.  
WIth these Actions the year ended, and now Theodotus was made Chief Magistrate 
Olymp. 98. 2. Ant. Ch. 385.  of Athens, and Six Military Tribunes executed the Consular Authority at Rome: Quintus Caesus, Sulpitius Aenos, Caesus Fabius, Quintus Cervilius 
* Quintus Sulpicius.  Publius Cornelius, and 
* Servius Cornelius. The Peace of Antalcidas.  Marcus Claudius. At this time the Lacedæmonians tired out with the War both against the Greeks and Persians, ordered their Admiral Antalcidas to go to Artaxerxes to strike up a Peace. When he had delivered his Ambassage to the King, he answered, that he would make Peace with the Grecians, upon condition, that all the Greek Cities in Asia should return to their Obedience, and that the rest of the Grecians should all Govern their Cities, according to their own Laws; and that if any should stand out and not submit to these Conditions, it should be lawful for him to make War upon them, by them that did agree. These Terms were allowed, and so the Lacedæmonians rested from War. But the Athenians and Thebans, with some others were much vexed, and highly concerned to see the Cities of Asia thus betrayed, but not being able to contend with Persia by their own strength they were forced to embrace Peace upon the same Terms.  
And now the King being free from the long and tedious War with the Grecians; he prepared and made ready an Army for the Cyprian War. For Evagoras had raised a vast 
P. 453.  Army almost throughout all Cyprus, taking advantage of Artaxerxes his being engaged in a War with the Greeks.  
In the mean time Dionysius having continued the Siege of Rhegium now for the space of Eleven Months, and obstructed all ways and means of Relief, he brought the Besieged to the utmost extremity, through want of all things necessary, For it's reported that at that time a Bushel of Wheat was sold for Five 
* 15 l. 12 s. 6 d. The miserable condition of Rhegium. Ant. Ch. 385.  Minas: and the Famine was so great that they first eat up their Horses, and then all other Beasts of Burden, and at length fed upon boiled Skins and Leather. And at the last they came out of the Town, and like Cattle began to eat the Grass that grew under the Walls: so that to supply Nature they were forced to feed upon those things proper to the Beasts of the Field for want of Man's ordinary Food. When Dionysius heard what the Rhegians did, he was so far from commiserating them who were sunk in Misery, below the common condition of Mankind, that he added to their Affliction, and put in his Carriage Horses, and other Draught Cattle to Graze there where they used to feed, and so eat up all that poor Provision which 
Rhegium surrendered.  was only left for them. The Citizens being thus overcome by extreme Famine (no longer to be born) were forced to deliver up themselves and their City to the Tyrant's Mercy. When he entered he found heaps of Carcases lying in the Streets who perished for want of Bread: and those that were alive were like walking Ghosts, lean, and almost pined away by Famine: However, he got together above Six thousand Prisoners, and sent them to Syracuse, with Orders, that whoever paid a Mina might be redeemed: and for those that were not able, he sold them all for Slaves. Phyto the Governor he 
The cruel usage of Phito the Governor of Rhegium.  bond in Chains, and caused his Son to be hurled into the Sea, and fastened Phyto himself to the top of one of his highest Engines, that the severity of his punishment might be taken notice of by all, and sent one of his Guard to tell him that his Son was drowned the day before; to whom Phito answered, that his Son was by one day more happy than his Father. After this he ordered him to be whipped through the City, and to be scoffed and scorned, and undergo all sorts of Cruelty; A Crier the mean time making Proclamation; That the Raseal was so severely dealt with, because he stirred up the City to the War. But Phito (who had all along thro' the Siege approved himself a valiant Commander, and during 
Ant. Ch. 385.  his whole Life was Esteemed and Honoured) was not then the least discouraged at Death, but with an undaunted Courage cried out That he thus suffered because he would not betray the City to Dionysius; However, God would revenge him of the Tyrant in a short time. This admirable Courage and brave Spirit of the Man began to work compassion in some of Dionysius' Soldiers; so that they began to murmur: Upon which, Dionysius (being afraid lest Phito should be rescued) left off tormenting him, and ordered the miserable Man with all his Kindred to be drowned in the Sea. Thus suffered this worthy Man, who deserved much better than to undergo so heavy and dreadful a punishment. And many Grecians there were who grieved for his sad misfortune, and several Poets in after times made Elegies upon his mournful and lamentable end.  
At the same time when Dionysius lay at the Siege of Rhegium, the Gauls who lay beyond the Alps passed over those straits with a numerous Army, and possessed themselves of all the Country lying between the Apennine Hills and the Alps, driving thence the Tyrrhenians 
The Galls enter Italy.  the natural Inhabitants. Some say they were Colonies sent thither from Twelve Cities in 
* A Province in Italy.  Tyrrhenia; Others say they were Pelasgians, who before the Trojan War fled out of Thessaly at the time of Deucalion's Flood, and settled themselves in these parts. As for the Gauls they were a People that were divided into several Tribes, and dwelled in several Countries. Those called the Senones inhabited the Mountain furthest from the Sea of all the other Mountains, and because the Heat was excessive and troublesome to 
Ant. Ch. 385. P. 454.  them, they resolved to seek for themselves some more commodious Habitations. To this end they sent forth the ablest of their young Men well Armed, to find out some other Seats, who making an irruption into 
* Hetruria. rather.  Tyrrhenia with Thirty thousand Men, wasted and spoiled the Territories of the Caulonians.  
About this time the Romans sent Ambassadors into Tyrrhenia to gain intelligence what this Expedition of the Gauls meant: Who when they came to Clusium, and saw the Armies 
Hetruria.  on both sides drawn up in Battalia ready to engage, with more Valour than Prudence, they joined with them of Clusium, and sought with the Enemy. And one of the Ambassadors by good fortune killed one of the Noblest Commanders of the Gauls; who when they heard of it, sent Ambassadors to Rome, to require the Ambassador who had killed the Gaul to be delivered up to them, as one that had begun an unjust War. Upon which, the Senate would have persuaded the Ambassadors to have accepted Money in satisfaction of the injury; But when they refused it, it was Decreed that the Person should be delivered. Upon this, the Father of him who was to be given up into the Enemy's hands (being then of Consular Dignity, and one of the Military Tribunes, and being likewise very rich, and of great Interest and Account with the Commonalty) referred the decision of the matter to the People, and so easily procured the Judgement and Decree of the Senate to be repealed. From this time the People began to rescind the Decrees of the Senate, tho' ever before they always submitted to them. 
Ant. Ch. 385.   
But the Ambassadors of the Gauls returned to their Camp, and Declared what Answer was given them by the Romans: Upon which they were in a great Rage, and increased their Army with new raised Forces out of their own Country, and forthwith marched towards Rome with above Seventy thousand Men.  
When the news came to Rome, the Military Tribunes commanded all that were able to bear Arms, to List themselves, who marching out of the City passed over Tiber, and came with all their Forces unto a 
* Allia, Ten Miles from Rome.  River Fourscore Furlongs from Rome; where when they understood that the Enemy was near at hand, drew up their Army in this manner; Their best Soldiers, to the number of Four and twenty thousand, they posted all along from the River to the Hills adjoining, the rest were placed upon the rising Grounds. On the other hand the Enemy out winging the Romans, their strongest and ablest Soldiers (whether on purpose or by chance is uncertain) fronted those weaker and unexperienced Soldiers on the Hills. And now the Trumpets on both sides sounded a Charge. Whereupon the Armies ran one upon another with a great shout. And those Gauls that set upon them that were upon the Hills, presently cleared the place of them, who fled in great confusion to their own Men into the Plain; so that by their flight, and the hot pursuit of the Gauls, they broke and disordered their own Army, and put them likewise to the Run. And while the greatest part of them made to the River, and in great precipitation 
The Romans routed by the Gauls. Ant. Ch. 385.  and confusion, trod down one another, the Enemy without intermission killed all still that were in the Rear, so that the whole Field was covered with dead Bodies. Some of the stoutest of those that fled to the River, swum over with their Arms, prising them as much as their Lives: But many of them, (through the violence of the Stream, and the weight of their Arms) were drowned. Some with great difficulty (after they had fled a long way, and in by paths, with much a do) escaped. However, many (still pursued close by the Enemy, who made a great slaughter among them upon the Bank of the River,) threw away their Arms and swum over Tiber. And tho' the Gauls had cut off so many upon the Shoar, yet such was their continued Rage, that they cast their Darts and Javelins after them that took the Water. And many Darts being 
P. 55.  hurled amongst shoals of them that were swimming, no small execution was done, so that some were killed forthwith, and others so wounded, that through loss of Blood, and strength of the Current, they were spent and carried away by the Stream.  
The greatest number of those that escaped from this sad Overthrow of the Romans, took into Ve●● lately ruined by them, and fortifying the Place as well as they could, received the rest that fled thither. Those few who swum the River, and returned unarmed into Rome, related how the whole Army was destroyed, which sad News greatly amazed all those that were left in the City: For the Strength and Flower of the Citizens being now cut off, they looked upon themselves unable in the least to resist. And besides, 
Ant. Ch. 385.  to aggravate their Misery, it seemed to them impossible to fly with their Wives and Children, without the greatest Hazard imaginable, the Enemy being so near: Therefore many of the ordinary sort removed with their whole Families to the neighbouring Towns and Villages. But the City-Magistrates encouraging the People, ordered that Victuals and all other Necessaries should be brought into the Capitol; by which means, both the Castle and Capitol was filled not only with Meat and Provision, but with Silver and Gold, and all sorts of rich Garments and Attire, Goods of all kinds throughout the whole City being heaped together in this one Place; for they had but three Days time to remove what was movable, and to fortify the Place: For the Gauls spent the first Day (according to the Custom of their Country) in cutting off the Heads of those that were slain; the other two Days they lay quiet in their Camp, now close to the City. For when they discerned that the Walls were left bare and undefended, and yet heard a confused Noise (occasioned by the bringing in of household-goods and other Things useful into the Capitol) they suspected some Stratagem was designing against 
Rome taken.  them. But the fourth Day, when they came to understand the Truth, they broke down the Gates, and laid all the City in rubbish, except a few Houses upon Mount Palatine: And tho' afterwards they pressed upon them in the Capitol with continual Assaults, yet they within suffered little by it, but many of the Gauls perished. However, they stuck 
The Capitol besieged.  close to the Siege, hoping tho' they could not gain the Place by force, yet at least in time, when all the Provision and Victuals was spent, they might possess themselves of the Fort.  
While the Roman Affairs were thus perplexed, the Tuscans their Neighbours made an Incursion with a great Army into their Territories, and wasted and destroyed all before them. But when they had got many Prisoners and much Spoil and Plunder into their hands, the Romans that had fled to Veii set upon them on the sudden, and put them to flight, and not only recovered all the Spoil, but likewise possessed themselves of all their Tents: And by this means being furnished with a great number of Arms, they armed 
Ant. Ch. 385.  their Fellow-Soldiers, who hitherto were unarmed since the late Defeat, and got together a Company of Country-Fellows from several Parts, and likewise armed them: For they had a design to raise the Siege of the Capitol, but were most perplexed and concerned how to give notice of their Purpose to the Besieged, in regard the Gauls so straight blocked it up. Upon this, one Pontius Caminius undertook to get into the Capitol; to which end he passed on himself alone, and privately in the night swum over the River, and ascending a steep Rock of the Capitol with great difficulty, drew himself up, and so came to the Besieged, and acquainted them that they of Veii were in a Body, and that they intended to fall upon the Gauls upon the first Opportunity; and having delivered his Message, he returned to Veii the same way he came. But when the Gauls perceived, by the Impressions of a Man's Feet, that some Person had lately passed that way into the Castle, they determined to attempt to make an Entry by climbing the Rock in that part: And to that end, about midnight (the Guards being careless, trusting to the Strength of the Place) some of the Gauls got up to the top, but were not taken notice of by the Watch, but the Geese, dedicated to Juno, that fed there (seeing them appear 
P 456.  above the Walls) presently made a great gagling and noise, which so alarmed the Watch, that they all ran to the Place; upon which, the Gauls now betrayed and affrighted, durst not proceed any further.  
In the mean time, that famous Man Marcus Manlius hasting to the Defence of the Place, cut off the Hand of a Gaul, as he was raising himself to recover the Wall, and by 
Ant. Ch. 385.  a thrust in his Breast with the Boss of his Buckler, cast him down headlong from the top of the Rock; and another being destroyed after the same manner, the rest in all haste retired; and because the Rock was very steep (being in a great terror and amazement) they all miserably perished. The Romans hereupon sending Ambassadors to 'em to treat upon Terms of Peace, obtained it upon these Conditions: That upon receiving a Thousand pound weight of Gold, they would leave the City, and departed out of the Roman Territories.  
After this, because the Houses were destroyed, and many of the Citizens killed, the Romans gave leave to every one that would to build, and roofed and covered all the Houses at the Public Charge, which were therefore ever after to this day called the Public Houses. And because every Man built according to his own Humour where he pleased, the Streets were made very narrow and crooked, which (notwithstanding the Riches of the City) in succeeding Times could never be reformed. Some have reported, that the Roman Matrons gave all their golden Ornaments for the redeeming of their Country; for which they have this Honour allowed them, That they may at any time be carried in Chariots through the City.  
The Romans being thus impoverished and brought low by the late Calamity, the Volsci took the advantage, and raised Arms against them. Upon which, the Consular Tribunes got their Forces together, and marched out into the Campus Martius (as 'tis called) and encamped about 
* 25 mile. Ant. Ch. 385.  Two hundred Stages from the City. The Volsci far exceeded the Romans in number, and set upon their Camp: Upon which, the Senate, much concerned for them in the Field, made Marcus Furius Dictator, who ordered the young Men in the City to take up Arms, with whom he marched out in the night, and came upon the backs of the Volsci (when they were very busy and intent in assaulting the Romans) and easily put them to flight: Upon which, they within the Camp sallying out, the Volsci by this means were hemmed in on every side, and almost all cut off. And thus this Nation, who were before a strong and potent People, by this Overthrow were brought extreme low and weaker than any of the Nations round about them.  
The Dictator afterwards hearing that Bola was besieged by the Aequi, marched thither, and killed most of the Besiegers. Thence he moved to 
* Sutrium.  Sutrinum, a Colony of the Romans, but then possessed by the Aequi, and falling upon them on the sudden, he made a great Slaughter among them, and restored the City to them of Sutrinum.  
About this time the Gauls in their march from Rome besieged Veascus, a Confederate City of the Romans; upon which, the Dictator marched against them, fought and routed them, and seized their Bag and Baggage, amongst which was the Gold weighed at Rome, and recovered almost all the Prey and Plunder they had gained in taking of the City. And though he had performed all this good Service, yet the Tribunes of the People 
Ant. Ch. 385.  through Envy denied him a Triumph. Yet some relate, that he did Triumph in a Chariot drawn with four white Horses for the Victory against the Tuscans, and within two Days after was fined by the People in a great Sum of Money, which we shall mention hereafter in its proper place.  
Those Gauls that went to Japygium, designed to return through the Roman Territories; but the Cerii laid an Ambush for them in the Night, and cut them all off in the Plains of Trausium.  
calisthenes the Historian began his Grecian Memoirs from this Year, wherein the Peace 
P. 457.  was made between the Grecians and Artaxerxes, and ended them with the Year the Temple of Delphos was taken and rifled by Philomelus the Phocian, comprehending an Account of Affairs for the space of Thirty Years in Ten Books. And now being come to the Peace between Artaxerxes and the Greeks, and the Danger threatened to Rome by the Gauls, according to our purpose at the beginning, we shall put an end to this Book.    

BOOK XV.  
HAving throughout the whole Work used the Common and accustomed Liberty 
P. 458. PREFACE.  of an Historian, we have both praised the Good, and condemned the Bad as they have fallen in our way, to the end that those whose Genius and Inclination prompts them to Virtue, may be the more encouraged to Noble Actions, in hopes of having the Glory of their Names continued to all succeeding Generations; and on the other hand, that they that are bend to Wickedness may be curbed and restrained from the Heat, at least, of their Impiety, by those marks of Dishonour and Disgrace fixed upon them.  
Since therefore we have brought down our History to the times wherein the Lacedæmonians fell by the sudden and unexpected Slaughter at Leuctra, and the like again not long after at Mantinaea, whereby they lost the Sovereignty of Greece; We judge it part of our Province to keep close to the former Course and Method of Writing, (and therefore by the way in the first place to blame and reprehend the Lacedæmonians who justly deserve it: For who cannot but judge them worthy of Censure, and that justly, who having a well-settled Empire and Government descended to them from their Ancestors, and by their Valour supported and defended for the space of above Five hundred Years, should now in a Moment ruin it by their own Folly and Imprudence? For they that were before them, preserved the Grandeur and Glory of their Conquests, by their Lenity and Tenderness towards their Subjects, but these their Posterity by their Cruelty to their Confederates, and Pride and Ambition in making War upon the Grecians, most deservedly lost all by their Rashness and Inconsideratness. For those that hated them for the Injuries they had before suffered, greedily took the advantage now they were low, to revenge themselves on them as their Enemies. And they whose Forefathers were never before Conquered, were so much the more despised, by how much they deserved the greater Contempt, who by their Vices had stained the Virtue and Glory of their Ancestors.  
The Thebans therefore (who for many Ages before were forced to stoop to them as their Superiors; having now (beyond all men's expectations) conquered the Lacedæmonians) were made Chief Commanders of Greece: But the Lacedæmonians, after they had once lost their hold, could never after recover their ancient Glory and Dignity. But enough of this, we shall now return to the Course of our History.  
The preceding Book, the Fourteenth in Order, ends with the Ruin of Rhegium by Dionysius, and the Taking of Rome by the Gauls, which happened the Year next before the Expedition of the Persians into Cyprus against Evagoras. We shall her begin this Book with that War, and end it with the Year next preceding the Reign of Philip the Son of Amyntas.  

CHAP. I.  
Artaxerxes' Expedition against Evagoras in Cyprus. The Actions there at Sea and Land. The Lacedæmonians begin new Quarrels in Greece. As first with Mantinaea. Dionysius gives himself to Poetry. Peace concluded with Evagoras by Orontes the Persian General. Terabazus brought to his Trial. Judgement upon corrupt Judges. Terabazus acquitted.  
IN Athens Mystichides was Archon, and at Rome three Tribunes were invested with Consular 
Olymp. 98. 3. Ant. Ch. 384. P. 459. Artaxerxes his Expedition into Cyprus against Evagoras.  Authority; Marcus Furius, Caius and Aemilius, when Artaxerxes King of Persia, began his Expedition against Evagoras King of Cyprus The King had spent much time in preparation for the War, and raised a great Number of Forces both for Sea and Land from all Parts. For his Land-Army consisted of Three hundred thousand Horse and Foot; and he Equipped a Fleet of above Three hundred Galleys Orontes was made General of the Land-Army, and Terabazus a Man highly honoured among the Persians, Admiral of the Fleet. These headed their Armies at Phocea and Cuma, and descended to Cilicia, and from thence passed over to Cyprus, where they very vigorously bestirred themselves for the carrying on of the War.  
In the mean time, Evagoras entered into a League with Acoris King of Egypt, who supplied him with a great Number of Men, being himself then in War with the Persians. 
Evagoras assisted by the King of Egypt. Ant. Ch. 384.  He was likewise privately furnished with Money by Hecatomnus, the Governor of Caria, to help him to hire Foreigners. And several other Enemies of Persia, some secretly, others openly, confederated with him in the War. He had likewise many Cities of Cyprus under his Command, with whom joined Tyre in Phenicia and other Places. Moreover, he had a Navy of Ninety Sail, of which Twenty were from Tyre, and the rest of Cyprus. His Land-Army consisted of Six thousand of his own Subjects, but those from his Confederates were many more: Besides, being richly supplied by them with Monies he hired abundance of Mercenaries. And the King of 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Arabia and other Princes, who were jealous of the King of Persia, sent him great Forces. Being thus supported he applied himself to the War with great Courage and Resolution.  
And in the first place with his Privateers (of which he had many) he intercepted the Enemy's Transport-Ships loaden with Victuals and Provision, and sunk some, disabled others, and took several besides; so that there began to be great Scarcity and Want of Corn in the Persian Camp, in regard the Merchants durst not sail to Cyprus, where that great Army and Body of Men were got together: And this occasioned a great Mutiny it's the Army, for the Mercenaries for want of Bread knocked some of their Officers on the Head, and filled the Camp with Mutiny and Tumult to such a degree, that the Persian Colonels, and Admiral of the Fleet called Gaos could scarcely quell it. The Fleet therefore sent to Cilicia for Provision, which returned with a great Quantity of Corn from thence, by which the Camp was ever after plentifully supplied. But as to Evagoras, Acoris sent to him out of Egypt Money, Corn, and all other things necessary, sufficient for his Occasions. 
Ant. Ch. 384.   
Evagoras finding that his Navy was far too weak for the Enemy, furnished out Threescore Ships more, and sent for Fifty besides from Acoris, so that now he had a Fleet of Two hundred Sail. And having his Navy thus bravely Furnished and Equipped ready for a Battle (after he had some time Trained and Exercised his Men not without terror to his Enemies) he prepared for a Fight at Sea. But it happened, that as the King's Fleet passed by towards Citium, falling suddenly upon them in an orderly Line of Battle, he gained by far the Advantage, fight in good order with Ships in Confusion and Separated, (and with Premeditation engaging with Men surprised and taken at unawares) he presently at the first onset routed them: For charging in a Body together, upon Ships dispersed and in confusion, they sunk and took several of them. But afterwards when the Persian Admiral and other Officers gathered up their Spirits, they bravely received the Enemy's Charge, so that the Engagement grew very sharp, in which Evagoras at the beginning had the better, but Gaos with great Courage bearing in upon him with his whole 
Evagoras routed at Sea.  Fleet, the Evagrians fled with the loss of many of their Galleys.  
The Persians having gained this Victory, mustered both their Land and Sea-Forces at 
P. 460.  Citium, where furnishing themselves with all things necessary, they went jointly to besiege Salamis, and blocked it up both by Sea and Land. But Terabazus, after the Sea-Fight put over to Cilicia, and went to the King to bring him the News of the Victory, 
Ant. Ch. 384.  from whom he brought back Two thousand Talents for the carrying on of the War.  
Evagoras before the Fight at Sea had routed part of the Enemy's Army at Land, which much encouraged him to further Attempts: But after his sad Misfortune at Sea, and that thereupon he was straightly besieged, his Spirits grew very low: However, conceiving it necessary to continue the War he put the Supreme Power into the hands of his Son Pythagoras, 
Evagoras goes to Egypt.  and left him to defend the City, and he himself privately in the Night undiscorned by the Enemy, with Ten Galleys loosed from Salamis, and sailed into Egypt; where having Audience of the King, he endeavoured to persuade him to make War upon the King of Persia with all the Power he had.  
While these things were on foot in Asia, the Lacedæmonians (without any regard to the League made) decreed to march with an Army against Mantinaea, for the Reasons following. There was now Peace all over Greece; by the Negotiation of Antalcidas, by virtue whereof all the Cities were freed from Garrisons, and governed according to their own Laws. But the Spartans' (naturally Ambitious, and a long time contriving how to begin a War) looked upon the Peace as a heavy Burden, and (coveting to gain their ancient Dominion) began to endeavour Innovations. To this end by their Tools and Creatures, they stirred up Seditions in the Cities, and thence took occasion to disturb the present State of Affairs. For they who were Freed and set at Liberty to govern according to the Laws of their own Country, called them to an account who acted as Magistrates under the Lacedæmonians, and being somewhat severe and sharp (through the fresh Resentment of the late Injuries suffered) they banished many; upon this the Lacedæmonians 
Ant. Ch. 384.  protected those who were depressed by the contrary Faction, and restored them by force of Arms, and by that means first imposed upon the weaker Cities, and brought them into Slavery: But afterwards they gave Laws to Cities and Places of great Account, not having kept the League two years together. And now because Mantinaea was near to 
The Lacedæmonians begin to make War upon the Mantineans.  them, and full of Valiant Men, and by the Peace grown very Rich, they were jealous of it, and resolved to bring down the Lordly Spirits of those Inhabitants: In the first Place therefore, they sent Ambassadors to them to require them to demolish their Walls, and to settle themselves again in those Five Villages from whence they anciently removed to Mantinaea: But their demands being slighted, they forthwith marched thither with their Forces and besieged the City.  
Upon this, the Mantineans, sent Ambassadors to Athens for Aid, but the Athenians would by no means do any thing that might be construed a Breach of the Public League, so that they valiantly Defended the Place, and opposed the Enemy with their own Forces. And thus Greece now began again to be embroiled in new Wars.  
In Sicily Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse being steed from the War with the Carthaginians, Reigned a long time in Peace and Prosperity; and with great intention of Mind employed himself in writing of Verses, and sent for Poets far and near, whom he had in high Esteem, and made his Familiars, to whose Judgements and Opinions he referred the Censure of his Poems. Being flattered by these in Panegyrics of Praise for their own Interest, he grew highly conceited of himself, and was Prouder of his Poems than of his Conquests. Philoxenus, a Composer of Dithyrambicks, and one Familiar with him, a very excellent 
P. 461.  Poet in his kind, when at a Feast some of the Foolish Verses of the Tyrant were recited, he was asked how he approved of them, who answering something too Freely and Plainly, 
Ant. Ch. 384.  incurred the Tyrant's displeasure: Who looking upon himself abused (through Envy) commanded his Guard to carry him away to work as a Slave in the Quarries. But the next Day, through the Mediation of Friends he was reconciled to him. And afterwards, at a Feast to which he had again Invited the same Persons, when he was in his Cups he highly extolled his own Poems, and Singing some of them (which he thought none could Excel) He asked what he thought of those? To which he answered not a Word, but called for Dionysius his Guards and wished them to carry him away to the Quarries Dionysius at that time for the Jest sake put it off with a Laughter, thereby (as he thought) taking off the Edge of the Reproof. But not long after, when both Dionysius and the rest of the Poets wished him to forbear that unseasonable Freedom of Censuring, Philoxenus made a Promise that seemed to be a 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Paradox, That for the future, He would both speak the Truth, and also please Dionysius himself; and he performed his Word: For when the Tyrant afterwards recited some Verses which set forth some sad and mournful Passages, He asked him how he approved of them? He answered, Miserable! therein performing what he had promised by the ambiguity of the Word. For Dionysius understood it as if he meant the subject Matter of the Verses was very Sad and Miserable; and set forth very pathetically, which sort of Poesy was rarely attained unto but by those who were of the higher form of Poets; and therefore he looked upon himself highly applauded by him; but others interpreted what he said with more truth, that that word Miserable denoted the Badness of his Verse.  
Not far unlike to this, was that which happened to Plato the Philosopher, whom Dionysius sent for, because he was a Man eminent in Philosophy, and for some time at the first he greatly honoured him. But taking offence at something he said to him, he hated him 
Dionysius sells Plato.  to that degree, that he ordered him to be brought into the Common Marketplace, and there sold as a Slave for Five 
* 15l. 12s. 6d.  Minas: But the Philosophers (who consulted together upon the matter) after redeemed him, and sent him back to Greece, with this Friendly Advice, That a Philosopher should very rarely Converse with Tyrants; and when he did; he should be of a Gaining Behaviour.  
However, Dionysius went on with his Study of Poetry, and sent Stage-players that could sing excellently well, to the Olympic Games, there to sing his Verses, who indeed at the first catched the Auditors by the Ears with the sweetness of their Voices; but when they considered further of the Matter and Composure of the Poems, they went away, and set up a great Laughter. When he heard how his Verses were Despised and Hissed off the 
Dionysius' Verses despised.  the Stage, he fell into a great Fit of Melancholy, which growing upon him Day by Day, he raged at length like a Madman, and cried out, That every one Envied him, and were Plotting to take away his Life, till it came to his very intimate Friends and Relations. In this temper he arrived at last to that height of Madness and Melancholy, that he put 
He grows Melancholy.  many of his Friends to Death upon False Accusations, and Banished several others amongst whom were Leptines, his Brother, and Philistus, Men of Valour and undaunted Courage, who had done remarkable Service for him in the War. They fled to the Thurians in Italy, and were there in great Esteem among them: But afterwards they were restored to the Tyrant's favour by his own seeking, and were not only brought back to Syracuse, but regained his former good Opinion, and enjoyed their Places of Power and Authority as they did before. And Leptines married Dionysius his Daughter. And these were the Transactions of this Year. 
P. 462.   
When Dexitheus bore the Office of Lord Chancellor of Athens, and 
* Titus. Evagoras returns to Cyprus.  Lucius Lucretius, and Servitius Sulpitius, were Roman Consuls, Evagoras, King of Salamis, returned out of 
Olymp. 98. 4. Ant. Ch. 338.  Egypt into Cyprus, where when he found the City closely besieged, and all his Confederates to have Deserted him, he was forced to send Ambassadors to seek for terms of Peace. Terabazus, who had the Sovereign Power and Command, returned him answer, That he would make Peace with him, upon Condition he would quit all the Cities of Cyprus, and be content only with Salamis, and yield a yearly Tribute to the King, and be observant to all his Commands, as a Servant to his Master: To which terms, though they were very hard, he submitted, excepting that one, That he should be obedient in all things as a Servant to his Master. But he said he would agree to be Subject to him as one King to 
Terabazus accused by Orontes.  another: Which Terabazus would not consent unto; upon this, the other General, Orontes, who envied Terabazus, sent Letters privately to Artaxerxes to accuse him; as first, That whereas it was in his Power to take Salamis by force he waved it, and had treated with the Enemy, in order to bring about some 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Innovations for the common Advantage of them both: That he had entered into a private League with the Lacedæmonians: That he had sent Messengers to the Oracle at Delphos, to consult about making War upon the King: And as a matter of the greatest concern that he might gain all the Officers of the Army to be his Creatures; he had Bribed them with Gifts, Preferments, and many large Promises. When the King had read these Letters (believing all to be true) he writ back to Orontes to seize upon Terabazus, and to send him forthwith to him: Whereupon he executed the Command, and when Terabazus came before the King, he desired he might 
Terabazus seized.  be brought to his Legal Trial; upon which he was committed into Custody: But the Trial was long deferred, because the King presently after was engaged in the War against the Carducians'.  
In the mean time, Orontes now Chief Commander of the Army in Cyprus, seeing Evagoras 
Ant. Ch. 383.  courageously defend the Place, and perceiving his own Soldiers discontented with the seizing of Terabazus and to slight his Commands, and fall off from the Siege, fearing some sudden Misfortune, sent to Evagoras, and a Peace was concluded upon the same Terms he would have agreed with Teribazus. And thus Evagoras (beyond his own Expectation) 
Peace made with Evagoras.  freed from absolute Slavery, entered into a League, upon Conditions that he should pay a Yearly Tribute to the King, and be Sovereign Lord of Salamis, and Subject to the King no otherwise than as one King to another. And thus ended the Cyprian War which was spun out near Ten years, though most of that time was only spent in Preparation, and not above two Years of it in actual War.  
But Gaius, the Vice-Admiral of the Fleet, who had married the Daughter of Terabazus, was in great pain lest he should suffer something or other out of suspicion of his being Familiar and Conversant with Terabazus: Therefore he resolved to be before hand with the 
Gaius revolts from the King of Persia.  King, and to that end being well furnished with a brave Navy, and having the Love of the Sea-Captains and Officers, he began to advise and consider of a Defection; and forthwith without any further stop entered into a League with Acoris, King of Egypt, against the great King of Persia. He stirred up likewise the Lacedæmonians by his Letters, and amongst 
P. 463.  other large and glorious Promises, he engaged he would assist them in settling their Affairs in Greece, and maintaining and supporting their Sovereignty. And in truth the 
Ant. Ch. 383.  Spartans' had sometime before been contriving how to recover the Sovereign Power over the Grecians, and at that time had given clear indications (by their disturbances) of their design to Enslave the Cities. And that which furthered the Matter was, they repent of the Peace made with Artaxerxes, because they were Charged and Accused to have betrayed all the Grecians in Asia by that League with the King, therefore they were very ready to catch at an Opportunity to renew the War; and to that end very cheerfully made a League with Gaius.  
After Artaxerxes had ended the War with the Cadusians, he brought Terabazus to his 
A People 〈…〉 g between the Euxine and Caspian Seas. Judges flayed alive. Terabazus brought to his Trial.  Trial, and referred the Cognisance of his Cause to Three Honourable Persons. Near this time some Corrupt Judges were flayed alive, and their Skins spread round the Judgment-Seats, that those that sat there might always have an Example before their Eyes of the Punishment due to Injustice, to deter them from the like.  
The Accusers therefore of Terabazus produced against him the Letters of Orontes, earnestly pressing them as sufficient Evidence to convict him. On the other hand, Terabazus, that he might make it evidently appear that the Accusation was a mere Scandal, contrived between Orontes and Evagoras, produced the Agreement between them, whereby Evagoras was to obey the King as a King himself, and no otherwise; and that the Terms upon which Terabazus would have made Peace, were, That Evagoras should be observant to the King as a Servant to his Master. And as to the Oracle, he brought all those Grecians 
Ant. Ch. 383.  that were at that time present, to testify, That the God returned not any Answer relating to the Death of any Person. And as to the good Correspondence between him and the Lacedæmonians, he declared that he entered into a League with them not for any private Advantge of his own, but for the Profit and Advantage of the King. For by this means (he told them) the Grecians in Asia being divided from the Lacedæmonians were made better Subjects and more Obedient; and going on with his Defence, he put the Judges in mind of his former remarkable Services to the Crown.  
Amongst those which clearly manifested his Faith and Loyalty to the King, and which 
Terabazus killed two Lions to save the King.  deserved the greatest Commendation, and chief (as was said) won the King's Heart, was this, That when the King was one day in his Chariot a Hunting, two Lions ran fiercely upon him, and tearing the two Chariot-Horses in pieces, they made at him, at which instant Therabazus came fortunately in, killed both the Lions, and so rescued the King. It's likewise reported of him, that he was a Person of extraordinary Valour, and of so sound and solid a Judgement in Council, that the King never miscarried when he followed his Advice.  
When Terabazus had ended what he had to say in his own defence, all the Judges with 
Terabazus acquitted.  one Voice acquitted him, and pronouced him Innocent of all the Crimes and Offences laid to his Charge. But the King afterwards sent for the Judges to him severally, and examined every one by himself, upon what Grounds of Law they pronounced the Accused, Innocent. To whom the first answered, That the Matter of the Accusation was Uncertain and Dubious, but his good Services were Clear, Apparent and Manifest to all. Another said, That though those things objected against him were true, yet that all his Faults were overbalanced by his Deserts. The Third justified his Vote to discharge him, by declaring, 
Ant. Ch. 383.  That he had no regard to his Merits, because the King had rewarded them above their Deserts, but upon strict Examining the Nature of every particular Charge, it did not appear to him that the Party accused was guilty of any of them. Upon which the King commended the Judges, as Just and Upright Men, and advanced Terabazus to the highest Places of Honour. But as to Orontes, he discarded him as a False Accuser, and noted 
P. 464.  him with all the Marks of Ignominy and Disgrace. And thus stood Affairs in Asia at this time.   

CHAP. II.  
Mantinaea Besieged by the Lacedmonians. Dionysius aims to gain the Islands of the Adriatic Sea. The Parii built Pharos. Dionysius his Expedition into Hetruria Prepares for War against the Carthaginians. The Sicilians routed at Cronion. The quarrel between the Clazomenians and them of Cuma, about Leuce. The War between Amyntas and the Olynthians. The Lacedæmonians seize the Citadel Cadmea at Thebes. Eudamidas breaks into the Olynthians' Country.  
IN Greece the Lacedæmonians pressed on the Siege of Mantinaea; and the Mantineans bravely defended the place all that Summer. For they were reputed the most valiant Men of all the Arcadians, and therefore the Spartans' in former times were used to account these their fastest and truest Friends in all Fights and Engagements. But when Winter drew on, and the River running under the Town swelled high by the Rains, the Lacedæmonians damned up the River with Earth and Rubbish, and turned the Current into the City, so that all the place round about was like to a standing Pool; by reason whereof the Houses fell down, which amazed them of Mantinaea, that they were forced to deliver up the City: Which being thus taken, the Citizens suffered no other hardships from 
Mantinaea taken.  the Lacedæmonians, save only that they were ordered to return to those Ancient Villages from whence at first they came: they were forced therefore to leave their Country, and 
Ant. Ch. 383. Dionysius designs upon Aepyius.  settle themselves and their Families in the Villages.  
About this time Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse had a design to gain the Cities lying upon the Adriatic Sea, and that which chief moved him to it, was because he covered to be Master of the Ionian Sea (as they call it) to the end he might have a free and open passage to Epirus, and to have Towns and places for his Ships ready to touch at. For he was every day making preparation to Transport great number of Forces into Epirus, and to rifle and plunder the rich Temple at Delphos. To this end he made a 
* Molussus a part of Epirus.  League with the Illyrians by the help of Alcetas the Molossian, who was then an Exile at Syracuse And the Illyrians being then engaged in a War, he sent them Two thousand Soldiers, and Five hundred Grecian Arms: the Arms they distributed amongst the strongest and stoutest of their Men, and the Auxiliaries they mixed here and there in several of their own Companies and Regiments. The Illyrians having now raised a great Army; made an irruption into Epirus, in order to restore Alcetas to his Kingdom, and wasted and spoiled the Country without opposition or control. Afterwards a sharp Battle was fought between them and the Molossians, in which the Illyrians were Victors, and killed 
A great slaughter of the Molossians.  above Fifteen thousand of the Molossians, which Slaughter of the Epirots being made known to the Lacedæmonians, they sent them aid to curb and bridle the fierceness and cruelty of the Barbarians.  
During the transaction of these Affairs, the 
* Paros, an Island of the Egean Sea near Delos. Lyssus built by Dionysius in Pharos.  Parii by the encouragement of an old Prophecy, sent forth a Colony to the Adriatic Coast, where they built Pharos by the help of Dionysius, in an Island so called. For not many years before he had sent a Colony thither, and built the City Lyssus: by the advantage of which place (when he had little else to do) he raised an Arsenal for Two hundred Galleys, and Walled the Town in so large a Circuit, that it exceeded in compass all the Cities of Greece. He likewise built stately Schools and Colleges on the on the side of the River 
* Or rather Anapis in Sicily. Olymp. 96. 1. A. M. 3588. Ant. Ch. 382. P. 465. Ant. Ch. 381. P. 465.  Anapus, with Temples and other beautiful Fabrics to advance the Glory and Greatness of the City.  
And now ended the Year: when Diotrephes, for the next was Archon of Athens; and Lucius Valerius, and Aulus Manlius were Roman Consuls. At Aelis was solemnised the Ninety ninth Olympiad, in which Dicon the Syracusian won the Prize. At this time the Pharii (who were now seated in the Island Pharos) Walled in the City they had built near the Sea side, not in the least injuring the Barbarians, the Ancient Inhabitants of the Island; but allotted them a place very strong, and excellently well fortified. But this nestling of the Greeks was a great Eyesore to the natural Inhabitants; therefore they sent for the Illyrians bordering upon the Continent over against them, who passed over to Pharos in many small Vessels, to the number of Ten thousand Men and upwards, and fell upon the Greeks and killed many of them. But he who was made Governor of Lyssus by Dionysius, with a great Fleet, set upon the Shipping of the Illyrians; and took and sunk all of them, killed Five thousand of their Men, and took Two thousand prisoners.  
Dionysius being now in great want of Money, began an Expedition with Threescore Galleys into 
* Tyrthenia by the Greek, but mistaken.  Hetruria, under colour to scour the Seas of Pirates, but in truth to rob a famous Temple in those parts, which was very full 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  of rich Gifts and Donations. It stood in the Suburbs of Agylla, a City of Hetruria, where was the Arsenal which they call the Towers. He landed in the Night, and forcing in at break of day, accomplished his Design. For there being but a small Guard in the Castle, he easily overpowered them, rifled the Temple, and took out above a Thousand Talents.  
And tho' they of Agylla sallied out to repel the Enemy, yet he routed 'em, took many 
Dionysius rifles a Temple at Agylla in Hetruria to get Money.  prisoners, and after he had wasted and spoiled the Country, sailed back to Syracuse, where he raised no less than Five hundred Talents by the sale of the Spoils. Having thus filled his Coffers he raised Soldiers from all parts, and got together a great Army, so that it was evident (to the apprehension of all) that he designed War against the Carthaginians. And these were the things done this year.  
Afterwards the Dignity of Archon was conferred upon Phanostratus at Athens. And 
Olymp. 99 2. Ant. Ch. 381.  the Romans made Four Military Tribunes Consuls, Lucius Lucretius, Servius Sulpitius, 
* Caius  Lucius Emilius, and Lucius Furius. At this time Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse being prepared for the War against Carthage, watched for a fair occasion to colour and countenance his Design. Discerning therefore that the City's subject to the Carthaginians were inclined to a Revolt, he received into his Protection as many as would come to him, and entered into a League with them, carrying himself with great complacency and winning behaviour. Upon this, the Carthaginians first sent Ambassadors to him, and demanded the restitution of the Cities, which being denied, was the occasion of a new War.  
The Carthaginians therefore entered into Confederacies with their Neighbours, and all 
Another War with the Carthaginians by Dionysius. Ant. Ch. 381.  joined together in the War against the Tyrant. And because they prudently foresaw the greatness of the War, they Listed Soldiers out of the choicest of the Citizens, and laid up great Sums of Money wherewith they hired a vast number of Foreigners: And having made Mago their General (who at that time bore the Title of King) they Transported many Thousands of Soldiers both into Italy and Sicily, for they had decreed to make War upon them both at once. Dionysius likewise himself divided his Forces, some against the Italiots and others against the Carthaginians: Whereupon many light skirmishes passed between Parties here and there every day, but nothing was as yet done of any moment. But there afterwards happened Two great Battles that were especially famous and remarkable, in one of which, at a place called Cabala, Dionysius made himself noted 
Dionysius routs the Carthaginians at Cabala in Sicily.  for his Valour, and routed the Enemy, killing above Ten thousand of them, and taking Five thousand prisoners, forced the rest to fly to a Hill that was fortified, but altogether without Water. In this Fight Mago their General was killed, behaving himself with great Gallantry and Resolution. The Carthaginians terrified with the greatness of this Slaughter, sent forthwith Ambassadors to make Peace with Dionysius; but he 
P. 466.  returned them Answer, that there was only one way left for them to make peace with him, and that was forthwith to quit all the Cities of Sicily, and to reimburse all the charge of the War. This Answer was looked upon as harsh and proud. Therefore they betook themselves to their old Arts of Fraud and Deceit. For they seemed as if they allowed of his terms, but pretended that it was not in their power to deliver up the Cities to him, therefore they desired a Truce for some few days that they might consult with the Magistrates concerning this Affair, which he agreed unto. He was much transported at the 
Ant. Ch. 381.  Truce, having now a prospect presently (as he conceived) to be Lord of all Sicily. In the mean time the Carthaginians buried Mago their King with great Pomp and State, putting his Son into the same place, who tho' he was very young, yet there were marks and appearances in him of more than ordinary Wisdom and Valour. This new General spent all the time of the Truce in Training and Disciplining of his Soldiers, so that, what with his daily Diligence, exact Directions, and frequent exercise of their Arms, he had an Army both readily subject to Command, and hardy and strong for Service. And now the time of the Cessation expired, and the Armies on both sides came hastily into the Field; and at Cronion was a sharp Engagement, where God gave the Carthaginians 
Another Battle at Cronion, where Dionysius was beaten.  the Victory to make amends for their former slaughter. For they who were grown proud, and boasting by their Victory a little before, were now as low and poor spirited. On the other hand, they who were altogether dejected, and in despair, by reason of their overthrow, had their Spirits on a sudden raised by their great and unexpected success. For Leptines who commanded one of the Wings, a valiant Man, signalised himself, and there sell in the Bed of Honour, after he made a great slaughter amongst his Enemies. After whose Fall, the Carthaginians plucked up their Spirits, and at length put their Enemies to flight. Dionysius with those choice Men he had with him, at the first worsted those that charged him; but when the death of Leptines was known, and the other Wing was discerned to be broken and dispersed, that part of the Army with Dionysius fled likewise: Upon which, the whole Body betaking themselves to their heels, the Carthaginians made a hot pursuit, and gave Orders that no Quarter should be given, so that all being killed that came to hand, every place for a long way together was strowed and covered with dead Bodies. The Carthaginians in revenge of their former loss had made so 
Antony's Ch. 301.  great a slaughter, that when the slain came to be buried, they were found to amount to above Fourteen thousand Sicilians; and it was by the advantage of Night only, that the rest escaped. The Carthaginians having now gained so great and remarkable a Victory, returned to Panormas: However, (as it became Men) they used their Prosperity with great Moderation, and sent Ambassadors to Dionysius to offer him Terms of Peace, which he readily embraced; And all was concluded upon these conditions, That both sides should keep what they had before the War, save only that the Carthaginians should have the City and Territory of Selinuntia, and part of the Country of Agrigemum, 
Peace concluded by the Carthaginians with Dionysius.  as far as to the River Alycum, and that Dionysius should pay a Thousand Talents to the Carthaginians. And thus stood Affairs in Sicily at that time.  
In Asia, Gaius, Admiral of the Persian Fleet, who had rebelled against the King, after he had engaged the Lacedæmonians and Egyptians to his Interest, was Murdered secretly 
Gaius Murdered. P. 467. Tachos Rebels against the King of Persia. Ant. Ch. 381.  by some body unknown, and so falled of his Designs. After whose Death Tachos pursuing the same Design, got an Army together and built a City upon an high Rock joining to the Sea, called Leuca, where he built a Chapel to Apollo: but he died likewise a little after; upon whose death the Clazomenians, and they of Cuma fell at strife and variance for the Town, which at first they went about to decide by force of Arms: But afterwards by the advice of some Person consulting the Oracle of Delphos, to know to which of the Cities Leuca should belong, The Prophetess Answered, That it should be theirs who should first sacrifice at Leuca; but that both should set forth from their Cities at the rising of the Sun, upon one and the same day, as they themselves should agree upon. Accordingly 
Contention between them of Cuma and them of Clazomenia about Leuca.  the day was set, the Cumeans in the mean time looked upon themselves to have the advantage, because their City was nearer than the other. But the Clazomenians, tho' they were more remote, yet contrived this project to gain their end. They sent some of their Citizens chosen by Lot to a Colony of theirs not far from Leuca, and from thence at Sun rising they began their Journey, and so finished their Sacrifices before them of Cuma. Having gained Leuca by this trick, in memory thereof they appointed a yearly Festival, which they called Prophthasia, from this their coming first to Leuca. These things thus done, all Rebellions in Asia were at an end; and the Lacedæmonians now after the death of Gaius and Tachos would have no more to do with Asia; but set their Heads at work how to advance their power in Greece. And having persuaded some of the Cities, and forced others to receive their Exiles, they possessed themselves of the Sovereighty of the whole, manifestly against the League amongst all the Grecians made by Antalcydas, by the help of the King of Persia.  
In Macedonia King Amyntas (after he was overcome by the Illyrians, in despair of being able to help himself) bestowed a large Tract of Land upon the Olynthians, which lay near to them, as never thinking to be restored again to his Kingdom. The Olynthians enjoyed this Peace for some time, but when the King recovered strength, and was re-instated into his former Dignity, he demanded restitution of the Land, which the Olynthians denied. Upon which, Amyntas raised both an Army of his own, and entered into a League with the Lacedæmonians, and prevailed with them to send a General with a great Army 
Amyntas' quarrels with the Olynthians.  against the Olynthians. The Lacedæmonians resolving to fix in those parts of Thrace, raised an Army out of their own Citizens and Confederates, to the number of Ten thousand Men, over which they made Phoebidas, that Spartan, General, and commanded him to join with Amyntas and make War upon the Olynthians. They sent out another Body against the Phaeuntians, whom they subdued, and forced to submit to their Government.  
About this time the Two Lacedaemonian Kings having different Sentiments disagreed one with another. For Agesipolis was a lover of Peace, and a Just and Wise Man, and therefore Declared against oppressing the Greeks. For he said that Sparta would become infamous amongst all the People, if after they had been instrumental in making the Grecians in Asia Slaves to the Persians, they should now enslave all the Cities of Greece to themselves, whose Liberties they had sworn in the common League to preserve inviolable. On the other hand Agesilaus being naturally Turbulent and inclined to War, thirsted after Dominion over the Grecians.  
Afterwards when Menander was Lord Chancellor of Athens, and six Military Tribunes, 
Olymp. 99 3. An. M. 3590. Ant. Ch. 380.  Quintus Sulpitius, Caius Fabius, 
* Servius Cornelius. The Citadel Cadmea seized by the Lacedæmonians. P. 468.  Cornelius Servilius, Quintus Servilius, Sextus Annius, and Caius Marcius bore the Consular Dignity at Rome, the Lacedæmonians seized upon Cadmea, the Citadel of Thebes, for the Reasons following. They had for some time before considered how Boetia was full of Towns and Cities, and that the Inhabitants were Men both of stout Hearts, and strong Bodies; and especially that Thebes which continued to that Day in its ancient State and Grandeur, was even the Guard and Bulwark of all Beotia; therefore they were afraid lest at some fit opportunity or other, they should become Lords of Greece: For this Reason they gave private Instruction to their Commanders, to seize upon Cadmea as soon as they could spy out an opportunity. Phoebidas the Spartan General in his March against the Olynthians (remembering his Instructions) Surprised Cadmea, which so enraged the Thebans, that they risen in Arms, but were beaten, and he Banished three hundred of the most eminent Citizens, and put all the rest into a great fright; and leaving there a strong Garrison, Marched away in pursuance of the business he had chief in hand.  
All the Grecians every where complained of the Lacedæmonians for this unworthy Act. And they indeed themselves Fined Phaebidas for it, but could not be brought to withdraw the Garrison. And thus the Thebans were Robbed of their Liberty, and brought under the power of the Lacedæmonians. But the Olynthians resolutely persisting in the War against Amyntas King of Macedon, Phaebidas was ordered to lay down his Commission, and Eudamidas his Brother was made General, and sent away with Three thousand heavy armed Men to carry on the War against the Olynthians, who breaking into the Olynthians' Country, 
Ant. Ch. 380.  jointly with Amyntas fell upon them; but the Olynthians being good Soldiers, and overpowering the other in Number, beat them both. Upon this the Lacedæmonians raised a great Army, and made Teleutias, King Agislaus his Brother General, who was a Man of high Esteem among the Citizens for his Valour, who as soon as he entr'd to the Borders of Olynthus, was joined with the Forces of Eudamidas; and now being strong enough to fight the Enemy, he first Spoiled and Wasted the Country, and Divided the Prey (which he had got together in abundance) amongst the Soldiers. Afterwards the Olynthians marched out with their own, and the Forces of their Confederates. Upon which the Armies Engaged and at the beginning, the Battle was doubtful; but afterwards the Fight was renewed with that extraordinary Courage and Resolution, that Teleutias 
The Olynthians beat the Lacedæmonians.  bravely acquitting himself, and above Twelve hundred Lacedemontans more, were there killed upon the Place. The Spartans' being nettled at this Success of the Olynthians, made greater Preparations in order to repair their Loss: So on the other hand, the Olynthians suspecting that the Lacedæmonians would bring down greater Forces upon them, and that the War might continue long, furnished themselves with store of Corn and Provision, and Aids from their Confederates.  
Demophilus was now Archon at Athens, and Publius Cornelius, Lucius Verginius, Lucius 
Olymp. 99 4. Antony's Ch. 379.  Papurius, 
* Valerius.  Marcus Furius, Valerius Aulius, Manlius * Lucius, and 
* Lucius.  Posthumius Quintus, Military Tribunes, were Consuls at Rome when the Lacedæmonians decreed War against the Olynthians, and made their King Agesipolis General over an Army of Force sufficient 
† Aulus Manlius.  for the Expedition. As soon as he entr'd the Enemy's Country, he joined with those that were Encamped there, and forthwith fell to Action. The Olynthians this Year fought no considerable Battle; but kept the King's Army in play (whom they were afraid 
† Posthumius. War with the Olynthians by the Lacedæmonians.  to Encounter) with continual pickeering, and light and frequent skirmishes.   

CHAP. III.  
Polypidas sent General by the Lacedæmonians against the Olynthians. A great Plague in Carthage. The Beotian War. Cadmea retaken. A Confederacy of the Cities against the Lacedæmonians. Cleombrotus attempts to Surprise the Pireum at Athens. The Athenians Seize Actea in Eubea. Agesilaus enters Beotia. The Sea-fight at Naxus.  
AFter the end of the Year, Pytheas was Created Chief Magistrate of Athens; and 
P. 469. Olymp. 100 1. An. M. 3592. Ant. Ch. 378.  six Military Tribunes bore the consular Authority at Rome, Titus Quintius, Lucius Servilius, Lucius Julius, Aquilius 
* Lucius.  Decius, Lucretius Anchius, and Servius Sulpitius. At that time was Solemnised the Hundred Olympiad at Elis; in which Dionysiodorus the Tarentine bore away the Prize. In the mean time Agestpolis King of Lacedaemon died in the fourteenth Year of his Reign; and his Brother Cleombrotus succeeding him, Reigned Nine Years. But the Lacedæmonians Constituted Polybidas General, and sent him forth against 
Polybidas subdues the Olynthians.  the Olynthians. He swore all his Soldiers to be true and faithful to him, and gained many Victories, managing the War with the Valour and Conduct that became a good General. At length improving his good Fortune and frequent Sucesses, he drove the Olynthians within their Walls, and pinning them up, so Terrified them, that he forced them to Submit to the Lacedæmonians as their Sovereign Lords. As soon as the 
Ant. Ch. 378.  Olynthians were Enrolled among the Confederates of the Spartans', many other Cities sought to come under the same Protection. And now the Power of the Lacedæmonians was in its greatest Strength, as being Lords of all Greece, both by Sea and Land; 
Sparta in its strength.  For the Thebans were overawed by a Garrison; the Corinthians and Argives were tired out with Wars one with another; the Athenians for their Covetousness and Cruelty exercised among those they had Subdued, were despised by all the Grecians. On the other hand all were afraid of the Lacedæmonians, because they were very Populous, expert Soldiers, and unwearied in their Attempts: Insomuch that the greatest of the Princes in those times (I mean the King of Persia, and Dyonysius the Tyrant of Sicily) Courted the Spartans' and were ambitious of their Alliance.  
Afterward when Nico governed at Athens, and Six Military Tribunes were Created 
Olymp. 100 2. Ant. Ch. 377.  Consuls at Rome; Lucius Papyrius, Caius Cornelius, Lucius Manlius, Caius Servilius, Valerius Aulius, and Quintius Fabius, the Carthaginians entered with an Army into Italy, and Restored the Hipponiats to their City, whence they had been Expulsed, and kindly received 
* Menenius.  all the Exiles that came in to them from all Parts.  
Not long after a great Plague happened in Carthage, which Raging more and more, 
A Plague in Carthage. Ant. Ch. 377.  swept away abundance of the Inhabitants; insomuch that they were in great danger to have lost their Sovereignty. For the Africans slighted and deserted them, the Inhabitant; of Sardinia (supposing they had now a fit opportunity) Revolted, and risen up in Arms against them. Moreover, a Remarkable Judgement of God fell upon Carthage 
The Carthaginians kill one another in the Streets.  at this time, for the City was all on a sudden in an uproar, filled with Tumult, Fear, and Horror; and many running Armed out of their Houses (as if an Enemy had entr'd the Place) Fought, Wounded and Killed one another in the Streets. At length the Gods being Appeased by Sacrifices; and they delivered out of their sad Afflictions, they presently Subdued the Africans, and Recovered Sardinia.  
After these things, when Nausinicus chief Governor of Athens, and four Military 
Olymp. 100 3. An. M. 3594. Ant. Ch. 376. The Boetian War.  Tribunes, Marcus Cornelius, Servilius Quinctius, Marcus Furius and Lucius Quinctius were Clothed with the Consular dignity at Rome, the Beotian War (so called) broke out, between the Beotians and the Lacedæmonians upon the Accounts following. The Lacedæmonians against all Law and Justice forcibly detained the Citadel of Cadmea, and had forced many Persons of Quality to fly out of their own Country: The Exiles therefore upon a private Consult among themselves (by the help of the Athenians) returned in the Night into their City, and in the first place killed all those they judged sided with the Lacedæmonians, surprising them in their Houses, when they were asleep; then they stirred up all 
P. 470. The Thebans get in a Body to retake the Citadel.  the Common People to appear for their Liberties, upon which the whole City of Thebes readily came in to their assistance; and getting into a Body, clapped about Cadmea at break of Day. In the mean time the Lacedaemonian Garrison that was in the Citadel, which consisted of no fewer than Fifteen hundred Men, sent a Messenger to Sparta to inform them of the Insurrection in Thebes, and to desire Aid with all speed. However 
Ant. 376.  they from the Bastions in the Citadel beat off the Besiegers, killing and wounding many. Upon this the Thebans concluding that great Forces would be brought out of Greece to the assistance of the Lacedæmonians, sent Ambassadors to Athens, to put them in mind how they had been assisted by the Thebans at that time when they rescued their Commonwealth from the Slavery they suffered under the Thirty Tyrants, and therefore that they should press them that they would hasten with all the force they had to help them to Reduce Cadmea, before any Aid came from Sparta.  
The People of Athens, as soon as they heard what was desired by the Thebans, decreed that without delay, a Strong and Considerable Army should be sent to help them 
The Athenians assist the Thebans.  to regain their Liberty, both to demonstrate their Gratitude for their former Services, and likewise hoping thereby so to oblige the Thebans as that they should ever find them fast and constant Friends to assist them at all times, against the growing and boundless power of the Lacedæmonians. For the Thebans were looked upon not to be Inferior to any in Greece, for number or valour of Men. In conclusion, the Athenians made Demophoon General over Five thousand Foot, and Five hundred Horse, who drew out before Day next Morning, and hasted away with a swift March, that he might be before the Lacedæmonians; however the People of Athens were ready and prepared to March out with all their Forces into Beotia, if the Thebans had occasion for them. Demophoon with great expedition (beyond expectation) appeared in view of them of Thebes; and Soldiers came together with the like Zeal and Earnestness from other Cities of Beotia, so that the Thebans had now a numerous Army, consisting of no less than Twelve thousand 
Ant. Ch. 376.  Foot, and about Two thousand Horse; and all Cheerfully and Readily bestirred themselves to Besiege the Citadel. The Army divided themselves into parties, and assaulted the Place by turns, persisting without any Cessation Night and Day. In the mean time, they in the Castle (encouraged by their Officers) bore the Brunt with great Courage; hoping to receive speedy Succours from the Lacedæmonians: And indeed they Valiantly stood it out while they had any Victuals left, killing and wounding many of the Assailants, having the advantage of the strength of the Fort. But when their Provision grew low, and the Lacedæmonians lingered in sending Relief, the Garrison began to Mutiny.  
For the Lacedæmonians were for the standing of it out to the last Man; but the Auxiliaries from the Confederate Cities (who were the greater number) were for delivering it up; so the Spartans', who were but few, were forced to Surrender the Citadel, and being dismissed according to Articles, returned to Peleponnesus. At length the Lacedæmonians 
The Citadel is surrendered.  came with their Army to Thebes, but having lost their opportunity through the slowness of their March, all was to no purpose. But they Tried three of the Officers of the Garrison by a Council of War, and Condemned two of them to Die, and imposed so great a Mulct and Fine upon the Third, as that he was never able to pay it. Afterwards the Athenians returned into their own Country, and the Thebans spent much time in vain in the Siege of Thespis. During these affairs the Romans sent a Colony of Five 
P. 471.  hundred Citizens into Sardinia upon Terms of being free from Tribute.  
Afterwards, when Callias was Lord Chancellor of Athens, and four Military Tribunes, 
Olymp. 100; 4. Ant. Ch. 375.  Lucius Papyrius, Marcus 
* Publiu.  Publius, 
† Cornelius.  Titus 
* Ti●o.  Cornelius, and 
† Luc. Quinctius.  Quintus Lucius were honoured with the Consular Dignity at Rome (after the Lacedæmonians had miscarried at Thebes) The Beotians took Courage, and entering into Associations, raised a great Army, because they foresaw that the Lacedæmonians would presently enter with a strong Body into Beotia.  
The Athenians likewise sent Persons of the greatest Quality amongst them to persuade the City's subject to the Lacedæmonians, not to neglect the present Opportunity now offered to recover their Liberties. For indeed the Lacedæmonians were grown to that height, that they Lorded it with great Pride and Oppression over their Subjects: Therefore many of them were inclined to comply with the Athenians. The first that made a defection were they of Chios and Byzantium, after them Rhodes and Mitylene, and some other Islands. And now the Commotions and Disturbances of the Cities of Greece more and more increasing, many of them joined with Athens: Upon which the People of Athens encouraged by this Confederacy, Decreed a general Diet or Senate of some chosen 
A general Assembly of the Cities at Athens against Sparta. Ant. Ch. 375.  out of every City, from among all their Allies, to Consult of the present state of affairs. And it was agreed by common Consent, that the Senate should sit at Athens, and that every City, whether great or small, should send only one Representative, and every one should be governed by their own Laws, but under the Conduct and Administration of the Athenians.  
However the Lacedæmonians tho' they saw the Current and Tide so strong as that they were not able to Stem it, yet they endeavoured all they could by fair Words; and many specious promises, to Court the Deserters to return to their Obedience; not neglecting in the mean time to prepare for the War, in as much as they discerned, it would be Great and of long Continuance, in regard the Athenians and other Grecicans, (met together in that public Assembly) all joined with the Thebans.  
Whilst these things were acting in Greece, Acoris King of Egypt, for some time before 
Acoris King of Egypt raises an Army against the Persians.  bearing a grudge to the Persian King, raised a great Army of Foreigners from all parts. For giving large Pay, and being otherwise very Bountiful, he got together a great number of Grecians in a short time; who listed themselves into his Service. But wanting a skilful General, he sent for Chabrias the Athenians an excellent Commander, and one highly honoured for his Valour, who undertook the Employment, but without the consent of the People, and so prepared himself with all diligence for the War against the Persians. But Pharnabazus declared Commander in Chief by the King, having made great preparations of Money for the War, sent Messengers to Athens to complain 
Chabrias sent out of Egyyt.  against Chabrias, letting them know that by his accepting of the chief Command under the King of Egypt, he had greatly Alienated the King of Persia from the People of Athens. Then he demanded that they would send to him Iphicrates, to assist him in the Command of the Army. Upon this the Athenians (who made it their great Concern to stand right in the King's good Opinion and to keep Pharnabazus firm to their Interest) 
Ant. Ch. 375. P. 475. Iphicrates sent to the Persians.  without delay recalled Chabrias out of Egypt, and commanded Iphicrates to assist the Persians.  
The Lacedæmonians and Athenians some years before had struck up a Peace amongst themselves, which continued to this very time. But after that Sphodriades was made General 
Sphodriades attempts to surprise the Pireum at Athens.  by the Spartans', (a Man of a proud and haughty Spirit, rash and headstrong) Cleombrotus the Lacedaemonian King egged him on to surprise the Pireum at Athens without the assent of the Ephori. To this end being furnished with Ten thousand heavy Armed Men, he attempts to enter the Pireum in the Night; but the Treachery being detected by the Athenians, his project came to nought, and he returned as he came: And tho' he was brought before the Senate at Sparta, for this rash and inconsiderate Action, yet being Patronised by the Kings, he was against all Law and Justice discharged. The Athenians being incensed with this apparent abuse, published a Decree, That in as much as the Lacedæmonians had openly violated the League, that War should be made upon them for the repair of the Injury. To this end therefore Timotheus, Chabrias, and Calliffratus (Men of great Account in the City, who were made Generals for this Expedition) were Commission'd to raise Twenty thousand Foot of Corsleteers, and five hundred Horse, and to Equip a Fleet of Two hundred Sail.  
The Athenians likewise brought the Thebans as Members into the public Senate, upon the same Terms and Conditions with the rest. It was also Enacted by the suffrage of the Senate, That the Lands which had been divided by Lot, should be restored to the ancient Proprietors; and that no Athenian should challenge any Right to any Lands that lay out of Attica. By this fair dealing the Athenians regained the love of the Grecians, and again strengthened themselves in their Government. And this was the cause which moved many other Cities of Greece to side with the Athenians. The chiefest Cities of Eubea (except Actia) with great Heat and Zeal entered into an Association with Athens. But in regard they of Actia had received many kindnesses from the Lacedæmonians, and on the other hand, had been grievously oppressed and harassed by the Athenians, they bore an implacable hatred towards the one, and stuck close and firm in their Alliance to the other. In sum, there were seventy Cities that entered into this Confederacy and Association, all which had Voices upon the same Terms and Conditions in the Senate. So that the Forces of the Athenians increasing every Day, and those of Sparta decreasing, these two Cities began now again to lie in equal Balance.  
The Athenians therefore (who saw all things go forward according to their own hearts desire) transported Forces into Eubea both to fix their Confederates, and to suppress their Foes. In this Island one Neogenes a little before these times, with the assistance of Jason 
Ant. Ch. 375. Neogenes makes himself King of Eubea.  of Pherus, with a Band of Men had seized upon the Citadel of Actea, and declared himself King of those Parts, and of the City 
* In Eubea, now Negtopont.  Oropus. But governing proudly and Tyrannically, the Lacedæmonians sent Therippidas against him, who at the first would have persuaded him by fair means to leave the Castle; but when he could not be so wrought upon, he stirred up the Inhabitants near adjoining to recover their Liberty, and took the Castle by storm, and restored the Oropians to their former freedom. For this reason the Hestrieans always loved the Lacedæmonians, and kept a firm League of Friendship with them. But Chabrias the General, with the Forces sent from Athens, wasted and spoiled the Country of the Hestreians, and walled Metropolis (as 'tis called) situated upon a Hill naturally fortified, and left there a Garrison; and he himself sailed to the Cyclade Islands, and reduced Peparethus and Sciathus, and others Subject to the Lacedæmonians:  
When the Lacedæmonians saw that they could not put a stop to the Defection of their 
P. 473.  Confederates, they laid aside their Severity, and took other Measures to win the Cities by more gentle Methods: And by this means they gained upon those of their Confederates that were yet left. And because they discerned that the War was coming on apace, and that great care was required for the management of their Affairs, among other Preparations they diligently applied themselves to put their Army into a better posture, and 
Ant. Ch. 375. The Lacedæmonians prepare for War.  more aptly to dispose of their Troops and Regiments, and to have their Forts and Garrisons more faithfully kept and secured: For they divided their Cities and Soldiers, raised there for the present War, into Ten parts: The first were Lacedæmonians; the second and third, Arcadians; the fourth, Eleans; the fifth, Acheans; the sixth, Corinthians and Megareans; the seventh, Sicyons, Phliasians, and Acteans; the eighth, Acarnanians; the ninth, Phocians and Locrians; the last, Olinthians and Confederates of Thrace. The manner and way of their Order and Marshalling was thus: One Corsleteer, or heavy-armed Soldier, was accounted equal to two lightly armed; and one Horseman to four heavy-armed Footmen. The Army thus disposed, King Agesilaus was made Generalissimo; for he was famous 
Agesilaus the Lacedaemonian General.  both for his Valour and Prudence, and never had been worsted in any Encounter to that very time: For as he was highly admired in other Wars, so in the War by the Lacedæmonians against the Persians, he routed Armies far greater than his own, and bore down all before him, wasting and spoiling a great part of Asia; and if the Spartans' had not called him home (through the Urgency of Affairs in his own Country) he had not been far from ruining the whole Kingdom of Persia: For he was a Man very brisk and daring, and yet withal prudent, addicting himself to Great and Noble Actions; and therefore the Spartans' (when the greatness of the War required a Skilful Commander) chose him to be General above all others.  
Upon which, Agesilaus entered Boeotia with above Eighteen thousand Foot, amongst whom were five Regiments of Lacedæmonians, every Regiment consisting of Five hundred. 
Ant. Ch. 375.  The Lacedaemonian Band called the 
* These were commonly 600.  Scirite, joined not with the rest of the Army; but kept their proper Post round about the King, and always were ready to secure that part that was most pressed upon. And because it was made up of the best Soldiers, it was of 
Agesilaus enters Boeotia.  the greatest Esteem of any part of the Army, and most commonly instrumental to the gaining of every Victory. Besides the Foot before mentioned, Agesilaus had with him Fifteen hundred Horse. As soon as he came to Thespis (a Lacedaemonian Garrison) he encamped near the City, to refresh his Army after their long March.  
When the Athenians heard that the Lacedæmonians had entered into Baectia, they forthwith sent Five thousand Foot and Two hundred Horse to the Aid of Thebes. The Thebans having mustered and rendezvoused their Forces, possessed themselves of a Hill which ran out a great length, distant twenty Stages from the City, and posted themselves there for the advantage of the Ground (being difficult of access) and there waited for the Enemy: For the great Reputation of Agesilaus did so terrify them, that they durst not engage with him upon equal Terms in the open Field. Agesilaus now advances with his Forces against the Boeotians; as soon as he came near the Enemy (to make trial whether they had a mind to fight) he sent out against them some light-armed Men, which were soon beaten back by the Thebans from the higher Ground: Upon which (to strike them with the more Terror) he drew out his whole Army in Battalia upon them. Whereupon Chabrias the Athenian, Commander of the Mercenaries, ordered the Soldiers to appear in a posture of Defiance to the Lacedæmonians; and to that end to stand in their Ranks and Orders, with their Shields laid down at their Feet, and with their Spears advanced, so to present themselves to the view of the Enemy, which they obeyed at the first Word of Command. Agesilaus admiring their excellent Order, and their 
P. 474. Ant. Ch. 375. Agesilaus dares the Thebans to fight in the open Field.  Contempt of their Enemies, thought it not safe to attempt to force up those steep Places. and to try their Valour at such Disadvantages, having experienced, that by violent pressing upon them, they would be necessitated to stand it out to the utmost extremity. Therefore he did all he could to provoke them to descend into the Plain; but when he could not get them to stir, he sent out a Phalanx of Foot, and a Party of light Horse, and wasted and spoiled the Country without control, and got together abundance of Prey and Plunder. But those that were ordered to attend upon Agesilaus as his Council, and the Colonels and Captains of the Regiments wondering that he being ever accounted a valiant Man, and a good Soldier, and now furnished with an Army far stronger than the Enemy, should notwithstanding wave an Engagement. Agesilaus gave them this Answer, That now the Lacedæmonians were Conquerors without fight, since the Thebans durst not move out of their place to give a stop to the spoiling of their Country; and if he should force them to fight after they had willingly yielded the Victory, the uncertain Fortune of War might be such as might on a sudden ruin the Lacedæmonians. The Man by this Conception of his seemed modestly to foretell the Event; for that which followed after did clearly evince, That what he said was the Oracle of God, and not the mere Voice of a Man. For the Lacedæmonians within a short time after, when they set upon the Thebans with a numerous Army, and forced them to fight for their Liberties, involved themselves in unspeakable Calamities: For in the first place, when they were routed at the Battle 
Ant. Ch. 374.  of Leuctra, a great number of their Citizens were cut off, amongst whom was their King Cleombrtus. And afterwards at the Battle of Mantinaea, they were utterly ruined, and (beyond all Men's thoughts of any such thing) quite lost the Sove raignty of Greece: For in this Fight (especially) Fortune made it her Business to bring swift Destruction upon the Proud and Haughty, and to teach Men not to aspire beyond the Bounds of Moderation and Modesty. So that Agesilaus acted prudently in being content in his former good Success, and preserving his Army entire without loss or prejudice.  
Some time after, Agesilaus marched back with his Army into Peloponnesus; but the Thebans, now delivered from the Danger they were in by the Conduct of Chabrias, highly admired his witty Stratagem; who though he had performed many Noble Exploits in the Wars yet he gloried more in this than in all others before, and by the favour of the 
Chabrias highly honoured by the Thebans.  People procured Statues to be erected in memory of the Project, representing the thing as it was done.  
The Thebans, after the departure of Agesilaus, set upon Thespiae, and killed the Guard, which consisted of Two hundred Men; but making several Assaults upon the City, tho' all in vain, they drew off, in order to their return with their Forces to Thebes. Upon which, Phebidas the Lacedaemonian, the Governor of Thespiae (who kept the Place with a strong Garrison) made a Sally upon the Thebans in their retreat, and through his pressing on too rashly (after many Wounds received, and signalizing his Valour) he lost his own Life, and the Lives of above Five hundred of his Fellows. 
Phebidas Killed   
Not long after, the Lacedæmonians marched against Thebes with the same Army: And then again the Thebans possessed themselves of some other Places that were of difficult access, by which means they did indeed hinder the wasting and spoiling the Country, but dared not at first to engage with the Enemy in the Plain. But upon the appearance of Agesilaus 
Ant. Ch. 374.  in the Van of the Army, they began to march slowly towards him, and after long time the Armies at length engaged with great Heat and Fury. At the first Agesilaus had the advantage; but when he discerned the whole City of Thebes to sally out upon him, he 
A Fight near Thebes. P. 475. The Lacedæmonians are repulsed. A Sea-Fight.  sounded a Retreat: Whereupon the Thebans judging themselves nothing inferior to the Lacedæmonians, erected a Trophy, and never after stuck to engage with the Spartans'. And this was the issue of the Fights at Land.  
But about the same time there was a great Fight at Sea between Naxus and Paros, upon this occasion: polis the Lacedaemonian Admiral, had intelligence of a great quantity of Corn that was passing by Sea to Athens; upon which, he made it his Business to lie in wait to surprise the Transport-Ships. The Athenians (being informed of the Design) sent out a Fleet to guard the Ships loaden with the Provision, and brought them all into the Pireum.  
After this, Chabrias the Athenian Admiral sailed with the whole Fleet to Naxus, and besieged 
The Sea-Fight at Naxus.  it, and battering it with his Engines, used his utmost endeavour to take it by storm: But while he was earnest in prosecuting his Design, polis the Lacedaemonian Admiral, came up with his Fleet to the Assistance of the Naxians; upon which, the Fleets engaged charging one another in a Line of Battle. polis had a Navy of Sixty five Sail, and Chabrias Eighty three. polis in the Right Wing valiantly charged the Athenians in the Left, Commanded by Cedon the Athenian, whom he killed, and sunk his Vessel. He fell likewise upon others, and broke some of them in pieces with the Beaks of his Ships, and put the rest to flight. Which Chabrias discerning, he ordered some Ships near him to the 
Ant. Ch. 374.  Relief of those that were overpowered, and so rescued them: He himself, with the greatest part of the Fleet under his Command, with great Valour broke in pieces and took many of his Enemy's Galleys. But however, tho' he obtained the Victory, and put the Enemy's whole Fleet to flight, yet he would not pursue, remembering the Battle at Arginusa, where tho' the Athenians were Victorious, yet the People instead of a Reward, put the Officers to death, only because they did not bury their Parents who were killed in that Fight. Fearing therefore the like Fate, he waved the Pursuit, and took up the Citizens swimming and floating here and there, and so preserved those that were alive, and ordered the Dead to be buried. In this Battle the Athenians lost Eighteen Galleys, and the Lacedæmonians Four and twenty; and Eight were taken with all the Men.  
Chabrias crowned with this glorious Victory, returned with great and rich Spoils to the Pireum, and was received by the Citizens with great Honour and Acclamation. This was the First Victory at Sea gained by the Athenians since the Peloponnesian War; for at Cnidus they prevailed not by the Strength of their own Forces, but by the Assistance of the King of Persia.  
While these things were acted in Greece, Marcus Manlius was put to death at Rome for aspiring to the Monarchy.   

CHAP. IU.  
The Treballians make Incursions into Thrace. Chabrias the Athenian General Assassinated. The Thebans rout the Spartans' at Orchomena. Artaxerxes seeks to make Peace among the Grecians. Peace concluded. The Thebans only disagreed. The Commendation of Epaminondas. Seditions in several Cities of Greece.  
WHEN Chariander was Archon at Athens, and Servius Sulpitius, Lucius Papyrius, 
Olymp. 101. 1. Act. Ch. 373.  
* Marcus Cornelius,  Cornelius Titus, and 
* Titus Quintius. P. 476. Treballians make an Inroad into. Thrace. Are slaughtered by the Abderites.  Marcus Quintius, Four Military Tribunes, were in Consular Authority at Rome, the Hundred and First Olympiad was celebrated at Elis, and Damon of Thurium bore away the Prize. At that time the Treballians in Thrace (being in great Scarcity of Corn) made an Incursion with Thirty thousand armed Men, into their Neighbour's Territories to get Provision. To that end they entered the Borders of the Abderites in another part of Thrace, and wasted and spoiled the Country without any Opposition; and having loaden themselves with abundance of Plunder, they returned so carelessly and disorderly, as that the whole City of Abderita falling upon them when they were scattered and dispersed, killed above Two thousand of them. To revenge which, the Exasperated Barbarians made a second Inroad into the Abderites Country. But they being encouraged by the late Victory, and strengthened with the assistance of their Neighbour Thracians, drew up in Battalia against the Barbarians. The Armies furiously engaged, 
The Abderites cut off. The Abderites rescued by Chabrias  when on a sudden the Thracians drew off and left the Abderites to themselves: Who were presently hemmed in by the Barbarians, and almost every Man cut off.  
As soon as this grievous Slaughter of the Abderites was noised abroad, and they were now ready to be besieged, in comes Chabrias the Athenian with his Army, and not only delivers the Abderites, but drives the Barbarians out of the Country. And after he had 
Chabrias assassinated. Ant. Ch. 373.  strengthened the City with a strong Garrison, he was basely assassinated, the Person by whom not known. Upon this, Timotheus was made Admiral of the Athenian Fleet, and sailing to Cephallenia he blocked up the City with his Navy, and wrought upon the Cities of Acarnania to side with the Athenians. Presently after he entered into League with Acetas, 
The Acts of Timotheus the Athenian General.  King of the Molossians; and now having in his power all the Country's subject to the Cities in those Parts, he routed the Lacedæmonians in a Sea Fight at Leucades; and all this he did in a very short time, and with much Ease, partly by fair Words, and partly by force of Arms and his excellent Conduct: so that he not only gained Esteem and Reputation amongst his own Fellow Citizens, but likewise amongst all the Grecians. And thus was it with Timotheus at this time.  
During these Transactions, the Thebans (with Five hundred the Valiantest Men of their 
The Thebans march against Orchomena.  City) marched against Orchomena, and performed an Exploit worthy of Memory. The Spartans' kept this City with a strong Garrison, and making a Sally upon the Thebans there was a sharp Encounter, in which they routed the Lacedæmonians though they were double in number, which never happened to them before in any age; but the thing might 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  have been born well enough if they had been few and had been conquered by the far greater number. Henceforth the Courage of the Thebans increased, and they grew every day famous for their Valour: And now it was apparent, that they were likely to gain the Sovereignty of all Greece. As to the Writers of this time. Hermeas of Methymna ends his History of the Affairs of Sicily with this Year, comprehended in Ten, but as others divide them, in Twelve Books.  
The Year following, when Hippodamus was Chief Magistrate of Athens, and Four 
Olymp. 101. 2. An. M. 3597. Ant. Ch. 372.  Military Tribunes, viz. 
* Lucius Valerius Crispus,  Lucius Valerius, 
* Aulus Manlius,  Crispus Manlius, Fabius 
* Servius Sulpirius,  Servilius, and 
* Lucius Lucretius. A General Peace made by the Mediation of Artaxerxes. P. 477. The Thebans disagree to the Peace.  Sulpitius Lucretius were Roman Consuls. Artaxerxes used his utmost Endeavour to quiet all things in Greece, that he might raise the more Mercenaries for the Carrying on the War against the Egyptians: For by this means he hoped the Grecians being freed from Domestic Broils would be in a Condition to assist him abroad. To this end, he sent Ambassadors into Greece to Negotiate in this Affair amongst all the Cities. And this Embassy was very welcome to the Grecians, who were near tired out with continual Wars; so that a General Peace was concluded upon these Conditions: That all the Cities should for the future be governed by their own Laws, and all the Garrisons be withdrawn. And there were certain Grecians appointed as Commissioners to see the Garrisons drawn out; who accordingly went to every City where there was any Soldiers, and ordered them to leave the Place.  
In the mean time, the Thebans only through every Town disagreed to these Terms, and exempted all Beotia as Tributary only to themselves: But the Athenians opposed this with all earnestness, and this Affair was banded in the Common Assembly of the Greeks, by Callistratus a Tribune of the People, on the behalf of the Athenians, and by Epaminondas on the behalf of the Thebans, after which, all the rest of the Grecians persisted in their resolution to stand to the League, leaving out the Thebans, who (relying upon the Wisdom and Prudence of Epaminondas) boldly opposed the Decree made by the General 
The Thebans left out.  Assembly.  
For being that the Lacedæmonians and Athenians had been all along hitherto contesting for 
Ant. Ch. 372.  the Sovereign Command of Greece, and at length had agreed upon these Terms, That the Lacedæmonians should have the Command at Land, and the Athenians at Sea, they were very uneasy to think that now a Third should carry away the Sovereignty from them both, for which reason they would not allow the Cities of Beotia to be under the Power of the Thebans. But the Thebans (who were Men of strong Bodies and stout Hearts, and had lately beaten the Laredaemonians in several Fights) bore themselves very high, and were in hopes to gain the Sovereign Command at Land. Neither were they frustrated in their design for the Reasons before mentioned, and likewise for that they had at that time many Excellent Officers and Valiant Commanders; amongst whom the most Famous were Pelopidas, Gorgias, 
Epaminondas his Commendation.  and Epaminondas; which last was not only the Best and most Expert Commander of any of his own Country, but even of all the Grecians; and was likewise a Man of great Learning in the Liberal Sciences, and especially in the Pythagorean Philosophy: Being besides of excellent Natural Parts, and Mother-Wit, it was no wonder if he exceeded others in performing those things that were more than ordinarily remarkable. For with a small Body of Men he Engaged with the whole Power of the Lacedæmonians, and their Confederates, and so routed those (formerly unconquerable) Warriors, that he killed their King Cleombrotus, and cut off almost the whole Army of the Spartans'. And by the advantage of his singular Wisdom, and Virtuous and Liberal Education, such things were performed by him as were 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Ant. Ch. 372.  admirable beyond all Expectation. Of which we shall speak more fully hereafter when we come to treat particularly of those Things.  
But now to return to the Course of our History; It was agreed, That every City 
New Troubles in Greece.  should govern according to their own Laws; but presently after, all the Cities were again involved in great Tumults and Seditions, especially those in Peloponnesus. Some few of these had been Enslaved in the late Domineering time, and being now restored to their Democratical Government, they made but an all Improvement of it, for they banished many Honest Citizens that were falsely Accused, and as unjustly Condemned; and by the prevailing Power of the Seditious, nothing was more frequent than Banishment and Confiscation of Goods; and those chief were the Sufferers that had been Magistrates in the time of the Lacedaemonian Government; for because in those time they carried it something imperiously towards the People, not with that regard to Justice as they ought, now that the Commonalty were restored to their Liberty they too much resented their former Injuries.  
The Exiles therefore of Phialea, were the first that Consulted and Joined together, and seized upon Herea, a strong and well-fortifyed Castle; and from thence made frequent Incursions into the Territories of Phialea. And at the time when the Feasts of Bacchus 
Throats cut in the Theatre at Phialea.  were celebrated, (upon the sudden) they rushed upon the People in the Theatre, and cut many of their Throats, having before persuaded a considerable Number to join with them in this wicked Confederacy, and afterwards they returned to Sparta. Then the Exiles of Corinth, who were in great numbers at Argos, determined to force their own return. 
Ant. Ch. 372. The Exiles killed at Corinth P. 478  In order hereunto some of their Servants and Friends were received into the City; but the thing being discovered to the Magistrates, they could not lie long concealed, but being just ready to be seized (through fear of Punishment) they killed one another. But the Corinthians, upon suspicion that many of the Citizens were concerned in the Plot, put several to Death, and Banished others.  
In the City Megara likewise some were contriving how to overturn the Government, 
Plots at Megara and Sicyon.  who being convict of the Treason, many were put to Death, and not a few Banished So at Sioyon many were Executed upon a full Conviction, for endeavouring to bring in Innovations. At length, many of the Philasian Exiles having seized upon a Castle in that 
The Exiles of Phalasia kill many of the Townsmen.  Territory, got together a great Army of Mercenaries, and fought with the Townsmen, and got the Day, having killed above Three hundred of the Philasians. But not long after, the Exiles were betrayed by their Guard, and routed by them of Philasia, with the loss of Six hundred Men, and the rest being forced out of the Country, fled to Argos. And such was the miserable Condition of Peloponnesus at that time.   

CHAP. V.  
The Persians send an Army into Egypt to reduce the Revolters. Iphicrates a skilful Commander. Sedition at Zacynthus. Platea razed by the Thebans. The Lacedæmonians seize upon the Island Corcyra, relieved by the Athenians under Ctesides. Evagoras murdered in Cyprus by an Eunuch. Dreadful Earthquakes and Inundations in Peloponnesus. A great Comet seen in Greece.  
SOcratides the ensuing Year was Archon at Athens, and Quintus 
* Servilius,  Crassus, Servilius Cornelius, 
Olymp. 101: 3. Ant. Ch. 371.  Sporius Papyrius, and 
* Lucius Aemilius. Pharnabazus and Iphicrates march into Egypt.  Fabius Albus, four Military Tribunes, executed the Office of Consuls at Rome. At that time the King of Persia marched against the Egyptians (who had revolted some time before) the Army was commanded by Pharnabazus, and Iphicrates the Athenian; the Barbarians by Pharnabazus, and Twenty thousand Mercenaries by Iphicrates, who was in so much favour with the King for his excellent Conduct, that he entrusted him with that Command. Pharnabazus had spent many years in preparation for this War.  
Iphicrates therefore, knowing the readiness of his Tongue, and the slowness of his Actions, one Day accosted him in this manner. That he wondered that one who was so voluble in his Speech, should be so slow in Execution. To which Pharnabazus answered, That he was Master of his Words, but the King of his Actions. When the King's Forces came to 
* Acco, or Ptolemais in Phaenicis.  Aceses in Syria, and were there mustered, there were found Two hundred thousand Barbarians to be under the Conduct of Pharnabazus, and Twenty thousand Grecians under the Command of Iphicrates. The Number of the Navy was Three hundred 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Galleys of three Tyre of Oars on a Bank, and Two hundred of 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Thirty Oars apiece: And a vast number of Transport Ships to carry Provision, and other things necessary for the Army.  
About the beginning of the Spring, the Officers with all the Forces both at Sea and Land made for Egypt: When they came near to the River Nile, they found the Egyptians ready and prepared for Battle; for Pharnabazus had been very tedious in this Expedition, and given the Enemy time enough to prepare for their Defence. For it's the constant practice of the Persian Generals (in regard they have no absolute power) upon every special occasion to send to the King to know his Pleasure, and to stay till they receive his particular direction.  
In the mean time, Nectanabis, the King of Egypt, had perfect knowledge of the Strength of the Persian Forces; but he placed his greatest Confidence in the Strength of 
Ant. Ch. 371.  his Country, the Entrance into Egypt being very difficult on every side, and the Passage blocked both by Sea and Land by the seven Mouths of Nilus. For at every Mouth 
A Description of the Forts built upon Nile to secure the Passes into Egypt.  where Nile falls into the Sea, was a City built with large Forts or Castles on either side the River, joined together by a Bridge of Timber, which commanded all Ships that sailed that way, and of all these he had most strongly fortified Pelusium; for being the next Frontier Town towards Syria, they conceived the Enemy would first attempt to enter in to the Country that way: Therefore they drew a Trench round the City, and where there was any place, whereat any Vessels might in any probability enter, there they raised Walls to obstruct the Passage. And where there were any Fords by which the way lay open into Egypt by Land, he brought the Water over them; and where any Ship might pass he filled up those Places with Stones and Rubbish. By which means it was very difficult, 
P. 479.  and scarce possible, either for Ships to sail, or Horse or Foot to march. Pharnabazus his Officers therefore seeing Pelusium so strongly and wonderfully Fortified and well Manned, thought it most adviseable to forbear to attempt to enter by Force, and rather to sail to some other Mouth of the River, and endeavour a Passage for the Fleet there. 
Ant. Ch. 371.  Whereupon they put off to Sea again, and being out of Kenning, that they might not be discerned by the Enemy they steered their Course for 
* Mendesicum.  Mendesium, another Mouth of Nile, where the Shore runs a great way out from the Main Land. Here they Landed Three thousand Men, and Pharnabazus and Iphicrates assaulted a Fort built upon the very Mouth of the River; but the Egyptians came down with Three thousand Horse and Foot to the Relief of the Place; Upon which there was a sharp Engagement, in which the Egyptians being overpowered with Multitude, (for more came in running to them 
The Egyptians worsted at Mendusium.  from their Ships) were hemmed in, and a great Slaughter made amongst them, but very few being taken Prisoners; the rest were forced to fly into a little Town hard by. But the Soldiers of Iphicrates entered pell mel with them of the Garrison into the Place, and having thus taken it by Force they demolished it, and carried away the Inhabitants as Captives.  
After this, there arose a Difference between the Generals, which brought all to nought. 
Quarrels between Pharnabazus and Iphicrates.  Iphicrates learned from the Captives, that there was a Garrison called Memphis, which Place was of the greatest Consequence of any throughout all Egypt; therefore he advised that they should sail with the Fleet thither before the rest of the Aegyptians' Army got together; but Pharnabazus and all his Forces were for staying till all the Persian and Land Forces came up, and so there would be less danger in the Expedition. But Iphicrates then offered to undertake the Reduction of the City with those Mercenaries that were then with him, if he might have but Liberty. Upon which, Pharnabazus grew Envious at the 
Iphicrates undertakes to take Memphis. Ant. Ch. 371. Is discouraged by Pharnabazus. Ant. Ch. 371. Memphis strongly Garrisoned.  Valour and Confidence of the Man, and began to be Jealous lest all Egypt should be conquered only by his Arms, and therefore denied his request. hereupon, Iphicrates made a Solemn Protestation against them, declaring that all this Expedition would be Fruitless and Vain, through their Neglect, if they let slip the present Opportunity. But Pharnabazus envied him the more, and very undeservedly gave him opprobrious Language.  
In the mean while, the Egyptians (having now gained more time) put a strong Garrison into Memphis, and marched with all their Army to the little Town before demolished; and prevailing in sundry skirmishes against the Persians, they never let them rest, but growing still stronger and stronger, made a great Slaughter of them, and grew every day more obstinate. But the Persian Army having now stayed a long time about this 
* The Little Town.  Castle, the River Nile (by force of the 
* Etesian Winds, i. e. Yearly Winds. The Persians return into Asia.  Etesian Winds) beginning to overflow, insomuch as all the Land was covered with Water (whereby Egypt was now more inaccessible, and by that means as it were Fortified) the Commanders (for that Nature seemed to Fight against them) resolved forthwith to leave Egypt.  
As soon therefore as they returned into Asia, Pharnabazus renewed the Quarrel with Iphicrates: Upon which, Iphicrates (fearing he should be laid by the Heels as Conon formerly had been) consulted how to withdraw himself privately from the Camp. To this end, (having prepared a Vessel for his purpose) he went on board in the Night, and so sailed to Athens: But Pharnabazus sent Ambassadors after him, and accused him as being the occasion of the Miscarriage of the Design relating to the Reducing of Egypt. To whom the Athenians answered, That if he were Guilty they would punish him according to his 
Ant. Ch. 371.  Desert: But in a very short time after they made him Admiral of their whole Fleet.  
In this place we think it not much beside our purpose if we say something concerning what is reported of the Valour of Iphicrates. He is said to be a very Skilful Commander, and of a quick and ready Wit in contriving any useful Project and Stratagem: Having 
Iphicrates skilful in making of Arms. P. 480.  therefore gained large Experience and Judgement in Martial Discipline, by his long and continual Exercise in the Wars of Persia, he found out many things of great advantage in matters of War, especially he employed himself in contriving the making of New sorts of Arms.  
It was hitherto a Custom among the Grecians to carry great and heavy Shields: But because these by their Weight much hindered the Soldiers in their March, he changed the Form of them, and ordered Targets of a moderate Size in their room: In which alteration he had a respect to two things, one that their Bodies should be sufficiently defended, and by the other, that by their Lightness they might be the more easily managed. Experience presently approved the Invention, and they who from their Heavy Arms were before called Hopliti, Heavy armed Men, were from these New Targets called Peltasti, Targateers. He changed likewise the Fashion of their Spears and Swords. The Spears he caused to be made half as long again as they were before, and the Swords longer almost by two Parts. This Alteration was likewise presently approved by Use and Experience, and the Reputation of the General was highly advanced by the Usefulness of his Ingenious inventions. Lastly, he altered the very Soldiers Shoes that they might both be easier to march with and sooner, and more readily cast off; and therefore they are called at tjoes very day Iphicraticks. He invented many other things belonging to Martial Affairs, 
Ant. Ch. 371.  which would be too tedious here to relate. But thus all that large preparation for an Expedition into Egypt came to nothing.  
During these Affairs the new frame of Government throughout all Greece filled the Cities with Tumult and Commotions; and because of the Anarchy in most places, Seditions 
Seditions in the Cities of Greece.  abounded. They who were for an Oligarchy, had the Lacedæmonians to Patronise them; Those that appeared for a Democracy were protected by the Athenians. For both the Cities for a while kept the League made between them inviolable. But upon their siding with the Cities (as they were inclined to the one or the other) without any regard to the former Articles of the Peace; they presently broke out into War.  
At that time the Inhabitants of 
* Now Zant. Zazynthus drives out all the Magistrates.  Zacynthus being enraged against their Magistrates (encouraged thereunto under the protection of the Lacedæmonians, and provoked with the memory of their former Injuries) drove them all out of the City; who fled to Timotheus the Athenian Admiral, and were received into the Fleet, and joined with him in the War. He patronised their Cause, and transported them into the Island (where they seized upon a strong Castle called Arcadia) and by the assistance of Timotheus, very much molested and damnifyed the Townsmen. They of Zacynthus desired aid from the Lacedæmonians, 
Ant. Ch. 371. The Lacedæmonians assist the Zazynthirns.  who first (before they would begin a War) sent to the People of Athens, and by their Ambassadors accused Timotheus: But when they discerned that they inclined to favour the Exiles, they bestirred themselves to Equip out a Fleet; and having Manned Thirty five Galleys, they sent them to the aid of the Zacynthians, under the Command of Aristocrates.  
Whilst these things were in doing, some in Corcyra that favoured the Lacedæmonians, 
A Plot in Corcyra to overturn the Democracy.  appeared against the People, and sent to Sparta to be assisted with all speed with some Shipping, promising to deliver up Corcyra into their hands. Upon which, they (knowing very well the importance of that Island for the recovery of the Dominion at Sea) hastened away to get possession. And to that end commanded Alcydas to pass over to Corcyra with Two and twenty Sail; they giving out, that this Fleet was to go for Sicily, but in truth with a design (under colour of being Friends to the Corcyreans) by the help of the Exiles to seize upon the City. But the Inhabitants coming to understand the Fraud and intended Cheat of the Lacedæmonians, strongly fortified the place, and kept diligent Watch and Ward, and sent Ambassadors to Athens for assistance. Upon 
P. 481. The Athenians side with the Zazynthians and Corcyreans Platea sends for an Athenian Garrison. Ant. Ch. 371.  which, the People decreed to send Succours forthwith, both to the Corcyreans and to them of Zacynthus; Upon which, Ctesecles was presently sent to Zacynthus to command the Exiles: but the Fleet to be sent to Corcyra was but then in fitting out. In the mean time they of Platea having entered into a League with the Athenians, and decreed to deliver up their City into their protection, sent for a Garrison from Athens. At which the 
* Boeotarchae Platea razed by the Boetians.  Governors of Boeotia being exceedingly offended (to prevent the Athenians) forthwith led out a great Army against the Plateans, and having entered the Confines of Platea (by this sudden and unexpected Irruption) they found many of the Citizens straggling in the Fields, who were presently snapped up by the Horsemen; the rest fled into the City, and having no Confederates to assist them, were forced to deliver up themselves, upon such Terms and Conditions as the Enemy was pleased to allow 'em: For they were to leave the City, and take away with them only their Household Goods, and never more set foot in Boeotia. After this the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Thebans razed Platea, and took Thespia (that sided against them) by assault. The Plateans fled to Athens with their Wives and Children, and were there kindly received into the Franchises and Liberties of the City. And in this condition stood the Affairs of Boeotia all that time. The Lacedæmonians had now sent Mnasippus 
Mnasippus sent to Corcyra by the Lacedæmonians. The City Cor-Tyra in the Island Corcycyra.  with a Fleet of Sixty five Sail, and Fifteen hundred Men under his Command to Corcyra, which after he arrived at the Island, and had taken the Exiles on board, he sailed into the Haven, and presently possessed himself of Four of their Galleys, and forced the rest upon Land, which they of 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Corcyra burnt, to prevent their falling into the Enemy's hands: he routed them likewise in a Land Fight, (tho' they had advantageously possessed themselves of a Hill,) insomuch as all the Corcyrians every where were in fear and amazement. The Athenians had some time before sent Timotheus the Son of Conon, to the aid 
Ant. Ch. 371. Timotheus sent by the Athenians to Corcyra came too late.  of the Corcyreans, with a Navy of Sixty Sail; but before he came in to secure them, he sailed into Thrace, and brought over many of the Cities there to the Athenian Interest, and enlarged his Fleet with Thirty Sail: But because he came too late to the assistance of them of Corcyra, the people of Athens were very angry at him, and took away his Commission; yet when he returned to Athens with a great number of Ambassadors, that came along with him to confirm the Leagues with the Athenians, and besides, brought in 
●●motheus disearded.  the Fleet in good Order, being more than they were by Thirty Sail; the People rescinded the former Decree, and restored him to his Command. Before this they had 
Restored.  likewise prepared Forty Galleys more, (so that their whole Fleet was Fourscore;) and had made also plentiful Provision of Corn, Arms and all other things necessary for the War: But for the present they sent Five hundred Men to the aid of them of Corcyra, under the Command of Ctesides, who entered privately in the Night into * Corcyra, where he found the Townsmen in bad circumstances by their Sedition, and ill management of 
Cresides c●mes to the City Corcyra from Athens.  Affairs relating to the War: But forthwith quieting all Parties, he made it his business to put all things in a posture of Defence, and by this means put Heart and Courage into the Besieged. In the first place he made a Sally and cut off Two hundred of the Enemy. Presently after in a sharp Engagement he killed Mnasippus and many of his Army: And 
Mnasippus killed. Ant. Ch. 371. P. 482.  now when the War was almost at an end in Corcyra, arrived Timotheus and Iphicrates with the Athenian Fleet; who coming too late, did nothing worth remembering, save that they took Nine Galleys, Men and all, sent by Dionysius out of Stcily to the assistance of the Lacedæmonians, under the Command of 
* Cissides.  Cassidas and Crinippus; and by the Sale of the Captives raised Threescore Talents, with which they paid off the Soldiers.  
While these things were acting, Nicocles an Eunuch in Cyprus, treacherously murdered 
Evagoras Murdered in Cyprus.  King Evagoras, and made himself King of Salamis. In Italy the Romans fought with the Prenestines, and routed and killed many of them.  
Afterwards when Asteius was chief Magistrate at Athens, and Six Military Tribunes, viz 
Olymp. 101. 4. Ant. Ch. 370. Earthquakes in Pe●oponnesus.  Marcus Furius, Lucius Furius, Aulus Posthumus, Lucius Lucretius, Marcus Fabius, and Lucius Posthumus executed the Office of Consuls at Rome, there happened such dreadful Earthquakes and Inundations in Peloponnesus (throughout all the Cities, and over all the Country.) that are incredible to relate. For never in any former Ages did the like Calamity fall upon the Grecian Cities, which were now swallowed up together with their Inhabitants; and certainly some Divine Power contrived and executed this remarkable ruin and destruction of Mankind: Nay, the time when it was done aggravated the greatness of the calamity. For the Earthquake happened not in the day (when the distressed might have found out some way or other to have helped themselves) but in the night; when the Houses by the violence of the shake fell down in confused heaps; so that (by the darkness of the Night, and the suddenness of the ruin) Men were in that perplexity, that they knew not which way to turn themselves for security; insomuch as the greatest part of the Inhabitants, (buried in the rubbish of the Houses) miserably perished. But as soon as 
Ant. Ch. 370.  it was Day some came running out of the Houses, and thinking they had escaped the danger, fell into a far greater and unexpected mischief; for the Sea raged to that degree, and broke in with that violence, that it swallowed up them and their Houses together.  
Two Cities of Achaia, one called Helica, and the other Bura, chief suffered by this sad accident: of which two, Helica was of the greatest account of any of the Cities of 
Helica and Bura swallowed up.  Achaia.  
There was a very hot dispute concerning the cause of this Evil. Indeed the Natural Philosophers do generally ascribe all such Events to Natural Causes, and necessary Circumstances, and not to any Divine Hand; But they who have more reverend Thoughts and Sentiments of a Deity, give a very probable account of this Matter, that this Destruction was the effect of the Anger of the Gods, for the impious violation of the Rights of Religion, of which we shall give a more particular account. The Three Cities of Jonia were accustomed to have a general Assembly of all the Jonians at Mycale, and thereabouts, where in a certain solitary place (according to Ancient Rites) they offered many costly Sacrifices to Neptune: which 
* Pan jonian A general Festival of the jonians.  Panionion Festivals, the jonians not being able to solemnize at that place, by reason of the frequent Wars and Disturbances, they removed those Assemblies to a more secure place not far from Ephesus. But sending to Delphos to consult there with the Oracle, they were commanded to take Images from the most Ancient Altars of their Forefathers (meaning from Helica, a City of the Country formerly called jonia, but now Achaia.) Upon this they declared in the public Assembly of the Achaians, the occasion of their Embassy, and desired them to grant their Request. But 
Ant. Ch. 370.  they of Helica had an Ancient Prophecy, That then they would he in the greatest danger, when the jonians sacrificed upon the Altar of Neptune; remembering therefore this, they would not suffer the jonians to take the Images, alleging that that Temple was not common to all the Achaians, but peculiar to themselves only. The same Addresses were made to them of Bura, who were of the same Mind with them of Helica. However the jonians by public Edict of the Achaians, (that the Prophecy might be fulfilled) offered Sacrifices upon the Altar of Neptune. Upon this they of Helica seized upon all the Goods of the jonians, and committed the Ambassadors to Prison, and so carried it very impiously towards the Deity: Therefore they say that Neptune being angry, to revenge himself upon their Impiety, (by this Earthquake and Inundation of the Sea) brought this grievous calamity upon those Cities. And that it was done by him they use this for an Argument, That it is generally believed that this God hath the power of Inundations and Earthquakes in his own hand; and that Peloponnesus had been ever reputed the Habitation of Neptune, and the Country Dedicated to him, and that all the Peloponnesian Cities worshipped this God above all others. Besides this, they give a further reason of this sad 
Ant. Ch. 370.  Accident. There are (as they say) in Peloponnesus great Cavities underground, which by the Sea flowing here and there through the Earth, are turned into great Ponds and Lakes of Water. And indeed it is very certain that there are Two Rivers in that Peninsula, which apparently fall into the Caverns of the Earth. For the Rivers which run by 
* A City in A●cadia.  Pheneum in former Ages sunk in one place into the Earth, and became invisible, being swallowed up in these Caverns under ground. 
* Erasinus River.  Another was lost at a great opening of the Earth at 
* Stymphalus; in Arcadia.  Stymphius, and ran unseen under ground for the space of Two hundred Stages, and risen up again near the City Argos. To what is related is further added, That none suffered but only they who were guilty of the Impiety beforementioned. And this shall suffice to be said of the Earthquakes and Inundations in Peloponnesus. Afterward;  
When Alcisthenes was Chief Magistrate of Athens, and Eight Military Tribunes, viz. 
Olymp. 102. 1. Ant. Ch. 369.  
* 25 Mile.  Lucius 
* Lucius Publius Valerius.  Valerius, Publius Ancius, Caius Terentius, Lacius Menenius, Caius Sulpitius, Titus Papyrius, Lucius Aemilius, and 
* Marcus Fabius. A Coinet in Peloponnesus.  Fabius Marcus bore the Consular Authority at Rome, the Hundred and second Olympiad was celebrated at Aelis, wherein Damon the Thurian was Victor. At that time God (by some Signs and Prodigies) foretold the Fall of the Lacedaemonian Sovereignty over Greece, after they had enjoyed it near Five hundred Years: For a great Comet (which from its shape was called the Fiery Beam) was seen in the Heaven's several Nights. And not long after, the Lacedæmonians being overcome in a great Battle, suddenly (beyond all men's imagination) lost their Dominion. Some 
Ant. Ch. 369.  among the Natural Philosophers ascribe the Original of this Comet to proceed from Natural Causes, and say that these sort of Meteors at some stated times do happen of necessity. And that the Eminent Chaldeans in Babylon, and other Astrologers have certainly and exactly foretold the appearance of these Comets. And that it's not to be admired tho' such things do happen accordingly, but that it would be a greater wonder if they should not; being that all things have their proper Courses, and turns, and at length by incessant Motions are brought into Act in fixed and stated Times and Seasons. It's related that this Comet was so very light, that it cast a shadow upon the Earth like the Moon.   

CHAP. VI  
Artaxerxes sends again to make Peace among the Grecians. All complied but the Thebans. The Spartans' raise an Army against the Thebans. Epaminondas made the Theban General. The famous Battle of Leuctra. The terrible Seditions and Cruelties in Argos. Jason of Pherae stirs up the Thessalonians to gain the Sovereignty of Greece. Pollydore Prince of Pherea in Greece poisoned by his Brother Alexander. Plot to depose Alexander. King of Macedonia Treated with, to that purpose.  
ABout this time Artaxerxes King of Persia hearing that Greece was fallen into new Broils, sent Ambassadors again to exhort them to live in peace one with another, according to the late Establishment. The Grecians readily complied with the Advice, and 
Peace made again by the Mediation of Artaxerxes.  and all made Peace again among themselves, except the Thebans. For they were not admitted into the League because they challenged all Beotia to be under their own Government. And it was Decreed that all the Cities should be bound by Oath to observe the League. Being therefore excluded (as they were before) they kept Beotia under the sole Jurisdiction of their own City. Upon which the Lacedæmonians being enraged, resolved to make War upon them as the common Enemies of Greece. For their growing Power began to be suspected, lest (being Masters of all Boeotia) they should some 
Ant. Ch. 369. The Lacedæmonians decree War against the Thebans. P. 484.  time or other catch an opportunity to deprive Sparta of the Sovereign Command. Especially for that they were a Warlike Nation, Inferior to none in Greece, and by their daily Exercise in the public Schools, their Bodies became far stronger; and besides had many valiant Commanders, and especially three, Epaminondas, Gorgias,: and Pelopidas. And to this may be added, That the Thebans by reason of the Nobility of their Ancestors (who were famous in the Heroic times) were of Proud and Lordly Spirits, and ever aspiring to great matters. Upon this account the Lacedæmonians this Year raised an Army, composed of their own Cities and of their Confederates, and prepared themselves for War. So that  
When Phrasichides was Lord Chancellor of Athens, and the Romans appointed Eight Military Tribunes to execute the Office of Consuls, viz. Publius Manlius, Caius Erenucius, 
Olymp. 102. 2.  Caius Sextius, Tiberius Julius, 
* Lucius Julius▪  Lucius 
* Marcus Albinius.  Labinius, Publius Fibonius, Caius Manlius, and Lucius Antistius, The Thebans excluded from the common League, were forced by their own strength alone, to bear the brunt of the War against the Lacedæmonians; for by the Articles of the Peace (Ratified and confirmed by all) none of the Cities were to send them any Aid or Relief. Therefore the Lacedæmonians (now that the Thebans were wholly deserted) decreed a War against them, and were resolved to subject Thebes to the Lacedaemonian State. And forasmuch as all observed that the Lacedæmonians made extraordinary preparations, and that the Thebans on the other hand had none to stand by them, every body was of opinion that they would be easily Conquered by the Spartans'. And therefore all that wished them well were much troubled and concerned for them, to see 
Ant. Ch. 368.  their inevitable Ruin approaching. But their Enemies on the contrary rejoiced, a, if the Thebans were even already subdued.  
When the Lacedæmonians had raised their Army, they Created Cléombrotus General. And in the first Place sent Ambassadors to Thebes to demand that all the Cities of Beotia 
Cleombrotus General for the Spartans'.  should be allowed to Govern themselves according to their own Laws, and that Platea and Thespiae should be Rebuilt, and that those Territories should be restored to the Ancient Proprietors. To which the Thebans answered, That as they did not concern themselves with the matters of Laconia, so the Lacedæmonians ought not to meddle with the Affairs of Beotia. Upon receiving of this answer, the Lacedæmonians (without any further delay) ordered Cleombrotus to March with the Army against Thebes. And the Lacedaemonian Confederates were very ready to join in this War, hoping that the Beotians would be subdued 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, without dust.  with little or not fight, and without any great Labour or Pains.  
Marching on therefore, they Encomped at Cheronea, and there waited for their Confederates, who came in but slowly. In the mean time the Thebans hearing of the Enemy's March, sent their Wives and Children for security to Athens. Then they made Epaminondas General of the Army, and entrusted him with the management of the whole 
Epaminondas General of the Thebans. Ant. Ch. 368.  War, joining with him six Beotians and Governors of Beotia as his Council. He listed whoever was of Age able and fit to bear Arms among the Thebans, and likewise among the other Beotians, and having now an Army not above Six thousand, with these he Marched out of Thebes; at which Instant of time some Prodigies were seen, which boded no good Success. For as they were going out at the Gates, there met them an Herald that (according to ancient Custom) led a blind Man (that had ran away) and cried aloud, Bring him not out of Thebes, nor put him to Death, but carry him back again and save his Life. The old Men took this Cry of the Herald for an evil sign: But the young Men held their peace, lest by their Timorousness they should seem to have a desire to dissuade Epaminondas from the Expedition, he had undertaken. To those that were pressing upon him first to consider well of these Presages, he answered in this Verse,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 
In Homer.   
It is a happy sign to fight for his Country.  
Such a frank resolution had no sooner dashed and caused those that were Timorous to Blush, but another Prodigy more frightful happened. For a Secretary went before carrying 
P. 485.  a 
* Or Lance.  Javelin, to which a Scroll was annexed, to signify that the Army was to obey the Orders and Commands of their Generals. It fell out that a high Wind blew off this Scroll, and fixed it upon a Pillar of a Tomb, in which very place some Lacedæmonians and Peloponnesians, that formerly followed Agesilaus were buried, and had been there slain: Upon which the ancient Men again with protestations dissuaded him from going any further with the Army, seeing the Gods so evidently opposed the design. But the General returned them no answer, but cheerfully Marched on preferring at that time the Honesty and Justice of his Cause, before uncertain Observations and Conclusions upon Signs and Prodigies. And tho' Epaminondas who was a great Philosopher managed all this Affair with great Prudence and Discretion, yet in the mean time he incurred the Censure of many. But not long after when success of the Action evinced the Excellency of 
Ant. Ch. 368.  his Military Conduct, we see him instrumental in performing many things to the great Advantage and Service of his Country. For he Marched away directly, and gained the straits near Coronea, and Encamped there. Cleombrotus, when he heard that the Enemy had possessed themselves of that Pass, not looking upon it Feazible to regain it, turned aside another way by Phocis, and Marched along by the Seashore, where tho' the way was very rugged and difficult, yet at length he came without any prejudice to the Confines of Beotia: But in his passage he took in some small Towns, and gained some Galleys. At last he arrived at Leuctra, and there Encamped, and refreshed his Army.  
In the mean time the Beotians Marching forward, drew near to the Enemy; and as soon as they recovered the Hills, and saw the greatness of the Lacedaemonian Army, Covering the Plains of Leuctra, they were not a little amazed. Hereupon the Booetarchs' called a Council of War to Consider whether it were advisable to go on, and Fight upon 
The Six Governors of Beotia, who were Epaminondas' Council.  such unequal Terms, or else to March Back, and Engage with the Enemy in some more commodious Place. It happened that upon this Consult, the Votes were equal: For there being Six of these Boeotarchs' or Governors of Boeotia, Three were for going Back, and the other Three for abiding where they were, and to try their Fortune by a Battle, of which last Number Epaminondas was one. While the matter stood thus doubtful, and nothing could be determined, the Seventh Boeotarch at length came in, and Epaminondas 
Ant. Ch. 368.  persuaded him to give his Vote on his side, and so he carried it. And thus it was determined to lay all at Stake and try it out by a Battle. Epaminondas then perceiving that the Soldiers were still superstitiously possessed with the former ominous Signs, and Prodigies, endeavoured by all the Art and Industry possibly he could to remove these Opinions and Suspicions of his Soldiers. To this end, upon some Persons coming newly into the Camp, from Thebe's, he caused a Report to be spread abroad, that all the Arms that hung up in Hercules' Temple were on a sudden gone and not to be found, and that it was commonly noised in Thebes, That the Ancient Heroes had taken them away, and were gone out to the assistance of the Thebans. He Suborned likewise another to say, he lately came up out of Trophonius his Cell, and he affirmed that the Oracle there Commanded 
This Trophonius was said, to be the Son of Apollo, and had a Temple at Lebadie in Beotia, dedicated to him; where was a Cave, of which strange things are related; see Steph. and others. Pausan lib. 9 c. 39 a large description, and by his own experience, as he says. P. 486. Ant. Ch. 368.  him to tell them that when they had gained the Victory at Leuctra, they should institute the Coronet Festivals to Jupiter. From whence arose that Custom of keeping a yearly Solemnity by the Boeotians at Lebadia. And besides this Skill and Prudence of the General, Leandras the Spartan (who was Banished from Lacedaemon, and then in Arms with the Thebans) was not little serviceable in this Affair. For being called into the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Assembly, he affirmed that the Spartans' had an ancient Prophecy, That when they were beaten by the Thebans at Leuctra, they should lose their Principality. At length some of the Inhabitants of the Country who undertook to Interpret the Oracles came to Epaminondas, and declared that it was decreed by the Gods, That a great slaughter should be made of the Lacedæmonians at the Tombs of the Daughters of Leuctrus and Schedasus, for the Reasons herein after related. Levotrus was he from whom the Field was so called. And his Daughters, and the Daughters of one Schedasus, Virgins, in the Flower of their Age, were Deflowered by the Spartan Ambassadors; the young Women not able to endure that great Dishonour and Disgrace, (with many Imprecations against that Nation who sent such wicked Ambassadors) laid violent hands on themselves. When these and other such like things were alleged, Epaminondas called the Soldiers together, and in an Oration fitted for the purpose, encouraged them to the Battle: Upon which the Soldiers (being now freed from their Superstitious conceits) changed their minds, and longed to be Engaged with the Enemy.  
About this time came some Auxiliary Forces to the Thebans from Thessaly, Fifteen hundred Foot, and Five hundred Horse, under the Command of Jason. This Man advised both the Thebans and the Lacedæmonians (upon consideration of the uncertainty of the Events of War) to agree upon terms of Peace; which took its effect. And now Cleombrotus withdrew his Forces out of Beotia, and in his March a great Army from the Lacedæmonians and their Confederates under the Command of Archidamus the Son of Agesilaus met him For the Spartans' seeing the Courage and Resolution of the Beotians, and not judging it advisable to slight Men that seemed to be resolved, and to run upon the Pikes at all adventures, had sent forth his other Army (by their multitude at least) to give a check to the Insolency of the Enemy. Drawing up therefore in a Body together (and looking upon it a base and mean thing, below the Dignity of the Spartans' so much as to think the Valour of the Beotians worthy of any regard,) without any respect had to the late League, they rashly and precipitately returned to Leuctra: Where they found the Beotians (with great earnestness) expecting and desiring a Battle. Upon this, the 
The Battle at Leuctra.  Armies on both sides were drawn up in Battalia in this manner, on the part of the Lacedæmonians, Cleombrotus and Archidamus the Son of Agesilaus (both descended from Hercules) Commanded the two Wings: On the other side Epaminondas Marshaled his Army after a new and peculiar manner, by which excellent Stratagem he gained that glorious Victory never to be forgotten. For he chose out of the whole Army the best and strongest of the Soldiers, and placed them in that Wing where he himself would Command. In the other he placed his weaker Men, with a Command not to abide the Enemy's Charge, but by a soft and slow retreat to avoid the shock. Having therefore thus ordered an obliqne Phalanx, he resolved to try the Fortune of the Day with the other Wing under his Command. And now the Trumpets Sounded a Charge on both sides, and on first onset the Armies set up a great shout: The Lacedæmonians came on with both their Wings in fashion of an half Moon: On the other hand the Beotians Retreated with one of their Wings, and charged fiercely on the Enemy with the other. When they came to the swords point, both Fought very desperately, and at first the Victory was very doubtful, but at length they with Epaminondas by their Valour and close Order, broke in upon the Peleponnesians, and made a great slaughter amongst them; For 
Ant. Ch. 368.  they were not able any longer to bear the weight of the Shock wherewith they were pressed, but some were slain downright upon the Spot, others mortally Wounded bravely receiving all their wounds upon their Breasts. As long as Cleombrotus the Lacedaemonian King was alive, it was uncertain whether side would carry away the Victory, because he had a strong Body of Targateers with him, who fought resolutely in his defence. But as soon as he fell down dead, (after many wounds received and much Valour shown on his part, tho' all ineffectual) they thronged together about his Body where they hewn down in heaps one upon another. And now this Wing being without a leader, the Epaminondians charged the Lacedæmonians with that fierceness that they forced them by degrees into disorder. However the Lacedæmonians fought so bravely for the Body of their King, that at length they possessed themselves of it, tho' they were not able to gain 
P. 487.  the Day. For those choice Bands with Epaminondas standing to it as unconquerable (encouraged likewise both by the words and example of their Leader) the Lacedæmonians at length (with much ado) began to give ground. And indeed at first they did not (to 
Ant. Ch. 368.  appearance) break their Order of Battle in their Retreat; but when the slaughter increased, and they had now no Commander to give necessary Orders, the whole Army fled outright. The Epaminondians pursued them close, and with the slaughter of a multitude of their Enemies gained a glorious Victory. For by their engaging with the most famous Warriors of Greece, and becoming Victorious with an Army far short in Number of their Enemies, they highly advanced the reputation of their Valour. But Epaminondas the General was judged worthy of the greatest Honour and Esteem, because chief by his Valour and Prudence he had routed those Commanders of Greece, who were never before Conquered. The Lacedæmonians lost in this Battle no fewer than four thousand Men: Of the Beotians were killed about Three hundred. Afterwards they made a Truce for the burying of the Dead, and the return of the Lacedæmonians into Peloponnesus. And this was the Issue of the Battle of Leuctra.  
The Year following, when Dysnicetus was Praetor of Athens, and four Military Tribunes, Quintus Servilius, Lucius Furius, Caius Licinnius and Publius Clelius Executed the 
Olymp. 102. 3. Ant. Ch. 367.  Consular Dignity at Rome, the Thebans marched with a great Army against Orchomenum, with a full purpose utterly to ruin that City. But they were advised by Epaminondas, in regard they sought to gain the Principality of Greece, that it was their Interest to use their Victory with Moderation. Whereupon they left off their design, and received the Orchomenians as their Confederates: Afterwards they made a League with the Phoceans and Atolians, and so returned into Beotia.  
At that time Jason Prince of 
* In Thessaly.  Pherae (whose power grew every Day) invaded 
* In Thessaly  Locris with a great Army, and razed 
* near Phocis and Parnassus.  Heraclea in Trachinia after it was betrayed into his hands, and bestowed their Territories on the 
* Near Mount Oeta and Thermopile in Phthiotis.  Octeans and Melieans. Thence Marching into Perrhebia, he courted some of the Cities into submission, and gained others by force of Arms.  
The Thessalians seeing him mount up so fast, and in so short time, began to be jealous 
In Thessaly. Ant. Ch. 367. Cruel Seditions in Argos.  of the growth of his Power, and the heat of his Ambition.  
But in the mean time there arose such a Sedition, followed with such Butcheries in Argos, that the like had never been before in any of the Cities of Greece: Which new and unheard of Cruelty was called by the Grecians 
* Knocking on the Head with Clubs.  Scytalism, from the manner of the slaughter Committed. And the Cause of the Tumult was this: Argos was Governed by a Democracy; The 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Orators, and those that affected Popularity, stirred up the Mob against the great Men of the City; which caused them for their own preservation, (and to free themselves from the false accusations that were prosecuted against them) to Plot and Contrive how to overturn the Democratical Government. And when some who were suspected were called in question, others fearing they should be put to the Rack, Murdered themselves. For One in the height of his Torments Confessed, and Accused Thirty of the greatest Men of the City to be in the Conspiracy; upon which the People (without any further Trial,) Knocked them all on the Head, and Confiscated their Estates. 
P. 488.  And whereas there were many others seized upon suspicion of the Plot (and the false Accusations managed against them by the Orators, with all the aggravation▪ imaginable) the People were so enraged, that whoever were accused (of whom there was a vast number, and all very Rich) were Condemned to Death; so that there were Executed 
Ant. Ch. 368.  above Sixteen hundred of the greatest and most powerful Men of the City: Neither were the Orators themselves spared; for when they slacked in the Prosecution of the Calumnies (because they were afraid left some sudden mischief would overtake them by reason of the extraordinary Cruelties that were Committed) the People concluded that they had deserted their Cause, which put them into such a ferment of Rage and Fury, that they killed all the Orators that were then in the City; which seemed to be Executed upon them by the Hand of some revenging Deity, as a reward of their Villainies. After the Tumult was ceased, the People returned to their former quiet, and paeceable dispositions.  
About this time Lycomedes of Tegeata persuaded the Arcadians to join together in one Body of a Commonwealth and to Constitute a General Council, consisting of Ten thousand Men, who should have absolute power to Determine all matters relating both to War and Peace. But a Tumult happening among the Arcadians, the controversy was decided by the Sword; many being killed, and above Fourteen hundred Banished, some to Sparta, others to 
* In Arcadia.  Pallantium. Those that fled to the Pallantineses were by them delivered up into the hands of their Enemies, who cut all their Throats. The other put on the Lacademonians to make an Inroad into Arcadia: Upon which, Agesilaus King of Sparta with an Army made up of the Citizens and Exiles, broke into the Territories of Tageata, because they were looked upon to be the Fomenters of all the Broils and Banishments amongst the Arcadians, and wasted and spoiled the Country, which together with a straight Siege laid to the City, greatly terrified the Arcadians.  
While these things were acting, Jason who ruled at Phercae (a Man excellently well 
Ant. Ch. 367 Jason puts on the Thessalians to sack for the Sovereignty of Greece.  versed in Military Affairs) who had now many of the Neighbouring Countries for his Confederates, persuaded the Thessalians to end eavour to gain the Sovereignty of Greece to themselves. For he alleged that whoever would Fight for it, might now gain it as a reward of their Valour. For that it was evident that the Lacedæmonians were miserably Ruined at Leuctra; and the Athenians were only Masters at Sea, and the Thebans far unworthy of such a Dignity; and in Conclusion, that the Argives had weakened themselves with their own Civil Dissensions, and bloody Broils. Upon this, the Thessalians made Jason General of all their Forces, and Committed to him the whole Management of the War, who having now received the Supreme Command, Marched into some of the neighbouring Countries, and entered into a League with Amyntas King of Macedonia.  
This Year there happened what was very remarkable; For Three great Princes Died 
Three great Princes Die in one Year.  near one and the same time, Amyntas the Son of Tharrhaleus (after he had Reigned in Macedon Four and twenty Years) died, leaving behind him three Sons, Alexander, Perdiccas and Philip. Alexander Succeeded, but Reigned but one Year. Then Agesipolis King of Lacedaemon after one Year's Reign died likewise: His Brother Cleomenes succeeded him, and sat at the Helm Four and thirty Years. At last Jason of Pherae, whom the Thessalians had lately made their General (tho' he Governed with great Moderation and Kindness towards his Subjects) was Assassinated by Seven young Men, as Ephorus says, who (in hopes of Praise and Commendation) had Conspired for that purpose: But others writ that he was Murdered by his Brother Polydore, who Reigned not above one Year 
Jason ●ssassinated by his Brother Polydore.  after him. Here Durius the Samian gins his History of the Affairs of Greece. And these were the things done this Year.  
Afterwards, when Lysistratus Governed in Chief at Athens, a great Sedition arose in 
Olymp. 102. 4. Ant. Changed 367. P. 489.  Rome, for some were for making of Consuls, others were for Creating Military Tribunes in their room: And by reason of this dissension there was an Anarchy for some time. But at length, Six Military Tribunes were chosen, which were Lucius Amilius, Caius 
* Veturius. Polydore poisoned by his Brother Alexander.  Verginius, Serulius Sulpitius, Lucius Quintius, Caius Cornelius, and Caius Valerius. About the same time, Polydore the Pherean Prince of Thessaly (when he was drunk) was poisoned by a deadly Potion given him by his Brother Alexander, who Succeeded him, and Reigned eleven Years. And as he got into the Throne by wickedness and injustice, so he ruled (as he ever designed) with Tyranny and Oppression: And whereas all those before him by their Moderation and Kindness to their Subjects, gained the Love and goodwill of all, he by his severe and tyrannical Government, became the Object of all men's hatred. Therefore some of Larissa who from their high Birth were surnamed Alevadari, (fearing what might be the Effect of his Wickedness) Conspired to Dethrone him. To this end they made a Journey into Macedonia, and Treated with Alexander the King, in 
The Tyrant endeavoured to be deposed.  order to Assist them in Deposing of the Tyrant. While they were Negociating this Affair, Alexander the Pharean (having Intelligence of the preparations making against him) raised a considerable Army, designing to Engage with the Enemy in Macedonia; but the King of Macedon being joined with the Deserters, brought his Forces presently to Larissa, 
Ant. Ch. 367.  and so prevented him: When he came there, the Citizens opened the Gates to him, and so he became Master of all but the Castle, which he afterwards took by Force. The The City Cranon likewise surrendered to him, and he promised to restore all the Cities to 
He's caused to Fly by assistance from the Macedonian King.  the Thessalians. But afterwards (not valuing his Word or Honour) he Garrisoned them, and detained them all in his own hands. But Alexander the Pherean in a great Fright Fled to the City Pherea. And this was then the Condition of Thessaly.   

CHAP. VII.  
The Lacedæmonians send Polytropus into Arcadia; who is Slain, and his Party Routed by Lycomedes. An Invasion by Epaminondas and Pelopidas into Peloponnesus. Sparta Besieged. The Antiquity and History of Messina in Greece. Pallane taken by the Arcadians. A Wall drawn between Cenchrea and Lecheum to hinder the Thebans Inroad into Peloponnesus. Epaminondas breaks through into Peloponnesus; Assaults Corinth.  
IN Peloponnesus, in the mean time, the Lacedæmonians sent a Thousand heavy Armed Men of their own Citizens, and Five hundred Deserters from Argos and Beotia, into Arcadia, under the Command of Polytropus, who when he came to Orchomenon in Arcadia, put a Garrison into it, being a City that favoured the Spartans'. But Lycomedes of Mantinaea (than Commander in Chief of the Arcadians) with a Body of Men, to the number 
The Mantenieans March against Orchomenon.  of Five thousand, Marched against Orchomenon, and upon their arrival the Lacedæmonians drew out their Forces, where happened a sharp Engagement, in which the Lacedaemonian General was slain, and two hundred more with him: The rest by the hot Pursuit of the Enemy were forced back into the City. However, tho' the Arcadians then got the Victory, yet they so far feared the power of Sparta, that they durst not depend upon their own strength in Contending with the Lacedæmonians, and therefore taking into their Confederacy the Argives and the Eleans, they first sent Ambassadors to Athens to desire them to be their Confederates, which being denied, they then Addressed themselves to the Thebans for the same purpose. Upon which the Beotians (together with the Phocians and Locrians their Confederates) drew out their Forces, and Marched directly into Peloponnesus, under the Command of Epaminondas and Pelopidas. For all the other Beotarchs' had willingly given up the sole and absolute Command of the Army to those two, being Men eminent for Prudence and Valour. 
Ant. Ch. 367.   
When they entered into the Confines of Arcadia, they were met by all the Arcadians, Eleans, Argives, and the rest of their Confederates. And now they had an Army of above 
An Invasion into Peloponesus P. 490. Epaminonda● and Pelopidas.  Fifty thousand Men, and after a Council of War had, the Generals resolved to March forthwith to Sparta, and to Waste and Spoil all the Country of Laconia. But the Lacedæmonians having lost the Flower and strength of their young Men in the Battle at Leuctra, and many in several other Fights here and there, were thereby reduced to a very small number of Fight Men of their own Citizens: And whereas some of their Confederates deserted, and others were brought low by the same means as those before, they knew not which way to turn themselves. So that they were forced to seek for Aid 
The Lacedæmonians seek for Aid of the Athenians.  and Assistance from them, (I mean the Athenians) upon whom they had some time before Imposed Thirty Tyrants, and whose Walls they had Demolished, and whose City they had decreed to Raze even to the Ground, and lay it Open and Common with the rest of the Country, for the grazing of Flocks and Herds. But necessity has no Law, and the Turns of Fortune are invincible, through which the Lacedæmonians were brought into that straight, as to become Suppliants to their most Implacable Enemies for Relief. However, they were not deceived in their hopes; for such was the Brave and generous Spirits of the Athenians, that they feared not the Power of the Thebans, but decreed to Assist the Lacedæmonians to the utmost they were able, tho' they were now ready even to be swallowed up and made perfect Slaves. To this end they listed in one Day Twelve thousand lusty young Men, and forthwith ordered Iphicrates the General to March away to the assistance 
Iphicrates sent to assist the Spartans'. Ant. Ch. 367.  of the Spartans'. Accordingly, having Men that were very forward, he hasts away with a swift March. Neither were the Lacedæmonians less active or forward; but now even when the Enemy were Encamped in the Borders of Laconia, they Marched out of Sparta, with all the Strength they could make, which was but small, yet with the same Courage, and Valour as they had formerly done.  
In the mean time, Epaminondas his Army conceiving it very difficult to enter into the Enemy's Country; and therefore judging it was not convenient to attempt it with the whole Army together, they resolved to divide their Forces into four Bodies, and so to make the Attack in several Places at once. The first Marched to the City 
* Rather Hellasia.  Sellatia, and and drew off the Inhabitants of that Territory from the Lacedæmonians. The Argives, who were in another Body, upon their entrance into the Borders of Tageata, Engaged with a Guard that kept that pass, and killed the Chief Officer, Alexander a Spartan, and Two hundred more of his Men; amongst whom there were some Beotian Exiles. The third Body, in which were the Arcadians, and most in number, broke into the Country called Sciritis, where Iscolas, a Man of great Valour and Prudence, kept Guard with a considerable Body of Men. This brave and gallant Commander performed an heroic Action, worthy to be Recorded to all Posterity. When he foresaw that both he, 
The brave act of Ischolas.  and all those with him, were sure every Man to be cut off by their Engaging with so great and unequal a number; in the first place he looked upon it as a dishonour to the Spartan Name to desert the Post assigned him, and yet judged it to be much for the Service and Advantage of his Country if he could preserve the Soldiers. To the admiration therefore of his Valour he contrived a way how to answer the ends of both; wherein he bravely Imitated the gallant Spirit of King Leonidas in former times at Thermopile. For he sent away to Sparta the choicest of his Soldiers that were young and 
Ant. Ch. 361.  lusty, to the end they might be helpful to their Country in Fight, now all lay at Stake: And he himself, with those that were Old, kept close together, and in a brave defence, slaughtered multitudes of their Enemies, but at length being surrounded, and hemmed in by the Arcadians, they were every Man of them cut off.  
The fourth body of the Eleans having all places more clear and open before them, arrived at length at Sellacia: For it was ordered that all the Forces should meet together at that place, where being all now joined, they marched towards Sparta, and wasted the Country all before them with Fire and Sword. And now the Lacedæmonians seeing their ancient Country Liconia (that had never known what Waste and Spoil meant for the space of Five hundred years before) to be thus cruelly harassed and destroyed, could no longer forbear, but were ready to run upon their Enemy as it were with open mouth. But being by some Magistrates that came from the City, commanded not to hasten away 
P. 491.  too far out of the Bounds of their Country (lest some other should make an inroad into it in the mean time) and being likewise advised to recollect themselves, and think seriously of defending the City; with much ado they submitted to the Advice.  
In the mean time, Epaminondas having passed his Army over the Mountain Taygetus, and arrived at the River Eu●ota (which was then very high, being Wintertime) he endeavoured all he could to get over. The Lacedæmonians perceiving how his Troops were disordered and dispersed through the difficulty of the Passage, laid hold upon this fit occasion to fall upon them. Leaving therefore their Wives, Children, and Old Men as a Guard for the City, they made out against the Enemy in good Order with all the Young and 
The Thebans attacks by the Spartans'. Ant. Ch. 367.  Strong Men of the Town, and by a sudden and hot Charge cut off a great number in their passing the River: But the Boeotians and Arcadians valiantly standing their Ground, surrounded their Enemies. However, the Spartans', after they had killed a great number of the Boeotians, at length broke through, and returned to the City, leaving behind them remarkable Instances of their Valour.  
Presently after, when Epaminondas came up with his whole Army (to the Terror of 
Epaminondas besieges Sparta.  the Inhabitants) to the City, the Spartans', by the advantage of the Strength of the Places, killed great numbers of them. And now all hands were at work, and very earnest to gain the City, insomuch as that they seemed to be in a fair way to take Sparta by storm. But the Assailants (through their Overheat and Violence) being many of them killed and others wounded, Epaminondas caused a Trumpet to sound a Retreat, and so called them off. Presently after, the Thebans made their approach to the City, and challenged the Spartans' to come forth and fight with them, or else to acknowledge themselves Inferior, and not able to contend with them. To whom they answered, that when they saw their opportunity they would be sure not to decline Fight, though they laid all at Stake. The Army therefore now drew off from the Siege, and having wasted and spoiled all Laconia, and loaden themselves with rich Prey and Plunder, returned into Arcadia. Afterwards the Athenians (who came too late, and did nothing worth taking notice of) Marched back into Attica.  
In the mean while Four thousand Men came in to the Assistance of the Lacedæmonians from their Confederates. To these they added a Thousand Helots' newly Manumitted and set Free, and Two hundred Beotian Fugitives, and many more from the neighbouring Towns and Villages; so that now they were strong enough to Cope with the Enemy. And these Forces being kept together and daily Exercised, grew more and more daring, and fit for public Service in the Field. 
Ant. Ch. 367.   
But Epaminondas being Naturally inclined to things that were Great, and ambitious to 
Messina Rebuilt by Epaminondas.  Eternize his own praise and Honour, persuaded the Arcadians and the other Allies to re-edify and replenish Messina with new Inhabitants (which had been destroyed by the Lacedæmonians, 
* Above 280 Years. Sir. Walter Raleigh's History of the World, lib. 2. 1. part. c. 27. fol. 359.  and lay Waste and Desolate many Years,) for that it was most commodiously Situated for the Invading of Sparta at any time; having procured their Consent, he enquired after all the ancient Inhabitants that were living in any Place: And enfranchizing many others that were willing to settle themselves there, he Repaired Messina, and made it very Populous, and divided the Land belonging to the City by Lot amongst the new Inhabitants, and filled the Country about with stately Seats and beautiful Buildings, and so raised up a noble Grecian City out of its Ruins, to its former State and Grandeur, for which he was highly Honoured.  
I conceive it will not be amiss in this place, in regard Messina has been so often taken and Ruined, If I say something in short of this City from its beginning. Anciently the 
An account of the several States of Messina.  Family of Neleus and Nestor to the time of the Trojan War possessed it: Afterwards Orestes the Son of Agamemnon and his Posterity enjoyed it, till the Return of the Heraclidae. Then Cresphontes chose Messina for his share, and his Posterity Reigned there for some time; but they being Ejected, it came into the power of the Lacedæmonians, who became 
* Cresphontes.  Lords thereof. For after that Teleclytus King of the Lacedæmonians was slain in a 
P. 492. The first Messinian War. Olymp. 9 This War began Olymp. 9 2. in the Reign of Manasses. Ended 14 Olymp. 1. Sir. Walter Raleighs Hist. World. 356. lib. 2. c. 27.  Battle, the Messinians at length were subdued by the Spartans'. This War is said to have continued Twenty Years; and that the Lacedæmonians had taken a solemn Oath that they would never return to Sparta, till they had taken Messina. At that time were Born those called the Parthenia, who afterwards enjoyed the City Tarentum. The Messinians in aftertimes being oppressed by the Lacedæmonians, 
* The second Messinian War, 39 Years. Ant. Ch. 367.  Aristomenes stirred them up to Revolt, and destroyed many of the Spartans'. At which time Tyrreus the Poet was sent by the Athenians to the Spartans' to be their General. But there are others that say, that Aristomenes flourished in the time of the Twenty years War. The last War made upon them was after that terrible Earthquake, which almost Ruined Sparta, and destroyed all its Inhabitants. At that time those that remained of the Messinians (together with the Helots', who Revolted with them,) Inhabited Ithon, because Messina had lain Waste many Years together before that time. But being unfortunate in every Encounter, they were at length utterly Ruined, and driven out of their Country; and settled themselves in Naupachus, which was given them to Inhabit, by the Athenians: And from thence some removed to Cephalenia, and others into Sicily, where they built the City Messina, so called from them. And now the Thebans in the last place by the Advice of Epaminondas (who Invited the Messinians from all Places where they were) Rebuilt Messina, and restored to the new Inhabitants all the ancient Territories formerly belonging to the City. And thus Great and Various were the Changes and Turns of Messina.  
The Thebans having dispatched all these things in the space of Eighty five Days, leaving a strong Garrison for the defence of Messina, returned to their own Country. And the Lacedæmonians having now unexpectedly rid themselves of the Enemy, sent some of the greatest men of their City to Athens, and upon a Treaty concerning the Principality, it was agreed that the Athenians should be Masters at Sea, and the Lacedæmonians have the chief Command at Land. But afterwards both Cities executed the Sovereignty in Common.  
About the same time, the Arcadians Created Lycomedes General, and sent him away 
Pallene, taken by Sterm by the Arcadians.  with five thousand strong and lusty young Men to Besiege Pallene, in Laconia; who took it by Storm, and put above Three hundred Lacedæmonians there in Garrison, to the Sword: And having plundered the City, and wasted and spoiled the Country, returned home before the Lacedæmonians could send them any Relief.  
The Beotians (likewise being desired by the Thessalians to Free them from the Tyranny of Alexander the Pherean, then but feeble, and almost broken) sent Pelopidas with a 
Pelopidas sent into Thessaly.  strong Army into Thessaly, with Orders to Manage affairs there to the advantage of the Beotians. When he came to Larissa, he possessed himself of the Castle then Garrisoned by Alexander; thence he Marched into Macedonia, and made a League with King Alexander, and received Philip his Brother as an Hostage, and sent him to Thebes. And having perfected whatever he thought might be for the Service of the Beotians, he returned into his own Country.  
Things standing thus, the Arcadians, Argives, and Eleans unanimously agreed to make 
Several Countries Confederate against Sparta. P. 493.  War upon the Lacedæmonians, and to that end, to send Ambassadors to the Beotians, to persuade them to join with them in the War. They accordingly Consented, and sent forth an Army of Seven thousand Foot, and Five hundred Horse, under the Command of Epaminondas, and the other Beotarchs'. The Athenians hearing of the preparations of the Beotians against Peloponnesus, sent an Army against them, under the Command of 
Ant. Ch. 367.  Chabrias their General, who when he arrived at Corinth, raised Men out of Megaera, Pellene and Corinth, and made up an Army of Ten thousand Men; who being joined with the Lacedæmonians and other Confederates at Corinth, their whole Forces were no less than Twenty thousand. They made it first their Business to guard all the Passages, and to do all they could to prevent the Beotians from breaking into Peloponnesus: To this 
The narrow Pass of Peloponnesus, between two Seas, Lechaeum lying on the West and Cenchrea, on the East.  end they drew a Wall with a deep Trench from * Cenchrea to * Lechaeum, to block up the entrance that Way. The thing was done with that quickness and expedition, (through multitude of Hands and diligence of those Employed) that the Place was Fortified before the Beotians could reach thither.  
As soon as Epaminondas came up to the Place, upon diligent view of the Fortification, he discerned that that part kept by the Lacedæmonians was the Weakest, and therefore did all he could to draw them out to a fair Field Battle, tho' they were almost three times his Number. But when he saw they would not stir, but kept themselves within their 
Epaminondas breaks again into Peloponnesus.  Fortifications and Trenches, he made a fierce Assault upon them, Storming them in every Part: But the Action was Hottest and Sharpest on both sides, where the Lacedæmonians were Posted, for there the place was of easiest Entrance, and most difficult to be kept. But Epaminondas having with him the flower of Thebes, with much ado beat off the Lacedæmonians, and so clearing the Way, broke in with his Forces, and laid the passage plainly open into Peloponnesus, which was an Action nothing Inferior to any he had done before. Hereupon, he forthwith Marched to Trezene and Epidaurus, and Wasted 
Ant. Ch. 367.  and harassed the Country round about, but could not take the Cities, being very strongly Garrisoned; but Sicyon, 
* Phew in Elis.  Pheunte, and some others submitted to him. Then he Marched with his Army against Corinth: And having routed the Townsmen in an Encounter, he pursued them to the very Walls: Where some of the Beotians puffed up with their good Success, Rashly broke through the Gates into the City; upon which the Corinthians in a great Fright shut themselves up in their Houses. But Chabrias the Athenian General, both Cordially and Faithfully, made Head against the Beotians, and Drove some of them out of the City, making a great slaughter of the rest. In the heat of this Action the Beotians approached to Corinth with their whole Army in Battalia, to the great Terror of the Inhabitants: Upon which, Chabrias with his Athenians, forthwith made a Sally out of the City, and having possessed himself of the Hills Adjoining, there bore the brunt of the Enemies Charge. On the other side the Beotians encouraged, being strong of Body, and of long experience in Feats of Arms, doubted not, but to Rout the Athenians. But the Chabrians (by the advantage of the higher Ground, and continual Succours coming in to them out of the City (so defended themselves, that they Killed, and grievously Galled their Assailants, and beat them off: So that the Beotians after the Loss of a great Number of their Men, not being able to do any thing, drew off their Forces. But Chabrias having thus Baffled the Enemy, for his Valour, Faithfulness, and Military Conduct, was Cried up, and greatly Admired.   

CHAP. VIII.  
Dionysius sends gaul's and Spaniards to the assistance of the Lacedæmonians. Pelopidas and Istmenias clapped up by Alexander, Tyrant of Pherea, The Boeotians pursued by the Phereans: brought off by Epaminondas then a private Soldier. The Fight between the Arcadians and Lacedæmonians. Dionysius falls upon the Carthaginian Territories in Sicily. Dionysius dies. The cause of his death. The cruelty of Alexander the Pherean at Scotusa. Epaminondas breaks again into Peloponnesus. Coos Peopled and Walled. The end of the Laconic and Beotick War by the Mediation of the Persian King.  
ABout this time arrived at Corinth Two thousand Gauls and Spaniards, sent by Dionysius the Tyrant to the Lacedæmonians from Sicily, who had Five Months Pay advance. 
Olymp. 102. 4. Ant. Ch. 366.  The Grecians to try their Valour drew them out against the Enemy; who so far approved themselves stout and valiant Men, as that they routed and killed many of the Beotians and their Confederates. And after they had been very useful in the War, and purchased 
Aids arrived at Corinth from Dionysius.  to themselves Praise and Esteem both for their Courage and Service, and had been rewarded according to their Merits by the Lacedæmonians, they were sent back into Sicily at the end of the Summer.  
After these things Philiscus Ambassador from Artaxerxes King of Persia came into Greece 
P. 494. Artaxerxes sends again to compose Matters in Greece, but in vain.  to persuade the Grecians to be at Peace among themselves; to which all willingly complied except the Thebans, who were so obstinate that they refused the Conditions, having before brought all Beotia in subjection to their own Government. There being therefore no hopes of Peace, Philiscus returned into Asia, leaving behind him Two thousand-Mercenaries, who received their Pay for the Service of the Lacedæmonians.  
Whilst these things were doing, Euphron of Sicyon (a bold and rash Fellow, not inferior 
Euphron gains the Sovereignty of Sytion.  to any in that kind) with the assistance of the Argives, plotted to gain the Sovereignty; and to that end, Fortune favoured him so far, that forthwith he banished Forty of the Citizens, and confiscated their Goods and Estates, by which he raised a vast sum of Money, wherewith he hired a Guard of Foreigners, and so possessed himself of the Command of the City.  
Nausigenes being Lord Chancellor of Athens, and Four Military Tribunes, viz. Lucius Papyrius, Lucius Menenius, Servius Cornelius, and Servius Sulpitius, executing the Consular 
Olymp. 103. 1. Ant. Ch. 366.  Authority at Rome, the Hundred and Third Olympiad was celebrated at Elis, in which, Pythostratus the Athenian carried away the Prize, This Year Ptolemy Alorites, the Son of Amyntas, treacherously Murdered his Brother Alexander, and Governed the Kingdom of Macedonia for the space of Three Years. At the same time Pelopidas in Beotia emulating the Glory of Epaminondas, and perceiving what great Service he had done in Peloponnesus for the Commonwealth of Beotia, made it his business to advance his own Reputation, by enlarging the Power and Sovereignty of the Thebans in other parts out of Peloponnesus. To that end, and joining with Ismenia (his special Friend, and a Man of great Esteem for his Valour) he took a journey into Thessaly, where, upon Discourse 
Pelopidas and Ismenias unexpectedly secured by Alexander of Pherea.  with Alexander, Tyrant of Pherea (when he never expected any such thing) he and Istmenias were both seized, and clapped up in prison. This Fact highly incensed the Thebans, upon which they sent Eight thousand heavy Armed Men, and Six hundred Horse into Thessaly. At whose coming Alexander was in a great fright, and sent Ambassadors to Athens to Treat with them for their assistance. Upon this, the People of Athens forthwith dispatched away Thirty Sail, and a Thousand Men under the Command of Autocles: But while he sailed round Eubea, the Thebans entered Thessaly. And tho' Alexander was well furnished with Foot, and exceeded the Beotians in Horse, yet the Beotians at the first concluded they should put an end to the War by one Fight, especially being enforced by the Thessalians: But being deserted by them, and Alexander assisted by the Athenians 
The Boeotians brought into a great strait in Thessaly.  and other Confederates, and Meat and Drink and all other Provision being scarce, the Baeotarchs' were resolved to return home, and accordingly drawn off; and in their march through the Plain they were fallen upon in the Rear by Alexander's Horse, who killed and wounded many of the Beotians. At length, not being able either to keep their Ground or go forward, they knew not which way to turn themselves, or what to do; 
Ant. Changed 366. Brought off by Epaminondas.  and to aggravate the perplexity they were in, they were in want of Food. In this desperate condition Epaminondas (who was then but a private Soldier) was chosen General by the Army; who presently placed the best and choicest of the Light Armed Men, and the Horse in the Rear; with these he repulsed the Enemy that pressed upon the backs of the Beotians, and by frequent skirmishes, (making head as occasion served,) and keeping his Troops in good Order, he brought off the Army safe. Thenceforth more and 
P. 495.  more advancing his own Reputation by his Noble Actions, he wan Praise and Renown both amongst his Citizens, and all their Confederates. But  
The 
* Beotarchs'.  Magistrates of Beotia set great Fines upon the Officers and Leaders in this late Expedition, and so raised a great deal of Money; But in regard the Question may be very well asked, How it came to pass that so great a Man was placed in so low a Post as a Common Soldier in that Expedition into Thessaly? It's fit a Reason should be given in justification of Epaminondas. When he had in the Fight at Corinth beaten off the Lacedæmonians, who guarded the Fortification, he might have killed a great number of them; but resting satisfied that he had gained the Pass, he forbore all further pursuit. Being therefore suspected that he spared the Lacedæmonians out of a design to ingratiate himself into their Favour; those that envied his Glory, watched an opportunity to accuse him of Treason. Upon which, the People were so exasperated, that they deprived him of his Command, and ordered him to serve as a Common Soldier. But having by his Noble Actions wiped off those stains of Dishonour cast upon him, he was restored by the People to his former Dignity.  
Not long after, a sharp Battle was fought between the Lacedæmonians and the Arcadians, in which the former obtained a famous Victory; and was the first Fight since that at 
Fight between the Arcadians and Lacedæmonians. Note. Not one Man lost.  Leuctra, wherein they had any considerable success. There were above Ten thousand of the Arcadians slain, and not one Man lost of the Lacedæmonians. The Priests at Dodona had before foretold, That this War should end without any Mourning on the Lacedæmonians part. After this Battle the Arcadians were in that fear of the Lacedæmonians, that they built the City called Megalopolis, in a place commodiously situated for their security, and brought into it the Menalians, and Parrhasians, out of Twenty Villages in Arcadia. And this was the state of Greece at that time.  
In Sicily Dionysius the Tyrant having raised a great Army, resolved to take advantage of 
Ant. Ch. 366. Dionysius invades the Carthaginian Territory in Sicily.  the present Opportunity, and to fall upon the Carthaginians, who were then but in a very ill Condition, by reason of the Plague that raged amongst them, and their being deserted by many of the Africans. And because he had not the least colour and ground for the War, he pretended that the Carthaginians Encroached and made Incursions into his Country. Having therefore an Army of Thirty thousand Foot, and Three thousand Horse, besides a Navy of Three hundred Sail, with these he Invades the Carthaginian Territory, and presently wan Salinunte and Entella, and wastes and harrasses all the Country round about: Then taking Aeryx, he at length besieged Lilybeum: But the strength of the Garrison presently forced him to raise his Siege Afterwards, being informed that the Arsenals belonging to the Carthaginians were burnt down, and therefore conceiving their whole Fleet was destroyed he grew secure and despised the Enemy; so that he laid up Thirty of his best Galleys in the Haven at Eryx, and sent all the rest back to Syracuse. But the Carthaginians forthwith Manned out Two hundred Sail, and entering the Port at Eryx, unexpectedly on a sudden 
Dionysius' Fleet surprised in the Harbour.  came up to the Ships there, and carried away most of them out of the Harbour: But Winter drawing on, both sides made a Truce, and returned with their Armies to Winter Quarters. And not long after, Dionysius fell Sick, and Died, having reigned Thirty 
Dionysius dies.  Eight years; whose Son Dionysius succeeded him, and governed Twelve years.  
Here it will not be a matter foreign to the design of our History, if we relate the Cause of his Death, and what happened to this Prince a little before that time.  
When he had caused a Tragedy of his, called the Leneians, to be acted at Athens, and 
Ant. Ch. 396. An Account of Dionysius and the manner of his Death. P. 496.  was proclaimed Victor: one of the Singers or Musicians in the Chorus, hoped to gain an Honourable Reward by bringing him the first News of his Victory: To that end he Sailed to Corinth, and thence took Shipping for Sicily, and with a fair Wind arrived at Syracuse, and presently gives the Tyrant an account of his Victory: Upon which he was so Transported with Joy, that he bountifully Rewarded the Man, and that he might give thanks to the Gods by costly Sacrifices, for such an happy piece of News, he made splendid Entertainments, in Feasting and Drinking. But in this sumptuous Reception of his Friends, drinking to Excess, and overcharging Nature, he fell into a most violent Distemper, which killed him. He had been formerly forewarned by an Oracle, That he should then die, when he should overcome those who were better than himself. This doubtful Prophecy he applied to the Carthaginians, looking upon them to be more powerful than he himself. And upon that account (tho' he was often Fight with them) it was his Custom to wave the Victory, and own himself to be overcome. However he was not able to avoid his Destiny. For tho' he was but an ill Poet, yet by the Judgement of the Athenians, he carried away the Victory against those that far excelled him in that Art: So that his Victory over them, and the time of his death, very well agreed to the sense of the Oracle. Dionysius the younger, as soon as he came to the Crown, called a Senate, and there courted the People, and desired them to continue the same good will and respect to him, that they had born to his Father. Afterwards having first Solemnised his Father's Funeral with great Pomp and State at the King's Gates in the Castle, he ordered the Affairs of his Kingdom so as to set himself fast in the Throne.  
At this time Polyzelus was Archon at Athens: and at Rome (through intestine Broils and Seditions) was nothing but an Anarchy. In Greece, Alexander Tyrant of Pherea 
Olymp. 103. 2. Ant. Ch. 365. The cruelty of Alexander of Pherea.  bearing a grudge to them of Scotusa in Thessaly, called them to a Common Assembly, and when they appeared, he encompassed them with his Guard, and put 'em every one to the Sword, and threw their Carcases into the Ditches over the Walls, and plundered the City.  
At the same time Epaminondas the Theban with all his Forces, broke into Peloponnesus, with whom joined the Achaians, and several other Confederates, and restored 
* Dymon or Dyme, a City of Achaia.  Dymon, 
* A City of Achaia in Locris, now called Lepantum.  Naupachus and 
* Calydon in Atolia about 7 Miles from the Sea. Olymp. 103. 3. Ant. Ch. 364.  Calydon to their ancient Liberties, and then made another Expedition into Thessaly; in which they freed Pelopidas out of the hands of Alexander the Tyrant of Pherea. The Phliasians were about the same time besieged by the Argives: But Chares sent from Athens in Aid of the Phliasians, raised the Siege, having Routed the Argives in two Battles, and so returned to Athens.  
At the end of this Year Cephisodorus was Created chief Governor of Athens, and Four Military Tribunes clothed with Consular Dignity, governed at Rome, viz. Lucius Furius, Paulus Manlius, Servitius Sulpitius, and Servius Cornelius. At that time Themesio the Prince of Eretria took Oropus, belonging to the Athenians; but lost it again on a sudden. For the Athenians coming upon him with far greater Forces than he was able to Cope with, he applied himself to the Thebans for Assistance, and delivered the City into their hands (as a pledge) which they never after would Restore.  
While these things were Acting, they of Coos seated themselves in the 
* Coos a City so called in the Island Coos, in the Aegean Sea.  City they now enjoy, and put it into that State and Grandeur it now has. For it was made very Populous, and a large Wall drawn round about it, with great Costs and Expense, and furnished with an excellent Harbour. From this time forward, it grew more and more both in its public Revenues, and private Wealth and Riches of its Inhabitants, in so much as it vied with the chiefest and most famous Cities. 
Ant. Ch. 364.   
During these Transactions, the King of Persia sent Ambassadors to persuade the Grecians to agree and lay aside their Animosities one against another. Upon which the Laconic and Baeotick War (as they call it) which from the time of the Battle at Leuctra 
P. 497. An end of the Laconic and Boeotick War.  had continued above Five Years, was now at length ended. About these times Flourished several famous Men, worthy for their Learning to be for ever remembered. As Isocrates the Orator, and his Scholars, Aristotle the Philosopher, and Anaximenes of Lampsacus, and especially Plato the Athenian, and the last of the Pythagorean Philosophers. Besides these, Xenophon the Historian, (now very old) for he makes mention of the Death of Epaminondas, which happened shortly after this time. Aristippus, and Antisthenes, and Echines of Sphetus (one of the Scholars of Socrates) were living at this time.   

CHAP. IX.  
New stirs in Greece. The Battle between the Eleans and Arcadians near Lassion. The Quarrel between the Pisate and them of Elis about the Olympic Games. A Fight at the Time and Place of the Games. The Thebans prepare a Fleet in Order to gain the Dominion at Sea. Rhodes, Chios, and Byzantium brought into the Thebans by Epaminondas. The Thebans make War upon Orchomenon: The Reason. Orchomenon razed. The Thessalians War with Alexander the Pheraeen. Pelopidas Killed; his Praises.  
THIS Year Chion was chief Governor at Athens, and these Military Tribunes Executed 
Olymp. 103. 4. Ant. Ch. 363.  the Consular Authority at Rome, viz. Quintus 
* Servilius. New troubles in Greece.  Servius, Caius Veturius, Aulus Cornelius, Marcus Cornelius, and Marcus Fabius. In their time, while all Greece was at Peace, on a sudden new Stirs and Preparations for War began to break out, between some of the Cities. For the Exiles of Arcadia made an Excursion out of Elis, and Seized upon the strong Castle of 
* A part of the Country of Elis  Triphilia, called Lassion. The Archadians and Eleans, had been quarrelling a long time about Triphilia: And upon several Turns of Fortune, first one, and then the other got the Possession; which being at this time in the hands of the Arcadians, the Eleans under the Shelter and Colour of the Arcadian Fugitives dispossessed the Arcadians. They, (Enraged at this Affront and Injury,) by their Ambassadors, first demanded the Redelivery of the Place, but their demand was slighted, thereupon they procured the Athenians to join with them in the War, and Besieged Lassion. 
A Battle near Lassion, between the Eleans and Arcadians.  But the Eleans came presently into the Assistance of the Exiles. Upon which a Battle was Fought near Lassion: In which the Eleans were Routed, being overpowr'd by number, and lost above two hundred Men. The Seeds of War being now Sown, the Controversy between the Eleans and the Arcadians grew hotter every Day: For the Arcadians puffed up with the late Victory, presently Marched their Army into the Country of Elis, and took the Cities Marganus, Cronion, Cyparissia, and Coryphasion.  
In the mean time Ptolomaeus Alorites, in Macedonia was treacherously Murdered by his Brother Perdiccas after he had Reigned three Years; Perdiccas succeeded him, and enjoyed the Kingdom five Years.  
At this time Timocrates was Archon at Athens, and three Military Tribunes invested 
Olymp. 104. 1. Ant. Ch. 362.  with Consular Authority ruled at Rome, viz. Titus Quintius, Servilius Cornelius, and Servius Sulpitius. The Hundred and fourth Olympiad was now Celebrated by the Pisate and the Arcadians, where Phocides the Athenian was Victor.  
About this time it happened that the 
* Of Pisa, in the Reign of Elis. Quarrels between the Pisate and the Eleans about the Olympic Games.  Pisaeans (upon the account of some old Fables and Stories they had amongst them) to regain the ancient Honour and Dignity of their Country, challenged it as their Right to Convene and Manage the Olympic Games. Judging it therefore now a fit time to dispute this matter, they took in the Arcadians (the Enemies of the Eleans) as their Confederates in the War: With whose Aid and Assistance they Marched against the 
* Of the City Elis. P. 498.  Eleans, who had then appointed the Games. Whereupon the Eleans with all their Forces made out against them, upon which there was a very sharp Encounter. The Grecians who were then come together to this Solemnity, stood as Spectators with Crowns upon their Heads (out of reach of all danger) and at every brave Action of either Party gave up great shouts. The Pisaeans at length being Conquerors managed the Sports; but the Eleans never accounted this Olympiad in their Annals, because they looked upon it to be acted by Force, and against Law.  
During these Transactions of Affairs, Epaminondas the Theban (who was in great Esteem among the People) made a Speech to the Citizens, in which he stirred them up 
Epaminondas stirs up the Thebans to gain the Dominion at Sea.  to gain the Dominion of the Sea. In this Oration (which he had premeditated long before) he showed them that the thing was easily done, as it was advantageous and profitable for the Commonwealth, and amongst other things he likewise told them, that being Sovereigns at Land, they might be easily Masters at Sea. For altho' the Athenions in the War against Xerxes had a Navy of Two hundred Sail well Equipped and Furnished; yet they were under the Command of the Lacedæmonians, who had but Ten. When he had spoken what he had to say suitable to the occasion, he brought the Thebans to a Compliance.  
It was therefore forthwith Decreed by the People that a Hundred Galleys, and as many Docks should be built, and that application should be made to the Rhodians, Chians, and Bizantians for their Assistance to forward the Work. Epaminondas himself being sent away with some Forces to the aforementioned Cities, so terrified Lachetes the Athenian General (who was sent with a Strong and well Furnished Fleet to obstruct the Designs of 
Ant. Changed 362.  the Thebans) that he forced him to Sail back, and reduced those Cities to the Obedience of Thebes: And no doubt but if this Man had lived some time longer, he had gained for the Thebans the Sovereign Command both at Sea and Land. But not long after being killed at the Battle at Mantenea (where he obtained a famous Victory for his Country by his own fall) all the prosperity of the Thebans presently died (as it were) with him. But we shall Treat of these things more particularly and distinctly shortly hereafter.  
About the same time likewise, the Thebans resolved to Invade Orchomenon, for the Reasons 
The Thebans design to B siege Orchomenon.  following. Some of the Theban Fugitives had a purpose to change the Government of Thebes into an Aristocracy, and to that purpose, joined in Confederacy with Three hundred Horsemen of Orchomenon. These Horses were used to Rendezvouz at a certain Day appointed and ordered by the Thebans, and therefore they contrived that at that very Day (when ever it should be) they would fall upon the City. And being there were many others that were engaged to be assisting in effecting this Design, they took a fit opportunity at length to meet together. Then some of the chief Conspirators (who began to repent of the Treason) discovered all to the Beotians, and by betraying their fellows, saved their own Lives: Upon this all the Horsemen by Command of the Magistrates were seized, and being afterwards brought before the Senate, they were all Judged to be put to Death, and that the Inhabitants of Orchomenon should be sold for Slaves, and their City razed to the Ground. The Thebans had born an old grudge towards 
Ant. Ch. 36●.  them of Orchomenon for many Generations, because that in the times of the 
* Or demigods.  Heroes, they forced them to pay Tribute, till Hercules set them free. Having therefore now got an opportunity, and a good colour (as they conceived) to revenge themselves, they Marched with their Forces against Orchomenon. And presently making themselves Masters of the City, they put all the Men to the Sword, and sold the Women and Children 
Orchomenon taken and razed.  for Slaves.  
At this same time, the Thessalians made War upon Alexander the Prince of Pherea, but being often beaten, and having lost many Men, they solicited the Thebans to send Aid 
Pelopidas sent by the Thebans against Alexander of Pherea. P. 499.  to them, under the Command of Pelopidas. For they knew he was a brave spirited Man, and an excellent Commander, and an inveterate Enemy of Alexander, upon the account of his late Imprisonment. The Beotians hereupon called a general Council, and gave Audience to the Ambassadors; and having heard their Message, they readily complied in all things to their request, and forthwith ordered Pelopidas to their assistance, with Seven thousand Men, who presently Obeyed, and just as he was Marching out with the Army, the Sun was Eclipsed; which prodigy perplexed many: for there were some of the Soothsayers who declared, that by this Marching out of the Army, the Sun of the City should be Eclipsed, meaning nothing else but the death of Pelopidas. However Pelopidas (nothing moved with what was said, but led on by his inevitable destiny) Marched forward. When he came into Thessaly, he found that Alexander with above Twenty thousand Men had possessed himself of the higher Grounds: Upon this he Encamped in the Face of the Enemy, and being afterwards joined with the Thessalians, he Fought the Phereans. But Alexander prevailing by the advantage of the Ground, Pelopidas (desiring to 
Ant. Ch. 362.  put an end to the dispute by his own personal Valour) Charges up to Alexander himself, who with those select Bands that were about him, valiantly stood his Ground; upon which the Battle grew very hot, in which Pelopidas acting the part both of a good Soldier and skilful Commander, covered the Place with the Bodies of his Enemies. At length he put the Enemy to flight, and gained the Victory, but he himself (through many Wounds he had received) fell down Dead, and so Heroically ended his Days. And now Alexander being Conquered in another Battle, and thereby having all his Forces broken in pieces, he was forced upon Terms of Peace to restore to the Thessalians all the Towns he had before taken: And to deliver Magnetes and Phithiodis Cities of Achaia, 
Alexander beaten, makes Peace, and restores the Cities.  to the Beotians and be their Confederates, and for the future, to be content only with Pherea. However, tho' the Thebans gained a glorious Victory, yet they declared every where, that they were Conquered, because of the death of Pelopidas. For they looked upon the Victory not to Compensate the loss of so brave a Man. For he had often done many great and worthy Services for the advantage of his Country, and much enlarged the Bounds and Territories of the Theban Commonwealth: As in freeing the City by the Exiles when they recovered the Citadel of Cadmea, all generally ascribed that noble 
The brave Acts of Pelopidas.  Action to Pelopidas; which was the chief cause of all the advantages, and happy success that happened to the Thebans afterwards. Then at the Fight of Tegea, Pelopidas was the only Man of the Boeotarchs' that overcame the Lacedæmonians, the most potent People of all the Grecians. Which was the first time the Thebans erected a Trophy (for the greatness of the Victory) over the Lacedæmonians. Afterwards at the Battle at Leuctra, he was Colonel of the sacred Band, and was the first that broke in upon the Lacedæmonians, 
Ant. Ch. 364.  and so became the immediate Author and Instrument of the Victory. Besides in the Expeditions against the Lacedæmonians (being General of Seventy thousand Men) he erected a Trophy for his Victory over them in the very Face of Sparta, who never knew before what it meant to be Besieged. Being sent Ambassador to the King of Persia to Negotiate the affair of the common Pacification he gained in that Treaty, Messena for his own Country: Which the Thebans rebuilt after it had lain desolate Three hundred Years. And now at last (in the Battle against Alexander) notwithstanding he far exceeded him in the number of his Forces) he not only obtained a glorious Victory, but became famous for his extraordinary Valour, tho' with the loss of his Life. And during these Wars he was in that reputation among the People, that from the return of the Exiles, to the time of his Death he was always one of the Boeotarchs': Never none before being ever thought worthy of so great an honour. In as much therefore as Pelopidas 
P. 500  was thus highly Esteemed, and gained the reputation of all, for his Courage and Conduct, its fit he should have his due Commendation from us likewise, in this our History.  
About the same time Clearchus of the City of Heraclea aspired to the Sovereignty of Pontus: and prevailing in his Enterprise, made it his whole business to imitate Dionysius the Tyrant, and governed the Heracleans in great Splendour, for the space of Twelve Years.  
During these Affairs, Timotheus the Athenian General, having with him both Sea and Land Forces, Besieged Torone, and Potidea, and took them by Storm, and Raised the Siege of Cyzicum.   

CHAP. X.  
The War between the Tegeans and Mantineans. The Beotians side with the Tegeans. Epaminondas made General. The Battle of Mantinaea, where Epaminondas was killed; but the Lacedæmonians routed. The commendation of Epaminondas.  
AT the end of the Yea Chariclides was created Lord Chancellor of Athens; and 
Olymp. 104. 2. Ant. Ch. 361.  Lucius Aemilius Mamercus, and Lucius Sextius Lateranus, Roman Consuls. At which time the Arcadians and Piseans (by compact joining together) celebrated the Olympian Games at Olympia, and possessed themselves both of the Temple, and all the Riches that were there. And because the Mantineans carried away and converted to profane uses many of the Dedicated things, these Sacrilegious Persons made it their business to promote and carry on the War against the Eleans, lest if Peace were made they should be called to account for their ill gotten Goods. And therefore when the rest of the Arcadians 
War between the Tegeans and Mantineans.  would have compromized Matters, they stirred up Sedition against their own Countrymen. Being therefore divided into Two Factions, one headed by the Tegeans, the other by the Mantineans, the Feud grew to that height, that at last they came to decide the Controversy by force of Arms; and they of Tegea sent an Ambassador to the Beotians to desire their assistance: Whereupon the Beotians, without delay, made Epaminondas General, and sent him with a strong Army to the aid of the Tegeans. But the Mantineans (being terrified with the Beotian Army, and the Great Name of Epaminondas) 
The Thebans join with the Tegeans under Epaminondas.  sent their Ambassadors to the Capital Enemies of the Beotians, (the Athenians and Lacedæmonians) to solicit them to join with the Mantineans in the War. Great Forces therefore being raised on both sides, many great Battles were fought in Peloponnesus; And the Lacedæmonians (as soon as they could) broke into Arcadia, lying next to them. About 
Lacedæmonians join with the Mantineans.  the same time Epaminondas was marching forward with his Army, and being come near to Mantinaea, he heard that the Lacedæmonians with all their Forces were wasting and spoiling the Territories of Tegea; Conceiving therefore that Sparta was left naked, he undertook a weighty Affair, but Fortune favoured not his Enterprise. For he marched with his Army in the night against Sparta: But Agis King of Lacedaemon (suspecting the Craft and Subtlety of Epaminondas) prudently conjectured what possibly might be designed therefore to prevent Epaminondas, he dispatched away some Cretian Couriers to Sparta, to acquaint them that the Boectians were just then upon their march in order to surprise the 
The design of Epaminondas to surprise Sparta, prevented.  City; and that he himself would make all the hast possibly he could to relieve them: and therefore charged them to look to the Place, and not in the least to be afraid, for he would be presently with ' 'em. The Cretians observed their Orders with all Expedition by which the Lacedæmonians (strangely, and on a sudden) prevented the ruin of their Country. For if the stratagem had not been discovered, Epaminondas had certainly surprised Sparta. So that the Policy and contrivance of both the Generals justly challenge their due praise; yet the prudent Care of a skilful Commander must here especially be attributed to the Lacedaemonian. Epaminondas having now marched all the Night long, at break of day came up to Sparta But Agesilaus who was left to guard the City, (having had 
P. 501.  intelligence but a little before,) did what he could to put the City into a posture of Defence. To this end he commanded the Boys that were of any considerable bigness, and the Old Men to the roofs of the Houses, that they might be in a capacity to drive back the Enemy from thence: Then placing all the strong and lusty Men in the several difficult Passes that led into the City, and blocking up all other places, where possibly an entrance might be made, he waited for the coming of the Enemy.  
Epaminondas having divided his Army into Three parts, made an Assault round the Town at one and the same time, but when he discerned in what order the Spartans' were 
Ant. Ch. 361. Epaminondas Assaults Sparta.  placed to oppose him, he presently understood that his Design was discovered: However, tho' he was much obstructed by the straight and narrow Passages, and forced to fight in small Parties with great Bodies of Men at once, and many were killed on both sides, yet he would not draw off till the Lacedaemonian Army came up near unto Sparta. The Spartans' therefore being now enforced with so great a strength, and Night coming on, he left off the Assault. 
Draws off.   
Then he was informed by some Prisoners, that the Mantineans with all the Power of the City were hastening towards him to the assistance of the Lacedæmonians: Upon which he marched away and encamped not far from the City. But presently commanding his Soldiers to eat their Suppers, and leaving there a Body of Horse, whom he commanded to kindle Fires all the Night, he marched away with the rest of the Army, with a design on a sudden to cut off all them that were left in Mantinaea. The next day (having marched a long way) he unexpectedly Assaulted them of Mattinea, but failed in his Design; and tho' he had (as a diligent Commander) provided all things that were necessary 
The taking of Mantinaea prevented.  yet Fortune now opposed him, and so he lost the Prize. For as soon as he came near the City, that was then naked, and without any Defence, Six thousand Athenian Auxiliaries entered into Mantinaea at the other end of the Town under the Command of Hegelocus, a person of good Esteem among the Citizens; who having put a sufficient Garrison into the City, with the rest stood in Battalia ready to engage. And presently appeared the Armies, both of the Lacedæmonians and the Mantineans. And now every one prepared to put all 
Ant. Ch. 361.  to the hazard of a Battle, and therefore sent for their Allies out of all parts; The Aeleans, Lacedæmonians, Athenians, and some others sided with the Mantineans: their Forces amounted to above Twenty thousand Foot, and Two thousand Horse. The most considerable persons of Arcadia for Riches and Valour, together with the Acheans, Boeotians, Argives, and some of the Peloponnesians, and other Confederates joined with the Tegeans, in the whole, to the number of above Thirty thousand Foot, and Three thousand 
The Battle at Mantinaea.  Horse.  
And now the Armies on both sides took the Field in order to decide the Matter; and drew up in Battalia: and the soothsayers from the view of the Sacrifices (offered here and there) Declared Victory to their several Parties. The Mantineans and the rest of the Arcadians (because the War was in their own Country) were in the Right Wing, supported by the Lacedæmonians, drawn up next to them. Next to the Lacedæmonians were placed the Aeleans and Achoeans, and some others of the weaker part of the Army completed that Wing. The Left Wing consisted of the Athenians: On the other side the Thebans placed themselves in the Left Wing, opposite to the Arcadians: And the Argives held the Right. The rest of the Army Aeubeans, Locrians, Sicyons, Messineans, Maleans 
P. 502.  and Aeneans, and the other Confederates made up the main Battle. The Horse on each side were placed on both Flanks. The Armies being thus drawn up, while they stood facing one another for some time, the Trumpets at length sounded a Charge, and the Armies set up so great a shout, as if both sides were assured of the Victory. The Horse from the Wings first Charged one another, with the greatest Fury imaginable: The Athenian Horse Charged the Thebans, but were worsted, not so much by the Valour and Hardiness of the Thebans, or their skill in Martial Affairs, (for in these the Athenians were inferior to none) as by their number, and being better Armed and appointed, and far exceeding the other in Order and manner of Battle. For the Athenians had very few Darters amongst them, whereas the Thebans had thrice as many, besides Slingers and Archers from the Thessalians, who were used to be exercised in that way of Fight from their Childhood, and by that means were always very serviceable in all Encounters.  
The Athenians therefore, what with being gauled by the Light Armed Men, and overpowered by the Horse, were forced to fly. Yet because they fled out from the Wings, they easily repaired the Damage they sustained, for they broke not into their own Foot in their flight, but falling in with some Eubeans, and some other Mercenaries, that were sent out before to take in some Hills near the place, (with whom they had a sharp Engagement) they put every Man of them to the Sword. For the Theban Horse did not pursue them that fled, but Charged in upon the Enemy's Foot with a design to break through 'em: upon which, the Dispute was very hot and sharp; but at length the Athenians fled outright: But the Colonel of the Aelean Horse who was in the Rearguard of the 
* The Mantinean Army.  Army) succoured them; and cutting off many of the Boetians, renewed the Fight. And thus was the Rout in the Athenians Left Wing in a great measure repaired by the Aelean Horsemen. In the Engagement by the Horse in the other Wing, the success was doubtful a little while. But within a short time the Mantineans were put to the Rout by the multitude and strength of the Boeotian and Thessalian Horsemen, and with great Loss were forced to fly for shelter to their own Battalion of Foot. And this was the issue 
Ant. Ch. 361.  of the Engagement between the Horse. The Foot as soon as they Engaged fought with wonderful heat and resolution. Never was there greater Armies in the Field in any Battle between Grecians and Grecians; nor more brave and excellent Commanders, or that ever approved themselves with more Valour and Courage. For the Boeotians and Lacedæmonians who were in that Age counted the best Land Soldiers in the World, fronted one another, and began the Onset with that Fury as if they valued not their Lives in the least. They first began with their Lances, which being for the most part broken in pieces by the violence and heat of the Charge, they fell to their Swords. Then setting Foot to Foot all sorts of Wounds, curable and Mortal, slight and deadly, were given and received without remitting any thing of their first Heat or Resolution; And they continued in this sharp Engagement with that Valour, and so long a time (neither side giving the least ground) that Victory seemed to hover over both (uncertain where it would fall) For every one slighted and contemned Danger, and (desiring nothing more 
P. 503.  than to make himself remarkable by some Glorious piece of Service for his Country) with a brave Gallantry of Mind coveted to exchange Life for Honour. After the Battle had continued long, and none were able to judge who would be the Conquerors; Epaminondas (conceiving the present state of the Parties engaged required his assistance) resolved to decide the Matter with the hazard of his own Life. To that end taking a choice Band of the most able Men he had with him, and drawing them up in close Order, he forthwith Charged at the head of them, and was the first that cast his Javelin and killed the Lacedaemonian General, and then broke into the midst of his Enemies; 
Ant. Ch. 361.  then others presently following (beating down all before him) he clavae asunder the Enemy's Battle. For the Fame of Epaminondas, and the strength of that Body he then had with him, struck such a Terror into the Lacedæmonians, that they turned their backs, and began to make away: Upon which the Boeotians pursued close, and killed all that were in the Rear, so that heaps of Carcases covered the Ground. At length when the Lacedæmonians perceived that the fierceness and heat of Epaminondas had precipitated him too far, they all in a Body made up upon him, throwing infinite number of Darts at him, of which he put by some, and received others upon his Target, and plucked others out of his Body with his own hands, and threw them back into the face of the Enemy. At last whilst he was most Heroically bestirring himself to gain the Victory for his Country, he received a Mortal wound in his Breast by a Dart 
* By one Anticiates a Spartan. Justin. Epaminondas falls.  thrown with such a force, as that the Wood broke, and the Iron with the Truncheon remained in his Body, so that by the greatness of the wound he suddenly fell to the ground. And now the Contest grew very sharp and hot for the recovery of his Body, and after a great slaughter made, the Thebans being of much stronger Bodies than the Lacedæmonians, at length put their Enemies to flight. The Boeotians pursued them a little way, but presently returned, as looking upon it absolutely necessary to have the power of the Bodies. The Trumpets therefore sounding a Retreat, both Armies drew off; and each party erected a Trophy, both pretending to the Victory. For the Athenians possessed the Bodies of all those Eubeans and Mercenaries that were slain at the Hill: On the other side the Boeotians that had routed the Lacedæmonians, and were Masters of the dead, challenged the Victory. And for some time neither side sent any Trumpets to Treat for burying the 
Ant. Ch. 361.  Dead, lest they that were first should be thought to yield the day. Yet at last the Lacedæmonians first sent a Trumpet to procure Liberty to bury their Men: Whereupon all were buried that were slain on both sides.  
But Epaminondas (yet living) was brought back into the Camp; and when the Physicians that were sent for, told him that he would certainly Die as soon as the Dart was drawn out of his Body, he was not at all daunted: But first called for his Armour-bearer, and asked whether his Shield was safe? When he answered it was, and showed it to him; then he enquired whether side had got the day. The Youth making return that the Boeotians were Victors: Why then, saith he, Now is the time to die: And forthwith ordered the Dart to be drawn out. And when all his Friends round about him cried out, and one with great Lamentation expressed himself thus; And what, O Epaminondas, Dost thou die Childless? No, by Jupiter (said he,) But I leave behind me Two Daughters, whereof the one is Victory at Leuctra, and the other at Mantinaea. And so upon drawing out the head of the Dart, he quietly breathed out his last, without any show of Trouble, or Disorder 
Epaminondas dies of his 〈…〉 und.  of Mind.  
And because it was our usual Method to give an Honourable Testimony of Worthy and Deserving Men after their Deaths, we think we might be justly blamed if we should 
The Commendation of Epaminondas.  omit so brave a Man, without a peculiar remark. For he seems to me to be not only the most skilful General, and of the most Just and Generous Disposition of any of his own time, (among whom the most famous were Pelopidas the Theban, Timotheus, Conon, Chabrias, Iphicrates, Athenians, and Agesilaus the Spartan (who was a little before him) but likewise 
P. 504. Ant. Ch. 361.  of any that lived before him in the time of the Medes and Persians, as Solon, Themistocles, Miltiades, Cimon, Mironides, Pericles, and some other Athenians; and Gelo the Son of Dinomenes in Sicily, and some others, whose several Excellencies if any will compare with the Military Art, and the Glory of the Arms of Epaminondas, he shall soon find him to exceed them in many degrees. For among them some one peculiar Excellency was only remarkable in each particular Person; but in him a Constellation of Virtues were Housed together. For in Strength and Comeliness of Body, Volubility of Tongue, Gallantness of Spirit, Contempt of Wealth, and impartial Justice (and that which was far before all the rest) in Valour and Skill in Martial Affairs (absolutely necessary for a General) he far excelled 'em all. When alive, he gained the Sovereign Power for his Country; but by his Death they lost it again, and their Affairs declined to the worse ever afterwards; and at length by the Sloth and Ignorance of their Commanders they were utterly ruined, and reduced to perfect Slavery. And this was the end of Epaminondas, a Man honoured, and esteemed of all.  
After this Battle, the Grecians being tired out with continual Wars, and contented now to draw stakes, put an end to the War, and entered into a general League Offensive and Defensive, in which the Messineans were included. But the Lacedæmonians (by 
Peace made. Ant. Ch. 361.  reason of the implacable Hatred they bore the Messineans) would not subscribe the Articles of Peace: And therefore they of all the Grecians were the only Men that swore not to the League. As to the Writers in this year; Xenophon the Athenian concludes his History of the Wars of Greece with the death of Epaminondas. Anaximenes' likewise 
Xenophon ' s History ends. Anaximenes.  of Lampsacus writ the First Part of his History of the Grecian Affairs 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  from the Origin of the Gods, and the First Being of Mankind to the Battle of Mantinaea, and the death of Epaminondas, containing almost all the Affairs both of the Grecians and Barbarians in Twelve Volumes. Lastly Philistus, who writ the History of Dionysius the younger in Two Books, ends them here.   

CHAP. XI.  
A Defection from the Persians in Asia. Tachos King of Egypt declares War against the Persians. The War between Tachos and his Son Nectabanus. The Death of Artaxerxes Mnemon. Agesilaus Routs the Egyptians that pursued him; and restores Tachos to his Kingdom: Stirs again in Greece after the Battle of Mantinaea, between the Megalopolitans and the Neighbouring Towns. Peparethos Besieged by Alexander of Pherea. He Routs Leosthenes at Sea. Charietes the Athenian Admiral, his Villainies.  
THIS Year, Molon was Lord Chancellor of Athens, and Lucius Genucius, and Quintus 
Olymp. 1●4. 3. Ant. Ch. 360.  Servilius Roman Consuls. In their times the Inhabitants of the Sea Coasts of Asia, made a defection from the Persians; and some of the Governors of the Provinces, and Chief Commanders, began new Broils, and risen up in Arms against Artaxerxes. Tachos likewise King of Egypt declared War against the Persians, and employed 
Tachos the Egyptian King declares War against the Persians.  himself in Building of Ships, and raising of Land Forces: he brought over also the Lacedæmonians to join with him, and hired many Soldiers out of the Cities of Greece. For the Spartans' bore a grudge against Artaxerxes, because he had ordered the Messinians to be comprehended in the public League among the Grecians. This great Conspiracy caused the Persian King likewise to bestir himself to raise Forces. For he was to engage in a War with the King of Egypt, the Grecian Cities in Asia, the Lacedæmonians and their Confederates, and the Lord Lieutenants and Chief Commanders of 
The Persian Lord Licutenants Conspire against Artaxerxes. Ant. Ch. 360. P. 505.  the Sea Coasts, all at one and the same time. Among these, Ariobarzanes Lord Lieutenant of Phrygia was Chiefest; who had possessed himself of the Kingdom of Mithridates after his Death: With him joined Mausolus' Prince of Caria, who had many considerable Towns and Castles under his Command, the Metropolis of which was Halicarnassus, wherein was a most stately Citadel, the Royal Seat or Palace of Caria; and with these were Confederated Orontes Governor of Mysia, and Autophrodates of Lydia, and of the Ionian Nation, the Lycians, Pisidians, Pamphylians and Cilicians; and besides them, the Syrians, and Phoenicians, and almost all that bordered upon the Asiatic Sea: by this great defection, the King lost one half of his Revenues, and what remained was not sufficient to defray the necessary charges of the War.  
They who fell off from the King, made Orontes General of the Army, who after he had received the Command, and Moneys enough to pay Twenty thousand hired Soldiers for one whole Year, betrayed the Confederates that had so entrusted him. For 
Orontes betrays all the Confederates.  being corrupted with large Bribes, and promised to be the only Governor of all the Provinces bordering upon the Sea, if he would deliver up the Rebels into the power of the King, he was wrought upon, and in the execution of his Treachery, he first Seized upon them that brought him the Money, and sent them Prisoners to the King; and then betrayed several Cities and Companies of hired Soldiers, to such Lieutenants as the King had sent into those parts. The like Treachery happened in Capadocia; which was accompanied with something more than ordinary remarkable. Artabazus the King of Persia's General, had invaded Capadocia with a great Army, whom Datamis the Governor of that Province opposed with a strong Body of Horse, and Twenty thousand Foot of Mercenaries. The Father in Law of Datamis, and General of his Horse (to ingratiate himself with the King and provide for his own safety) stole away in the Night with the Horse to Artabazus, having so agreed with him the Day before. Datamis (encouraging his Mercenaries to be faithful to him, by promises to Reward them liberally) with all speed Marched after these Treacherous Rascals, and overtook them just as they were 
Ant. Ch. 360 The treachery of Mithrobarzanes against Datamis, in Cappadocia.  joining the Enemy: Upon which the Soldiers of Artabazus, likewise fell upon these Runagate Horse, and killed all before them. For Artabazus (at the first being Ignorant, not knowing the meaning of the thing) thought that he who had betrayed Datamis, was now acting a new piece of Treason; therefore he Commanded his Soldiers to fall upon the Horse, that were advancing towards them, and not spare a Man. So that Mithrobarzanes (for that was the traitor's Name) being got between them that took him for a Traitor, and those that pursued him, as one that they knew was really such; was in an inextricable Labyrinth: Being therefore in this straight (and having no time 
The straight he was brought into  now further to Consider) he made it his business to defend himself with all the Resolution imaginable, and so plied both parties, that he made a great slaughter amongst ' 'em. At length Ten thousand Men and upwards being killed, Datamis put the rest to Flight, and Cut off in the pursuit great numbers of them, and at length caused the Trumpet to sound a Retreat, and called off his Men. Some of the Horsemen that survived returned to Datamis and begged for pardon; the rest wandered about, and knew not whither to turn themselves. But Datamis caused his Army to surround Five hundred of those Traitors and to dart them to Death. And tho' he had formerly gained the reputation of an excellent Soldier; yet now by this instance of his Valour and prudent Conduct, his Name grew much more famous than before. Artaxerxes the King being informed of this Stratagem, made all the haste he could to be rid of Datamis, and within a short time after, cut him off by an Ambuscade▪  
Whilst these things were in acting, Rheomithres was sent by the Rebels into Egypt, to 
Ant. Ch. 360  Tacho the King, and having received Five hundred Talents, and Fifty Sail of Men of War, he returned to Leucas in Asia; and sending for many of the revolting Lords, and Officers to come to him thither, he laid hold of them, and sent them all away Prisoners to the King; and by this piece of Treachery regained the King's favour, who was formerly much displeased with him.  
Now Tacho King of Egypt had prepared all things necessary for the War: But he 
P. 506. Tacho's Forces in Egypt. Agesilaus sent to Aid the King of Egypt. Chabrias, Tacho's Admiral.  had a Fleet of Two hundred Sail, Ten thousand Grecian Mercenaries, and Fourscore thousand Egyptian Foot. He gave the Command of the Ten thousand Mercenaries to Agesilaus, who was sent from the Lacedæmonians with a Thousand Men to the Aid of the Egyptians; because he was counted the best Soldier of any among them, and had the repute of a most expert Commander. Chabrias was made Admiral of the Fleet, who was not sent there by public Authority, but (upon the persuasion of Tachos,) served him as a private Man, The King reserved to himself the Generalship of all the Army. But Agesilaus would have persuaded him to continue in Egypt, and to manage the War by his Lieutenants; but he would not hearken to it, though he advised him to the best. For when the Army was far distant from Egypt, and now encamped in Phenicia, the Governor of Egypt whom he had deputed in his absence, revolted, and sent to Nectanabus the 
* Or rather his Brother or Sisters Son. Ant. Ch. 360. Tacho submits to the King of Persia. The death of Artaxerxes Mnemon. Ant. Ch. 360.  King's Son to take upon him the Kingdom of Egypt, which kindled 
Nectanabus. the King of Egypt's Son, Rebels.  the Sparks which afterward broke forth into a most cruel and bloody War. For Nectanabus being made General of the Egyptian Forces, and before sent out of Phenicia to take in some Cities in Syria, being privy and consenting to the Treason against his Father, drew the Commanders of the Army▪ by large Gifts, and the Soldiers by as large promises, to join with him in the War. Egypt therefore being now possessed by the Rebels, Tachos was so terrified at the thing, that he fled through Arabia to the King of Persia, and begged his pardon for what he had done; whom, Artaxerxes not only forgave, but made him General of the Army he had raised against the Egyptians.  
Not long after the King of Persia died, having Reigned Three and forty Years. Ochus succeeded him, and governed. Three and twenty Years, and took upon him the surname of Artaxerxes. For Artaxerxes ruling the Kingdom with great Justice and Integrity, and being an earnest promoter and lover of Peace, and prosperous in all his Affairs, the Persians decreed, that all the succeeding Kings should be called by his Name. And now Tacho the King of Egypt returned to Agesilaus, and presently Nectanabus led above 
Tacho, returns to Agesilaus.  an Hundred thousand Men against his Father, and dared him to try his Title to the Kingdom by the Sword. When Agesilaus discerned that the King was fearful, not daring to Engage, he heartened him up all he could, and bid him be of good Courage; for it was not Number; but Valour that carried away the Victory. But not being able to prevail, he was forced to go back with him, into a certain large City, there to shelter himself; where they were presently Besieged by the Egyptians, who after the loss 
Ant. Ch. 360. Tacho and Agesilaus besieged.  of a great number of their Men in assaulting the Town; drew a Trench and a Wall round the City; which was suddenly finished by having many hands at Work. At length when Provision failed, Tacho gave up all for gone: But Agesilaus (encouraging the Soldiers telling 'em all would be well) in the Night broke through the Enemy's Guards, and to admiration got off safe with all his Men: But the Egyptians (pursuing close at their Heels, and being in an open Champion Country) purposed by their great Numbers to enclose them round, and so to Cut them off every Man.  
But Agesilaus in the mean time having possessed himself of a place secured on both sides by Water, from the River (conveyed through Sluices and Trenches made by Art) waited there for the Enemy. And having drawn up his Men in such Order as best suited with the Ground, (and being defended by the Arms of the River, so as he could not be hemmed in) he there fought with the Egyptians: Whose numbers were of so little advantage 
Agesilaus routs the Egyptians P. 570. Tacho restored. Agesilaus' death.  to them in that Place, and the Grecians Valour so far before them, that Agesilaus made a great slaughter amongst 'em, and put the rest to flight. After which Tacho was easily, and with little ado restored to his Kingdom: And he rewarded Agesilaus, (the only Instrument of his Restauration) by many honourable Gifts, and so dismissed him, who in his return Homewards fell Sick in Cyrene, and there Died. His Body was made up with Honey, and brought back to Sparta, where he was royally Interred.  
Hitherto things proceeded this Year in Asia. But in Peloponnesus tho' after the Battle at 
Ant. Ch. 360. New troubles in Peloponnesus.  Mantinaea a general Peace was made among the Arcadians, yet they scarce observed the League for one Year, but fell into new Broils, and Wars one with another. It was one of the Articles of the League, that every one should return from the Battle into their several Countries. Therefore those neighbouring Cities, that had been Translated, and forced to Seat themselves in Megalopolis, (which then they bore very grievously) now of their own accord, returned to their old Habitations: But the other Megalopolitans endeavoured to force them to leave their ancient Seats again. Hence arose a great Contest; they of the old Towns craved the Assistance of the Mantineans, and the rest of the Arcadians, and likewise of the Eleans and other Confederates of Mantinaea. On the other Hand, they of Megalopolis addressed themselves to the Athenians for their Aid and Assistance; who (without delay) ordered Three thousand heavy Armed Men, and Three hundred Horse, under the Command of Pammenes. Whereupon he Marched to Megalopolis, and afterwards (by Storming some of the Towns, and Terrifying others,) he forced them all at length to return to Megalopolis. And thus were these Towns reduced into one City, and the Tumult which came to this height, appeased and composed.  
Among the Historians of this time, Athenas of Syracuse, began his History of Dion with this Year, comprised in Twenty three Books: He continued likewise the History of Philistus, seven Years further in one Book; and handling matters summarily, made it one entire and perfect History.  
Afterwards when Nicophemus was chief Magistrate of Athens, and Caius Sulpitius and 
Olymp. 1●4. 4. Ant. Ch. 359.  Caius Licinius Executed the Consular Authority at Rome, Alexander Tyrant of Pherea, Manned forth several Privateers to the Cyclade Islands, and having taken some of them by force, carried away a great number of Captives. Then he landed his Soldiers in 
* A Port of Achaia. Alexander of Pherea routs the Athenian Fleet at Panormus. Leosthenes, Condemned to Death by the Athenians.  Peparethos, and Besieged the 
* One of the Cyclade Islands now Lemene, called Peparethos.  City. But the Peparethians being relieved by the Athenians Garrison, under the Command of Leosthenes (who had been before left there) Alexander set upon the Athenians themselves. It so happened, that as they were watching, and had set a Guard upon Alexander's Fleet, which then lay at Panormus, he fell upon them on a sudden, and obtained an unexpected Victory: For he not only rescued his Men out of the Imminent dangers, wherewith they were surrounded at Panormus, but likewise took five Athenian Galleys, and one of Peparethus, and Six hundred Prisoners. The Athenians being enraged at this misfortune, Condemned Leosthenes to Death, and Confiscated all his Goods, and made Charetes Commander in his stead, and sent him with a considerable Fleet into those parts; who spent his time only in scaring the Enemies, and oppressing the Confederates. For Sailing to Corcyra (a Confederate City) he stirred up such Seditions, and Tumults there, as ended in many Slaughters, Rapines, and plundering of men's Goods and Estates, which caused the Athenians to be ill spoken of by all the Confederates, committing many other villainies, and to sum up all in a few Words; he did nothing but what tended to the disgrace and dishonour of his Country.  
Dionysiodorus and Anaxis, Boeotian Writers, who Composed an History of the Grecian Affairs, end their Relations with this Year. And now having given an Account of those Affairs, and things done before the Reign of Philip (according to our first design) 
P. 508.  we shall put an end to this Book. In the next following, shall be Comprehended what 
Ant. Ch. 359.  ever was done by that King, from the beginning of his Reign, to the time of his Death, with other things that happened in the known parts of the World.  
ASIAE Veteribus Cognit● Tabula    

BOOK XVI.  
IT's the Duty of all Writers of History, whether they Treat of the Actions of Kings, 
PREFACE.  or of particular Cities, to relate the Whole from the Beginning to the Conclusion. For we conceive that hereby the History is both better remembered, and more clearly Understood. For imperfect Relations, without Knowledge of the Issue of what is begun, gives an unpleasant Check to the Diligent Reader's eager Expectation. But where the Matter is drawn down by a continued Thread to the end of the Narration; such Writings make the History complete in all its Parts, but more especially, if the Nature of things done, do lead the Writer, as it were, by the Hand: This Course is by no means to be neglected.  
Since therefore we are now come to the Affairs of Philip, Son of Amyntas, we according to the former Rule shall endeavour to comprehend in this Book all the Actions of this King. For he reigned as King of Macedon Two and Twenty Years, who making use at the first but of small means, at length advanced his Kingdom to be the Greatest in Europe; and made Macedon (which at the time of his coming to the Crown was under the servile Yoke of the Illyrians) Mistress of many potent Cities and Countries. And through his Valour the Grecian Cities voluntarily submitted themselves to him, and made him General of all Greece. And having subdued 
* The Phocians.  those that Robbed and Spoiled the Temple at Delphos, coming in aid of the God there, he was made a Member of the Senate of the Amphictyons; and for a Reward of his Zeal to the Gods, the Right of Voting in the 
The Court of the Amphictyons was the great Court of Greece which sat at Delphos in Phocis, like to the States-General at the Hague. Vid. Paus. Lib. 10. Cap. 8. The Phocians had two Votes in that Assembly.  Senate which belonged to the Phocians (whom he had overcome) was allotted to him.  
After he had overcome the Illyrians, Paeones, Thracians, Scythians, and the Countries adjoining to them, his Thoughts were wholly employed how to destroy the Persian Monarchy: But after he had set free all the Grecian Cities; and was promised Forces to be raised for the Expedition into Asia, in the midst of all his preparations he was prevented by Death: But he left those, and so many more Forces behind him, that his Son, Alexander, had no occasion to make use of the Assistance of his Confederates in the Overturning of the Persian Empire. And all those things he did not so much by the Favour of Fortune, as by the Greatness of his own Valour. For this King excelled most in the Art of a General, Stoutness of Spirit, and Clearness of Judgement and Apprehension. But that we may not in a Preface set forth his Actions before hand, we shall proceed to the orderly Course of the History, making first some short Remarks of the Times that went before.  

CHAP. I.  
Philip, an Hostage at Thebes, makes his Escape; Beats the Athenians; After makes Peace with them: Subdues the Paeones, and routs the Illyrians and makes Peace with them.  
WHEN Callimedes' was Archon at Athens, in the Hundred and Fifth Olympiad (in which Porus the Cyrenian was Victor) Cneius Genucius, and 
Olymp. 105. An. M. 3612. Ant. Ch. 358.  Lucius Aemilius, Roman Consuls, Philip the Son of Amyntas, and Father of Alexander, (who conquered the Persians) came to the Crown in the manner following.  
Amyntas being brought under by the Illyrians, was forced to pay Tribute to the Conquerors; who having taken his youngest Son Philip as an Hostage, delivered him to be kept by the Thebans; who committed the young Youth to the Care of 
* Polymnis was the Father of Epaminondas:  the Father of Epaminondas, with order to look to his Charge with all Diligence, and honourably to Educate and Instruct him.  
A Pythagorean Philosopher was at that time Tutor to Epaminondas, with whom Philip being brought up, he improved more than ordinary in the Pythagorean Philosophy. And both these Scholars employing the utmost of their Parts and Diligence in the Prosecution of their Studies, both by that means became Famous for their virtuous Qualifications. Epaminondas (it's known to all) having run through many Hazards and Difficulties, beyond all expectation gained the Sovereignty of all Greece for his Country: And Philip having the same Advantages, showed himself nothing inferior to Epaminondas in glorious Achievements: For after the Death of Amyntas, his Eldest Son Alexander succeeded him in the Kingdom; but Ptolemy Alorites murdered him and Usurped the Government; and he himself was served with the same Sauce by Perdiccas; who being afterwards overcome in a great Battle by the Illyrians, and killed 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, In a Critical Conjuncture.  in the very time when there was most need of a King, Philip, the Brother, made his escape and took Possession of the Kingdom now in a very shattered Condition: For there were above Four Thousand Macedonians killed in the Fight, and those that survived were in such Consternation and Fear of the Illyrians, that they had no heart left for the Prosecuting of the War. 
Ant. Ch. 358.   
About the same time the Paeones, Neighbours to the Macedonians, (in contempt of them) wasted their Country; and the Illyrians raised again great Forces, and designed another Expedition against the Macedonians. And to aggravate the matter, one 
* Son of Ae●opus, who formerly had Usurped the Kingdom of Macedon.  Pausanias, of the Royal Family, by the assistance of the King of Thrace, endeavoured to Invade the Kingdom of Macedon, The Athenians likewise (Enemies to Philip) endeavoured to restore 
* Argaeus, another Son of Aeropus.  Argaeus to the Kingdom of his Ancestors, and to this purpose had sent away their General Mantias, with Three Thousand well-armed Men, and a most excellent well provided Navy. Hereupon the Macedonians, by reason of the late Defeat and the Storm that then threatened them, were in great Fear and Perplexity: However, notwithstanding all the Difficulties and Fear of those things that were at hand, Philip nothing discouraged with those dreadful Clouds of Mischief that seemed to hang over his Head, by his Speeches in the daily Assemblies, retained the Macedonians in their Duty; and by his Eloquence (wherein he excelled) stirring them up to be courageous, revived their drooping Spirits. Then setting upon Reforming the Military Discipline, he completely armed his Men and Trained them every Day, teaching them how to handle their Arms, and other Postures of War. He likewise instituted the new way of Drawing up into a close Body, imitating the Heroes at Troy in locking their Shields one within another; so that he was the first that found out the Macedonian Phalange.  
He was very Courteous and Gaining in his Converse, and won the People's Hearts both by his Bounty at present, and his generous Promises of future Rewards; very Politicly likewise (as it were by so many Engines) defending himself against the many and various 
Ant. Ch. 358.  Mischiefs that were pressing upon him. For when he discerned that the Athenians made it their great business to recover Amphipolis, and that Argaeus was endeavoured to be restored to his Kingdom for that end, he left the 
* Amphipolis.  City of his own accord, suffering them to govern themselves according to their own Laws.  
He sent likewise an Ambassador to the Paeones, and some of them he corrupted with Bribes; others he ensnared with fair and winning Promises, and for the Present made Peace with them, He prevented likewise Pausanias from being restored, by bribing the King that was ready to assist him for that purpose.  
In the mean time Manthias' the Athenian Admiral being arrived at 
* Methone in Macedonia.  Methone, there lay; but sent Aegaeus before with a Body of Mercenaries to 
† Aegae in Macedonia.  Aegae. Coming to the City, he endeavoured to persuade the Aegaeans to allow of his Return, and to appear the first for his Restauration to the Kingdom; but none consenting, he went back to Methone.  
Presently after, Philip advancing with a well appointed Army, set upon them, and cut off many of the Mercenaries; the rest, who had fled to a Hill near at hand (having first delivered up to him the Fugitives) he dismissed by Agreement.  
Philip being now Conqueror in this first Battle, greatly encouraged the Macedonians, and made them hearty and eager to undergo further Toils and Difficulties.  
Whilst these things were acting, the Thracians planted a Colony at Crenides, as it was heretofore called, which the King afterwards called Philippi, after his own Name, and filled it with Inhabitants. From this Time Theopompus of Chi●s gins his History of Philip, and continues it in Fifty eight Books, of which Five are controverted.  
Afterwards Eucharist us was Archon of Athens, and Quintus Servilius and Lucius Genucius were Consuls at Rome, when Philip sent Ambassadors to Athens with Proposals of Peace, 
Olymp. 105. 2. An. M. 3613. Ant. Ch. 357.  and prevailed with the People upon the account that he was content to quit all his Right in Amphipolis.  
Being therefore thus freed from the War with the Athenians, and hearing that Agis King of the Paeones was dead, he judged that a fair Opportunity was offered him to invade the Paeones: And to that end he entered their Country with a considerable Army, overcame them in Battle, and forced them to stoop to the Macedonian Yoke.  
But still the 
* Illyrium, now Dalmatia; and the Inhabitants Dalmatians, or Sclavonians.  Illyrians remained an Eyesore to him, whom his Heart and all his Thoughts were continually at work to bring under. To that end he called a General Council, and by a Speech (fitted for the Occasion) having spirited the Soldiers to the War, he led an Army into the Illyrians Country of no less than Ten thousand Foot, and Six hundred Horse.  
Bardylis King of the Illyrians hearing of his coming, first sent Ambassadors to Philip to renew the League between them upon these Terms, That both of them should keep those Towns that they then had. To which Philip answered, That he was very desirous of Peace; but resolved not to admit of it, before that the Illyrians had quitted all the Towns belonging to the Kingdom of Macedon.  
The Ambassadors therefore being returned without effecting any thing, Bardylis (confiding 
Ant. Ch. 357  in the Valour of his Soldiers, and encouraged by his former Victories) marched forth against his Enemies with a strong Army, having with him Ten thousand choice Foot, and Five hundred Horse.  
When the Armies drew near one to another, they suddenly set up a great Shout, and so fell to it. Philip being in the Right Wing with a strong Body of Macedonians, commanded his Horse to wheel about, to the end to charge the Enemy in the Flank; and he himself charged the Front; upon which there was an hot Engagement.  
On the other side, the Illyrians drew up in a 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, like a Til●.  foursquare Body, and valiantly joined Battle.  
The Valour of the Armies on both sides was such, that the issue of the Battle was doubtful a long time; many fell, but many more were wounded; and the Advantage was now here, and then there, according as the Valour and Resolution of the Combatants gave Vigour and Life to the Business.  
At length, when the Horse charged both upon the Flank and the Rear, and Philip with his stoutest Soldiers fought like a Hero in the Front, the whole Body of the Illyrians were routed, and forced to fly outright, whom the Macedonians pursued a long way. After many were killed in the pursuit, Philip at length gave the Signal to his Men to retire, and erected a Trophy, and buried the Dead.  
Then the Illyrians sent another Embassy, and procured a Peace, having first quitted all the Cities belonging to Macedon. There were slain of the Illyrians in this Battle above Seven thousand Men. Having thus given an account of things done in Macedonia and Illyrium, we shall now relate the Affairs of other Nations.   

CHAP. II.  
The Actions of Dionysius the Tounger in Sicily, and other Parts. Dion's Flight to Corinth, and his Return to Sicily. Andromachus Peoples Tauromenum. The Civil Wars in Euboea. The Social War between the Athenians and other Nations. Philip takes Amphipolis and other Cities. His Policy to gain the Olynthians and other Places in Greece.  
IN Sicily, Dionysius the Younger, Tyrant of Syracuse, who came some time before to 
Ant. Ch. 357  the Kingdom (being of an unactive Spirit, and much inferior to his Father) under the Veil of a peaceful and gentle Disposition, endeavoured to cover his Sloth and Cowardice; and therefore tho' the War with the Carthaginians descended upon him as well as the Kingdom, yet he made Peace with them.  
In a careless manner likewise he made War for some time upon the 
* Lucanians in Italy.  Lucanians; and tho' he had the Advantage in some of the last Fights, yet he was very fond of the Terms and Conditions offered for the putting an end to the War.  
He built two Cities in Apulia, the better to secure the Passage of his Shipping through the Ionian Sea: For the Barbarians dwelling on the Seacoasts, had a great number of Pirate's roving up-and-down, whereby the Adriatic Sea was greatly infested and made troublesome to the Merchants.  
Afterwards giving himself up to his Ease, he wholly neglected all Warlike Exercises; and tho' he was Lord of the Greatest Kingdom in Europe, and had a Dominion bound fast with a Diamond (as his Father was used to boast) yet through his effeminate Sloth and Idleness, he lost it on a sudden. How it was taken from him, and how he carried himself in every Particular, we shall endeavour now to declare.  
At this time Cephisodorus was Lord Chancellor at Athens, and Caius Licinius and Caius Sulpitius were Consuls at Rome, when Dion the Brother of Hipparinus, one of the most 
Olymp. 105. 3. Ant. Ch. 356.  Noble Persons among the Syracusians, fled out of Sicily; and afterwards by the Braveness of his Spirit, and excellent Accomplishments, restored not only the Syracusians, but other Sicilians to their ancient Liberties: Which was occasioned thus:  
Dionysius the Elder had Issue by both his Wives: By the second Wife, the Daughter of Hipparians (who was in great Esteem among the Syracusians) he had two Sons, Hipparinus and Narsaeus. Dion was the Brother of this second Wife; a Man well skilled in Philosophy, and the most expert Soldier in his Time of all the Syracusians. The Nobleness of his Birth and Greatness of his Spirit, made him suspected by the Tyrant, because upon that account he seemed to be a fit Instrument to overturn the Tyranny. Dionysius therefore fearing him, determined to send him further off from him, and so to put him to death. Dion foreseeing what was designed, at first discovered it to some of his Friends: Afterwards he fled out of Sicily to Peloponnesus, taking along with him Megacles his Brother, and Cariclides the General of the Army under the Tyrant. When he arrived at Corinth, he solicited the Corinthians to assist him in the Recovery of the Syracusians Liberty: And presently got together a Band of Mercenaries, and employed himself in procuring of Arms: Upon which many Volunteers coming in to him with all sorts of Arms, he mustered a considerable Force of Mercenary Soldiers. Then having hind two Ships, he put his Men and Arms on board; and with these only passed over from 
* Now Zant.  Zacynthus (near adjoining to Cephalenia) to Sicily; and commanded Chariclides to follow him presently after to Syracuse, with some few Galleys, and other Ships of Burden.  
While these things were acting, Andromachus of Tauromenum, the Father of Timoeus the Historian, a Man eminent both for his Riches and Wisdom, brought together from all Parts all the Exiles of Naxus (which Dionysius had razed) and gave them the Hill called 
Ant. Ch. 356.  Taurus, lying above Naxus. And because he and his Family had continued there a long time, he called it Tauromenium, from their Residence in Taurus. The Inhabitants afterwards grew very rich, and the City became famous by its prosperous Increases in worldly Blessings. But in our Age the Tauromenians were removed out of their Country by Caesar, and the City received a Roman Colony.  
In the mean time, the Inhabitants of Euboea fell a quarrelling one with another, and one Party sought to the Boeotians for Aid, and the other to the Athenians; and so a War broke out throughout all Euboea. But tho' there were many light Skirmishes amongst them, sometimes the Thebans prevailing and at other times the Athenians; yet they never fought any great Battle.  
At length the Island being wasted by this Civil War, and many Men destroyed all over the Land, with much ado (being made more wise by their own Slaughters) they came to an Agreement, and so concluded a Peace: And the Boeotians returning home, laid down their Arms.  
The Athenians now fell into a War called The Social War (which continued three Years) 
The Social War.  upon the account of the Defection of the Chians, Rhodians, them of Coos, and the Byzantines: To which War Chares and Chabrias were sent with an Army, as Generals: Making against 
* Chius, of the same Name with the Island.  Chius, they found the Chians assisted by the Byzantines, Rhodians, Choians, and Mausolus the petty King of 
† Cana in Lesser Asia.  Cana. These General's dividing their Forces, besieged the City both by Sea and Land. Chares commanded the Land-Forces, and assaulted the Walls, and fought with them of the Garrison in the open Field, who made Sallies upon him. But Chabrias was engaged in a sharp Fight at Sea in the very Harbour; and his 
Ant. Ch. 356.  Ship being pierced through with the Beaks of the Enemy's, he was greatly distressed: And those who were in the other Ships, thought fit to comply with the Time, and so fairly ran away. But the Admiral choosing rather to die gloriously, than give up all dishonourably, in defending of his Ship received a Wound, which put an end to his 
Ant. Ch. 356.  Life.  
About the same time, Philip King of Macedon, after his Victory over the Illyrians in that great Battle, having subdued all them that dwelled as far as to the Marshes of Lychnitides, and made with them an Honourable Peace, returned into Macedonia. And having thus by his Valour raised up and supported the tottering State and Condition of the Macedonians, his Name became great and famous among them. Afterwards being provoked by the many Injuries of them of Amphipolis, he marched against them with a great Army, and applying his Engines of Battery to the Walls, made fierce and continual Assaults, and by the Battering Rams threw down part of the Wall, and entered into the City through the Ruins, with the slaughter of many that opposed him; and forthwith banished those that were his chiefest Enemies, and graciously spared all the rest.  
This City, by reason of its commodious Situation in Thrace, and Neighbourhood to other Places, was of great advantage to Philip: For he presently after took Pydna; but made a League with the Olynthians, and promised to give up to them Potidaea, which they had a long time before much coveted. For in regard the City of the Olynthians was both Rich, Potent, and Populous, and upon that account was a Place of great advantage in time of War, therefore those that were ambitious to enlarge their Dominion, strove always to gain it: So that both the Athenians and Philip earnestly contended which of them should prevail to have them for their Confederates. But however, Philip having taken Potidaea, drew out the Athenian Garrison, and used them with great Civility, and suffered them to return to Athens: For he bore a great Respect to the People of Athens, because that City was eminent and famous for its Power and Grandeur.  
He delivered up likewise 
* Pydna in Macedonia Ant. Ch. 356.  Pydna (which he had subdued) to the Olynthians, and gave them all the Grounds and Territories belonging to it. Thence he marched to 
† Crenidas in Macedonia, called Philippi, now Philippo.  Crenidas, which he enlarged, and made more populous, and called it after his own Name Philippi. Besides, he so improved the Gold-Mines that were in those Parts (which before were but inconsiderable and obscure) that by building of Work-houses he advanced them to bring in a yearly Revenue of above a Thousand Talents. So that heaping up abundance of Riches, in a short time, by the confluence of his Wealth, he advanced the Kingdom of Macedonia to a higher Degree of Majesty and Glory, than ever it was before: For he coined Pieces of Gold (called of him Philippics) and by the help thereof, raised a great Army of Mercenaries, and bribed many of the Grecians to betray their Country. Of all which, a particular Account shall be given hereafter, in the Course of the History. And now we shall bend our Discourse to what follows.   

CHAP. III.  
Dion's March and Entry into Syracuse. Dionysius comes to the Island, part of Syracuse: Assaults the Wall erected from Sea to Sea: Is beaten by Dion. Alexander of Phaerea murdered by his Wife and his Two Brothers. Philip relieves the Thessalians from the two Brothers.  
A Gathocles was Archon at Athens, and Marcus Fabius and Caius Publius, or Poetelius, were Consuls at Rome, when Dion the Son of Hipparinus landed in Sicily, to pull 
Olymp. 105. 4. Ant. Ch. 355. An. M. 3615.  down the Tyranny of Dionysius. This Dion to admiration overturned the greatest Dominion in Europe, with the most inconsiderable Force that ever any did before him: For who would ever believe, that a Man who landed only with Two Ships of Burden, should overcome a King who was furnished with Four hundred 
* Long Ships.  Galleys; had an Army of an Hundred thousand Foot, and Ten thousand Horse; and was provided with Arms, Money, and Provision, suitable and sufficient to supply so many and great Forces as we have related? And who (over and besides all that we have said) was possessed of the Greatest of all the Greek Cities; so many Ports and Arsenals, Castles so strongly fortified and unexpugnable, and such a number of potent Auxiliaries? But that which much forwarded the Successes of Dion, was his great Spirit and valorous Resolution, and the Good will and Kindness the People, whom he came to set free, bare towards him. And that which was more than all these, the Sloth and Esseminateness of the Tyrant, and the Hatred of his Subjects. All these things concentring in one Moment of Time, they produced incredible Effects, not to have been imagined: But to leave off Prefacing, we shall now come to relate Affairs more particularly.  
Dion therefore losing from Zazynthus, near to Cephalenia, arrived at Minoa (as it's called) in the Territory of Agrigentum. This City was built by Minos, formerly King of Crete, at such time as he was entertained by Cocales, King of the Sicanians, in his seeking after Daedalus.  
At this time this City was in the hands of the Carthaginians, whose Governor Paralus, Dion's Friend, was cheerfully received by him. Upon this Encouragement he unloaded his Ships of Five thousand Arms, and entrusted them with Paralus, desiring him to furnish him with Carriages to convey them to Syracuse: And he himself, with a thousand Mercenaries 
Ant. Ch. 355.  that had joined him, makes to the same Place. In his March he prevailed with the Agrigentines, Geloans, some of the Sicanians, and the Sicilians that inhabited the midland, the Camarineans likewise and Madinaeans, to join with him in freeing the Syracusians from their Slavery; and with these he marched forward to give a Check to the Tyrant. In his March armed Men flocking in to him from all Parts, in a short time he had an Army of above Twenty thousand Men. And besides these, many Grecians and Messenians were sent for out of Italy, and all with great cheerfulness came readily to him.  
As soon as Dion came to the Borders of the Syracusian Territories, a Multitude of unarmed Men, both out of the City and Country, met him: For Dionysius, out of Fear and Jealousy of the Syracusians, had disarmed many.  
He was by chance at that time at the Cities he had lately built in 
* The Coasts of the Adriatic Sea.  Adria with a great Army: In the mean time, the Officers that were left to guard the City, endeavoured, in the first place, to retain the Citizens in their Duty, and to prevent their Defection; but when they saw they could not, by all the means they could use, bridle the impetuous Rage of the People, they got together all the foreign Soldiers, and all others within the City that favoured the Tyrant's Party; and having completed their Regiments, resolved to fall upon the Rebels. Then Dion distributed the 5000 Arms among the Syracusians that were unarmed, and the rest he furnished as well as he could, as Arms came to his hands. He then called them all together to a Public Assembly, and told them that he was come to restore the Sicilians to their Liberty; and to that end commanded such Officers to be created, as were fittest to be made use of for that purpose, and for the utter ruin of the Tyranny. Upon which, they all cried out with one unanimous Voice, That Dion and his Brother Megacles should be chosen Generals, and invested with absolute Power and Command. And so without delay, from the Assembly (having first disposed the Army in order of Battle) he marched straight to the City; and none appearing in the open 
Ant. Ch. 355.  Field to oppose him, he confidently entered within the Walls, and through 
* One of the Four Parts of Syracuse; the other are the Island; th●n Tyche and Neapolis.  Achradina marched on into the Forum, and there encamped, none daring to oppose him: For there were no fewer with Dion in his Army than Fifty thousand Men. And all these with Coronets upon their Heads entered into the City, led by Dion, Megacles, and Thirty Syracusians, who alone of all the Exiles in Peloponnesus were willing to run the same common Fate with their Fellow-Citizens.  
At this time the whole City exchanged Slavery for Liberty, and Fortune turned Sorrow, the Companion of Tyranny, into pompous Mirth and Jollity: And every House was full of Sacrifices and rejoicing; and Men burned Incense every one upon his own Altar, thanking the Gods for what at present they enjoyed, and putting up Prayers for an happy Issue of Affairs for the time to come. Then were heard many Shouts of Joy by the Women all over the City, for their sudden and unexpected Happiness, and the People rejoicing through all Corners of the Town. There was then neither Freeman, or Servant, or any Stranger, but all were earnest to see Dion, who for his Valour and Courage was cried up by all above what was fitting for a Man. Yet was it not altogether without some Reason, the Change was so great and so unexpected: For having lived Fifty Years as Slaves, through so long a time they had almost forgotten what Liberty meant, and now by the Valour of one Man they were on a sudden delivered from their Calamity.  
About that time Dionysius stayed at Caulonia in Italy; but sent to Philistus his Admiral, who was then with the Fleet about the Adriatic Coasts, and commanded him to sail away straight for Syracuse. And both of them speeding away to the same Place, Dionysius came to Syracuse the seventh Day after the return of Dion: And now thinking to put a Trick upon the Syracusians, he sent Ambassadors to treat of Peace, by whom he made use of 
Ant. Ch. 355.  many Devices, to persuade them that he would restore the Democracy, if he might but have some remarkable Honours conferred upon him by the Government. He desired therefore that Ambassadors might be sent to him, with whom calling together a Senate, he might put an end to the War.  
The Syracusians having their Expectations raised to so high a Pitch, sent some of the Chief of their Citizens to him as Ambassadors, who had Guards presently put upon them, and Dionysius one day after another put off their Audience. In the mean time, perceiving that the Syracusians in hopes of Peace neglected their Guards, and were unprepared for an Encounter, he opens the Gates of the 
* A Castle in a Place called the Part of Syracuse.  Acropolis in the Island, and suddenly Sallies out with a strong well appointed Party.  
The Syracusians had there drawn a Wall from Sea to Sea, which the Dionysians terribly assaulted with a great Shout. And having entered it with the Slaughter of many of the Guard, they engaged with the rest that came in to defend it. Dion therefore being thus deluded, (against the Articles of the Truce) comes down with a stout Party to oppose the Enemy, engages them, and makes a great Slaughter within a 
* Within a Stage.  small Compass of 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Ground: For although the Fight was but a small distance from the Walls within the Town, yet a vast Number of Men were got together within this little spot; so that the stoutest Men on both sides were hotly Engaged. The large Promises egged on the Dionysians on one side, and hopes of Liberty stirred up the Syracusians with a Resolution for Victory on the other: The Obstinacy therefore on both sides being equal, the Fight was a long time doubtful: Many fell, and as many were wounded, receiving all their Wounds upon their Breasts: For those that first led on courageously, died to preserve those that followed; those that were next, covered the Heads of them that were tired out with their Shields, and valiantly underwent all manner of Dangers, and endured the Utmost that could befall them, out of their Heat and Zeal to come off Conquerors. But Dion resolving to do 
Ant. Ch. 355.  something remarkable in this Engagement, and that by his own Valour he might gain the Day, broke violently into the thickest of his Enemies; and laying about him Hero-like hewed down multitudes, and wholly broke in pieces the Body of the Mercenaries, and was left alone standing in the midst of his Enemy's Troops; and though he was pelted with abundance of Darts received upon his Buckler and Helmet, yet by the Strength and Goodness of his Arms he avoided the Danger; but receiving a Wound upon his Right Arm (through the Greatness and Extremity of the Pain) he began to faint, and was not far from falling into the Hands of the Enemy, but that the Syracusians (highly concerned for the Preservation of their General) charged in a full Body upon the Dionysians, and rescuing Dion (now almost spent) put the Enemy to flight. And the Citizens prevailing at another part of the Wall, the Foreign Forces of the Tyrant were forced to fly into the Castle in the Island.  
The Syracusians now having gained a glorious Victory, and confirmed their Liberty by Conquest, set up a Trophy in defiance of the Tyrant, who being thus beaten, and now perceiving that all was lost, and an End put to his Sovereignty, fortified the Castle with a strong Garrison; then being permitted to carry off the dead Bodies of those that were slain, to the number of Eight hundred, he buried them honourably, crowning them with Crowns of Gold, and richly clothing them in Purple Robes: By this extrarordinary Honour and Respect shown to the Dead, he hoped to draw in others more readily and Cheerfully to venture their Lives for the support of his Principality. Then he bountifully rewarded them that had valiantly behaved themselves in the late Engagement: And sent some to the Syracusians to Treat upon Terms of Peace. But Dion studied excuses to delay 
Ant. Ch. 355.  the Business; And in the mean time finished the rest of the Wall without any interruption.  
Thus having deceived the Enemy with an Expectation of Peace, as they had done him before, he admitted the Ambassadors to Audience; Upon which they making proposals for Peace, Dion answered, that there was only one way left for the obtaining of a Peace; and that was for Dionysius to lay down his Government, and be contented only with some Honours to be conferred upon him. Which answer the Tyrant taking in disdain, as Haughty and Peremptory, he called a Council of War to consult with his Officers how he might be revenged of the Syracusians.  
He abounded with all things except Corn, and was likewise Master at Sea: Therefore he infested the Country with Depredations, and by Foraging for some time got Provisions, but with great difficulty; at length he sent forth Transport Ships and Money to buy Corn and other Provisions: But the Syracusians tho' they had but few Galleys, yet at fit Times and Places they surprised the Merchants, and a great Part of the Corn that they imported. And thus stood the Affairs of Syracuse at this time.  
But in Greece, Alexander the Tyrant of Phaerea, was murdered by his Wife, a Theban, 
Alexander of Phaerea murdered.  and his two Brothers, Lycophrones and Tisiphonus. They were at first in great repute for killing of the Tyrant; but afterwards growing Ambitious, and having hired many Foreign Soldiers, they set up for themselves; and put to death many that were averse from their Designs; and having got together a strong Party, they kept the Soverejgnty by force of Arms.  
But the Alevadae (as they are called) Persons famous for the Nobleness of their Birth, conspired to oppose the Tyrants: But not being able to perfect so great a Business of themselves, they procured the Assistance of Philip King of Macedon, who returned into 
Ant. Ch. 355  Thessaly, and subdued the Tyrants, and restored the Cities to their Liberty, and carried himself with the greatest demonstrations of Kindness imaginable towards the Thessalians; so that ever after in all his Wars, not only he but his Son Alexander had them to be their constant Friends and Confederates.  
Among the Writers Demophilus, the Son of Ephorus the Historian (who continued the 
Demophilus, Calisthenes, Dyillus.  History of the Sacred War, left imperfect by his Father) began at the time when the Temple of Delphos was seized and robbed by Philomele the Phocian.  
That War continued Eleven Years, till such time as the Sacrilegious Robbers of that Temple were miserably destroyed.  
Calisthenes likewise comprehended in ten Books the Affairs of the Grecians, bringing down his History in a continual Thread, to the Spoiling of the Temple by the Wickedness of Philomele: And Dyillus the Athenian, gins his History from this Sacrilege, and gives an Account of the Affairs of Greece and Sicily in those Times, in Seventeen Books.   

CHAP. IU.  
The first Rise of the Brutii in Italy. Dionysius his Admiral invades the Leontines. A Fight at Sea between Heraclides and Philistus, Admirals; one of Dionysius, the other of Dion. A Faction in Syracuse. Dion leaves the Syracusians. Their sad Condition. Relieved by Dion.  
WHen Elpinus bore the Chief Magistracy of Athens, and Marcus Popilius Laenos, 
Olymp. 106. 1. Ant. Ch. 354. An. M. 3594. Isackson's Com.  and Cneius Manlius Imperiosus were invested with the Consular Dignity at Rome, the Hundred and Sixth Olympiad was celebrated, in which Porus of Malia was crowned with Victory.  
In Italy a promiscuous Multitude got together about Lucania * from several parts of the Country, most of them Servants that had run away from their Masters. At first they 
The first Rise of the Brutii in Italy.  employed themselves in Robbing and Stealing, presently by a common Practice of skulking in the Fields, and making Incursions, they learned the Use and Exercise of Martial Discipline and Feats of War. And prevailing in several Encounters against the Inhabitants, they increased to a vast Body and Number of Men.  
In the first Place they took and plundered the City Trojana; then seizing upon Arponius and Thurium, and many other Cities, they form themselves into a Commonwealth; and because they had many of them been Servants, they assumed the Name of * Brutii. And thus the Nation of the* Brutii grew up in Italy.  
At this time in Sicily, Philistus, Dionysius his General, Sailed to Rhegium, and transported 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, rather Brettians; for they were called Brutii by the Romans as a Brutish People.  above Five hundred Horse to Syracuse: And joining to these a greater Body of Horse, and Two Thousand Foot, he invaded the Leontines, who had fallen from Dionysius. 〈…〉 Surprising therefore the Walls secretly in the Night, he possessed himself of part of the City; upon which followed an Hot Engagement, and by the help of the Syracusians, who came into the Aid of the Leontines, Philistus overpowered with number, was forced out again.  
In the mean time, Heraclides, Dion's Admiral, being left in Peloponnesus, and hindered by Storms and contrary Winds, (so that he could not arrive at Sicily time enough to be assistant to Dion in his return into his Country, and to be helpful in rescuing the Syracusians from Slavery) arrived at length with Twenty Sail of 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Long Ships. Ant. Ch. 354.  Galleys and Fifteen hundred Soldiers: Who being a Man of Noble Birth and of great Esteem, and judged worthy of so great a Trust, he was declared Admiral by the Syracusians, and he and Dion joining Head and Hand together, managed the War against Dionysius.  
About the same time Philistus being made Lord High-Admiral by Dionysius, and having a Fleet of Sixty Sail well provided, entered the Lists in a Sea-fight with the Syracusians, who 
A Fight at Sea between Dion's Admiral and Dionysius his Admiral.  had a Navy not fewer in number than the Dionysians. Whereupon there was a sharp Fight, in which the Valour of Philistus at the first prevailed: But at length being surrounded by the Enemy, the Syracustans from all parts making it their great business to take him alive, he to avoid the Disgrace and Miseries usually attending upon a State of Captivity, killed himself, after he had served the Tyrant to the utmost of his Power, and had signalised his Faithfulness above all the rest, and chiefest of his Friends. The Syracusians being Victors drew the mangled Body of Philistus through the whole City, and at length cast it out to the open Air without Burial.  
Dionysius having now lost the most Valiant of all his Friends, and knowing not where to find another fit for the Place, sent Ambassadors to Dion, with an Offer at first of half the Kingdom; and presently after consented to give up the Whole. But when Dion answered, That it was but just he should surrender the Castle to the Syracusians, upon having only some Money, and some marks of Honour conferred upon him: The Tyrant hereupon said, He was ready to deliver up the Castle to the People, upon Condition that he and 
Ant. Ch. 354.  the Mercenaries, with all the Treasure they had got, might pass over to Italy. Dion's Advice was, That the Terms should be accepted: But the People being wrought over to a contrary Opinion by the importunate Orators, opposed Dion, for that they doubted not but to take the Castle by Storm. Dionysius hereupon committed the Custody of the Castle to the Stoutest of the Mercenaries; but he himself having brought aboard all his Treasures and household-goods, without being discovered, set sail and Landed in Italy.  
In the mean time the Syracusians were divided into Factions, while some were for Heraclides 
A Faction in Syracuse.  to have the Chief Command in the Army, and likewise the Sovereign Power, because he was judged a Person that was not ambitious of the Tyranny: But others were for intrusting the Chief Power and Authority in the Hands of Dion. Moreover, there were great Arrears due to the Soldiers that came out of Peloponnesus to the Assistance of the Syracusians: The City therefore being very low in Money, and the Soldiers defrauded of their Pay, they gathered themselves into a Body, being Three thousand valiant Men, all old and expert Soldiers, far excelling the Syracusians in Courage: These moved Dion to go along with them, and leave the Syracusians, that they might be revenged of them in due time as a Common Enemy: Which he at first denied; but the present Exigency of 
Dion leaves the Syracusians.  Affairs requiring it, he at length took upon him the Command of the Foreigners, and joining himself to them, marched to the Leontines: But the Syracusians getting into a Body, pursued the Mercenaries, and engaged them in their march, but were forced to retire with the loss of a great Number of their Fellow Citizens.  
But Dion, though he had obtained a great Victory, yet he was willing to forget the Injuries offered him by the Syracusians. For when they sent a Trumpet to him to have Liberty 
Ant. Ch. 354▪  to carry off the Bodies of the Dead, he not only agreed to that, but freely discharged many Prisoners without Ransom. For many when they were ready to be knocked on the Head in the Pursuit, declared they were Favourers of Dion's Party; and by that means escaped present Death.  
Afterwards Dionysius sent Nypsius, a Citizen of Naples, a Valiant and expert Soldier, as his General, and with him Transport-Ships loaden with Corn and other Provision, who losing from Locris, made strait for Syracuse.  
In the mean time, the Garison-Soldiers of the Tyrant in the Castle, tho' they were driven then to the utmost Extremity for want of Bread, yet endured Famine for some time with great Resolution. But at length Nature stooping to Necessity, and having no prospect of Relief any other way, they called a Council of War in the Night, and resolved to surrender the Castle and themselves to the Syracusians the next Day. Night therefore being now ended, the Mercenaries sent Trumpets to the Townsmen to treat of Peace, which was no sooner done, but presently Nypsius at spring of day arrives with the Fleet, and anchored in the Port of 
* A Fountain called Arethusa near Syracuse.  Arethusa. Whereupon, on a Sudden their present Necessities were turned into large and plentiful Supplies of all sorts of Provision. Then the General having landed his Men, called a Council of War, and in an Oration, fitted for the present Occasion, so spoke to 'em, that he wrought 'em to a Resolution cheerfully to undergo all future Hardships to the utmost Extremity. And thus the Acropolis ready to be delivered into the Hands of the Syracusians, was unexpectedly preserved. Hereupon, 
Ant. Ch. 354.  the Syracusians with all speed Manned out as many Galleys as they had at hand, and on a sudden fell upon the Enemy, while they were discharging their Vessels of their Corn and Provision: And although this Incursion was Sudden and Unexpected, and that the Garrison in the Castle opposed the Enemy's Galleys in a tumultuous and disorderly Manner, yet it came to a formal Sea-fight, in which the Syracusians got the Victory, and sunk some of the Enemy's Ships, took others, and forced the rest to the Shore. Being encouraged with this Success, they offered to the God's abundance of Sacrifices for the Victory: But giving themselves in the mean time to Quaffing and Drinking, and likewise Slighting 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Lifted up like Meteors in the Air.  and Despising them in the Castle as a beaten Enemy, they were careless in their Guards: So that Nypsius desirous to repair his late Loss by a new Engagement, order a select Body of his Men in the Night, and on the sudden assaults the Wall lately built; and finding the Guard, through overmuch Confidence, and their Surfeiting and Drunkenness, fallen fast asleep, set Scaling-Ladders (made for the purpose) to the Walls: By which means some of the stoutest Fellows of the Garrison mounted the Wall, killed the Sentinels, and opened the Gates. This sudden Assault being made upon the City, the Syracusian Commanders 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  not yet recovered of their drunken Fit, endeavoured to help their Fellows as well as they could. But through their Wine not knowing how to use their Hands, some were knocked on the Head, others took to their Heels. And now the City being taken, and almost all the Soldiers issued out of the Castle and entered within the Walls, and the Citizens by reason 
Syracuse taken by Dionysius his Soldiers in the Castle.  of this sudden and unexpected Surprise, and the Confusion that was amongst them, being even at their Wit's end, all places were filled with Slaughter and Destruction: For the Tyrant's Soldiers being above Ten thousand Men, and in good Order and Discipline, 
Ant. Ch. 354.  none were able to withstand them, but through Fear and Confusion, and the Disorder of an ungovernable Multitude, through want of Officers, all went to wrack. When they came into the Forum, being now Conquerors, they presently rushed into the Houses, and Ransacked and Plundered all to a vast Value of Wealth, and made Captive a great Multitude of Women, Children and Servants. In the strait and narrow Passages and some other Places, the Syracusians made Resistance, and never ceased fight; Multitudes being killed and as many wounded. And even all the Night long they killed one another as they fortuned to meet in the Dark; and there was no place in the City but what was covered 
The sad Condition of the Syracuse.  and strewed with Dead Carcases.  
As soon as it was Day, the Light discovered the Greatness of the Calamity and Misery. The Citizens having now no means left to be delivered, but by the Aid and Assistance of Dion, sent forth some Horsemen with all speed to the City of the Leontines, earnestly to entreat him, that he would not suffer the Country to be a Prey to the Enemy, but that he would pardon their former Miscarriages, and commiserate them in their present Distress, and relieve and raise up their Country from that low and despicable Condition wherein they then were.  
Dion who was a Man of a brave Spirit, and had a Soul well principled with the Rudiments of Philosophy, and so was mild and easy to be Persuaded, remembered not the former Injuries of the Citizens, but hired his Soldiers to march away to the Expedition, and with these he made a swift March to Syracuse, and came to the Hexapylae. There he 
The Six Gates so called.  drew up his Army, and marched forward with all speed; and there met him above Ten thousand Women and Children, and old People, who fled out of the City; who all prostrated themselves at his Feet, and beseeched him with Tears that he would rescue them 
Ant. Ch. 354.  from their wretched and miserable Condition. The Soldiers of the Castle having now accomplished what they aimed at, after they had plundered all the Houses about the Forum, set them on fire, and then breaking into the fest made a Prey of all they found in them, at which very nick of time in the very height of their Rapines, Dion forcing into the City in many places at once, sets upon the Enemy now eager in plundering, and killed 
Syracuse relieved by Dion.  all he met as they were carrying away all sorts of household-goods bundled upon their Shoulders. For coming upon them on the sudden, as they were Scattered and Dispersed here and there bringing away their Prey, they were all easily knocked on the Head. After Four thousand and upwards were slain, some in the Houses and others in the Streets and Highways, the rest fled into the Castle and clapped the Gates upon them, and so escaped.  
Dion, when he had performed this Exploit (the most Glorious of any ever before) quenched the Fire, and so preserved the Houses that were all on a Flame, and firmly repaired the Wall that fronted the Castle; and so by one and the same piece of Work, he both defended the City and strengthened the Garrison within the Acropolis. Then he cleansed the Town of the Dead Bodies, erected a Trophy, and Sacrificed to the Gods for the Deliverance of his Country.  
On the other hand, the People to testify their Gratitude to Dion, called a General Assembly, and by an unanimous Vote made him 
* Dion made Chief Magistrate over the Syracusians.  chief Governor, with full and absolute Power, and conferred upon him the Honour's due to a Demigod.  
Afterwards, agreeable to the Glory of his other Actions, he freely pardoned all that had maliciously injured him, and by his frequent Admonitions brought the People to mutual Peace and Concord: For all the Citizens of all Ranks and Degrees highly honoured and applauded him, as their great Benefactor, and as the only Saviour of their Country.   

CHAP. V.  
The Continuance of the Social War. Iphicrates and Timotheus joined Admirals with Chares, by the Athenians. Iphicrates and Timotheus accused by Chares, and fined and removed. Chares joins with Pharnabasus, and routs the Persians. The End of the Social War. Philip subdues the Confederates.  
IN Greece the Social War growing on apace, wherein the Chians, Rhodians, Coons, and Byzantines joined together against the Athenians, great Preparations were made on both sides, to make a Decision of the Quarrel by a Sea-Fight. The Athenians, tho' they had rigged out a Fleet of Sixty Sail, under the Command of Chares; yet they sent out others for the further strengthening of them that were employed before, under the Commands of Two of the most Eminent of their Citizens, Iphicrates and Timotheus, who were invested in equal Power of Command with Chares, to carry on the War against their rebellious Confederates.  
On the other side, the Chians, Rhodians, and Byzantines, being furnished with an Hundred Sail from their Confederates, waste and spoil the Islands Imbrus and Lemnos, belonging 
Ant. Ch. 354.  to the Athenians: Thence they made for Samos with a great Army, and harassed the Country, and besieged the City both by Sea and Land. Many other Islands likewise under the Government of the Athenians they wasted and spoiled, and by that means got together a Treasure for the carrying on of the War.  
The Athenian Generals therefore joining their Forces, resolved in the first place to besiege Byzantium: But the Chians and their Confederates raising their Siege at Samos, and preparing to relieve Byzantium, the Fleets on both sides met in the Hellespont. And now just as they were ready to join Battle, there arose suddenly a violent Tempest which prevented their Design. However, Chares was resolved to fight, tho' Nature herself, with the Wind and Seas, conspired against him; but Iphicrates and Timotheus, by reason of the Storm, refused. Chares (attesting the Faithfulness of the Soldiers) accused his Colleagues of Treason, and wrote Letters to the People of Athens, whereby he informed them that they waved fight purposely out of Design. At which the People were so incensed, that they condemned them both; and having fined them in many Talents, revoked their Commissions.  
Chares now having the sole Command of the Fleet, designing to free the Athenians from 
Ant. Ch. 354.  Charge and Expense, did a very rash Act: Pharnabasus had revolted from the King, and was now ready to engage with a very small Force the Persian Lord-Lieutenants, who had in their Army Seventy thousand Men: Chares joins this Man with all his Forces, so that they totally routed the King's; and Pharnabasus in Gratitude for the Service, gave him as much Money as was sufficient to pay all his Soldiers. This Act of Chares was at first very grateful and acceptable to the Athenians; but after that the King, by his Ambassadors, complained of the Injury done him by Chares, they altogether changed their Notes, and were as far the other way: For a Rumour was spread abroad, that the King had promised Three hundred Sail for the Aid and Assistance of the Athenians Enemies: Upon which the People were so terrified, that they decreed to agree Matters with the Revolters; and finding them as willing to embrace Terms of Peace as themselves, the Business was 
The End of the Social War.  easily composed. And this was the end of the Social War, after it had continued four Years.  
In the mean time, in Macedonia Three Kings; that is to say, of Thrace, the Paeones, and Illyrians, confederated against Philip. These Princes, being Borderers upon the Macedonians, could not brook without Envy his growing Power: And though they had had Experience that they were not his equal Match singly (being not long before conquered by him) yet by joining their Forces together, they confidently concluded, that they should be able to deal with him. But Philip coming suddenly upon them while they were raising their Forces, and as yet without any formed Troops being in readiness; in this Surprise he broke them in pieces, and forced them to stoop to the Yoke of the Macedonian Kingdom.   

CHAP. VI  
The Beginning of the Sacred or Phocian War. Philomelus seizes the Temple at Delphos, after he had routed the Locrians. How the Oracle at Delphos was first discovered; and the Beginning of the Tripod. The Athenians and others join with Philomelus.  
AFter Callistratus was created Archon at Athens, and Marcus Fabius and Caius Plotius 
Olymp. 106. 2. An. M. 3595. Ant. Ch. 353. The Sacred War.  Consuls of Rome, the War called The Sacred War broke forth, which continued Nine Years: For Philomelus the Phocian (inferior to none in Impudence and Wickedness) having seized the Temple at Delphos, occasioned the Sacred War, on the Account following.  
After the Lacedæmonians were routed by the Thebans at the Battle of Leuctra, the Thebans made great Complaints against them in the Court of the Amphictyons, for their seizing of Cadmea: Upon which, they were adjudged to pay to them a great Sum of Money. The Phocians likewise were accused, and condemned by the same Court to pay many Talents to the Use of the Oracle at Delphos, because they had intruded into a large Piece of Land, called Cirrhaea, belonging to the Oracle, and had tilled and ploughed it.  
But the Mulct being neglected to be paid, the 
* The Priests and Officers of the Temple.  Hieromemones accused the Phocians in the Senate of the Amphictyons, and prayed them if the Money were not paid, that the Lands of the sacrilegious Persons might be confiscated, and devoted to the Deity. They required likewise, that the rest that were condemned (among whom were the Lacedæmonians) should pay what was due upon that account; and prayed, That if they did not observe what was so ordered, that then they should be prosecuted as hateful Enemies by all the Grecians. This Decree of the Amphictyons being ratified and approved of by all the Greeks, the Country of the Phocians was upon the point of being devoted to those Sacred Uses. Philomelus, who was in greatest Esteem at that time amongst them, told the People, That 
Ant. Ch. 353.  the Fine was so excessive, that it could not possibly be paid; and to suffer their Country to be sacrificed, it would not only argue them to be cowardly and poor spirited, but be dangerous to that degree, that it would tend to the utter Ruin of them and their Families: And he did all he could to make it out, that the Decree of the Amphictyons was most unjust, and highly injurious, inasmuch as for a little and inconsiderate Spot of Land, they had imposed a Mulct far exceeding the Proportion and Merit of the Offence; and therefore advised them to rescind the Decree, and that there were Reasons sufficient to justify their so doing: And among others he alleged, That heretofore the Oracle was under their Power and Protection; and cited the Verses of Homer, the most ancient and famous of all the Poets, as a Witness of the Truth of what he said, who speaks to this effect:  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
Epistrophus and Schedius did command  
(Iphitus valiant Sons) the Phocian Band,  
Who Cypariss and Pitho tilled— Ogilb.  
Therefore the Contest is to be for the Custody and Patronage of the Temple, which he said belonged to the Ancestors of the Phocians; and that if they would commit to him the absolute Power, as Chief Commander in this Affair, he promised to manage it with the utmost Care and Dexterity.  
Upon which, the Phocians (out of fear of the Mulct imposed upon them) created Philomelus sole and absolute General. Hereupon Philomelus diligently pursued the Performance of his Promise; and to that end presently made a Journey to Sparta, and had private Conference concerning the Business with Archidomus, King of the Lacedæmonians, alleging, That it was as much the Interest and Concern of Archidomus, as his, to have the Decrees of the Amphictyons rescinded; for that the Amphictyons had injured likewise the Lacedæmonians unjustly, by giving Judgement against them. He thereupon discovered to him his Design of seizing upon the Temple at Delphos; and that if he prevailed inbringing the Oracle under his Care and Patronage, he would make void all the Decrees of the Amphictyons. Archidomus approved well of what he said; but for the present would not appear openly to be aiding in the matter, but assured him that he would join in all things privately, in supplying him with Money and mercenary Soldiers. Philomelus then having received from him Fifteen Talents, and adding as many more to them of his own, raised Soldiers from all Parts: A thousand he listed from among the Phocians, whom he called 
* Those that carried short Shields.  Peltastates. And after he had got together a considerable Force, he set upon the Temple: Some of the Delphians called Thracidae opposed him; but those he slew, and gave up all they had to the Plunder of the Soldiers. He commanded the rest (whom he perceived to be in no small Fright) to be of good Courage, for they should suffer no prejudice.  
And now the Report of seizing the Temple was spread far and near; upon which, the Locrians, who were next Borderers, marched against Philomelus with a considerable Army, and fought him near Delphos, but were routed; and after a great Slaughter made amongst them, fled, and made back to their own Country. 
Ant. Ch. 353.   
Philomelus puffed up with this Victory, cut the Decrees of the Amphictyons out of the Pillars, and destroyed all the Records concerning them that were condemned. In the mean time, he caused Reports to be spread abroad in every place, that he neither designed to rob the Temple, nor commit any other Mischief, but only to recover an ancient Right descended to them from their Ancestors; and to that end had a desire to make void the unjust Decrees of the Amphictyons, and so to defend the ancient Laws of the Phocians. But the Boeotians assembled in Council made a Decree to relieve the Temple, and forthwith raised an Army.  
Philomelus in the mean time drew a Wall round the Temple, and raised many Soldiers, and added to their Pay half as much more as their Due amounted unto; and making choice of the best Soldiers among the Phocians, he enroled them; and in a short time got together so great an Army, as amounted to no less than Five thousand Men: So that possessing himself of all the Passages to Delphos, he became formidable to his Enemies. Then marching into the Territories of the Locrians, he wasted a great part of the Country; and at length encamped near a River that ran close by a very strong Fort, which he besieged; but after some Assaults, not being able to take it, he raised the Siege, and engaged with the Locrians, in which he lost Twenty of his Men; whose Bodies not being capable to recover by Force, he sent a Trumpeter to have them delivered.  
The Locrians denied the Bodies, and made answer, That there was a general Law among all the Grecians, that sacrilegious Persons should be cast forth, and not allowed any 
Ant. Ch. 353.  Burial. Highly provoked with this Repulse, he fought again with the Locrians, and with great Valour and Resolution slaughtered some of his Enemies, and possessed himself of their Bodies; and so forced the Locrians in exchange to deliver the Dead.  
And now being Master of the Field, he ranged up and down, and wasted the Country of Locris; and loading his Soldiers with Plunder, returned to Delphos.  
Afterwards desiring to know from the Oracle what would be the Issue of the War, he forced Pythia the Prophetess to ascend the Tripod, and 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. To give an Oracle.  give him an Answer. Since that mention is here made of the Tripod, I conceive it not unseasonable to give an account of what has been handed down to us concerning it from ancient Times. It is reported, that this Oracle was first discovered by some Goats; for which reason such Creatures are most commonly sacrificed by the Delphians, when they come to inquire of the Oracle. The Discovery is related in this manner: There was an Opening or Gulf in the Earth in that 
How the Place of the Oracle at Delphos was first discovered; and the beginning of the Tripod. Ant. Ch. 353.  Place, now called the Adytum of the Temple; about this the Goats straggled as they were feeding: For at that time they of Delphos had no Religious Regard to the Place. It often happened, that when any Goat came near the Gulf, and looked down, it would fall a leaping and dancing in a wonderful manner, and make an unusual Noise, far different from that at other times. A Shepherd wondering at the Novelty of the thing, drew towards the Place to learn what was the Cause; and looking down, he acted the same Part with the Goats: For as they were moved and acted as by some Enthusiasm, so he likewise was inspired with a Spirit of Prophecy. The News presently spreading abroad among the Inhabitants, how wonderfully they were affected that looked down into the Chasm, many flocked to the place, and out of Curiosity made Experiments; and as many as came near, were always acted with a Spirit of Divination. For these Reasons, the Place was counted the Residence of some Oracle: For some time therefore it was a practice, that those who had a desire to know Future Events, would approach to this Den, and there return Answers of things that were to come one to another. But whereas many through an Excess and Transport of Mind would leap into the Gulf, and so were never seen more; it was judged adviseable by the Inhabitants (to avoid the like danger for the future) that some one Woman should be consecrated Prophetess, and that by her the Answer of the Oracle should be delivered; and that an Engine should be made for her whereon she might sit; and by that means be inspired without any danger, and give Answers to them that consulted with her concerning Future Events.  
This Machine had three Feet, from whence it was called the Tripod, whose Figure and 
Three Bases.  Shape almost all the Tripodes of Brass made to this day do imitate. But sufficient, we conceive, is said concerning the manner of finding out the Seat of the Oracle, and for what Reasons the Tripod was made,  
It's reported, That at the first, Virgins were assigned to this Office, because that in their Nature they are more pure and harmless, and of the same Sex with 
* The Sister of Apollo.  Diana: And besides, for that they were judged fittest to keep the Secrets of the Oracle. But it's said, that of latter time, one Thessalus Echecrates coming to the Oracle, upon sight of the Virgin-Prophetess, for her admirable Beauty, fell in love with her, and ravished her: Which wicked Fact caused the Delphians to make a Law, That no young Virgin, for the future, but a 
Ant. Ch. 353.  grave Woman of fifty Years of Age (in a Virgin's Dress, to keep up the Memory of the ancient Mode in Divination) should preside, and return the Answers. These are the old fabulous Stories that are told concerning the first discovery of the Oracle.  
But to return to the Acts of Philomelus; who being now Lord of the Temple; commanded Pythia to answer him from the Tripods, according to the ancient Rite and Custom of the Country. When the Prophetess answered him, saying, This is the Custom of the Country; he commanded her with Threats to ascend the Tripod: Whereupon she submitting by force to the Authority of the Imposer, answered him, That it was lawful for him to do what he list. At which he was very jocund, and said he had received an Answer fit for his Purpose: And thereupon presently caused the Answer to be recorded, and exposed to be read; that so it might be evident to all, that the God had given him liberty to do what he pleased. Then he called a General Assembly, and rehearsed to them the Divine Oracle, and bid them all to be constant and courageous; and then betook himself again to the Business of the War. Moreover, a Prodigy appeared to him in the Temple of Apollo; for an Eagle hover over it, and at length casting herself down to the ground, pursued the Pigeons (that were fed and kept in the Temple) from place to place, so that she snatched away some even from the Altars themselves. Those that were versed in interpreting things of this Nature, declared that this portended that Philomelus and the Phocians should possess themselves of all the Treasures of the Temple. Being greatly puffed up with this Encouragement, he singles out the choicest of his Friends to send as Messengers 
Ant. Ch. 353.  abroad, some to Athens, others to Lacedaemon, and others to Thebes, and other most remarkable Cities of Greece, with this Apology: That he had seized upon Delphos, not with any design to commit any Sacrilege, but to regain the Patronage of the Temple for his Country; and declared that he was ready to give an exact account to all the Greeks of the Money, and all the dedicated Gifts there, both for weight and number, whoever should require the same. At length he desired, that if any, out of Envy or Malice, should make War upon the Phocians, that they would rather join with him against such, or at least stand Neuters. The Ambassadors quitting themselves with all diligence in this matter, the Athenians, Lacedæmonians, and some others, entered into the Confederacy, and promised them assistance: But the Boeotians, with the Locrians, and some others, were of a contrary Mind, who took up Arms in defence of the Oracle against the Phocians. These were the things done in the Course of this Year.   

CHAP. VII.  
The Battle at Phaedra between Philomelus and the Locrians. The Parties engaged in the Phocian War. The Battle between the Boeotians and Phocians. Philomelus killed. Onomarchus made General: His Dreams, Successes and Death.  
NOW Diotinus executed the Office of Archon at Athens, and Cneius Manlius, and Caius Martius of Consuls at Rome; when Philomelus having a prospect of the Storm 
Olymp. 106. 3. Ant. Ch. 352. An. M. 3596.  of War that was rushing in upon him, hired a great number of Soldiers, with whom he joined the most expert and choicest of the Phocians. But tho' he was in want of Money, yet he still forbore to meddle with the Sacred Treasures; but got sufficient to pay the Mercenaries out of the Estates of the greatest men among the Delphians. When he had raised a considerable Army, he marched into the Field, that all might take notice that he was ready to fight with any Enemy that appeared against the Phocians. Upon this the Locrians 
The Battle at the Rocks of Phaedra. See the Story in Ovid. Epist. Phaedra to Hippolytus.  made out against him, and fought with him at a Place called, The Rocks of Phaedra, whom he routed; and killed multitudes of them, and took many Prisoners, and forced some of them to cast themselves down headlong from the Top of the Rock.  
After this Battle, the Phocians grew very high crested upon the account of their prosperous Success. The Misfortune on the other hand, greatly discouraged the Locrians; they sent therefore an Ambassador to Thebes, to desire them to afford their assistance both to them and the Oracle. The Baeotians both out of their Piety towards the Gods, and for Confirmation of the Decrees of the Amphictyons (wherein they were greatly concerned) solicited by their Ambassadors, the Thessalians, and others of the Amphictyons to join with them in the War against the Phocians. Upon which (after that the Amphictyons had decreed War to be made upon the Phocians) there arose great Uproars and Factions throughout all Greece. Some were for assisting the Oracle, and for prosecuting the Phocians with Revenge as Sacrilegers; others were for defending them. And while both the Cities and Countries were thus distracted in their Councils, the Baeotians, Locrians, Thessalians, Perrhabeans, 
The Parties in the Phocian War.  the Doreans, Delopians, Athamanes, Achaians, Phthiots, Magnesians, Aenianeans, and some others, resolved to assist the God. The Athenians and Lacedæmonians, and some other of the Peloponnesians, joined as Confederates with the Phocians. The Lacedæmonians, with some others, readily joined for these Reasons, viz. When the Thebans had overcome them in the Battle at Leuctra, they prosecuted the Spartans' in the high Court of the Amphictyons, because Phaebidas the Spartan had seized upon Cadmea, and demanded Five hundred 
Ant. Ch. 352.  Talents in compensation of the Injury; but the Lacedæmonians being fined so much, and not paying the Mulct imposed, at the time limited by the Law, the Thebans exhibited a new Complaint against them for the double Injury.  
The Lacedæmonians therefore being condemned by the Amphictyons in a Thousand Talents, and being much indebted and behindhand, made use of the same Pretence the Phocians did before, (that is) That the Amphictyons had pronounced an unjust Sentence against them. And therefore (though it was for the Public Good) yet they forbore to undertake the War of themselves upon the Quarrel of the Condemnation; but judged that it might carry a better Face, if they could avoid the Decree of the Amphictyons, under the Covert of the Phocians. For these Reasons they were very forward to Patronise their Cause; and in the mean time contrived to gain the Tutelary Right of the Temple to themselves.  
And now upon certain Information, that the Thebans had prepared a very great Army against the Phocians, Philomelus resolved to strengthen his Forces with more Mercenaries: But in regard more Money was requisite for carrying on of the War, he was necessitated to make use of the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Gifts Consecrated.  Sacred Treasures, and therefore rifled the Temple. And because he promised half as much more as their ordinary Pay to the Mercenaries, a vast Number of Men flocked in to him, and for the sake of the Largeness of the Pay, multitudes listed themselves: But no moderate and sober Man gave up his Name to be enrolled in the Lists of the Army, out of a Pious and Religious respect to the Oracle. In the mean time every base Fellow, that for the sake of Gain valued not the Gods a pin, but flocked eagerly to Philomelus: And so in a short time he got together a strong Body of Men, greedy to share in the Sacred Treasures of the Temple. And thus abundance of Wealth was the Means whereby Philomelus presently formed a complete Army; and without delay marched into the Country of Locris, with above Ten thousand Horse and Foot. The Locrians being 
A Battle between the Locrians and Phocians, with Horse only.  joined with the Baeotians, met him; whereupon there happened a Fight with the Horse on both sides, in which the Phocians were Conquerors.  
Not long after, the Thessalians, with the Assistance of them that bordered upon them, to the Number of Six thousand, marched into Locris, and engaged with the Phocians at an Hill called Argola, and were worsted. Afterwards the Baeotians coming in to their assistance with Thirteen thousand Men, and the Actaeans out of Peloponnesus, in assistance of the Phocians with Fifteen hundred, both Armies near unto one and the same place, Encamped one over against the other. It than happened that a great number of the Mercenaries as they were foraging, fell into the Hands of the Baeotians, and all of them being brought before the Walls of the City, they commanded a Proclamation to be made, that those Men who had joined in Arms with the Sacrilegers, were adjudged by the Amphictyons to be put to Death, and it was no sooner said but the thing was executed, and all were run through with Spears and Darts. This so exasperated the Mercenaries of the Phocians, 
The Phocians darted to Death by the B 〈…〉 tians.  that they earnestly pressed Philomelus that the Enemy might be dealt with in the same kind, and would not suffer him by their restless Importunities to be quiet, and presently they took many of the Enemy, as they were dispersed in the Fields, and brought them alive to the General, who delivered them up all to the Soldiers to be Darted to Death. 
The like done by the Phocians to the Baeotians.  By this Retaliation it came to pass, that the Enemy left off this Insulting and Cruel kind of Execution.  
Afterwards, both the Armies moving into another part of the Country, and in their march passing through Woods and rough Places, on a sudden, and unexpectedly, the Forelorn-Hopes of both met one another, upon which they at first Skirmished, and at length it came to a fierce and bloody Battle, in which the Baeotians over-pow 〈…〉ing the Phocians in number, totally routed them; and multitudes both of the Phocians and Mercenaries were slain in the pursuit, by reason of the rough and difficult Passes out of the Woods. Philomelus, in these straits and Exigencies, behaved himself with great Courage and Resolution, and after many Wounds received, was forced to an high Precipice; and seeing no possible way and means how to escape, and fearing the Punishment and Torments Prisoners used to undergo, cast himself down headlong from the Rock; and 
The Death of Philomelus.  thus (meeting with the due Reward of his Sacrilege) he ended his days: But his Colleague, Onomarcus, taking upon him the Command of the Army, marched back with those that had escaped the Slaughter, and received those that fled as they came straggling in to him.  
In the mean time, while these things were doing, Philip of Macedon took Methone, pillaged it, and laid it equal with the Ground; and forced all the Villages and Countries to 
Philip raises Methone.  submit to the Macedonian Yoke.  
In Pontus, Leucon, King of Bosphorus, died after he had Reigned forty years: And Spartacus his Son succeeded him, and Reigned five years. And in the mean time, the War began between the Romans and the Falisci, in which there was nothing done worth taking notice of, but only harrassing the Country of the Falisci by Incursions.  
In Sicily, Dion, the General of the Army, was Murdered by the Mercenaries of Zacynthus; and calippus, who instigated them to the Fact, was made Chief Commander in his 
Dion slain. Ant. Ch. 352.  place, and enjoyed it for the space of Thirteen Months.  
When Eudemus executed the Office of Archon at Athens, and the Romans entrusted the Consular Dignity with Marcus Fabius and Marcus Popilius, the Baeotians, after the Victory 
Olymp. 106. 4. Ant. Ch. 351. An. M. 3597.  gained over the Phocians, returned with their Forces into their own Country, supposing that Philomelus, the Author and Ringleader of the Sacrilege (being justly punished both by the Gods and Men) by his remarkable End, would deter others from the like piece of Wickedness. But the Phocians having at present some respite from War, went again to Delphos, and calling together a General Council of all their Confederates, they consulted concerning the Renewing of the War. Those that were Lovers of Justice were for Peace; but the Profane and Impious, and such as minded only their Gain and Advantage were for War, and used their utmost Endeavours to find out some or other that would Patronise their wicked Designs.  
Onomarchus therefore, in a premeditated Speech (the chief End of which was to advise them to stick to what they had before resolved) stirred up the People to renew the War; not so much for the Advancement of the Public Good, as to promote his own private Advantage. For he had many Mulcts as well as others, imposed upon him by the Amphictyons; which not being able to pay, and therefore judging that War was more desirable than Peace as to his Circumstances, by a plausible Speech he incited the Phocians to persist in what Philomelus had begun. Upon which, being then created General, he inforc'd himself with many Foreign Soldiers, and recruited his broken Troops; and having 
Onomarchus made General of the Phocians. Vid. Justin. Lib. 8. Ant. Ch. 351.  augmented his Army with a Multitude of Foreign Mercenaries, he made great preparation to strengthen himself with Confederates, and other things necessary for the carrying on the War. And he was the more encouraged in his Design by a Dream which he had, which did presage (as he thought) his future Greatness and Advancement: In his sleep it appeared to him as if the Brazen Colossus, Dedicated by the Amphictyons, and standing in the Temple of Apollo, had by his own Hands been 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Been made anew.  made Higher and much 
Onomarchus his Dream.  Bigger than it was before. Hence he fancied, that the Gods portended that he was to become famous in the World for his Martial Exploits. But it fell out quite otherwise, for on the contrary it signified, That the Mulct imposed by the Amphictyons upon the Phocians, for their Sacrilege and Violating the Treasures of the Temple, would be much Enlarged and Advanced to a greater Sum by the Hands of Onomarchus; which at length came to pass.  
Onomarchus therefore, after he was created General, caused a great Number of Arms, both of Iron and Brass to be made; and Coined Money both of Gold and Silver, which he sent abroad here and there to the Confederate Cities; especially he sought to gain the Magistrates by these Baits and Largesses.  
Moreover he corrupted many of the Enemy, drawing some into the Confederacy, and working upon others to sit still in the mean time. And all this he easily effected, through the Covetousness of those he wrought upon. For by his Bribes he prevailed with the Thessalians, the most considerable of the Confederates on the other side, to stand Neuter. Those among the Phocians that opposed him, he clapped up in Prison, and put them to Death, and exposed their Goods to public Sale; He then marched into the Enemy's Country, and took Thronius by Assault, and sold all the Inhabitants for Slaves. The Amphissenians 
Ant. Ch. 351.  likewise being greatly terrified, he forced to a Submission, and possessed himself also of the Cities of the Doreans, and wasted and spoiled the Country. Thence, he marched into Boeotia, and took Orchomenus, and when he was even ready to sit down before Chaeronea, he was worsted by the Thebans, and so returned into his own Country.  
About this time Artabazus, who had rebelled against the King, still continued his War 
The Boeotians help Artabazus, and beat the King of Persia's Forces.  with those Lord Lieutenants of the Provinces that were ordered out against him. At the first, while Chares the Athenian General assisted him, he vallantly stood it out against the Enemy. But when he left him, wanting aid, he made his Application to the Thebans for Relief; who thereupon sent Pammenim General with Five thousand Men over into Asia; who joining with Artabazus, routed the Royalists in two great Fights, and thereby advanced both his own Reputation, and the Glory and Honour of his Country. For it was the Admiration of all Men, That the Boeotians, at the very time when they were deserted by the Thessalians, and in eminent Danger by the Phocian War, which then threatened them, should transport Forces into Asia, and be Conquerors in all their Engagements.  
In the mean time a War broke out between the Argives and the Lacedæmonians, who 
War between the Argives and Lacedæmonians. Chares takes Sestos, and puts many to the Sword. Ant. Ch. 351.  beat the other at Orneas, and took the Town, and then returned to Sparta. Chares likewise, the Athenian General, with his Fleet entered the Hellespont, and took Sestos, the most considerable Town upon that Coast, and put all the young Men that were able to bear Arms, to the Sword, and carried away, the rest as Slaves.  
About the same time, Cersobleptes the Brother of Cotys, Enemy to Philip, but in League with the Athenians, delivered up all the Cities in Chersonesus, (except Cardia) to the Athenians, who sent Colonies thither to inhabit the Towns, which were to be divided amongst them by Lot.  
Philip therefore discerning that the 
* In Thrace. Methon in Thrace razed by Philip.  Methoneans designed to deliver up their City, (which was of great moment in the War) to his Enemy, laid close Siege to it, which the Citizens defended for some time; but being too weak to cope with him, they were forced to surrender it upon these Conditions, That all the Citizens should departed out of Methon with all their Clothes.  
Being possessed of the Place, he razed the City to the Ground, and divided the Territory among the Macedonians. During this Siege, Philip lost one of his Eyes by the stroke of a Dart.  
Afterwards being sent unto by the Thessalians, he marched with his Army into Thessaly. And in the first place, in Aid of the Thessalians, he fought with Lycophron, Tyrant of Pheraea.  
Lycophron then made Application to the Phocians for Assistance, who thereupon sent to 
Lycophron Tyrant of Pheroea.  him Phayllus, the Brother of Onomarchus, with Seven thousand Men: But Philip routed the Troops of the Phocians, and drove them out of Thessaly. Upon which, Onomarchus thinking to be Lord of all Thessaly, came to the Assistance of Lycophron with his whole Army.  
Philip opposed him, both with his own and the Forces of the Thessalians, but Onamarchus 
Onomarchus routs Philip in two Battles.  overpowering him by Number, routed him in two several Battles, and killed many of the Macedonians; in so much as Philip was brought into very great straits.  
His Soldiers were hereupon so dejected, that they were ready to desert him; but with much ado, and many Persuasions, he at length brought them over to a due Obedience, 
Ant. Ch. 351.  and within a short time after returned into Macedonia. But Onomarchus made an Expedition into Boeotia, and fought and routed the Boeotians, and possessed himself of Coronea.  
In the mean time Philip marches again with his Army out of Macedon into Thessaly, and encamps against Lycophron the Tyrant of Pherea, who being too weak for him, sent for Aid to the Phocians, promising to use his utmost Endeavour to order and dispose of all Things throughout Thessaly for their Advantage. Whereupon Onomarchus came to his Assistance by Land with above Twenty thousand Foot and Five hundred Horse.  
Philip having persuaded the Thessalians to join with him, raised above Twenty thousand Foot and Three thousand Horse.  
Forthwith a bloody Battle was fought, in which Philip by the Advantage and Valour 
Philip routs Onomarchus.  of the Thessalian▪ Horse got the Day, and Onomarchus and his Men ●●ed towards the Sea.  
It happened that Chares the Athenian Admiral passed by with a great Navy, at the same instant as a cruel Slaughter was made among the Phocians, and therefore those that fled cast away their Arms, and endeavoured to swim to the Galleys, amongst whom was Onomarchus.  
In conclusion, there were slain of the Phocians and Mercenaries above Six thousand, amongst whom was the General himself; and there were taken Prisoners no less than Three thousand.  
Philip 
* Crucified, p. 75.  hanged Onomarchus, and the rest as Sacrilegers he caused to be thrown into 
The Death of Onomarchus.  the Sea.  
Onomarchus thus coming to his End, Phayllus his Brother was created General of the Phocians: And he, to repair the Damage sustained, raised great Numbers of Foreign Mercenaries, doubling the former and usual Pay, and further strengthened himself with Addition of his Confederates; he made likewise a great Number of Arms, and coined both Gold and Silver.  
About the same time Mausolus, a Petty King of Caria, died, after he had reigned 
Mausolus dies, after he had reigned Four and twenty Years. Clearchus' assassinated.  Four and twenty Years. To whom succeeded Artemesia, (who was both his Sister and Wife,) for the space of Two Years.  
At that time likewise Clearchus, Tyrant of Heraclea, when he was going to the Feasts of Bacchus, was Assassinated, in the Twelfth Year of his Reign. Timotheus, his Son, succeeded him, and reigned Fifteen Years.  
In the mean time the Tuscans, at War with the Romans, harrass'd and wasted a great part of their Enemy's Territory, making Incursions as far as to the River Tiber, and then returned to their own Country.  
The Friends of Dion raised a Sedition at Syracuse against calippus, but being dispersed and worsted, they fled to the Leontines. Not long after, Hipparinus the Brother of Dionysius arrived with a Navy at Syracuse, and fought with Callipppus and beat him; upon which he was driven out of the City, and Hipparinus recovered his Father's Kingdom, and enjoyed it Two Years.   

CHAP. VIII.  
Phayllus continues the Phocian War. Aryca razed. Phayllus dies of a Consumption. War between the Lacedæmonians and Megapolitans. Chaeronea taken by Phalaecus. War between the Persians, Egyptians, and Phaenicians. Salamis in Cyprus besieged. The Cruelty of Artaxerxes Ochus towards the Sidonians. The Calamity of Sidon.  
WHEN Aristodamus was Archon at Athens, and Caius Sulpitius bore the Consulship at Rome, the Hundred and seventh Olympiad was celebrated, wherein Smicrinus 
Olym. 107. 1. Phayllus, General of the Phocians.  the Tarrentine was Victor. Then Phayllus the Phocian General, after the Death of his Brother, began to repair the Affairs of the Phocians, now almost at the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  last Gasp, through the late Rout and Slaughter of the Soldiers. For being possessed of a vast Treasure, he raised a great Army of Mercenaries, and wrought over many to join with him in the War: And being very free of his Purse, he not only brought over private Men to his Party, but prevailed with famous Cities to be his Confederates: For the Lacedæmonians sent him a Thousand Soldiers, the Acheans Two thousand; but the Athenians Five thousand Foot, and Four hundred Horse, under the Command of Naustcles.  
Lycophron and Pitholaus, Tyrants of Pherea, after the Death of Onomarchus, being destitute of Succours, delivered up Phera into the Hands of Philip; and though they were discharged, upon their Oaths to be quiet, yet they got together Two thousand Mercenaries, and went over to Phayllus to assist the Phocians: And not a few of the smaller Cities assisted them by their bountiful Contributions of their Money towards the Soldiers Pay. For Gold feeding and enkindling men's Covetousness, from a Prospect of Gain pushed them forward to grasp at their own Advantage. Upon these Encouragements, Phayllus marches with his Army into Boeotia, but is overcome at Orchomenon, and lost many of his Men.  
Afterwards there was another Battle at the River Cephisus, wherein the Boeotians had the better, and killed Four hundred, and took Five hundred Prisoners. A few Days after a third Fight was at Coronea, where the Boeotians had again the Advantage, and killed Fifty of the Phocians, and took an Hundred and thirty Prisoners.  
But having done at present with the Affairs of the Boeotians and Phocians, we return to Philip, who when he had overcome Onomarchus in so signal a Battle, freed the Pheraeans from the Yoke of Tyranny, and restored the City to its Liberty. And having settled all other Matters in Thessaly, he marched towards Pylas, to fight with the Phocians: But being 
Ant. Ch. 350.  denied Passage by the Athenians, he returned into Macedonia, which Kingdom he had enlarged both by the help of his Sword, and likewise by his Piety towards the Gods.  
In the mean time Phayllus marched with his Army against the Locrians, called Epi●nemidii, and assaulted and took by force some Cities; but one called Aryca he gained in the Night by Treachery, but was presently repulsed and beaten out, with the Loss of Two hundred of his Men. Afterwards encamping at a Town called Abas, the Boeotians surprised the Phocians in the Night, and killed a great Number of them▪ Upon which Success they were so encouraged, that they made Incursions into the Phocians Territories, and harrassing and spoiling the Country round about, heaped together abundance of Plunder. But in their return, coming to relieve Aryca, (which was then besieged,) Phayllus sell suddenly 
Aryca razed by Phayllus.  and unexpectedly upon them, and routed them; and then taking the City by Storm, plundered it, and razed it to the Ground. But at length he fell into a 
* A Consumption. Some say, he was burnt in the Temple at Abas. Phayllus died.  linger Distemper, and continued a long time, and after great Torments in his Body, (as he justly deserved,) he died, leaving Phalecus the Son of Onomarchus (Incendiary of the Sacred War) to be General of the Phocians, who being as yet but a very raw Youth, he appointed Mnaseas, one of his Friends, to be his Tutor and Governor.  
Some time after the Boeotians attacked the Phocians in the Night, and killed Mnaseas the General, and Two hundred of his Soldiers. Not long after, in an Engagement between a Party of Horse at Chaeronea, Phalecus being worsted, lost many of his Men.  
During these Transactions, there were great Commotions in Peloponnesus upon these Occasions. 
War between the Lacedæmonians and the Megalopolitans. Ant. Ch. 350.  The Lacedæmonians fell out with them of Megalopolis; and therefore Archidamus' their General made Incursions into their Borders: With which, the Megalopolitans being highly incensed, and not being able to contend by their own Strength, sought for Relief from their Confederates. Upon which, the Argives, Sicyons, and Messenians, assisted them with all the Force they could make. After them, the Thebans came in to their Assistance with Four thousand Foot and Five hundred Horse, under the Command of Cephisiones. Being thus strengthened, the Megalopolitans made an Expedition, and encamped at the Fountains of Aphaeus. On the other side, the Lacedæmonians were joined with Three thousand Foot from the Phocians, and with an Hundred and fifty Horse from Lycophron and Pitholaus, who were lately deposed from their Government over the Pheraeans. And having got together a considerable Army, they encamped at Mantinaea. But marching hence to Orneas, a City belonging to the Argives, they took it before the Enemy could come up to them; for this Place was in League with the Megalopolitans: And though the Argives broke forth upon them, yet they were overcome in the Engagement, and lost above Two hundred Men.  
Then the Thebans, double to the Lacedæmonians in Number, but much inferior to them in their Order of Discipline, came upon them; upon which there was a sharp Engagement, and even while the Victory was doubtful, the Argives flagged, and made away with all their Confederates to their Cities. But the Lacedæmonians entered into Arcadia, and took Elisunta by Storm, and after they had plundered the Town, returned to Sparta.  
Not long after, the Thebans with their Confederates routed the Enemy at Telphusa, and with the Slaughter of many of them, took Anaxandrus the General, and several others, to the Number of Sixty, Prisoners. Presently after they became Conquerors likewise in two other Battles, and cut off many of their Enemies. At length, after a remarkable Victory gained by the Lacedæmonians, the Armies on both Sides returned to their several Cities; and the Lacedæmonians and Megalopolitans entering into a Truce, the Thebans returned into Boeotia.  
In the mean time Phalaecus continuing still in Boeotia, took Charonaea; but upon the 
Cha●oraea taken by Phalaecus.  Thebans coming into its Relief, he was forced to quit it again. Afterwards the Boeotians entered Phocis with a great Army, and wasted and spoiled a great part of it, and harassed all the Country round about, and plundered and destroyed every thing that was in their way. They took also some little Towns, and loading themselves with abundance of Plunder, returned into Boeotia.  
When Thessalus was chief Magistrate at Athens, and Marcus Fabius and Titus Quintius 
Olymp. 107. 2. Ant. Ch. 349. An. M. 3598.  executed the Consulship at Rome, the Thebans wearied out with the Toils of the Phocian War, and brought very low in their Treasure, sent Ambassadors to the King of Persia to solicit that King to supply them with a Sum of Money; to which Artaxerxes readily consented, and without delay furnished them with Three hundred Talents. However there was little or nothing done this Year worth taking notice of between the Boeotians and Phocians, save some Skirmishes, and harrassing one another's Countries.  
In Asia, the Persian King having invaded Egypt some Years before with a numerous Army; but miscarrying in his Design, at this time renewed the War against the Egyptians, and after many worthy Actions performed by his Valour and Diligence, he recovered Egypt, Phoenicia, and Cyprus. But that the History may be made more plain and evident, we shall first declare the Causes and Grounds of the War, looking back a little to the Times proper for the Occasion.  
The Egyptians having heretofore rebelled against the Persians; Artaxerxes, Surnamed 
The War of Artaxerxes Ochus with the Egyptians and Phoenicians.  Ochus, notwithstanding sat still and quiet, being no ways addicted to Arms. And though Armies under the Command of several Captains were set forth, yet through the Treachery and Unskilfulness of the Generals, many times he was Unfortunate and Unsuccessful. Upon which Account, though he was greatly contemned by the Egyptians, yet his Love to his Ease and Pleasure had that Ascendent over him, as to enforce him patiently to bear the Disgrace. But now when the Phaenicians and Kings of Cyprus, 
Ant. Ch. 349.  in imitation of this Disloyalty of the Egyptians, and in Contempt of him, were all running into Rebellion, the King was at length roused, and determined to make War upon them. But he judged it not Advisable or Prudent to manage the War by his Deputies and Generals, but resolved to go himself, and try his own Fortune and Conduct in the Defence and Preservation of his Kingdom. To that end he made great Preparation of Arms, Darts, Provision and Forces; and raised Three hundred thousand Foot, and Thirty thousand Horse; and rigged out a Fleet of Three hundred Galleys, besides Six hundred Ships of Burden, and other Transport Ships for all sorts of Provision. The War in Phoenicia first broke out upon these Occasions.  
In Phoenicia there is a famous City called Tripoli, its Name agreeing with the Nature of the Place; for three Cities are contained within its Bounds, a Furlong distant one from each other, one called the City of the 
* Aradii, a People of Phoenicia.  Aradians, the other of the Sidonians, and the third of the Tyrians. It's the most eminent of all the Cities of Phoenicia, being that where the General Senate of all the Phaenicians do usually meet and consult about the weighty Affairs of the Nation. The Kings, Lords Lieutenants and Generals then in Sidon, carrying themselves by their severe Edicts rigorously and haughtily towards the Sidonians, the Citizens being so abused, and not being able longer to brook it, studied how to revolt from the Persians. Upon which, the rest of the Phaenicians being wrought upon by the other to vindicate their Liberty, sent Messengers to Nectanetus' the King of Egypt, then at War with the Persians, to receive them as Confederates, and so the whole Nation prepared for War. And being that Sidon then exceeded all the rest in Wealth, and even private Men by the advantage of Trade were grown very Rich, they built a great Number of Ships, and raised a potent Army of Mercenaries; and both Arms, Darts and Provision, and all other Things necessary for War, were prepared. 
Ant. Ch. 349.  And that they might appear first in the War, they spoiled and ruined the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The King's Paradise, Garden, or Orchard.  King's Garden, cutting down all the Trees where the Persian Kings used to Recreate and Divert themselves. Then they burned all the Hay which the Lord Lieutenants had laid up for the use of the Horses, At last they seized upon the Persians, who had so insulted over them, and haled them to Punishment. And in this manner began the War of the Persians with the Phaenicians. For the King being informed what the Rebels had so impudently acted, threatened to Revenge it upon all the Inhabitants of Phoenicia, especially upon the Sidonians. To this end he Rendevoused all his Army, both Horse and Foot, at Babylon, and presently marched away against the Phaenicians. In the mean time, while the King was upon his March, the Governor of Syria, and Mazaeus Lord Lieutenant of Caelicia, joined together against the Phaenicans: On the other side, Tennes King of Sidon procured for their assistance Four thousand Greek Mercenaries from the Egyptians, under the Command of Mentor the Rhodian; with these, and a Body of the Citizens, he engaged with the Lord Lieutenants, and got the Day, and expelled them out of Phoenicia.  
While these Things were acted in Phoenicia, the War in Cyprus began at the same time, the one depending much upon the other. There were Nine great Cities in this Island, under whose Jurisdiction were all the other smaller Towns. Every one had its several King, who managed all public Affairs; yet subject to the King of Persia.  
These all entered into a Confederacy, and, after the Example of the Phaenicians, shook off the Yoke; and having made all necessary Preparations for the War, took upon them the Absolute Power and Sovereignty in their own several Dominions. 
Ant. Ch. 349.   
Artaxerxes being enraged at this Insolence, writ to 
* Or Garieus.  Idrieus Prince of Caria (then lately come to the Throne, a Friend and Confederate of the Persians, as all his Ancestors were before him) to raise him both Land and Sea-Forces, for his Assistance against the Kings of Cyprus. Upon which, he forthwith rigged out a Fleet of Forty Sail, and sent on board Eight thousand Mercenaries for Cyprus, under the Command of Photion the Athenian, and Evagoras, who had been for some Years before King of the Island. As soon as they lander in Cyprus, they marched then straight to Salamina, the greatest of the Cities, where they cast up a Trench, and fortified themselves, and so straight besieged the City both 
Salamina in Cyprus besieged, or Salamis.  by Sea and Land. The Island had continued a long time in peace and quietness, and therefore was grown very Rich; so that the Soldiers who had now the Power to range over the Country, had got together great Booties: Which Plenty and Confluence being noised abroad, many sn the opposite Continent, in hope of Gain, came slocking out of Syria and Silisia to the Persian Camp. The Army of Photion and Evagoras being increased to double the number, the Petty Kings were brought into great Straits, and much terrified: And in this Condition was Cyprus at that time.  
About this time the King of Persia marched with his Army from Babylon, and made towards Phoenicia: But Mentor, General of the Sidonians, when he heard how great an Army was approaching, and considering how unequal in number the Rebels were, he privately consulted his own Safety: To that end he secretly dispatched away from Sidon a faithful Servant of his own, called Thessalion, to Artaxerxes, promising to betray Sidon to him; and that he would effectually assist him in subduing of Egypt; he being in that respect more especially able to serve him, for that he was well acquainted with all the Places in Egypt, and knew exactly the most convenient places over the River Nile. The King was wonderfully pleased when he heard what Thessalion said, and promised he would not only 
Ant. Ch. 349.  pardon Mentor for what he had done, but would bountifully reward him, if he performed what he had promised. But Thessalion further added, that Mentor would expect that the King should confirm his Word by giving out his Right Hand. Upon which the King was so incensed (as being disinherited) that he gave up Thessalion into the hands of the Officers, with Command to cut off his Head. When he was led to Execution, he only said thus: Thou, O King, dost what thou pleasest; but Mentor, who is able to accomplish all I have said, will perform nothing that is promised, because thou refusest to give him Assurance on thy part. Upon hearing of which, the King altered his Mind, and commanded the Officers to discharge the Man; and so he put forth his 
* His Hand to ki●●.  Right Hand to the Thessalion, which is a most sure and certain Earnest among the Persians of performance of what is promised. Then he returned to Sidon, and secretly imparted to Mentor what he had done.  
In the mean time, the King counting it his greatest Happiness if he could subdue Egypt (which he had before attempted in vain) sent Ambassadors to the chiefest Cities of Greece, to solicit for some Auxiliary Forces from them. The Athenians and Lacedæmonians returned Answer, That they would continue still Friends to the Persians; but that they could not supply them with Forces. But the Thebans commanded a thousand heavy-armed Men to be sent to the Assistance of the King, under the Command of Locrates. The Argives likewise furnished him with Three thousand Men; but sent no Captain with them, because the King had expressly by Name appointed Nicostratus to Command them, and they were unwilling to contradict him. He was a Man of great Account, both as to Council and Execution, having both Valour and Prudence assistant one to another. And because he was of vast Strength of Body, imitating Hercules in his Arms, he carried both a Club and a Lion's Skin in every Battle. Neither were the Grecians, who inhabited 
Ant. Ch. 349.  upon the Sea Coasts of Asia, wanting on their parts, but sent out Six thousand Men: So that all the Auxiliary Forces from the Grecians, amounted to Ten thousand. But before these came up, the King had passed through Syria, and entered Phoenicia, and encamped not far from Sidon.  
In the mean time, while the King spent a considerable time in making preparation, the Sidonians had been very active and diligent in furnishing themselves with Arms and Provisions; and besides, had drawn a triple deep and broad Trench, and an high Wall round the City. They had likewise a brave Body of tall, handsome and stout Men of the Citizens, well exercised and trained up in martial Discipline out of the Schools: And this City went far beyond all the rest of the Cities of Phoenicia for Wealth, and all other sumptuous Ornaments, both for State and Grandeur: And that which was not the least among the rest, they were furnished with a hundred Galleys, of three and five Oars on a Bank.  
And now 
* Here Mentor is put for Tennes in the Greek.  Tennes became a Party with Mentor (who Commanded the Mercenaries out of Egypt) in the Treachery; and left Mentor to keep a certain Quarter of the City, in order to help forward the Execution of the Treason; and himself went out with Five hundred Soldiers, upon pretence to go to the Common Assembly of the Phaenicians: For he had in his Company a Hundred of the Best Quality of the Citizens to be Senators, as was pretended: But these he caused to be seized and delivered up into the hands of Ariaxerxes, as soon as they came near where the King was, who received him as his Friend, but ordered the Hundred Noblemen, as Authors of the Rebellion, to be darted to death.  
Presently after, when Five hundred more of the Chiefest of the Sidonians came to him 
Ant. Ch. 349.  with all the Badges of Submission imaginable, he called Tennes back, and asked him whether he was able to deliver the City into his Hands (for he earnestly desired to possess himself of the Place upon any Terms whatsoever, rather than upon Treaty, to the end that the utter Ruin of the Citizens might be a Terror unto the rest) when Tennes assured him he was able to effect it, the King being still implacable, caused all the Five hundred (who carried Olive-Branches before them as Suppliants for Mercy, and as Tokens of Submission) to be shot to death with Darts. Afterwards Tennes readily persuades the Egyptian Mercenaries to receive him and the King within the Walls; and so by this treacherous 
Tennes the Betrayer of Sidon put to death by the King, who made use of his Treason. Sidon taken: It's miserable Condition, according to the Prophecy of Ezek. 28. 21.  Contrivance, Sidon came again into the Hauds of the Persians. Then the King judging that Tennes could do him no further Service, caused his Throat to be cut likewise.  
In the mean time, the Sidonians had burnt all their Shipping before the King came, lest any of the Inhabitants, consulting their own particular Safety, should get away by Sea. At length, when the Sidonians saw that the Enemy was entered, and many Thousands of Men ranging here and there, and dispersed all over the City, they shut themselves up with their Wives and Children in their Houses, and set them on fire, and so all consumed together. It's said there were above Forty thousand (with Houshold-Servants) that perished in these Flames.  
After this Destruction of the Sidonians, by which the whole City and Inhabitants were consumed to Ashes, the King sold the Rubbish and Relics of the Fire for many Talents: For being the City was very Rich, there was found a vast Quantity of Gold and Silver melted down by the Flames. Thus sad was the Calamity under which the Sidonians suffered. The rest of the Cities being terrified with this Destruction, Presently surrendered themselves to the Persians. A little before this, Artemesia the Princess of Caria died, having 
Ant. Ch. 349.  governed Two Years: Idreius her Brother succeeded in the Principality, and reigned Seven Years.  
In Italy the Romans made a Truce with the Prenestines, and entered into a League with the Samnites; and cut off the Heads of Two hundred and sixty in the Forum, of those that sided with the Tarquins.  
In Sicily Leptines and Callipus the Syracusians being furnished with a considerable Army, besieged Rhegium, which was still held by a Garrison of Dionysius the Younger; and having forced out the Garrison, they restored the Rhegians to their 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  own ancient Government.   

CHAP. IX.  
Evagoras beheaded in Cyprus. Artaxerxes marches against Egypt, and gains all Egypt by the Policy of Mentor. Lost many of his Men at the Lake of Sorbon. Mentor advanced Mentor's Stratagem to subdue Hemias', Prince of Aterne. Zena razed by Philip. The King of Egypt Abdicates his Kingdom, and flies to Aethiopia.  
AFterward,, Apollodorus being Chief Magistrate at Athens, and Marcus Valerius and 
Olymp. 107. 3. Ant. Ch. 348. An. M. 3598.  Caius Sulpitius, Roman Consuls, all the Cities of Cyprus surrendered themselves to the Persians, excepting Salamis, which was then besieged by Evagoras and Phocian, and which Protogoras, King of Salamis, stoutly defended.  
In the mean time, Evagoras endeavoured to regain the Kingdom of his Ancestors, and contrived to be restored to his Ancient Right by the help of the Persian King. But being 
Ant. Ch. 348.  afterwards accused before Artaxerxes (who thereupon relieved Protogoras) he laid aside all hopes of being restored, and having afterwards cleared himself of all that was laid to his Charge, he was entrusted with the Government of a larger Province in Asia, which he so misgoverned, that he was forced to fly again into Cyprus, where being seized he had his Head struck off. But Protogoras voluntarily submitting himself to the Persian King, 
Evagoras beheaded.  kept the Kingdom of Salamis without any Rival for the time to come.  
In the mean time, the King of Persia, after the Ruin of Sidon, being joined with the 
Artaxerxes marches against Egypt.  Forces that came from Argos, Thebes, and the ancient Cities, marched with his whole Army against Egypt. When he came to the 
* Sorbon is the Lake of Sorbon.  Great Lough or Lake, through ignorance of the Places, he lost part of his Army in the Bogs there, called Barrathra. But in regard we have before in the First Book, spoken of the Nature of this Lake, and the strange Things there happening, we shall now forbear to repeat them.  
Having passed these Gulfs he came to Pelusium, the first Mouth of the River Nile, where it enters into the Sea. Here the Grecians lay close to the City, but the Persians Encamped forty Furlongs off.  
In the mean while, the Egyptians (in regard the Persians had given them a long time to prepare all things necessary for the War) had made strong Defences and Fortifications at all the Mouths of Nile, especially at Pelusium, because it was the First and most conveniently situated; where Five thousand Men were in Garrison, under the Command of Philophoron. The Thebans, above all the Grecians, had a Desire to evidence their Valour, and to that end they first of all valiantly attempted to force the Trench, which was both Strait and Deep, and carried it; but as soon as they had gained it, those of the Garrison made a Sally, upon which there was a sharp Engagement; insomuch as the Dispute was very hot on both sides, and continued all the Day, the Night scarcely putting an end to the Contest.  
The next day the King divided the Greeks into three Brigades; every one had a Greek 
The Persian Army divided into three Brigades. Ant. Ch. 348.  Commander, with whom was joined a Persian Officer, such as was most esteemed for Valour and Loyalty.  
The First Brigade was of the Baeotians, under the Command of Lacrates, a Theban, and Rosaces, a Persian. This Rosaces was descended from some of those seven Persians who deposed the Magis, and was Governor of jonia and Lydia; He led a great Body both of Horse and Foot, all of Barbarians.  
The Second Brigade was of the Argives, Commanded by Nicostratus, with whom was Aristazanes, a Persian, who was employed as an Envoy in all the King's special Affairs, and next to Bagoas, the Trustiest and Chiefest of his Friends: He had Five thousand Soldiers, and Fourscore Galleys under his Command.  
The Third Brigade was led by Mentor, he who betrayed Sidon, who formerly commanded the Mercenaries: His Colleague was Bagoas, a bold Fellow, and none more ready in of executing any Villainy, in whom the King put great Confidence. He commanded the Greeks that were the King's Subjects, and a great Body of Barbarians, besides a considerable Navy. The King kept the rest of the Army with himself, and was very careful in Managing and Overseeing the whole Concern of the War.  
The Army of the Persians thus divided, Nectabanus the King of Egypt, (though he 
Nectabanus, King of Persia.  was far short in Number) neither valued the Multitude, nor the Division of the Persian Troops: For he had in his Army Twenty thousand Grecian Mercenaries, as many Africans, and Threescore thousand Egyptians, by them called Warriors; and besides these, was furnished with an incredible Number of River-Boats, fitted to fight in the River Nile. Moreover, he had defended that side of the River towards Arabia, with many Castles and Garrisons, exactly fortified with Trenches and Strong Walls; and was prepared with Plenty of all other things necessary for the War. But through Imprudence and want of good Advice he lost all. The chief Cause of the Miscarriage was his Ignorance how to manage Warlike Affairs, and his security, upon the account he had before beaten the 
Ant. Ch. 348.  Persians; for at that time of his Success, having had most expert Commanders, Diaphantus the Athenian, and Lanius the Spartan, who were both Valiant and Experienced Soldiers, all things succeeded according to his Heart's desire. But being now conceited of his own Sufficiency and Ability, to Command and Order the Army, he would admit of no other Assistant; and therefore through want of Skill and Experience, nothing was managed to advantage, as became an Expert-Commander.  
Having therefore strongly Garrisoned the Towns, he himself, with Thirty thousand Egyptians, Five thousand Grecians, and half of the Lybians, kept the Passages which lay most open and easy to Invasions.  
Things thus ordered on both sides, Nicostratus, who Commanded the Argives (having got some Egyptian Guides, (whose Wives and Children the Persians kept as Hostages) through a certain Cut or Ditch, passed over with his Fleet to a Place as far out of fight as he could, and having landed his Men there, Encamped. Those who kept the Neighbouring Egyptian Garrisons, as soon as they came to know where the Enemy were thus Encamped, speedily made out against them with no less than Seven thousand Men, under 
A Fight between the Egyptians and the Grecians, on the Persians side. Cleinus killed.  the Command of Cleinius of the Isle of Coos, who drew up his Men in Battalia, in order to fight them: On the other side, those lately Landed, likewise put themselves into a Posture of Defence. Whereupon was a sharp Engagement, in which the Grecians on the Persians side so gallantly behaved themselves, that they killed Cleinius the General, and above Five thousand of the rest of his Army.  
Upon hearing of this Defeat, Nectabanus was in a terrible Fright, for that he believed the rest of the Persian Troops would easily pass over the River. Being therefore afraid lest the Enemy would bend all his force against Memphis the Seat-Royal, he made his chief Care and Concern to secure this Place, and thereupon marched away with the Army he had to Memphis, to prevent the Besieging of it. 
Ant. Ch. 348.   
In the mean time, Lacrates, the Theban, the Commander of the First Brigade, bushes on the Siege of Pelusium; and having drained the Water out of the Trench, and turned it another way, he raised a Mount, and there placed his Engines of Battery against the City. And after a great Part of the Walls were battered down, the Pelusians raised up others in their stead, and speedily made high Wooden Towers.  
These Conflicts upon the Walls continued for some days, during which time the Grecians that defended the Place, stoutly opposed the Assailants. But as soon as they heard of the King's departure to Memphis, they were so affrighted that they sent Messengers to Treat upon Terms of Surrender. Whereupon, Lacrates agreeing with them upon the Sacred Tie of an Oath, That upon delivery up of Pelusium, they should return to Greece 
Pelusium surrendered.  with whatever they brought with them out of the Town, they surrendered the Place. Then Artaxerxes sent Bagoas with a Garrison of Persians to take Possession of Pelusium, whose Soldiers as soon as they entered the Town, took away from the Grecians as they were going out, many of those things that they brought along with them.  
Being thus abused they took it heinously, and with great Complaints called upon the Gods, as Witnesses and Revengers of Perjury and Breach of Faith.  
Lacrates being stirred up to just Indignation by this base Dealing, fell upon the Barbarians, and killed some of them, and put the rest to flight, and so protected the Greeks thus injured, contrary to the Agreement confirmed by Oath. And though Bagoas, who fled amongst the rest, and returned to the King, accused Lacrates, for what he had done, yet the King adjudged, that Bagoas his Soldiers were dealt with according to their desert, and punished those Persians that were Authors of the Rapine. And in this manner came Pelusium into the Hands of the Persians.  
But Mentor, Commander of the Third Brigade, recovered Bubastus, and many other Cities, to the Obedience of the Persian King by his own Stratagem. For whereas all these Cities were Garrisoned by two sorts of People, Grecians and Egyptians, Mentor caused a 
Ant. Ch. 348.  Report to be spread abroad, That Artaxerxes would receive all those most graciously, and pardon them, that of their own accord should give up their Cities into the King's 
Mentor gains Bubastus and other Towns by Policy.  Hands; and on the other Hand, That all those that he should take by force, should far no better than Sidon. He commanded also, That all the 
* Gates of the Camp.  Gates should be opened, and that all that would should be permitted to go away. So that all the Egyptian Captives in the Camp being gone without any Opposition, the Report was in a short time spread abroad through all the Cities of Egypt. Whereupon all the Towns were presently filled with Seditions through Quarrels, and Dissensions between the Egyptians and the Foreign Auxiliaries. For all Parties strove who should be most Active and Forward in betraying their several Garrisons, every one aiming at his own Advantage, by an Interest in the favour of the Conqueror. And the first that began was Bubastus. For as soon as Mentor and Bagoas Encamped before the City, the Egyptians, unknown to the Grecians, promised to Bagoas (by one of their own Country sent to him) to Surrender the City, if they might be all Pardoned. This being smelled out by the Greeks they pursued and seized upon him that was sent, and by Threatening and Affrighting him got out the whole from him, as the Thing in truth was. Upon which, being highly enraged, they fell violently upon the Egyptians, killed some, wounded others, and drove the rest into a narrow Corner of the City.  
They that were thus assaulted, gave intelligence to Bagoas of what was done, and entreated him, tha● without delay he would take Possession of the City, which should be by them delivered up to him upon his approach.  
In the mean time, the Grecians sent an Herald to Mentor, who secretly advised them, to set upon the Barbarians as soon as Bagoas had entered the Town. Bagoas therefore being entered with his Persians, but without the Consent of the Greeks, as soon as part of the Soldiers were let in, the Grecians presently shut up the Gates, and fell on a sudden on 
Bagoas taken Prisoner at Bubastus, and all his Men cut of who enured the City.  the Barbarians, and killed 'em every Man, and took Bagcas himself Prisoner, who coming to understand that there was no means left for his Deliverance but by Mentor, he earnestly entreated him to interpose for his Preservation, promising that for the Future he would never undertake any thing without his Advice. Mentor prevailed with the Grecians too Discharge him, and to Surrender the City, so that the whole Success and Glory of the Action was attributed to him.  
Bagoas being thus freed by his means, entered into a Solemn Covenant of Friendship upon Oath with Mentor, and faithfully kept it to the Time of his Death; so that these 
Bagoas released by Mentor's mea●s.  two always concurring and agreeing, were able to do more with the King, than all his other Friends, or any of his Kindred. For Mentor being made Artaxerxes' Lord-Lieutenant of all the Asiatic Shore, was greatly Serviceable to the King, by procuring Soldeer out of Greece, and by his Faithful and Diligent Administration of the Government.  
Bagoas commanding all as Viceroy in the higher Parts of Asia, grew to that degree of Power through his Consultation with Mentor, upon all Occasions, that he had the Kingdom at Command, neither did Artaxerxes any thing without his Consent. And after the King's Death his Power was such, That the Successors were ever Nominated and Appointed by him, and all Affairs of the Kingdom were so wholly managed by him, that he wanted nothing but the Name of a King. But we shall speak of these things in their proper Place.  
After the Surrender of Bubastus, the rest of the Cities out of fear submitted and delivered 
Ant. Ch. 348.  up themselves upon Articles, into the Hands of the Persians.  
In the mean while, Nectabanus, who was now at Memphis, seeing the swift Motions of the Enemy, durst not venture a Battle in defence of his Sovereignty, but abdicating his Kingdom, packed up a great deal of Treasure, and fled into Aethiopia. And so Artaxerxes possessed himself of all Egypt, and demolished the Walls of all the Cities, especially those that were the Greatest and of most account; and heaped together an infinite Mass of Gold and Silver, by spoiling of the Temples: He carried away likewise all the Records and Writings out of the most ancient Temples; Which Bagoas a while after suffered the Priests to redeem for a great Sum of Money. Then he sent home the Greek Auxiliaries with ample Rewards to every one according to their Deserts, for their Services; and intrusting Pherendatus with the Government of Egypt, he returned with his Army loaden with Spoil, triumphing in the Glory of his Victory to Babylon.  
At the time when Callimachus was Lord-Chancellor at Athens, and Marcus Fabius and 
Olymp. 107. 4. Ant. Ch. 347. Mentor advanced.  Publius Valerius were Roman Consuls, Artaxerxes advanced Mentor for the good Services he had done him, especially in the Egyptian War, above all his Ariends; and that he might put a Mark upon his Valour by a Reward more than ordinary, he bestowed upon him an Hundred Talents of Silver, and rich Furniture for his House. He made him likewise Prefact of all the Asiatic Shore, and General of his Army, with absolute Power to suppress all Rebellions in those Parts.  
Mentor being in near Alliance and Kindred with Actabazus and Memnon (who had not long before made War upon the Persians, and were now fled ●at of Asia to Philip in Macedonia) by his Interest with the King procured their Pardon, and thereupon sent for them both to come to him, with their Families: For Artabazus had by Mentor and Memnon's Sister, Eleven Sons and Ten Daughters; with which numerous Progeny Mentor was 
Ant. Ch. 347.  greatly delighted, and advanced the young Men as they grew up, to high Places of Command in the Army.  
The first Expedition which Mentor made was against Hennias, Prince or Tyrant of 
* Atarne in Mysia over against Lesbos.  Atarne, who had rebelled against Artaxerxes, and was possessed of many strong Cities and 
Mentors' stratagem to subdue Hennias.  Castles; upon promise made him to procure the King's Pardon he brought him to a Parley; and upon that occasion having surprised him, he clapped him up, and possessing himself of his Seal-Ring, he writ Letters in his Name to the several Cities, signifying that through Mentor he was restored to the King's Favour; and sent away likewise with those that carried the Letters, such as should take Possession for the King of all the Forts and Castles. The Governors of the Cities giving credit to the Letters, and being likewise very desirous of Peace, delivered up all the Towns and Forts to the King in every place through the Country.  
All the Revolted Cities being gained by this Trick of Mentor, without any Hazard or Fatigue, the King was highly pleased with him, as having acted the Part of a Brave and Prudent General.  
And with no less success, partly by Policy, and partly by force of Arms, he reduced in a short time the other Captains that were in Rebellion. And thus stood Affairs in Asia at this time.  
In Europe, Philip, King of Macedon, made an Expedition against the * Calcidean Cities, and took Zeira, and razed it to the Ground, and brought other Towns (out of Fear) 
In Thrace. Zeira razed by Philip.  likewise to submit. He set again likewise upon Phaeca, and threw out its Prince Pitholaus. About that time Sparticus, King of Pontus, died, having reigned Five Years. Parysades his Brother succeeded him, and governed Eight and Thirty years.   

CHAP. X.  
Philip takes Olynthus, and other Cities in the Hellespont. The Athenians jealous of Philip, and instigated by Demosthenes. Philip's Policies. The Value of the Riches taken out of the Temple at Delphos. Dionysius sent Presents to Delphos, which were taken by the Athenians. His Letter to the Athenians. The Temple burnt. The End of the Phocian War. The Punishments decreed by the Amphictyons against the Phocians. The Miseries of the Sacrilegers. Timoleon sent to Syracuse.  
AFter the End of this Year, Theophilus ruled as Archon at Athens, and Caius Sulpitius and Caius Quintius executed the Consular-Dignity at Rome, at which time was celebrated 
Olymp. 108. 1. Ant. Ch. 346. An. M. 3600.  the Hundred and Eighth Olmypiad, in which Polycles of Cyrene bore away the Crown of Victory. At the same time Philip made an Expedition against the Cities of the Hellespont, of which Micaberna and Torone were betrayed into his hands. Then he made against Olynthus (the greatest City of those Parts) with a very numerous Army, and having first routed the Olynthians in two Battles, he laid Siege to the Town; upon which he made many Assaults, and lost a great number of his Men in their approaches to the Walls. At length by bribing Euthycrates and Lasthenes, the Chief Magistrates of Olynthus, he entered the City by Treachery, and Plundered it, and Sold all the Citizens for Slaves, and exposed 
Philip takes Olynthus, and other Cities in the Hellespont  to sale all the Prey and Plunder under the Spear. Whereby he furnished himself with abundance of Money for the carrying on of the War, and put all the rest of the Cities into a terrible Fright.  
Then he bountifully rewarded such as had behaved themselves with Courage and Valour, and having exacted vast Sums of Money from the Richest of the Citizens of the Cities round about, he made use of it to corrupt many to betray their Country; so that he himself often boasted that he had enlarged his Dominion more by his Gold than by his Sword.  
In the mean time, the Athenians being jealous of the growing Greatness of Philip, ever after sent Aid to them whom he invaded by his Arms, and dispatched Ambassadors to all 
The Athenians jealous of Philip.  the Cities to look to their Liberties, and to put to death such of their Citizens as should be discovered to go about to betray them, promising withal to join with them upon all Occasions. At length they proclaimed open War against Philip.  
Demosthenes the Orator (at that time the most Eminent in Politics and Eloquence of 
Demosthenes incites the Athenians against Philip.  all the Grecians) was the chief Instrument that incited the Athenians to take upon them the Defence of all Greece: But the City could not cure that itch of Treason that infected many of the Citizens; such a shoal of Traitors there was at that time all over Greece. And therefore it is reported, that Philip having an earnest desire to gain that once strong and eminent City, and one of the Place telling him it could never be taken by Force; he asked him whether it were not possible that Gold might mount the Walls; for he had learned by Experience, That they that could not be subdued by Force, were easily overcome by Gold. To this end he had by his Bribes procured Traitors in every City; and 
Philip corrupts the Cities by Bribes.  such as would receive Money, he called his Friends and Guests: And thus with Evil Communication he corrupted Men's Manners.  
After the taking of Clynthus, he celebrated Olympic Games to the Gods, in Commemoration of his Victory, and offered most splendid Sacrifices; and in regard there were a vast number of People got together, he set forth specious Sports and recreating Plays, and invited a great number of Strangers to his Feasts: And in the midst of his Cups would talk courteously and familiarly with them, and drink to many, and reach over the Cup to them with his own Hands. To many he gave rich Gifts, and made large and liberal Promises to all, to the end his Kindness and Generosity might be bruited abroad by them that had had the Experience. During the time of his Feasting, observing Satyrus the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Stage-player to look four and knit his Brows, he asked him, why heonly would not accept of the Fruits of his Bounty and Generosity? To which he answered, That he would very willingly receive a certain Gift from him; but he was afraid if he should ask it openly, he would deny him. Upon which the King fell a laughing, and bid him ask what he would, and he would freely bestow it upon him. Upon which he desired that two young Maids, in the flower of their Age, the Daughters of one that was his Host might be given to him from among the Captives, whose Liberties he craved not to make any Gain or Advantage of them himself, but really to give them Portions out of his own Estate, and procure them Husbands, and likewise to prevent their being injured by any unworthy Attempt. Whose Request the King so approved, as that he not only forthwith ordered the Virgins to be delivered to Satyrus without Ransom, but bestowed upon him likewise many other rich Gifts and Presents, as special Marks of his Favour and Bounty; so that many, excited with the Hopes of Reward, strove which should serve Philip most, and be the first that should betray their Country into his Hands.  
The next Year Themistocles was Archon at Athens, and Caius Cornelius and Marcus Popilius 
Olymp. 108. Ant. Ch. 345. 2. An. M. 3601. Battelt between the Boeotians and Phocians.  Roman Consuls, at which time the Boeotians overran the Country of the Phocians with Depredations, and beat the Enemy at Hyampolis, killing about Seventy of them. But not long after, engaging with the Phocians in another Battle, they were routed at Coro●ea, and lost many of their Men. And whereas the Phocians were possessed of some small Towns in Boeotia, the Boeotians made an Inroad upon them, and shamefully spoiled and destroyed all their standing Corn; but in their Return were beaten.  
While these things were acting, Phalecus the General of the Phocians, being convicted 
Phalecus deprived, and others chosen.  of Sacrilege, in converting the Sacred Treasure of the Temple to his own use, was deprived of his Commission; and three others were created in his room, viz. Democrates, Callias, and Sophanes, who managed the Business and Trial concerning the Sacred Treasure, at such time as the Phocians demanded an Account of them that had the disposing of it. The greatest part of the Money was found to be entrusted in the hands of Philon; who not being able to give a clear Account, was condemned; and being put upon the Rack, 
Ant. Ch. 345.  by order of the Generals, he named many of his Accomplices. At length, being tortured to the utmost extremity, he died upon the Rack, and so came to an end worthy his Impiety.  
The Robbers indeed restored the rest of the moneys that were left, but they themselves were put to death as Sacrilegers. The first of the former Generals, Philomelus, forbore to meddle with the Sacred Treasures; but his Brother and Successor Onomarchus, converted much of those Treasures to the use of the War. The third General Phayllus, Brother of 
Gaods taken out of the Temple.  Onomarchus, while he executed that Command, made use of many of the consecrated Things of the Temple, for the paying off the foreign Soldiers: For he melted down and coined into Money the Hundred and twenty Golden Tiles, dedicated by Croesus' King of Lydia. In the same manner he dealt with the 300 Golden Bowls (or Viols) every one weighing Two Minas; and likewise the Lion and Woman of Gold, all which weighed 30 Talents of Gold, so that all the Gold according to the value of Silver would amount to Four thousand Talents. And besides these, there were Things in Silver dedicated by Croesus, and others, carried away by all the Generals in their several Times, above the value of Six thousand Talents; so that the whole Sum, both in Gold and Silver, amounted to above Ten thousand Talents.  
There are some Authors that say, that there was as much Treasure sacrilegiously taken away, as Alexander afterwards found in the Treasury of the Persians. Phalecus likewise, with the Officers of the Army, went about to dig up the Pavement of the Temple, because some Person told him that a vast Treasure of Gold and Silver lay under it: For confirmation of the truth of it, he brought in the Testimony of that most ancient and famous Poet Homer, where he says thus: 
Ant. Ch. 345.   
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Hom. Iliad. lib. 9 fol. 453.  
Or all the Gold in Phoebus' Marble Fane,  
Which Pytho's Rocky Treasuries contain.  
And just as the Soldiers began to dig near to the Tripod, a sudden Earthquake terrified the Phocians; so that the Gods seeming by such manifest Tokens to threaten Vengeance upon the Sacrilegers, they desisted. But the first Author of that Impiety, Philo (of whom we spoke before) in a short time after felt the just Vengeance of the Deity. But notwithstanding the whole Gild of this impious Sacrilege be imputed to the Phocians, yet both the Athenians and Lacedæmonians who assisted the Phocians, were Partners in the Offence, for they had more Money paid to them than was proportionable to the number of the Soldiers which they sent: For indeed at that very time the Athenians carried it but impiously towards the Oracle; for but a little before this Robbery at Delphos, when Iphicrates lay with the Fleet before Corcyra, and Dionysius Prince of Syracuse had sent some Statues of Gold and Ivory to Olympus and Delphos, he by chance intercepting the Vessels which transported them; and having now possession of the dedicated Goods, sent to Athens to know how he must dispose of them; the Athenians bid him never scrupulously examine or make enquiry after those things that were said to belong to the Gods, but to consider how to provide for the maintaining of the Army. In Obedience to which Decree of his Country, he exposed the Sacred Ornaments of the Gods 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  to sale under the Spear. Upon which, the 
† Dionysius.  Prince being highly incensed against the Athenians, wrote to them in this manner:  

Dionysius to the Senate and People of Athens.  
It is not fit that I should say Health to you, since ye have been so sacrilogious against the Gods both by Sea and Land; and having intercepted the Images which we had sent, in order to be 
The Letter of Dionysius to the Athenians. Ant. Ch. 345.  devoted to the Gods, you have converted them into Money, and so have profanely abused the Mightiest of the Gods, Apollo at Delphos, and Jupiter at Olympus.   
This Affront against the Gods, the Athenians never stuck at, who yet were used to boast and glory, that the God Apollo was their Ancestor. The Lacedæmonians also, though they were famous amongst all Nations for the Oracle of Delphos, and in the most weighty Affairs do consult there at this very day; yet they never scrupled to join in the Sacrilege with these impious Robbers of the Temple.  
But now the Phocians, who had three Towns strongly fortified in Boeotia, made an Inroad into Boeotia; and being joined with great numbers of Mercenaries, wasted and spoiled the Enemy's Country; and in several Incursions and Skirmishes got the better, and so returned. The Boeotians therefore being overpressed with the Burden of the War, and having lost many of their Soldiers, and besides being in great want of Money, sent Ambassadors unto Philip to crave his Assistance. This was very welcome News to the King to see that they were brought low, having long desired to have their Leuctra Courage curbed and tamed: However, he sent them a great number of Men merely upon this account, lest he should be thought to be careless in the matter concerning the spoiling of the Temple. Then the Phocians built a Castle at a Town called Abas, near the Temple of Apollo; at which time being attacked by the Boeotians, some of them presently fled scatteringly into the Neighbouring Cities; others, to the number of 500, got into the Temple, and there perished. Many other things happened to the Phocians at that time, as by a Divine Hand; but that which is most remarkable was this; They that fled into the Temple, thought themselves safe under the Care and Protection of the Gods; but it fell out quite contrary; for Divine Providence brought condign Punishment upon the Sacrilegers: There were many Straw-Beds round about the Temple, and it happened that the Fire left in 
The Temple of Apollo burnt near Abas.  the Tents of those that fled, caught hold of some of them; upon which the Flame so mounted on a sudden, that it consumed the Temple, with all those that fled into it: For it seems God would not spare the Sacrilegers, notwithstanding all their Supplications.  
Archias was then Lord Chancellor of Athens, and Marcus Aemilius and Titus Quinctius 
Olym. 108. 3. Ant. Ch. 344. An. M. 3602. The end of the Phocian War.  were invested with the Consulship at Rome, when the Phocian War (which had continued Ten Years) was ended in the manner following: When both the Boeotians and Phocians were brought low with the continual Fatigues of the War, the Phocians, by their Ambassadors, craved Aid of the Lacedæmonians, who sent them a Thousand heavy-armed Men, under the Command of Archidamus the King of Sparta. In like manner the Boeotians prayed Assistance from Philip; who thereupon being joined with the Thessalians, entered Locris with a great Army, where finding Phalecus (restored again to his Command) with a considerable Body of Mercenaries, he prepared to fight him. Phalecus was then at Nicaea, who finding himself not able to engage with Philip, sent Ambassadors to him to treat. Thereupon a Peace was concluded upon these Conditions: That Phalecus, with all those then with him, might march away whither they thought fit. Whereupon Phalecus (after Ratification on both sides) without any further delay, departed with those Forces he had with him, to the number of Eight thousand, into Peloponnesus. And the Phocians now 
Ant. Ch. 344.  hopeless, gave up themselves into the Power of Philip.  
The King having without Fight unexpectedly put an end to the Sacred War, joined in a Senate with the Thessalians and Boeotians; in which it was decreed, That the Great Council of the Amphictyons should be assembled, to whose Decision all Matters should be wholly referred.  
By them afterwards it was decreed, That Philip and his Posterity should be received as 
Philip decreed to have a double Voice among the Amphictyons.  Members into the Council of the Amphictyons, and should have the Privilege of a double Voice, as the Phocians (whom he conquered) had before: That the Walls of Three Cities in Phocis should be demolished: And, That the Phocians should never after have any thing to do with the Temple, or be Members of the Court of the Amphictyons: That they should never be possessed of Horse or Arms, until they had made Restitution to the Oracle of the Moneys they had sacrilegiously taken away. Moreover, That the Exiles of Phocis, and whoever they were that were Partners with them in the Sacrilege, should be accounted accursed, and driven out of every Place. Likewise, That all the Cities of the Phocians should be razed to the Ground, and turned into Villages, every one of them not to contain above Fifty Houses, and not to be under one Furlong distant one from another; yet that the Phocians should keep their Lands, but should pay a Tribute to the Oracle every Year of Sixty Talents, till they had paid the Sum entered in the Registers at the time of the Sacrilege committed: That Philip, with the Boeotians and Thessalians should set forth the Phythian Games, because the Corinthians were Partners in the Impiety with the Phocians: That the Amphictyons, together with Philip, should break in pieces upon the Rocks all the Arms of the Phocians and Mercenaries, and then burn the Remains: And lastly, 
Ant. Ch. 344.  That they should deliver up all the Horse.  
When they had dispatched this, they made Laws and Orders for the restoring of the Oracle to its former state, and all other matters relating to Religion and the Public Peace, and advancing of Amity and Concord amongst the Grecians. All these Decrees of the Amphictyons were allowed and confirmed by Philip, who carried himself towards them with great Respect in all things, and then marched back with his Army into Macedonia; and not only purchased Honour by his Piety and martial Conduct, but made many Advances towards the future Enlargement of his Dominions: For he had long coveted to gain the Sovereign Command of all Greece, and to make War upon the Persians, which indeed at length happened. But of these things we shall hereafter give a particular Account in their due time.  
Let us now therefore return to what properly is an Appendent, and in course annexed to the precedent History: Yet we judge it our Duty first to relate the Judgements inflicted by the Gods upon the Sacrilegious Robbers of the Oracle; for Vengeance overtook all of them in general, not only those who were the chief Ringleaders, but even them that had the least hand in the Sacrilege.  
Philomelus, the First and Chief Contriver of seizing the Temple, by a certain 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. A Strait of War.  Fate of War was brought into such a straight, as that he cast himself headlong from the top a of Rock.  
His Brother Onomarchus having taken upon him the Command of the heartless and discouraged Army, was afterwards, with his Phocians and Mercenaries, totally routed in Thessaly, and he himself taken and crucified.  
Phayllus, the Third, who spoiled the Oracle of the greatest part of its Sacred Treasures, that he might not altogether escape Punishment, 
* A Consumption.  consumed away by a lingering Disease.  
Phalecus, the last of them, having robbed the Temple of all that was left, wandered up and down in great Terror, and in divers Hazards and Troubles, for a long time together; not in any Favour to him more than the rest of his Confederates in Wickedness, 
Ant. Ch. 344.  but that he might be longer tormented, and that the Vengeance executed might be more remarkable to all wherever he went. After his Flight, whereby he escaped being a Prisoner, at the first he remained with his Mercenaries about Peloponnesus, and maintained his Soldiers with the Money he had sacrilegiously got into his hand from the Temple. Afterwards he hired some great Transport-Ships at Corinth, and having Four other 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hemiolas, of two Oars upon a Bank.  small Vessels of his own, he prepared for a Voyage into Italy and Sicily, hoping either to possess himself of some City in those Parts, or that he and his Men should be employed by some or other as Mercenaries.  
There was at that time a War broken out between the Lucanians and Tarrentines; he pretended to the Soldiers that went along with him, that he was sent for by the Sicilians and Italians: But when he came into the open Sea, some of the Soldiers who were on board in the largest Vessel with Phalecus, discoursed among themselves, and declared their Suspicions one to another, That it was but a Pretence, and that none had sent for them: For they saw no Commanders go along with him, that were sent from any that desired their Assistance; and they perceived that the Voyage undertaken was long and tedious, and full of Hazards: And therefore concluding that Phalecus was no longer to be credited (dreading the Expedition beyond-sea) they conspired, especially the Officers of the Mercenaries, and with their drawn Swords so threatened both Phalecus and the Pilot, that they compelled them to tack about, and return: The like being done in the other Ships, they all came back, and arrived in Peloponnesus. And being rendezvoused at Malea, a Promontory of Laconia, they there found the Gnosian Ambassadors, who accidently were come hither to 
Ant. Ch. 344.  list some foreign Soldiers. After some Discourse had passed between them and Phalecus and the other Officers, the Pay in hand was so large, that all of them sailed away with them to Crete; and having landed at 
* Or Cnosus, a City in Crete. Lyctus, another City in Crete.  Gnosus, they presently took the City Lyctus at first Assault. But unexpected Assistance came in suddenly to the expulsed Lyctians; for the Tarrentines being at that time engaged in a War with the Lucanians, sent Ambassadors to the Lacedæmonians, from whom they were descended, to supply them with Auxiliaries; upon which the Spartans', upon the account of their Kindred, were ready to assist them; and to that end had both Naval and Land▪ Forces ready, under the Command of Archidamus the King of Sparta. And being now ready to set sail for Italy, at that very time came some from the Lyctians, earnestly desiring that they would help them in the first place. The Lacedæmonians agreed to it, and passed over to Crete, where they routed Phalecus and his Mercenaries, and recovered the Country for the Lyctians.  
Then Archidamus made for Italy, and there assisted the Tarrentines, and was killed in Fight, behaving himself with great Valour and Resolution. He was an excellent Commander, and of good Reputation in other respects; but ill spoken of, by reason of his joining with the Phocians, as the principal Promoter and Author of the seizing of the Temple and City of Delphos. He was King of Lacedaemon Three and twenty Years, and his Son Agis succeeded him, and continued Fifteen Years.  
Afterwards all the Mercenaries under Archidamus, and who were concerned in the robbing of the Oracle, were killed by the Lucanians. But Phalecus being driven out of Lyctus, besieged 
* A City in Crete.  Sidon; and while he was preparing his Engines to batter the Walls, and making his Approaches to the City, the Engines were set on fire, and consumed by a Thunderbolt from Heaven, and a great number of the Soldiers who endeavoured to save 
Phalecus burnt to death by a Thunderbolt.  them, were consumed by Fire from Heaven, amongst whom was Phalecus himself: Though there be some who report, That he was run through the Body by one of his own Soldiers whom he had provoked. Those Soldiers that were left, were hired by the Elean Exiles, and transported into Peloponnesus, who assisted them against their own Countrymen. But the Arcadians, who assisted the Eleans, routed them, and killed a great Number of the Mercenaries, and took Four thousand Prisoners; which the Arcadians and Eleans divided amongst themselves, and the Arcadians sold those under the Spear that fell to their Share: But the Eleans put all theirs to the Sword, for their Impiety in robbing of the Oracle. And in this manner all the Sacrilegers, and those that took part with them, met with their due Punishment for their Wickedness. Likewise the most famous Cities that shared with them in their Impiety, being afterwards conquered by Antipater, lost both their Authority and Liberty at once. Moreover, the Wives of the most principal Men of Phocis, who had decked themselves with Necklaces of Gold robbed from Delphos, met with the deserved Punishment of their Impiety. For one that wore the Chain of Helen turning Whore, stained all the Glory of her Beauty, by prostituting herself to every filthy Wretch. Another who adorned herself with the Ornaments of Eriphyles, in a Fury of Madness and Rage had her House set on fire by her eldest Son, and she and her Habitation consumed together. In this manner (as we said before) those that dared thus to despise and contemn the Deity, were overtaken by Divine Vengeance. On the contrary, Philip, who appeared in defence of the Oracle, ever prospering from that time, for his Piety, was at last declared Supreme Governor of all Greece, and gained the largest Kingdom in Europe. And now having given an Account of the Sacred War so far forth as we judged necessary, we shall return to Things of another Nature.  
In Sicily the Syracusians labouring under Intestine Seditions, and enslaved under the Tyranny of many that Lorded over them, sent Ambassadors to Corinth to desire a General to be dispatched to them, who might take Charge of the City, and give a Check to the Ambition of such as sought to Tyrannize. Upon which, it seemed very just and reasonable to the Corinthians to help those who were originally descended from them; and therefore they Decreed to send them Timoleon the Son of Timenetus, who was accounted 
Timoleon sent to Syracuse.  the most valiant and expert Commander among them; in short, he was a Person every way Virtuous: But there was one Thing remarkable happened to him, which much forwarded his being chosen General.  
Timophanes his Brother, the richest and most daring Man among the Corinthians, had some time before given evident Signs of his Ambition to aspire to the Sovereignty. For about that time having armed and got together a Company of lewd Fellows, and such as were in Debt, and Needy, went up and down the Marketplace, seeming not to have the least Thoughts of the Principality, but in truth acting in the mean time as an absolute Tyrant. But Timoleon, who abhorred Monarchy, at the first advised his Brother to forbear, and lay aside such Projects and Designs: But he being not only regardless of what was said to him, but rather growing every day more Audacious and Peremptory; Timoleon, because he could not work upon him by Words, killed him in the Marketplace. Upon which a great Tumult was raised, and the Citizens upon the Commission of so 
Ant. Ch. 344  horrid a Fact running in and flocking together, the Matter came to a Faction and Sedition in the City. For some declared, That Timoleon, who had embrued his Hands in the Blood of a Citizen, should undergo the Punishment due for his Offence by the Law. But others were of a contrary Opinion, and that he deserved rather to be commended, as one that had dispatched a Tyrant out of the way.  
A Senate therefore was called, and the Matter brought before the Court, where his Enemies most bitterly inveighed against him; but those who were more moderate and favourable, consulted together to preserve him. And while the Business remained in Debate, not yet decided, the Ambassadors from Syracuse arrived, and imparting their Embassy to the Court, they very seasonably desired a General to be sent them: Upon which, the Senate determined to send Timoleon, and that he might the better behave himself, a most strange Proposal was offered him, to choose as he pleased: For they let him know, That if he carried himself well towards the Syracusians in his Command, than they would judge him to be one that had killed a Tyrant; but if he were Covetous and Oppressive, he should be condemned as a Murderer of his Brother.  
Timoleon therefore, not so much out of Fear of what was threatened by the Senate, as excited by the Principles of his own innate Virtue, managed Affairs in Sicily with great Honour and Reputation to himself, and Advantage to the Sicilians. For he subdued the Carthaginians, rebuilt the Grecian Cities which were destroyed by the Barbarians, and restored all Sicily to its Liberty. Lastly, having gained Syracuse, and the Greek desolated Cities, he filled them all with Inhabitants, and made them very Populous. But we shall treat of these Matters in their proper Place, and come to that part which is coherent to the History.   

CHAP. XI.  
Timoleon ' s Expedition into Sicily. The Carthaginians Army in Sicily. Dionysius returns into Syracuse, is beaten by Hicetas; Hicetas gains Syracuse. Timoleon ' s Escape from Rhegium. Timoleon routs Hicetas, and gains Syracuse. Philip invades the Illyrians. Dionysius expelled. Timoleon makes good Laws. Philip invades Thrace.  
NOW Eubulus was chief Magistrate at Athens, and Marcus Fabius and Serulius Sulpitius were Consuls at Rome; at this time Timoleon the Corinthian, advanced by the 
Olymp. 108. 4. Ant. Ch. 343. An. M. 3603.  Syracusians to the Sovereign Command of all their Forces, prepared for his Voyage into Sicily, and loosed from Corinth with Four Galleys, manned with Seven hundred Mercenaries, and attended with Three Skiffs. In his Passage he was joined by Three Vessels more from the Leucadians and Corcyrians, and so with Ten Sail passed over the Ionian Sea. 
Timoleon loses from Corinth towards Syracuse.  In this Voyage an unusual and remarkable Thing happened to Timoleon, the Providence of the Gods seeming to favour his Undertaking, and thereby to point out the future Fame and Glory of his Actions. For all the Night, a Light like a burning Torch in the Heavens went before him, till the Fleet came to the Coasts of Italy. For he was before told at Corinth by the Priests of Ceres and Proserpina, that in the Night the Goddesses appeared to them, and told them, that they would sail along with Timoleon to the Island that was peculiarly Consecrated to them. Timoleon therefore, and all those with him, were very cheerful, upon the Apprehension that the Gods favoured their Enterprise; and thereupon 
Ant. Ch. 343.  Timoleon dedicated one of the best of his Ships to the Goddesses, and ordered that it should be called the 
* Or called Ceres and Proserpina.  Sacred Ship of Ceres and Proserpina. And now when the Fleet came safe as far as Metapontum in Italy, there arrived a Galley which had the Carthaginian Ambassadors on board; who upon a Conference with Timoleon, charged him upon his Peril not to begin any War, or so much as set his Foot upon Sicily. But he being encouraged by them of Rhegium, who promised to join with him, loosed with all haste from Metapontum, designing by his speed to prevent the Report of his Coming. For he was in a great Fear, left the Carthaginians, who were much stronger at Sea, should block up his Passage into Sicily. Therefore he made away with all speed to Rhegium.  
The Carthaginians having a little before received Intelligence, that a great War was likely to break out through all Sicily, carried themselves with all Civility towards the 
The Carthaginians prepare for War in Sicily.  Confederate Cities; and putting an end to all Quarrels, entered into Leagues of Amity and Friendship with the Princes of the Island, especially with Hicetas General of the Syracusians, who was the most Potent. At length the Carthaginians having raised great number of Forces both by Sea and Land, transported them into Sicily under the Command of Hanno their General. They had with them a Hundred and fifty Sail of Long Ships, a Land Army of Fifty thousand Men, Three hundred Chariots, and Two thousand 
* The Army of Carthaginians in Sicily.  Carts or Carriages drawn by two Horses apiece; and besides these, a great number of Arms of all sorts, and Engines of Battery, and an infinite Store of Corn, Provision, and all other Things necessary for War. The first City they set upon, was Entella; and having wasted and spoiled the Lands round about, they shut up the Inhabitants 
Entella besieged.  by a close Siege. The Campanians possessed the City at that time, and being terrified with the Multitude of their Enemies, sent for Aid to the other Cities, who hated the Carthaginians; but none of them came in to them, except them of Galeria, who sent them a Thousand Armed Men; who were intercepted by the Carthaginians, and cut off every Man. The Campanians, who inhabited Aetna, at first prepared to help them of 
Ant. Ch. 343.  Entella, upon the account of their Consanguinity; but hearing of the Slaughter of the Galerians, they judged it more Adviseable to sit still. Dionysius at that time had regained his former Sovereignty over the Syracusians. Hicetas therefore led a great Army thither, and encamped at Olympus, fortifying himself with a Breast-work and a Trench, and drew 
Dionysius and Hicetas.  up against Dionysius, then playing the Tyrant in the City. But he protracted the Siege for some time through want of Provision, and marched away to Leontum, from whence he first moved. But Dionysius pursued him, and fell upon his Rear, which occasioned the whole Army to engage. For Hircetas wheeled about, fought and routed him, killing Three thousand of his Mercenaries upon the Spot, and put the rest to Flight; and pursuing them so hotly, that he fell pellmell with him into the City, and so possessed himself 
Hicetas takes Syracuse.  of the whole City of Syracuse, except the Island. And thus went Matters between Hicetas and Dionysius at that time.  
But Timoleon arriving at Rhegium the third Day after the taking of Syracuse, lay with his Fleet in the Port next to the City. At that time came into Port Twenty Carthaginian Galleys: The Rhegians favouring Timoleon, called an Assembly, and proposed Terms of Compounding Matters; so that the Carthaginians supposing Timoleon would be persuaded 
Ant. Ch. 343.  to return home; were not careful to place sufficient Guards, Timoleon therefore himself (not giving the least Ground to suspect his Flight) kept close to the Court, but ordered, that Nine of his Ships should set Sail, and make away with all the hast they could. In the mean time, while the Thoughts of the Carthaginians were intent upon the Speeches of the Rhegians, which were lengthened out of Purpose and Design, Timoleon privately 
Timoleon escapes from Rhegium by a Wile.  withdraws himself, and makes to the Ship that was left, and hoises up Sail and away he goes. The Carthaginians thus deluded, endeavoured to pursue him; but because he was got too far off, and Night approached; Timoleon with his whole Fleet arrived safe at Tauromenum. Andromachus the Prince of that City, (who always was a Friend to the Syracusians,) courteously received the Refugees, and was greatly serviceable to them in their avoiding of the Pursuers. Hicetas afterwards with an Army of Five thousand Men came against Adriana, and encamped near the City. But Timoleon drawing some Regiments out of Tauromenum, marched from thence, having with him at the most but a Thousand Men. And going out of the Town in the Twilight, he reached Adriana the next Day; there he set up the Hicetians at the very time they happened to be at Meat, and broke in upon their Camp, and killed Three hundred, and took Six hundred Prisoners, and possessed himself of the Camp. To this Stratagem he added another, for he made strait away with all speed to Syracuse, and dispatching his March with all speed, he broke into the City on a sudden, and by the swiftness of his March came there before those that fled. And these were the Transactions of this Year.  
Lycisco executed the Office of Archon at Athens, and Marcus Valerius and Marcus Popilius 
Olymp. 109. 1. Ant. Ch. 342. An. M. 3604.  were created Roman Consuls when the Hundred and Ninth Olympiad was celebrated, wherein Aristolocus the Athenian won the Course. This was likewise the first time that the Romans entered into a League with the Carthaginians. In Caria, Idreius Prince of the Carians died, after he had reigned Seven Years, whom Ada (both his Wife and Sister) succeeded, and governed Four Years.  
In Sicily, Timoleon being strengthened with the Confederacy of them of Adranita and Tynderita, greatly increased his Army. In the mean time there were great Confusions in Syracuse, by reason that Dionysius had got Possession of the Island Hicetas, Achradina, and the new City, and Timoleon the rest of the City; and lastly, the Carthaginians had entered the great Harbour with a Fleet of an Hundred and fifty Sail, and lay near, encamped with an Army of Fifty thousand Men. And now Timoleon was in great Perplexity, being environed by so many Enemies; when on a sudden the Tables were turned. First Marcus, Prince of Catana, with a great Army came in to the Assistance of Timoleon. Afterwards many of the Forts and Castles (out of love of Liberty) sided with him, and presently the Corinthians sent Ten Galleys full of Soldiers, and Pay for them, to Syracuse.  
By these Supplies Timoleon took Heart, and the Carthaginians were so discouraged and affrighted, that very imprudently they sailed out of the Harbour, and drew off their whole Army, and marched away into their own Territories. Hicetas being thus stripped of all Assistance, Timoleon, now stronger than the Citizens, possessed himself of all Syracuse. Presently after he received Messina (who had sided with the Carthaginians) into his Protection. And this was the State of Sicily at the time.  
In Macedonia, Philip, who bore an Hereditary Hatred against the Illyrians, and had 
Philip invades the Illyrians.  with them an everlasting Controversy, invaded their Country with a powerful Army, and wasted and spoiled their Lands, and after the taking of many Towns, returned with rich, Booty into Macedonia. Afterwards making an Expedition into Thessaly, he cast all the Tyrants out of the Cities; and by this means gained the Hearts of the Thessalians: For by gaining them to be his Allies, he hoped easily to procure an Interest in all Greece; and by the Issue it appeared so afterwards. For the bordering Grecians presently, in imitation of the Thessalians, very readily entered into a League with Philip.  
Pythodorus was now Lord Chancellor of Athens, and Caius Plautius and Titus Manlius 
Olymp. 109. 2. Ant. Ch. 341. An. M. 3605. Dionysius abdicates the Government.  executed the Consular Dignity at Rome. At this time Dionysius being brought into extremity of Danger, and in a terrible Fright, was wrought upon by Timoleon to surrender the Castle, and upon Condition of Abdicating the Government, had Liberty safely to departed to Peloponnesus, with all his Goods and Movables.  
And thus he, through Sloth and Cowardice, lost this so eminent and famous a Principality, bound fast (as they used to term it (with an Adamant, and spent the rest of his Days 
* It's said, he kept a private School at Corinth till he was very old. Just. lib. 21.  in a poor and mean Condition. Whose change of Fortune, and course of Life, exhibit a clear Example to those, who like Fools boast in the Times of Prosperity, For he, who a little before had Four hundred Galleys at Command, not long after in a small Skiff was conveyed to Corinth, and became a Spectacle to Admiration of a wonderful Change. Timoleon having possessed himself of the Island and Castles lately held by Dionysius, demolished all the Forts and Palaces of the Tyrants through the Island, and freed all the Towns from the Garrisons. And continually employed himself in framing of Laws, and instituted such as were most proper for the Administration of the Democracy. And in his making such as related to private Contracts, he had a special Regard to Equality and mutual Recompense. Moreover he appointed a chief Magistrate to be 
Ant. Ch. 341.  Yearly chosen, whom the Syracusians call the 
* Servant of Jupiter Olympus.  Amphipolus of Jupiter Olympus, and the first Amphipolus was Callimenes. From hence arose the Custom amongst the Syracusians, to note their Years with the respective Governments of these Magistrates, which continues to this very time of writing this History, and though the Frame of the Government be now changed. For since the Romans imparted the Laws of their City to the Sicilians, the Office of the Amphipolus has still continued, being now grown old, having been executed above Three hundred Years. And thus stood the Affairs of Sicily at that time.  
In Macedonia, Philip having persuaded all the Greek Cities in Thrace to Concord amongst themselves, made an Expedition against the Thracians. For Cersobleptes the Thracian King was continually destroying the Greek Cities in the Hellespont, and harrassing and spoiling the Country. Therefore Philip, to put a Check to the Designs and Progress of the Barbarians, invaded them with a great Army, and was so Victorious, that he forced them to pay a Tenth, as a Tribute to the Kingdom of Macedonia. And by building of strong Towns in convenient Places, he curbed the Insolency of the Thracians. The Greek Cities therefore being freed from their Fears, with great Eagerness entered into a League of Confederacy with Philip.  
As to Writers, Theopompus of Chius composed an History of the Acts of Philip, in Three Books, in which are interwoven the Affairs of Sicily. For beginning with the Sovereignty of Dionysius the Elder, he comprehended an Account of the Transactions of Fifty Years, and ended with the Expulsion of Dionysius the Younger. These Three Books are from the Forty first to the Forty third Year of the Fifty Years.   

CHAP. XII.  
The Acts of Timoleon in Sicily. The Preparations of the Carthaginians against Timoleon. The remarkable Siege of Perinthus by Philip. Pexodorus expels his Brother Adam from the Principality in Caria. Byzantium besieged by Philip.  
WHEN the chief Magistracy of Athens was in the Hands of Sosigenes, and Marcus Valerius and Marcus Publius executed the Office of Consuls at Rome, Arymbas 
Olymp. 109. 3. Ant. Ch. 340. An. M. 3604.  King of the Molossians died, after he had reigned Ten Years, leaving his Son Aeacidas the Father of Pyrrbus: But by the Help of Philip of Macedon, Alexander the Brother of Olympias succeeded Arymbas. 
* Caius Petilius.   
In Sicily, Timoleon marched against the Leontines, (to whom Hicetas had joined himself with a great Army,) and in the first place besieged the new City (as it was called). 
* A part of Epyrus.  But the Garrison being very strong, they easily repulsed the Assailants, and thereupon he raised his Siege without effecting any thing. Then he made for Engya, (at that time under 
The Acts of Timoleon in Sicily.  the Tyranny of Leptines,) and plied it with continual Assaults, being very earnest and intent to set them free by the Expulsion of Leptines.  
While Timoleon was thus employed, Hicetas marches away from Leontium with all his Forces, and besieged Syracuse; but having lost there a great part of his Army, he hasted back to Leontium. Timoleon at length so terrified Leptines, that under the Terms of safe Conduct, he was sent away to Peloponnesus, and by these Banishments Timoleon exposed to the Grecians the Trophies of his Victory over the Tyrants. And forasmuch as the Apolloniates were likewise under the Power of Leptines, he received Apollonia into his Protection, and restored them, as well as the Engyans, to their Liberty. But being in great want of Money, so that he knew not how to pay the Soldiers, he ordered a Thousand Armed Men, commanded by Expert Officers, to make Incursions into the Carthaginian Territories. These harrass'd the Country far and near, and got together abundance of rich Plunder and Spoil, and brought it to Timoleon, who exposed all to public Sale, and raised a vast Sum of Money, whereby they paid the Soldiers for a long time beforehand. Presently after he possessed himself of Entella, and put to Death Fifteen of the Citizens, who adhered to the Carthaginians, and restored the rest to their Liberties. Timoleon growing every Day in Reputation for his Valour and Conduct, all the Greek Cities through Sicily readily submitted to him, and he as readily set them at Liberty to govern by their own Laws. Many Cities likewise of the Sicani, Sicilians, and other Country's subject to the Carthaginians, sent presently their Ambassadors to him, in order to be received into a League, and be his Confederates.  
But the Senate and People of Carthage perceiving, that their Officers were sluggish and unactive in the Management of the War, determined to send over others with a considerable Additional Force. And to that end, with all Dispatch, they raised out of their own City, and from among the Africans, all such as they judged able to bear Arms for this Expedition. And besides, they took care to be provided with a sufficient Stock of Money, and listed Mercenaries out of Spain, Gaul, and 
* In Italy, now the States of Genoa.  Ligurla. They fitted out likewise a great Navy, both of 
† Men of War. Olymp. 109. 4. Ant. Ch. 339. An. M. 3605.  Long Ships and others, for carrying Provision, and in all other Respects were so careful and diligent, that nothing was wanting that was necessary.  
At the time when Nichomachus was chief Magistrate at Athens, and Caius Martius and Titus Manlius Torquatus were Roman Consuls, Photion the Athenian subdued and expulsed Clitarchus Prince of * Eretria, whom Philip had set over that City.  
In Caria 
† Pizodarus. Petinthus besieged by Philip in Thrace in Propontis. , Pexodorus, the youngest Brother, expelled Adam out of the Principality, and reigned Five Years, to the time of Alexander's Expedition into Asia. But the Power of Philip still increasing, he marched with an Army against 
* A City in Euboea, now Negropont.  Perinthus, which favoured the Athenians, and much obstructed him in his Designs. He pushed on the Siege therefore with all Eagerness, and to that end incessantly battered the Walls with his Engines, from time to time relieving those that were tired with fresh Men: He made likewise Approaches with Towers of Fourscore Cubits high, mounting much above the Walls, whereby he greatly annoyed the Besieged, being so high above them: He so plied them likewise with his Battering Rams, and undermined the Foundations of the Walls to that degree, that a great part of them tumbled down. But the Perinthians defended themselves with that Valour, that they speedily raised up a new Wall, upon which there were such Disputes and 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Fight, the one to gain, and the other to defend the Wall, that it was to be admired.  
In the mean time, while they were thus eagerly contending on both Sides, Philip being well furnished with 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Shot, mightily galled them upon the Wall. But the Perinthians, though they lost many Men every Day, were reinforced with Supplies of Men, Darts, and Shot, from Byzantium; so that hereby becoming of equal Force with the Enemy, they took Courage, and valiantly stood to it for the Preservation of their Country.  
However the King remitted nothing of his former Heat and Diligence; and dividing his Army into several Battalions, girt the City round, and relieving his Men by Turns, assaulted the Walls continually Night and Day. He had an Army of Thirty thousand Men, and a vast Multitude of Darts and Engines, both for Battery and other Purposes; so that the Besieged were very sorely pressed. The Siege having now continued long, and many of the Townsmen killed and wounded, and Provision growing scanty, the Town was upon the Point of being surrendered; when Fortune favouring the Distressed, handed to them an unexpected Deliverance. For the growing Power of the King being noised abroad throughout Asia, the King of Persia, who now began to suspect the Greatness of Philip, commanded by his Letters the Lords Lieutenants of the Seacoasts to assist the Perinthians with what Forces they could. Upon which, they all unanimously sent to Perinthus a great Number of Mercenary Soldiers, Plenty of Coin, sufficient Provision, Weapons, and all other Things necessary for War. The byzantians likewise sent thither a Commander, and the best of their Soldiers. The Forces now equal on both sides, and the War revived, there was now again so sharp an Encounter, both to gain and defend the City, as that none could possibly exceed: For Philip, by the continual Batteries of the Rams, brought down part of the Wall, and by his Shot forced the Besieged from the Bulwarks, so that he made his way with a strong Body of Men through the Ruins of the Wall, and scaled the Bulwarks that were before cleared of them that should have defended them. The matter being disputed hand to hand at the Sword's point, Death and Wounds followed, inasmuch as the Rewards of Victory put Life into the Valour of both Parties: For the Macedonians being assured they should have the Plunder of a rich City, and likewise be honourably rewarded by Philip, were resolved valiantly to undergo all Hardships whatsoever. The Besieged, on the other hand, having as it were before their Eyes the Miseries attending a Place taken by Storm, with generous and undaunted Resolutions, shunned nothing of Hazard, for their own and the Preservation of their Country. The Situation of the Place contributed much all along to the Besieged for the Batteling the Enemy: For Perinthus is situated on the Seaside, upon a rising Neck of Land, in a Peninsula stretched out a Furlong in length: The Houses are close together, and very high; for one stands above another, according to the Ascent of the Hill; and the Form of the City represents, as it were, a Theatre. And therefore though a large Breach was made in the Walls, yet they within were but little prejudiced thereby; for the straight and narrow Passage being barricadoed, the higher Houses were instead, and as advantageous as a Wall. Philip therefore having gained the Wall, after much Toil and Hazard, found another far stronger made by the Situation of the Houses: And besides all these Disadvantages, he saw that every thing necessary for War was readily and in great abundance sent to them from Byzantium; therefore he divided his Army into two Bodies; the one half he left with the best of his Commanders to carry on the Siege, and with the rest he marches speedily away to Byzantium, and lays close Siege to it on a sudden. Upon whick, the Townsmen were put into great fear and perplexity, having before sent away their Soldiers, Arms, and other things necessary for War, to the Perinthians. These were the things done at Perinthus and Byzantium at that time. Here Ephorus, one of the Writers, ends his History with the Siege of Perinthus. In his Memoirs he comprehends the Affairs both of the Greeks and Barbarians, from the return of the 
* This Return was about the time the Ark was taken by the Philistines, 80 Years after the Ruin of Troy, before Christ 1100 Years.  Heraclide, for the space of almost Seven hundred and fifty Years; and divides his History into Thirty Books, to every one of which he adjoins a Preface. Diyllus the Athenian continues this History of Ephorus, treating of the Actions of the Grecians and Barbarians to the Death of Philip.   

CHAP. XIII.  
The Athenians aid Byzantium. Philip raises the Siege. The Carthaginians transport Forces into Sicily. The remarkable Victory of Timoleon over the Carthaginians. The Acts of Timoleon in Sicily. The Works of Hiero in Sicily.  
WHen Theophrastus was Lord Cancellor at Athens, and Marcus Valerius and Aulus Cornelius Roman Consuls, The hundred and tenth Olympiad began, in which Anticles 
Olymp. 110. 1. Ant. Ch. 338. An. M. 3605. The Athenians aid Byzantium. Philip raises his Sieges, and makes Peace.  the Athenian was Victor. Philip then besieging Byzantium, the Athenians judging he had broken the Peace they had made with him, forthwith fitted out a great Fleet against him in aid of the Byzantians; whose Example they of Chius, Coos, and Rhodes, and other Grecians followed, and sent Auxiliaries to the same Place. Whereupon Philip being startled at the Forces of the Grecians, raised both his Sieges, and made Peace with the Athenians and the rest of the Grecians that were in Arms against him.  
In the mean time, the Carthaginians, after their great Preparations, transport their Forces into Sicily, which with those that were before in the Island, amounted to Seventy thousand Foot; and Horse, Chariots, and Wagons, no fewer than Ten thousand. They had also a Navy of Two hundred 
* Long Ships.  Men of War; and Transport-Ships for the conveying of Horses, Arms, and Provision above a Thousand. Timoleon, though he was informed of this great Preparation, yet was not at all affrighted with the Barbarians, tho' his Army was but small. He was at this time engaged still in War with Hicetas, but at length agreed the matter, and by the accession of his Forces greatly increased his Army. And now he judged it most for his advantage to transfer the War with the Carthaginians 
Ant. Ch. 338.  into their own Territory; by this means to preserve the Country of his Confederates, and, on the other side, by Waste and Spoil to weaken the Enemy: To this end he forthwith mustered his Army, consisting of Syracusians, Mercenaries, and other Confederates; and in a General Assembly, by a pithy Oration, advised them to be Courageous, for that all now lay at stake: Which was received with general Acclamation, and all pressed him without delay to be led forth against the Enemy. Whereupon he advanced, not having with him above Twelve thousand Men: But as soon as he came into the Confines of Agrigentum, there arose a sudden Mutiny in his Camp; for a Mercenary Soldier, called 
A Mutiny raised by Thracius.  Thracius, a bold and impudent Fellow, none exceeding him in that respect (lately a Companion of those Phocians who robbed the Temple of Delphos) committed a Fact agreeable to his former Villainies: For whereas most of them who had an hand in that Sacrilege were overtaken by Divine Vengeance (as before related) this only Fellow seemed to have escaped; and at that time endeavoured to persuade the Mercenaries to a Defection: For he bawled it out that Timoleon was crazed and distracted, and that he was leading the Soldiers to certain and unavoidable Destruction: The Number of the Carthaginian Army (he said) was six times more than they; and so well furnished with all things necessary for War, that none could compare with them; and yet he assured them of Victory, playing away the Lives of the Soldiers, as it were, at Dice, because he was not able to pay them their Arrears, which had been advancing for a long time together: He persuaded them therefore to return to Syracuse, and demand their Pay, and not follow Timoleon in that desperate Expedition.  
This Discourse was not unpleasant to the Mercenaries; and while they were just ready to revolt, Timoleon, by Entreaties and large Promises, at length prevailed, and put an end to the Mutiny. However, a Thousand Men followed Thracius, whose Punishment was deferred 
Ant. Ch. 338.  for the present. And in the mean time Timoleon writ to his Friends at Syracuse to receive the Deserters courteously, and pay the Mercenaries their Wages; and so by this means he altogether extinguished the Fire of Sedition; but excluded those obstinate Mutineers from the Glory of a famous Victory.  
In the mean time, having with fair Words reduced the rest to their former Obedience, he marched towards the Enemy, which lay encamped not far off. Then he called the Army together, and encouraged them to the Battle, by setting forth and aggravating the Sloth and Cowardice of the Carthaginians, and putting them in mind of the Successes of Gelon. And when all with one Voice cried out for Fight without delay with the Barbarians, at that very time passed by some Carriage-Horses loaden with Bundles of Persley to strew in the Tents. Timoleon thereupon declared, that it was an Omen of Victory; for (as he said) the Crown at the 
* Games in Honour of Neptune, celebrated every 5th Year, in the Istmos near Corinth.  Istmian Games was made up of the same Herb. Hereupon the Soldiers, by the Command of Timoleon, made themselves Crowns of Parsley; and with these round their Heads, with great Joy marched against the Enemy, as if the Gods had assured them of certain Victory; as by the Issue it appeared so to be: For beyond all expectation they overcame their Adversaries, not only by their own Valour, but by the special Help and Assistance of the Gods. For Timoleon, with a well-appointed Body of Men, marched down from the Tops of certain Hills to the River; and upon a sudden, being himself in the middle of the Battle, attacked Ten thousand of the Barbarians that were but newly passed over. Upon which, there was a very sharp Engagement, in which the Valour and Activity of the Greeks so far prevailed, that a mighty Slaughter was made among 
Ant. Ch. 338.  the Barbarians. Whilst those that first passed over took their Heels and fled, the whole Carthaginian Army came over the River, in order to repair their Loss. Hereupon the 
The Carthaginians routed by Timoleon.  Battle was renewed; and while the Carthaginians were with their Multitude hemming in the Grecians round, on a sudden there arose such a violent Storm of Hail, Thunder, and Lightning, with a raging Tempest of furious Winds, which beat upon the Backs of the Grecians, but fell foul upon the Face of the Barbarians: So that Timoleon's Army with ease endured this tempestuous Shock; but the Carthaginians not able to bear the pressure of so many Adversaries, being at the same time hewn down by the Grecians, quit the Field and fled: And the whole Body made to the River, where both Foot, Horse, and Chariots were in that confusion mixed one amongst another, and trodden underfoot one by another, and pierced through their Bodies by one another's Swords and Spears, as that a miserable Slaughterwas made without all possibility of Relief. Others being forced in heaps into the River by the Enemy's Horse, and pursued close at their backs, after receiving many Wounds, there perished. And many, though they were never toutched by the Enemy's Sword; yet through Fear, and the Throng and Difficulties of passage over the River, being pressed, in heaps one upon another, there breathed out their last. And that which contributed no little to the common Destruction, the River was swollen to that excessive height, that many (especially such as attempted to swim over the Water with their Arms) were drowned. In conclusion, Two thousand and five hundred, who made up the Sacred Brigade of the Carthaginians, and for Valour 
Ant. Ch. 338.  and the Glory of their Arms, and greatness of their Estates, excelled all the rest, fought valiantly, and were cut off every Man. Of the rest of the common Soldiers there were slain at least Ten thousand, and above Fifteen thousand taken Prisoners. Many of the Chariots being broken in pieces in the Fight, only Two hundred fell into the hands of the Grecians; but all the Bag and Baggage. The greatest part of the Arms were lost in the River: But a Thousand 
* Coats of Mail.  Brigandines and Ten thousand Shields were brought into the Tent of Timoleon; of which some were hung up in the Temples at Syracuse, and others distributed among the Confederates; others were sent to Corinth, and ordered to be dedicated to Neptune. And although very rich Spoils were taken (for that the Carthaginians abounded in Gold and Silver, 
* At Flaggens, Cups, etc.  Plate, and other Furniture of great value, according to the Grandeur and Riches of their Country) yet he gave all to the Soldiers, as the Reward of their Valour. The Carthaginians that escaped, with much ado got to Lilibeum, in such Fear and Consternation, that they durst not go on board their Ships, in order to return to Africa; as if through the Anger of the Gods, they should be swallowed up by the Libyan Sea.  
As soon as the News of this Overthrow was brought to Carthage, their Spirits were mightily broken, and they expected that Timoleon would invade them with his Army upon the first Opportunity: Therefore they forthwith recalled Gescon, the Brother of Hanno, from his Banishment, and being a stout Man, and an experienced Soldier, created him General. But looking upon it not Adviseable for the future to venture the Lives of the Citizens, they resolved to hire Soldiers out of other Nations, and especially from among the Grecians, not doubting but that many would List themselves, by reason of the large Pay promised by the rich Carthaginians. They sent likewise Ambassadors into Sicily, with Orders to strike up a Peace upon any Terms whatsoever.  
After the end of this Year Lysimachides was created chief Governor of Athens, and Quintus Servilius and Marcus Rutilius bore the Office of Consuls at Rome. Then Timoleon, 
Olymp. 110. 2. Ant. Ch. 337. An. M. 3606.  as soon as he returned to Syracuse, in the first place expelled those as Traitors out of the City, who had deserted him through the Instigation of Thracius. These being transported into Italy, they seized upon a Seaport Town of the 
* Brutii.  Brettians, and plundered it. Upon which the Brutians were so enraged, that they forthwith came against them with a great Army, took the Town by Storm, and put every Man of them to the Sword. And such was the miserable End of these Deserters of Timoleon, as the just Punishment of their former Villainy.  
Afterwards he took Posthumius the Tyrant, and put him to Death, who had infested the Seas with his Piracies, and came at that time into the Port of Syracuse as a Friend. He received likewise with all Demonstrations of Kindness Five thousand Persons, whom the Corinthians had sent over to plant new Colonies. The Carthaginians now by their Ambassadors having earnestly sued to him for Peace, he granted it to them upon these Terms; That all the Greek Cities should be set free; That the River Lycus should be the Bound between the Territories of both Parties; and, That the Carthaginians should not for the future assist any of the Tyrants against the Syracusians. Having afterwards subdued Hicetas, he ordered him an Honourable Burial; and took Aetna by Storm, and put all the Campanians to the Sword. And he so terrified Nichodemus the Tyrant of the Centorippians, that he fled out of the City. Then he forced Apoilonides, who Lorded it over them of Agyra, to Abdicate 
Ant. Ch. 337.  the Government, and the Inhabitants thus freed, he enrolled them as Citizens of Syracuse. To conclude, having rooted up all the Tyrants throughout the whole Island, and freed the Cities from their Oppression, he received them all into his Protection, and they became his Confederates. Then he caused Proclamation to be made throughout all Greece, That the Senate and People of Syracuse offered Houses and Lands to all who were willing to be Members of the Commonwealth of Syracuse: Upon which, many came flocking over as to the Possession of a new Inheritance. At length Forty Thousand new Planters had their Shares by Lot in those Lands that yet remained undivided within the Territories of Syracuse; and Ten thousand were allotted to Agyra, being a very large and pleasant Country.  
Not long after, he caused all the ancient Laws of Diocles for the Government of the Syracusians, to be reviewed, and amended. Such part of them as concerned private Commerce and Inheritances he altered not; but those that related to the Administration of the Public Government, and the Commonwealth, he amended as he thought most expedient. Shafalus a Corinthian, a Learned and Prudent Man, was chief concerned in this Emendation and Correction of the Laws. When this Business was finished, he translated the Leontines into Syracuse, and greatly enlarged Camarina with Multitudes of Inhabitants. And to sum up all, he brought Things to that pass throughout all Sicily, (now through his Care in perfect Peace and Tranquillity,) as that the Cities in a very short time abounded in Wealth, and all Earthly Blessings. For through the Seditions and Intestine Wars, (which Sicily laboured under for a long time together,) and the many Tyrants that set up for themselves, it was brought to that miserable Condition, that the 
Ant. Ch. 337.  Cities were depopulated, and the Lands lay waste and untilled, and no Crops to be had for the Supply of Daily Food. But now that there were many Plantations of Colonies blessed with a constant Peace, and the Land was every where manured and improved by the Labour of the Husbandman, it began to yield all sorts of Fruits, which being vented (with great Advantage) to the Merchants, the Inhabitants grew exceeding rich in a very short time. And this abundance of Wealth occasioned in that Age many stately Structures to be erected up and down in Honour of the Gods. As one among the rest near to the Island of Syracuse, called The House of Sixty Beds, built by Agathocles, for Greatness 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  and Beauty excelling all the Works in Sicily; and because (as it were in Contempt) it overtoped all the Temples of the Gods, (as a manifest Indication of their Anger,) it was beaten down by a Thunderbolt. At the lesser Haven likewise there were Towers built of Outlandish Stone, in which were Inscriptions cut, and the Name of Agathocles, who raised them. Besides these, not long after were built by Hiero the King an 
* A Temple.  Olympus in the Marketplace, and an Altar near the Theatre a Furlong in length, and in height and breadth proportionably.  
In the lesser Cities likewise, as in Agyra, (which by reason of the Richness of the Soil as aforesaid received new Colonies,) 
* Hiero.  he built a Theatre, (the most Glorious of any in Sicily next to that at Syracuse,) and erected Temples to the Gods, built a Court, a Marketplace, and stately Towers, and raised over the Tombs and Monuments many large Pyramids of admirable Workmanship.   

CHAP. XIV.  
Elatea taken by Philip. Great Consternations in Athens for fear of Philip. The Boeotians join with the Athenians through the Solicitation of Demosthenes. Python, a famous Orator. The Battle at Cheronaea between Philip and the Athenians. Lycides the Athenian General put to Death. Philip rebuked by Demades, made General of Greece. Timoleon dies.  
WHEN Charondas executed the Office of Lord Chancellor of Athens, and Lucius 
Olymp. 110. 3. Ant. Ch. 336. An. M. 3607. Elatea taken by Philip. Athens in great fear of Philip.  Aemilius and Caius Plotius were Roman Consuls, Philip King of Macedon being in Amity with many of the Grecians, made it his chief Business to bring under the Athenians, thereby with more ease to gain the Sovereignty of Greece. To that end, he presently possessed himself of Elatea, and brought all his Forces thither, with a Design to fall upon the Athenians, hoping easily to overcome them, in regard they were not (as he conceived) prepared for War, by reason of the Peace lately made with them; which fell out accordingly. For after the taking of Elatea, some hasted in the Night to Athens, informing them, that Elatea was taken by the Macedonians, and that Philip was designing to invade Attica with all his Forces. The Athenian Commanders surprised with the Suddenness of the Thing, sent for all the Trumpeters, and commanded an Alarm to be sounded all Night: Upon which, the Report flew through all the Parts of the City, and Fear roused up the Courage of the Citizens. As soon as Day appeared, the People, without any Summons from the Magistrate, (as the Custom was) all flocked to the Theatre. To which Place, as soon as the Commanders came, with the Messenger that brought the News, and had declared to them the Business, Fear and Silence filled the Theatre, and none who were used to influence the People, had a Heart to give any Advice. And although a Crier called out to such as ought to declare their Minds, what was to be done in order to their Common Security, yet none appeared who offered any thing of Advice in the present Exigency. The People therefore in great Terror and Amazement cast their Eyes upon Demosthenes, who stood up and bid them be Courageous, 
Demosthenes.  and advised them forthwith to send Ambassadors to Thebes, to Treat with the Boeotians to join with them in Defence of the Common Liberty; for the shortness of Time (he 
Ant. Ch. 336.  said) would not admit of an Embassy of Aid from the other Confederates, for that the King would probably invade Attica within Two Days; and being that he must march through Boeotia, the main and only Assistance was to be expected from them. And it was not to be doubted, but that Philip, who was in League with the Boeotians, would in his March solicit them to make War upon the Athenians. The People approved of his Advice, and a Decree was forthwith Recorded, that an Embassy should be dispatched as Demosthenes had advised. But than it was debated, who was the most Eloquent Person, and so most fit to undertake this Affair. Whereupon Demosthenes being pitched upon to be the Man, he readily complied; forthwith hasted away, prevails with the Boeotians, 
The Boeotians join with the Athenians.  and returns to Athens. The Athenians therefore having now doubled their Forces by the Accession of the Boeotians, began again to be in good Heart; and presently made Charetes and Physicles Generals, with Command to march with the whole Army into Boeotia. All the Youth readily offered themselves to be Listed, and therefore the Army with a swift March came suddenly to Cheronaea in Boeotia. The Boeotians wondered at the quickness of their Approach, and were thereupon as diligent themselves, and hasting to their Arms, marched away to meet the Athenians, and being joined, they there expected the Enemy.  
Philip indeed had first sent Ambassadors to the Council of the Boeotians, amongst whom the most famous was Python; for he was so Eminent for Eloquence, that in the Senate he was set up to encounter Demosthenes in the Business relating to the Confederacy, excelling 
Ant. Ch. 336.  indeed the rest by far, but judged inferior to Demosthenes. Demosthenes himself, in one of his Orations, glories (as if he had done some mighty Thing) in a Speech of his against 
Python, a famous Orator.  this Orator, in these Words: Then I yielded not a jot to Python, strutting in his Confidence, as if he would have overwhelmed me with●a Torrent of Words. However, though Philip could not prevail with the Boeotians to be his Confederates, yet he resolved to fight with them both. To this end, (after a stay for some time for those Forces that were to join him,) he marched into Boeotia with an Army of at least Thirty thousand Foot, and Two thousand Horse. Both Armies were now ready to engage, for Courage and Valour neither giving Place to the other; but as to Number of Men, and Skill in Martial Affairs, the King was far Superior. For having fought very many Battles, and for the most part coming off a Conqueror, he had gained much Experience in Matters of War; on the other hand, Iphicrates, Chabrius, and Timotheus, (the Athenians best Commanders) were now dead; and Chares, the chief of them that were left, differed but little from a common Soldier, as to the Wisdom and Conduct of a General. About Sunrising the Armies on both Sides drew up in Battalia. The King ordered his 
The Battle of Charonea between Philip and the Athenians.  Son Alexander (who was then newly come to Man's Estate; and had even at that time given evident Demonstrations of his Valour, and the Sprightliness of his Spirit in managing Affairs) to Command one Wing, joining with him some of the best of his Commanders. He himself with a choice Body of Men commanded the other Wing, and placed and disposed the Regiments and Brigades in such Posts and Stations as the present Occasion required. The Athenians marshaled their Army according to the several Nations, and committed one Part to the Boeotians, and commanded the rest themselves. At length the Armies engaged, and a fierce and bloody Battle was fought, which continued 
Ant. Ch. 336.  a long time with great Slaughter on both sides, uncertain which way Victory would incline, until Alexander earnest to give an Indication of his Valour to his Father, charged with a more than ordinary Heat and Vigour, and being assisted with many stout and brave Men, was the first that broke through the main Body of the Enemy next to him, with the slaughter of many, and bore down all before him: And when those that seconded him did the like, than the Regiments next to the Former were broke to pieces. At length, the Earth being strewed with heaps of Dead Carcases, those with Alexander first put the Wing opposed to them to flight. The King himself likewise in the Head of this Regiment, fought with no less Courage and Resolution; and that the Glory of the Victory might not be attributed to his Son, he forced the Enemy, opposed to him, to give ground, and at length put them to a total Rout, and so was the chief Instrument of the Victory. There were above a Thousand Athenians killed in this Battle, and no fewer than Two thousand taken Prisoners. A great Number likewise of the Boeotians were slain, and many fell into the Hands of the Enemy  
After the Battle Philip set up a Trophy, and having given Liberty for the burying of the Dead, he Sacrificed to the Gods for the Victory, and distributed Rewards to the Soldiers, who had signalised their Valour according as every one had deserved.  
Some report, that Philip having appointed a Wanton and Luxurious Banquet with his Friends, in Ostentation of his Victory, in his Cups passing through the Throng of the Prisoners, most contumeliously taunted the miserable Wretches with their Misfortune. 
Ant. Ch. 336.  Whereupon Demades the Orator, one of the Captives, spoke boldly to him, and framed 
Demades rebukes Philip.  a Discourse in order to curb the Pride and Petulancy of the King, in Words to this effect: Since Fortune, O King, has represented thee like Agamemnon, art thou not ashamed to act a part of Thersites? With this sharp Reproof, they say, Philip was so startled, that he wholly changed his former Course, and not only laid aside the Coronets, and all other Badges of Pride and Wantonness that attended his Festivals, but with Admiration released 
Philip reformed.  the Man that had reprehended him, and advanced him to Places of Honour. In conclusion, he became so far Complaisant, and moulded into the Civilities of Athens through his Converse with Demades, that he released all the Captives without Ransom. And remitting his Pride and Haughtiness, (the constant Attendant upon Victory,) he sent Ambassadors to Athens, and renewed the Peace with them: And placing a Garrison in Thebes, made Peace likewise with the Boeotians. After this Overthrow, the Athenians put to Death Lysides, the General of the Army, upon the Accusation of Lycurgus, who was the most highly preferred of any of the Orators of that Age; he had executed the Office of Lord-Treasurer of the City, (with great Commendation) for the space of Twelve years, and all his Life long had been in great Reputation for his Virtue and Honesty: But a most bitter Accuser. The Excellency and Sharpness of whose Speech, if any desire to know, he may best judge by his words used against Lycides, which follow.  
O Lycides, thou wast the General of the Army; and tho' a Thousand Citizens are 
The Speech of Lycurgus.  slain, two Thousand taken Prisoners, a Trophy erected to the Dishonour of this City, and all Greece enslaved, and all this done thou being Captain and General, yet darest Live and view the Light of the Sun, and blushest not to show thy Face in the Forum, thou who art born the Monument of thy Country's Shame and Dishonour.  
A thing very remarkable happened at this time. For when this Battle was fought at Cheronea, the same Day and Hour another was fought in Italy between the Tarentines and Lycanians, 
A Battle in Italy and at Cheronea, one and the same day.  in which Archidamus the King of Lacedaemon was slain, who had reigned Three and twenty years. Agis his Son succeeded him, and Governed nine years. About that time likewise died Timotheus, Prince of Heraclea in Pontus, in the Fifteenth year of his Principality, whose Brother Dionysius succeeded, and reigned Two and thirty years.  
Phrynichus bore the Office of chief Magistrate of Athens, and Titus Manlius Torquatus, and 
Olymp. 110. 4. Ant. Ch. 335. An. M. 3608.  Publius Decius were invested with the Consular Dignity at Rome; when Philip bearing his Crest high upon the account of his Victory at Cheronea, and having struck a Terror into the most Eminent Cities of Greece, made it his great Business to be chosen Generalissimo of all Greece. It being therefore noised abroad, that he would make War upon the Persians, for the Advantage of the Grecians, and that he would revenge the Impiety by them committed against the Sacreds' of the Gods, he presently won the Hearts of the Grecians.  
He was very Liberal and Courteous likewise to all, both private Men and Communities; and published to the Cities, that he had a Desire to Consult with them concerning Matters relating to the Public Good. Whereupon, a General Council was called, and 
Ant. Ch. 335.  held at Corinth, where he declared his Design to make War upon the Persians, and what probable grounds there were of Success, and therefore desired the Council to join with him, as Confederates in the War.  
At length he was created General of all Greece, with absolute Power, and thereupon 
Philip made General of Greece.  he made mighty preparation for that Expedition, and having ordered what Quota of Men every City should send forth, he returned into Macedonia. And thus stood the Affairs and Concerns of Philip.  
In Sicily, Timoleon, after he had settled all things in right and due Order in Syracuse, 
Timoleon dies.  died, having governed Eight years. The Syracusians who highly honoured him for the many great Services done to their Country, buried him in great State and Pomp, and when the Body was to be brought forth, great multitudes were got together, and the Syracusians published a Decree, that Two hundred 
* A Mina is 3 l. 2 s. 6 d.  Mina's should be expended upon the Charge of his Funeral, and that his Memory should be honoured yearly for ever with Music, Horse-Coursing, and Gymnick Sports, for that he had subdued the Barbarians, planted Colonies in the greatest Greek City in Sicily, and rescued the Sicilians from Slavery.  
About this time 
* King of Pontus.  Ariorarxanes died in the Twenty sixth year of his Reign, and was succeeded by Methridates, who Reigned Five and thirty Years. At the same time, the Romans fought with the Latins and Campanians, near the City Suessa, and routed them, and confiscated part of their Lands. And Manlius the Consul, who gained the Day, triumphed for the Victory.   

CHAP. XV.  
Philip consults the Oracle at Delphos. Marries his Daughter Cleopatra, to the King of Epirus. Encouraged to the Persian War by Neoptolemus his Verses. Philip's Pride. His Murder. The Cause of it, and how it was done, and by whom.  
WHen Pythodorus was chief Governor of Athens, and Quintus Publius and Tiberius 
Olymp. 111. 1. Ant. Ch. 334. An. M. 3609.  Aemilius Mamercus were Roman Consuls, the Hundred and Eleventh Olympiad was celebrated, wherein Cleomentis Cletorius won the Prize. In this Year Philip began the War against the Persians, and forthwith sent A ta●us and Parmenio before into Asia to free the Greek Cities there from Slavery. He himself intending to have the Concurrence of the Gods, consulted the Oracle at Delphos, whether or no he should be victorious over 
Philip consults the Oracle.  the King of Persia. The Answer was thus,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
The Ox is crowned when's end is near at hand,  
To offer him, a Man doth ready stand.  
This doubtful Answer, Philip construed to his own advantage, as if the Oracle had expressly foretold, that he should lead away the Persian King as a Victim to the Sacrifice. But in truth, it fell out quite otherwise, and by the effect it appeared, that it had a contrary Signification, to wit, that Philip in a Throng, at the time of a Sacred Festival was to be knocked on the Head like a Bullock crowned with a Garland, for Sacrifice.  
In the mean time, he was very jocund, as if he had conquered Asia already, and concluded the Gods were engaged with him in the Expedition. Without delay therefore he offered most costly and magnificent Sacrifices, and at the same time, solemnised the Marriage of his Daughter, Cleopatra, by Olympias: He Married her to Alexander, King of Epirus, Brother of Olympias. Having therefore a desire of a considerable Appearance of 
Philip's pompous Festivals at the Marriage of his Daughter Cleopatra.  the Grecians at this Nuptial Festivity, conjoined with his Religious Sacrifices, he made most pompous Preparation for the Entertainment of his Friends and Guests, both with Music, Dancing, and Feasting.  
To this End, he Invited those that were his special Friends and Familiars, all over Greece, and commanded his Servants and Attendants that they should invite as many Strangers from all Places as were of their own Acquaintance. And his main design in all this, was, that he might assure all the Grecians of his Kindness towards them, and testify his Gratitude by these Friendly Entertainments, for the Honours conferred upon him. A vast Concourse of People therefore were got together from all Places, to the Solemnity of these Nuptials, which were magnificently Solemnised at 
* Or Aegeas.  Aeges in Macedonia, with all sorts of Sports and Plays; so that not only Noblemen and Persons of Quality, but even many great Cities presented Philip with Crowns of Gold. Among the Cities, Athens made one; and when the Common Crier with a loud Voice presented the Crown sent from them to Philip, he closed with this, That if any Plotter of Treason against Philip, should hereafter flee to Athens for shelter, he should be forthwith delivered up. By this accidental Publication of this Crier, it seemed to be intimated (as it were by some Divine Providence) that some piece of Treachery was near at hand to be executed.  
There were several other the like Words (as by a Divine Instigation) uttered, which portended the King's Death. There was then at the Festival, Neoptolemus the Tragedian, 
Neoptolemus the Poet.  remarkable above all others for the Loudness of his Voice, and Famous and Eminent in other respects. He had commanded him to repeat some Verses which he was ordered to compose, especially relating to the Persian Expedition. Whereupon, he began to recite a Witty Poem, proper (as he thought) to Philip's intended Passage into Asia, wherein he set forth the Glory and Greatness of the Persian King; and though he was so Famous all the World over, yet that Fortune would some time or other bring him down. The Poem was thus,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
you're Minds are Higher than the Sky overgrown,  
The greatest part of Earth you wish you're own;  
Houses to Houses join; Fools without end,  
You would you're Lives as well as Lands extend.  
But doleful Death, alas! Although ye do  
Creep towards, it will gallop unto you,  
Of long Hopes very shortly cut the Clue.  
He added likewise other to the same Sense with these. But Philip resting wholly upon these recited, his Thoughts were altogether, full of his Conquering the King of Persia. And he much revolved in his Mind the Answer given him by the Oracle, which agreed in all Points with the Words of the Tragedian.  
After the Feast for that time was ended, and the Sports were to be renewed the next Day, a great number of People in the Nighttime flocked into the Theatre. And whereas twelve Images of the Gods (amongst other sumptuous Preparations) most curiously wrought and richly adorned, were brought forth in pompous Procession, the Image of Philip clothed like the Gods in every respect, made the Thirteenth, hereby arrogating to 
Philip's Pride;  himself a Place, as if he would be enthroned among the 
* There were 12 chief Gods among the Greeks, they were called Olympii; their Names, Jupiter, Mars, Mercury, Neptune, Vulcan, Apollo, Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus. Vid. Herodotus in Terpsichore.  Gods. The Theatre being now full; he himself came forth clothed in a white Robe, his Lifeguard following him at a great Distance, designing thereby to evidence it to all, that he judged himself secure in the Hearts and Affections of the Grecians, and therefore stood not in need of the Guard of his Halberteers. While he was thus with, loud and joyful Acclamations cried up (as it were) to the Stars, and the whole Multitude resounded his Praise, upon a sudden, and beyond all men's expectation, he was treacherously 
† Phi. murdered.  murdered.  
But for the Clearer and more distinct Understanding of the History in this matter, we 
This was about our 24th of September. The manner and occasion of Philip's Murder.  shall first relate the Causes and Grounds of this Assassination.  
There was one Pausanias, a Macedonian, of the City called Oristiss, one of the King's Esquires of the Body, and for his Beauty dearly beloved of him. This Man taking notice how much another young Youth of the same Name was doted on by Philip, fell upon him with very foul and opprobrious Language, telling him he was an 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Hermaphradite, for that he prostituted himself to the Lust of every one that would. He resented this Disgrace very ill, but concealed it for a while. Afterwards consulting with Attalus what was to be done for the future, he determined presently after, in an unusual manner, to put an end to his own Life. For within a while after, in a Battle wherein Philip was engaged against Plurias, King of the Illyrians, Pausanias in the heat of the Fight interposed himself between the King and the Enemy, and received all the Darts upon his own Body that were cast at him, and so died upon the Spot. The manner of his Death being noised abroad, Attalus one of the Courtiers, and in great esteem with the King, invited the other Pausianas' to a Feast, and after he had made him drunk, exposed his Body, thus overcharged with Wine, to be 
† By Sodomy.  abused by the Filthy Lusts of a Company of base 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Mule-tenders or Ostlers.  Sordid Fellows. When he was Sober, he was highly enraged at the abominable Abuse, and complained against Attalus to the King; who though he was much offended at the Wickedness of the Fact, yet by reason of his Relation to him, and that he had present occasion to make use of him in his Service, he would not punish him. For he was Uncle to Cleopatra, whom the King had married as his Second Wife, and was designed General of the Army sent before into Asia, being a very stout and valiant Man. To pacify therefore Pausanias, whose Spirit was highly Exasperated for the intolerable Injury offered him, he bestowed on him many rich Gifts, and advanced him to a more Honourable Post in his Guards. But Pausanias' Anger was implacable, and therefore determined not only to revenge himself upon the Author of this Abuse, but upon him that waved doing him Justice by the inflicting of Punishment. And Hermocrates, the Sophist, greatly confirmed him in this his Resolution. For Pausanias' conversing with him, and in Discourse ask him, by what means a Man might make himself most famous? The Philosopher answered, by killing him that has done the greatest things; for whenever he is named, than he likewise that killed him will be sure to be remembered. Pausanias' making use of this Answer, as an incentive to his Rage, the Restlessness of his disturbed Spirit would admit of no further delay, but laid his Design in the time of the Festivals in this manner. He first placed Horses at the Gates of the City, than he himself returned and stood at the Entrance into the Theatre, with a gallic Sword hide secretly under his Coat. Philip commanded his Friends that came along with him, to go before him into the Theatre, and his Guard were at a considerable distance from him. Whereupon, the Traitor perceiving that the King was 
Justin. Lib. 8, 9  alone, ran him into the side through the Body, and laid him dead at his Feet, and forthwith fled to the Horses that were prepared for him at the Gates. Hereupon presently some of the Lifeguard ran in to the Body, others pursued the Assassinate, amongst whom were Leonnatus, Perdiccas and Attalus. Pausanias' made so swiftly away, and nimbly mounted his Horse, that he had certainly escaped, but that a Branch of a Vine caught hold of the Heel of his Shoe, and so entangled him that down he fell: Upon which Perdiccas with his Fellows fell upon him as he was endeavouring to rise, and after many Wounds given him, there slew him. And thus Philip, (the most Potent of all the Kings in Europe in that Age, and who for the Greatness of his Dominion associated himself for Majesty into the number of the Twelve Gods) came to his end, after he had Reigned about Four and twenty Years.  
This King from very small Beginnings, gained the largest Dominion in Greece; and is judged to have enlarged the Bounds of his Kingdom, not so much by Arms, as by his fair Tongue, and his complaisant and courteous Demeanour towards all he had to deal with: For it is reported, That Philip himself would often boast more of his Military Art and Policy, and of the gaining of his Enemies by fair Words, than in the Strength and Valour of his Soldiers. For he was used to say, That the Honour of winning of Battles was common and due to the rest of the Army with himself; but the Praise and Commendation due to Affability and a pleasant Converse, was peculiar to himself alone.  
And thus being now come to the Death of Philip, we shall end this Book, as we at first designed. The following we shall begin with the Succession of Alexander into his Father's Kingdom, and endeavour to comprehend all his Actions in one Book.    

BOOK XVII.  
THE former Book being the Sixteenth of our History, began with the 
PREFACE.  Reign of Philip the Son of Amyntas, and comprehended not only the Things done by him to the very Day of his Death, but the Actions and Affairs of other Kings, Cities, and Countries during the space of Four and twenty Years. Being now in this to declare what followed, we shall begin with the Reign of Alexander; and in treating of the Actions of this Prince, from the Beginning to the End, we shall take along with us the most remarkable Things done through all Parts of the World.  
And the Relations (we conceive) will be the better remembered, if Things be methodically digested, as it were, into distinct Heads, so as that the Beginning and End may, as by one Thread, be knit one to the other: For this King did great Things in a very short time, and excelled all the Princes that ever were before him in his wonderful Achievements, effected by his own Valour and Policy. For he Conquered a great Part of Europe, and almost all Asia, within the space of Twelve Years: So that his Fame was (deservedly) advanced to that degree, that in Glory he surmounted all the Heroes and Semigods.  
But we need not (we judge) in a Preface anticipate any of the worthy Actions of this King; for the particular Relations themselves will sufficiently evidence his Greatness, and the Fame and Glory of his Name. Alexander therefore descended from Hercules on the Father's side, and from Achilles on the Mother's, seemed to derive his Valo●r as well as his Person from such Famous Ancestors.  
The Time thus stated for this present Relation, we return to the Course of our History.  

CHAP. I.  
Conspiracies of the Cities against Alexander. The Athenians send Ambassadors to Alexander to beg Pardon. He's made General by the Amphictyons. Attalus killed by Alexander's Command. The Wickedness of Bagoas. Darius' commended. Raises Forces. A Description of Mount Ida. Alexander invades the Illyrians, and others. Thebes besieged by Alexander, and razed. The Miseries of Thebes. Prodigies. Alexander demands Demosthenes and others to be delivered up to him by the Athenians: Their Answer. He returns into Macedonia; and Feasts his Soldiers.  
WHEN Evaenetus was Lord Chancellor in Athens, and Lucius Furius and 
Olymp. 111. 2. Ant. Ch. 333. An. M. 361.  Caius 
* Maenius.  Manlius were Roman Consuls, Alexander ascended the Throne, and in the first place executed Justice upon the Murderers of his Father: And when he had with great care celebrated his Funerals, he set in order the Concerns of the Kingdom much better than most expected: For being very young, and upon that account despised, he sought first to win the Common People by fair Words and courteous Addresses: Amongst others, he told them that the Name of the King was only changed, but that the Government should not be managed a jot worse than it was when his Father was alive. He courteously likewise gave Audience to the Ambassadors, and desired the Grecians that they would have the same Kindness for him that they had for his Father, which he so esteemed, as that he looked upon it as part of his Inheritance. Then he employed himself in the frequent Training of the Soldiers, and in Martial Exercises, and brought the Army readily to submit to his Commands. Attalus, the Uncle of Cleopatra, Philip's other Wife, conspired to gain the Kingdom; and therefore he resolved to take him out of the way, For Cleopatra was brought to bed of a Son a few 
Alexander ●n rives how to kill Attalus.  Days before the Death of Philip, and Attalus was sent a little before as General with Parmenio his Colleague, with an Army into Asia, where by his Bribes and fair Tongue he so gained the Hearts of the Soldiers, that the Army was wholly at his Devotion: Therefore the King conceived he had just cause to be jealous of him, lest if he should side with the Grecians (who he knew were his Enemies) he should by that means gain the Kingdom to himself. Therefore he made choice of Heccateus, one of his Friends, and sent him with a considerable Army into Asia, with Command to bring over Attalus alive if 
Ant. Ch. 333.  he could; and if he could not effect that, to take the first Opportunity to kill him. When he came into Asia, he joined his Forces with Attalus and Parmenio, and watched a fit Opportunity to execute what he was commanded.  
In the mean time, Alexander being informed that many of the Greciani were hatching some Mischief, in order to new Commotions, his Thoughts were greatly perplexed and 
Conspiracies among the Grecians against Alexander.  disturbed. For the Athenians (Demosthenes stirring them up against the Macedonians) rejoiced at the News of Philip's Death, and resolved that the Macedonians should no longer domineer over Greece. To this end they sent over Ambassadors to Attalus, and privately consulted with him concerning the Management of the whole Affair, and stirred up many of the Cities to assert their Liberties. The Etolians made a Decree to recall the Exiles of Acarnania, whom Philip had driven out of their Country. The Ambrociots, by the Persuasion of Aristarchus, drove outthe Garrison that was there, and restored the Democracy. The Thebans likewise decreed to cast out the Garrison that was in the Citadel of Cadmea, and that Alexander should never with their Consent have Command in Greece. The Arcadians 
Ant. Ch. 333.  also, as they were the only People that refused to give their Consent that Philip should be General of Greece, so they now rejected Alexander. The rest of the Peloponnesians, as the Argives, Eleans, Lacedæmonians, and some others were with all their might for their own Government. To conclude, many of the Nations beyond Macedonia waited for an Opportunity to rebel, and great Commotions there were among the Barbarians in those Parts.  
Notwithstanding all which, and the Fears that were every where in the Kingdom, and though he was but a Youth, yet in a short time (beyond all expectation) he overcame all those Difficulties, and made all plain and clear before him, reducing some to their Duty by fair and smooth Words, and others through fear and dread of Punishments; and the rest he compelled by force to stoop to his Sovereignty.  
In the first place, he so far gained upon the Thessalians, both by Promises of large Rewards, and by his smooth and courteous Language (telling them how near of kin he was to them by his Descent from Hercules) that they by a Public Decree declared him General of Greece, as that which descended to him from his Father. Having gained this Point, he brought over the bordering Nations to the same Good Opinion of him; Then he went to Pyle; and in the Senate of the Amphictyons he so managed his Matters, that by the General Consent of all, he was created Generalissimo of all Greece. He assured the Ambrociots, 
Alexander made General of Greece.  in a kind and smooth Oration made to them, That he had that Kindness for them, that he would presently restore them to that Liberty which they so lately sought to recover. But to strike the greater Terror into those that regarded not his Words, he came with a swift March with an Army of Macedonians in an hostile manner into Boeotia, and encamping near Cadmea, struck a Terror into the City of the Thebans.  
About the same time the Athenians hearing of the King's coming into Boeotia, slighted 
Ant. Ch. 333.  him no longer: For the Quickness of the Youth, and his diligent dispatch of Business, greatly terrified the Revolters. Hereupon the Athenians ordered every thing they had in the Country to be brought into the City, and the Walls to be repaired and guarded as well as they could; and sent Ambassadors to Alexander to beg pardon that they had no 
The Athenians send Ambassadors to Alexander.  sooner owned his Sovereignty; and ordered Demosthenes to accompany the Ambassadors: But he came not with the other to Alexander, but returned from Citherone to Athens; either because he was afraid upon the account of the Speeches he had publicly made against the Macedonians, or that he was not willing to displease the Persian King. For it is reported that he had received great Sums of Money from the Persians, to beat down the Interest of the Macedonians by his Orations. Which was hinted (they say) by Eschines; in one of his Speeches; wherein he upbraids Demosthenes for taking of Bribes in these Words: Now the King's Gold plentifully bears all his Charges: But this will not serve his turn long; for 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, a debauched Course.  Covetousness is never satisfied with Abundance.  
But to proceed; Alexander returned a very courteous Answer to the Ambassadors, which freed the Athenians from their Fears, and he ordered all the Ambassadors and 
* Of the Amphictyons.  Members of the Council to meet him at Corinth; where when those who were usually Members of the General Council were come, the King by a gracious Speech so prevailed with the Grecians, that they created him General of all Greece, and decreed him Aid and Assistance against the Persians, in order to revenge the many Injuries the Greeks had received 
Ant. Ch. 333.  from them. Having gained the Honour he thus sought for, he marched back with his Army into Macedonia.  
Having now given an Account of the Affairs of Greece, we shall relate next what things were done in Asia: For Attalus presently upon the death of Philip, began to set up for himself; and to that end made a League with the Athenians, in order by their joint Concurrence to oppose Alexander. But afterwards he changed his Mind, and fent a Letter (written to him by Demosthenes) to Alexander, and in many smooth and flattering Expressions, endeavoured to clear himself of all those Crimes and Miscarriages that were laid to his charge. However, he was afterwards killed by Hecateus, according to the King's Command; upon which, the Macedonian Army in Asia laid aside all Thoughts of a Defection, for that Attalus was now gone, and Parmenio greatly loved Alexander.  
But being we are now about to write of the Kingdom of Persia, it's necessary that we begin our Relation a little higher.  
Lately in the Reign of Philip, 
* Darius Ochus. Ochus poisoned by Bagoas.  Ochus ruled over the Persians, hated by all for his Ill Nature and Cruelty towards his Subjects. Bagoas therefore, a Colonel in the Army, and an Eunuch, but a wicked and beastly Fellow, poisoned the King by the help of his Physician, and placed the King's youngest Son Arses upon the Throne. He likewise murdered the New King's Brothers (who were yet very young) that being thus bereft of his Relations, he might be more observant to himself.  
But the Young Man abhorring the Wickedness of this Wretch, and plainly by many Tokens discovering his Design to punish him, Bagoas smelling it out, murdered Arses and 
Arses murdered by Bagoas.  all his Children, in the Third Year of his Reign.  
The Royal Family being thus extinct, and none of that Race left who could make any Title to the Crown, he advanced one of his Friends, called Darius, to the Kingdom. He 
Ant. Ch. 333.  was the Son of Arsanus, the Brother of Artaxerxes King of Persia. But the Fate of Bagoas was very remarkable; for having habituated himself to Cruelty, he resolved likewise to poison Darius in a medicinal Potion: But this Treason being discovered, the King sent 
Bagoas justly punished by Darius.  friendly to speak with him; and when he came delivered to him the Cup, and forced him to drink it off. And indeed Darius was judged worthy to enjoy the Kingdom, being looked upon as the most Valiant Man among the Persians: For heretofore when Artaxerxes was engaged in a Battle against the Cadusians, one of the Enemy, of a strong Body and courageous Spirit, challenged any of the Persians there present to a single Combat; which when none would dare to undertake, this Darius entered the List, and killed the Cadusian. For which he was highly rewarded by the King, and gained the chiefest Reputation for Valour among the Persians. And for this reason also he was accounted worthy of the Crown of Persia, and began to Reign about the same time that Philip died, and Alexander succeeded in the Kingdom.  
The Valour therefore of Alexander meeting with such a Man as this for his Adversary to cope with, was the occasion so many Battles were fought for the Empire with that Resolution as they were. But these Matters will appear more clear hereafter, when things come to be distinctly and particularly related: For the present we shall return to the 
Ant. Ch. 333.  orderly course of the History.  

* Darius Codomannus, conquered by Alexander.  Darius' being advanced to the Throne of Persia, a little before the Death of Philip, he was contriving how to avert the War threatened, and bring it over to Macedonia itself: But when he was dead, and so the King freed from that Fear, he slighted and despised the Youth of Alexander: But being for his Valour, and Activeness of Spirit in dispatch of Business, at length created General of all Greece, the Fame and Valour of the Young Man was 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  in every Man's mouth.  
And Darius' now began to look about him, and employed his chief Care to raise Forces, and fitted out a great Fleet, and made choice of the best Officers he could procure to Command his Army, which was now very great and numerous; among whom Memnon the Rhodian was one, a Brave man, both for Valour and Discipline: Him the King Commanded to march to 
* Cyzicus, an Island in the Propontis, and a City there.  Cyzicus with Five thousand men, and to endeavour to take in that City: Who in order thereto, marched his Army over the Mountain Ida. Some fabulously report, that this Mountain was so called from Ida of Meliseus. It is the highest Mountain of any about the Hellespont. In the middle is a Cave, as if it 
A Description of Mount Ida.  were made of purpose to entertain the Gods, in which it is reported, That 
* This was Paris the Son of P●iam, called Alexander, who decided the Controversy between Juno, Minerva, and Venus, by giving the Golden Apple to Venus as the fairest. Paus. l. 5. c. 19  Alexander gave Judgement concerning the Goddesses.  
Here it's said, the 
* The Sons of Minerva and Apollo.  Idei Dactyli were born, who were the first that were taught to work in Iron 
† Cybele.  by the Mother of the Gods.  
A thing also very Wonderful and Remarkable is ascribed to this Place: For at the rising of the 
* In August.  Dog-Star there is such a Serenity and Calmness of the Air upon the Top of the Mount, as if it were there above all Storms and Winds; and then even at Midnight the Sun seems to rise, so as that its Rays appear not in a Circular Form, but casts abroad Flames of Fire here and there at a great distance, so that it seems as if Flakes of Fire in several Places overspread the Earth; which within a little while after are contracted into one Body till they come to the quantity of Three 
* Three hundred Foot.  Plethras. At length when the Day is at hand, there appears as it were the complete Body of the Sun enlightening the Air as it uses to do at other times.  
But to proceed; Memnon having passed over this Mountain, assaults Cyzicum on a sudden, 
Ant. Ch. 333. Memnon.  and was very near surprising of it. But failing in his Design, he harassed the Country, and returned loaden with a rich Booty.  
In the mean time, Parmenio took Grynnius by Storm, and sold all the Inhabitants for 
Parmenio takes Grynnius.  Slaves. Then he besieged Pitane; but Memnon approaching, the Macedonians in a Fright quitted the Siege.  
Afterwards calas, with a Body of Macedonians and other Mercenaries, fought with the Persians in the Country of Troas, and being overpowered with Number, was beaten, and forced to retire to Rhetium. And in this Condition was Asia at that time.  
Alexander having quieted all the Commotions in Greece, marched with his Army into Thrace, which struck such Terror into those People that had caused Tumults and Disorders there, that he forced them to submit to his Government. Then he invaded Peonia and 
* Now Dalmatia, or Sclavonia.  Illyria, and the People bordering upon them, and having subdued those that had Revolted, he likewise brought under his Dominion the Barbarians next adjoining. While he was engaged in these Wars, he received Intelligence, that many of the Grecians were about to Revolt, and that a considerable Number of the Greek Cities, particularly Thebes, had already actually rejected his Sovereignty. He was hereupon in a great Rage, and returned into Macedonia, with a Design to hasten into Greece to quiet the Tumults and Disturbances there.  
In the mean time, the Thebans were intent upon driving the Macedonian Garrison out of 
Alexander besieges Thebes.  Cadmea, and to that end besieged the Citadel; and had no sooner done so, but Alexander was presently at the City Walls, and lay before it with his whole Army. The Thebans, before Alexander's Approach, had so begirt Cadmea with a deep Trench, and a strong 
Ant. Ch. 333.  Baracado of Timber, that neither Relief nor Provision could be brought in to them. They had sent likewise to the Arcadians, Argives, and Eleans, for their Assistance; and solicited the Athenians by their Ambassadors to join with them, and had received a great Number of Arms freely given to them by Demosthenes, with which they armed those that had none.  
Among those, to whom the Thebans addressed themselves for Assistance, the Peloponnesians had sent Forces as far as to the Isthmus, and there orders them to make an Halt till the King came, who was then expected. The Athenians, though they had decreed Aid to the Thebans; yet they sent no Forces thither, minding first to observe how Matters were like to go.  
The Governor likewise of the Castle Cadmea taking Notice what great Preparation the Thebans were making for the Siege, was very diligent to strengthen and fortify the Walls, and had furnished the Garrison with all sorts of Weapons.  
But after that Alexander was come unexpectedly, and on a sudden, with his whole Army out of Thrace, and that it was uncertain whether any Assistance would come in to the Thebans, the Forces of the Enemy far exceeding them of Thebes, the Officers called a Council of War to consult what to determine, and there it was unanimously agreed to stand it out in Defence of the Liberties of their Country: Which Resolution being approved of by all the Citizens, all earnestly set themselves to the carrying on of the War.  
But the King forbore Force for some time, to the end they might have space to recollect themselves, not thinking that one only City would engage with so great an Army. 
Ant. Ch. 333.  For Alexander had with him above Thirty thousand Foot, and Three thousand Horse, all old Experienced Soldiers, (Conquerors almost in every Battle under Philip,) in whose Valour he so far confided, that he doubted not but by them to put an End to the Persian Monarchy. However, if the Thebans had yielded to the present Difficulty of the Time, and had sent Ambassadors to the Macedonians with Terms of Peace, he had no doubt complied with them, and granted whatever they would have desired. For he wished greatly to have all Quiet in Greece, and to be Free and Undisturbed in his War against the Persians. But when he saw that he was slighted by the Thebans, he resolved to destroy the City, and by that means to terrify all others that for the future should dare to Rebel. And now when the Army was drawn out in Battalia ready to engage, the King caused Proclamation to be made, that any of the Thebans should have Liberty to come in to him, and whosoever did, should enjoy the Common Liberty of Greece. On the other side, the Thebans, to show themselves as forward in their Ambition as the Enemy; by the Voice of a Crier from an high Tower made another Proclamation, That whosoever had a Desire to join with the 
* King of Persia.  great King and the Thebans, to defend the Liberties of the Grecians, and kill the Tyrant of Greece, should be received by them. This touched him to the Quick, and he was thereupon so enraged, that he vowed all sorts of Death to the Thebans, and so commanded the Engines to be prepared in order to an Assault, and other Things to be made ready for an Engagement.  
In the mean time, the Greeks considering the utter Ruin that seemed to hang over the 
Ant. Ch. 333.  Heads of the Thebans, were greatly affected with the Miseries wherewith they were like to be overwhelmed, yet none durst appear to Relieve the City, for that they had rashly and inconsiderately brought apparent Destruction upon themselves: However, the Thebans were very forward and resolute to venture all to the utmost Extremity, though they were a little startled with some Prophecies and Prodigies from the Gods. The most Remarkable was, that in the Temple of Ceres, a slender Spider's Web was observed to spread out itself as broad as a Cloak, and to represent the Rainbow in an Arched Circumference. Concerning which, the Oracle at Delphos gave them this Answer:  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
The God to all by this Sign gives a Call:  
To the Boeotia first; and Neighbours all.  
And the Oracle in their own Country returned them this other:  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
This Web for one works Bane,  
And for another Gain.  
This Prodigy happened about Three Months before the King came against Thebes. 
Prodigies.  About the time of the King's Arrival, the Statues placed in the Forum seemed to sweat to that degree, that great Drops in every part stood upon them. Moreover the Magistrates were informed, that in the Lake of Onchestus were heard Voices like roaring and bellowing of Oxen. And that the Waters in Dirce were to the view as if they had been all turned into Blood. There were others from Delphos that reported, that the Roof of the Temple, built by the Thebans out of the Spoils of the Phocians, appeared to be besmeared over with Blood.  
Those who addicted themselves to the Interpretation of Prodigies, said, That the Web 
Ant. Ch. 333.  portended the Departure of the Gods from the City; by the Colour of the Rainbow, was signified various Troubles and Turmoils; by the appearance of Sweat, extreme Miseries; and by the Blood, Slaughters and Destructions in the City.  
Therefore they advised the Thebans, that insomuch as the Gods plainly pointed at the Ruin of the City, That they should not engage in Fight with the Enemy, but rather seek to agree Matters some other way, which was much more safe.  
But the Thebans abated nothing of their Courage, but on the contrary pushed forward by the Heat of their Spirits, encouraged one another with the Remembrance of their famous Victory at the Battle of Leuctra, and other Successes gained by their former Valour. So that trusting more to the Valour of their Arms, than making use of Prudent Councils, they ran headlong to the Ruin of themselves and their Country.  
In the mean time, the King, within the space of Three Days, put all Things in order, both for assaulting the City, and marshalling of his Army for Battle. His Army he divided into Three Parts: One Part he ordered to assault the Out wall; another to fight the Thebans Army; and the third he kept for Reserves to relieve his Men, and renew the Fight as there should be occasion. But the Thebans placed their Horse within the Ramparts. Their Slaves that were manumitted, the Exiles and the Strangers that were Inhabitants, were ordered to defend the Walls: And the Thebans themselves (though they were far inferior in Number) were resolved to fight those Macedonians commanded by the King, that were ready to make the Assault.  
And now all the Women and Children ran to the Temples, to make Supplication to the Gods to deliver them from the Ruin that threatened them. When the Macedonians drew near, the Trumpets sounded a Charge, upon which both Armies set up a great Shout, and 
Ant. Ch. 333.  every one charged that Battalion to which he was appointed. By daybreak the Darts 
The Battle between the Thebans and Alexander.  flew one at another, and those being quickly spent, they fell to it with their Sword's Hand to Hand, so that the Fight presently was very sharp and bloody. For the Macedonians, through their Number (far exceeding the other) and the fierceness of their Charge, put the Enemy hard to it. On the other side, the Thebans being stronger bodied Men, and used to Martial Discipline by their continual Exercises in the Schools, and more resolved than the other, resolutely went through all Difficulties whatsoever, so that many were wounded, and multitudes killed on both Sides. In the Heat of the Battle, a Man might have heard Shouts for Victory and Groans of Dying Men at one and the same time, and the Macedonians often calling out one to another, not to slain the Glory of their former Victories by any base Act of Cowardice in the present Engagement; and the Thebans pressing theirs not to suffer their Parents, Wives and Children, to be miserable Captives, and all their Families exposed to the rageful Lust of the Macedonians, but that they would remember the Battles at Leuctra and Mantinaea, and the noble Actions for which they were famous all the World over. So that the obstinate Resolution of both Parties occasioned the Issue of the Battle to be very doubtful a long time.  
Alexander perceiving how the Love of Liberty inflamed the Courage of the Thebans, and that the Macedonians began to faint, commanded the Reserves to relieve them that were engaged. Upon which, the Macedonians coming with a fierce and sudden Charge upon the Thebans, now even tired out, bore them down and killed multitudes of them. However the Thebans would not yield the Enemy the Day, but stood to it with that Obstinacy, that they slighted all Misfortunes, and their Valour so strengthened their Resolution, that they cried out, That the Macedonians must own themselves worsted by the Thebans. 
Ant. Ch. 333.  And this is to be observed of them, That when all others (being still pressed upon by their Enemies with fresh Supplies one after another) are wont to flag, they only are the more Courageous, even when their wearied Enemy is relieved by fresh Reserves.  
While the Armies were thus resolutely engaged, the King spied a Portal without any 
Alexander's Army enters Thebes.  Guard, and sends away Perdiccas with some Regiments in order to possess himself of the Place, and so to break into the City. Perdiccas' having presently executed the King's Command, the Macedonians through this little Gate forthwith rushed into the City. And though the Thebans had a good while before worsted the Enemy's first Battalion, and were now engaged with the second, and full of Hopes of a perfect Victory, yet when they understood that the Enemy had possessed themselves of part of the City, they forthwith retired within the Walls. And then both the Horse and Foot hasted back with all speed into the City, and trod many of their Fellow-Citizens under Foot, who there perished; and while they made into the City in this Trepidation and Confusion, many were killed by running upon their own Weapons in the straight and narrow Passages, and by falling into the Trenches. And in the midst of this Distraction, the Garrison out of the Castle of Cadmea issued forth like a rapid Torrent upon the Backs of the Thebans, and fell upon them as they were in this Disorder and Confusion, and cut them down in Heaps. The City being thus taken, multitudes of all sorts of Cruelties were acted within the Walls. For the Macedonians, by reason of that Insolency of the Common Crier, were enraged against the Thebans beyond what the Law of Arms would allow, and with many Threats in their Mouths, flew upon the miserable People, and without all Pity or Compassion put all to the Sword that were in their way. However, among all these Calamities, the 
Ant. Ch. 333.  Courage of the Thebans and their Love to their Liberty was such, that they were so far from minding the Preservation of their Lives, as that when they met any of their Enemies, they would provoke them of their own accord to kill them. For after the City was taken, not a Theban asked any Quarter from a Macedonian, not a Man that sordidly 
The Cruelties in Thebes.  bowed down at the Feet of the Conqueror. Neither had the Enemy any Pitv, notwithstanding the Valour of the miserable People; nay, the whole Day (though it was long) was judged too short to satiate their most cruel Revenge. The whole City was plundered, poor Children, Boys and Girls, were dragged up and down, calling upon their Mothers by their Names with most lamentable Outcries. And to comprehend all in a few Words, whole Families, with all their Kindred, were hurried away, and the whole Body of the People brought under miserable Slavery. The Bodies of some of the Thebans, as they lay wounded upon the Ground, though they were upon the point of Expiring, yet clasping their Enemy in their Arms, breathed out their Last with a sort of Joy and Content that their Enemy died with them. Others, though they had but a mere Trunk of a Spear to lean upon, yet sought with whomsoever they met; and so by that last Attempt made it evident, how far they preferred their Liberty before their Lives. And though there was so great a Slaughter made, that every part of the City was filled with dead Carcases, yet none that saw the miserable Condition of these poor Wretches pitied them. For even the Grecians, as the Thespians, Plateans, Orchomenians, and some others who hated the Thebans, (and who then bore Arms under the King,) broke in with others into the City, and amongst these dreadful Slaughters executed their 
Ant. Ch. 333.  Malice upon them. So that many sad Spectacles of most inhuman Cruelty might be seen throughout the whole City. Grecians butchering Grecians without all Compassion, and those of the same Language, Blood, and Nation, without any Regard to any of these Obligations, knocked on the Head one by another. At length when Night came, the Houses were pillaged, Women young and old were dragged out of the Temples, (whither they had fled,) and most vilely and filthily abused. There were killed of the Thebans above Six Thousand, and Three thousand made Captives, and a vast Treasure carried away. Above Five hundred Macedonians were slain, whom the King took care to bury. Presently after, the King caused the General Senate of Greece to meet, and referred it to their Determination how Thebes should be dealt with. When the Matter came to be debated, some who hated the Thebans were for putting them all to the Sword; and made it appear how they had joined with the Barbarians against the Greeks. For in the time of Xerxes, they joined as Confederates with the Persians against Greece; and were the only Grecians that were honoured as Friends by the Persian King, and their Ambassadors placed and preferred before Kings. These, and suchlike, being remembered and enforced, they so incited the Senators against the Thebans, that they Decreed, That the 
The cruel Decrce against the Thebans.  City should be razed to the Ground, and the Captives sold for Slaves; That all the Fugitives of Thebes should be driven out of all Parts of Greece, and no Theban should be entertained by any Grecian. Hereupon the King according to the Decree razed the City, which struck a Terror into all the Grecians that had revolted. By the Sale of the Captives, he raised Four hundred and forty Talents of Silver.  
After this, he sent to Athens to demand Ten of the Orators to be delivered up to him, (amongst whom Demosthenes and Lycurgus were the chief,) because they had stirred up 
Ant. Ch. 333  the People against him. Upon which a General Assembly was called, and when the Ambassadors were introduced, and had delivered their Message, the People were greatly troubled and perplexed, desiring on the one hand to preserve the Honour and Dignity of the City, and on the other hand to consult their own Safety, considering the Destruction of Thebes, and that some eminent Mischief might befall themselves; and thus they were made more cautious by their Neighbour's Misfortunes. At length, after many Speeches made in the Assembly upon this Account, Phocio, that good Man, who differed from Demosthenes in his Politics, stood up and said, That it would very well become those who were demanded to imitate the Daughters of 
* Leo had Three Daughters, Pasithea, Theope, and Eubule, who were willingly Sacrificed to put an end to a Plague in Athens. Suid.  Leo and the 
† The Hyacinthides were Six Daughters of Erictheus King of Athens, who offered themselves to be Sacrificed to gain a Victory for their Country against Eumolphus King of Thrace: So called from a Village called Hyacinthus, where they were Sacrificed. Suid.  Hyacinthides, by offering up their Lives of their own accord to prevent the Ruin of their Country. And told them, That it was Baseness and Cowardice to refuse to die for the Preservation of the City.  
At this Motion the People were highly incensed, and in a popular Tumult threw Phocio out of the Senate. Then the People (by a studied Speech made by Demosthenes) being moved to Compassion, declared, That they would defend the Men to the utmost. At length Demades, wrought upon (as is reported) by the Friends of Demosthenes, for Five Talents of Silver, gave his Opinion for the securing and preserving of the Orators; and read the Decree, which was drawn by himself with great Cunning and Artifice. In which was contained an Apology for the Orators, and a Promise, That if they were guilty, they themselves would punish them according to the Laws.  
The People approved and ratified what Demades had read, and sent him with some others to the King with Order, That he should intercede likewise on the behalf of the Theban Exiles, that the People of Athens might lawfully receive and entertain them.  
Demades wisely managed his Embassy, and by his Eloquence prevailed with the King in every respect. For Alexander both pardoned the Orators, and granted all other Things 
Ant. Ch. 333.  the Athenians desired.  
Then the King marched back with his Army into Macedonia, and called a General 
Alexander returns into Macedonia.  Council of his Officers and chief Friends, and when they were met together, he asked their Opinion, what they thought of an Expedition into Asia? When it was fit to begin the War? And how it was to be managed? The Counsel, indeed, of Antipater and Parmenio was, That he should first Marry and have Issue to succeed him, and then set upon matters that were of so great Weight and Concernment. But the King, who was natuturally fierce, and could not endure stops and delays in Business, rejected their Advice. For he said, it was a Mean and Unworthy thing for him who was created General of all Greece, and had the Command of an Army, that never knew what it was to be conquered, to stay at home merely to Marry and beget Children. Wherefore, after he had set before them the Advantages of the War, and had encouraged them to undertake it, he offered most magnificent Sacrifices to the Gods at Dium in Macedonia, and exhibited the Sports and Plays which his Ancestor Archilaus had instituted to Jupiter and the Muses. This Solemnity continued Nine days, according to the Number of the Muses, a Day for every Muse. He provided likewise a Pavilion which would contain an 
* Upon which they sat at Meat.  Hundred Beds, where he Feasted, and entertained all his Friends and Commanders of his Army, and Ambassadors of Cities.  
After these Sumptuous Feasts were over (in which he not only kindly entertained a vast number of People, but likewise distributed parts of the Sacrifices, and other things fuitable to the Magnificence of the Festival amongst his Soldiers) he Rendezvous'd all his Forces from all parts.   

CHAP. II.  
Alexander lands his Army in Asia. The Battle at Granicum. The Forces of the Persians and of Alexander. Alexander kills Spithrobates; near being killed by Rosaces. Miletus besieged and taken. Ada, Queen of Caria, meets Alexander. Halicarnassus besieged, taken, and sacked. The strange Act of the Marmarians.  
CTesides was Lord-Chancellor of Athens, and Caius Sulpitius and Lucius Papirius, Consuls at Rome, when Alexander at the Hellespont passed over his Army out of Europe 
Olymp. 111. 3. Ant. Ch. 332. An. M. 3616.  into Asia. Being arrived at Troas with sixty Sail of 
* Men of War. Alexander lands in Asia.  Long Ships, he was the first of the Macedonians that cast a Spear out of the Ship, which fixed in the Earth upon the Shore, and then leapt out of the Vessel, signifying, that by the help of the Gods he had taken Possession of Asia, which was conquered by his Spear.  
Then he Sacrificed to the Ghosts of Achilles and Ajax, performing all other Rites and Ceremonies proper to the Veneration of those Heroes. When that was done, he took an exact account of the Number of those Forces he had transported, which were found to amount unto 
† It should be Twelve thousand.  Thirteen thousand Macedonian Foot, Seven thousand Confederates, and Five thousand Mercenaries. Parmenio had the chief Command of all these. Besides these, there were the 
* A People of Thrace of the City Odrisa. Alexander's Forces.  Odrise, Treballians and Illyrians, to the Number of Five thousand, and a Thousand Darters, called Agrians; so that in the whole there were Thirty thousand Foot. For Horse there were Eighteen hundred raised out of Macedonia, under the Command of Philotas, the Son of Parmenio. As many out of Thrace, Commanded by calas, the Son of Harpalus. From the rest of Greece Six hundred led by Eurygius. Besides these, there were Nine hundred Thracians and Peonians in the Van, whose Commander was Cassander. The whole Body of Horse was 
* But by the Particulars they amount to Five thousand one hundred.  Four thousand five hundred. And this is the Number of them that Landed in Asia with Alexander.  
In the mean time, he left under the Command of Antipater, in Europe, Twelve thousand Foot and 
** The Greck is ●o, but the Latin 15 hundred Horse.  Eleven thousand five hundred Horse.  
When he departed from Troas, and came to the 
*** At Ilium.  Temple of Minerva, the Priest, called Alexander, seeing the Statue of Ariobarzanes (that had been Lord-Lieutenant of Phrygia) lie prostrate upon the Ground before the Temple, and observing several other 
Ant. Ch. 332.  good Omens, came to the King, and told him, that he would be Conqueror in a considerable Horse Engagement, especially if he fought in Phrygia, and that he should kill a great Commander of the Enemy's with his own Hand. And these things, he said, were foretold him by the Gods, and especially by Minerva, who would be assistant to him in obtaining of his Victories.  
Alexander much taken with this Prophecy, and relying upon it, offered to Minerva a most Splendid Sacrifice, and dedicated his Arms to her, and took away others (that had been laid up there) in their stead, which he made use of in the first Fight afterwards, and gained a most glorious Victory by his own peculiar Valour. But this happened some few days after.  
In the mean time, the Persian Lord-Lieutenants and Commanders (who through their sloth were not able to put a stop to the Progress of the Macedonians) met together to consult how to manage the War against Alexander. Memnon the Rhodian, one there amongst them (a very skilful General) was not for fight, but to give a Check to the Macedonians, by destroying the Country all before them, that so they might not be able to march forward for want of Provision: And was for bringing over both Land and Sea Forces into Macedonia, by that means to make that the Seat of the War. Although this was sound Advice (as the Event made it afterwards evident) yet the rest of the Commanders would not hearken to it, looking upon it as a thing Dishonourable, and much reflecting upon the Valour of the Persians.  
All being therefore resolved upon a Battle, Forces were brought together from all parts, 
Ant. Ch. 332.  and the Lord-Lieutenants being now much Superior in number, marched towards the Hellespont in Phrygia, and Encamped close by the River Granicus, having the River for a Defence between them and the Macedonians.  
Alexander having intelligence of the Forces of the Barbarians, made a swift march, and came up so close to the Enemy, that the River only separated both Armies.  
In the mean time, the Barbarians stood in Battallia at the Foot of the Hill, judging it would do their business effectually, and that they should be sure of the Victory, by falling upon them in their Passage over the River, and by that means breaking in pieces the Macedonian 
* Phalanx.  battalion. But Alexander prevented the Enemy, and with great Courage passed over his Army about break of Day, and drew up his Men in order of Battle. The Barbarians drew up the whole Body of their Horse against the Macedonians, for they had before resolved to begin the Fight with them. Memnon the Rhodian, and Arsamenes the Lord Lieutenant, with their several Regiments of Horse, were in the Left Wing, supported by Arsites, who commanded the Paphlagonian Horse; and next to him Spithrobates, Lord-Lieutenant of jonia, with them of Hyrcania. In the Left Wing were Two thousand Median Horse, under the Conduct of Arrheomithres, and the like number from Bactria. In 
The Forces of the Persians.  the main Body was a vast Number of Horse of other Nations, of the best and most Experienced Soldiers; the whole amounted to above Ten thousand Horse.  
The Persian Foot were at least a Hundred thousand Men, who stood drawn up behind 
Ant. Ch. 332.  the Horse, without moving a Foot, because they concluded, that the Horse themselves would serve the turn to rout the Macedonians.  
And now the Horse charged with great Resolution on both sides, especially the Thessalians 
The Battle at Granicum.  in the Left Wing, under the Command of Parmenio, bore the brunt of a brisk Charge with undaunted Courage.  
Alexander with the choicest Body of Horse in the Left Wing, setting Spurs to his Horse, was the first that charged, and rushing into the Thickest of his Enemies, made great slaughter amongst ' 'em. The Barbarians fought valiantly striving to outdo the Macedonians, and Fortune at this time brought together the Persons of the greatest Quality into the Place. For Spithrobates the chief Governor of the Province of jonia, a Persian, and Son in Law 
Sipthrobates fights with Alexander.  to Darius, a very Valiant Man, charged the Macedonians with a great Body of Horse, seconded by Forty of his Guard, all of his Kindred, and inferior to none for Valour and Courage; with these he put the Enemy hard to it, and lays about him with great Resolution, killing some and wounding others. And when none were able to deal with him, Alexander rid up to the Barbarian, and fought with him hand to hand.  
Hereupon, the Persian concluding, that the Gods of their special favour to him, had given him the opportunity of an Happy Combat, (especially, if by his Valour he should free all Asia from their Fears, and by his own hands give a Check to these audacious Attempts of Alexander that rung so all the World over, and prevent the Dishonour of the Persians) was the first that cast his 
* Called a Saunium.  Javelin at Alexander, and with such Force and Violence, that it pierced through his Buckler and Breastplate into his right Shoulderblade. The King plucking out the Dart with his own Hand, threw it away, and setting Spurs to his Horse flew upon the Persian Lord-Lieutenant with that Fierceness and Violence, that he fixed his Spear in the middle of his Breast. Upon which the Battalions of both Armies there near at hand, in admiration of such a piece of singular Valour, set up a great shout. But the Point breaking in the Breastplate, so that the Spear pierced no further, 
Ant. Ch. 332.  the Persian made at Alexander with his drawn Sword, who having got another Lance threw it directly into his Face, and pierced him through the Head; at which instance, Rosaces, Brother to him that was killed, came swiftly riding in, and reached the King such a Blow, 
Rosaces near killing of Alexd.  that he cut through his Helmet, and gave him a slight wound upon the Head, and just as he was ready to second his stroke, Clitus, Surnamed Niger, posts up and cuts off the Hand of the Barbarian.  
The Kinsmen of the two Brothers (now both fallen) came round about them, and at the first plied Alexander with their Darts, and then fell to it hand to hand, and ran through all hazards, that they might kill Alexander. And though he was environed with imminent Hazards and Dangers of his Life, yet the throng of his Enemies did not at all daunt him. For though he had received three strokes through his Breast plate, and one Cut upon his Helmet, and had his Buckler, which he brought from the Temple of Minerva, thrice pierced through, yet he stirred not a Foot, but stood his ground against all Hazards and Difficulties with undaunted Resolution.  
In the mean time, other brave Commanders fell round about him, among whom the most remarkable were Artyaxes, and Pharnaces, the Brother of Darius, and Mithrobarzanes the Commander of the Cappadocians; so that many great Officers being killed, and all the Troops of the Persians routed and broken by the Valour of the Macedonians, the first that fell in upon Alexander were forced to take to their Heels. And after them all the rest. 
Ant. Ch. 332.  In this Battle, by the Confession of all, the Valour of Alexander was cried up above all others; and he reputed the chief Instrument of the Victory. The Thessalian Horse managed their Troops with that Dexterity, and fought with that brave Resolution, that next to the King, they were most highly applauded, and gained exceeding Honour and Reputation.  
After the Horse was routed and fled, the Foot running one in upon another in confusion fought a while, but amazed and dejected with the flight of their Horse, they likewise turned their Backs and made away.  
There were killed in the Persian Army above Ten thousand Foot, and at least Two thousand Horse, and above Twenty thousand taken Prisoners.  
After the Battle, the King buried those of his that were slain, with great Solemnity, by these Honours to encourage his Soldiers to fight the more readily. When he had refreshed his Army, he marched forward through Lydia, and came to Sardis, which with the Citadel, and all the Provision and Treasure therein, were voluntarily surrendered to him by 
* Or Mithrenes:  Mithrinnes the Governor.  
In the mean time, those Persians that had escaped out of the Battle, fled, together with their General, Memnon, to Miletus, before which the King afterwards came, and assaulted it continually for several days together, still relieving his Men from time to time with 
Miletus besieged.  fresh Supplies. The Besieged at first easily defended themselves from the Walls, in regard the City was full of Soldiers, and plentifully furnished with Weapons and all other things necessary for the enduring of a Siege. But as soon as the King began fiercely to 
Ant. Ch. 332.  batter the Walls with his Engines, and violently to push on the Siege both by Sea and Land, and the Macedonians had forced their way through a Breach of the Walls, putting their Enemies to flight in that part; the Milesians forthwith prostrated themselves as suppliants at the King's Feet, and gave up themselves and the City to his Mercy. Some of the 
Miletus taken.  Barbarians were killed by the Macedonians, others fled out of the City, and the rest were all taken. He dealt kindly and mercifully with the Milesians, but for others, he sold them all for Slaves.  
And now having no further use for his Navy, and being likewise chargeable to maintain, he dismissed his Fleet, except a few Ships which he detained for the Conveying of his Engines of Battery, and other Instruments useful for the Besieging of Towns. Among which were Twenty Vessels from Athens.  
There are some who say, that this Discharging of the Fleet was a prudent part of a General in Alexander. For Darius being on his march, and therefore very likely that a great Battle was to be fought, he conceived that the Macedonians would fight with more Resolution, when they saw there was no possibility of flight. And the very same Project he contrived at the Battle of Granicum, where he so ordered the matter, that the River should be at his Soldiers back, to the end, that none might have a Thought of flying, since the River threatened certain destruction to them that attempted it.  
In following times Agathocles, King of Syracuse, followed this Example of Alexander, and so gained a glorious Victory. For having transported a small Army into Africa, he set all his Ships on fire, to take away all hope from his Soldiers of escaping by flight, by which means being forced of necessity to stand to it courageously, he overcame many thousands of the Carthaginians drawn up against him.  
After the taking of Miletus, both Persians and Mercenaries with their chiefest Commanders, came flocking to Halicarnassus. This was then the greatest City in Caria, in which 
Halicarnassius  was a Palace of the Kings, adorned with most curious, Turrets and Citadels.  
About the same time, Memnon sent away his Wife and Children to Darius, as well for 
Ant. Ch. 332.  their security, as to induce the King, having such considerable Hostages in his hands to intrust him with more confidence in the Management of the War. Which happened accordingly; for Darius presently sent Letters to all the Inhabitants of the Sea Coasts of Asia, to be observant in every thing to all the Commands of Memnon. Being made therefore General of the whole Army, he provided all things necessary for the Defence of Halicarnassus against a Siege.  
In the mean time the King sent away his Engines of Battery, and Corn and Provision by Sea, to Halicarnassus, and he himself with his whole Army marched into Caria, and where ever he came he gained upon the Cities by his smooth Tongue, and courteous Behaviour. The Greek Cities especially tasted of his Grace and Favour, for he gave all Liberty to govern according to their own Laws, and ordered they should be free from Tribute, declaring, that he had undertaken a War against the Persians for the Rights and Liberties of the Grecians.  
When he was upon his March, he was met by a Noble Woman called Ada, of the Lineage 
Ada meets Alexander.  of the King of Caria, who upon discourse with him, concerning the Right of her Ancestors, entreated him to restore her to the Kingdom of her Grandfather, which he gave up to her, and bid, her take it as her own; by which bounty to the Woman, he gained the Hearts of the Grecians, and all the Cities sent their Ambassadors to him, presenting him with Crowns of Gold, promised and offered to serve him in all things to the utmost of their Power.  
Alexander now Encamps near to the City, and forthwith assaults the Town in a furious 
Ant. Ch. 332. Halicarnassus besieged.  and terrible Manner.: For at the very Beginning; his Soldiers by turns stormed the Walls without any intermission, so that the Conflict continued whole days together. Afterwards he brought up all sorts of Engines to the Walls, and filled up the Trenches, before the City, by the help of three Machine's called Snails, and then with his Rams battered down the Towers and Walls that ran along between them. Part being thus beaten down, he engaged in the Breach with the Enemy, and endeavoured to force his way into the City over the Rubbish. But Memnon easily repulsed the Macedonians (who first assaulted the Wall) there being many Men within the City; and in the Night, when the Engines were brought up he made a Sally with a great Body of Men, and fired them: Upon which there were many sharp Conflicts before the Walls, in which the Macedonians far excelled the other for Valour, but the Persians them for number of Men and all Warlike Provisions. But those upon the Walls were of great advantage to the Persians that were engaged in the Sally, by galling their Enemies with their Darts and Arrows, attended with Death and Wounds; shouting of Men and sounding of Trumpets, every where echoed in the Air, while the Soldiers on both sides with loud Acclamations, applauded the noble Actions of their several Parties.  
And now some endeavoured to extinguish the mounting Flames of the Engines, and others engaging with the Enemy, made grievous slaughters among their Adversaries. Those within raised up other Walls much stronger, instead of them that were battered down. The Commanders with Memnon being in the Front, encouraged their Men to stand to it, offering great Rewards to such as valiantly behaved themselves. So that it was incredible with what Heat and Spirit every one was pushed on forward to win the Day. Then might be seen some carried out of the Army so wounded, that they were breathing out their last; others gathered in a round about the Bodies of the Dead, and sharply engaged 
Ant. Ch. 332.  in striving to carry off the Bodies, in order to their Burial. Others but even now tired out with Wounds, and Blows, presently (through the Encouragement of the Officers) recovering their Spirits, fell to it briskly again.  
Some of the Macedonians (among whom was Neoptolemus, an honourable Person) were slain, even under the City Gates. And now Towers and two Flanks were battered down; upon which, some Drunken Soldiers of Perdiccas rashly in the Night mounted the Walls of the Citadel: But Memnon understanding in what plight they were in, made a Sally, and being much Superior in number repulsed the Macedonians, and killed many of them, which being noised abroad, the Macedonians came flocking in to the aid of their Fellows; upon which there was a brisk Encounter. At length, when those with Alexander appeared and joined with the rest, the Persians flagged and were beaten back into the City. Then the King sent 
* An Herald.  a Trumpeter to make a Truce, in order to carry off those Macedonians that were slain before the Walls: But Ephialtes and Thrasybulus, both Athenians, and then in Arms for the Persians, gave advice not to suffer the Dead to be buried. However, Memnon granted what the King desired.  
Afterwards Ephialtes in a Council of War declared his Opinion, That it was not advisable for them to stay till the City was taken, and so all to be made Prisoners, but for all the Officers with the Mercenaries to venture their Lives for the Safety and Security of the rest, and to sally upon the Enemy out of the City. Hereupon Memnon perceiving Ephialtes to be prompted to Action by an extraordinary Impulse of Valour, and placing 
Ant. Ch. 332.  great Confidence in him by reason of his Courage and the strength of his Body, agreed to what he had advised. In order to which, he appointed Two thousand Mercenaries, of the best Soldiers he could pick out, to sally with him, one half of whom were commanded to carry along with them light Firebrands, and the other to fall in upon the Enemy. About break of Day the Gates were suddenly fling open, and the Regiments issue out, and cast their Fire brands among the Engines, upon which a great Flame presently appeared. He himself at the Head of others formed into a deep Phalanx charged upon the Macedonians, who were hasting to preserve and defend the Engines. The King, quick in discerning what was to be done, places the chief of the Macedonians in the Front, and some of the chiefest Soldiers next, in order to support them, and to these he adds a third Battalion, for Valour excelling all the rest; The whole Body he led up himself, and fell upon the Enemy, who seemed (through their firm and close Order) to be impenetrable; not to be broken by any Force whatsoever.  
In the mean time, he commands others to go to defend the Engines, and quench the Fire. Noise and Clamour filled the Camps, and the Trumpet giving the Alarm to Battle, they fell to it, fight with more than ordinary Valour, ambitious to purchase Honour and Renown. The Macedonians easily quenched the Fire, but in the Conflict, those with Ephialtes got the better. For with whomsoever he engaged, (being of a far stronger 
Ephialtes, a strong and stout Man.  Body than any of them,) he certainly killed, and those that were upon the new Wall slew many with their Darts. For upon this Wall there was a Wooden Tower erected an Hundred Cubits high, full of Engines for shooting of Darts and Arrows.  
Many therefore of the Macedonians being killed, and the rest retreating by reason of the multitude of Darts, and Memnon coming in to the Assistance of the Persians with a far greater Number, the King himself knew not well what to do. While they that issued 
Ant. Ch. 332.  out of the Town thus prevailed, on a sudden the Tables were turned: For the old Macedonians (who by reason of their Age were to this time dispensed with, and not called to Fight, though formerly Victorious in many Battles under King Philip,) now at this very instant were stirred up to their anient Courage and Resolution. And being both Valiant and Expert Soldiers, (far beyond all the rest,) they upbraided the Cowardice of the Freshwater Soldiers, who turned their Back, with most bitter Taunts and Reproaches: These presently getting into a Body, and clapping their Bucklers one into another, fell in upon the Enemy, (now confident of an assured Victory,) and having killed Ephialtes and many others, forced the rest into the City; and the Macedonians being mixed with the other in the Nighttime, entered pellmell with them within the Walls; but the King ordered a Retreat to be sounded, and so they returned into the Camp. After this, Memnon and the rest of the Commanders consulted together, and determined to leave the City. In execution of which Resolve, they left the best of the Soldiers to keep the Citadel with sufficient Provision and all other Things necessary, and transported themselves with the rest of the Citizens, and all their Wealth, into Coos.  
Alexander about spring of Day understanding what was done, cast a Trench, and built a Rampart upon it round about the Castle; and razed the City itself to the Ground. 
Halicarnassus taken.  Then he ordered part of his Army to march further up into the Country in order to force other Provinces to his Obedience; these Forces valiantly brought under the Power of Alexander all the Nations as far as to the Borders of the Greater Phrygia, and forced 
Ant. Ch. 332.  them to find Provision for their Army.  
Alexander himself subdued all the Sea Coast of Asia to Cilicia, gaining many Cities by Surrender, and taking several Forts and Castles by Storm; amongst which, there was one that was taken after a wonderful manner, which by reason of the Rarity of the Thing is not to be passed over.  
In the utmost Borders of Lycia, the Marmarensians, who inhabited upon a great Rock, and well fortified, set upon the Rear of Alexander's Amy in their March thither, and slew many of the Macedonians, and carried away a great number of Prisoners and Carriage-Horses. At which, the King was so enraged, that he resolved to besiege the Place, and used his utmost Endeavour to gain it. But the 
* Or Marmarians.  Marmarensians trusting to their own Valour and the Strength of the Place, manfully endured the Siege; for they were assaulted two Days together without any intermission, and were assured, that the King would not stir thence till he had taken the Rock. The ancient Men therefore at the first advised the Younger to forbear standing it out with such Violence, and to make Peace with the King upon as good Conditions as they could; which when they denied, and all resolved to part with their Lives and the Liberties of their Country together; the graver Men than advised them to kill all the old Men, Women, and Children, and that those that were strong and able to defend themselves should break through their Enemy's Camp in the Night, and flee to the next Mountains. The young Men approved of the Council, and 
The strange Resolution of the Marmarians.  thereupon an Edict was made, That every one should go to his own House, and Eat and Drink plentifully with his Wife, Children and Relations, and then expect the Execution of the Decree. But some of the young Men who were more considerate than the rest, (who were about Six hundred in the whole,) judged it more Advisable to forbear 
Ant. Ch. 332.  killing their own Kindred and Relations with their own Hands, but rather set the Houses on fire, and then to sally out at the Gates, and make to the Mountains for their Security. This was presently taken to, and the Thing put in execution, and so every Man's House became his Sepulchre. And the young Men themselves broke through the midst of their Enemies, and fled to the Hills near at hand. And these were the chief Things done this Year.   

CHAP. III.  
Mytelen taken by Memnon, Darius his General. His Successes. He dies. Charidemus the Athenian unjustly put to Death by Darius. Alexander falls sick, recovered by Philippus. Alexander seizes Alexander of Lyncestas, upon his Mother's Letters. Alexander takes Issus. The memorable Battle at Issus, where the Mother, Wife, Two Daughters, and Son of Darius, were taken. Alexander's noble Carriage towards them. Darius' Letters and Offers to Alexander. Darius prepares another Army.  
BUT in the following Year, wherein Nicocrates was chief Governor of Athens, and 
Olymp. 3. 4. Ant. Ch. 331. An. M. 3617.  Cesus Valerius and Lucius Papirius succeeded in the Consular Dignity at Rome. Darius' sent a great Sum of Money to Memnon, and declared him General of all his Forces. Hereupon he raised great Numbers of Men from all Parts, and fitting out a Navy of Three hundred Sail, set himself with all diligence to the prosecution of the War. To that end, he brought in Chius to join with him. Then he sailed to Lesbos, and presently took Antissa, Mythimnus, Pyrrhus, and Erissus. But for 
* Mitylene besieged and taken by Memnon in the Island Lesbos.  Mitylene, and 
† Lesbos, a City in Lesbos.  Lesbos, because it was much larger, and strongly Garrisoned and well provided, he gained it not without many Assaults, and the Loss of many of his Men, though he took it at length with much ado. The Fame of this Action being presently noised abroad, many of the Cyclade Islands sent Ambassadors to him to make Leagues with him. Then there was a Report spread abroad, that Memnon with his whole Fleet was intending to invade Eabaea, which put all the Cities into a great Consternation. And some of the Grecians being come into the Confederacy of the Persians, were heartened in hopes of a change of their Affairs for the better. Besides, Memnon had corrupted many of the Greeks with Money to sail in the same Bottom with the Persians. But Fortune put a stop to the Progress of this Man's Success; for he fell sick of a mortal Distemper, and dved; and by his Death, the 
Memnon dies.  Affaris of Darius went backward: For the 
* Of Persia.  King hoped to have transferred the whole Weight of the War out of Asia into Europe.  
But when he heard of the Death of Memnon, he called his Friends together, and asked their Advice, Whether he should send a General with the Army, or go himself in Person, and try his Fortune with the Macedonians. Some were of Opinion for the King to go himself, for that they said, the Persians would then with more cheerfulness venture their Lives. But Charidemus the Athenian, who was in great Esteem for his Valour and Prudence as a General, (for under Philip he gained a great Reputation, and was his chief and principal Adviser in all his weighty Affairs,) advised Darius not to lay the Kingdom rashly at stake, but still to continue Lord of Asia, and keep the Government in his own Hand, and to appoint an Experienced General to manage the Concerns of the War. And he told him, that an Hundred thousand Men, of which Number a Third Part to be Mercenaries out of Greece, were sufficient for the Expedition, and engaged that he would see the Thing accomplished. The King at the first agreed to what he said: But his Friends peremptorily rejected this Advice; suspecting that Charidemus sought for the chief 
Ant. Ch. 331.  Command, out of design to give up all into the Power of the Macedonians. Hereupon Charidemus was in such a Rage, as that he called them all Cowards: With which Words, the King was much more offended than before; and whereas Anger never suffers a Man to consider wisely before hand, Darius order him to be bound in a Belt, (which is the manner of the Persians,) and delivers him to his Guard to be put to Death: Who when he was leading to Execution, cried out, That the King would in a short time repent of what he had done in this Matter, and would be punished for that unjust Judgement against him by the loss of his Kingdom. Thus fell Charidemus from the top of all his Hopes and Expectations 
Charidemus unjustly put to Death by Darius.  through the unseasonable Liberty of his Tongue. But the King, as soon as his Anger was over, presently repent of what he had done, and accused himself as guilty of a most horrid Crime: But the Power of a King could not undo that which was past Remedy. Considering therefore how valiant the Macedonians were, and musing upon the Courage of Alexander, he enquired where he might have a fit Person to succeed Memnon in the chief Command of the Army, and when none could be found, he was forced to run the Hazard himself for the saving of his Kingdom. He forthwith therefore ordered all his Forces to be called together from all Parts, and to Rendezvouz at Babylon. Then he made choice of such of his Kindred and Friends as he thought fit, and to some 
Ant. Ch. 331.  he gave Commands in the Army according to their several Qualities, and others he appointed to attend upon his Person as his Lifeguard. As soon as the time before fixed upon for the Expedition was come, they all Rendezvous'd at Babylon, to the Number of 
The Number of the Persian Army.  Four hundred thousand Foot, and an Hundred thousand Horse; Hence he marched away with this vast Number of Men towards 
* Cilicia, n●w Carmania, in the Turks Dominions.  Cilicia, taking along with him his Mother, Wife and Children; that is to say, a Son and two Daughters.  
In the mean time, Alexander (while Memnon was living, hearing how Chius and the Cities of Lesbos were surrendered into the Hands of Memnon, and that Mitylene was taken by Storm, and that he was ready to invade Macedonia with a Navy of Three hundred Sail, and that many of the Grecians were upon the Point of Revolting) was very much perplexed and discontented. But as soon as he heard of Memnon's Death, his Mind was more at rest. But within a short time after he fell desperately sick, and growing worse and 
Alexander sick.  worse, sent for Physicians, who coming to him, were all afraid to administer any thing, looking upon him as irrecoverable: Saving that there was one Philip of Acarnania, (whose Practice it was commonly to make use of desperate Medicines,) promised to cure him by a Potion; the King hereupon readily complied with him, especially because he heard Darius was on his march from Babylon. Then the Physician delivered the Potion, which through the Art and Skill of Philip, and the Advantage of the Natural Strength of the Patient, presently cured the King: Who being thus beyond all Hope recovered, bountifully 
Ant. Ch. 331.  Rewarded the Physician, and received him into the Number of his most faithful Friends.  
About the same time Alexander received Letters from his Mother, wherein (among other Things which she thought fit to advise him of) she wished him to have a care of 
Alexander receives Letters from his Mother.  Alexander of 
* In Macedonia.  Lyncestas, who was a very valiant Man, and of a generous Disposition, and not inferior to any for his Faithfulness to Alexander. But many things concurring that seemed to fortify the Accusation, he was seized and committed to Custody, in order to his Legal Trial. But Alexander having Intelligence that Darius was within a few Days march, sent Parmenio before with the Army to gain the Passes and the 
Syriae Pilae, or the Gates of Syria.  Gates, as they were called; who marching away with all speed, possessed himself of them, beating off the Barbarians, who were there before him. Darius, that he might march with more ease, had left all his heavy Baggage and Rabble behind him at Damascus, a City of Syria. Hence he marched with all the speed he could, hearing that Alexander had preposfessed himself of all the difficult Passes and Places, as not daring to fight in the Plain and open Field, as he supposed. The Inhabitants of all the Places through which Alexander came, slighting the inconsiderable Number of the Macedonians, and frighted with the approach of the vast Army of the Persians, without any regard to Alexander sided with Darius, and readily supplied the Persians with Provisions and all other Necessaries, and by the Rule of their own Opinions adjudged the Victory before hand to the Barbarians.  
In the mean time Alexander had possessed himself of 
* Issus, now Laiazzo, under the Turks.  Issus, (surprised with the Fear of his Army,) a considerable City of 
† Cilicia.  Cilicia; and understanding by his Spies that Darius was not distant above 
** Betwixt 4 and 5 Miles.  Thirty Furlongs, and that he was even now approaching with his Army so provided, and in that order, as to make them terrible to all, he judged the Gods highly favoured him in putting such an Opportunity into his Hands, as that by the gaining of one Victory he should ruin the whole Empire of Persia. Hereupon he stirred up the Spirits of his Soldiers, (by a Speech for the Occasion,) encouraging them to fight 
Ant. Ch. 331.  Manfully, now all lay at Stake. His Regiments of Foot, and Squadrons of Horse, he 
The great Battle at Issus.  posted so, as the Place and Ground would best allow: The Horse was placed before the whole Body of the Foot, which were ordered behind to support and relieve the Horse. Being in the Right Wing himself, he marched on towards the Enemy with the choicest of the Horse. The Thessalian Horse were in the Left, for Valour and Skill far excelling all the rest. And now the Armies came within the cast of a Dart one of another, upon which there flew such a shower of Darts from the Barbarians against them with Alexander, that through their Multitude they so brushed in their flight one upon another, that their Force was much abated, and did little harm. Then presently the Trumpets on both Sides sounded a Charge, and the Macedonians were the first that set up a great Shout, which being answered by the Barbarians, all the Hills and Mountains there near at hand echoed and rang again with the Noise. But the Shout of the Barbarians far exceeded the other, being made by Five hundred thousand Men at once.  
Then Alexander looked every where round about to spy out Darius, whom having found, he made at him (with those Horse that were with him) with all the speed imaginable, desiring not so much to conquer the Persians, as to gain the present Victory by 
Ant. Ch. 331.  his own Personal Valour. In the mean time the whole Body of Horse engaged, great Slaughters being made on both Sides; but the Valour of those engaged caused the Victory to hang in Suspense a long time, appearing sometimes here and sometimes there, by Changes and Turns. No Dart cast, or Stroke given by any was in vain, but did some Execution, for in such a Multitude the Mark was sure to be hit. So that great Numbers were wounded, and others fight to their last Breath, chose rather to lose their Lives, than part with their Honour, And the Officers at the Head of their Regiment so bravely behaved themselves, that they put Life and Courage into the Common Soldiers. There might then be seen all sorts of Wounds, and as various and sharp Contests for Victory Oxathres a Persian, and Brother of Darius, a very valiant Man, as soon as he saw Alexander make so fiercely at Darius, was resolved to undergo the same Fortune with his Brother, and therefore charges Alexander's Body with the best of the Horse he could make choice of out of his own Troops, and knowing that his Love to his Brother would advance his Fame and Reputation above all other things among the Persians, he fought close by his Chariot, and with that Courage and Dexterity, that he laid many dead at his Feet; and inasmuch as the Macedonians were as resolute on the other Side not to move a Foot, the dead Bodies risen up in heaps of Carcases round about the Chariot of Darius. And being that every one strove to lay hold on the King, both Sides fought with great Obstinacy, without any regard of their Lives. In this Conflict many of the Persian Nobility were slain, amongst whom were Antixyus and Rheomitus, and Tasiaces the Lord Lieutenant of Egypt. And many of the Macedonians likewise; and Alexander himself (compassed round by the Enemy) was wounded in the Thigh. The Chariot-Horses of Darius receiving many Wounds, and frighted with the multitude of Carcases that lay round in Heaps about them, grew so unruly, that they had hurried Darius into the 
Ant. Ch. 331.  midst of his Enemies, if he had not in this Extremity catched hold of the Reins himself, being forced thus to make bold with the Laws of the Persians, in debasing the Majesty of the Persian Kings. In the mean time his Servants brought to him another Chariot, and a great hurly burly there was while he was ascending this, insomuch as Darius himself (by the Enemy pressing hard upon him) was in a great Terror and Consternation; Which when some of the Persians discerned, they began first to fly, the Horse that were next following the Example of their Fellows, and at length all made away as fast as they could. The Places being narrow and straight, in their haste they trod down one another, and many perished without a Stroke of the Enemy; for they lay on Heaps, some with their Arms, 
Alexander gets the Victory at Issus.  others without them; some held their naked Swords as long in their Hands, as that their Fellow-Soldiers ran themselves upon them, and so were slain. But many got away into the open Plain, and by the swiftness of their Horses, escaped to the several Cities of the Allies.  
During this time, the 
* Battalion about Eight thousand Feet.  Macedonian Phalanx and the Persian Foot fought a while; for the Flight of the Horse was the Praeludium to the Victory. The Barbarians therefore taking to their Heels, and so many Thousands making away through the same Straits, all Places thereabouts were in a short time covered with dead Carcases: But the Persians, by the advantage of the Night, got away here and there into several Places of shelter.  
The Macedonians therefore left off the Pursuit, and betook themselves to the rifling of 
The Macedonians rifle the Persian's Tents.  the Camp, especially the King's Pavilion, because there were the richest Booties; so that there was found and carried thence vast Sums of Gold and Silver, and exceeding rich Garments and Furniture; an abundance likewise of Treasure belonging to his Friends and Kindred, and the Commanders of his Army: For the Wives not only from the 
Ant. Ch. 331.  King's Household, but from the Families of his Kindred and Attendants, mounted in Chariots glittering with Gold (according to the Custom of the Persians) accompanied the Camp in their march from place to place. And every one of these (through their Luxury and Delicateness, to which they had commonly inur'd themselves) carried with them abundance of rich Furniture, and a multitude of beautiful Women. But the captive Ladies 
The miserable Condition of the Persian Ladies.  were then in a most miserable Condition: For they who before, by reason of their Nicety, could scarcely be placed in their stately Chariots so as to please them, and had their Bodies so attired, as that no Air might touch them, now rend their Garments in pieces, and scarce with one simple Veil to cover their Nakedness, threw themselves shrieking out of their Chariots, and with their Eyes and Hands lifted up to Heaven, cast themselves down at the Feet of the Conquerors. Some with their trembling Hands pulled off all their Jewels and Ornaments from their own Bodies, and ran up steep Rocks and craggy Places, with their Hair flying about their Ears; and thus meeting in Throngs together, some called for Help from those who wanted the Relief of others as much as themselves: Some were dragged along by the Hair of their Heads, others were stripped 
Ant. Ch. 331.  naked, and then killed, and sometimes cudgelled to death with the heavy end of the Soldiers Lances. Nay, even all manner of Disgrace and Contempt was poured upon the Glory of the Persians, so famous and honourable heretofore all the World over.  
But the more sober and moderate of the Macedonians seeing that strange Turn of Fortune, much pitied the Condition of those miserable Creatures, who had lost every thing that was near and dear to them in this World, and were now environed with nothing but Strangers and Enemies, and fallen into miserable and dishonourable Captivity. But the Mother of Darius, and his Wife, and two Daughters, now Marriageable (and his little 
Darius' his Mother, Wife, two Daughters and Son, taken.  Son especially) drew Tears from the Eyes of the Beholders: For their sad change of Fortune, and the greatness of their sudden and unexpected Calamity (presented thus to their view) could not but move them to a compassionate Resentment of their present Condition: For as yet it was not known whether Darius was alive or dead. And in the mean time 
* The Women-Captives, Darius his Wife, Children, Mother  they perceived his Tent pillaged and rifled by armed Men, who knew no difference of Persons, and therefore committed many indecent and unworthy Actions, and saw likewise all Asia brought under the Power of a Conquering Sword as well as themselves. The Wives of the Governors of the Provinces that fell at 
* of the Queen, and Queen-Mother of Persia.  their Feet to beg Protection, were so far from finding Relief, that they themselves earnestly prayed them to rescue them out of their present Calamity.  
Alexander's Servants having possessed themselves of Darius his Tents, prepared the Tables and Baths which were used by Darius himself, and lighted up many Lamps in expectation of the King, that in his return from the pursuit he might take possession of all the Furniture of Darius, as an earnest of the Empire and Government of all Asia. Of the Barbarians there fell in this Battle above an Hundred and twenty thousand Foot, and no fewer 
Ant. Ch. 331.  than Ten thousand Horse. Of the Macedonians, Three hunded Foot, and an Hundred and fifty Horse. And this was the Issue of the Battle at Issus.  
But to return to the Kings themselves: Darius with all his Army being thus routed, fled, and by changing from time to time one Horse after another the best he had, he made away with all speed to escape out of the Hands of Alexander, and to get to the Governors of the Upper Provinces. But Alexander, with the best of his Horse and chiefest of his Friends, pursued him close at the very Heels, earnestly longing to be 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Lord of Darius. But after he had rid Two hundred Furlongs, he returned at midnight into the Camp; and having refreshed his weary Body in the Baths, went to Supper, and then to his rest.  
In the mean time, one came to the Mother of Darius, and told her that Alexander was returned from the pursuit of Darius, and had possessed himself of all the rich Spoils of his Tent. Upon which, there was given up a great Shriek and Lamentation amongst the Women, and from the multitude of the Captives lamenting with the Queen at the sad News, all places were filled with Cries and Lamentations. The King understanding what Sorrow there was among the Women, sent Leonatus, one his of Courtiers to them, to put an end to their Fears; and to let Sisygambres, the Mother of Darius, know, that her Son was alive, and that Alexander would have respect to their former Dignity; and that to confirm the Promise of his Generosity by his Actions, he would come and discourse with them the Day following. Whereupon the Captives were so surprised with the sudden and happy Turn of their Fortunes, that they honoured Alexander as a God; and their 
Ant. Ch. 331.  Fears were turned into Exultations of Joy.  
The King, as soon as it was light (with Hephestion, one of the trustiest of his Friends) 
Alexander's great Humanity towards the Persian Captives.  went to visit the Queens. When they entered, in regard they were both habited alike, Sisygambres taking Hephestion for the King (because he was the more comely and taller Man) fell prostrate at his Feet; but the Attendants, by the Nods of their Heads, and Pointing of their Fingers, directed her to Alexander; whereupon being much ashamed, and out of Countenance by reason of Mistake, she salutes Alexander in the same manner she had done before the other. Upon which, he lift her up, and said, Mother, trouble not, nor perplex yourself; for that Man also is Alexander. By which courteous and obliging Title of Mother, to a grave and honourable Matron, he gave a clear Demonstration of the Respects and Civilities he intended towards them all.  
Having therefore owned her for a Second Mother, he presently confirmed his Words by his Actions: For he ordered her to be clothed in her Royal Robes, and restored her to all the Honours becoming her former State and Dignity. For he gave her all her Attendants and Household Servants and Furniture allowed her by Darius, and added also as much more of his own Bounty. He promised likewise to dispose of the young Ladies in Marriage far better than if their Father had provided Husbands for them; and that he would educate the King's little Son as carefully and honourably as if he were his own. Then he called him to him, and kissed him; and taking notice that he was not at all dashed, nor seemed to be in the least affrighted, turning to Hephestion and those about him, This Youth, but Six Years of Age (says he) carries in his Countenance Marks of a stcut and brave Spirit above his Age, and is better than his Father. He further declared, That he would take care of the Wife of Darius; that nothing should be wanting to her; in order to the support and maintenance of her Royal State and former Prosperity. Many other kind and gaining Expressions he used, insomuch as the Ladies fell a weeping in Showers of Tears, 
Ant. Ch. 331.  out of Transports of Joy, upon account of the Greatness of their unexpected Felicity. After all, he at length put forth to them his Right Hand to kiss, upon which not only they who were immediately honoured with those Kindnesses, set forth his Prai●e, but even the whole Army cried up his incomparable Grace and Clemency. And indeed, I conceive, that amongst the many Brave and Noble Acts of Alexander, none of them were greater than this, nor more worthy by History, to be handed down to Posterity. For storming and taking of Cities, gaining of Battles, and other Successes in War, are many times the Events of Fortune, more than the Effects of Valour and Virtue; but to be compassionate to the miserable, and those that lie at the Feet of the Conqueror, must be the Fruit only of Wisdom and Prudence. For many by Prosperity grow high-crested, and are so far swelled with Pride, by the favourable Blasts of Fortune, that they are careless and forgetful of the Common Miseries of Mankind; so that 'tis common to see many to sink under the weight of their prosperous Successes, as an heavy Burden they are not able to bear.  
Therefore though Alexander was many Ages before us who are now living, yet the remembrance of his Virtue, justly challenges Honour and Praise from all those that succeed him in future Generations.  
As for Darius, being now got to Babylon, he musters up his broken Troops that were escaped from the Battle of Issus; and though he had received so great an Overthrow, yet he was not at all discouraged, but writ Letters to Alexander, whereby he advised him to use his Good Fortune and Success moderately, and offered him a great Sum of Money 
Ant. Ch. 33●.  for the Ransom of the Captives: He promised likewise to give up to him all that part of Asia, with the Cities which lay on that side, within the 
* This was all Narolia.  Course of the River 
† Now Casilimer in Paphligonia.  Halys, if he were willing to be his Friend.  
Whereupon Alexander called a Council of War, and laid before them such Letters as he judged most for his own Advantage, but concealed the true ones: By which Contrivance the Ambassadors were dismissed, without any effect of their Embassy.  
Darius therefore concluding that Things were not to be composed by Letters, sets himself wholly to make preparation for War. To which end, he armed those Soldiers that had loft their Arms in the late unfortunate Battle, and raised others, and formed them into Regiments. He sent likewise for those Forces he had through Haste left behind him in the Upper Provinces, when he first began his Expedition. To conclude, he was so earnest and diligent in recruiting his Army, that they were now twice as many as they were at Issus; for they made up a Body of Eight hundred thousand Foot, and Two hundred thousand Horse, besides a vast multitude of hooked Chariots. These considerable Actions were the Events of this Year.   

CHAP. IU.  
Alexander marches towards Egypt: Besieges Tyre. Prodigies of Tyre. The Tyrians bind Apollo with Golden Chains. The Inventions of the Tyrians to defend themselves. The Advancement of Ballominus, a poor Man, to be King of Tyre. The Acts of Agis and Amyntas: Amyntas killed, and all his Soldiers. Alexander takes Gaza by Storm: Is presented by the Grecians.  
NIceratus was Chief Governor of Athens, and Marcus Atilius and Marcus Valerius were Consuls at Rome, when the Hundred and Twelfth Olympiad was celebrated, wherein 
Olymp. 112. 1. Ant. Ch. 330. An. M. 3618.  Grylus of Chalcidon was Victor.  
Alexander, after the Battle of Issus, caused both his own, and those likewise of the Enemies that were of greatest Repute for Valour, to be buried. After he had sacrificed and given Thanks to the Gods, he bountifully rewarded all such as had valiantly behaved themselves, every one according to his Merit. After which, he gave liberty to his Soldiers for some days to recreate and refresh themselves. Thence marching with his Army towards Egypt, as he came into Phoenicia, other Cities readily submitted to him, and were received into his Protection. But Tyre was the only City that obstinately denied him entrance, when he desired it, in order to Sacrifice to Hercules Tyrius; at which Alexander 
Alexander demands entrance into Tyre.  was so enraged, that he threatened to storm and take it by force of Arms. But the Tyrians resolved to stand it out, because they thought thereby to ingratiate themselves with Darius; and that for their Faithfulness and Loyalty to him, they concluded he would bountifully reward them; who by that means gained him more time to recruit his Army, while Alexander was detained in a troublesome and dangerous Siege. And besides, they placed their Confidence in the Strength of the Island, and their plentiful Provision of all Things necessary, and in the Carthaginians, from whom they were descended.  
The King therefore, though he foresaw that it would be a very difficult matter to carry on the Siege by reason of the Sea, and that they were so well provided with all Things for the defence of the Walls, and had a strong Navy, and that the City was separated from the Continent; so that nothing could be effectually put in execution: Yet he judged 
Tyre but four Furlongs from the Continent. Tyre besieged.  it more for his Honour to undergo all sorts of Hazards, than for the Macedonians to be baffled with one City, and that too not altogether so difficult to be gained.  
He forthwith therefore demolished Old Tyre, as it was then called, and by the Stones carried by many Thousands of Men, raised a Mole Two hundred Foot in breadth, which by the Help of the Inhabitants of the Neighbouring Cities (who were all called in for that purpose) was presently dispatched. The Tyrians, in the mean time, from their 
Ant. Ch. 330.  Ships laughed and jeered at the King, and asked him whether he supposed himself stronger than Neptune. Afterwards, when they perceived (beyond whatever they thought could be done) that the Mole still increased, and was in likelihood to be finished, they decreed to transport their Wives, Children, and Old People to Carthage; and those that were Young Men were kept some of them to guard the Walls, and others for Sea-Service; for they had a Fleet of Fourscore Sail. At length they sent away part of their Wives and Children, in order to sail by the Enemy for Carthage; but being prevented by the multitude of them that were at work, and not in a fit posture to fight at Sea, they were all forced to return, and abide the Siege. And tho' they were plentifully supplied with Engines to shoot Arrows, Darts, and Stones, and all other Machine's and Instruments, fit and necessary for the defence of the Walls against any Assault; yet they readily furnished themselves as they had occasion with many more, for that Tyre was full of Gun-smiths, and Artificers of all sorts. So that being supplied by these Workmen, with many new invented Engines, every place round the Walls was filled with them, especially towards that side where the Mole was raised.  
And now the Work was brought by the Macedonians within the Cast of a Dart, when presently a Prodigy from the Gods appeared to them who were thus threatened; for the working 
Prodigy of a Whale.  of the Sea cast a Whale of an incredible bigness to the side of the Mole; and there it lay without doing any Harm, but remained there a good while, leaning one side of its Body to the Work, which struck the Beholders with much Terror and Amazement. After it was gone, and returned into the Sea, both Parties went to their Divinations, and each (severally concluding as they would desire to have it) made this Construction, That by this Sign was portended, that Neptune would aid and assist them.  
There was another Prodigy likewise happened, which greatly amazed the Common 
Prodigies at Tyre.  People: For when the Macedonians were at Meat, the Faces of those that broke the Bread seemed to be all over bloody; and one of Tyre affirmed, that he saw a Vision, by which Apollo told him that he would forsake the City. And because the Common People suspected that he spoke this in favour of Alexander's Party, the Young Men had stoned him to death, but that he was rescued by the Magistrates, and fled into Hercules his Temple; and so through his pious Supplication he escaped so imminent a Danger.  
Upon this, the Tyrians, to prevent Apollo's leaving the City, fastened his Image to the 
The Tyrians fasten Apollo with Chains.  Pedestal with golden Chains. But the Citizens being put into a great Fright through the increase of the Mole, loaded many little Boats with Engines to shoot Arrows and Darts, and with Slingers and Archers; who setting upon them that were at work, wounded and killed many of them: For Showers of Arrows and Darts being discharged upon Throngs of naked Men, none missed their Mark, in regard all lay open and exposed to every Shot without any defence; for they were not only wounded with Darts before, but (through the narrowness of the Mole) likewise galled at their Backs, being not possible for any one to guard both sides at once.  
Alexander therefore, that he might repair the sudden and unexpected Loss, with all the speed he could manned as many Ships as he had, and went on board as Admiral himself, and made it his Business to get into the Haven of Tyre, in order to intercept the Phoenicians in their return. Hereupon the Barbarians fearing if he gained the Haven he would take the City itself (those who should defend it being now out) made all the haste they could to return to the City. And indeed both sides plied their Oars with all their might to prevent one another. But the Macedonians just entering the Port before the other, all the Phoenicians were every Man upon the point like to be cut off; but forcing their way through their Enemies, they returned into the City, with the loss of some of those Vessels that lagged behind. However, though the King missed of his Design, yet he eagerly set to his Work again for the finishing of the Mole, and by a considerable number of Vessels guarded the Work for the future.  
The Work being brought near to the City, and the Town now in a probability of being taken, on a sudden a violent Storm of Wind arose, and tore away part of the Mole; which so perplexed Alexander, that he repent that he ever began the Siege. But however, being pricked forward with an unquenchable Thirst after Glory, he caused Trees of an incredible magnitude to be cut down in the Mountains, and brought thither, and with them Booths, Branches, and Earth piled together, gave a check to the Violence of the Stream.  
Having therefore presently repaired the Breach that was made, the Mole by the help of many Hands was brought again within the Cast of a Dart, and by Engines mounted upon it, he battered down the Walls, and by shot with Darts and Arrows out of Engines, beat off the Enemy from the Bulwarks: With these likewise both Archers and Slingers plied the Besieged, and grievously wounded and galled many of the Townsmen upon the Walls. But the Tyrians being accustomed to the Sea, and having many Artificers and Contrivers of Engines, used many Arts and ingenious Contrivances to preserve themselves: For against the Shot they contrived Wheels with many Spoaks, which being whirled about with an Engine, shattered in pieces some of the Darts and Arrows, and turned off others, and broke the Force of all the rest. And to give a check to the Violence of the Stones that were shot out of the Ballasts, they prepared Wooll-packs and other things that were soft and pliant to receive them.  
But the King not contented to assault the City only from the Mole, gird the Town round with his whole Fleet, and diligently viewed all parts of the Walls, as if he resolved to besiege the Place both by Sea and Land. The Tyrians not daring to engage him at Sea, he destroyed three Ships, that were then by chance in the Mouth of the Harbour, and then returned to his Camp. But the Tyrians, that they might make their Walls as strong again as they were before, raised another Wall ten Cubits broad, and five Cubits distant from the former, and filled the empty space between the two Walls with Earth and Stones.  
Alexander likewise made a Battery, by joining many of his Ships together, and planted upon them all sorts of Rams and Battering Engines, whereby he beat down an hundred Foot of the Wall, and attempted to break into the City over the Ruins: Upon which, the Tyrians discharged a shower of Darts and Arrows, and with much ado repulsed the Enemy, and the Night following repaired that part of the Wall that had been battered down.  
But after that the Passage to the City, by the joining of the Mole close to the Walls, was made, as if it had been a Peninsula, there were many and sharp Contests both to get and defend the Walls. For though they had imminent Destruction before their Eyes, and the Miseries that attend upon a Town's being taken by Storm, yet they so resolved to go through all Dangers, that they despised Death itself. For when the Macedonians approached with Towers of that height that they equalled the Battlements, and cast out Planks, whereof one of the ends lay upon the Top of the Ramparts, and so by a Bridge mounted the Walls; the Tyrians by the ingenuity of the Artificers, were supplied with many sorts of Engines and Weapons for their effectual Defence. As amongst others they had very great 
* Tridents, the Inventions of the Tyrians.  three Forked Hooks, which they cast close at hand, and therewith wounded them in the Towers (to which were fastened Cords, one end whereof they held themselves) and by these fixing in their Enemy's Targets they plucked them out of their hands: For to this Necessity and Streight the Macedonians were brought, that they must either stand naked, and exposed (without defensive Arms) to a multitude of Darts and Arrows, and so be wounded to Death, or else out of a point of Honour stick to their Arms, and so perish, by being plucked headlong out of the Towers. Others threw Fishing Nets upon them that were engaged upon the Bridges laid to the Walls, and so entangled their Hands, that they drew them off and tumbled them headlong to the Ground.  
Another wonderful invention they found out against the Macedonians, whereby they grievously plagued the chiefest of their Enemies, which was this, they filled their Iron and Brazen Shields with Sand, and heated them so long in the Fire till the Sand was scorching hot, which by an Engine they threw upon them that were chief engaged, whereby they were cruelly tormented; for the Sand getting within their Breastplates and Coats of Mail, and grievously scorching their Flesh, no Remedy could be applied for the curing of the Malady. So that (though they made most bitter Complaints as Men upon the Rack) yet none there were who were able to help them, insomuch, as they grew mad in the Extremity of the Torture, and died in the height of unexpressible Torments.  
In the mean time, the Phaenicians never ceased casting Fire-darts and Stones at their Enemies, so that they were scarce able to endure, the Multitude was so excessive. Moreover, 
Ant. Ch. 330.  with long Poles with sharp Hooks at the end, they cut the Cords of the Battering-Rams in pieces, (which forced them forwards) whereby the Force of the Engine was lost; and shot out of Machine's for the Purpose, great massy pieces of red hot Iron into the midst of great multitudes of the Assailants, which by reason of the number of them, against whom they were discharged, were sure to do Execution. They plucked likewise Men in Armour from off the Rampires with Iron Instruments, called Crows, and others shaped like men's Hands. And having 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  many Hands at work, they eluded all the Enemy's Engines, and killed multitudes of them. And although the Service was so amazing, and the Conflict so sharp, that it was scarce to be endured, yet the Macedonians remitted nothing of their ancient Valour, but made their way over the Bodies of those that were slain, not at all discouraged by the Misfortunes of others. In the mean time, Alexander battered the Walls with massy Stones shot out of his Engines, and grievously galled the Defendants with Arrows and Darts, and all sorts of shot from the Wooden Towers. To prevent which mischief, the Tyrians placed Marble Wheels before the Walls, which were turned round by certain Engines, and with these they either broke the Darts in pieces, or so threw them off that they were ineffectual. And to allay the Force of the Stones shot against the Wall, they sowed together Hides and Skins oiled over to receive them, which meeting with what was soft and pliant, their Force was thereby much abated.  
To conclude, the Tyrians were not short in any thing, whereby their Valour might be made to appear for the Defence of the Place. And being sufficiently supported with fresh 
Ant. Ch. 330;  aid, they were the more Courageous, and to that degree, that they left the Walls and Towers, and leaped out upon the Bridges to oppose the Assailants, and Hand to Hand fought it out smartly in the Defence of their Country. There were some, that with Axes cut off whole Limbs at once of all that were in their way. For among the rest, there was one Admetus, a Macedonian Captain, a strong and valiant Man, in the heat of his Contest with the Tyrians, had his Head cloven in the midst with an Axe, and so Perished.  
Alexander seeing that the Tyrians had the better on't, and Night approaching, sounded a Retreat. And indeed, at first he had thoughts to raise his Siege, and to go on with his Expedition into Egypt, But he presently changed his Mind, looking upon it as Base and Dishonourable to give up all the Glory to the Tyrians. And therefore set himself again to carry on the Siege, though he had only one of his Friends called Amyntas, the Brother of Andromenes, who approved of his Resolution.  
Having therefore encouraged the Macedonians to stick to him, and furnished his Fleet with all things necessary, he besieged the City both by Sea and Land. And observing that part of the Wall near the Arsenal, was weaker than the rest, he brought all his Galleys, (which carried his best Engines) chained fast together, to that Place. There he attempted an Act which the Beholders scarcely believed, though they saw it with their Eyes. For he cast a Plank from a Wooden Tower, with one end upon the Battlements of the Walls, as a Bridge, and by this himself alone mounted the Rampire, not regarding any Danger, nor in the least affrighted with the violent Assaults of the Tyrians; but in the View of that Army which had conquered the Persians, he showed his own Personal 
Ant. Ch. 33●.  Valour, and called to the Macedonians to follow him, and was the first that came to handy strokes with the Enemy; and killing some with his Spear, others with his Sword, and tumbling down many with the Bosies of his Buckler, he thus allayed the Courage of his Adversaries.  
In the mean time, the Rams battered down a great Part of the Wall in another Place. 
Tyre taken.  And now the Macedonians entered through the Breach on one side, and Alexander with his Party passed over the Wall in another, so that the City was now taken; yet the Tyrians valiantly bestirred themselves, and encouraging one another, Guarded and blocked up all the Narrow Passes, and fought it out to the last Man, insomuch as above Seven thousand were cut in pieces upon the Place; the King made all the Women and Children Slaves, and hung up all the young Men that were left, to the number of Two thousand. And there were found so great a Number of Captives, that though the greatest Part of the Inhabitants were transported to Carthage, yet the remainder amounted to Thirteen thousand. Into so great Miseries fell the Tyrians, after they had endured a Siege of seven Months with more Obstinacy than Prudence.  
Then the King took away the Golden Chains from the Image of Apollo, and caused this God to be called 
* That is, a Lover of Alexd.  Apollo Philaxandrus. When he had offered splendid Sacrifices to Hercules, and rewarded those who had signalised their Valour, he honourably buried the Dead, and made one Ballonymus King of Tyre. But it would be a thing justly to be condemned to neglect to give a further and larger Account of this Man, whose Advancement and wonderful change of Condition, was so extraordinary.  
After Alexander had gained the City, Strato the former Prince, by reason of his Faithfulness 
Ballonymus his wonderful Advancement. Curtius calls him Abdolonymus. Lib. 4. C. 1. Vid. Just. Lib. 11. Ant. Ch. 330,  to Dari●s, was deprived of the Command; upon which the King gave Power and Liberty to Hephestion, to bestow the Kingdom of Tyre upon which of his Friends he pleased. Hephestion hereupon, minding to gratify one where he had been courteously entertained, resolved to Invest him with the Principality of Tyre; but he though he was very Rich and Honourable above the rest of his Fellow Citizens, yet (because he was not of the Lineage of the Kings) refused it. Then Hephestion wished him to name some one that was of the Royal Blood; He thereupon told him of one who was a very prudent and good Man, but extreme Poor. Hephestion hereupon, forthwith grants the Principality to him, and the Officer assigned for this Purpose hastens away with the Royal Robes, and finds him in an Orchard in Rags, drawing of Water for his Hire. Having informed him of the Change and Alteration of his Condition, he clothed him with the Robe and other Ornaments becoming his State and Dignity, and then introduced him into the Forum, and there declared him King of Tyre. Which unexpected and wonderful Occurrence, was very grateful and acceptable to the People.  
Thus he obtained the Kingdom, and was ever after a most faithful Friend to Alexander, and an Example to all that are unacquainted with the sudden and various Turns of Fortune in this World. Having now related the Acts of Alexander, we shall turn to affairs elsewhere.  
In Europe, Agis King of Lacedaemon, having listed Eight thousand Mercenaries, who 
The A●●s of Agis.  escaped from the Battle at Issus, began some new disturbances in favour of Darius. For having received from him a great Sum of Money and a Fleet, he sailed into Crect, and reducing many Towns there, he forced them to side with the Persians. Amyntas likewise, an Exile of Macedonia, who had fled to Darius, and sided with the Persians in Cilicia, escaping with Four thousand Mercenaries out of the Battle of Issus, passed over to Tripoli 
The Acts of Amyntas. Ant. Ch. 330.  in Phenicia before Alexander's arrival; and there made choice only of so many of the Navy as would transport his Soldiers, and burned the rest. With these he sailed to Cyprus, and from thence, being well furnished with Soldiers and Shipping, he passed over to Pelusium, and having entered the City, he pretended that Darius sent him to be their General, because the late Governor of Egypt was killed in the Battle in Cilicia. Thence he sailed to Memphis, and routed the Inhabitants in a Field-fight near to the City; who not long after set upon the Soldiers, straggling out of the Town, and plundering the Country, as they were in that disorder, carrying away what they could get, cut off Amyntas and every Man with him. 
Amyntas killed   
In this manner, Amyntas, as he was projecting great Matters, was suddenly disappointed, and lost his Life. So likewise, other Officers and Captains of the Army that survived the Battle of Issus, still cleaved to the Persian Interest. For some secured convenient Cities and Garrisons for Darius, and others procured several Provinces to raise Soldiers for him, and provide other things necessary, as the present Exigency of affairs required.  
In the mean time, the General Senate of Greece made a Decree, to send Fifteen Ambassadors 
Alexander presented by the Grecians with a Golden Crown  to present a Golden Crown to Alexander, in Congratulation of his Victory at Issus, who was at that time besieging Gaza, a Garrison of the Persians, which he took by Assault, after a two months' siege.   

CHAP. V.  
Alexander makes a Journey to the Temple of Jupiter-Hammon. He's presented by the Cyreneans. The Description of the Place about the Temple. The wonderful Properties of the Fountain Solis. The Building of Alexandria. Alexander's Answer to Darius his Ambassadors. Alexander passes over the River Tigris with great hazard. The Preparations on both sides for Battle. The Persians routed at that Famous Battle at Arbela.  
Aristophanes' was now chief Governor of Athens, and Spurius Posthumius, and Titus 
Olymp. 112. 2. Ant. Ch. 329. An. M. 3619.  Viturius, were invested with the Dignity of Consuls at Rome, when Alexander, after the taking of Gaza, sent Amyntas with Ten Sail into Macedonia, with Orders to List the Stoutest of the young Men for Soldiers. And in the mean time, he himself marched forward with the whole Army towards Egypt, and coming there, all the Cities submitted to him without fight. For because the Persians had wickedly violated their Holy Rites, and domineered imperiously over them, they most willingly received the Macedonians.  
Having settled his Affairs in Egypt, he undertook a Journey to the Temple of Hammon, to consult with the Oracle there. When he was in the midst of his Journey, he was met 
He journeys to Jupiter Hammon. Alexander presented.  by the Ambassadors of Cyrene, presenting him with a Crown and other rich Gifts, among which were Three hundred Warhorses, and Five of the best Chariots, drawn with four Horses a piece. These he accepted, and made a League of Peace and Amity with them; and then with those that attended him went on forward in his Journey to the Temple. When they came to the parched and dry Deserts, (for they had taken Water along with them) they passed through a Region which was nothing but heaps of Sand. After the fourth Day their Water was spent, so that they were in extremity of Distress; while they were in this great perplexity, and knew not what to resolve, a sudden and unexpected shower of Rain then falling, supplied all their present Necessities; which unexpected Preservation 
Ant. Ch. 329.  they imputed to the Kindness and Providence of the Gods.  
Having furnished themselves out of a Valley with so much Water as was sufficient for four days; in that time they passed over this Dire and scorching Desert; But in regard there was no visible Path, by reason of the great Heaps of Sand, those who led the way, told the King, that there were Crows, which by their Croaking at the Right Hand, directed them the way to the Temple; which the King taking as an happy Omen, and thereupon concluded, that his coming was grateful and acceptable to the Gods, he went forward on his Journey with more cheerfulness. The next Place he came to, was called the Bitter 
* Or Lake.  Pond; Having travelled thence a 
† About 15 Miles.  Hundred Furlongs, he passed by the Cities of Hammon, and in one days Journey more came to the Grove of the God.  
The Site of the Temple is surrounded with a vast Dry and Sandy Desert, Wast and Untilled; but itself is 
* Six Miles and something more.  Fifty furlongs Broad, and as many Long, full of pleasant Fountains, and watered with running Streams, richly planted with all sorts of Trees, most of them bearing Fruit.  
The Temperature of the Air is a constant Spring. And though all the Places round it are Dry and Scorching, yet to all that live there, the Heavens afford a most healthful Climate. It's reported, that this Temple was built by Danaus the Egyptian.  
Towards the East and West part of this Sacred Ground the Aethiopians inhabit; towards 
The Description of the Places.  the North the Numinidians, a People of Africa; and towards the South the Nasomeneans. The Hammonians, the Inhabitants of the Sacred Grove, live in Villages. In the middle of the Grove is a Castle fortified with a Triple Wall; within the first stands the 
Ant. Ch. 329.  Palace of the ancient Kings; within the other was the Gynecaeum, where were the Apartments for the Wives, Children, and Kindred of the Prince, and stood as a common Fortress and Guard to the whole Place; and lastly, the Temple itself, and the Sacred Laver, wherein they washed the Sacrifices. Within the Third, were the Lodgings of the Archers and Darters, and Guard-houses of those who attend as Guards upon the Prince when he walks abroad. Not far from the Castle, out of the Walls, stands another Temple of Hammon, shaded round with many Fruit Trees, next to which is a Fountain, called Solis, from the Natural Effects of it. For the Water differs in its temper, according 
The Fountain Solis.  to the several Hours of the Day. For about Sun rising its Lukewarm; afterwards as the Day comes on, it grows colder and colder, every Hour till Noon, at which time it's at the Coldest. And thenceforward till Evening the Cold abates by degrees; and when Night approaches it waxes hot again, and increases by little and little till Midnight, at which time it boils through intensiveness of Heat. From that time it cools by degrees, till Sunrising, and then is Lukewarm again, as it was before.  
The Image of the 
* Idol.  God is adorned in every part with Emeralds and other precious Stones, and delivers his Oracles in a singular and unusual Way: For he's carried about in a Golden Ship by fourscore Priests, who make to that Place, whither the God with a Nod of his Head directs them.  
There follows a great Multitude of Matrons and young Virgins, singing Paeans all the way as they go, and setting forth the Praises of the Idol, in Songs composed after the Custom of their own Country.  
When Alexander was introduced by the Priests into the Temple, and saw the God, 
Ant. Ch. 329:  one of the Old Prophets addressed himself to him, and said, God save thee my Son, and this Title take along with thee from the God himself. To whom he made Answer, I accept it, my Father, and if you'll make me Lord of the whole World, your Son I'll ever be called. Upon which, the Priest approached near the Altar; and when the Men (who according to Custom lift up the Image) at the uttering some Words as Signs for that Purpose, moved forward, the Priest answered, That the God would certainly bestow upon him what he had desired. This was very acceptable to Alexander.  
But then he further said, I entreat thee, O God, that thou wouldst let me know what I have yet to inquire, and that is, Whether I have executed Justice upon all my Father's Murderers? Or whether any have escaped? At which the Oracle cried out, Express thyself better, for no Mortal can kill thy Father, but all the Murderers of Philip have suffered just Punishment.  
He added further, That his wonderful Successes and Prosperous Achievements, were Evidences of his Divine Birth: For as he was never yet overcome by any, so he should be ever Victorious for the time to come.  
Alexander being greatly pleased with these Answers, after he had bestowed many rich 
Alexandria built. Ant. Ch. 329.  and stately Gifts upon the Oracle, returned back on his way for Egypt, where he intended to build a great City. In order whereunto, when he came there, he directed the Overseers of this Work to build it between the Marshes and the Sea, and measured out the Ground himself, and marked out the Streets, and called it Alexandria, after his own Name. It had a very commodious Situation, being near unto the Haven of 
* An Island near Egypt, now joined to Alexandria by a Bridge, tho● formerly a days sail, as ●omer says.  Pharos. He ordered and contrived the Streets with that Prudence, as that the Etesean Winds should, with their comfortable Gales, refresh all parts of the City: For these so cool the Air by their Breezes from the 
* The Medi erranean.  Great Sea, as that the Inhabitants, by so welcome and delightful Temperature of the Heat, are very healthful. He likewise drew a large and wonderful strong Wall round the City; and inasmuch as it lay between a large Pond on the one side, and the Sea on the other, there were but two narrow Ways and Passes by Land to it; so that it was easy to be defended by a small Guard. The City was in form like unto a Soldier's Coat, one large and beautifully built Street running almost through the middle of the Town; in length from Gate to Gate 
* Five Miles.  forty Furlongs, in breadth an hundred Foot, adorned with most stately Structures, both of Temples and private Houses. Alexander likewise built a large and stately Palace of most admirable Workmanship: And not only Alexander, but all the succeeding Kings of Egypt from time to time, to our present Age, have enlarged this Palace with most costly and sumptuous Buildings. The City likewise itself has been enlarged in aftertimes; so that by many it is reputed to be one of the Greatest and most Noble Cities in the World; for Beauty, rich Revenues, and plentiful Provision of all things for the comfortable Support of Man's Life, far excelling all others; and far more populous than any other: For when I was in Egypt, I was informed 
Ant. Ch. 329.  by them that kept the Rolls of the Inhabitants, That there were above Three hundred thousand Freemen that inhabited there, and that the King received above Six thousand Talents out of the yearly Revenues of Egypt. But when the King had appointed some of his Friends to oversee and take care of the Building of Alexandria, and had settled all the Affairs of Egypt, he returned with his Army into Syria.  
As soon as Darius had intelligence of his coming, he got all his Forces together, and prepared all things necessary in order to fight him: For he ordered the Swords and Lances 
Darius' his Preparations.  to be made much longer, thinking by that advantage Alexander gained the Victory in Cilicia. He provided likewise two hundred hooked Chariots, drawn with four Horses a piece, so contrived as to strike Terror into the Hearts of his Enemies. For in every one of them on both sides, the Horses which drew the Chariot by Iron Chains, were fixed in the Yoak-Darts of three Spans long, with their Points full in the Faces of the Enemy. Upon the lower Parts of the Axletrees, were two others fastened directly as those before, pointing into the Enemy's Faces, but longer and broader; and at the top of them were fixed sharp Hooks. Having completely furnished and set forth his Army with glittering Arms and stout Commanders, he marched from Babylon with Eight hundred thousand Foot, and no less than Two hundred thousand Horse. In his march, Tigris was on his right, and Euphrates on his left Hand; where he passed through a very rich Country, abounding in Forage for his Horse, and supplying sufficient Provision of all Things for his Soldiers. 
Ant. Ch. 329.   
He made all the haste he could to reach Niniveh, there to fight the Enemy, because it was a large and Champain Country, convenient for the drawing up of so great an Army. When he came to a Village called Arbela, he there encamped, and every day drew up his Army in Battalia, and trained and exercised them; for he was much afraid lest amongst so many Nations differing in Language one from another, there should be nothing but Tumult and Confusion in the heat of the Fight. He had indeed but lately before sent Ambassadors to Alexander to treat upon Terms of Peace, and had offered to him all the Countries lying within the Liver Halys, and Two thousand Talents of Silver; and now sent others to him, much commending him for his generous and honourable Usage of his Mother and the rest of the Captives, and desired to make Peace with him, and offered all the Lands lying within the River Euphrates, with Three thousand Talents of Silver, and one of his Daughters in Marriage: And further promised, That if he would be content to be his Son-in-Law, he should be joint Partner with him in the Kingdom.  
Alexander imparted all these Proposals, offered to him by Darius, to his Friends, whom he called together for that purpose, and wished them freely to deliver their Opinions in this matter. When none durst speak their Minds in a Business of so high a Concernment, Parmenio stood up and said, If I were Alexander, I would accept of the Terms offered, and make Peace. To whom Alexander replied, And if I were Parmenio, I would do the same. And so uttering several other Words manifesting a Greatness and Nobleness of Mind, he 
Ant. Ch. 329.  rejected the Conditions offered by the Persians; and preferring Honour before Profit or other Advantage, he spoke to the Ambassadors in this manner: As two Suns in the Heaven would disorder the Course of the Universe, so two Kings Reigning together upon Earth, would turn all into Tumult and Confusion. Therefore he commanded them to tell 
Alexander's Answer to Darius' Ambas 〈…〉 s.  Darius, That if he affected the Superiority, then to come and try it out with him for the whole Empire by the Sword; but if he preferred Wealth and Ease before Honour, that then he should submit to Alexander, and so he might Reign over others as a King; but yet receive his Kingdom at the hands of Alexander as a Fruit of his Bounty.  
Having said this, he presently after broke up the Assembly, and marched with his Army towards the Enemy's Camp. In the mean time, the Wife of Darius died, and Alexander buried her honourably according to her Quality. When Darius received Alexander's Answer, he was out of all hopes of putting an end to the War by Letters and Messages, and therefore he trained his Soldiers every day, thereby making them more ready and willing to observe all Words of Command whenever they should engage.  
In the mean while he sent Mazeus, one of his Faithful Friends, with a Battalion of stout Men to guard the Passage over the River Tigris, and secure the Ford. Others he commanded to burn up all the Country through which the Enemy was to pass: For he reresolved to make use of the River as a Defence and Bulwark against the Enemy's approach.  
But Mazeus observing that the River was not passable, both by reason of its depth, and 
Ant. Ch. 329.  swiftness of its Stream, waved the guarding of it, and employed himself in wasting and destroying of the Country; concluding, that when that was done, the Enemy could not pass that way through want of Provision.  
Alexander, when he came to the River Tigris (being informed by the Inhabitants where 
Alexander passes over Tigris.  the Ford lay) passed his Army over, but with very great Toil and extreme Hazard; for the Water came up above their Breasts, and several were taken off their Feet, and hurried away by the violence of the Stream; many others likewise were born away, and perished through the rapid Course of the Water, involving itself within their Arms. Alexander, to withstand the Violence of the Water, ordered his Men to stand close in a Body together, like a Rampire against the Stream: By this means they got safe over; and after so much danger and difficulty, he permitted them to refresh themselves for one day. The next day he marched in Battalia against the Enemy, and at length encamped near to them. But while he revolved in his Mind the vast number of the Persian Army, and what great Difficulties he was to cope with, and that now all lay at stake, he spent all that Night in anxious Thoughts concerning the Event. But he fell into so deep a Sleep about the Morning-Watch, that though the Sun was now up, yet he could not be awaked. His Friends at the first were very glad of it, as judging the longer he rested the more lively he would be, and so more able to bear the Fatigues of the Day. But Time drawing far on, and the King still fast asleep, Parmenio, the Oldest of the Commanders, gave Command through the Army to prepare for an Engagement. The King sleeping still, some 
Ant. Ch. 329.  of his Friends stepped in to him, and had much ado to awake him. While all wondered at a thing so unusual, and expected to hear the Cause from himself, Now, says Alexander, I am free from all Fear and Care as concerning Darius, who has brought his whole Strength together into one Place; for by one Day's Battle for the Trial of all, I shall be quit and discharged of all my Hazards and Toils for the time to come. Upon which, without any delay he made a Speech to encourage his Officers to pluck up their Spirits, and with Courageous Hearts to▪ 〈◊〉 all the Dangers that were before them. Upon which he marched in Battalia against the Barbarians, with the Horse in the Front of his Army. The Right Wing was Commanded by Clitus, surnamed Niger, wherein were other special Friends under the Command of Philotas the Son of Parmenio, supported by seven other Regiments of Horse under the same Commander. After them were placed the Battalion of Foot called 
* Silver Shields.  Argyraspides, glittering in their Arms (most excellent Soldiers) led by Nicanor the Son of Parmenio; to support them, he placed next the Squadrons of 
† Elimia, a City of Macedonia.  Elimia, whose Leader was Cenus. In the next Squadron stood the Oresteans and Lyncestians, whose Captain was Perdiccas; next to these was Meleager with his Squadron; and after him Polysphercon commanded the Stympheans; and next to him Philip the Son of Balacrus commanded another Squadron; and after him Craterus. To the Squadrons of Horse beforementioned were ●oin'd, as Auxiliaries, those from Peloponnesus and Achaia, together with the Phthiots, Malieans, Locrians, and Phocians, commanded by Erigyrus of Mitylene. After these were placed 
Ant. Ch. 329.  the Thessalians (for Valour and Horsemanship far beyond all the rest) whose Commander was Philip. Next to these he drew up the Archers from Crete, and the Mercenaries from Achaia.  
Both Wings were drawn up into the Form of an halfmoon, that the Macedonians might not be hemmed in by the multitude of the Persians. The King provided against the hooked Chariots, that they might not break in upon them, by this Contrivance: he commanded the Foot, that when the Chariots advanced near in their Career, they should strike with their Javelins upon their Shields locked one into another, that the horses, frighted with the noise, might start back; but that if they still pressed forward, in order to force their way, that then they should open, that so they might shun them without any prejudice. He himself took upon him the Command of the Right Wing, and drawing up in an obliqne Line, resolved to venture himself wherever there was any Danger.  
Darius drew up his Army according to the distinction of the several Nations, and advanced against the Enemy in that Wing opposite to Alexander. And now both Armies 
The Battle at A 〈…〉.  drew near one to another, and the Trumpets on both Sides gave the Signal to Battle, and the Soldiers made at one another with a great shout, and forthwith the hooked Chariots rushing forward with a mighty force, greatly amazed and terrified the Macedonians. For Mazeus the General of the Horse charging with a great Body close after the Chariots, caused them to be more terrible. In the midst of the Action, a mighty Crash and dreadful Noise was made on a sudden by the Foot's striking with their Jav●lins upon their 
Ant. Ch. 329.  Bucklers, as the King had commanded; upon which many of the Chariots (through the fright of the Horses) were turned aside, and the Horses being altogether ungovernable, made away back again into the Persian Army; Most of the rest of the Chariots breaking in among the Foot, by opening to make way, were either quite destroyed by Darts and Arrows, or diverted. Some indeed forced their way with that Violence, that with their Hooks they bore down all before them, and many perished by several sorts of deadly Wounds. For such was the Force and Violence, together with the Sharpness of the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 an 〈…〉 B 〈…〉 Destruction.  hooked Scythes contrived for Destruction, that many had their Arms with their Shields in their Hands cut off; and not a few had their Heads so suddenly sheared off, that they tumbled to the Ground with their Eyes open, and their Countenance in the same Posture as they were when alive. Some were so mortally gashed, and cut through their Sides, that they forthwith fell down dead.  
When the Armies came closer together, and all their Darts and Arrows both from their Bows and Slings, and those cast by the Hand, were spent, they fell to it hand to hand. The first Charge was by the Horse, the Macedonians being in the Right Wing opposite to Darius, who commanded the Left of the Persians, in which were his Kindred and near Relations. For there was a Regiment of a Thousand Horse, composed only of such as were in greatest Reputation and Account for their Valour and special Love to the King. These having him a Spectator of their Valour, readily and cheerfully received all the Darts that were cast at the King. They were seconded by the Melephorians, who were numerous and stout Men, and with them were joined the Mardians and Cisseans, Men admired for their Courage, and the Bulk of their Bodies. Besides these, there were 
Ant. Ch. 329.  those of the King's Household, and some of the stoutest of the Indians. All these made a fierce Charge with a great Shout upon the Macedonians, who were put very hard to it by reason of their Multitude. 
* Mazeus.  Mazeus likewise in the Right Wing, with a brave Body of Horse charged with that briskness, that he laid many at his Feet at the first onset. Then he ordered Two thousand Cadusian Horse, and a Thousand more of the Scythians, to take a compass round the Enemy's Wings, and to break in upon the Trenches that defended their Carriages; who presently thereupon put in execution what they were commanded. Thus having forced into the Macedonians Camp, some of the Prisoners catched up Arms and joined with the Scythians, and rifled the Carriages. Upon which, through the suddenness of the Surprise, a great Noise and Clamour arose throughout the whole Camp. Then other Prisoners ran in to the Barbarians. But Sisygambris the Mother of Darius would not stir, though she was moved to it, but with a kind of an affectionate Regard to her Condition, continued in the same place, not trusting to the uncertain Turns of Fortune, nor judging it fit and honourable to manifest so much Ingratitude towards Alexander. The Scythians having at length rifled most of the Carriages, returned to Mazeus, and gave him an Account of the happy Success. With the like good Fortune that Body of Horse with Darius put the Macedonians (overpowered with Number) to flight. While 
Ant. Ch. 329.  the Victory seemed thus to incline to the Persians by this second Success, Alexander making it his only Business with all the speed possible to rally his broken Forces, and to repair his Losses, charged Darius with his own Brigade, and some others of the bravest Horse in the Army; The Persian King received the Enemy's Charge with great Resolution, and fight mounted upon his Chariot, dispatched many with Darts that assaulted him; neither were they few that defended him. And while both Kings were eager to destroy one another, Alexander in throwing a Dart at Darius missed him, but killed his Chariot-driver. Upon which, those about the King that were at some distance set up a great Cry, believing that the King was killed; and forthwith betook themselves to their Heels, and then the next to them followed. Presently the Troops next to Darius himself gave ground by degrees, till such time as he was left naked on one side; and then he himself in a great Consternation made away with all speed. The Persians being thus dispersed, the Horse in their flight raised so great a Cloud of Dust, that Alexander and his Men, who pursued close at the Heels of the Enemy, could not see which way Darius fled: Nothing was heard but the Groans of dying Men, the trampling of Horses, and continual Noise and Lashing of Whips. In the mean time, Mazeus in the Right Wing having the bravest and stoutest Horse of any of the Persians, pressed grievously upon those Troops with whom he was 
Ant. Ch. 319.  engaged. So that though Parmenio with the Thessalian Horse, and others joined with them, were greatly distressed, yet he bore the Brunt for some time, and at first through his own Valour, and the Bravery of the Thessalian Horse, worsted the Persians; but the Horse with Mazeus by their Number bearing down the other, that Wing of the Macedonians was quite routed, so that a great Slaughter was made, and there was now no standing before the Barbarians. Parmenio therefore sent Horsemen after Alexander to entreat his Assistance with all speed, who hasted away to execute the Orders and Command given: But when they heard that a great part of the Army was fled, they returned without going further. However Parmenio bestirring himself, and rallying his Troops as well as he could, with the help of the Thessalian Horse hewed down many of his Enemies, and at length with 
The Persians routed at Arbela.  much ado put the Barbarians to flight, who were in Amaze and Consternation upon hearing that Darius was fled.  
Darius in the mean time being an expert General, and helped by the thick Cloud of Dust, took not his Course straight forward like the rest, but turned a different way; and so being not discerned, (by reason the Dust risen so high,) escaped clear away, and brought all those that went along with him safe into the Towns and Villages that lay at the Backs of the Macedonians.  
At length all the Barbarians taking to their Heels, and the Macedonians killing all that 
Ant. Ch. 329  were in the Rear, in a short time all that large Plain was covered over with dead Carcases. There were killed in this Battle, of the Barbarians, Horse and Foot, above Ninety thousand; of the Macedonians, Five hundred only, but great Multitudes wounded. Amongst whom, Hephestion, one of the bravest of Alexander's Commanders, and Captain of his Guard, was shot through the Arm with a Dart. Perdiccas, Cenas, Menidas, and some others likewise were wounded. And this was the Issue of the Battle at Arbela.   

CHAP. VI  
The Grecians conspire to Revolt. Memnon rebels in Thrace. Antipater marches against him. The Lacedæmonians raise an Army; are routed by Antipater, and Agis their King killed.  
ARistophon was at that time Lord Chancellor of Athens, and Cneius Domitius and Aulus 
Olymp. 112. 3. Ant. Ch. 328. An. M. 3620.  Cornelius were created Roman Consuls, when many of the Cities of Greece, upon the News of the Victory at Arbela, began to bestir themselves to defend their ancient Liberties, whilst the Persians had any Power left to assist them; and therefore resolved to assist Darius with moneys to raise Foreign Soldiers from all Parts. For they concluded, that Alexander durst not divide his Army lest he should disturb them; but if they should suffer the Persians to be destroyed, they were not able of themselves to defend their Liberties. And an Insurrection in Thrace encouraged them the more to Revolt: For Memnon being sent General into Thrace, having both Courage and Force sufficient, at the Instigation of the Barbarians rebelled, and with a great Army now appeared in open War. Upon which, Antipater gathered all his Forces together, and marched through Macedonia into Thrace against Memnon. Things thus falling out, the Lacedæmonians judging that now a fair Opportunity was offered them to prepare for War, solicited the Grecians to Confederate together for their remaining Liberties. But the Athenians, in regard they had received many Kindnesses and Marks of Honour from Alexander beyond all the rest of the Cities, continued quiet and firm in their Duty. But many of the Peloponnesians, and some others, entered into the League, and enrolled their Names as Soldiers for the Army; so as according as every City was able, they sent forth the choicest of their Youth, and raised an Army of Twenty thousand Foot and Two thousand Horse. The Management of the whole War was left to the Lacedæmonians, who were resolved to lay all at Stake, and made Agis General. Antipater hearing of the Defection of the Greeks, composed all Matters relating to the War in Thrace as well as he could, and marched with all his Forces into Greece, having no less than Forty thousand Greek Auxiliaries as Confederates. Hereupon a great Battle was fought, wherein Agis (though he behaved himself with great Valour and Resolution) was killed, and at length the Lacedæmonians (having stood to it stoutly for a long time) upon their Confederates giving Ground, likewise retreated towards Sparta. There fell of the Lacedæmonians and their Confederates in this Battle above Five thousand and Three hundred: Of those with Antipater, Three thousand and Five hundred.  
There was one Thing very Remarkable concerning the Death of Agis. Having fought with great Gallantry and Resolution, and received many Wounds, he was carried off by the Soldiers in order to be brought back to his own Country, but being surrounded by the Enemy, and finding no likelihood to escape, he charged his Soldiers forthwith to be gone, and preserve themselves for the further Service of their Country. He himself remained, and with his Sword in his Hand fought it out upon his Knees, and killed several of the Assailants, till at length being shot through the Body with a Dart, he there died, after he had reigned Nine Years. Thus far for Europe, we shall now return again to the Affairs of Asia.   

CHAP. VII.  
Alexander comes to Babylon. The Wealth found there. Views his Troops at Sitacana. The Riches there. Thence goes into the Country of the Uxians. Marches towards Persepolis. A Company of maimed Greeks met Alexander: His Bounty to them. He takes Persepolis; gives it up to the Plunder of the Soldiers. The Riches of the Citadel of Persepolis. Alexander's Feast at Persepolis. Persepolis burnt at the Instigation of Thais. Darius' murdered.  
Darius' being routed at Arabela, fled towards the higher Provinces, to the end that he might both by the distance of the Place recruit himself, and likewise have more time to raise a new Army. He came first to Ecbatane, where he stayed for some time, and there received his broken Troops that came in to him, and armed again such as had lost their Arms. He sent likewise for the Militia out of the Neighbouring Provinces, and dispatched Messengers to the Lord-Lieutenants and Commanders in Bactria and the upper Praefectures, wishing them to abide firm to him in their Faith and Loyalty. 
Ant. Ch. 328.   
In the mean time, Alexander (after he had buried those that were killed in the Battle) entered Arbela, where he found abundance of rich Furniture of the Kings, and vast Treasures of the Barbarians, amounting to Three thousand Talents of Silver. But because he judged that the Air thereabouts must needs be infected through the Stench of the Bodies that lay there slain, he presently removed his Camp, and came with all his 
Alexander comes to Babylon.  Forces to Babylon, where he was cheerfully received by the Inhabitants, and splendid Entertainment afforded to the Macedonians. And there his Army was refreshed after the many Toils and Difficulties they had undergone. And thus in the Confluence of all Things desirable, and free and noble Entertainment of the Citizens, he continued in the City above Thirty Days. Then he made Agatho of Pydna Governor of the Castle, with a Garrison of Seven Hundred Macedonians. To Apollodorus of Amphipolis, and Menetes of Pelea, he gave the Government of Babylon, and of all the Prefectures as far as to Cilicia, and ordered them to raise what Forces they could; and gave them a Thousand Talents for that purpose. He made Mithrinas, who betrayed the Castle of Sardis, Lord Lieutenant of Armenia. Of the moneys that he found in Babylon, he gave to every Horseman 
* About 19 l.  Six Minas; to every Auxiliary, Five; to each of the Macedonian Phalanx, Two; and to every Foreign Mercenary, Two Months Pay.  
The King removing from Babylon, as he was in his March there came to him Recruits from Antipater, Five hundred Macedonian Horse, and Six thousand Foot; Six hundred 
Recruits come to him.  Thracian Horse, and Three thousand Five hundred Trallians: From Peloponnesus Four thousand 
Ant. Ch. 328.  Foot, and almost a Thousand Horse. Among these were sent Fifty of the Sons of the King's special Friends from Macedonia, designed by their Fathers to be of the King's Lifeguard. Having received these, he marched forward, and came, after Six Decampments, into the Province of Sitacina. And here he stayed several Days, in regard the Country abounded in all Things necessary for the Life of Man, and for that he had a mind his Soldiers should refresh themselves after their tedious March. And had a Purpose likewise to take a more exact View and Account of his Troops, and to enlarge the Commands and Governments of his Captains and Commanders, and so to strengthen his Army, both by the Number of Soldiers, and Valour of their Officers. All which he forthwith put in Execution; and making choice of the most Deserving with the utmost Care possible, he advanced many from very considerable Places of Trust and Authority to much higher Preferments, by which means he both promoted his Officers, and gained their Hearts and Affections at the same time. He took care also for the better Government of the Common Soldiers, and by many new Inventions put every thing into a better Order and Posture than they were before. To conclude, when he had so managed every thing as that he had gained the Love of the whole Army, and made them in all Points observant to his Commands, and was assured for Valour they would give Ground to none, he marched forward, in order to finish by fight what further remained. When he came to the Province of Susiana, he presently without any difficulty gained the Possession 
Ant. Ch. 328.  of Susa, the Royal City, the most beautiful Palace of the Universe, which was voluntarily surrendered to him by Abuletes the Lord Lieutenant of the Province. But some Writers 
Enters Susa.  have said, That this was done by order from Darius himself, to them that otherwise would have been both Loyal and Faithful to his Interest; and that this was done by the Persian King for this end, that Alexander being taken up with Matters of such great Moment, as taking Possession of famous and noble Cities, and loading himself with vast Treasures, Darius might gain more time for the raising of fresh Forces for the carrying on of the War.  
Alexander therefore having possessed himself of the City and the King's Treasures, found there above Forty thousand Talents of uncoined Gold and Silver. The Kings had preserved this Treasure untouched for many Ages, that it might be ready to resort to in case of some sudden and unexpected Turn of Fortune. Besides this, there was likewise Nine thousand Talents in coined Money called Daricks. While Alexander was taking an Account of this Wealth, there happened something that was very Remarkable. The Throne whereon he sat being too high for him, so that his Feet could not touch the Footstool, one of the King's Boys observing it, brought Darius his Table and placed it under his Feet, with which the King was very well pleased, and commended his Care. But one of the Eunuches standing at the side of the Throne, much concerned and grieved at such a change of Fortune, burst out into Tears: Which Alexander perceiving; What Ill dost thou see (says he) that thou weepest so? To whom he answered, I was once Darius his Servant, 
Ant. Ch. 328.  now I am yours; but because I cannot but love my natural Lord and Master, I am not able without extreme Sorrow to see that Table put to so base and mean a Use, which by him was so lately graoed and honoured. The King, upon this Answer, reflecting upon the strange Change of the Persian Monarchy, began to consider that he had acted the part of a Proud and Insulting Enemy, not becoming that Humanity and Clemency which ought to be shown towards Captives; and therefore he commanded him who placed the Table there, to take it away: But Philotas standing near to him, said, It is not Pride or Insolency, O King! being done without your Command, but it falls out to be so through the Providence and Pleasure of some good Genius. Upon which, the King ordered the Table to remain where it was, looking upon it as some happy Omen.  
After this, he ordered some Masters to attend upon Darius his Mother, his Daughters and Son, to instruct them in the Greek Tongue, and left them at Susa. And he himself marched away with the whole Army, and after four Decampments came to the River Tigris, which rising out of the Uxian Mountains, runs first through a rough and craggy Country, full of large and wide Channels for the space of a Thousand Furlongs; thence it passes through a Champion Country with a more gentle Current, and having made its way for the space of Six hundred Furlongs, it empties itself into the Persian Sea.  
Alexander having passed the River, marched towards the most fruitful Country of the Uxians: For being watered in every part, it plentifully produces Fruits of all sorts and kinds; of which, being in their proper Season dried in the Time of Autumn, they make 
Ant. Ch. 328.  all sorts of Sweetmeats, Sauces, and other Compositions, both for necessary Use and Pleasure, and the Merchants convey them down the River Tigris to Babylon. He found all the Passes strongly guarded by Madates, who was near related in Kindred to Darius, and had with him a strong and well-disciplined Army. Whilst Alexander was viewing the Strength of the Places, and could find out no Passage through those steep Rocks; an Inhabitant of the Country, who was well acquainted with those Ways, promised Alexander, that he would lead his Soldiers through such a straight and difficult Pathway, as that they should stand at length over the Heads of their Enemies: Hereupon the King ordered a small Party to go along with him. He himself in the mean time used his utmost Endeavour to force his Way, and for that purpose set upon the Guards, and while they were hotly engaged. (fresh Men still supplying the Room of them that were weary,) and the Barbarians disordered, and running here annothere in the Engagement, on a sudden the Soldiers that were sent away appeared over the Heads of the Guards that kept the Passages; upon which they were so amazed, that they forthwith fled, and so the King gained the Pass; and presently all the Cities throughout all Uxiana were brought into Subjection. Thence he decamped and marched towards Persia, and the Fifth Day came to a Place called: he Susian R●cks, which were before possessed by Ariobarzanes, with Five and twenty thousand Foot, and Three hundred Horse. The King concluding, that he must gain the Pass by force, led his Troops through some of the straight and craggy Places without any Resistance; the Barbarians never offered to disturb him till he came the midway, and then on a sudden they bestirred themselves, and threw down great Numbers of massy Stones upon the Heads of the Macedonians, and destroyed Multitudes of them. Many cast their Darts from the Rocks above upon them, which failed not to do Execution, falling among 
Ant. Ch. 328.  such a Throng of Men together: Others with Hand-stones repulsed the Macedonians that were forcing to break in upon them; so that by reason of the Difficulty of the Places, the Barbarians so far prevailed, as to kill Multitudes, and wound as many. Alexander not being able to prevent this sad and miserable Slaughter, and perceiving that not one of the Enemy fell, or was so much as hurt, and that many of his own Men were slain, and almost all that led the Van were wounded, he sounded a Retreat; and marched back Three hundred Furlongs, and then encamped. Then he enquired of the Inhabitants, whether there was any other Way to pass, who all answered, That there was none, but that he must go round many Days Journey. But the King looking upon it as a Dishonourable Thing to leave the Bodies of them that were slain unburied; and as disgraceful, and even owning himself to be conquered by treating for Liberty to bury the Dead, he commanded the Captives, as many as were there at hand, to be brought to him. Among these, there was one that understood both the Persian and Greek Tongue, who declared, that he was a Lycian and sometime ago made a 
* B● the Persians.  Prisoner at War, and that for several Years last passed he had exercised the calling of a Shepherd in those Neighbouring Mountains, and by that means had perfect knowledge of the Country, and told the King, that he could lead the Army through the Woods, and bring them directly upon the Backs of them that guarded the Passes; Hearing this, the King promised the Man a large Reward, who thereupon so conducted him, that in the Night with great Labour and Toil he got to the top of the Mountains, for he drailed through abundance of Snow, and past through a Country full of steep Rocks, deep Gulfs, and many Valleys. Having marched through this Tract, as soon as he came in sight of the Guards, he presently killed the first, and took those Prisoners that were placed in the next Pass. The third Guard presently fled, and so he gained all into his own Power, and cut off the greatest part of Ariobarzanes his Army. Thence he marched towards Persepolis, and in his way received Letters from Teridates Governor of the City, whereby he signified to him, That if he hasted away, and prevented those that were coming to relieve Persepolis, he would deliver the City into his Hand. Upon which he made a swift March, and passed his Army over the River Araxis, by a Bridge then laid for that purpose. As the King was on his March, a most sad Spectacle presented itself, which stirred up just Hatred against the Author, Pity and Compassion for the irreparable Loss of those that suffered; and Grief and Sorrow in all the Beholders. For there met him certain Greeks, whom the former Kings of Persia had made Captives and Slaves, and fell down at his Feet; they were near Eight hundred, most of them then old Men, and all 
A Company of Greeks in a sad Condition m●t Alexander.  maimed, some having their Hands, others their Hands, others their Feet, some their Ears, and others their Noses, cut off. If any were expert in any Art, and had made a considerable Progress therein, all his outward Members were cut off, but such only as were necessary for the Management of his Art. So that all that beheld their Venerable old Age, and the sad mangling of their Bodies, greatly pitied the miserable Condition of these poor Creatures: Especially Alexander so pitied their sad Condition, that he could not re●rain from Weeping. These all with one Voice cried out, and entreated him, That he would Succour and Relieve them in these their Calamities. Upon which, the King called the chiefest of them to him, and told them, that he would take special Care of him, and promised he would see them sent honourably to their own Country, as became the Dignity of his Person. Upon which they consulted together, and at length concluded, That it was better for them to remain where they were, than to return into their own Country: For when they were returned, they should be scattered here and there, and all the Days of their Lives be Mocked and Despised by reason of their sad Misfortunes. But if they continued together as Fellows in their Misery, the Calamity of their Fellow-Sufferers would be an Alloy, and some Comfort to every one of them in their own Adversities. Upon this, they made a second Address to the King, and declared to him what they had resolved upon, and desired him he would afford such Relief to them as was most agreeable to their present Circumstances. The King consented to what they had determined, and ordered to each of them Three thousand 
* Near 100 l.  Drachmas, Five Suits of Raiment to every Man, and as many to each Woman; and to every one of them Two Yoke of Oxen, Fifty Sheep, and as many 
* Every Medimna by some conta●● Eighteen 〈◊〉 Fifty Bushels.  Medimnas of Wheat. And commanded they should be free from all Taxes and Tribute, and gave strict Charge to the Officers employed, that none should offer them any Injury. And thus Alexander, according to his natural Goodness and innate Generosity, comforted these poor miserable People. He then called the Macedonians together, and told them, That Persepolis, the Metropolis of the Kingdom of Persia, of all the Cities of Asia had done most Mischief to the Grecians, and therefore he gave it up to the Plunder and Spoil of the Soldiers, except the King's Palace. This was the richest City of any under the Sun, and for many Ages all the private Houses were full of all sorts of Wealth, and what ever was desirable.  
The Macedonians therefore forcing into the City, put all the Men to the Sword, and rifled and carried away every Man's Goods and Estate, amongst which was abundance of rich and costly Furniture and Ornaments of all sorts. In this Place was hurried away here and there vast Quantities of Silver, and no less of Gold, great Numbers of rich Garments, some of Purple, others embroidered with Gold, all which became a plentiful Prey to the ravenous Soldiers: And thus the great Seat Royal of the Persians, once famous all the World over, was now exposed to Scorn and Contempt, and rifled from top to bottom. For though every Place was full of rich Spoil, yet the Covetousness of the Macedonians was insatiable, still thirsting after more. And they were so eager in Plundering, that they fought one with another with drawn Swords, and many who were conceived to have got a greater Share than the rest, were killed in the Quarrel. Some Things that were of extraordinary Value they divided with their Swords, and each took a Share; Others in Rage cut off the Hands of such as laid hold upon a Thing that was in Dispute. They first ravished the Women as they were in their Jewels and rich Attire, and then sold them for Slaves. So that by how much Persepolis excelled all the other Cities in Glory and Worldly Felicity, by so much more was the Measure of their Misery and Calamity. Then Alexander seized upon all the Treasures in the Citadel, which was a vast Quantity of 
The Treasures of Persepolis Ant. Ch. 328.  Gold and Silver of the Public Revenues that had been heaping up, and laid there, from the time of Cyrus the first King of Persia, to that Day. For there was there found an Hundred and twenty thousand Talents, reckoning the Gold after the Rate of the 
Curtius, l. 5. c. 13.  Silver.  
Part of this Treasure he took for the Use of the War, and ordered another Part of it to be treasured up at Susa. To this purpose, he ordered that a multitude of Mules both for Draught and Carriage, and Three thousand Camels with Packsaddles, should be brought out of Babylon, Mesopotamia, and Susa; and with these he conveyed all the Treasure to the several Places he had appointed. For because he extremely hated the Inhabitants, he was resolved not to trust them with any Thing, but utterly to ruin and destroy Persepolis: Of whose Palace, in regard of its stately Structure, we conceive it will not be impertinent if we say something. This stately Fabric, or Citadel, was surrounded with 
The D●scription of Persepolis  a triple Wall: The first was Sixteen Cubits high, adorned with many sumptuous Buildings and aspiring Turrets. The second was like to the first, but as high again as the other. The third was drawn like a Quadrant foursquare, Sixty Cubits high, all of the hardest Marble, and so cemented, as to continue for ever. On the four Sides are brazen Gates, near to which are Gallowes' of Brass twenty Cubits high, these raised to terrify the Beholders, 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Or Crosses of Brass. Ant. Ch. 328.  and the other for the better strengthening and fortifying of the Place. On the East-side of the Citadel, about Four hundred Foot distant, stood a Mount called the Royal Mount, for here are all the Sepulchers of the Kings, many Apartments and little Cells, being cut into the midst of the Rock; into which Cells there's made no direct Passage, but the Coffins with the dead Bodies are by Instruments hoist up, and so let down into these Vaults. In this Citadel were many stately Lodgings, both for the King and his Soldiers, of excellent Workmanship, and Treasury Chambers most commodiously contrived for the laying up of Money.  
Here Alexander made a sumptuous Feast for the Entertainment of his Friends in Commemoration 
Alexander Feasts at Persepolis.  of his Victory, and offered magnificent Sacrifices to the Gods. At this Feast were entertained Whores, who prostituted their Bodies for Hire, where the Cups went so high, and the Reins so let lose to Drunkenness and Debauchery, that many were both drunk and mad. Among the rest, at that time there was a Courtesan called Thais, an Athenian, that said, Alexander would perform the most glorious Act of any that ever he did, if while he was Feasting with them, he would burn the Palace, and so the Glory and Renown of Persia might be said to be brought to nothing in a moment, by the Hands of Women. This spreading abroad and coming to the Ears of the young Men (who commonly make little use of Reason when Drink is in their Heads) presently one cries 
Ant. Ch. 328.  out, Come on, bring us Firebrands, and so incites the rest to Fire the Citadel to revenge that Impiety the Persians had committed, in destroying the Temples of the Grecians. At this, others with joy set up a shout, but said, That so brave an Exploit belonged only to Alexander to perform.  
The King stirred up at these Words, embraced the Motion, upon which, as many as were present left their Cups and leaped from the Table, and said, That they would now celebrate a victorious Festival to Bacchus. Hereupon, multitudes of Firebrands were presently got together, and all the Women that played on Musical Instruments, which were at the Feast, were called for, and then the King, with Songs, Pipes, and Flutes bravely led the way to this noble Expedition, contrived and managed by this Whore, Thais, who next after the King, threw the first Firebrand into the Palace. This Precedent was presently followed by the rest, so that in a very short time, the whole Fabric by the Violence of the Fire, was consumed to Ashes. 
Persepolis burnt.   
It's very observable, and not without just admiration, that the Sacrilege and Impiety of Xerxes, King of Persia, (exercised in his destroying the Citadel of Athens) should so many years after be revenged in the same kind, by one Courtesan only of that City that was so injured.  
After these things thus done, Alexander marches against the rest of the Persian Cities, and having taken in some by Force, and others surrendered upon the Fame and Report of his Lenity and Moderation, he made after Darius, who had begun to raise Forces out 
Ant. Ch. 328.  of Bactria, and other Provinces; but being prevented by the March of the Enemy, he made away with all speed out of Bactria with Thirty thousand Persians and Mercenary Greeks, and in his return was treacherously Murdered by Bessus, the Lord-Lieutenant of Bactria. He was scarce dead, when Alexander with a Party of Light Horse, came up to 
Darius' murdered.  the Place where he lay, and there finding him, caused him to be honourably interred.  
But some do report, that Alexander finding him yet alive, Darius complained of his sad Misfortune, and desired him that he would see his Death revenged, which Alexander faithfully promised. He forthwith indeed, pursued Bessus, but he being a long way before him, escaped into Bactria, so that considering it was not possible to overtake him he marched back. This was the State of Affairs in Asia.  
In Europe, the Lacedæmonians being routed in a great Battle by Antipater, were forced to send Ambassadors to him; who put them off till the meeting of the General Assembly of Greece; which afterwards met at Corinth, where, after many things were Banded and Disputed on both sides, the Matter was at length left to the Decision of Alexander. Hereupon, Antipater received the chiefest of the Nobility of Sparta as Hostages; and the Lacedæmonians sent Ambassadors into Asia, to beg Pardon for their late Revolt.   

CHAP. VIII.  
Bessus stirs up the Bactrians. Alexander discharges the Greek Auxiliaries with Rewards. The River Stiboetes. He enters Hyrcania; Its Richness. Enters the Mardis Country. Loses his brave Horse, but is restored. Thalestris the Amazon Queen meets him. He falls into the Effeminacy of the Persians. Enters Drangina. A Plot against Alexander. Philotas and others put to Death. Marches against the Arimispi. Subdues Arachosia.  
WHen this Year ended, Cephisophon executed the Office of Chief Magistrate at 
Olymp p. 112. 4. Ant. Ch. 327. An. M. 3621.  Athens, and Caius Valerius, and Marcus Claudius were created Roman Consuls. At that time, Bessus, with Na●arzanes and Barxaentes, and many others, after the Death of Darius, having escaped the hands of Alexander, came into Bactria. And in regard he was appointed Lord-Lieutenant of this Country by Darius, and upon that account was 
Bessus stirs up the Bactrians, 〈◊〉 is owned as King  well known by the Inhabitants, he persuaded the People to stand up for their Liberty, and told them, That the Situation and Condition of their Country was such, being full of difficult Passes, and very Populous, that they had an extraordinary advantage to succeed in the Attempt, and promised that he himself would take upon him the whole Management of the War.  
Hereupon, he so far prevailed, that he got a considerable Number to join with him, and to own him for King. Then he Listed Men, prepared Arms, and procured whatever was necessary for the present State of his Affairs.  
In the mean time, Alexander perceiving that the Macedonians had a design to end the War with the Death of Darius, and to return to their own Country, he called them together; and so courted them by an Oration fitted for the purpose, that he prevailed with them readily to go on with the Expeditions that then yet remained. Then he called together all the Greek Auxiliaries, and having highly commended them for their Valour, bestowed upon every Horseman as a Reward a Talon, and every Footman Ten 
* Ten Minas, 31 l. 5 s. Alexander discharges the Greek Auxiliaries, and rewards them. Ant. Ch. 327.  Minas, and discharged them from further Service in the Army. And over and besides he paid to every one of them what was due to them for their common Pay, and gave them likewise sufficient Provision to carry them into their own Country; and to every one that was willing still to continue in the Army, he gave Three Talents. He gave indeed large Rewards to the Soldiers, being naturally of a generous Disposition, and besides, in pursuing Darius had possessed himself of a vast Treasure: For he had received Eight thousand Talents out of the Treasures; and besides what he gave to the Soldiers, he raised Thirteen thousand Talents by sale of the Cups, Flagons, and Furniture. And it was believed, that what was stolen and taken away by force was much more.  
Having done this, he marched with his Army towards Hyrcania, and the third day came near the City 
* From its 100 Gates.  Hecatompylon, and there encamped. Here he continued some Days to refresh his Army, because the Country was exceeding Rich, and abounded with every thing for Man's Use. Thence he moved forward an Hundred and fifty Furlongs, and encamped near a very high Rock, at the foot of which is a Cave not unbecoming the Gods, from whence (as the Springhead) issues the great River Stiboetes. Thence it runs with a fierce and violent Stream for the space of Three Furlongs, till it dash itself upon a great Rock in shape like a Woman's Pap, under which is a vast Gulf, or opening of the Earth, into which, being now divided into two Channels, it falls down with a mighty Noise, turned all into Froth and Spume, and there runs underground 
* About 43 Miles.  Three hundred Furlongs; and then appears again, as if that we e its Springhead. Having entered Hyrcania with his Army, he gained all the Town, and Cities as far as the Caspian Sea, which some call likewise the Hyrcanian Sea. It's reported, that in that Sea are many Serpents of 
Ant. Ch. 327.  an extraordinary Bigness, and Fish of all sorts, much differing in Colour from those in our Parts. When he entered further into Hyrcania, he came to Towns called the Fortunate Towns, 
The Fertility of Hyrcania.  which are so in Deed, as well as in Name For this Country excels all the rest in fertility of Soil; for every Vine, they say, affords a 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, about 49 Quarts.  Metrete of Wine: And that some Figtrees are so very fruitful, that they'll bear Ten 
† Every Medimna is about 18 Gallons.  Medimnas of dried Figs; and that what are left upon the Tree after Harvest, fall upon the Ground, and spring up again of themselves, and bring forth abundance of Fruit to perfection. There's a Tree in that Country much like to an Oak, which distils Honey from its Leaves; and this the Inhabitants gather in great plenty for their own use. There's likewise a little Insect in this Tract called an Anthredon, less than a Bee, but very remarkable; it gets its living in the Mountains, sucking the Flowers that grow here and there in those places. It works its Combs within hollow Rocks, or Trees shattered or made hollow by the Thunderbolts, and there makes a Liquor not inferior to any for sweetness.  
In the mean time, Alexander, while he was on his March through Hyrcania, and the bordering Countries, gained great Reputation, and was highly honoured for his Clemency, in carrying himself with so much Humanity towards all those Commanders who fled away with Darius, and afterwards submitted themselves to him: So that Fifteen hundred brave and valiant Grecians (who sided with Darius) forthwith came unto him, and laid themselves at his Feet, whom he readily pardoned, and placed them in several of his 
Ant. Ch. 327.  Regiments, and allowed them the same Pay with the rest.  
Having run through the Seacoasts of Hyrcania, he entered the Country of the Mardi; who being a Warlike Nation, slighted the growing Power of the King, and showed him not the least Respect, either by sending Ambassadors, or otherwise; but having possessed themselves of the straight Passes of the Mountains with Eight thousand Men, stood there, waiting for the coming of the Macedonians. Hereupon the King sets upon them, kills many, and drives the rest within the Straits. But while he was burning up the Country all before him, it fell out that (some of the King's Boys who led his Horses, being at some distance from the rest of the Army) his best Horse, by a sudden Incursion of the 
Alexander's Horse.  Barbarians, was carried away. This Horse was given him by Damarotus the Corinthian, and the King had made use of him in all his Battles in Asia. When he was bare-backed, he would admit only his Tender to mount him; but when he had the King's War-Saddle, and the rest of his brave Trappings upon him, he would not suffer his former Rider to get upon his Back, nor any other Person but Alexander; and to him he would down upon his Knees for the King to get into the Saddle. Because of these excellent Properties of the Horse, the King was the more grieved and troubled; and therefore he ordered all the Trees in all parts of the Country as he went to be hewn down, and caused a Proclamation to be made in their own natural Tongue, That unless his Horse were restored, he would waste and destroy all before him with Fire and Sword; which he began presently to put in execution. Upon which, the Barbarians were so terrified, that they 
Ant. Ch. 327.  not only restored the Horse, but brought along with them many rich Presents for the King, and by Fifty Ambassadors begged his Pardon. Upon which, the King accepted some of the most Honourable among them for Hostages.  
When he came back into Hyrcania, Thalestris Queen of the Amazons met him, whose Dominions lay between Phasis and Taermodon; of an admirable Beauty, and strong Body, 
Thalest●is.  greatly honoured in her own Country for here Brave and Manly Spirit. She presented herself to the King, with Three hundred Amazons in their Warlike Habit, having left the rest of her Forces on the Borders of Hyrcania. The King being struck with admiration at the sudden and unexpected approach of the Queen, and the graceful appearance of the Women, asked Thalestris, what was the Reason of her Journey thither? Who answered him, That she came there to have Issue by him; for she looked upon him to transcend all other Men for Great and Noble Actions; and she herself to exceed all other Women both in Body and Mind, as to the Strength of the one, and Courage of the other: And therefore there was good ground to hope that the Issue of such Parents, would excel all other Men in Valour. The King was greatly pleased with what she said, and gratisyed her Request; and after he had conversed with her for the space of Thirteen Days, he presented her with honourable Gifts, and suffered her to return to her own Kingdom.  
Alexander conceiving that he had now effected all that he designed, and that there was no Competitor with him for the Empire, began to indulge the soft and effeminate Manners 
Alexander i 〈◊〉 the Persians.  of the Persians, and to imitate the Luxury of the Asian Kings: And therefore in the first place he ordered all the 
* The Lictors, who carried Rods before the Magistrates.  Officers of the Court to be asiatics, and the Nobility of Asia to be * ' Squires of the Body, amongst whom Oxathres, the Brother of Darius, was one. He put likewise the Persian Diadem upon his Head, and wore the White Cassock and Belt, after the manner of the Persian Kings, and all the rest, except the Persian Hose 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, such carried Lances. Ant. Ch. 327.  and Vestment, called the Candy's. He bestowed likewise Purple Gowns upon his Friends, and clothed all his Horsemen in the Persian Habit. He began likewise to carry his Concubines along with him from place to place as Darius used to do, who had almost as many as the Days in the Year, and were the greatest Beauties that could be found throughout all Asia. These stood round the King's Bed every Night, that he might take his choice of whom he pleased to lie with him. However, for the most part he followed the ancient Customs of his Ancestors, and used the other but seldom, lest he should offend the Macedonians; and when some notwithstanding complained of the King, he stopped their Mouths with Gifts and Bribes.  
About this time, Intelligence was brought him that Satibarzanes, one of Darius his Lord Lieutenants, had killed all the Soldiers he had committed to his Charge, and was joined in Conspiracy with Bessus to make War upon the Macedonians; whereupon he marched out against him.  
Satibarzanes had got all his Forces together into Chrotacana, a most Noble City in those Parts, and naturally fortified; but as soon as the King came in sight, being terrified with the Greatness of the King's Army, and the Valour of the Macedonians, (which was now cried up all the World over) he hasted away with Two thousand Horse to Bessus, to procure help from him with all speed. The rest of his Forces he ordered to make to a 
Ant. Ch. 327.  Mountain near at hand, which was full of strait Passes; and where they might lie close and secure when they durst not Engage with the Enemy in the open Field. Upon this, the King was so intent and diligent (as he always was) that though they had sheltered themselves in a large Rock, and naturally strong, yet he reduced the Besieged to those straits, as that he forced them to Surrender themselves.  
Afterwards, having reduced all the Cities in this Province, in the space of Thirty days, he left Hyrcania, and came to the Royal City of * Drangina, where he Encamped and refreshed 
In the Province of Drangiana ●n Persia.  his Army.  
About t●is time a most wicked Plot was laid against Alexander, very unworthy the 
A Plot against Alexander.  Goodness of his Disposition. For one of the King's Friends, called Dimnus, blaming the King for something he had done, and thereupon become Enraged at him, contrived to Assassinate him. This Man had a Catamite, called Nicomachus, whom he dearly loved; him he went about to persuade to join with him in this Wicked Design: But being a very young Youth, he discovered the whole Business to his Brother Cebalinus, who (fearing lest some other should be before him in the Discovery) resolved to make the first Discovery to the King.  
Thereupon he goes to the Court, and first meets Philotas, and acquaints him with what he had heard, and entreats him to inform the King what was hatching out of hand.  
Philocas, whether through Covetousness, or that he was one of the Conspirators, (it's not certain) minded not to make the Discovery of what had been imparted to him: For though he went in to the King, and had a long Discourse with him of divers matters, 
Ant. Changed 327.  yet he told him nothing of what Cebalinus had related to him. But when he came out, told Cebalinus, that he had not had as yet a fit Opportunity for opening of the Matter to the King; but that the next Day he would take him aside by himself, and discover all that Cebalinus had made known to him. Philotas neglecting the Business the next Day also; Cebalinus was afraid, lest if it should be discovered by some other Person, and so he himself should be in great danger; Therefore he waved Philotas, and goes to one of the King's Pages, and tells him the whole Plot, wishing him forthwith to acquaint the King; and then withdraws himself into the Armoury, and there lay private. The Page took the Opportunity when the King was in the Bath, and related to him the whole Matter told him by Cebalinus, and that he than lay hid and secret in the Armoury. At this the King was greatly startled, and forthwith ordered Dimnus to be seized; and now fully informed of the Conspiracy, sent for Cebalinus and Philotas. When every thing after strict Examination was fully discovered, Dimnus stabbed himself. Philotas' confessed his Neglect in not making the Discovery, but utterly denied that he had any hand in the Conspiracy. The King hereupon committed the Examination of the Business to the Judgement of the Macedonians, who after many Arguments and Debates, Pro and Con, condemned Philotas and the rest of the Conspirators to die, amongst whom was Parmenio; who was ever thought to have been one of the King's most faithful Friends. And though he was not 
Ant. Ch. 327.  then present himself, yet it was suspected that he managed the Business by his Son Philotas.  
Philotas therefore being put upon the Rack, confessed the whole Plot; and so he and the other Conspirators were put to Death, according to the manner of their 
Philotas' put to Death.  own Country. Alexander Lyncestes also (who was before accused of a Conspiracy against the King) suffered in the same manner. He had been now three years in custody, but his Trial was deferred to that time for the sake of Antigonus, who had a great kindness for him, and between whom there was a particular Friendship and Familiarity. But being then brought before the Macedonian Senate, and having nothing by way of Plea to say for himself, he was Executed with the rest.  
Then Alexander dispatched some away upon Dromedary Camels, to prevent the Report of Philotas his Punishment, and by that means caused Parmenio, the Father of Philotas, to be seized unawares, and put to Death; he was then Governor of Media, and was entrusted with the King's Treasures in Ecbatana, which amounted to an Hundred and Fourscore thousand Talents. About the same time he severed from the rest of his Army all such as had given out harsh Expressions against him, and grumbled at the Death of Parmenio, and all those who had written false and scandalous Letters to their Friends in Macedonia, relating to the King's Affairs: All these he cast into one Company or Regiment which he called the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Unruly Company, lest by their unseasonable Jangling and Prating, they should corrupt the rest of the Macedonians.  
After these things thus done, and that he had settled his Affairs in Drangina, he marched against the Arimaspi, (as they were anciently called) but now 
* Benefactors.  Evergetae, which Name was given them upon the following account; Cyrus (who was the first that translated the Empire from the Medes to the Persians) in a certain Expedition he had undertaken, being brought into great Extremity in a barren Country for want of Provision, insomuch as the 
Antony's Ch. 327.  Soldiers to satisfy their Hunger, were forced to eat the Flesh one of another; the Arimispi at that time brought to his Army Thirty thousand Carts and Wagons, loaden with Provision. And therefore the King being thus unexpectedly Relieved and Preserved, not only quitted the People from paying of Tribute for the future; but bestowed upon them many other Privileges and bountiful Rewards, and changed their old Name into Everget●.  
And now when Alexander came into their Country, they received him with all the Demonstrations of Love and Kindness, and he rewarded them with marks of his Grace and Favour, suitable to his State and Dignity. And returned the like Favour to the Gedrosians their Neighbours, who had entertained him likewise with the same Respect: And over these two Nations he made Teridates Governor.  
In the mean time while he stayed in these Parts, some brought him Intelligence that Satibarzmes with a great Body of Horse out of Bactria, had entered the Country of the Arians, and had withdrawn the Inhabitants from their Allegiance. Upon which the King sent him part of the Army, under the Command of Erigyus and Stasanor. He himself in the mean time, in a few days subdued Arachosia, and caused them to submit to his Government.   

CHAP. IX.  
Alexander marches against the Paromisades. His troublesome March. Comes to Mount Caucasus. A Battle in Area by Alexander's Officers against Satibarzanes, who is killed in a single Combat by Erigius. Bessus brought to Alexander; His Punishment. Alexander kills some Barbarians unexpectedly, after they had surrendered their City. He marches to the River Indus. Mophis his remarkable delivery up of himself and his Army.  
AT the End of this Year Euthycritus was created Chief Governor of Athens, Lucius 
Olymp. 113. 1. Ant. Ch. 326. An. M. 3622. The Cold Country of the Paropamisades.  Plotius, and Lucius Papyrius executing the Office of Roman Consuls; At this time was celebrated the Hundred and thirteenth Olympiad. Then Alexander led his Army against the Paropamisades. This Country lies very far North, and is covered over with Snow, and by reason of the Sharpness of the Cold, People cannot endure to come into their Country. The greatest Part of it is open and plain, without any Trees, and has in it many Towns scattered here and there. The Roofs of their Houses are covered with Tiles, running up in shape like a Spire, in the Middle is a Hole to let in Light, and to evaporate the Smoke: And the Walls of their Houses are so close jointed and cemented, that the Inhabitants are sufficiently guarded against the Cold. By reason of the great 
The Descript. of the Paropamisades Country.  Driffs of Snow, they keep within their Houses most part of the Year, where they have every thing necessary for their Provision laid up in store. They cover their Vines and Fruit-Trees all the Winter with Earth, and uncover them again when the Spring approaches. The Nature of all this Tract is such, that nothing that is Green or Pleasant is seen in any Part of it. But Snow glittering with Ice covers all Places. No sorts of Fowl or Birds breed here; no Wild Beasts feed in the Woods or Forests; Insomuch, as that there's neither Entertainment for any Stranger, nor Hospitality one with another throughout the whole Country. Notwithstanding all these Difficulties, yet the King, encouraged by 
Ant. Ch. 326.  the Hardness of the Macedonians, and put on forward by his own daring Resolution, overcame all the Disadvantages of the Place. But yet some of the Soldiers, and others that straggled and kept not up to the rest, were so tired, that they were left behind. Others by the Brightness and Sharpness of the Snow, and reflection thereof upon their Eyes, were destroyed. Nothing could be seen at a distance, save only the smoke that discovered the Villages; which was a sign to the Macedonians that there were Inhabitants not far off. The Towns being thus discovered and gained, the Soldiers after their great hardships, refreshed themselves with the Plentiful store of Provision they found in the Houses, and in a short time all the Inhabitants submitted.  
After this, he marched forward, and came near to Caucasus, where he Encamped. That 
Caucasus.  Mountain by some is called Paropamisus: Having passed over the Breadth of the Mountain in sixteen days march, he built a City, called Alexandria, near the Foot of the Mount, at a Pass which opens a Way into Media. In the middle of Caucasus is a Rock ten Furlongs in Compass, and four in Height, wherein the Inhabitants pretend to show. * Promotheus 
See this Story in Ovid ', Mesam. Lib. 1. and other P●●ts.  his Cave, the Fabulous Vulture's Nest, and the Chains and Fetters. He built likewise other Cities, each distant a days Journey from Alexandria. In these he planted Seven thousand of the Barbarians, Three thousand of those that followed the Camp, and as many of the Mercenary Soldiers as would.  
Hence he marched into Bactria; for he heard that Bessus had Usurped the Crown, and 
Ant. Ch. 326.  had raised a Numerous Army These were the things then done by Alexander.  
In the mean time, the Commanders that were sent into Area, there found the Ringleaders of the Rebellion, with a strong Army under the Command of Satibarzanes, an Experienced and Valiant General. The Armies Encamped near to one another, and sometimes would engage in considerable Bodies, and at others in light Skirmishes, by a few on either side. At length it came to a General Battle, and in the midst of the Fight, (wherein the Valour of the Barbarians was such, that the Issue was very doubtful) Satibarzanes himself (to discover who he was) plucked off his Helmet with his own Hand, and challenges any of his Enemy's Commanders, to fight with him Hand to Hand. Upon 
Satibarzanes killed by Erigyus in a single Combat in Area.  which, Erigyus makes up to him, and a stout Combat there was, in which Erigyus was the Victor. The Barbarians upon the Death of their General were so disheartened, that upon Quarter, they gave up themselves to the King.  
In the mean while, Bessus had taken upon him the Name of King, and having Sacrificed to the Gods, invited his Friends to Feast with him. In the midst of his Cups, he began to Quarrel with one of his Companions, called Bagodoras', and the Contest growing higher, he fell at length into such a Rage, as that he resolved to kill him, but changed his Mind through the Persuasion of his Friends. Bagodoras' thus narrowly escaping with his Life, fled in the Night to Alexander. The Chief of the Commanders (moved by the Consideration of his Escape, and stirred up by hopes of Rewards) conspired together and 
Ant. Ch. 326. Bessus brought to Alexander.  seized upon Bessus, and brought him to Alexander, for which the King bountifully rewarded them. As for Bessus, he gave him up into the Hands of Darius his Brother, and the rest of his Kindred, to punish him in such manner as they thought fit, who after they had put him to all manner of Torments, and used him with all the Despite and Disgrace imaginable, they cut his Body into small pieces, and hurled every part here and there away out of their Slings.— 
[Hear the History is broken off and lost, viz. 1. Alexander's March through a dry Country. 2. The Defection of the Sogdians, Bactrians. 3. The Hunting in Bahastis.   
Peace being made upon these Conditions, and ratified by mutual Oaths, the 
* Queen of Massaca in India.  Queen mightily admired the Brave and Noble Spirit of Alexander, and sent to him most rich Presents, promising to do whatever he was pleased to Command.— 
[Hear the History is likewise lost. 4. The Impiety against Bacchus. 5. The Death of Clitus and Calisthenes. 6. Wars with the Nauticae. 7. His Marriage with Roxana. 8. of Nysia. These are wanting may be supplied out of Archian. Lib. 4. and Q. Curtius, Lib. 7, 8.   
Then the Mercenaries, as they had agreed, forthwith left the City, and having marched Eight hundred Furlongs Encamped without any Disturbance, not in the least suspecting any thing of that which afterwards happened: For Alexander hating them implacably pursued them with a considerable Body of Men, and fell upon the Barbarians on the sudden, 
Barbarians killed after surrender of their City.  and cut off Multitudes of them. Upon which the Mercenaries first cried out, that he had violated his Oath, in falling upon them in that Hostile manner, and called upon the Gods to revenge that Impious Cruelty executed upon them. But the King, with a loud Voice answered, That he indeed did agree, that they should quit the City, but not 
Ant. Ch. 326.  that they should ever be accounted as Friends to the Macedonians. Hereupon, the Barbarians not at all terrified with the desperate Condition they were in, 
* These Mercenaries were the Massasenians. Their stout Defence.  drew up in a Body in a round Ring; placing their Wives, Children, and Women in the middle, that they might receive the Enemy on every side with less Hazard and Prejudice. Being therefore Desperate and of daring Spirits, encouraged by their Successes in former Conflicts, they bravely received the Enemy. The Macedonians on the other hand resolving to be in nothing inferior to them, the Engagement was very sharp and terrible. For fight close hand to Hand, Man to Man, various kinds of Death and Wounds appeared every where: For the Macedonians by their 
* Sarissa, a Macedonian Spear or Lan●●.  Sarissas' pierced through the short Shields of the Barbarians with that violence, that the Points ran into their very Bodies The Mercenaries likewise on their part threw their Lances amongst the Thickest of their Enemies, upon whom (being so near) they were sure not to fail in doing Execution. When a great Number of them were wounded and as many killed, the Women took up the Arms of those that were slain, and joined with the Men in the Engagement. For the Desperateness of their Condition, and the Greatness of the Work in hand, forced them to the most resolute Resistance for the Defence of themselves. Some of them therefore getting Arms, defended their Husbands with Shields; others that had no Arms rushed in upon the Enemy, and caught hold of their Bucklers, so as they could scarce do any thing. At length all the Men, together 
Ant. Ch. 326.  with their Wives (who valiantly fought to the last) being overpowered by Multitude, died upon the place, preferring an honourable Death, before a Life with Slavery and Disgrace. The useless and unarmed Rabble, together with the Women that were left, he gave to his Horsemen. He took likewise several other Cities, putting them to the Sword that opposed him.  

* Here it falls in with the Index placed before the 17th Book, in the Greek Edition of Rhodomanus. Alexander at the Rock Ao●non.  Hence he moved forward to the Rock called Aornon; for here those Inhabitants that survived sheltered themselves, being a very strong Place. It is reported, that the ancient Hercules attempted the taking this Place, but was forced to quit the Siege, by reason of terrible Earthquakes, and other Prodigies of the Gods, that happened there at that time; which coming to the Ears of Alexander, it made him far more eager to assault the Place, as if he gloried to be the God's Corival both in Might and Power. The Rock was an hundred Furlongs round, and sixteen high, and seemed to be even and steep, and every where round. At the foot of the Rock towards the South runs Indus, the greatest River of India; other Parts are environed with unaccessible Rocks and dreadful Precipices. Alexander upon view of the Place, concluding that it was not possible for him to take it by force; at that instant there came to him an Old Man with his two Sons, who had a long time lived in those Places, in a very poor and low Condition: He had there a little Cell cut into the Rock, wherein were three Beds: He and his Son's lodging together in this place, he was very well acquainted with all the Avenues and Passages round about. When he came therefore to the King, he told him his Condition, and promised to lead the King through the Straits and craggy Byways, to such a Post where he might assault the Barbarians upon the Rock. Hereupon Alexander promised him a large Reward, made use of his Conduct, and in the first place possessed himself of the only Passage 
Ant. Ch. 326.  that led up to the top of the Rock: And because there was no other way to pass, he so blocked up the Besieged, that there was no Relief to be expected. Then by the help of many hands, he raised up a Mount from the bottom and foot of the Rock; and advanced so close up to the Enemy, that by that means he made a very sharp and vigorous Assault, which continued without any interruption Night and Day, for the space of seven Days and Nights. At the beginning the Barbarians, by advantage of the height of the Fort, prevailed, and cut off many that too rashly forced in upon them: But when the Battery was raised up to its due height, and the Engines for shooting of Darts and other Warlike Instruments were brought up, and that the Resolution of the King not to leave the Assault was discerned, the Besieged were in a great Consternation. But Alexander wisely foreseeing what would be the Issue, commanded the Guard that he had left at the Passage to withdraw, that so the Enemy might have free liberty to be gone, if they had a mind to it.  
Upon which, the Barbarians, affrighted by the Valour of the Macedonians, and the King's brave Resolution, in the Night left the Fort. The Indians being thus frighted with a Scarecrow, the King gained the Rock without any considerable loss: And then having rewarded his Guide, marched away with his Forces to other places.  
About that time there was one Aphrices, an Indian, that lay in those parts with an Army 
Aphrices an Indian his Head brought to Alexander.  of Twenty thousand Men, and Fifteen Elephants: Him the Indians killed, and brought his Head to Alexander, and by that means gained his Favour. He possessed himself likewise of all the Elephants in that Tract, and received the Indians into his Protection. Thence he moved to the River Indus, where being furnished with some Ships of Thirty Oars a piece, with them he made a Bridge over the River, and continued in that place 
Ant. Ch. 326.  for thirty days space to refresh his Army, and there offered magnificent Sacrifices to the Gods.  
After he had passed over his Forces, there happened something unusual and remarkable: One Taxilis, who formerly reigned in that Country, being lately dead, his Son Mophis succeeded him; this Mophis some time before had sent an Ambassador to Alexander, when he was in Sogdiana, to offer him his Assistance against the Indians that were then preparing to oppose him; and likewise promised to deliver up his Kingdom into the King's hands. When the King was Thirty Furlongs distant, Mophis and his Friends marched towards him with a well-appointed Army, and Elephants adorned and fitted for Battle. When Alexander saw so numerous an Army advance, he believed the Indian had made a Cloak of his Promises to cover his Fraud, by that means to surprise the Macedonians at unawares; therefore he commanded the Trumpets to give the Sign of Battle, and drew up his Army in Battalia, and advanced towards the Indians. But Mophis being informed of the sudden Commotion that was amongst the Macedonians, easily judging what was the occasion, commanded his Army to make an halt, and he himself with a few in his Company, posts away, and presently undeceives the Macedonians, by delivering up himself and his Army (which was the Strength of the Kingdom) into the Power of the King; who was so well pleased with what the Barbarian had done, that he restored him to his Kingdom, and ever after found Taxiles (for so he was called) his constant and faithful Friend and Associate. And these were the Transactions of this Year.   

CHAP. X.  
Alexander overcomes Porus. How Apes are taken, Strange Serpents for Venem. Large Trees. Marches against the Andrastians', Catheri, and against Sophithes. The Custom of them under Sophithes. Indian Dogs. Entertained by Phigeus. The Macedonians refuse to march against the Gandarides. Alexander leaves Monuments behind him at the River Hyphasis. Nicaea built, and Bucephalis. The Ibori present Alexander. Routs the Agalassians. In danger in the River Indas by Whirlpools. Marches against the Oxidracans and Mallians. The King leaps off the Wall into the Town. A Duel between Coragus and Dioxippus. The Sambestae submit to Alexander; and the Sodrans and Massanians. Subdues Musicanus, Porticanus, and Sambus. Poisoned Weapons. The King's Dream. Comes into the main Ocean. Comes into Gedrosia. The Savageness of the People. His Army near perishing in Gedrosia. Comes into Carmania. Punishes the Bormcial Goremours, Nearchus returns. Islands covered at high Tides. The strange Death of Calanus. Alexander marrieth Statira. Harpalus his Luxury. He seizes with his own Hand them that mutinyed.  
AT the time when Chremes was Lord Chancellor at Athens, and Publius Cornelius and 
Olymp. 113. 2. Ant. Ch. 325. An. M. 3623.  Aulus Posthumius executed the Consulship at Rome; Alexander, after he had refreshed his Army in the Province of Taxilis, marched against Porus Prince of the Neighbouring Indians, who had in his Army above Fifty thousand Foot, Three thousand Horse, above a Thousand Chariots, and an Hundred and thirty Elephants, and was confederated with another Neighbouring King, called Embisarus, not inferior in Power to Porus. 
Alexander's Battle with Porus.  Alexander understanding that he was not above 400 Furlongs distant from Porus, advanced with a Resolution to fight him, before the other joined him. Porus perceiving him to approach, drew up his Horse in two Wings: His Elephants, so accountred as to terrify his Enemies, he placed at equal distances one from another in the Front, and lined them with his armed Men, who were commanded to guard and defend them from Darts and Arrows in the Flank. The whole Army drawn up thus in Battalia, seemed like a City: For the Elephants stood like so many Towers, and the Soldiers placed among them resembled the Walls. Alexander, on the other hand (observing how his Enemies were drawn up) so disposed and ordered his own Men, as the present Circumstances of his Affairs then required.  
The Horse engaged in the first place, and thereupon almost all the Indians Chariots were presently broken in pieces: Afterwards the Elephants being made use of (by the mighty Bulk of their Bodies and their great Strength) bore down and trod underfoot 
Ant. Ch. 325.  many of the Macedonians; others were catched up in their Trunks, and tossed into the Air, and then fell down again with great violence upon the Earth, and so miserably perished: Many likewise were so rend and torn by their Teeth, that they died forthwith. However, the Macedonians with invincible Courage endured all the Hardships wherewith they were pressed, and with their 
* The Macedonian Pikes.  Sarissas' killed the Soldiers that guarded the Elephants: So that now they fought upon equal Terms; and not long after, the Beasts being plied with Darts on every side, and not being able longer to endure the many Wounds they received, their Riders were not able to rule them, insomuch as they furiously rushed backwards, and broke in upon their own Regiments, and trod many of them underfoot, which caused great disturbance and consusion. Upon which, Porus mounted upon the Bravest Elephant (seeing how things were like to be) commanded Forty of those that were not as yet startled and affrighted, to be placed round about him. And with these he made so desperate and sierce a Charge, that he made a sad Slaughter amongst the Macedonians; especially being a Man of the strongest Body of all those that were with him; for he was five Cubits high, and in bulk proportionable; so that his Breastplate was twice as big as any of the rest of the most strongest Men amongst them; and he threw a Dart with as great force as if it had been shot out of an Engine. But this extraordinary Strength of Porus did not at all terrify the Macedonians, that were placed in the front against him: Alexander therefore commanded the Archers and light-armed Men, with all their Darts and Arrows to make at Porus himself; who did as they were commanded. So that such a multitude of Archers were got in one Body together, and such Showers of Darts and Arrows poured out upon him, that they could not possibly miss their Mark. 
Porus overcome.  Porus at length (having fought with great Valour and Resolution) by multitude of Wounds lost so much Blood, as that his Spirits failed him, and he fell down from his Beast to the Ground. Upon which it being presently spread abroad that the King was dead, the rest of the Indians fled, and thereupon a great Slaughter was made amongst ' 'em.  
Thus Alexander having gained this glorious Victory, at length commanded his Trumpets 
Ant. Ch. 325.  to sound a Retreat. But there were killed in this Battle above Twelve thousand Indians; amongst whom were Two Sons of Porus, the Generals of his Army, and the Chiefest of his Commanders. There were taken above Nine thousand Prisoners, and Fourscore Elephants. As for Porus, he was not yet quite dead, and therefore Alexander recommended him to the Care of the Indians themselves for the dressing of his Wounds. There fell of the Macedonians, Two hundred and fourscore Horse, and above Seven hundred Foot, whom the King took care to be decently buried, and rewarded those that survived who had merited by their Valour. He sacrificed likewise to the Sun, through whose Favour and Assistance he had conquered the East. The neighbouring Mountains being clothed with great Numbers of Firr-Trees, Cedars, and the Pitch-Tree, the Place affords plentiful Materials for the Building of Ships; and therefore he built as many here as he had occasion for. For he designed when he came to the utmost Bounds of India, after he had subdued those Nations that lay in his way, to pass along through the River into the Ocean.  
In the mean time, he built Two Cities in those Parts, one upon the further side of the 
* River Hydaspis'.  River where he passed over; the other where he overcame Porus; and both were presently 
Ant. Ch. 325.  perfected, having many hands at work.  
Porus being recovered, he restored him to the Possession of his Kingdom; and being there was plenty of all sorts of Provision, he suffered his Army to lie still and refresh themselves 
Porus restored.  for the space of thirty Days.  
There are some things very remarkable, and worth observing, in the Mountains near where they encamped: For besides the Materials for Shipping, this Tract abounds with Serpents of a vast Bigness, 16 Cubits in length, and breeds a sort of Apes, to be admired both for their number and greatness of their Bodies. The nature of the Beast has instructed the Hunter how to take her; for she's apt to imitate every Action she sees; but because of her Strength and natural Sagacity, it's very difficult to take her by force. Therefore some of the Hunters anoint their Eyes with Honey, and others put on Shoes in the sight of the Apes; and some there are that clap upon their Heads 
* Glasses made hollow like Caps.  Looking-glasses: Then they leave some Shoes behind them, with Bands fixed to them, and instead of Honey lay Bird-lime, and within the Glasses are Ropes to run on Nooses: When they are gone, the poor Beasts begin presently to imitate what they saw done, and so are deluded; for their Eyelids are glued together, their Feet are fast bound, and their whole Bodies held by the Snares; and so they become an easy Prey to the Hunter.  
Afterwards Alexander forces Embisarus (who had been so slow in assisting Porus, and now in a Consternation) to a Submission; and then passes the River with his Forces, and makes his way through a most fruitful Country: For here are strange sorts of Trees 
Ant. Ch. 325.  seventy Cubits high, and of that thickness that four Men can scarcely fathom 'em, and cast 
Trees.  a Shade 300 foot distance.  
There are likewise in this Tract multitudes of Serpents of small Bodies; but for their various Colour most remarkable: For some lie like Rods yellow as Brass; others have very 
 rough and hairy Breasts, and whoever is bitten by them, falls down dead immediately. If any be stung by them, he's most horridly tormented, and a bloody Sweat issues out at all the Pores of his Body. The Macedonians, to secure themselves from these Mischiefs, hung up their Beds on the Limbs of these Trees, watching the greatest part of the Night: But at length, by some of the Inhabitants, they were directed to a Root, which was an Antidote against the Poison.  
After the King had moved from thence, he was informed that Porus, a neighbouring Prince, Nephew of Porus lately vanquished, was fled out of his Kingdom, and run to the Gangarides. At which Alexander was not a little troubled, and thereupon sent Hephestion with a considerable Body of Men into his Dominion, and ordered him to reduce it into the nature of a Province, and to deliver it into the hands of his Friend Porus. He himself marched into the Country of the Andrastians', and gained some of their Cities by assault, 
Marches against the Andrastians'. Catheri.  and others by surrender.  
Thence he came into the Country of the Catheri, where by the Law the living Wives are burnt together with their dead Husbands; and the Wickedness and Treachery of one Woman, who poisoned her Husband, was the occasion of this Law. There the King burned down to the Ground the greatest and strongest Town of all others in those Parts after he had with great difficulty and hazard taken it by assault. The Inhabitants of another 
Ant. Ch. 〈◊〉.  Town, which he was ready to assault, came forth, and humbly submitted themselves to him, upon which he spared them.  
Thence he led his Army to the Cities belonging to Sophithes, which were governed by most excellent Laws; amongst the rest they strictly observe this, To value their Beauty and 
The Custom of Sophithes his Cities.  and comely Proportion above all other Things; and therefore they carefully examine every part of the Child when it is in the Cradle, and such as are sound and perfect in every Limb and Member, and likely to be strong and comely, they nurse and bring up; but such as are lame and deficient, and of a weak Habit of Body, they kill, as not worth the rearing. They have the same regard to their Marriages; for without any respect to Portion, or any other Advantages, they only mind the Beauty of the Person, and the Health and Strength of their Bodies. Hence it is, that those who live in those Cities, are for the most part more Beautiful and Comely than others. But Sophithes the King surpassed all the rest of his Subjects for admirable Beauty and stately Proportion; for he was above four Cubits high: He came forth of his Royal City, and gave up himself and Kingdom into the hands of Alexander; and from the Bounty of the Victor forthwith received it back again; and thereupon he nobly feasted Alexander and all his Army for several Days together. And after many rich Presents made to him, he presented him with an hundred and fifty Dogs of a wonderful Strength and Bigness, and of other most remarkable Properties. It was said 
Indian Dogs.  they were brought forth by Tigers, who had coupled with Dogs. Alexander minding by an Experiment to try their Strength and Courage, caused an exceeding great Lion to be brought into the Circus, and then loosed at him two of the weakest of the Dogs; which 
Ant. Ch. 325.  proving too weak, he let go other two. The Lion being now surrounded by four, and overpowered, Sophithes sent one with a Sword, who began to cut off the right Thigh of one of the Dogs: Upon which, the King called out, and thereupon the Squires of his Body ran to the Indian, and held his Hand: But Sophithes wished 'em to let him alone, and promised to give three for that one. The Huntsman theresore laid hold again on the Dog's Thigh, and cut it off by little and little; and all that while the Dog neither howled nor made the least noise; but held fast his Hold till he fell down dead upon the Lion.  
In the mean time Hephestion 
* From his following Porus the Nephew of Porus.  returned with those Troops before sent along with him, having subdued a great part of India wherever he came, and was hereupon honoured by the King with all deserved Praises.  
Next Alexander marched into the Kingdom of Phigeus, where all the Macedonians were welcomed by the Inhabitants, and Phigeus himself meeting him with Gifts and Presents, 
Phigeus.  willing to receive from him his Kingdom as a Gift of his Bounty; which Alexander accordingly restored to him: And both he and his Army being entertained by Phigeus for two days, he then moved forward to the River Hyphasis, which is seven Furlongs over, and six 
Hyphasis River. Ant. Ch. 325.  Fathoms deep, of a very fierce Stream, and difficult to pass. He had learned from Phigeus, that beyond Indus there was a vast Desert of twelve Days Journey; and at the farthest Borders thereof ran the Ganges Two and twenty Furlongs broad, and the deepest of all the Rivers in India: And that beyond this River, there dwelled the Tabresians, the Gandarides, 
Xandrames his Force, King of the Gandarides.  whose King's Name was Xandrames, who had an Army of Twenty thousand Horse, and Two hundred thousand Foot, Two thousand Chariots, and Foursand Elephants. The King could not believe this to be true, and therefore sent for Porus, and enquired of him whether it were so or not. He told him all was certainly true; but that the present King of the Gandarides was but of a mean and obscure Extract, accounted to be a Barber's Son. For his Father being a very beautiful and handsome Man, the Queen fell in love with him, and then murdered her Husband; and so the Kingdom devolved upon the present King.  
Alexander however, though he perceived that the Expedition against the Gandarides would be very difficult; yet through a desire he still had to gain further Glory, would not wave it; but confiding in the Valour of the Macedonians, and the Answers he had received from the Oracles, hoped to conquer all the Barbarians wherever he went: For he remembered that at Delphos he was called by the Oracle Invincible, and that the Empire of the whole World was promised to him by Jupiter Hammon. But discerning that his Soldiers were even tired out with continual Marches (for they had now toiled themselves with extreme Hazards for Eight Years together) he judged it necessary to make a Speech to his Army, to persuade them to undertake with him this Expedition against the Gandarides. For now he had lost many Soldiers, and no hopes or prospect remained of ending the War: Nay, their very Horse-Hoofs were worn away by their continual Marches, and many of their Arms wasted and become useless. And besides, all their Grecian Habits and 
Ant. Ch. 325.  Clothes were worn out, and they were forced to make use of the Barbarians Stuff, and cut the Indian Plads in pieces to make themselves Clothes. And it happened likewise about that time, that there poured down from Heaven fearful Storms 
* The Rains call d the Messoones in India.  of Rain, with terrible Thunder and Lightning, which continued for seventy Days together. All which, though they happened cross to his Designs, as he conceived, yet he judged there was one way still left for him to accomplish what he so much desired, and that was by Bounty and Liberality to gain the Hearts of his Soldiers. To that end he gave free liberty to the Soldiers to ravage and plunder all over the Enemy's Country, which was rich and abounding in all good Things.  
While the Army was thus employed in spoiling and plundering, he called together the Soldiers Wives and all their Children; and among the Wives he ordered Corn to be distributed every Month; and commanded so much Money to be paid to the Children, as their Fathers Pay amounted unto. When the Soldiers returned to the Camp, loaded with abundance of rich Prey, he called them all together, and there made a handsome studied Speech to them, to persuade them to march along with him against the Gandarides; but being not able upon any Terms to prevail with the Macedonians, he left off that Design. And now determining there to put an end to all his Expeditions, in the first 
The Macedonians refuse to march against the Gandarides.  place he erected Twelve Altars to the Twelve Gods, every one fifty Cubits high. Then he drew a Trench round his Camp thrice as large as the former, and made it fifty Foot broad, and forty deep; and by the Earth out of the Trench, cast up a strong Mudwall on the inner side. He commanded likewise every Foot-Soldier to provide two Beds in his Tent of five Cubits high; and every Horseman (besides two Beds of the same quantity) to make Mangers twice as big as any other; and that every thing they left behind them should be enlarged to the same proportion. And this he did partly to leave behind him Monuments of his Heroic Actions, and partly to make the World believe, that those with him were Men of mighty Stature, and stronger than any other. When this was done, he marched back with all the Army the same way he came to the River Acisines, where he found some Ships in building, which he ordered to be perfected, and 
River Acisines.  built several others.  
About that time came to him Supplies out of Greece, both of Auxiliaries and Mercenaries, to the number of about Thirty thousand Foot, and almost Six thousand Horse. There were likewise brought to him at the same time Arms for Five and twenty thousand Men most curiously wrought, and an hundred Talents weight of all sorts of Medicines and Physical Preparations; and all these he distributed amongst the Soldiers. His Ships now with all their Tackle and Furniture were completely Rigged, of which there were 
Ant. Ch. 325.  Two hundred open Vessels, and Eight hundred Transport-Ships for all manner of Service. The two Cities he had built near the River, the one he called Nicaea, from a Victory 
The Cities built at the River Ascisines, Nicaea, Bucephalis.  there gained, and the other Bucephalis, from his Horse that was there killed in the Battle against Porus.  
Then he, together with his Friends, went aboard, and sailed down the River, with an intent to fall down to the Southern Ocean; but a great part of the Army marched along the River's Bank, under the Command of Craterus and Hephestion. He came now to that 
Hydaspes and Acisines Rivers meet. Ibori.  place where the River Hydaspes and Ascisines meet together. Here he landed his Soldiers, and marched to the Borders of the Ibori; these are said to be descended from them who besieged the Rock Aornon with Hercules; and after that they were defeated in that Design, were planted in this Country by that Hero. Here he encamped near an eminent City of greatest Command in those parts: The Citizens went out to the King, and were admitted to converse with him; and there they renewed the Memory of their ancient Kindred, and promised to perform all Offices of Respect and Kindness, as became so near Relations; and sealed and confirmed what they said with extraordinary rich Presents. The King received them very graciously, and in return freed all their Cities to govern according to their own Laws.  
Thence he moved towards the bordering Nations, amongst whom he found the Agalassians had raised an Army of Forty thousand Foot, and Three thousand Horse: Alexander 
〈◊〉 Agalassians.  fought 'em, and routed 'em; many were killed upon the spot, and the rest fled into Holes and Dens, and the neighbouring Towns and Villages; which being afterwards taken, they were all sold for Slaves. There were 20000 of the rest of the Inhabitants that got together for shelter into a great City, which he took by Storm; though the Indians blocking up all the straight Passages, fought resolutely from the Tops of their Houses, and killed multitudes of the Macedonians, which put him into such a Rage, as that he set the Town on fire, and burnt most of them in it; so that only Three thousand remained, who 
Ant. Ch. 325.  fled into the Castle, and sued for Pardon, and had it.  
Then he with his Friends went on board again, and sailed down the River to the place where the two 
* Hydaspes and Acisines.  Rivers (as was said before) and likewise Indus, now met together. But these great Rivers rushing in one upon another in one and the same place, there were most terrible Whirlpools, where the Ships that fell into them were so whirled about, that there they perished. And the Stream was so fierce and violent, that no Pilot could govern their Ships; so that two long Ships were sunk, and many of the rest driven upon the Shoar. The King's Ship was likewise catched in a Whirlpool, and he himself now 
Alexander in danger by Whirlpools.  in the utmost Extremity and Danger of losing his Life; which he perceiving, stripped himself naked, and prepared for the last Remedy. Whereupon his Friends came round the Ship, endeavouring with all their Might to take in the King, in case his Ship pérished. A great Hurry and Confusion there was, while the Men strove with the Violence of the Waves, but the River overmatched both their Strength and Skill. Yet the King with great difficulty by the help of the Ships was at length brought to land. Being thus unexpectedly preserved, he sacrificed to the Gods for his Deliverance, and that he had, like another Achilles, conquered the River itself. Thence he marched against the 
* Oxydracons and Mallians. Syracusians in the Greek, mistaken for Oxydracans. Ant. Ch. 325.  Oxydracans and Mallians, populous and warlike Nations of India, whom he found ready prepared with an Army of above Fourscore thousand Foot, and Ten thousand Horse, and Seven hundred Chariots. These People were at War amongst themselves, before the King came amongst them; but being terrified at his approach, they were forced to agree and confederate against him. And in Confirmation of their League, they mutually disposed of Ten thousand Virgins in Marriage, and thereby entered into Affinity one with another. However, they came not against him with their Armies into the Field, but afterwards fell at variance one with another concerning the Chief Command, and slipped away here and there into the Neighbouring Cities. Alexander approaching to the Capital 
* Of the Oxydracans. Vid. Appian. lib. 2. Bell. Civil. latter end: And Curtius, 〈◊〉 9 sect. 5  City, designed without any further delay to assault it: But one Demophoon a Soothsayer, dissuaded the King from his Purpose, alleging, That by certain Signs and Prodigies (by him observed) were portended, that the King would be in extreme danger by a Wound received in this Siege; and therefore entreated him that he would wave this Town, and apply himself to some other Affair. Upon this, the King was very angry, because he discouraged the Soldiers; therefore preparing all things necessary for an Assault, he himself led up his Men to the Walls, with an undaunted Spirit, eager to gain the Place by force. His Men being slow in fixing the Engines (as he thought) he was the first that broke through the Gate into the City, upon which many were hewn down, and the rest fled, whom he pursued to the very Castle. And because the Macedonians came not on so roundly to make the Assault as he expected, he took a Scaling-Ladder himself, and set it to the Castlewall, and holding his Buckler over his Head, mounted the Ladder; and was so quick, that before they within could force him back, he had gained the Top of the 
Ant. Ch. 325.  Wall. None of the Indians durst engage him hand to hand; but they so plied him with Darts and Arrows at a distance that he was overpress.  
In the mean time, the Macedonians had applied two Scaling-Ladders; but two many thronging up at once, the Ladders broke, and down they all fell to the Ground. The King being then left without all hope of Relief, was so desperate, as that he did that which is worth special remark, and almost incredible: For looking upon it as a diminution of his Glory to make back down amongst his own Soldiers, he leapt off the Wall with his Arms in his hand into the 
* Castle-Yard rather. The King leaps into a 〈◊〉 himself.  Town. Then the Indians came rushing upon him in droves, and he received their Assault with great Resolution: For having a Tree which grew near to the Wall on his right hand, and the Wall on his left, he more easily defended himself, standing his ground with that Courage and Resolution as became a King that had performed such Noble Acts, coveting to end his Days by a glorious and honourable Death. Having now received many Cuts upon his Helmet, and as many on his Shield: At length he received so grievous a Wound under one of his Paps, that it brought him down upon his Knees. Upon which, the Indian that wounded him ran (heedlessly) upon him to give him another Blow; but the King thrust his Sword through his Body, and there he fell down dead. Then raising himself up by the help of a Bough of the Tree, he challenged any of the Indians that had a mind to fight with him.  
And now came in to his relief Peucestes, one of his Guard, being one of the first that by other Ladders had scaled the Wall, and after him came several others; so 
Ant. Ch. 325.  that the Barbarians being now in a fright, Alexander was at length preserved and rescued.  
The City being thus taken, the Macedonians (being enraged upon the account of the King) put all the Men they sound to the Sword, and filled every place with dead Carcases.  
In the mean time, while the King lay ill of his Wound, the Grecians that were distributed into several Colonies throughout Bactria and Sogdiana (having for a considerable 
Grecians in Bactria rebel.  time before grudged their Plantations amongst the Barbarians, and now encouraged upon the Report that Alexander was dead of his Wound) rebelled against the Macedonians, and got together to the number of about Three thousand, and endeavoured with all their Might to return into their own Country; but were every Man cut off, after the Death of Alexander.  
The King, after he was recovered of his Wound, appointed a solemn Sacrifice to the Gods, in order to give Thanks for his Recovery, and sumptuously feasted all his Friends. In his Feasting and Drinking there happened a Passage very remarkable, and fit to be taken notice of: Amongst other Friends, there was one Coragus a Macedonian invited, a strong bodied Man, and one that had often behaved himself with great Gallantry in several Encounters. This Man in his Cups challenged one Dioxippus an Athenian to fight a 
Duel between Coragus and Dioxippus. See Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 35. c. 11. Aelian. Var. Hist. l. 10. c. 22. l. 12. c. 58. Ant. Ch. 325.  Duel; who was a Champion, and had won many Noble Prizes and Victories. The matter was pushed on forward by the Guests, as is usual at such times. Dioxippus accepted the Challenge, and the King appointed the Day.  
As soon as it was day, many thousands of People slocked together to see the Combat. The King, with his Macedonians, favoured Coragus; the Grecians. wished well to Dioxippus. The Macedonian came into the List neatly accoutred, glittering in his Arms. The Athenian presented himself stark naked all over anointed with Oil, with a Cap upon his Head. Their Persons were both so admirable for Strength of Body, and Presence of Mind, that it seemed as if two of the Gods were to fight a Duel: For the Macedonian for his Stature and Brightness of his Arms, looked like Mars. Dioxippus (besides his being the stronger Man) in his carrying of a great Club, and Activity in Feats of Arms, resembled Hercules. And now both advanced one towards another: The Macedonian, when he came near, cast his Javelin at Dioxippus, which he declined by a little motion of his Body. Then Coragus presently made at him with his Macedonian 
* Pike.  Sarissa, which the other (advancing forward) broke in pieces with his Truncheon. The Macedonian thus twice defeated, betook to his Sword; but while he was drawing it, his Adversary made a Sally up to him, and prevented him; catching hold on his Arm with his left hand, and gave him such a Blow with the other, as that he laid him at his feet. When he had him upon the Ground, he set his Foot upon his Neck, and lifting up himself, he turned about to the Spectators: Upon which, all the People set up a great Shout, in admiration of what was done, and at the Strength and Valour of the Man. But the King ordered him that was foiled to be let go, and then Broke up the Assembly; and departed, not very well pleased at the Misfortune of his Countryman.  
But Doxippus having now discharged his Adversary, went off the Ground, and for his famous and remarkable Victory, his Countrymen set a Coronet upon his Head, as One that had advanced the Honour and Reputation of the Grecians. But Fortune suffered not the Man to rejoice long in his Victory; for the King ever after bore a Grudge to him, and the King's Friends and all the Courtiers envied him: Therefore they persuaded one that waited at the Table, to put a golden Cup under his Cushion; and in the middle of the Feast a Complaint was made that the Cup was stolen; whereupon search was made, and the Cup pretended to be found with Dioxippus: By which he was greatly disgraced, and put out of Countenance: And seeing the Macedonians came ●locking about him, he 
Ant. Ch. 325.  arose from the Table, and left the place, and went to his Lodging. But shortly after, he wrote a Letter to Alexander, complaining of the foul Contrivances of his Enemies against him; and after he had delivered it to his Servants, to be handed carefully to the King, he 
Dioxippus murders himself.  murdered himself.  
It was certainly an imprudent Act in him to fight with a Macedonian, but far more Folly in him to destroy himself: Therefore many who blamed him for this piece of Madness, added this to his further Disgrace: That a great Body and a great Wit seldom meet together. When the King read the Letter, he was exceedingly troubled at his Death, and would often commend him for his Valour: And he who undervalued him when he was alive, now in vain wished for him when he was dead; and came perfectly to understand the Honesty of the Man, by the Knavery of his Accusers and Slanderers.  
And now the King ordered his Army to march along the Bank of the 
* Indus.  River, over against his Fleet, and began again to sail down into the Ocean, and in his Passage arrived at the Country of the Sambestans. These People for Number and Courage are nothing 
Sambestan●. Curtius, lib. 9 c. 15.  inferior to any of the Indians, and their Cities are Democratical in their Government.  
Having intelligence of the approach of the Macedonians, they brought into the Field Threescore thousand Foot, Six thousand Horse, and Five hundred Chariots. But when the Fleet drew near, they were so terrified with the strangeness of the Sight, and the Fame and Glory of the Macedonians which was noised abroad in all Places, that the Old 
Ant. Ch. 325.  Men among them dissuaded them from venturing a Battle; whereupon they sent Fifty of the best Quality, as Ambassadors to Alexander to pray his Favour. The King (upon the Address made to him) granted them Peace as they desired, and received large and honourable Presents (becoming a Demigod) from the Inhabitants. Then he received the Submission of the Sodrans and Massanians, who bordered on both sides the River. Here 
Sodians, Massanians.  Alexander built another City called Alexandria, near the 
* On the Bank of the River Indus.  River, and furnished it with a Thousand Inhabitants. Afterwards he arrived at the Kingdom of 
** Musicanus Strabo lib. 15. p. 694. 701. says he submitted, where see much more, but after revolted and Crucify'd.  Musicanus, whom he took and killed, and subdued his Country. Then he came to the 
† This Territory belongs to the Bastans. See Strabo, b. Sambus.  Territory of Porticanus, and took two Cities upon the first Assault, and gave the Spoil of them to his Soldiers, and then burned them. Porticanus who had fled for shelter into the Castle, was killed fight in his own Defence. Then he took all the Cities within his Dominion by Assault; and razed them to the Ground, which struck a great Terror into the Neighbouring Inhabitants. Next he wasted the 
* The Country of the brahmin's who had revolted after Submission. S●e Curtius, Lib. 9  Territories of Sambus, razing many of the Cities, and selling the Citizens for Slaves, and put to the Sword above Fourscore thousand Barbarians. These were the Plagues the brahmin's suffered. All the rest who submitted (except such as were the Authors and Ringleaders of the Defection) he Pardoned. In the mean time, King Sambus got away with Thirty Elephants, into the furthest Parts beyond the River Indus, and so escaped.  
Amongst the brahmin's the last City attempted was 
† Harmatelia. See Strabo. Lib. 15. p. 723. Ant. Ch. 325.  Harmatelia, which greatly confided in the Valour of its Inhabitants, and the Strength of its Situation. Here the King commanded some few of his Party to go up near to the Place, and provoke the Citizens to fall upon them, and then to make as if they fled; thereupon Five hundred approached to the very Walls, who for their inconsiderable Number were contemned by the Enemy: Three thousand therefore made a Sally out of the Town upon them; whhreupon they took to their Heels as if they had been in a great Fright. But the King with some few of his Troops, fell upon the Backs of the Pursuers, upon which there was a smart Engagement, and many of the Barbarians were killed and taken. But a great number of those that were killed and wounded on the King's side, were in a desperate Condition; for the Barbarians had poisoned the Heads of their Weapons with a deadly Poison, which made 
Poisoned Weapons.  them more Courageous and forward to Engage with the King. This strong Poison is made of certain Serpents taken by Hunting, which after they are killed, they lay out and expose to the Heat of the Sun; where the Heat does so fry their Flesh as if it were melting away, from which distils a sweaty Moisture, wherein the Poison of the Beast is conveyed, and may be discerned. The Working of this Poison is such, that a Benumm'dness and Stupidity presently seizes upon the Body of him that is wounded; and in a short time after follows most tormenting Pains, Convulsions and Trembling, wrecking every Member of the Body. The Skin grows excessive Cold and Black, and the Party vomits black Choler: Moreover, a black frothy Matter flows from the Wound, which causes Putrefaction, and presently spreads all over the principal Parts of the Body, and so the Party dies in a most Miserable manner. And hence it was, that he that was never so 
Ant. Changed 32●.  slightly touched, was as much tormented, as he that had the greatest Wounds. After all that were thus wounded were dead, the King grieved for none so much, as he did for the Misfortune of Ptolemy (who Reigned afterwards) and whom at that time he dearly loved. There happened at this time something extraordinary remarkable in reference to Ptolemy, which some ascribe to the special Providence of God. He was a Man that was beloved of all, both for his Valour and his wonderful obliging Carriage to every one, and therefore met with a Cureworthy 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  his kind and gracious Disposition. The King dreamt that he saw a Serpent with an Herb in his Mouth, which told him the Nature and Efficacy 
The King's Dream.  of the Plant, and where it grew: When he awoke, he presently searched for the Herb and found it, and when he had bruised it made a Pultice of it, and applied it to Ptolemy's Body, and gave him a Potion of the Juice of the Plant, and so restored him to perfect Health. Others also, when they came to know the Sovereign Use of the Herb, were cured by the same means. But when Alexander now began to apply himself to the Siege of Harmotelia, a strong and well fenced City, the Inhabitants came all forth to him and begged his Pardon, and delivered up themselves and their City into his Hands, and so escaped Punishment.  
Then sailing with his familiar Friends into the Main Ocean, he found two Islands, where he offered most magnificent Sacrifices, and threw many Golden Cups of a great Value, together with the Drink-Offerings into the Sea. At length, having reared up Altars to the Honour of Tethys and Oceanus, (supposing now he had finished the Voyage he intended) he returned with the Fleet up his 
* Indus.  River, and arrived at the famous City 
** City Hyala, at the Mouth of the River Indus. Ant. Ch. 325.  Hyala. This City is under the same form of Government with that of Lacedaemon: For there were two Kings of two several Families, succeeding in a time, who had the Management and Administration of their Wars. But the chief Authority in Civil Affairs resided in the Senate. Here Alexander burned all the Ships that were Leaky and Defective, and delivered the rest of his Fleet into the Hands of 
* This Navigation described by Arrian, lib. 6 p. 143. and Pliny Nat. Hist. lib. 6 c 23 They set forth from the Island Patalene, and City Xunilopolis, as by Arrian. Lib. 6. cap. 23. Vid. Ush. Ann. 266. and 269.  Nearchus and some other of his Friends, with a Command to sail all along the Sea-coast, and diligently observe every Place, till they came to the Entrance into the River Euphrates. He himself raised his Camp, and marched a long way into the Country, subduing all that opposed him, and using them kindly that submitted to him: For the Inhabitants of Abitra and Gedrosia he brought to Submission, without any Hazard or Difficulty.  
Afterwards, marching through many Tracts of Land destitute of Water, and as many Deserts, he came to the Borders of Neoridis. There he divided his Army into three Brigades; the one he gave to Ptolemy, the other to Leonatus; the former he commanded to harrass the Sea Coasts, and the other the Midland and Champion part of the Country. He himself wasted and spoiled the Hill Country and Mountainous Parts, and the Places thereunto adjoining: So that many Countries being Invaded all at one and the same time all Places were filled with Rapine, Fire, and Sword; whence the Soldiers were loaded with rich Booty, and many Thousands perished by the Sword.  
The bordering Nations being terrified by this Destruction of People, all delivered themselves up into the Power of the King 
* In Rambacia. . Here the King having a desire to build a City near to the Sea, and having found a safe Harbour, and a convenient Place near to it, built one accordingly, and called it Alexandria. Then he entered through ways made 
Alexandria in India built.  by his Pioners, into the Country of the 
* Oritans.  Neoritans, and presently forced them all to submit.  
These People are like all the rest of the Indians, both for Laws and Manners, except in one thing, which is almost Incredible: For the Kindred and Relations of those that 
Ant. Ch. 325.  are Dead (all stark Naked with their Lances in their Hands) carry forth the Dead Bodies 
Burials of the Neoritans.  into some Wood or other belonging to the Country, and there strip the Dead of all his burying Clothes and other Ornaments, and leave the Body to be Food for the Wild Beasts: Then they divide his Garments, and Sacrifice to the Subterraneous Heroes, and Feast all their Friends.  
Alexander afterwards marched into Gedrosia, all along the Sea Coast, and came at length among a most rude and savage People. From their very Birth to their old Age they never 
Marches into Gedrosia.  cut their Nails, but suffer them still to grow; and the Hair of their Heads all grow in Locks, never combed out. They're of a swarthy Complexion, (through the parching Heat of the Sun) and cloth themselves with the Skins of Wild Beasts. They feed upon the Flesh of Whales cast up by the Sea. In building of their Houses and Cottages, they raise up their Walls as is usual, but the Roofs are laid with the Rib-bones of Whales, of which they have Summers and Beams eighteen Cubits in length, and for Tiles they use the Whale's Scales.  
When Alexander with great Toil had marched through this Country, he came into a 
Alexander's Army near Perishing in Gedrosia.  desolate Wilderness, where nothing at all was to be had for the support of Man's Life. So that many dying for want of Food, the whole Army was not only altogether discouraged, but the King himself was then overwhelmed with unusual Sorrow and Anxiety of Mind: For he looked upon it as a most Miserable thing that those who by the Valour of their Arms, had conquered all where ever they came, should now ingloriously Perish for want 
Ant. Ch. 325.  of Bread in a Barren Wilderness. Therefore he sent away the swiftest Courriers he could find into Parthia, Drangina, Aria, and other bordering Countries, with order, that with all speed they should meet him upon the Border of Carmania, with Dromedary Camels, and other Beasts of Burden, loaden with Bread, and all other necessary Provisions; who hasted away as they were commanded, and procured the Governors of the Provinces to dispatch abundance of Provision to the Place appointed. By this extreme Scarcity Alexander lost many of his Men, and this was the first Mischief he met with in this Expedition. Afterwards, as they were marching, some of the Mountaineers fell upon Leonatus his Squadron and cut off many of them, and then made back to their Countrymen, and this was another Loss.  
When they had at length, with very great Difficulties and Hardships passed through this Desert, they came into a Rich and Populous Country 
* In Carmania Vid. Curtius, Lib. 9 ad fin●m. ; Here he randezvoused his whole Army, and after they had refreshed themselves celebrated a Feast to Bacchus, and dressed up to make a show like a Pageant, he led the Darice before his Army (who marched likewise in great Pomp and State) for the space of Seven days together, spending all that time in Revelling and Drunkenness all along the way as he went.  
When this was over, hearing that many of his Officers and Governors of Provinces had 
The King punishes the Governors of Provinces. Ant. Ch. 325.  abused their Power, to the Oppression and Injury of many, he punished them according to their Demerits. Which Severity of the King's being spread abroad, many who were conscious of being guilty of the same Crimes, began to fear the same Punishment, and therefore some who commanded the Mercenaries, made a Defection; others picked up what Moneys they could, and fled: Of which the King receiving intelligence, he writ to all the Governors and Lord-Lieutenants of Asia, that as soon as they had read his Letters they should without further delay disband all the Mercenaries.  
About the same time, while the King was at 
* Salmuntes in Harmozia, now Ormus in the Gulf of Persia. Nearchus' returns.  Salmuntes, a Sea port Town, busy in making Stage Plays: Those who were sent to examine all the Sea Coasts, arrived with the Fleet, who forthwith went into the Theatre and addressed themselves to the King; and after they had made their Obeisance, they acquainted him with what they had done. The Macedonians so rejoiced at their Return, that as a Testimony of their joy they set up a great Acclamation, and filled the whole Theatre with Exultations. Those that returned from the Voyage, told him, There were wonderful Tides of Ebbing and Flowing in the Ocean, and that at low Water in the furthest Parts of the Sea Coasts there appeared very 
Islands overflowed.  many great Islands, which at the return of the Tide are all again laid under Water, while a most Fierce and violent Wind comes off from them to the Continent, and causes the Water to be all over on a Foam: And as the greatest Wonder of all, they declared they met with Whales of an incredible Magnitude; which at the first so terrified them, that 
Whales.  they looked upon themselves as lost, and that they and all their Ships must in a Moment perish together: But all of them at once setting up a great shout, and making a Noise by striking upon their Arms, and sounding of Trumpets, the monstrous Creatures were so terrified with a thing so unusual, that they made to the Bottom of the Deep.  
After the King had heard the Relation, he ordered the Sea Officers to sail with the 
Ant. Ch. 325.  Fleet to Euphrates, And he himself in the mean time, marching through many Countries with his Army, came at last to the Borders of Susiana. At which time Calanus, an Indian, a great Philosopher, and much honoured by the King, ended his days in a wonderful manner. Having now lived to be Seventy three years old; and during all that 
The strange Death of Calanus. Aelian. Var. Hist. lib. 5. c. 6. Plut. in Alexander.  time never knew what Sickness or the least Distemper meant, he purposed to put an end to his own Life; supposing that now both Nature and Fortune had brought him to the utmost Bounds of his Felicity and well-being in the World. Being seized upon therefore with Sickness, which grew upon him more and more every day, he desired the King that he would order a great Funeral Pile to be made, and that when he had placed himself upon it, some of his Servants should set it on fire. The King at first endeavoured to dissuade him from this Purpose; but when he saw he would not be moved, he promised it should be done as he had desired.  
The thing presently spread abroad, and when the Pile was finished, multitudes of People flocked to see this strange Sight: And there Calanus (according to the Rules and Dictates of his own Opinion) with great Courage ascended the Pile, and both he and it were consumed together. Some that were present judged this Act to be an effect of Madness, others nothing else but a piece of Vainglory: Though some there were that admired his Noble Spirit, and Contempt of Death; And the King caused him to be honourably buried.  
When Alexander came to Susa, he married Statira, Darius his Eldest Daughter. Drypetis, the Younger, he married to Hephestion: He gave also Wives to the Chiefest of his Friends, and married them to the Noblest Ladies of Persia.  
About this time Thirty thousand Persians (very Proper and handsome young Men, and 
Thirty thousand Persians brought to Alexander.  of strong Bodies) came to Susa. These, according to the King's Command, had for some considerable time been getting together, and had been trained up by their Tutors and Governors in Martial Discipline; and all of them completely furnished with Macedonian Arms encamped before the City; where they Trained and Exercised before the King, and approved themselves so expert in the Management and Handling of their Arms, that they were honoured by him with large and rich Gifts. For because the Macedonians refused to pass over the River Ganges, and in the common Assembly would many times with a great Bawling and Noise oppose the King, and mock at his Descent from Hammon, he got this Body of Persians (who were all about the same Age) to be as a Curb upon the Macedonian 
* Phalanx.  Brigade. And these were the things wherein Alexander employed himself at that time.  
During this Indian Expedition, Harpalus, who was made by Alexander Lord High-Treasurer of Babylon, almost as soon as the King, had begun his march (hoping he would never return) gave up himself to all manner of Luxury and Excess: For he was Governor 
Harpalus his Luxury.  of a very large Province. In the first place, he followed a lewd Course of Forcing and Ravishing of Women, and committing all sorts of abominable Acts of Uncleanness with the Barbarians, by which Luxurious pranks of Wickedness he wasted the Treasure committed to his Charge. He ordered great multitudes of Fish to be brought to him from far Countries, as far as from the * Red Sea: And was so profuse in his daily Provisions for his 
The Red Sea.  Table, that all cried shame of him, and none gave him a good Word. He sent likewise for a famous Strumpet from Athens, called Pythonices, to whom he gave most Princely Gifts whilst she lived, and buried her with as much state when she was dead, and built for her a most magnificent Monument in Athens.  
After her death he sent for another Courtesan out of Attica, called Glycera, with whom he lived at such a height of Voluptuousness and Expense, as exceeded all bounds: But that he might have a Refuge to fly unto, in case of the cross and destructive Blasts of Fortune, he made it his business chief to oblige the Athenians. And therefore when Alexander returned from his Indian Expedition, and had cut off the Heads of many of the Provincial Governors for their maladministrations; Harpalus fearing the same Punishment, bagged up Five thousand Talents of Silver, and raised Six thousand Mercenary Soldiers, and so left Asia and sailed for Attica. But when he perceived none were forward to come in to him, he left his Soldiers at Tenarus in Laconia, and taking part of the Money with him fled to the Athenians for Protection: But being demanded to be be delivered up by Letters from Antipater and Olympias, (having first distributed large Rewards amongst the Orators that had pleaded for him, and managed his concern with the Athenians) he withdrew himself and fled to his Soldiers at Tenarus. Thence he sailed to Crect, and there was Murdered by Thimbro, one of his Friends.  
The Athenians likewise (examining the matter concerning the Money given by Harpalus) condemned Demosthenes, and several other Orators, for being corrupted by him with Bribes.  
About this time, Alexander, at the Celebration of the Olympic Games, caused public Proclamation to be made by an Herald, That all Exiles (except Robbers of Temples and Murderers) should return to their several Countries: And he himself picked out Ten thousand of the Oldest Soldiers in his Army, and discharged them from further Service; and being informed that many of them were in debt, he paid the whole in one Day, to the value of no less than Ten thousand Talents. The rest of the Macedonians carrying themselves with great Malepartness towards him, and in a General Assembly with Bawling and Noise contradicting him, he was so enraged and sharp in his returns upon them, that they were all put into a great Fright; and in that Rage was so daring, that he leaped down from the Tribunal, and seized upon some of the Ring leaders of the Mutiny with his own hands, and delivered them to the 
* Our Sheriffs.  Lictors to be Executed. At length, when he saw that the Disorders and Mutiny still increased, he made such of the Persians Officers as he thought fit, and preferred them to the chiefest Commands. Upon which, the Macedonians recollected themselves, and had much ado to regain Alexander's favour, though they addressed themselves to him both with Petitions and Tears.   

CHAP. XI.  
Alexander mixes Twenty thousand Persian Darters with his Army. Marches from Susa. Bagistames breeds abundance of Horses. Hephestion dies at Ecbatane. The Lamian War. He invades the Cosseans. Marches towards Babylon. The Caldean Astrologers dissuade him from coming thither. He enters Babylon.  
AFterwards when Anticles was chief Magistrate of Athens, and Lucius Cornelius and 
Olym. 113. 3. Ant. Ch. 324. An. M. 3624  Quintius Publius were Consuls at Rome, Alexander supplied the Room of those he had discharged with Persians, and chose a Thousand of them to be Squires of the Body, conceiving he might altogether as safely trust them as the Macedonians.  
About this time Peucestes came with Twenty thousand Persian Darters and Slingers, these Alexander intermixed amongst his other Soldiers, by which means the whole Army was brought into that due Constitution, as that they were readily obedient to his Command. There were some of the Macedonians that had Sons by the Captives, whom upon diligent Enquiry he found to be Ten thousand, and appointed them Masters to instruct them in all sorts of Learning, and allowed sufficient Stipends for their Liberal Education.  
Then he Rendezvous'd his Army, and marched away from Susa, and passing the River 
Marches from Susa.  Tigris, came to the Villages called Carrae, and there encamped. Thence in Four Days March he passed through Sitta, and came to Sambea. Here he rested Seven Days, and refreshed his Army. Thence in Three Days he marched to the Towns called Celonae: In which Place the Posterity of the Boeotians settled themselves in the time of Xerxes his Expedition, and there remain unto this Day, having not altogether forgot the Laws of their Country: For they use a double Language, one learned from the Natural Inhabitants, and in the other they preserve much of the Greek Tongue; and observe some of their Laws and Customs. Thence, when it grew towards Evening, he decamped, and turned aside and marched to Bagistames to view the Country. This Country abounds in all 
Ant. Ch. 324.  manner of Fruit-Trees, and whatever else conduces either to the Profit or Pleasure of Mankind; so as that it seems to be a Place of Delight both for Gods and Men. Afterwards he came into a Country that breeds and pastures an innumerable Company of Horses; for they say, That there had been here an Hundred and sixty thousand Horses that ran at Pasture up and down in the Country; but at the coming of Alexander there were only Sixty thousand. He encamped herefor the space of Thirty Days: Thence in seven Encampments he came to Echatana in Media. This City is 
* About 30 Mile. Hephestion dies. Aelian. Var. Hist. l. 7. c. 8.  Two hundred and 
Ecbatana.  fifty Furlongs in compass, and is the Metropolis of all Media, where abundance of Treasure was laid up. Here he stayed some time, and refreshed his Army, and spent his time in Feasting, Drinking, and Stage-Plays; at which time Hephestion (one that he loved above all others) fell sick of a Surfeit, and died: Whose death the King bore very grievously, and committed his Body to Perdiccas to be carried to Babylon, because he intended to bury him with great Pomp and State.  
While these things were acting in Asia, Greece was full of Tumults and Seditions, whence broke out the War called the Lamian War, upon this occasion: After the King's Order 
The Lamian War.  to the Lords Lieutenants of the Provinces to disband all Mercenary Soldiers, and the execution of those Commands, many Foreiguers that were cashiered, went straggling over all Asia, and for want of Subsistence, robbed and spoiled the Country till they all came into one Body, at Tenarus in Laconia: So likewise all the Governors and Commanders of the Persians that were left, got together what Men and Money they could, and came all to Tenarus, and there joined their Forces together: There they created Leostenes an Athenian 
Ant. Ch. 324.  (a brave Spirited Man) General of the Army; who then called a Council of War; and after Consultation had concerning the Management of the War, disposed of Fifty Talents to pay the Mercenaries, and provided Arms sufficient for the present occasion. He sent likewise Ambassadors to the Aetolians (who were disaffected to the King) to join with them in Arms. And thus Leostenes was altogether taken up in necessary Preparations for a War, of the greatness of which, he had then a clear and evident Prospect.  
Alexander now marched against the Cosseans, who refused to submit to his Government. This People are a very Warlike Nation, and inhabit the hilly and mountainous Parts of 
The Cosseans invaded.  Media; and therefore confiding in their own Valour, and the Fastnesses of their Coun-Country, never would be brought of admit to any foreign Prince to reign over them; and were never subdued, during all the time of the Persian Empire. And at that time they were so very high, that they slighted the Valour of the Macedonians.  
The King first gained the Passes, and then wasted a great part of the Country of Cosea; and getting the better in every Engagement, killed many of the Barbarians, and took many more Prisoners. At length, the Cosseans being worsted and beaten in every place, and greatly concerned at the multitude of the Captives, were forced to redeem their Country by the loss of their own Liberty; and so giving up themselves to the Will of the Conqueror, they obtained Peace, upon condition they should be Loyal and Obedient for the time to come. Thus Alexander conquered this Nation in the space of forty Days; and after he hadbuilt some Cities atthe most difficult Passes in the Country, he marched away.  
Socicles was now Archon at Athens, and Cornelius Lentulus and Quintus 
† Publius.  Popilius Roman Consuls, when Alexander, after the Conquest of the Cosseans, marched thence towards Babylon: 
Olymp. 113. 4. Ant. Ch. 233. An. M. 3625.  He always rested a while between every Decampment; and to ease his Army, moved very slowly. When he was about Three hundred Furlongs from Babylon, the 
* Caldean Priests. Marches towards Babylon. Caldean Astrologers.  Chaldeans (as they are called) who were famous for Astrology, and used to prognosticate future Events by the Observation of the Stars (and by that means knew that the King would die presently after he entered into Babylon) picked out some of the most ancient and expert of those of their Profession, and ordered them to signify the Danger to the King, and with all the Arguments they could use to dissuade him from entering into the City; and to let him know that he might avoid the Danger, if he would rebuild the Sepulchre of Belus, which the Persians had destroyed, and alter his Purpose, and pass by the City.  
Belephentes was the leading Man of the Chaldeans that were sent away; but he was afraid to address himself to the King, and therefore privately imparted all to Nearchus (one of the King's familiar Friends) and desired him that with all speed he would acquaint the King with the whole Business. Alexander was much concerned when Nearchus told him what the Chaldeans had prognosticated; and more and more considering and pondering in his Thoughts the Skill and Reputation of the Man, was in no small Consternation. At length he sent away many of his Friends to the City, but he himself turned aside another way, and passed by Babylon; and encamping Two hundred Furlongs distant from the place, he there rested. At this all were in admiration; whereupon many Philosophers came to him, 
Ant. Ch. 323  as well those that were Followers of Anaxagoras as other Grecians. When they came to understand the cause of his Fear, they earnestly opposed what was said, with many Philosophical Arguments; by which he was so convinced and changed, that he contemned all sorts of Divination whatsoever, and especially that of the Chaldeans, that was every where so famous. Therefore now, as if his Spirit before wounded had been cured by the Arguments of Philosophers, he entered Babylon with his Army, where (as before) the Soldiers were kindly entertained by the Citizens; and the Plenty of Provision was such, that all 
Enters Babylon.  gave up themselves to Ease and Voluptuousness. And these were the things acted this Year.   

CHAP. XII.  
Ambassadors come to Alexander from all Parts. He buries Hephestion with great State. The Prodigies before Alexander's Death. His Death. Darius' Mother starves herself.  
AGesias was now Chief Magistrate of Athens, and Caius Poetelius and Lucius Papirius 
Olymp. 114. 1. Ant. Ch. 322. An. M. 3625. Ambassador's com● to Alexander from all parts. Th● African ●●●ar at far as Cadi●.  Consuls at Rome, when the Hundred and fourteenth Olympiad was celebrated, in which Micinas' of Rhodes was Victor. At this time Ambassadors came to Alexander almost from all Parts of the World; some to congratulate his Victories; others to tender him Crowns; others to make Leagues and Alliances with him; and many brought him very Rich and Noble Presents. And some there were that came to clear themselves from false Accusations: For besides those sent from the Cities, States, and Princes of Asia, many Ambassadors addressed themselves to the King from Europe and Africa. Out of Africa the Carthaginians and the Phoenicians of Lybia, and all bordering upon the Sea Coasts as far as Hercules-Pillars. Out of Europe, the Grecian Cities: The Macedonians: The Illyrians; many inhabiting Adria: The Thracians; and the Galatians, a People that then first began to be known to the Grecians. These all sent their Ambassadors; of whom the King having a Catalogue in writing, he appointed in what Order they should be severally admitted to their Audience. And in the first place those were introduced that came about Matters of Religion; then those who brought Presents; next, they that were at variance with the People bordering upon them: Then those were admitted, in the fourth place, who came to treat upon Concerns relating to their own Country: And lastly, those whose Instructions were to oppose the Restauration of the Exiles. And among the Religious, he first 
The Banditti, or Oat-Laws.  heard them of Elis; after them the Hammonians, Delphians, and Corinthians; the Epidaurians likewise, and others; giving to them the Pre-eminence out of Reverence and Veneration to the Temples. He made it his great Business to return such grateful Answers to all the Ambassadors, as that he might gain the goodwill and Affection of every one of them.  
When all this was over, he applied himself to the celebrating the Funerals of Hephestion; 
Alexander prepares to bury Hephestion.  and contrived (all that possibly he could) so far to grace it with Funeral Pomp, as that it should not only exceed all that were before it, but likewise that it should never be exceeded by any that was to come: For he most dearly loved him (as much as the dearest Friends that we have heard of ever loved one another) when he was alive, and honoured him beyond compare when he was dead. He honoured him more than any of his Friends 
Ant. Ch. 322.  while he lived, altho' Craterus seemed to vie with him for Alexander's Affection: For when one of the Servants said, that Craterus loved Alexander as well as Hephestion did; Alexander answered, That Craterus was the 
* Or, the King was loved by Craterus, and Alexander by Hephestion.  King's Friend, and Hephestion Alexander's. And at that time, when the Mother of Darius (through a mistake upon the first view of the King) prostrated herself at the Feet of Hephestion, and coming to discern her Error, was much out of Countenance: Be not troubled, Mother (says Alexander) for even he is another Alexander. To conclude, Hephestion had such Interest in Alexander, and such free access and liberty of Converse, that when Olympias (who envied him) accused him and threatened him by her Letters, he writ to her back again with severe Checks; and added these Expressions: Forbear your Slanders against me, and bridle your Anger, and surcease your Threats: But if you will not, I value them not of a pin; for you are not ignorant that Alexander must be Judge of all.  
The King therefore taken up with the Preparations for the Funeral, commanded the 
Hephestion's Funeral. Athenaeus, lib 10. c. 11.  neighbouring Cities to assist as much as possibly they could towards its Pomp and Splendour; and commanded all the People of Asia, that the Fire which the Persians call the Holy Fire should be put out, till the Exequys of this Funeral were fully finished, as was used to be done in the Funerals of the King's of Persia; which was taken to be an ill Omen to the King himself, and that the Gods did thereby portend his Death. There were likewise 
Ant. Ch. 322.  other Prodigies happened that did clearly point out that Alexander's Life was near at an end; which we shall presently give an account of, when we have finished our Relation of the Funeral. In order to this Funeral, all his Chief Commanders and Noblemen (in compliance to the King's Pleasure) made Medals of Hephestion graven in Ivory, and cast in Gold and other rich Metals. Alexander himself called together a great number of the most exquisite Workmen that could be had, and broke down the Wall of Babylon ten Furlongs in length, and took away the Brick of it; and then levelling the place where the Funeral Pile was to be raised, built thereon a Foursquare Pile, each Square taking a Furlong in length: The Platform he divided into Thirty Apartments, and covered the Rooss with the Trunks of Palm-Trees. The whole Structure represented a Quadrangle: Afterwards he beautified it round with curious Adornments: The lower part was filled up with Two hundred and forty Prowess of Galleys of five Tyre of Oars burnished with Gold; upon whose Rafters stood two Darters, one on each side the Beaks, of four Cubits high, kneeling upon one Knee; and Statues of Men in Arms five Cubits high: All the Divisions and open Parts were veiled with Hang of Purple. That part next above this was set with Torches, of fifteen Cubits high, in the middle part of every one of which (where they were used to be held) were placed Crowns of Gold; at the top whence the Flame ascended, were fixed Eagles with their Wings displayed, and their Heads stooping downwards. At the bottom of the Torches were Serpents, facing and looking up at the Eagles. In the third Range were exposed all sorts of wild Beasts hunted: In the fourth Centaurs all in Gold combating one with another: The fifth presented alternately to the view Lions and Bulls in massy Gold. In that part above these were placed the Arms both of the Macedonians and Barbarians; the one signifying the Victories over the Conquered Nations, and the other the Valour of the Conqueror. In the highest and last part of all, stood sirens, contrived hollow, wherein secretly were placed those who sang the Mourning Song to the Dead. The height of the whole Structure mounted up above a hundred and thirty Cubits. To conclude, both Commanders and Common Soldiers; Ambassadors and the natural Inhabitants, so strove to outvie one another in contributing to this stately Funeral, that the Charge and Cost amounted to above Twelve thousand Talents. And to grace it more, and make it more splendid, he conferred several other Honours upon these Exequys. At length he commanded all to sacrifice to him as a Tutelar God: For it happened that Philip, one of his Nobility, at that time returned from the Temple of Haminon, and brought word from the Oracle there, That Hephestion might be sacrificed unto as a Demi-God: Whereat Alexander was wonderfully glad, hearing that the Oracle itself was an Approver of his Opinion; and thereupon he himself was the first that offered, sacrificing Ten thousand Beasts of all kinds, and making a magnificent Feast 
Ant. Ch. 322.  for all the Multitude.  
When all the Solemnity was over, Alexander gave up himself to Ease and a Revelling Course of Life: And now when he seemed to be at the Height of Worldly Greatness and Prosperity; that Time and Space of Life which he might have run through by the Course of Nature, was cut short by the Determination of Fate; and God himself, by many Signs and Prodigies shown in several Places, foreshowed his Death. For when he 
Prodigies ●efore Alexander's Death.  was anointing himself, and his Royal Robes and Crown that while laid upon the Throne, the Fetters of one of the Natural Inhabitants, that was then in Chains, fell off, and unloosed of their own accord, and the Person not being discerned by any of the Watch, passed through the Court-Gates without any Opposition, and made straight to the Throne, and put on the Royal Robes and Crown upon his Head, and sat upon the Throne without any disturbance. Which Fact being noised abroad, the King was amazed at the strangeness of the Thing, and went to the place, and without any Rebuke, calmly asked the Man, Who he was, and who advised him to do so? Who plainly and simply answered, He knew nothing at all. This strange Accident was referred to the Consideration of the Augurs; by whose Advice the poor Wretch was put to death, that the Evil portended (if any were) might fall upon his own Head.  
The King having now got his Robes again, sacrificed to the Gods his Protectors: But however he continued much disturbed and perplexed in his Mind; and then began to reflect upon what the Chaldeans had foretold; and fretted against those Philosophers that persuaded him to enter into Babylon; but admired the Art and profound Wisdom of the 
Ant. Ch. 322.  Chaldeans. To conclude, he cursed those, who by subtle Arguments, had disputed against the Necessity of Fate.  
Not long after, God showed another Prodigy concerning the Change of the Kingdom: The King had a desire to see the 
* This he had newly made.  Haven at Babylon; and being come there, they went on board with some of his Nobles that attended him; and while they were sailing, the King's Ship was separated from the rest, and tossed to and fro for several Days together, so as that he wholly despaired of his Life; and being at length carried through a narrow Creek, where Bushes and Trees grew thick upon both sides, his Turban or Diadem, by one of the Boughs was plucked off from his Head, and hurled into the Water; which one of the Mariners spying, swum to it; and for the better securing of it, clapped it upon his own Head, and swum back to the Ship. After he had wandered up and down three Days and three Nights, he returned at length safe with his Diadem to his Friends, and again consulted the Soothsayers concerning this Prodigy; who advised him immediately, with all diligence, to offer splendid Sacrifices to the Gods.  
But at the time of these Sacrifices, he was invited by one Medius a Thessalian, one of his Friends, to a Banquet; where when he was in his Cups, and even drunk with Wine, he quaffed off the Great Bowl called Hercules his Cup: Whereupon, as if he had been struck with a Thunderbolt, he fetched a deep Sigh, and was then presently led out by his 
Ant. Ch. 322.  Nobles, and so left the place. Those who had him in their Charge forthwith laid him upon his Bed, and there diligently attended him. His Distemper increasing, his Physicians were called in; but they were not able to administer any thing for his Relief.  
At length, his Sickness was so violent, and his Pains so great, that he himself despaired of Life, and in that Condition drew off his Ring from his Finger, and delivered it to Perdiccas. His Commanders than asked him, To whom, Sir, do you leave the Kingdom? He answered, To the most Deserving. And when he uttered his last Words, he told them, That the Chiefest of his Friends and Commanders would solemnize his Funeral, when he was gone, with Blood and Contention. And thus died Alexander, when he had reigned Twelve Years and Seven Months, having performed such Mighty Acts, as no King ever did before him, 
Alexander's Death.  nor any since to this day.  
But because some Writers differ as to the Cause and Manner of his Death, affirming that he was poisoned by a deadly Potion given him; it's necessary to relate what they have reported concerning this matter. They say that Antipater, whom Alexander had made his Viceroy in Europe, fell out with Olympias the King's Mother, of which at first no great matter was made, because the King would not hear any of the Accusations against him. But afterwards the Quarrels and Heart-burnings growing higher and higher, the King, out of his Piety and Awe to the Gods, conceived it his Duty to gratify his Mother; whereupon he gave many apparent Signs and Tokens of the Alienation of his Affections from Antipater. And as further Fuel to the Flame, the putting to death Parmenio and Philotas, 
Ant. Ch. 322.  did not a little terrify and affright the Nobility. And therefore it's said he ordered his Son, who was Alexander's Cupbearer, to put Poison into his Wine: But because he was a Man of great Power in Europe after the Death of Alexander, and that Cassander his Son succeeded him in the Kingdom, many Historians durst not say any thing in their Writings of Poison. However, it's very apparent that Cassander was a great Enemy to the Concerns of Alexander: For he suffered the Body of Olympias, after she was murdered, to lie with Disdain unburied; and he made it his great Business to re-edify Thebes, which Alexander had razed to the Ground.  
When the King was dead, Sisigambris, the Mother of Darius, with abundance of Tears bewailed the Death of Alexander, and her own desolate Condition upon that account; insomuch, as to the last Minute, she would neither eat, nor see the Light; and so the Fifth Day after died of Hunger in extreme Sorrow, but with as much Glory and Reputation.  
Having now brought down our History to the Death of Alexander, as we designed in the Beginning of this, we shall proceed to give an Account of the Acts of his Successors in the following Books.    

BOOK XVIII.  
PYthagoras the Samian, and some others of the ancient Natural Philosophers, 
PREFACE.  held that the Souls of Men were immortal; and that to foretell future Events at the very point of Death, when the Soul is even parting with the Body, is the Effect and Consequent of this Truth. To which Homer witnesses, when he brings in Hector, when he was even breathing his last, telling Achilles that he should die within a very short time afterwards. The same is attested of many others of later Times, and confirmed especially by the Death of Alexander the Macedonian, who dying at Babylon, and being asked by his Commanders and those about him, at the time he was giving up his last Breath, Who should succeed him? he answered The most Worthy 
* Or, The Best. ; For I foresee, says he, that great and grievous Quarrels amongst my Friends, will be the Sacrifices to me after my Funeral. Which hapend accordingly; for the Chiefest of his Commanders fell together by the Ears about the Principality; and great Wars, after the Death of Alexander, broke forth amongst them: Whose Actions are contained in this Book; which will clearly evidence, to the studious Reader, the Truth of what is now said:  
The former comprehended all the things done by Alexander, to the time of his Death. This present Book, relating the Actions of those who succeeded, ends with the Year next before the Reign of Agathocles, which makes an History of Seven Years.  

CHAP. I.  
Quarrels about a Successor to Alexander. Arideus made King. The Provinces divided amongst the Chief Commanders. Matters contained in Alexander's Note-Books. Meleager executed by Perdiccas. The Grecians revolt. A Description of Asia. Python sent against the revolting Grecians, who were all cut off. The Lamian War; The cause of it. Alexander's Epistle to the Exiles. Leosthenes the Athenian General. Lamia besieged. Leosthenes killed: Antiphilus placed in his room.  
WHen Cephisodorus was Chief Magistrate of Athens, the Romans created 
Olymp. 114. 2. Ant. Ch. 321.  Lucius Furius and Decius Jovius Consuls: About which time, Alexander being now dead without Issue, and so the Government without a Head, there arose great Dissensions and Differences about the Empire. For the 
* The Macedonian Phalanx.  Foot were for setting up of 
† Arideus the Son of Philip, by one Philima of Larissa a Strumpet. Justin. l. 13. c. 2. Plut.  Arideus the Son of Philip, a weak-spirited Man, labouring under many natural Infirmities: But the Chiefest of the Nobility and Esquires of the Body met together in Council; and being joined with the Squadron of Horse called the Social, they resolved to try it out with the Macedonian Phalanx.  
Therefore they sent the most eminent Commanders (among whom Meleager was the Chief, to the Foot, to require them to observe Commands. But Meleager (who was the most Eminent Man of the Phalanx) as soon as he came to the Battalion which was of the greatest Account and Esteem in the Army, he said nothing at all of the Business for which they were sent; but, on the contrary, highly commended them for their Choice, and stirred them up against the Opposers. Whereupon the Macedonians created Meleager their Captain, and with their Arms made out against the contrary Party. 
Ant. Ch. 321.  Those of the King's Lifeguard and Esquires of the Body, marched likewise out of Babylon in order to fight; but the most Interested and Popular Men amongst them, endeavoured all they could to make Peace on both sides. Upon which it was presently agreed, 
Arideus made King.  that Arideus the Son of Philip should be made King, and called Philip, and that Perdiccas, to whom the late King, when he was upon the point of death, delivered his Ring, should be invested with the 
* Lord Protecter.  Executive Power of the Kingdom; and ordered that the Esquires of the Body and the Chief Commanders should govern the Provinces, and all be observant to the Commands of the King and Perdiccas.  
Arideus being thus made King, he called together a General Council of the chief Commanders; 
The Provinces divided.  and to Ptolomeus Lagus he committed the Government of Egypt; to Laomedon of Mitylene, Syria; to Philotas, Cilicia; to Python, Media; to Eumenes, Cappadocia and Paphlagonia, and the bordering Countries which were never entered by Alexander all the time of his Wars with Darius, through want of convenient Opportunity. To Antigonus he assigned the Command of Lycia, and the greater Phrygia; to Cassander, Caria; to 
* Meleager for Menander, Ush. Ann 290 Arrian. lib. 3. p. 56.  Meleager, Lydia; to Leonatus, Phrygia all along the Coast of the Hellespont: And in this manner were the Provinces divided. In Europe, Thrace, with the Nations bordering upon the Sea of Pontus, were committed to Lysimachus; and Macedonia with those bordering upon it to Antipater: As for the rest of the Asian Provinces, it was thought most adviseable not to alter but to leave them under the Government of the former Lord Lieutenants. The Province next adjoining was entrusted with Taxilis, and the Kings bordering upon him: But the Province adjoining to Mount Caucasus (called Parapamisus) was assigned to Oxiertes, 
Ant. Ch. 321.  King of the Bactrians, whose Daughter Rhoxana, Alexander had married. Arachesia and Gedrosia to Sybirtius: Ariana and Drangina to Stasanoris of Solos: Bactriana and 
* Sardiana for Sogdiana.  Sardiana were allotted to Philip; Parthia and Hyrcania to Phrataphernes; Persia to Peucestes; Carmania to Tlepolemus; Media to Atrapas. The Province of Babylon to Archon; and Mesopotamia to Arcesilaus. Seleucus he created General of the brave Brigade of the Social Horse. Hephestion was the first Commander of that Brigade, than Perdiccas, and the third was this Seleucus. He ordered that Taxiles and Porus should enjoy the absolute Authority within their own Kingdoms, as Alexander himself had before appointed. The care of the 
* The laying of the Body to sleep at rest.  Funeral, and of preparing a Chariot to convey the King's Body to Hammon, was committed to Arideus.  
But as for Craterus, the most Noble of Alexander's Captains, he was some time before sent by Alexander with Ten thousand of the old Soldiers that were discharged from further Service in the Persian War, into Cilicia, to put in Execution some Instructions in writing given him by the King; which after the King's Death, his Successors determined should be no further proceeded in: For Perdiccas finding in the King's Commentaries not only the vast Sums of Money intended to be expended in the Funeral of Hephestion, but likewise many other things of extraordinary Cost and Charge designed by the King, he judged it far more advisable to let them alone: But lest he should seem to take too much upon him, 
Ant. Ch. 321.  and by his private Judgement to detract from Alexander's Wisdom and Discretion, he referred all these Matters to the determination of a General Council of the Macedonians. The Chief and the most considerable Heads of the King's purposes contained in his 
* Commentaries.  Books of Remembrance were these, That a Thousand long Ships, larger than those of three Tyre of Oars, should be built in Phoenicia, Syria, Cilicia, and Cyprus, in order to an Invasion 
Things set down in Alexander's Commentaries.  upon the Carthaginians, and others inhabiting the Sea Coasts of Africa and Spain, with all Islands adjoining as far as Sicily. 2. That a Plain and Easy way should be made strait along through the Sea Coasts of Africa to Hercules his Pillars. 3. That Six magnificent Temples should be built, and that Fifteen hundred Talents should be expended in the Cost of each of them. 4. That Arsenals and Ports should be made in Places convenient and fit for the Reception of so great a Navy. 5. That the new Cities should be planted with Colonies, and that People should be transplanted out of Asia into Europe, and others out of Europe into Asia, to the end, that by Intermarriages and mutual Affinities he might establish Peace and Concord between the two main Continents of the World.  
Some of the Temples beforementioned were to be built in Delos, Delphos, and Dodona; Some in Macedonia, as the Temple of Jupiter in Dio; Diana's Temple in Amphipolis; another to Minerva in 
* Corsica. Ant. Ch. 321.  Cyrnus: To which Goddess he designed likewise to build a Temple in Ilium, inferior to none, for Splendour and Magnificence. Lastly, To adorn his Father Philip's Sepulchre, he designed to erect a Monument equal to the biggest Pyramid in Egypt, seven of which were by some accounted the most stately and greatest Works in the World.  
These things being laid before them, the Macedonians, though they highly commended and approved of Alexander's designs, yet because they seemed things beyond all measure impracticable, they decreed all to be laid aside. Then Perdiccas caused those Soldiers that were Turbulent, and exceeding Inveterate against him, to the number of Thirty, to be put to Death: Afterwards, out of a private Grudge he executed Meleager, (who betrayed 
Meleager executed.  his Embassy, and carried on the Mutiny) as one that sought to undermine him.  
About this time the Grecians in the upper Provinces revolted, and got together a great 
The Grecians revolt.  Army: Against whom he sent Python one of the chiefest Commanders. But we conceive it much conducing to the better Understanding of the History of things that were afterwards done, if in the first Place we declare the Cause of the Revolt, and the Situation of Asia, and the Nature and Extent of the Provinces: For by this means laying before the Eyes of the Readers a Map of the Countries, and the Distances of Places one from another, the Relation will be more Plain and Easie.  
From Taurus therefore in Cilicia, to Caucasus and the Eastern Ocean, a ridge of Mountains 
A Description of Asia.  stretch forth in a strait and continued Line throughout all Asia: As distinguished by several Peaks and Rise of the Hills from them; Mount Taurus has gained particular Names. By this means, Asia being divided into two parts, one riseth towards the North, 
Ant. Ch. 321.  the other descends towards the South; and according to these several Climates the Rivers run contrary ways; some take their Course into the Caspian Sea, others into the Euxine, and some into the Northern Ocean. These Rivers lying thus opposite one to another, part empty themselves into the Indian Sea, and another Part into the Ocean adjoining to this Continent; some likewise fall into the Red Sea. In this manner likewise are the Provinces divided. For some lie towards the North, and others bend to the South. The first towards the North borders upon the River Tanais, that is to say, Sogdiana with Bactria, 
Caspian Sea.  and next to them Area and Parthea. This Province surrounds the 
* Or rather adjoins to the Hyrcanian Sea.  Hyrcanian Sea, 
** Not running into other Seas.  which lies within its Limits and Bounds. The next is Media, called by many Names from the Places included in it, and is the greatest of all the Provinces. Then follows Armenia, Lycaonia, and Cappadocia, all of a very sharp and cold Air. Bordering upon these in a direct Line are Phrygia, both the Greater, and that lying to the Hellespont: In an obliqne Line lie Lydia and Caria. Pisidia stretches forth itself in length; and in a Parallel Line equal with Phrygia on the right Hand; and to the side of Pisidia lies Lycia. The Greek Cities are situated upon the Sea Coasts of these Provinces; whose Names it is 
Ant. Ch. 321.  not necessary for our purpose here to recite.  
Thus situated (as we have related) are the Northern Provinces. As to the Southern, the first is India, under Mount Caucosus, a very large and 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  populous Kingdom; for it's inhabited by many Indian Nations; the greatest of which is that of the Gandarides, against whom Alexander made no attempt by reason of the Multitude of their Elephants. This Territory is divided from the further India, by the greatest River in those parts, being 
* About four Miles.  thirty Furlongs broad. The rest of India (conquered by Alexander) a rich and fruitful Country, and watered with many Rivers, borders upon this of the Gandarides: Within this Part, besides many other Kingdoms, were the Dominions of Porus and Taxilis. The River Indus (from which the Country takes its Name) runs through it. Separated from the Province of India next to it was Arachosia, Gedrosia, and Carmania, and with these was joined Persia, wherein are situated the Provinces of Susiana and Sittacina. Next follows the Province of Babylon, extending itself as far as to Arabia the Desert. On the other side, where gins the 
* At the Foot of Mount Taurus Southward.  Descent, you have 
† Mesopotamia signifies in the Greek Tongue a Place between two Rivers.  Mesopotamia lying between two Rivers, Euphrates and Tigris, from whence it had its Name.  
The higher Syria, and the Countries upon the 
* The Mediterranean Sea.  Sea Coasts adjoining to it, as Cilicia, Pamphilia, 
** Or Caelo Syria. Ant. Ch. 321.  Syria Cava, within which is Phoenicia, lie close to the Province of Babylon. Upon the Borders of Syria Cava, and the Desert next adjoining to it, (through which runs the River Nile, and so divides between Syria and Egypt) appears Egypt itself, the Best and Richest of all the Provinces. All these Countries are scorching hot; for the Southern Climate is contrary in its nature to the Northern. These Provinces (conquered by Alexander) which we have thus described, were divided amongst the Chiefest of his Commanders.  
But the Grecians that inhabited the Upper Provinces, who (through fear while Alexander was alive) endured their being cast forth into the utmost Corner of the Kingdom; 
Grecians revolt.  now when he was dead, being touched with a Desire to return into their own Country, Revolted, and to that end unanimously chose Philo, an Enean born, to be their Captain, and had got together a considerable Army of above Twenty thousand Foot, and Three thousand Horse, all old expert Soldiers, and Brave and Valiant Men.  
Intelligence being brought of this Revolt, Perdiccas chose by lot out of the Macedonian Squadrons, Three thousand Foot and Eight hundred Horse. Pitho, one of the Squires of the Body to Alexander, a Man of a high Spirit, and a skiiful Commander, was chose General by the Army, and to him Perdiccas delivered the Soldiers chosen, as is before declared, and Letters likewise to the Lord-Lieutenants, whereby they were ordered to furnish him with Ten thousand Foot and Eight thousand Horse, against the Rebels. Pitho being a Man of am ambitious Spirit, was very ready to undertake this Expedition: For he purposed to gain by all fair means possible these revolting Greeks, and by joining their Forces to his own to set up for himself, and reduce all those upper Provinces under his 
Ant. Ch. 321.  own Subjection. But Perdiccas smelling out his Design, gave him express Order, That having overcome those Rebels he should put them all to the Sword, and divide the Spoil amongst the Soldiers. Python therefore marched away with these Men thus delivered, and when he had received those that were to join him from the Lord Lieutenants, he made towards the Rebels with the whole Army. And having by a certain Enean corrupted Lipodorus, who commanded a Brigade of Three thousand Men among the Rebels, he routed them all. For in the height of the Engagement when the Victory was doubtful, the Traitor withdrew from the rest of his fellow Soldiers, and with his Three thousand Men marched up to the top of a rising Ground, whereupon the rest (thinking that he had fled) broke all their Ranks, and took to their Heels. Python being thus Victor, sent a Trumpet to the Rebels, ordering them to lay down their Arms, and upon Capitulation licenced them to repair every Man to his own home. It was no small joy to Python to see things brought to such a pass as suited directly to his designs; for he had now all confirmed by Oath, and the Grecians intermixed among the Macedonians. But the Macedonians remembering the Orders Perdiccas had given, making nothing of their Oaths, broke Faith with the Grecians. For on a sudden, they fell unexpectedly upon them, and put every Man of 
The Revolters all cut off.  them to the Sword, and seized upon all they had: And so Python being defeated in his design, returned with the Macedonians to Perdiccas. And this was the state of Affairs in Asia at that time.  
In the mean time, in Europe the Rhodians cast out the Garrison of the Macedonians, and freed their City. And the Athenians began a War against Antipater, which was called the 
The Lamian War. Ant. Ch. 321.  Lamian War. It's in the first place necessary to declare the Causes of this War, that the Progress of it may be the better understood.  
Alexander, a little before his Death, had ordered all the Exiles and Outlawed Persons of the Greek Cities to be recalled, as well to advance his own Honour and Esteem, as to gain the Hearts of many in every City by his Clemency, who might stand up for his Interest against the Innovations and Defections of the Grecians. At the approach therefore of the time of Celebrating the Olympiads, he sent away Nicanor, a Native of the City Stagira, with a Letter concerning the Restitution of the Bandities of Greece, and commanded it to be proclaimed by the Common Crier, who declared him that was Victor, who executed the Command, and read the Letter in these Words,—  
King Alexander to the Banditties of the Grecian Cities.  
WE were not the Cause of your Banishment, but will be of the Return of you all 
Alexander's Epistle.  into your own Country, excepting such as are Banished for outrageous Crimes: of which things we have written to Antipater, requiring him to proceed by Force, against all such as shall oppose your Restitution.  
When these Orders were proclaimed, the People set up a great Shout, testifying their approbation: For those of them that were present at the Solemnity, readily laid hold on the King's Mercy, and returned their Thanks with Expressions of their Joy, and applauses of his Grace and Favour: For all the Banished Men were then got together at the Olympiads, above the Number of Twenty thousand. Many there were who approved 
Ant. Ch. 321.  of their Restitution as a prudent Act; but the Aeolians and Athenians were much offended at it, for the Aeolians expected that the Oenians who were banished out from among them, should have undergone due punishment for their Crimes. For the King had made a great Noise with his Threats, that he would not only punish the Children of the Oenians, but that he himself would execute Justice upon the Authors themselves. Whereupon, the Athenians would not yield by any means to part with Samos, which they had divided by lot. But because they were not at present able to cope with Alexander, they judged it more adviseable to sit still, and watch till they found a convenient Opportunity, which Fortune presently offered them: For Alexander dying in a short time afterwards, and leaving no Children to succeed him, they grew confident that they should be able not only to regain their Liberty, but likewise the Sovereignty of all Greece.  
The vast Treasure left by Harpalus, (of which we have particularly spoken in the preceding Book) and the Soldiers that were disbanded by the Lord-Lieutenants of Asia, were great Supports and Encouragements for the carrying on of this War; for there were Eight thousand of them then about Tenarus in Peloponensus: They sent therefore privately to Leosthenes. 
Ant. Ch. 321.  the Athenian, wishing him that without taking notice of any Order by them, of his own accord so to dispose of matters, as to have those Soldiers in readiness when occasion served. Antipater likewise so contemned Leosthenes, that he was Careless and Negligent in preparing for the War, and so gave time to the Athenians to provide all things necessary for that Affair.  
Hereupon, Leosthenes very privately Listed these Soldiers, and (beyond all expectation) had ready a brave Army: For having been a long time in the Wars in Asia, and often engaged in many great Battles, they were become very expert Soldiers. These things were contrived when the Death of Alexander was not generally known: But when a Messenger came from Babylon, who was an Eye witness of his Death, the People of Athens declared open War, and sent part of the Money left by Harpalus, with a great number of Arms to Leosthenes, charging him no longer to conceal or palliate the Matter, but to do what was most conducible to the Service of the Commonwealth. Whereupon, having distributed the Money among the Soldiers as he was commanded, and armed those that wanted, he went into Aetolia, in order to carry on the War with the joint Assistance of both Nations. The Aetolians joined very readily, and delivered to him for the service Seven thousand Soldiers. Then he stirred up his Messengers, the Locrians and Phocians, and other neighbouring Nations, to stand up for their Liberties, and to free Greece from the Macedonian Yoke. But in the mean time, the Wealthy Men among the Athenians 
Ant. Ch. 321.  dissuaded them from the War, but the Rabble were for carrying it on with all the Vigour imaginable: Whence it came to pass, that they who were for War, and had nothing to live upon but their Pay, were far the greater Number: To which sort of Men Philip was used to say, War was as Peace, and Peace as War. Forthwith therefore, the Orators (who were in a Body together, and closed with the Humours of the People) wrote down the Decree, That the Athenians should take upon them the Care and Defence of the Common Liberty of Greece, and should free all the Greek Cities from their several Garrisons; and that they should rig out a Fleet of Forty Galleys of Three Tire of Oars, and Two hundred of Four Tyre of Oars; and that all Athenians under Forty years of Age should take up Arms; That Three of the Tribes should keep Watch and Ward in Athens, and the other Seven should be always ready to march abroad: Moreover, Ambassadors were sent to all the Cities of Greece to inform them, That the People of Athens in the first place looked upon all Greece to be the common Country of every Grecian, and that they had heretofore repulsed the Barbarians at Sea, who invaded them with a Design to Enslave Greece, and that now they had determined to oppose the Macedonians for the common Good, with their Navies, Lives and Fortunes.  
The Wiser sort of the Grecians judged the Athenians more forward than prudent in passing this Decree, and what they had designed seemed to carry an honourable Aspect, but 
Ant. Ch. 321.  nothing of Profit and Advantage to the State: For that they made a stir and bustle unseasonably, and began a War against mighty and victorious Armies when there was no necessity for it; and though they had the repute of a prudent People, yet they considered not the notorious Ruin and Destruction of Thebes.  
However, notwithstanding the Ambassadors came to the Cities, and by their usual florid way of address had heated and egged them on to the War, yet many confederated in the League; some in the Names of their several Cities; and others in the Names of whole Countries. As for the rest of the Grecians, some sided with the Macedonians, and others stood Neuter. But all the Aetolians generally (as is before said) entered into the Confederacy; and after them all the Thessalians, except them of Pellena. Likewise the Oetaeans, except the Heracleans. The Phthiotians amongst the Acheans, except the Thebans. The Elians, except the Maleans. Then generally all the Doreans, Locrians, and Phocians joined in the League: Also the Enians, Clyzeans, and Dolopeans. To these joined likewise the Athamanes, Leucadians, and Molossians, under the Command of Arypteus: But this Man played the Impostor in the Confederacy, and afterwards underhand treacherously aided the Macedonians.  
A small Part likewise of the Illyrians and Thracians (out of hatred to the Macedonians) came into the League together, with the Carystines out of Euboea; and at length out of 
Ant. Ch. 321.  Peloponnesus the Argives, Sicyonians, Eleans, Messenians, and those that Inhabited 
* The Sea Coasts  Acta. All these before named, confederated with the Grecians.  
The People of Athens also sent Auxiliaries to Leosthenes, out of the Cities Five thousand Foot and Five hundred Horse, and Two thousand Mercenaries; who were opposed by the Boetians in their march through Boetia, for the Reasons following.  
Alexander, when he razed Thebes, granted the Territories of the City to the neighbouring Boetians; who divided the Lands of those miserable People amongst themselves by Lot, and thereby gained large Possessions; who understanding that the Athenians (if they prevailed) designed to restore the Country and Lands to the Thebans, sided with the Macedonians; and while the Boetians were Encamped at Platea, Leosthenes came with part of his Forces into Boetia, and drawing up the Athenians into Battalia, fell upon the Inhabitants, routed them, and set up a Trophy, and then returned to Pylas. Here (after he had blocked up all the Passages) he Encamped for some time, expecting the Macedonian Army.  
But Antipater, who was left Viceroy of Europe by Alexander, as soon as he heard of his Death at Babylon, and of the Divisions of the Provinces sent to Craterus in Cilicia, to come to him with all the Force he had for his Assistance. For he being sent away some time before into Cilicia, had ready Thirty thousand Macedonians, who were dismissed from the Service in Asia, with which he was returning into Macedonia. He likewise solicited Philotas 
Ant. Ch. 321.  (who had the Province of Phrygia near the Hellespont under his Command) to assist him, and promised to him one of his Daughters in Marriage. For as soon as he heard of the Insurrection of the Grecians against him, he left Sippas' with a considerable Body of Men, General in Macedonia, with Orders to raise many more; and he himself marched out of Macedonia into Thessaly with Thirteen thousand Foot and Six hundred Horse: (For at that time there was great scarcity of Soldiers in Macedonia, by reason of the Recruits sent into Asia;) With these Forces sailed along the whole Fleet near at hand, which Alexander had sent into Macedonia with a vast Treasure out of the King's Treasuries.  
The Navy consisted of an Hundred and ten Galleys of three Tire of Oars. The Thessalians indeed at the beginning joining with Antipater, had sent to him many brave Horses; but afterwards, being brought over by the Athenians into the contrary Interest, they turned off with their Horse to Leosthenes, and joined with the Athenians for the recovery of the Liberty of Greece.  
The Athenians therefore growing very strong by many flocking thus in to them, the Grecians 
Antipater routed. Ant. Ch. 321. Lamia, a City in Thessaly.  over powered the Macedonians and overcame them in a Battle. Antipater being routed, not daring to abide in the Field, nor judging it safe to return into Macedonia, fled to Lamia, where he drew in his Army into the City, repaired the Walls, furnished himself with Arms Offensive and Defensive, and with Corn and Provision, waiting for supplies out of Asia.  
Leosthenes with all his Forces coming up close to Lamia, fortified his Camp with a 
Lamia besieged.  deep Trench and Rampire: And first he drew up his Army in the face of the City, to provoke the Macedonians to fight; But they not daring to Engage, he daily assaulted the Walls with fresh Men succeeding one another. But the Macedonians made a stout Defence, and many of the Grecians through their Rashness and Imprudence were cut off: For having a strong Body of Men in the City, and well furnished with all sorts of Weapons, and the Walls of the City with great Expense being strong and well built, the Besieged easily repulsed the Enemy.  
Leosthenes therefore perceiving he could not gain the Town by force of Arms, blocked it up, to hinder all supplies of Provision, supposing the Besieged would be presently subdued by Famine, and want of Bread. To this end he raised a Wall, and drew a deep Trench round about it, and so penned them up. Afterwards, the Aetolians (being called away upon the occasion of some Public concerns) got leave of Leosthenes to return home, and so all of them marched back into Aetolia.  
But while Antipater with his Army was in these desperate straits, and the City near 
Ant. Ch. 321.  lost for want of Provision, Fortune on a sudden turned the Scale to the Advantage of the Macedonians. For Antipater made a Sally upon them that were busied in opening the Trenches; where Leosthenes coming in to their Relief, received a Blow upon the Head with a Stone, which felled him to the Ground, and so was carried off half dead into the Camp, and died the Third day after; and was honourably Buried upon the account of 
Leosthenes killed.  the Noble Service he had performed in the War. The Athenians commanded Hyperides to set forth his Praise in a Funeral Oration, who was esteemed the Chiefest of the Orators at that time, both for his Eloquence, and particular hatred of the Macedonians: For Demosthenes the most famous Orator was then fled, being condemned as if he had received Bribes from Harpalus. Antiphilus, a Prudent and Valiant Commander, was created General 
Antiphilus made the Athenian General.  in the room of Leosthenes. And this was the State of Europe at that time.   

CHAP. II.  
Ptolemy gains Egypt. Leagues with Antipater. Lysimachus enters Thrace. Leonatus comes to relieve Antipater, and is routed. The Grecians beaten at Sea. Perdiccas conquers Ariarathes Prince of Cappadocia; Crucifies him; Delivers the Province to Eumenes. The Grecians quite routed by Craterus and Antipater The Athenians at length submit after all the rest but the Aetolians. The End of the Lamian War. The War in Cyrene by Thimbro. Ophellas routs Thimbro. Cyrene gained by Ptolemy. Larinda Sacked. The Destruction of the Isaurians by themselves. Perdiccas affects the Kingdom of Macedon; is opposed by Antigonus. The Aetolians blocked up by Craterus and Antipater. Antigonus discovers Perdiccas his Design. Peace made with the Aetolians. Perdiccas' marches against Ptolemy into Egypt.  
IN Asia, Ptolemy, one of them that had a share in the Division of the Provinces, without 
Olymp. 114. 2. Ant. Ch. 321. Ptolemy gains Egypt.  any difficulty possessed himself of Egypt, and carried himself with great Mildness and winning Behaviour towards the People; and having a Treasure of Eight thousand Talents, raised an Army of Mercenaries: And many out of love flocked to him upon the account of the Goodness of his Disposition.  
He entered into League with Antipater, when he was assured that Perdiccas designed to dispossess him of Egypt.  
At that time Lysmachus broke into some parts of Thrace, and found Seuthas, the King, 
Lysimachus fights with Seutha in Thrace.  Encamped with Twenty thousand Foot, and Eight thousand Horse. But Lysimachus (though he had not above Four thousand Foot, and only Two thousand Horse) was not affrighted with the Multitude of the Enemy: And though he was so much inferior in number, yet his Valour was such, that he entered into a hot and sharp Engagement, and after the loss of a great number of his Men (but many more of the Enemy's) he returned to his Camp almost Victorious. Upon which, both Armies drew off the Field, and each made greater Preparations, in order to decide the Controversy by the Sword.  
As for Leonatus, he promised speedy Aid to Antipater and the Macedonians, being solicited by Hecateus, who was sent to him for that purpose. Landing therefore in Europe, as soon as he came into Macedonia, he raised a great number of Soldiers there, and having got together an Army of above Twenty thousand Foot, and Two thousand and Five hundred Horse, he marched through Thessaly against the Enemy.  
Hereupon, the Grecians drew off from the 
* Of Lamia.  Siege and burnt their Tents, and sent away all their sick Men and heavy Baggage to 
** Melitea, a City in Phthotes. Ant. Ch. 321.  Melitea: And with the rest of the Army (ready and prepared for Battle) marched strait away, and met Leonatus his forces before Antipater had joined him, and their two Armies were come up together. The Grecians in the whole were Two and twenty thousand Foot, (for the Aeolians were returned home some time before, and many other of the Grecians were gone into their own Country) and as to their Horse (which were above Three thousand Five hundred) they fought together in one Body; amongst whom were Two thousand Thessalians, (Brave and Valiant Men) upon whom they most relied for the obtaining of the Victory. The Horse on both sides fought stoutly a long time, where the Thessalians by their extraordinary 
Leonatus' routed by the Grecians.  Valour at length prevailing, Leonatus, (though he fought with great Courage and Resolution) was driven and penned up within a Morass, and overladen with his Arms (after he had received many wounds) was there slain, and carried off dead by his own Men to the Carriages. The Greeks having now gained so famous a Victory (in which Menon the Thessalian commanded the Horse) the Macedonian Phalanx to avoid the Horse, withdrew out of the plain and open Field, and betook themselves to the steep and rocky Hills, and by the strength of the Places there, defended themselves.  
However, the Thessalian Horse attempted to break in upon them, but through the Disadvantage of the Places, were not able to do any thing. The Grecians therefore being Masters of the Field, set up a Trophy, and left off all further pursuit. The next day, as 
Ant. Ch. 321.  soon as Antipater came up with his Troops, he joined himself to the broken Army, and so all the Macedonians making one Camp, he took upon him the Management of the whole.  
But perceiving that the Thessalians were too strong for him in Horse, he judged it most advisable to be quiet for the present, hot daring to attempt to force his Way by the Sword. And therefore he marched off over Hills, and other craggy Places, not easy to be pursued. Antiphilus the Grecian General (who gained this glorious Victory over the Macedonians) continued with his Army in Thessaly, observing the Motions of the Enemy: And this was the happy Success at that time of the Grecians.  
But because the Macedonians were Masters at Sea, the Athenians built so many Ships 
The Grecians beatan at Sea at the Echinade Islands.  more as to make up their Fleet an Hundred and seventy Sail: But the Macedonian Fleet consisted of Two hundred and forty, under the Command of Clitus their Admiral, who engaged in two Sea Fights at the Echinade Islands with Eeton the Athenian Admiral, and beat him in both, sinking many of his Enemy's Ships.  
About this time Perdiccas (having with him King Philip and the King's Army) undertook 
Perdiccas enters Cappadocia.  an Expedition against Ariarathes Prince of Cappadocia, who though he submitted not to the Empire of the Macedonians, yet Alexander being busied in his Wars with Darius, passed him by, so that he enjoyed the Principality of Cappadocia a long time without any Disturbance; and in the mean time he laid up a vast Sum of Money out of the Public Revenues, and raised an Army both from Foreigners, and from among his own People: And claiming the Kingdom as his own just Right, he prepared to try it out with Perdiccas, 
Ant. Ch. 321.  having an Army of Thirty thousand Foot, and Fifteen thousand Horse: At length it came to a Battle, in which Perdiccas was Victor, who killed Four thousand upon the spot, 
Ariarathes routed, scourged and crucified.  and took Six thousand Prisoners, amongst whom was Ariarathes himself, whom together with all his Kindred he first scourged, and then crucified. Then he pardoned all the rest, and after he had settled Affairs in Cappadocia, delivered up the Province to Eumenes of Cardia, to be governed by him as his Share, according to the Allotment in the first Agreement. 
Cappadocia given to Eumenes.   
About the same time Craterus arrived in Macedonia out of Cilicia in order to assist Antipater, 
Craterus assists Antipater.  and to repair the Losses of the Macedonians. He brought along with him Six thousand Foot which Alexander had taken over with him at first into Asia, and Four thousand of those that he had listed in the way as he marched, besides a Thousand Persian Darters and Slingers, and Fifteen hundred Horse. As soon as he came into Thessaly, he joined his Forces at the River Peneius to Antipater's, yielding the chief Command of the Army to him. The whole Army, together with those that came with Leonnatus, amounted to above Forty thousand Foot, Three thousand Darters and Slingers, and Five thousand Horse. The Grecians at that time encamped over-against them, being much inferior in Number to the Enemy: For many, by reason of the late Victory, slighted the Macedonians, 
Ant. Ch. 321.  and were returned to their several Countries to look after their own private Affairs. For which cause, there were many left in the Camp that observed no due Order or Discipline: They were in the whole Five and twenty thousand Foot, and Three thousand five hundred Horse, in whom they placed great Confidence of Victory, by reason of the Valour of the Men, and the plain Champain Country that lay before them. At length Antipater drew out his Forces every day into the Field to provoke the Grecians to fight; who after they had waited some considerable time for the return of their Soldiers out of the Cities through the urgency of their present Circumstances, were forced to venture all and engage the Enemy.  
Drawing up therefore into Battalia, and designing to decide the Matter by the Horse, they placed them in the Van before the Foot; whereupon the Horse on both Sides presently fell to it: And while they were thus hotly engaged, (and the Thessalian Horse had the better of the Day,) Antipater broke in with his Battalion upon the Foot, and made a great Slaughter among them; so that the Grecians not being able to stand the Enemy's Shock, (who bore them down with their Multitudes pouring in upon them,) they retreated in all haste (but in good order) to the Fastnesses and difficult Passes near at hand. And so having gained the higher Ground by that Advantage they easily repulsed the Macedonians. In the mean time the Grecian Horse (though they had the better) yet perceiving that their Foot was gone, forthwith made after them. And by this means the Horse (leaving off the Fight) were so broken and dispersed, that the Macedonians got the Day. 
The Grecians routed.  There were slain of the Grecians in this Battle above Five hundred, of the Macedonians an Hundred and thirty.  
The next day Memnon and Antiphalus called a Council of War, where it was debated, 
Ant. Ch. 321.  whether they should expect Aid from the Cities, and wait to see if soldiers sufficient could be raised, and so try it out to the last; or yielding to the Time, and bearing their present Disasters, they should send away Agents to treat upon Terms of Peace. At length they concluded to send 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Criers.  Heralds to treat accordingly; who executing their Orders, 
* Or rather those about Antipater.  Antipater answered them, That he expected that every City should treat severally by its own Ambassadors; and that he would not upon any Terms make a General Peace. But the Grecians would not admit of any Treaty with the several Cities apart, therefore Antipater and Craterus besieged the Cities of Thessaly, and took them by Storm, the Grecians not being able to relieve them. This so terrified all the rest, that they transacted the Affairs of their several Cities by their own Ambassadors; towards whom he carried himself with all Demonstrations of Courtesy and gaining Behaviour, and made Peace with every one of them. Every City therefore being desirous to provide for its own safety, all 
The Cities make Peace, except the Aetolians and Athenians.  of them by that means obtained Peace. But the Aetolians and Athenians, (the implacable Enemies of the Macedonians,) though they were thus deserted by their Confederates, consulted with their Commanders about carrying on of the War. But Antipater having by this Artifice thus broken the Confederacy, led his whole Army against the Athenians; upon which the People (being forsaken of their Confederates) were greatly terrified, and 
Ant. Ch. 321.  knew not which way to turn themselves; and all having their Eyes upon Demades, cried out, That he should be sent Ambassador to Antipater to treat for Peace in their behalf. But he refused to come into the Senate: For he had been thrice condemned for violating the Laws, and so become infamous, and disabled by the Law to sit in Council: But being restored by the People to his former Credit and Reputation, he forthwith (together with Photion, and others joined with him in Commission) undertook the Embassy. When Antipater had heard what they had to say, he told them, That he would make Peace with the Athenians upon no other Terms, but upon giving up all they had into his Hands: For the same Answer the Athenians gave to Antipater when he sent Ambassadors to them at the time he was shut up in Lamia. Hereupon the People being not able to resist, were 
The Athenians submit.  brought to a necessity to give up all the Power and Government of the City into the dispose of Antipater; who with great Humanity and Generosity granted their City their Estates and all other Things to them back again. But he dissolved the Government by a Democracy, and ordered that the Value of every Person's Estate should be the Rule for the choosing of Magistrates; as that those who were worth above Two thousand Drachmas might be capable of being Magistrates, and giving of Votes for choosing of them. As for those that were not of such Estates, he removed them as Turbulent and Factious, not suffering 
Ant. Ch. 321.  them to have any thing to do in any public Business; and granted new Seats and Estates in Thessaly to any that would remove thither. Upon which, above Two and twenty thousand of that sort of Citizens were transplanted out of their own Country. The Government of the City, and Country belonging to it, was given to the rest who had the Estates before limited and appointed, of whom there were about Nine thousand. And these governed the State for the future according to the Laws of Solon. And all their Estates were left to them entire, and untouched. But they were forced to receive a Garrison under Menyllus the Governor to keep them in awe, and prevent new Stirs and Disturbances. As for the Matter of Samos, it was referred to the Decision of the 
* Arrideus and Alexander.  Kings. And thus the Athenians (beyond their Expectation) were kindly used, and were at Peace. And for the future, (Governing the Commonwealth without Tumults and Seditions, and quietly following their Husbandry,) they grew very rich in a short time.  
Antipater being returned into Macedonia, honourably and bountifully rewarded Craterus according to his Desert, and gave him Phila his eldest Daughter in Marriage, and then 
Antipater returns into Macedonia.  Craterus returned into Asia. Antipater carried himself with the same Moderation and winning Behaviour towards all the Cities of Greece, well ordering and reforming their 
Ant. Ch. 321.  Governments, whereby he wan Praise and Renown in every Place.  
As for Perdiccas, he restored the City and Territory of Samos to the Samians, and 
Perdiccas restores the Samians.  caused all those that had been Exiles above Three and forty Years, to return into their Country. Having now gone through the Occurrents in the Lamian War, we shall pass to the War in Cyrene, lest we should straggle too far into Times far distant from the continued 
The end of the Lamian War.  Course and Connexion of the History. But to make Things more clear and evident, we must have recourse to Matters done a little before.  
After Harpalus had left Asia, and at length arrived with his Mercenaries in Crect, as in 
The War in Cyrene.  the Book next before this is related; Thimbro, one of his special Friends, (as he thought him to be) having assassinated Harpalus, possessed himself both of the moneys, and Soldiers, to the Number of Seven thousand Men. He got likewise the Navy into his Hands, 
Thimbro.  and putting the Soldiers aboard, sailed to the Country of the Cyrenians; where joining with the Cyrenian Exiles, he made use of their Conduct for the prosecuting of his Designs, because they were well acquainted with the Ways, and Passes in the Country. Upon the approach of the Cyrenians, Thimbro fought them, and routed them, killing many upon the spot, and taking many Prisoners. Then he possessed himself of the Port, and forced the conquered Cyreneans (now in a great Fright) into a Composition, and to 
Ant. Ch. 321.  buy their Peace at the Price of Five thousand Talents of Silver, and that they should deliver to him one half of all their Chariots ready and fitted for any warlike Expedition. He sent likewise Ambassadors to other Cities, soliciting them to join with him, as if he purposed to conquer all the Lower Africa. He seized likewise upon all the Merchant's Goods in the Haven, and gave them for Plunder to his Soldiers, the more to encourage them to stick to him in the War.  
But in the height of his Prosperity, a sudden Blast of Fortune brought him very low upon the following occasion. Mnasiclus, one of his Captains, a Cretian born, an expert Commander, began to quarrel with him about the Division of the Spoil; and being of a bold and turbulent Spirit, he thereupon Deserted, and went over to the Cyrenians; where making great Complaints of Thimbro's Cruelty and Breach of Faith, he persuaded them to dissolve the League and assert their Liberty. Thereupon they stopped their hands, and would pay no more of the Talents of Silver agreed upon, having only paid Sixty.  
Thimbro hereupon accused them of Treachery and breach of Faith, and seized upon Eight hundred of the Cyrenians that were in the Port, and laid close Siege to Cyrene; but not being able to prevail he drew off, and returned to the Port. The Barceans and Hesperitans sided with Thimbro: Whereupon the Cyrenians drew out part of their Forces out of the City, and with them wasted and spoiled the neighbouring Territories; to whose assistance Thimbro (whose aid was desired) marched out with what Soldiers he had then ready at hand. The Cretian taking advantage of that opportunity when he conceived 
Ant. Ch. 321.  few were left in the Port, advised them that were left in Cyrene to set upon the Port, who readily complied with him, and he himself was the Principal Actor in the Attempt, which was easily accomplished by reason of Thimbro's absence, so that whatever Merchandise was left in the Port he restored to the Merchants, and fortified the Haven with all the Care and Diligence imaginable.  
This first Disaster greatly discouraged Thimbro, having both lost so convenient a Post, and likewise his Carriages. But afterwards plucking up his Spirits, and taking of Taricha by Assault, his Hopes revived. However, not long after he again sustained a mighty Loss: For the Soldiers belonging to the Fleet by being excluded the Harbour, were in great want of Provision, and therefore every day roved up and down the Fields to get what they could for the supply of their Necessities. Thereupon, the Africans lying in Ambush, fell upon them as they were roving all over the Country, and killed multitudes of them, and took many Prisoners: The rest escaped to their Ships, and sailed away towards the Confederate Cities; but were overtaken with so violent a Storm, that many of their Ships were swallowed up by the Sea, and of the rest, some were driven to Cyprus, and others to the Coasts of Egypt. Notwithstanding which distresses, Thimbro went on still with the War: For he sent some of his Friends into Peloponnesus, to list Soldiers of those Strangers 
Ant. Ch. 321.  that were then still at Tenarus: For there were then many Disbanded, wand'ring up and down, seeking to be Listed by any that would employ them, to the number of Two thousand and Five hundred and upwards. Those that were sent took these into Pay, and set sail with them strait towards Cyrene: Before whose arrival the Cyrenians heartened by their Successes, had fought with Thimbro, and had cut off great numbers of his Men; By reason of which losses Thimbro gave up all for gone, as to the War against Cyrene; but the unexpected arrival of the Soldiers from Tenarus, so strengthened his Army that he took fresh Courage, and resumed his former Hopes of Victory.  
The Cyrenians perceiving that the War was renewed, craved supplies from the neighbouring Africans and Carthaginians; and having raised an Army composed of their own Citizens and others, to the number of Thirty thousand men, they resolved to lay all at stake, and try it out in a Battle. A very sharp Battle therefore was fought, in which Thimbro was Victor, with the slaughter of a Multitude of his Enemies; which cheered up his Spirits to that degree, as if he should be presently be Master of all the neighbouring Cities. The Cyrenians after this Fight, having lost all their Commanders, joined Mnasiclus the Cretian, with some others, in the chief Command of the Army. But Thimbro lifted 
Ant. Ch. 321.  up with his Victory, besieged the Haven of Cyrene, and assaulted the City every day: The Siege continuing long, the Cyrenians for lack of Bread sell out one with another; and the Rabble (being the greatest in number) thrust forth the Rich out of the City; some of whom fled to Thimbro, others into Egypt. Those in Egypt addressed themselves to Ptolemy for assistance, to help them in their return, and prevailed so far as that they went back with great Forces both for Sea and Land, under the Command of Ophellas their Governor. When their Return was noised abroad, those Exiles who were with Thimbro contrived to steal away in the Night, and joined with those that were arrived; but being detected they were all knocked on the Head.  
The Ringleaders of the Sedition in Cyrene being terrified with the return of the Exiles, 
Ophellas routs Thimbro.  made Peace with Thimbro, and resolved to join with him against Ophellas. But Ophellas routed Thimbro, and took him Prisoner, and recovered all the Towns, and delivered the Cities with their Territories into the Hands of Ptolemy. And thus the Cyrenians and the 
Cyrene possessed by Ptolemy.  neighbouring Cities lost their former Liberty, and became subject to Ptolemy.  
Perdiccas and King Philip having overcome Ariarathes, and delivered the Province to Eumenes, and so departed out of Cappadocia. When they came into Pisidia, they determined to raze those two Cities, one of the Larandians, the other of the Isaurians: For in the 
Laranda s 〈…〉 by Perdiccas.  life time of Alexander they had killed Balacrus the Son of Nicanor, who was appointed to be their General, and Governor of the Province. Laranda therefore they took upon the first Assault, and put all that were able to bear Arms to the Sword, and sold all the rest 
Ant. Ch. 321.  for Slaves, and laid the City equal with the Ground. As for the City of the Isaurians, it was large and well fortified, and manned with resolute and stout Men, and therefore 
P. 640.  after they had assaulted it two Days together, and had lost a great number of Men, they were forced to draw off. For the Inhabitants, being plentifully furnished with Weapons, and all other Things necessary for the enduring of a Siege, were resolute to undergo all Hazards, and readily sold their Lives for the Defence of their Liberty. But upon the third Day having lost many of their Citizens, insomuch as they were not able sufficiently to man their Walls for lack of Men, they put in execution a most Heroical Piece of Resolution, worthy for ever to be remembered. For perceiving that they were destined to inevitable Destruction, and had not Force sufficient for their Defence, they judged it not advisable to deliver up the City, and all that they had, to the Will of the Enemy, insomuch as their certain Ruin with the most barbarous Usage was obvious before their Eyes. Therefore they all unanimously resolved to die honourably together; to that end in the Night they shut up their Wives, Children and Parents in their Houses, and set them on 
The sad Destruction of the City of the Isaurians. Justin. l. 3. c. 6. says, This was done by the Cappadocians. And Orosus says the same. lib. 3. c. the last.  fire, making Choice by that means to perish and be buried together. When the Flame mounted up into the Air, the Isamians threw all their Wealth, and every thing that was Valuable, or that might be of any advantage to the Enemy, into the Fire. The Besiegers were stricken with Admiration at the Sight, and ran here and there, seeking where to break into the City; but those that remained upon the Walls for their Defence, threw many of the Macedonians down headlong from the Battlements. At which Perdiccas much more admired, and enquired what was the Reason, that having set all their Houses and every thing besides on fire, they were so diligent and careful to defend the Walls. At length when Perdiccas with his Macedonians were drawn off from the City, the rest of the Isaurians cast themselves headlong into the Fire, and so every one's House became a common Sepulchre for himself and all his Relations. Perdiccas' the next day gave the Ransacking 
Ant. Ch. 321.  of the City to the Soldiers, who (when the Fire was extinguished) found much Silver and Gold in the Rubbish; the City having been Rich and Prosperous a long time together.  
After this Destruction, Perdiccas married two Wives, Nicaea the Daughter of Antipater, to whom he was contracted; and Cleopatra, Alexander's half Sister, the Daughter of Philip 
Perdiccas marries two Wives.  by Amyntas. Perdiccas indeed had entered into League with Antipater before he was established in his Government, and upon that account the Marriage was consummate: But after he had gained the King's Forces, and was possessed of the Superintendency and Administration of the Affairs of the Kingdom, he changed his mind: For affecting the 
Affects the Kingdom of Macedon.  Kingdom, his Design was to marry Cleopatra, concluding that for her sake, and by her Authority, the Sovereign Power would be yielded up to him by the Macedonians. But because he had no mind as yet to discover his Intentions, (to comply with the present Circumstances of Affairs) he married Nicaea, lest Antipater should oppose him in his Projects. 
Ant. Ch. 321.  But Antigonus smelling out what he was contriving, (and being one that had a great kindness for Antipater, and the most active Man of all the Commanders,) Perdiccas resolved to dispatch him, and take him out of the way.  
Loading him therefore with false Accusations, and unjust Aspersions, his Design appeared plainly to take away his Life. But Antigonus being a crafty Man, and of a bold Spirit, made as if he would defend himself against those Things that were laid to his Charge: But in the mean time he secretly prepared for his flight, and in the Night with 
Antigonus secretly opposes him.  his Servants and his Son Demetrius went aboard some Ships that belonged to Athens, and sailed into Europe, on purpose to confederate with Antipater. About that time Antipater and Craterus were in the Field against the Aetolians with Thirty thousand Foot, and Two thousand five hundred Horse: For they only remained unconquered of those that were 
P. 641.  engaged in the Lamian War. But the Aetolians, though they were pressed upon by such mighty Forces, yet were not at all discouraged; but having got together Ten thousand brave, sprightly Men, betook themselves to the difficult Passes in the Mountains, where they had before disposed and lodged much of their Wealth, and all their Wives, 
Ant. Ch. 321.  Children, and Old People. And though they had quitted the Cities that was not Tenable, yet they placed strong Garrisons in those that were fortified; and so undauntedly waited for the approach of the Enemy.  
Antipater and Craterus therefore having entered Aetolia, when they saw all the Cities that were weak and untenable forsaken of their Inhabitants, made towards them that were posted in the Fastnesses of the Mountains. At the first Assault they made upon those dreadful and unaccessable Precipices, they lost Multitudes of their Men; for the Valour of the Aetolians being supported and confirmed by the Strength of the Places, easily repulsed the Enemy that ran themselves, upon Difficulties that were insuperable. But afterwards, when Craterus his Soldiers in the Winter had secured themselves, by Huts and warm Tents, the Aetolians were forced to abide (in the depth of Winter) in Places covered over with Snow, where they remained in great lack of Provision; so that they were reduced to a most desperate Condition: For they were 
The great strait of the Etolians.  brought to that straight, that they must of necessity either leave the Mountains, and fight with an Army far superior in number to themselves, and with Commanders who were everywhere famous for their Conduct, or if they stayed longer, certainly to perish with Hunger and Cold.  
And now all hopes of Deliverance being despaired of, suddenly and unexpectedly appeared a Release at hand from all their Miseries, as if some God in a special manner had 
Ant. Ch. 321.  had Compassion of such Brave and Noble Souls: For Antigonus, who fled out of Asia, and was now come into the Camp, informed them what Perdiccas was inhatching and contriving; and that having married Cleopatra, he was ready as King to come over with his Army into Macedonia, to wrest the Kingdom out of their hands. At which strange and unexpected News, Antipater and Craterus, and all those with them were so affrighted, that they called a Council of War, where, upon Consultation, it was resolved, that Matters should be ended and compounded with the Aetolians as well as they could; and that 
Peace made with the Etollans.  Forces should be forthwith transported into Asia; and that Craterus should be General in Asia, and Antipater have the Chief Command in Europe; that Ambassadors should likewise be dispatched to Ptolemy (who was Perdiccas' Enemy, and their Friend, and designed to be cut off as well as they) to move him to join with them as a Confederate. Hereupon they forthwith struck up a Peace with the Aetolians, intending notwithstanding in due time afterwards, to root them up and all their Families, and to send them into some remote and desert Corner of the World far from Asia. The Pacification according to the Terms before agreed upon, being put into writing, and signed, they prepared themselves for the Expedition.  
Perdiccas, on the other side, calling together his Friends and General Officers, consulted 
Perdiccas marches against Ptolemy.  with them whether he should transport his Army into Macedonia, or march first against Ptolemy. All agreeing that Ptolemy was first to be conquered, lest he should obstruct his Expedition into Macedonia, he sent away Eumenes before with a considerable Army, to secure the Passes at the Hellespont, to prevent all passage that way: And he himself marched out of Pisiclia with all his Forces towards Egypt. And these were the things done this Year.   

CHAP. III.  
The Description of Alexander's Funeral Chariot. Ptolemy honoured in Egypt. Perdiccas prepares for Egypt against Ptolemy. Eumenes beats Neoptolemus, who deserted. The Battle between Eumenes and Craterus, who was killed with Neoptolemus. Combat between Neoptolemus and Eumenes. Perdiccas comes into Egypt: Assaults the Fort called the Camel's Wall; His miserable Loss in the River Nile; is killed. Ptolemy makes Arrideus and Pytho Protectors of the Kings. Eumenes' condemned to die. The Etolians invade Thessaly. Polyspherchon routs the Etolians. The Provinces again divided by Arrideus. Antigonus routs Eumenes, who flies to Nora. Antigonus besieges Nora. Eumenes his Invention to exercise the Horse. Ptolemy gains Syria and Phoenicia by Nicanor.  
WHen Philocles was Chief Magistrate at Athens, and Caius Sulpitius and Quintus Aulius were created Roman Consuls, Arrideus (to whom was committed the Care 
Olymp. 114. 3. Ant. Ch. 320.  of conveying away Alexander's Body to his Sepulchre, having now the Chariot ready upon which he was to be carried) prepared himself for the Journey. But forasmuch as the whole Business and Concern was managed as became the Majesty of Alexander, and upon 
The Description of Alexander's Funeral Chariot.  that account did not only exceed all others in respect of Expense, State, and Pomp, (for the Charges amounted to many Talents) but also in respect of Curiosity of Workmanship, we conceive it fit to recommend something to Posterity in writing concerning it. And first was provided a Coffin of beaten Gold, so wrought by the Hammer as to answer to the Proportion of the Body; it was half filled with Aromatic Spices, which served as well to delight the Sense as to preserve the Body from Putrefaction. Over the Coffin was a Cover of Gold, so exactly fitted, as to answer the higher part every way: Over this was thrown 
P. 642. Ant. Ch. 320.  a curious 
* Or Crimson Soldiers Coat. Ant. Ch. 320.  Purple Coat embroidered with Gold, near to which were placed the Arms of the Deceased, that the whole might represent the Acts of his Life. Then was provided the Chariot, in which the Body was to be conveyed, upon the top of which was raised a Triumphant Arch of Gold, 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. As thick as 〈◊〉 Scales.  set thick and studded over with precious Stones eight Cubits in breadth, and twelve in length: Under this Roof was placed a Throne of Gold, joined to the whole Work, foursquare, on which were carved the Heads of 
* Tragelaphi Goat-Harts, bred near the River Phasis in Colchis. Plin lib. 8. c. 33  Goat-Harts, and to these were fastened Golden Rings of two Hands breadth in the diameter; at which hung, for Show and Pomp, little Coronets of various beautiful Colours, which, like so many Flowers, gave a pleasant Prospect to the Eye. Upon the top of the Arch was a Fringe of Network, where hung large Bells, to the end the Sound of them might be heard at a great distance. On both sides the Arch at the Corners stood an Image of Victory in Gold, bearing a Trophy: A 
* Like a Plazza.  Peristthylium of Gold supported the Archwork, the Chapiters' of whose Pillars were of Ionian Workmanship: Within the Peristthylium, by a Network of Gold of a finger's thickness in the Workmanship, hung four 
* Writing-Tables, whether of Brass, Stone, or Wood Ant. Ch. 320.  Tables one by another equal to the Dimensions of the Wall, whereupon were portrayed all sorts of living Creatures: The first Table represented a Chariot curiously wrought, wherein Alexander sat with a Royal Sceptre in his Hand: About the King stood his Lifeguard complete in their Arms; the Macedonians on one side, and the Persians that bore Battleaxes on the other; and before them stood the Armor-Bearers: In the second, Elephants adorned in their Warlike Habiliaments followed them of the Guard, on which sat Indians before, and Macedonians behind, armed according to the Customs of their several Countries. In the third might be seen Squadrons of Horse drawn up in Battalia: In the fourth appeared a Fleet ordered in a Line of Battle. At the entrance into the Arch stood Lions in Gold, with their Faces towards them that approached to enter. From the middle of every Pillar an 
* A Tree so called  Achanthus in Gold, sprouted up in Branches spiring in slender Threads to the very Chapiters': Over the Arch about the middle of the Roof on the outside was spread 
† Or Crimson Carpet.  Purple Carpet in the open Air, on which was placed a vast Golden Crown, in form of an 
* Olive Coronets, used to be worn by Conquerors.  Olive Coronet, which by the reflection of the Sunbeams darted such an amazing Splendour and Brightness, that at a distance it appeared as a Flash of Lightning. Under the Seats or Bottom of the whole Work ran two Axletrees, about which moved four Persian Wheels, whose Spokes and Nathes were over-laid with Gold, but the Felloes were shod with Iron: The Ends and Outparts of the Axes were of Gold, representing the Heads of Lions, every one holding a Dart in in his Mouth. In the very Centre of 
Ant. Ch. 320.  the Arch, about the midway in the length, was artificially fixed a 
* Upon which the whole might turn, as a hinge.  Pole, by the help whereof the Arch might (in rough places, and where it was apt to be shaken) be preserved from being overturned. There were four Draught-Trees, to every of which were fixed four Courses of Yokes, and to every Course were bound four Mules, so that the Mules were sixty four in number, the choicest for Strength and Largeness that could be 
P. 643.  got: Every Mule was adorned with a Crown of Gold, and Bells of Gold on either side their Heads; and on their Necks were fitted Rich Collars set and beautified with precious Stones.  
And in this manner was the Chariot set forth, the Sight of which was more stately and pompous than the Report; so that the Fame of it brought together Multitudes of Spectators: For the People out of every City wherever it was coming met it, and ran back again before it, never satisfied with the Delight they took in viewing and gazing. And suitable to so stately a Show, a vast Company of Workmen and Pioners (that plained the Ways for its passage) attended it.  
And thus Arrideus (who had spent two Years in Preparations) brought the King's Body from Babylon to Egypt. Ptolemy, in Honour of the King met the Corpse with his Army as far as Syria, where he received it, and accompanied it with great Care and 
Alexander was first buried at Memphis. Pausan. Attic. c. 6.  Observance: For he had resolved not as yet to conduct it to the Temple of Hammon, but to keep the Body in the 
* Alexandria. See Curtius, l. 10. c. ult. The Body embalmed was 300 years after viewed by Augustus in Alexandria. Suet. Ant. Ch. 320.  City which Alexander himself had built, the most Famous almost of any City in the World. To this end he built a Temple in Honour of Alexander, in Greatness and Stateliness of Structure becoming the Glory and Majesty of that King; and in this Repository he laid the Body, and honoured the Exequys of the Dead with Sacrifices and magnificent Shows, agreeable to the State of a Demi God. Upon which account he was deservedly Honoured, not only by Men, but by the Gods Themselves: For by his Bounty and Generosity he so gained upon Men, as they flocked from all Parts to Alexandria, and cheerfully listed themselves into his Service, notwithstanding the King's Army was then preparing War against him: And though he was then in imminent Danger, yet all readily ventured their Lives to preserve him. And the Gods Themselves, for his Virtue, and kind and obliging Temper towards all, rescued him out of all his Hazards and Difficulties that seemed insuperable: For Perdiccas, who before suspected the increase of his Power, had resolved (bringing the 
* These Kings were Arrideus and Alexander, Alexander's Children. Perdiccas prepares for Egypt against Ptolemy.  Kings along with him) of an Exepedition into Egypt with the Strength of his Army: To that end he had delivered to Eumenes a considerable Body of Men, with sufficient number of brave Officers, with Command to march to the Hellespont, to stop the Passage of Antipater and Craterus over into Asia. Amongst the Commanders the most Illustrious were Alcetas his Brother, and Neoptolemus: But these he ordered in all things to be observant to Eumenes, because he was both a skilful and prudent General, and a constant and faithful Friend. Eumenes therefore, with the Forces delivered him, came to the Hellespont, and completed his Army with Horse (raised out of his own Province lately gained) in which his Troops were before only deficient.  
But after that Antipater and Craterus had transported their Army out of Europe, Neoptolemus, 
Eumenes beats Neoptolemus. Ant. Ch. 320.  out of Envy to Eumenes (having a considerable Army of Macedonians under his Command) secretly sent Messengers to Antipater, and colleaguing with him, contrived how to entrap Eumenes; but his Treachery being discovered, he was forced to fight, and in the Battle lost almost all his Men, and was very near being cut off himself. Eumenes being thus Conqueror (after this great Slaughter) joined the rest of those that were left, to his own Army; and so did not only by this Victory increase his Forces, but strengthened himself with a great number of Macedonians that were excellent Soldiers. Neoptolemus fled off the Field with three hundred Horse, and went over to Antipater. Whereupon a Consultation was had between them, in reference to the Concerns of the War; in which it was determined to divide the Army into two Bodies; one to march under Antipater into Cilicia to fight with Perdiccas, and the other with Craterus to fall upon Eumenes; and 
P. 644.  when he was routed, than Craterus to return to Antipater; that so the whole Army being joined together in one Body, and having Ptolemy their Confederate, they might be better able to deal with the King's Army.  
Eumenes having Intelligence of the Enemy's march, gathered Forces together from all Parts, especially Horse; for because he had not Foot able to cope with the Macedonian Phalanx, he raised a great Body of Horse, by whose assistance he hoped to be in a Condition to overcome the Enemy.  
And now at length the Armies drew near one to another; whereupon Craterus drew 
Battle between Eumenes and Craterus.  up his Men together, in order, by a set Speech to encourage them to fight; in which Harangue he promised, That if they were Conquerors, they should have all the Pillage of the Field, and all the Bag and Baggage as a Prey to their own use: All being thus encouraged, he drew up his Army in Battalia; the Right Wing he commanded himself, 
Ant. Ch. 320.  the Left he gave to Neoptolemus: His Army in the whole consisted of Twenty thousand Foot, most of them Macedonians, Men famous for their Valour, in whom he placed the Confidence of his Victory; with these, there marched along with him above Two thousand Horse. Eumenes likewise had Twenty thousand Foot of divers Nations, and Five thousand Horse, on whole Valour chief he had resolved to venture, and lay all the Stake in this Battle.  
The Horse on both sides moving forward in two Wings a great distance before the Foot, Craterus with a Body of choice Men made a brave Charge upon the Enemy, but his Horse stumbling, he was thrown out of the Saddle to the Ground, and not being known, was by the confused throng of Horse trampled under Foot, and so unfortunately lost his Life; upon whose Fall the Enemy was so encouraged, that dispersing themselves up and down, they made a terrible Slaughter. The Right Wing being thus distressed, and at length totally routed, was forced to retreat to the Foot. But in the left Wing commanded by Neoptolemus, opposed to Eumenes, there was a very sharp Engagement, the two Generals singling out one another: For being known to each other by their Horses, and other 
Combat between Neoptolemus and Eumenes.  special Marks, they fought hand to hand, and by combating thus singly, they put a Remark upon the Victory; for after they had tried it out by their Swords, they presently began an admirable and new sort of Encounter, Anger and Revenge mutually stirring up each other: For letting their Bridles fall upon their Horse's Necks, they catched hold 
Ant. Ch. 320.  with their left hands one upon another, and so grappling together, their Horses (violently pressing forward) ran from under them, leaving them both tumbling on the Ground together. And though it was a difficult matter for either of them, after so violent a Fall, to rise again, and besides being pressed down by the weight of their Arms, yet Eumenes (rising first) wounded Neoptolemus in the Ham (with so great a Gash and Cut), that he lay Hamstrung grovelling upon the Ground, and by reason of the grievousness of the Wound, was not able to raise himself upon his Feet: But the Stoutness and Courage of his Mind overcoming the Weakness of his Body, he got upon his Knees, and gave his Adversary three Wounds upon his Arm and Thigh; but none of them being mortal, (while they were yet warm) Eumenes gave Neoptolemus a second Blow upon his Neck, and killed him outright.  
In the mean time great Slaughter was made among the rest of the Horse on both sides; so that while some were killed and others wounded, the Fortune of the Day at the first was very uncertain: But as soon as it was noised abroad that Neoptolemus was slain, and both Wings broken, the whole Body fled, and made away to the 
* The Battalion of the Macedonian Foot. P. 645. Ant. Ch. 320.  Phalanx as to a strong Wall of Defence. But Eumenes (content with keeping of his Ground, and the Possession of the Bodies of both the Generals) sounded a Retreat to his Soldiers. Then he set up a Trophy, and after he had buried the Slain, he sent to the Phalanx, and to them that were thus routed, to let them know, That whoever would, should have liberty to take up Arms with him, or to go their way wherever they pleased. The Macedonians accepted of these Terms of Peace, and upon Oath of Fidelity given, they had liberty to march away to the next Towns to supply themselves with Provision. But they dealt treacherously with Eumenes; for recollecting their Forces, and furnishing themselves with Provision, in the Night they stole away and went to Antipater. Eumenes indeed did all he could to revenge this Breach of their Oaths, and to that end forthwith endeavoured to pursue the Phalanx; but by reason of the Strength of the Enemy, and his own Indisposition, (through the Wounds he had received,) he was not able to do any thing effectually, and therefore he judged it better to forbear from further Pursuit. Having therefore gained so glorious a Victory, and cut off two eminent Commanders, his Name grew very famous. Antipater having received those that had escaped, after they were refreshed hasted away to Cilicia, and to aid Ptolemy. But 
† Perdiccas comes into Egypt.  Perdiccas hearing of the 
* His first Victory over Neoptolemus, for Perdiccas was killed before the News of this last arrived, as appears afterwards.  Victory gained by Eumenes, prosecuted his Expedition into Egypt with much more Assurance. When he came near to the River Nile, he encamped not far off Pelusium; and while he was cleansing an old Sluice, Nile so overflowed, that it defeated all his Design, and spoiled his Works, and many of his Friends deserted the Camp, and went over to Ptolemy. For he inclined to Cruelty, and having removed the rest of the Captains from the Sovereign Command, he made it his only Business to be sole Monarch, and absolute Tyrant.  
Ptolemy on the contrary was courteous and mild, and gave free Liberty to the rest of the Captains to advise him in all his Erterprises. Besides, he had put strong Garrisons 
Ant. Ch. 320.  into all the convenient Places of Egypt, and had furnished them with all sorts of Weapons, and other Things that were necessary. By which means he succeeded in every thing for the most part that he undertook, while many that loved the Man cheerfully exposed themselves to undergo all Hazards for his sake. But Perdiccas, to repair his Losses, called together the Commanders, and having regained some by Gifts, and others by large Promises, and all by smooth Words, he heartened himself so as to bear up against the Hazards and Difficulties that were coming apace upon him. And when he had ordered them all to be ready for a March, about Evening he moved from thence with his whole Army. Not acquainting any whither he would lead them, he marched all Night with a swift March, and at length encamped upon the Banks of the Nile, not far from a Castle called the Camel's Wall.  
When it was Day he passed his Army over, the Elephants leading the Way, and next to them the Targateers, with those that carried the Sealing Ladders, and other things he had occasion to use in a Siege: His best Horse at length brought up the Rear, with 
Ant. Ch. 320.  whom he intended to attack the Ptolemeans, if it happened that they appeared. In the middle of their March Ptolemy's Horse showed themselves, making forward in a swift Career for the Defence of the Town; who though they hasted away to enter the Fort, and by sounding of Trumpets and shouts of Men gave sufficient notice to all of their Approach, yet Perdiccas was not at all amused, but boldly led up his Army close to the Fort; and forthwith the Targateers with their Ladders mounted the Wall; and those that rid the 
Perdiccas assaults the Fore called the Camel●-wall, but is re 〈…〉 d.  Elephants threw down the Fortifications, and demolished the Bulwarks. Whereupon Ptolemy, with those of his own Guard about him, to encourage the rest of his Officers and Friends manfully to behave themselves, catched hold of a Sarissa and mounted the Bulwark, and so being on the higher Ground, struck out the Eyes of the foremost Elephant, and wounded the Indian that sat upon him. And as for those that sealed the Walls. he hurled them down shamefully cut and wounded (together with their Arms) into the River. After his Example Ptolemy's Friends valiantly bestirred themselves, and by killing the Indian that governed the next Elephant, the Beast became unserviceable. The Assault 
P. 646.  continuing long, Perdiccas his Soldiers assaulted the Wall by turns, striving with all the Vigour imaginable to gain the Fort by Storm. On the other hand Ptolemy calling to his Friends now to approve their Faithfulness and Loyalty to him by their Courage, 
Ant. Ch. 320.  fought like a Hero, and gave an Example of Valour to all the rest. In this sharp Dispute, many fell on both Sides. The Ptolemeans had the advantage in the Height of the Place, and the Perdicceans in Greatness of their Number, which far exceeded the other. At length the whole Day being spent in the Assault, Perdiccas raised his Siege, and marched back to his Camp, and in the Night decamped, and with a quiet and silent March came into a part of the Country over-against Memphis, where Nile (dividing itself into two Parts) made an Island sufficient to receive and encamp the greatest Army. Into this Place therefore he passed over part of his Army, though the Passage was very difficult through the depth of the River; for the Water reaching up to the Chin, the Soldiers could not stand upon their Legs, and were likewise cumbered with their Arms. Perdicca, therefore discerning the Unruliness of the River, placed the Elephants on the Left, to break the force of the Stream. The Horse went on the Right, by whose Help he took up them that were hurried down by the Current, and set them safe on the Shoar on the other side. But there happened in this Passage that which was strange and unusual: For when the first were gotten over, those that followed were in very great Hazard. For the River risen 
Perdiccas' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of his Men in the River Nile. Ant. Ch. 320.  on a sudden, without any apparent Cause, and swept away whole Shoals of Bodies at a time, which put all into a Consternation. The Cause of this Inundation could not be found out, though it was enquired into. Some imputed it to a Dyke or Sluice in the higher Grounds, whose Banks might be broken down, and so all its Water ran into Nile, by which means the Ford was so much the higher. Others conceived it was great Rains that fell in the Lands above that increased the Waters of the River. But it was neither of these. But the true Cause why the Passage at first was without danger, was because the Sand then was firm and unmoved; but afterwards when by the treading of the Horses and Elephants, and the Passage of the Army, the Sand was stirred and carried away by the Force of the River, the Ford by this means was, as it were, dug into, and made into Holes, and so the Passage was deeper in the middle of the River. Perdiccas therefore not being able to pass the rest of his Army over, fell into a great strait, being those that were got to the other side were very unequal to the force of the Enemy, and those on this side the River were not able to secure them. Hereupon he commanded all those that were landed in the Island, to return. The Army thus forced to repass the River, those that could swim, and were strong-bodied Men, with great difficulty recovered the other side of the Nile; but most of them lost their Arms. The rest who were not so skilful, some of them were drowned, and others were carried down the Stream, and 
Ant. Ch. 320.  fell into the Hands of the Enemy. Very many for a long time tossed and tumbled hither and thither, were at length devoured by Crocodiles. Above Two thousand having perished 
P 647.  in this manner, (among whom were some eminent Commanders,) the Hearts of the Soldiers were much turned against Perdiccas. But Ptolemy caused all those Bodies to be burnt that were brought dead down the River to him, and having performed all Funeral Obsequies and Observances due to the Dead, he sent their Ashes and Bones to their Kindred and Friends.  
This far more enraged the Spirits of the Macedonians against Perdiccas, and knit their Hearts in affection to Ptolemy. When the Night came on, the Camp was full of Cries and Lamentations, that so many Men should miserably perish without a Struck stricken, amongst whom there were no fewer than a Thousand, who were swallowed by the monstrous Crocodiles.  
Hereupon many of the Commanders railed against Perdiccas; and the whole Phalanx of Foot being totally disaffected, discovered their Hatred by their Murmur and Threats: And a Hundred of the chief Commanders deserted him; of whom, the chiefest of them was Python, who had conquered the Rebellious Greeks, not inferior in Valour and Reputation to any of Alexander's Commanders. Afterwards some of the Horse entered into a Conspiracy, and made to his Tent, and in a Body fell upon him, and killed 
Perdiccas' killed.  him.  
The next day, when the Soldiers were in a Consult, Ptolemy came to them, and saluted the Macedonians, and made an Apology for what he had done. And seeing that they wanted Provision, he furnished the Army with abundance of Bread, and supplied the 
Ant. Ch. 320.  Camp with all other Things that were necessary. But though he was upon this account in great Grace and Favour with the Soldiers, and so able easily to gain the Protectorship of the Kings, yet he demanded it not, but bestowed the chief Command upon Python and Arrhideus, to whom in Gratitude he was much obliged. For when the Macedonians appointed a Consult concerning that honourable Trust and high Command, by the Advice 
Ptolemy makes Arrhideus and Pytho Protectors of the Kings.  of Ptolemy they all unanimously created Python and Arrhideus (who conveyed the the King's Body) to be Protectors of the Kings, investing them with Sovereign Authority. And in this manner Perdiccas, after he had enjoyed the Sovereign Command for the space of Three Years, lost both it and his Life together. After his Death, News was 
The two Kings were Arrihidaeus, and Alexander, a young Child.  brought, that Eumenes had won the Day in Cappadocia, and that Craeterus and Neoptolemus were both slain. Which News, if it had arrived the Day before Perdiccas his Death, that prosperous Success would have been a Protection to his Person, so as none durst have lifted up their Hands against him.  
But the Macedonians now hearing how Eumenes had succeeded, condemned him and all his Adherents (to the number of Fifty Noble Lords, amongst whom was Alcetas the 
Eumenes' condemned to die.  Brother of Perdiccas,) to die. And at that very time they put to Death those that were Perdiccas his chiefest Friends, then in their Hands, with his Sister Atalanta, the Wife of Attalus the Admiral of the Fleet. For at and after the Death of Perdiccas, Attalus the 
Ant. Ch. 320.  Admiral lay with the Fleet before Pelusium; and when News was brought him of the Death of Perdiccas and his Wife, he loosed from thence, and arrived at Tyre; where Archelaus, a Macedonian Governor of the City, kindly received him, and delivered up to him the City, and faithfully restored to him the Money entrusted in his Hands by Perdiccas, to the Value of Eight hundred Talents. And thus Attalus abiding at Tyre, received all Perdiccas' Friends that fled to him from the Camp at Memphis.  
After Antipater was gone over into Asia, the Aetolians, in pursuance of their League made with Perdiccas, mach'd into Thessaly with a Design to divide Antipater's Army. 
P. 648. The Aetolians invade Thessaly.  They had Twelve thousand Foot, and 
* Four hundred rather.  Four thousand Horse, commanded as General by Alexander an Aetolian.  
In their March they besieged the Locrians in Amphissa, and harassed their Country, and took some of the neighbouring Towns and Villages. They routed likewise Polycles, Antipater's General, and killed him, with a great number of his Men. Of the Prisoners they took, some were sold for Slaves, and others were ransomed. Afterwards they broke into Thessaly, and brought over many there to join with them in the War against Antipater, insomuch as they made up in the whole a Body of Five and twenty thousand Foot, and Fifteen hundred Horse; while they were taking in the Cities, the Acarnanians bearing a Grudge to the Aetolians, invaded Aetolia, wasted and spoiled the Country, and besieged 
Ant. Ch. 320.  the Cities. When the Aetolians herded what Danger their Country was in, they left the rest of their Forces in Thessaly under the Command of Menon of Pharsalis, and they themselves speedily marched back with their own Soldiers into Aetolia, and struck such a Terror into the Acarnanians, that they present relieved their Country. While they were thus employed, Polyspherchon, who was left General in Macedonia, came into 
Polyspherchon routs the Aetolians.  Thessaly with a brave Army, and fought and routed the Enemy, killing Menon the General, and cutting off most of his Army, and so recovered Thessaly.  
As for the Affairs of Asia, Arrhideus and Pytho, Protectors of the Kings, leaving the River Nile, came with the Kings, and the whole Army to 
† Triparadisus, called by Pliny, Nat. Hist. Paradisus. l. 1. c. 23. The Triple Garden.  Triparadisus in 
** Higher Syria, or Caelo Syria.  Higher Syria. There 
* Wife of Arrhideus, one of the Kings of Macedon. Ant. Ch. 320.  Eurydice the Queen taking upon her to intermeddle and pry too curiously into Matters that concerned her not, and to control the Protectors; Pytho and his Friends hereby became much disgusted, and perceiving that the Macedonians were more observant to her Commands than to theirs, they called a Council, and gave up the Protectorship Whereupon the Macedonians chose Antipater Protector, with absolute Authority. A few days after Antipater going to Triparadisus, found Eurydice stirring up the Macedonians to a Sedition against him; whereupon there arose no small Mutiny in the Army. Antipater hereupon called a General Council, and so argued and canvased the Business with them, that he allayed the Spirit of the People, and brought Eurydice (through fear of him) into a better Temper.  
After these Things were over, Antipater made a second Division of the Provinces, and allotted to Ptolemy that whereof he was then in Possession. For it was not Practicable to remove him, because it appeared Ptolemy had gained Egypt as a Conqueror. Syria he gave to Laomedon of Mitylene; and Cilicia to Philoxenus. Of the other Provinces, he 
The Provinces again divided by Antipater.  assigned Mesopotamia and Arbelitis to Amphimachus; the Province of Babylon to Seleucus, and Susiana to 
* For Antigines, Captain of the Silver Targateers.  Antigonus, because he was the first that set the Wheel a going in order to overthrow Perdiccas. To Peucestas he granted Persia; to Tlepolemus, Carmania; to Python, Media; and to Philip, Parthia. Aria and Drangana he allotted to Stasandrus the Cyprian; Bactriana and Sogdiana to Stasanorus of Solium, born in the same Island; Parapamisada, to Oxyartas the Father of Rhoxana, whom Alexander married; and India, bordering upon Parapamisada, to Python the Son of Agenor. Of the Kingdoms next adjoining, that which bordered upon the River Indus, continued under the Power of Porus; that which lay to Hydaspes, remained with Taxilis. For these Kings were not to be Dispossessed, but with the Royal Army, and a skilful and expert General. As to the 
† The Lesser Asia. P. 649.  Northern Provinces, he gave the Government of Cappadocia to Nicanor, and the Greater Phrygia and 
* Cilicia for Lycia.  Cilicia to Antigonus, to hold them as he did before. Lastly, to Cassander he assigned Caria; to Clitus, 
† For Lydia.  Lycia; and to Arrhideus, Phrygia at the Hellespont. Antigonus he appointed General of the Royal Army, and commanded him to pursue and destroy Eumenes. To Antigonus he also joined Cassander and Clearchus, that if he secretly projected any thing, he 
Ant. Ch. 320.  might be discovered. He himself marched with the Kings and his Troops towards Macedonia, that he might conduct the King's back into their own Country.  
Antigonus therefore being declared absolute Commander of Asia, drew out the Forces out of their Winter-Quarters to fight with Eumenes, and to that end furnishing himself with 
Antigonus routs Eumenes.  all necessary Preparations for the War, he marched towards Eumenes, who then lay in Cappadocia; where one called Perdiccas, one of his chief Commanders, had deserted him, and lay encamped with Three thousand Foot and Five hundred Horse (that followed him) about three days March distant. But Eumenes sent out Phenices of Tenedos with Four thousand good Foot and a Thousand Horse against him; who, with a swift March, fell upon the Rebels on a sudden in the Night when they were asleep, and took Perdiccas and all his Army Prisoners, about the second Watch of the Night. Eumenes' put to Death the chief Ringleaders of the Defection, and spared the rest of the Soldiers, and mixed them amongst his own, and by this means gained all their Affections. After this, Antigonus, by a Correspondence with one Apollonides, General of the Horse on Eumenes his side, by large Promises so effected the Business, that he prevailed with him to betray Eumenes, and come over to him in the heat of the Fight. Eumenes was then encamped in Cappadocia, 
Ant. Ch. 320.  in 
* In the Country of Orcynia on Cappadocia. Ush. Ann. 300.  Places very convenient for Engagement with Horse. Antigonus therefore made thither with his whole Army, and possessed himself of the higher Ground under the Foot of the Mountains: He had at that time above Ten thousand Foot, (of whom most were Macedonians, brave and valiant Men,) and Two thousand Horse, and Thirty Elephants. Eumenes had no less than Twenty thousand Foot, and Five thousand Horse. Presently a sharp and bloody Battle was fought, in which Antigonus (through the sudden and unexpected Desertion of Apollonides with his Horse, and going over to the other side,) got the Day, killing Eight thousand Men of the Enemy upon the place, and possessing himself of all their Bag and Baggage, so that the Eumeneans (through the Slaughter that was made) were in a Consternation, and by the loss of all their Carriages, were brought to an utter Desperation. Hereupon Eumenes designed to fly into Armenia, to persuade some 
Eumenes flies to Nora.  of the Inhabitants to join with him in Arms; but being prevented by a swift Pursuit, and perceiving his Men to run away from him to Antigonus, he possessed himself of a strong Fort called Nora. It was indeed very small, not above Two Furlongs in compass, but in Strength impregnable. For the Houses were built upon a very high Rock, and it was wonderfully fortisyed both by Nature and Art. Besides, there was there laid up great store of Corn, Fuel, and other Things of that kind, so that all that fled for shelter thither, might be abundantly supplied with all Things necessary for many Years together. Those that were his fast Friends, accompanied him in his Flight, and resolved at the last and utmost Extremity to die with him. They were in Number, both Horse and Foot, about Six hundred.  
Antigonus being now strengthened with the Forces of Eumenes, and the Revenues of his Provinces, and having gotten together a great Mass of Treasure, began to aspire to 
P. 6, 0.  Matters of higher Concern; for none of the Asian Commanders were as yet so Potent, 
Ant. Ch. 320.  as to dare to contend with him for the Sovereign Command. For the present, indeed he bore a fair outside towards Antipater, but secretly had resolved, that when he had firmly settled his Affairs, he would neither regard him nor the Kings. And in the first place, he blocked up them in the Fort with a double Wall, and with deep Trenches and 
Antigonus besieges Nora.  Works of Earth of a wonderful height. Then he entered into Parley with Eumenes, willing him to renew their ancient Friendship, and endeavoured to persuade him to join with him as an Associate in all his Affairs. But Eumenes foreseeing a change of Fortune at hand, insisted upon Terms, and that degree of Favour that seemed very unequal and unfit to be granted to one in his present Circumstances: For he required, as of Right, to be restored to all his Provinces, and to be fully acquitted and discharged of all pretended Offences whatsoever. Antigonus promised to acquaint Antipater with his Demands, and leaving sufficient Strength for continuing the Siege, he marched against the Generals, (that were moving towards him with all their Forces,) viz. Alcetas the Brother of Perdiccas, and Attalus the Admiral of the Fleet. Some time after, Eumenes sent Ambassadors to Antipater to treat upon Terms of Peace, (amongst whom was Hieronymus a Colonel, who wrote the History of the Successors.) In the mean time he himself having experienced many Changes and Turns of Fortune, was not at all discouraged, knowing very well what quick and sudden Alterations had happened on both Sides. For he saw that the Macedonian Kings were but only vain and insignificant Shadows of Princes, and those many valiant Commanders that were with them, so managed their Commands one after another, as to seek only the Advancement of their own private Interests. Therefore he hoped, (as the Truth fell out afterwards to be,) that many would desire his Help 
Ant. Ch. 320.  and Assistance, both upon the account of his Skill in Martial Affairs, as of his Constancy and Faithfulness.  
But when he saw that the Horse could not be Exercised in a Place so straight and craggy, and so were unserviceable for Horse-Engagements, he ingeniously found out a new and 
Eumenes invents a way to Exercise the Horse in Nora. Plutarch's Life of Eumenes.  unusual way for the Exercise of them: For he tied up their Heads by Chains to a Post or strong Stake, and drew them up so high, as that they should stand upon their hinder Feet, and but just touch the Ground with the Ends of their fore Feet. Whereupon the Horse presently striving to get his fore Feet to the Ground, did so curvet and caper, that Legs, Thighs, and every Member was in action, and by this Motion the Horse was all on a Foam; and thus they were all Exercised to the highest degree. He himself fed of the meanest Food with the rest of the Soldiers, and by this eating with them in common, not only gained to himself the Love of all his Fellow-Soldiers, but caused them to be at perfect Peace and Concord one with another. In the mean time Ptolemy in Egypt (Perdiccas with all the King's Army being broken in pieces) enjoyed that Country as a Conqueror: And casting his Eye upon Phoenicia and Celo-Syria, (as lying very commodiously to Egypt,) he used his utmost Endeavour to possess himself of the Cities of those Countries. 
Ant. Ch. 320.  To that end he created Nicanor, one of his Friends, General, and sent him into those Parts with a considerable Army, who coming into Syria, took Laomedon, the Governor of that Province, Prisoner, and brought all Syria under his own Power. He gained 
Ptolemy gains Syria and Phoenicia by Nicanor. At this time he entered Jerusalem. Joseph. Appian. l. 1. Ant. l. 12. c. 1.  also all the Cities of Phoenicia, and put Garrisons into them, and having in a short time finished a troublesome Expedition, returned into Egypt.   

CHAP. IU.  
Antigonus routs Alcetas in Pisidia, and takes Attalus. Alcetas received into Termessus, and there protected. He's murdered there treacherously, his Body inhumanly used by Antigonus. Antipater's Death. Antipater put Demeas, one of the Athenian Ambassadors, to Death. Polysperchon made Chief in Macedonia. Cassander conspires to out him. Antigonus his Plots to be Sovereign of all. Arrideus secures himself in Phrygia, besieges Cyzicum. Antigonus goes to raise it. Eumenes got out of Nora by Antigonus his Order. Antigonus his further Acts. The various Fortunes of Eumenes. A Council in Macedonia called by Polysperchon against Cassander. The Decree of the Council. Polysperchon invites Olpmpias out of Epyrus into Macedonia. Writes to Eumenes to join with the Kings.  
AFterwards when Apollodorus executed the Office of Lord-Chancellor at Athens, and 
P. 651. Olymp. 114. 4. Ant. Ch. 319.  Quintus Publius and 
* Lucius Papirius. Antigonus beats Alcitas and Attalus.  Quintus Poplias' Consuls at Rome, Antigonus, after the Defeat of Eumenes, determined to march against Alcetas and Attalus. For those only remained of all Perdiccas his Friends and Kindred who were skilful Commanders, and had Forces sufficient to cope with him for the Sovereign Power. To this end he marched away with his whole Army out of Cappadocia, and made for Pisidia, where Alcetas then lay, and came with a swift March suddenly and unexpectedly to Critopolis, (as it was called,) having marched 
* Above 350 Miles.  Two thousand five hundred Furlongs in 7 Days and 7 Night's time, and by that means was upon them before they were ware; and there he first possessed himself of certain Hills, and other difficult Passes in the Country. When Alcetas his Party had intelligence of the Enemy's approach, they presently drew up a 
* Of Horse.  Phalanx in order of Battle, and by a fierce Charge endeavoured to drive the Horse down the Hills, who had now gained the Tops of the Mountains. Hereupon began a sharp Engagement, in which many falling on both sides, Antigonus with a Body of Six 
* The Greek is so, but the Latin is 600.  thousand Horse bore down with all his Might upon the Enemy, endeavouring to cut off all ways and means of Retreat to Alcetas; this done, those upon the Tops of the Mountains, by the Advantage of the steepness and difficulty of the Places, easily put the Phalanx to flight. Hereupon Alcetas his Men being surrounded with the Multitude of their Enemies, and all Passes blocked up between them and their Foot, they looked upon themselves all as dead Men. Therefore seeing no other Remedy or Means left to escape, Alcetas (with the Loss of Multitudes of his Men) at length with much ado broke through his Enemies, and got to the Foot. Hereupon Antigonus marching down from the Hills with his whole Army, and his Elephants, the Enemy (who were far inferior in Number) were mightily terrified: For all the Confederates were not above Sixteen thousand Foot, and Nine hundred Horse; whereas the Forces of Antigonus (besides Elephants) were above Forty thousand Foot, 
Ant. Ch. 319.  and Seven thousand Horse. Those therefore, with Alcetas, (considering that they should meet with Elephants in the Front, and be surrounded with Multitudes of Horse, and forced to engage with Foot far exceeding them, both in Number of Men, and in the Skilfulness of their Arms, and besides had the Advantage of the higher Ground,) fell into Confusion and Amazement; nay, the Enemy hasted and came upon them so fast, that they were not able to draw up their Men in due order of Battle; so that the whole Army was presently broken in pieces, and Attalus Docimus and Polemo, and many other Commanders, were taken Prisoners. But Alcetas, with his Lifeguard, his Children, 
Alcetas received into Termessus.  and those Pisidians that sided with him, got into Termessus, a City of Pisidia. Then Antigonus came to an Agreement with the Captains, his Prisoners, and the rest he disposed of among his own Troops, using them with all Humanity, and by this means greatly increased his Army. But about Six thousand Pisidians (valiant Men) resolved to stick to Alcetas, and promised they would never desert him upon any Terms whatsoever: For they loved him entirely for the Reasons following. For,  
When Alcetas, after the Death of Perdiccas, had no Confederates in Asia, he determined by some acts of Kindness or other to engage the Pisidians; because he knew he should thereby gain a Warlike People, that had a Country very difficult to enter, and full of strong Forts, to be his Confederates. Therefore in every Expedition he always bestowed special 
P. 652 Ant. Ch. 319.  Marks of Honour upon them above all the rest of his Confederates. For he so divided the Spoil of his Enemies, that the Half was ever allotted to them. Moreover, by his Familiarity and Freedom in Converse, daily Invitations of the most eminent Persons amongst them to his Table, and by his Bounty and Liberality in bestowing upon them many large Gifts and Rewards, he ingross'd to himself the Love of all: So that now (having anchored all his Hopes, and placed his chiefest Confidence in them,) he was not frustrated in his Expectation. For when Antigonus encamped with his whole Army before Termessus, and demanded Alcetas to be delivered up to him, (and the Elders of the City had determined to give him up,) all the young Men got together, and resolved to run all Hazards, and the utmost Extremity, for his Preservation. The Elders indeed at first endeavoured to dissuade the young Men, and draw them off from their former Resolve, wishing them not to involve their Country in War for the sake of one Macedonian. But when they saw that they could not allay the Heat of the young Men, they secretly consulted together, and in the Night sent away a Messenger to Antigonus, and by him faithfully promised, That they would deliver Alcetas up to him, either dead or alive. To this end they desired him, That by assaulting the City for some Days, he would decoy the young Men to sally out, and while he was skirmishing with them, to feign a Flight; by this means, when the young Men were out of the City, and busy in Pursuit, they should have an Opportunity to accomplish their Design. Antigonus assented hereunto, and drew 
Ant. Ch. 319.  off from the City at a further Distance, and so egged on the young Men to Skirmishes, and light Pickeering. The 
* Or Aldermen.  Elders now discerning Alcetas left alone, they employed the faithfullest of their Servants, and the most active Men of the City, (that were not engaged with him,) and with them (in the Absence of the young Men) set upon him; but could not take him, for he killed himself with his own Hand, lest he should fall alive 
Alcetas murdered.  into the Power of the Enemy: But they laid his Body upon a Bier, casting over it a course Cloth, and carried it out of the Gates, and, unknown to them that were skirmishing, delivered it to Antigonus. By this Device they freed their Country, and prevented a War; but they could not avoid the Fury of the young Men. For when they returned, and understood what was done, (through that ardent Love and Affection they bore Alcetas,) they were so enraged at their Governors, that they first possessed themselves of a part of the City, and resolved to set the Houses on fire, and after to issue out with their Arms, and betake themselves to the Mountains, and waste and destroy all the Country round belonging to Antigonus. But afterwards they altered their Purpose as to the burning of the City, and began, by robbing and spoiling miserably, to lay waste a great part of the Enemy's Country. In the mean time, Antigonus having received the Body of Alcetas, used it with all the Disgrace and Contumely imaginable for the space of three Days together, and then beginning to putrify, contemptuously cast it out without any Burial, and so marched out of Pisidia.  
But the young Men of Termessus bearing still a Love and Respect to the abused Body of the Dead, took it up, and decently buried it. He was of so kind and obliging a Nature, 
Ant. Ch. 319.  that there was something singular in him of Love and Respect to all those that deserved well, and therefore he was ever towards such unchangeable in his Love and Affection.  
Antigonus having left Pisidia, made towards Phrygia with his whole Army. When he came to the City of the Cretiens, Aristodemus the Milesian brought him the News of Antipater's Death, and that the chief Command, together with the Protectorship of the 
Antipater's Death.  Kings, was devolved upon Polysperchon the Macedonian. He was pleased with the News, and now his Hopes were exalted, for he made it his Business to Rule and Govern all the Affairs of Asia, and to gain the Absolute and Sovereign Command there without stooping to any. And thus stood the Affairs of Antigonus at this time.  
In Macedonia, while Antipater was seized with a grievous Sickness, (and old Age making way for his Dissolution,) the Athenians sent Demades (who was looked upon as one 
P. 653.  that had managed Things with the Macedonians with a great deal of Honesty and Integrity) Ambassador to Antipater, to desire him to draw out the Garrison from Munichia, as it was at first Articled and Agreed. Antipater at the first was very kind to Demades; but after the Death of Perdiccas, when some Letters of Demades (amongst others) were found amongst the King's Papers, wherein he pressed Perdiccas to hasten with all speed into Europe against Antipater; though he suppressed his Resentment for a time, yet in 
Ant. Ch. 319.  truth he bore him a Grudge. Therefore when Demades had delivered his Message, (as he was Commanded,) and had something sharply debated the Matter concerning the Garrison; Antipater, without giving any Answer, committed his Son Demeas (who was joint Ambassador with his Father) to the 
* Our Sheriffs.  Executioners, who presently carried him away to the Prison, and for the Reason's beforementioned 
† Antipater put one of the Athenian Ambassadors to Death.  cut off his Head.  
Afterwards, Antipater, when he was very near his End, appointed Polysperchon, the Eldest almost of all Alexander's Captains, and one in great Honour and Reputation with the Macedonians, to be Protector of the Kings, with chief and absolute Authority. And his Son Cassander he created 
* 〈…〉 〈…〉 〈…〉 Polysperchon ma●● 〈◊〉 Comm 〈…〉  Chiliarch, next in Power and Authority to Polysperchon. This Office was first made a Place of Honour and Credit by the Persian Kings, and afterwards by Alexander, when he grew great, and began to imitate this and other the Customs of the Persians. But Cassander relished not his Father's ordering of Matters, and judged it very dishonourable to his Family to have one that was nothing related, either in Blood or Affinity, to succeed in the Sovereign Command, when there was a Son who in Macedonia gave apparent and pregnant Evidences, both of Valour and Parts, sufficient to Govern the Affairs of the State in the room of his Father.  
In the first place therefore he took a Journey into the Country with some of his Friends, 
Cassander c 〈…〉 to gain the Sovereign Command in Macedonia.  where having both leisure and opportunity, he discoursed with them about the Chief Command, and dealt with every one of them privately apart by themselves, to contrive Ways and Means for him to gain the Principality, and by large Promises prevailed with them to join together in their Assistance, for the accomplishment of what he desired. He likewise privately sent Ambassadors to Ptolemy, to renew the League, and pray his Assistance; and that he would to that purpose help him with Shipping out of Phoenicia, and 
Ant. Ch. 319.  send them with all speed to the Hellespont. In like manner he sent Ambassadors to the rest of the Cities and Captains, to solicit them to join with them in Arms. But the better to conceal his Design, and that he might not be suspected, he spent his time for many days together in Hunting.  
But Polyspherchon having gained the Guardianship of the Kings, called together a General Council of his Friends, and by their advice sent for Olympias, wishing that she would take into her Care Alexander's 
* Alexander, one of the King▪  Son, who was then but a Child, and reside for the future as Queen Regent in Macedonia: For by reason of the Quarrels and Heart-burnings between her and Antipater, she had withdrawn herself into Epirus.  
When the Death of Antipater was noised abroad in Asia, Stirs and Commotions began to change the face of Affairs there, while they that were in Power and Authority made it their Business, and sought every one how to advance his own particular Interest. The 
Antigonus piets to be Sovereign. P. 654.  chief of whom was Antigonus, who (upon the account of his having conquered Eumenes in Cappadocia, and was joined with his Forces, and Alcetas and Attalus in Pisidia, and besides was appointed by Antipater Viceroy of Asia, and had the Command of a great Army) bore himself very high, and swelled with Pride in the Imagination of his own Greatness. 
Ant. Ch. 319.  And being now possessed already (in his own Conceit) of the Sovereignty, he resolved neither to regard the Kings nor their Guardians: For in regard he had a greater Army, he was confident he could possess himself of all the Treasures laid up in Asia, being there was none able to oppose him. He had then in his Army Threescore thousand Foot, and Ten thousand Horse, and Thirty Elephants. And besides these, he doubted not but to raise more, whenever he had occasion; for that there was Money enough in Asia for the listing of Soldiers abroad in any place where he pleased.  
Pondering these things in his Head, he sent for Hieronymus the Historian, Eumenes the Cardian's special Friend and Fellow-Citizen (he who fled to Nora) and having brought him to him by many rich Gifts and Presents, he sent him as an Agent to Eumenes, with Instructions to desire him to forget the Battle in Cappadocia, and to be his Friend and Confederate in the War; and that he should have a far larger Province, and much more Wealth than ever he enjoyed before: And to let him know, That he should be Chiefest of his Friends, and share with him in the Advantages and Successes of all his Designs.  
Then without any further delay he called his Friends together, and imparted to them his whole Design; and to those who were of greatest account among them, to some he allotted Provinces, to others Commands in the Army; and by raising the Hopes and Expectations of every one of them, he made them all very forward to assist him in carrying on his Intrigues: For he determined to pass through all Asia, and to remove all the Governors 
Ant. Ch. 319.  of the Provinces, and bestow them upon his Friends.  
While he was in execution of these Projects, Arrideus the Governor of Phrygia 〈◊〉 the Hellespont, understanding what he was contriving, resolved to secure his own Province, 
Arrideus secures himself in Phrygia against Antigonus.  and to that end put sufficient Garrisons into the principal Cities, and marched against Cyzicum, being the greatest and most important City of all others for his purpose. He had with him above Ten thousand Foot of Mercenaries, a Thousand Macedonians. Five hundred Persian Darters and Slingers, and Eight hundred Horse, together with all sorts of Engines for Battery, both for shooting of Darts and casting of Stones, and all other things necessary for the carrying on of a Siege. He came upon the City on a sudden, and having surprised most of the People when they were abroad in the open fields, he pressed on the Siege, and endeavoured to force the Inhabitants (who were in a very great fright) to 
Cyzicum be 〈…〉 by Arrideus.  receive a Garrison. The Cyzians, though they were thus surprised, and that many were shut out that were in the Fields, and those that remained were altogether unable to defend the Place, looking upon it as their Duty to assert their Liberty, cowardly sent forth Ambassadors to treat concerning the raising of the Siege; and to let Arrideus know, That the City was ready to submit to any thing he thought fit, except the receiving of a Garrison: But in the mean time they secretly armed all their young Men, and Slaves, that were fit for Service, and so lined the Walls round with Men for the Defence of the Town. But Arrideus still pressing the matter for the receiving of a Garrison, the Ambassadors answered, 
Ant. Changed 319.  That they would acquaint the Citizens with his Demands; which he consented unto, and so discharged them: and being thus freed, they spent all that Day, and the Night next following, in Preparations for the holding out of the Siege. Being thus deluded, he lost the Opportunity of accomplishing what he designed: For the Cyzians, in regard the City was very strong, and well guarded on the Land side (for it was a Peninsula) and being 
P. 655.  Masters likewise at Sea, they easily repulsed the Enemy. Moreover, they sent to them of Byzantium for Soldiers, and Darts, and all other Things that were necessary and useful against an Assault. All which were speedily and readily sent to them; whereby their Hopes were so revived, that they were the more encouraged to stand it out to the utmost. They presently likewise put forth their Long Ships to Sea, and failed along the Coast, and took in those that were in the Fields, and brought them back to the City. Having therefore thus increased the number of their Soldiers (after the killing a great many of the Besiegers) they forced the Enemy to raise the Siege; whereupon Arrideus (cheated by this Stratagem of the Cyzians) after a fruitless attempt, returned into his own Province.  
In the mean time, Antigonus lying at Celena, was informed of the Siege at Cyzicum, and therefore resolved to lay an Obligation upon that City (than in danger to be ruined) to 
Antigonus goes to vaise the Siege at Cyzicum. Ant. Ch. 319.  favour him in his future Designs. To that end he detached out of his whole Army Twenty thousand of his best Foot, and Three thousand Horse, and with these marched away with all speed to the Aid of the Cyzians; but came thither a little too late: And so though he made a show of a great Kindness to the City, yet he was wholly frustrated in his Design. But he sent Ambassadors to Arrideus, to expostulate Matters with him; first, Why he dared to besiege a Greek Confederate City without any Provocation: Then, to charge him with open Rebellion, and with a Purpose to make himself absolute Lord and Sovereign of the Province. Lastly, To command him to departed out of the Province, and thenceforward to live a private Life, and content himself with one only City for his Subsistence.  
Arrideus hearing these Demands of the Ambassadors (and charging them with Insolency) told them he would not leave the Province; but that he would Garrison all his Cities, and was resolved to decide the matter with him by the Sword.  
In pursuance of what he had said (having every where fortified his Towns and Cities) he sent away a General with part of his Army, commanding him to join with Eumenes, and to free the Fort from the Siege, and Eumenes from the Straits and Difficulties wherein 
Eumenes got out of Nora, by Antigonus his Order. The Acts of Antigonus. Ant. Ch. 319.  he then was, and to persuade him to be his Confederate in the War.  
Antigonus, in the mean time, eager to be revenged on Arrideus, sent away some of his Forces against him; and he himself marched with a numerous Army towards Lydia, with a Purpose to depose Clitus the Lord-Lieutenant of that Province; who having before intelligence of his march, Garrisoned all his principal Cities, and he himself sailed over into Macedonia, to inform the Kings and Polysperchon of the Revolt and Impudence of Antigonus, and to crave their Aid and Assistance.  
Antigonus at his first approach had Ephesus delivered up to him by the Assistance of some in the City: Afterwards, when Aeschylus the Rhodian arrived at Ephesus with four Ships, wherein were Six hundred Talents of Silver sent out of Cilicia to the Kings in Macedonia, he seized upon the Money, alleging he had occasion to use it for the raising and listing Soldiers: By which Act he sufficiently declared to the World, That he was altogether designing his own Interest, and was an apparent Enemy to the Kings. After this, he besieged those Cities that stood out, some of which he took by Assault, and others he gained by fair Words and Promises.  
Having now related the Acts of Antigonus, we shall pass over to those Things that happened to Eumenes. This Man had the frequent Experience of sudden Turns and 
Eumenes his various Fortunes.  Changes of Fortune, being sometimes in low, and other times again (beyond all Expectation) in very prosperous Circumstances.  
In former times, when he assisted Perdiccas and the Kings, he gained the Province of Cappadocia, and those Places that as Members belonged to it, where he lived in the height of Prosperity, commanding both Men and Money at his Pleasure: For he conquered 
P. 656. Ant. Ch. 317.  Craterus and Neoptolemus, two famous Captains, who then Commanded the before-unconquered Troops of the Macedonians, and killed them both in the Fight: So that now he seemed to be invincible, when on a sudden his Fortune was so changed, that he was routed by Antigonus in a great Battle, and forced to fly with a few Friends to a very little Fort for shelter. Being then shut up, and hemmed in with a double Wall, he had no Friend left that could help him in his Distress; but after he had been cooped up a Year together, now utterly despairing of Deliverance, unexpectedly and on a sudden appeared an opportunity of Freedom from all his Troubles: For Antigonus, who a little before had straight besieged him, and earnestly sought to take away his Life (the Scene being changed) now seeks to him to be a Partner with him in his Concerns; and so (upon a mutual Stipulation upon Oath between them) he was freed from the Pressures and Hardships of the Siege. And thus after a long time being unexpectedly delivered, he continued a while in Cappadocia, where he again got together his old Friends, and his former Fellow-Soldiers that were dispersed and scattered up and down in the Country; and was so wonderfully beloved, that many of his Associates and Companions in the same Hopes and Expectations, presently flocked to him, ready to join in Arms, and be observent to all his Commands. To conclude, within a very few days he had got together above Two thousand Soldiers, who cheerfully listed themselves, besides those five hundred Friends, who endured the Siege with him in the Fort: And, by the Assistance of Fortune, he was at length raised to that height, that he gained the King's Forces, and defended the Interest of the Kings against all that dared to deprive them of their Sovereign Authority. But we shall give a more exact account of these Matters shortly hereafter, in their proper time and place. And so having now in short related the Affairs of Asia, we shall pass to Things done in Europe.  
Cassander, though he was excluded from the Chief Command of Macedonia, yet was 
Cassander projects.  not at all discouraged, but resolved to gain it; for he looked upon it as a base and dishonourable thing, that the Sovereign Authority enjoyed by his Father, should now be managed by others. But discerning that the Macedonians favoured Polysphercon, he privately discoursed with some of his Friends, and then sent them (that nothing might be suspected) to the Hellespont: He himself in the mean time continuing for some days together in the Country, and spending his time in Hunting, made every one believe that he had no Thoughts or Designs of aspiring to the Sovereign Command. But when he got all things ready for his Journey, he secretly slipped out of Macedonia, and made to the Chersonesus, and thence forward to the Hellespont; where passing over, he went to Antigonus in Asia, craving his Assistance, and told him that Ptolemy would join with him. Antigonus readily embraced the Offer, and made him large Promises of Assistance, and engaged forthwith to supply him with Forces both for Land and Sea-Service. But all this was nothing but Dissimulation, pretending as if he joined with him upon the account of the Love and Kindness he always bore towards Antipater; whereas in truth he designed to divert Polysperchon with fierce and bloody Wars, to the end he might with more ease subdue Asia in the mean time; and so without any hazard, gain the Sovereign Command of all at last.  
While these things were in acting, Polysperchon, the King's Protector, having a prospect 
A Council called by Polysperchon.  of a great War he was like to have with Cassander (and conceiving that it was not fit to undertake any thing, without consulting first with his Friends) assembled all his Captains, and all those that were of Chief Authority among the Macedonians. And forasmuch as it was apparent, that Cassander was strengthened with the Forces of Antigonus, to gain all the Cities of Greece; and that some of them were Garrisoned with his Father's Forces, and others were governed by an Oligarchy, influenced chief by the Friends and Favourites 
P. 657.  of Antipater: And besides all this, that Ptolemy, who had the Power in Egypt, and Antigonus, who had openly and apparently deserted the Kings, were Confederates with Cassander; and that both were richly stored with Men and Money, and had the Command of many Potent Cities and Provinces: For these Reasons he appointed a Consultation to consider how the War should be managed against them. After the matter was banded to and fro with variety of Opinions, it was at length resolved that the Cities of Greece should be restored to their Liberties, and the Oligarchy every where abolished: For by this means they conceived they should weaken the Interest of Cassander; and much advance their own Reputation, and gain strong and powerful Confederates. Hereupon they that were present, forthwith sent to the Ambassadors of the Cities; and wishing them to be Courageous, promised to restore them to their several Democracies; and delivered to the Ambassadors the Decree in Writing, that every one of them (when they returned into their Countries) might the better inform the People of the Kindness of the Kings and Captains to the Grecians. The Decree was in this form:  
SInce it has ever been the Practice of our Ancestors, to express their Acts of Grace in the many 
The Decree made in the Council in Macedonia on the 〈◊〉 of the Grecian C 〈…〉.  Instances of their Bounty towards the Grecians, Ourselves are likewise desirous to preserve and keep on foot what they determined; and are willing to evidence to the World the Kindness and goodwill we shall ever be careful to preserve towards the Greeks: And whereas it's well known that even in the Life-time of Alexander, and before the Kingdom devolved upon Us, we were of Opinion, That all aught to be restored to that Peace and Form of Government which was ordered and appointed by our Father Philip, and writ to all the Cities at that time concerning that Affair: Yet afterwards it so fell out, that some unadvisedly, when we were far remote from Greece, made War upon the Macedonians; which unruly Persons being suppressed and subdued, by the Help and Conduct of our Captains, many Cities were thereby involved in great Troubles, and brought under the Smart and Sense of many Inconveniencies: Impute therefore the Cause of all those Sufferings (as justly you may) to those Commanders. But now in Reverence and due Regard to that ancient Constitution, we grant to you our Peace, and the same Kind's of Government which you enjoyed under Philip and Alexander, and full Power and Authority to manage all other things, according to the several Rules and Orders by them prescribed. We likewise recall all them who have either voluntarily withdrawn themselves, or have been forced away by the Command of our Captains, from the time that Alexander first landed in Asia. It is likewise our Pleasure, That all those thus recalled by us, enjoy their Estates without quarrelling or remembrance of former Injuries, and that they be restored to the Franchises and Liberties of their several Cities; and whatever Decree is made against them, let it be abrogated, except such as are banished, by due course of Law, for Murder or Sacrilege. But we do not hereby intent to recall the Exiles of Megalopolis, nor Polyenerus, who are condemned for Treason; nor the Amphisseans, nor the Tricceans, nor the Pharcadonians, nor the Heracleots. But as for all others, let them return before the 30th Day of the Month 
* April.  Xanthicus. But if there be any Laws or Orders made by Philip or Alexander against them, let them be brought to us, that such course may be taken therein, as may be most for the Service and Adunatage of us and of the Cities. Let the Athenians enjoy all other things as they did in the time of Philip and Alexander; and the Oropians hold Oropus as now they do. Yet we restore Samos to the Athenians, because our Father Philip before gave it to them. Let all the Grecians make a Law, That none take up Arms or act any thing against us; otherwise, That such be banished, and forfeit all their Goods. And we have ordered that Polysperchon shall manage these and all other Matters: And let all be observant to him, in what we have before written to you; for those that do contrary to what we have prescribed, we shall not in the least pardon. 
P. 658.   
This Decree being transmitted to all the Cities, Polysperchon writ to Argos, and the rest of their Cities, commanding them, That all that were in any Command in the Commonwealth under Antipater, should be forthwith banished; and that some should be put to death, and their Estates confiscated; that being reduced to extremity, they might be in no capacity to assist Cassander. He sent Letters likewise to Olympias, Alexander's Mother, who was then in Epirus for fear of Cassander, to entreat her to return with all speed into 
Polysperchon invites Olympias into Macedonia. Writes to Eumenes to join with the Kings.  Macedonia, and take care and charge of Alexander's little Son, till he was of age, and capable to take upon him the sole Management of Affairs. He writ moreover to Eumenes, that he would stick to the Interest of the Kings, and not League by any means with Antigonus; but make his choice, either to come over into Macedonia, in order to join with him in the Protectorship of the Kings, or abide in Asia, and to receive both Men and Money from them to make War upon Antigonus, who had now openly declared himself a Rebel against the Kings, who would be sure to restore him the Province which Antigonus had forced from him, and likewise all other Privileges and Advantages which he ever at any time before enjoyed in Asia. And besides, he alleged, that it became Eumenes above all other Men to protect the Royal Family, as consonant to all those Demonstrations of his Loyalty, in his late appearances on the behalf of the Kings; and if he stood in need of Forces, he himself, together with the Kings, would come over into Asia with the whole Army. These were the Transactions of this Year.   

CHAP. V.  
Polysperchon courts Eumenes to assist the Kings. Eumenes his Prudence amongst the Macedonian Captains. Ptolemy sends to the Captains and others not to assist Eumenes. Antigonus contrives to kill Eumenes; who marches into Phoenicia. Nicanor deceives the Athenians, and still keeps Munychia, and subtly gets the Pyreum. Ordered by Olympias to deliver the Pyreum and Munychia to the Athenians; but he shifts it off. Alexander, Son of Polysperchon, enters Attica; secretly corresponds with Nicanor, and displeases the Athenians. Photion ' s hard Usage at his Trial in Athens, is condemned, and executed. Cassander arrives at the Pyreum. Polysperchon comes against him, but returns. Besieges Megalopolis, but is there much damnifyed, his Elephants spoiled by a Stratagem. A Sea-Fight between Clitus and Nicanor. Nicanor beaten. Clitus afterwards routed by Nicanor, is killed in his Flight to Macedonia. Antigonus goes after Eumenes. Eumenes near losing his Army by the Breach of a Dyke in Babylonia. The Greek Cities revolt to Cassander. The Athenians make Peace with him. He kills Nicanor.  
ARchippus being chief Magistrate of Athens, and Quintus Aelius and Lucius. Papirius 
Olymp. 115. 1. Ant. Ch. 318.  Roman Consuls, the Letters from Polysperchon were delivered to Eumenes presently after his Release out of the Fort; in which were contained, besides what was before declared, That the Kings had bestowed of their Bounty upon him, Five hundred Talents to repair his Losses he had lately sustained, and had sent Letters to the Governors and Treasurers of Cilicia to pay to him the said Five hundred Talents, and what other moneys he 
Polysperchon sends to Eumenes to join with the Kings.  should have occasion for, either for raising of Soldiers, or any other necessary Uses. And that they had ordered a Thousand Macedonian 
* Soldiers so called from their Silver Shields.  Argyraspides, with their Officers, to be observant to him, and readily and cheerfully to serve him upon all Occasions, as he that was appointed General with full and absolute Power and Authority over all Asia. There came likewise Letters to him from Olympias, by which she earnestly entreated him to be Assistant both to her and the Kings; for that he only remained the most Faithful of all the Friends they had, who was able to relieve the desolate State and Condition of the King's Family. She likewise desired him to advise her, Whether it was better for her to remain still in Epirus, (and not trust him who claimed the Guardianship of the Kings, but in truth sought the Kingdom,) or to return? Hereupon Eumenes forthwith writ to her back again, That he conceived it most Advisable for her at the present to continue in Epirus till the War was ended: That he himself was resolved to be ever Faithful and Constant in his Love and Duty towards the Kings, and not in the least to adhere to Antigonus, who was aspiring to gain the Kingdom: And because Alexander ' s Son, by reason of the Tenderness of his Age, and the Covetousness of the Captains, stood in need of Help, he looked upon it as his Duty to expose himself to the utmost Hazards for the Preservation of the Kings. Hereupon he forthwith 
Ant. Changed 318.  commanded all his Soldiers to decamp, and so marched out of Cappadocia, having with him about Five hundred Horse, and above Two Thousand Foot: For he had no Time to 
P. 659.  wait upon the slow March of them, who had promised to join with him; because a great Army of Antigonus (under the Command of 
* Leander.  Menander) was near at hand, and it was now no staying for him in Cappadocia, being a declared Enemy of Antigonus: But though this Army came three Days too late, (and so lost their Opportunity,) yet they resolved to pursue the Troops with Eumenes; but not being able to reach him, they returned into Cappadocia. For Eumenes making long Marches, presently recovered Mount Taurus, and so got into Cilicia: Here Antigenes and Tautamus, the Captains of the 
* Argyraspides. Silver Shields, or Silver Targateers.  Argyraspides, with their Friends, (in Obedience to the King's Letters,) met Eumenes, after a long and tedious March, and joyfully Congratulated him for his unexpected Deliverance out of his great Troubles, promising to be ready on all Occasions at his Command. There met him likewise about Three thousand Argyraspides out of Macedonia, with great Demonstrations of Love and Affection. This sudden and almost incredible Change was the Subject of every Body's Admiration; when they considered how the Kings and Macedonians (a little before) had condemned Eumenes and all his Fellows to Die, and now having forgot that Sentence denounced against him, not only pardoned him, but promoted him to the highest Place of Command in the whole Kingdom. And it was not without just Cause, that they who considered the wonderful Changes that attended Eumenes should be 
Ant. Ch. 318.  taus' affected: For who that does but observe the different Accidents in the course of Man's Life, would not be amazed at the various Turns and Changes of Fortune to and fro, first on one side, then on another? Or who, trusting in the present Supports of a prosperous Fortune, would upon that account be so far transported, as to forget the Infirmity of Human Nature? For every Man's Life (as dispesed and ordered by the Providence of some one of the Gods) has been chequered (as it were) with the reciprocal Turns of Good and Evil in all Ages of the World. So that it is a Wonder, that not only what is strange and unaccountable, but that even every thing that falls out should be surprising and unexpected. Therefore who can sufficiently value History? For by the variety and change of Affairs, (there represented,) a Check is given to the Pride of the Fortunate, and allays the Grief and Misery of the Unprosperous. Which Things Eumenes then wisely considering, and weighing beforehand the Instability of Fortune, he managed his Affairs with the more Caution and Prudence. For thinking with himself that he was but a 
* Of Cardia in the Chersonese of Thrace. Eumenes his prudent Deportment. Ant. Ch. 318.  Stranger, and had no Right to Kingly Power and Authority, and that the Macedonians (who were now under his Command) not long before judged him to Die; and that the Commanders and Captains were all inflamed with the Heat of ambitious Designs, he conceived that in a short time he should be despised and envied, and at length be brought into danger of his Life. For none are willing to submit to the Commands of those that they look upon to be their Inferiors, nor be Lorded over by them, who ought rather to be under the Commands of others themselves. Seriously therefore pondering these Things with himself, in the first place he refused to accept of his Five hundred Talents ordered him by the King's Letters for the Repair of his former Losses, and Refitting of himself with Necessaries: For he said, He needed not so large a Sum, seeing he pretended to no Principality there; and that which he now enjoyed was not of his own Choice, but was forced by the Kings to undertake the present Service. To conclude, he said, That by reason of the continual Fatigues of War he was so worn out, that he was not able to endure those Hardships, and run from Place to Place, any longer, especially being that a Stranger had no Right to Command; and by Law was excluded from the Authority due to be executed by such as were of the same Nation with the Macedonians: For he said, There was represented to him a wonderful Apparition in his Dream, which he judged very necessary to discover to them all, for that it might (as he conceived) conduce much to the promoting of Peace and Concord, and the Public Good. He declared, That in his Sleep Alexander, the late King, seemed to appear to 
P. 660.  him (as he was when living) adorned in his Royal Robes, and sitting on his Throne giving out Orders to his Captains, and (as in his Health) disposing and managing all the Affairs and Concerns of the Kingdom. Therefore (says he) I am of Opinion, That a Throne of Gold should be made at the Charge of the King's Treasury, in which should be placed the Diadem, Sceptre and Crown, and all the other Ensigns of Royalty; and that at spring of Day all his Captains should offer to him Sacrifices; and standing together 
Ant. Ch. 318.  near the Throne, should receive Commands in the King's Name, as if he were alive at the Helm of the Government. All were very well pleased with what he said; and thereupon every thing was presently prepared for the purpose, for the King's Treasury was very rich; and that stately Work was forthwith finished, and the Throne was set up; whereon were placed the Diadem, Sceptre, and the Arms he used to wear. Then was placed an Altar with Fire upon it, upon which all the Captains one after another cast Frankincense, (taken out of a Golden Casket,) and other costly sweet Odours, and adored Alexander as a God. After this were ordered a great number of Seats, upon which the Captains and great Commanders sat together, and there consulted and debated all the weighty and important Affairs. Eumenes in the mean time carrying himself with an equal Respect and Deference in all public Meetings towards all the Captains, and suppling them with fair and courteous Language, not only avoided the Strokes of Envy, but thereby gained all their Hearts. By the same Artifice (through the Prevalency of Superstition relating to the King) he so elevated the Hopes and Expectations of the whole Army, as if some God were to be their General. In like manner he behaved himself towards the Argyraspides, and thereby so gained their Favour, that they counted him highly worthy to be the Protector of the Kings.  
Then he picked out the fittest Persons from among his Friends, and furnished them 
Ant. Ch. 318.  with great Sums of Money, and employed them to hire Soldiers up and down upon large Pay. Whereupon some of them forthwith went into Pisidia and Lycia, and the bordering Countries, and diligently put in execution what they were commanded. Others went into Cilicia, and some into Coelo-Syria and Phoenicia, and others sailed to the Cities in Cyprus. This Listing of Soldiers being noised abroad, and reported what large Pay was offered, many came flocking in from the Cities of Greece, and enroled their Names for this Service; so that in a short time they had raised above Ten thousand Foot, and Two thousand Horse, besides the Argyraspides, and those who came along with him.  
The Forces of Eumenes being thus on a sudden increased to an incredible Number, 
Ptolemy sends to the Captains not to assist Eumenes.  Ptolemy arrived with the Fleet at Zaphyrium in Cilicia, and sent away some Commanders to solicit the Argyraspides not to side with Eumenes, whom all the Macedonians had condemned to die. He sent likewise to the Governors of the Garrison in 
* Where the King's Exchequer for Asia was kept. Strabo, l. 14. 72.  Quindi, desiring them not to help Eumenes with any Money, and he would bear them out: But no Man regarded what he said, because the Kings and their Protector Polysperchon, and Olympias the Mother of Alexander, had written to them to be obedient in all things to Eumenes as to the Commander in Chief, and General of the Kingdom.  
But of all others, Antigonus was most displeased and uneasy at the Growth and Advancement of Eumenes; for he looked upon him as the most powerful Enemy he had set up 
Antigonus contrives to kill Eumenes.  against him by Polysperchon, because he had deserted the Kings: Therefore he resolved by some Stratagem to cut him off; to which end he employed one of his Friends, Philotas, and delivered to him Letters to the Argyraspides, and the rest of the Macedonians, (that 
P. 661.  sided with Eumenes,) and sent along with him Thirty Macedonians (who were crafty and fairspoken Men) with Orders to deal with Antigenes and Tautamus, the Captains of the Argyraspides, privately and apart by themselves, to destroy Eumenes, promising them great Rewards, and larger Provinces; and that they should likewise apply themselves to their Fellow-Citizens and Acquaintance amongst the Argyraspides, and by Bribes draw them to cut off Eumenes: But they were not able to prevail with any, except Tautamus, one of the Captains of the Argyraspides, who being corrupted by Bribes, promised not only for himself, but undertook to draw over his Colleague Antigenes to this foul Design: But Antigenes being a prudent and faithful Man, not only refused, but prevailed with him that was before corrupted to alter his Purpose: For he told him, That it was more expedient that Eumenes should live than Antigonus; for he being already grown Great, when he became more Powerful would thrust them all out of their Governments, and give to them which of his Friends he pleased: But as for Eumenes, being but a Stranger, he durst not attempt to gain the Sovereign Authority, but would be content with his present Command, and to gain their Favour, would secure to them their Provinces, and perhaps add more to them. And in this manner were all the Projects against Eumenes frustrated and brought to nought. In the mean time Philotas delivering a Letter of Antigonus to the Commanders, writ to all the Captains and Soldiers in general; the Argyraspides and other Macedonians got together by themselves unknown to Eumenes, and commanded it to be read openly to them: In which were Accusations against Eumenes, and Advice to the Macedonians forthwith to seize upon him and put him to Death, and if they did not, that he would come presently and fall upon them with his whole Army, and do exemplary Justice on them for their Disobedience. Upon the hearing the Contents of these Letters, the Macedonians and their Captains were greatly terrified: For one of these two was unavoidable, either to fall under the revengeful Displeasure of Antigonus by adhering to the Kings, or to be punished by Polysperchon and the Kings for observing the Commands of Antigonus. While all the Soldiers were in these distracted Thoughts, Eumenes comes in amongst them, and hearing the Letters read, advised them to obey the Orders of the Kings, and not to give any regard to an open declared Rebel; and having spoken many things pertinent to the present Occasion, he not only avoided the present imminent Danger, but inclined all the Soldiers to him in a firmer Bond of Duty and Affection than ever they were before. And thus this Man, who was again on a sudden even involved in insuperable Dangers, yet was so wonderfully Fortunate, as thereby to strengthen himself the more. Ordering therefore his Army to march, he made for Phoenicia, and endeavoured 
Eumenes marches into Phoenicia.  to get Shipping from all Sea-Towns along as he went, in order to make up a strong Navy, that by having a Fleet in Phoenicia, he might be Master of the Sea, and have what Forces he pleased, and be able to transport Polysperchon at any time with safety out of Macedonia into Asia against Antigonus. To this purpose there he continued in Phoenicia.  
While these Things were acting, Nicanor (who held Munychia) hearing that Cassander 
Nicanor deceives the Athenians, still keeps Munychia.  had left Macedonia, and was gone to Antigonus, and that Polysperchon was suddenly expected with an Army in Attica, earnestly solicited the Athenians to stand firm in their Affections to Cassander. But when none would consent to what was desired, but all were rather for the Garrison to march away with all speed; at first he over-persuaded the People with fair Words to forbear a few days, and that he would afterwards do what should be most for the Good of the City. But after the Athenians had been quiet for some days, 
P. 662.  secretly in the Night he brought Soldiers by little and little into Munychia, so that now he had got in strength sufficient to defend the place, and to oppose those that designed a Siege.  
Hereupon the Athenians perceiving Nicanor meant nothing in what he did, for the advantage 
Ant. Ch. 318.  and safety of the City, they sent a Messenger to the King and Polysperchon, desiring their assistance according to the Purport of their Letters, whereby they restored the Grecians to their Liberties: Then they had frequent Assemblies and Consultations among themselves, how to manage the War against Nicanor: And while they were busying their Heads about these Affairs, he drew out many of his Mercenaries secretly in the 
Nicanor gets Possession of the Pyreum by Subtilty.  Night, possessed himself of the Walls of the Pireum, and the Mouth of the Harbour. The Athenians hereupon, were vexed to the Heart, to see how they were gulled and cheated as to Munychia, and had carelessly lost the Pireum. They sent therefore some of the greatest Persons of Quality, and such who were Nicanor's special Friends (that is to say) Photion the Son of Phocus, Conon the Son of Timotheus, and Clearchus the Son of Nausicles, as Agents to Nicanor, to debate the late transactions they had with him, and requiring him to permit them to enjoy their Laws and Liberties, according to the late Edict in that behalf. To whom he answered, That they must go to Cassander, for he had his Commission to be Governor of the Garrison from him, and had no power to treat of himself.  
About this time came a Letter from Olympias to Nicanor, commanding him to deliver 
Olympias by Letters orders Nicanor to redeliver the Pyreum to the Athenians, and Munychia, but he puts it off. Ant. Ch. 318  Munychia and the Pyreum to the Athenians: He understanding that the Kings and Polysperchon had recalled Olympias into Macedonia, and committed the young Son of Alexander to her Care and Tuition; and had restored her to her former Royal State and Dignity, (the same that she enjoyed when Alexander was living) merely out of fear promised to redeliver them, but always contrived some colourable excuse or another, and so protracted the Business. The Athenians in former times had ever a great esteem for Olympias, and now purposing (in the Reality of their Affections) to celebrate those public Honours which were decreed to her, (and hoping that the Liberties of the City would be by her perfectly restored to them, and put out of the reach of all future danger) were very jocund and exceedingly pleased.  
In the mean time the Promises of Nicanor not being performed, Alexander, the Son of Polysperchon, came with an Army into Attica: The Athenians indeed thought that he came 
Alexander, the Son of Polysperchon, comes with an Army into Attica.  to restore to them Munychia and the Pyreum; but the Event proved the contrary, for he seized upon both for the Service of the War: For some who had been Antipater's Friends, (and among them Phocius) fearing some Punishment from the Laws, met Alexander, and advising him what to do, persuaded him to retain the Forts in his own Hands, and not restore them to the Athenians till the War was ended with Cassander: Hereupon, Alexander Encamped at the Pyreum, and would not permit the Athenians to treat with Nicanor; but by his separate Treatise with him, and secret and private Transactions of Affairs between 
Consults privately with Nicanor, and displeases the Athenians.  them, he gave manifest Indications of the Injury designed the Athenians. The People therefore met together in a Common Assembly, and Deposed the present Magistrates; and set up such as most favoured the Democracy, and condemned them that were of the Oligarchy; Some to Death, and others to Banishment and Confiscation of Goods: Amongst whom Phocton was one who had the Chief Command in the time of Antipater.  
These being all forced out of the City, fled to Alexander the Son of Polysperchon, and endeavoured to engage his help for their Preservation: Alexander kindly received them, 
Ant. Ch. 318. Photion condemned at Athens. P. 663.  and writ on their behalf to his Father, to protect Photion and his Friends, as those that favoured his Interest, and engaged readily to afford their assistance in all his Concerns: The Athenians likewise sent an Embassy to Polysperchon to accuse Photion, and to solicit for the restitution of Munychia, and restoring them to their ancient Laws and Liberties. Polysperchon indeed had a very great desire to retain the Pircum, because that Port might be of weighty concern and importance in the carrying of the War, but was ashamed to act contrary to the Edict divulged by himself; and fearing lest the Grecians should desert him, if he dealt so basely with that City, which was the Metropolis, he changed his Mind: Having therefore heard the Ambassadors, he courteously dismissed those from the Athenians with a Gracious Answer; but seized upon Photion and all his Followers, and sent 
Ant. Ch. 3●8.  them bound to Athens, granting Power to the People, either to Pardon them, or put them to death: Whereupon a General Assembly being called in Athens, Judgement of Death was resolved upon Photion and the rest that were accused: This was carried on by those who had been banished under Antipater, and others that favoured not that Government, both these strongly urged to have them put to death.  
The sum of the Accusation was this; That after the Lamian War they endeavoured for 
Phocion's hard usage at his Trial in Athens.  the most part to Enslave their Country, and to abolish the Democracy, and the Ancient Laws: Time being allotted to the Accused to plead their Cause, Photion began to speak for himself; but the People tumultuously cried out against all that he said, and rejected his Defence, so that the Accused knew not what Course to take: When the Tumult ceased, Photion began again to speak, whereupon the whole Multitude set up a shout on purpose, that what he said should not be heard: For the Common People (being not long before excluded from having any share in the Administration of the Government, and now newly restored beyond all expectation to their Right) bore an inveterate Hatred against those who deprived the Citizens of their Laws and Liberties.  
While Photion was thus overborne, and even in a desperate Condition struggling to preserve his Life; those that were next to him, understood the Justice and Equity of his Cause; but those at a distance could hear nothing for the Noise and Clamour that was made by the tumultuous Rabble, but only discerned the various trembling motions of his Body, through the inevitable danger that seemed to threaten him. At length Photion in despair of his own Life, cried out aloud, desiring them to condemn him to Die, but to spare the rest.  
But the Common People being Fierce and Inexorable; some of Phocion's Friends stood 
Ant. Ch. 318.  up to make his Defence. Hereupon the People were quiet for a while, and heard what they said at first; but when they proceeded so far as to press Arguments for the clearing of his Innocency, they were cast out with tumultuous and contradicting Clamours: At length being all condemned by the unanimous Voice of the People: they were carried away to the Gaol there to be executed, and were followed by many Honest and Sober Men, who bewailed their Condition, and the greatness of their Misery: For upon serious Consideration of the inconstancy of every Man's Fortune, it affrighted many to see that Magistrates and Persons of eminent Quality, and Men that had showed many acts of kindness in the course of their Lives, should neither have Liberty to plead for themselves, nor otherways enjoy the Benefit of Law. But many of the Rabble being incensed against Photion unmercifully, even rend his Heart in pieces with Scoffs and Scorns, and bitterly upbraided him with the Misery of his present Condition. For Hatred smothered towards Men while in Prosperity, when it breaks forth with Anger against them in time of their Adversity, becomes altogether Savage and Implacable. Being therefore all put to 
Photion and others put to Death. Ant. Ch. 318.  Death (according to the Custom of the Country) by drinking a Potion of Hemlock, all their Bodies were cast forth unburied, out of the Bounds and Limits of Attica: And this was the end of Photion, with others that suffered with him in the same Calamity.  
After this, Cassander having got Five and thirty long Ships, and Four thousand Men, 
P. 664. Cassander arrives at Athens. Polysperchon comes against him.  Sailed into the Pireum, and being received by Nicanor, Governor of the Fort, possessed himself of the Pireum and the Harbour: But Munychia Nicanor kept himself, with a Force sufficient to defend the Place. At this time Polysperchon and the Kings lay in Phocis; where being informed of Cassander's being landed at the Pireum, Polysperchon marched into Attica, and Encamped near the Pireum: He had with him Twenty thousand Macedonian Foot, and Four thousand Confederates, a Thousand Horse, and Sixty five Elephants; he resolved therefore to besiege Cassander: But because Provision was scant, and the Siege was likely to be long and tedious, he was forced to leave so many of the Soldiers in Attica as the Country was able to maintain, under the Command of Alexander, and he himself marched into Peloponnesus with the greater part of the Army, to reduce the Megalopolitans to the Obedience of the Kings; for they being for an Oligarchy sided with Cassander. While Polysperchon was busied in these Affairs, Cassander sailed with his Fleet to the Aegeans, and brought them in to join with him; but the Salaminians (who were disaffected) he closely besieged, and being well furnished both with Men and Arms, he assaulted them several days together, and reduced them to very great Extremities: But when the City was near being taken by Storm, Polysperchon sent a considerable Force both by Sea and Land to attack the Besiegers; at whose approach Cassander being affrighted, he raised the Siege, and sailed back to Pireum. Then Polysperchon passed over to Peloponnesus, to settle Matters there for the Service and Advantage of the Kings. Coming there he 
Ant. Ch. 318.  called a Senate, and spoke to them concerning their joining with him as Confederates in the War; he sent likewise Commissioners to the Cities, with Orders to put to Death them that were created Magistrates in the Oligarchy by Antipater, and to restore the People to their ancient Laws.  
Many obeyed the Order, so that while Slaughters and Banishments filled the Cities, they that favoured Antipater's Party were ruined and destroyed; and the Democratital Governments being restored to their ancient Laws, all joined with Polysperchon: The Megalopolitans only kept close to Cassander, therefore he determined to besiege their City. The Megalopolitans hearing what was designed by Polysperchon, ordered by a public Decree tobring 
Polysperchon besieged Megalopolis, but was bassed with great loss.  in every thing into the Town that was in the Fields: Then taking an account of their strength they found that in ancient Citizens, Strangers and Servants, they were in number Fifteen thousand who were able to bear Arms; They forthwith therefore formed some into Regiments; others they appointed to work in the Fortifications; and to some were allotted the care and charge of Guarding of the Walls; so that at one and the same time, some were employed in drawing a deep Trench round the City, some carrying Earth out of the Fields, and others repairing and making up the Breaches in the Walls, others hammering of Arms, and others were busy in making of Darts and Artillery: So that the Dangers which threatened, and the forwardness of the Inhabitants put the whole City in action: For the Greatness of the King's Army, and the wonderful strength of the Elephants that attended them, was noised abroad in every place. And now all things were ready and prepared, when Polysperchon approached with his Army, and Encamped near 
Ant. Ch. 318.  the City, dividing his Forces into two Camps, one of Macedonians, and another of Confederates; and then brings to the Walls wooden Towers of that height as to overtop them; and upon the Tower's Men placed with all sorts of Weapons, and with these he drove them off, who were placed upon the Rampires. 
P. 665   
In the mean time, the Walls being Undermined, and the Props and Supporters set on fire, three of the largest Towers were overwhelmed and tumbled down, with the ruin of the like number of Turrets placed between them. This great and sudden Destruction caused the Macedonians to set up a shout, and the strangeness of the thing amazed the Besieged: And now the Macedonians rush through the Breach into the City, and the Megalopolitans before in parties, now all together (having the advantage of the Difficulty of the Place occasioned by the Rubbish) made up to one part, and bravely bore the Brunt of the Enemies attack, and beat them off: Then they cast up another Work of Earth to guard the Breach; and working Night and Day without any intermission, raised another Wall between them and the Enemy; which was presently completed; for being they were furnished with every thing that was necessary, and had many Hands at work, the Megalopolitans quickly repaired the damage sustained. As for those that assaulted them from their Wooden Towers, they plied them with their Engines of Artillery, and with Darts and Stones out of Bows and Slings, galled and wounded many of their Enemies. After many were killed and wounded on both sides, till Night approaching, Polysperchon sounded a Retreat, and drew off his Men into the Camp.  
The next day he removed the Rubbish before the Breach, to make way and passage for the Elephants, for he thought by the strength of these Creatures to break through into 
Ant. Ch. 318.  the City: But the Megalopolitans by the help and conduct of Damides (who in the Wars under Alexander, experimentally knew the Nature and Use of the Elephants) altogether baffled the Enemy: For he making use of his own Reason and Industry against the Beasts Strength and Violence, made their strong Bodies Useless and Unserviceable; for in a 
Damides spoils the Elephants of Polysperchon at Megalopolis, by a Stratagem.  great number of Planks he drove sharp Spikes, and then strewed them here and there in deep Trenches covered with Earth, so as that the Points of the Spikes might not be seen, and thus over these he left the Passage into the City: But he suffered none of the Soldiers to stand in the Front, but placed a great number of Darters and Archers, and Engines of Artillery in the Flank.  
Polysperchon therefore having cleared the Place, and now approaching with the throng of his Elephants, an unexpected misfortune befell them: For none appearing in Front to oppose them, the Indians pressed them forward to make their way into the City, who by the great weight of their Bodies pressed down upon the Spikes, so that their Feet being wounded, and even pierced through, they were so foundered, that they were neither able to go forward, or return back: And besides, showers of all sorts of Darts and Arrows being poured upon them from the Flankers, some of the Indians were killed, and others so wounded, that they were not able to do any further service.  
In the mean time, the Elephants (through the multitude of Darts, and the strange and unusual Wounds by the Spikes) were so cruelly tormented, that they forced back 
Ant. Ch. 318.  through their own Men, and trod down many under foot: At length the strongest and most formidable amongst them fell down, others became altogether Unserviceable, and some killed many of their own Men.  
Upon this Success the Megalopolitans were greatly encouraged; but Polysperchon wished he had never undertaken the Siege; and because he could stay no longer there, he left part of the Army to carry it on, and betook himself to matters of more necessary consequence. Then he sent away Clitus the Admiral with the Fleet, Commanding him to 
P. 666.  lie upon the Coasts of the Hellespont, to stop the Passage of the Forces out of Asia into Europe, and to join with Arrhideus, who had fled to the City of the Ganians, being Enemy to Antigonus. After he had passed over the Hellespont, and taken in the Cities of the Propontis, he strengthened his Army with the Forces of Arrhideus. Nicanor the Governor of Munychia, on the other side, being sent away with the whole Fleet by Cassander, sailed to those Parts where Clitus lay: He joined likewise with the Navy of Antigonus, so that he had a Fleet of above a Hundred Sail.  
Hereupon there was a Fight at Sea near 
* Now Constantinople. Ant. Ch. 318.  Byzantium, wherein Clitus was Conqueror, 
A Sea-fight between Clitus and Nicanor. Clitus Victor.  and sunk Seventeen of the Enemy's Ships, and took no fewer than Forty, together with all their Men. The rest got into the Haven of Chalcedon. Clitus being thus successful, supposed the Enemy by reason of this great loss durst never engage more at Sea.  
But Antigonus having intelligence of this Defeat of the Fleet, by his Industry and admirable Conduct, presently repaired it: For having sent for several Transport Ships in the Night from the Byzantians, on these he put on board Darters, Slingers, and other light-armed Men, sufficient for the present design, and in the Night transported them to the other side; who before Day setting upon the Enemy at Land (who had left their Ships and were there Encamped) put Clitus and his Men into great Terror and Confusion; who in that sudden Fear and Amazement leaped into their Vessels; so that through the cumber of their Luggage, and multitude of Prisoners, the Tumult and Disorder exceeded.  
In the mean time, Antigonus had fitted out some 
* Men of War.  Long Ships, and Manned them with many of his stoutest Foot Soldiers, and bid them boldly attack the Enemy, for they were sure to be Conquerors. Hereupon they came up with Nicanor in the Night, and about 
Another Sea-fight between Clitus and Nicanor. Clitus totally reuted. Ant. Ch. 318. Clitus slain by Lysimachus his Soldiers.  break of Day fell in suddenly upon the Enemy still in confusion, and presently upon the very first Charge put them to flight; some of the Enemy's Ships they broke in pieces with the Beaks of their own, and brushed off the Oars of divers; some they gained without fight; being delivered up by the Men themselves that were on board. At length all the rest (except the Admiral's Ship) fell into their Hands. Clitus forsook his Ship and got ashore, and designed to have preserved himself by getting into Macedonia; but in his way falling amongst some of Lysimachus his Soldiers, he was slain.  
Antigonus his Reputation for Skill and Prudence in the management of Martial Affairs, was much advanced by this remarkable Victory. Hereupon he was very earnest and intent 
Antigonus goes after Eumenes.  to be Master at Sea, and (without the least doubt of the matter) to gain the Sovereignty of Asia. To this end he picked out of his whole Army, Twenty thousand Foot, and Four thousand Horse, that were the briskest and most active Men, and marched towards Cilicia to break Eumenes before he grew too strong. But Eumenes understanding the hot Temper of Antigonus, marched away into Phoenicia to regain it for the Kings, then unjustly detained from them by Ptolemy: But not having an opportunity to do what he designed, he removed out of Phoenicia, and marched with his Army through Caelo-Syria, to get into the higher Provinces. Afterwards he lost some of his Men at the River Tigris, by an attack upon him in the Night by some of the Inhabitants. In the like manner he 
Eumenes near losing his whole Army by the Breach of a Dike in Babylonia. Ant. Ch. 318.  was fallen upon in the Province of Babylon, by Seleucus, near the River Euphrates, and was in great danger to have lost all his Army; where by the Breach of a Dyke his whole Camp was very near being overflowed and drowned. But setting his Wits at work he fled to a high Bank of Earth, and diverting the Water another way, preserved both himself and his Army.  
And so beyond his expectation he escaped Seleucus, and got into Persia with Fifteen 
P. 667.  thousand Foot, and 
* Three thousand in the Margin.  Thirteen hundred Horse. Having refreshed his Soldiers after all their Toils and Labours, he sent to the Governors and Captains of the higher Provinces to furnish him with more Men and Money. And in this State were the Affairs of Asia this Year.  
But as for Europe, after the Losses and Misfortunes of Polysperchon at Megalopolis, many of the Greek Cities revolted from the Kings to Cassander. And because the Athenians 
In Greece the Greek Cities revolted to Cassander.  could not get rid of the Garrison either by the help of Polysperchon or Olympias, one of the most eminent Citizens made bold to say in the public Assembly, That it was for the Interest of the City to close with Cassander. At the first there was a great Hurly-burly, some being for and others against what was said: But the advantage being more calmly debated and considered, by common consent it was at length decreed, That Peace should 
The Athenians make Peace with Cassander. Ant. Ch. 318.  be made with Cassander, upon such Conditions as could be obtained by their Ambassadors. In pursuance whereof, (after some Meetings) these were the Terms of Peace agreed upon, That the Athenians should quietly enjoy the City, the Territory and all the Profits, together with the Shipping and all other things, and should for the future be Friends, and Confederates with Cassander; but that Cassander should for the present hold Munichia till the War was ended with the Kings: And that the Commonwealth should pay a Tribute of Ten Minas; and that an Athenian should be constituted Protector and Guardian of the City, whom-ever Cassander pleased. Whereupon Demetrius the Phalerian was chosen; who being invested with the Office, kept the City in perfect Peace, and carried himself very obligingly towards all the Citizens.  
After this Nicanor brought his Fleet into the Pireum, adorned with the Beaks of Ships gained in the late Victory: Upon the account of which success he was at the first highly 
Cassander kills Nicanor.  honoured by Cassander, but afterwards perceiving that he grew Proud and Haughty, and still detained the Fort of Munichia with his own Soldiers, he had a jealousy of him that he intended to revolt, and therefore laid a Trap for him and cut him off. Then he marched into Macedonia, where many of the Inhabitants revolted to him; many likewise of the Greek Cities were inclined to join with 
* Greek, Antipater, but Erroneous. Many in Macedonia join with Cassander. Ant. Ch. 318.  Cassander. For Polysperchon seemed to be slothful and careless in managing the Affairs both of the Kingdom and the Allies. Cassander on the other hand, behaved himself with great Candour towards all, and approved himself industrious in the Management of Public Affairs, so that he gained many who countenanced him in his seeking to obtain the Supreme Authority.  
But now because Agathocles the Year next following became Tyrant of Syracuse, we shall, as we designed at the beginning, put an end to this Book, and begin the next with Agathocles his advance to the Throne, and go on with the Affairs proper and pertinent to our History.    

BOOK XIX.  
IT's an old Saying, (brought down to us by Tradition) That none overturn Democracies, 
P. 670. PREFACE  but Men that overtop others in Power and Interest. For which reason some Cities are always jealous of such of their Fellow Citizens as grow Great and Powerful; and therefore do what they can to depress them. For when Men are in Power, the next Step is to domineer over their Country; and for those that (through the Greatness of their Interest above others) have Grounds to expect the Sovereign Authority, 'tis very difficult to be free from an Itch of Monarchy. For 'tis very natural for them that are ambitious, when they have much, to thirst after more, and never set Bounds to their insatiable Ambition.  
The Athenians therefore, upon this very account, made a Law, which they called Ostracism, for the banishing such as grew Great amongst them; not so much to punish them for any Fault they had committed, but to prevent the Mischief and Prejudice to their Country, which by their Power and Interest they were in a Capacity to bring upon them: For they remembered (as it were an Oracle) what Solon had formerly said, who foretelling the Tyranny of Pisistratus, composed this Elegiac:  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
A City by Great Persons is o'erthrown;  
And Fools beneath a Monarchy do groan.  
Of all other Places, Sicily was most infected with this Itch of Monarchy, before the Romans reduced it into the Form of a Province. For the Cities, deceived by the Flatteries of the Orators, advanced inconsiderable Men to that height, till they became absolute Lords over the deluded Multitude.  
But the Advancement of Agathocles to be Prince of Syracuse, is above all others 
Agathocles.  the most singular and remarkable: For he began at first in very mean and unlikely Circumstances; but at last he involved not only Syracuse, but all Sicily and Lybia itself in Blood and Slaughter. He was so mean and low in the World in his Original, that he followed the Trade of a Potter; from whence he risen to that height of Power and Cruelty, that he Lorded over the greatest and richest Island in the World; and for some time gained the greatest part of Africa, and some Parts of Italy, and filled the Cities of Sicily with Butcheries and Oppressions. None of the Tyrants that ever were before him committed the like Villainy, or exercised such barbarous Cruelty upon their Subjects. For as for his own Kindred, he put them all to Death, Root and Branch; and so plagued the Cities, that he sometimes butchered all that were at Men and Woman's estate; and would would cut the Throats of Multitudes of poor Innocents' for the Faults of a few, without any difference or distinction; and then presently would murder whole Cities, Men, Women, and Children.  
But because this Book, with others that follow, comprehend the Tyranny of Agathocles, omitting any further Preface relating thereunto, we shall now connex things coherent with those that were before related, first allotting to everything we treat of its due and proper time.  
In the preceding Eighteen Books, we have endeavoured to set forth whatever was done in the known Parts of the World, from the beginning of Time, to the Year next before the 
From the taking of Troy 866 years.  Reign of Agathocles, to which time, from the Taking of Troy, are computed Eight hundred sixty six Years.  
In this Book, beginning with the first of his Reign, we shall end with the Battle 
P. 671.  fought by Agathocles with the Carthaginians, containing an account of Affairs for the space of Seven Years.  

CHAP. I.  
Agathocles his Parentage and Education: His Rise: His Stratagems: His bloody Massacre at Syracuse. He gains the Sovereign Power. The Affairs of Italy. Olympias returns into Macedonia by Polysperchon's means. The Army's revolt to her. Her Cruelties. She murders Eurydice, and Arrideus her Husband. Affairs in Asia. Eumenes and Seleucus. Eumenes' joined by many of the Captains. The number of their Forces. He comes to Susa. Attalus and others imprisoned by Antigonus in a strong Castle, seeking to escape, are afterwards besieged, and taken.  
IN the Rule of Demogenes Chief Magistrate of Athens, and when Lucius Plotius and 
Olymp. 115. 4. Ant. Ch. 315. An. M. 3633.  Manius Fulvius were Roman Consuls, Agathocles became Tyrant of Syracuse. That things as they were severally done may be more clearly and distinctly understood, we shall premise a few things concerning the forementioned Prince.  
Carsinus of Rhegium being banished from his Country, dwelled at Thermis in Sicily, which City was then in the hands of the Carthaginians: This Man married a Woman of that Place, who when she was big with Child, used often to be troubled with strange Dreams. 
The Parents of Agathocles.  Being therefore much perpiexed in his Mind concerning this Embryo, he entrusted this Affair with some devout Carthaginians, who were then going to Delphos, and desired them to inquire of the Oracle concerning this Child; who faithfully performing what they were enjoined, the Oracle gave this Answer, That that Child would bring dreadful Calamities upon the Carthaginians and all Sicily. The Father being terrified with this Prediction, exposed the Child in the open Fields, and left it with some to watch to observe its end. After several days it still continued alive, and the Guard upon it growing remiss and careless, the Mother in the mean time stole the Child away in the Night, but durst 
Ant. Ch. 315.  not bring it back to her own House for fear of her Husband; but entrusted it with her Brother Heraclides, and called it Agathocles, after the Name of her own Father.  
Where being brought up, he grew very Beautiful, and of Strength of Body above what was usual at his Age. When he came to be seven years old, Carsinus was invited 
His Education.  by Heraclides to 
* Invited to a Feast at a Sacrifice.  Sacrifice, and there seeing Agathocles playing with other Children about the same Age, he greatly admired both his Strength and Beauty; and when his Wife told him, That the Child which he so exposed, if he had been brought up, would have proved as Manly a Child as that he then saw; he answered, that he was sorry for what he had done, and then fell a weeping: Whereupon the Woman perceiving that what she had done would be very pleasing and agreeable to her Husband, she discovered to him the Truth of the whole matter; whereat he was mightily pleased, and took away his Son; and out of fear of the Carthaginians, removed with all his Family to Syracuse: but being but a poor Man, he taught his Son, than a Child, the Potter's Trade; at which time Timaleon the Corinthian having routed the Carthaginians at the River Cremissus, made all free of the City that would come in to him, amongst whom Carsinus (with Agathocles) were enrolled as Citizens; and Carsinus died a little time after.  
The Mother of Agathocles had in a certain place set up her Son's Statue in Stone, upon which a Swarm of Bees fastened, and began to make their Wax-Combs upon the Hips of the Statue; which remarkable Passage being related to those who apply themselves to Studies of that kind, all unanimously agreed, That when he came to be a Man, he would 
Ant. Ch. 315.  be famous; which happened accordingly: For Demas, a Nobleman of Syracuse, falling 
Agathocles a Catamite to Demas.  in love with Agathocles, first supplied him liberally with every thing he had occasion for; so that he began in some measure to taste of Plenty; afterwards being created 
† Demas.  General of the Agragentines, he advanced him to be a 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Captain of 1000  Colonel in the room of one that was then lately dead. He was indeed very remarkable and of great Esteem before he was an Officer, upon the account of the Strength of his Body; for in the time of Training and Military Exercise, he bore so great a weight of Armour, and carried such mighty Weapons, that no other Man was able to bear. But now since he was made a Military Tribune, his Fame spread abroad much more than it did before; for he was eager to fight, daring in Action, and bold, nay, impudent in his Harangues to the People. Demas afterwards fell sick, and died; and having left all his Estate to his Wife, Agathocles married her, and 
Agathocles his rise.  so was esteemed one of the richest of the Citizens.  
Afterwards the Crotonians being besieged by the Brutians, the Syracusians sent a great Army to their relief, under the Command of Antander, the Brother of Agathocles and others: 
P. 267.  But the Sovereign Command and chief Management of the Affair was committed to Heraclides and Sosistratus, Men that employed themselves all their Lives long in Assassinations, Murders, and all kinds of Wickedness and Debauchery. Which the 
* Nothing said of them in the preceding Book, therefore some mistake or want. Rhodomanus thinks there was either another Book between these, or a want of what was inserted in the preceding Book. See his Notes.  Book 
Ant. Ch. 315.  next preceding this hath particularly set forth. With those in this Expedition (by a Decree of the People) was joined Agathocles, who was then a Colonel; and though he had remarkably approved his Valour against the Barbarians, yet he was so envied by Sosistratus, that he altogether disregarded him, not allowing him the Honour due to his Demerits: At which he was so exasperated, that he accused Sosistratus and his Followers to the People, as having designs to advance him to the Monarchy. But the Syracusians giving no regard to those Accusations, Sosistratus, after his return from Crotona, became Supreme and Absolute Lord of his Country.  
Agathocles being incensed against him, first (with those that sided with him) remained in Italy, and endeavoured to possess himself of Crotona, but failing in his design, with some few along with him, he escaped to Tarentum; by whom he was entertained and taken into Pay; but committing many rash and inconsiderate Acts, he began to be suspected of some intended Innovation; and thereupon his Commission was taken from him; upon which he got together the Exiles of Italy, and relieved them of Rhegium, who were then besieged by Heraclides and Sosistratus. Afterwards, when the Monarchy was abrogated at Syracuse, and Sosistratus was expelled out of the City, he returned into his Country. And 
Ant. Ch. 315.  in regard at that time, many of the Nobility who were for an Oligarchy (to the number of Six hundred of the greatest Persons of Quality) were together with the Magistrates thrust out of the City, a War broke out between the Exiles, and those that were for a Democracy; and the Carthaginians sided with Sosistratus and his Exiles: Hereupon, there were daily Skirmishes and Drawingup of Armies one against another; in which Agathocles 
Agathocles his Stratagem.  acting sometimes as a Private Soldier, and at others as a Commander, gained the Reputation both of Valour and Policy; for always upon every opportunity, he invented some stratagem or other which proved advantageous to his Party; amongst which there was one thing especially to be remembered.  
The Syracusians had Encamped near to Gela, and at that time in the Night he broke into the 
* Gela.  City with a Thousand Men at Arms, who were presently met by Sosistratus, with a strong and well-ordered Party, who forced them that had entered, back, and killed Three hundred of them: The rest looking upon themselves all as lost, endeavoured to get out at a Sally-port, and were beyond all Hope and Expectation, freed from their present imminent danger by Agathocles: For he fought with great Valour and Resolution at the Head of his Men, and received seven Wounds; and when he was even ready to faint (through loss of Blood) and the Enemy bearing down upon him, he commanded the Trumpeters to sound a Charge at both parts of the Walls; which being presently done, those who came to force out them that were entered, could not discern the truth of the thing, because of the Darkness of the Night, and therefore believing that another 
Ant. Ch. 315.  Party of the Syracusians had broken in at both Places, they made an Halt and pursued no further. And so being divided into two Parts, at the Sound of the Trumpets, they forthwith ran together to defend the Walls. In the mean time, Agathocles with his Soldiers, having thus made room for themselves, got safe to the Trenches; and thus having deluded the Enemy, he not only wonderfully preserved his own Men that first entered, but seven hundred more that came in to his assistance.  
After this, Acestorides the Corinthian being created General at Syracuse; Agathocles was thought to aspire to the Monarchy for his good Service, but he avoided the Danger that hung over his Head upon that account: For Acestorides (not willing to cut him off 
P. 673.  for fear of a Tumult) commanded him to departed the City, and ordered some to kill him in the Night as he was making away. But Agathocles conceiving what the General was plotting against him, picked out one of the young Men that was very like himself, both in Stature and Feature; and delivered to him his Horse, Arms, and Garments, and by this means subtly deceived them who were sent out to be his Murderers; but he himself slinked away in By-paths in a poor ragged Coat; and they by the Arms and other signs, conjecturing that the other was Agathocles, (the Darkness of the Night not permitting a 
Ant. Ch. 315.  perfect Discovery) perpetrated indeed the Murder, but missed the Person.  
Afterwards the Syracusians having readmitted the Exiles that were driven out of the City with Sosistratus, and having made Peace with the Carthaginians; Agathocles himself now an Exile, raised an Army of his own in the Heart of the Country; at which not only the Citizens but the Carthaginians were much affrighted; and therefore he was courted to return into his own Country; and when he came, being conducted into the Temple of Ceres by the Citizens, he there swore that he would do nothing to the Prejudice of the Democracy.  
Putting on therefore a Cloak of Dissimulation, as if he would protect the Democracy, and having caught the People by divers Tricks and Devices, he was made General and Conservator of the Peace, till all Matters should be appeased amongst the Exiles that were returned to the City. For every Company and Fraternity were divided into many Factions, and very great Heart-burnings there were between private and particular Persons: But the Senate of Six hundred that was appointed to govern the City after an Oligarchy, was most fierce against Agathocles' Party; for the Members of this Assembly were such as were the Richest and of the best Quality among the Syracusians. 
Ant. Ch. 315.   
However, Agathocles, who now affected the Sovereignity, gained many opportunities for the accomplishing of his Designs: For he had not only a Command of an Army as General, but News being brought that there was an Insurrection in the Bowels of the Country at Erbita, he gained a further opportunity to increase his Army, and raise what Men he pleased without suspicion. Under colour therefore of his Expedition to Erbita, he raised Men out of Morgantina and other Cities, in the Heart of the Country, together with those that had formerly served him in the Wars against the Carthaginians; for all these had a great respect for Agathocles, upon the account of the many instances of his kindness towards them, throughout the whole War. On the other hand they hated the Six hundred who had been a part of the Oligarchy in Syracuse, and no less abhorred the People who forced them into Obedience. There were Three thousand of them that were thus very ready with Heart and Hand to overturn the Democracy: To these he joined some of the Citizens, who by reason of their Poverty envied the Power and Pomp of the great Ones.  
When every thing was ready, he ordered the Soldiers to meet him at spring of Day, in a Body at 
* Near Syracuse.  Timoleontium; and he himself in the mean time sent for Pisarchus and Decles, 
Ant. Ch. 315.  (who seemed to be the most leading Men among the Six hundred) pretending to discourse with them concerning some Matters relating to the Public Good: When they came to him, accompanied with forty of their Friends, he pretended he was to be betrayed by them, and thereupon seized them all, and accused them to the Soldiers, declaring, that for his love to the People, he was likely to be hurried away to destruction by the Six 
Agathocles Cruelties in Syracuse.  hundred, and sadly bewailed his Miserable State and Condition; at which all the Soldiers were so enraged that they cried out, that Revenge should be presently taken without any further delay, upon the Authors of such Injustice: Upon which he commanded the Trumpets to sound a Charge, and ordered his Soldiers to kill those that were the Ringleaders of the Mischief, and spoil and plunder the Six hundred, and all those that sided with them, of all their Goods and Estates. Hereupon all being now eagerly set upon Ravage 
P. 674.  and Spoil, the whole City was filled with Horror and Confusion; for the most Innocent of the Citizens not dreaming of any Massacre designed against them, ran out of their Houses into the Streets, to see what the Ground was of the Uproar; whereupon, the Soldiers, partly through their Covetousness to enrich themselves, and partly through Madness and Rage, fell upon the Naked People that (through Ignorance) had no Arms 
Ant. Ch. 315.  to defend themselves, and put them all to the Sword. For the Soldiers having secured all the Narrow Lanes and Passes in the City, the Citizens were inhumanly Murdered, some in their Houses. and others in the Streets, and many (altogether Innocent, not accused of the least Fault) were knocked on the Head while they were ask the reason why they were to be killed. For the common Soldiers (having now all in their Hands) made no difference betwixt Friend and Foe; but he was sure to be reputed an Enemy where most was to be gotten by his Fall; so that then you might see the whole City filled with Violence, Murders, Slaughters, and all kinds of Wickedness: For some out of former grudges spared not to load those they before hated with all sorts of Disgrace, having now full sway to do whatever they pleased; others judging it an act of Prudence to enrich themselves by the Butcheries of them that were rich; spared no means, nor omitted any contrivance to destroy them. For some broke down the Gates of the Out-Courts, others by Ladders ascended the House Tops, and some fought with them that defended themselves from the Roofs of the Houses. Nay, there was no safety even to them who fled to the Temples under the shelter of the Gods; but Piety towards the Gods was crushed and born down by the Cruelty of Men: And these things Greeks against Greeks in their own Country, and Kindred against Kindred in a time of Peace, without any regard 
Ant. Ch. 315.  either to the Laws of Nature, or Leagues or Reverence to the Gods, dared thus audaciously to commit: Upon which account not only Friends, but even Enemies themselves, and every sober Man, could not but pity the miserable Condition of these distressed People. All the Gates were shut up, and above Four thousand were killed in one day, for no other fault but that they were in greater esteem than others: Of those that endeavoured to fly, some in running to get out of the Gates were laid hold on, others who cast themselves over the Walls escaped to the next Towns. Some through Fear and Inconsiderateness leaped off the Walls and broke their Necks. After all, there were thrust out of the City as Exiles, above Six thousand, of whom the greatest part fled to Agrigentum, where they were received and entertained with that Humanity as was agreeable to their present Condition. But those of Agathocles his Faction, (who spent the whole day in Butchering of the Citizens) were not sparing in committing their Rage and Villainies upon the Women, but thought they should be revenged upon them that escaped Death, if they could but abuse their Kindred and Relations, in the most Vile and Beastly manner imaginable: For that it was very reasonable to think, that it would be more bitter than Death itself to Husbands and Parents to think of the Abuses of their Wives, and the Ravish of their Daughters: But from hence we must forbear composing a Tragedy as is very usual 
Ant. Ch. 315.  with other Writers, especially to stir up compassion towards them that are involved in such horrible Sufferings; because none will expect an express account of every Particular, when the whole is so ready and clear to be understood. For they that durst impudently at Midday murder Innocents' in the open Streets and Market place, have no need of a Writer to set forth what they did in the Houses in the Night, and how they behaved themselves towards Wives and young Maids then in the power of their Enemies, without any guard or defence to protect them.  
But Agathocles, after he had glutted himself with the slaughter of the Citizens two whole Days, brought together all the Prisoners, and released Dimocrates, upon the account of an old Friendship between them: But as to the rest, such as were his greatest Enemies, he put to Death, and banished the other. Then calling a common Assembly, he accused the 
P. 675.  Six hundred, and those who had favoured the Oligarchy, declaring that he would purge the City of all those that affected a Monarchy; and restore the People to perfect Liberty, and that he would henceforth stand upon equal ground with them all, and live a private Life, free from further Cares and Toils. Upon saying of which he threw away his General's 
Ant. Ch. 315.  Coat, and put on a Jacket, and so went his way, making a show of himself as but one of the Common People. He did this dissemblingly to act the Part of a Commoner; being in the mean time very well assured, that there were many in the Assembly that were Brethren in Iniquity with himself, who would never suffer the Generalship to be devolved upon any other.  
Hereupon, those that had robbed the oppressed People of their Goods, immediately cried out, and with a loud Voice wished him not to desert them, but to take upon him the entire and absolute Management of all Affairs. At first he seemed to be very shy; but 
Agathocles gains the Sovereign Command  being afterwards more earnestly pressed by the Multitude, he told them he was willing to accept of the chief Command as General, provided he should not be joined with any other Colleague, for he should never be content to be accountable (as the Law then was) for the Miscarriages and Irregularities of those that should be joined with him in Commission. Hereupon, the People having agreed, that the whole Power should be in him alone, they voted him General, with full and absolute Authority; so that for the future he plainly acted the Part of a Monarch, and managed the Affairs of the whole City.  
The Syracusians as yet 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Without Hernts  Tame and Quiet, some curbed by Fear, and others kept down by Force, durst not discover (as a thing vain and to no purpose) the Heart-burnings that were among them.  
But many of the Poorer sort, and those that were in Debt, were much pleased with 
Ant. Ch. 315.  this Revolution: For Agathocles had promised in the Senate, that all former Debts should be 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Caused to be cut off.  remitted and made Void, and that Lands should be allotted and shared out to the Poor.  
After he had finished these things, he ordered that none for the future should be killed or otherwise abused. But on the contrary, changing his former course, he carried himself with a great deal of mildness towards the People, encouraging many with Rewards, and not a few with large Promises, and courting all with smooth words, he no little wound himself into the favour and good Opinion of the People: And though he was advanced to so high a pitch of Honour, yet he put not on a Diadem, nor suffered the Attendance of a Lifeguard, nor admitted any difficulty of access to his Person, which is the common practice almost of all Tyrants: But he made it his business chief to look after the Public Revenue, and the making and providing all sorts of Weapons and Arms: He built likewise other long Ships to increase and strengthen his Fleet: And lastly, brought many of the Cities and Towns in the Heart of the Country to stoop to his Authority. And thus then stood the Affairs of Sicily.  
In Italy this was the Ninth year of the War of the Romans with the Samnites; before 
The Affairs of Italy.  which time there had been very sharp Battles and Engagements between them; but then (except some Incursions into the Enemy's Country) there was little or nothing done worth taking notice of; only some Forts were taken, and the Country harassed. But in Apulia 
* The Romans. Ant. Ch. 315.  they wasted and spoiled all 
** Now Capitania in the Kingdom of Naples.  Daunia, and having conquered the 
† Canutii in France, now call●d Chartres.  Canutii, received of them Hostages. There were added likewise two other Tribes to the former, the one of Falernia, and the other of Ufentina.  
While these things were acting, the Crotonians made Peace with the Brutians; but the War being continued another year with the Exiles, (who were expelled by the People for their conspiring with Heraclides and Sosistratus, of which we have given a particular Account in the 
* No such Account appears there. P. 676.  former Book) they created Parones' and Menedemus their Generals. In the mean time the Exiles went to Thurium, and there listed Three hundred Mercenaries, and endeavoured in the Night to have broke into the City: But being repulsed by the Crotonians, they Encamped in the Confines of the Brutians; but within a short time after they were every Man cut off by a much stronger Party, who sallied out of the City against them.  
And now having given an account how things went in Sicily and Italy, we shall pass to the things done in other Parts of Europe.  
Eurydice being Queen-Regent in Macedonia, as soon as she heard that Olympias was preparing for her return, sent an Express to Cassander, then in Peloponnesus, wishing him to 
Affairs in Macedonia.  hasten to her Aid and Assistance; and in the mean time, by her Bribes and Promises, she brought over the most active and stirring Men among the Macedonians, to favour her in her designs.  
But Polysperchon got an Army together, and being joined with Aeacides of Epirus, he brought back Olympias, with 
* His Name was Alexander, the Son of Roxana. Ant. Ch. 315. Olympias returns into Macedonia.  Alexander's Son into the Kingdom. And hearing that Eurydice was at Evia in Macedonia with an Army, aiming to make an end of all by one Battle, he makes swiftly after; and presently as soon as the Armies Encamped one over against the other, on a sudden the Macedonians (in reverence to Olympias, and calling to mind the many Advantages and Kindnesses they had received at the hands of Alexander) turned about; whereupon, King 
* Aridaeus called Philip.  Philip with all his Servants were presently taken. 
† Eurydice the Wife of Philip.  Eurydice likewise, together with Polycles (one of her Counsellors) were afterwards taken; being before returned to Amphipolis.  
Olympias having thus gained the custody of both the Kings, and likewise the Kingdom, without Blood; used not her good Fortune with that Humanity as she ought to have done: But at the very first imprisoning both Eurydice and Philip her Husband, she used them very cruelly: For she cooped them both up in a very strait and narrow Place, where through a little narrow Hole every thing for their necessary use was delivered in to them. And for many days together, she thus (against all Law and Conscience) exercised her Rage and Revenge upon these miserable Princes.  
But when she perceived that the Macedonians spoke ill of her, out of Pity and Commiseration 
She cruelly Murders Eurydice and Arrideus her Husband. Ant. Ch. 315.  towards those that were thus miserably dealt with, she delivered Philip to certain Thracians, (after he had reigned Six Years and Four Months) to be stabbed with Poniards. But Eurydice she ordered to be more severely dealt with; because she was to free of her Tongue, that she was still blabbing it out, that she was fit to rule the Kingdom than Olympias: And therefore she sent to her a Sword, a Rope, and a Cup of Poison, bidding her choose which she would to dispatch herself with, neither valuing the former State and Dignity of the Injured Lady, nor commiserating the common lot of Mankind: And therefore she came at length to experience the same turns of Fortune herself, and came to an end, every way worthy her Cruelty. For Eurydice in the presence of the Person that brought her the Instruments of her Death, prayed the Gods that she might have the like Present sent to her; and then having bound up the Wounds of her Husband, as well as the shortness of time would permit, she wrapped him up, and so without any Womanish Complaints, or any base dejection of Spirit, through the greatness of her Misery, she strangled herself in her own Garter.  
Having made an end of these two, she killed Nicanor, the Brother of Cassander: Then she picked out a Hundred Macedonians of Cassander's Friends, and put them all to Death. Having gratified her Revenge by these Cruel Acts, many of the Macedonians were incited to hate her mortally for her Cruelty: For they all remembered the Words of Antipater, who, like an Oracle, a little before his Death, had given strict charge not to admit this Woman to govern the Kingdom. Olympias therefore managing things after this rate in Macedonia, it clearly pointed out a Revolution in the State.  
In Asia, Eumenes having with him the Argyraspides under their Captain Antigenes, wintered 
Ant. Ch. 315. Affairs in Asia. P. 677. Eumenes and his Army near being drowned by Seleucus.  in the Province of Babylon, in the Towns called Carrhe; thence he sent Ambassadors to Seleucus and Pitho, requiring them to assist the Kings, and that they would join with him in the War against Antigonus. Pitho was appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Media, and the other of the Province of Babylon, when the second Division of the Provinces was made in Triparadisus. Seleucus' answered, That he, and those with him, would supply the Kings with what ever they wanted, but that he would never observe any of the Commands of Eumenes, who was adjudged to die by the common Suffrage of the Macedonians. After many Disputes relating to this Resolution, 
* Pitho and Seleucus.  they solicited Antigenes and the Argyraspides by their Agent to cast off Eumenes.  
But the Macedonians rejecting what they required, Eumenes commended them for their Fidelity and marched away, and came to the River Tigris, and there encamped Three hundred Furlongs from Babylon: For he designed to march to Susa, because he intended to raise Forces out of the higher Provinces, and to make use of the King's Treasures as there should be occasion. But he was forced to pass the River, because that part on this side was eaten up by Foraging and Depredations, and the Country on the other side was yet untouched, and afforded plenty of Forage and other Provision for his Army. While he was getting Vessels together, in order to his passing over the River, Seleucus and Pitho 
Ant. Ch. 315.  sailed up the River with two Galleys of three Tyre of Oars, and many other little Vessels, being part of those that Alexander built at Babylon.  
As soon as they arrived at the place where the Passage was intended, they renewed their Solicitation to the Macedonians to persuade them to cast off Eumenes, and not to abet and encourage a Fellow against them who was but a Stranger, and had destroyed Multitudes of the Macedonians. But when Antigenes could not be prevailed with upon any Terms whatsoever, the Seleucians' sailed to an old Sluice, and broke down the Head of it, where it was grown up through length of Time: Upon which the Macedonian Camp was surrounded with Water, and all the Tract of Ground overflowed, so that the whole Army was in great danger to be utterly lost. All that day therefore they rested, considering and advising what was best to be done in such an Exigent. The next day, without any Disturbance from the Enemy, they transported the greatest part of the Army in Flat-bottomed Boats, to the number of Thirty, forced forward with long Poles: For Seleucus had only Horse with him, and those far inferior in Number to the Enemy. And now Night approached, when Eumenes (in great Pain for his Carriages left behind) caused all the Macedonians to repass the River; and then, by Direction of one of the Natural Inhabitants, he set upon cleansing another suchlike place, by which the Water might be 
Ant. Ch. 315.  easily diverted, and the Ground all round about drained dry. Which when Seleucus perceived, (minding to be rid of them out of his Province with what speed he could) he sent Ambassadors to them to make a Truce, and so permitted them to pass over the River: But forthwith sent Expresses to Antigonus in Mesopotamia, to desire him with all speed to come down with his Army, before the Governors of the Provinces came in with their Forces.  
Eumenes having now passed the River Tigris, as soon as he came into Susiana, he divided 
Eumenes comes into Susiana.  his Army into three Bodies, by reason of the Scarcity of Provision; and thus marching through the Country three several Ways, he was in great want of Bread Corn, therefore distributed Rice, 
* Of which the Indians make Oil: A white Grain.  Millet and Dates (with which that Country abounded) amongst the Soldiers.  
Although he had before taken care to send away the King's Letters to the Lords Lieutenants of the Upper Provinces, yet he then again sent Expresses, to desire them all to meet him with their Forces in Susiana. At which time it so happened, that they had their Forces then in the Field, and were got together for some other Reasons. Of which, it's 
Ant. Ch. 315.  necessary here to say something before we proceed further.  
Pitho was Lord Lieutenant of Media, and General of all the higher Satrapies, by Nation 
The Captains in Asia draw into the Field, and the reason. P. 678.  a Parthian, who had killed Philotas the former General, and had placed Eudamus his own Brother in his Room. Upon which, all the other Provinces joined together, lest they should be served the same Sauce, because Pitho was of a restless Spirit, and had engaged himself in Matters of high Importance. Having therefore overcome him in Battle, and cut off most of his Army, they drove the Man himself out of Parthia; who first sought for shelter in Media, and in a short time after he went to Babylon, and prayed Assistance from Seleucus, and that they might join together in one common Interest. The Governors therefore for these Causes having drawn their Forces together, Eumenes his Messengers came to the Armies when they were ready, and prepared in the Field. Peucestes was the most Renowned Captain of them all, and was made General by an unanimous Assent. He was formerly Squire of the Body to Alexander, and advanced by the King for his Valour. He was Lord Lieutenant of the greatest part of Persia, and in great Esteem among the Natives. And for this Reason, he of all the Macedonians was allowed by Alexander to wear a Persian Gown, because he thought thereby to ingratiate himself with the Persians, and engage them to be more observant to all his Commands. 
Ant. Ch. 315. The Number of the Forces that joined with Eumenes.  He then had with him Ten thousand Persian Archers and Slingers, and of other Nations (taken into the Rank of Macedonians) Three thousand, with Six hundred Horse of Greeks and Thracians, and of Persian Horse Four hundred. Polemon a Macedonian, Governor of Carmania, had Fifteen hundred Foot, and Seven hundred Horse. Sibyrtius, Governor of Arachosia, had a Thousand Foot, and Six hundred and ten Horse. Androbazus likewise was sent from Parapamysus (of which Province Oxyartes was Governor) with Twelve hundred Foot, and Four hundred Horse. Stasander, Governor of Aria and Dranginas, being joined with the Bactrians, had with him Fifteen hundred Foot, and a Thousand Horse. Out of India came Eudamus with 
* 300 in the Margin. Ush. Ann. 307.  Five hundred Horse, and Three thousand Foot, and a Hundred and twenty Elephants, which he got after Alexander's Death, when he treacherously slew Porus. There were in the whole, with the Governors of the Provinces, above 
* The Particulars make One and twenty thousand.  Eighteen thousand and Seven hundred Foot, and Four thousand and Six hundred Horse.  
When all these came into the Province of Susiana, and joined with Eumenes, a public Assembly was called, where was a hot Dispute concerning the Choice of a General. Peucestes, upon the account of his bringing in most Men into the Field, and his eminent Post under Alexander, conceived he had most Right to challenge the chief Command. Antigenes, Captain of the 
* Argyraspides.  Silver Targateers, insisted upon it, That the whole Power of Election ought to be committed to his Macedonians, who under Alexander had conquered Asia, and by their Valour had so signalised themselves, as to gain the Reputation of being 
Ant. Ch. 315.  Unconquerable. But Eumenes fearing lest by their Divisions they should become an easy Prey to Antigonus, advised that they should not make only one General; but that all who were before chosen Captains, and Commanders, should meet every day in the King's Pavilion, and there consult of all the public Affairs. For a Tent had been before erected to Alexander, and his Throne placed therein, to which they used to resort, (offering Incense as to a God) and there debate all Matters of Weight, and special Concern. This Advice being Approved and Applauded by all, they met there every day, as in a City governed by a Democracy. Afterwards being come to Susa, there Eumenes was supplied with what moneys he had occasion for out of the King's Exchequer. For the Kings by 
Eumenes come to Susa.  their Letters had ordered the Treasures, that they should issue to Eumenes alone so much Money as he at any time required. Hereupon he gave the Macedonians Six months' Pay 
P. 679.  beforehand, and to Eudamus (who brought the Elephants out of India) he paid Two hundred Talents, under colour to defray the Charge and Expense of the Elephants, but in truth the more to engage him to his Interest. For if Contests should arise, that Party would have the greatest Advantage with whom he sided, by reason of the Terror occasioned by the use of these Beasts. The rest of the Governors, every one maintained their own Soldiers they brought with them. This done, Eumenes continued for some time in 
Ant. Ch. 315.  Susa, and there refreshed his Army.  
In the mean time Antigonus, who Wintered in Mesopotamia, resolved forthwith to set upon Eumenes before he grew too strong: But when he heard, that the Provincial Governors with their Forces, together with the Macedonians, were joined with him, he let his Soldiers rest, and made it his Business to raise more. For he saw that he had need of a great Army, and reason to make more than ordinary Preparations for the War.  
In the midst of these Preparations, Attalus, Polemo, Docimus, Antipater, and Philotas, who before were Commanders in Alcetas his Army, and were taken Prisoners, and now kept 
Several Captains being Prisoners in a strong Castle, seek to escape.  close Prisoners in an extraordinary strong Castle, hearing of Antigonus his intended Expedition into the higher Provinces, (conceiving now they had gained a fair opportunity,) hired some of their Keepers to suffer them to escape. Having therefore gotten Arms, about Midnight they set upon the Guard: They themselves were but Eight in Number, (surrounded with Four hundred Men,) yet Valiant and Expert Soldiers through their Experience in the War with Alexander. Xenopithes, the Governor of the Castle, they 
Ant. Ch. 315.  threw off from the Walls headlong down a steep Rock, a Furlong high; and as to the rest, some they killed upon the place, and others they hurled down, and then set the Houses on fire. Hereupon they took into the Castle Five hundred Men that were without expecting the Issue: It was indeed very well stored with Provision, and all other Things necessary: But they consulted together, whether it was better to stay there, and trust to the Strength of the Place, waiting for Relief from Eumenes, or to get away, and wander about in the Country, making use of a Change and Turn of Fortune when it might happen. Much Canvasing and Disputing there was on both sides: Docimus was for leaving the Place; but Attalus declared, he was not able to endure Labour, by reason of the Hardship of his late Imprisonment.  
Whilst they were thus at Difference amongst themselves, above Five hundred Foot and Four hundred Horse were drawn out of the Neighbouring Garrisons, and got together in a Body, besides Three thousand of the natural Inhabitants and upwards gathered from all Parts of the Country; these created one from among themselves to be their General, and laid close Siege to the Castle.  
Being therefore thus unexpectedly again cooped up, Docimus acquainted with a Passage underground, where no Guard was set, by a private Messenger kept Correspondence with Stratonice the Wife of Antigonus, who was not far distant from the Place: And afterwards he, with one other in his Company, through this Pass slipped out to her; but, contrary 
Ant. Ch. 315.  to her Promise, he was seized and secured. And he that came out with him; undertook to conduct the Enemy into the Castle, and accordingly brought in a great Number, and with them gained one of the highest Rocks within the Fort.  
And although Attalus, and all those with him, were far inferior in Number, yet they defended the Place courageously, fight valiantly every day, till at length they fell into the Enemy's hands after a Siege of Sixteen Months.   

CHAP. II.  
Antigonus marches after Eumenes to Tigris. Eumenes cuts off many of his Men at Pasitigris. Antigonus goes into Media. Eumenes comes to Persepolis. The Description of Persia. Peucestes his great Feast. Eumenes his Policy. His Tale of the Lion. A Battle in Pareteceni, between Antigonus and Eumenes. Antigonus returns into Media. The Story of Ceteus his two Wives striving which should be burnt. Eumenes marches to Galiene; Cassander to Macedonia. Olympias goes to Pydna; is there besieged. The Epirots forsake their King, and join with Cassander. Antigonus' designs to surprise Eumenes, who stops his March by a Stratagem. The last Battle between them in Gabiene. Eumenes basely delivered up. Antigonus returns to Media. The dreadful Earthquakes in the Country of Rhages.  
AFterwards Democlides was chief Governor at Athens, and Caius, Junius and Quinius 
Olymp. 116. 1. Ant. Ch. 314. An. M. 3634. Antigonus marches after Eumenes to Tigris. P. 680.  Emilius were Consuls at Rome. At that time was celebrated the Hundred and sixteenth Olympiad, at which time Deinomenes the Laconian gained the Victory. About this time Antigonus marched out of Mesopotamia and came to Babylon, and made a League with Seleucus and Pitho, and having strengthened himself with Forces received from them, made a Bridge of Boats over the River Tigris, and passed over his Army, and hasted away with a swift March after the Enemy. Of which, Eumenes having Intelligence, he sent to Xenophilus, 
* Or Treasurer.  Governor of the Citadel at Susa, not to give any Money to Antigonus, nor by any means to come out to Parley with him.  
He himself marched with the Army to Tigris, a day's Journey distant from Susa, where he came into the Country of the Uxians, a free People. The River is in some Places three, and in others four Furlongs broad. The depth in the middle of the Channel was equal with the height of the Elephants. It runs in a Current from the Mountains Seven hundred Furlongs, and empties itself into the Red Sea. There are many Sea Fish and Whales in this River, which appear chief at the 
* In the Dog-Days. About the end of July.  Rising of the Dog-Star.  
The Eumeneans had the River before them for a Defence, and manned the Bank all along from the Head of the River to the 
* The Red Sea, 〈◊〉 Persian Gulf.  Sea, with Forts every where built upon the Bank, and there waited for the Enemy's approach. But because those Forts required a great number of Men to keep them, in regard they stretched out a great length, Eumenes and Antigenes solicited Peucestes to send for Ten thousand Archers more out of Persia; who at first refused, complaining how he was denied to be General of the Army. But afterwards upon mature Deliberation with himself he complied, concluding that if 
Ant. Ch. ●14.  Antigonus prevailed, he should lose both his Province, and be in danger of losing his Life besides; careful therefore to preserve his own Interest, and hoping thereby with more ease to gain the chief Command by having more Men than any of the rest, he brought Ten thousand Archers more into the Camp according to their Desire. And though 
An Army 30 days March asunder, and all able to hear the ●ord of Command in one day.  some of the Persians were distant one from another Thirty days March, yet they had placed their Guards with that Art and Exactness, that they all heard the Word of Command in one and the same day; the Reason of which is worthy Remark: For Persia is full of long and narrow Valleys, and has many high Watch-Towers, upon which were placed some of the Inhabitants that were Men of loud and strong Voices: When the Voice was heard by those in the next Division, they imparted it in the same manner to the other, and they again to the rest, one after another till what was Commanded came at length to the end of the Province.  
While Eumenes and Peucestes were busy about these Affairs, Antigonus came with his 
Antigonus comes to Susa.  Army to the King's Palace in Susa, and made Seleucus Lord-Lieutenant of the Province, and leaving with him a sufficient Army, ordered him to besiege the Citadel, Xenophilus the Treasurer refusing to obey his Commands; but he himself marched away with his Army against the Enemy, through a hot scalding Country, very dangerous for Foreign Armies to pass. Therefore they were forced to march in the night, and encamp near 
Ant. Ch. 314.  the River before Sunrising: However he could not secure himself from all the Inconveniencies and Mischiefs of that Country: For though he did all that was possible for him to do, yet through the excessive Heat of the Season, (being about the rising of the 
* See the foregoing Page.  Dog-Star,) he lost a great Multitude of his Men. Coming at length to the River Coprates, he prepared what was necessary for the passing over of his Men. This River issues from a Mountainous Country, and runs into Tigris, and is Four Acres broad, and was Fourscore Furlongs distant from Eumenes his Camp. The Stream is so rapid and swift, that there's no passing over without Boats, or a Bridge. Having therefore got together a few Flat bottomed Boats, in them he put over some of his Foot, ordering them to draw a Trench and cast up Works to defend it, and there to attend the coming over of the rest.  
Eumenes having Intelligence by his Scouts of the Enemy's Designs, passed over the Bridge of Tigris with Four thousand Foot and Thirteen hundred Horse, and found above 
Eumenes cuts off Antigonus his Men near Tigris.  Three thousand Foot and Three hundred Horse of Antigonus his Army got over 
* The River Coprates. Pasitigris. P. 681. ; and no less than Six thousand who were foraging up and down the Country: These he suddenly set upon and routed them, and presently put the rest to flight. As for the Macedonians (who stood their Ground) being overpowered with Number, he forced them all to the River, where running headlong into their Boats, and overcharging them, they sunk down: Upon which many of them endeavouring to swim, some few of them escaped, but the rest were all drowned. Others that could not swim, (judging it more advisable to fall into the Enemy's hand, than certainly to lose their Lives in the River,) were taken Prisoners, to the number of Four thousand. Antigonus, for want of Boats, was not able to help them, though he saw such Multitudes perish. Conceiving therefore 
Ant. Ch. 334.  that it was impossible to pass the River, he marched back to the City Badaca, seated upon the River Ulaie. By reason of the vehement Heat, this March was very sweltering and 
The River Ulaie.  troublesome, and many of the Army were tired out, so that they were Heartless, and even at their Wit's end: But when he came to the City beforementioned, staying there some days, he refreshed his Army. Thence he judged it advisable to march to Ecbatane in 
* Antigonus marches into Media.  Media, and making that the Seat of War, to take in all the higher Provinces.  
There were two Ways that led to Media, and both were difficult; that over the Mountains was pleasant, and the Highway; but scorching hot, and very long, almost Forty Days Journey. That through the Country of the Cosseans was straight, narrow, and steep, leading through the Enemy's Borders, and barren and scant of Provision, but a short Cut, and more cool; yet it was not easy for an Army to march this way, unless Agreement were made with the Barbarians, who inhabit the Mountains.  

* The Cosseans.  They have been a Free People time out of Mind, and inhabit in Caves, and feed upon Acorns and Mushrooms, and the salted Flesh of wild Beasts. But he looked upon it as a dishonourable thing for him who commanded so great an Army, to court these Barbarous People with smooth Words, or gain them by rich Gifts. He picked out therefore the choicest of his Targateers, and divided the Archers and Slingers, and such like light-armed Men into two Bodies, and delivered them to Nearchus, with command to go before him, and first secure the straits, and difficult Passes. These being posted all along in the Way, he himself led the Phalanx, and Pitho commanded the Rear. 
Ant. Ch. 314.   
They that were sent with Nearchus, had endeavoured to possess themselves of a few Watch Towers; but being hindered and prevented of many, and the most Necessary and Commodious Places, they lost many of their Soldiers, and being set upon on every side by the Barbarians, they had much ado to make their way through them. And as for those that followed Antigonus, (having entered the straits) they fell into dangers that were inextricable: For the Natives being well acquainted with the Places, and having before possessed themselves of the Steep and Craggy Rocks, cast down massy Stones upon the Soldiers Heads as they passed by; and besides making use of showers of Arrows, they so galled them, that they were neither able (through the inconveniency of the Place) to annoy their Enemies, nor avoid their shot: And in regard the Passage was very craggy and difficult, the Elephants, Horses, and heavy armed Men, were involved both in Toils and Hazards at one and the same time, and in no capacity to help themselves.  
Antigonus being brought into these straits; now repent that he did not follow the Counsel of Pitho, who had advised him to have bought his Passage by Money. But after the loss of many of his Men, and the rest still in imminent hazard, after nine Days troublesome march, he came at length to the Inhabited Parts of Media.  
One Mischief on the Neck of another thus falling upon the Army, the intolerable Distresses 
Ant. Ch. 314. P. 682.  they were brought unto, stirred up the Soldiers to cry out against Antigonus, insomuch as they gave him very harsh and bitter Words.  
For in Forty Days time, they had three several times been miserably slaughtered; but by fair Words, and plentiful Provision of all things necessary, he at length quieted them. Then he commanded Pitho to go over all Media, to get together Horsemen and Horses and Carriages, which he easily performed, the Country abounding with Horses and Cattle. For Pitho returned, bringing along with him Two thousand Horsemen and a Thousand Horses, ready furnished, and so many loads of Munition as that the whole Army might be completely armed, together with Five hundred Talents out of the King's Treasury.  
Antigonus formed the Horse into Regiments, and distributed the Horses among those that had lost their own, and gave the Draught-Beasts freely among those that wanted them, whereby he regained the former Love of the Soldiers.  
In the mean time, the Governors of the Provinces, and Captains of the Forces with Eumenes, when they heard that the Enemy was in Media, were in various Opinions what to resolve upon: For Eumenes, Antigenes, and the rest who came up from the Seacoasts, were for returning thither again. But those who came from the higher Provinces (upon the account of their Friends and Relations that were left at home) were for defending those Parts. The Contest waxing hot, Eumenes considering that one part of the Army 
Eumenes comes to Persepolis.  (which was now divided into two) was not strong enough to cope with the Enemy, complied with the Governors of the Upper Provinces. Decamping therefore from Pasitigris, he moved towards Persia, and came to the Regal Seat of the Kingdom, Persepolis, 
Ant. Ch. 314.  at the end of Four and twenty days march.  
The Country in the first Entrance into it, and as far as the Ladders (as they are called) 
The Description of Persia towards Persepolis.  is Flat and Low, exceeding Hot, and barren of Provision; but the rest is higher, of a wholesome Air, and very Fruitful: Wherein are many shady Valleys, variety of 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Pleasant Gardens, natural Walks bounded on either side with all sorts of Trees, and watered with refreshing Springs. So that those that pass this Way, many times stop here and solace themselves in these pleasant Places with great delight.  
Here the Inhabitants brought in to Peucestes abundance of all kinds of Prey and Booty, which he largely distributed among the Soldiers, to gain their Favour and Good will. In this Tract inhabit the most Warlike of the Persians, being all Archers and Slingers, and is far more populous than any of the other Provinces.  
When they came to Persepolis, the King's Palace, Peucestes the Governor, and General of the Province, ordered a magnificent Sacrifice to the Gods, and to Alexander and Philip, and to that end sending almost over all Persia for Beasts to be sacrificed, and abundance of all other Provisions, necessary for a Festival and public Solemnity, he Feasted the whole Army.  
In this Festival the Guests were placed in four Rounds, including one within another, 
Pencestes Feasts the Army in Persia. Ant. Ch. 314.  the greatest surrounding all the rest, which was ten furlongs in Compass, and was filled with Mercenaries and Confederates.  
The second Round was eight Furlongs, in which were placed the 
* Argyraspides.  Macedonian Silver Targateers, and the rest of Alexander's Fellow-Soldiers. The other Circle was of four Furlongs, and filled with inferior Officers, special Friends, Commanders, and Horsemen.  
That in the midst of all was two Furlongs, wherein the Generals, Masters of the Horse, and the Nobility of Persia, had their several Tents allotted them, and in the midst of them were placed the Altars of the Gods, and of Alexander and Philip.  
The Tents were made of green Booths of Trees, covered with Arras, and all sorts of 
P. 683.  Tapestry Hang; Persia plentifully affording every thing for Pleasure and Delight.  
The Rounds were at that convenient distance one from another, as that the Guests found nothing of trouble or uneasiness, but every thing that was prepared was near at hand. All being thus gracefully managed, with the general applause of the common Soldiers, thereby expressing how great Peucestes was in their Favour and Esteem, he was suspected by Eumenes, conceiving that Peucestes did this to ingratiate himself with the Army, and thereby to gain the Sovereign Command; he therefore forged a Letter, by which he raised up the Spirits of the Soldiers, and made them more Courageous, and brought down the haughty Spirit and Pride of Peucestes; but advanced his own Reputation with the Army, with the hopes of good Success for the future. The Contents of the Letter were these: That Olympias with Alexander's Son (having killed Cassander) had fully recovered the Kingdom of Macedon, and that Polysperchon with the main Power of the King's Army 
Ant. Ch. 314. Eumenes his Policy to forge a Letter from Olympias.  and his Elephants, had put over into Asia against Antigonus, and was then in Capadocia. This Letter was writ in Syriack Characters, in the Name of Orontes, Governor of Armenia, an intimate Friend of Peucestes. These Letters going for current, because of the continual Correspondence between him and the Lord-Lieutenants; Eumenes ordered them to be carried about, and showed to the Captains and most of the Soldiers. Hereupon, the whole Army changed their Mind, and all Eyes were upon Eumenes as the chief Favourite, and therefore resolved to depend upon him, as he whose Interest in the Kings would be able to advance whom he pleased, and to punish whom he thought fit.  
When the Feasting was ended, Eumenes the more to terrify them that were regardless of his Orders, and that affected the Sovereign Command, called in Question in due form of Law, Sibertius the Governor of Aracosia, Peucestes his special Friend. For Peucestes sending away some Horse into Aracosia, had secretly commanded Sibertius to intercept the Carriages coming from thence. Whereupon, Eumenes brought him into that eminent Danger, that unless he had privately withdrawn himself he had been knocked on the Head by the Soldiers. By this piece of Policy, having terrified others, and advanced his own Honour and Reputation, he put on a new Face again; and so gained upon Peucestes with smooth Words and large Promises, that he became both kind and courteous to him, 
Ant. Ch. 314.  and cheerful and ready to afford Aid and Assistance to the Kings. Desiring likewise to be assured of the rest of the Governors and Captains by some Pledges, which might engage them not to forsake him, he pretended to want Money, and desired them to contribute every one according to his Ability to the Kings.  
Hereupon, receiving Four hundred Talents from among so many of the Captains 
Good Policy by borrowing of Money.  and Generals as he thought fit, those whom he before suspected of Treachery or Desertion, became most Faithful Attendants and Guards to his Person, and stuck close to him in all Encounters.  
While he thus prudently managed Affairs, and was providing for the Future, News was brought by some who came out of Media, that Antigonus was marching with his Army into Persia: Whereupon he moved forward, with a design to meet and engage the Enemy.  
The second Day of their march he sacrificed to the Gods, and plentifully feasted the Army, wishing them to continue Firm and Faithful to him: But minding to comply with the humour of his Guests, who loved to drink freely, he fell into a Distemper, which caused him to lie by it, and so hindered his March for some Days.  
In the mean time the Army was greatly dejected, to consider, that the most Expert and Bravest Commander of all the Generals, should be now Sick at the very time (as they thought) they were even ready to fight the Enemy.  
But his Distemper abating, and after a little time having recovered himself, he pursued 
Ant. Ch. 314. P. 684.  his March, Peucestes and Antigenes leading the Van; and he himself in a Litter followed after with the Elephants, to prevent disturbance by the Crowd, and the Inconveniency by the straightness of the Places they were to pass.  
And now the two Armies were within a days march one of another, when the Scouts on both sides brought an account of their approach, and what numbers they were, and ways 
Eumenes and Antigonus their Armies near, but fight not.  they took. Whereupon, each Party prepared for Battle: But at length they parted without fight; for there was a River and a deep Trench between the two Armies. Both indeed were drawn forth in Battalia, but by reason of the Badness of the Ground they could not come to fight: Wherefore, drawing off one from another three Furlongs space, they spent four Days in light Skirmishes, and foraging the Country thereabouts, being pinched with want of all things necessary. The fifth day Antigonus, by his Agents, again solicited the Governors of the Provinces and the Macedonians, to desert Eumenes, and commit themselves to his Protection. For he promised that he would leave to every one of them their own several Provinces, and would bestow large Territories upon the rest, and others he would send into their own Country, loaden with Honours and great Rewards; and as for those that were willing still to bear Arms, he would give them Places and Posts in the 
Ant. Ch. 314.  Army suitable to their several Circumstances: But the Macedonians would not hearken to any thing of these Terms, but sent away the Messengers with great Indignation and Threats: Upon which Eumenes came amongst them, and gave them Thanks, with Commendations of their Fidelity, and told them an old Story, but very pat to the present Occasion; That a Lion falling in Love with a young Lady, treated with her Father to 
Eumenes his Tale of the Lion.  bestow her upon him in Marriage; who answered, That he was very willing to give the young Woman to be his Wife, but that he was afraid of his Claws and Teeth, lest when he was married, according to the Nature of his Kind, he would devour the poor Girl. Hereupon, the Lion beat out his Teeth, and tore off his Claws: Upon which the Father perceiving that now he had lost whatever before made him formidable, fell upon him and easily cudgelled him to Death. And that now Antigonus was acting a Part not much unlike to this: For he courted them with fair Promises, till such time as he can get the Army into his Power, and then he'll be sure to cut the Throats of the Commanders. This fine Story thus handsomely told, was highly applauded by the Army; and hereupon he dismissed them.  
The next Night some Deserters from Antigonus came in, and gave Intelligence, that he had ordered his Army to march at the second Watch. Hereupon, Eumenes upon serious 
Ant. Ch. 314.  Thoughts, and musing of what his Designs might be, at length hit upon the truth of the Matter, that the Enemy's purpose was to march to Gabene, which was a Country three days march distant, then untouched, abounding in Corn and Forage, sufficient to supply the greatest Army plentifully with all sorts of Provision; and besides, was a Place of great advantage, full of Rivers and deep Gutters that were unpassable. Contriving therefore to prevent the Enemy, he put in execution the like project; and sent away some of the Mercenaries (whom he hired for Money) under colour of Runaways, with order to inform Antigonus that Eumenes would fall upon his Camp that Night. But Eumenes himself sent away the Carriages before, and commanded the Soldiers with all speed to eat their Suppers and march: All which was presently dispatched.  
In the mean time, Antigonus, upon the Intelligence received from the Deserters, resolved to fight the Enemy that Night, and therefore put a stop to his march, and placed his Army in order of Battle.  
During which hurry of Antigonus, and while he was preparing to meet his Enemy, Eumenes stole away with his Army and made towards Gabene before. Antigonus for some 
Eumenes marckes towards Gabene. Ant. Ch. 314.  time waited with his Soldiers at their Arms, but receiving Intelligence by his Scouts, that Eumenes his Army was gone, he perceived a Trick was put upon him. However, he went on with what he before designed; and to that end, giving the Word of Command to his Army to march, he posted away with that haste and speed, as if he had been in a Pursuit.  
But when he understood that Eumenes was got 
Two Watches of the Night.  six Hours march before him, and so 
P. 68●.  perceiving he was not able at so great a distance to overtake him with his whole Army, he contrived as follows; he delivered the rest of the Army to Pitho, willing him to come softly after him; and he himself posted away with the Horse: About spring of Day he came up even with the Rear of the Enemy's Army, as they were marching down a Hill; upon the Top of the Mountain he made a Halt, and presented himself to the View of the Enemy  
Eumenes, at a convenient Distance, seeing the Enemy's Horse, conceived the whole Army was near at hand, and therefore made a Stand; and drew up his Men in order of Battle, as if they should forthwith Engage. In this manner these two Generals put Tricks one upon another, as if they were striving which should out-wit one the other; hereby showing, that all their hopes of Victory lay and were grounded upon their own Stratagems.  
By this means therefore, Antigonus put a stop to the Enemy's march, and gained time for his Army to come up to him; which at length joining with him he drew up in Battalia, and in that order marched down the Hill in a terrible manner upon the Enemy. The whole Army, (with those brought in by Pitho and Selencus) amounted to above Eight and Twenty thousand Foot, Eight thousand and Five hundred Horse, and Sixty 
Ant. Ch. 3●4.  five Elephants. Both the Generals ranged their Armies in an Array that was strange and unusual, as if they strove which should excel each other even in this piece of Art also. In the Left Wing Eumenes placed Eudamus the Captain of the Elephants from India, who 
Battle between Eumenes and Antigonus in the Country of the Pareteceni.  had with him a Body of an Hundred and fifty Horse: In Front of these were drawn up Two Squadrons of choice Horse armed with Lances, Fifty deep; and were all joined to them who were placed upon the rising Ground near the Foot of the Mountain. Next to them was drawn up Stafandrus, with Nine hundred and fifty of his own Horse. After these, he ordered Amph●machus Lord-Lieutenant of Mesopotamia, who had under his Command Six hundred Horse. Next to them were drawn up the Horse from Arachosia, lately commanded by Sibycitus, but by reason he was then fled, the Command was given to Shafalus. Close to these were Five hundred Horse from Paropamisada, and as many Thracians from the upper Colonies. In the Van of all these stood Five and forty Elephants, drawn up in a Half-Moon, lined with so many Archers and Slingers as was thought fit.  
Then he drew up his main Body of Foot in a Phalanx in this manner: At the farthest Point were placed above Six thousand Foreign Soldiers, than five Thousand out of several Countries armed after the manner of the Macedonians; after these were drawn up no more than Three thousand Argyraspides, but Men never conquered, and for their Valour dreaded by the Enemy. And lastly, after all Three thousand Targateers of the Lifeguard; which, together with the Argyraspides, were commanded by Antigenes and Tautamus. And in the Van of this Phalanx stood Forty Elephants, lined with light-armed Men. Next to the Phalanx in the Right Wing he drew up Eight hundred of Carmanian Horse, under the Command of Tlepolimus the Governor of that Province; and after them Nine hundred who were called Companions. Then the Squadron of Antigines and Peucestes, being Three hundred Men in one Troop. In the utmost part of the Wing was placed Eumenes his own Regiment, consisting of as many Horse; and before these was a Forlorn-Hope made up of Eumenes his Servants, placed in two Bodies, consisting of Fifty Horse apiece. There were likewise Two hundred Horse drawn up into Four Squadrons, 
P. 686.  and placed in the Flank at a distance from the main Wing, to be a Guard to that part. And besides all these, he placed Three hundred Horse, culled out of all the Provinces for strength and speed, to be a Guard to the Rear of his Squadron: And in the Van of this Wing thus arrayed, were placed Forty Elephants, for the better Defence of the whole. Eumenes his whole Army amounted to Five and thirty thousand Foot, Six thousand and one hundred Horse, and One hundred and fourteen Elephants.  
Antigonus observing from the Top of the Hills how the Army of the Enemy was drawn up, drew up his likewise so as might be most convenient to the present Circumstances. 
Ant. Ch. 314.  For taking notice that his Enemy's Right Wing was very strongly guarded with Horse and Elephants, he fronted them with the choicest of his own Horse, who being in small Parties at a considerable distance one from another, might Charge in manner of a Running Fight, wheeling off one after another, and so still renew the Fight by fresh Men. And by this means, the Strength of that part of the Enemy's Army, wherein they placed their greatest Confidence, was wholly eluded. For in this Phalanx he had placed about a Thousand Archers and Launceteers on Horseback out of Media and Armenia, who had ever been used to this way of Charging by Turns. Next to them were drawn up Two thousand and Two hundred Tarentines, who came up with him from the Sea Coasts, who were Men very expert in laying Ambuscades, and contriving other Stratagems of War, and had a great Respect and Kindness for him: A Thousand likewise out of Phrygia and Lydia; Fifteen hundred under the Command of Pitho; and Four hundred Spear-Men led by Lysanias. After all these followed those called the 
* Anthippi: i. e. Enemies or Opposers of the Horsemen.  Anthippi, and them out of the higher Provinces, to the number of Eight hundred. And of this Body of Horse was the Left Wing completed and made up, all under the Command of Pitho. In the main Battle, of Foot were placed in the Front Nine thousand Foreigners; next to them Three thousand Lycians and Pamphilians, and above Eight thousand out of divers Nations, Armed after the Macedonian manner; and in the Rear were the Macedonians, 
Ant. Ch. 314.  to the number of Eight thousand, which Antipater had formerly sent as Recruits when he took upon him the Government of the Kingdom. In the Right Wing of Horse, close to the Right of the Phalanx of Foot, were first placed Five hundred Mercenaries; next to them a Thousand Thracians, and as many Confederates; and close after them were a Thousand called Companions. These were all commanded by Demetrius the Son of Antigonus, which was the first time he appeared in Arms to assist his Father: In the utmost part of the Wing were placed Three hundred Horse, with which Antigonus himself engaged. This Squadron consisted of Three Troops of his Servants, and as many of there's, drawn up in equal Distances one from another, supported by a Hundred Tarentines. Round this Wing were placed Thirty of the strongest of his Elephants in form of an Half-Moon, interlined with light-armed Men: Many of the other Elephants he placed in the Front of the Phalanx of Foot, and a few with some Horse in the Flank on the Left. The Army arrayed in this manner, he marched down upon the Enemy in an obliqne Battle: For he ordered the Right Wing to be stretched out far in length, and the Left to be much contracted, designing with this to make a Running Fight, and to Engage Hand to Hand with the other.  
And now the Armies drew near one to the other, and Signal of Battle being given on both sides, Shouts echoed one to another, and the Trumpets sounded a Charge. And first the Horse with Pitho felon, although they had no Forlorn either of Men or Elephants 
Ant. Ch. 314.  for a firm Defence, yet overpowering the Enemy in Number and Swiftness, made use of that Advantage: But looking upon it not safe to encounter the Elephants in the Front, 
P. 687.  they wheeled about, and poured in showers of Shot upon the Enemy in the Flank, and with little or no Prejudice to themselves, by reason of their speed, and nimbleness of their Horses, for they forely galled the Enemy, who were neither able to fall upon the Assailants by reason of the Weight of their Arms, nor in a Capacity to avoid them as Occasion required. Hereupon Eumenes seeing how the Right Wing was distressed by Multitudes of Archers on Horseback, sent for some of the swiftest Horse from Eudamus, who commanded the Left Wing; and by this Body of Horse brought in from the other Wing, (though it were but small) he made so fierce a Charge upon the Enemy, being seconded by his Elephants, that he easily put the Pithonians to flight, and pursued them as far as to the Foot of the Mountains.  
In the mean while the Foot fought stoutly a long time together; at length, after many falling on both sides, the Eumenians routed them by the Valour of the 
* Argyraspides.  Silver Shields. For though they were now very old, yet by frequent use of their Arms in many Battles, they so excelled all others, both as to Courage and Skill in their Weapons, that none 
Ant. Ch. 314.  were able to stand before them. And therefore at this very time, though they were only Three thousand, yet they were the very Strength and Support of the whole Army.  
When Antigonus perceived that his Left Wing was routed, and the whole 
* Battalion of Foot.  Phalanx put to flight, though he was advised (being that part of the Army with him was yet entire) to retreat to the Mountains, and receive in again those that were fled, yet he would not hear of it; but prudently making use of the present Opportunity, both saved his own Men, and gained likewise the Advantage.  
For the Argyraspides, with Eumenes and the rest of the Foot, having put the Enemy to flight, continued their Pursuit to the Foot of the Mountains: Upon which, Antigonus, through an open Passage made into the Enemies main Body, with a Party of Horse fell upon the Flank of Eudamus his Regiments which were in the Left Wing and by his sudden and unexpected Charge put them to flight, and after the slaughter of Multitudes, sent away some of the swiftest of his Horse to recall his own Men that were before fled, and so caused them to rally at the Foot of the Mountains. And Eumenes also perceiving the flight of his Men, hastened to the Relief of Eudamus, and recalled by sound of Trumpet those of his that fled. And now the Stars began to appear, when the Generals having recalled their flying Men on both sides, prepared for Fight afresh; such was the Heat and Vigour both of the Officers and Common Soldiers. The Night was very clear and serene, and the Moon at Full; and the Armies being about Four Acres distant one over-against another, the clattering of Arms, and the neighing of Horses, seemed 
Ant. Ch. 314.  on both sides as if they had been in the midst of one another. It was now Midnight when they had drawn off about Thirty Furlongs from the Place of Battle where the Dead lay, and by reason of the Troublesomeness of the March, and the Toils and Grievances of the Fight, with the want likewise of Provision, both sides were but in an ill Condition: Therefore they were forced to leave off fight, and encamp. Eumenes had a design to have marched back to the Slain in order to have buried them, as a sign of his being absolute Victor: But the Army refused, and all were instant with loud Cries to return to their Carriages, which were then at a great distance from them, so that he was forced to submit. For being there were so many that affected the chief Command, he had no Power to move the Army by Threats, nor saw at that time any convenient opportunity to gain upon them that were Obstinate by Arguments and Entreaties. But Antigonus on the contrary was an Absolute General, without any dependence upon the Popularity, 
P. 688.  and therefore forced the Soldiers to encamp near the Dead Bodies; and so gaining the Privilege of burying the Dead, he raised a Doubt who was Victorious, saying, That he who had Power to bury his Dead, was ever to be esteemed Conqueror of the Field.  
In this Battle, there were killed on Antigonus his side Three thousand and Seven hundred Foot, and Fifty four Horse, and above Four thousand wounded. On Eumenes his Party were slain Five hundred and Forty Foot, but very few Horse, and above Nine hundred hurt.  
Antigonus, after the Battle was over, perceiving that the Spirits of his Soldiers were very low, resolved with all the hast he could, to remove far off from the Enemy's Camp, 
Ant. ch. 314.  and that his Forces might march the more readily, he sent away the wounded Men and heavy Baggage to a Town near at hand. Then having buried the Dead, about Break of Day, (detaining with him the Herald that was sent to him by the Enemy to beg the Bodies of the Dead,) even at that very Hour he commanded his Soldiers to dine. At Night he discharged the Herald, and gave Leave to come and bury the Dead the next day. He himself presently at the first Watch of the night moved with his whole Army, and by continued and long Marches, got a long way off from the Enemy to a Country untouched, where he had plenty of Provision for the refreshing of his Army: For he marched as far as to Gamarga in Media, a Country under the Command of Pitho, abounding in all Things for the maintaining of the greatest Armies. Eumenes having Intelligence 
Antigonus marches back to Gamarga in Media.  by his Scouts that Antigonus was gone, would not follow after him, both because his Army was in want of Provision, and in other ill Circumstances, as likewise for that he had a great desire to inter his Dead in the most solemn manner he possibly could.  
Upon which occasion, here sell out a strange Accident at this time, very unusual and dissonant from the Laws of the Grecians: For there was one Ceteus, who commanded them 
The Story of Ceteus his two Wives.  that came out of India, and fought with great Resolution, but died in this Battle: He left two Wives behind him, who followed him all along during the Campagne: One he had but lately married, the other had been his Wife for some years before; and both loved their Husband exceedingly. It had been an ancient Custom in India, for Men and Women to marry themselves with their own mutual Liking, without consulting the Advice of their Parents. And in regard that in those former times young People would rashly marry one another, and often repent afterwards, as being deceived in their Choice; many Wives were corrupted, and through their inordinate Lusts fell in Love with other Men; and because they could not with their Credit and Reputation leave them they first chose, they would often poison their Husbands; to the more ready effecting of which, the Country did not a little contribute, by bearing many and divers sorts of Poisonous Plants, some of which never so little bruised either in Meat or Drink, do certainly kill the Party. This wicked Art growing still more and more to Perfection, and many being destroyed by this Means, and though several were punished for these Pieces of Villainy, yet other would not be reclaimed, nor restrained from the like Practices; another Law therefore was made, That Wives should be burnt together with their dead Husbands, except they were with Child, or had born Children; and that she who would not observe the Common Law of the Land, should remain a Widow, and, as one convicted of that Impiety, should be excluded from all sacred Rites, and all other Benefit and Privilege of the Laws. This being thus established, henceforward this Wickedness of the Wives was changed into a contrary 
P. 689. Ant. Ch. 314.  Practice. For being that every Wife, to avoid that insufferable Disgrace, was voluntarily to Die, they became not only careful to preserve the Health, and provide for the Wellbeing of their Husbands, as that which was likewise their own Preservation; but the Wives strove one with another, as who should gain the highest pitch of Honour and Reputation. An Example of which sell out at this time. For although by the Law one only was to be burnt with the Husband, yet at the Funeral of Cetius, both strove which should die, as for some Honourable Reward of their Virtue: Whereupon the Matter was brought before the Generals for their Decision. The Younger declared, That the other was with Child, and therefore her Death could not satisfy the Law: The Elder pleaded, That it was a greater Piece of Justice, that she who was before the other in Years, should be preferred before her in Honour: For in all other Cases, the constant Rule is to yield more Honour and Respect to the Elder, than to the Younger. The Captains being informed by the Midwives, that the Elder was with Child, preferred the Younger before the other: Upon which, she lost her Cause, went out weeping and wailing, renting her Veil in pieces, and tearing her Hair, as if some sad and dreadful News had been told her: The other rejoicing in the Victory, made forthwith to the Funeral Pile crowned by the Women of her House with Attires called 
* Attires Women used to wear, with Labels hanging down.  Mitres, and by her Kindred brought forth most richly adorned, as to some Nuptial Festival, setting forth her Praises all along as they went, in Songs fitted for that occasion.  
As soon as she came to the Pile she threw off her Attire, and distributed them amongst 
Ant. Ch; 14.  her Servants and Friends, leaving these behind her, as tokens of Remembrances for them that loved her. Her Attire was multitudes of Rings upon her Fingers, set with all manner of precious Stones of divers Colours. Upon her Head were a great number of little Golden Stars, between which were placed sparkling Stones of all sorts. About her Neck she wore abundance of Jewels, some small, others large; increasing by degrees in bigness as they were put on one after another. At length she took leave of all her Family and Servants, and then her Brother placed her upon the Pile, and to the great Admiration of the People (who flocked thither to see the Sight) with an Heroic Courage she there ended her Life.  
The whole Army solemnly in their Arms marched thrice round the Pile before it was kindled: She in the mean time (disposing of herself towards her Husband's Body,) discovered not by any Screeks or otherwise, that she was at all daunted at the Noise of the Crackling Flames, so that the Spectators were affected some with Pity, and others with Admiration, and extraordinary Commendation of her Resolution. However, there are some who condemn this Law as Cruel and Inhuman.  
After the Funeral was over, Eumenes marched from Patetacine to Gabiene, which being 
Eumenes marches to Gabiene. Ant. Ch. 314.  yet untouched, was in a condition to supply the Army with all Things necessary, which was distant from Antigonus his Army (going through the Countries inhabited) Five and twenty Days Journey; but passing through the Deserts, (where there's no Water,) 'tis but Nine Days Journey: Being thus far distant one from another, he there wintered, and so gave his Army time to refresh themselves.  
As for the Affairs of Europe, Cassander, while he lay at the Siege of Tegea, hearing of 
Cassander marches into Macedonia.  the return of Olympias into Macedonia, and of the Death of Eurydice and King Philip, and what was done to the Sepulchre of Jollas his Brother, agreed with the Taegeans, and marched with his Army into Macedonia, leaving his Confederates in great Trouble and Perplexity. For Alexander the Son of Polysperchon was then entered Peloponnesus, and ready 
P. 690.  to set upon the Cities with a great Army. And the Aetolians to ingratiate themselves with Olympias and Polsyperchon, seized upon the strait Passes at Pylas, and blocked up the Passage to stop Cassander in his march: But he perceiving that it was very difficult for him to force his way through those narrow straits, by the help of some Ships and several Boats out of Eubea and Locris, passed over into Thessaly. And hearing that Polysperchon lay with his Army in Perrhabea, he ordered away calas his General, with some Forces to fight him. In the mean time, Dinias being sent away to secure the 
* Straitss of Perrhabea.  straits, possessed himself of those Passes before the Forces of Olympias could reach them.  
As soon as Olympias heard that Cassander was entering Macedonia with a great Army, she created Aristonous General, and commanded him to fight Cassander. She herself (taking 
Ant. Ch. 314.  along with her the Son of Alexander and Roxana his Mother, and Thessalonica the Daughter of Philip the Son of Amyntas, Deidamia the Daughter of Eacides King of Epirus, and Sister of Pyrrhus (who afterwards made War upon the Romans) and the Daughters of Attalus, and other Kindred and eminent Relations) entered into Pydna, so that a great 
Olympias goes to Pydna, and is there besieged.  throng of People, Useless and Unserviceable for War, attended upon her: Neither was there Provision in that Place sufficient for such a Multitude, to hold out any long Siege. All which disadvantages, though they were clear Evidences of the greatness of the Danger, yet she was resolved to stay here, expecting many Greeks and Macedonians to come in to her assistance by Sea.  
There were with her some Horse from Ambracia, and many of the Troops of the Household; and the rest of Polysperchon's Elephants: The other had been before taken by Cassander at his former irruption into Macedonia; who now having recovered the Passes at Perrhebea, so as that he had his way open to Pydna, begirt the Town round with a Mudwall from Sea to Sea; and sent for Shipping and all sorts of Weapons and Engines of Battery from his Confederates, with a design to block up Olympius both by Sea and 
Ant. Ch. 314.  Land.  
But when he had Intelligence that Eacides, King of Epirus, was coming with a strong Army to the Relief of Olympias, he delivered some Forces to the Command of Atarchias, with Orders to meet the Epirots, who presently executing what he was commanded, possessed himself of the Passes into Epirus, so that Eacides was wholly defeated in his Design.  
For the Epirots were forced against their Wills to the Expedition into Macedonia, and therefore mutinyed in the Camp: However, Eacides, desirous by any way possible to R●heve Olympias, cashiered all those that favoured not his Design; taking in those who were willing to run the same risk with himself; he was indeed very forward to Engage, but had not yet force enough; for the Party that stuck to him was very small.  
In the mean time, the Epirots that were sent away into their own Country, revolted from the King, and his People, by a common Decree of the State, Banished him the 
The Epirots forsake their King, and join with Cassander.  Kingdom, and Consederated with Cassander; like to which never before happened in Epirus from the time that Neoptolemus, the Son of Achilles, reigned there. For the Kingdom ever descended from the Father, by Right of Succession to the Son, till this time.  
When Cassander was thus supported by the Confederacy of the Epirots, and had sent Lyciseus both as General and 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Governor. Ant. Ch. 314.  Viceroy into Epirus, they in Macedonta, who before were at a stand, whether they should Confederate with Olympias or not, now (seeing no hopes remaining for the retrieving her Affairs) joined with Cassander. So that now the only Prop remaining to rely upon for Relief was Polysperchon, and this was presently in a strange manner shattered and broken in Pieces; for when calas, who was sent as Geneneral 
Olympias her Affairs brought very low.  by Cassander, sat down with his Army near to Polysperchon in Perrebia, he so corrupted most of his Soldiers with large Bribes, that very few remained, especially of those that were looked upon to be most Faithful: And thus low were the Affairs of Olympias 
P. 691.  sunk in a very short time.  
As for the Affairs of Asia at this time; Antigonus then Wint'ring in Gadamalis, otherwise Gaderlis, looking upon his Army too weak for the Enemy, contrived how to fall upon them unawares, and to Out wit them. Eumenes his Soldiers were so scattered and dispersed in their Winter-quarters, that some of them were six days march distant one from another. But Antigonus judged it not adviseable to march through the Countries 
Antigonus his design to have surprised Eumenes.  that were Inhabited, both in regard the Journey would be very long and tedious, and likewise presently known to the Enemy, but conceived it much more for his advantage to lead his Army through the dry and barren Deserts, though it were far more troublesome, for that it was much the shorter Cut; and by that means his march would be secret, 
Ant. Ch. 314.  and so he might fall upon the Enemy suddenly and unexpectedly, as they lay dispersed and scattered in their Quarters, never dreaming of any such thing.  
Upon these Considerations he commanded his Soldiers to be ready for a March, and to prepare for themselves Ten Days Victuals 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 neither Roasting nor B●●ling.  such as need not the Fire. He himself gave it out, that he would march through Armenia: But on a sudden, contrary to the Expectation of his whole Army, 
* The Winter Trop●ck.  in the Depth of Winter, he marched towards the Deserts. In their march he ordered Fires to be made in the Day, but to be put out in the Night, left that any seeing them far off from the Mountains, might discover his approach to the Enemy: For the Desert was almost all wholly Plain and Champaign, surrounded with many high Hills, from whence it was easy a long way off to discover the Fires. But when the Army had spent Five days in this tedious Journey, the Soldiers for very Cold, as for other necessary Uses, fell to making of Fires by Night as well as by Day; which some of the Inhabitants of the Wilderness espying, they presently the very same day sent away Messengers upon Dromedaries to give Intelligence thereof to Eumenes and Peucestes. This Beast will commonly run 
* 〈◊〉.  Fifteen hundred Furlongs a Day. 
●00 M 〈…〉 〈◊〉   
Peucestes being informed, that the Enemy's Army was seen half way of their march, began to think of running away 
* To the utmost ●ounds of their Winter Quarters.  as far as he could, being afraid the Enemy would be upon him before he could get the Forces together, from every Quarter where they than lay dispersed. Eumenes perceiving the Fright he was in, bid him be of good Heart, and continue upon the Edge of the Wilderness, for he had found out a way that Antigonus should not come into those Parts in three or four days. And having done that, they 
Ant. Ch. 314.  should be able within that time easily to get all their Forces together; and so the Enemy being tired out, and starved for want of Provision, would all fall into their hands. All wondered at this strange Undertaking, and every one was earnest to learn what it was that should give a stop to the Enemy. Eumenes hereupon commanded all the Captains 
Eumenes his stratagem to stop Antigonus in his march.  and Soldiers that were then at hand, to follow him with a great number of Urns full of Fire, and then chose out some of the Highest Ground in the Country, which looked every way towards the Wilderness, and there marked out several Places within the Compass of Seventy Furlongs, and allotted to every Captain a Post distant about Twenty Cubits one from another, with Command to kindle a Fire in the Night in every Place; and at the first Watch to make the greater Fires, as if they were then still upon the Guard, and going to Supper and refreshing themselves; at the Second, that the Fires should be less; and the Third to be left near Out and Extinct, that so at a Distance it might seem as if the Army were certainly there Encamped together.  
The Soldiers observing the Order given them, some of the Inhabitants of the Mountains over against them (Friends to Pitho the Governor of Media) perceived the Fire, and supposing the Army was really there Encamped, ran down into the Plain, and informed both Pitho and Antigonus; who being amazed, (and as it were Thunderstruck at 
P. 692.  this strange and unexpected News) made an Halt, and Consulted with those that brought them the News what Course was best to be taken. For Men that were tired out, and 
Ant. Ch. 314.  in want of every thing that was necessary, to Engage with an Enemy prepared, and furnished with plenty of all sorts of Provision, was alleged to be a desperate and hazardous Adventure. Concluding therefore that they were betrayed, and that the Enemy's Forces were drawn together, (upon Intelligence given them of what was designed) it was resolved not to march forward, but turn aside to the Right; and so the Army moved into both parts of the Countries inhabited, to the end the Soldiers might refresh themselves after their toilsome March.  
In the mean time, Eumenes having by this Stratagem thus deluded the Enemy, got all his Army together from all Parts where they were in their Winter-Quarters, and fortifying his Camp with a Rampire and a deep Trench, he there received his Confederates as come in to him, and plentifully furnished his Camp with all things necessary.  
But Antigonus, after he had marched through the Desert, receiving Intelligence from the Inhabitants, that the rest of Eumenes his Forces were almost all come to him; but that his Elephants coming out of their Winter-Stations, were not far off with a very slender Guard, sent out Two thousand Horse-Lanceliers, Two hundred Tarentines, and all his light-armed Foot to intercept them: For setting upon them as they were without a sufficient Guard, he hoped he might easily make himself Master of 'em; and so deprive the Enemy of the main Strength of his Army. But Eumenes fearing the worst that might happen upon that account, sent away (for a further Guard) Five hundred of his best 
Ant. Ch. 314.  Horse, and Three thousand light-armed Foot.  
As soon as Antigonus his Soldiers came in sight, the Commanders of the Elephants drew them into a square in the form of a Tile, and placed the Carriages in the middle, and so marched on. They were supported in the Rear with no more than four hundred Horse. The Enemy then pouring in all their Force upon them, and pushing on still with great Violence, the Horse in the Rear being overpowered, made away. The Masters of the Elephants stood for some time, galled with Darts and Arrows on every side, not able to endamage or touch the Enemy: And just now when they were ready to give up all, in cometh unexpectedly the Eumeneans, who Extricate them out of all their Dangers. A few Days after, the Armies Encamped within forty Furlongs one of another; and now being about to lay all at stake, both sides prepared for Battle.  
Antigonus drew up his Horse into two Wings, and committed the Left to Pitho, and 
The Last Battle between Antigonus and Eumenes in Gabiene. Ant. Ch. 314.  the Right to his Son Demetrius, where he himself intended to Charge; the Foot was in the middle Battle, and all the Elephants he placed in the Front of the whole Army, interlined with Light-armed Men. His whole Army was Two and twenty thousand Foot, and Nine thousand Horse, besides those that were listed in Media; and Elephants Sixty five.  
When Eumenes understood, that Antigonus had placed himself in the Right Wing with the best of his Horse, he himself fronted him with the Choicest of his own, in the Left; for here he placed most of the Governors of the Provinces, with the Best of that Horse which they themselves brought into the Field, and with these he ventured himself.  
In this Wing likewise was Mithridates, Son of Ariobarzanes, descended from one of those seven Persians, who slew Smerdis, one of the Magis, a Man of exemplary Valour, and brought up in the Feats of War from his very youth. In the Front of this Wing he placed Threescore of the best of his Elephants, drawn up in form of an Half-Moon, interlined with Light-armed Men.  
As to the Foot, the Targateers were placed in the Front; then the Argyraspides; and 
P. 693.  in the Rear all the Foreigners, and those that were armed after the manner of the Macedonians, and so many Elephants and Light-armed Men were placed in the Front of the main Battle of the Foot, as was thought sufficient. In the Right Wing were drawn up such Horse and Elephants as were judged the most Weak and Feeble of all the rest, and over these was appointed Philip as Commander, who was ordered to retire leisurely as he 
Ant. Ch. 314.  fought, and diligently to observe the Event of the other side.  
Eumenes his Army amounted to Thirty six thousand and seven hundred Foot, Six thousand and fifty Horse, and a Hundred and fourteen Elephants.  
A little before the Battle, Antigenes, General of the Argyraspides, had sent a Macedonian Horseman to the Enemy's Phalanx, with Command to ride up as close to them as possibly he could, and proclaim with a loud Voice what he had ordered him. Hereupon, when he was come up within hearing of that Part of the Army where Antigonus his Macedonian Phalanx was drawn up, he cried out with a loud Voice thus, Oh ye Villains! Ye fight against your Fathers, who ventured their Lives, and performed all those Noble Acts with Philip and Alexander, whom you shall shortly experience to be Men worthy those Kings and those former Conquests! The Youngest of the 
* Silver Shields.  Argyraspiaes at that time were at least Threescore years of Age; but most of the rest were Seventy, and some older; all of them for Strength and Skill in their Weapons unconquerable: For continual Practice of their Arms had made them Expert and Daring.  
Proclamation being made, as we have before said, there were many harsh Words and discontented Speeches cast out in Amigonus his Army. That they should be forced to fight against their own Countrymen, and with those that were so much older than themselves. In Eumenes his Army on the other hand, they were continually crying out while the Army was drawing up, to be led out against the Enemy: Eumenes seeing the Alacrity of the Soldiers, lift up the Ensign of Battle, upon which forthwith the Trumpets sounded a Charge, and the whole Army set up a shout for the Onset. The Elephants in the first place fought one with another; then the Horse Charged on both sides. The Field was very Large, Sandy, and Waste, so that so much Dust was raised by the Trampling of the Horses, as that a Man could not see what was done, though but at a small distance from him: Which Antigonus observing, sent forthwith away some Median Horse, and a Body of Tarentines, to set upon the Baggage of the Enemy.  
For he hoped by reason of the Dust that was raised (as the thing in truth proved) that they would not be discerned, and that if he got possession of the Carriages, he should easily bring the whole Army into his power. Hereupon, those that were sent forth secretly slipping by the Enemy's Wing, set upon the Pages, 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Drudges.  Scullion Boys, and others that were with the Baggage, and about five Furlongs distant from the Place of Battle.  
There they found a Multitude of Useless and Unserviceable Rabble, and a very small Guard in the Place, so that they were presently put to flight, and the rest all fell into 
Eumenes his Carriages taken.  the Enemy's hands. In the mean time, Antigonus charging the Enemy with a strong Body of Horse, so terrified Peucestes, Governor of Persia, that he with his Horse got out of the Dust, and drew Fifteen hundred more after him. But Eumenes, though he was left 
Ant. Ch. 314.  but with a very few in the out Skirts of the Wing where he was, yet counted it base to flag or fly; judging it more honourable to be Faithful to his word, in the Quarrel of the Kings, and to die in an honest and just Cause with Resolution, made a fierce Charge upon Antigonus; so that now there was a sharp Dispute between the Horse; where the Eumeneans excelled the other in Heat and Resolution, but the Antigontans them in Num. and Multitude; and many fell on both sides. At which time, the Elephants fight one with another, the Leader on Eumenes his side, engaging with one of the Stoutest of the other, was there slain. Hereupon, Eumenes perceiving his Horse to be worsted on 
P. 694.  every hand, withdrew with the rest of the Horse out of the Fight, and passed over to the other Wing, and joined himself to those with Philip, whom he had ordered to make a leisurely Retreat. And thus ended the Engagement between the Horse.  
But as to the Foot, the Argyraspides (or Silver Shields) in a full Body flew with that Violence upon the Enemy, that some they killed upon the spot, and they rest they put to flight: For they were not to be withstood; who though they engaged with the Enemy's 
Ant. Ch. 314  main Battle, yet they signalised both their Valour and Dexterity to that degree, that they killed above Five thousand without the loss of one Man, and put the whole 
Nota.  Foot to flight, though they were far more in number than themselves.  
When Eumenes understood, that all the Carriages were taken; and that Peucestes was not far off with the Horse, he endeavoured to get all to rally in a Body together again, and to try their Fortune in a second Engagement with Antigonus: For he concluded, if he prevailed he should not only recover his own Carriages, but likewise possess himself of the Enemy's: But Peucestes would not hear of fight any more, but got further off, so that Eumenes was forced to yield the Day.  
Then Antigonus dividing his Horse into two Bodies, he himself with one sought how to entrap Eumenes, observing which way he made; the other he delivered to Pitho, with Orders to fall upon the Argyraspides, who then were forsaken by their Horse; who forthwith setting upon them, as he was commanded, the Macedonians drew up in form of a Square, and got safe to the River, exclaiming against Peucestes, as the Cause of the routing of the Horse.  
When Eumenes came up to them in the Evening, they consulted together what was then fittest to be done. The Governors of the Provinces were for returning with all speed into the Higher Provinces; but Eumenes was for staying where they were and fight, and in regard the Enemies main Battle was broken and cut off, and that they were then equal in Horse on both sides. But the Macedonians seeing that they had lost their Carriages, Wives, and Children, and whatever was dear to them, declared they would neither do the one or the other. And so at that time, without agreeing in any thing, they parted. But afterwards, the Macedonians secretly corresponding with Antigonus 
Eumenes base●ly delivered up by his own Men.  seized upon Eumenes, and delivered him up into his Hands. And having received their Carriages, and Faith taken for security, they all marched away together: Whose Example the Governors of the Provinces and most of the other Captains and Soldiers followed, forsaking their General, chief consulting their own Safety and Preservation.  
Antigonus having thus strangely and unexpectedly possessed himself both of Eumenes and his whole Army, seized upon Antigenes, Captain of the Argyraspides, and put him alive into a Coffin, and burned him to Ashes. He put to death likewise Eudamus, who brought the Elephants out of India, and Celbanus and some others: Who upon all occasions appeared against him. But for Eumenes, he put him in Prison, and took time to consider how to dispose of him. For he had in truth an earnest desire to have gained so good a General to his own Interest, and to have obliged him upon that account; but because of the great Kindness and strict Correspondency which passed between him and Olympias, and the Kings, he 
Ant. Ch. 314.  durst not absolutely rely upon him; for but a while before, though he had delivered him out of the straits he was in at Nora in Phrygia, yet he presently upon it fell in and sided with the Kings; and therefore, upon the pressing Importunity of the Macedonians he put him to Death. But in respect of his former Familiarity with him, he caused his Body to be burnt, and his Bones to be put into an Urn, and delivered to his nearest Friends. Amongst those that were Wounded and Prisoners, was Hieronymus of Cardia, Historiographer, 
P. 695.  who having been ever in great Esteem with Eumenes during his Life, after his Death found great Favour also with Antigonus.  
Antigonus returning into Media with his whole Army, spent the rest of the Winter in a Town not far from Ecbatane, where stood the Palace-Royal of that Province. He distributed 
The dreadful Earthquake in the Kingdom of Rhages. Strabo Jays Two thousand Towns and Cities.  his Army here and there all over that Province, and especially in the Country of Rhages; so called from the Calamities it had miserably suffered in former times. For being heretofore full of Rich and populous Cities, there happened such terrible Earthquakes in those Parts, that both Cities and Inhabitants were swallowed up altogether, not one left, and the very Face of the Country was so changed, that new Rivers and Ponds appeared in the room of the Old.   

CHAP. III.  
The Inundations at Rhodes. Antigonus kills Pitho, getting him into his power by Dissimulation. Then marches into Persia. Revolters from Antigonus cut off in Media. He divides the Asian Provinces, and contrives to destroy all the Argyraspides. Gets great Treasure in Susa. Cassander besieges Olympias in Pydna; The great Distress to which it was reduced. Amphipolis surrendered to Cassander. He kills Olympias. Marries Thessalonices; Builds Cassandra. Imprisons Rhoxana and her Son Alexander. His Expedition into Peloponnesus against Alexander, the Son of Polysperchon: The History of Thebes. Cassander rebuilds Thebes.  
ABout this time happened a Flood near the City of Rhodes, which destroyed many of the Inhabitants. The first Flood did little prejudice, because the City was but 
Olymp. 116. 1. An. M. 3656. Ant. Ch. 314.  then newly built, and far larger in Compass: But the second was more Mischievous, and destroyed Multitudes. The last fell out at the Beginning of the Spring, accompanied with violent Storms of Rain, and Hailstones of an incredible Bigness; for they were a Mina in weight, and sometime more, so that they not only beat down Houses, but killed 
The 〈…〉 dations at Rhodes.  many Men. And in regard Rhodes was built in Form of a Theatre, and that the Water ran for the most part into one Place, the lower Parts of the City were presently filled with Water, (for that the Winter being now looked upon to be over) no care was taken to cleanse the Channels and Aqueducts; and the Pipes likewise in the Walls were choked up; so that the Waters flowing in altogether on a sudden, all the Ground about the 
* Some Monument in the Town, in Memory of some remarkable Event either Go●d or Bad.  Deigma, (as it is called) and the Temple of B●cchuss was filled with Water; and now it rising up like a standing Pond to the Temple of Esculapius, all were in a Consternation, and could not agree together what should be done, in order to their Preservation. Some were for making to the Ships, and others for hasting to the Theatre. Some now almost surrounded with the Evil that threatened them, in great Terror and Amazement climbed up to the top of the highest Altars, and others to the top of the Pedestals of the Statues. The City being in this Danger to be overwhelmed and ruined, with all its Inhabitants, 
Ant. Ch. 314.  on a sudden they were unexpectedly delivered: For the Wall burst asunder in a large Breach, and the Water that stood on an Heap made its way through, and ran with a violent Current into the Sea, and so every one presently had free passage to his own House.  
It was of great advantage to these distressed People, that this Inundation was in the day time: For most of the Citizens ran to the highest parts of the City for shelter. And another advantage was, that the Houses were not built of Tile, but of Stone; so that they who got to the Housetops escaped without any great Damage: However, there perished in this common Calamity above Five hundred Souls; and some of the Houses were born down to the Ground, and others very ill torn and shaken. And in this danger was Rhodes.  
Antigonus, while he Wintered in Media, discovered Pitho plotting to draw over the Soldiers then in their Winter-Quarters, partly by Bribes, and partly by fair Promises to his own Interest, and to make a Turn and Defection in the Army. But Antigonus covered and concealed his Design, and made show as if he gave no Credit to the Informers, but chid them as those that contrived only to set him and Pitho together by the ears. In the mean while, he caused it to be noised abroad, That he intended to leave Pitho, with a considerable 
Ant. Ch. 314. P. 696.  Army for his Defence, Lord-Lieutenant of the higher Provinces; and he wrote likewise to him, and desired him to hasten to him with all speed, that after they had consulted together of some weighty Affairs, they might forthwith march away into the Lesser Asia. 
To the parts on the Seacoasts.  Thus he managed his Business, whereby to remove all ground of Suspicion, and to get the poor Man into his hands, upon an expectation and hopes to be left Governor of those Provinces: For it was a difficult matter to take one by force who was in so great Repute with Alexander, and for his Valour advanced by him to Places of Honour; and who being then Governor of Media, was a help and support to the whole Army.  
Pitho was at that time in the furthest Parts of all Media in his Winter-Quarters, and had now corrupted many, who had promised to join with him in the Defection. His Friends likewise acquainting him by their Letters with Antigonus his Purpose, possessed him with an Expectation of mighty Things: And thus guiled, to Antigonus he went; who having now seized his Prey, brought him before a Council of War even of his own 
Antigonus kills Pitho.  Confederates, where he was easily convicted, and forthwith had his Head chopped off.  
Hereupon Antigonus gathering all his Army together, committed the Government of Media to Orontobates a Median born; but made Hippostratus General of the Army, who 
Ant. Ch. 314.  had Three thousand 500 foreign Foot-Soldiers under his Command. He himself taking with him the Body of his Army, went to Ecbatana, where receiving Five thousand Talents of massy Silver, he marched into Persia; and it cost him twenty days march before 
Antigonus marches into Persia  he arrived at the Capital City Persepolis.  
In the mean time, while Antigonus was on his march, Pitho's Friends, who were concerned with him in the Conspiracy (the chief of whom was Meleager and Menoetas) and other Well-willers of Eumenes and Pitho, who were scattered abroad into Corners, met together, to the number of Eight hundred Horse; and in the first place wasted the Territories of the Medes who refused to join with them. Then receiving Intelligence where 
Revolters from Antigonus cut off in Media.  Hippestratus and Orontobates lay encamped, they broke in upon them in the night, and were not far off from effecting what they designed; but being overpowered by number, and having only enticed some of the Soldiers to run the same course with them, they were forced to retreat; yet some of the nimblest of them (all being Horsemen) made many sudden Incursions upon the Country, and caused a great Consternation and Hubbub amongst them; but were atlast enclosed in a place compassed about with Rocks, and were there all killed or taken. But Meleager and Cranes the Median, and some of the better sort of them stood it out to the last, and died with their Swords in their hands. And this was the Condition of the Conspirators in Media.  
As for Antigonus, as soon as he came into Persia, the People honoured him as a King, as he that was now undoubtedly absolute Lord of all Asia: There calling together a Council of his Nobility, he propounded to them the matter concerning the Government 
Ant. Ch. 314. Antigonus divides the Asian Provinces.  of the Provinces: In which Consultation they left Carmania to Tlepolemus, and Bactria to Stasanor; for it was no easy matter to expel them, having gained the Hearts of the People by their fair Deportment, and likewise were associated with potent Confederates. Eritus he sent into Aria; who dying shortly after, was succeeded by Evagoras, a Man of wonderful Valour and Prudence. Oxyatres likewise, the Father of Roxana, was permitted to enjoy the Province of Parapamisus, as he did before: For neither could he eject him without a long expense of Time and a very great Army.  
But he sent for Sibyritus, a Well-willer of his, out of Arachosia, and bestowed upon him the Government of that Province, and gave him the most turbulent of the Silver Shields, under colour of serving him in the War, but in truth with a design to have them all cut off; for he gave him private Instructions to employ them in such Services as that by degrees they might all be destroyed. Amongst these were those that betrayed Eumenes, that Vengeance 
P. 697. The Argyraspides contrived to be destroyed.  might in a short time after overtake these perfidious Villains for their Treachery against their General. For Princes, by reason of their great Power, may reap advantage by the wicked Acts of others; but private Men who are the Actors, for the most part are by those means brought into miserable Disasters.  
Antigonus moreover finding that Peucestes was much beloved in Persia, made it one of his first Works to strip him of that Government. At which all the Natives greatly repined; and a Chief Man amongst them called Thespias spoke openly against it, and said, 
Ant. Ch. 314.  That the Persians would be governed by no other Man but Peucestes; whereupon he flew Thespias, and made Asclepiodorus Governor of Persia, and committed to him a considerable Army; and held on Peucestes with vain Hopes of preferring him with higher Preferments elsewhere, until he had drawn him quite out of the Country.  
While Antigonus was on his way to Susa, Xenophilus, who had the keeping of the King's Treasure there, being sent by Seleucus, went and met him at Pasitigris, and offered him his Service in whatsoever he pleased to command him. Antigonus received him very graciously, and seemed as if he honoured him above all the Friends he had, fearing left he might alter his Mind, and keep him out when he came thither. But when he 
He gets great Treasure at Susa.  came into the Castle of Susa, he possessed himself of it, and there seized upon the Golden Vine, and store of other such Rarities, to the value of Fifteen thousand Talents: All which he turned into ready Money, besides what he made of Crowns of Gold, and other Presents and Spoils taken from the Enemy, amounting to Five thousand Talents more, and a like quantity collected out of Media, besides the Treasure had from Susa; so that in the whole he heaped together Five and twenty thousand Talents. And thus stood the Affairs of Antigonus at that time.  
Since we have handled the Affairs of Asia, we shall now pass over into Europe, and relate what was done there concurring and cotemporary with the former. Cassander having 
Ant. Ch. 314.  shut up Olympias in Pydna in Macedonia, could not assault the Walls by reason of the Winter Season; but he blocked up the City with his Forces on every side, and drew a 
Cassander besieges Olympias in Pydna.  Mudwall from Sea to Sea; and to prevent all Relief by Sea as well as by Land, he guarded the Mouth of the Harbour with his own Shipping. Insomuch as their Provisions being near spent, the Besieged were reduced to that Extremity of Want, that they were near starved. For they were brought to that straight, that every Soldier was allowed but 
* About Seven Quarters and half a Pont.  Five Choenices of Breadcorn every Month, and the Elephants were fed with Sawdust. At last they killed the Draught-Beasts and Horses for Meat.  
While the City was in this State, and Olympias earnestly expecting Foreign Aid, the Elephants pined away for want of Food. And the Horsemen that were Foreigners almost all died, having no proportion of Bread allotted them, and many of the other Soldiers fared no better. Some of the Barbarians (Hunger overcoming what Nature would have otherwise dreaded and abhorred) fed upon the Carcases of the Dead.  
The Town being now filled with dead Bodies, the Colonels and Captains of the King's Guards buried some, and threw others over the Walls; insomuch as not only the Queens, (who were bred up deliciously all their Days,) but even the Soldiers, who were 
Ant. Ch. 314.  always inur'd to Hardship, could not endure the Sight, nor Stink of the Carcases.  
And now the Spring came on, and the Famine increased every day, whereupon most of the Soldiers came up in a Body, and entreated Olympias to suffer them to leave the Place because of the Scarcity, who (not being able to supply them with Bread, nor in a condition to raise the Siege) let them go; and they were all kindly received by Cassander, 
P. 698.  and disposed of into several Towns and Cities round about. For he hoped, that the Macedonians coming to understand by them how weak Olympias was, would conclude her Affairs Desperate and Remediless. And he did not miss the Mark in his Conjecture; for they who were just now sending Relief to the Besieged, presently altered their Purpose, and sided with Cassander. Only Aristonous and Monimus of all the Macedonians continued firm and faithful to Olympias, of whom Aristonous was Governor of Amphipolis, and the other of Pella. At length Olympias perceiving that many went over to Cassander, and those who were her Friends were not able to help her; without further delay got ready a Galley of Five Oars on a Bank, with a design to rescue her and all her Kindred out of the present Danger: But being discovered to the Enemy by some of the Deserters, Cassander sailed to the Place, and seized the Vessel. Whereupon Olympias looking upon herself in a desperate Condition, sent an Herald to Cassander to treat upon Terms of Pacification; but he insisting upon the delivering up of herself to his Mercy, with much ado she at length prevailed only for the preservation of her Person: Being therefore now possessed of the City, he sent some away to summon Pella and Amphipolis.  
Monimus the Governor of Pella hearing how Things went with Olympias, presently surrendered: But Aristonous at first resolved to hold out and maintain the Cause of the Kings, in regard he had a strong Garrison, and had been then lately Prosperous and Successful. For a few days before, he had fought with Cratevas, one of Cassander's Captains, 
Amphipolis surrendered to Cassander.  and cut off many of the Enemy, and drove Cratevas himself, with Two thousand of his Men, into the City Bedys in Bisaltia, and there besieged him, took him and disarmed him, and then upon mutual Pledges of Faith given and taken, discharged him. Being encouraged upon this account, and knowing nothing but that Eumenes was still living, and concluding he should be sure of Aid and Relief from Alexander and Polysperchon, he refused to surrender Amphipolis.  
But as soon as he received Letters from Olympias, (whereby she commanded him upon the Faith of his former Engagement to restore the City,) he observed her Commands, and 
Amphipolis surendered to Cassander.  delivered it up, upon assurance of his own Preservation. But Cassander perceiving that he was a Man of great Interest by reason of the Honours conferred upon him by Alexander, and minding to take all such out of the way as might be in a Capacity to make any Disturbance, by the help of Cratevas his Kindred he put him also to Death. Then he incited the Relations of such as were put to Death by Olympias, to prosecute her in the General Assembly of the Macedonians, who thereupon very readily complied with what they were put on to do; and though she herself was not then present, nor had any Person there to plead her Cause, yet the Macedonians condemned her to Die. Cassander thereupon sent some of his Friends to Olympias, and advised her to get out of the way, and promised to procure for her a Ship, and cause her to be conveyed safe to Athens. And this he did not as any ways minding her Preservation, but as one conscious of her own Gild by her flight, it might be judged a just Vengeance upon her if she perished and was cut off, as she was in her Voyage. For he was afraid as well of the Fickleness of the Macedonians, as of the Dignity of her Person. But Olympias refused to fly, but said, She was ready to defend her Cause before all the Macedonians.  
Cassander therefore fearing lest the People calling to mind the worthy Acts and Kindnesses of Philip and Alexander towards the whole Nation should change their Minds, and so take upon them to defend the Queen, sent to her a Band of Two hundred Soldiers 
Ant. Ch. 314.  well Armed and Accoutered, with Orders to dispatch her forthwith; who rushing on a 
Cassander kills Olympias.  sudden into the Palace, as soon as they saw her, (in Reverence to her Person,) drew back, without executing what they were commanded. But the Kindred of those she 
P. 699.  had put to Death, both to ingratiate themselves with Cassander, and likewise to gratify their own Revenge for the Death of their Relations, cut her Throat, she not in the least crying out in any Womanish Terror or Fear to spare her. In this manner died Olympias, the greatest and most honourable Woman in the Age wherein she lived, Daughter of Neoptolemus King of Epirus; Sister of 
* Sister of Alexander, that is, Pyrrhus.  Alexander, who made the Expedition into Italy; Wife of Philip, the greatest and most victorious Prince of all that ever were before in Europe; and lastly, the Mother of Alexander, who never was exceeded by any for the many great and wonderful Things that were done by him.  
Cassander now seeing all Things go on according to his Heart's Desire, in his Hopes and Expectations was already possessed of the Kingdom of Macedon: He therefore now marries Thessalonices Daughter of Philip, and Sister of Alexander by the same Father, ambitious 
Marries Thessalonices.  to be related in Affinity, and esteemed as one of the Royal Family. He built likewise Cassandria (calling it after his own Name) in 
† Builds Cassandria.  Pallene, and Peopled it by Inhabitants 
Ant. Ch. 314.  drawn out of the Cities of the 
* The Chersonesus of Pallene in Thrace.  Chersonesus, and out of Potidea and many other neighbouring Cities, and placed there likewise those Olynthians that were left, of whom there were still a considerable Number. To this City he laid a large and rich Territory, and made it his earnest Care to advance the Glory and Splendour of this Place; so that it grew up in a short time to that degree of Power, as to excel all the Cities of Macedonia.  
Cassander likewise minding to cut off all the Posterity of Alexander, (that there might be none of his Line left to succeed in the Kingdom,) purposed to kill the Son of Alexander, and Roxana his Mother. But for the present being willing first to observe what People's Discourses were concerning the cutting off of Olympias, and having as yet no certain Account how Things went with Antigonus, he committed Roxana and her Son close Prisoners to the Castle at Amphipolis under the Charge of Glaucias, then by him made 
Imprisons Roxana and her Son Alexander. Ant. Ch. 314.  Governor, and one of his Friends, in whom he placed great Confidence. He likewise took away from the young King those Children that were bred up with him as his Companions, and ordered that he should be no longer attended as a King, nor regarded otherwise than as a private Person.  
And now Ruling the Kingdom in all Things as King, he Royally and Sumptuously Interred at Aegis, Eurydice and Philip, the late King and Queen; and Cinna, whom Alcetas had put to Death, gracing the Dead with the Solemnity of Funeral Sports and Plays.  
Then he raised Soldiers out of Macedonia for the Expedition resolved upon into Peloponnesus. While he was employed in these Affairs, Polysperchon, who was then besieged in Naxius in Perrebea, when he heard of the Death of Olympias, in despair of retrieving of his Affairs in Macedonia, with a few in his Company broke out of the City, and passed through Thessaly, together with Aeacides, and came into Aetolia, where he judged he might safely abide, and observe how Things went, for that there was a good Understanding between him and this Nation.  
But Cassander having now raised a considerable Army, marches out of Macedonia with an 
Cassander's Expedition into Peloponnesus against Alexander the Son of Polysperchon. Ant. Ch. 314.  intent to drive Alexander the Son of Polysperchon out of Peloponnesus: For he with his Army was the only Enemy left, and had possessed himself of many convenient Posts and Towns there. Through Thessaly he marched without any opposition; but found the Pass at Pylas guarded by the Etolians, whom having with much difficulty beaten off, he came into Boeotia, where getting all the Thebans together that were remaining from all Parts, he set upon repeopling of Thebes, conceiving now he had a fair opportunity put into his hands for the rebuilding of that City, famous both for its renowned Actions, and the ancient Stories concerning it. And by so good a Work, he concluded he should reap the Fruit of an Immortal Fame and Glory.  
This City had felt very many Changes and Turns of Fortune, and those to the utmost 
The History of Thebes.  Extremity, being sometimes in danger of being razed to the Ground. Of which, to say something briefly will not be any foreign Digression.  
After Deucolion's Flood, when Cadmus had built the Citadel, called Cadmea after his own 
P. 700.  Name, the People called Spartans' or Sparsans flocked thither in droves, called so by some, because they flocked together from all Places; others called them 
* Born at Thebes.  Thebigens, because the Natives of Thebes were forced away by the Flood, and dispersed here and there up and down in the Country. When these were again returned, they were afterwards expelled by force of Arms by the Ench●lensians, and then even Cadmus himself was forced to fly to the Illyrians. After this, when Amphion and Zethus ruled, and there first built the City, (as the 
* Homer.  Poet says,)  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
Who first Thebes Walls with Seven Gates did raise. 
Ant. Ch. 314.   
The Inhabitants were again expulsed, when Polydorus the Son of Cadmus returned into the Kingdom, where all Things were then carelessly managed, by reason of the sad Condition of 
* His 7 Sons and 7 Daughters by Niobe were killed by Jupiter and Diana with Arrows. Paus. in Boet. Diod. lib. 4.  Amphion for the Loss of all his Children.  
Then again in the time of the Reign of his 
† The Posterity of Polydorus.  Posterity, (when all the Country was called Boeotia, from one Boeotus the Son of Melanippes' and Neptune, who reigned there,) the Thebans were expelled the third time by the 
‖ The Posterity of the 7 Captains who besieged Thebes.  Epigoni of Argos, when they took the City by force. Those that escaped of those that were expelled, fled to Alalcomenia and the Mountain Tilphosius; but after the Death of these Argives, they returned into their own Country.  

‡ This Story of the Crows is, That the Oracle said, the Boeotians should be expelled when they saw white Crows, which happened afterward by playful Boys painting Crows white, and then letting them go. A little while after, the Boeotians were ejected by the Aeolians. See the Annot. upon Erasm. Adag. (Ad Corvos.) p. 374.  In the time of the Trojan War, when the Thebans were in Asia, those who stayed at home, together with other Boeotians, were expelled by the Pelasgians: and after they had endured many and various Calamities in the course of near four Generations, (according to the Oracle relating to the Crows,) they returned, and inhabited Thebes.  
From this time this City continued in a State of Prosperity near Eight hundred Years. And the Thebans at the beginning had the chief Command over all the rest of their Country.  
Afterwards when they attempted to be Sovereign Lords of all Greece, Alexander the Son of Philip took it by Storm, and razed it to the Ground. In the Twentieth Year next after, Cassander, to make himself Famous, and advance his own Reputation, he so 
Ant. Changed: 314.  far prevailed with the Boeotians for their Concurrence, as that he rebuilt the City, and restored 
Cassander rebuilds Thebes.  it to those Thebans that were then remaining of the old Stock. Many of the Greek Cities afforded their Assistance to the rebuilding of this Place, out of Compassion to the distressed Condition of the Thebans, and the ancient Fame and Glory of the City. The Athenians built the greatest part of the Walls, and others assisted according to their several Abilities; and Contributions were sent not only from all Parts of Greece, but from some both in Sicily and Italy. And thus the Thebans came to be restored to the ancient Seat of their Ancestors. Then Cassander moved with his Army towards Peloponnesus; and when he found that Alexander the Son of Polysperchon had fortified the Isthmus with strong Guards, he turned aside to Megara; and there he fitted out some Boats, and in them transported his Elephants to Epidaurus, and the rest of his Army in other Ships. Thence coming to Argos, he forced them to quit their Confederacy with Alexander and join with him. Afterwards he brought over to him all the Cities and Towns, with the Territories of Messina, except Ithom; and Hermonides he took in upon Articles of Agreement: But upon Alexander's marching down to fight, he left Two thousand Men at 
* Geraneia, a Hill near the Istmos, in Megaris.  Geraneia, near the Istmos, under the Command of Molycus, and and returned into Macedonia.   

CHAP. IU.  
Antigonus his Army feasted by Seleucus in Babylon. Falls out with Seleucus, who flies to Ptolemy, and is kindly received. Ptolemy, Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysimachus, join against Antigonus, They send Ambassadors to him, who Winters in Cilicia He goes into Phoenicia, and there builds Ships; besieges Tyre. The Praise of Phyla, Wife of Demetrius. Aristodemus raises Forces for Antigonus in Peloponnesus. The Acts of Ptolemy, one of Antigonus his Captains. Antigonus his Policy. Tyre delivered. The Agreement of Ptolemy's Captains and the rest at Cyprus. The Acts of Seleucus. A Fleet comes to Antigonus from the Hellespont and Rhodes. Things done in Peloponnesus. Cassander's Acts there, and in Greece. The great Victory by Sea and Land obtained by Polyclitus Seleucus, his Lieutenant: He's rewarded by Ptolemy. The Acts of Agathocles in Sicily. The Romans War with the Samnites.  
AT the end of the former Year, Praxibulus was created chief Magistrate at Athens, 
P. 701. Olymp. 116. 2. Ant. Ch. 313. An. M. 3657. Antigonus comes to Babylon, his whole Army feasted by Seleucus.  and Spurius Nautius and Marcus Popilius bore the Office of Consuls at Rome; at which time Antigonus left one Aspisa a Native, Governor of Susiana. He himself resolving to carry away with him all the moneys, prepared Carriages and Camels for that purpose to bring it down to the Seaside, and so having it along with him, marched with his Army towards Babylon, which he reached in Two and twenty days March; where Seleucus the Governor of the Provinces received him with Royal Presents, and feasted the whole Army. But when Antigonus demanded an Account of the Revenue, he told them, He was not bound to give any Account of that Province which the Macedonians had bestowed upon him as a Reward of his Service in Alexander's Life-time. The Difference growing wider and wider every day, Seleucus remembering Pitho's fall, was thereupon the more afraid, lest Antigonus should catch an Opportunity to put him also to Death. For he seemed to have a Design to cut off (as soon as possible he could) all Men in Power, and such as were in a Capacity to struggle for the chief Command: Whereupon, for fear of the worst, he forthwith made away with Fifty Horse only in his Company, intending to go into Egypt to Ptolemy. For his Kindess and courteous Behaviour 
Falls out with Seleucus, who flies to Ptolemy. Ant. Ch. 313.  towards all that came to him for Protection and Shelter, was cried up in every Place. When Antigonus came to understand this, he rejoiced exceedingly, in that he was not forced to destroy his Friend and potent Confederate, but that Seleucus by his own voluntary Banishment had seemed to deliver up the Province of his own accord, without a Struck struck.  
Afterwards the Chaldeans came to him, and foretold, That if Seleucus got absolutely away, he should be Lord of all Asia, and that in a Battle between them Antigonus himself 
Caldean South 〈◊〉.  should be killed. Whereupon being sorry that he had let him go, he sent some away to pursue him; but having followed him some little way, they returned as they went. Antigonus was wont to slight these kind of Divinations in other Men, but at this time he was so amazed and affrighted with the high Esteem and Reputation of these Men, that he was very much disturbed in his Thoughts: For they were judged to be Men very expert and skilful through their exact and diligent Observation of the Stars: And they affirm, that they and their Predecessors have studied this Art of Astrology for above Twenty thousand Years. And what they had foretold concerning Alexander's Death, if he entered into Babylon; was found true by late Experience. And in truth, as those Predictions concerning Alexander came afterwards to pass, so what they now said relating to Seleucus were likewise in due time accomplished. Of which we shall treat particularly when we come to the Times proper for that purpose.  
Seleucus, when he was got safe into Egypt, was entertained by Ptolemy with all the Expressions of Kindness and Affection that might be; where he bitterly complained against 
Ant. Ch. 313. Seleucus kindly received by Ptolemy.  Antigonus, affirming that his Design was to expel all Persons of eminent Quality out of their Provinces, and especially such as were in Service under Alexander; which he backed with Arguments from Pitho's being put to Death, and Peucestes being deprived of the Government of Persia, and from the Usage he himself had lately met with; and all these, though they had never done any thing to deserve it, but rather upon all Occasions performed all the Acts of Kindness and Service to him that was in their Power, and this was the Reward of all they reaped from their Service. He reckoned up likewise the Strength of his Forces, his great Treasure, and his late Successes, which so puffed him up, that he was in hopes to gain the Sovereign Command over all the Macedonians. 
Ptolemy, Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysimachus, join against Antigonus. P. 702. Ant. Ch. 313.   
Having by these Arguments stirred up Ptolemy to make War against him, he sent some of his Friends over into Europe, to prevail with Cassander and Lysimachus with the like Arguments to appear in Arms against Antigonus. Which Orders being forthwith executed, Foundations were laid for a mighty War, which afterwards followed.  
Antigonus upon many probable Conjectures, conceiving what was Seleucus his design, sent Ambassadors to Ptolemy, Cassander, and Lysimachus, to desire them, that the ancient Friendship might be preserved and maintained amongst them. And then having made Python, who came out of India, Lord-Lieutenant of the Province of Babylon, he broke up 
Antigonus' Winters in Cilicia.  his Camp, and marched towards Cilicia. As soon as he came to 
* In Cilicia.  Mallos, he distributed his Army into Winter-Quarters, about the Month of 
† After the s●tting of Orion.  November: And he received out of the Treasury in the City of Quindi Ten thousand Talents, and Eleven thousand Talents out of the yearly Revenues of that Province. So that he was very formidable both in respect of his great Forces and the vastness of his Treasure. And now being removed into the Upper Syria, Ambassadors came to him from Ptolemy, Cassander, and Lysimachus, 
Ambassadors sent to him from Ptolemy, Cassander and Lysimachus.  who being introduced as he sat in Council, demanded all Cappadocia and Lycia, to be be delivered up to Cassander; Phrygia, bordering upon the Hellespont, to Lystmachus; all Syria to Ptolemy; and the Province of Babylon to Seleucus; and all the common Stock of Moneys which he had encroached upon since the Battle with Eumenes, to be shared equally amongst them; which if he refused, than they were to let him know, that their 
Ant. Ch. 3●3.  Masters intended with their joint Forces to make War upon him. Whereunto he answered roughly, That he was now making a War upon Ptolemy; and thereupon, the Ambassadors returned, without any effect of their Embassy: And upon this Answer, Ptolemy, Cassander, and Lysimachus entered into a League amongst themselves, and gathered their Forces together, and made it their business to provide Arms, and all other things necessary for the War.  
And now Antigonus perceiving how many great and potent Adversaries had confederated against him, and what a Storm was ready to fall upon him, sought the Alliance and Confederacy of other Cities, Nations, and Princes; and to this purpose dispatched away Agisilaus to the King of Cyprus, Idomineus and Moschion to Rhodes, and one Ptolemy, his own Brother's Son, with an Army to raise the Siege of Amisus in Cappadocia, and to drive out those that were sent thither by Cassander. He commanded him likewise to go to the Hellespont, and fall upon Cassander, if he attempted to pass over out of Europe into Asia. He sent away likewise Aristodemus the Milesian, with a thousand Talents, with Orders to enter into a League of Amity with Alexander and Polysperchon, and to hire Soldiers, and make War upon Cassander: And he himself disposed beacons and Courriers throughout all Asia, which was wholly at his Command, hereby to give and get Knowledge of all things that passed, and to manage his Affairs with the greater Expedition.  
Having taken this Order, he marches into Phoenicia to provide a Fleet: For at that 
He goes into Phenicia, and there builds Ships. Ant. Ch. 313.  time the Enemy had the Command of the Sea, being furnished with abundance of Shipping, when he himself had not one. Encamping near to Tyre, with design to Besiege it, he sent for the petty Kings of Phoenicia, and Governors of Syria, and dealt with them to join with him in the Building of Ships, because all the Ships that belonged to Phoenicia were then with Ptolemy in Egypt. He gave them likewise Order to bring him with all speed Four Millions and Five hundred thousand Bushels of Wheat; for to so much came the yearly Expense of his Army. Then he got together Hewers of Timber, Sawers, and Ship Carpenters, from all Parts, and caused Timber to be brought down from Mount Lebanon to the Seaside, employing therein Eight thousand Men to Work, and a Thou-Beasts for Carriage This Mount runs through Tripoli, Byblia, and Sidonia, and abounds in most beautiful tall Cedars and Cypress Trees. He appointed three Arsenals in Phoenicia, 
P. 703.  one at Tripoli, another at Byblia, and the Third at Sidon; a Fourth he had in Cilicia, whither Timber was brought from Mount Taurus; and a Fifth in Rhodes, where the Inhabitants suffered him to build Ships of Timber, conveyed thither at his own Charge.  
While Antigonus was thus employed and lay Encamped by the Sea side, Seleucus came with a Fleet of an Hundred Sail out of Egypt, quick Sailors, and Royally furnished, and in a scornful manner skirred under the Noses of them; which not a little troubled the Minds of his new Associates, and those that joined with him in the carrying on of the Work. For it was very apparent, that the Enemy now being Master at Sea, would be sure to waste and spoil those who out of kindness to Antigonus had joined with their Adversaries.  
But Antigonus bid them be of good cheer, for before the end of Summer, he said, he would be at Sea with a Fleet of Five hundred Sail.  
Agesilaus, in the mean while, returned with his Embassy out of Cyprus, and brought word, that Nicocreon, and the most potent Kings of that Island had already confederated 
Ant. Ch. 313.  with Ptolemy; Nevertheless, that Citticus, Lapitbius, Marius, and Cyrenites, would join with him: Whereupon, he left Three thousand Men under the Command of Andronicus, to maintain the Siege against Tyre, and he himself marched with the rest of the Army against 
Antigonus be sieges Tyre.  Gaza and Joppe, which stood out against him, and took them by force; and such of Ptolemy's Men as he found there, he took and distributed them among his own Regiments, and placed Garrisons in both those Cities to keep them in Obedience. Which done, he returned to his standing Camp about Tyre, and prepared all necessaries for a Siege against it. At the same time, Aristo, who was entrusted by Eumenes to carry Craterus his Bones, delivered them to Phila to be buried, who was married first to Craterus, and at that time to Demetrius the Son of Antigonus, who was a Woman of excellent Parts and Prudence; for by her prudent Behaviour and Carriage towards every Soldier in the Army, she was able 
The Praise of Phila, the Wife of Demetrius.  to qualify and moderate those that were most Turbulent, and she put forth the Daughters and Sisters of those that were Poor, at her own Charge; and prevented the Ruin of many that were falsely accused. It's reported, that Antipater her Father, (who was the most prudent Prince that Governed in this Age) was used to consult with Phila his Daughter, in the most weighty Affairs, while she was but yet a Girl. But the Prudence of this Woman will more fully appear in the following Narration, and when things tended 
Ant. Ch. 313.  to a Revolution, and the fatal Period of Demetrius his Kingdom. And thus stood the Affairs of Antigonus and Phila at this time.  
Amongst the Captains sent away by Antigonus, Aristodemus passed over to Laconia, and having got leave of the Spartans' to raise Soldiers, got together Eight thousand out of Peloponnesus; 
Aristodemus raises Forces for Antigonus in Peloponnesus.  and upon Conference with Polysperchon and Alexander, joined them both in a firm League of Amity with Antigonus, and made Polysperchon General over the Forces in Peloponnesus; but prevailed with Alexander to pass over into Asia to Antigonus.  
Ptolomeus, another of his Captains, going into Cappadocia with an Army, and there 
Ptolomey, a Captain of Antigonus, raiseth the Siege of Amisus in Cappadocia.  finding the City of Amisus besieged by Asclepidorus, a Captain of Cassander's, raised the Siege and secured the Place; and so having sent away Asclepidorus packing upon certain Conditions, recovered that whole Province to Antigonus; and marching thence through Bythinia, came upon the back of Zibytes' King of the Bithynians, whilst he was busy in besieging of two Cities at once, that of the Assarenians, and the other of the Calcedonians, and forced him to raise his Siege from both; and then falling to Capitulations both with him and the Cities that were besieged, after Hostages received, removed thence 
Ant. Ch. 313.  towards jonia and Lydia; for that Antigonus had written to him to secure that Coast with 
Two other Cities raised by him in Bythinia. P. 704.  all possible speed, having intelligence that Seleucus was going into those Parts with his Fleet; whither indeed he came and besieged Erythras: But hearing of the Enemies approach left it, and went away as he came. Mean while, Alexander the Son of Polysperchon, came to Antigonus, who made a League with him; and then calling a general 
Antigonus his Policy.  Council of the Army and the Strangers there resident, declared unto them how Cassander had murdered Olympias, and how villainously he had dealt with Roxana and the young King, and that he had forced Thessalonices to marry him, and that it was very clear and evident that he aspired to the Kingdom of Macedonia. Moreover, that he had planted the Olynthians, the most bitter Enemies of the Macedonians, in the City called after his own Name; That he had rebuilt Thebes that was razed by the Macedonians: Having thus incensed the Army, he made and wrote an Edict, That Cassander should be taken as an open Enemy, unless he razed the two Cities, released the King and Roxana his Mother, and returned them safe to the Macedonians: And lastly, Unless he submitted to Antigonus, as General and sole Protector of the Kingdom; and free all the Greek Cities, and withdraw all the Garrisons out of them.  
When the Army had approved of this Edict by their Suffrages, he sent Courriers away to publish it in all places: For he hoped, that by this Means all the Grecians, in expectation of having their Liberties restored, would be his Confederates, and readily assist him in the War, and that all the Governors of the Higher Provinces, who before suspected him, as if he designed to deprive the Posterity of Alexander of the Kingdom, (now that 
Ant. Ch. 313.  it clearly appeared that he took up Arms in their behalf) would observe all his Commands of their own accord.  
Having dispatched all these Matters, he sent back Alexander with Five hundred Talents into Peloponnesus, with his hopes raised in expectation of mighty Matters: And he himself with Shipping had from Rhodes, and others he had lately built, set sail for Tyre; where being now Master at Sea, he so blocked it up for thirteen Months together, that no supply of Victuals could be brought thither, and thereby reduced the Inhabitants into so 
Tyre delivered to Antigonus.  great distress, that at length (upon suffering the Soldiers to march away with some small things that were their own) the City was surrendered to him upon Terms; and he placed a Garrison in it for its Defence.  
In the mean time, Ptolemy hearing what a Declaration Antigonus with the Macedonians had made, concerning the Liberty of the Grecians, made the like himself, as desirous that 
Prolemy proclaims Liberty to the Grecians.  all the World should take notice, that he was no less zealous for the Liberty of Greece than Antigonus was: For both of them well considering of how great moment it was to their Affairs to gain the good Will of the Grecians, strove one with another which should oblige them most by Acts of Grace. Then he joined to his Party the Governor of Caria, who was a Man of great Power, and had many great Cities under his Command. And though he had before sent Three thousand Soldiers to the Kings in Cyprus, yet he hastened away 
Ptolemy sends Men into Cyprus.  many more, to reduce those who had there sided against him. Those scent were Ten thousand, under the Command of Myrmidon, an Athenian born, and an Hundred sail of Ships, Commanded by Polyclitus: And the General over all he made his Brother Menelaus.  
These coming into Cyprus, joined then with Seleucus and his Fleet, and in a Council of War advised what course was fit to be taken. The Result of which was, that Polyclitus with Fifty sail should pass into Peloponnesus, and there should make War upon Aristodemus, Polysperchon, and his Son Alexander: That Myrmidon should go with an Army of Foreigners 
The Agreement of the Captains of Ptolemy, and the rest at Cyprus. P. 705. The Acts of Seleucus.  into Caria, there to help Cassander against Ptolemy, a Captain of Antigonus, who pressed hard upon him; and that Seleucus and Menelaus staying in Cyprus, should bear up Nicocreon the King, and the rest of their Confederates, against their Enemies.  
Having thus therefore divided their Forces, Seleucus went and took Cyrinia and Lapithus; and having drawn over Stasiecus, King of the Malenses, to his Party, he forced the Prince of the Amathusians to give him Hostages for his Fealty for the time to come. As for the City Citium (seeing it would come to no Agreement with him) he fell to besiege it with his whole Army.  
About the same time came Forty Ships out of the Hellespont and Rhodes, under the Command of one Themison, their Admiral, to Antigonus; and after them came Dioscorides 
Ant. Ch. 313. A Fleet comes to antigonus from Hellespont and Rhodes.  with Fourscore more; though Antigonus had already a Navy of his own, new built in Phenicia, to the Number of an Hundred and twenty Ships, with those that he left at Tyre; so that he had in the whole Two hundred and forty Men of War, of which there were Ninety of four Tyre of Oars; Ten of Five, Three of Nine; Ten of Ten; and Thirty open Galleys.  
Antigonus dividing this Navy into Squadrons, sent Fifty of them into Peloponnesus, and the rest he committed to Dioscorides, his own Brother's Son, with this Charge, That he should guard the Seas, and help his Friends as their occasion required, and that he should gain unto his Party such of the Islands as hitherto stood out against him. And in this Posture stood the Affairs of Antigonus.  
And now, having related the things done throughout all Asia, we shall give a particular Account of the Affairs of Europe.  
Apolenides being made Commander of the Argives by Cassander, in the Night broke into Arcadia, 
Things done in Peloponnesus.  and surprised the 
* The City Stymphalus, near the Stymphalian Lake.  City of the Stymphalions. And while he was absent, some of the Argives (Enemies to Cassander) corresponded with Alexander the Son of Polysperchon, and promised to deliver up the 
† Argos.  City into his Hands. But Alexander being too slow, Apolonides comes to Argos before him; and surprised Five hundred of the Conspirators that were in a Senate in the 
* A public Place where the great M●n used to Sacrifice, or a Place where a Court was held belonging to the Senate. The Acts of Cassander in Peloponnesus. and elsewhere.  Prytaneum, and kept them in, and burned them there alive; most of the rest he banished, and some few more he took and put to Death.  
Cassander having intelligence, that Aristodemus was arrived in Peloponnesus, and that he had listed there great numbers of Soldiers, in the first place sought to draw off Polysperchon from Antigonus; but not being able to prevail, he marched with an Army through Thessaly and came into Boeotia; where having assisted the Thebans in raising of their Walls, he passed into Peloponnesus, and first having taken Cencrea, he Spoiled and harassed all the Territory of Corinth. Then he took two Castles by Storm, and upon future Faith and Allegiance, dismissed all the Garrison Soldiers that were placed there by Alexander. Afterwards he besieged Orchomenon, and being let into the Town by Alexander's Enemies, he put a Garrison into the City; Those that sided with Alexander took Sanctuary in Diana's Temple, whom he gave up to the Citizens to do with them as they thought fit; whereupon the Orchomenians drew them all out of the Temple by Force, and against the common Laws of Greece put them all to Death.  
Cassander went thence into Messenia, but finding the City strongly Garrisoned by Polysperchon, he thought not fit for the present to besiege it, but marched into Arcadia, where he left Damides Governor of the 
* City Stamphalus. Vid. p. 705.  City, and returned to 
† Argia. P. 706.  Argolides, and there celebrated the Nem'an Games, and returned into Macedonia. When he was gone, Alexander with Aristodemus lay before the Cities in Peloponnesus, to expel the Garrisons of Cassander, and endeavoured all he could to restore the Cities to their Liberties: Which coming to the Ears of Cassander, he sent to him Prepelaus to work upon him to desert Antigonus, and enter into a League of Friendship and Amity with himself; promising, that if he would do so, he would give him the Sovereign Command of all Peloponnesus, and create him General of the Army, and would advance him to high Places of Honour and Preferment. Alexander seeing he was now like to attain that for which from the beginning he made War upon Cassander, enters into a League with him, and so is made General of all the Forces in Peloponnesus.  
In the mean while, Polyclitus, Secleucus his Lieutenant, sailing from Cyprus came to Cencrea; where hearing of the Defection of Alexander, and finding no Enemy there to 
The great Victory both by Sea and Land obtained by Polyclitus, Seleucus his Lieutenant.  Encounter, he changed his Course and set sail for Pamphylia; and from thence arriving at Aphrodisiades in Cilicia, he there understood that Theodotus, Admiral of Antigonus his Navy, passed by from Patara, a Port in Lycia, with the Rhodian Fleet, furnished with Mariners out of Caria; and that Perilaus with a Land-Army coasted along by the Shore, for the defence of the Fleet if need should be: In this case he out-witted them both; for he Landed his Men in a Place out of view, where the Land-Army must of necessity pass, and himself with the Fleet went and lay behind a Foreland, waiting for the coming of the Énemy; there the Enemy's Foot fell into an Ambush, and Perilaus himself being taken Prisoner, and his Men all either killed or taken. The Fleet at Sea seeing the Land-Army engaged, hasted to their Relief; but then Polyclitus coming upon them in this Confusion, with his Ships drawn up in a Line of Battle, put them easily to flight; so that Polyclitus took all their Ships and most part of the Men in them, and amongst the rest Theodotus 
Ant. Ch. 313.  himself their Admiral, sorely martyred with Wounds, of which he shortly after died.  
Polyclitus having sped so well on all hands, sailed back first to Cyprus, and then to 
* In Egypt.  Pelusium, where Ptolemy richly rewarded him for so great a Service, and withal promoted him to a far higher Dignity and Place of Honour than he was in before, as the Author 
He's highly rewarded by Ptolemy.  of so great a Victory: But released Perilaus and some other Prisoners, which Antigonus desired by a Messenger sent to him for that purpose. And then himself going to a Place called Ecregma, came to a Parley with Antigonus, but Antigonus refusing to grant him what he demanded, he left him and returned.  
Having now given an account of the Affairs of the European Greeks, both in Greece and Macedonia, we shall run over to the Parts lying towards the West.  
Agathocles, Prince of Syracuse, having possessed himself of a Castle belonging to the Messenians, promised to restore it upon receiving of Thirty Talents of Silver: Which 
The Acts of Agathocles in Sicily.  when the Messenians had paid, he not only broke his Faith, but endeavoured to have seized upon Messina itself. For being informed that part of the Walls were fallen down, he sent a Party of Horse by Land from Syracuse, and he himself in some Ships called 
* Barks or Frignts.  Hemiolias, went by Sea, and arrived in the Night close under the Walls of the City: But they coming to understand his Design beforehand, wholly defeated him in what he had contrived. However, He came to Mylas, and upon laying Siege to the Castle, had it 
Ant. Ch. 313.  delivered up to him; and then returned to Syracuse. In Harvest-time he made a second attempt upon Messina, and Encamping near the City, made continual Assaults, but was not able to effect any thing considerable: For many Exiles were flocked into this Place from Syracuse, who both for the sake of their own Preservation, and out of Hatred to the Tyrant, fought most Courageously.  
About this time came Ambassadors from Carthage, arguing the Case with Agathocles, and complaining of the Breach of Articles; and making Peace with the Messenians, they forced the Tyrant to restore the 
* Mylas. P. 707.  Castle, and then sailed back into Africa.  
After which Agathocles went to Abecenus, one of his Confederate Cities, and there he put to Death Forty, whom he looked upon to be his Enemies.  
In these times the Romans were at War with the Samnites, and took Ferentum by Storm; and the Inhabitants of Nuceria (called Alphatema) were, by the Persuasions of some Persons, prevailed with to desert the Romans, and join in League with the Samnites.   

CHAP. V.  
The Acts of Aristodemus, Antigonus his General in Peloponnesus. The Dimeans in Achaia seek to free themselves from Cassander's Garrison: They take the Citadel. Alexander, Son of Polysperchon, Assassinated. The praise of Cratesipolis his Wife. The Acts of Cassander in Etolia, and other Parts of Greece. The Cruelty of the Etolians. Cassander sends an Army into Caria; and Aristotle with a Fleet to Lemnos. The Acts of Cassander's Army in Caria. Antigonus Leaves his Son Demetrius in Syria to watch Ptolemy. His troublesome March into Asia. The Affairs of Sicily. Acrotatus his Misgovernment and Cruelties in Sicily. The Acts of Agathocles. The Affairs of Italy.  
WHEN the former year was ended, Nichodorus was created Archon at Athens, and 
Olymp. 116. 3. Ant. Ch. 312. An. M. 3658.  Lucius Papirius chosen the Fourth, and Quintus Publius the second time Consul at Rome. At that time Aristodemus, made General by Antigonus, hearing of the Defection of Alexander the Son of Polysperchon, after he had opened the Justice of the Cause before the Senate of the Etolians, solicited them to be assistant to the Affairs of Antigonus. Then passing into Peloponnesus with the Mercenaries, found Alexander with the Eleans besieging 
Aristodemus raises the Siege of Cyllene. The Acts of Aristodemus in Peloponnesus.  Cyllene, and coming in nick of time raised the Siege; and then leaving a Garrison to defend the Place, he moved towards Actria, and frees Patras from the Garrison of Cassander; but Egeum he took by Force, and being possessed of the Place, was ready to restore the Egeans to their Liberty, according to the former Decree, but that he was prevented by this Accident. The Soldiers began to Plunder; and upon that occasion many of the Citizens were killed, and the greatest part of the Town was burnt down to the Ground.  
After which he sailed back into Etolia; the Dymeans, who were awed by a Garrison 
Ant. Ch. 312. Of Dyme in Achaia. The Dimeans seek to free themselves from Cassander's Garrison.  of Cassander's in the Castle, separated their City from the Citadel by a Wall drawn round it, and encouraging one another to stand up for their Liberties, besieged the Castle, and infested it with continual Assaults. Of which Alexander receiving Intelligence, he came upon them with his Army on a sudden, and drove them within their Walls, and entered pellmell with them into the City, and took it: Some of the Dymeans he put to the Sword, others he Imprisoned, and many of them he Banished. After Alexander went away, the rest of them were quiet for a little while, being both terrified with the greatness of the late Calamity, and likewise wanting the Assistance of their Confederates. But some time after, they made application to Aristodemus his Mercenaries, who marched to them from Egeum. Whereupon, they again assaulted the Citadel, and took it, and freed the City, and put many of the Garrison to the Sword, and put to Death such of their own Citizens as favoured Alexander's Party.  
Amongst these Turns and Changes of Fortune, while Alexander with his Army was 
Alexander, Son of Polyspachon killed.  marching from Sytion, he was killed by Alexion, a Sycionian, and some others, who pretended themselves to be his Friends. His Wife, Cratesipolis, after his Death, took upon her the Management of Affairs, and kept the Army in due Obedience: Her obliging Carriage and Bounty was such, as that she was greatly beloved of the Soldiers; for she 
The praise of Cratesipolis, Wife of Alexander, Son of Polysperchon.  was continually affording all the help she could to them that were in Distress, and relieving and supporting many that were in Want: Besides, she was a Woman of admirable Prudence in managing Affairs, and of Courage beyond the natural Temper of her Sex. For when the Sycionians in contempt of her, (after the Death of her Husband) risen up in Arms for the Recovery of their Liberty, she executed her Revenge by cutting off Multitudes 
Ant. Ch. 312.  of them in a Field-battel; and crucified Thirty of those she had taken Prisoners; and so having settled the Affairs of the City, she reigned over the Sycionians, having under her Command multitudes of Soldiers ready upon all occasions for any Undertaking, though never so hazardous. And this was then the State and Condition of Peloponnesus.  
Cassander perceiving that the Etolians assisted Antigonus, and were then likewise engaged in a War with their Neighbours the Acarnanians, judged that the most probable way to 
P. 708.  bring down the Etolians, was for him to join with the Acarnanians. To this end, he marched out of Macedonia with a great Army, and came into Etolia, and Encamped near 
Cassander joins with the Acarnanians against the Etolians.  the River Campylus. Here he invited the Acarnanians to a common Consult, where he set forth how they had been vexed for many Generations past, by War from their unruly and troublesome Neighbours; and therefore advised them, that they should leave their little Forts and Castles, (though they were fortified) and betake themselves to a few Cities, lest being so dispersed and scattered in their Habitations, they should not be able to get together to assist one another, when the Enemy at any time should suddenly and unexpectedly break in upon them. The Acarnanians followed his Advice, and the most of them removed to Stratopolis, which was the strongest and largest of their Cities. The 
Ant. Ch. 312.  Oeniades and some others, went to Saurion; the Doreans with the rest to Agrinium.  
Cassander hereupon, left Lyciscus his General in those Parts, with a considerable Body of Men, with Orders to assist the Acarnanians; and he himself marched with his Army 
The Acts of Cassander.  to the City Leveades, and by Treaty gained them for Consederates. Then with a swift March he came suddenly into Adria, and took in Apollonia his first approach. Thence marching into Illyria, he passed over the River Hebrus, and fought with Glaucius the Illyrian King, and routed his Army; after which he made Peace with him, upon Condition, that he should not make War upon any of his Confederates. Then he took in 
* Epidamnum bordering upon the Adriatic Sea. Now called Durazzo, called also Dyradrium. The Cruelty of the Etolians. Ant. Ch. 312.  Epidamnum, and placing there a Garrison returned into Macedonia.  
After Cassander had left Etolia, the Etolians joining together, to the Number of Three thousand besieged Agrinium, girding it round with a Trench and a Breast-work. But the Inhabitants that came before out of the Country, treated and agreed with the Enemy, That upon delivery up of the City their Persons should be secure, and they should have liberty to departed and leave the Place. Whereupon, after Faith given for their security, they went out, and when they were in their way, the Etolians Falsely and Treacherously, when the other never suspected any thing, pursued 'em, and killed 'em almost every Man.  
Cassander being returned into Macedonia, as soon as he heard how the Cities in Caria (that had Confederated with Ptolemy and Seleucus) were infested by the War, put over 
Cassander sends an Army into Caria.  an Army into Caria, both to help the Confederates, as also in time to divert Antigonus, that he might have no leisure to come into Europe. He commanded also by his Letters Demetrius, Phalerius, and Dionysius Governor of the Fort of Munychia, to fit out forthwith Twenty Ships for Lemnos. Who thereupon, presently dispatched away the Ships, under 
Sends Aristotle with a Fleet to Lemnos.  the Command of Aristotle, their Admiral, and he arriving at Lemnos, and being there joined with Seleucus and his Fleet, he prevailed with them of Lemnos to desert Antigonus. But they afterwards retracted what they had before engaged to, and thereupon he wasted and harassed the Country, and drew a Trench round the City and besieged it.  
About this time Seleucus arrived at Coos; whose coming there being noised abroad, Dioscorides, Admiral of Antigonus his Fleet, sailed to Lemnos, and drove Aristotle out of the Island, and took many of his Ships, together with all their Men on board.  
One Cassander and Prepalaus were Commanders of the Forces sent into Caria by Cassander; who hearing that Ptolemy, Antigonus his General in those Parts, had distributed his Army into their Winter-Quarters, and that he himself was busy in the burying of his Father, sent away Eupolemus with Eight thousand Foot and Two thousand Horse, to a 
Ant. Ch. 312.  Place called Caprima, in Caria, to lie in Ambushment for him there: But Ptolemy getting notice thereof by some that fled over to him, got together out of the next Winter-Quarters 
The Acts of Cassander's Army in Caria P. 709.  Eight thousand and Three hundred Foot, and Six hundred Horse, and falling about Midnight into the Enemy's Trenches, and finding them near all fast asleep, took Eupolemus Prisoner, and forced all his Men to submit to discretion. And this was then the Condition of those sent by Cassander into Asia.  
But Antigonus perceiving that Cassander aimed at the Sovereignty of Asia, left his Son Demetrius in Syria, with instructions to intercept Ptolemy's Men, whom he suspected were then coming with an Army further up into Syria; and to that purpose left with him Ten thousand Foot of other Nations, Two thousand Macedonians, Five hundred out of Lycia 
Antigonus leaves his Son Demetrius in Syria to watch Ptolemy.  and Pamphilia, Persian Archers and Slingers Four hundred, and Five thousand Horse, and above Forty Elephants; and four Men for his Counsellors, Nearchon, Pitho Son of Agenor, who came lately from Babylon, Andromicus of Olynthus, and Philippus; all Men of mature Age and Judgement, and such as had attended upon Alexander in all his Wars: For Demetrius himself was but a young Man, not above Two and twenty years of Age. Upon Antigonus himself, while he passed with the rest of his Army over Mount Taurus, there fell a mighty Snow, wherein he lost many of his Men. Whereupon, he returned 
Ant. Ch. 312. His troublesome march into Asia.  back into Cilicia, where he advised himself of a better Way to pass that Mountain, and with little damage to his Army; and so coming to Celenae in Phrygia, he there put his Army into their Winter-Quarters. Then he sent for the Fleet out of Phenicia, of which Medius was Admiral, who by mere chance in his way met with a Fleet of Thirty six Sail belonging to the City of Pydna, and defeated them, and brought the Ships with all their Men under his Subjection. In this Posture stood the Affairs both of Greece and Asia at this time.  
In the mean time in Sicily the Exiles of Syracuse, who were then in Agrigentum, stirred up the great Men of the City not to suffer Agathocles in that manner to make 
The affairs of Sicily.  a Prey of the Cities; alleging that it was better to set upon the Tyrant before he grew too strong, than to loiter till he was in greater power, and then to be forced to Contend with him when it was more hazardous: Whereupon the Agrigentines approving of his Advice, decreed by their suffrages War against him; and joining in Confederacy with the Geloans and Messenians, they sent some of the Exiles to the Lacedæmonians with Orders to procure a General to be sent to them from thence. For they suspected that some of their own Citizens were too much inclined to Tyranny themselves, but judged that Foreigners if they remembered the Government of Timolion the Corinthian, would better manage the public affairs. When they arrived therefore in Laconia they found Acrotatus, the Son of King Claomenes, much hated by many of the young Noblemen at 
Ant. Ch. 312. Acrotatus invited to be General by Agrigentines.  home, and therefore very desirous to be employed abroad. For when the Lacedæmonians after the Fight with Antipater had acquitted those that escaped in that Battle from all Censures of Disgrace, he only opposed the Decree; so that many were offended at him, especially those that were liable to the penalty of the Laws. And upon that account they had lain in wait for him, and beaten him, and were constantly seeking to entrap him: Being therefore for this reason desirous of a foreign Command, he very freely complied with the Agragentines; and thereupon without the Order of the Ephori (resolving upon the Voyage) he set Sail with a few Ships for Agrigentum: But being driven back by a Storm into Adria, he arrived in the Territory of the Apolloniates; where finding the City besieged by Glocias', King of the Illyrians, he persuaded the King to raise the siege, and enter into a League of Friendship with the Apolloniates. Then he sailed to Tarentum, and there Solicited the People to join 
P. 710.  with him in procuring the Restoration of the Syracusians to their Ancient Liberties, and so far prevailed, that they Decreed to assist them with Twenty Sail of Ships. For on the account of his Kindred and the nobleness of his Family, his words were of great 
Ant. Ch. 312.  Weight and Credit. While the Tarentines were making preparations, he himself sailed to Agrigentum, and there took upon him the Command of the Army; whereupon the People were in high expectations, in so much as that all concluded that an end would be presently put to the Tyranny: But in a short time it plainly appeared that he did nothing worthy, either the Nobility of his Birth, or the reputation of his Country. But on 
The misgoverment and cruelty of Acrotatus the Corinthian in Sicily.  the contrary became more cruel and bloody than the very Tyrants themselves, and so fell into the Hatred of the People: He degenerated likewise from the custom of his Country in his manner of living; and so indulged himself in voluptuousness, that he seemed more like a Persian, than a Spartan. After he had lavished away the greatest part of the public Revenues, partly by his misgovernment, and partly by robbing of the Treasury; in the Conclusion he invited Sosistratus (the most eminent person among the Exiles, and one who had been a General of Armies) to Supper, and treacherously killed him, having not anything in the least to lay to his charge, but only that he might take out of the way a stout and valiant man, and one that was able to discern and discover his Miscarriages: Which wicked fact being presently noised abroad, the Exiles in a Body came upon him, and every body else forsoook him, and in the first place they deposed him, and presently after attempted to stone him to death; to avoid therefore the rage of the People he stole 
Ant. Ch. 312.  away in the night and landed privately in Laconia: After his departure the Tarentines recall their Fleet they had before sent into Sicily.  
Hereupon the Agrigentines Geloans and Messenians by the mediation of Amilcar the Carthaginian General, make peace with Agathocles; the Conditions of which were as follow; that Heraclea Selinum and Himera, part of the Greek Cities, should belong unto the Carthaginians, as they did before; all the rest under the power of the Syracusians should be free to be governed after their own Laws. But afterwards Agathocles, when he saw the 
The Acts of Agathocles in Sicily.  coast clear, and Sicily free and cleared from all appearance of an Enemy, he fell upon the Cities, and without any difficulty brought them under his subjection; and gaining many in a very short time, strongly fixed himself in the Principality. For in the multitude of his Confederates, the greatness of his Yearly Revenues, and the power of a mighty Army, he grew very strong. For besides his Confederates and those raised from among the Syracusians, he had of mercenaries Ten thousand Foot and Three thousand and fifty Horse; he furnished himself likewise with all sorts of Arms, foreseeing that the Carthaginians (who had smartly rebuked Amilcar for making the Peace) would in a short time make War upon him. And such was the estate of Sicily at this time.  
In Italy the Samnites having now been in Wars with the Romans for many Years last 
The affairs of Italy. Ant. Ch. 312.  passed, took Plistia, wherein was a strong Roman Garrison; and prevailed with the Soranions to massacre all the Romans that were there, and to confederate with the Samnites.  
Afterwards while the Romans were besieging of Satricula, they came upon them with a strong Army resolving to raise the siege; upon which followed a sharp Engagement, and after many killed on both sides the Romans carried the day; and then presently after they took the Town, and gained several other neighbouring Towns and Castles. And now the War was brought over amongst the Cities of Apulia; whereupon the Samnites Listed all that were of Age to bear Arms, and marched out and Encamped close to the Enemy, being now resolved to win or lose all. The People of Rome therefore to prevent the worst, sent thither a great number of Soldiers: And because they 
P. 711.  were accustomed in perilous times to choose one of the most Noble and Eminent Persons to be their General, with full and absolute power and Authority; they therefore pitched upon Quintus Fabius and Quintus Aulius, Master of the Horse, for that honourable employment. These Generals afterwards fought the Samnites at Lautulas, where they sustained great loss of their men; and the whole Army fled outright, only Aulius (being ashamed of the dishonour) opposed the whole Body of the Enemy, not out of any hopes or expectation of gaining the Victory, but to have it manifest and apparent to all from his own valour, that his Country was unconquerable. Not sharing therefore with the rest of the Citizens in the Dishonour of the flight, he died there a glorious and honourable death.  
The Romans now fearing lest they should lose all Apulia, sent Colonies into 
* Luceria now Nocera.  Luceria, the most famous City of all those parts; and this proved of great advantage to them by the frequent Eruptions made upon the Samnites. For by the help and advantage of this City they became Conquerors, not only in this war, but several times afterwards; and even to our own present Age they have constantly made use of this City as a strong Fort and Citadel of War against all the neighbouring Nations.   

CHAP. VI  
Several City's revolt, Lysimachus comes against them. Philip, Cassander's General, Routs the Epirots and Etolians. Cassander agrees with Antigonus. Antigonus gains the Cities in Caria. Cassander's Acts in Greece. The Samnites Routed by the Romans. Polemon sent by Antigonus into Greece, to set the Cities at liberty. The Acts of Antigonus and Cassander. Polemon's Acts in Greece for Antigonus. Ptolemy goes against Cyrene and Cyprus; Then against Demetrius. The Battle with Demetrius at Gaza. Ptolemy takes Tyre. The Acts of Antigonus his Commanders in Greece. The Epirots make Alcetas King, who is beaten by Lyciscus, Cassander's General, and he's beaten again by the other. Cassander goes against the Apolloniats. Seleucus recovers Babylon with a small Army. Demetrius' Routs Cilles, Ptolemy's General. Ptolemy returns to Egypt, first wastes Samaria, Gaza, Joppa, etc. Athaneus scent against the Nabatheans by Antigonus. The Customs of the Arabians. Atharieus killed, with most of his Men! Demetrius sent against them. Description of the Asphaltes', or Lake of Sodom. Demetrius sent against Seleucus in Babylon. The Wars between the Romans and Samnites in Italy. The Acts of Agathocles in Sicily.  
THE Affairs of this Year being brought to this Conclusion, Theophrastus became 
Olymp. 116. 4. Ant. Ch. 311. An. M. 3659.  chief Magistrate of Athens, and Marcus Petilius and Caius Sulpitius were invested with the Consular dignity at Rome. Then the 
* Callantinians.  Callentinians, the Inhabitants residing in the parts on the left hand of Pontus, cast out the Garrison put upon them by Lysimachus, and recovered their liberty. In the same manner the Istrians freed their City, and Confederated with the neighbouring inhabitants to join together in a War against their Prince. The Thracians and Scythians likewise joined with their Neighbours; so that all 
Several Cities revolt from Lysimachus.  the Forces together were of that strength, that they were able to cope with the most potent Army.  
Lysimachus hearing what was done, marched with his Army against the Rebels, and 
Lysimachus comes to reduce them.  passing through Thrace, when he had got over Mount Emus, Encamped near Odessus, which (upon blocking it up) the Inhabitants in a great Consternation delivered up to him: Reducing likewise the Istrians in the same manner, he marched thence against the Callantians; about which time the Thracians and Scythians came in with a great Army to the assistance of their Confederates: Upon which Lysimachus advancing forwards, faced them, and forthwith lifting up his Ensigns for Battle, the Thracians were so terrified that they marched off and went their way. But the Scythians he Engaged, and Routed them, killing a great number, and driving the rest out of the Country. Then he laid close Siege to the City of the 
* Or Callentians.  Callentinians, setting all his wit at work, and making it his main and only business how he might be revenged on the Authors of the defection. While he was busying himself in this concern, News was brought him that Antigonus had sent two Armies to the assistance of the Callentinians, one by Land and another by Sea; and that Lyco the Admiral was with the Navy in Pontus, and that Pausanias was Encamped with a great Land Army at Hieron. At this News Lysimachus was much concerned, and thereupon leaving a considerable Body to maintain the Siege, he speedily marched away 
Ant. Ch. 311.  with the main strength of the Army designing to engage the Enemy; and being ready to pass over Emus, he found Seuthes King of Thrace (who had revolted to Antigonus) obstructing his passage with a great Body of Men; upon which they engaged and he forced his way through the Barbarians with the loss of a great number of his own men, but many more of the Enemies.  
Then he fell upon the Pausanians, finding them in the straits, whither they had fled. 
P. 713  These he gained by force, and having killed Pausanias, he discharged some of the Soldiers upon Ransom, and others that took up Arms with him he distributed amongst his own Troops. And thus stood the affairs of Lysimachus. But when this Enterprise succeeded not, Antigonus sent Telesphorus into Peloponnesus with a Fleet of Fifty Sail, and a considerable number of Soldiers, with Orders to free all the Cities that they might live according to their own ancient Laws. This he did, hoping by this means to gain credit amongst the Grecians as one that really intended the procurement and preservation of their Liberties; and by this method he concluded he should find out how things stood with Cassander.  
Telosphorus therefore as soon as he arrived in Peloponnesus, went to Alexander's Garrisons, and set them all free, except Sicyon and Corinth. For in these Polysperchon had placed great numbers of Soldiers, trusting to them and the strength of the places.  
In the mean time Philip being sent by Cassander as General to make War upon the Etolians; as soon as he came with his Army into Acarnania, the first thing he did was to harrass and spoil Etolia; but not long after hearing that Eacides King of Epirus (who was now Restored to his Kingdom) had raised a strong Army, he made against him with 
Antony's Ch. 311. Philip, Cassander's General, Routs the Epirots and Etolians.  all speed: For he endeavoured all he could to Fight him before the Etolians had joined him. And finding the Epirots ready prepared to fight, he forthwith engaged, and killed multitudes of them, and took many Prisoners; amongst whom it happened that there were about Fifty of the Faction that were the instruments to restore Eacides whom he sent away bound to Cassander. Afterwards the broken Troops of Eacides Rallying again, joined with the Etolians, and Philip set upon 'em and Routed 'em a second time with the slaughter of many, amongst whom was Eacides himself.  
Having effected such great matters in so short a time, the Etolians were so terrified that they forsook their unfortified Cities, and fled with their Wives and Children unto the fastnesses of the Mountains, where it was very difficult to come at them: And this conclusion had the affairs of Greece at that time.  
As for Asia Cassander, though he was chief Governor there yet overpressed with the weight of the War, he agreed with Antigonus upon these terms; that he should deliver all the Soldiers into the hands of Antigonus, and should grant Liberty to all the Greek Cities 
Cassander's Agreement with Antigonus. Ant. Ch. 311.  there to Govern according to their own Laws; and that he should keep the Province he formerly possessed as by grant from him, and should be ever after Antigonus his firm friend.  
And for the true performance of these Conditions he delivered to him his Brother Agathonas as Hostage; but within a while after he repent of what he had done, and got his Brother out of their clutches that had him in custody, and sent an Ambassador to Ptolemy and Seleucus, to desire them to send him Aid with all speed: At which Antigonus was highly incensed and sent away Forces both by Sea and Land with Orders to free all the Cities, and Created Medius Admiral of the Fleet, and Docimus General of the Forces at Land.  
These Commanders coming to Miletum dealt with the Inhabitants to stand for their Liberties, and took the Citadel with the Garrison therein, and restored the ancient Laws to the Cities.  
In the mean time Antigonus took Tralles; and then lay before the City Caunus, and 
Antigonus gains the Cities in Caria.  sending for his Fleet took that likewise, except only the Castle; about which he cast a Trench and made continual assaults upon it in those parts where there was any hopes of Entry: He had sent Ptolemy to the City Jassus with a considerable Army, but he was fain to come back and join again with Antigonus; and so all those Cities in Caria came at that time into his hands.  
Within a few days after came Ambassadors from the Etolians and Beotians with whom Antigonus entered into a League of Confederacy; but going to Cassander to the Hellespont to Treat with him upon terms of Peace, he returned without effecting any 
P. 713.  thing, for they could not hit it upon any score: Whereupon Cassander casting aside all hopes of any accommodation, resolved again to pursue the settlement of his Affairs in 
Ant. Ch. 111.  Greece. To that end he sailed away with a Fleet of Thirty Sail and laid close Siege to the City 
* In Eubea now Negropont. Cassander ' s Acts in Greece.  Oreum, which he so fiercly assaulted that he took it by Storm; presently upon this came in Telesphorus from Peloponnesus with Twenty Ships, and a Thousand Soldiers, and Medius out of Asia with a Hundred Sail to the relief of Oreum; who spying Cassander's Ships then at Anchor in the Harbour, burned four of them, and disabled almost all the rest. But the Athenians coming in to their relief, Cassander in scorn and contempt of the Enemy falls upon them afresh, and in the Engagement sinks one, and takes three, together with all their Men: And thus were Affairs then managed in Greece.  
In Italy the Samnites wasted and spoiled the Towns and Country round about that sided with their Enemies: But the Roman Consuls marched into those Parts with an Army, in order to secure their Confederates; and there encamping near Cinna in the face of the Enemy, they allayed the Fears of the City. A few days after, the Armies on both sides drew up in Battalia, and fought a bloody Battle, wherein multitudes fell on 
Samnites Routed by the Romans.  both sides; but at length the Romans breaking through the main Body of their Enemies, totally routed them, and pursued them a long way, and killed above Ten thousand.  
In the mean time, the Campanians (not knowing of this Battle) in contempt of the Romans, rebelled: Whereupon the People of Rome forthwith sent out a strong Army against them, under the Command of Caius Menius, as General, with absolute and unlimited Power, with whom was joined, according to the Custom of the Romans, Marcus Follius, Master of the Horse. These Consuls sitting down with their Army near Capua, the Campanians at first resolved to fight them; but afterwards hearing of the Rout and Slaughter of the Samnites, thinking the Romans would fall upon them with their whole Forces, they made Peace with them: For they gave up the Ringleaders of the Defection who after they were 
* Or indicted before the Judges called Judices Questionum, Judges of the Questions: Or when the Trial was appointed.  examined, prevented the Sentence of Condemnation by murdering themselves. But the Cities were pardoned, and so returned to their former Allegiance.  
The former Year being ended, Polemus executed the Place of the Chief Magistrate at 
Olym. 117. 1. Ant. Ch. 110. The Acts of Polemon in Greece.  Athens, and Lucius Papirius the Fifth, and Caius Junius the Second Consulate at Rome, in which Year was celebrated the Hundred and seventeenth Olympiad, in which Parmenio of Mitylene carried away the Prize. At this time Antigonus sent Polemon into Greece, to set at liberty all the Grecian Cities, and with him a Hundred and fifty 
* Men of War.  Long Ships, under the Command of Medius his Admiral; on board of which Vessels were Five thousand Foot and Five hundred Horse. Having made a League with the Rhodians, he received likewise Ten Ships of War more from them, to help forward the restoring of the Greek Cities to their Liberties. About the same time 
* Antigonus his General. Ant. Ch. 310.  Ptolemy arrived in the Harbour of Boeotia (called the Deep) with the whole Fleet, and received from the Boeotians Two thousand and Two hundred Foot, and Thirteen hundred Horse. He sent likewise for Shipping from Oreum, and walled 
* Salganeus in Boeotia near Chalchis.  Sagonea, and there rendezvoused his whole Army; for he was in good hopes that the Chalcideans would confederate with him, who were the only Eubeans that were Garrisoned by the Enemy. But Cassander was jealous of 
* Chalcis in Boeotia. P. 714.  Chalcis, and therefore raised his Siege before Oreus, and sent for his Forces thither.  
Antigonus being informed that the Armies lay encamped one over-against another in Eubea, recalled Medius with the Fleet into Asia; and forthwith got his Forces together, and with a swift March made for the Hellespont, with a purpose to pass over into Macedonia, that he might either seize upon it while Cassander was busy in Eubea, and the Country void of sufficient defence; or that by forcing him to come in with Aid for the defence of the Kingdom, he might thereby divert him from prosecuting the War in Greece, and necessitate him to endeavour the preservation of his Concerns nearer at home.  
But Cassander coming to understand what he designed, left Plistarchus to guard Chalcis, and he himself marched away with the whole Army, and took Oropus by Assault, and brought over the Thebans to be his Confederates, and entered into a Truce with the rest of the Boeotians; and having so done, he left Eupolemus to defend Greece, and returned into Macedonia with his Head full of Care, concerning the Enemy's March into that Country.  
When Antigonus came to the Propontis, he solicited the Byzantines by his Ambassadors to join with him as his Confederates; but it proved that there were there at the same time Agents from Lysimachus, treating with them not to engage in any thing either against him or Cassander. Whereupon the Byzantines resolved to sit quiet at home, and stand upon even Terms of Peace and Amity with both sides.  
This unlucky Accident giving a stop to Antigonus his further Progress in this Affair, 
Ant. Ch. 310  together with the approach of the Winter, he distributed his Soldiers in the Towns round about into their Winter-Quarters.  
In the mean time, the Corcyreans assisted the Apolloniates and them of Epidamnus, and upon Terms of Agreement sent away Cassander's Soldiers; and thereupon restored Apollonia to their ancient Liberties, and Epidamnus they delivered up to Glaucias, King of the Illyrians.  
But Ptolemy, Antigonus his General, upon Cassander's return into Macedonia, and the Consternation Chalchis was in, had the City delivered up to him, and so freed the Chalcidains from receiving any further Garrison; to the end every one might take notice, that Antigonus was sincere, and did really design to restore all the Greek Cities to their Liberties: For it was a City of eery great Moment and Concern to such as were ambitious of gaining the Sovereignty of Greece, and valued a Place of Strength for that purpose.  
Palemon likewise took Oropus, and delivered it up to the Boeotians, and made all Cassander's 
The Acts of Polemon in Greece.  Soldiers Prisoners at War; and after he had brought in the Eretrians and Carystians to join as Confederates, he led his Army into Attica, Demetrius Phalerius being then Chief Magistrate of the City. For those Athenians that desired to be restored to their ancient Laws, had not long before sent some privately to Antigonus to treat with him upon that account; and now being more resolved and encouraged upon Ptolemy's drawing near to the 
* Athens. Ant. Ch. 310.  City, they forced Demetrius to make a Truce, and send an Agent to Antigonus, in order to treat of a League with him.  
Out of Attica 
* Ptolemy.  he marched into Boeotia, and took the Citadel Cadmea, and freed the Thebans from that Garrison. Thence he went forward into Phocis, and reducing several Cities there, he cast out the Garrisons of Cassander in every Place wherever he came. Then he invaded Locris; and because the Opuntians joined with Cassander, he besieged them, and pressed upon the Place with continual Assaults.  
About the same time the Cyrenians revolted from Ptolemy King of Egypt, and besieged 
Ptolemy goes against Cyrene  the Castle there so fiercely, as if they would presently have taken it; and when Messengers came from Alexandria, persuading them to desist, they struck off their Heads, and fell to work against the Castle more fiercely than ever they did before. Ptolemy being exceedingly moved hereat, sent one Agis, a Captain of his, thither with an Army, and 
P. 715.  withal a Navy to assist him by Sea, under the Command of Epenetus. Agis vigorously pursuing the War against those Rebels, took Cyrene by Storm, and committed the Authors of this Sedition to Prison, and then sent them bound to Alexandria, and disarmed the rest: And so having set things in order there (as he saw cause) returned into Egypt.  
Ptolemy having had this good Success at Cyrene, took Shipping, and with his Fleet passed over out of Egypt into Cyprus, against those who rebelled against their Kings; and having 
Ptolemy against Cyprus.  gotten Pygmalion (whom he found Corresponding with Antigonus) he put him to death. Then he took Praxippus King of the 
* In Thessaly.  Lapithi and Prince of 
† In Arcadia.  Cerynnia, who was suspected of a Revolt, and laid them fast: He took likewise Stasiecus, a petty King of the 
* Malieans in Thessaly.  Malieans, and destroying their City, removed the Inhabitants from thence to 
* 24 Stathmuses, every one of▪ which Theodotus says is 150 Furlongs.  Paphos; which done, he made Nicocreon Commander over all Cyprus, and gave him the Cities, together with the Revenues of all the Kings which he had cast out of their Dominions, and then went with his Army into the Upper Syria, and sacked the City's Posideum and Potamos of the Carians. That done, he went with a flying Army into Celicia, and took malus, and sold all the Inhabitants for Slaves, and wasted all the Region thereabouts; and having stored all his Army with rich Plunder, sailed back again to Cyprus. He so shared with his Soldiers in all Hazards and Dangers, that he stirred them up by his Example cheerfully and readily to undergo all manner of Difficulties.  
Mean while, Demetrius, the Son of Antigonus, kept in Coelo-Syria, expecting the coming of the Egyptians; but when he heard of the taking of so many Cities, he left Python to Command in those Parts, leaving his Corseletiers and Elephants with him, and he with his Horse and Companies of light-armed Soldiers hasted away with all speed toward Cilicia, to aid them that were in distress there; but coming too late, and finding the Enemies all gone, he returned speedily to his Camp again, spoiling many of his Horse by the way; for in six days time he made away from malus 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Geese against Demetrius.  Four and twenty days Journey by their ordinary Stages; so that through their immoderate Travel, none of their † Servants or Horse-boys were able to keep them company.  
Ptolemy therefore seeing all go every where as we would have it, for the present returned into Egypt. But not long after, being put on by Seleucus (for the hatred that he bore unto Antigonus) he resolved to march into Coelo-Syria, and there to try it out with Demetrius: Wherefore gathering all his Army together, he marched from Alexandria to Pelusium, having with him Eighteen thousand Foot, and Four thousand Horse, whereof some were Macedonians, and some hired Soldiers: As for the Egyptians, some 
Ant. Ch. 310.  served to carry their Darts and Weapons, and other Luggage of the Army, and some for Soldiers; and having passed the Desert from Pelusium, he encamped near the Old City of Gaza in Syria, not far from the Enemy.  
Demetrius, on the other side, called all his Army out of their Winter-Quarters, and appointed them to Rendezvous at Gaza, there to attend the Enemy's approach. His Friends indeed advised him not to sight with so Great a General, who had the advantage of a far more numerous Army; but he rejected their Council, and confidently prepared himself for Battle; tho' he was then but a mere Boy, and was to undertake so hazardous an Engagement without his Father. Calling therefore now the Soldiers as they stood at their Arms, he mounted an Ascent raised by Earth, and there stood as if he were in Amaze and Astonishment: Upon which, all the Soldiers cried out with one Voice, Be Courageous; and presently there was a deep silence before the Herald could command it: For being that he had but newly taken upon him the Sovereign Command, none took any Offence at his Deportment, in relation either to Civil or Military Affairs, which is frequently the Lot of Old Captains, who have many times all their Faults ripped up together 
P. 716.  at one time. For the Common People are not long pleased with the same Things; and whatever grows stolen in the Use, has a pleasant Gust in the Change and Alteration. And besides the expectation of his coming to the Kingdom (his Father being now old) conjoined in his Succession both the Supreme Command and the goodwill of the People together. Moreover, he was a very proper and comely Person, and being clad in Royal Armour, appeared 
Ant. Ch. 310.  in that Majesty as possessed the Beholders with Awe and Reverence, and raised up the Spirits of the Army with high Expectations of Great Things to come. He was likewise of a mild Disposition, becoming a new Prince and General, by which he won the Love of all, insomuch as even those as were not as yet reduced into Orderly Regiments, flocked to him to receive his Commands, being much concerned upon the account of his Youth, and the hazardous Battle that was presently to be fought. For he was not only to try the Fortune of War against a greater number of Men, but against the most Eminent and Expert Commanders of the Age, Ptolemy and Seleucus, who had been Captains under Alexander in all his Wars, and had been often Generals of their own Armies, never conquered to that day.  
Demetrius therefore, after he had with winning and obliging Expressions courted the 
The Battle between Ptolemy, Seleucus, and Demetrius at Gaza.  Soldiers, and promised Rewards suitable to every Man's Merit, drew up the Army in Battalia. In the Left Wing (where himself intended to be) he placed first Two hundred choice Horse, amongst whom, with other of the Nobility, was Pitho, who had served under Alexander, and had been made General of all the Forces by Antigonus, and Fellow-Partner with him in all his Concerns. In the Front he placed Three Regiments of Horse, and as many Flankers to support them: At a distance out from the Wing were Three other Regiments of Tarentines, to the end that Five hundred Horsemen with Lances, and a Hundred Tarentines, might be ready at hand as the King's Lifeguard. Next he placed Eight hundred Horse, which were called Associates; and after them Fifteen hundred out of several Nations; and before the whole Wing stood as a Guard 
Ant. Ch. 310.  Thirty Elephants, lined with light-armed Men, of whom a thousand were Darters and Archers, and Five hundred Persian Slingers. And in this manner was the Left Wing drawn up, with which he intended to make the Onset: Then was ranged the main Battle, consisting of Eleven thousand Foot, of whom Two thousand were Macedonians, and a Thousand Lycians and Pamphylians, and Eight thousand hired Soldiers.  
In the Right Wing he drew up the rest of the Horse, to the number of Fifteen hundred, under the Command of Andronicus, who had Orders to keep in an obliqne Line, and make a running Fight of it, still observing how it went with Demetrius. The rest of the Elephants, to the number of Thirteen, he placed before the main Battle of the Foot lining them with as many light-armed Men as were sufficient. And in this manner Demetrius drew up his Army.  
As for Ptolemy and Seleucus, at the first they made it their Business to place their greatest Strength in their Left Wing, not knowing what the Enemy designed: But being afterwards informed by their Scouts what was done, they forthwith so drew up, as that the greatest Strength being in their Right Wing, they might be the better able to engage with Demetrius in the Left; and therefore in that Wing were drawn up Three thousand of the best Horse, amongst whom they themselves intended to charge. Before these were placed those who bore an artificial Palisado before them, sharp-pointed with Iron, and fastened together with Chains, prepared against the Shock of the Elephants; for this being 
P. 717.  drawn out in length, it was an easy matter by this means to put a stop to their further Career. In the Front of this Wing were placed light-armed Soldiers, who were commanded to ply the Elephants and their Riders with Darts and Arrows as they came on. The 
Ant. Ch. 310.  Right Wing being thus drawn up, and the rest of the Army so disposed as the present Occasion at that time most required, they led forth the Army with a great Shout towards the Enemy; who, on the other side, drawing down upon them, the Fight was begun by the Horse in the Fronts of both Wings, where the Demetrians had much the better; but within a little time after the Ptolemeans and Seleucians' (having surrounded the Wing) made a fierce Charge with their whole Body; upon which (through the Resolution of both Parties) there followed a very sharp Engagement. Upon the first Onset they fought with their Lances, where many were killed, and as many wounded on both sides. Then they fell to it with their Swords, and there thronging together, thrust one another through, and fell in heaps together.  
The Generals exposing themselves to the utmost Hazard, led on their Men, and encouraged their Troops to stick to it like valiant Men. The Horse that were placed to guard the Wings, were all Brave and Gallant Men, and having their Commanders (who fought together with them) Eye-witnesses of their Valour, strove to outvie one another. And now the Fight between the Horse had been for a long time doubtful, when the Elephants (forced on by the Indians) made so terrible an Onset, as if it had been impossible for any to have stood before them: But when they came up to the Palisado, the Archers and Darters sorely galled both the Beasts and their Riders; and being still forced on forward and whipped up by the Indians, some of them stuck upon the sharp Points of the Palisado, with which (together with the multitude of Darts and Arrows that galled them) they were in that Pain and Torment, that they caused an horrible Tumult and Confusion. For these Creatures in plain and even Places bear down all before them, but in those that are Rough and Craggy, they are of no use or service, because of the tenderness of their Feet. Ptolemy therefore wisely foreseeing of what advantage this Palisado 
Ant. Ch. 310.  would be, by that means frustrated the Rage and Fury of the Beasts. At length, most of the Indians that rid them being killed, all the Elephants were taken; upon which the greatest part of Demetrius his Horse were in such a Consternation that they forthwith fled; and he himself was left with a very few that attended him; but not being able with 
Demetrius routed.  all the Arguments he could make, to persuade his Men to stand their Ground and not forsake him, he was forced likewise to retreat. A great part of the Horse that followed the other, retired in good Order, and kept themselves unbroken till they came to Gaza, so as that none of the Pursuers durst hastily fall upon them. For the Field being a large even Plain, they had the more Liberty to draw off in order and retreat in a formed Body. Some likewise of the Foot, (who judged it the best course to forsake their Colours and look to themselves) cast away their Arms, and followed the Horse.  
About Sunsetting 
* Demetrius.  he passed by 
† Gaza in Judaea, where Samson carried away the Gates.  Gaza; but some of the Horse left him and entered the City, to fetch out some Luggage. The Gates therefore being open, and the Streets full of Sumpter Horses, and all busy in leading and carrying out their Goods, there was such Disorder and Thronging at the Gates, that upon the approach of the Ptolimeans, none could get up to them to shut them to prevent their Entry; so that the Enemy breaking in, the City thus fell into the hands of Ptolemy. And this was the Issue of this Battle.  
Demetrius, without stop or stay, about Midnight came to 
* Asdod in Judaea, now a small Village. called Alzote.  Azotus, having from the Place of Battle rid above 
† Two hundred and seventy Furlongs. P. 718. Ant. Ch. 310.  Thirty Mile. Thence he sent a Trumpet to beg the Bodies of the Dead, being very earnest to perform the last Office of right due to them that were slain. Many of his Nobility were there slain, amongst whom, the most eminent was Pitho, joined in equal Commission with himself, and Beotus who had long lived with Antigonus the Father, and was ever privy to all his Designs, and partaker of all his Councils. There were slain in this Battle on Demetrius his side, above 
* This Five hundred should be Five thousand as Plutarch.  Five hundred, of whom the greatest part was Horse, and the Chief of his Nobility; and Eight thousand and upward were taken Prisoners.  
Ptolemy and Seleucus, not only granted him the dead Bodies, but sent him back his own Pavilion, with all the Furniture belonging to it, and all such Prisoners as were of his Household, free and without Ransom; withal letting him know, that they fought not with Antigonus for these things, but because he had not restored those Provinces to the Governors that were conquered by their joint Arms in the War first against Perdictas, and then against Eumenes; and for that after he had renewed his League of Friendship with Seleucus, he had most Unjustly, and against all Right deprived him of the Province of Babylon. Other Prisoners Ptolemy sent into Egypt, with Orders to distribute them amongst the several Regiments in his Fleet.  
After Ptolemy had with great Pomp and Solemnity buried those that were slain in the Battle, he marched with his Army against the Cities of Phenicia, besieging some, and persuading others to yield. Demetrius in the mean time (being no longer able to hold out) dispatched away a Messenger with Letters to his Father, to pray him to come away speedily to his help; and he himself coming to Tripoli in Phenicia, sent for the Soldiers that were in Cilicia and elsewhere in Garrisons remote and far distant from the Enemy's Quarters, to come to him. But Ptolemy keeping with his Army still in the open Field, marched 
Ant. Ch. 310.  into the Coasts of Sidon, and Encamping near Tyre, sent to Andronicus, Governor of the Garrison there, to render up the City to him, making him large Promises both of Wealth and Honour. But he not only answered, That he would never betray the Trust which Antigonus and Demetrius had put in him, but also used many reviling Speeches against Ptolemy; but a little while after he was surprised by a Mutiny of his own Soldiers, and fell into his Hands; and thereupon expected nothing but Death for his refusal to deliver up 
Ptolemy takes Tyre.  the City, and for his reviling Language: But Ptolemy not only forgot the Injury, but highly rewarded him, and took him into the number of his Friends, and honourably preferred him. For this Prince was of a most affable and gentle Disposition, and very Kind and Generous, which much contributed to the Increase of his Power, and the Advancement of his Honour and Reputation, and induced many upon that account to join with him, as his Allies and Confederates. For he honourably received Seleucus when he was cast out of Babylon, and made him and the rest of his Friends partners with him in that Plenty, and state of Prosperity that he himself enjoyed: And therefore, when Seleucus desired some Forces from him to go along with him to Babylon, he very readily granted them, and withal promised he would assist him in every thing to his Power, till he had recovered his former Government. In this Condition stood the Affairs of Asia at that time.  
In Europe, Telesphorus, Antigonus his Admiral, who then lay with the Fleet at Corinth, seeing how Ptolemy was preferred before him, and that all the Concerns of Greece were entrusted in his hands, accused Antigonus upon this Account, and delivered up to him those Ships he had with him. Then picking out so many of his Soldiers as were willing to join 
Ant. Ch. 310.  with him in his designs, he began to play his own Pranks. For pretending to be at one with Antigonus, he entered Elis, and fortified the Citadel, and enslaved the City. He robbed likewise the Temple at Olympus, and took thence above Fifty Talents of Silver, wherewith he raised and hired Foreign Soldiers. And thus Telesphorus, out of Envy to the 
P. 719.  Advancement of Ptolemy, became a Traitor to Antigonus.  
But Ptolemy, Antigonus his General in Greece, (as soon as he heard of the Defection of Telesphorus, and that he had seized upon the City of the Elians, and robbed the Temple at Olympus) marched with an Army into Peloponnesus: And coming to Elis, razed the Citadel to the Ground, restored the Elians to their Liberty, and the Money to the Temple.  
Afterwards, he so far wrought upon Telesphorus, that he regained Cyllene, wherein Telesphorus had put a Garrison, and restored it to the Elians.  
In the mean time, while these things were in acting, the Epirots (Eacides their King 
The Epirots make Alcetas King.  being dead) delivered up the Kingdom to Alcetas, who had been before him banished by his Father Arybilus. This Alcetas was an inveterate Enemy to Cassander, and therefore Lyciscus, Cassander's General in Acarnania, marched with an Army into Epirus, hoping he should easily depose him, the Affairs of the Kingdom being then scarce well settled.  
Lyciscus to this end Encamping at Cassopia, Alcetas sent his Sons, Alexander and Teucrus, 
Ant. Ch. 310.  to all the Cities, to raise as many Soldiers as possibly they could; and he himself marched forward with what Forces he had, and when he came near the Enemy, made an Halt, waiting for the coming up of his Sons.  
But Lyciscus, who far exceeded him in number, pressing upon him, the Epirots, in a great Terror and Amazement, ran over to the Enemy: Whereupon, Alcetas being thus forsaken, fled to Eurymenas', a City in Epirus; while he was closely besieged in this Place, in comes Alexander with an Aid to the Relief of his Father; upon which followed a sharp Engagement, in which many of Lyciscus his Men were cut off, amongst whom (besides other Persons of great account) were Micythus, a great Captain, and Lysander the Athethenian, Cassander's Lord-Lieutenant of Leucadia.  
Afterwards, Dinias coming in to the Assistance of those thus worsted, there happened a second Engagement, in which Alexander and Teucer being routed, they, together with their Father, fled to a strong Castle thereabout for shelter. Lyciscus presently took Eurymenas', plundered it, and razed it to the Ground. 
Ant. Ch. 310.   
Cassander at this time hearing of the Defeat of his Forces, (but having no intelligence of the Success which followed) hasted away into Epirus to succour Lyciscus: But when he came to understand how well things had succeeded on his side, he made Peace, and entered into a League of Friendship with Alcetas. Then with part of his Army he marched into 
* A City and Country upon the Coasts of the Adriatic Sea. Cassander goes against the Apolloniates.  Adria, in order to besiege the 
† Apollonia, a City of Thrace.  Apolloniates, who had cast out his Garrison, and joined with the Illyrians. But the Inhabitants were not at all affrighted, but having sent for aids from others that were their Confederates, they drew up in Battalia before their Walls: Upon which, there was a sharp Dispute for a long time together; but the Apolloniates overpowering the other in number put their Enemies to flight. Cassander therefore having lost many of his Men, and wanting Forces sufficient, and perceiving the Winter to draw on a pace, returned into Macedonia.  
After his departure, the 
* Leucas, a Pen●nsula near to the Ambracian G●lf, bordering upon Epirus, called also Neritis. The City called Leucadia.  Leucadians, assisted by the Corcyrians, drove out the Garrison of Caessander. As for the Epirots, they were quiet under the Royal Government of Alcetas for a time; but when he grew more Severe and Tyrannical, they Murdered both him and his two Sons, Hesioneas and Nisus, who were but then young Children.  
In Asia, Sele●ous, after the routing of Demetrius at Gaza in Syria, (receiving from Ptolemy no more than Eight hundred Foot, and Two hundred Horse) marched towards Babylon 
P. 720.  with that Confidence as to believe, that though he had no Forces at all with him, yet he should be able to go up into the Higher Provinces, only with his own particular 
Seleucus marches for Babylon 〈…〉 〈…〉 Num●er, and gains the P 〈…〉 v 〈…〉. Ant. Ch. 310.  Friends and Servants; being verily persuaded, that the Babylonians (for the former Love and Affection they bore him) would readily come in and side with him; and that now he had a fair Opportunity to accomplish his Design, Antigonus being with his Army at a great distance from the Place.  
However, though he went on with such assuredness of Mind, yet his Friends that were with him, (seeing the inconsiderable Number of his Soldiers, and on the other hand the great Strength of his Enemies against whom he was marching, and the fullness of Provision, and number of the Confederates wherewith they were supplied and furnished) were greatly discouraged: Which Seleucus taking notice of, spoke to them to this effect: It becomes not the Captains and Fellow. Soldiers of Alexander, in the Expeditions of War, to confide only in the strength of Arms and confluence of Wealth, but in their Military Art and Prudence, through which he accomplished great and wonderful Things, by all for ever to be admired: But it is our Duty rather to believe the Gods who have assured us, that this Expedition shall be Prosperous and Successful. For he told them, That in Consulting the Oracle at 
* The Temple of Apollo at Dydimus in jonia, where the Priests and Inhalitants were called Branchides  Branchides, some considerable time before the God called him King; and that Alexander stood by him in his Sleep, and clearly discovered to him the Royal Dignity, to which in due time he should be advanced; and further declared, That whatever was Great and Glorious amongst Men, was always to be attained by Hazards and Toil. And withal, carrying himself Fairly and Amicably to all his Soldiers he was honoured by every body, and all were willing to run with him the Hazard of this desperate Enterprise.  
On then he marched, and coming with them into Mesopotamia he there dealt with such Macedonians as he found dwelling in 
* Carran, where Abraham sofourned.  Carran, and some of them by Persuasions, and some of them by plain Force he drew to go along with him in this Expedition. As soon as 
Ant. Ch. 310.  he entered into Babylon, the Inhabitants came in flocking to him, and offered him their Service; for he had before carried himself in the most obliging manner to all for the space of Four years together when he was Governor of the Province, thereby to gain the good will of the People, and to secure an Interest for himself, if at any time afterwards he should have an Occasion to contend for the Sovereign Command. Polyarchus also came in to him, who bore some kind of Office among them, with above a Thousand Men completely armed. But they who stood for Antigonus, when they perceived the general and irresistible Inclination of the Multitude towards him, fled all to the Castle, which was commanded by Diphilus; and Seleucus fell presently to besiege it, and having taken it by Force, delivered such Children and Friends of his as Antigonus (when Seleucus for fear fled away from Babylon into Egypt) had there committed to Prison. This done, he fell to raising of Soldiers in the Country, and having bought Horses, distributed them among such as were fit to ride them. And withal, carrying himself with all Fairness and Affability towards all sorts; made them all ready to run any hazard with him, and so in a trice recovered all his Government of Babylon. But afterwards, Nicanor, whom Antigonus had made Governor of the Province of Media, marched against him with Ten thousand Foot, and Seven thousand Horse; and Seleucus without delay went out to meet him: Having with him in all a little above Three thousand Foot and Four hundred Horse; and passing the River Tigris, when he heard that the Enemy was not far off, he hide his 
Ant. Ch. 310.  Men in the Fens there near at hand, purposing to set upon Nicanor at unawares; who when he came to the Bank of Tigris, and found no Enemy there, went and Encamped near 
P. 721.  to a 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Posthouse of the Kings, little thinking the Enemy had been so near. But the Night following (through a careless Regard and Contempt of the Enemy) not keeping a due Watch Seleucus fell upon him, and raised a great Tumult in his Army: For the Persisians putting themselves forward to fight, Evager their General, with sundry others of their Commanders were slain. After which Broil, the greater part of Nicanor's Army, what for the present Danger they were in, and what for the Disgust they had to Antigonus his Government, left him and came to the Service of Seleucus. Whereupon, Nicanor fearing lest at the next 'bout his Soldiers would deliver him up to Seleucus, fairly stole away with some few of his friends, and fled through the Desert. Seleucus having by this means gotten a potent Army about him, and continued his fair Carriage to all Men as before, easily procured the Provinces of Media and Susa, and other Countries bordering thereupon, to come under his Subjection; and sent Ptolemy word how he had sped, having now gotten a full Royal Power and Majesty into his hands.  
Ptolemy continued still in Coelo-Syria after the great Victory gained over Demetrius, whom 
Demetrius' routs Cells, Ptolemy ' s General.  he heard was returned out of Cilicia, and lay encamped in the Upper Syria; whereupon, he sent one of his Nobility about him, called Cells (a Macedonian Born) with a great Army, Commanding him either to drive him out of every part of Syria, or to coop him up and tread him to dirt where he lay. While he was upon his March, Demetrius understanding by his Scouts, that Cells lay carelessly with his Army at Myus, leaving his 
Ant. Ch. 310.  Carriages behind him, Marched away with a Company of Lightfooted Lads, who travelled all Night, and a little before Day fell in upon Cells his Camp, took it Without a stroke struck, and Cells himself prisoner; by which Victory (it was judged) he was quit with them for the former Loss he had sustained. Yet because he thought Ptolemy himself was coming after with all his Army, he therefore pitched his Camp in a place where he had a Bog on the one hand, and a Lough on the other. Demetrius writ Letters of this his good Success to his Father Antigonus, wishing him either to send an Army speedily, or to come himself in Person into Syria. Antigonus was then at Cellnas in Phrygia, and having read the Letter, was wonderfully pleased with the News, both because the Victory was gotten by his own Son's Conduct (who was so young) and for that he had shown himself a Man worthy to wear a Crown hereafter. Upon this News, he himself with his Army marched out of Phrygia, and having passed over Mount Taurus in a few days time he joined with Demetrius.  
Ptolemy hearing of the coming of Antigonus, called a Council of War, to advise whether it was better to stay where he was, and there to try it out with him in Syria, or to return into Egypt and Fight with him from thence, as he had done before with Perdiccas? The result of the Council was, That he should not hazard himself by engaging with an Army far more numerous than his own, and where there were such multitudes of Elephants, and all under the Command of a General never yet Conquered; and that it was much safer for him to fight in Egypt, where he would be better supplied with Provision, than 
Ant. Ch. 310.  the Enemy could be, and had places of Strength wherein he might confide. Determining therefore to leave Syria, before he went, he laid waste, and destroyed the Principal 
Ptolemy wastes Samaria, Joppa, Gaza, etc.  Cities he held there at that time in his Possession, as Achon in Syrophenicia, Joppa, and Samaria; and Gaza in Syria. Then taking along with him out of the Country, whatever he could drive or carry (loaden with Wealth) he returned into Egypt.  
Antigonus, when he had without stroke stricken recovered all Syria and Phenicia, took a Jouney into the Country of the Arabians, called the * Nabatheans; for thinking that they 
P. 722. Nabaioth of the Seed of Ishmael.  never much favoured his proceed, he appointed one of his Nobility, called Atheneus, with Four thousand Foot, and Six hundred light Horse to fall in upon them, and to bring away what spoil he could out of their Country.  
It's worth our pains here to relate the Manners and Customs of these Arabians, for 
The Customs of the Arabians.  the information of them that are ignorant; by the use of which Customs they have hitherto secured themselves and preserved their Liberty. They live in the plain and open Fields, calling that Desert their Country, wherein are neither Inhabitants, Rivers or Springs, whereby any Enemy's Army can be relieved. It's a Law amongst them, neither to Sow, Plant, Build Houses, or Drink any Wine; and he that is discovered to do any of these, is sure to Die for it. And the reason of this Law is, because they conceive that those who are possessed of such things, are easily (for fear of losing of what they have, or in hopes of gaining more,) forced to comply with the Will and Humour of those that are more powerful. Some of them breed up Camels; others employ themselves in feeding of Sheep, roving to and fro in the Wilderness for that purpose. There are no few, indeed, of the Arabians, that though they give themselves to the Pasturage of cattle in the Deserts, yet are far richer than the rest, but exceed not in number above 
Ant. Ch. 310.  Ten thousand. For many of them use to carry Frankincense, Myrrh, and other rich Perfumes down to the Sea side, which they traffic for, and receive from them that bring them from Arabia the Happy. They highly prise and value their Liberty, and when any strong Armies invade them, they presently fly into the Wilderness, as to a strong Fort and Castle for refuge; for being no Water is there to be had, none can follow them through these Deserts: But as to themselves, they have a sure and safe Retreat, by the help of Earthen Pots and Vessels hid in the Earth prepared before hand. For the Soil is a fat Clay, under which lies a soft Stone, in which they dig great Caves very narrow at the entrance, but enlarging by degrees as they grow in depth, till they come at length to that bigness, as to be a hundred Foot Square; these Caves they fill up to the Mouths with these Vessels filled with Rain-Water; then they lay all even with the rest of the Ground, and leave certain Marks where to find the place known to none but themselves. For the cattle (driven away along with them) they take so much Water as may serve them for Three Days, lest while they are in their flight in dry and parched places, they should be ever and anon put to a stop by the continual watering of their Cattle.  
Their Food is Flesh, Milk and Roots. For Drink they have abundance of wild Honey, and a kind of Pepper growing upon some Trees, both which they mix together in Water for that purpose.  
There are likewise other kinds of Arabians, some of whom employ themselves in Husbandry, 
Ant. Ch. 310.  Selling of Corn, with other Provisions, and agree with the Syrians in all other things, except dwelling in Houses. And such were then the Customs of these Arabians.  
Near at hand there was a Public Meeting of these 
* The Nabatheans.  Arabians, whither all bordering Nations used to come, as to a common Mart to sell off to them their Commodities, and to buy from them the Merchandise of their Country. To this Mart the Nabatheans now went, leaving their Wealth and Old Men with their Wives and Children upon the top of a Rock. The place was very strong, but Unwalled, and distant Two Days Journey from the Country that was inhabited. Atheneus watching his opportunity, marched speedily to this Rock; and having marched out of the Province of Edom the space of 
* Above Two hundred and threescore Miles. P. 723.  Two thousand and two hundred Furlongs in Three Days and Three Nights, late at Midnight (the Arabians knowing nothing of his coming) possessed himself of the Place; of the Soldiers there sound, some he put to the Sword, and others he made Prisoners, and such as were wounded he there left behind him; and carried away the greatest part of their Myrrh and Frankincense, with Five hundred Talents of Silver, and staying there * not past Three Hours, for fear of the countries' coming in upon him, returned 
Above the time of a Watch.  presently again. And now he and his Soldiers having gone Two hundred Furlongs, could go no further for very weariness, and therefore rested there, keeping neither Watch nor Ward, as presuming that the Country People could not reach thither in Two or Three Days after. But the Arabians receiving intelligence by some that saw the Army, presently got together, left the Fair and returned to the Rock; where being more fully informed by the wounded Men, of what was done, they incontinently pursued the Greeks with Might and Main. And because Atheneus his Men kept no Watch, and after their long Journey lay weary and fast asleep, some of the Prisoners stole away from them; from whom, when their Countrymen (whom they met) had learned how the Enemy's Camp lay, they hasted to the place, and coming upon them at Three of the Clock in the Morning, fell into their Trenches, to the number of Eight Thousand of 
Atheneus killed and most of his Men by the Nabatheans.  them, and cut the Throats of some snorting in their Cabins; others that made resistance they slew. To make short, they utterly destroyed all their Foot, only Fifty of their Horse got away, and they wounded too for the most part. And thus Atheneus, tho' he began well, yet through his own imprudence lost all in the close. And therefore some, not without Cause, are of Opinion, that it's easier to improve Misfortunes to the best advantage, than to carry it with Prudence under extraordinary Successes. For the first through Fear of what further mischief may afterwards follow, puts a Man on to a more exact and careful management of his Concerns; but by prosperous Adventures Men are many times flattered into gross negligence and security.  
The Nabatheans having thus revenged themselves of their Enemies, and recovered their Goods again, returned to the Rock; and by a Letter of theirs, written to Antigonus in Syriac Characters, complained of Atheneus, and the wrong he had done them, and excused themselves. To whom Antigonus wrote back again cunningly, telling them, that Atheneus 
Ant. Ch. 310.  was well enough served by them; blaming him for what he had done, and assuring them he had given him no such Orders. This he did to cover what he was really designing against them, and to make them the more secure, that thereby he might with more ease effectually accomplish what he was in contriving. For without some Stratagem it was no easy matter to overcome Men that wandered up and down continually here and there, and had the Wilderness for an inaccessible Shelter and Refuge at the last.  
The Arabians upon the receipt of the Letter rejoiced that they seemed at present to be freed from their great fears; but yet they did not wholly rely upon his Letter; But being between Hope and Fear, placed Spies upon Watch-Towers and other high places, whence they might easily see afar off, when any Enemy made an incursion into Arabia; and they themselves put all things in readiness, waiting for the issue and event.  
But Antigonus having for a time carried himself as a Friend towards these Barbarians, 
Demetrius sent against them.  now judged he had a fair opportunity to set upon them, having brought them, as it were, to his bait. To this end therefore he chose out of all his Army, Four thousand Foot light Armed, and the swiftest of Foot he could find, and added to them Four thousand Horse, willing them to take with them as many Days Victuals as they could well carry, and such as needed no Cooking; and assigning Demetrius his Son to Command them, he 
Ant. Ch. 310.  sent them away about the first Watch of the Night with this Charge, that he should by all means be revenged of them. He therefore Travelled Three Days Journey through the Desert, hastening to fall upon them at unawares. But their Scouts perceiving the first approach of the Enemy towards their Borders, immediately gave notice of their coming to the Country: whereupon they presently got them to their Rock, where there was but one way up, and that made by Art, and there laid all their Baggage, and left a sufficient 
P. 724.  Guard to keep it; and the rest went and drove away their Cattle, some to one place and some to another in the Desert. Demetrius when he came to the Rock and saw all the Cattle driven away, presently went to Besiege it: but they that were within manfully defending it, by the advantage of the place, had all the day long the better of it; so that Demetrius was forced at last to draw off. The next Day when he approached again with his Forces to the Rock, one of the Barbarians cried out: What wouldst thou have, O King, DEMETRIUS'? or what has provoked thee to make War upon us who inhabit the Wilderness, and in places where there's neither Water, Corn nor Wine, nor any thing else which you cannot be without. But as for us, who can upon no terms endure to be Slaves, we betake ourselves to a Country destitute of all things that are of absolute necessity to all other Men; and we choose to live a solitary Life altogether, like the Beasts of the Field, without doing the least harm to any of you. Therefore we entreat you Demetrius, and your Father, that you injure not us, but that you would accept of some Presents, and march away with the Army from us, and receive the Nabatheans 
Ant. Ch. 310.  into the number of your Friends for the time to come.  
Neither can you possibly stay here many days (though you had never so great a mind to do it) for want of Water and all other necessaries; neither can you ever force us to change our course of Life, tho' perhaps you may take some poor dispirited Prisoners who will never endure to be brought under the Power of other Laws and Rules of Living  
After this was said, Demetrius drew off his Army, and wished them to send Ambassadors to him to Treat of these Matters. Hereupon the Arabians sent their oldest Men, who (using the same Arguments with those before related) persuaded Demetrius to accept of such Gifts as were of greatest Esteem and Value among them, and so put an end to the War. Upon Hostages therefore given him, and such Gifts as were agreed upon between them, he drew off 
* Almost Forty Miles.  from the Rock, and so removing with his Army Three hundred Furlongs off, he encamped near to the Lake 
* Asphaltes', or the Dead Sea, The Lake of Sodom.  Asphaltes'; the nature of which it's not fit to pass over without giving some account of it.  
It lies in the midst of the Province of Edom; and stretches forth in length 
* Above Sixty Miles. Joseph. lib. bellor. Jud. 5. C. 5. says it is 580 Furlongs long, and 150 broad  Five hundred Furlongs: but in breadth it is but Threescore. The Water is very bitter and stinking, so that neither Fish, nor any other thing used to the Water can live in it. And though many remarkable Rivers of very sweet Water empty themselves into it, yet it remains as corrupt and unsavoury, both as to Taste and Smell as ever it did before. Every Year rises out of the middle of it great massy pieces of Bitumen and Pitch, sometimes bigger than Three 
* Every Plethra is 100 Foot.  Plethras, and sometimes a little less than one. And upon that account the Barbarous Inhabitants call the larger pieces Bulls, and the less Calves. These pieces of Pitch and Brimstone floating upon the Water, seem at a distance to be as so many Islands: There are evident Signs that sorgoe and give notice of the casting up of this Bituminous Matter, at least Twenty Days before. For a horrid smell of Brimstone and Pitch infects the Air round about the Lake at many Furlongs distance; and all Metals, whether of Gold, Silver or Copper near the place, change their natural Colour, which presently returns again as soon as the Brimstone is exhaled. The places bordering upon it are so burning hot (by reason of the Sulphur and Brimstone under ground) and cast forth such an horrible stench, that the Inhabitants are very unhealthy, and short lived: yet the Country thereabouts being watered with many pleasant Rivers and refreshing Springs, bears abundance of Palm-Trees; and in a certain Vale near to this place grows that they call 
* The Balm of Gilead. P. 725.  Balm, from which they raise a great Revenue; inasmuch as this Plant grows in no other part of the World beside; and is of excellent use amongst Physicians for the healing and curing of Wounds, and other Distempers. The Inhabitants on both sides this Lake, are so earnest to carry away this Brimstone, that they fight one with nother; and they bring it off in a strange manner without Shipping. For they cast in huge Bundles of Butrushes fastened close together, upon which Three or more of them place themselves, two of which ply the Oars that are fastened to the Bulrushes, and the third carries a Bow and Arrows to defend themselves against such as attempt to make up upon them from the other side, or that offer them any violence. Assoon as they come to the Brimstone they get upon it, and hue it in pieces with Axes, as pieces of stone out of a soft Rock, and so loading the Bulrish Boat, they row back. If any fall into the Water through the deficiency of the Boat, yet he never sinks as in other waters, tho' he knows not how to swim, but lies upon the water as if he were the best swimmer in the World. For this Lake naturally bears any thing that has either a vegetative or an animal Life, except such things as are solid, and seem to be without Pores, as Silver, Gold, Led, or the like; and these likewise are much longer and slower in sinking than when they are cast into other waters. And this profit and advantage the Barbarians reap from it; they Transport this Pitch into Egypt and there sell it for the use of embalming of the Dead; for if they do not mix this with other Aromatic Spices, the Bodies cannot be preserved long from putrefaction.  
Antigonus at the Reign of Demetrius having heard the Relation of his Voyage blamed him for his making Peace with the Nabatheans, saying that those barbarous people having so escaped would thereupon grow more insolent than before, concluding that they were not favoured out of love or compassion of the Conqueror, but in despair of the Conquest; but he commended him for discovering the Lake Asphaltes', seeing that from thence he 
Ant. Ch. 310.  might raise some yearly Revenue to himself, and made Hieronimus Cardianus the Historian his Treasurer for that Revenue, and commanded him to build Ships and gather together all the Bitumen, or liquid Brimstone that could be gotten out of that Lake: But Antigonus in the event was frustrated of his hope; for the Arabians coming together to the number of Six thousand Men set upon them as they were in their Ships, gathering this Brimstone, and shot them almost all to death with their Arrows; whereby Antigonus lost all hopes of making any standing Revenue that way, and forbore all further prosecution of that design both upon the account of the miscarriage already, and likewise for that he had matters of greater weight and concern then in his head.  
For about that time a Courier came, and brought Letters to him from Nicanor, Governor of Media, and others, how Seleucus was returned and prospered in those parts: Whereupon Antigonus being much concerned for the upper Provinces, sent his Son Demetrius with Five thousand Macedonian Foot, and Ten thousand Mercenaries, and Four thousand Horse with charge that he should march to the very Walls of Babylon, and having recovered that Province should from thence march down to the Sea. Demetrius hereupon departed from Damascus in Syria, and went vigorously on to fulfil his Father's Command. But Patrocles, whom Celeucus had made Precedent of Babylon, so soon as he heard that Demetrius was falling into Mesopotamia, not daring to stay his coming (because he had but a small power about him) commanded the rest to leave the City, and that passing the Euphrates they should flee some into the Desert, others over the Tigris into the Province of Susa, and to the 
* The Red Sea in the Greek but mistake. Ant. Ch. 310.  Persian Sea; and he himself with a company which he had about him trusting in the Barrs of the Rivers and Dikes of the Country thereabouts, instead of so many Fortresses and Bulwarks for his defence, kept himself still within the Bounds of his own Government, and cast about how to entrap his Enemy, sending ever and anon Tidings to Seleucus in Media how how things went with him, and desiring aid to be speedily sent to him.  
Demetrius when he came to Babylon and found the City itself void of Inhabitants, fell 
P. 726.  presently to besiege the Forts and Castles that were therein,; and having taken one of them, gave the spoil thereof to his Soldiers: But having besieged the other for some days together, in haste, he departed, leaving Archelaus, one of his trusty friends, to maintain the Siege with Five thousand Foot and a Thousand Horse; and himself, seeing the time run out, which his Father had appointed him to finish his work in; returned with the rest of the Army into the lesser Asia.  
While those things were acting, the Wars between the Romans and the Samnites continued still in Italy, wherein there were daily excursions into one another's Territories, Besieging of Cities and Encamping of Armies on both sides: For the Contest between the most warlike Nations of Italy was, which should gain the Empire and Sovereign 
Wars in Italy.  Command of the whole, upon which account many great Battles were fought.  
At length the Consuls of Rome with a part of their Forces Encamped in the face of the Enemy, watching for a fit opportunity to fall upon them, by which means they preserved their Confederate Cities from annoyance and disturbance from the Enemy. With 
Ant. Changed ●10  the rest of the Army Quintus Fabius the Dictator took Fretomanum, and carried away the persons of greatest quality that were Enemies, to the Romans, to the number of Two hundred and upwards, and brought them to Rome, and exposed them as a public Spectacle in the Forum; and when he had scourged them, according to the Roman Custom, cut off their Heads. He made likewise an inroad into the Enemy's Territories, and took Celia and the Citadel of 
* A City in Campania in Italy.  Nota, with abundance of Spoil, and divided a great part of the Country by Lot among the Soldiers; the Romans hereupon encouraged with these successes which fell out according to their hearts desire, sent a Colony into the Island called 
* Pontiae Insulae in the Tuscan Sea Plin. lib. 3. c. 6. Porcia an Island in the same Sea called commonly Porce. The Acts of Agathocles in Sicily. Ant. Ch. 310.  Pontia.  
As for Sicily, after that Agathocles had made Peace with all the Sicilians, except the Messenians the Refugees of Syracuse, all flocked to Messina, because they saw that to be the only City that stood out against him. Agathocles therefore with all speed made it his business to break their Confederacy, and to that end sent away Pasiphilus his General with an Army to Messina, with private instructions to do what he thought fit, and most agreeable to the circumstances of Affairs as he should find them; hereupon he entered the Country on a sudden, and after he had taken many Prisoners, and got much spoil, he Solicited the Messenians to Peace and Amity, and that they would not suffer themselves so to be led aside as to join with the implacable Enemies of Agathocles.  
Upon which the Messenians hoping to extricate themselves out of the War without Blows, cast out all the Syracusians Fugitives, and received Agathocles with his Army into the City; who at the first carried himself very courteously and obligingly towards all, and courted them to admit those Exiles that were in his Army, (and had been by them according to Law formerly banished) into the Freedom and Liberties of the City.  
But afterwards he sent for such out of Tauromenium and Messina as formerly had opposed his Government, and put them all to death, to the number of Six hundred; for intending to make War upon the Carthaginians, he resolved to rid himself of every thing that looked like an Enemy in Sicily: The Messenians therefore seeing their chief Citizens cut off that opposed the Tyrant, and that they themselves had driven those strangers out of the City that wished them so well, and that would have been their main strength against him, and had been forced to receive those that had been formerly condemned for their notorious Crimes, much repent themselves of what they had done; but out of fear of the power of the Conqueror they were forced to stoop.  
Thence he moved in the first place towards Agrigentum, with design to make a prey 
P. 〈◊〉  also of this City: But because the Carthaginians were there lately arrived with a Fleet of Sixty Sail, he desisted and left off that project, but wasted and harassed the Territories of the Carthaginians, and took some of their Forts and Castles by Storm, and gained others by surrender.  
Among these Turmoils Dinocrates, Captain of the Syracusian Exiles, sent to desire Aid of the Carthaginians before Agathocles had brought all Sicily under his own Power and Sovereign Command; he himself received all those Exiles which the Messenians had 
Ant. Ch. 310  banished the City, and having now a very great Army, sent Nymphodorus one of his Trusty Friends with part of the Army to the City of the Centorippians: For this place being a Garrison of Agathocles, some of the Citizens had undertaken to betray it, upon condition they should be suffered to govern according to their own Laws. Upon this encouragement therefore breaking into the City in the night, the chief Commanders of the Garrison presently took the Alarm, and killed both Nymphodorus and all the rest that had entered within the Walls. Agathocles made use of this as an occasion and ground to accuse the Centorippians of Contrivances against his Government, and cut the Throats of all those that he looked upon to be the Ringleaders of the Defection.  
While he was thus employed the Carthaginians entered the Port at Syracuse with a Fleet of Fifty Sail, but all that they did there was the sinking of two Transport Ships (one of which belonged to the Athenians) and cut off the Hands of all those that were on board: Which was looked upon as a piece of extreme Cruelty towards those that never offered them the least Injury; and this God made presently to appear; For soon after some Ships that were forced from the rest of the Fleet about Brutta, fell into the hands of Agathocles, where those Carthaginians that were taken were served the same sauce with those that were by them taken Prisoners before.  
But Dinocrates' Commander of the Exiles having with him above Three thousand Foot and Two thousand Horse, seized upon 
* Or, Galatina  Galaria (as it is called) invited thither by the Inhabitants, and cast out those that sided with Agathocles, and then Encamped before the Walls of the City.  
Agathecles' presently sent against him Pasiphilus and Demophilus with Five thousand Men, who fought with the Refugees; whose Captains were Dinocrates and Philonides, who commanded separately in the two Wings. The Battle was doubtful for a long time together, while both Armies obstinately stood to it Tooth and Nail: But Philonides, one of the Captains, being slain, that Wing fled, and Dinocrates was thereupon forced likewise to give Ground, and Pasiphilus killed many of them in the Pursuit, and recovered Galaria, and put to Death the Authors of the Defection.  
Agathocles receiving Intelligence of what was done, resolved to fall upon the Carthaginians 
Ant. Ch. 310.  with his whole Army, who had then possessed themselves of the Hill in Geloa, called 
* That is, Wicked. See p. 729.  E●●●mes. To that end, without any further Delay he made up to them, and as soon as he came near, offered them Battle, being puffed up with the Success of his late Victory. But the Barbarians durst not engage, and thereupon (supposing he was absolute Master of the Field without sighting) he returned to Syracuse, and adorned the chiefest Temples there with the Spoils. And these were the Actions of this Year as far forth as is needful for us to give an Account.   

CHAP. VII.  
Cassander, Ptolemy, and Lysimachus, make Peace with Antigonus. Cassander murders Rhoxana and her Son. The Governors take the Style of Kings upon them. The Carthaginians raise Forces against Agathocles. Four thousand Geloans murdered by Agathocles. The Battle between Agathocles and Amilcar the Carthaginian at Himera. Agathocles routed. Several Cities revolt from Agathocles.  
WHen Simonides was Lord-Chancellor of Athens, and the Romans had created Marcus 
Olymp. 117. 2. Ant. Ch. 309. Cassander, etc. make s Peace with Antigonus. P. 728.  Valerius and Publius Decius Consuls, Cassander, Ptolemy, and Lysimachus, made Peace with Antigonus, the Form of which was put into Writing, and contained the Terms following: That Cassander should be the Sovereign Lord of all in Europe, till Alexander the Son of Rhoxana came of full Age: That Lysimachus should have the chief Command in Thrace: Ptolemy should enjoy the Sovereign Power in Egypt, and the bordering Cities in Arabia and Africa: That Antigonus should be Lord of all Asia; And the Greeks should Govern according to their own Laws. But these Conditions they observed not long; but every one took one Occasion or other to encroach upon more than his Part came to.  
Cassander seeing that Alexander the Son of Rhoxana now grew up towards Man's Estate, and hearing how it was the Discourse of some throughout all Macedonia, That it was now 
Rhoxana and her Son murdered.  fit the young Man should be freed from his Prison, and assume the Government of his Father's Kingdom into his own hands; out of fear of being supplanted, commanded Glaucias the Keeper to murder both Rhoxana and the King, and to hid their Bodies when he had done, and by all means possible conceal their Deaths. This he effectually executed, and so by this means Cassander, Lysimachus, Ptolemy, and Antigonus himself, were freed from all Grounds of Fear upon the account of the King. For now all the Seed Royal being extinct, and no Successor remaining, every one of the Captains that had possessed themselves of Provinces or Cities, took upon themselves the Titles and 
The Captains take the Title of Kings.  Styles of Kings; and every one claimed the Province, of which he was Governor, as a Conquered Kingdom. And thus stood the Affairs in Asia, Europe, Greece, and Macedonia.  
In Italy, the Romans marched with a great Body of Horse and Foot against Pollitium, a City of the Marucci; where they removed part of the Citizens, and made them a new Colony, giving them Interamna (as it's called) to inhabit. 
Ant. Ch. 309. Carthaginians raise Forces against Agathocles.   
In Sicily, the Power of Agathocles increased every day, his Forces growing stronger and stronger: Whereupon the Carthaginians being informed, that he had gained almost all the Towns and Cities through the Island, and that their Captains and Commanders there were not able to deal with him, they resolved to pursue the War with more Vigour. To this end they forthwith provided a Fleet of a Hundred and thirty Sail of Men of War, and made Amilcar (a Person of eminent Quality) General. and delivered to him Two thousand Soldiers raised out of the City, amongst whom, many were Men of Note: Out of Afric●, Ten thousand; from Tyrrhenia, a Thousand Mercenaries and Two hundred Charioteers, and a Thousand Slingers from the Baleary Islands. They provided likewise a great Treasure, all sorts of Weapons, store of Corn, and all other Things necessary for carrying on the War, as they had occasion to use. And now when the whole Fleet had hoist up Sail and were come into the open Sea, on a sudden a violent Storm arose, which sunk Sixty of the Galleys, and broke in pieces Two hundred of the Ships loaden with Corn and Provision. The rest of the Fleet, after much Hardship at Sea, with much ado got into Sicily. Many of the most eminent Men of Carthage were lost at this time, which occasioned a public Lamentation in that City. For when any Misfortune happens to that Place greater than ordinary, their Custom is to cover the Walls 
Ant. Ch. 309.  with black Cassocks or Cloaks.  
Amilcar the General, after he was landed, mustered those that were saved from the Storm; and to supply those that were lost, listed Foreign Mercenaries, and raised others from among the Confederates throughout all Sicily, whom he joined with the rest of the Forces that were there before; and carefully providing every thing that was necessary for the War, he kept the Army in the Field, having under his Command about Forty thousand Foot, and near Five thousand Horse. Having therefore in a short time recruited himself, (and being accounted a Man of great Reputation for Honesty and Integrity,) he both revived the Courage of the Confederates, and in no small measure struck a Terror into the Hearts of his Enemies.  
On the other side, Agathocles perceiving that he was far overpowered by the Carthaginians in Number of their Forces, concluded, that many of the Forts and Castles, and those Cities and Towns that bore him a Grudge, would revolt to the Enemy; especially 
P. 729.  he feared the City of the Geloans, because he heard all the Enemy's Forces were encamped in their Territories: And besides, no small Detriment befell him at this time in his Fleet, for about Twenty Sail then at Sea together, with their Men, all fell into the Hands of the Carthaginians. However, he conceived it fit to put a Garrison into the Place for its Security, but durst not bring any Forces openly into the City lest the Geloans should prevent him, who had not then at any time before any Occasion offered them to rebel: And so by that means he might come to 
* A 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Cast away.  lose a Town that had been very useful and serviceable to him. Therefore (to prevent Suspicion) he sent into the City Soldiers by degrees, a few at a time, (as if they had come there for other Purposes,) till he had got so many into the Town as far exceeded the Citizens in Number. And then a while after he came thither himself, and charged the Geloans with a traitorous design to revolt: However, whether this were true or not, or that they were falsely accused by the Exiles, or that his Design was to scrape and get together what Money he could; he put to Death above Four 
Four thousand Geloans murdered by Agathocles.  thousand of the Geloans, and confiscated all their Estates; and threatened all the rest with Death that did not bring forth all their Money, whether Silver or Gold, coined or uncoined. Whereupon all (out of fear of this thundering Edict) forthwith obeyed his Command; whereby he heaped together a vast Treasure, and became a Terror to all his Subjects. And though he was judged to deal too severely and cruelly with the Geloans, yet he ordered them to be decently buried without the Walls; and then leaving the City with a strong Garrison, encamped with his Army over-against the Enemy. The Carthaginians possessed the Hill Ecnomen, where formerly stood the Castle of Phaleris, as is reported, where they say the Tyrant had the Brazen Bull contrived to torment Offenders, by putting Fire under it, thereby causing it to grow scorching hot by degrees. And therefore, by reason of this horrid Cruelty executed upon poor miserable Creatures, the Hill was called 
* The wicked Place.  Ecnomen. Agathocles possessed himself of another Castle of Phaleris over-against them, which he called Phalerius: Between both Armies lay a River, which was as a Defence and Bulwark to both sides. There was an ancient Prophecy, That a great Battle should be fought, and Multitudes of Men destroyed about this Place; and being that it 
Ant. Ch. 309.  was uncertain on which side the Slaughter should mainly fall, out of a superstitious Awe of the Gods, the Armies were more backward and slow to engage; and therefore neither Party for a long time durst pass the River with their whole Forces, till a sudden and unexpected Occasion forced them to fight. For the Africans making a sudden Incursion upon the Enemy, stirred up Agathocles to do the same: For when the Greeks were driving away their cattle, and some Carriage. Horses and other Beasts out of the Camp, some sallied out from among the Carthaginians to pursue them. But Agathocles foreseeing what 
The Battle between Agathocles and Amilcar at Himera.  the Enemy would do, had before laid an Ambuscado of stout and resolute Men near the River, who, as soon as the Carthaginians had passed the River, and were in pursuit of those that were driving away the cattle, risen out of the Ambush, and fell upon them as they were then in Disorder, and easily routed them and put them to flight. While the Barbarians were thus hewed down, and flying to their Camp, Agathocles looking upon it now as a sit time to engage, led forth his whole Army against the Enemy; and falling upon them on a sudden, presently filled up a part of their Trench and cut through their Breast-work, and so forced their Camp. The Carthaginians amazed with this sudden Attack, having no time to put themselves in order of Battle, fell in as Fortune led them, and engaged the Enemy in the best manner they could: And in regard the hottest Work was near the 
An. Ch. 309.  Trench, the Ground all thereabout was strewed with dead Carcases; for the chiefest of the Carthaginians made to the Defence of that Place where they saw the Camp entered. 
P. 100L.   
On the other hand, the Agathocleans encouraged by the happy Success of their Attempt, and supposing they should put an end to the War by this one Battle, pressed resolutely upon the Barbarians: Amilcar therefore perceiving that his Men were too weak, and that the Grecians were continually pouring in more Men into the Camp, brings up a Thousand Slingers of the Baliary Islands, who wounded many by multitude of great Stones out of their Slings, and killed many that were forcing into the Camp, and broke in pieces the Shields and Armour of many of their Assailants. For these Men being used to cast Stones of 
* Mina Weight.  Three Pound Weight, were always very serviceable, and contributed much in several Battles to the gaining of the Victory, as being those that were diligently taught and well exercised in the Art of Slinging from their very Childhood. And now at this time they gained the Point, driving the Grecians back again beyond the Outworks of the Camp. But Agathocles broke into it in other places; and just as the Camp was forced, unexpectedly arrived Succours from Carthage, which again revived the Spirits of the Carthaginians, and those in the Camp fought the Enemy in the Front, and the new Supplies hemmed the Greeks in the Rear, and hewed them down, so as the Fortune of the Day 
Agathocles routed.  turned suddenly and unexpectedly. For the Grecians fled outright, some to the River Himera, and others to their own Camp, which was 
* About 6 miles.  Forty Furlongs distant; and being a Plain and Champain Country, they were pursued with no fewer than Five thousand of the Barbarian Horse, so that the Plain all along was covered with dead Bodies, the River contributing much to the Destruction of the Greeks. For the pursuit being about Noon, 
Ant. Ch. 309.  and in the Dog-Days, many of them that fled were so parched with Thirst, by the Heat of the Wether and the Fatigue of their Flight, that they greedily swilled themselves with salt Water, insomuch that as many (that had not the least Hurt) were found dead near the River as were killed by the Sword in the Pursuit. There were killed of the Barbarians in this Battle about Five hundred, but no fewer than Seven thousand of the Greeks.  
Agathocles being thus grievously defeated, after he had received all those that had escaped, burned his Camp and went to Gela. But he had caused it to be rumoured abroad, that he was gone straight away for Syracuse. It happened that Three hundred African Horse then in the Country fell in among some of Agathocles his Soldiers, who told them, that Agathocles was gone back to Syracuse, and thereupon the Horsemen entered Gela as Friends: But being thus deluded, they were all shot to Death by Darts: Yet Agathocles shut not himself up in Gela, because he could not get safe to Syracuse, but that he might divert the Carthaginians from Syracuse to the Besieging of Gela, that so by that means the Syracusians might have leisure enough to get in their Harvest, while he protracted the time at Gela. Amilcar indeed at the first intended to have besieged Gela; but hearing that there was there a strong Body of Men to oppose him, and that Agathocles was furnished with plenty of all things necessary, he laid aside that design, and made his approaches to the Forts and Castles, and had them all surrendered to him; and to gain the good Opinion of the Sicilians, 
Several Cities revolt from Agathocles. Ant. Ch. 309.  he carried himself Courteously and Obligingly towards all. The Camareans, Leontines, Cataneans and Tauromeneans, sent continually Ambassadors, and made their Applications to the Carthaginians. And a little time after, the Messenian. and Abacenians, and many other Cities who before were at variance amongst themselves, all went over to Amilcar; such was the Zeal of the Common People after the late Defeat, through the Hatred they bore against the Tyrant.  
But Agathocles led away all the Forces that were yet left him, to Syracuse, and there repaired the ruinous Parts of the Walls, and got in all the Corn and Fruits out of the Fields; and now contrived to leave a strong Garrison for the Defence of the City, and to transport the Power and Strength of the Army into Africa, with an intent to draw the War out of 
P. 731.  the Island into the Continent. We shall therefore, as we at first designed, begin the following Book with the passing of Agathocles into Africa.    

BOOK XX.  
THose who stuff their Histories with long and tedious Harangues, or are ever 
P. ●●3. PREFACE.  and anon setting forth their Matter with Rhetorical Orations; are, not without just Cause to be blamed. For besides, that it interrupts and cuts off the natural Course of the History, by an unseasonable Introduction of set and contrived Speeches, it likewise gives an unpleasant Check to the earnest Expectation of such as are eager to know the Issue of the Matters of Fact. Yet it's no ways to be disapproved for such as desire to be cried up for Eloquent Orators, to compose public Orations and Speeches made by Ambassadors, and Panegyrics of Praise and Dispraise, and such like. For they that manage both Parts well and distinctly in a modest Style, are justly to be praised and commended in both kinds of the Discourse. But there are some who so over-abound in Rhetorical Flourishes, that they make their whole History but as an Appendix (as it were to the other). For such tedious manner of Writing, is not only troublesome, but in this respect likewise is to be condemned, That although the Writer seem in other things to have hit the Mark, yet by this kind of Writing he seems to straggle and wander from the due Course both of Time and Place: And therefore they who read such sort of Writings, partly pass over such artificial and framed Discourses, though they are never so pat and fit to the Purpose; and partly tired out with the tedious and unseasonable artificial Digression of the Author, leave off reading altogether. For the Nature of History is simple, and in every part agreeable to itself, like to the Body of a living Creature, where the Cutting off of one Member is the Deformity of the whole. On the other side, that which is duly and orderly Composed, keeps within its proper Bounds, and the Coherence of the Whole, affords a clear and pleasant View and Understanding of the Matter in the Reading.  
However, we do not altogether abandon Rhetoric and Oratorical Flourishes out of History: For because it ought to be adorned with Variety, it's absolutely necessary in some Places to insert these Speeches and Orations. And I myself would not be deprived of making use of them upon such Occasions; and therefore when the Circumstances of the Matter related are such as that the Speech of an Ambassador, or the Harangue of a popular Senator, or the like, fall in naturally and easily, he that does not then put himself forth to the utmost in this kind, deserves justly to be Censured and Condemned.  
A Man may be able to give many Reasons why Rhetorical Adornments are often to be made use of. For amongst acquaint and eloquent Discourses, such asare worthy remark, and bring Profit and Advantage along with them together with the History, are by no means negligently to be passed over: Or when the Subject treated of is high and lofty, of things Famous and Remarkable, then it's very unbecoming, and not in the least to be endured, that the manner of Expression should sink meanly below the greatness of the Acts related. It may be likewise necessary when some extraordinary Event happens, so as that we are forced to make use of words adapted to the Occasion, in order to clear up and make plain the dark and intricate Grounds and Reasons of such an Accident. But what we have said of these things shall suffice, and we shall now proceed to the Relation of those Affairs we before designed, first observing the Time, where we are now fallen in the Course of our History. In the former Books we have treated of the Affairs both of the Greeks and Barbarians from the most ancient Times, till the Tear next preceding the Expedition of Agathocles into Africa: From the Sacking of Troy to which time, are 
P ●●4.  run up Eight hundred fourscore and three Years, and something more. In this Book we shall go on with things next in Course, and coherent with the former Relation, and begin with the Descent of Agathocles into Africa, and end with that year wherein the Kings agreed to join together in a Common War against Antigonus, the Son of Philip, comprehending the Transactions of Nine years.  

CHAP. I.  
Agathocles designs to invade Africa. His Cruelty; Pursued in his Voyage. An Eclipse of the Sun very great. Lands in Africa. Burns his Ships. His successes in Africa. Hanno and Bomilcar made Generals in Africa. Battle between them and Agathocles, who routs them, Kills Hanno. His stratagem by Owls. The Cruel Superstition of the Carthaginians in sacrificing their Children. The Actions at Syracuse. Actions of Agathocles in Africa. The Acts of Cassander in Macedonia. Polysperchon seeks to restore Hercules Alexander's Son. The miserable Destruction of Nichocles and his Family in Cyprus. The Wars of Parysidas his Sons, King of the Cimerean Bosphorus. The Valour of Satyrus, one of the Sons; His Death. The sad Death of Eumelus, another Son.  
IN the Chancellorship of Hieromnemones at Athens, and the Consulship of Caius Julius 
Olymp. 117. 1. Ant. Ch. 308.  and Quintus Aemilius at Rome; Agathocles being routed at Himera in Sicily by the Carthaginians, and having lost the greatest and best Part of his Army, fled to Syracuse; where perceiving that he was forsaken of all his Confederates, and that the Barbarians had got into their hands almost all Sicily (except Syracuse) and that they far overpowered him by their Forces both by Sea and Land, undertook a very Rash and desperate Adventure. For when all were of Opinion that it was not adviseable for him in the least to endeavour to contend with the Carthaginians, he even then resolved to leave a strong Garrison 
Agathocles intends to invade Africa.  in the City, and with the Choicest of the rest of his Forces to make a Descent into Africa; and by that means he hoped by his Old and and experienced Soldiers, easily to vanquish the Carthaginians, who (through a long Peace) were grown Soft and Delicate, and unexpert in their Arms; and besides, hereby he thought that their Confederates, who had been for a long time very uneasy under the Yoke of their Government, would take an occasion to Revolt. And which most induced him was, That by this sudden and unexpected Invasion, he should load himself with the Spoils of a Country that was never before harrass'd, and that abounded in the Confluence of all forts of Worldly Blessings. And to sum up all, That he should by this Course draw the Barbarians, not only out of his own Country, but out of all Sicily, and transfer the War entirely over into Africa, which happened accordingly.  
For without advising with any of his Friends he made Antandrus, his Brother, Governor of the City, leaving with him a considerable Garrison; he himself Listed what Soldiers he thought fit for his purpose, ordering the Foot to be ready with Arms at 
Ant. Ch. 308.  the first Call, and commanded the Horsemen, that besides Arms they should every one carry along with them a Saddle and Bridle, that when ever he could get Horses he might have have those ready to mount them who were furnished with all things encessary for that purpose.  
For in the late Battle most of his Foot were cut off: but most of his Horse escaped; but their Horses he could not transport into Africa.  
And to prevent all stirs and commotions (in order to a defection) in Syracuse in his absence, he divided Kindred and Relations one from another, especially Brothers from Brothers, and Parents from Children, taking some along with him and leaving others behind: And he acted in this very wisely; for certain it was, that those who remained in Syracuse, although they hated the Tyrant, yet would attempt nothing to his prejudice, by reason of their natural Love and Affection to their Children, and near Relations and Kindred. And because he was in great want of Money, he took the Estates of Infants out of the hands of their Guardians; declaring, That he would have a far greater Care of them than they had, and be more faithful in giving them an Account, and making restitution when they came to full Age. He borrowed likewise much from the Merchants, and converted to his own use some of the Sacred Treasures of the Temples; and took the Jewels and Ornaments from the women's Backs.  
Whereupon, discerning that the Richer sort were highly displeased and incensed at this Usage, and for that reason hated him, he called a General Assembly, in which he greatly lamented the late Overthrow, and the dreadful Calamities that from thence seemed to hang over their Heads. He told them, that he indeed that was inur'd to Hardships, could easily endure the Miseries of a Siege; but that he should greatly pity the Citizens, 
Ant. Ch. 308.  if they should be blocked up, and forced to undergo the like. Therefore he ordered those that were not willing to suffer what might be their Fortune and Lot, to provide for 
His Cruelty.  the safety of themselves and their Estates. Upon which, the most wealthy Citizens (who bore a most implacable hatred against him) forthwith left the City: But he presently 
P. 735.  sent out some of his Mercenaries after them, and cut all their Throats, and confiscated their Estates. And thus, when by one and the same Act he had both enriched himself, and likewise purged the City of those that were his Enemies, he manumitted all the Slaves and Servants that were fit to bear Arms: And now having all things in readiness, and furnished with a Fleet of Sixty Sail, he only waited for a fair Wind. His Design being not commonly known, some reported that he intended an Expedition into Italy; others that he purposed to waste and destroy that part of Sicily that belonged to the Carthaginians; to conclude, every body gave them (who were ready to Sail) all up for lost Men, and condemned the folly and madness of the Prince. The Enemy at that time had a Fleet far exceeding him in number in the Harbour, therefore he was forced for some days at the first, to lie still with his Men on Board, because he had not an opportunity to set Sail. Afterwards some Transport Ships loaden with Corn, making with full Sail toward the City, the Carthaginians pursued them with their whole 
Ant. Ch. 308.  Fleet: Whereupon Agathocles (almost before in despair to accomplish his Design,) as soon as he saw the Mouth of the Harbour open, causing the Rowers to ply their Oars with all the quickness imaginable, he broke out of the Harbour.  
The Carthaginians being now come up near to the Transport Ships, and seeing a Fleet of their Enemy's Ships sailing out of the Harbour, thought at first that they came to secure and defend the Corn Ships; Whereupon they tacked about, and prepared to Fight: But when they saw that they made their Course strait forward, and were far before them, they pursued them with all the Sail they could; and while these were striving to Out-sail each other, the Transport Ships unexpectedly escaped the danger, and plentifully supplied the City that was before in great straits for want of Corn and Provision. Agathocles also, tho' closely pursued by the Enemy, by the advantage of the Night coming on (beyond all hope) got safe off 
* This was on the 15 of August. Ush. Ann. P. 323. Justin. lib 22. c. 6. Eclipse of the Sun.  from them. The next day there was such an Eclipse of the Sun, that the Stars appeared every where in the Firmament, and the Day was turned into Night: Upon which Agathocles his Soldiers (conceiving that God thereby did foretell their Destruction,) fell into great Perplexities and Discontents concerning what was like to befall them. Having therefore sailed Six Days and Six Nights, early in the Morning they suddenly spied the Carthaginian Fleet making up close upon them: Upon which, all set themselves to it with might and main to ply their Oars: The Carthaginians concluding, that together with the Ships they should not only take all the Syracusians prisoners, but should deliver their Country from present imminent danger: The Grecians on the other hand saw apparent destruction to themselves before their Eyes, and 
Ant. Ch. 308.  intolerable Bondage and Slavery to all their Kindred and Relations they had left at home, if they did not recover the Shore before the Enemy. And now Africa was in view when all the Sailors and Rowers called out earnestly one to another to bestir themselves, so that the strife and pains to get to Land was incredible. The Barbarians indeed were more swift Sailors, because they were more accustomed to the Sea than the others; but the Grecian Ships kept still a considerable distance before them: Making therefore away with all the Expedition imaginable, when they came near the Shoar, they leaped out of their Ships in throngs upon the Strand, as if they had been contending for the Mastery at the Gymnastick Games: For the first Squadron of the Carthaginians Ships were come up within a Darts cast of those in the Rear of the Grecian Fleet. After therefore some Contest for a while with their Bows and Slings (a few of the Barbarians Ships only being come up) Agathocles (overpowering the other by number) gained the advantage; whereupon the Carthaginians tacked about and stood off a little above the Cast of a Dart. Hereupon Agathocles presently landed his Men at a place called the Quarries, 
Lands in Africa.  and drew a Breast work for the security of his Shipping all along from Sea to Sea: And after he had effected this bold and daring attempt, he set upon another far more dangerous: For taking to him such of his Captains and Commanders as were wholly at his Devotion, he first Sacrificed to Ceres and Proserpina, and then called a Council of War; where coming into the Assembly to make his Harangue, splendidly clothed in Royal Robes, and with his Crown upon his Head (after a few things premised, to make an introduction to what he had further to say) he told them, That at the time they were pursued by the Carthaginians he had made a Vow to the Goddesses Ceres and Proserpina, the 
P. 736.  Protectoresses of Sicily, that he would Consecrate all the Ships in the Fleet to them, by burning them all into so many burning Lamps; and therefore, since they were now safe and were delivered, it was just and fit that they should pay their Vows; and he promised 
Antichrist. 308.  that if they fought courageously, he would return them far more than those Ships they then had: For the Gods by the Sacrifices, did foretell that they should be Conquerors throughout the whole War: While he was speaking, one of his Servants brought him a lighted Firebrand, which catching hold of, and commanding the like to be delivered to the rest of the Captains, he invocated the Goddesses, and was the first that made to the Admiral's Vessel, and standing upon the Stern, commanded the rest to follow his Example: Whereupon, all the Captains of the Vessels set fire to their Ships, and forthwith the Flame mounted aloft, the Trumpets sounded a Charge, and the whole Army set up a shout, and all as one Man offered up their joint Prayers to the Gods, for their safe return to their own Country. And all this was done by Agathocles, that he might necessitate his Soldiers to fight, without ever thinking of turning their Backs. For it was plain, that having no Shipping left for their last Refuge, they could not have the least hope of safety in any thing but by being absolute Conquerors. Then he considered, that having 
Burns his Ships.  but a small Army, if he would guard his Fleet he must be forced to divide it, and so should not be strong enough to venture a Battle; and if he left the Ships without any Guard, they would 〈◊〉 fall into the hands of the Carthaginians. However, while the whole Navy was on fire, and the Flame spread itself round at a great distance, the Hearts of the Sicilians quaked: For at first, being deluded by the juggling Tricks of Agathocles, and the the quickness of Execution, giving them no time to consider, they all consented to what was done: But when they had leisure distinctly to weigh every particular, they repent 
Ant. Ch. 308  themselves of what they had done; and pondering in their Minds, the vastness of the Sea by which they were separated from their own Country, they utterly despaired of their Safety and Preservation. Agathocles therefore minding as soon as possibly he could, to cure this Pusilanimity in his Soldiers, led his Army to the 
* Samatho in the Punic Language White. His Successes in Africa.  great City (as it's called) within the Dominion of the Carthaginians. The whole Country through which they marched, was beautified with Gardens, Planted with all sorts of Fruit-Trees, and Sluices, and Canals were cut all along for the convenience of Water, by which that whole Tract was every where abundantly watered. This part of the Country was likewise full of Towns and Villages, adorned with stately Houses, whose Roofs were curiously wrought all setting forth the Wealth and Riches of their Owners. The Houses were full of all manner of Provision of every thing that was needful, for the Inhabitants (through a long Peace) had stored up their Treasures in great plenty and abundance. The Country is planted partly with Vines, and partly with Olive-Trees, and furnished likewise with many other Fruit-Trees: In another part, the Fields are pastured with Flocks of Sheep, and Herds of Cows and Oxen; and in the neighbouring Fens run great numbers of breeding Mares. And what shall I say more? Those places abounded with plenty of all things for the use of Man, and the rather for that they were the Possessions of the Nobility of Carthage, who laid out much of their Estates and Wealth with more than ordinary Curiosity to improve them for their Delight and Pleasure; so that the fertility and sweetness of the Country, was the admiration of the Sicilians, and roused up their drooping 
Ant. Ch. 308.  Spirits in the view they had of those Rewards, and rich Returns, which they judged were well worthy the hazards to be run by the Conquerors to obtain them. Agathocles therefore perceiving that his Soldiers were now recovered out of their dumps, and former melancholy apprehensions, makes a sudden Assault upon the Walls of the City; which being so surprising and unexpected, and the Citizens unskilful in their Arms, after a short resistance he took the City by Storm; and gave the plunder of the Town to the Soldiers, which both encouraged 'em and enriched 'em at once. Thence he forthwith 
P. 737.  moved with his Army to 
* 〈◊〉 ‑ 〈◊〉, White Tunis.  Tunis, and gained that City, which is Two thousand Furlongs from Carthage. The Soldiers would willingly have Garrisoned these Two Cities, having Stored and laid up in them the Plunder they had got. But Agathocles weighing 
About 250 Miles.  what was most expedient in his present circumstances; therefore after he had convinced the Soldiers, that it was by no means convenient to leave any place to fly to for shelter, till they had conquered the Enemy by downright blows, he razed the Cities to the ground, and encamped in the open Field. In the mean time the Carthaginians that lay near to the Sicilians Fleet, at first greatly rejoiced when they saw their Ships all in a Flame, supposing they were constrained to burn their Navy out of fear of their Enemies: But after they perceived them to march forward up into the Country with their whole Army, and imagining what they intended to do, they then concluded, that the burning of the Ships was a designed mischief to them: Whereupon they spread Leathern Hides upon the Fore-Castles of all their Ships, which is their constant manner when ever any misfortune seems to threaten the Carthaginian Commonwealth; Moreover, they took into their own Galleys the Iron Beaks out of Agathocles' Ships, and sent Expresses to Carthage to give them a particular Account of every thing that had happened. But before these 
Ant. Ch. 308.  Messengers reached the City, some out of the Country who had discerned Agathocles his Fleet to be near at hand, presently ran to Carthage to give them an Account, who were thereupon so amazed with the surprising news of such an unexpected accident, that they forthwith concluded that their Armies in Sicily were utterly cut off and destroyed; for that it could not be that Agathocles, unless he were Victorious, would dare to leave Syracuse naked without any Garrison, or pass over his Army when at the same time his Enemy was Master at Sea. The City therefore was in a great hurly burly, terror and confusion, and the People thronged into the Marketplace, and the Senate met together to consult what was fit to be done in the present Exigency: for they had no Army at hand wherewith to fight the Enemy; besides, the common Citizens being raw and ignorant in matters of War, were altogether heartless, and every body thought the Enemy was then just at their Walls. Some therefore were for sending Ambassadors to Agathocles to propose terms of Peace, who might likewise at the same time discover the posture of the Enemy. Others were for staying and expecting till they should have perfect intelligence of every thing that was done.  
While the City was in this hurry and perplexity, arrived those that were sent from the Admiral of the Fleet, and declared to them all that was done: Whereupon, their Courage revived; and the Senate blamed all the Officers of the Fleet, that being Masters at 
Ant. Ch. 308.  Sea, they should be so careless as to suffer the Enemy's Forces to make a Descent upon Africa; and they created Hanno and Bomilcar Generals of their Army, notwithstanding 
Hanno and Bomilcar made Generals.  they were at private feuds between themselves, and that ancient grudges had been in their Families one towards another. For they thought that these private Quarrels would much tend to the common advantage of the City: But they were very much mistaken, For Bomilcar had for a long time been ambitious of the Monarchy, but never yet had an opportunity fitted for his purpose to put his Designs in execution, and therefore he greedily embraced the offer of such a Command as was exactly agreeable to what he was aiming at: And the chief cause of these Plots and Contrivances of his, was the severity and cruelty of the Carthaginians: For they advance the most eminent Persons to be Generals in their Wars, because they conclude they'll fight with more Resolution than others, when all lies at stake: But after the Wars are ended and Peace concluded, than they bring false Accusations against them, and most unjustly, through Envy, put them to death: And therefore some Generals out of fear of those unjust Sentences, either give up their Commissions, or seek to be absolute Monarches; as Bomilcar one of the Carthaginian Generals 
P. 738  than did; of whom we shall speak by and by.  
The Carthaginian Generals therefore seeing now that delays were dangerous, waited not for Soldiers to be raised out of the Country, and from the Cities of their Confederates, but led out the Citizens themselves into the Field, having under their Command no 
Ant. Ch. 308. Battle between the Carthaginians and Agathocles.  less than Forty thousand Foot, a thousand Horse, and Two thousand Chariots; and possessing themselves of a Hill not far from the Enemy, drew up in Battalions: Hanno commanded the Right Wing supported by them of the Sacred Brigade: Bomilcar the Lest, making his Phalanx very deep, because the nature of the place would not allow him to extend his wing further in front: The Chariots and Horsemen he placed in the Van, to the end, that with these at the first Charge they might try the Courage of the Greeks. Agathocles on the other side, viewing how the Barbarians had drawn up their Army, committed the Right Wing to Archagathus his Son, delivering to him Two thousand and five hundred Foot. Then he drew up about Three thousand and five hundred Syracusians: Next to them Three thousand Mercenaries out of Greece; and Lastly, Three thousand Samnites Tyrrhenians and Celts. He himself with the Troops of the Household, and a Thousand heavy Armed Men commanded in the Left Wing, opposite to the Carthaginians Sacred Brigade. The Archers and Slingers, to the number of Five hundred he mixed here and there in the two Wings. The Truth was, his Soldiers were scarce all Armed; And therefore when he saw some of those that were naked and without Arms; he took the Covers and Cases of the Shields and stretched them out upon Sticks in the round shape of a Shield, and so delivered 'em to them; however in truth useless, yet so contrived by him, to the end that those that were at a distance (and knew nothing of the Stratagem) should look upon them to be Armed Men.  
Perceiving likewise, that the Spirits of his Soldiers were very low, and much discouraged, by reason of the great numbers of their Enemies, especially of their Horse, he 
Ant. Ch. 308.  let out several Owls (which he had before prepared for the purpose) into divers parts of the Camp here and there, to rid them of their fears; which Birds flying up and down 
His Stratagem of Owls.  through the Army, and lighting ever and anon upon their Shields and Bucklers, cheered up the spirits of the Soldiers, all taking it for a very happy Omen because that creature is sacred to Minerva: These sorts of tricks and devices altho' they may seem to some to be foolish and vain, yet they have many times been the causes of extraordinary success. As it fell out likewise at this time; for the soldiers by this means growing more bold and courageous, and it being generally noised abroad that the Goddess plainly soretold that they should be victorious, they more resolutely underwent all dangers and difficulties: For when the Chariots charged fiercely upon them, some they pierced through with their Darts and Arrows, others they avoided and suffered to pass by, and most of them they drove back into the midst of their own Foot. In the same manner they received the Charge of their Horse, wounding many and putting them all at last to flight.  
When they had thus gallantly behaved themselves in the first Charge, the Barbarians began to fall upon them with their whole Body of Foot at once; upon which there was a very sharp Engagement, wherein Hanno with that Body of Men called the Sacred Brigade (striving to win the day by his own Valour) makes a fierce Charge upon the Grecians, and hews down many of them: And tho' he was even overwhelmed with showers of Darts and Arrows, yet he fell not; but receiving one Wound after another, on he still goes, till being overpress and altogether tired out, down he fell and gave up his last Breath. On the other hand Agathocles his Soldiers were so lifted up with expectations 
Ant. Ch. 308.  of Victory that they were still more and more courageous; which when the other General Bomilcar came to understand, conceiving that the Gods had put an opportunity into his hand to gain the Tyranny, he reasoned with himself, That if the Army of Agathocles were destroyed, he could not mount the Throne because the City would be too strong for him; but if Agathocles were Conqueror, and by that means broke the Spirits of the Carthaginians, than (when they were brought low) he should be able to lead them which way he would; and as for Agathocles he concluded he should be able to subdue him 
P. 739.  when ever he pleased. Revolving these things in his mind, he began to face about and Retreat, willing the Enemy should take notice of what they were about to do; then telling his Soldiers that Hanno was slain, ordered them to keep their ranks and get to a rising ground there near at hand; for that was now the last course for them to take. But the Retreat looking like a downright flight, the Enemy pressed so close upon them, that the Africans who were in the Rear, supposing that those in the Front of the Battle were Routed, took to their Heels likewise.  
In the mean time those in the Sacred Brigade fought bravely for a while after the death of Hanno, and resolutely pressed forward upon the Enemy over the Carcases of their fellow-soldiers; but when they perceived that most of their Army was fled, 
Ant. Ch. 308.  and that the Enemy was surrounding them at their backs, they were forced likewise to give way and be gone.  
The whole Carthaginian Army being thus put to flight, the Barbarians made toward, Carthage; whom Agathocles pursued but a little way, and then returned, and took the Pillage of the field; In this Battle were slain Two hundred Grecians, and not above a Thousand Carthaginians, though some have written above Six Thousand: Amongst other rich spoils there were found many Chariots in the Carthaginians Camp, in which were carried above Twenty thousand pair of Fetters and Manacles. For concluding that they would easily overcome the Greeks, they agreed together to take as many Prisoners as they could, and threw them into the Dungeons settered hand and foot; but God (I conceive) purposely sets himself by mere contrary Events to cross the expectations of such, who proudly before hand resolve what shall absolutely be done.  
Agathocles having now Routed the Carthaginians both beyond their, and even his own expectation, blocked them up within their Walls; and thus we see Fortune whose common Course it is to make Chequer-work of good and bad success, of Routs and Victories in their several turns, now humbled the Conquerors as well as those that were before conquered. For the Carthaginians after they had beaten Agathocles in Sicily in a great Battle, besieged Syracuse; and now Agathocles having Routed them in Africa, Besieges Carthage: And that which was most to be admired was that this Prince was beaten by the 
Ant. Ch. 308.  Barbarians in the Island when all his Forces were with him whole and entire: but now is Victorious in the Continent over the Conquerors with a piece of a broken and shattered Army. The Carthaginians therefore concluding that this miserable misfortune was brought upon them by the Gods, they all betook themselves to Prayers and Supplications to the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 All sorts of Prayers.  Deity; especially thinking that Hercules, the Tutelar god of their Country, was angry at them, they sent a vast sum of Money, and many other rich Gifts to Tyre. For in as much as they were a Colony which came out from them, they used in former Ages to send the Tenth part of all their Revenues as an Offering to that God: But after that they grew wealthy, and their Revenues very great, they began to flack in in their Devotion, and sent thither but a small pittance to their God. Being therefore brought to repentance by this remarkable Slaughter, they remembered all the Gods in Tyre; they sent likewise out of their Temples to the Images of Golden Shrines in order to Supplications, supposing they should prevail the more in averting the Anger of the God by sending sacred gifts to pacify him. They gave just cause likewise to their God Saturn to be their Enemy, for that in former times they used to sacrifice to this god the sons of the most eminent persons, but of later times they secretly bought and bred up Children for that purpose. And upon strict search made, there were found amongst them that were to be sacrificed some Children that were changed and put in the place and room of others. Weighing these things in their Minds, and now seeing that the Enemy lay before their Walls, they were seized with such a pang of Superstition, as if they had utterly forsaken the Religion of their 
Ant. Ch. 308. P. 740.  Fathers. That they might therefore without delay reform what what was amiss, they offered as a public sacrifice Two hundred of the Sons of the Nobility; and no fewer than Three hundred more (that were liable to censure) voluntarily offered up themselves; 
Cruel Superstition.  for among the Carthaginians there was a Brazen Statue of Saturn putting forth the Palms of his Hands so bending towards the Earth, as that the Boy that was laid upon them in order to be sacrificed, should slip off and so fall down headlong into a deep fiery Furnace. Hence it's probable that Euripides took what he fabulously relates concerning the sacrifice in Taurus, where he introduces Iphigenia ask Orestes this Question—  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
But what Sepulchre will me dead receive,  
Shall th' Gulf of Sacred Fire then me have?  
The ancient Fable likewise that is common among the Grecians, that Saturn devoured his own Children, seems to be confirmed by this Law among the Carthaginians.  
But after this change of affairs in Africa the Carthaginians sent to Amilcar into Sicily 
The actions at Syracuse.  to hasten over to their assistance with all speed, and ordered that all the Beaks of Agathocles his Ships should be carried to him. When the Messengers arrived, he commanded them not to say any thing of the Routing of their Forces, but to noise it abroad among the Soldiers, that Agathocles his Fleet and Land Army were both utterly destroyed. And he himself sent away some (that were newly come from Carthage) to Syracuse, together 
Ant. Ch. 308.  with the Iron Beaks, to demand the delivery up of the City, and to tell them that all their Forces were cut off by the Carthaginians, and their whole Navy burnt; and that if they would not believe them, the Beaks of their Vessels (there showed) were a sufficient evidence of the truth of what they related. when they that were in the City heard of this overthrow of Agathocles, many believed it: But the leading men of the City, minding to keep private a matter that was yet uncertain, and to prevent Tumults, forthwith dismissed the Messengers, and sent them away. They cast out of the City likewise the Kindred and friends of the Exiles, and Eight thousand at least of others that seemed to be uneasy under the Government; whereupon when so great a Number on a sudden were forced to leave the place of their Birth, the City was full of Confusion, Lamentation and crying of Women running up and down in the Streets; neither was there any House at this time that had not its share of weeping and mourning. For they who favoured the Tyrant bewailed the Ruin of Agathocles, and the loss of their Sons; others wept for those of their friends who they supposed were all cut off in Africa; others grieved and mourned for them that were compelled to forsake their Houses, and the Gods of their Forefathers; and who were neither suffered to stay, nor could get well out of the City by reason of the Siege. And besides these most grievous and bitter sufferings (which they laboured under) they were forced to fly with their Wives, and drag along with them their little young Children; But Amilcar courteously received and secured the Exiles, and marched to Syracuse with his Army, as if he should forthwith possess himself of the City, 
Ant. Ch. 380.  upon the account of the place being destitute of Inhabitants, and the misery those were in (as he heard) who were left behind: However he sent Messengers before, and promised pardon to Antandrus, and all those that sided with him if he would deliver up the City into his hands. Upon which there was a Council of War called of those Captains that were in the greatest Authority; where after many bandings and debates pro and con, Antander (who was naturally a poor spirited Man, and of a weak head, and much below the courage and resolution of his Brother) was for delivering up of the Town: But Eurymnon the Etolian (whom Agathocles had left to assist his Brother in Advice and Counsel) was of another Opinion, and prevailed with them all to hold out till they had certain Intelligence of the Truth. Whereupon, Amilcar coming to understand the resolution of the Townsmen, prepared all his Engines with a full Resolution to batter down the Walls  
Agathocles, after the late Battle, built two Ships of Thirty Oars a piece; and in one of them put on board the best of his Rowers, with Nearchus, one of the most faithful Friends he then had with him, and sent them away to Syracuse, to give an account of his 
P. 741.  Victory. Having therefore the Wind fair, the Fifth day (in the Night) they arrived in the Harbour of Syracuse, and at break of Day, Crowned with Garlands and singing the 
* Pean, a Song of Praise to Apollo for the Victory.  Pean all along as they sailed, they made for the City; which being perceived by the Carthaginian Guard-Ships, they pursued them with all their might, and the other being not far before them, there was great striving among the Rowers on both sides. While the Seamen were thus contending, both Besiegers and Besieged understanding the Matter, ran down to the Port, and each fearful of the event, called out and encouraged every one their own Men. And now the Ship was upon the point of falling into the hands of the Pursuers, upon which the Barbarians gave a shout: but the Citizens not being able otherwise to assist, prayed to their Gods for the Preservation of their Men on board. The Pursuers being now ready to board her not far from Land, she got within a Darts cast of the Shore, and by the help of the Syracusians, who came in to her relief, narrowly escaped the Danger. Amilcar perceiving that the Citizens, (upon the account of the late Contest, and the sudden arrival of the Intelligence expected) were all flocked down to the Port; and thereupon conceiving part of the Walls were left Naked, ordered the stoutest of his Soldiers to rear up Scaling-Ladders; who finding there no Guards, mounted the Walls without being discerned; and had almost possessed themselves of an entire Part lying between two Towers, when they that used to go the Round, came just then to the Place, and so discovered them. Upon which, they fell to it, and the Citizens came flocking in, before any Relief could be brought to the Assailants, so that some were killed outright, and others were thrown down Headlong over the Walls. At which Amilcar was so mortified, that he drew off his Forces from the City, and sent away Five thousand Men to the Relief of Carthage.  
While these things were in action in Sicily, Agathocles being now Master of the Field, 
Ant. Ch. 308. Acts of Agathocles in Africa.  took some Forts and Castles near to Carthage by Storm; and other Cities, some out Fear, and some through hatred of the Carthaginians, voluntarily surrendered themselves. Having fortified his Camp near Tunis, he left there a sufficient Guard, and moved towards the Towns lying upon the Seacoasts: And first he took by Storm the New City, but dealt very favourably with the Inhabitants: Thence he marched to Adrymetes, and besieged it, and Confederated with Elymas King of Lybia. News whereof being brought to the Carthaginians, they bent all their Arms against Tunis; and possessed themselves of Agathocles his Camp; and with their Battering Rams pressed upon the City with continual Assaults. Agathocles receiving Intelligence of the slaughter of his Men, leaving the greatest part of his Army to carry on the Siege, and taking with him his Lifeguard, and a small Body of Men, secretly marched up to the Top of a Mountain, whence he might view both the Country of the Adrymetines, and likewise the Carthaginians that besieged Tunis. In the Night he commanded his Soldiers to kindle Fires, and with them to take up a large Tract of Ground, to the end the Carthaginians might think he was making towards them with a strong Army, and that the Besieged might conclude, that fresh Forces in vast numbers were come up to him for his Assistance; both being deceived by this Stratagem were suddenly caught in the Snare; for they who besieged Tunis, fled, and left their Engines behind them; and the Adrymetines' surprised with Fear surrendered the City, which was gained, upon certain 
Ant. Ch. 308  Terms agreed upon, but Thapsus he afterwards took by Storm: And several other Cities he took in this Tract, some by Force, and others upon Conditions. Having at length gained in the whole above Two hundred Towns and Cities, he resolved upon an Expedition 
〈◊〉. 〈◊〉  into the Higher Libya: To that end he raised his Camp, and marched on many days Journey.  
Then the Carthaginians marched out with those Forces (besides others) which were sent out of Sicily, and besieged Tunis a second time, and recovered a great part of the Country that was then in the Hands of the Enemy. When Couriers came from Tunis, and gave an account what the Carthaginians had done, Agathocles forthwith returned: Being come within Two hundred Furlongs of the Enemy, he Encamped, and commanded his Soldiers not to kindle any Fires: Then making a sudden March in the Night, about spring of Day he fell upon those as were Wasting and Harrassing the Country, and disorderly roving up and down, and killed above Two thousand of them, and took many Prisoners, which was a great Step to his many Successes afterwards: For the Carthaginians being reinforced by their Aids from Sicily, and strengthened by their Confederates in Africa, thought they had been too strong for Agathocles: But after this Misfortune, the Hearts of the Barbarians were quite down; for he had overcome Elymas the King of Libya, (who had deserted him) and killed likewise the General, with a great number of the Barbarians. And thus stood Affairs in 
Ant. Ch. 308.  Sicily and Africa at this time.  
In Macedonia, Cassander came in to the Assistance of Autoleontes King of the 
† Peonia is a part of Macedonia.  Peonians, 
Acts of Cassander in Macedonia.  who was then in War with the Autariats, and rescued him out of the straits and Dangers he was in at that time, and transplanted the Autariats together with their Wives and Children, that were then with them, to the Number of Twenty thousand, and placed them near the Mountain 
** Orbelus, a Mountain in Macedon●s  Orbitaus.  
While he was thus employed, Ptolemy, Antigonus his General in Peloponnesus, who was 
* Autariats, a People of Dalmatia.  entrusted by him with an Army in these Parts, (took a Pique against Antigonus, thinking he was not rewarded according to what he might justly expect) revolted and joined with Cassander. He had left one Phoenix, (one of his Confederates) Precedent of the Province adjoining to the Hellespont, and sent over some Soldiers to him, wishing him to take care of the Castles and Cities there, and for the future not regard any Orders that came from Antigonus.  
It was generally agreed by Alexander's Captains, (as part of their Articles among themselves) that the Greek Cities should be all restored to their ancient Liberties. Therefore Ptolemy, King of Egypt, (charging Antigonus that he had put Garrisons into several Greek Towns and Cities) prepared to make War upon him: And sent Leonides, a Captain of his own, into Cilicia Aspera, and there possessed himself of certain Cities and Places belonging to Antigonus; and moreover, sent his Agent to some Cities appertaining to Cassander and Lysimachus, that they would follow his Advice, and not suffer Antigonus to grow too fast in Power.  
And as for Antigonus, he sent his younger Son Philip to make War upon Phoenix, and 
Ant. Ch. 308.  others, who had revolted from him in Hellespont; but his Son Demetrius he sent into Cilicia, who putting in Execution what he had in Command, routed the Captains of Ptolemy that were there, and recovered the Cities.  
While these things were doing, Polysperchon, (then residing in Peloponnesus) still affecting 
Polysperchon seeks to restore Hercules.  the Government of Macedon, cried out against Cassander, and sent for Hercules, a Son of 
* The Great.  Alexander, (begotten upon Barfine) out of Pergamus, (now of the Age of Seventeen years) and sent up and down to those who were his own Friends, and Enemies to Cassander, to help to set this young Man unto his Father's Kingdom. He solicited likewise by his Letters the Aetolians, to assist him in his present Design; promising, that they should find more Grace and Favour at his hands than at any time before, if they would help him to restore the young Lad to his Father's Throne.  
All things going on according to his Heart's desire, (and the Aetolians complying with his request) many others came flocking in to restore the New King, so that there were got together above Twenty thousand Foot, and no less than a Thousand Horse. And 
P. 743.  thus setting himself with all his might to the Work, he raised what Money he could, and sent some to solicit his Friends in Macedonia to assist him.  
In the mean time, Ptolemy of Egypt having all Cyprus under his Command, and finding 
The miserable Destruction of Nicocles and his Family, in Cyprus. Ant. Ch. 308.  that Nicocles, the King of Paphos, held Correspondence underhand with Antigonus, sent two Confidents of his own, Argaus and Callicrates, with Instructions to make away Nicocles; for he was much afraid lest some others also should fall off, as he had perceived many others had done before. Wherefore, passing into Cyprus, and taking with them a certain Number of Soldiers from Menelaus, who commanded the Army there, they beset the House of Nicocles; and then telling him what the King's Pleasure was, advised him to dispose of himself for another World. He at first went to clear himself of what was laid to his Charge, but when he saw that no Man harkened to what he said, drew his Sword and slew himself. Axiothea his Wife, hearing of her Husband's Death, took her Daughters, who were all Young and Virgins, and cut their Throats, that they might not fall into any of the Enemy's hands, and was earnest with the Wives of Nicocles his Brothers to accompany her in her own Death; whereas Ptolemy had given no order concerning any of them, save only to preserve them. The King's Palace therefore thus filled with the sudden and unexpected Slaughters and dreadful Spectacles, so affected the Brothers of Nicocles, that they shut every Man his own Door upon him, and set fire on their Houses, and slew themselves, so the whole Race of the Kings of Paphos came to a Tragic and Lamentable End. Having given an Account of those Affairs we before promised, we shall now proceed to those that follow next in order.  
About this time in 
* In the Cimmerian Bosphorus near Pontus Euxinus, or in Taurica Chersonesus.  Pontus, after the Death of Parysadas, King of the Cimmerian Bosphorus, his Sons Eumelus, Satyrus, and Prytanis, contended one with another for the Kingdom: Satyrus, the Eldest was appointed Successor by his Father, who reigned Eight and Thirty Years.  
Eumelus compacting with some of the Natives adjoining, raised an Army, and laid claim to the Kingdom against his Elder Brother; of which Satyrus being informed, went against him with a great Army, and passing the River Thapsus, when he came near his Camp with his Carts and Wagons, wherein he had brought an infinite quantity of Provision; 
Ant. Ch. 308.  and ranging afterwards his Army in the Field, (after the manner of the Scythian Kings) he led the main Battle himself. He had not in his Army above 
* A Thousand in the Margin.  Two thousand Greeks, and as many Thracians; all the rest were Scythians, which came to assist him, to the number of Twenty thousand, and no less than Ten thousand Horse. Eumelus was assisted by Ariophames, King of Thrace, with Twenty thousand Horse, and Two and twenty thousand Foot. Between these Forces a bloody Battle was fought, wherein Satyrus (who had with him a choice Party of brave Horse) encountered first with Ariopharnes in a Skirmish of Horse; who likewise commanded the middle Battle opposite to Satyrus; many fell on both sides; at length he forced his way through, and put the Barbarian King to flight, and being the first in the pursuit put every Man to the Sword that was in his way. But when he heard, that his Brother Eumelus in the right Wing, had routed the Mercenaries, he left off the Pursuit, and made up to the Succour of those that fled, and regained the day, and utterly broke and routed the whole Army, putting them all to flight; so that he gave a clear Testimony that he justly deserved to Wear the Crown, as well upon the Account of his Valour, as upon the Privilege of his Birth.  
Ariopharnes and Eumelus thus beaten, fled into the 
* Ariopharnes his Palace. P. 744. Ant. Ch. 308.  King's Palace, which was environed with the River Thasis, of an exceeding depth, so that the Place was of difficult approach; it was surrounded likewise with steep Rocks and thick Woods, into which there were only two Entrances made by Art: One leading strait to the Palace, defended with high Towers and Bulwarks; the other on the other side, was made in the Fens, guarded with Forts and Towers of Timber, raised upon Pillars over the Water. The Place being very strong, Satyrus first wasted the Enemy's Country, and burned their Towns, whence he carried a vast Number of Prisoners, and abundance of Spoil. Afterwards he attempted to force his way through the Passes, but losing many of his Men at the Bulwarks and Towers, he was forced to Retreat. But making an Attack upon that side towards the Fens, he took the Timber-Forts which he demolished, and then passed the River. Upon which he began to fallen a Wood, through which he must needs pass to the Palace; and while these attempts were carrying on in great Earnestness, King Ariopharnes fearing lest the Castle should be taken by Storm, valiantly fell upon them, perceiving there were no hopes of safety remaining but in an absolute Victory. He placed likewise Archers on both sides the Passage, by whom he sore galled the Fellers of the Wood, because they could neither see the Arrows before they pierced them, nor come at the Archers, nor return the like upon them, by reason of the thick and close standing of the Trees. However, Satyrus his Soldiers continued falling the Wood, and opening a Way to the Palace, for three Days together, though with great Toil and Hazard; the Fourth day they came under the Wall. But being worsted through showers of Arrows and straightness of the Places, they sustained very great loss: For Meniscus (who led the Mercenary Companies) having got 
Ant. Ch. 308.  in at a Passage (though he Fought very manfully) was nevertheless (being over-laid with the Multitude within) forced to retreat: Whom Satyrus seeing in such imminent Danger, came up to him with seasonable Relief, and bearing up against the Enemy's Charge, was run through the Arm with a Spear, which was so sore, that it forced him to retire to his Camp, and the next Night died of the Wound, having reigned scarce nine Months after the Death of Parasydas his Father. Hereupon, Meniscus, Captain of the Mercenaries, breaking up the Siege drew off the Army to a City called Gargaza, and from thence carried the King's Body down the River, to a City called Pantacapeum, to his Brother Prytanis, who having magnificently buried it, and laid up the Relics in the King's Sepulchre, went presently to Gargaza, and there took into his hands the Army, together with the Kingdom  
Hereupon, came the Agents of Eumelus to him to treat concerning the parting of the Kingdom between them two, which he would not hearken to: Leaving therefore a strong Garrison at Gargara, he returned to Pantacapeum, there to settle the Affairs of his Kingdom. But a while after, Eumelus, by the help of some Babarians, possessed himself of Gargara, and sundry other Towns and Castles. Whereupon, Prytanis marched with an Army against him, but was overthrown in a Battle by his Brother; and being shut up within a Neck of Land, near the Lough of Meotis, was forced to render himself upon 
Ant. Ch. 308.  Conditions, which were to give up all his Army and departed the Kingdom.  
Nevertheless, when Prytanis returned to Pantacapeum, which is the Place where the Kings of Bosphorus keep the standing Court, he there endeavoured again to recover his Kingdom; but being foiled there again, he fled to a Place called the Gardens, and was there slain.  
Eumelus, after the Death of his Brother, to confirm himself in the Kingdom, put to Death all the Friends, Wives and Children of both his Brothers, Satyrus and Prytanis; only Parisades, Satyrus his Son, being but a very Youth, escaped his Hands; for by the 
P. 745.  benefit of a swift Horse he got away out of the City to Agarus King of the Scythians. But when Eumelus saw that the People repined at the loss of their Friends whom he had murdered, he called them all together, and there excused himself, and restored to them their ancient form of Government, and to the Citizens of Pantacapeum their former Immunities, and promised to discharge them of all kind of Tributes, sparing for no fair words which might reconcile the Hearts of the People to him; by which means, having regained their good Opinions, he held a just and moderate Hand over them, and grew afterwards into no small admiration for all kind of Virtue among them. For he omitted not to oblige the Byzantians and Sinopians, and the rest of the Grecian Inhabitants of Pontus by all the demonstrations of Kindness imaginable. For when the Collantians were besieged by Lysimachus, and were brought to great distress through want of Provision, he entertained a Thousand of them who left the Place for want of Bread, and not only granted them a safe Protection, but allotted them Habitations within the City. And divided likewise a Place 
Ant. Ch. 308.  called Psoa, with the Territory thereunto belonging, among them by Lot. And for the Benefit of the Merchants that Traded to Pontus, he made War upon the Barbarous piratical Heniochians, and them of Taurus, with the Acheans, and scoured and cleansed the Seas of them. So that his Name was advanced to the Skies, (as the Fruit of his Generosity) not only in his own Kingdom, but almost all the World over, while the Merchants every where published the Greatness and Braveness of his Spirit. Moreover, he much enlarged his Dominion, by the addition of a considerable Part of the Barbarians Country bordering upon him, and advanced the Fame and Reputation of his Kingdom, above whatever it was before.  
In conclusion, he had a Design to have brought under all the neighbouring Nations, and had certainly effected in short time what he had so designed, if he had not been prevented by Death: For after he had reigned five Years and as many Months, he ended his days by a sudden and unusual Accident: For returning home out of Scythia, with a great desire to be present at a certain Sacrifice, and making towards his Palace in a 
* Running upon Four Wheels. The sad Death of Eumelus.  Chariot with four Horses, covered over with a Canopy; the Horses took a Fright at the Canopy, and violently ran away with him, the Coachman not being able to stop them in their Career: Upon which, Eumelus fearing lest he should be born away headlong down some steep Rock, threw himself out, but his Sword entangling in one of the Wheels, he was hurried away with the violent Motion of the Chariot, and killed forthwith.  
It's reported there were some Predictions concerning the Death of Eumelus and his 
Ant. Ch. 308.  Brother Satyrus, though something Foolish and Vain, yet credited by the Inhabitants. For they say, that the Oracle warned Satyrus to be ware of one Musculus, lest he should kill him, and that for that reason he would not suffer any of that name, whether Bond or Free, to abide within his Dominions; and that upon that account he was afraid both of House and Field- 
* Musculus is little Mouse, 〈◊〉 Mice.  Mice, and continually charged the Children to kill 'em, and stop up their Holes. At length, when he had done all that possibly he could to avoid his Fate, he was at last killed by a Wound in the Muscle of his Arm. And as for Eumelus, that he was charged by the Oracle to take heed of a Moving House; and therefore that he durst not go into his House before his Servants had made a diligent Search to see that both the Roof and Foundation were sound. But after that they came to understand that the Canopy placed upon the Chariot was the Occasion of his Death, every one concluded that the Prophecy was fulfilled. But this shall suffice, concerning the Affairs of the Bosphorus.  
In Italy the Roman Consuls entered the Country of the 
* In the Greek Italy is for Samnium, and Italium for Talium.  Samnites with an Army, and 
P. 746.  routed them in a Battle at Talius. But the routed Party afterwards possessing themselves of an Hill, and the Night drawing on, the Romans retreated to their Camp; but the next day the Fight was renewed, and great numbers of the Samnites were slain, and above Two thousand and Two hundred were taken Prisoners. The Romans being thus successful, now quietly enjoyed whatever they had in the open Field, and brought under all the revolting Cities, and placed Garrisons in Cataracta and Ceraunia, Places they had taken by Assault, and others they reduced upon Terms and Conditions.   

CHAP. II.  
The Acts of Ptolemy in Cilicia, and elsewhere. Polysperchon murders Hercules, Alexander ' s Son, by Instigation of Cassander. Amilcar taken, and put to Death by the Syracusians. His Head sent to Agathocles in Africa. The Transactions in Sicily. Archagathus Agathocles ' s Son, kills Lysiscus; he and his Son in in great Danger by the Army. Affairs in Italy. The Works of Appius Claudius; the Appian Way. Ptolemy comes to Corinth; his Acts there. Cleopatra, Alexander ' s Sister, killed by the Governor of Sardis. The further Acts of Agathocles in Africa. Ophellas decoyed, and cut off by Agathocles. Ophellas his troublesome March to Agathocles. Lamia's ' s Cruelty, and the Story of her. Bomilcar seeks to be Prince of Carthage, but is put to Death by the Citizens. Agathocles sends the Spoils of the Cyrenians to Syracuse; most lost in a Storm, Affairs in Italy.  
WHen Demetrius Phalerius was Lord Chancellor of Athens, Quintus Fabius (the second 
Olymp. 117. 4. Ant. Ch. 307.  time) and Caius Martius were invested with the Consular Dignity at Rome. At that time Ptolemy King of Egypt hearing that his Captains had lost all the Cities again in Cilicia, put over with his Fleet to Phaselis, and took that City by Force, and from thence 
The Acts of Ptolemy in Cilicia, and other Places. Ant. Ch. 307.  passing into Lycia, took Xanthus by Assault, and the Garrison of Antigonus that was therein. Then sailing to Caunus, took the City by Surrender, and then set upon the Citadels and Forts that were in it, and took them by Assaults.  
As for Heracleum, he utterly destroyed it; and the City Persicum came into his Hands by the Surrender of the Soldiers that were put to keep it. Then sailing to Coos, he sent for Ptolemy the Captain, who was Antigonus his Brother's Son, and had an Army committed to him by Antigonus: But now forsaking his Uncle, he clavae to Ptolemy, and joined with him in all his Affairs. Putting therefore from Cholcis, and arriving at Coos, Ptolemy the King at first received him very courteously; yet after a while, when he saw the Insolency of his Carriage, and how he went to allure the Officers by Gifts, and held secret Cabals with them, for fear of the worst he clapped him up in Prison, and there poisoned him with a Draught of Hemlock: As for the Soldiers that came with him, he made them his own by large Promises, and distributed them by small Parcels among his Army. Whilst these Things were acting, Polysperchon having raised a great Army, restored Hercules the Son of Alexander, begotten upon Barsinoe, to his Father's Kingdom. And while he lay encamped at Stymphalia, Cassander came up with his Army, and both encamped near one to another: Neither did the Macedonians grudge to see the Restoration of their King.  
Cassander therefore fearing, lest the Macedonians (who are naturally Inconstant) should Revolt to Hercules, sent an Agent to Polysperchon, chief to advise him concerning the Business 
Ant. Ch. 307.  of the King. If the King was restored, he told him, he must be sure to be under the Commands of others; but if he would assist him, and kill the young Man, he should enjoy the same Privileges and Honours in Macedonia that ever he had before. And besides, that he should have the Command of an Army; that he should be declared Generalissimo of Peloponnesus; and that he should share in the Principality, and be in equal Honour with Cassander. At length he so caught and ensnared Polysperchon with many large Promises, that they entered into a secret Combination, and Polysperchon undertook to murder the young King, which he accordingly effected; upon which Polysperchon openly 
Polysperchon betrays and murders Hercules by Cassander ' s Instigation.  joined with Cassander in all his Concerns, and was advanced in Macedonia, and received (according to the Compact) Four thousand Macedonian Foot, and Five hundred Thessalian Horse; and having listed several other Volunteers, he attempted to pass through Boeotia into Peloponnesus: But being opposed by the Boeotians and the Peloponnesians, he was forced to retire, and march into Locris, where he took up his Winter-Quarters.  
During these Transactions, Lysimachus built a City in Chersonesus, and called it after his own Name, Lysimachia. Cleomenes King of Lacedaemon now died, when he had reigned Threescore Years and Ten Months; and was succeeded by Aretas his Son, who Ruled 
P. 747.  Forty Four Years.  
About this time Amilcar, General of the Forces in Sicily, having reduced the rest of that 
Amilcar taken, and put to Death by the Syracusians. Ant. Ch. 307.  Island, marches with his Army to Syracuse, as if he would presently gain that City by force of Arms; and to that end hindered all Provision from the Town, having been a long time Master at Sea; and having wasted and destroyed all the Corn, and other Fruits of the Field, attempted to possess himself of all the Places about 
* A strong Fort near the Temple of Jupiter Olympus.  Olympias lying before the Town. Then he resolved forthwith to assault the Walls, being encouraged thereunto by the Augur, who by viewing of the entrails of the Sacrifice, foretold that he should certainly sup the next day in Syracuse. But the Townsmen smelling out the Enemy's Design, sent out in the night Three thousand Foot, and about Four hundred Horse, with Orders to possess themselves of 
* Or Euryalus, a Fort upon the highest Point of the Hill over the City called the Epipole.  Euryclus, who presently effected what they were commanded to do. The Carthaginians thinking to surprise the Enemy, fell on about midnight. Amilcar commanded the whole Body, and led them up, having always a strong Party near to support him. Dinocrates, Master of the Horse, followed him. The Army was divided into two Battalions, one of Barbarians, and the other of Grecian Confederates. A Rabble likewise of divers other Nations followed, to get what Plunder they could; which sort of People, as they are of no use in an Army, so they are many times the cause of sudden Alarms, and vain and needless Fears, which often occasions great Mischief and Prejudice. And at that time the Passes being straight and rough, the Drivers of the Carriages, and other Servants and Attendants of the Army that were not of any 
Ant. Ch. 307.  formed Companies, quarrelled one with another for the Way, and not being able to move forward by reason of the Throng, some fell to downright Blows; so that many on each side coming in to help their several Parties, a great Tumult, Noise and Clamour, ran through the whole Army. Upon which, the Syracusians, who were posted at Euryclus, understanding the approach of the Barbarians by their tumultuous March, and having the higher Ground, fell in upon the Enemy. Some from the high Places where they were posted, galled them as they came on with their Darts and Arrows, and some prevented them by gaining the necessary Passes, and so blocked up their Way. Others drove those that fled Headlong down the Rocks; for by reason of the Darkness of the Night, and want of Intelligence, they thought the Enemy was coming upon them with a mighty Army; so that the Carthaginians. by reason of the Disturbance and Tumult amongst their own Men, 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  their Ignorance of the Ways, and straitness of the Passages, were at a stand, and confounded, and at last fled outright: And because there was no room to give way, great numbers of them were trodden under Foot by their own Horse; and part of the Army fought one with another, as if they had been Enemies, led into the Error by the Darkness of the Night. Amilcar indeed at the first received the Enemy's Charge with great Resolution, and called out to the Colonels and Commanders to stand to it, and valiantly bear the Brunt with the rest. But afterwards being deserted by his Soldiers, through the Consternation that was amongst them, (having much ado to save his Life) 
* For that some made away even upon the appearance of the Enemy, especially being penned up, and in amaze through their Ignorance of the Places.  he fell into the hands of the Syracusians.  
Here a Man may justly observe the Inconstancy of Fortune, and the surprising Events Men are overtaken with, contrary to what they expected. For Agathocles not inferior to any for Valour, and who had the Command of a great Army in the Battle at Himera, was not only beaten by the Barbarians, but lost the best and greatest part of his Army. But those that were left, and penned up within the Walls of Syracuse, with a small handful of Men, that had been before beaten, not only routed the Army of the Carthaginians, by whom they were besieged, but took Amilcar the General, one of the noblest of the Citizens of Carthage, Prisoner: And that most to be admired is, that a small Body of Men by an Ambuscado, and the Advantage of the Place, should utterly rout 
Ant. Ch. 307.  an Army of an Hundred and twenty thousand Foot, and Five thousand Horse. So that it's very true what's in every Body's Mouth, Many things are vain and to no purpose in 
P. 748.  War.  
After this Flight, the Carthaginians scattered and dispersed far one from another, scarce got together the next day. But the Syracusians returning to the City with much Spoil, delivered Amilcar to them that were resolved to revenge themselves of him: They remembered what was foretold by the Augur, That he should Sup in Syracuse the next day; the Truth of which, the Deity now confirmed by the Event. The Kindred therefore of them that were slain, led Amilcar bound through all Parts of the City, and after they had most horridly tormented him, killed him with the greatest Scorn and Contempt imaginable. Then the principal Men of the City sent his Head to Agathocles, with an Express 
Amilcar. Head sent 〈◊〉 Africa.  to give him an Account of the late Victory.  
But the Army of the Carthaginians after their Defeat, though they came to understand what was the Cause of such great Calamities and Misfortunes, yet were scarce after all 
Ant. C 〈…〉  freed from their Fears: And because they wanted a General, Quarrels arose between the Barbarians and the Grecians. The Exiles therefore, and the rest of the Greeks, made Dinocrates' General over themselves: And the Carthaginians entrusted the supreme Command with those that were next in Dignity to the late General At this time, when the Agrigentines 
The Agrigentines seek to Command Sicily.  perceived that Sicily was now in that Condition, as that it might be easily gained, they began to seek after the Sovereign Command of the Island themselves. For they supposed, that the Carthaginians were not able to deal with Agathocles in the War; and that Dinocrates, who had none but a company of Fugitives about him, might be easily vanquished; and that the Syracusians, who were grievously pressed for want of Provisions, would not so much as attempt to gain the Sovereign Command. And lastly, that which was of greatest weight was, That inasmuch as they took up Arms to free all the Greek Cities, they concluded, that all would readily concur, both upon the account of the Hatred they bore against the Barbarians, and the Natural Love and Regard they all had to the Laws of their own Country. They created therefore Xenodicus General, and sent him forth to the War with a considerable Army, who forthwith makes to Gela, and by some of his own Friends, was in the Night let into the City; and so gained both the Town more Forces, and a great deal of Money, at one and the same time. The Geloans having thus 
〈◊〉 Ch. 307.  recovered their Liberty, joined in the War with the whole Strength and Power of the City, and most readily put to their helping Hands for the restoring all the Cities to their ancient Laws.  
This Attempt of the Agrigentines being noised abroad throughout the whole Island, a sudden itch of Liberty spread over all the Cities: And first, the Enneans sent Agents, and delivered up their City to the Agrigentines, who freeing this City, marched on to Erbessus, a Garrison of the Carthaginians: Here was a sharp Engagement; but the Citizens coming in to the Assistance of the Agrigentines, the Garrison was expulsed, and many of the Barbarians killed, and Five hundred laid down their Arms and gave up themselves.  
While the Agrigentines were busied in these Affairs, some of Agathocles his Soldiers in Syracuse having taken Echetla, wasted and harassed the Country of the Leontines and Camareans. This Calamity grievously afflicted the Cities, because the Country was laid waist, and all the Corn and Fruits destroyed: Whereupon Xenodicus the General marched into those Parts, and drove the Enemy out of the Country of the Leontines and Camarenians, and then retaking Echetla, which was a very strong Fort, he restored the Democratical Government to the City, and struck a Terror into the Syracusians. To conclude, he marched up and down to the several Garrisons and Cities, and freed them from the Carthaginian Government. 
P. 749.   
In the mean time, the Syracusians being in great Straits and Perplexity for want of Provision, 
Ant. Ch. 307.  when they understood that some Ships were coming with Corn, fitted out Twenty Galleys; and understanding that the Barbarians kept but a slight Guard where they lay, they slipped by undiscerned, and got as far as to the Megareans, and there waited for the 
Megara in Sicily, at the Foot of the Mountain Megara.  Merchants. But Thirty Carthaginian Galleys making up to them, they prepared themselves at first to fight: But being presently driven ashore, they left their Ships and swum out, and so escaped to a certain Temple of Juno, upon which there was a sharp Dispute about the Ships; the Carthaginians threw in Grappling-Irons, and haled them with Force off from the Land, and so took Ten of them; the rest were saved by some Help that came in out of the City. And this was the Condition of Sicily at that time.  
In Africa, after that they who brought the Head of Amilcar were arrived there; Agathocles, as soon as he had received it, rid up so near to the Enemy's Camp as that his Voice might be heard, and showing them the Head, told them how all their Forces in Sicily were destroyed, which presently caused most bitter Mourning and Lamentation among the Carthaginians, who bowed down themselves in Adoration of the Head of their King, (according to the Custom of their Country,) and looking upon his Death to be their own Calamity, had no Hearts further to prosecute the War. Agathocles on the other side, (lifted up with his Successes in Africa, and with such Confluence of Prosperity,) bore himself high in mighty Hopes and Expectations for the future, as if he had been now out of the reach of all Dangers. But Fortune did not think it fit to suffer Things to run on 
Ant. Ch. 307.  in the same course of Prosperity, but brought him under most imminent Hazards and Difficulties from his own Soldiers. For one Lysiscus, one of his Colonels, being invited by Agathocles to Supper, when he was heated with Wine, and in his Cups fell a railing against him with most bitter Imprecations. But 〈◊〉, because he had a great Esteem for the Man upon the account of his Valour, passed by all with a left: But Archagathus his Son on the contrary being enraged at him, ●●torted upon him with bitter Reproaches and Threats. When Supper was ended, and every one was returned to his Tent, Lysiscus contemptuously charged Archagathus as an incestuous Adulterer with his own Stepmother: For he was judged to be too familiar with Alcia, his Father's Wife. Whereupon 
* Archagathus, Agathocles his Son, kills Lysiscus; all the Army Mutiny upon it.  Archagathus, stirred up to a higher degree of Madness and Rage, snatched a Lance out of the Hands of one of the Guard and ran him through the Side, who falling down dead, immediately was carried into his Tent by those that attended him. As soon as it was day, the Friends of him that was slain, and many others of the Soldiers, ran up and down, and (enraged at the Fact that was committed) filled the Camp with Tumult and Confusion. Many likewise of the Captains, who were subject to be called in Question for their Crimes, fearing what might ensue, made use of the present Occasion, and stirred up the Soldiers to a terrible Mutiny: So that the whole Army inflamed with the Hatred of his Cruelty, ran to their Arms to execute condign Punishment upon the Murderer. At length they resolved to put Archagathus to Death; and that if Agathocles did not deliver up his Son, he should Die in his Room: Besides, they demanded of him their Arrears, and chose new Officers and Captains to Command the Army. At length they possessed themselves of the Walls of Tunis, and hemmed in the Princes round with their 
Ant. Ch. 307.  Guards. This Mutiny coming to the Ears of the Enemy, the Carthaginians sent some of their own Men, to persuade the Soldiers to a Revolt, promising them larger Pay, and ample Rewards: Whereupon many of the Captains promised to bring over the Army to them. But Agathocles, when he saw he was in the utmost extremity of Danger, and 
Agathocles his Stratagem 〈◊〉 deliver himself from his own Soldiers. P. 750.  fearing lest if he were given up to the Enemy, he should end his Days with Disgrace and Dishonour, concluded that it was much better if he must Suffer, to be killed by the Soldiers: Whereupon he laid aside his Purple Robe, and put on a poor Country-fellow's Habit, and came into the midst of them; at which strange Sight there was a deep Silence, and many came in from every Quarter flocking about him; where he made a Speech to them fitted for the present Occasion, wherein he set forth the Acts he had done to that time, and told them, He was now ready to Die, if they (his Fellow-Soldiers) thought fit it should be so. For he was resolved never (like a Coward) to make exchange of his Honour for his Life, of which (he said) they should be then Eye-witnesses, and thereupon drew out his Sword as if he would run himself through: And just as he was ready to thrust it into his Body, the whole Army called out aloud to him to Forbear, and all gave their Voices generally, That he should be Acquitted and Discharged from all further Accusation. The Soldiers then wishing him to put on his Royal Robes, he 
Ant. Ch. 30 〈…〉  returned them many Thanks, shedding many Tears, and then Cloths himself again as became his State and Dignity, and the People with cheerful Countenances congratulated the Reassumption of his former Power. In the mean time, the Carthaginians expected every hour that the Greeks would come over to them.  
But Agathocles, that he might not lose the Advantage of the present Occasion, led the Army out against them; for the Carthaginians expecting continually a Revolt and a Desertion from the Enemy's Camp, never in the least dreamed of what was really in Agitation. But Agathocles, as soon as he approached the Enemy's Camp, presently commanded his Men to sound a Charge, and so forthwith fell in upon them, and hewed them down before him. The Carthaginians being surprised by this sudden Attack, after the Loss of many of their Men, fled to their Camp. And thus Agathocles, who was near losing of his Life through the Rashness of his Son, by his own Valour not only extricated himself out of the Snare, but utterly routed his Enemies: But they who were the Heads and Ringleaders of the Mutiny, and as many others as boar a Grudge to the Prince, to the Number of Two hundred and upwards, vilely deserted, and went over to the Carthaginians.  
Having now gone through the Affairs of Africa and Sicily, we shall next take notice of what was done in Italy. For there the Hetruscans came with a great Army against Sutrium, a Roman Colony: To whose Defence the Consuls marched out with great Forces 
Affairs in Italy. Ant. Ch. 307.  and fought and routed the Hetruscans, and pursued them to their very Camp. About ' the same time the Samnites (when the Roman Army was abroad at a great distance without the least fear of an Enemy) besieged the Japyges, Allies to the Romans: Therefore the Consuls were forced to divide their Forces. Fabius continued in Hetruria; but Marcius marched against the Samnites, and took the City of Allita by Storm, and freed their Allies from the Siege of Japyges. But Fabius, while the Etrurians flocked in great multitudes to besiege Sutrium, slipped secretly by the Enemy through the bordering Country, and made an Incursion into the Higher Hetruria, which had for a long time been free from all manner of Inroads and Invasions; where breaking in upon the sudden, he wasted and harassed the Country up and down, and routed those of the Inhabitants that made head against him, and killed many of them, and took a great number of Prisoners. Afterwards he overcame and killed many of them in another Battle at a Place called Perusia, and put that People into a great Consternation. He was the first of the Romans that ever entered with an Army into those Parts. But he made Peace with the Arretines' and Crotoneans, and them of Perusina; and taking the City called Castula, he forced the Etrurians to raise their Siege before Sutrium.  
This Year there were two Censors created at Rome; the one of whom was Appius Claudius, who with the concurrence of his Colleague, Caius Plautius, abrogated many of the ancient Laws: For to gratify the People, he made no account of the Senate. He brought Water (which was from him called Appia) into Rome from Places 
* About 10 miles.  fourscore Furlongs distant, 
P. 751.  and expended a vast Sum of Money in this Work, received out of the Treasury by Consent of the Senate. Then he laid a Causey of hard Stone the greatest part of that way, which is from him called Appia, extending from Rome to Capua, a 
* About 120 miles.  Thousand Furlongs 
An 〈…〉 Ch. 307. The Appian 〈◊〉.  and upwards; and with great Costs and Expense levelled all the rising Grounds, and filled up all the Holes and hollow Places, making all even and plain; but hereby drained the Treasury almost of all the Money that was in it. And by this his laying out of himself in promoting the Public Good, he left behind him an immortal Memorial. He also made up the Senate not only of the Nobility (as the ancient Custom was) but likewise of the 
* Such as had been Slaves, and were see free.  Libertines, by choosing many of them, and mixing them with the other, which the Patritians took very heinously. Moreover, he gave liberty to the Citizens to incorporate themselves into what Tribe they thought fit, and to be taxed in what Rank soever they pleased.  
At length, perceiving how greatly he was envied by the Nobility, he avoided the Storm by insinuating himself into the favour of the Common People, and making use of them as a Bulwark against the Envy of the Patricians. In must ' ring of the Horse, he never took any Man's Horse from him; neither ever removed any Person never so mean out of the Senate (that was once chosen) when he took an account of the Senators, which the Censors used to do. But the Consuls, both out of Envy, and to gratify the Nobility, convened a Senate of such as were enrolled by the former Censors, and not those that were allowed by him: But the People opposed them, and sided with Appius; and that he might confirm the Advancement of such as were but of mean and obscure Birth, he preferred one cain's Flavius, the Son of a Libertine, to the Office of Aedilis, and to the highest Place in that Office. And this was the first Roman born of a Libertine, that ever before was advanced to that Honourable Station. Appius at length being removed out of his Office, out of fear of the Senate's Malice, kept his House, under pretence of being blind.  
Now Charinus was Chief Governor at Athens, and the Romans created Publius Decius and 
Olym. 118. 1. Ant. Ch. 306. An. M. 3642. The Acts of Ptolemy in Corinth and other places.  Quintus Fabius Consuls. And at Elis was celebrated the Hundred and eighteenth Olympiad, in which Apollonides of Tegeata bore away the Prize: At which time Ptolemy sailing from Myndus along the Islands which lay in his way, came to Andros, and putting out the Garrison that was there, restored it to her former Liberty: Thence he sailed to the Isthmus, and received Sicyon and Corinth from Cratesipolis. But for what reasons, and upon what account he took these eminent Cities into his hands, we have related in the former Books, and therefore we shall forbear repetition. He designed also to restore the rest of the Greek Cities to their Liberties, judging that by gaining the Hearts of the Grecians, he should very much promote his own Interest. But when the Peloponnesians were ordered to provide Money and Victuals, but performed nothing of what they had agreed to, he was so incensed, that he made Peace with Cassander, upon this Condition, That each of them should retain those Cities they had then in their hands. Then having put Garrisons into Sicyon and Corinth, he returned into Egypt.  
In the mean time, 
* Alexander's 〈◊〉 Ant. Ch. 306.  Cleopatra being incensed against Antigonus, of her own accord inclined to Ptolemy, and left Sardis to go to him: She was Sister of Alexander, the Conqueror of the Persians, the Daughter of Philip Son of Amyntas, and the Wise of Alexander, who undertook an Expedition into Italy. And therefore upon the account of the Nobleness of her Birth, Cassander, Lysunachus, Antigonus, and Ptolemy, and even the Chiefest of Alexander's Captains after his death, were every one ambitious to marry her: For every one hoped by this Marriage to draw all the the Macedonians after them; and therefore 
P. 752.  each coveted to be related to the Royal Family, looking upon that as the way to gain the Sovereign Power and Command over all the rest. But the Governor of Sardis (whom Antigonus had commanded to retain Cleopatra) stopped her Journey; and afterwards by Order from Antigonus, with the help of some Women, privily murdered her. But Antigonus, 
Cleopatra killed by the Governor of Sardis.  who would not ways be thought guilty of her death, struck off the Heads of some of those Women, for having a hand in her Murder, and buried her with all the Magnificence that might be. And such was the end of Cleopatra, before any Solemnisation of Marriage; who was earnestly coveted as a Wife by all the most Noble Captains and Generals of the Army.  
Having now gone through the Affairs of Asia and Greece, we shall pass over to other Parts of the World.  
In Africa the Carthaginians sent an Army against the Numidians (who had revolted from them) in order to reduce them. Upon which, Agathocles left his Son Archagathus with 
Ant. Ch. 306. Agathocles. farther acts in Africa.  part of the Army at Tunis; and he himself, with Eight thousand Foot, and Eight hundred Horse of the most Valiant Men of his Army, and Fifty African Carriages, made after the Enemy with all speed possible. In the mean time the Carthaginians being come among the Numidians, called Suphons, caused many of the Inhabitants to join with them; and reduced likewise some of the Revolters to their former Alliance and Confederacy with them; but when they heard of the Enemies approach they Encamped upon an high piece of ground lying on the other side of a deep and unpassable River, to secure themselves against all sudden Attacks and incursions of the Enemy; and commanded the most active Numidians to hinder the march of the Grecians by vexing them ever and anon with continual Attacks in the Rear; who accordingly executing their Commands, Agathocles sent out the Archers and Slingers against them; and he himself with the rest of the Army made towards the Enemies Camp. But the Carthaginians understanding his design drew the Army out of the Camp, and stood ranged in Battle array, ready and prepared for fight: As soon as they saw Agathocles his Soldiers pass the River, they fell upon them in a full Body, and made a great slaughter at that part of the River where it was so difficult to pass; and in this endeavour to force their way through the River, the Greeks as far excelled the Barbarians in valour as they did them in number and multitude; while both sides stood 
Ant. Ch. 306  stoutly to it for a long time, the Numidians in each Army left off fight expecting the issue of the Engagement, with a design to rifle the Carriages of that party that was Routed. At length Agathocles with those brave and valiant men he had about him, broke through that part of the Enemy's Battalion, that was opposed to him, and put them to flight, and the rest presently followed them; only the Grecian Horse that sided with the Carthaginians under the Command of Clino bore the shock of the Agathocleans, who pressed very sore upon them; upon which there was a very sharp Engagement, and many fight courageously died upon the spot, the rest by good fortune escaping: Then Agathocles leaving off the pusuit, bend all his strength against them who had fled back into the Camp; but endeavouring to break in at places strongly fortified and of difficult approach, he sustained as much loss as the Carthaginians; however he remitted nothing of his resolution, but being lifted up with his Victory still pressed upon the Enemy, confidently concluding he could force the Camp. In the mean time the Numidians were very intent in observing how things were like to go, but could not fall upon the Bag and Baggage 
P. 753  of the Carthaginians because both Armies were so near the Camp. When therefore they saw that Agathocles was at a great distance, and the Guards but small in the Grecians Camp, they broke in there, and easily killed those that withstood them, and took many Prisoners, and possessed themselves of other prey and plunder. Which as soon as Agathocles came to understand, he hasted thither with his Forces, and recovered some of the spoil: but the Numidians carried most away with them, and in the night got a long way off from the place. Then the Prince erected a Trophy, and divided all the Booty 
Ant. Ch. 306.  amongst the Soldiers that none might repine at the losses they had sustained. The Greeks likewise that sided with the Carthaginians, he committed Prisoners to a Castle, who fearing the Prince would revenge himself of them in the Night fell upon the Guard in the Castle; but being worsted, they got into a Fort and sheltered themselves there to the Number of a Thousand at least, amongst whom were above Five hundred Syracusians. As soon as Agathocles came to know what was done he marched with his Army thither, where after Terms and Articles agreed upon, those Complotters came forth of the Hold, but he put them all to the sword. Being crowned with this Victory, and having done all that he could possibly contrive for the subduing of the Carthaginians, he sent Ortho the Syracusian to Cyrene as his Ambassador to Ophellas, who was one of Alexander's Captains all along in the late Wars, and was then possessed of Cyrene with the 
Ophellas Lord of Cyrene deco 〈…〉 and cut off by Agathocles.  neighbouring Cities, and had the Command of a great Army, and was contriving how to enlarge his Dominion, and while he was beating his brains with these ambitious projects, Agathocles his Agent just then arrived, to solicit him to join with him in affording his assistance to subdue the Carthaginians. In return of which piece of service Agathocles promised him he would yield up to him the Soveragin Command of all Africa, and that he himself would be content with Sicily, where being freed from all fear of future dangers and troubles from the Carthaginians he should be able with ease and safety to 
Ant. Ch. 306.  reduce the whole Island to his Obedience. And if he should have a desire to enlarge his Dominion, he said that Italy was near at hand, where he might gratify his Ambition in that respect. That Africa was far from him, separated by a large Sea, and that he came not into it of choice, but was driven thither of necessity. This therefore coming in the way so heightened him in his former hopes that he readily harkened to him, and sent his Agent to Athens to pray their Aid and Association in this War. For he had married from thence Eurydice the Daughter of Miltiades, who was General of the Conquerors at the Battle of Marathon; and therefore upon the account of this Marriage, and other acts of kindness he was received into the Franchises of the City; many of the Athenians readily harkened to this motion, and not a few likewise of the other Grecians willingly joined in this Expedition, hoping thereby to have the sharing of the richest parts of all Africa with all the wealth of Carthage amongst themselves: For the State of Affairs of Greece by season of the continual Wars, and Quarrels of the Princes among themselves was but in a very weak and low condition, therefore they concluded they should not only reap much advantage, but be freed likewise from those pressing evils which at that time lay heavy upon them.  
Ophellas at length (when he had made plentiful provision of all things necessary for the Expedition in hand) led forth his Army, having with him above Ten thousand Foot, 
Ant. Ch. 306.  and Six hundred Horse, and a Hundred Chariots, and above Three hundred Men-drivers and Soldiers to manage them, besides Extraordinaries and followers of the Camp to the number o● Ten thousand more; many of which drew their Wives and Children with their stuff and Baggage along with them, so that they looked like to a Colony going to be planted. Having therefore marched Eighteen days journey, and in them gone 
* About 360. 〈◊〉. P. 754.  Three thousand Furlongs, they came to a City called Automolus, and there Encamped; thence marching forward, they came to a mountain shelving down on both sides with steep and sharp Rocks, having a deep Valley in the midst, out of which risen a soft stone spiring up like unto a sharp Rock, at the Foot of which was a wide Cave overshadowed with Ivy and Leaves of the Yew tree, in which is reported, Queen Lamia, a Lady of admirable 
Lamia's Cave.  Beauty formerly dwelled; but for her Cruelty, they say her face was afterwards transformed into the shape of a Beast; for it's reported that 
* All her Children (they say) were killed by Juno because they were got by jupiter.  being bereaved of all her Children, she took it so grievously, that she envied all other women that had Children, and commanded the poor Infants to be plucked out of their mother's Arms, and forthwith murdered. And therefore even to this day the Tale of this woman is fresh among Children, and with the Name of Lamia they are presently put into a very great fright. Moreover, being given much to Drunkeness, she let every one do what they pleased, without any inquiry after men's manners; and because she never seriously minded what was done in her Province, it was believed that she was blind. And therefore there's a 
Ant. Ch. 306.  Fable told by some that she put her Eyes into a little purse, excusing her drunken Sottishness by such an invented Tale, as if that was the reason she saw nothing. That she was in Africa one brings in Euripides for a witness, for so he says  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
To whom is that most hateful Name unknown?  
Or of th' African Lamia the spawn?  
But Ophellas removing again. Travelled with great toil and labour through a dry and thirsty Country full of wild Beasts; for they did not only want Water, but Bread and other Provision, so that the whole Army was in danger to perish. These Sandy Deserts near the Syrteses were pestered with noisome Serpents and all sorts of hurtful beasts, and it being for the most part deadly to be bitten by these venomous creatures, many were brought into a sad condition; out of the reach both of friends help, and remedy from Medicines. For some of the Serpents were of the same colour with the Earth, so that none could see them before they were hurt, so that many treading upon them were stung to death. At last after two months' miserable travel with much ado they carne to Agathocles his Camp, where they pitched their Camps at a small distance one from another; on the other hand the Carthaginians hearing that they were come up to him, were in a great Consternation, seeing the great forces that were making against them.  
Agathocles hearing of his approach, went to meet him, and advised him by all means to have a care of his Army after so tedious and hard a Journey, and to see them well refreshed. He himself lay quiet a few days, observing every thing that was done in the neighbouring Camp, at length taking his opportunity when the greater part of Ophellas his Army were gone a foraging into the Country, and taking notice that Ophellas never suspected any thing of what he was in contriving, he suddenly called his Army together, and before them accused Ophellas, for that being called for as an Assistant, in this War, he went about 
Ant. Ch. 306  to betray him; and having incensed the multitude, drew out his whole Army in Battalion against him and his Cyrenians. Ophellas growing amazed at this unexpected alteration, put nevertheless himself and the men he had with him, in a posture of defence: but the Enemy being too quick for him, and he too weak for them, he was there slain upon the place. Agathocles persuaded the rest that were left, to lay down their Arms; then telling them what great things he would do for them, he got the whole Army to himself. And thus Ophellas by indulging his Ambition, and being over credulous came to this fatal Catastrophe: In the mean time Bomilcar at Carthage was waiting for an opportunity 
Bomilcar ●sp 〈…〉 to b 〈…〉 〈◊〉 of C●rthage, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, an is put to a 〈…〉. P. 755.  to put in execution what he had a long time been hammering in his brain in order to gain the Sovereign power and authority. And although he had several times fit occasions offered him for that purpose, yet always some light and inconsiderable cause or other intervening, put a stop to his design. For some superstitious persons many times are preparing to act great and remarkable pieces of Wickedness, and yet always choose rather to delay, than act, to put off, than execute the thing; which even then 
Ant. Ch. 306  came to pass. For concluding he had a fair opportunity offered him, the better to effect his purpose, he sent away the most eminent Persons of the Citizens that were about him, in an Expedition against the Numidians, that he might have none of the Nobility at hand to oppose him; but then checked by his own Fears, he durst not reveal to any his design of gaining the Principality, and so he let the matter fall again. At length it fell out that he attempted to set up himself at the very same time that Ophellas was cut off by Agathocles; and neither of them knew what was done in one another's Camp. For Agathocles knew nothing of the Ambition of the other, or of the Tumult and Disorder that was in the City, which he might at that time have easily subdued: For if Bomilcar had been surprised and taken in the very Fact, he would have chosen rather to have joined with Agathocles, than to have given up himself to be punished by the Citizens: Neither did the Carthaginians know any thing of Agathocles his falling upon Ophellas; for they might easily have overcome him by joining with Ophellas. But I suppose both sides were well enough content to be ignorant, although they were things of great weight and concern, and contrived by them that were near one to another.  
For Agathocles being plotting to cut off a Person that was his Friend and Associate, minded not to inquire after any thing that was in doing with the Enemy: And Bomilcar on the other side, contriving how to overturn the Liberties of his Country, cared not what was in agitation in Agathocles his Camp, whose purpose was now not so much to conquer 
Ant. Ch. 306  an Enemy, as to subdue his own Fellow-Citizens. Matters being thus, here some may find fault with History, seeing many things of divers Natures falling out at one and the same time, and that Writers are forced to break in with new Matter of another nature, and to divide between things done at the same instant, that the Truths related may delight the more. But to Answer this, the History that is denied this liberty; although it afterwards represents the things done, yet it Postpones the true pleasure of the thing at too great a distance from the first Relation.  
Bomilcar therefore picking out a select number of Men in the 
* Neopo 〈…〉.  New City (as it's called) not far distant from the Old Carthage, dismissed all the rest; then having called togther Five hundred of the Citizens, who were 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ‑ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  privy to his Design, and about a Thousand Mercenary Soldiers, he declared himself sole Monarch of the Carthaginians. Then he divided his Troops into Five Bodies, and set upon the City, killing all that he met in the Highways; upon which, an incredible Terror and Amazement possessed the whole City; At first, the Carthaginians suspected that the Town was betrayed, and that the Enemy had broke in by that means. But when the Truth was known, the young Men Marshaled themselves, and made against the Tyrant; who hastened into the Forum, killing all he met in the Streets, and slaughtering great numbers of naked and unarmed Citizens. But 
Ant. Ch. 306.  the Carthaginians mounting the tops of the Houses that were round about 〈◊〉 Marketplace, cast down showers of Darts from thence, so that the Conspirators (the place being altogether exposed to the Shot) were galled most grievously. Whereupon in a 〈◊〉 Body they forced their way through the narrow Passes, and got into the New City, being plied and wounded with Darts and Arrows all along as they came under the Houses. Then possessing themselves of a Hill, (the whole City being now in Arms) the Carthaginians drew up their Camp in the face of the Rebels. At length they sent some 
P. 756.  of the Ancientest and Gravest of their Citizens to them, and remitted what was past, and so all things were peaceably composed. Towards all the rest indeed they performed their Articles, and (because of the Cloud that hung over the City,) passed by the Crimes committed; but without any regard had to their Oaths, they most ignominiously tormented Bomilcar, and put him to death. And thus the Carthaginians, when their Commonwealth was near upon the point of expiring, recovered their Ancient Form of Government.  
In the mean time Agathocles loaded all his Transport-Ships with Spoils, and such of the 
Agathocles sends Spoils to Syracuse, most lost in a Storm.  Cyreneans as he found not fit and serviceable for the War, he put on board, and sent them to Syracuse: But a fierce Tempest overtook them, in which some of the Ships were lost, and others were cast upon the Pithecusian Islands bordering upon Italy, so that very few arrived at Syracuse.  
In Italy the Roman Consuls assisted the Marsilians (who were sorely pressed by the Samnites,) 
Affairs of Italy.  and were Conquerors, killing great numbers of the Enemy upon the place. Then they marched through the Country of the Umbri, and invaded Hetruria, then in War with them, and took a Castle called Caprium by Storm. But the Inhabitants sending their Ambassadors to Treat upon Terms of Peace, they made Peace with the Tarquinians for Forty Years: But with the rest of the Etrurians only for one Year.   

CHAP. III.  
Demetrius frees all the Grecian Cities; takes the Pireum at Athens. Demetrius Phalerius flies to Ptolemy. Honours given to Demetrius in Athens. He sails to Cyprus; his Acts there; Besieges Salamis. His great Engines. Ptolemy sails to Cyprus. Sea Fight between Ptolemy and Demetrius, wherein Ptolemy is routed. Antigonus takes the Title of King, and the like do several other Captains. Agathocles his Acts at Utica in afric: Tied prisoners to a great Engine. The sorts of People in Africa. Xenodocus routed in Sicily by Agathocles his Captains. Agathocles his Acts in Sicily. What was done by Archagathus in Africa. Maschala inhabited by some Greeks that came from Troy. Apes, their Custom among the Pithecusce. The Carthaginians draw out Thirty thousand Men out of Carthage Misfortunes to Agathocles his Captains in Africa. The Army blocked up and almost starved: Agathocles beats the Carthaginians at Sea near Syracuse. His Captain Leptines harasses the Agrigentines. Agathocles Feasts the Syracusians. His jocund Temper. His Cruelty. Routed in Africa. Carthaginian Camp burnt. The misfortune afterward to both Armies by one Cause. Agathocles in Chains by his own Men. Steals out of Africa. The Soldiers kill his Two Sons. They make Peace with the Carthaginians. Agathocles his exceeding Cruelty at Aegista; and afterwards at Syracuse.  
AT the end of the Year, Anaxicrates was Created Chief Governor of Athens, and 
Olymp. 118. 2. Ant. Ch. 305.  Appius Claudius, and Lucius Volutius Consuls at Rome. At this time Demetrius the Son of Antigonus being furnished with Two strong Armies, one by Land, and the other by Sea, and provided of Weapons and all other necessaries for the War, set forth from Ephesus with full Orders and Instructions to set all the Grecian Cities at liberty, and in the first place to free Athens, that was then held by a Garrison of Cassander's. To this purpose he arrived at the Pireum with his Fleet; and upon his first arrival caused the Edict to 
Demetrius set, all the Cities in Greece free.  be proclaimed, and then assaulted the Pyreum on every side. But Dionysius the Governor of the Fort, Mynichia, and Demetrius Phalerius, whom Cassander had made Precedent of the City, with a strong Body of Men beat off the Enemy from the Walls; But some of Antigonus' Men forced their way near the Shoar, and scaled and got over the Walls; whereupon many within came in to them as their Assistants, and in this manner was the Pyrcum taken. Dionysius the Governor fled into Mynichia, and Demetrius Phalerius into the City. The next day he with some others was sent by the City to Demetrius, and after he had treated with him concerning the Liberty of the City, and his own preservation, 
Demetrius Phalerius flies into Egypt.  he prevailed so far as to be dismissed with a safe Conduct, and so without any further Care or Concern for Athens, he fled to Thebes, and thence to Ptolemy into Egypt, And thus he who had Governed the City for the space of Ten Years, was in this manner thrust out of his Country. The People of Athens being hereupon restored to their Liberty, 
Ant. Ch. 305.  decreed public Honours to them that were the Authors of their Deliverance. Demetrius forthwith brings up his Engines and Battering Rams, and Besieges Munychia both 
P. 757.  by Sea and Land. But the Dionysians made a stout resistance, and by the advantage and difficulty of the height of the places to be Assaulted, beat off the Demetrians (for Munychia is not only strong by Nature, but by Art also, defended by high Walls) though Demetrius indeed far exceeded the other in number of Men, and Warlike preparations, At length, after the Assault had continued for the space of Two Days together, many of those within being wounded and killed by the Shot from the Engines, so as that there were not Men enough left to defend the Place, the Garrison Soldiers began to Flag. In the mean time the Demetrians who Assaulted by turns, and mutually relieved one another with fresh Supplies, having cleared the Wall by their Shot, broke into Munychia, and so forcing the Soldiers within to lay down their Arms, they took the Governor prisoner. Having dispatched this Business in a few Days time, Demetrius demolished Munychia, and entirely restored the People to their Liberty, and entered with them into a League of Peace and Amity. 
Ant. Ch. 305.  The Athenians therefore made a Decree (which was written by Stratocles) that Golden Statues of Antigonus and Demetrius should be set up and mounted upon a Chariot, next to Harmodius and 
* Two Brothers that killed the Tyrant Hyparchus in Athens. Olymp. 66. Thucid. Hist. Honours of Demetrius in Athens.  Aristogiton; and that they should be both Adorned with Crowns of Gold of Two hundred Talents weight apiece; and that an Altar should be erected in Honour of them, called the Saviour's Altar; And in further Honour to them, to the Ten Tribes of Athens they added Two more, called the Antigonian and Demetrian. And thus the People of Athens, after they had been stripped out of all their Liberties by the Lamian War, after Fifteen Years were restored to their Ancient Laws and Government. Magera was still under the curb of a Garrison; but Demetrius likewise took this City, and restored the People to their former Privileges; therefore he was highly Honoured and richly presented by the Inhabitants upon this Account. Moreover, when the Athenian Ambassador, who was sent to Antigonus, presented to him the Decree, he understanding that they both wanted Corn for necessary Provision, and Timber for building of Ships, sent them a hundred and fifty 
* Every Medimna. 18 Gallons  Medimna's of Wheat, and as much Timber as would build a hundred Ships. Then he withdrew the Garrison out of Imbrus, and restored the City to the Inhabitants. Afterwards he writ to his Son Demetrius, and ordered him to call a Senate of Members chosen out of all the Confederate Cities, in order to Consult concerning what might be most conducing to the public Good of all Greece: And that he himself with all speed should transport Forces into Cyprus, and there fight Ptolemy's Captains. In Obedience to his Father's Commands, without any further delay, he put over first into Caria, and moved the Rhodians to make War against Ptolemy, who were slack 
Ant. Ch. 30●. Demetrius: Voyage into Cyprus.  and slow in the matter, willing rather to be Neuters, and keep in with all sides; hence first grew the Heart-burnings between them and Antigonus. Thence he sailed into Cilicia, and furnishing himself there with Shipping and Men, he passed over into Cyprus with Fifteen thousand Foot and Five hundred Horse, and a Fleet consisting of an Hundred and ten Ships of Three tire of Oars apiece, of singular swiftness, and Fifty three not so swift as the other, but men of War as they were; besides Transport Ships of all sorts, answer able to so great a multitude of Men and Horses; Being landed, he first encamped near the Shoar not far from Carpasia, and drawing up his Ships to land, fenced them with a deep Trench and Ramparts; and then he set upon the City's next at hand, and took Urania and Carpasia by Storm; and leaving a sufficient Guard to defend his Trenches about the Fleet, he marched to Salamis.  
Menelaus, appointed by Ptolemy chief Commander of the Isle, being then at Salamis, 
Ptolemy's Brother.  and seeing the Enemy within forty Furlongs of the City, drew out of the Garrisons adjoining, to the Number of Twelve thousand Foot, and Eight hundred Horse, and went out to meet him; and fought a while; but not being able to endure the Enemy's Charge, fled, and Demetrius pursuing him even to the Gates of the City, took to the Number of 
Ant. Ch. 305.  Three thousand of his Men, and killed a Thousand upon the Place. The Prisoners he 
P. 758.  Pardoned, and distributed them among his own Men: But finding they were ever ready to fly over again to Menelaus, because their Wealth was in Ptolemy's hands in Egypt, he Shipped them all away to Antigonus his Father.  
Antigonus at that time was building a City in the Upper Syria near the River Orontes, called by his own name Antigonia, laying out great Sums of Money upon it, and taking in within the Walls seventy Furlongs of Ground. For the Place itself was very opportune to lie as a Yoke both upon Babylon and the Upper Provinces, and likewise upon the Lower, with the other Provinces, as far down as to Egypt. But this City continued not long; for Seleucus razed it, and transplanted the Inhabitants to another, built by himself, called Seleucia, after his own Name. But we shall give an Account of these things when we come to the Time proper for them.  
But Menelaus, after he was thus routed in Cyprus, drew in all his Engines within the Walls, and lined all the Bulwarks and Battlements with Soldiers, and prepared for Fight, observing at the same time that Demetrius was doing the like. He dispatched likewise a Messenger to Ptolemy, to tell him what had happened, and to desire more help, in regard the Affairs of Cyprus were in a very low and dangerous Condition.  
Demetrius seeing the City was in no contemptible Condition, and that it was furnished with a great Number of Soldiers for its Defence, was resolved to prepare Engines of an Extraordinary Bigness, and all sorts of Battering Rams, and other Instruments of War, 
Demetrius his Engines.  that might in any sort terrify the Besieged. He sent likewise for Workmen out of Asia, and for Iron, Timber, and every thing else that was necessary to be made use of in the 
Ant. Ch. 305.  Works he designed. And now every thing being ready at hand, he built an Engine, which he called Helepotis, from taking of Cities, Forty five Cubits broad on every side, and Ninety in height, drawn with four strong Wheels, Eight Cubits high; he made likewise two exceeding great Battering Rams, and Galleries to support them. He put several great shot of Massy-Stones in the lowest Story of the Helepolis, the greatest of which weighed three Talents; In the middle were placed very great Machine's to shoot Darts and Arrows; In the highest Part were those that were less, and a great store of Stone-shot, and above Two hundred Men, who knew the manner of managing all these Devices to the best advantage.  
Bringing up therefore his Engines to the Walls of the City, by showers of shot, he there swept off the Turrets and Battlements; and battered down the Walls by his Rams: But the Besieged made such obstinate Resistance, and opposing Engines to Engines, that the Issue for some days was very doubtful, and Toil, Labour, and Wounds were the mutual Lot and Portion of each Party. At length the Wall tumbled down, and the City was even upon the Point of being taken by Storm: But Night coming on, both sides drew off. Then Menelaus having a diligent Eye for the Security of the City, lest it should be taken by some fresh Stratagem, got a great deal of dry Stuff and Matter together, and cast it in the Night from off the Walls upon the Engines, together with many light Firebrands, 
Antony's Ch. 305.  and burned the Principal of them. Upon the mounting up of the Flame the Demetrians came in to quench the Fire; but it was so quick and furious, that the Engines were totally Consumed, and most of the Men that were in them.  
However, Demetrius, though he was for the present disappointed in his Design, yet desisted not in the least, but urged on the Siege still both by Sea and Land, supposing that Time at last would Crown him with Victory.  
But Ptolemy having received Intelligence how his Forces were routed, sets Sail from Egypt, with an Army well furnished both for Sea Land; and arriving at Paphos in Cyprus, 
Ptolemy falls to Cyprus. P. 759.  took Boats and went to Citium, Two hundred Furlongs from Salamis. His whole Fleet consisted of an Hundred and forty 
* Men of War.  Long Ships, the biggest whereof was of Five Tyre of Oars, and the least of Four; and these were attended with Two hundred Ships of Burden, carrying no less than Ten thousand Soldiers. From thence Ptolemy dispatched away by Land, some Messengers to Menelaus, to bid him with all speed to send him (if possibly he could) those Ships that were then in the Port of Salamis, which were Sixty Sail. For he was in hopes, that with this Addition, having made his Navy Two hundred Sail, (if he should come to a Sea Fight) he should be Victorious. But Demetrius foreseeing what might be in contriving, left part of his Army to carry on the Siege, and Man's all his Vessels with the best of his Soldiers; and places his Engines to shoot Stones, Arrows, 
Antony's Ch. 3●●.  and Darts of three Spans in length, upon the Forecastles of his Ships. Then with his Fleet, Top and Top-Gallant, ready prepared for Battle, he sailed about to the City, and cast Anchor about a Dart's Cast from the Mouth of the Harbour, and there lay all Night, both to prevent that Fleet in the Port from joining with the other, and likewise waiting the coming up of the Enemy, being himself then prepared to fight him.  
On the other hand, Potlemy sets sail for Salamis; and in regard he had with him in his 
Sea Fi●ht between Ptolemy and Demetrius.  Fleet a great Number of Tenders, his Navy seemed to be exceeding great: Demetrius hearing of the Enemy's approach, left Antisthenes, the Admiral, with Ten Ships of Five Tyre of Oars, to keep in the Fleet that was in the Harbour. And commanded the Horse to keep near the Seaside, to be ready to relieve those that should swim to Land, in case any Misfortune should happen. He himself drew up his Fleet in a Line of Battle, and made towards the Enemy, having not above a Hundred and Eight Sail, with those taken in the Forts that were Deserted. The greatest of which Ships were of Seven Tyre of Oars, but the most of them were of Five. In the Left Wing were Seven Phaenician Galleys of Seven Tyre of Oars, and Thirty Athenian Vessels of Four Tyre of Oars, commanded by Medius as Admiral. To support these, he drew up Ten Galleys of Six Tyre of 
Ant. Ch. 305.  Oars, and as many of Five, conceiving it Prudence chief to guard that Wing where he himself intended to Engage. In the middle Battle he placed the Least Ships, under the Command of Themisus, the Samian, and Marsyas, the Writer of the Affairs of Macedon. The Right Wing was commanded by Hegesippus of Halicarnassus, and Pleisthias of Coos, who was Lord High Admiral of the whole Fleet.  
Ptolemy at the first, made with all the Sail he could in the Night time towards Salamis, in hopes to enter the Port before the Enemy: But at break of Day spying the Enemy's Fleet not far off ready Drawn-up, he likewise forthwith prepared for Battle: And for this purpose ordered his Transport-Ships to lie off at Sea, at a great distance, and drew up the rest in a Line: He himself commanded in the Left Wing, where were the greatest of his Ships ready to defend him. The Fleets being thus drawn up, both sides (according to ancient Custom) called (by their Priests) upon their Gods, and the whole Army followed the Noise and Cry of them that first began. But the Princes seeing now all (both Lives and Fortunes) ready to be laid at Stake, were both in no small concern. Demetrius now not a Quarter of a League distant from the Enemy, gave the Sign of Battle which was before agreed upon, and that was the lifting up of a Golden Target visible to the whole Fleet, one part after another. Ptolemy doing the same, presently the Fleets joined, and the Trumpets sounded a Charge, and both Armies setting up a great shout, to it they went in a dreadful and terrible Manner. At first they made use of Bows, and 
P. 760.  Engines to shoot Arrows, Stones, and Darts, by which many on both sides were grievously 
Ant. Ch. 305.  galled and wounded.  
When the Ships came side to side, and fell foul with great Violence one upon another; those upon the Decks fell to it with their Lances and Spears, and the Rowers (encouraged by them that called out to them) plied their Oars with extraordinary eagerness. And now the Vessels, with the Fierceness and Violence of the Charge, were so pressed upon each side, that some brushed off the Oars one of another, so that they could neither Fly nor Pursue; and by this means disabled the Soldiers on board from making a vigorous Defence, by putting a Check to the Force wherewith they might otherwise have born down upon their Enemy; others so forced with the Beaks of their Ships upon one another's Poops, that they 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Rowed a-Stern from time to time to repeat their strokes. In the mean time, they upon the Hatches mutually wounded one another, every one having his Mark near and plain before him. Some of the Captains of the Vessels struck the Broadsides of their Adversaries Ships with that Violence, that the Beaks stuck fast in them, whereupon they boarded the Enemy's Ships, giving and receiving Wounds and Blows on either side: Some catching hold upon the sides of Ships, when they missed Footing, in their attempts to board the other, tumbled Headlong into the Sea, and were forthwith run through with the Lances of them that were next at hand Some who prevailed in the boarding of their Enemy, killed some upon their first Entrance, and drove all the rest in rucks one upon another, and fling them overboard. In fine, various and sudden were the Turns and Changes of Fortune in this Battle; while they that were worsted now, were presently 
Ant. Ch. 305.  after Conquerors by the height of their Ships over-topping their Adversaries; and then the Conquerors again brought into straits, by being driven into ill Stations, and by other unaccountable Accidents, which frequently happen in these Cases. For in Land-Fights Valour apparently carries the Day, when no unusual Misfortune intervenes: But in Sea-Fights there are many and various Accidents often fall out, which sometimes on a sudden ruin them, whose Valour otherwise would certainly and most justly have brought them off Victorious. Of all the rest, Demetrius placing himself upon the Stern of his Galley of Seven Tyre of Oars, behaved himself with most Gallantry: For when he was surrounded with Throngs of Enemies on every side, he so bestirred himself, that he strewed the Decks with them; some by Darts at a Distance, and others by his Lance Hand to Hand: Showers of Darts and other Weapons its true were cast at him, but some he nimbly declined, and others he received on his Target and other defensive Arms that he then wore. In this Conflict there were Three that stuck close to him as his Assistants, whereof one was run through and Slain with a Lance, and the other two were both wounded. But at length, Demetrius repulsed his Enemies, and put the Right Wing to a total Rout, and forthwith those that were next to them.  
On the other hand, Ptolemy who had with him the greatest Ships, and the best Soldiers, easily broke that Party that opposed him, and put them to flight, sinking some of 
Ant. Ch. 305.  their Ships, and taking others with the Men in them, and then returning from the Pursuit, thought to have done the like with the rest: But when he came, he found his Left Wing totally routed by Demetrius, and him in hot pursuit of them; upon which he made back to Citium. But Demetrius now being Conqueror, committed his Men of War to Neon and Burichus, with Orders to pursue the Enemy, and to take up such as they found Swimming for their Lives. He himself with his own Ships richly adorned, and those that were taken of the Enemies, towed along after small Skiffs, returned to his own Camp and Port whence he set out.  
Mean while, about the very time of the Fight at Sea, Menelaus, Governor of Salamis, sent out to the Aid of Ptolemy the Sixty Ships completely Man'd and Armed, under the Command of Menetius, who Engaging with those Ships in the Mouth of the Harbour, 
P. 671.  that were set to keep him in, Charged through them; whereupon they fled for Safety to the Army that was at Land. But when the Menetians were in open Sea, and perceived that they came too late, they returned back to Salamis. This being the Issue of this Fight there were taken above a Hundred Transport Ships, wherein there were almost Eight Thousand Soldiers: Of Ships of War he took Forty, with the Men in them, and of those that were bilged in the Fight, about Fourscore; which being almost full of Water in the Hold, they hauled to Land under the Camp near the City. Demetrius had Twenty of his own Ships much damnifyed in this Fight, which yet being Refitted and Rigged up again, proved Serviceable as before.  
Afterwards, Ptolemy seeing no good to be done in Cyprus, returned in Egypt. But Demetrius having taken in all the Towns and Cities of the Island, distributed the Garrison Soldiers among his own Companies, to the Number of Sixteen thousand Foot, and Six hundred Horse: And put Messengers on board the Greatest Ship in the Fleet, and 
Ant. Ch. 305.  sent them to his Father, with an Account of the Victory he had gained.  
As soon as Antigonus received the News, he was so transported with the greatness of the Victory, as that he put a Diadem upon his Head, and from that time assumed the Style and Title of a King, and allowed Demetrius to do the same. And Ptolemy also, not 
Antigonus takes the Title of a King.  at all willing to hang the Head at his late ill Success, took the Crown and Title of a King to himself likewise, and in all his Letters from that time forward wrote himself King: And by their Example, other Governors of Provinces, as Seleucus, who had lately subdued the Upper Provinces; and Lysimachus and Cassander, who held the Provinces first allotted them, all proclaimed themselves Kings.  
Having now spoken sufficient concerning these Affairs, we shall proceed to give a distinct Account of things further done in Africa and Sicily.  
Agathocles, when he heard that the Governors of the Provinces beforementioned had taken upon them the Dignity of Crowned Heads, judging himself no way inferior to them, either as to the Strength and Power of their Arms, Largeness of his Dominions, or Memorable Actions, took upon him likewise the Name and Title of a King: But yet did not think fit to wear a Diadem: For from the very time of his first aspiring to the Principality he wore a Crown after the manner of a Priest, which he never laid aside all the time he was in Contest for the Tyranny.  
Some say, that he always wore this, because he wanted Hair. And now he made it his business to do something worthy of the honourable Title he had assumed, and therefore he led his Army against the Rebellious Uticans, and surprising them on the sudden 
Ant. Ch. 305. Utica.  took Three hundred of them as they were abroad in the Fields. At the first he pardoned them; and required the Surrender of the City: But those within refusing so to do; he built an Engine, and hanged up all the Prisoners upon it, living as they were, and so brought it up to the Walls. The Uticans, though they pitied the miserable Creatures, yet they valued more their Common Liberty, and therefore lined the Walls, and resolved to abide a Siege. Whereupon, Agathocles furnished his Engine with shot, Slingers and Darters; and plying them with shot from his Machine, began the Siege, and so terrified them, that he even cauterised the Spirits of the Besieged. Those that were upon the Walls at first, scrupled to use their Darts and Arrows, having their own Citizens placed before them as their Marks, amongst whom were some of the Chief Nobility: But the Enemy still pressing on with more violence, they were forced to endeavour to beat off them, that were placed in the Engine: And here it happened that the Uticans fell into a sudden and unexpected misfortune through an inevitable necessity. For the Greeks exposing the Prisoners they took abroad in the Fields, to be Marks to their own fellow Citizens, they were constrained either to fall into the Enemy's hands, by sparing their Townsmen, or unmercifully to kill a great number of miserable Creatures in defending of the City; as in truth it happened. For while they repulsed the Enemy with all sorts 
P. 762. Ant. Ch. 305.  of Darts and Arrows, and other Weapons, the same time as they wounded and galled them that managed the Engine, at the same time they wounded the Citizens that hung at it, shooting some through, and fastening others with their Darts and Arrows as with Nails, to that part of the Machine towards which the Body happened to move, so that their Ignominy and Misfortune resembled that of the Cross. And thus some suffered (as Fortune ordered it) by the hands of their near Relations and Friends; Extremity and Necessity not allowing any Consideration of natural Relation.  
Agathocles perceiving the Townsmen to defy all danger, and throw off all Regard and Affection to their Countrymen, begirt the City round, and made a violent Assault upon a part of the Wall where it was weakest, and there broke through into the City; upon which, some fled into their Houses, and others into the Temples: Agathocles being enraged, filled all places with Blood and Slaughter: Some were killed in heat of Fight, others that were taken prisoners were hanged up afterwards; and those that fled to the Temples and Altars were altogether frustrated of their hopes. After he had rifled and plundered the Town, he left a Garrison in it, and marched to the Citadel called the Horse-Castle, naturally defended by a Lough adjoining to it: But he took it by Storm after a close Siege, and a sharp Fight with the Inhabitants upon the Water with his Galleys. Thus having subued the Cities, he brought most of the Sea Coasts, and those that inhabited 
Ant. Ch. 305.  in the heart of the Country, under his own Power; except the Numidians, part of whom made Peace with him, and the rest were in continual expectation to fight it out to the last.  
Africa was at that time divided into four sorts of Inhabitants, That is to say, The Poeni, 
Sorts of People in Africa  who inhabited Carthage. The Libyan Poeni who had many Cities upon the Tracts lying to the Sea Shoar; who being conjoined in Affinity by Marriages with the Carthaginians, were called by this Name that imported the Denomination of both People. The most Ancient Inhabitants, and most numerous of all the rest were called Africans, who hated the Carthaginians to the death, by reason of the severity of their Government. The last are the Numidians, who hold a vast Tract of Lybia as far as to the very Deserts.  
But Agathocles, tho' he was now, by the help of his Confederates, and the Valour of his own Army, Conqueror over the Carthaginians, yet being much concerned for the Affairs of Sicily, he built some open Vessels, and Skiffs, rowed with Fifty Oars apiece, and put on board Two thousand Soldiers, and loosed from Africa with his whole Fleet towards Sicily, leaving his Son Archagathus Chief Commander and Governor of Lybia.  
While these things were acting Xenodocus General of the Agrigentines having freed 
Xenodocus routed in Sicily. Ant. Ch. 305.  many of the Cities, and raised the hopes of the Sicilians that they should all be restored to their Ancient Liberties throughout the whole Island, led out his Forces against Agathocles his Captains, having with him above Ten thousand Foot, and almost a Thousand Horse. Leptines and Demophilus on the other hand, having got together as great an Army as possibly they could out of Syracuse, and the neighbouring Garrisons, encamped against him with Eight thousand and Two hundred Foot, and Twelve hundred Horse. At length there was a sharp Engagement between the two Armies, in which Xenodocus was routed, and lost Fifteen hundred of his Men, and was forced to fly to Agrigentum. The Agrigentines weakened by this loss, left off their Honourable Design, and frustrated the hopes wherewith they had filled the Hearts of the Confederates. Presently after the Battle, Agathocles landed at Selinunt in Sicily, and shortly forced the Heracleots, who had regained their Liberty, to stoop again to his Government: Thence marching into another part of the Island he brought under the Thermites', (whose City was held by a Carthaginian Garrison) and received Hostages of them. Then he took Cephaloedium, and made Leptines 
P. 763.  Governor. Then marching up into the heart of the Country, he attempted to have entered Centorippa in the night by the help of a Faction he had in the City: But the Treachery being discovered the Garrison Soldiers fell in upon him and drove him out of the Town, with the loss of above Five hundred of his Men. After this, some of the Apolloniats sent to him, and promised to deliver up their City; whereupon he forthwith made thither. But the Traitors being apprehended and punished, he made nothing of it the 
Ant. Ch. 305.  first Day; but the next, after many hardships, and the loss of many of his Men, he at length with much ado gained the place; and putting multitudes of the Apelloniats to the Sword, he gave the Town up to the plunder of his Soldiers. While Agathocles was thus employed, Dinocrates the Captain of the Exiles revived the prosecution of the former design of the Agrigentines, and declared himself Protector of the Common Liberty, and got together great numbers who came flocking in to him from all parts. Some out of a natural love of Liberty, and others out of fear of Agathocles, were at his Devotion. Having 
Agathocles 〈◊〉 in Sicily.  therefore now an Army of Twenty thousand Foot, and Fifteen hundred Horse (who were all accustomed to the hadships and toils of Exiles) he took the Field, and dared Agathocles to a Battle. But Agathocles being much inferior in number, made a running Fight of it; but Dinocrates still pressing close at his heels, often gained several advantages 
* without D 〈…〉. Archagathus in Africa.  without any difficulty. From this time forward things began to go backwards with Agathocles, not only in Sicily, but also in Africa. For Archagathus left General there, after his Father was gone, sent a part of the Army into the Upper Countries under the Command of Eumachus, and at first was successful; for Eumachus took the great City Tocas, and subdued many of the neighbouring Numidians. Then he took another Town 
Ant. Ch. 305.  called Phellina, and subdued the bordering Inhabitants called Asphodelodians, who are as black as the Aethiopians. He gained likewise Maschala, an exceeding large City, anciently inhabited by the Greeks, that planted there in their return from Troy, as we have before related in the Third Book. Afterwards he brought under the Citadel called the 
Troy.  Horse-Castle, formerly taken by Agathocles: The last Town he gained was Acris, a Free City, the Plunder of which he gave to his Soldiers, and sold the Inhabitants for Slaves; and so loaden with spoil returned to Archagathus to the Camp.  
His Name being now up for a brave and valiant Man, he undertook another Expedition into the Higher Africa; and passing by the places he had before lately taken, he inconsiderately broke into the City called Mittines: But the Barbarians coming upon him in a full Body in the Streets, they so far prevailed, that unexpectedly they drove him out of the Town again, with the loss of a great number of his Men. Thence he marched away over an high Mountain, Two hundred Furlongs in length, full of Wild Cats; there no kind of Birds bred, either in Trees, Holes, or elsewhere, because of the greedy nature of these Beasts. Having passed over these Mountains, he entered into a Country abounding with Apes, and came to Three Cities in the Greek Language called 
* Pithecusae. i e. The Cities of Apes. P. 764. Ant. Ch. 305. Apes.  Pithecusae: But their Customs are far different from ours; for these Apes are as familiar in the Houses as the Inhabitants themselves, and are worshipped as Gods, as the Egyptians do Dogs. These Creatures come and take Meat out of the Cellars and Butteries, when ever they are hungry, without any disturbance; and Parents use to name their Children after these Apes, as we do after the Gods; whoever kills any of them he's sure to die as a notorious Atheist: And therefore it's a common Proverb amongst some of 
* See Erasmus Adag. (Simiae Sanguinem profudisse. p. 492 referring to this place. Where this Proverb is applied to those that die a violent death. The Carthaginians draw out Thirty thousand Men out of Carthage.  them, If a Man carry himself haughtily and proudly, to say, Thou hast drunk the Blood of an Ape. Eumachus took one of these Cities by Storm, and razed it to the ground; the other two submitted: But receiving Intelligence that the bordering Barbarians were coming against him with a great Army, he hasted away as fast as he could towards the Sea Coasts.  
To this very time all things succeeded in Lybia according to Archagathus his heart's desire. But afterwards the Senate of Carthage upon more mature deliberation ordered their Forces to be divided into Three Bodies, and to march out of the City, one to the Towns upon the Sea Coasts, another into the heart of the Country, and the third into the upper Africa. For by this means they supposed they should free the City both from the Siege and the inconveniencies through scarcity of Provision at one and the same time. For being that all had flocked to Carthage from every place round, the City was in very great want, having now spent and eaten up all their Provision, so that they had nothing left to subsist upon; they knew likewise that there was no danger that the City should 
Ant. Ch. 305.  be taken by force, because it lay so close to the Sea, and was so well guarded by the strength of the Walls, so that it was then even unaccessible: besides, they concluded that if they had considerable Armies in the Field ready to assist their Confederates upon occasion they would remain firm and constant in their Alliance. And that which was of more weight than all the rest, they hoped that by this means the Enemy would be forced to divide their Forces, and be gone to other places far distant from Carthage. All which good Council was afterwards crowned with success in all these particulars. For sending Thirty thousand Soldiers out of the City, there was not only Provision sufficient for the Merchants that were left, but a glut and overplus more than they had occasion to use; and those Consederats who before out of fear were forced to join with the Enemy, now recollecting themselves, returned to them as their old friends and Allies. Hereupon Archagathus perceiving that the Carthaginians Armies were now in every corner of Africa, divided likewise his Army; part of which he sent to the Sea Coasts, half of the rest he delivered to Eschrion, and the other half he led himself, leaving a sufficient Garrison at Tunis. While great Armies were thus marching to and fro all over the Country, and every one expecting a sudden Revolution at hand, all were in a fear and amazement in expectation of what would be the Event. 
Ant. Ch. 305.   
Hanno who commanded that part of the Forces that marched up into the heart of the Country, laid an Ambuscado for Eschrion, and surprising him on the sudden, cut off above Four thousand of his Foot and Two hundred of his Horse, amongst whom was the 
Eschrion beaten by the Carthaginians. About 60 miles Eumachus Eaten by the Carthaginians  General himself. Of the rest part of them were taken Prisoners, and the remainder escaped to Archagathus who was Five hundred Furlongs from the place. Imilcon General in the Higher Africa first possessed himself of a City near to Eumachus, whose Army was overladen with spoils taken out of several Cities. But the Grecians notwithstanding drew up in Battalia, and offered the Carthaginian General Battle; whereupon he left a part of the Army ready drawn up in the Town, with this Order, that as soon as they saw him fly, they should sally out upon the pursuers. Marching therefore out with half of the Army, he engaged the Enemy almost close under their Camp, and presently fled as if he had been in a great fright; whereupon Eumachus his men, proud of their Victory, pursued them in disorder, and in that confusion followed them close at the heels; and presently on a sudden issued out from another part of the City, the Body before drawn up in the 
P. 765.  Town, and at one word of Command set up a great shout, which struck the pursuers in amaze and astonishment; and being the Barbarians fell upon the other that were in 
Ant. Ch. 305.  disorder, and surprised beside, the Grecians presently fled: but the Enemy having blocked up the passage to their Camp, the Eumachians were forced to turn aside to the next Hill, where they wanted Water; which being set round by the Carthaginians, they almost all there perished, some by Thirst and others by the Sword; for of Eight thousand Foot, Thirty only escaped, and of Eight hundred Horse only Forty.  
Archagathus therefore being thus distressed, left Tunis, and recalled the rest of the Soldiers 
Archagathus and his Army near 〈◊〉.  (he had sent abroad) from all parts; and sent Messengers into Sicily to give an account to his Father of what had happened, and to entreat him to hasten over with assistance with all speed. Besides these misfortunes other inconveniences and mischiefs overtook the Grecians; for all their Confederates (except a very few) forsook them: And all their Enemies joined together, and Encamped just in their teeth and were ready to swallow them up. For Imilco had blocked up all the Passes and secured the Country from all inroads of the Enemy for a Hundred Furlongs distant; and on the other side Atarbas had placed his Camp Forty Furlongs from Tunis; so that the Greeks hemmed in both by Sea and Land were near starved for want of Provision; and nothing but Terror and Amazement filled every place. While they were in this sad and dreadful condition, Agathocles receiving 
Ant. Ch. 305  intelligence of the destruction of his Men in Africa, had prepared Seventeen Men of War for the assistance of Archagathus. But his Affairs in Sicily growing every day worse and worse, and the Number of the Exiles with Dinocrates' increasing more and more, he left the managment of the War in the Island to Leptines and his Captains; and he himself having Manned his Ships, waited only for an opportunity how to get out, for that Thirty Carthaginian Ships lay in the mouth of the Harbour-But at a time after when Eighteen Ships came in to his assistance from Hetruria, who had passed by the Carthaginians in the night into the Harbour, he took that occasion, and by a stratagem deluded the Enemy; for he charged part of his Fleet to lie still for some time, while he by making out of the Port should draw off the Carthaginians to pursue him. But therefore he goes with seventeen Sail with all the wind he could make, whom the Enemy's Fleet forthwith pursued: But Agathocles as soon as he saw that the Etrurians were got out of the Harbour, presently Tacked about and fell upon the Barbarians; upon which the 
Agathocles his Victory at Sea.  Carthaginians surprised with the unexpectedness of the thing, and now surrounded with their Enemy's Galleys, in a great terror made away and fled; the Grecians then took Five of their Ships together with the Men in them; and the Carthaginian Admiral (seeing the Ship he was in was upon the point of being taken) killed himself, preferring death 
Ant. Ch. 305.  before Captivity, which then (as he thought) was just at hand. But he took no right measures at that time; for the Ship Thy the help of a happy Gale of Wind got off with the loss of the little Trinket Sail. hus Agathocles who never in the least hoped to overcome the Carthaginians at Sea, unexpectedly beat them in a Sea fight, and being thenceforth Master of the Port, he secured the Passage for the benefit of the Merchants; so that the Syracusians having Provision brought in from all parts, instead of their former 
P. ●66.  scarcity of every thing necessary, presently abounded in the plenty of all things.  
Agathocles lifted up with this success, sent Leptimes away to spoll and harrass the Enemy's Countries, and especially the Agrigentines: For Xenodocus was in disgrace amongst his fellow Citizens, and blackened by his Adversaries upon the account of his late overthrow, so that he was troubled with Mutinies and Seditions: Therefore he commanded Leptines to make it his business to draw him out to fight, if he could possibly; for that it was a very easy thing to vanquish an Army that was in Divisions and Mutinies among themselves, and that had been beaten but a little before; which afterwards happened accordingly. For Leptines making an inroad into the Territories of the Agrigentines harrass'd and spoiled all before them: Xenodocus looking upon himself too weak, lay quiet and still at first; but 
Leptines Routs the Agrigentines. Ant. Ch. 305.  being called a Coward by the Citizens, he marched out with an Army near as many as the Enemy, but far inferior to them for Courage and Resolution; because the Citizens had lived altogether in ease and idleness, and the other had been used to lie in the open field, and continually inur'd to all manner of hardships. A Battle therefore being fought between them, those with Leptines presently put the Agrigentines to flight, and pursued them even to the Walls of Agrigentum: There were killed of those thus Routed about Five hundred Foot and Fifty Horse. The Agrigentines being grievously incensed with these losses one after another, summoned Xenodocus to his Trial, as the occasion of Two Overthrows and slaughters of the Citizens; who fearing the severity of the Sentence he was like to fall under, fled to Gela.  
Agathocles having conquered his Enemies both at Sea and Land in a few days time, 
Agathocles Feasts.  sacrificed to the Gods and entertained his friends with sumptuous Feasts, and Royal Banquet. In the time of his feasting and quaffing he laid aside all his Ensigns of Royalty, and Majesty, and appeared as one of the meanest among them; and this he did in the first place to gain upon the good will of the People, which he sought thus to purchase: And in the second, that by giving every Man free liberty in their Cups to say what they pleased of him, he might the better learn how every one stood affected towards him. For by the force of Wine Truth often appears from behind the Hanging. He was naturally of a jocund and jesting Temper, and would not sometimes lose his Jest 
Ant. Ch. 305.  even in public Assemblies, but would jeer the very Senators, and mock some of them by his Apish imitations, in so much as he would often set the People a laughing, as if they had seen some Juggler or Stageplaier. For he would go alone to the public 
His jocund Temper.  Assemblies, attended only by the common People, much differing from the practice of Dionysius the Tyrant; for he was so fearful of every body, that he would let the Hair of his Head and Beard grow to excess, that the principal parts of his Body might not be at the mercy of a Razor: And when ever he wanted shaving, or polling, he burned off the Hair; every one may hereby see, that the only guard for Tyranny is Diffidence. Moreover, at this time of Revelling Agathocles took up a great Golden Bowl, and vaunted that he never left off the Potter's Trade, before he had made Cups and Bowls exactly of that shape. For he did not deny, but rather glory in his Trade, as a Foil that set off with more lustre that high state and dignity to which his own Valour had advanced him from a mean and contemptible Calling.  
Once when he besieged one of the Considerable Cities, the Soldiers from the Walls called out to him, O 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Potter! 
† 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ant. Ch. 305.  Sweep-Chimney! When wilt thou pay thy Soldiers? To whom he answered, When I have taken and razed this Place.  
When he had found out by the Craft of his carousing and festival Jollity who were his Enemies, he invited them another time by themselves, together with Five hundred other 
His Cruelty.  Syracusians, who were Men of brave and undaunted Spirits; and when they were together, he surrounded them with his mercenary Soldiers, and murdered them every Man: For he was terribly afraid, lest when he was gone into Africa, they should recall Dinocrates and the Refugees, and abrogate his Government.  
Having thus settled Affairs, in order to the establishing himself in the Principality, he 
P. 767.  loses from Syracuse: When he landed in Africa, he found there in the Camp nothing but Want and Desperation; therefore judging it most for his Advantage to fight, he made it his Business to encourage the Soldiers to engage the Enemy, and thereupon draws them all out in Battalia, and offers the Barbarians Battle. The remainder of the Foot then with him were at the most not above Six thousand Grecians, and as many Celts, Samnites, and Etrurians, and almost Ten thousand Africans of those that stayed with him: These Africans are a treacherous sort of Men, ever upon any Occasion running over from one Party to another. Besides these, there were with him Fifteen hundred Horse, and above Six thousand African Carriages: But the Carthaginians though they had the Advantage of a high Ground, and of difficult access, yet they were not willing to venture all at once with Men that were desperate, but by lying still in their Camp (where they had plenty of Provision) and by protracting of Time, they hoped to starve the Enemy, and so be Masters of their Camp without fight.  
Agathocles therefore not being able to draw the Enemy forth to a Battle in the open Field, and being necessitated by his present Circumstances to attempt something, and 
Ant. Ch. 305.  enter upon some desperate Action, marches up with his whole Army close to the Enemy's Camp: Thereupon the Carthaginians make out against him; and though they had the advantage of Ground, and far exceeded him in number of Men, yet Agathocles (pressed hard on every side) for some time resolutely bore up against them: But his Mercenaries 
Agathocles routed in Africa.  and some others at length giving Ground, he was forced to retreat to his Camp. The Barbarians pursued them close; but to gain the goodwill and Favour of the Africans, they passed by them without doing any execution: But the Greeks (whom they knew by their Arms) they killed all along till they had driven the rest into their Camp. There were slain of Agathocles his Men at that time Three thousand.  
The next night a sudden and unexpected Disaster fell upon both the Armies: For the Carthaginians, when they were sacrificing the most eminent and considerable Persons among their Prisoners, in Gratitude to their Gods for the Victory they had gained, the Flame rising high that enwrapped the Bodies of the sacrificed Captives, a fierce Wind on a 
Carthaginian Camp burns.  sudden carried the Flame to the Sacred Tabernacle near the Altar, where it catched and burnt it down to the Ground; thence it proceeded to the General's Pavilion, and the Officers Tents next adjoining: Upon which arose a mighty Consternation, and Astonishment filled the whole Camp, while some endeavouring to quench the Fire, others striving to carry away Arms and rich Furniture, were consumed by the Flames. The 
Ant. Ch. 305  Tents were made of Reeds and Straw; and therefore the Fire (through the height of the Wind) raged the more; so that that by its quickness, it prevented all help and assistance that the Soldiers could any ways contribute. The whole Camp being presently in a Flame, many in straight and narrow Passes were intercepted by the Fire, and burnt to death. And thus they presently paid for their Cruelty to the Captives, suffering the like Punishment as a Retaliation of their Impiety. And others who tumultuously with woeful Cries got out of the Camp, were pursued with another and greater Misfortune: For those Africans that were in Agathocles his Army, to the number of Five thousand, deserted the Grecians, and were flying to the Barbarians. When those that went out to scout, saw 
Their farther Misfortune  those Deserters make towards the Carthaginians Camp, thinking the whole Grecian Army were at hand ready to fall upon them, they forthwith gave Intelligence to their own Party, that the Enemy's whole Army approached: Which being noised abroad, Confusion and Dread of the Enemy's being just in the midst of them, ran through the whole Camp: Whereupon every one placed his own Safety in the Swiftness of his Heels; and 
P. 768.  in regard no Word of Command was given by any of the Officers, nor any Order kept among the Soldiers, the Runaways fell down one upon another; and some of them through the Darkness of the Night, and others out of excess of Fear, fell a fight with their own Men, not knowing who they were. The Mistake still continuing and increasing, 
Ant. Ch. 305.  a great Slaughter was made; and some were killed hand to hand, and others running away with the loss of their Arms, in the height of a surprising Fear, in their haste, fell down steep and craggy Rocks, and were broken in pieces; about Five thousand of them being destroyed, the rest at length got to Carthage. The Citizens within the Town (deceived by the Report of their own Men,) believed they were routed, and that the greatest part of the Army was cut off; in this fright they opened the Gates, and received them with great Terror and Amazement into the Town, fearing lest the Enemy should likewise break in at the Heels of them. And though when it was full Day, they came to understand the Truth of the matter, yet they could scarce allay the Fears they had been in, as if the Evils were still even at their Doors.  
About the same time, (through a vain Fear and foolish Imagination) Agathocles fell into a Misfortune something of the same kind For the African Deserters, after the burning of the Carthaginian Camp, and the Hurly-burly and Uproar that followed thereupon, 
Misfortune to Agathocles his Camp.  durst not march forward, but made their way back to the place from whence they came; whom some of the Greeks espying to make towards them, they took them to be the Carthaginian Army, and thereupon gave Intelligence to Agathocles, that the 
Ant. Ch. 305.  Enemy was near at hand. Upon which, by the King's Order, they cried out, Arms! Arms! and forthwith the Soldiers came pouring out in great Tumult and Confusion out of the Camp: And besides all this, when they saw the Flame in the Enemy's Camp to mount up into the Air, and heard the Shouts and Cries of the Carthaginians, they were the more confirmed in their Opinion, that the Barbarians were making towards them with their whole Army.  
But Excess of Fear leaving no room for due and serious Consideration, Horror and Amazement filled the whole Camp, and all of them took to their Heels: And the Africans being presently mixed among them, (the Night causing the Mistake) every one opposed him that he met, as an Enemy, and being all the Night long dispersed here and there, and wandering up and down in a Panic Fear, there perished of them above Four thousand: The rest (with much ado at length coming to understand the Mistake) returned safe to their Camp. And in this manner both Armies deceived by the Vanity of War, (as the common Proverb is) fell into miserable Disasters. After which Misfortune, being now deserted by the Africans, and having not sufficient Forces lest to contend with the Carthaginians, he resolved to leave Africa: But he thought it impossible to transport the Soldiers with him, because he both wanted Shipping, and heard that the Carthaginians were Masters at Sea, and lay to intercept his Passage: And he concluded, the Barbarians (whose Forces far exceeded his) would never make Peace with him; but rather cut off every Man of them that first set footing upon Africa, to deter all others for the future from the like Attempt. He determined therefore to slip away privately 
Ant. Ch. 305.  with a few, and take along with him his younger Son Heraclides; for he feared lest his Son Archagathus, being a daring Man, and one that had been too familiar with his Stepmother, would plot something against his Life: But Archagathus smelling out his Design, resolved to discover the Matter to those Captains and Officers as should be able to defeat him in his Contivance, and to that purpose strictly observed his Motions: For he looked upon it as a base and unworthy Thing, that he who had undergone a good part of the Toils and Hazards of the War for the sake of his Father and Brother, should be now left alone as a Prey to the Enemy, without all Hopes of Deliverance. He informed therefore some of the Captains and most considerable Officers of the intended Departure of Agathocles and his Companions the next night: Whereupon all the Body forthwith made up to him, 
P. 769.  and not on●y put a stop to his Voyage, but acquainted the common Soldiers how the Plot was laid; who being both grieved and enraged together, laid hold on him and bound him, and so committed him to custody. An Anarchy following hereupon, there was nothing 
Agathocles in Bonds by his own Men.  but Tumult and Confusion throughout all the Camp: And when Night came on, a Rumour was spread over the Camp, that the Enemy was just falling in amongst them: Upon which, all were so possessed with a Panic Fear, that having none to Command them, every one was preparing to get away; at which very time, they that had the Custody of the Prince, (in as great a Consternation as the rest,) thought that some or 
Ant. Ch. 305.  other called them forth; who thereupon came out with Agathocles in his Chains along with them; at which fight, the whole Army were so affected with Pity and Compassion, that they cried out, Unloose him, let him go.  
Being freed from his Chains, he presently after with a small Attendance stole away, 
He steals out of Africa.  and took Shipping about 
* At the setting of the Pleyades or Seven Stars.  the beginning of October, in the Night in Wintertime, and away he got. And thus to preserve himself, forsook his Children; whom the Soldiers presently, upon the News of their Father's Flight, knocked on the Head; and then chose Captains from among themselves, and made Peace with the Carthaginians upon these 
His 2 Sons killed by the Soldiers.  Conditions, viz. That the Greeks should receive Three hundred Talents, and should restore all the Towns they then held, and that all that would, might take up Arms 
Peace made with the Carthaginians.  with the Carthaginians, and receive the usual Pay. That the rest should be transported to Sicily, and should have Selinunt for their Habitation. The greatest part of the Soldiers, who were faithful to what they had agreed, had all as faithfully performed to them: But those Cities and Towns that held out in Hopes and Expectations of Relief from Agathocles, were all taken by force of Arms; whose several Governors the Carthaginians crucified, and the rest they bound in Chains, and employed them to Till, and Repair by their own Labours, those Parts of the Country that they had before wasted and destroyed. And thus the Carthaginians, after they had been harassed and vexed with a Four Years War, recovered their former Peace and Liberty. 
Ant. Ch. 305.   
In this Expedition of Agathocles into Africa, any one may observe most remarkable Accidents, and the Divine Providence in the Punishment inflicted upon his Sons. For being routed in Sicily, he lost the greatest part of his Army: A little time after he overcame the Conquerors with a very inconsiderable Body of Men in Africa. In Sicily, being thrown out of all the Cities, he was cooped up by a close Siege within the Walls of Syracuse: In Africa, he gained all the Towns, except Carthage, and closely besieged the Carthaginians in that City; by which, Fortune seemed to make it her Business, to let every one see what Power she had to retrieve those Things that seemed to be in a desperate Condition. But after that Agathocles, in the height of his Prosperity, had murdered Opellas, against all the Laws of Friendship and Hospitality; God made it manifestly apparent that for that piece of Wickedness acted upon that Man, whatever happened to him afterwards was ordered and dispensed by his own hand. For the very Month and Day of the Month that he killed Ophellas, and brought over to him all his Army, the very 
Moral 〈◊〉 ‑ 〈◊〉.  same Day and Month he again lost both his Sons and his Army. And that which is more especially to be observed, was, That God, as a just Lawgiver, inflicted on him a double 
Antony's Changed 305.  Punishment; for he who had most wickedly destroyed his Friend, was deprived of two Sons together, even by the Hands of those that came along with Ophellas. This Remark ought not to offend those, who slight and despise such Providences.  
As for Agathocles, as soon as he landed in Sicily, by a hasty flight out of Africa, he 
Agathocles 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Aegista  sent for part of his Forces, and marched to the Confederate City of the Aegestines: And being in want of Money, exacted the greatest part of the Estates of those that were rich, in which Place were Ten thousand Inhabitants. This many of them took very heinously, and met together in private Cabals: But he finding out, that the 〈◊〉 were plotting against him, he brought most dreadful Calamity upon the City: For drawing out all the Poor out of the Town, he cut all their Throats upon the Bank of the River Scamander: And all those who seemed to be richer than the rest, he put to several 
P. 770.  Tortures, to force them to confess how much Money they had: For some he broke upon the Wheel; others he bond to his Engines of Battery, and shot them away like Stones. And of others, he cut out the Ankle-bones of their Feet, and by his cruel and unmerciful Dealing, put them to most horrible Torments. He invented likewise another sort of 
Ant. Ch. 305.  Punishment not much unlike the Phalerian Bull; for he made a Bed of Br●●s exactly after the shape of a Man, wherein were several Openings and hollow Places on every side: Those that he intended to torment, he put into this Bed, and then put fire under it, and burned them to Death. In this only this Engine differed from the Bull. That those that perished, and were consumed in those straight and narrow Holes, were exposed to the view of every one. He would likewise break in pieces the Ankle-Bones of some of the rich Women with Iron Pincers, and cut off the Breasts of others; and would sometimes lay a weight of Tiles upon the Loins of Women with Child, till he forced the Child to leap, as it were, forcibly out of the Womb. While the Tyrant was in this manner endeavouring to find out all the Wealth every Body had, and the whole City was in Terror and Astonishment, some burnt themselves and their Houses together, and others hanged themselves. And thus Aegesta, in one black and doleful Day, had the Prime and Flower of her Youth cut off. But the young Women and Children the Tyrant transported into Italy, and sold them to the Brutii: And that the very Name of the Place should be extinguished and forgotten, he called it Dic 〈…〉 lis, and granted it for an Habitation to such Runagates as came over to him.  
When he heard of the Murder of his Sons, he was so enraged at them he had left behind 
His Cruelty a 〈…〉 Syracuse.  him in Africa, that he sent some of his Friends to his Brother Antandrus at Syracuse, with Oders, that he should cut the Throats of all the Kindred and Relations of those that went over in the Carthaginian Expedition: Who thereupon executing what he was 
Ant. Ch. 〈◊〉.  commanded, committed such Slaughters and Murders, as were never at any time before: For he not only hurried away to Destruction young Men in the prime of their Age, as Brothers, Fathers, and Children; but even Grandfathers and Great-Grandfathers, if they happened then to be living, tho' they had one Foot even in the Grave, and could neither see nor hear through extremity of old Age: Nay, even Infants carried in Arms, that were not sensible of any Harm designed them before they felt it: They dragged away likewise to Execution, Women, whether they were Servants or Kindred to them in Africa, and whoever else that (by their Death) might be occasion of Grief and Sorrow to them: So that while a vast number of Persons of all Ages and Sexes were haled away to Execution at the Seashore, where the Butchers stood ready for them, Tears, earnest Entreaties upon their Knees, and woe 〈…〉 Lamentations appeared every where, both from them that were butchered, and from others; who so far compassionated the sad Condition of their Neighbours, that their Hearts were as full of Grief, as theirs who were just ready to die. And that which was the most grievous of all was, That after so great a Slaughrer, and that the 〈…〉 lses lay cast forth upon the Shoar, neither Kinsman nor Friend durst bury them, lest any of them should be thought Related to them that were dead. The Multitude of them that were murdered upon the Shoar was such, that the Sea was did with 〈…〉 odd a long way off, which presented to the Eye at a great distance the Horridness of that barbarous Cruelty.   

CHAP. IU.  
Antigonus his March into Egypt. A Tempest near Raphia, where he lost some of his Ships. He returns into Syria. Dinocrates prevails in Sicily. Agathocles is willing to resign his Government; but Dinocrates stands off. What was done in Italy. Antigonus his War with the Rhodians. Rhodes besieged by Demetrius. Agathocles routs Dinocrates his great Army with a few Men. His Cruelty to those that submitted upon Terms, where he butchers Seven thousand. Dinocrates' in Favour with Agathocles, and betrays all the Confederates. What was done in Italy.  
THE Year following Corybus was chief Magistrate at Athens, and Quintus Martius 
Olymp. 118. 3. Ant. Ch. 304.  and Publius Cornelius were created Consuls at Rome. About that time King Antigonus buried his youngest Son with Royal Pomp and Splendour; and calling home Demetrius out of Cyprus, commanded his whole Army to meet at his new City Antigonia, for he purposed to march from thence into Egypt: Wherefore leading the Foot himself, he passed through Coelo-Syria, having an Army of Fourscore thousand Foot, and above Eight 
Antigonus his March into Egypt. Ant. Ch. 304. P. 771.  thousand Horse, and Fourscore and three Elephants: He made Demetrius Admiral of his Fleet, giving him order to keep close to the Shoar in sight of the Land-Army, having in all a Hundred and fifty fight Ships, and a Hundred more of Burden, wherein was an infinite store of Arms of all sorts: And when the Pilots told him, That they were to stay till the setting of the Seven Stars, which would be the 
* About the begin 〈◊〉 of April.  Eighth Day from thence, he condemned them for being too Timorous. Coming to Gaza, and purposing to fall upon Ptolemy before he was provided for him, he commanded his Soldiers to take with them Ten Days Victual; and getting together Camels out of Arabia, he loaded on them a Hundred and thirty thousand Bushels of Wheat, and infinite store of Hay upon other Beasts 
13 Myriad of Medimnas, every Medimna 18 Galleons.  of Carriage; and carrying his Munition on Carts, went through the Desert, not without some Trouble to the Army; for that they met with sundry Fens and dirty Places by the way, especially about the Place called Barathra. Demetrius losing from Gaza in the dead of Night, was for many Days together becalmed; so that the lighter Ships were fain to tow the Ships of Burden after them with Ropes. But after this, and as soon as the Seven Stars were set, a Northerly Wind arose, and fell upon them, with which many of the Ships with four Tire of Oars apiece were driven on shore near to the City Rhaphia, where was no commodious Landing for them: But of those which carried the Artillery, some of 
Tempest.  them were sunk, and the rest recovered Gaza again. Yet some of the best of them bore up, and came under the Promontory of Cassius: That Foreland is not far distant from the River Nile, but is no place fit for Shipping; especially if any Tempest be, there is no coming near it: Wherefore every Ship dropping two Anchors apiece, two Furlongs off from Land, were fain to ride it out in a huge Sea in the midst of a Thousand Dangers; for the Fury of the Waves was such, that the great Danger was, lest both Men and Ships should sink down together; and because there was no fit Landing place, and likewise for 
Ant. Ch. 304.  that the Shoar was guarded by the Enemy, the Vessels could neither make to Land, nor any swim out without extreme Hazard: But that which was most grievous, was, That they had spent all their fresh Water, and were Reduced to that extremity of Want, that had the Tempest lasted but one day longer, they must all necessarily have perished for very Thirst. But in this great Extremity of theirs, and when they expected nothing but Death, the Storm ceased; Antigonus with his Army coming to the place, there encamped, and the weather-beaten Men came ashore and refreshed themselves in the Camp, and waited for the Ships that were separated from them by the Storm. Nevertheless there were lost in this Tempest Three Ships of Five Tires of Oars apiece, out of which some Men escaped alive to Land. For hence Antigonus removed, and sat down with his Army Two Furlongs off from the River Nile. But Ptolemy having Manned all the Bank of the River with strong Garrisons, sent some in River-Boats, with Commands, that going as near the further Bank as safely they could, they should there proclaim, That if any of Antigonus his Army would come to him, he would give him, if a common Soldier 
* Two Pounds, i. e. 6l. 5s. of ours.  Two Minas, if a Captain a Talon. No sooner was this Proclamation made, but a Multitude of Antigonus his Men, which served him for Pay, grew very desirous to be gone; yea, and some of his Captains too, for that and some other Reasons, had a mind to go also. But when Antigonus perceived, that a multitude of his Men were flying away from him, he disposed Archers and Slingers, and other Engines of War upon the Shore, to keep them from flying over the Water in Boats; and some he lighted on that ran away, and 
Ant. Ch. 304.  those he put to horrible Torments, to deter others from the like.  
Antigonus gathering together his Ships that came in after the Tempest, though late to him, went to a Place called Pseudostomon, thinking there to have Landed some of his Men: But he found a strong Garrison, and was beaten off with Bows and Slings, and other Engines 
P. 772.  of War: The Night therefore drawing on, he went his way, giving Order to the Masters of every Ship, to follow the Admiral's Lantern, and to make to the Mouth of the River Nile, which is called Phagneticum: But the next Morning, finding that many of his Ships had lost their way, he was forced to come to Anchor there, and to send away the swiftest Ships he had to seek them out.  
The time thus spent and protracted, Ptolemy being advertised of the approach of the Enemy, came in speedily to the Relief of his Men, and ranged his Army all along the Shore. Whereupon, Demetrius finding no possibility of Landing here neither, and being informed that the Country adjoining was naturally fenced with Fens and Moorish Grounds, set sail and returned. But as he was going, the Wind struck up to the North, and with a mighty Tempest drove three of his Ships of Four Tyre of Oars, and some others of his Transport Ships upon the Shore, all which came into Ptolemy's hand; the rest with much ado recovered Antigonus his Camp. Now Ptolemy had placed strong Garrisons at every one of the Mouths of the River Nile, and had an infinite Number of River-Boats every 
Ant. Ch. 304.  where ready, stored with Darts and Slings, and Men which knew well how to use them, which greatly vexed and troubled Antigonus: For the Mouth of the River at Pelusium being strongly guarded by Ptolemy, he could make no use of his Ships at all; and for the Land Forces, they were not able to do any thing, because of the height of the River; and that which was worse, with his long Lying, both Food for Men, and Fodder for Cattle began to grow low. Wherefore Antigonus seeing his Army to hang the Head, 
Antigonus returns into Syria.  called them all together, and propounded it to the Captains, Whether of the two were best, to stay and Fight it out now, or to return into Syria for the present, and to return again better provided, and when the Waters should be lower? And when every Man's Voice was to be gone, he had his Soldiers truss up their Trinkets, and so with his Navy keeping still along the Shore by them, he returned into Syria.  
Ptolemy growing glad at heart that the Enemy was thus gone, offered Sacrifice to his Gods for this great Deliverance; and made withal a most magnificent Feast for his Nobles, and wrote away Letters to Seleucus, Lysimachus, and Cassander, of his prosperous Success, informing them likewise, how a Multitude of Antigonus his Men had fled over to him. 
This was 19 Years from the Death of Alexd.  And now having rescued as it were Egypt a second time, and gotten it by his Sword, judging therefore he might lawfully reckon it as his own, he returned to Alexandria.  
While these things thus passed in Egypt, 
* See Aelian. Var. Hister L 9 C. 13. the Fatness of this Man. Ant. Ch. 304.  Dionysius, the Tyrant of Heraclca in Pontus, died, having reigned Thirty two Years: And his Sons Zathras and Clearchus succeeding him reigned Seventeen years.  
In the mean time, Agathocles visited all the Cities in Sicily that were under his Command, filling them with Garrisons, and poling them for Money: For the Man was in a terrible Fright, lest when he should fall under a Cloud, they should recover their Liberty by Force of Arms.  
About that time, Pasiphilus, the General, hearing of the Death of Agathocles his Sons, 
Dinocrates prevails in Sicily.  and the rout of his Forces in Lybia, had the Tyrant in Contempt: And falling off to Dinocrates, joined in Confederacy with him; and being possessed of the Cities which were before committed to his Care and Trust, he enticed and drew off the Army (than under his Command) from the Tyrant, by fair Promises, and hopes of mighty things.  
Agathocles therefore being now every where disappointed and frustrated of his Hopes, was so far dejected, that he sent an Agent to Dinocrates, and offered to make Peace with 
P. 773.  him upon these Conditions, viz. That he would lay down his Sovereignty, and restore Syracuse to the Citizens; and that Dinocrates should be no longer in Exile, so that he would deliver up two Castles, Tharma and Cepaloedium, together with their adjoining Territories, to Agathocles. Here some may justly admire how it came to pass, that Agathocles, who was at all other times, and in all other things Resolute and Obstinate, and never in the least discouraged when his Condition was most Desperate, should be now so dastardly, as to be willing to give up all into the Enemy's hands, without striking a stroke for the obtaining and compassing of which he had fought so many and great Battles: And that which is 
Ant. Ch. 304.  the strangest of all, was, that he who was yet Lord of Syracuse, and of many other Cities, and had a considerable Navy at Sea, and an Army at Land, should become so Weak-headed, as not to remember any thing of that which happened to Dionysius; for when he was reduced to most miserable straits, and to that degree of fear of those Mischiefs that hung over his Head, as that he was altogether hopeless of retaining his Principality, and was upon the very Point of mounting his Horse, and ●lying away from Syracuse; Heloris, one of the ancientest of his Noblemen (to put a stop to his Career) said to him, The Sepulchre of a King is honourable. And the like to this is what his Father-in-Law, Megacles, said to him, that He who is deprived of a Kingdom, should part with it so, as if forced from between his very Thighs, and not as one making a voluntary Abdication. By which serious admonitions, Dionysius was so encouraged, that he went through all courageously, though they seemed never so terrible; and afterwards mightily enlarged his Dominion; and continued in this height of Prosperity till he was old, leaving the greatest Principality in Europe to his Children.  
But Agathocles not in the least encouraged by any of these Considerations, nor considering the vanity of Humane Confidence and Expectations by what he had learned by his own Experience, set to Sale so great a Principality for a trifle: But yet the Proposals took no effect; for though Agathocles would willingly have had them confirmed, yet the Ambition of Dinocrates rejected them; for he affected an absolute Monarchy, and therefore 
Ant. Changed 304. Dinocrates stands of from A 〈…〉 〈…〉nt with Agathocles.  hated the Syracusian Democracy, and was better pleased with the Command (as General of the Army) which he then enjoyed: For he had at that time under his Command above Twenty thousand Foot, and Three thousand Horse, and many of the largest and chiefest Cities; so, that though he was called only General of the Exiles, yet in truth he had the Majesty and Authority of a King; the chief and absolute Power of every thing being in his hands; for if he returned to Syracuse, he concluded he must of necessity be no more than a private Man, and be reputed but one of the many (for Liberty loves Equality) and subject to be undermined and degraded by the suffrage of every Demagogue in the public Assemblies; for the common People are ever Enemies to those that are rising Men, and speak their Minds most freely. And therefore a Man may justly say, that Agathocles voluntarily Lowered his Sails; and that Dinocrates was the only cause of what ever Good was done by this Prince at any time afterwards. For Agathecles often sent Agents to him to Solicit and Treat about the Conditions of Peace, still insisting upon having the Two Castles for his Subsistence, and he as often contrived some specious pretence or another, to dash and break all in pieces; sometimes requiring that he should departed wholly out of Sicily, and at others, that he should give up his Children as Hostages.  
Agathocles therefore smelling out his Design, sent Agents to the Exiles to accuse Dinocrates of the Project he was carrying on, to obstruct the Restitution of their ancient Liberties. 
Ant. Ch. 304.  He sent likewise an Ambassador to the Carthaginians, and made Peace with them upon the following Conditions, viz. That all the Cities the Carthaginians formerly enjoyed, should be forthwith surrendered to them: For which he received of the Carthaginians Three 
P. 774.  hundred Talents of Gold, according to the Account and Value of Silver: But as Timaeus says, a Hundred and Fifty Talents, and Two hundred Thousand 
* Every Medi 〈…〉 is 18 〈…〉 ns, and Eight Gallons make a Bushel; so that 200 Thousand Medimnas make 500 Thousand 〈◊〉 is.  Medimnas of Wheat. Thus stood the Affairs of Sicily at that time.  
In Italy the Samnites took Sora and Atia, (two Confederate Cities of the Romans) by Storm, and sold all the Captives for Slaves: Upon which, the Consuls broke in with mighty Forces into Japygia, and sat down before the City Sylvia, a Garrison of the Samnites, which the Romans took by Assault after a few days Siege, and carried away above Five thousand Prisoners, and abundance of rich Spoil and Booty. Then they harassed the Country of the Samnites, cutting down all the Trees, and making havoc and spoil wherever they came. For Rome having for many years been in contest with this Nation for the supreme Command, hoped at length, that the Enemy being stripped out of all they had all over the Country, would be forced to sloop to the Stronger; and to that end they continued Spoiling and Wasting the Country Five Months together, within which time they burned down to the Ground almost all the Towns, and rooted up every Plant and Tree, and whatever other thing that might yield any Fruit for Daily Food. After this the 
* Anagnite, or Anagnini in ●●aly, a City of the Hernicori.  Aeginetes proclaimed War for the Injuries done them, and took 
* Frutinum. Olymp. 118. 4. Ant. Ch. 303. Antigonus at War with Rhodes.  Fr 〈…〉 by Assault, and Sold the Territories belonging to it.  
After the End of this Year, Xenippus Governed at Athens, and Lucius Posthumius, and Tiberius Minucius, bore the Office of Consuls at Rome. About this time the Rhedians were at War with Antigonus upon the accounts following. The City of Rhodes was very strong in Shipping, and the best Governed of any City among the Greeks, and therefore all the Kings and Petty Princes strove which should gain the greatest Interest in the Citizens, every one endeavouring to have her for their Confederate. But foreseeing afar off, what would be most for her Advantage, she secretly made Peace with all, but would not meddle with any of the Wars wherein the Princes were engaged one against another; so that she was courted and richly presented by every one of them, and grew exceeding rich by the enjoyment of a long Peace. For she became so potent, that in the Pyrattick War. 
Ant. Ch. 303.  undertaken for the Common good of all Greece, she scoured the Seas and freed them from Pirates at her own charge.  
Alexander the most potent Prince of any that is recorded, honoured this City above all others; for there he laid up his last Will concerning the disposal of his whole Kingdom, and honouring her in other respects, advanced her to the state of a Royal City. The Rhodians thus in amity with all the Princes, kept themselves (with all the Art they could) from giving any just offence by outward appearance; though in their hearts they most favoured Ptolemy: for they were most enriched by the Merchants which traded thence into Egypt; and the whole City was maintained and supported by the Wealth of that Kingdom: which being understood by Antigonus, he did all he could to draw them off from siding with Ptolemy: And therefore at first when he was engaged in a War against Ptolemy for the Island of Cyprus, he sent Ambassadors thither to solicit them them to send Aid and shipping to Demetrius; which they denying, he commanded one his Admirals to sail away with his Fleet against them, and intercept and rifle all the Ships that made out of the Port at Rhodes for Egypt. But the Rhodians beating the Admiral, he charged them to be the Aggressors and beginners of an unjust War, and threatened to besiege their City with the strength of his whole Army: upon which the Rhodians decreed him great Honours; and sent Ambassadors to him to entreat him that he would not force them to engage in a War against Ptolemy, contrary to the League they had made with him: But the King hereat growing more enraged, sent Demetrius with the Army and all manner of Engines, for a Siege against them, who were thereupon so terrified with the mighty power of the King, that at first they signified to Demetrius by their Ambassadors that they would assist Antigonus against Ptolemy: But afterwards when he required a 
P. 775.  Hundred of the Nobility for Hostages, and that his Fleet might be admitted into the Harbour; they concluded that he designed to surprise the City, and therefore they prepared for War.  
Demetrius on the other hand Rendesvouzed all his Fleet in the Port at Elorymna, and put all in readiness for an Expedition to Rhodes. He had with him Two hundred Men of War of several dimensions; a Hundred and seventy Ships of burden, in which were carried about Forty thousand Soldiers, together with Horse and Auxiliaries from the Pirates, Besides there were on Board abundance of all sorts of Darts, Arrows, and other Engines, fit for the carrying on of an Assault. And along with all these there followed almost a Thousand Vessels, belonging to private Men, full of Wares and Merchandise. And whereas the Country of the Rhodians had been free from all devastations for many years together, a vast multitude of men that had enriched themselves by the losses of others in the War, flocked thither from all places. Demetrius therefore drawing up his Fleet in a line of Battle, as ready prepared for a Sea sight, commanded his Men of War 
Ant. Ch. 303.  (which carried Engines upon their Fore Castles to cast Darts and Arrows of three spans long) to sail before: and the Transport Ships and such as had Horses on board, they that rowed in lesser Vessels towed after them by Cable Ropes. In the Rear came the Pirate's Vessels, and a numerous Company (as is before said) of Merchant's Ships loaden with Corn and other Provisions; so that all the Sea between them and the Island and opposite shore seemed to be covered over with Ships, which struck a great Terror and Amazement into those that had the prospect from the City. For the Rhodian Soldiers who were placed upon the Walls there, waited for the Enemy's approach: the old Men and Women likewise had a prospect of them from the tops of their Houses; (for the City was in its situation like a Theatre) and all being amazed and terrified with the greatness of the Fleet, and glittering of the Arms, were in no small perplexity; for all they had in this World was now lying at stake.  
Demetrius now at last arrived at the Island, and Landed his Men, and then encamped 
Rhodes bes 〈…〉 by Demetrius.  near the City, but not within the Cast of a Dart: which done he forthwith sent out some of the Pirates, and others fit for the purpose to spoil and pillage all before them, both by Sea and Land. He cut down also all the Trees of the Country next adjoining, and razed the Towns; and with the Timber and materials from thence he fortified his Camp, drawing round it a triple Trench, and many great and strong Ramparts; so that by the misery and losses of the Enemy he effectually provided for his Army's security. Then by the labour of his whole Army and the Seamen that came along with him, in a few days he took in with a Rampart of Earth all that part of Ground lying between his Landing place and the City, and enlarged the Haven for the more commodious 
Ant. Ch. 300.  riding of his Ships.  
In the mean time the Rhodians sent Ambassadors to him, entreating him he would not do any thing that might be irreparable: But when they perceived he would not hearken to any Terms (laying aside all hopes of composing matters) they sent Messengers to Ptolemy Lysimachus, and Cassander praying their assistance, because that War was made upon them upon their account. Both Inhabitants (that were not Free of the City) and Foreigners (lately come in) were admitted to take up Arms, if they thought fit, for defence of the place; the rest of the Rabble than were useless they put forth out of the City, both to prevent scarcity of Provision, and lest any uneasy under the present Circumstances they were in, should betray the Town. Then taking an account of the number of them in Arms, they found there were of the Citizens Six thousand; of Inhabitants and strangers One thousand. They made likewise a Decree, that all Servants that had approved themselves honest and faithful in all hazards and dangers, 
P. 776.  should be bought off from their Masters and set free, and enrolled into the number of the Citizens: Then a Proclamation was made, that whosoever died in the War should be buried at the public charge, and that his Parents and Children should be maintained out of the City Treasury; that Portions should be given to the Daughters out of the public stock, and that the Sons when they were grown up should be crowned, and adorned in the Theatre at the time of the Festivals of Bacchus with all sorts of Arms and Armour. With these promises all were presently excited to stand to it to the last and 
Ant. Ch. 303.  endure the utmost extremity; and then they made it their business (as far as it was possible) to provide all other things that were necessary; for all being unanimous, the Rich brought in their Money, and the Smiths and other workmen earnestly set themselves to the making of Arms, and all were so intent upon their business, that every one strove to exceed each other. Some therefore employed themselves in making Engines, to cast Darts, and shoot stones, and others in making and preparing other things; same repaired the Walls where they were defective; and many loaded men with stones to carry to the Walls. They sent out likewise Three swift sailing Vessels against the Enemy, and the Merchants that brought them in Provision: These setting on them upon a sudden sunk many of the Merchant Ships, who were gone ashore to rob and spoil the Country, and burned no few that were driven up to land; and what they received for the Redemption of Captives they brought with them back into the City: For the Rhodians had agreed with Demetrius what the value of Redemption on both sides should be; that is, for every Freeman a Thousand Drachmas, and for every Servant and Bondman, Five hundred. Demetrius being furnished with plenty of all things necessary for the making of Engines, began to make two, called Testudo's; the one against the Engines 
Ant. Ch. 303.  that cast stones, and the other against those that shot Darts and Arrows; these they placed upon the Foredecks of two Transport Ships, which moved from place to place and were chained close together: He likewise made two Towers four stories high apiece, higher than those Turrets belonging to the Town in the Harbour; both which likewise were placed upon two Ships of equal height and joined one to another, that both might be equally ballast when they were forced forward. He built likewise a Rampart upon a Fore footed piece of Timber nailed together, to float upon the Water, in order to beat off the Enemy in any Attack they might make upon the Ships where the Engines were placed. At the same time while he was making these, he got together a Number of the strongest Water Boats and fenced them with Board's and Planks round; and made Loopholes in the sides (to shut at pleasure) and in these he placed Engines (to shoot Darts and Arrows of three spans long at a great distance) together with such Soldiers as knew very well how to make use of them, and with them some Cretian Archers. Coming up therefore with his Ships within the Cast of a Dart, he sorely galled the Townsmen with his Darts and Arrows, being the Engines in the Ships were higher, than the Walls next to the Harbour. The Rhodians on the other hand understanding that Demetrius made it his main business to gain the Port, were as earnest in providing all things necessary for its defence: To this end they mounted two Engines upon a Rampart, and put on Board Three others upon two Transport Ships, and lay with them at the mouth of the little Harbour; and in these they put great Numbers of Engines for the shooting of Stones, Darts and Arrows of all sizes, that by the help of these they might repulse the Enemy, if he either attempted to land Men, or make up with his Engines. Besides all this they 
Ant. Ch. 303.  had contrived convenient places and apartments in the Transport Ships which then lay in the Harbour, wherein to place their Engines and Darts as they had occasion. Both sides being now thus ready prepared, and Demetrius just upon the point of moving into the Harbours with his Machine's was prevented by a fierce and violent Storm that then arose. But being calm all the night afterwards, he Sails up secretly, and seizes upon the highest Rampart of the great Harbour, and forthwith draws a Mudwall about it, and fences it with stones and planks of Timber: Then he landed Four hundred of his Men, and placed them there with all sorts of Darts and Weapons; the Fort was * Five Plethras 
† Every Plethra a handred foot. P. 777.  distant from the Walls. As soon as it was light they came up with the Engines into the Port, with shouting and sound of Trumpet, then with their small shot which did execution at a great distance, they beat off those that were building the Wall in the Port, and with their battering Engines broke in pieces the Enemy's Machine's, and shaked the the Wall near the Rampart in one part, and battered it down in another. For it was but low and weak at that time; the Citizens stoutly defended themselves, and spent all that day in wounding and receiving wounds from their Enemies: but night drawing on, Demetrius towed his Ships Cables tied to smaller Vessels and got oft his Engines out of the reach of the Enemy's Artillery. But the Rhodians took fire along with them, and in Boats filled with combustible matter pursued their Enemies, and coming up with the Engines put 
Ant. Ch. 303.  fire to the matter in the Boats; but being presently beaten off by Darts and Arrows from the floating Rampart, they were forced to Tack about and so retire; but the Flame raged to that degree, that some few only having extinguished the fire returned in the Boats; and the greatest part of them having had their Vessels burnt down to the Water, by swimming only saved their lives.  
The next day Demetrius in the same manner made his Attack from the Sea, and ordered an Assault with shouting and sound of Trumpet should be made on every side from the Land, that he might strike the greater Terror into the Rhodians, while innumerable dangers, surrounded and distracted them on every hand; he continued thus assaulting the Town for the space of Eight days together, shooting from his Engines upon the Rampart, stones of the weight of a Talon, and battered down the middle walls between the Towers, together with the Towers themselves: the Soldiers likewise possessed themselves of part of the wall that faced the Harbours. Upon which the Rhodians all flocked to that place, and there they sharply fell to it, and engaged the Enemy; and overpowering them in number, with the slaughter of some of them, forced the rest to draw off. The uneasy rough and uneven passage to the place (by reason of many heaps of great and massy stones which were laid before the walls on the outside) was of great advantage to the besieged: many of the Enemy's Vessels (in the midst of this hurly burly) manned with Soldiers coming up, the Rhodians presently tore off the Beaks of the Ships, and by combustible matter and Firebrands thrown in among them, burned the Ships themselves. While the besieged were thus hurried and distracted in defending 
Ant. Ch. 303  themselves; the Demetrians coming in with their Vessels on every side, set Scaling Ladders to the Walls, and pressed on with the greater resolution, being assisted in all parts by the Soldiers at Land; who together with them in the Ships mutually repeated their shouts and acclamations. And now many boldly and resolutely in contempt of danger pressed forward, and in great Bodies mounted the Walls; upon which followed a sharp Engagement, the assailant's forcing on with great resolution from without, and the besieged with as much courage flocking together to defend themselves within. At length the Rhodians after a brave Resistance beat off the Assailants, killing some, and taking others Prisoners that were wounded, amongst whom were some of the chiefest Commanders. The Besiegers being thus baffled, Demetrius draws off his Engines into his own Port, and then sets upon repairing both them and his Ships.  
In the mean time the Rhodians bury their dead, and dedicated to their Gods their Enemy's Arms and the Beaks of their Ships, and repaired those parts of their walls, as were beaten down by the Engines.  
Demetrius however, after seven days time spent in refitting his battering Engines, and repairing his Shipping, having now all things in readiness, enters the Harbour again. For he made it his main business to be absolute Lord of this, and to intercept all Provision that might be brought in to the relief of the City; when he came within the cast of a Dart, he threw Firebrands (of which he had a great number) into the Rhodians Ships which lay scattered here and there, and shook and battered the Walls with his Engines, and wounded and galled with his Darts and Arrows whoever appeared in view. The Assault thus continuing to the great terror and amazement of the Inhabitants, the Rhodian Pilots (in great fear and concern for the Shipping) extinguished the Firebrands; and the Magistrates of the City (whom they call Prytanes) seeing that the Port was now even upon the point of being taken, earnestly entreated all the Citizens, both high and low without distinction, resolutely to put to their helping hands for the common preservation and security of the whole City. Whereupon, many readily came in, and manned three of their strongest Vessels with the best of their Men, giving them Orders to do the utmost they could with the Beaks of their Ships to sink the Enemy's Vessels that carried their Engines: Those thus sent out (though they were plied with showers of Darts and Arrows) yet by the violence of their Charge broke in pieces the 
* The st 〈…〉ing Rampart.  Rampart that was fenced with 〈◊〉, and so shattered their Ships with one stroke after another, that they filled them with Water, and dismounted two of their Engines; Whereupon the Demetrians towing back the Third with Cables, the Rhodians encouraged by their Success, pressed on still with more Boldness than Prudence; and therefore being pierced and shattered by 
Ant. Ch. 303.  the Beaks of many great Ships that surrounded them, Execestus the Admiral, and the Captain of the Galleys, and some others (being ill wounded) were taken prisoners; the rest by 〈…〉ing got to their own Men; only one Ship was taken by the Demetrians, and the rest escaped the danger. After this conflict, Demetrius made another Engine, which was thrice as big as the former, both in height and breadth. And now being just upon 〈…〉ing into Port, arose a violent South Wind, which burst out of a Cloud on the sudden, and sun● the Ships which were advancing, and overturned the Engine. Upon which, the R 〈…〉 taking the advantage of the present opportunity, at the very nick of time fling op●n their Gates, and made a Sally upon them that entered the Port: upon which there was a sharp Dispute for a long time together, and being that Demetrians could not come up to the assistance of his Men, by reason of the Storm, the Rhodians still fell upon 'em with fresh Parties one after another, so that the Demetrians, to the number of Four hundred, were forced to throw down their Arms and submit. After this Victory gained by the Rhodians, there arrived to their aid and assistance a Hundred and fifty G 〈…〉, and Five hundred Men sent by Ptolemy, amongst whom were some Rhodians that were Soldiers under the King's Pay. And thus stood matters in the Siege at Rhodes at that time.  
In S 〈…〉 〈◊〉 not being able to compose Matters with Dinocrates and the Exiles, marched one with what Forces he had against them, looking upon it absolutely necessary 
Ant. Ch. 303  to hazard his Person, and resolutely to fight it out, and gain all or lose all: He had not with him above Five thousand Foot and Eight hundred Horse.  
Dinocrates' with the Exiles seeing the Enemy to come boldly on, went out with as much earnestness and resolution to fight them, for that he was far superior to the Agathocleans 
Agathocles routs Dinocrates.  in number; being above Five and twenty thousand Foot, and Three thousand Horse. Both Armies fate down one against another at a place called Gorgius: At length they drew up in Battalia, and fell to it; and the Fight was very sharp for a while, by reason of the heat and resolution of both parties: But after a little time some deserted Dinocrates (to the number of Two thousand,) and went over to the Tyrant, which was the ruin of the Exiles. For the Agathocleans were thereupon much more encouraged and heartened; but those with Dinocrates were as much amazed and dejected, and thinking there were many more went off than did, they all took to their heels. Agathocles pursued them a little way, but then called off his Men from the Slaughter; and sent to the broken Troops proposals, that all differences being at length laid aside, every one should have free liberty to return into their own Country: For they found by experience, that they were never able to overcome him by force of Arms, being even now routed when they 
P. 779.  had an Army far Superior to his in number: The Horse indeed all escaped to the Castle of Ambicas; and some of the Foot the Night following got away: The greatest part 
Ant. Ch. 303.  possessed themselves of a Hill, but despairing to prevail by force of Arms, (and desirous to return to their Kindred, Friends, Estates and Country,) made Peace with Agathocles. Having therefore plighted his Faith to them, and thereupon all of them being come down from the Hill (which was a natural Fortification) he first disarmed them, then hemmed them in with his Forces, and put them every Man to the Sword, to the number of Seven thousand (as Timaeus says,) but as others have writ, Four thousand. For this Tyrant never in the least valued either his Word or Oath, and increased his Power not so much by the greatness of his Forces, as by the weakness of his Subjects, fearing more his Confederates than his Enemies. Having thus cut off his Enemy's Army, he received the rest of the Exiles into his Protection, and receiving Dinocrates into Grace 
Dinocrates' in favour with Agathocles.  and Favour, made him General of part of the Army, and entrusted him ever after in his most weighty Affairs. At which every Man may justly wonder, that he who was so jealous and suspicious of every one, as that he would never confide in any, should to the last maintain a firm friendship only with Dinocrates, who having thus betrayed his Confederates, seized upon Pasiphilus at Gela, and there murdered him, and delivered up all the Castles and Cities to Agathocles, bringing all his Enemies under his Feet in Two years' 
Ant. Ch. 303  time.  
In Italy the Romans subdued the Palinians, and took their Country from 'em, and some 
Italy.  that were Students at Rome they made free of the City. Afterwards the Consuls marched out against the Samnites, who had wasted and harassed Phaleria, and in a Battle routed them; wherein they took Twenty Standards, and Two thousand Prisoners: And after they had taken the City Bola by Assault, presently appears Caius Gellius General of the Samnites with Six thousand Men; upon which there was then another sharp engagement, in which Gellius himself was taken, and many of the other Samnites slain and taken prisoners. The Consuls being thus successful, recovered Sora Harpina and Serenia, Cities of their Allies, which had been before taken from them.   

CHAP, V.  
The Siege of Rhodes continued: The Acts of the Sea Captains of the Rhodians. Peace made with the Rhodians. The Acts of Agathocles in the Lipari Islands. The Acts of Demetrius in Greece. The War between the Tarentines and Lucanians. The Acts of Cleonymus the Spartan. Cassander sends to Antigonus to make Peace, who refuses. Lysimachus joins with Cassander, and so does Ptolemy and Seleucus against Antigonus: He marches against Lysimachus. Demetrius' further Acts in Greece. The Armies of Cassander and Demetrius. Demetrius leaves Greece and goes with his Army to his Father in Asia, after Peace made with Cassander. The misfortunes of Pleistarchus at Sea. Ptolemy besieges Sidon, but returns to Egypt upon a false Report. Seleucus marches from Babylon with a great Army.  
AFter the former Year had run its course, Pherecles was made chief Governor of 
Olymp. 119. 1. Ant. Ch. 3●●.  Athens, and Publius Sempronius and Publius Sulpicius were invested with the Consular Dignity at Rome: At the same time was solemnised the Hundred and nineteenth Olympiad, in which Andromenes the Corinthian bore away the Prize. About this time Demetrius, who lay still before Rhodes, seeing things did not succeed as to his attempts made at 
S 〈…〉 of Rhodes. The City taken.  Sea, resolved to Assault the City by Land. To that end he made preparation of Plenty of all sort of Timber, and framed the Engine called Helepolis, far bigger than any of the former. It's Basis was four square; every side was almost in length Fifty Cubits, made up of four square pieces of Timber, bound together by Plates of Iron. In the middle part he placed strong Planks of Timber a Cubit distance one from another, for those that forced the Engine forward, to stand upon. The whole was moved upon Eight strong and large Wheels; whose Felloes were Two Cubit thick, covered with strong Iron Plates: Thwart over the Spokes were contrived 
* Instruments to turn the Engine. P. 780.  Antist●●pta's to turn about the Engine in a trice when ever they pleased. At every corner of the Machine were Pillars raised, little less than a hundred Cubits high, every one of an equal length, so compacted together, as that the whole Machine was Nine Stories high. In the first were Three and forty Beds, and in the highest Nine: The three sides of the Engine were lined on the outside with Iron Plates fastened with Nails, to prevent all damage from Fire that might be shot or cast from the City. In every Story at the Front were made Loopholes, proportionable, and in shape, to the nature of the Artillery that was thence to be discharged. To these were Shutters (fastened to the Engine) to draw up, for the better defence of them within that threw the Darts; for they were lined with Skins stuffed with Wool to deaden the force of the Stone-shot. Every Story was furnished with two 
Ant. Ch. 30●.  large Ladders, that whatever was necessary might be brought in to them, at one and the same time by one, while others were going down upon other occasions by the other, that so every thing might be dispatched without tumult and confusion. There were chosen out of the whole Army the strongest Men (to the number of Three thousand and four hundred) to move the Engine forward; of whom some from within, and others placed behind, so forced it forward, that Art and Strength together much facilitated the motion. He mad also 
* Artificial Covers over men's Heads, made of strong Timber covered over with raw S 〈…〉.  Testudo's, by some to fill up Trenches and Ditches, and with others to bring up Battering Rams: He made likewise Galleries, through which they that were employed might pass and repass with safety at their pleasure. By the help and assistance likewise of the Seamen, he plained and laid even all the way along which the Engines were to be brought up, to the space of Four Furlongs, so that the breadth of the Work faced as much of the City-Wall as consisted of Six Divisions between the Turrets, and of Seven of the Turrets themselves The multitude of Artificers and Workmen that were got together, were no less than Thirty thousand Men. Every thing therefore (through multitude of hands) being perfected and completed sooner than could be imagined, Demetrius became a Terror to the Rhodians; for not only the greatness of the Engines, and the multitude of Men, but the Valour and Diligence of the King in carrying on of Sieges amazed them: 
Ant. Ch. 302.  for he was extraordinary ingenious in invention, and contrived many things beyond all the Art and Industry of the Artificers; whence he got the Name of 
* Poliorches' 〈◊〉.  Poliorches: for he was so fierce and violent in his Assaults, that no Wall seemed to be so strong as to be a sufficient Defence to the Besieged against him. And besides, he was so Tall and Beautiful, that he looked like a Demy God; insomuch as those who came to him but as Guests and Strangers, and saw his Gracely Mien clothed with Royal Majesty, they were struck with Admiration, and would often attend upon him in his Expeditions, merely to have the satisfaction in looking at him. Moreover, he was of an high and noble Spirit, that scorned not only to stoop to the common sort, but even to Princes themselves. And that which was most strange and peculiar only to himself was, in times of Peace he was given to Drukenness and Banqueting, to Dancing and Rioting; and would imitate even the Manners of Bacchus himself, such (as is fabulously reported) he used to practise when he was upon Earth: But in times of War he was very active and serious, insomuch as he went beyond all the rest, both as to his Head and Hand, when any thing was to be done. For in his time, and by his contrivance, were made the greatest Darts, and such sort of Engines as far exceeded all other Nations in the World: And after this Siege and his Father's Death, he launched forth the greatest Ships that ever were before seen. In the mean time the Rhodians perceiving how the Enemy's Works went on, built another Wall within, answerable to that which was now presently to be Assaulted; and to this purpose they used the Stones that Walled in the Theatre, and pulled down some neighbouring Houses, and some Temples for the same purpose, vowing to the Gods to build larger and fairer, 
Ant. Ch. 302. P. 781. The Acts of the Rhodian Sea-Captains.  if the City were preserved. They sent out likewise Nine Ships, and commanded the Captains that infesting every part, and surprising what Ships they could, they should sink some of those they took, and bring in others into the City Harbour. These Captains divided their Squadron into three parts; Damophilus with the Ships which the Rhodians called 
* Guard Ships  Phalacidae sailed to 
* Carpathus, an Island between Rhodes and Crete now Scarpanto.  Carpathus, were surprising many of Demetrius' Fleet, he sunk some, and burned others that were drawn up upon the Shoar, making choice of such Prisoners as might be most useful and serviceable; and many Ships that were carrying Corn and other Fruits out of the Island, he brought away with him into his own Country.  
Menedemus who commanded three small 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Galleys betwixt two and three Tyre of Oars, made for Patara and Lycia, and there found a Ship at Anchor, and burned her; all her Men being before gone off to Land: He took likewise many of the Enemies Transport Ships which carried Provisions to their Camp, and sent them to Rhodes: He took also a Ship of Four Tyre of Oars coming out of Cilicia, which carried a Royal Robe, and other rich Furniture which Phila Demetrius his Wife had curiously wrought, and had sent as a Present to her Husband. He ordered the Garments to be conveyed into Egypt, for they were Purple Robes fit for none to wear but Kings; but the Ship he took away with him, and sold all the Seamen he had taken both out of the Galley of four Tyre of Oars, and other Vessels. Amyntas who commanded the other Ships sailed to the Islands, and 
Ant. Ch. 302.  falling in with some of the Enemy, that were conveying away something of use for the Engines, he sunk some of the Ships, and brought in others to the City; in which were taken Eleven famous Artificers, most expert Artists in making of Darts and Engines.  
After this was called a General Assembly, wherein it was proposed that the Statues of Antigonus and Demetrius should be pulled down; affirming, that it was a thing intolerable that Enemies and Besiegers of the City should have the same Honours as those that were Friends and Benefactors: But the People were much incensed at this motion, and and checked them that proposed it as those that did ill: and would not suffer any thing in diminution to the Honour of Antigonus, thereby, wisely consulting both their own Reputation and Advantage: For this greatness of Mind, and soundness of Judgement in a Democratical Government redounded amongst all to the praise of the Besieged, and softened and melted the Spirits of the Besiegers: For they that had set at liberty the Greek Cities, who had testified nothing of their good Will towards them as their Benefactors, now seemed to go about to enslave that City, who had given a clear and evident Demonstration of the firmness and constancy of their Gratitude. This Resolution likewise might reasonably be concluded to be of singular Advantage to them in the worst of Fortune; for if the City were taken, the remembrance of their Kindness might plead and prevail for their Pardon: It's clear therefore that the Rhodians manifested singular Prudence in the Management of this Affair.  
Demetrius had even now undermined the City, when a Deserter very opportunely came in and informed the City, that the Miners were approached almost within the Walls: 
Ant. Ch. 302.  Upon which, the Rhodians drew a deep Trench all along the Wall that was now ready to be tumbled down, and forthwith fell to Countermining; and at length met the Enemy under Ground, and so prevented the Mine from proceeding any further: And while both Parties guarded the Mines, some of Demetrius his Soldiers with Money bribed Athenagoras, the Captain of the Guard for the Rhodians: He was a Milesian, sent thither by Ptolemy, and Captain of the Mercenaries, who having promised to betray the City, appointed a Day on which Demetrius should send some one of the chiefest of his Commanders, 
P. 782.  who should enter in the Night through the Mines into the City, and find out a Place fit and convenient to receive the Soldiers. Athenagoras having now raised up the Hopes and Expectations of the Demetrians, discovers the whole Intrigue to the Senate. The King, according to the Compact, sends one of his Noblemen, Alexander a Macedonian: But the Rhodians seized him as soon as he peeped up out of the Mine; but crowned Athenagoras with a Crown of Gold, and for a Reward, gave him Five Talents of Silver; and then made it their Business to engage the rest of the Mercenaties and Strangers to be faithful to the People all the ways they could. However,  
Demetrius having now finished all his Engines, and plained and laid even every place under the Walls, brought up his 
* The great Engine.  Helepolis in the middle, and so ordered his Testudoes for filling up of Trenches and Ditches, (which were Eight in Number,) that he placed Four on each side of the Helepolis. To each of these was adjoined a Gallery, that they who went in and out might execute what was commanded without any Danger. He had likewise two other Testudoes that bore Battering Rams, far larger than the rest; for both of them were a Hundred and twenty Cubits long, strongly armed with Iron, and their 
Ant. Ch. 30●  
* The Ram's Heads.  Heads resembled the Beak of a Ship, and were easily moved forward by the help of Wheels; but to do effectual Execution, they were forced on by a Thousand Men at least.  
Being ready to bring up his Engines to the Walls, he filled every Story in the Helepolis with as many Engines for shooting of Stones, Arrows, and Darts, as each would hold. Then he sent his Sea-Forces to the Haven and the Places adjoining, and ordered his Land-Army to the rest of the Wall where any approach could possibly be made. At length, at one Signal and Word of Command all set up a shout together, and with great Violence stormed the City on every side: And at the very time that the Walls were shaking and trembling with the Strokes of the Battering Rams, and Stones shot from the Engines, in came Ambassadors from Cnidus, and entreated him to forbear all further Proceed by force of Arms, and promised, that they would persuade the Rhodians to submit (as far as it was possible) to his Commands. The King hereupon remitted his Heat, and Ambassadors were sent from both sides, who banded Matters to and fro, but could not come to any Agreement. Whereupon he resolutely renewed the Assault, and battered down one of the strongest Towers built of Foursquare Stone, and so shook the whole space between 
Antony's Ch. 302.  the Towers, that the Besieged could not pass that way to the Bulwarks.  
But at this time, King Ptolemy sent a great Fleet with Provision to the Rhodians; in which were Three hundred thousand 
* A Persian Measure, something larger than a Medimna, which is 18 Gallons  Artabans of Corn, Beans, and Pease: These making a strait course for Rhodes, Demetrius sent Shipping after them, in order to seize the Provision for the use of his own Camp: But the Ptolemeans, (hoising up all their Sails,) by the favour of a fair Gale of Wind arrived safe at their Port, and so those that were sent after them by Demetrius, returned as they went. Cassander likewise sent Ten thousand Medimnas of Barley to the Rhodians, and Lysimachus Forty thousand of Wheat, and as much of Barley.  
The Town thus supplied with Plenty of Provision, their languishing Spirits now revived; and thereupon judging it much to their Advantage if they could ruin the Enemy's Engines, they got together abundance of Fire-balls, and other Engines for shooting of Fire, and placed them and all their other Artillery upon the Walls; and the next Night, about the second Watch, on a sudden they played continually upon the Enemy's Guard with their Shot of Arrows, Darts, Stones, and other Weapons; and making use also of all sorts of Fire-Engines, they grievously wounded and galled all that came flocking into that Part: Hereupon the Demetrians (who were altogether surprised by so sudden and unexpected an Attack) being mightily concerned for their Engines and their other Works, ran all in a Body together to defend them. The Night being very dark, no Moon appearing, 
P. 783.  Firebrands flying about with great violence, gave Light to the Night; and Darts and Stones from the 
* Engines to shoot Darts and Arrows.  Catapults and 
† Engines to shoot great Stones. Ant. Ch. 302.  Ballistas' (not discerned when they were shot) wounded and galled many of the Combatants, who could not see how to avoid them. And now at this very time some of the Iron Plates fell off from the great Engine, and the Firebrands had the good Fortune to fall upon that part that was bare: Upon which Demetrius was in a great Fright lest the Engine should be totally consumed as the Fire increased; and therefore endeavoured to prevent it with all the speed possible, and to quench the raging Flame by the Water before prepared, and ready in the Apartments of the Engine for such Accidents. At length he called together by sound of Trumpet those that were to move the Engines, and by their Help, brought them off out of the reach of the Darts. When it was day, he ordered the Boys and Pages in the Army to gather all the Darts and Arrows shot by the Rhodians; because he had a desire by numbering of these, to make a Conjecture how the Citizens were furnished and provided. These Boys performing what they were commanded, there were in number of Firebrands and other Vehicles for Fire of several sizes, above Eight Hundred, of Darts no fewer than Fifteen hundred This vast number of Darts, Arrows, Firebrands, and Balls, shot in in so little a portion of the Night, caused him to admire the Store and Provision of the City in their Ammunition; and likewise their great Charge and Expense in providing them. Then he set about repairing of his Engines, burying the Dead, and curing those that were Wounded: During which time, the Citizens (having a Respite from the Assaults and Batteries of the Engines) built a third Wall in the shape of an Half-Moon, which compassed in all that part of the Wall that lay most open and obnoxious to the Enemy's Batteries: And besides this, they drew a deep Trench round that part of the Wall which 
Ant. Ch. 302.  was ready to fall, that the King might not enter on a sudden at the first Push. They sent out likewise some Ships (that were swift Sailors) under the Command of Amyntas; who made over to the Continent in Asia, and there set upon some Privateers that were Commission'd by Demetrius: They had three open Vessels, and were reputed the stoutest Men the King had in his Fleet. After a short Fight, the Rhodians took both the Ships and Men together, among whom were Timocles, the chief of the Pirates: They fell likewise upon some Merchant Ships, and took some light Vessels loaden with Corn, and with these and the Pirates open Vessels they secretly passed by the Enemy, and got into Rhodes.  
Demetrius having repaired his Machine's, brings them up again to the Walls, and with showers of Darts and Arrows forced the Besieged off from the Bulwarks, and battering the Place adjoining with his Rams, beat down two Spaces between the Towers. In the heat of this Action the Besieged with all their Might defended the middle Tower, and were continually pressed upon with strong Parties of fresh Men one after another, so that Aminias their chief Commander (courageously behaving himself) was there slain, with many other of the common Soldiers.  
While these Things were doing, King Ptolemy sent to the Rhodians as much Corn and other Provision as he had done before; and Fifteen Hundred Soldiers besides, under the Command of Antigonus a Macedonian. About the same time there came to Demetrius above Fifty Ambassadors from Athens, and other Cities of Greece, all soliciting the King to compose Matters, and strike up a Peace with the Rhodians: Whereupon there was a 
Ant. Ch. 302.  Cessation of Arms, and many Harangues were now made to the People, and then again to Demetrius, but they could not agree upon any Terms; and therefore the Ambassadors went away without effecting any thing.  
Demetrius afterwards was contriving to make an Attack upon the City in the Night, at that part of the Wall that was fallen down; to this end he picked out the best of his Soldiers, 
P. 784.  and some others fit for the Purpose, in all to the number of Fifteen Hundred, whom he commanded to approach the Walls secretly about the second Watch. He himself stood ready with the rest of the Army, and gave Orders to the Officers of every Regiment, upon a Signal given to set up a Shout, and forthwith to make an Assault upon the City both by Sea and Land; who all executed his Commands accordingly; and presently one Party made to the Ruins, and killing the Watch at the Trench, broke into the City, and possessed themselves of all the Places round the Theatre. The Rhodians seeing all the City in an Uproar upon the knowledge of what had happened, commanded them that guarded the Port and the Walls, every one to keep their several Posts, and endeavour to beat off the Enemy that attempted to enter. They in the Town with the stoutest of the Citizens, and those Soldiers then lately come from Alexandria, set upon 
Ant. Ch. 302.  them that were broke in within the Walls: But as soon as it was Day, Demetrius lifted up the 
* Standard.  Signal, at which both they that had made an Attack upon the Port, and those round the Walls, set up a Shout all together, to encourage their Men that had entered, and were about the Theatre. The poor Women and Children throughout the whole City were in terrible Frights and Lamentations, as if the Town had been then certainly taken by Storm.  
However, a sharp Encounter there was between them that had entered within the Walls and the Rhodians; and though many fell on both sides, yet neither of them at first gave the least Ground: But after a while, when many more of the Rhodians came flocking in, resolved to endure the greatest Extremity, as now to fight for their Country, and for all that was dear to them in the World, the King's Party were overborne; and Alcimus and Mantias, the Commanders of the Party, (after many Wounds received,) were there slain; most of the rest were either killed upon the Spot, or taken Prisoners; but some few made their escape, and got to the King. Many likewise of the Rhodians were slain at the same time, amongst whom was Damotetis, 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Pre 〈…〉 or Chief Magistrate.  Precedent of the Council, a Man most Renowned for his Valour. Demetrius (although he judged, that Fortune had, as it were, wrung the City out of his Hands, yet) prepared for another Assault; But his Father writing to him to make Peace with the Rhodians upon such Terms and Conditions as he could get, he watched for the most convenient opportunity, which might afford him a 
Ant. Ch. 302.  colourable Pretence for an Agreement and Composure of Matters between them. Ptolemy likewise, though he had before writ to the Rhodians to acquaint them that he intended to send them a great quantity of Corn, and Three thousand Men, yet afterwards advising them to Treat and Agree with Antigonus upon any reasonable Conditions, they all inclined to Peace. At the same time likewise the Aetolian Commonwealth sent Ambassadors to Negociate a Pacification. The Rhodians therefore at length struck up a Peace with 
Peace made with the Rhodians.  Demetrius upon the Conditions following; viz. That the City should Govern according to their own Laws, and should be without a Garrison: That they should Enjoy their own Estates and Revenues: That they should join with Antigonus in his Wars against all Persons, except Ptolemy: And that they should deliver a Hundred Citizens for Hostages, such as Demetrius should make Choice of, except such as were Magistrates. And thus the Rhodians (after a whole Year's Siege) put an end to the War, honouring those with just Rewards, who had approved themselves honest and faithful to their Country; and such Slaves as had behaved themselves stoutly and valiantly, they set free, and enroled them as Members of the City: They set up likewise the Statues of the Kings, Ptolemy, Cassander, and Lysimachus, and of some others inferior to them, yet who had contributed much to the Preservation of the Place. But that they might express their Gratitude 
Ant. Ch. 302.  and Thankfulness to Ptolemy above all the rest, they sent some of their Priests to consult the Oracles of Ammon, whether they should worship Ptolemy as a God, or no: And being answered, That they should; they consecrated to him a Foursquare Grove in their 
P. 785.  City; building on every side thereof a Gallery of a Furlong in length, and called it Ptolemeum, or Ptolemy's Gallery. They repaired also the Theatre, and the Parts of the Walls that were thrown down, and made them, and all the other Places that had been ruined, far more Beautiful and Glorious than they were before.  
Demetrius having ratified the Peace with the Rhodians, (according to his Father's Commands,) loosed from thence with his whole Army, and passing by the Islands, he arrived at Aulis in Boeotia, minding with all speed to set the Grecians at Liberty; for Cassander and Polysperchon grown bold through the absence of the Enemy, had not long before wasted and harassed many Parts of Greece. And first of all he freed the City of the Calcideans from a Garrison of the Boeotians, and forced the Boeotians (out of fear of him) to fall off from their League with Cassander. Afterwards confederating with the Aetolians, he prepared to make War upon Polysperchon and Cassander.  
During these Transactions, Eumelus, the King of Bospherus Cimmerius, having now reigned 
Vid. antea Olymp. 17. 3. how he died. Ant. Ch. 302.  Six Years, ended his Days; after whom succeeded Sparticus his Son, who reigned Twenty Years.  
Having now given an Account of the Affairs of Greece and Asia, we shall pass over to other Parts of the World.  
In Sicily, Agathocles on a sudden, and without any Provocation, invaded the Inhabitants 
Agathocles robs the Liparians.  of the Lipari Islands, being then in full and perfect Peace and Security, and exacted from them Fifty Talents of Silver. At which time, many thought that 'twas then spoken from a Divine Spirit, when 'twas said, That God would remarkably pursue him for his Wickedness: The Liparians than desired him, that he would give some time to make up the Money that was short, declaring that to that time they never made use of the Dedicated Treasure: But Agathocles forced him to give him the Money that was in the 
* In the Prytaneum.  Sacred Treasury. Upon some of which was stamped the Image of Aeolus, and upon others Vulcan; and when he had got it, he set sail and away he went: But there arose a Storm that broke in pieces Eleven of the Ships that carried the Money: Which gave occasion to many to conclude, that Aeolus (who is said to have Command of the Winds in those Parts) executed Vengeance upon him at his first setting forth. And that Vulcan at his latter end punished the Tyrant in his own Country, according to the just Desert of his Wickedness, burning him alive with hot Coals: For it was one and the same Justice and Divine Will that forbore and passed over those that saved and preserved their Parents at the Foot of Mount Aetna; and that exerted his Power in punishing those that had impiously profaned the Deity. But what is now said concerning the Return and Misfortunes of Agathocles, shall be further 
Ant. Ch. 302.  confirmed when we come to the Time proper for that Relation; but now we must apply ourselves to what was done in those Parts of Italy that lay bordering one upon another.  
The Romans and Samnites, after a War of Two and twenty Years and Six months' continuance, by their mutual Ambassadors at length made Peace one with another. But Sempronius, one of the Consuls, broke into the Country of the Aequi, and took Forty Towns in Forty Days time at the most; and bringing the whole Country into absolute Subjection to the Roman Yoke, returned home, and most worthily and gloriously triumphed. But the Romans enter into a League with the Marsi, Peligni, and Marrycini.  
When the former Year was ended, Leostratus was chosen Chief Magistrate of Athens for this succeeding, and Servius Cornelius and Lucius Genucius were created consuls at Rome. 
Olymp. 119. 2. Ant. Ch. 301.  In the time of whose Governments, Demetrius resolved to make War upon Cassander, and to restore Liberty to the Grecians; and above all other Concerns, to put the Affairs of 
Demetrius' 〈◊〉 the Cities in Greece at Liberty.  Greece into a good and happy Condition; because he hoped by the Liberty granted, thereby both to advance his own Reputation, as also to break those Captains of Cassander's as were joined with Prepalaus, and that by falling upon Cassander, he should gain the Sovereign Power to himself. The City of Sicyon was then held by a Garrison of Ptolemy the King, of which, Philip, a brave and gallant Man, was Governor; upon this Place Demetrius 
P. 786.  made a sudden Attack in the Night, and broke in within the Walls; whereupon the Garrison Soldiers presently hurried into the Castle. Demetrius being now possessed of the Town, posted himself between the Houses and the Citadel; and being just upon the point of bringing up his Engines, they within were so terrified, that they surrendered upon Terms, and then sailed away into Egypt. Afterwards having prevailed with the Sicyons to remove and settle themselves within the Castle, he laid that part of the City that adjoined to the Haven even to the Ground, which was a Place before every way strongly fortified: Then joining with the Inhabitants, and helping them to build 
* In the Citadel.  Houses, and restoring them to their former Liberty, he was honoured by these he had thus obliged as a Demi-God; for they called the City Demetriades, and appointed Sacrifices, Festivals and Sports, with other Honours, to be Yearly celebrated and offered in Memory of him as the Builder of their City. But Time and Turns of Fortune put an end to these Solemnities.  
The Sicyons therefore being fixed in a far better Place than they were before, have continued there from that very time to this day: For the Site of the Citadel is large and Plain, compassed in on every side with inaccessible Rocks, so as no Engine can possibly approach or come near it: It's furnished likewise with plenty of Water, by which the Inhabitants greatly enrich their Gardens and Orchards: And therefore all approved the Wisdom and ingenious Contrivance of the King, that had provided for them every 
Ant. Ch. 301.  thing conducing to their Pleasure in time of Peace, and to their Protection and Security in time of War. Having settled all Things at Sicyon, he marched thence with his whole Army to Corinth, which Prepalaus, Cassander's General, then held with a strong Garrison; where being presently let in by the Citizens in the Night, (through a little Sally-Port.) he gained the City, together with the Havens-The Soldiers in Garrison hereupon fled, some of them into the 
* Palace.  Sisyphium, (as it's called,) others into the Citadel: Whereupon the Engines being brought up to the Fortifications, after much much Toil and Labour he took Sisyphium by Storm: The Besieged had (before he entered) all fled to them that were in the Citadel; but he so terrified them also, that he forced them to surrender; for this King in Assaults was not to be resisted; and in inventing of Engines for the assaulting of Places, was extraordinary Ingenious.  
And now altho' he restored the Corinthians to their Liberty, yet he put a Garrison into the 
* Acro Corintho.  Citadel; because the Citizens desired to continue under the 
† Antigonus his Protection, who had assumed the Title of King, as is said before. Ant. Ch. 301.  King's Protection, until he had subdued Cassander: And so Prepelaus having thus poorly lost Corinth, went to Cassander.  
Then Demetrius marched into Achaia, and took Buta by Assault; and within a few days after, he had Scyrus delivered up to him, and expelled the Garrison thence: Moving forward, he freed all the rest of the Cities of Achaia. Then encamping at Aegeum, he lay with his Army round the Walls; and upon a Parley with Strombichus the Governor, demanded the Surrender of the Town: But he not only refused, but railed against Demetrius from the Walls, and gave him base Language; whereupon the King brought up the Engines, battered down the Wall, and took the City by Storm; and there crucified Strombicus (who was placed there as Governor by Polysperchon) and about Fourscore more that were his inveterate Enemies) before the Walls of the Town. And from among the Prisoners he picked out 2000 Mercenaries, and intermixed them amongst his own Regiments.  
After the taking of this City, they who held the neighbouring Forts and Castles, thought it to no purpose to oppose the King; and therefore all surrendered their Garrisons. And all the Governors of Cities (seeing that Cassander and Polysperchon sent them no Assistance, and that Demetrius with a potent Army, and with Engines (the greatest that 
P. 787.  ever came into the Field) was ready to fall upon them, surrendered all up to him. And thus stood the Affairs of Demetrius.  
In Italy the Tarentines (being at War with the Lucanians and the Romans) sent Ambassadors 
The War between the Lucanians and Tarentines. Ant. Ch. 301. Cleonymus the Spartan.  to Sparta desiring Aid, and that Cleonymus might be sent them for their General. The Lacedæmonians readily granted the General that was desired; and the Tarentines sent Ships and Money, wherewith Cleonymus raised Five thousand Men, and mustered them at Tenarus in Laconia; and thence by a short Cut sailed to Tarentum, where he hired as many Mercenaries as the former, and listed some of the Citizens: In the whole he raised above Twenty thousand Foot and two thousand Horse. He joined to his Army likewise many Greeks of Italy, together with the Messapians; whereupon the Lucanians being terrified with the greatness of his Army, made Peace with the Tarentines: Only the Metapontians stood off; and therefore he required the Lucanians to join with him in spoiling and harassing their Country; and accordingly making use of a fit Opportunity, he broke in upon them, and put them into a terrible fright: And tho' he enter'dinto the 
* Metapontum.  City as a Friend, yet he trepanned the Citizens out of Six thousand Talents of Silver, and upwards, and took away Two hundred young Ladies of the best Quality for Hostages; not so much to secure the Performance of the League, as to gratify his own brutish Lusts; for he threw off his Laconic Habit, and gave up himself to all manner of Voluptuousness; and brought them into Bondage and Slavery, who had committed themselves to his Care and Protection. For tho' he had so great an Army, and so well provided, yet he did noting worthy the Name of a Spartan. He determined indeed to make an Expedition into Sicily, under colour to overturn the Tyranny of Agathocles, and to restore the Sicilians to 
Ant. Ch. 301  their ancient Laws and Liberties; but omitting that for the present, he sailed to Corcyra, and having taken the City, got there a vast Treasure, and Garrisoned the Place, designing to make use of that as a Town and Citadel of War, and thence to manage all the Affairs of Greece. Forthwith Ambassadors came to him from Demetrius, Poliorches, and Cassander severally, to solicit him to join with them as Confederates; but he joined with neither.  
Afterwards, hearing that the Tarentines and some others had deserted him, and revolted, he left a sufficient Garrison at Corcyra, and with the rest of his Forces sailed in a great Heat into Italy, with a Resolution to execute exemplary Punishment upon those that had rebelled. Arriving at the very Place where the Barbarians kept Guard, he took the City, and after he had sold the Men for Slaves, he spoiled and harassed all the Country. He took also a Town called Triopius by Assault, and carried thence Three thousand Captives: But about this time the Barbarians got into a Body, and set upon his Camp in the night, and killed above two hundred of his Soldiers, and took about a Thousand Prisoners; and together with this Misfortune, at the very same time arose a violent Storm, and broke in pieces 20 of his Ships, as they lay at Anchor near to his Camp.  
Being plagued with these Losses and Misfortunes falling one upon the neck of another, Cleonymus sailed back with his Forces to Corcyra.  
The former Year being now past, this Year Nicocles executed the Office of Lord Chancellor 
Olymp. 119. 3. Ant. Ch. 300. Cassander sends to make Peace with Antigonus.  of Athens, and Marcus Livius and Marcus Aemilius succeeded Consuls at Rome: At which time Cassander King of Macedon seeing the Armies of his Enemies to increase, and that the Storm was impending and ready to fall with all its weight upon him, was in a great Consternation concerning the Issue and Event: He sent therefore Ambassadors into Asia to Antigonus, to entreat him to be reconciled and strike up a Peace with him; who fiercely and roughly answered, That he would own no Peace that should be made 
Antigonus his proud Answer. P. 788.  with him, unless Cassander would deliver up all into his hands. At which Answer he was greatly terrified; and sent for Lysimachus out of Thrace, to venture all in a Common Lot both together: For ever in his greatest Straits his manner was to have recourse to him for Relief, both upon the account of his Valour, and for that his Kingdom bordered upon Macedonia. These two Kings therefore (consulting together how to manage their Affairs to the best Advantage of them both) sent Ambassadors to Ptolemy King of Egypt, and to Seleucus' Prince of the Higher Provinces, giving them an account of the proud Answer of Antigonus; telling them, That they were all in equal Danger by this War; for if Antigonus gained Macedonia, he would presently swallow up the rest; and that he had upon several occasions given a clear Discovery of his Covetousness and Ambition; and that he would have none to be Sharers with him in any Part of the Empire; and therefore that it was very fit and expedient, that they should all join together against him. 
Ant. Ch. 300.   
Ptolemy and Seleucus (judging what was said to be certainly true) readily came into the League, and raised numerous Forces to be assistant in the War. However, Cassander judged it not prudent to suffer the Enemy first to break in upon him, but that it was rather for his Advantage to be beforehand with them, and fall first upon them: To that end he delivered part of the Army to Lysimachus, and sent a General along with them; and he himself marched with the rest into Thessaly, to fight with Demetrius and the other Grecians.  
Lysimachus with his Army passed over out of Europe into Asia, and set free the Inhabitants of Lampsacus and Paros, who had sided with him upon their own accord: But taking 
Lysimachus goes ●ver into Asia.  Sigaeum by Assault, he put a Garrison into it; and then committed Six thousand Foot and a Thousand Horse to the Charge of Prepelaus, and sent him to take in the Cities in Aeolia and jonia: But he himself in the first place designed to besiege Abydos, and carried along with him Darts, Battering Rams, and other Engines for that purpose. But a great number of Soldiers being sent by Sea from Demetrius for the defence of the City, he left off his Design; and having taken in Hellespont and Phrygia, he went on and besieged the City Synada, where the 
* Antigonus  King's Magazine lay, and at the same time drew over Docimus, a Commander of Antigonus his Party, to stand for the Common Cause; and by his help took both Synada and other Forts where the King's Treasures were laid up.  
In the mean time, Prepelaus, who was sent to make War upon Aeolia and jonia, by the way took Adramittium, and besieged Ephesus; and so terrified the Inhabitants, that they submitted; and finding there the Hostages which the Rhodians had given, he sent them all 
Ant. Ch. 300.  home again to their Friends, and did no hurt to any of the Ephesians in their Persons; but set on fire all the Ships which he found in their Harbour, because the Enemy Commanded as yet all at Sea, and for that the Issue of the War was hitherto uncertain. Afterthis, he joined to him the Teians and Coplohonians. But as for Erythrae and Clazomene, they had Succour sent unto them by Sea, and therefore he could not take them; but having wasted their Territories, he departed and went for Sardis; and there he drew over by fair Words Phoenix and Docimus, two of Antigonus his Captains, and took the City itself, all but the 
Antigonus marches against Lysimachus. Antigonia.  Castle into his Protection. As for the Castle, Philippus (a Friend of Antigonus') kept, and would not betray the Trust which he had reposed in him. Antigonus was at that time wholly taken up in making Sports and Feasts at Antigonia, and had proclaimed great Prizes for such as would put in for them, and huge Wages to all cunning Artificers that could be gotten.  
But when he heard how Lysimachus was come into Asia, and by what Multitudes his Soldiers revolted to him, he broke off his Sports, and yet disbursed among the Wrestlers and Artificers 
P. 789.  no less than Two hundred Talents; and then taking his Army with him, marched away out of Syria, and by long Journeys hastened to meet the Enemy. As soon as he came to Tarsus in Cilicia, he there, out of the moneys which he took with him out of the City of Quindi, gave his Army Three Months Pay beforehand; and besides this, brought Three thousand Talents along with him, to the end he might not be to seek for Money, if need should be. Then passing the Taurus, he hasted into Cappadoci, and reduced such as in the 
Ant. Ch. 300.  Upper Phrygia and Lacaonia had revolted from him; and so these served him in the Wars as they did before.  
Then Lysimachus hearing of the Enemy's approach, fell to consult with his Council in this imminent Danger, what was fittest to be done; and their Advice was, by no means to hazard a Battle till Seleucus came down from the Upper Provinces; but to possess himself of the surest Places, and to Entrench himself in the strongest manner that possibly he could, with Ramparts, Palissadoes, and Stakes, and there expect the coming of the Enemy. Lysimachus having heard this Advice, put it seriously in Execution: And Antigonus, on the other side, as soon as he came near his Camp, drew out in Battalia, and provoked 〈…〉 to fight; but seeing he would not, he went and kept all the Passages by which any Victual might come unto the Camp: Whereupon, Lysimachus fearing lest he should fall into the hands of the Enemy forwant of Provision, removed by Night, and having marched Four hundred Furlongs came to Doryleum, and there Encamped; for that in those Parts there was sto●e of Corn, and other Provisions in abundance, having a River at the back of him as a Defence to his Camp. Wherefore having raised a Work, and enclosed it with an exceeding deep Trench, and Pallisadoed it with three Rows of Stakes, he made all, as he thought, sure: But Antigonus finding the Enemy gone, pursued after him with all speed; and coming near to the Place where he lay, entrenched, and seeing no disposition in him to fight, he presently fell to work, and drew another Trench round about his Camp to besiege him there; and to that purpose caused Darts, Arrows, and Catapults, to be brought thither to him: And though many Skirmishes were 
Ant. Ch. 300.  made about the Trenches, because Lysimachus his Men endeavoured by their Darts and Arrows to drive the Enemy from their Works, yet Antigonus his Party had still the better of it in every Encounter. For in time, Antigonus his Works came to be almost finished; but Lysimachus his Provision began to fail; who therefore taking the Advantage of a tempestuous Night, made away with his Army, and through Mountainous Countries came to his Winter-Quarters. But when Antigonus the next Morning saw that the Enemy was gone, he also marched after him through the Champain Country; but by reason there fell great store of Rain and the Ways were Foul and Deep, he lost many of his Carriages, and some of his Men also in that Journey; and the whole Army was in great distress: Wherefore both to spare his Army, and because the Winter Quarter came on, he gave off his pursuit; and casting about for the fittest Places, he distributed his Army into Winter-Quarters: But receiving intelligence that Seleucus was marching down from the Higher Provinces with a numerous Army, he sent one of his Friends into Greece to Demetrius, Commanding him with all speed to come to him with his Forces. For he was in an extraordinary Fright, lest all the Kings joining together should force him to fight (and so lay all at stake) before the Forces out of Europe could join him.  
Lysimachus in the like manner sent his Army to be quartered in the Country of Salmonia, 
P. 790.  having made large Provision for them out of Heraclea, for that he had alliance with them of that City: For he had married Amestris, the Daughter of Oxyartes, Niece to the late King Darius (whom Alexander gave to Craterus to be his Wife) and now at this time Governess of 
Ant. Ch. 300.  the City. And thus stood the Affairs of Asia at that time.  
But as to the Affairs of Greece, Demetrius being at Athens, greatly desired to be initiated 
Demetrius initiated.  into the Sacred Mysteries of Ceres at Eleusina: But in regard the time appointed by the Law, and commonly spent by the Athenians in performing the Ceremonies of this Solemnity, was very long and tedious, he entreated the People that (in return of his former kindness to them) they would alter their ancient Custom, which they agreed unto: Whereupon, he committed his Person unarmed into the Hands of the Priests; and so being 
His Acts in Greece.  initiated before the Legal Day, he departed from Athens; and then rendezvous'd both his Fleet and Land-Army at Chalcis in Boeotia; but hearing that Cassander had blocked up all the Passes, he looked upon it not feasible to go by Land into Thessaly, and therefore sailed with the Army into the Haven of Larissa, and there landed his Men, upon which the City was forthwith surrendered to him; but the Citadel he took by Force of Arms, and bound all the Soldiers of the Garrison in Chains, and so committed them close Prisoners, and restored the Larisseans to their ancient Laws and Liberties: Then he took in Prona and Pteleum. Cassander had commanded the Inhabitants of 
* Cities in Thessaly.  Dion and Orchomenon to remove and settle at Thebes; but Demetrius put a stop to this Transplanting of the Cities. Cassander, when he saw that every thing went as Demetrius would have it, strengthened the Garrisons in Phera and Thebes; and rendezvous'd his Forces in the Face of the Demetrians: His whole Army consisted of Nine and twenty thousand Foot, and Two 
Armies of Demetrius and Cassander.  thousand Horse. Those who followed Demetrius amounted to Fifteen hundred Horse, at least Eight thousand Macedonian Foot, and Fifteen thousand Mercenaries; and out of the Cities of Greece Five and twenty thousand; besides several Regiments of Light-armed Men, 
Antony's Ch. 300  and a disorderly Rabble of fordid Fellows out of all Nations, to the Number of Eight thousand at the least, such as are used to follow Camps, only to Rob and Plunder wherever they come: So that the whole Land-Army consisted of Six and Fifty thousand Men.  
The Armies had now lain one over against the other many days, and though they were drawn up in Battalia on both sides, yet neither attempted to sight, solicitously expecting to hear how things went in Asia. At that time, Demetrius entered with part of his Army into the City of Pherea, being invited thither by the Inhabitants; and took the Citadel, and dismissed all Cassander's Soldiers, upon the Terms agreed upon, and restored the Phereans to their former Liberties. While these Things were acting in T 〈…〉, the Messengers from Antigonus came to Demetrius, who delivered his Father's Commands, and ordered him to transport his Forces over into Asia, with all the speed imaginable.  
Whereupon, he looking upon it as a thing of absolute Necessity to obey his Father, forthwith struck up a Peace with Cassander, upon Condition, that his Father would approve 
Demetrius makes Peace with Cassander.  of it; not in the least doubting, but that he would make all void, who he knew had resolved to put an end to the War, by no other ways than by force of Arms. However he was willing to manage his Business so, as that his leaving of Greece should look with a fair Face, and not resemble a Flight: For among other things, he took care to have it inserted into the Articles of Peace, That all the Greek Cities, both in Greece and Asia, should enjoy their ancient Laws and Liberties. At length, having got Ships together to 
P. 791. Ant. Ch. 300. Demetrius go●s to his Father.  transport his Army and the Carriages, he set sail with his whole Fleet, and steering a right Course through the Islands, (of the Aegean Sea) came to Ephesus, and there landing his Army, Encamped before it, and reduced it to its former Obedience, and suffered the Garrison which Prepalaus had put there, safely to departed: Then putting a strong Garrison of his own into the Castle there, marched away with the rest of his Army as far as the Hellespont, where he reduced the Lampsacenians and Parians, and other revolted Cities to his Subjection: And from thence going to the Mouth of Pentus, Encamped near the Temple of the Chalcedentans, and there fortisyed; which done, he left there Three thousand Foot, and Thirty Sail of good Ships to keep the Port, and sent the rest of his Army to Quarter for that Winter in several Places thereabouts.  
About this time, Mithridates, who was subject to Antigonus, being suspected of favouring Cassander's Party, was slain at Cius, in the Country of Mysia; of which, and of Arthinas' he had been Prince Thirty five years. His Son, called also Mithridates, succeeded him in his Principality, and added to his Dominions Cappadocia and Paphlagonia, and held them Thirty six years.  
In these days Cassander, after the departure of Demetrius, recovered all the Cities lying upon the Sea Coasts, and sent Pleistarchus into Asia, with an Army of Twelve thousand Foot and Five hundred Horse to assist Lysimachus. But Pleistarchus coming to the Mouth 
Ant. Ch. 300.  of Pontus, found that Straight kept by the Enemy: And thereupon, despairing of any Passage that way, went to Odessus, which lies between Apollonia and Galatia, over against 
The Misfortunes of Pleistarchus Cassander's General at Sea.  Heraclea, where a Part of Lysimachus his Army lay: But having not Shipping enough for the Transportation of all his Forces at that Place, he divided his Army into three Parts: The first part that set out, landed safely at Heraclea: The second was defeated by the Enemy's Ships which lay to keep the Straight at Pontus: The third, wherein Pleistarchus himself was, was so overset by a violent Tempest, that the greatest part of the Ships, and Men in them perished: And among the rest the Ship wherein he was, being a Vessel of Six Tyre of Oars; and of all the Men in her, which could not be less than Five hundred, only Three and thirty escaped, of whom Pleistarchus himself was one, who getting upon a Plank of the Ship when it split, was cast on Shore half dead; yet being a little recovered, was carried to Heraclea, and there growing strong again, went to Lysunachus in his Winter Quarters, having lost the greatest part of his Army by the way.  
About the same time, Ptolemy coming with an excellently well-appointed Army out of Egypt, reduced all the Cities of Caelosyria to his Obedience; but when he lay in Siege before Sidon, there came a false Rumour to his Ear, that a Battle had been sought, wherein Lysimachus and Seleucus were routed and fled to Heraclea, and that Antigonus thereupon was hasting into Syria with his Victorious Army.  
Ptolemy giving overlight credit to this Report, made a Truce with the Sidonians for five Months, and putting Garrisons into other Cities which he had taken in those Parts, returned into Egypt.  
While these things thus passed, Two thousand Autariats, and about Eight hundred Lycians and Pamphilians of Lysunachus his Soldiers, fled over to Antigonus out of their Winter-Quarters, and Antigonus entertained them very courteously, furnishing them with such Pay, as they said Lysimachus owed them, and gave them also for a Reward large Sums of Money over and above.  
About the same time also, Seleucus, with a great Army came down out of the Upper Provinces into Cappadocia, and Wintered his Army in Tents which he brought ready made 
Seleucus. P. 792.  for them. His Army consisted of Twenty thousand Foot, and about Twelve thousand Horse, (reckoning in with them his Archers on Horseback) and Four hundred and fourscore Elephants, and an Hundred Iron Chariots: Thus these Kings joined their Forces, resolving the next Summer to decide the Controversy by the Sword. But we shall give an Account of the Wars among these Princes in the Beginning of the next Book, according as we first designed.   
FINIS.   

THE FRAGMENTS OF Diodorus Siculus. OUT OF Some of his BOOKS that are Lost.  
LONDON, Printed by Edw. Jones, for A. and J. Churchill at the Black-Swan in Pater-Noster-Row: 1699.   

To the READER.  
THE last Twenty Books of Diodorus Siculus are entirely lost, (except some Ecclogues or Fragments in Photius his Bibliotheca and others, recovered by Hoes Chelius, and published by Laurentius Rhodomannus,) which contained an Account of Affairs for the space of 244 Years, or there abouts; i. e. from the End of the 119th Olympiad, (when Antigonus and Demetrius Poliorcetes were routed by Ptolemeus Lagus and the other Confederates, An. M. 3650.) to the End of the 180th Olympiad, at which time Julius Caesar made his first Expedition into Britain, which was in the 693d Year of the City, as Eutropius accounts, Lib. 6.  
The Reader is desired to observe, That these being but Fragments, or Pieces of Diodorus, recovered out of the Rubbish (as it were) of Antiquity, the Relations are often broken, and new Matter sometimes begun that has no Coherence with what went before. Where they are broken, they are Noted generally thus,— The new Matter is easily discerned by Observation.   


A Fragment out of the Sixth Book of the Bibliotheca of Diodorus Siculus, taken out of Eusebius Pamphilus, Book II. Evang. Preparation.  
THese therefore are the most remarkable Things that are recorded among the Atlantides concerning the Gods; and they say, the Grecians use the same Rites and Ceremonies. The same things Diodorus says in the 3d Book of his History: And the same Diodorus confirms the same Theology in his 6th Book, from the History of Euemerus the Messenian, where these are his words— The Ancients therefore held two Opinions (which are brought down to Posterity) concerning the Gods: Some they say are Immortal and Incorruptible, as the Sun, Moon, and rest of the Stars; and likewise the Winds, and other Things of the like Nature, for none of these have either Beginning, or End. But there are others, they say, that are Earthly Gods, but for their good Deeds to the benefit of Mankind, have attained to the highest pitch of Honour and Glory; and such were Hercules, Dionysius or Bacchus Aristaeus, and such like. Of these Terrestrial Gods, many and various Stories are related by Historians, and 
* Poets.  Mythologists. Among the Historians, Euemerus has composed a Sacred History, and written peculiarly of these Deities. Among the Mythologists or Poets, Homer, Hesiod, Orpheus, and others of that kind, have feign'd most prodigious Stories of the Gods. We shall endeavour in short to run over what has been writ by both, observing a Mean. Euemerus, a special Friend of King Cassander, being forced to undertake some great and weighty Affairs, and long and tedious Voyages for the King, they say, was driven far away through the Ocean, Southward; and losing from Arabia Faelix, after many days sail, arrived at certain Islands situated in the midst of the Ocean; the greatest of which was one called Panchaia, in which he saw the Panchaians' very zealous and eminent for Religion, who adored the Gods with magnificent and pompous Sacrifices, and rich Gifts both of Gold and Silver. They say moreover, that the Island is consecrated to the Gods, and that there were many other Things in it that were admirable, both for their Antiquity and Excellency of Workmanship; of which, we have given a particular Account in the precedent Books. That there is likewise in it, upon the top of an high Mountain, a Temple dedicated to Jupiter Tryphylius, built by him when he conversed here with Men, and governed the whole World; in which Temple there is a Golden Pillar, whereon are distinctly described in Panchaian Letters, the Acts of 
* Coelum, Heaven.  Uranus, Saturn, and Jupiter. Afterwards he says, That the first King was Uranus, a just and good Man, and very skilful in Astrology: And that he was the first that adored the Heavenly Gods, and therefore was called 
* In Greek, signifies Heaven.  Uranus: And that he begat on his Wife Vesta two Sons, Pan and Saturn, and two Daughters, Rhea and Ceres. He says moreover, that Saturn reigned after Uranus, and married Rhea, and begat Jupiter, Juno, and Neptune; and that Jupiter succeeding Saturn, married Juno, Ceres, and Themis: Of the first of which he begat the Curetes, Proserpina of the second, and Minerva of the third; and that afterwards coming to Babylon, he was Belus his Guest. And that from thence arriving at the Island Panchaia, he erected an Altar to Uranus his Grandfather; and then passing through Syria, he came to Prince Cassius, from whom the Mountain 
M●un: Cassius.  was called Mount Cassius. Then travelling into Cilicia, he overcame Cilix, the Lord of the Country; and having at last passed through several other Nations, was highly honoured by all, and styled a God. When he had delivered these and suchlike Things concerning the Gods, as of mortal Men, he subjoins this; Let this therefore suffice in reference to Euemerus, who writ the Sacred History. And as to what the Greeks sabulously report concerning the Gods, we shall endeavour to give as succinct an Account as we can, tracing the Steps of Homer, Hesiod, and Orpheus.   

George Monachus, or the Monk, who writ in Greek a Chronical History: Out of the History of Diodorus, concerning the Corinthian Kingdom.  
HAving given an Account of these Things, it remains we should now speak of Corinth and Sicyon, how they were planted and inhabited by the Doreans; for almost all the Nations in Peloponnesus, except the Arcadians, were removed from their ancient Seats at the time of the return of the Heraclidae; who leaving out Corinth in the Division, sent Messengers to Aletes, and gave him the said Province, together with the neighbouring Territory. This Man became very famous, and enlarged Corinth, where he reigned 38 years. After his Death, the eldest and next of Kin ever succeeded in the Kingdom, down to the Reign of Cypsellus, 427 years after the return of the Heraclidae. The first that reigned at Corinth after Aletes was Ixion, who held the Kingdom 38 years. After whom, Agesilaus reigned 37 years; and after them, Prumnes 35 years, and his Son Bacches as long, who was the most famous and renowned of any of his Ancestors, so that those that reigned after him were not called Heraclidae, but Bacchidae. After Bacches, Agelas enjoyed the Throne 30 years; Eudamus 25; Aristomedes 35, who after his Death left behind him a Son called Telestes, a little Child, who was deprived of his Father's Kingdom by Agemon, his Uncle and Guardian, who reigned 16 years: After him, Alexander came to the Crown, and enjoyed it 25 years, and was then killed by Telestes, who had been before deprived of the Kingdom of his Ancestors, which he now regained, and possessed it 12 years, and then was murdered by some of his own Kindred, and Automenes reigned in his stead One year; after which, the Bacchidae, the Posterity of Hercules, enjoyed the Kingdom for above 200 years, and all governed together with equal Authority; but every year they created one among themselves Prytanis, who had the Power of a Monarch for 90 years, till the time of the Reign of Cypsellus, who put an end to that sort of Government. These therefore are the Kings of Corinth. Bacches reigned 35 years.   

The same George of the Original of the Romans; A Fragment out of the 7th Book of Diodorus Siculus.  
SOme Writers have erroneously held, that Romulus, who built Rome, was the Son of Aeneas: But this cannot possibly be true, since there were many Kings that reigned in course between Aeneas and Romulus; the City being built the 2d Year of the 7th Olympiad, which was above 430 years after the Trojan War. For Aeneas gained the Kingdom of the Latins 3 years after the Destruction of Troy, and reigned only 3 years, and after his Death was adored as a God. Ascanius, his Son, succeeded him, and built Alba, called at this day Longa. He gave the City this Name from the River which was then called Alba, and now Tiber: But Fabius, who writ an History of the Roman Affairs, speaks otherwise of the naming of this City. For he tells a Story, how Aeneas was foretold by the Oracle, that a fourfooted Beast should show him the way to the Place where a new City should be built; which came thus to pass: Being about to sacrifice a 
* Alba is White.  White Sow then big with Young, made her escape, and ran away to a Hill, whither she was pursued, and there she brought forth 30 Pigs. Aeneas wondering at the Accident, and calling to mind the Answer of the Oracle, forthwith went about to settle Inhabitants in the Place; but being warned by a Vision in the Night to desist, and not to build till after 30 years then next ensuing, he left off his Design till the number of Years was completed.   

The Eclogues or Fragments of Diodorus Siculus, out of the 21 saint, 22d, 23d, 24th, 25th, and 26th Books that are now lost.  

Out of the 21st Book.  
1. ALL Vice is to be avoided by every Wise Man, but especially Covetousness. For this (through hopes and desire of Gain) prompts many to acts of Injustice, and so becomes the occasion of the greatest Mischiefs to Mankind. For being 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Olymp. 119. 4. Ant. Ch. 299.  in the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  very highest Sphere of Wickedness, it involves not only mean Men, but even Kings themselves in extreme Calamities, For Antigonus King of Asia, as an Example of this Truth, out of his insatiable desire, beginning a War against Four other Kings (who joined against him) viz. Ptolemy Lagus King of Egypt, Seleucus King of Babylon, Lysimachus of Thrace, and Cassander the Son of Antipater King of Macedonia, perished in Battle 
* At Issus: in Phrygia. Plut. in Pyrrhus Anian. lib. 7.  being shot through the Body with Multitudes of Darts and Arrows, (tho' afterwards Buried in a Royal manner) and his Son Demetrius, with his Mother Stratonice (who were then in Cilicia) were forced to sail away with all the Wealth they had to Salamis in Cyprus, that remaining still in the hands of Demetrius.  
2. Agathocles King of Sicily, burned all the Macedonian Fleet, and so freed Corcyra when 
Agathocles frees Corcyra.  it was Besieged by Cassander, both by Sea and Land, and very near and likely to be taken. Oh the many uncertainties of War! For Folly and Fraud many times effect as great things as true Valour and Courage.  
3. Agathocles being returned to the rest of his Army from Corcyra, when he heard that the Ligurians and Tyrrhenians (who were his Mercenary Soldiers) had assisted those 
Agathocles King of Sicily puts 2000 Mercenaries to the Sword.  who killed his Son Archagathus in his absence, put them all to the Sword, to the number of Two thousand: Upon which Account the Brutii deserting him, he resolved to Besiege their City called 
* Aetini, People of Sicily. Agathocles takes Crotona in Italy.  Aethas. But the Barbarians in great numbers falling upon him suddenly in the Night, cut off Four thousand of his Men, and so he returned to Syracuse.  
4. Agathocles rigged out a great Fleet, and sailed into Italy; and having a design to march his Army to Crotona, he sent a Messenger before to Menedemus, King of Crotona (who was his particular Friend) not to be afraid of his Motion; which was merely to deceive him; and purposing to Besiege the Place, he gave out that he was sending away his Daughter Lanassa with a Royal Fleet to Epirus to Marry her: And by this Fraud he came upon them when they were unprovided, and never suspected him. Thereupon, applying himself with all earnestness to the Siege, he blocked up the Place by a Wall drawn from Sea to Sea. And having by his Mines and Batteries ruin'd the greatest House of the Town, the Crotoneans out of fear opened their Gates and received his Army into the City, who breaking in like a Flood, first rifled all the Houses, and then put all the Men to the Sword. He likewise made a League with the neighbouring Barbarians, the Japygians, and Peucetians, furnishing them with Ships for Piracy, and shared with them in the Robbery. At length having p●t a Garrison into Crotona, he sailed back to Syracuse.  
5. Diallus the Athenian Writer composed a General History in Twenty six Books. And Psaon of Platea another in Thirty Books.  
6. In the War against the Hetruscians, Gauls and Samnites, and their Confederates, the Romans destroyed (w●en Fabius was Consul) an Hundred thousand Men, as Daris relates.  
7. Antipater out of Envy, killed his own Mother. Alexander his Brother was likewise 
Olymp. 121. Ant. Ch. 296.  killed by Demetrius, whom Alexander had sent for to his assistance. Antipater the Murderer of his Mother was also served the same Sauce by Demetrius, unwilling to have a partner in the Kingdom.  
8. Agathocles raised an Army and sailed over into Italy with 30000 Foot and 
Agathocles again invades Italy.  2000 Horse. And ●ving the Command of the Fleet to Stilpo, he ordered him to waste and spoil the Country of the Brutii: While he was harassing the Seacoasts, he lost many of his Ships in a Storm. But Agathocles, by the help of his battering Engines took the City Hipponium: which so terrified the Brutii, that they sent Ambassadors to treat with him upon ter●● of Peace: Upon which he put in a Garrison and carried away with ●im Six hundred hostages, and returned to Syracuse. But the Brutii made slight of their Oath, and with the whole power of the City, fell upon the Garrison and flew every 
His Garrison all Murdered.  Man, and afterwards recovered their Hostages, and freed themselves from the Yoke of Agathocles. Lenity is to be preferred before Revenge.  
9 Most Generals of Armies when they are brought into Straits and Difficulties, (out of Fear) do generally humour the Multitude.  
10. When the Thebans made a Second defection, Demetrius battered down their Walls, and took the City by Storm, and put only Ten Men to Death, who were the Ringleaders 
Demetrius takes Thebes.  of the Rebellion.  
11. Agathocles sent his Son Agathocles to Demetrius to enter into a League with him, Offensive and Defensive. The King kindly received the young Man, and bestowed on him a Royal Robe, and many other Rich and Princely gifts: And sent along with him Oxythemes his special Friend, under colour to confirm the League, but in truth to be a Spy in Sicily.  
12. King Agathocles after a long Peace between him and the Carthaginians, at length 
Agathocles Riggs a Fleet against Carthage.  Rigged out a great Fleet. For he designed to transport an Army into Lybia, and with his Navy to hinder the Exportation of all Corn and Provision, from Sardinia, and Sicily to the Carthaginians, who by the last War had gained the Dominion of the Sea, and thereby had secured their Country from Invasions. And tho' Agathocles had a well furnished Fleet, to the number of Two hundred Galleys of four and six Tyre of Oars, yet he failed in his design, by reason of what shortly happened. For there was one Menon an Agestone, a beautiful Captive than Servant to the King, who for some time conformed himself to a strict compliance to the King's humour, so that he was taken into the number of his 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 His Catamite. Menon, his Catamite.  beloved and intimate Friends. But because of the ruin of his Country and the dishonourable abuse of his own Person, he bore a secret hatred to the King, and watched an opportunity to be revenged. The King because he was old, entrusted Archagathus with the Command of the Army: he was the Son of Archagathus who was killed in Lybia, and so was King Agathocles' Granchild, he was a Man of a strong Body, and of a brave and generous Spirit, far above all the rest of his Family. When he was Encamped with the Army near Aetna, the King had a desire to promote his Son Agathocles to be his Successor in the Kingdom, and to that end recommended the young Man to the Syracusians, and declared his purpose and design to have him Succeed. Afterwards he sent him to the Camp, with Letters to Archagathus, which ordered him to deliver up the Command of all the Forces both by Sea and Land to his Son; Upon which Archagathus perceiving that the Kingdom was designed for another, contrived the destruction of them both: And to that end sent a Messenger to Menon of Aegista, who persuaded him to poison the King: 
* Archagathus The son of Agathocles Murdered.  He himself celebrating a Sacrifice in a certain Island, where Agathocles then lay with the Fleet, Invited him to the Festival; and in the Night (when he was dead drunk) cut his throat, and threw his Body into the Sea, which being afterward cast up by the Violence of the Waves, was known by the Inhabitants, and carried to Syracuse. And whereas it was the King's Custom always after Supper to pick his Teeth with a Quill, now rising from the Table, he called to Menon for his Tooth-picker: Who having dipped the end of it in Poison, delivered it to the King; who never suspecting any thing, plied all his Teeth with that care and earnestness, that none of his Guns scaped the touch of the Poison. Upon this the Kingbegan by little and 
The manner of his Death.  little to be very ill, which was succeeded by violent Torments in his Body every Day. Then an incurable putrefaction and rottenness covered his Gums and Teeth, and now drawing near to his end, he called a Senate, where he complained of the wickedness of Archagathus, and incited the People to take revenge of him for his Villainies, declaring that he would forthwith restore them to their Democracy. Afterwards when he was in the very height of his Extremity, Oxythemes (that had been there a little before, sent by King Demetrius) hurried him to the Funeral Pile, and burned him while he was yet alive, and not able to speak by reason of the foulness and filthness of his Mouth through the Poison. And thus Agathocles for the many Slaughters and Murders of his Reign, and 
Olymp. 123. 4. A. M. 3798. His Life is notorious. vide Justin lib. 22. 23. his end otherwise rela●●d.  Cruelties towards his own Subjects, and Impieties against the ●ods came to an end, such as he justly deserved for his former wickednesses, after he hd Reigned Twenty eight Years, and lived Seventy two, as Timeus the Syracusian relates, and Callias another Syracusian (who writ Two and twenty Books) and Antander likewise the Brother of Agathocles an Historian. The Syracusians having now Regained there Democratical Government Confiscated all the Goods and Estate of Agathocles, and book down all his Statues. Menon in the mean time (who had Plotted and Executed the T●ason) was at the Camp with Archagathus, having fled thither from Syracuse: And now beginning to look very big upon it (as being the Man that had ruined the Monarchy) ●e secretly Murders Archagathus, and with fair Words, and winning Carriage brought over the Army to his Interest, and determined to force Syracuse to Obedience, and gain the Principality. Hereupon the Syracusians created Hicetas General against Menon, he continued the War for some time: Menon all along seeking to avoid Fight, and could by no means be brought to engage. But when the Carthaginians joined with Menon (by which he became far stronger than the Syracusians) they were forced to agree with the Carthaginians, and deliver Four hundred Hostages for further Security of the Peace, and to restore all the Exiles. However, when the Mercenary Soldiers were denied their right to give their Votes for the choosing of the Magistrates, the City was presently in an uproar: And both Syracusians and Mercenaries ran to their Arms: But some of the better sort interposed, and by much Intercession prevailed with both parties to agree upon this Condition, That the Soldiers should departed out of Sicily by such a time, and take all their Goods along with them: Hereupon the Foreign Soldiers Marched away from Syracuse, and came to Messina, where they were received into the City as Friends and Confederates, 
The Mercenaries murder the Messinians in the Night.  and being kindly entertained in their Houses, in the Night they Massacred all their Hosts, and Marrying their Wives, Seized upon the City, which they called Mamertina from Mars, which in their own 
* Campania.  Country Language they call Mamers.  
13. For they that are not Members of the Democratical Government, are not admitted by the Tribune of the People to give their Suffrage amongst them that are.  
14. It's a commendable thing to be ever Terrible to an Enemy, and always kind and courteous to a Friend.  
15. Since that at that time, when you knew not what was best or fittest to be done, you were catcht with fair and enticeing Words: And now when you see Calamity upon the Country indeed, you are taught another Lesson. For to be Ignorant sometimes of things that may fall out in this Life, is natural to Mankind: But to be deceived twice in the same thing, argues a Man to be a Fool. And the oftener we are so deceived, the greater punishment we deserve. Some of the Citizens are grown to that height of Covetousness that they would fain raise up the glory of their Families by the ruin of their Country. For they that have so wickedly acted in assisting others, pray! how have they been used by them.  
16. Offences are to be forgiven, and Peace to be kept for the time to come.  
17. Not they that offend; but they that repent not of their offences, aught to be severely punished.  
18. Mercy and Kindness amongst Men, is more Ancient than Wrath and Revenge.  
19 It's a commendable and desirable thing to lay aside all Animosities. and instead thereof to return to Friendship and Amity. For when a Man is reduced to Poverty and Straits, he presently (at the first Nod as it were) runs to his Friends.  
20. Covetousness being naturally Engrafted into Men, no Man can be wholly free from this Vice. Pride, and a Tyrant's Robes ought to be left at home. For he that enters into a free City, aught to conform himself to the Laws of the Place. He that is of a Princely Family, and comes to a Kingdom by Hereditary descent, is desirous likewise to succeed in the Glory and Reputation of his Ancestors. For it's a Base and Dishonourable thing to carry the Name of Pyrrhus the Son of Achilles, and yet in Actions to imitate 
* A● filthy ugly fellow killed by Achilles for his sauciness by a box on the Ear. Hom. 2. lib. Iliad.  Thersites. For the more honour and reputation any Person has gained, so much the more the regard and respect will he have for them who were the Instruments of his Advancement and happy Successes. Therefore what may be honourably and deservedly obtained, should not be used unjustly and disgracefully, when it is enjoyed. It is therefore (Gentlemen) a commendable thing, by the example of other men's Harms and Mistakes, Wisely to provide for our own Security.  
21. It does not become any Man to have more regard to Strangers, than his own kindred, and to be more fearful to exasperate an Enemy, than careful to preserve the good Will and Opinion of his Allies.   

Out of the 22d Book.  
1. IT'S the natural Property of the Epirots not only to fight for their Country, but to run all hazards likewise for the Defence of their Friends and Allies.  
2. Decius the Roman Tribune Governor of Rhegium, to revenge his Country of King 
About the 125, or 126. Olympiad. Ant. Ch. 278.  Pyrrhus, killed all the Inhabitants save the Women, whom he sold for Slaves, and seized upon all the Goods and Estates of them that were slain. These were Campanians, who acted the same Cruelty here as the Mamertines did when they Massacred all the Messinians. 
Decius puts all the Rhegians to death.  Afterwards, because he made not an equal distribution of the Prey, and Plunder taken from those miserable People, he was Banished Rhegium by his own Country men the Campanians. The Mamertines themselves assisted in this Butchery: And with the Money that was left hired him to be their Captain, and Chief Commander. Afterwards a distemper falling into his Eyes, he advised with a skilful Physician, who to revenge the Injuries and Cruelties done to his Country, prescribed an application of Cantharideses which wholly deprived him of his sight: And the Physician himself took Care to withdraw from 
Decius made blind by Cantharideses.  Messina. In Sicily, in the mean time there were these Princes, Hicetas at Syracuse, Phintias at Agrigentam, Tyndarus at Tauromenium, and some others in the lesser Cities. Phintias and Hicetas were at War one with another, and sought a Battle at Hibleum in which Hicetas 
Petty Princes in Sicily, at War one with another.  was Conqueror. Afterwards making several Incursions one upon another, and Robbing and Spoiling every where, the Country by this means lay untilled. Hicetas puffed up with his Victory, engaged with the Carthaginians at the River Teria, where he was beaten with the loss of a great number of his Men. At that time Phintias built Phintia, and planted there the Geleons who were driven out of their Country. It is Situated at the Seaside: For both the Houses and Walls of Gela being utterly demolished; after he had walled Phintia and made a stately Market place, and built Temples for the Service of the Gods, he Transplanted the People of Gela thither. When he had committed the Murder, he was hated by all the Cities under his Government, who drove out all the Garrisons, among whom the first were the Agyrineans.  
3. King Ptolemy was Killed by the Gaus, and the whole Macedonian Army utterly destroyed 
Olymp. 129. 3. 4. Ant. Ch. 360.  and cut off.  
4. A Cadmean Victory is a Proverb, meant when the Conquerors have lost abundance of Men, and the Conquered are little the worse, because of the largeness of their Empire.  
5. Phintias the Builder of Phintia, and Tyrant of Agrigentum, in a Dream had a representation pointing out to him his own Death. He thought he saw, as he was Hunting the Boar, that a Sow fiercely made up upon him, and struck him on the side with her Teeth, which so pierced him that he Died.  
6. Hicetas after he had Reigned nine Years at Syracuse, was deprived of his Kingdom by Thynion the Son of Mameus.  
7. Thynion and Softratus the Successors of Hicetas, sent again for King Pyrrus into Sicily.  
8. The Mamertines who treacherously Murdered the Messinians, having entered into a League with the Carthaginians, in a Senate decreed to hinder Pyrrhus from Landing in 
The War between the Romans and Pyrrhus, b●gan the 124 Olym. 4. Ant. Ch. 279.  Sicily. But Tyndarion, Tyrant of Tauromenia sided with him, and was ready to receive into the City those Forces that joined with him.  
9 The Carthaginians entered into a League with the Romans, and took a-board 500 Men into their own Ships, and Sailed over to Rhegium, and began to assault the Place, but at length raised their Siege, and having set on fire all the Timber and other Materials, there prepared for Shipping, they made to Sea, and there lay to observe the motion of Pyrrhus.  
When Thynio had the Command of the * Island, and Sostratus lorded it over the Syracusians, having each an Army of 10000 Men, they broke out into War one against another, 
This Island was part of the City Syracuse.  but being tired out, they both sent Ambassadors to Pyrrhus.  
11. Pyrrhus' Warred in Italy 2 Years and 4 Months, and whilst he was preparing for his departure, the Carthaginians closely besieged the Syracusians both by Sea and Land. They had a Fleet of 100 Sail that lay in the great Haven; and a Land Army of 50000 Men that Encamped near the Walls, and with these they penned up the Syracusians, within the City, and Wasting and Harrassing the Country round about, they even turned it into a desolate Wilderness. The Syracusians therefore wearied out with the War, depended only upon Pyrrhus, in regard he had Married Lanassa the Daughter of Agathocles, of whom he had begotten Alexander: Upon which account they sent every Day one Messenger after another to him; whereupon Shipping his Men, Elephants and other Provisions, he loosed from Tarentum, and arrived the 10th Day at Locris: Thence he Sailed after his Landing in S●●lly, to Tauromenium; and there being joined with Tyndario Prince of that 
Py●●hus comes into Sicily.  City, and Inforc'd by him with more Soldiers, he made from thence and came to Catana, where being Magnificently received by the Inhabitants, and loaden with golden Crowns, he landed his Men, with which he Marched strait towards Syracuse: His 
Marches to Syracuse.  Fleet ready prepared for an Engagement, Sailing with him all along upon the Coast. When he came near to Syracuse the Carthaginians (because they had sent away 30 of their Vessels for necessary Provisions) durst not venture a Battle with those that remained, so that Pyrrhus came to Syracuse without any opposition: The 
* Part of the 〈◊〉.  Island being kept by Thynio and the rest of the City by the Syracusians and Sosistrates. For he had under his Command Agrigentum, and many other Cities, and above 10000 Soldiers. And having then reconciled Thynio and Sosistratas, and the Syracusians, and brought them all to a right understanding among themselves, he was thereupon highly Esteemed and Applauded. The King received Weapons, Engines, and other Furniture and Provisions which was in the City, and 120 Decked Ships, and 20 open Vessels * But the Palace belonged to Enneres. 
Something here wanting, for it seems to have no coherence with what is precedent or subsequent.  The whole Navy therefore (with those he brought along with him) consisted of 200 Sail. Whilst he was thus employed, Ambassadors came from the Leontines (sent to him from Heraclidas the Governor) with promise to deliver up the City into his hands, with the Garrisons and 4000 Foot, and 500 Horse. There were then many others at Syracuse, who promised to deliver up their Cities to Pyrrhus, and to join with him in the War: He received them all Graciously, and sent them back to their several Countries, hoping now shortly to be Lord of Lybia.  
12 The Port of Corinth is called Lechoeum.  
13. Brennus' King of the Gauls made an inroad into Macedonia with an Hundred and forty thousand Targateers, and Ten thousand Horse, and with a great multitude of other foreign Rabble, and many Merchants, together with Two thousand Carts and Carriages. He made great havoc and slaughter with a design to ruin them utterly; at last he broke 
About 〈◊〉 〈…〉 con Olymp 125. Ant. Changed 279. Vid. Justin. lib. 24. C. 6, 7, 8. The Gauls make an inroad into Macedonia.  into Greece, and fully proposed to rifle the Temple at Delphos. By frequent Engagements he lost 
* A Myriad is Ten thousand. Brennus' kill. himself. The Gauls all perish. The Acts of Pyrrhus in Sicily.  Myriad of his Men, and he himself received Three desperate wounds. Being near his end, he called his Army together, and made a Speech to the Gauls, and advised them to kill both him and all the rest of the wounded Men, and to burn all their Carriages, and return home with all speed, and make Cichorius their King. Brennus at length after he had swilled down abundance of Wine, ran himself through the Body. Cichorius (as soon as he had buried Brennus) knocked all the wounded Men on the Head, that were like to be starved with Hunger, and perish by the Cold, to the number of Twenty thousand, and returned with the rest the same way they came: But the Grecians that lay in ambush in the straight and narrow passages, cut off all their Rear, and took all their Bag and Baggage; marching forward to Thermopilae, they left there behind them Twenty thousand more for want of Food: at length as they were passing through the Country of the Dardanians, they all perished, and not one Man returned to his own Country.  
14. But Pyrrhus when he had settled all things in Syracuse and Leontinum, marched with his Army towards Agrigentum, and while he was in his March, he was told by some that came off Shipboard, that they had driven out the Carthaginian Garrison, that Phintias might not Govern them, and promised they would deliver the City into his hands, and join with him as Confederates in the War. Having therefore received the Forces, he marched strait to Agrigentum, and received the City and Soldiers from Sosistratus, to the number of 8000 Foot and 800 Horse, nothing inferior to the Epirots. And now he took into his protection 30 Cities which were under the Command of Sosistratus. Afterwards he sent to Syracuse for the Engines of Battery, and all the Arms and Darts, and when they were brought to him, he marched into the Territories of the Carthaginians, having an Army with him of 30000 Foot and 1500 Horse, and some Elephants. And First he took in Heraclea a Carthaginian Garrison: Then Azones, after they of Selinunte came in to the King, with the Halicyens' Aegestines, and many other Cities. Aeryx at that time had in it a very strong Carthaginian Garrison, and was beside naturally fortified and difficult to approach. Pyrrhus was resolved to storm this place, and to that end brought his battering Rams to the Walls: After a strong defence made for a long time, the King desirous to make his Name Famous (in imitation of Hercules) was the first that entered within the Walls, and fought with that Courage and Resolution, that he dispatched all those Carthaginians that came within his reach; at length Succours coming in to him, he 
Aeryx taken by Storm by Pyrrhus.  took the Town by Storm; then leaving there a strong Carrison he marched to Eginera, a very strong place, and pleasantly situated near Panormus. They of Eginera surrendered the City; and thence he forthwith made for Panormus, which had the best Harbour of any City in Sicily, from whence this City was so called; He took it likewise by Storm. Then taking in the Fort at Ercte, he gained all that belonged to the Carthaginians, except 
Panormus taken by S 〈…〉 m.  Lilibeum. This City was built by the Carthaginians after Dionysius the Tyrant had ruined Motya. For those that were left alive after that slaughter, the Carthaginians settled in Lilibeum. Just as Pyrrhus was ready to besiege this place, a great Army landed there out of Africa, having the advantage of being Masters at Sea, and brought with them abundance of Corn, and an innumerable number of Engines and Weapons of War. And because the greatest part of the City lay near to the Sea, they were most careful to guard that part towards the main Land, and to that end raised many Bulwarks and high Towers, 
●il. b●um 〈◊〉  and drew a large Trench to prevent an approach on that side. Then they sent Ambassadors to the King to treat upon terms of Peace, and to offer him a great sum of Money; But the King refusing the Money, they desired that he would permit the Carthaginians to keep only Lilybeum. But the Confederates that were then assembled in Senate, and the Representatives of the several Cities, sent to him, and earnestly entreated him, he would not upon any terms whatsoever permit the Barbarians to have any footing in Sicily, but drive the Carthaginians wholly out of the Island; and limit their Power at Sea. Upon this the King encamped near the Walls; and at first made several Assaults one upon the neck of another; But the Carthaginians being well furnished both with Men and other necessaries, beat him off. For they had so vast a number of Engines that cast Darts and Stones, that the Wall could scarcely contain them: which being all plied against the Assailants, they were so galled and cut off, that Pyrrhus was forced to draw off his Men. Then he began to contrive other Engines (besides those he had from Syracuse) and did all he could to undermine the Walls. But the Carthaginians making a stout resistance, and the place being all of Rock, he was now out of all hopes to take it by force, and therefore (after Two Months lying before it) he raised his Siege. And now he designed to bend his Force elsewhere, and to that end to furnish himself with a great Fleet, in order to be Master of the Sea. and to Transport a great Army into Africa.  
15. When the Mamertines in Messina grew strong, they fortified many Castles, and put Garrisons into them. And came presently with an Army (they had ordered to be in readiness) to the relief of Messina. But Hiero leaving the Enemy's Country took Myla by Storm, and brought under his Command 1500 Soldiers, and then marched towards 
Myla and Amesalus tataken by Storm by Hiero.  Amesalus (which lies between the Centoripines' and the Agyreans) and tho' it was a strong Place and had many Soldiers in it, yet he took it by Assault and razed it to the ground, but he pardoned all the Garrisoned Soldiers, and joined them to his own Army. The Territory he gave to the 
* Or Centuripians. vid. postea.  Centorippines and the Agyreans. Afterwards Hiero (having a great Army) marched against the Mamertines, and wan Alesa; and being readily received of the Abacaenes and Tyndarites, he gained their Cities also; and so penned up the Mamertines into a straight and narrow corner. For on that side towards the Sicilian Sea, he was 
Agyreans the City Agurius.  Lord of Tauromenium a City near Messina, and towards the Hetrurian Sea, he commanded the Tyndarites. And now making an incursion into the Territories of Messina, he encamped at the River Lotanus, having with him in his Army 10000 Foot and 1500 Horse. The Mamertines encamped over against him with 8000 Foot and but 
* Seems to be mistaken.  40. Horse, under the Command of Cios, who called the Augurs together to consult the issue of the Battle by the view of the Sacrifices; who answered, That by the entrails the Gods foretold that he must lodge that Night in the Enemy's Camp: Upon this he was Transported with Joy to think he should be Master of the King's Camp. Hereupon he forthwith attempted to pass the River with his Forces drawn up in Battalia. Hiero on the other side, Commands 200 Exiles of Messina (who were stout and noted Men for their Valour, with whom he joined 400 others of his best Soldiers) to compass an Hill called Thorax there near at hand, and so to come round upon the back of the Enemy, and he himself in order of Battle met them in the Front. Whereupon the Armies Engaged both Horse and Foot (the King having gained a Rising Ground near the River much to his advantage) The issue was doubtful for some time: but they that were ordered to the Hill, on a sudden fell upon the Mamertines, who (being but raw Men and tired out) were easily vanquished. At length, being hemmed in on every side, they took to their Heels: But 
The Mamertines routed by Hiero King of Syracuse.  the Syracusians pursued them so close with their whole Army, that they cut them off every Man, save the General, who fight with great Valour, at length fainted by the many wounds he received, and was taken prisoner, and brought half dead into the King's Camp, and committed to the care of the Surgeons; thus being brought to spend the Night according to the prediction of the Augurs in the Enemies Camp. When the King was very earnest to have Cion being Cured, some came to the King with Horses they had taken in the Fight; Upon which, when Cion saw his Son's Horse among the rest, he concluded he was killed; whereupon he was so Transported with Passion, that he tore in pieces all the Bands and Ligatures of his Wounds, that by his own death he might Honour his Sons. The Mamertines hearing that both their General Cion and their whole Army was destroyed, resolved to go and humble themselves to the King, as Suppliants. However, Fortune suffered not the Mamertines to be altogether lost and undone. For it happened that at that time Hannibal the Carthaginian General lay at the Island Lipara, who as soon as he heard of this slaughter, went to the King with all speed, seemingly to congratulate his Victory, but in truth by some stratagem to circumvent him. And the King trusting to the Carthaginian's word, lay still. But Hannibal going to Messina, and finding the Mamertines ready to deliver up their City he dissuaded them, and making a League with them, put 
* Mistaken I co 〈…〉, 〈◊〉 before Fol. Precedent.  40 Soldiers more into the City. Thus the Mamertines (even now in despair by reason of their great slaughter) were by this means secured from present danger. As for Hiero (being thus cheated by the Carthaginian General, and so discouraged from besieging of Messina) he returned to Syracuse after his many Successes. Afterwards when the Carthaginians as well as Hiero had thus lost Messina, they had an interview, and upon second thoughts entered into a Confederacy, to besiege the City with their joint Forces.   

Out of the 23d BOOK.  
Fragm. 1. SIcily is one of the bravest Islands in the World, conducing much by its power to the gaining and increase of a larger Dominion.  
2. Hanno the Son of Hannibal, as soon as he arrived in Sicily, Rendezvouzed his Forces 
Olymp. 129. 1. Ant. Ch. 262. The beginning of the first Punic War.  at Lilibeum, and thence Marched as far as Selinunte, where he left his Army Encamped near the City; but he himself went forward to Agrigentum, and fortified the Citadel. Then he brought over the People to the Interest of the Carthaginians, and so engaged them to be their Confederates. After he returned to his Camp, Ambassadors came to him from Hiero, to consult concerning the public Good of Sicily: for they had made a League and Agreement one with another to make War upon the Romans, if they would not forthwith withdraw all their Forces out of Sicily. In execution of which they both Marched with their Armies to Messina: Where Hiero Encamped in the Hill called Chalchidicus: The Carthaginians lay with theirs near the * Monuments, and possessed themselves 
Called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Cubiles or Lodging places. Appius Cladius sent into Sicily. Messina besieged by the Carthaginians and Hiero.  of the Arsenal called Pelotias, and both presently laid close Siege to Messina. As soon as the News was brought to Rome, they sent away Appias Cladius, one of the Consuls, with a great Army, who came to Rhegium with all speed; and from thence sent Ambassadors to Hiero and the Carthaginians to raise their Siege, and promised in a general Assembly not to make any Incursion into the Territories of Hiero. To which Hiero answered that the Mamertines for their razing and ruining of Gela and Camarina, and their cruelty and wickedness in getting the possession of Messina were most justly Besieged: And that it did not become the Romans who are so cried up in every place for their Justice and Faithfulness, to protect such bloody Villains, who had contemptuously broken all the Ties and Bonds of Faith and Truth amongst Men. And if notwithstanding, they begin a War in the defence of such notoriously wicked Men, it will be evident and apparent to all Mankind, That succour to them that are in destress, is but a mere pretence to cover their Covetousness, whereas in truth their Aim is to gain Sicily.  
3. The Romans at first bore four square shields, but afterwards, when they observed the Tyrrheneans to carry brazen shields, they got the like, and Conquered them.  
4. When the Consul Landed at Messina; Hiero suspecting that the Carthaginians had made way for him, fled himself to Syracuse. The Carthaginians being at length subdued, the Consul besieged Aegista, and after the loss of a great number of his Men returned to Messina.  
5. When both Consuls arrived in Sicily, they besieged the City Adranita, and took it by storm. And while they were besieging the * Centorippians, and lay Encamped at the brazen 
Or Centurippians, their Town called Centuripinum The People now called Centoruans. Peace made between Hiero and the Romans. Olymp. 129. Ant. Ch. 261. A Drachma is 7 pence farthing  Halls or Palaces; first Ambassadors came from them of Laessina: Afterwards other Cities that were terrified with the Roman Armies, sent Ambassadors for terms of Peace, with promise to deliver up all their Towns into the hands of the Romans to the number of 67. From all which places they Marched to Syracuse to besiege Hiero, who seeing the uneasiness of the Syracusians at this preparation against them, sent Ambassadors to the Consuls to Negotiate for Peace. Who readily agreed to the Conditions, designing chief the War against the Carthaginians. A Peace therefore was concluded for 14 Years: And the Romans were to receive 140000 * Drachmas. And after he had released all the Prisoners to them, they agreed that Syracuse and all the Cities under his Jurisdiction, viz. Aera, Leontinum, Megara, Aelora, Neatina, and Tauromenum should remain in the hands of Hiero In the mean time Hannibal was come as far as Xiphonia to the Aid of the King; but hearing what was done, Marched back.  
6. The Romans after they had besieged the Towns called Adrones, and Macella for a long time together, at length raised their Sieges without effecting any thing.  
7. The Aegestines who were the first brought under the power of the Carthaginians, revolted to the Romans. The Alieneans did the like. But they took H●larius Tyrit●us and Ascelu● by force. The Tyndar 〈…〉 s seeing themselves deserted (through Fear) designed to deliver up themselves as the rest had done: but the Carthaginians suspecting their design, took the chiefest of the Citizens for Hostages, and carried them and the Corn and Wine, and all the rest of the Provision that was in the Town to Lilibeum.  
‖ Philemon the Comedian writ 97 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Olymp. 129 4. Ant. Ch. 259.  Comedies; he lived 99 ‖. The Romans that besieged Agrigentum, and that made the Trenches, and cast up the Works, were 100000. At length, after a stout resistance the Carthaginians delivered up Agrigentum to the Romans.  
8. After the siege of Agrigentum, Hanno the Elder brought over a great Army out of Africa into Sicily, of 50000 Foot, and 6000 Horse, and 60 Elephants. Philinus the Historian of Agrigentum sets forth this Expedition. Hanno with all these Forces Marched from Lilybeum to Heraclea. About this time some came and offered to deliver up Erbesus. H●nno in Prosecution of the War lost in two Battles 3000 Foot, and 200 Horse, and 4000— that were taken Prisoners. In the mean time, 30 of his Elephants died, and 3 were wounded.  
9 There was likewise the City Entellina— Hanno therefore by his prudent management by one Stratagem, cut off both his open and secret Enemies at onetime. And after they had lain thus before it for the space of 6 Months, Agrigentum was at length delivered up to them; and they carried away above 24000 as Slaves. But the Romans lost 30000 Foot, and 540 Horse. But the Carthaginians Fined Hanno in 6000 Pieces of Gold, and took away his Commission, and sent Amilcar General into Sicily, in 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, what value.  his Room. The Romans than Besieged Mystratus, and for that purpose devised many Engines: But after 7 months' time they raised their Siege, with the loss of a great number of their Men. But Amilcar fought with the Romans at Thermas, and routed them, killing 6000 upon the place; and it was not far from, but the whole Army— The Castle Mazaron was likewise taken by the Romans. Then Camarina was betrayed into the hands of Amilcar the Carthaginian, and not long after Enna in the same manner. There he Walled in 
* Drapanum upon the Promontory, Drapanum near Erix.  Drapanum, and made it a Town of defence, and after he had Transplanted the Inhabitants of Eryx thither, he razed the City to the Ground, except that part which surrounded the Temple. But the Romans took Mystratus, now Besieged the 3d time, and levelled it to the Ground, and sold the Inhabitants for Slaves. The Consul afterwards Marched to Camarina, and laid Siege to it, but could not reduce it. But at length by the help of some Engines of Battery and other Instruments of War, sent to him from Hiero, he won the Place, and sold most of the Camarineans for Slaves. Presently after, he became Master of Enna by Treachery, where he put the Garrison to the Sword, save some that made their escape out of the Town and fled to their Confederates. Thence he Marched to Satana, and took it by Storm. Then placing Garrisons in other Cities, he made for 〈…〉 cousin, a Castle belonging to the Agrigentines, which was also betrayed and delivered up to him, and there he placed a Garrison. About this time Erbesus was deserted by its Inhabitants.— But the River Alycus, and the last of all the other.—  
10. A prudent Man ought either to resolve to Conquer, or else to submit to those that are Stronger than he.  
11. All men in time of Adversity are apt to be more Religious, and more frequent in Devotion than at other times: But in times of Prosperity and Success, they make slight of the Gods as so many Fables and Romances. And when they are again brought into Troubles, than they run again to their natural Shelter.—  
12. It's much more easy to get the advantage of an Enemy when a Man will be advised, and be willing upon all occasions to rectify his own mistakes. And it often happens that they who are carried away to the same—  
Many are stirred up to Virtue through the Credit and Reputation that attend upon them, that employ themselves in good and commendable studies, and exercises.—  
For not being able to bear, as an over heavy burden the Successes of Fortune heaped upon him, he deprived himself of most of the glory of his Actions, and involved his Country in great Calamities— Moreover, when the Romans had Transported a great Army into Africa, under the Command of Attilias the Consul, they at first prevailed over the Carthaginians, and took many of their Towns and Castles, and destroyed great numbers of their Soldiers: But as soon as 
* An. M. 3694. This was Attilius Regulus, that was routed and taken, with 15000 Men, and 30000 slain. Eutrop. Urb. Conduit. 477. Ch. 255. lib. 2. Olym. 131. 2. Ant. Ch. 255.  Panthippus the Spartan (whom they had hired to be their General) came out of Greece, the Carthaginians totally routed the Romans, and destroyed a numerous Army. Afterwards they Fought several Sea-Fights, wherein the Romans lost many Ships, and abundance of Men, to the number of 100000.— The honour he had gained before, highly aggravated the disgrace and contempt; and by his own Example, he instructed others to carry humbly and modestly when they are in the greatest Power and Authority. And that which stung him most, was that he was made the Scorn, and brought into the power of those whom he had before proudly trampled upon in disdain: And now had deprived himself of all Pity and Commiseration, commonly showed to Men in Misery and Distress.—  
For those that before were Conquerors in all, he now altogether Conquered: And those that before (through the slaughter made amongst them) expected nothing but utter Destruction. Now, (by the greatness of the Victory by them on the other hand obtained) he caused to slight and contemn their Enemies.— For it's no wonder if the Prudence and Experience of a General effect those things which seem to others impossible: for all things are easy and possible to Ingenuity and Diligence, supported by skill, acquired by Experience.— For as the Body is the servant of the Soul, so great Armies are governed by the Prudence of their Generals.— The Senate ordering all things for the public good.— Philistus then writ his History.— But the Romans who had passed over into Africa, and fought with the Carthaginians a Battle at Sea, and beaten them, and taken 24 of their Ships, after they had taken aboard those Romans that were 
A S●●pwrack of the Romans.  left of the Land Army, (as they were Sailing to Sicily) were all Shipwrackt near Camerina, and lost 340 Men of War, besides Vessels for Transporting of Horses, and other Transport Ships to the number of 300: So that all the Coasts from Camerina to Pachynum, were filled with the Carcases of Men and Horses, and Wrecks of Ships. Hiero courteously entertained those that escaped, and supplying them with Meat and Drink, clothes and other necessaries, conveyed them safe to Messina. Carthalon the Carthaginian after the Shipwreck, of the Romans, Besieged Agrigentum, took it and burnt the Town, and demolished the Walls; and those that were left, fled to Olympius. The Romans after the Shipwarck Equipped out another Fleet of 250 Sail, and came to Cephaledium, which was delivered up to them by Treachery. Thence they Marched to Drapanus, and began to Besiege it, but upon Succours brought in by Carthalon, they drew off, and Sailed to Panormus: There they cast Anchor in the Harbour even under the Walls, and landed their Army, and then drew a Wall and Trench round the City. And the Country being very woody, even up to the City Gates, they had the advantage to raise Mounts and Bulwarks all along from Sea to Sea. Then the Romans by continual assaults and batteries beat down the Walls, and entering the outward Forts, put many to the Sword, the rest fled into the old City, and sent out Commissioners to the Consul to treat for the sparing of their lives. The Conditions were agreed unto; That every Person that paid 2 Minas for his head, should be free: Hereupon the Romans entered, and 40000 were set free for the Ransom agreed upon, the rest to the number of 30000 were sold for Slaves, together with the Spoils. But they of Jetina, drove out the Carthaginian Garrison and delivered up the Town to the Romans: The like did the Seluntines, Petrineans, Enaterineans and Tyndarites. Then the Consuls leaving a Garrison in Panormus Marched away to Messina. The Year following the Romans designed another Descent into Lybia, but being prevented from landing by the Carthaginians they returned to Panormus. Thence in their return to R●●e, by another Tempest they lost 150 Ships of War, besides Transport Ships with all their Loading and Provision. About this time the Governor of Therm being abroad about some necessary occasions, was taken Prisoner by the Roman Army: and during his Confinement he Treated by Messengers with the General to open the Gates of the City to him in the Night if he might be released: The time was agreed upon, and he was ordered to be discharged, and 1000 Men were sent thither in the Night, who came there at the time appointed, whereupon he opened the Gates, and the chiefest Persons of Quality only entered, giving a strict charge to the Guard, to shut the Gates and suffer none other to enter; and this they did to the end that none but themselves might have the plunder and pillage of the City; but they were all presently knocked on the Head, a just reward for their Covetousness. But at another time Therm and Lipara were given up into the hands of the Romans. Yet they failed of their purpose at the Castle of Ere 〈…〉, tho' they besieged it with 40000 Foot, and 1000 Horse.—  
Asdrubal the Carthaginian General being ill spoken of by his Soldiers for not sighting, Marched away with the whole Army, and came to Panormus through the straits of Selinuntia, and passing over the River near the Town, he Encamped close to the Walls without Fortifying himself, in Contempt of the Enemy. And now again plenty of Wine being brought into the Camp by the Merchants, the Celte made themselves drunk, and 
Olymp. 132. 1. Antony's Changed 249. Caecilius routs the Carthaginians.  while they were roaring and tearing and filling all places with disorder and confusion, 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Long Ships- 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Caecilius the Consul broke in upon them, and totally routed them, and sent 60 Elephants then taken in the Fight, to Rome, which were the admiration of the Romans.   

Out of the 24th BOOK.  
Eclog. 1. THE Carthaginians, after they had razed the City Selinunte, transplanted the Citizens to Lilybeum. But the Romans sailed with 240 long Galleys, and 60 
Lil●beum resi●g'd by the Romans.  round Vessels, and all other sorts of Shipping to Panormus, and thence to Lilybeum, which now they began to besiege; and fortified themselves by a Trench drawn all along from Sea to Sea. Then they prepared them 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Engines to cast Stones, battering Rams and 
* Called by the Romans, Testudines.  Engines not only to batter, but pluck the Stones by violence out of the Walls, and all other things necessary for the raising of Mounts and Bulwarks. Then they filled 15 of their round Vessels with Stones, and cast them into the Mouth of the Harbour to choke it up. The Roman Army amounted to the number of 110000 Men, of whom 60000 Foot and 700 Horse were ordered to carry on the Siege. But 4000 Men with Corn and Provision were sent from Carthage to the Besieged, which greatly heartened them and 
* Adherbal.  Atarbus their Governor. When the Romans understood that Relief was got into the City, they filled up the Mouth of the Harbour a second time, and made a Bomb with Anchors and great Pieces of Timber; but the Wind which then blew high, and the violent Surges of the Sea, broke all asunder. The Romans likewise made another 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Engine to cast mighty Stones; but the Carthaginians raised another Wall within, and the Romans filled up the City Trench with Earth, which was 60 Cubits broad, and 40 deep. And whilst a Skirmish was fought on that side of the Walls towards the Sea, the Romans placed an Ambush on the other side, and the Soldiers within making Sallies out of the Town to help them that were engaged at the Seaside, those that lay in Ambush (having Scaling-Ladders ready mounted) gained the first Wall; which being known, the Carthaginian Commander fell furiously upon them, and killed 10000 upon the Place, and put the rest to flight, and burned all the Roman Engines, battering Rams, Instruments to cast Stones, and all their Works and Fortifications. After this, the Carthaginians seeing that their Horse was of no use to them in the straight and narrow Passages, sent them away to Drapanum. Then presently came in strong Recruits to the Carthaginians; but the Romans (by the burning of their Engines, and through want of Provision, and the breaking out of the Plague amongst them,) were reduced to great Straits, (for only the Romans and their Confederates eat Flesh,) and so a great Distemper seized them, that in a very few days there died 10000, so that they were very earnest to breast up the Siege; but Hiero, King of Syracuse, sent them a great quantity of Corn, which again encouraged them to continue. Afterwards the Romans chose another Consul, and gave the Command of the Army to Claudius the Consul, the Son of Appius, who taking charge of the Army, stopped up the Mouth of the Port as his Predecessor had done, but the Sea bore down and carried all away again. Moreover Claudius thinking himself able to do great Things, furnished out 210 of the best Ships, and arrived at Drapanum, and there engaged with the Carthaginians in a Sea-fight, and was beaten, and lost 117 of his Ships, and 20000 Men. There never happened so great a Fight at Sea, and so absolute a Victory, either among 
Th● Romans beaten at Sea by the Carthaginians.  the Carthaginians, or any other about these times; and that which was more to be admired was, That tho' the Carthaginians were in so great Danger, and had only 90 Sail, yet they lost not one Man, and had but a very few wounded.— With 30 Sail, 
Note: Not one Man lost in a great Sea-fight.  which intercepted the Corn and Provision belonging to the Romans, and carried it to Drapanum, and taking thence what remained that was useful, they came to Lilybeum, and loaded the Besieged with all kind of Provision. And now Carthalon the General came from Carthage with 70 long Ships or Men of War, and as many loaden with Corn, who also set upon the Romans and sunk some of their Vessels, and carried off four others that lay at Anchor. But after he heard that the Roman Fleet was set forth from Syracuse, having called a Council of War, he went out to Sea against them with 220 Sail of the best Ships he had. When the Fleets came in sight one of another near the Coasts of Gela, the Romans (struck with a Panic Fear) attacked about and hasted to Phintiades, leaving all their Transport Ships loaden with Provision, and other Vessels, behind them. But the Carthaginians making a swift Pursuit after them, there happened a fierce Engagement; In which, the Carthaginians sunk 50 of their great Men of War, and 60 other long Galleys, 
The Romans beaten again at Sea.  and disabled 13. After the Fight, the Carthaginians sailed to the River Alycus, and there took care of their wounded Men. In the mean time, Junius the Consul not knowing what was done, loosed from Messina with 36 long Galleys and many Ships of Burden, and having passed Pachynus, and gained the Port of Phintiades, upon Intelligence of what had happened he was amazed; and the Carthaginians making up upon him with their whole Navy, he burned 12 of the most useless of his own Ships, and sailed with the rest towards Syracuse, hoping to be secured by Hiero. But near Camarina a Storm arose, which drove him upon the Shallows and Rocks, the Winds being very fierce and boisterous: But the Carthaginians having recovered Pachynus, anchored in a safe and secure Harbour. The Romans being thus distressed, lost all their Transport Sips of Corn and Provision, and 
A Storm upon the Romans, who lost 105 Galleys, and all their Transport-Ships.  105 long Galleys, so that there were only two that escaped, and most of their Men perished. Junius with those two, and those Men that were preserved, came to the Camp at 
* Now called Marsala.  Lilybeum: He surprised Erix in the night, and walled Aegothalus, which is now called Acellus, and put in there a Garrison of 800 Men. But when Carthalon had intelligence, that the Places about Eryx were possessed by the Enemy, he wasted thither a considerable Body of Men in the night, and assaulted the Garrison of Agothalus and took the Castle, and so succeeding in his Design; some he put to the Sword, and the rest fled to Eryx, where was a Garrison of 3000 Men. In the first Sea-fight the Romans lost 35000 Men, and as many were taken Prisoners.  
11. In the Territory of Catana there was a Castle called Italium, which was assaulted by Barcas the Carthaginian.— For the Counsels and Stratagems of the Commanders being communicated to their Friends, were discovered by some Deserters to the Enemy, which terrified the Soldiers, and possessed them with an expectation of some imminent Danger. But Barcas arriving there in the night, landed his Men, and was the first that led them to Eryx (which was 30 Stages distant) and took the City, and put most of them to the Sword, and those that survived he removed to 
* Now called Trapano.  Drapanum.— Always and in every Concern it's known by Experience, that the Observance of good Rule and Order has produced many good and great Effects.—  
12. But Calatinus the Consul sailed into Sicily with 300 long Galleys, and other Shipping, to the number of 1000 in the whole, and cast Anchor at the Mart-Town of the Eryceans. Hanno likewise arrived 
* Hieronesus, Polyb. l. 1. one of the Lypari Islands near Sicily, dedicated to Aeolus and Vulcan.  in the Sacred Island from Carthage with 250 long Galleys, and other Ships of Burden; thence he came to Eryx.— The Romans fell on, and a sharp and obstinate Engagement there was on both sides, in which the Carthaginians lost 117 Ships, and among those 20 with all their Men. But the Romans— 80, 30 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  for their own Charge and Expense, and 50 to divide for Spoil, and 6000 Prisoners, (as Philinus reports,) but as others 4040; the rest of the Fleet got safe with a fair Wind to Carthage.— For Valour signified nothing, when the Fleet was so dispersed, that it had no body to fly unto, but was by the Sea (as it were) delivered up into the hands of the Enemy. So 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  that after the War had continued between the Romans and the Carthaginians for the space of 24 years, and Lilybeum had been besieged 10 years, a Peace was concluded. 
The end of the first Punic War, Olymp. 134. Ant. Ch. 240.    

Out of the 25th BOOK.  
1. EPicurus the Philosopher, in his Book called Maximus, saith, That a Righteous Life is void of all Trouble and Disturbance; but an Unrighteous, nothing but Trouble and Sorrow. 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  It contains much Matter in brief and certain Sentences, tending greatly to the Reformation of the Manners and Lives of Men: For Injustice is the greatest of all Evils, involving not only private Men, but (that we may sum up all at once) Nations, Kings and Kingdoms, in most miserable Calamities.— For the Spaniards gall them of the Baleary Islands, Africans, Carthaginians, and Ligureans, joined with them of Carthage. And 
This was the great Rebellion in afric against Carthage, and Matho and Spendius, which War continued three year. Vid. Polyb. l. 1.  the Slaves, whose Parents were Grecians, on one side, who also rebelled.— Then it was perfectly learned by Experience, how far the Diligence of an expert Commander excelled the blind and heady Vulgar, and the rash and ignorant Conduct of a rude Common Soldier.— So excellent a thing is Modesty in Commanding, that it enjoins nothing beyond the Power of Men.— But after their departure out of Sicily, the Carthaginian Mercenaries risen up in Arms against them for these Reasons.— They were unreasonable and excessive in their Demands for the Horses and Men which they had lost in Sicily.— And they were in War one with another 4 Years, and as many Months. But at length they were put to Death by Barcas the General, who had likewise performed notable Service in Sicily against the Romans.  
2. But Amilcar the Carthaginian General in a short time enlarged the Bounds of his Country; for he advanced with his Fleet as far as to the Pillars of Hercules and the 
* Now Cadiz or Cales, in the straits.  Gades. This City is a Colony of the Phoenicians, lying in the farthest Corner of the Earth on the Sea side, and hath an Haven. Having subdued the Iberians and the Tartesians with Istolotius 
Tarseites, of Tarseium; A City near Hercules Pillars in the straits, now not in being.  the General of the Celtaes, and his Brother, he put most of them to the Sword, amongst 
Amilcar overcomes Indortes the Prince of ●he Celtae. These Celtaes a People of Spain. Indortes' Crucify'd.  whom were the Two Brothers, and several other Honourable Persons: And he received into his own Army 3000 of them that were prisoners. But Endort●s got again together 50000 Men, but fled before he engaged, and betook himself to an high Hill: where being beset and blocked up by Amilcar, he fled away again in the night, and most of his Army were cut off. Indortes himself at length fell into the Enemy's hands, and Amilcar put out his Eyes, and then with many Scoffs and Scorns Crucify'd him. But he discharged above 10000 other prisoners, and took in many Cities, some by f●ir Promises and persuasions: and others by force. Then Asdrubal the Son of Amilcar being sent by his Father-in-law to Carthage against the Numidians (who had rebelled against the Carthaginians) killed 8000, and took 2000 prisoners: The rest were subdued and brought under Tribute. In the mean time Amilcar having gained many Cities in Spain, built a very large Town, which from its situation he called Acra Leuca; having afterwards besieged the City 
* Acra Leuca now St. Leucar. probable. r.  Helice, he sent away the greatest part of his Army, and Elephants into their Winter Quarters to the City he had lately built, and continued with the rest at the Siege. But Orisso the King (under pretence of coming in as a Friend to join with Amilcar) sucoured the Besieged, and forced Amilcar to fly and raise his Siege; his Sons 
* now not in being.  and Friends he ordered for their safety, to take one way by themselves, and he himself passed another, and being hotly pursued by the King, in taking a great River he was forced off his Horse by the violence of the Stream, and so drowned: But Hannibal and Asdrubal his Sons got safe to Acra Leuca, or the White Citadel,—— And tho' Amilcar 
Amilcar drowned in Spain.  died many Ages before our time, yet History has left an Epitaph and Commemoration of his due praise. But Asdrubal his Son-in-law as soon as he heard of his Father-in law's death, forthwith marched away, and came to Acra with above 100 Elephants. Being chosen General by the Army, and the Carthaginians, he picked out 50000 Foot of old experienced Soldiers, 6000 Horse, and 200 Elephants. In the first place he ruined and broke in pieces King Orisso, than he put to the Sword all that were the occasion of Amilcar's 
Gr.  flight, and got possession of Twelve Cities: and at length all the Cities of Spain. And having now celebrated a new Marriage, and taken the Daughter of the King of Spain to Wife, he was invested with full Power in the Government, by all the Spaniards. He afterwards built a City by the Seaside which he called Carthage, and after this another, and aspired to exceed Amilcar in Power and Greatness. He had in his Army 60000 
Asdrubal Assassinated in Spain.  Foot, 8000 Horse, and 200 Elephants. But at length he was assassinated by one of his own Household, having been General Nine Years.  
3. The Celtaes with the Gauls entering into a War against the Romans, raised an Army 
Olymp. 138. 4. Ant. Ch. 223. A War between the Celtaes and the Romans.  of 200000 Men; and in the First Battle were victorious; and likewise in the Second, wherein one of the Roman Consuls were killed: tho' the Romans had an Army of 70000 Foot and 7000 Horse. However, tho' they were worsted in the Two First Battles, yet in the Third they gained a signal Victory, killing 40000 upon the place, and taking the rest prisoners— So that the greatest of their Kings cut his own Throat: but the other was taken alive. After this brave Exploit, Aemilius being made Consul, wasted the Country of the Gauls and Celtaes, and took in many Cities and Castles, and filled the City of Rome with Spoils.  
4. Hiero King of Syracuse supplied the Romans with Corn in the Celtic War, and was paid for it when the War was ended.  
5. The Army wanting a General after Asdrubal was slain, the Charthaginians unanimously 
Hannibal.  chose Hannibal the Eldest Son of Amilcar to be their General— While the City Seguntum was Besieged by Hannibal, the Citizens got together all the Riches in the 
The beginning of the Second Punic War which continued 17 Years. Olymp. 1140. 3. Ant. Ch. 216. Seguntum taken in Spain.  Temples, and all the Silver and Gold in the Houses, nay, till it came to the Jewels in the women's Ears, and laid them on an heap, and melted them down, mixing Brass and Lead with the Gold and Silver to make them useless and invaluable: and having so done, they all valiantly made a Sally, and fought it out to the last Man, and all died upon the place, not without a great slaughter first made of their Enemies. The Mothers likewise first killed their own Children, and then stifled themselves by the smoke of the Furnaces. And so Hannibal gained the Town without any benefit of Plunder: whom when the Romans demanded to be brought to Trial for his breach of the League, and could not prevail, they began the War called the Hannibal War.   

Out of the 26th BOOK.  
Eclog. 1. THere was never any Poet or Historian, or any Learned Man of what Science 
Plin. lib. 35. C. 8. Praxitiles. Plin. lib. 36. C. 5. Plin. 35. 10. Appelles and Parrasius.  soever, that could please all their Readers in every thing. Neither can any thing that is mortal, tho' it attain its end and design, gain the general approbation of all, so as to be wholly free from Exception and Censure. For neither * Phidias who was so admired for his Ivory Images: Nor * Praxiles that excellent Stone-cutter: Nor Appelles or Parrasius, who attained to the highest pitch of Art and Skill in Limning and Painting, could ever reach to that degree of Happiness, as to exhibit any piece of their several Arts, that was not in some respect capable of Censure. For who was a more Famous Poet than Homer; or an Orator than Demosthenes? Who more Just than Aristides and Solon? yet joined as a Flaw to all their Excellencies there is an Oration that carps at them, and makes them as if they were all ignorant Fellows. For indeed being but Men, altho' they attained to eminent Perfection in their several Accomplishments, yet through Human Frailty, they failed and mistake in many things. However, some Men there are who discover both their Envy and Folly, who wilfully omit to give an account of what is commendable and praiseworthy; but where they have any colour to find fault, there they fix, and are unwilling ever to leave it, endeavouring by blackening another, to set forth the more their own Worth and Excellencies; not considering that every Art and peculiar Accomplishment is more to be judged of by enquiry into the thing itself, than by making conclusions from the partial and peevish Passion of another, But any would admire this industrious Folly of Detraction, whereby a person by blackening another, in truth loses his own Reputation.— There are some things that by 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. The folly of Nature.  a blind instinct, are naturally hurtful, as Frost, and Snow burn and blast the fairest and most pleasant Fruits; and the resplendent Whiteness of the Snow so dazzles the Eyes, that it almost deprives them of their Sight: and so some Men that have neither Wit nor Will to do any thing that is commendable themselves, yet have Malice and Folly enough naturally, to judge and condemn the Actions of others: But it is the part of a prudent and understanding Man, always to attribute due praise to them, who by their Industry have prosecuted virtuous Designs: And where any have not been so successful as they desired, not to taunt at the infirmity of Humane Nature; But so much of these envious Men.  
2. For as a brave Champion after he has spent much time in anointing himself, at length descends into the Lists— Having gained great Experience and an Habit.  
3. Menodotus the Corinthian writ the Affairs of Greece in 14 Books. And Sosilus the 
* A People in the Island of Corcyra., or Corfu. What a Lagi●n is.  Ilian the Acts of Hannibal in Seven.  
4. Among the Romans a Legion consists of 5000 Men.  
5. Men naturally flock to them that are in prosperity, but insult over those that are brought into Distress.— For the Soul presently to undergo a mere contrary Change, which is in its own nature unchangeable.  
6. The City of Rhodes being ruined by a great Earthquake, Hiero the Syracusian bestowed 
Earthquake: in Rhodes.  Six Talents of Silver towards the repairing of the Walls, and Silver Cauldrons of great value, besides Money: And let them have Corn to Transport free from Custom.  
7. That which is now called Philopolis, was heretofore called Phiotis of Thebes, over all Thessaly.  
8, For soft Beds, constant delicate Fare, and the use of all sorts of precious Ointments, unfit them for toil and hardship.— For both their Bodies and Minds were habituated to Effeminacy and Luxuriousness.— For Men naturally can hardly brook Toil and Pains, and low Diet; but delight in Idleness and Luxury. For Hannibal with much Toil and Care gained Cities both from the Romans and Brutians, and took Crotona, and Besieged Rhegium. For from Hercules Pillars in the West to Crotona, he overran all the Roman Territories.    

Fragments out of the Books of Diodorus the Sicilian [that are lost] as they are in Photius his Bibliotheca.  

Out of the 31st BOOK.  
1. While these things were doing, Ambassadors came to Rome from Rhodes, to beg pardon for what they had done. For in the War against Perseus they had seemed to favour the King, and to break their League with the Romans. But not being able to accomplish any thing for which they were sent, they were greatly dejected, and solicited with Tears the great and principal Men of the City: Whereupon being introduced into the Senate by Antonius, one of the Tribunes of the People, Philophron was the first that opened the matter, and business of their Embassy. And after him Astimedes; when they had made many Arguments and apt Discourses to prevail with the Senate, and at last according to the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Sung the Swans Song.  Proverb, had with the Swan concluded their mournful Ditty, they received an answer which presently freed from their fears: However they were sharply reproved, and fined for their Offences. So that it is evident how the most noble among the Romans (by whom the greatest Affairs are managed) strive which shall be most generous, and upon that account gain most Honour and Reputation. For in the Administration of public Affairs elsewhere, one envies another. But the Romans praise and commend one another. So that while all endeavour to advance the public Good, great and glorious things are Achieved: but as to others, while they aim only at their own vain Glory, and envy the Successes one of another, they ruin their Country.  
2. At length Aemilius took Perseus the last King of Macedonia, who had often entered 
Olymp. 154. 1. The miserable condition of Perseus' King of Macedon.  into a League with the Romans, and as often appeared in the Field with great Armies against them. And after the Victory Aemilius Triumphed gloriously. And tho' Perseus was brought into so great miseries and calamities, as that the ruins and destructions which he suffered, can scarce be paralleled by any Romance, yet was he not willing to part with his Life. For before the Senate had determined any thing relating to his punishment, 
* One of the City Praetors.  one of the chief Officers of the City cast both him and his Children into the Goal Albinus. This Prison is a deep Dungeon of the bigness of a Chamber, capable of 9 Beds at the most: Dark and full of all sorts of filth and nastiness, by reason of the multitude of Men Condemned for capital Offences, that from time to time were thrust down there; and generally most of such Malefactors were put into this Place. So that many being shut up together in so straight a place, those miserable Creatures were even turned into Beasts: And in regard the Meat, Drink, and other necessaries which were brought them, were jumbled together into one Chaos and heap of Confusion, there arose thence such a stench that none that came near, were able to endure. In a most miserable Condition Perseus continued here for the space of 7 Days, insomuch that he begged relief, and some share of the Food of those strangers in Prison, who had only a stinted allowance. They out of compassion to this miserable Man, with great humanity and tears in their Eyes, gave him part of that small pittance they had, and withal offered him a Sword and a Rope, to use which of them he would at his pleasure, for the putting an end to his Life, Yet nothing seems so sweet as Life, even to the miserable; tho' they suffer what is equivalent to death itself in the mean time. To conclude, he had certainly ended his days in this extreme misery, if Marcus Aemilius Precedent of the Court (out of respect to the dignity of his Person, moved by the natural and innate humanity of the Romans) had not with some indignation moved the Senate on his behalf, putting them in mind, that tho' they feared not Men, yet they should bear some awe and reverence to 
* 〈…〉 of 〈◊〉.  Nemesis, who will take vengeance on them that use their power with Pride and Insolency. Upon this he was committed to a more moderate Confinement, and while he was seeding himself with fresh hopes, he ended his days agreeable to the former misfortunes of his Life: for after he had lived 2 Years in this 
* 〈◊〉 The death of P 〈…〉 s. the Cappadocian Kings.  fond love of Life, having displeased his barbarous Keepers they would not suffer him to sleep, and so he died.  
3. The Kings of Cappadocia say that they came from Cyrus' King of Persia. They affirm likewise that they are descended from one of those Seven Persians that killed Magus. And they drew down their Pedigree from Cyrus thus: That Atossa was the Sister of Cambyses, and Daughter of Cyrus: That Gallus was the Son of Atossa and Pharnaces King of Cappadocia, Smerdis the Son of Gallus, and Artames the Son of Smerdis, and Artames had issue Anaphas (a brave and valian: Man) who was the Father of one of th● Seven Persians. In this manner therefore 
Cr.  do they make out their Consanguinity both to Cyrus and to Anaphas, who it's said 
* For 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; Valour, others say it should be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; Cowardice.  was of so stout a Spirit, that before he would pay Tribute to the Persians, he abdicated his Government of Capadocia. After his death Anaphas his Son Reigned in his stead, who dying, left his two Sons, Ditamus and Arimneus, and that Ditamus took upon him the Government, (a Warlike Prince, and in all respects accomplished for the Kingdom) who joining Battle with the Persians, and behaving himself with great Gallantry and Resolution, was killed in the Fight, and his Son Ariamnes succeeded him in the Kingdom. To whom were born two Sons, Ariarathes and Holophernes: And after he had Reigned 50 Years, he died 
Holofernes.  having done nothing memorable, and the Elder of his Sons Ariarathes succeeded him, who its said bore so great and tender a Love to his Brother, that he advanced him to the highest degree of Honour and Preferment. And sent him to join with the Persians in the War against the Egyptians, who after returned loaden with many and large marks of Honour conferred upon him by Ochus, for his Valour, and died in his own Country, leaving behind him two Sons, Ariarathes and Arysses. And that his Brother the King of Cappadocia (
* Gr. having no legal Issue.  having no legal Issue) adopted Ariarathes his Brother's Eldest Son. About this time Alexander the Macedonian King ruin'd the Persian Empire, and presently after died. But Perdiccas who had the chief Command, sent Eumenes as General into Cappadocia, who subdued and killed Ariarathes and brought Cappadocia and all the bordering Territories into the the power of the Macedonians. But Ariarathes, the adopted Son of the former King, despairing for the present to regain the Kingdom, with a few followers fled into Armenia. But Eumenes and Berdiccas both dying not long after, and Antigonus and Seleucus embroiled in War one with another, Ariarathes with the help of Arcloathus King of Armenia (who furnished him with forces) routed and killed Amyntas the Macedonian General, and presently drove all the Macedonians out of the Country, and recovered his Kingdom. He had 3 Sons, the Eldest of which, Ariamnes succeeded him, who joined in affinity with Antiochus Theos, and Married his Eldest Son Ariarathes to Stratonice, Antiochus his Daughter. And for the great love he had to him above all his Children, ●e set the Diadem upon his Head, and made him Co-parther with him in the Kingdom: and after the death of his Father he reigned alone. Then he dying, Ariarathes his Son, of a very tender Age, succeeded. He Married Antiochide (the Daughter of Antiochus the great) a very subtle Woman: Who because she bore no Children, to make up that defect, contrived (unknown to her Husband) a suppositious Birth, as if she had Born two Sons, which were called Ariarathes and Holofernes. But not long after, she conceived in reality, and unexpectedly was delivered of two Daughters and one Son called Mithridates. Upon this she acquainted her Husband with the Imposture, and so wrought with him that she prevailed with him to send away the Eldest of the two Sons with a small Sum of Money to Rome, and the other into jonia, lest they should challenge the Kingdom from him that was lawful Heir to the Crown; who after he came to Man's Estate (its said) was called Ariarathes, and was Educated in all the learning of Greece, and was a Person accomplished with all manner of Virtuous Endowments. That the Father (who was wonderfully beloved by the Son) strove all he could to repay his Son's love again: And their mutual endeared affections one towards another went so far, that the Father would have given up the whole Kingdom into the Hands of the Son, but the Son on the other side told him, he could not possibly accept of so great an advantage from living Parents. After therefore his Father died he succeeded, spending the rest of his life very virtuously and in the study of Philosophy: So that Cappadocia which was before little known to the Grecians, was now a desirable place of Residence for all learned Men: He renewed the League of Peace and Friendship with the Romans. And in this manner is the Pedigree of those that have hitherto reigned in Cappadocia, brought down from Cyrus.  
4. For Statues are made of such Romans as are of noble Families, in near resemblance of the Persons, and according to the whole proportion of their Bodies. For all their life long, they have some, who observe their Mien and Deportment, and the special remarks of every part exactly. Likewise every Man's Ancestor 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  stands in that Habit, and in those Ornaments, (and is so clearly represented) that every one knows the Person as soon as he looks upon him, and to what degree of Honour every one was advanced, and what Share and Interest they had in the Commonwealth.  
5. 
* Rather Fulvius. Olymp. 156, 4. Ant. Ch. 151.  Memmius was sent General with an Army into Spain. But the 
* Lusitanians. now Portugals.  Lusitanians just upon his Landing, fell upon him, and routed him, and cut off most of his Army. When this success of the Iberians was noised abroad, the Araucians' (who looked upon themselves to be far better Soldiers than the Iberians) slighted and contemned the Enemy, and upon this ground and confidence, chief it was that in their general Council they determined to make War upon the Romans. 
* Araucians', now of Aurang    

Out of the 32d. BOOK.  
Fragment 1. ALexander fled out of the Fight with 500 Men to a City in Arabia, called 
This was Alexander Epiphanes King of Syria, and this Battle was with Ptolometor, near Antioch. Olymp. 158. 3. Ant. Ch. 144. See Mac. 1. Mac. 10. c. Joseph. lib. 13. c. 8.  Abas, to Diocles the Prince there; with whom he had before entrusted his Son Antiochus, a Child of very tender Age. Afterwards the Chief Commanders who were about Heliades (and had been with Alexander) plotting to assassinate Alexander, sent away some Messengers privately from among themselves, promising secretly to Murder him. Demetrius consenting to what they proposed, they became both Traitors and Murderers of their Prince. We might be justly condemned if we should pass in silence that which happened before the death of Alexander, tho' for the strangeness of the thing it be scarce credible. King Alexander a little before these times, consulted with the Oracle in Silicia, where they say is the Temple of Apollo of Sarpedon: and it is reported that the Oracle made Answer, that he should take heed of that place which should bring forth a God of two shapes. This Divine Hint was then taken for a Riddle: but after the King was dead, the Truth was discovered in this manner. For in Abas a City of Arabia dwelled one Diophantus a Macedonian. This Man Married an Arabian Woman, by whom he had a 
Strange Stories of Hermaphrodites. Heraides became a Man.  Son, called after his own Name, and a Daughter called Heraides: His Son died while he was young: But he gave a Portion to his Daughter when she was grown up, and Married her to one Semiades, who, after he had lived with his Bride one year, undertook a long Journey: In the mean time (it is reported) that Heraides fell into a strange and wonderful distemper, such as is scarce credible. For she had a vehement Inflammation, and a great Swelling at the bottom of her Belly, which increased to that degree, that it brought her into a violent Fever. The Physicians conceived that it was an Ulcer about the neck of the Matrix; Refrigerating Medicines and Plasters therefore were applied to bring down and cool those hot burning Tumours; upon the Seventh day the Humour burst, and out started from the Privy Parts of Heraides, a Man's Yard with the Testicles complete. This happened when neither Physician nor any other Stranger was present, but only the Mother and Two Servants: who with the strangeness of the thing, were struck into a Maze. However, they made it their Care and Business to cure her, and kept all private to themselves. And when she was recovered, she still wore a Woman's Habit, and managed the Affairs of the House as Wives use to do. But those who were privy to what had happened, suspected her to be an Hermaphrodite. And so, tho' formerly in carnal Embraces with her Husband, there might be no natural copulation, yet she had been seen frequently to have the carnal knowledge of Women. In the mean time while all things were kept secret, Semiades returns and demands his Wife, (as was very fit and reasonable.) And being continually urgent and pressing for the society of his Wife, the Father refused, and yet was ashamed to declare the reason, which occasioned great dissension, so far as that the Husband resolved to sue the Father for his Wife: So that this wonder was exposed to the public view, like a Play upon the Stage, by the means of a criminal Accusation. The Person contended for was present in Court when the Matter was Banded to and fro, on either party's behalf; Upon which, the Judges were in doubt whether the Power and Authority of the Husband over the Wife, should be preferred before that of the Father over the Daughter. At length, when they were ready to give Sentence that the Wife should abide with her Husband, she discovered the truth of the whole matter, and with great boldness and assurance of Mind threw off her feigned Habit, and discovered herself to be a Man to all that were there present, and in a surly manner uttered these words. Can any compel one Man to Marry another? Upon which all were amazed, and set up a shout of Admiration at the strangeness of the thing. Heraides being now discovered, afterwards (as is reported) changed her Woman's Attire and put on the Habit of a young Man. And it's likewise said, that the Physicians when they saw those parts of the Woman, judged that the nature of the Male lay hid in the Womb of the Female (in a place in shape like an Egg) and that in the thin skarf or skin, that wrapped about the Yard, was an unusual hole, through which the Urine passed. And that therefore they declared that the place first being pierced and made like an hollow pipe, should be turned into a green Wound, and at length brought to a Scab, and when the Yard was reduced to its proper shape, that suitable Remedies should be applied for the cure of the Patient. Heraides was afterwards called Diophantus, and served in the King's Camp in a Regiment of Horse, and then resided with the King at Abas. At that time therefore was 
Alexander ' s Camp.  the meaning of the Oracle understood, which was before dark and obscure; when the King came to Abbas, where this Hermaphrodite was Born. It's reported that Semiades at length (through love he bore to her) upon the account of their former familiarity (and through shame of his unnatural Marriage) was able to bear up no longer, but after he had left all his Goods to Diophantus, and made him his Heir, broke his Heart and died. So she that had been a Woman, carried it with the courage of a Man, and he that was ever a Man, appeared to be more pusillanimous than any Woman. The like to this fell out about 30 Years after in the City of 
* In Peloponnesus.  Epidaurus. There was a young Maid in Epidaurus (as the report goes) an Orphan, whose name was calo. This Maid had no passage in her privy parts, but about the Pecten there was a place like an issue through which the Urine passed ever from the time of her Birth. When she came to a mature Age, she was Married to one of the Citizens with whom she lived two Years, and tho' she was not capable of natural Embraces as a Woman, yet she was forced to endure those that were preternatural, or besides nature. But afterwards a Tumour arose near the Pecten which put her to exceeding torment, so that many Physicians were sent for to consult together, and all despaired of Curing her: But an Apothecary undertook the Cure, and made an incision in the place, whence came forth a Man's Yard with Testicles, but solid without any passage. And when all were amazed at the strangeness of the thing, the Apothecary supplied the parts with what was deficient. First he made an incision into the end of the Yard, and pierced it even to the Uretor, and thrusting down a small silver 
* Probe.  Instrument, brought away the Urinal and other excrementitious humours: But the place where the Issue was, he first turned into a green Wound, and then healed it up. Having performed this extraordinary Cure, he demanded a double reward; For he said he had undertaken to Cure a sick Woman, and had now set right a young Man. calo hereupon laid aside her Wheel and other effeminate Employments, and took upon her the Name of Callon, adding only the last Letter N to her former Name. Some say, that before her Transformation, she was the Priestess of Ceres, and because she showed to Men those things that were not to be seen, this judgement fell upon her for her Profaneness. They report that at Naples and several other places the like hath happened; not that the two Sexes of Man and Woman are really formed by Nature in two several shapes (for that is impossible) but that Nature is deceived in fashioning the Members of the Body to the amazement and deceit of— the beholders. We have therefore judged these strange Events which are brought down to us both by Writings and Traditions, worthy to be taken notice of, in respect both of their pleasure and profit to the readers. For many looking upon such things as these, as Monsters in Nature, are thereby infected with a kind of Superstition: Not only private Men but whole Cities and Nations. For it's reported that a little before the beginning of the Martian War, there dwelled an Italian near Rome, who having Married such a one (as is before described) complained to the Senate, upon which, they out of a fond Superstition, and persuaded thereunto by the Truscan Augurs, ordered the Hermaphrodite to be burnt. And thus (they say) this poor Creature was most unjustly doomed to destruction; and was ignorantly judged a Monster, because she had some resemblance of both Sexes. And not long after there happened the like at Athens; where the thing not being understood, (they say) the Man was burnt alive. Some there are that tell idle stories how that there are Hyaene (for so they call such as are both Men and Women) who have Carnal copulation one with another, according to each Sex by turns every other Year: When in truth there is no such thing. For although both Sexes have a peculiar and distinct nature without participation one with another, yet by a false formation the inconsiderate spectator may be imposed upon. For to the Female (which is naturally such) is joined something like unto a Man's Yard, and so on the other hand to the natural Male, something like to the privy parts of a Woman. The same reason holds in all kind of living Creatures, there being many and various sorts of prodigious Births; but such as never receive any nourishment, nor can ever come to any perfection. But what hath been said, may suffice for the reforming this superstition.  
Frag. 2. They say that the Walls of Carthage were 40 Cubits high, and 22 broad But tho' they were so, yet the Roman Valour and Engines were too strong for all their Defences and Fortifications, for the City was taken and razed to the ground.  
Frag. 3. Manasses (called Masinissa by the Latins) who Reigned in afric, and was always a Friend to the Roman, lived Ninety years in strength, and firm health, and left Ten Sons behind him when he died, whom he committed to the Care and Guardianship of the Romans. He was of a strong Body, and from a Child inur'd to hardship: 
Olymp. 158●. Ant. Ch. 146. Massinissa hit strength.  in what ever business he was engaged, he would keep close to it all the day immovable; he would never rise from his seat till night, spending the whole day in laborious Projects and Contrivances. When he was once on Horseback he would ride continually night and day, and never be weary. A great instance of the health and strength of his Body, was, That when he was almost 90 years of age, he had a Son but 4 years old, yet of a very strong Body. He was so extraordinarily given to Husbandry, that he left to every one of his Sons 10000 
* Every Plethrum is an hundred Foot: some make it the same with an Acre.  Plethras of Land, Adorned with all manner of delightful Improvements, and Instruments necessary for that purpose. He Reigned with great commendation 60 years.  
Fragment 4, Nicomedes after he had routed his Father Prusias, and forced him to fly to the Temple of Jupiter for shelter, there killed him, and by that wicked and bloody Murder got possession of the Kingdom of Bythinia.  
Fragment 5, The 
* Portugals.  Lusitanians at first not having an expert General, were easily vanquished by the Romans; but after Viriathus became their General, they did them much mischief. He was of them that inhabited the Seacoasts, a Shepherd upon the Mountains from his Childhood; By nature of an healthful Constitution, in strength and agility of Body far exceeding all the Iberians. For he had inur'd himself to a sparing Diet, much Labour and Toil, and to no more sleep than was absolutely necessary. He likewise continually carried Iron weapons, and was famous for his Conflicts both with wild Beasts and Robbers, and at length was made General; upon which a whole drove of Thiefs and Rogues on the sudden flocked about him. Being very successful in many Battles, he was not only admired for his other Excellencies, but likewise for his Military Conduct. Besides, in distribution of the spoils he was very just, allotting to every Man proportionable to his Merits and Deserts. Still proceeding and prospering he approved himself to be a Prince, rather than a Thief and a Robber. He fought several Battles with the 
Olymp. 158. 4. Ant. Ch. 143.  Romans and came off Conqueror, insomuch as he routed Vitilius the Roman General, broke his Army and took him prisoner, and then put him to death. And many other brave Exploits he performed, till Fabius was appointed to go out as General against him, and from that time he began to decline. But not long after rallying his Men, and bravely managing the matter against Fabius, he forced him to Terms dishonourable to the Roman Name, But Coepio who was afterwards General against Viriathus, slighted all the former Conditions as of no effect, and often routed Viriathus, whom (now being reduced to those straits, as that he sued for terms of Peace) he caused to be treacherously assassinated by some of his own Servants: and striking a Terror into Tantalus his Successor, and all his Army, he imposed what Terms and Conditions he pleased upon them, and in the conclusion gave them the City and Land about for their Habitation.   

Out of the 34th. Book.  
Fragm. 1. KIng * Antiochus Besieged Jerusalem. But the Jews stood it out for some time: But when all their Provision was spent, they were forced to send 
Antiochus Sedates. Olymp 126. 2. Strange stories of the Jews.  Ambassadors to him, to treat upon Terms. Many of his Friends persuaded him to Storm the City, and to root out the whole Nation of the Jews; For that they only of all People, hated to Converse with any of another Nation, and treated them all as Enemies: And they suggested to him that their Ancestors were driven out of Egypt, as impious and hateful to the Gods: For their Bodies being overspread, and infected with the Itch and Leprosy, (by way of expiation) they got them together, and as profane and wicked wretches, expelled them out of their Coasts: And that those who were thus expelled, seated themselves about Jerusalem, and being after embodied into one Nation (called the Nation of the Jews) their hatred of all other Men descended with their Blood to Posterity. And therefore they made strange Laws, and quite different from other People: Never will Eat or Drink with any of another Nation, or wish them any prosperity. For said they, Antiochus surnamed Epiphanes having subdued the Jews, entered into the Temple of God, into which none was to enter by their Law but the Priest; in which when he found the Image of a Man with a long Beard, carved in Stone sitting upon an Ass, he took it to be Moses who built Jerusalem, and settled the Nation, and established by Law all their wicked Customs and Practices, abounding in hatred and enmity to all other Men. Antiochus therefore abhorring this their contrariety to all other People, used his utmost endeavour to abrogate their Laws. To that end he sacrificed a great Swine at the Image of Moses, and at the Altar of God that stood in the outward Court, and sprinkled them with the blood of the Sacrifice. He commanded likewise that the Sacred Books, whereby they were taught to hate all other Nations, should be besprinkled with the Broth made of the Swine's flesh: And he put out the Lamp (called by them Immortal) which was ever burning in the Temple. Lastly he forced the high Priest and the other Jews to eat Swine's flesh When Antiochus his Friends had debated and considered of these things, they were very earnest with him to root out the whole Nation, or at least that he would abrogate their Laws, and compel them to change their former manner of living and conversation. But the King being of a generous Spirit, and mild disposition received Hostages, and pardoned the Jews: But demolished the Walls of Jerusalem, and took the Tribute that was due.  
2. The Affairs of Sicily after the overthrow of— Carthage— having continued successful 
Olymp. 161. 2. Ant. Ch. 133. The Servile War in Sicily.  and prosperous for the space of 60 Years; at length broke out the servile War upon the following occasions. The Sicilians (through the enjoyment of a long Peace) being grown very Rich, brought up abundance of Slaves; who being driven in Droves like so many Herds of Cattle from the several places where they were Bred and brought up, were stigmatised with certain Marks burnt into their Bodies: Those that were Young, they used for Shepherds, others for such services as they had occasion. But their Masters were very rigid and severe with them, and took no care to provide either necessary food, or raiment for them, insomuch as that most of them were forced to Rob and Steal, to get necessaries: So that all places were full of slaughters and murders, as if an Army of Thiefs and Robbers had been dispersed all over the Island. The Governors of the Provinces (to say the truth) did what they could to suppress them: But because they durst not punish them, in regard their Masters (who had the sole Command and Power over their Servants) were Rich, and Men in Authority, every Governor in his several Province was forced to connive at the thefts and rapines that were committed. For many of the Masters being Roman Knights, and Judges of the accusations (brought before the Praetors) were a Terror even to the Governors themselves. The Slaves therefore being in this distress, and vilely beaten and scourged beyond all reason, were now resolved not to bear any longer. Therefore meeting together from time to time as they had opportunity, they consulted how to free themselves from the Yoke of Servitude they lay under, till at length they really executed what they had before agreed upon. There was a Syrian a Servant of Antigenes of Enna, born in the City of * Apanea a Magician and Conjurer: He pretended to tell future Events (or Fortunes) discovered to him as he said by the Gods in his Dreams, and imposed upon many by this kind of practice. Then he proceeded further, and not only foretold things to come, revealed to him in Dreams, but pretended that he saw the Gods when he was awake, and they declared to him what was to come to pass. And tho' he thus juggled, and played the fool, yet by chance many things afterwards proved true. And whereas those things which never happened, were by none censured, but those which did come to pass were every where applauded, he grew more and more into esteem. At length by some trick of Art or other, he would breathe flames of Fire out at his Mouth as from a burning Lamp, and so would prophesy as if he had been at that time inspired by Apollo. For he put Fire with some combustible martyr to feed it, into a Nutshell or some such thing bored through on both sides, then putting it into his Mouth, and forcing his Breath, upon it there would issue out both sparks and flames of Fire. 
G:  Before the defection, this Juggler boasted that the Goddess Syria had appeared to him, and told him that he should Reign, and this he declared not only to others but often to his own Master. The thing being become a common jest and subject of laughter, Antigenes was so taken with this jest, and ridiculous conceit of the Man, he took Eunus (for so he was called) with him to Feasts and Repasts, and several questions being put to him concerning the Kingdom, he was asked how he would deal with every one that was there present at the Table: He readily went on with his story, and told them that he would be very kind to his Masters, and like a Conjurer using many monstrous Magical terms, and expressions, he set all the Guests a laughing, upon which some of them as a reward gave him large Messes from the Table, desiring him to remember their kindness when he came to his Kingdom: But all this jesting came at length really to end in the advancing of him to the Kingdom; and all those who at the Feasts by way of ridicule had been kind to him, he rewarded in earnest.  
But the beginning of the defection was in this manner, There was one Damophilus of Enna, a Man by reason of his Wealth, of a great Spirit, but of a proud and haughty disposition. This Man above all measure was cruel and severe to his Servants; and his Wife Megallis strove to exceed her Husband in all kind of cruelty and inhumanity towards the Slaves. Upon this, they that had been thus cruelly used, were enraged like wild Beasts, and plotted together to rise in Arms and cut the Throats of their Masters. To this end they applied themselves to Eunus, and desired to know of him whether the Gods would succeed them in their design. He encouraging them declared that they should prosper in what they had in hand, using (according to his former manner) Conjuring words and expressions, and charging them to be speedy in their Execution. Whereupon they forthwith raised a Body of 400 Slaves, and upon the first opportunity (oh a sudden) broke in Armed into the City Enna, led by their Captain Eunus, by his juggling tricks, flaming out Fire at his Mouth. Then entering the Houses, they made so great a slaughter, as that they spared not even the sucking Children, but plucked them violently from their 
The cruelty of the Slaves.  Mother's Breasts and dashed them against the Ground: It cannot be expressed how vilely and filthily (for the satisfying of their Lusts) they used men's Wives in the very presence of their Husbands. With these Villains joined a multitude of Slaves that were in the City, and first executed their rage and cruelty upon their Masters, and then fell a murdering others.  
In the mean time Eunus heard that Damophilus and his Wife were in some Orchards near the City, he sent therefore some of his rabble thither, who brought them with their Hands tied upon their Backs, loading them all along the Way as they passed with scoffs and scorns; only they declared that they would be kind in every respect to his Daughter, for her pity and compassion towards the Servants, and her readiness always to be helpful to them. They that were sent for Damophilus and Megallis his Wife to the City, brought them into the Theatre, whither all the Rabble that made a defection flocked. There Damophilus pleading earnestly for his Life, and moving many with what he said, Hermias and Zexis loaded him with many bitter accusations, and called him a Cheat and Dissembler; and not waiting what would be determined by the People concerning him, the one ran him through with a Sword, and the other cut of his Head with an Ax. Then they made 
Damophilus cruelly murdered.  Eunus King, not for his Valour or Skill in Martial affairs, but upon the account of his extraordinary Art in Juggling, and that he was the Head and Author of the Defection, and for that his Name seemed to portend and to be a good Omen, that he would be 
* Eunus, signifying in Greek, kind.  kind to his Subjects. Being therefore made General (with absolute Power) to order and dispose of all things as he pleased, an Assembly was called, and he put all the Prisoners to death except such as were skilful in making of Arms, whom he forth with set on Work; as for Megallis he delivered her up to the will of the Women Slaves, to take their revenge of 
Megallis murdered  her as they thought fit: Who after they had whipped and tormented her, threw her down a steep precipice. And Eunus himself killed his own Master Antigenes and Pytho. At length putting the Crown upon his Head, and graced with all the Ensigns of Royalty, he caused his Wife (who was a Syrian, and of the same City) to be owned as Queen, and chose such as he judged to be most prudent to be of his privy Council. Amongst whom was one Achaeus by Name, and an Achaean by Nation, a wise Man and a good Soldier: Having therefore got together in the space of Three days above 6000 Men, Armed with what they could by any ways or means lay their Hands upon, and being joined with others, who were all surnished either with Axes, Hatchets, Slings, Bills, or Stakes sharppened and burnt at one End, or with Spits, he ravaged and made spioil all over the Country. And being at length joined with an infinite number of Slaves, they grew to that height and boldness as to engage in a War with the Roman Generals: And often in several Battles got the Victory, by overpowr'ing them with Number; having now with him above 10000 Men.  
In the mean time, one Cleon a Cilicean was the Author of another desection of the Slaves, and now all were in hopes that this unruly Rabble would fall together by the 
Another defection of the Slaves.  Ears one with another, and so Sicily would be rid of them through the mutual slaughters and destructions amongst themselves. But contrary to all men's hopes and expectations, they joined Forces together; and Cleon was observant in every thing to the Commands of Eunus, and served General under him as his Prince, having 5000 Men of his own Soldiers. Thirty days were now expired since the first beginning of this Rebellion: And presently after a Battle was fought with Lucius Hypsius (who coming from Rome Commanded 8000 Sicilians) in which Fight the Rebels got the day, who were then 20000, and in a very short time after, their Army increased to 200000 Men. And although they fought with the Romans themselves, yet they often came off Conquerors, and were very seldom beaten. This being noised abroad, a defection began at Rome by 150 Slaves that conspired against the Government. The like in Attica by 1000, the like at Delos and many other Places. But those in the several Places (who had entrusted their Concerns in their Hands) to prevent the mischief from growing further, made a quick dispatch, and fell upon them on the sudden, and put them all to death, and so those that remained and were ready to break out into Rebellion, were reduced to more sound and sober thoughts.  
But in Sicily the disorders more and more increased: For Cities were taken, and 
Gr. Olymp. 162. Ant. Ch. 130.  their Inhabitants made Slaves, and many Armies were cut off by the Rebels, until such time as Rupilius the Roman General recovered Tauromenium, after the Besieged had been reduced to that extremity of Famine (by a sharp and close Siege) as that they began to eat their own Children, and the Men their Wives; and at length Butchered one another for Food. There he took Comanus the Brother of Cleon, who was endeavouring to escape out of the City while it was besieged. At last Sarapion a Syrian, having betrayed the Citadel, all the Fugitives fell into his hands, whom having first scourged, he afterwards crucified. Thence he marched to Enna, and by a long Siege reduced them into such straits, as that there was no hopes left to escape. Afterwards having slain Cleon their General (who had made a Sally out of the City and fought like a Hero) he exposed his Body to open view; and not long after this City likewise was betrayed into his Hands, which otherwise could never have been taken by force, by reason of the natural Strength of the Place. And as for Eunus, he like a Coward fled with 600 of his Guards to the tops of certain high Rocks, where those that were with him (foreseeing their inevitabe ruin, for Rupilius pursued them close) cut one another's Throats. But Eunus the juggling King (out of fear) hide himself in some Caves, he had found out for that purpose; whence he was plucked out with four others of his Gang, viz. his Cook, his Barber, he that rubbed him in the Bath, and he that in the midst of his Cups was his Jester. To conclude he was thrown into the Goal, and there eaten up of Lice, and so ended his days at * Morgantina by a death worthy the former wickedness of his Life. Rupilius afterwards with a 
In Sicily.  small body of Men, (marching all over Sicily) presently cleared the Country of Thiefs and Robbers. This Eunus King of the Robbers called himself Antiochus, and all his followers Syrians.   

Out of the 36th. BOOK.  
ABout the time that Marius in a great Battle routed Bocchus and Jugurtha, the African 
Olymp. 168. 4. Ant. Ch. 193.  Kings, and slew many thousands of the Africans, and afterwards took Jugurtha himself (delivered up to him by Bocchus, to gain favour and pardon from the Romans for his making War upon them,) the Romans themselves were in great perplexity by reason of the many losses they had sustained by the Cimbrians, who then ravaged and harassed all the Country of 
* New France.  Gall. And in further aggravation of what they suffered, at the very same time came some out of Sicily, who gave an account of many thousand Slaves that were there risen up in Arms. Whereupon the whole Roman Commonwealth was in such straits, 
Rebellion in Sicily, Olymp. 161. 2. Ant. Ch. 133.  that they knew not which way to turn themselves, having lost 60000 Men in Gall, in the War against the Cimbrians, and they had not then Soldiers sufficient for a new Expedition. And besides, (before the Rebellion of the Slaves in Sicily) there were Defections that disturbed— the State in Italy; but they were short and inconsiderable, as if God had appointed these for Omens and Presages of the great Rebellion in Sicily. The first rising was at 
* In Campania in Italy Nine Miles from the Sea. Minutius a Roman Knight head of a Rebellion of the Slaves in Italy. 1309l. 100LS. Sterling  Nusiaeria, where 30. Servants entered into a Conspiracy, but they were presently executed. The second was at Capua where 200 were got up in Arms, but they were likewise in a short time suppressed. The third happened after a strange manner, which was thus, there was one Titus Minutius a Roman Knight, who had a very rich Man to his Father, he chanced to fall in Love with another Man's Servant who was very beautiful, and having enjoyed her, he was the more wonderfully inflamed, and even to Madness, insomuch as he would needs buy her of her Master; who being with much ado prevailed with to part with her, the Lover at length bought her for Seven * Attic Talents, and limited a certain time for the payment of the Money, to which time the greatness of his Father's Estate procured him Credit: But now, when the day of payment was come, he had not the Money then ready, but prayed forbearance for 30 days longer. That time being run up, the Creditor demanded then his Money, but the Lover knew not how to perform his Word, and yet his Love continued still as hot as ever. At length a wicked design came into his Head, which put him on to lay a trap for them that demanded the Money, and to that end to take upon him the state and dignity of a Monarch. To which purpose he bought 500 Arms of all sorts, and appointed a day for payment; and being trusted, withdrawing himself privately into a certain Field, he stirred up his own Slaves to a defection to the number of 400; and putting on the Diadem and Purple, and assuming all the other Badges and Ensigns of Royalty, declared himself King, the deliverer of the Slaves. In the first place he caused all those who demanded the Money he had given for the young Woman to be scourged, and then cut off their Heads. Then he entered the next Towns with his armed Slaves, and those that came readily to join with him, he furnished with Arms, and killed all that opposed him. Having in a short time got together above 700, he divided them into 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Company consisting of 100 〈◊〉 of which the Captain was called a 〈◊〉.  Companies; and then Fortifying and Entrenching himself, he received all the Slaves that ran away from their Masters. The Rebellion being noised at Rome, the Senate (by the help of prudent advice) gave a stop to the mischief, and happily suppressed it.  
The care and management of the business for the reducing and punishing of the fugitive Slaves was committed to Lucius Lucullus, who was the only General that was then in the City, who raised 600 Men in Rome, and with them the same day marched to Capua, where he listed 4000 Foot, and 400 Horse. When Minutius heard with what speed Lucullus was making towards him, he possessed himself of a strong Hill, having with him 3500 Men. In the first Engagement the Fugitives by the advantage of the higher Ground got the better, afterwards Lucullus bribed Apollonius Minutius his General, to betray his Confederates; withal promising him upon the security of the public Faith, that he should have his pardon. Whereupon he set upon the Work, and seizing of Minutius, he (to avoid the punishment he feared for his Rebellion) ran himself through the Body; the rest were all presently cut off except Apellonius: And these were Prologues to that great Defection in Sicily, whose beginning was thus occasioned: In the expedition of Marius against the Cimbrians, the Senate had given a Commission to raise Men out of the Countries beyond the Seas; to which end Marius sent Ambassadors to Nicomedes King of Bythinia to help him with some Men. But he returned answer that most of the Bithynians were violently taken away for Slaves by the Publicans, and were dispersed here and there through the Provinces. Upon which the Senate decreed, That no Freeman belonging to any of the Roman Allies should in any Province be forced to be Servants or Slaves, and that the Proconsul's should take care to see them all set free. In pursuance of this Order Licinius Nerva then Praetor in Sicily (having first consulted with the Judges) manumitted so many, as that in a few days above 800 were set at Liberty. So that all the Slaves in Sicily were hereby presently encouraged, and grew high Crested in hopes of liberty. The Magistrates therefore addressed themselves to the Praetor or Proconsul, and desired him to forbear making any more free. Hereupon he (whether bribed or to curry favour) laid aside the former determination of the Judges, and with checks and foul words, sent them that came to him to be made free back to their Masters. Upon this the Servants entered into a Conspiracy; and after they came from Syracuse, and were got together at the grove of Palicum, they consulted concerning their intended Rebellion. This boldness of the Slaves began to make a noise in many places of the Island: Amongst others 30 Servants of two rich Brothers in the Country of the Anycillians were the first that appeared for their liberty, whose Leader was one Varius. These in the first place killed their Masters, when they were asleep in their Beds. Then away they went to the next Towns, and 
Varius the beginner of another defection in Sicily.  stirred up all the Servants and Slaves there to appear for the gaining of their liberty, of whom came in flocking to them in that one Night, to the number of 120 and upwards. Upon this they possessed themselves of a place naturally strong of itself, which they endeavoured to make stronger by art and labour, where 80 more well armed came in to them. Licinius Nerva hastens out against them with a purpose to put a stop to their Ravages, but all his labour was in vain. Seeing therefore that the Place was not to be taken by force, he sought how to gain it by Treachery: For he had private Correspondence with one Caius Titinius surnamed Gadaeus, whom he wrought upon to be the Instrument of accomplishing his design, promising him safety and protection. This Man had been condemned to die two Years before, but had made an escape, and had Robbed and Murdered many Freemen in that Province, but never in the least injured any Servant. Titinius with a great Body of Slaves came to this Fort where the Rebels had posted themselves, as if he designed to join with them in making War upon the Romans: Who being willingly and kindly received by them, and for his Valour made their General, he at length betrayed the Fort, upon which some of the Rebels were killed in Fight, and the lest out of fear of what they should suffer, if they were taken Prisoners, threw themselves down headlong from the top of the Rock. And in this manner was the first rising of the Slaves suppressed.  
But the Soldiers were no sooner got to their Quarters, but news was brought that about 80 Slaves had caused a Tumult to be raised, and had cut the Throat of Publius Clonius a Roman Knight, and that now their number was much increased. And to aggravate the matter the Praetor being ill advised, had disbanded most of his Army, by reason whereof he was so slow, that he gave time to the Rebels the more to strengthen themselves. However he marched out against them, with those he then had. As soon as he passed the River Alba he turned aside from the Fugitives, who were then lodged upon Mount Caprianus, and arrived at Heraclea. Upon this, a Report being spread of the Cowardice of the General as if he durst not attack them, very many Slaves were encouraged to join in the Defection: Many therefore flocking in (furnishing themselves as well as they could for a Battle) there were above 800 in Seven days time that took up Arms. And presently after they amounted to 2000 But the General at Heraclea being informed that their number was increasing, sent Marcus Titinius as chief Commander against them, enforcing him with 600 Men out of the Forts at Enna. This Titinius fought the Rebels, who (having the advantage both of Place and Number) routed him and killed many of his Men, and the rest threw away their Arms, and with much difficulty saved themselves by flight. By this means the Runagades on a sudden got such a great number of Arms, that they were more firmly resolved to persist in their Rebellion, so that now most of the Slaves were in Arms. The Defection every day increasing, the Number amounted in a short time so high, as none ever suspected it could, insomuch that within a few Days they were above 6000; who having now called a Council of War, and debated Matters in reference to the Management of Affairs, in the first place they chose a King called Salvius, a Fortune-teller, and one that in the women's Sports and Shows with his Pipes, acted the Part of a Fool and Madman. But having now gained a Kingdom, he waved living in Cities, as being the Nurseries of Sloth and Effeminateness. After, he divided the Army into three Bodies; over each of which he appointed a Captain, and ordered them to make Inroads up and down in the Country, and at a certain Time and Place all to join again in one Body. By these Depredations they were so full of Horses and other cattle, that in a short time they had above 2000 Horse, and no less than 20000 Foot, but Men very Raw and Ignorant in Martial Affairs. Among other attempts they fell upon Morgantina with great Fury (which was a strong and well-fortifyed City) and made many fierce and continual Assaults upon it.  
The Roman General marching out in the Night as if he would relieve the City (having with him about 10000 Men out of Italy and Sicily) surprised the Rebels (busily employed in the Siege) on a sudden; and breaking into their Camp, found but slender Guards but a great number of Prisoners, and abundance of Plunder of all sorts, and with great ease made himself Master of all, and when he had rifled the Camp he marched away towards Morgantina: But the Rebels turning back upon him with great Fury, and having the advantage of the higher Ground, soon routed him, and put all his Army to flight. Whereupon the Rebel's King commanded Proclamation to be made, That none should be killed who threw away their Arms: Upon which most cast them away and fled. By this means Salvius both recovered what he had lost in his Camp, and gained a glorious Victory and much Spoil; but there were not killed of the Italians and Sicilians above 600 (which was occasioned by the Moderation of the King) but 4000 were taken Prisoners. Upon this Victory many coming in flocking to Salvius, his Army became double to what it was before, and he was now absolute Master of the Field, so that he again sat down before Morgantina, and proclaimed Liberty to all the Servants that were there. But their Masters promising the same to them, if they would be Faithful and join with them in the Defence of the Place, they chose rather to accept of what was offered by their Masters, and fought with that Resolution, that they forced the Enemy to raise their Siege. But the General afterwards making void all that was promised (as to manumitting of the Servants) occasioned many to run away to the Rebels. After this all the Slaves and Servants 
Olymp. 169. 1. Ant. Ch. 103. Florus lib. 3. c. 19  in the Territories of Aegista Lilybaeum were likewise infected with this Itch of Rebellion, whose Leader was one Athenio, a Valiant Man and a Cilicean. This Man having the Charge and Management of the Concerns of two rich Brothers, and being an Excellent ginger; He first wrought upon those to join with him, over whom he had some sort of Command, to the Number of 200; afterwards those that were bordering round about, so that in Five days time there were got together above 1000 who made him King, and placed the Diadem upon his Head. This Man resolved to order Matters and Affairs so as never any did before him: For he received not all promiscuously that came in to him, but only such as were of strong and healthful Bodies to bear Arms; the rest he forced to continue in the Stations they were in, and every one in his place diligently to apply himself to the Duty incumbent upon him. By which means those that were with him had plentiful Provision. He pretended that by the Stars the Gods foretold, That he should gain the whole Kingdom of Sicily: And therefore he was to spare spoiling of the Country, destruction of the cattle and Fruits of the Earth, as being all his own. At length having now got together above 10000 Men, he was so daring as to besiege Lilybeum, a City for strength looked upon to be impregnable. But finding it a vain thing to proceed, he desisted from his Design, pretending he did it by Command from the Gods, by whom he was told, That if they continued the Siege, they would certainly fall into some sudden Misfortune.  
Accordingly, while he was preparing to draw off from the City, a Fleet of Moors entered the Harbour, who were sent to the Assistance of them of Lilybeum, under the Command of one called Gomon, who in the Night surprising Athenio's Army, (now marching off and leaving the Siege) killed a great number of them, and wounded as many, and so got into the Town. This was the occasion that his former Prediction was highly admired and cried up by the Rebels.  
At the same time great Disorders, 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. A Proverb, for all Kind's of Miseries.  and all sorts of Calamities overspread all Sicily. For not only Servants but Freemen that were reduced to Poverty, committed all sorts of Rapines and acts of Wickedness: For they shamefully killed all before them, whether Bond or Free, that none might be left to tell Tales; so that they that were in the Cities scarce enjoyed any thing that was their own, though it were with them within the Walls: But as for that which was without, all was swallowed up and violently seized on, as a Prey taken from a Common Enemy. Many other things against all the Laws of Humanity were impudently committed by many throughout all Sicily.  
Salvius likewise, he who had besieged Morgantina, after he had harassed all the Country, as far as to the Territories of Leontium, there mustered his Army, consisting of above 30000 Fight Men. Then Sacrificing to the Heroes of Italy, he Dedicated one of the Royal Purple Robes, in gratitude for his Victories. And now he caused himself to be proclaimed King, and was called by the Rebels 
* Or Trophon, rather an ancient Soothsayer, who lived in a Cave, into which whosoever descended, he never laughed afterwards.  Tryphon; having a design to possess himself of Tricala, and there to build a Palace, he sent to Athenio, and as King commanded him as General to repair to him. Every Man then thought that Athenio would endeavour to gain the Sovereignty for himself, and by that means the Rebels would be divided, and so a speedy period would be put to the War. But Fortune so ordered the Matter, that the Armies of the Fugitives being thus increased, the two Generals were Unanimous, and agreed very well one with another. For Tryphon marched speedily with his Army to Tricala, and Athenio came thither to him with 3000 Men, in every thing observing the Commands of Tryphon as his King. Athenio had sent the rest abroad to harrass and spoil the Country, and to bring over as many as they could to join with them in the Defection. But not long after, Tryphon suspected that Athenio had a design to supplant him, and therefore he caused him to be seized betime. The 
* The Castle at Tricala.  Castle that was well fortified before, he made more strong, and adorned it likewise with many stately Buildings. After which (they say) it was called 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Tricala, because it was Remarkable and Famous for three things, First for Springs of excellent sweet Water. Secondly for Vineyards, and Olive yards, and rich Lands for Tillage. And Thirdly, That it was a Place impregnable, built upon an high and inaccessible Rock. After he had drawn a Line of eight Stages round about it for the building of a City, and had compassed it in with a deep Trench, he made it the Seat-Royal, being a Place abounding in Plenty and Fatness of all things necessary for Man's Life. He likewise built there a stately Palace and a Marketplace, capable to receive a vast Number of Men. He chose likewise a competent Number of the most prudent Men to be of his Council, and made use of them for Administration of Justice. Moreover, whenever he sat in the Courts of Justice, he put on a 
* The Roman Toga Praetexta, which was White.  long Gown edged with Purple, and a 
** The Coat was the Roman Tunick, Embroidered with large Studs of Gold or Purple, called Nails, and the Garment Tunica laticlevia. Olymp. 169. 3. Ant. Ch. 102.  Coat powdered with large Studds of Purple. Lastly, He appointed Lictors with Rods and Axes to go before him, and took care that all other Ensigns and Badges of Royalty should be observed.  
At length Lucius Licinius Lucullus was chosen General by the Senate at Rome to go against the Rebels, who had with him 14000 Romans and Italians, 1800 Bithynians, Thessalians, and Acharnans; and out of Lucania 600 under the Command of one Cleptius, an Expert and Valiant Soldier, and 600 from other Places, in the whole amounting to 17000. With this Army he entered Sicily. Upon this Tryphon released Athenio, and advised with him how to manage the War against the Romans. Tryphon was of Opinion, that it was the safest way to continue in Tricala, and there expect the Enemy: But Athenio advised rather to draw out and fight in the open Field, than to suffer themselves to be besieged; whose Counsel prevailing, they marched out and Encamped near Scirthaea, with no fewer than 40000 Men, twelve Furlongs distant from the Roman Camp. At first the Armies employed themselves every day in light Skirmishes; but at length they Engaged, and while Victory seemed to incline sometime to one side, and sometime to another, and many fell on both sides. Athenio came on with 200 choice Horse, and covered the Ground round about him with the Bodies of his Enemies. But being wounded in both his Knees, and then receiving a Third, he was wholly disabled for Fight, which so discouraged the Rebels, that they fled outright. Athenio lay concealed, as if he were Dead, and feigned himself so till Night came, and then stole away. The Romans having now gained a glorious Victory, forced Tryphoh himself to take to his heels, and in the pursuit killed at least 20000 Men. The rest by the advantage of the Night got to Tricala, though the General might easily have cut them all off, if he would have continued the Pursuit. Upon this rout they were now all so discouraged, that it was moved amongst them that they should return to their Masters, and submit themselves wholly to their Power and Pleasure: But those who advised to stand it out to the last, and not to give up their Lives to the Lusts of their Enemies, prevailed above the other.  
Nine days after the Roman General besieged Tricala, but after several slaughters on both sides he was forced to draw off and leave the Place. Upon this the Rebels got heart, and the General on the other side (either through Sloth and Negligence, or Corrupted by Bribes) minded nothing to the Discharge of his Duty, for which afterwards he gave an account to the Romans. Neither did Caius Servilius, who succeeded Lucullus, do any thing worth remembering, and therefore he was brought to Judgement (as Lucullus was before) and banished. In the mean time Tryphon died, and Athenio enjoyed the Kingdom. And what with taking of Cities, and wasting and spoiling the Country (without Control or any Opposition from Servilius) he got together a great deal of rich Booty and Plunder. But the year after Caius Marius being chosen at Rome the Fifth time Consul, and with him 
* Marcus Aquilius.  Caius aquilius; aquilius was made General against the Rebels, and his Valour so far advanced his Success, that he wholly overcame them in a great Battle: And like an Hero fought Hand to Hand with Athenio the King of the Rebels, and killed him, but received himself a wound in the Head. And now he resolved to prosecute the War against the rest that remained who were about 10000, who though they fled to their Defences, (as not being able to stand before him) yet aquilius slackened not his Resolution in the least, but pursued his design till he had wholly broke them. There remained now only 1000 led by Satyrus, whom at first he determined to reduce by Force: But when they made their Submission by their Commissioners, for the present he remitted their Faults, but after they were brought Prisoners to Rome he ordered them to fight with wild Beasts, where it's reported that they ended their Lives with great gallantry and nobleness of Mind, for they scorned to fight with Beasts, but thrust one another through at the public Altars: And after all were dead, Satyrus being the last, with an Heroic Spirit killed himself. And this was the Tragical End of the Servants War, after it had continued almost Four years.   

Out of the same BOOK.  
Eclog. 2. ONE Battaces, Priest of the Goddess 
* This Rhea is said to be the Mother of the Gods.  Rhea (they say) came to Rome from Pesinunte a City of Phrygia; who declared he came thither by the Command of the Goddess; and told the Magistrates and Senate, that their Temple was profaned, and that a public Expiation ought to be made in the name of the Romans. His Habit and other Ornaments of his Body was very strange, and altogether unusual at Rome; for he wore a Crown or Mitre of a vast Bigness, and a flowered Gown embroidered with Gold, representing the State and Dignity of a King. After he had spoken to the People from the Bench, and instructed them in the Matters of Religion, he was honoured with public Entertainments, and large Gifts and Presents: But he was forbid to wear a Crown by Aulus Pompeius a Tribune of the People. However, being brought by another Tribune to the Desk, and being asked how the Expiatory Sacrifices should be made; his Answers were stuffed with nothing but Superstitious Rites and Ceremonies. At length things were so managed that he was driven out by Pompeius his Faction, with many Scorns and Affronts; upon which he went to his Inn and never after appeared abroad: But only told them, that not only he was disgraced, but the Goddess was reproached and dishonoured. Presently after Pompeius fell into an high Fever, and then a 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Cynanchino Morbo, Or a Dog's Disease.  Quinsy which took away his Speech, and he died the Third day. Upon which it was the common Discourse and Sentiment amongst the ordinary sort, that he was thus punished by a Divine Hand, for his profane and impious abuse of the Goddess and her Priest. For the Romans are addicted to Superstition much above many other Nations: And therefore Battaces being honoured with many Presents, and Liberty granted to him to wear his Sacred Vestments, with all their Ornaments, the day he had designed for his departure, he was conducted by multitudes both of Men and Women out of the City.   

Out of the same Book.  
Eclog. 3. IT was a Custom amongst the Roman Soldiers, That if any Commander of an Army fought a Battle and killed above 6000 of the Enemy, he was termed 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Emperor, which is the same with 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  King among the Grecians.   

Fragment, Lib. 37. Ecloga Prima.  
THE Marsian War took its name from the Authors of the Defection, tho' the Italians 
The Confederate War of the Marsi. Olymp. 172. 2. Ant. Ch. 89.  generally made this War upon the Romans. It's said the first occasion of this arose from the profuseness and luxury the Romans were fallen into, who were formerly frugal and sparing in their way of living. This alteration caused great Heart-burnings between the Commonalty and the Senate. For when the Senate prevailed with the Italians to supply the City with Provisions, and upon their frequent Addresses had promised to enfranchise them, and make them Freemen of Rome, and to ratify it by a Law, and the Italians saw nothing performed that was promised; these were the sparks that at length broke forth into a flame at the time when Lucius Martius, Philippus and 
* Julius Caesar Gr. 170. Olymp. Others say 172.  Sextus Julius were Consuls in the 117th Olympiad.  
Many were the Slaughters, Sieges, and Sacking of Towns on both sides during this War, Victory hover sometimes here and sometimes there, as uncertain where to fall, giving no assurance to either party, which of them she favoured. But at length after the shedding of much Blood, the Romans (with much ado) got the better, and regained their former Power and Sovereignty. There were engaged against them in this War the Samnites, the Asculans, Lucanans, Picentians, them of 
* Still being 14 Miles from Naples.  Nola, and other Cities and Nations. Amongst which was 
* Cortinium in Italy a City of the Peligni, now called Pienza under the Duke of Florence.  Cortinum a large and famous City greatly frequented, in which the Italians had a little before planted a Colony. Here were all things necessary for the support and defence of so great a City, and the maintenance of the Government; particularly a large Marketplace and Court-House, with a vast Treasure, and plentiful Provisions of all sorts. They had likewise a Senate consisting of 500 Men. Out of which were chosen those reputed fit to execute the highest places of Magistracy, and to manage the weighty Affairs of the Commonwealth. These therefore they entrusted with the management of the War, and put the absolute power of the disposing of all their concerns into the hands of the Senators, who made a Law that Two Consuls should be chosen every year, and Twelve Generals. At which time Quintus Pompoedius Silo a Marsian, (a Man of chiefest quality in his Country,) and Caius Aponius Motulus (famous for his noble Acts above the rest of his own Nation.) were chosen Consuls. They divided all Italy into Two Parts, and took either of their equal shares for the executing of their Consular Authority. They allotted the Region or Tract from the Cercoli (so called) to the Adriatic Sea, which lay to the North and West to Pompaedius, to six of the Generals. The rest which lay to the South and East the Italians assigned to Motulus, with as many more of the Military Officers. Having put all things into this good Order, and (to sum up all) having ordered all things according to the ancient Model of the Roman Government, they set themselves more intently and earnestly to the prosecuting of the War, and called the City itself Italy. And they were so successful, that they came off Conquerors for the most part, till Cneius Pompeius was made Consul and General, 
Pompey.  who with Sylla (deputed by Cato the other Consul) often routed them, and reduced them to those straits, that at length their Power was broken in pieces. However they 
An Isthmus in Italy called Calabria.  still continued the War, but were often worsted by Caius Cossinius General in * Japygia. Being therefore distressed and harassed with so many and great mischiefs one upon the neck of another (and the Marsians and other Nations falling to the Romans) they forsook their new City, and transplanted themselves to Aesernia a City of the Samnites, under the conduct of Five Generals; of whom they made Quintus Pompoedius Chief, for his Valour and prudent management of the War, who with the consent of all the other Captains, raised a great Army, which with the old Soldiers amounted to the number of 30000. And besides, he got together at least 20000 Foot, and 1000 Horse of manumitted Slaves, and Armed them as well as the time would allow. And coming to an Engagement with the Romans, whose General was Mamercus; he killed a few of them, but lost above 6000 of his own Men.  
About the same time Metellus took the famous City Venusia in Apulia, which had in it a great number of Soldiers, and carried away above 3000 prisoners. And now the Romans prevailed every day more and more against their Enemies: So that the Italians sent Ambassadors to Mithridates' King of Pontus (who had then a brave and well appointed Army) to entreat him to march into Italy with his Army to oppose the Romans, by which means (they told him) that their Power would be easily broken: Mithridates answered, that he would march into Italy as soon as he had subdued Asia, in order to which he was then engaged. The Rebels therefore being now frustrated in their hopes of Assistance, and of supplies of Money, were greatly discouraged. For there were but a few of the Samnites remaining: and the Sabellians kept themselves close within Nola, and the like did Lamponius and Cleptius, who commanded those that were left of the Lucanians.  
The Marsian War being now almost at an end, there arose again a great Sedition in Rome, by reason of the contentious Ambition of many of the Roman Nobility, every one striving which should be General in the Expedition against Mithridates, stirred up thereunto with the Greatness of the Rewards and Riches to be reaped by that War. For Caius Julius, and Caius Marius who had been Six times Consul, opposed one another, and the People on that occasion were divided, some for one and some for the other. There were likewise other disturbances about the same time. For Sylla the Consul went from Rome to the Forces that lay near unto Nola, and so terrified many of the bordering Territories, with their Cities, that he forced them to the obedience of the Romans. But when Sylla was engaged in the War in Asia against Mithridates, and Rome was filled with slaughters and intestine broils, Marcus Aponius and Tiberius Cleptius Generals of those Italians that were left continuing in Brutia (not being able to take the strong City Aesias, after a long time they had lain before it) left part of their Army to maintain the Siege, and with the rest fiercely assaulted Rhegium, in hopes that if they gained this place, they might with ease transport their Army into Sicily, and so become Masters of the richest Island under the Sun. But Caius Urbanus the Governor of Rhegium so terrified the Italiots with the greatness of his Army, and his vast preparations, that they drew off from the Siege, and so the Rhegians were delivered. And afterwards when the Civil Wars broke forth between Marius and Sylla, part of them sided with Marius and the rest with Scylla, and most of them were killed in the War, and those that survived all joined with the Conqueror Scylla. And thus ended the Marsian War, and the greatest homebred Sedition of any that was ever before among the Romans.  
Eclog. 2. And now that the Marsian War was at an end, a Second great Sedition was raised 
The War between Sylia and Marius. Olymp. 174. Ant. Ch. 80. Or rather Aphroditus. Beautiful.  in Rome, stirred up by Sylla, and Caius Marius a young Man, the Son of Marius who had been Seven times Consul. In this Commotion many thousands of Men perished: At length Sylla prevailed, and being created Dictator, he called himself Epaphroditus; which vain glorious Title did not altogether deceive him, for he prospered all his life long, and died a natural death after all his Victories. But Marius, altho' he behaved himself with great Gallantry in the War against Sylla, being at length routed, fled with 15000 Men to Proeneste, where he was Besieged a long time; at length all having forsaken him, and seeing no way how to escape, he earnestly entreated one of his faithful Servants to afford him his helping hand for the extricating him out of the present dangers and mischiefs that surrounded him. After much persuasion the Servant at one stroke put an end to his Master's Life, and then immediately killed himself. And so at length ended this Civil War. However, some relics of it still gave Scylla disturbance for some time till those that pursued it, with some others, were suppressed.  
But after these were all ruin'd and destroyed, there broke out such a flame of Discord 
The War between Caesar and Pompey, which continued Four years, Olymp. 182. Ant. Ch. 47.  between Julius Caesar and Pompey who (for the great and eminent Services he had done for the Romans, partly by the Conduct of Sylla, and partly by his own Valour) was surnamed the Great, that the Romans were again involved in intestine Slaughters and Butcheries. And as soon as Pompey had lost all his Army in a great Battle, he himself was afterwards Murdered near Alexandria: and the unbounded power of the Consuls, being at length restrained and limited, fell wholly into the hands of Caesar himself, and so ended the Sedition.  
But when he was murdered, another Civil War broke forth against Brutus and Cassius his Murderers, which was managed by the Consuls Lepidus Antonius, and Octavius Augustus. When this War was ended by dint of Sword, and the deaths of Cassius and Brutus, not long after the secret and private grudges and quarrels between Augustus and Anthony for the Supreme Power, broke out into an open War: And after much Blood spilt on both sides, Augustus gained the Empire, which he held during his Life, having now waved 
Augustus' Emperor.  his Consular Power and Dignity.   

Out of the 38th. BOOK.  
CINNA and Marius, calling together a Council of the Chiefest of the Officers 
This was long before in time, and therefore comes in here with relation to some other Matter before related, but now lost. For this Sedition was in 173. Olymp. Ant. Ch. 86  consulted what ways and methods were best to take for the better settling and confirming of the Peace. At length they resolved to put to death the greatest persons of quality that were their Enemies, and who were most capable to make a disturbance and overturn all their Affairs, that so the Factious Party being purged out from among them, they and their Friends might Govern all things for the future with more security, according to their own Will and Pleasure. Upon this forthwith all regard to former Leagues and Articles were wholly laid aside: Persons were proscribed and butchered in every place, without being heard. At that time Quintus Lutatus Catullus who had had a glorious Triumph for his Victory over the 
* Danes.  Cimbri, and had more than an ordinary share in the Affections of the People, was accused by a Tribune of the People for a Capital Offence, who fearing the imminent hazard of the Calumny, made his application to Marius, to entreat him to interpose for his deliverance (for he had been his Friend formerly, but through some suspicion he then had of him he was become his Enemy;) But he answered him thus, Die you must. Upon this, Catullus perceiving there was no hopes of his preservation, studied how to die without disgrace; to which end he destroyed himself by a strange and unusual way: For he shut himself up in a House new plastered, and caused a Fire to be kindled, by the smoke of which, and the moist vapours from the Lime, he was there stifled to death.   

Out of the 40th BOOK.  
WE being about to write of the War against the Jews, we take it to be part of our Province, before we proceed further; First, in short to Declare the Original 
The Nation of the Jews.  of this Nation, and their Laws. In Ancient times there happened a great Plague in Egypt, and many ascribed the cause of it to GOD, who was offended with them. For there being multitudes of Strangers of several Nations who inhabited there, who used their Foreign Rites and Ceremonies in the Administration of the Public Sacrifices, the Ancient manner of worshipping of the Gods, used by the Ancestors of the Egyptians, was quite lost and forgotten. Hence it was that the natural Inhabitants concluded, that unless all the Strangers were driven out, they should never be freed from their Miseries. Upon which they were all expelled, and the most Valiant and Noble among them, under the Conduct of skilful Commanders (as some relate) after many great hardships came into Greece and other places, of whom amongst other Leaders, the most famous and remarkable were Danaus and Cadinus. But the greatest part of the People came into that Country, which is now called Judea, not far from Egypt, and at that time altogether Desert and uninhabited. The Leader of this Colony was one Moses, a very wise and valiant Man, who after he had possessed himself of the Country, amongst other Cities built that now most Famous City Jerusalem; and the Temple there, which is so greatly Reverenced among them. He then instituted the manner of GOD's Worship, and the Holy Rites and Ceremonies: and made Laws for the Government of the Commonwealth, and reduced them into a methodical Order. He divided the People into Twelve Tribes, as the most perfect number, as he conceived; because answering the Twelve Months, which make up the whole Year: But he made no Representation or Image of the Gods, because he judged nothing of an Human Shape was applicable to GOD: But that this Heaven, which compassed the Earth round, only was GOD, and that all things were in its power. But he so ordered the Rites and Ceremonies of the Sacrifices, and the manner and Rule of their Conversations, as that they should be wholly different from all other Nations. For (by reason of the Expulsion of his People) he commanded a most inhuman and unsociable Conversation. He picked out likewise the greatest Persons of quality who were best able to Rule and Govern the People (then embodied into one Nation,) and them he created Priests; whose Duty and Office was continually to attend the Temple, and employ themselves in the public Worship and Service of God. He constituted them likewise to be Judges for the decision of the most weighty Causes, and committed to their Care the keeping and preservation of the Laws. Therefore they say that the Jews never had any King: but that the Care and Authority of Governing the People was always given to him, who excelled the rest of the Priests in Prudence and Virtue, whom they call the Chief Priest: and him they always took to be the Messenger, and Interpreter to them of the Mind and Commands of GOD. And they say that he in all their Public Assemblies and other Meetings, declares what he has in Command, and that upon that account the Jews are so observant, that forthwith they prostrate themselves upon the ground, and Adore him as the High Priest, and Interpreter to them of the Oracles of GOD. But in the close of the Laws this is subjoined, Moses the 
* Or who heard these thing from God.  Messenger of God thus saith to the Jews. This Lawgiver likewise laid down many prudent and excellent Rules and Instructions for Martial Affairs, and inur'd the Youth to endure hardship and difficulties, and to exercise Patience in all Miseries and Distresses. Moreover, he undertook many Wars against the neighbouring Nations, and gained many large Territories by force of Arms, and gave them as an Inheritance to his Countrymen, in such manner, as that every one shared alike, saving the Priests who had a larger proportion than the rest, that having more, they might continually attend upon the public Worship of GOD without distraction. Neither was it lawful for any Man to sell his Inheritance allotted him, lest by the Covetousness of them that buy, others should become poor, and so the Nation should be depopulated. He ordered likewise the Inhabitants to be careful in the Educating of their Children, who are brought up with very little Cost and Charge, and by that means the Jewish Nation was always populous. Lastly, as to their Marriages and Funerals, he appointed them Laws much different from all other People. But under the Empires that have risen up in these latter Ages, especially in the Fourth Monarchy of the Persians, and in the time of the Macedonian Empire, which overturned the former: (through mixture with Foreign Nations) many of the Ancient Laws and Customs among the Jews, have been changed and grown obsolete.     

Henry Valesius HIS FRAGMENTS OUT OF The 6th, 21 saint, 22d, 23d, 24th, 25th, 26th, 34th, 36th, and 37th lost Books OF Diodorus Siculus, By him Published in the Year MDCXXXIV.  
Now Translated, and Compared with the Greek.  
LONDON, Printed by Edw. Jones, for A. and J. Churchill at the Black-Swan in Pater-Noster-Row: 1699.   

To the READER.  
THese Fragments of Diodorus the Sicilian, were first Collected by Constantine the Seventh, one of the Eastern Emperors, the Son of Leo the Sixth. He began to Reign about the Year of our Lord 911. He got together from all parts, Books of all sorts of Learning, in order to make up a complete Library. Out of the several Authors he Collected such Observations as were most remarkable, and Marshaled each of them that concerned one and the same subject, under their several and proper Heads. The Heads or common Places of his Historical Collections were Fifty three in Number; and made up a Hundred and Six Volumes. For every Head, he divided into two Books; in the first of which was contained what was said of that particular subject by the most Ancient Authors, or such as writ Universal Histories from the beginning of Time: In the second are Collections out of those Authors that writ of the Acts and Affairs past, in the time of the Caesars. That common Place wherein are these Fragments of Diodorus, is one of the Fifty three, and is Titled thus, viz. 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Of Virtues and Vices. It was brought out of Cyprus to Paris by Nicholas Fabricius, not long before the Fragments were Published by Valesius, as appears in his Epistle dedicated to Fabricius himself, and in that to the Reader. The rest of the Fifty three Heads of this Emperor, are lost, save only one, which is Entitled thus, viz. Of Embassies, divided into two Volumes. The 
De Legationibus.  first published by Fulvius Ursinus, where Collections are again made out of Diodorus the Sicilian, and the other by David Hoeschelius. This account of the preservation of these Fragments, and how they came to light, I conceived was needful to satisfy the Reader, to the end he may be assured, he is not imposed upon by any thing in this Kind that is Fictitious and Spurious.   

Fragments out of the History of Diodorus the Sicilian, published by Henry Valesius.  

The 6th Book.  
CAstor and Pollux, who were also called Dioscuri, are said to be Eminent above others for Valour, and remarkable in their Assistance in the Expedition with the Argonauts, 
Castor and Pollux, two of the Captains, with the Argonauts An. M. 2714. in the time of Abimelech.  and afforded considerable help to them that were but otherwise very weak; and to speak all in sum, they gained in all places exceeding honour and reputation for their Valour, Justice, Piety and Martial skill and discipline, and were ready in all hazards with them that were most forward, and therefore for the eminency of their Valour, were reputed the Sons of Jupiter, and after their deaths, were honoured with Divine honours.  
Epopeus King of Sicyon, challenging the Gods to a Combat, to that end destroyed their Temples and Altars.  
3 Sicyphus is said for craft and subtlety to excel all others, and by looking into the entrails of Beasts, declared future Events.  
4 
* King of Elis.  Salmoneus was Proud and Profane, contemned the Gods, and preferred his own, above the acts of Jupiter himself, and therefore out of an 
* A brazen Bridge, over which he drove a Chariot to imitate Thunder. Virg. Ened. Lib. 6.  Engine which sent forth a mighty sound, he used to Thunder, and never offered any Sacrifices, or observed any solemn Festivals to the Gods.  
5 Tyro (they say) was Salmeneus his Daughter, who was so called from her Beauty and Comeliness of her Person.  
6 Admetus for his Justice and Piety, was so approved and beloved of the Gods, that when Apollo fell into the displeasure of Jupiter, he was ordered to be a Servant to Admetus. They say likewise, that Alcestes the Daughter of Pelias, who was the only Daughter that was Innocent, as to the Murder of her Father, for her Piety was Married to Admetus.  
7 Melampus was beloved by Apollo, for his eminent Virtues and Piety.  
8. When Troy was entered and taken, Aeneas with some other of the Citizens possessed 
Aeneas, An. M. 2764. Helv, in time of Ebzan, 7 Jud. 12. 9 The destruction of Troy. Ush. Ann. says in 2820, in the time of Jeptha was next before Ebzan, before Ch. 1184. 408 Years before the first Olymp. Romulus Silvius.  himself of part of the City, and defended it bravely and valiantly against the assaults of the Enemy. When the Greeks upon the terms made, agreed that each of them should carry away with them as much of their Goods as they could, all of them but Aeneas, took away Gold and Silver, and what ever else of such kind was esteemed precious and valuable; but he carried away only his old Father upon his shoulders: At which the Grecians did so admire, that they gave him liberty to make choice of what part of his Wealth, and his household Goods he pleased; upon which, taking only his household Gods; the Virtue and Piety of the Man caused them to admire much more than before; for they perceived that in the height of his dangers and troubles, his chiefest care was to discharge his duty to his Father, and his due and pious regards to the Gods: And therefore they say that both he, and the rest of the Trojans that remained, had liberty given them, with all assurance of safe passage to go from Troy, to what place soever they pleased.  
9 Romulus Silvius was exceeding Proud all the days of his Life, and a contemner of the Gods. When Jupiter thundered, he used to Command his Soldiers upon a sign given, all at once to strike upon their shields with their Swords, and vaunted that it was a greater noise than the other, and therefore he was struck dead with a Thunderbolt.  
10. About this time, one Malachus became King of the City Cuma, by ingratiating 
Malachus.  himself with the common People, and accusing and calumniating great Men: For afterwards putting to death, the richest of the Citizens, he seized their Estates, and with the Wealth thus got, hired strong Guards, and struck a Dread and Terror into all the Cumeans.  
11. Such was the eminent Virtue of Lycurgus, that once when he came to Delphos, the Oracle 
Lycurgus, before Ch. 884. In the time of Jehu.  saluted him with these Verses. Seek in the Fragments of Sentences.  
While the Lacedæmonians observed the Laws of Lycurgus, from a mean and low condition, they grew very Potent, and held the Sovereignty of Greece for above 400 Years: But when by degrees they slighted and disregarded one Law after another, and fell to Sloth and Voluptuousness, and began to heap up Money and Wealth, they lost their sovereign Authority.  
12. Whereas the Eleans were full of strong and youthful Men, and had a well governed Commonwealth, the Lacedæmonians jealous of the increase of their power, endeavoured 
Eleans.  all they: could to make them Sacred, that so being at Peace, they might gain no experience in matters of War; to that end, with the consent of all the Grecians they devoted them to Jupiter, and therefore neither when Xerxes broke into Greece, were they compelled to raise any Soldiers, but as the Priests of Jupiter, and overseers of the Games were free: Nor in the Civil Wars of the Greeks did any molest them, all endeavouring to preserve their Country as a City Sacred and Inviolable: But in after times, the Eleans betook themselves to Arms of their own accord.  
The two Brothers, Romulus and Remus being thus exposed in a Cradle, when they 
Romulus Remus.  grew up to men's Estate, far excelled their equals in strength and comeliness of their Persons; and secured all the Shepherds and their flocks, by freeing them from the Thiefs, that used to make a prey of them, killing some in their attempts upon the flocks, and taking others alive: And besides the honour they won by their Valour, they were greatly beloved by the neighbouring Shepherds, both for their familiar converse, and their civil and courteous behaviour to all that made their addresses to them. The security 
Polychares. Eucephnus. This was one of the occasions of the first Messenian War. See Sir Walter Rawley's His of the World. Lib. 2. 1 part, Cap. 27. Sect. 4 Began the 9 Olympiad. 2. end d 14 Olymp. 5 begins and ended in the time of Hezekiah Before Christ, 741. Justin, lib. 3. Paus. lib. 4. c. 4.  therefore of them all, being lodged in them, most submitted to them of their own accord, and were observant to their Commands, and went wheresoever they were ordered by them.  
Polychares the Messenian, a Man of noble Birth, and very rich, entered into a strict band of familiarity and friendship with Eucephnus the Spartan, who taking upon him the care and protection of the Flocks and Shepherds, began to covet what they had, but his treachery was soon discovered; for having sold some Oxen together with the Herdsmen themselves, to foreign Merchants, and pretending that Robbers carried them away by force, it came to pass that the Merchants Sailing by the Coasts of Pelopponnesus towards Sicily, by a sudden Storm, were cast upon the Land. Hereupon the Herdsmen taking advantage of the Night, got off Shipboard, and being well acquainted with the Place, fled and made their escapes, and when they came to Messena, declared the whole business to their Master, whereupon Polychares hide the Herdsmen, and sent for Eucephnus from L 〈…〉 daemon; who, when he came, swore, and impudently stood to it, that the Shepherds and beadsmen were some of them forcibly carried away by Robbers, and the rest were killed, upon which Polychares forthwith brought forth the Herdsmen: At which Eucephnus was amazed, and thus plainly convicted of falsehood, presently began to beg pardon, and promised to restore all the Cattle, and used many words to regain his Favour. Polychares therefore out of regard to the Sacred ties of Friendship, concealed the Fact, and sent his Son with Eucephnus to Lacedaemon to recover the Cattle: But Eucephnus disregardful of his Promises, murdered the Young man that was sent along with him to Sparta. Polychares enraged at this bloody Act, required the Spartans' to deliver up the Murderer But the Lacedæmonians, not willing to comply with his Demands, sent the Son of Eucephnus with Letters to Messena, wherein Polychares was ordered to come to Sparta, and there to abide the Judgement of the Ephori and the Kings, concerning the Matters whereof he complained; but Polychares by way of 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Instead of (〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉) Not obtaining Justice as some say. Vid. Notes upon Paus. L. 4. c. 4. Archias. Actaeon. This was a little before the first Messenian War. Ant. Ch. 741. So Petavius de Rac. Tempor. c. 12.  Retaliation, killed the Son of Eucephnus, and drove away a Prey of Cattle out of the Country of Sparta.  
15. Archias the Corinthian falling in Love with Actaeon, first courted the Youth with Presents and fair Promises; but being not able to prevail by reason of the Honesty of the Boy's Father, and the Sobriety and Modesty of the Young man himself, he got a Company of his Friends together, resolved to do that by Force which he could not obtain by Entreaty and fair Means: Having therefore made himself drunk with those he had brought along with him, he was hurried on to that degree by his Love-passion, that he broke forceably into the House of Melissus, and took away the Boy by force; but his Father with his Household Servants laying hold of his Son to detain him, and both parties earnestly striving to get him one from the other, the poor Child among them was pulled in pieces, so that the sufferings of the Child, and the manner of it, occasioned both Grief and Admiration, at one and the same time: For the Youth came to the like end with him 
* Actaeon was torn in pieces by his own Dogs. Agathocles.  that bore the same Name, both of them being destroyed much in the same manner by those that came in to their assistance.  
16. Agathocles to whom was committed the care of building of a Temple to Minerva, laid out the Money out of his own Purse; but he picked out the best and largest of the Stones, and built for himself a sumptuous and stately House: But the Power of the Goddess made itself evident, in destroying Agathocles with a Thunderbolt, and burning his House; and the Geomorians confiscated his Goods, although his Heirs made it clear and evident that he had not imbezill'd any of the Sacred Treasure. They consecrated likewise the Carcase of his House, and made it a Place inaccessible, which is now called Embrontaeum.  
17. Pompilius King of Rome, lived peaceably all his Days, and some say he was a hearer 
Numa Pompilius. Ant. Ch. 712. 15 Tear of Hezek. Deioces.  of Pythagoras, and that he had his Laws concerning Religion from him, and many other things which much advanced his Reputation, and therefore though he was a Stranger, he was sent for to take upon him the Crown.  
18. Deioces King of the Medes, when all sorts of Wickedness abounded, was eminent for Justice and all other Virtues.  
19 The Sybarites were addicted to Gluttony and Voluptuousness, and such was their 
Siberites.  strife and study to be Luxurious, that they loved the jonians and Tuscans above all other Strangers, because those among the Greeks, and these among the Barbarians, were most Luxurious and Effeminate. It's said; that Mindyrides was the most Voluptuous of any of the Sybarites; for when Clisthenes' King of Sicyon was Victor in the Race with Chariots drawn with four Horses, and had proclaimed by the Crier, That whosoever would Marry his Daughter (a most beautiful Lady) should come to Sicyon at a certain Day appointed, this Mindyrides loosed from Sibaris in a Vessel of above Fifty Oars on a side, and furnished 
Myndirites.  it with Rowers out of his own Family, of whom some were Fishermen, and the rest were 
* Or Falconers.  Fowlers; and when he came into the Haven at Sicyon, that he not only far surpassed all his Rivals for State and Grandeur, but likewise the King himself, although the whole City for Vainglory most profusely contributed their Wealth to Clisthenes: And being after his arrival presently entertained at Supper, and asked by one who should sit next to him, by the Voice of an Herald he caused it to be proclaimed, That he would sit next to the Bride, or by himself alone.  
20. Hippomenes, Archon of Athens, when his * Daughter had played the Whore, punished 
Hippomenes. Her name was Limone. See Ovid. Epist. in Ibis. Solaque Limone paenam ne senserit illam; Et tua dente ferox, viscera carpit equus. Time of Heze. 6th Year.  her after a most cruel and inhuman Manner; for he shut her up in a Stable with a Horse for some days kept without Meat, which through want of Food at length eat up the miserable and unfortunate Lady.  
21. Arcesilaus King of Cyrene being grievously afflicted with many pressing Calamities, consulted the Oracle at Delphos; to whom Apollo answered, That the Gods were angry for that none of the succeeding Kings since Battus governed so Justly and Righteously as he did, for he reigned mildly and gently, content only with the Name of a King; and that which was most commendable of all was that he carefully kept and maintained the Worship of the Gods; but his Successors always (ever since have reigned Tyrannically, and converted the public Treasure to their own private Use, and neglected the Service of 
Arcesilaus.  the Gods.  
22. Demonax of Mantinaea, was the Arbitrator to allay the Sedition among the Cyrenians, 
Demonax.  a Person in great Honour and Esteem for his Wisdom and Justice. When he arrived 
* A City in Arcadia.  at Cyrene all their differences were referred to him, and he reconciled the Cities one to another: upon these Terms and Conditions—  
23. Lucius Tarqvinius King of the Romans, being carefully educated from a Child, and 
Lucius Tarqvinius.  much addicted to the Liberal Sciences, was much admired for his virtuous Qualifications by all; and therefore when he attained to Man's Estate, he was in great favour and much esteem with Ancus Martius then King of Rome, and together with the King, ordered and managed many of the weighty Affairs of the Kingdom. Being very Rich himself he liberally supplied the wants of others, and was Courteous and Obliging to all, and therefore cried up greatly for his Wisdom.  
24. Solon was the Son of Execestides; heb was an Athenian, and his Ancestors Inhabitants of the Island Salamis, for Wisdom and Learning he far excelled all of his time; being Virtuously 
Solon. Before Christ 622. In the time of Josias King of Judah.  inclined from his Youth, he applied himself to the Study of the best Arts and Sciences: And having long inur'd himself to all sorts of Learning, he became the Great Master and Champion of every Virtue. For being under the care of the best Tutors from a Child, when he grew up to Man's estate he associated with such as were esteemed the greatest Philosophers; upon the account of which Converse, he was esteemed one of the Seven Wise Men, and was not only preferred before all the rest, but likewise before all others that were Eminent for their Wisdom. He was in great honour for making of Laws, and admired by all for his singular Prndence in his private Discourses and Answers, and giving of Counsel and Advice. When the Athenians grew jonians in their Manners, and became in a high degree Luxurious and Effeminate, Solon by degrees gained them to the love of Virtue and Honourable Actions: For Hermodus and Aristogo, principled and instructed by his Laws and Discipline, overturned the Tyranny of Pisistratus.  
25. There was one Myso of Malea living i a Town called Chenae, who lay most commonly 
Myso.  in the Fields, obscure, unknown almost to every body, upon the Expelling of Periander the Corinthian for his Tyranny and Cruelty, was taken into the Society of one of the Seven Wise Men.  
26. Chilo lived according to his Doctrine, which is a thing rare to be found: For we may see many Philosophers in our Age, who talk at a great rate, yet their Manners and 
Chilo, Wise Man.  Course of Life are Filthy and Abominable, who look and speak like grave and wise Men, yet by their actions give themselves the Lye. But Chilo, besides his virtuous Life all his Days, conceived and uttered many excellent things worthy of Remark.  
27. Pittacus of Mytelene was a Man not only to be admired for his Wisdom, but was such 
Pittacus, Wise Man. Flourished about the 42 Olympiad.  a Citizen as Lesbos never before produced the like, nor ever like to be (as I think) any such after him▪ till it produce plenty of sweet Wine. For he was an excellent Lawmaker, and Civil and Courteous towards all his Fellow-Citizens in all their Meetings and public Assemblies, and freed his Country from three most grievous Calamities, Tyranny, Sedition, and War. He was a most prudent and courteous Man, ever ready to excuse other 
* Which will never be.  Men's faults; and therefore seemed to be a Person perfectly Virtuous in every respect; for in making of Laws he was Prudent and Politic, Faithful to his Word, Valiant in War, and one that scorned corrupt Lucre and Gain.  
28. The Prieneans say, That Bias having redeemed from the hands of Robbers some Captive Messenian Virgins, Persons of considerable Quality, he took them into his own House, 
Bias, Wise Man.  and honourably entertained them as his own Daughters: And when their Relations and Kinsdolk came to Perene to seek after them, he restored them to their Friends without taking any thing either for their Diet or Redemption, but on the contrary presented them with many Gifts out of his own Estate: And therefore the Ladies loved him as their own Father both for his noble Entertainment, and the largeness of his Bounty; so that when they returned home they were still mindful of his Kindness to them: And therefore when the Fishermen of Messenac drew up with their Nets nothing but a Brazen Tripod, whereon was inscribed these Words. 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  To the Wisest, they procured it to be given to Bias. He was the most Rhetorical and Eloquent Man in his time; but far different from all others in the use he made of his Eloquence; for he was not Mercenary, or aimed at Gain, but used it for the Relief of Men indistress, which is rare now to be found.  
29. Cyrus' the Son of Cambysis and Mandana Nephew to Astyagis King of the Medes, for Valour, 
Cyrus.  Prudence, and other Virtues, excelled all others in the age wherein he lived: for his Father gave him Royal Education, encouraging him to every thing that was high and brave: And even while he was a Boy he gave evident Tokens of his attempting great things at one time or other; his Virtue and Valour appearing now before hand so evidently while he was but a Child.  
30. Astyages King of the Medes, being beaten in a Battle, and forced to a dishonourable 
Astyages.  Flight, was enraged at his Soldiers, and disbanded all his Officers, and placed others in their rooms; but as for those that were the occasion of the flight, he picked 'em out of all his Troops, and put 'em to death, thinking by this Example to make the rest more careful in the discharge of their Duty when they came to fight. For he was naturally cruel and implacable: but his Soldiers were so far from being terrified by his Severity, that in hatred of his Cruelty and Inhumanity, every one of them were ready to revolt, and to that end began to meet together in great companies, and talk Treason, stirring up one another to revenge the deaths of their fellow Soldiers.  
31. Cyrus (they say) was not only valiant against an Enemy, but mild and gentle towards 
Cyrus.  his Subjects, therefore the Persians call him their Father.  
32. One Adrastus a Phrygian by casting a Dart at a Boar in Hunting, accidentally killed 
Adrastus.  Atys the Son of Croesus the King of Lydia, and tho' he slew him against his Will, yet he said that he himself who killed him was not worthy to live, and therefore entreated Croesus not to spare him, but forthwith to cut his Throat at his Son's Sepulchre. Croesus' indeed at the first was in a rage at Adrastus for the death of his Son, and threatened to burn him alive: but when he perceived that the young Man did not seek to avoid punishment, but rather voluntarily offered his Life as a Sacrifice to the dead; his Anger was appeased, and he pardoned him, complaining of his own misfortune, and not of any purpose or design in the young Man: However, Adrastus went privately to Atys his Sepulchre and there killed himself.  
33. Croesus' King of Lydia pretending to send Eurybatus the Ephesian to Delphos, sent him in 
Croesus.  truth with a great Sum of Money into Peloponnesus to hire Soldiers; but Eurybatus fled to Cyrus' King of Persia, and discovered to him all Croesus his designs: and therefore this Treachery of Eurybatus was so remarkable among the Grecians, that when they would upbraid any Man with a base Action, they call him Eurybatus.  
34. Cyrus' believing that Croesus was a Religious Man, because a sudden storm of Rain from Heaven extinguished the Fire in the Pile whereon he was burnt, and calling to mind the saying of Solon; carried Croesus along with him, using him with all Honour and Respect, and made him one of his Privy Council, conceiving him to be a prudent Man, who had familiarly conversed with so many and such eminent Persons for Wisdom.  
35. Servius Tullius King of Rome Reigned 44 years, and out of his own virtuous disposition 
Servius Tullius.  ordered many things for the good of the Commonwealth.  
36. When Thericles was chief Magistrate at Athens in the 61 Olympiad, Pythagoras the Philosopher 
Olymp. 61. Pythagoras.  flourished, having attained to the highest pitch of Wisdom; a Man worthy to have his Memory Eternised, if ever any other Philosopher deserved it; he was born a Samos, tho' some say at Tyrrhenum. His Speeches were uttered with so much Grace, and force of persuasion that almost the whole City daily gazed upon him, as if some God had been before them, and a great concourse of People came from all parts to hear him. And he was not only eminently eloquent, but very sober and grave, and was a wonderful Example for young Men to imitate in the course of their Lives in that respect: and all that he conversed with he dissuaded from vain Pomp and Luxury; all the Inhabitants of that Country (through plenty and fullness of all things among them) being given to effeminacy and filthiness both of Body and Mind.  
This Pythagoras when he heard that Pherycides, once his Master, was very sick in the Island Delos, he forthwith sailed out of Italy thither, where after he had for some time cherished the Old Man, and had used his utmost endeavour to restore him to health, at length, through Old Age and the violence of his distemper he died, and Pythagoras carefully buried him; and so having performed the Office and Duty of a Son, as to a Father, he returned into Italy.  
37. The Pythagoreans (if any of their Society fall into decay) divide and contribute 
The Pythagorians. Love and Kindness one to another.  proportions of their Goods to him that is so in want, as if he were their Brother; and this they do, not only as to them that are daily conversant with them, but likewise to all others of the same Sect and Profession wherever they be. And therefore one Clineas of Tarentum when he understood that Prorus a Cyrenian and a Pythagorean, by some misfortune or other had lost all his Estate, and was become exceeding poor, he passed over out of Italy to Cyrene with a considerable sum of Money, and made up the loss of his Patrimony, tho' he had never seen him before, but only understood by hear-say, that he was a Pythagorean. And it's reported that many others have done the like And they have not only supplied their Companions with moneys in their wants, but have hazarded their Persons with them in the most dangerous times. For in the Reign of Dionysius the Tyrant it's reported that one Phintias a Pythagorean, when by the contrivance of the Tyrant he was to be led to execution, desired of Dionysius but a few days to settle his Household Affairs, and promised that in the mean time he would leave one of his friends to suffer in his stead, if he returned not. Dionysius hereupon wondering whether any such friend could be found, who would be willing to be cast into Goal for his friend, Phintias presently called for one of his Scholars called Damon a Pythagorean, who forthwith without 
Phintias and Damon willing to die one for another.  any budging became his Hostage to die in his room.  
Many there were that commended this singular demonstration of Love and Kindness to his Friend, others condemned it as a foolish and rash Act. But at the day appointed all the People flocked together very earnest to see whether he that left his pledge would perform his word. But the day drawing near to an end, every body began to despair, and Damon was led forth to execution, and then on a sudden at the very last moment of the day, Phintias came running in. This wonderful Friendship and Kindness one for another was admired by all; and Dionysius pardoned the condemned Person, and desired that he himself might be taken into the Society.  
38. The Pythagoreans had a great Art in improving their Memories, and to that end employed their utmost Care and Diligence. For the first thing they did constantly after they risen out of their Beds in a Morning, was to recollect and call to mind every thing they had done the day before from the Morning to the Evening, and if they had time and leisure they would go back to examine the Actions of the Second, Third and Fourth day, and sometimes further, conceiving it very helpful and advantageous for the improving of Memory, and increase of Knowledge.  
39 These Philosophers inur'd themselves to abstinence by this means. They prepare all sorts of Delicacies and Rarities, such as Tables are furnished with at Solemn Feasts, after they have gazed upon them for a considerable time, on purpose to whet their Appetite, which naturally desires in such cases to be gratified, on a sudden the Table is ordered to be whip'd-away, and they themselves thereupon withdrew without tasting any of the Dainties.  
40. Pythagoras commanded his Disciples to forbear taking an Oath as much as they 
Oath.  could, but when they had once taken it, to be careful to keep it. Having likewise regard to what was convenient, even in the Acts of Venus, he advised to abstain from Women in Summer time, and to be moderate and sparing in Winter: for he looked upon all carnal Copulation to be hurtful; but if it were frequent (he said) it impaired the strength and was destructive.  
He advised likewise, that the Sacrificers should not make their Addresses to the Gods in rich and gaudy Habits, but only in white and clean Robes, and should not only bring before them Bodies free from gross and outward wickednesses, but pure and undefiled Souls. Commanding these and many such like things, and stirring Men up to Sobriety, Valour and Constancy, and all other Virtues, he was Adored by the Crotonians as if he had been a God.  
41. One Cylo of Crotonia, the most wealthy and eminent Man of all the Citizens, desiring to be received into the Society of the Pythagoreans, was rejected, because he was 
Cylo.  naturally a fierce and stubborn Man, Seditious and Ambitious. At which he was so enraged, that he got together a number of Factious Persons against the Pythagoreans, and began to rail and do all the mischief he could against them.  
42 Lysis the Pythagorean going to Thebes in Boeotia, became Tutor to Epaminondas, 
Lysis.  and instructed him in all the ways of Virtue, and by reason of his excellent Endowments adopted him to be his Son; And Epaminondas from those sparks of Knowledge, he had gained from the Pythagorean Philosophy, excelled not only the Thebans, but all the rest of the Grecians of his time in Patience, Frugality, and all other Virtues.  
43. To write the Lives of Persons in former Ages is indeed a difficult and troublesome task to the Historians, but very profitable to others for their direction in the course of their Lives. For this kind of History, by recording good and bad Actions, doth grace the Memory of the Good, and fix a Stain upon the name of the Wicked, by sharing out Praise and Disgrace to each of them according as they do deserve it. For Praise is as a certain Reward of Virtue without Cost; and Disgrace is the punishment of Vice without a Wound. And therefore it's very fit all should understand, that according to the course of Life Men lead here, such will be the account and remembrance of them afterward; when they are dead, so that they need not employ all their Thoughts upon Marble Monuments, which are set up only in a little corner, and decayed and gone in process of time; but rather apply their Minds to Learning, and other virtuous Qualifications, which would make their Names famous over all the World.  
For time, which consumes all other things, preserves these to perpetual Generations, and the elder they grow, the more fresh and flourishing it presents them: for they that are gone long ago, are still in every Man's Mouth, as if they were now at this very day alive.  
44. Cambyses was naturally furious and even a Madman, and the more fierce and insolent 
Cambyses.  upon the account of his large Dominion.  
Cambyses the Persian puffed up with the success of his Arms, after the taking of Memphis and Pelusium, insolently demolished the Sepulchre of Amasis, an Ancient King of Egypt; 
Cambyses.  and finding his Body embalmed with odoriferous Spices, basely and inhumanly cudgeled it and abused it with all manner of Contempt, and after ordered it to be burnt to Ashes. For being the Egyptians never burn their dead Bodies, he thought by this means he revenged himself sufficiently of the Man that was dead long before.  
Cambyses when he prepared for his Expedition against the Aethiopians, sent part of his Army against the Ammonians; and commanded his Officers to rob the Temple of 
Cambyses.  Jupiter Ammon, and set it on fire, and make all the Inhabitants round Captives.  
45. Certain Lydians flying away to avoid the Tyrannical Government of Oroetes, the 
Polycrates.  Governor of the Province fled to Samus with a vast Treasure of Gold, and humbly Addressed themselves to Polycrates for relief: who at first courteously Entertained them; but not long after cut all their Throats, and robbed them of their Money.  
46 Thessalus the Son of Pisistratus a Wise and Prudent Man, voluntarily abdicated the Sovereignty, and acted only as a private Man, contented only to share in the common Rights and Liberties with the rest of the Citizens, for which he was in high Esteem and Reputation.  
But his Brothers Hipparchus and Hippias, being rigid and cruel, Ruled Tyrannically over their Citizens. After they had for some time grievously oppressed the Athenians, Hipparchus falling in Love with a beautiful Boy, plunged himself into perilous circumstances. For Harmodius and Aristogiton joined in a Conspiracy against the Tyrant, in order to free their Country from Slavery; but Aristogiton was the chief Man for a brave and resolute Spirit, in enduring all sorts of Torments with patience and constancy, who in the most perilous times, carefully preserved two things especially, Faithfulness to his to his Friends, and just Revenge for his Enemies.  
47 Zeno of Elis, being seized upon for a Conspiracy against Nearchus, who tyrannically 
Zeno and Nearchus. This is cited in Valesius his Notes upon Ammianus Marcellin. lib. 14. c. 9 p. 46. The new Edition.  oppressed the Country, was put upon the Rack. When the Tyrant asked him, who were his fellow Conspirators; I would to God (said he) I had as much Command of the rest of my Body, as I have of my Tongue.  
Hereupon the Tyrant serving him up, and tormenting him the more, Zeno for some time courageously endured the tormenting Rack, but afterwards to free himself, and be revenged on the Tyrant, he had this contrivance. The Rack being extended to the utmost, he feigned as if he could no longer bear it, and therefore cried out to release him, and he would discover all, the Rack being thereupon loosed, he desired the Tyrant would come to him himself, for he had many things to discover, which required Secrecy: Upon which he came readily to him, and put his Face close to Zeno's Ear, upon which he took fast hold of the Tyrant's Ear with his Teeth; whereupon the Guard came running in, and racking him to the utmost they could to force him to leave his hold, he fastened his Teeth the more fiercely, so that the Guard not being able to baffle the resolution of the Man, they were forced to entreat him to let go; and by this trick, he was released from his torments, with a revenge upon the Tyrant.  
48. Sextus the Son of Lucinius Tarqvinius, King of the Romans, took a Journey to the 
Sextus Tarqvinius. Lucretia. Olymp. 66. 3. An. M●n. 3436 Ant. Ch. 512. T●mpore D●rij Hystaspis.  City Coilatia, and there Lodged at the House of Lucius Tarqvinius the King's Nephew, whose Wife was called Lucretia, a most beautiful Lady and renowned for her Chastity. Sextus risen up in the Night and broke down her Chamber Door, when she was in Bed, and attempted to force her, (her Husband at that time being in the Camp at Ardea) and with his drawn Sword in his Hand, threatened to kill her, unless she yielded, and told her he had a Slave ready, whom he would lay naked in Bed with her, and kill them both, that it might be said, she was justly killed in the act of Adultery, and that he had done it in revenge of the injury done to his Kinsman. And therefore it was better for her quietly to gratify him in what he desired, promising her likewise many great and rich rewards, and to Marry her, and so from a private Condition, she should be advanced to the State and Dignity of a Queen. Lucretia amazed with the strangeness and suddenness of the thing, and fearful lest it should be thought she was killed really for an act of Adultery, was quiet at that time. The next day when Sextus was gone, she presently sent for all her Servants and Household, and desired they would not suffer the Wickedness of the Man to go unpunished, who had violated all the Laws of Friendship and Hospitality: And that for herself (she said) it was not Honourable longer to survive the violation of her Chastity: and having said this, she stabbed herself into the Breast with a Dagger, and so breathed her last.  
49. Hypocrates King of Gela, after his Victory over the Syracusians, when he Encamped 
Hypocrates.  near the Temple of Jupiter, took the Chief Priests, and some of the principal Citizens of Syracuse, who had spoiled the Temple of the Consecrated golden Vessels, and carried away other things, especially Jupiter's Cloak, which was made of Massy and Solid Gold, sharply rebuked them as sacrilegious Persons, and commanded them forthwith to return to the City. He himself touched none of the things devoted, both to buoy up the Credit and Reputation of his own Name, as likewise judging it unfit for him, who had undertaken so great a War, to act so high a piece of Impiety against the Gods. Besides, he conceived by this means he should stir up the People against the Governors of Syracuse, who ruled the Commonwealth with rigour, beyond all bounds of moderation and Equity.  
50. Thero of Arge●●um, for Wealth and Nobility of Birth, and his courteous Carriage, 
Thero.  towards the meanest Man, was not only highly honoured among the Citizens, but even among all the Sicilians.  
51. Cimon the Son of Miltiades, when his Father died in the Common Goal, because he was not able to pay the Fine imposed upon him, gave up himself into Custody, to abide in Prison for his Father's Mulct, that he might have the Body of his Parent to bury it.  
52. Cimen was very Eminent, when he was a Civil Magistrate, and afterwards became a famous General in the Wars and performed such Actions by his Valour, as are worthy of an everlasting Remembrance.  
53. Those at Thermopyle died fight courageously, whose Valour, etc.— Which are published in the 11th Book of Diodorus his History, P. 9 What after follows in the Manuscript, because they are extant in Diodorus his History, I have purposely omitted, 12 Folio's.   

Out of the 21st Book.  
1. Antigonus, from a private Man advanced to the State and Dignity of a King, was the most potent Prince of any in his time, but not contented with his Condition, without the least colour of Right, was prompted by his Ambition to grasp at the Dominions of other Princes, and by that means 
* At the Battle of Issus Olymp. 119. 4. B●fore Ch. 302. Plut. in Demetrius.  both lost his own, and his Life 
Cimon.  together.  
2. When Agathocles heard how the Ligurians and Tyrrhenians had mutinously fallen upon his Son Agatharchus, in his absence, for their Pay, he put them all to the Sword, to the number almost of 2000  
3. The Thracians who had taken in a Battle Agathocles, the Son of King Lysimachus, sent him back to his Father with several gifts; by this means hoping, in case of misfortunes, to shelter themselves under his protection, and hereby likewise to induce him freely to restore their Territory, which he then possessed. For they were out of all hopes of Victory, seeing so many potent Kings, Confederates with Lysimachus.  
4. Dromichoetes' King of Thrace, having taken Lysimachus Prisoner, used him with all kind of Civility; and kissed and embraced him, calling him his Father, and brought him with his Children into the City Helis. And when the Thracians came in a Body together, and crying out demanded, that the Captive King should be brought forth, and put to death, for that it was but just and equal that they that had adventured their lives, should dispose as they thought fit of the Captives; Dromichoetes making a Speech against putting the King to death, told the Soldiers that it was for the public good to preserve the King: For if they killed him forthwith, some others would take possession of his Kingdom, who perhaps might become more formidable to them, than Lysimachus: But on the other Hand, if they preserved him, that favour might work so much, as in gratitude to gain a favourable respect to the Thracians, and to procure without running any hazard a Restitution of all those Forts and Castles, that formerly belonged to the Thracians.  
The Army then agreeing to what he said; he brought forth all the Friends and Servants of Lysimachus, that he could find amongst the Captives, and delivered them to him. Afterwards when he offered a solemn Sacrifice to the Gods, he invited Lysimachus and all his Friends, with the Chief Officers and Commanders of the Thracians to Supper: And having prepared Two Apartments, he covered the Beds whereon Lysimachus and his Friends were to sit, with rich Carpets, part of the spoils taken in the Battle; but for himself and the rest of the Thracians, the Cover were but poor and mean. He prepared likewise Two sorts of Suppers; That for Lysimachus and his Friends, consist'd of all sorts of Rarities and noble Dishes, set upon Silver Tables: But for the Thracians he ordered Herbs and Flesh meanly Dressed, to be set upon a Table uncovered, in wooden Platters. To conclude, the first were served with Wine in Gold and Silver Bowls: But for himself and his Thracians, he ordered Cups of Wood and Horn, after the manner of the Geteses: Afterwards in the height of the Feast, he filled up the greatest Horn with Wine, and calling Lysimachus Father, asked him whether of the two seemed to him more Princely, a Thracian, or a Macedonian Supper? When Lysimachus answered a Macedonian— See the rest in the Fragments of Sentences.  
5. King Demetrius, after he had forced the rest of the Cities to a submission, carried himself nobly towards the Baetians: For besides the 14 Persons that were the Heads of the defection, he pardoned all the rest.  
6. Agatharcus was Valorous and Courageous, above his Age For he was very young.  
7 Timaeus was a bitter Censurer of former Historians, yet in other parts of his History, 
Timaeus.  very careful to declare the Truth, but his hatred of Agathocles was such, that he forged many things in relation to his actions; for being Banished by Agathocles out of the Island, he could not be revenged of the Tyrant while he lived: but after his death he loaded him with Reproaches in his History, to make his Memory odious to all Posterity. For besides the Vices this King was really guilty of, he imputed many others to him, invented of his own Head, and always lessened his prosperous successes, and aggravated his misfortunes which were really casual, and turned them upon himself, as the cause of them through his own miscarriages. For whereas all know that Agathocles was a prudent and expert Soldier and Commander, and was Bold and Courageous in the greatest Difficulties, he all along in his History is continually calling him a weak headed Coward. And yet who is there that is ignorant, that none were ever under meaner Circumstances, that afterwards attained to such a Degree of Sovereignty and Dominion? For his Poverty and mean Birth was such, that from his Childhood he was but a mean 
* A Potters Son.  Artificer: But afterwards by his Valour, he not only gained the Sovereign Power over all Sicily, but Conquered a great part of Italy and Africa. And any one may justly wonder at the Vanity of Timaeus, who almost in every Page extols the Valour of the Syracusians, and yet affirms him, who Conquered them, to be the greatest Coward of any Man living. From these contradictions and inconsistencies its clear and manifest that out of a private Pique and Disgust he betrayed the Trust of a faithful Historian: And therefore his last five Books, wherein are set forth the acts of Agathocles, for very good reason, were never approved by any.  
8. Callias likewise the Syracusian deserves as much to be Censured as the other, who being enriched and advanced by Agathocles, never leaves off praising him far above his 
Callias.  desert, and so dishonouring History, which should be the Herald of Truth. For whereas Agathocles in many things violated both the Laws of God and Man, he cries him up as the most Pious and Righteous Man in the World. To conclude, as Agathocles by force took away the Citizen's Goods, and most injuriously bestowed them upon this Writer; so this admirable Historiographer in way of requital, loads him in his History with Praises of all sorts and sizes. But in my opinion it were no difficult Task, by way of grateful Return, to repay favours received from Princes, by moderate and due Praises and Commendations.  
9 After the * Mercenary Soldiers had agreed with the Syracusians, they Marched away, 
The Mamettines.  and were received by the Messenians, as Friends and Confederates: and being thus kindly entertained by the Citizens, in the Night they Murdered all their Landlords, and took their Wives as their own, and possessed themselves of the City.  
10 When Demetrius was a Prisoner at Pella, Lysimachus sent an Ambassador to Seleucus to Caution him, not to suffer him upon any Terms to get out of his Hands, being (as he 
Demetrius.  said) an insatiably ambitious Man, and one continually plotting against all the Kings; and promised he would give him 2000 Talents, if he would put Demetrius to death: But Seleucus the King, sharply rebuked the Ambassadors, for persuading him not only to violate his Faith, but to commit so horrid a piece of Wickedness against one so near related to him: But he writ a Letter to his Son Antiochus, who was then in Media, to ask his Advice what should be done with Demetrius; for he had resolved to release him and restore him hononourably to his Kingdom; but was willing likewise to have the Favour acknowledged by his Son 
* Antiochus Soter.  Antiochus, who had married Stratonices the Daughter of Demetrius, and had several Children by her.   

Out of the 22d BOOK.  
1. WHen a Garrison was put into Rhegium by the Romans, Decius' a Campanian, a covetous and impudent Fellow, acted the Base and Treacherous Part of the Mamertines; 
Decius.  for as they were received as Friends by the Messenians, and seized upon their City, and cut the Throats of all the Messenians their Landlords, in their own Houses, and married their Wives, and possessed themselves of the Estates of them they had murdered; so the Campanian Soldiers to whom with Decius the Garrison of Rhegium was committed by the Romans, with the like Perfidiousness killed all the Rhegians, and dividing their Goods amongst themselves, possessed themselves of the City. But Decius the Governor after he had sold the Goods of these miserable People, and shared the Money he had treacherously raised, was expelled from Rhegium by the Campanians, his Copartners in this wicked Fact. But every one of these perfidious Villains at length met with their just Reward: For Decius being seized with a grievous pain in his Eyes sent for an Eminent Physician of Rhegium, who to revenge the Wrong done to his Country, anointed Decius his Eyes with Cantharideses, and by this means having made him stark blind, forthwith fled out of Messena.  
2. Phintias having tyrannically oppressed his Citizens, and put to death many of the Wealthy Men of the City, began to be hated by his Subjects for his Cruelty; and therefore 
Phintias.  all being upon the point ready for a General Defection, and he himself reduced to great straits, on a sudden changed his former Course, and ruling more moderately, kept his Subjects within the bounds of their Duty and Obedience.  
3. Ptolemy King of Macedonia, being indeed very Young, and altogether unexpert in Military Affairs, and naturally Rash and weak Headed, made no provision for any thing 
Ptolemy Ceraunus. Vid. Justin. lib. 17. & 25. Olymp 125. Ant. Ch. 279. Ush. Ann. Apollodorus.  as he ought: And therefore when he was advised by his Friends to stay for the Auxiliary Forces who were not as yet come up to him, he disregarded their Council.  
4. Apollodorus affecting the Sovereign Power, and minding to confirm the Conspirators in whhat they had undertaken, sent for a young Man, one of his Friends, under colour of coming to Sacrifice, and when he came he offered him up to the Gods, and gave his Entrails to be eaten by the Conspirators, and drunk to them in his Blood mixed with Wine.  
5. The same Apollodorus armed some Gauls, and engaged them with large Gifts, and made use of them for his Lifeguard, because they were naturally Cruel, and ready to 
Apollodorus King of Cassandria in Macedonia.  execute any Villainy. He raised likewise a great Sum of Money, by Confiscating and exposing to public Sale the Goods of the Wealthy Citizens. He grew very potent in a short time, by increasing the Soldiers Pay, and distributing Money among the Poorer sort.  
Being wholly given up to Cruelty and Covetousness, he squeezed Money from the Citizens, and forced both Men and Women with Racks and Torments to bring forth all their Gold and Silver; for he made use of one Calliphon a Sicilian for his adviser, an Arts master in Tyranny, who had been long bred up a Courtier among many of the Tyrants in Sicily.  
6. When Pyrrhus had plundered Aegeas, the Seat-Royal of the Kings of Macedonia, he left there a Garrison of Gauls, who being informed by some that there were great Treasures 
Pyrrhus' cited by Ush. An. 353. Before Christ 273.  (according to ancient Custom) hid in the Sepulchers of the Kings, dug up all the Tombs, and divided the Wealth amongst themselves, but scattered abroad the Bones and Ashes of the Dead.  
However, Pyrrhus though he was railed at for this piece of Inhumanity, yet he punished not the Barbarians, because he made use of their assistance in his Wars.   

Out of the 23d BOOK.  
1. I Look upon it the Duty of an Historian diligently to observe the Stratagems and Management of Affairs by Generals on both sides: For by laying open and taxing of other men's Faults the like Miscarriage may be prevented in them that come after, and on the other side, by commending of things that are done well, others are stirred up to Virtuous actions. For who can but utterly condemn the Pride, Folly, Madness and Insolency of 
* Attilius Regulus. Olymp. 131. 1. Ant. Ch. 254. First Punic War. Polyb. lib. 1.  Attilius? Who not able to bear the weight of his prosperous Fortune, both lost his own Reputation, and brought many great Mischiefs and Calamities upon his Country. For when he might have struck up a Peace with the Carthaginians, Honourable and Advantageous to the Romans, but Base and Dishonourable to the other, and his Name might have been for ever renowned amongst all Men for his Clemency and Humanity, he had no regard to any of these things: But proudly insulting over the Distresses of the Afflicted, stood upon such Terms as both provoked the Gods to Anger, and forced the Conquered by reason of those unreasonable Conditions, to stand it out resolutely to the utmost Extremity; so that the face of Affairs was changed on a sudden, insomuch as the Carthaginians who but a little before were in great Terror and Amazement, by reason of their late Rout, and despaired of all Relief, gathered Courage, and routed and cut off their Enemy's Army; and upon this Misfortune, such was the Distress and Amazement of the City of Rome, that they who were before looked upon to be the best Soldiers at Land in the World, durst not engage the Enemy in that kind any more; and therefore this was the longest War of any we read of in former times, and the matter was now to be decided by Sea Fights, in which a vast Number of Ships both of the Romans and their Confederates were destroyed, and 100000 Men perished with those that were killed in Fights at Sea: And it's easy to believe how vast a Treasure must be expended, sufficient to maintain so great a Fleet for the continuance of a War for Fifteen Years. But he that was the Author and Occasion of so many Miseries, had himself no small share in the Calamity, since his present Dishonour and Disgrace did far overbalance his former Glory and Reputation; and by his Misfortune others are taught not to be proud in Prosperity. And that which was most cutting and grievous was, that he was now forced to endure the Scoffs and Scorns of those over whom he had before insulted in the time of their Calamity; having justly debarred himself from that Pity and Commiseration which is wont to be showed towards them that are in affliction. But as for Xanthippus he not only delivered the Carthaginians from the present Evils that hung over them, but altogether changed the Scene of Affairs; for he utterly routed the Romans who were but even now Conquerors, and after a sad slaughter lifted up the Carthaginians to such a height of Prosperity, (who were expecting their last doom) that for the future they slighted and contemned their Enemy.  
The noise of this famous Action being spread almost all the World over, every one admired the Valour of this General. For it looked like a Wonder to every body, that there should be such a sudden change of Affairs, by one Man only joining with the Carthaginians, and that they who were but lately closely besieged, should on a sudden besiege the Enemy: And that they who by their Valour were a little before Lords both of Sea and Land, should be now cooped up in a small Town, expecting every day to be a Prey to their Enemies; but it's not to be wondered at, since the Prudence and Wisdom of the General overcame all difficulties.  
2. Hamilear the Carthaginian, called Barca, and Hannibal his Son the great Carthaginian Generals, are reputed the greatest Captains of any that ever were either before or after them, and by their Victories greatly enlarged the Dominion of the Carthaginians.   

Out of the 24th BOOK.  
Clodius' coming into Sicily, as soon as he had received the Charge of the Army, who 
Publius Clodius.  then straight besieged Lilybaeum, called the Soldiers together, began bitterly to inveigh against the Consuls from whom he received the Legions, declaring they had negligently managed the War, giving themselves up to Wine, Luxury, and Voluptuousness, and that they were more really besieged than the Enemy: But this Man being naturally Hot and Fiery, and something Crack-brained, acted many things Rashly and like a Madman. For in the first Place, imitating the indiscreet Actions of those he had before censured, he attempted to raise up a Mole in the Sea and block up the Haven, with so much the more Imprudence, as the Fault is the greater not to learn to do better, by seeing before the Mistakes and Miscarriages of another, than to run into an Error upon the first Attempt. Being likewise naturally Cruel and Severe in inflicting Punishment, after the manner of his Ancestors he was inexorable in punishing the Soldiers, and scourged the Roman Confederates with Rods. To conclude, He was so swelled with Pride upon the account of the Nobility of his Birth, and the Renown of his Ancestors, that he despised every body else.  
2. Hamilcar before he was chosen General was noted to be a Man of a magnanimous Spirit, and after he was advanced to that Honour he deceived not their Expectation, but behaved himself as a Noble Carthaginian, in every thing aiming at Fame and Renown and despising Dangers. He was both Prudent, Valiant, and Industrious, the Best King and the most Valiant General.  
3. Hanno was naturally of an aspiring Spirit and thirsting after Glory, and having a 
Hanno.  great Army that lay idle, hoped by this Expedition both to Train and Exercise the Soldiers, and likewise to maintain them, and by that means to ease the City of a great Charge, and over and besides, to perform some considerable Service that might prove both Honourable and Profitable to the Commonwealth.  
4. When Hanno had taken 
* Hecatompylus, a City in Thebes in Egypt.  Hecatompylus, and the Elders of the City addressed themselves 
Hanno.  to him, and begged and entreated him to show them Pity and Compassion, being something Vainglorious at this time he preferred Mercy before Severity, and took 3000 Hostages, and preserved the City and the Estates of the Citizens entire and untouched, for which he was highly honoured by the poor People, and the Soldiers were splendidly and liberally Entertained by the Inhabitants with all manner of rich Provision.  
5. But the * Mother of the Young Men grievously laid to heart the Death of her Husband, 
The Wife of Attalus her Cruelty.  and conceiving that through their Carlesness and Neglect he had lost his Life, she stirred up her Sons to use the Captives most Cruelly and Inhumanely, for they were thrust into a little close Room, and by reason of the straitness of the Place were forced to throng one upon another like Beasts, and after they had been kept without Meat for five Days * Bostar through vexation of Mind and Famine together died. But Hamilcar being a Man of a great Spirit held out still, though he saw no hopes of Relief. But told her 
Gr. Bodostor.  how careful he had been of her Husband, and entreated her with Tears to Compassion; but she was so far from being touched with the least sense of Humanity, that this cruel Woman shut up the Carcase with him for five Days together in that close Hole, and gave him meat only to keep him alive, that he might be the longer sensible of his miserable Condition. Hamilcar therefore now despiaring by entreating or begging to move her to Pity, began to call upon Jupiter, and cry out to the rest of the Gods, who took care of Mankind, to revenge him upon the Woman, and repay her with just and due Punishment.  
However, in the midst of all these Torments he was kept alive, till through the Mercy of the Gods, or some good Fortune, he was wonderfully and unexpectedly delivered. For even when he was upon the Point of Death, through the stench of the dead Body, and other Miseries he lay under, some of the meaner Servants belonging to the House told it some others abroad, who in indignation to such a piece of Cruelty and Wickedness, forthwith informed the Tribunes of the People of this horrid Fact. Whereupon, when it was discovered, the Magistrates sent for the Attillii, who for branding the Roman Name with such a dishonourable Mark of barbarous Cruelty, escaped very narrowly being put to Death; but the Magistrates threatened the Attillii severely to punish them if they did not for the future use their Prisoners civilly, and take due care of them. They imputed most that was done to their Mother, and burning the Body of Bostar, sent the Ashes back to his own Country, and freed Amilcar from the Distress and Calamity he had groaned under.   

Out of the 25th BOOK.  
THE Carthaginians who had been at War with the Romans for the possession of Sicily, now Four and Twenty Years, suffered not so much by that War as they did 
The War with the Mercenaries by th● Carthaginians.  by their Mercenary Soldiers whom they had injured: For designing to defraud them of their Pay, they were in a fair way of losing both their Sovereign Authority and their Country together, for the Mercenaries resented the Injury to that degree, that they forthwith revolted, and brought the Carthaginians into miserable Distresses.  
2. The Carthaginians sent a Trumpet to the Revolters, to desire liberty to bury them 
Mercenaries Cruelty.  that were slain in the Battle. But Spondius, and the rest of the Captains of the Revolters, with barbarous Cruelty, not only denied that, but warned them upon their Peril not to send any more Messengers to them upon any account whatsoever, for if they did, they should suffer the same Punishment. And they than made an Order, that every Carthaginian they took Prisoner should be put to Death in the same manner as they before mentioned were, and that their Confederates which should be taken should have their Hands cut off, and so sent back to Carthage. This Cruelty of Spondius was the reason that Hamilcar was forced to cast off his former Lenity, and retaliate the same Cruelty upon the Prisoners taken by the Carthaginians: And therefore after he had first Racked and Tormented the Captives, he then cast them to the Elephants, who trod and trampled them underfoot, so as they died most miserably.  
3. The Hippacrineans and Uticans revolted from the Carthaginians, and killed the Carthaginian 
Uticans' Revolt.  Garrison, and threw them over the Walls, and would not suffer them to be buried, though it was desired by the Carthaginians.  
Hamilcar, Surnamed Barca, performed many great and excellent Services to the advantage 
Hamilcar▪ Barca.  of his Country, both against the Romans in Sicily, and in Africa against the Mercenaries and the Lybians, who revolted from the Carthaginians, and straight besieged Carthage itself. For in both these Wars he performed noble Actions with great Valour and Prudence, and therefore was highly honoured by all the Citizens. But after the War was ended in Africa, he got together a Body of Lewd Fellow; and having enriched himself with the Spoils of his Enemies, and by his Actions gained a great Interest and the Love of the People, he prevailed so far as that he was created Generalissimo of all Lybia for a little time.   

Out of the 26th BOOK.  
1. HAnnibal was naturally of a warlike Spirit, and Trained up in Martial Affairs from 
Hannibal.  a Child; and having been for many years together in several Expeditions with the greatest Captains, he learned a great deal of Experience in matters of War, so that being by Nature prompt to Feats of Arms, and improved likewise by daily Exercise for a long time in the Wars, he looked very big upon it, in expectation of doing great things.  
2. Minucius being overcome by Hannibal, it was evident by the Event that he ruin'd all by his Imprudence and Unskilfulness; but Fabius by his Valour and Policy preserved the Commonwealth.  
3. Dorimarchus the Provincial Governor of the Aetolians committed a most impious 
Dorimarchus.  Fact; for he robbed the Famous Temple of Jupiter Dodonaeus, and afterwards burned the whole except the Treasury.  
4. Hannibal's Army having for a long time together glutted themselves with the Riches 
Hannibal.  and Pleasures of Campania, became wholly degenerated; for their Luxury, Soft Beds, Ointments, and all sorts of delicate Fare, took away their Courage, and made them unfit to endure hardship, and caused both their Bodies and Souls to degenerate into Effeminacy.  
5. When Hannibal had spoken much against the cruelty and malice of the Romans, or rather their pride and arrogancy, he put to the Sword the Senators Sons, and their Relations 
Hannibal  (which he picked out of the rest of the Captives,) in this manner revenging himself upon the Senate.  
6. Hannibal being possessed with an implacable Hatred against the Romans, picked out from amongst the Captives such as he thought fittest for single Combat, and matched them one with another, and commanded them to fight Brothers with Brothers, Fathers with Children, and Kinsmen with Kinsmen. In this barbarous Injunction, who cannot but justly abhor the cruelty of the Carthaginians, and admire the Piety, Patience and Constancy of the Romans, in the midst of their most grievous Sufferings! For tho' they were tormented with Fire-Goads and cruel stripes, yet none would be brought to lift up their hands against their Friends and Relations, but all unmovable died in the Anguish of their Sufferings, keeping themselves pure and unspotted from the Gild of destroying one another.  
7. When Gelo and Hiero Kings of Sicily were dead in Syracuse, and Hieronymus, who was very raw and young, succeeded, the Kingdom was but ill supplied with a Governor; for being flattered and soothed up by his Friends, he fell into Luxury, Debauchery, and Tyrannical Cruelty. For he Ravished many Men's Wives, Murdered his Friends that advised him; confiscated the Goods of many without hearing them, and gave their Estates 
Hieronymus King of Syracuse Murdered by his Subjects.  to the flattering Informers; which first stirred up the hatred of the People against him, than put them upon Plotting, which broke out at last and ended in his destruction; the common Lot of Tyrants in such cases.  
8. When Hiero was killed, the Syracusians called a Senate, where it was decreed that all the Kindred of the Tyrant should be put to death, both Man and Woman, and that 
Hieronymus.  none of his Race or Family should be left alive.  
9 When the dead Body of Semprenius Gracchus was sent by Mago to Hannibal, the Soldiers seeing it lie upon the ground, cried out to have it cut in pieces, and to be hurled away piece by piece out of Slings. But Hannibal having an Object before his Eyes to instruct him in the uncertainty and unconstancy of Fortune, and honouring and admiring likewise the Valour of the Man, said it was an unworthy thing to wreak a Man's Anger upon a speechless Carcase; and afterwards celebrated his Funeral with all the marks of Honour and Respect, and civilly sent his Bones and Ashes in an Urn to the Roman Camp.  
9 When Syracuse was taken, all the Citizens went forth to meet Marcellus with Olive-branches 
Marcellus.  in their hands; and he told them he would spare all the Lives of those that were Freemen of the City, but all their Goods should be a prey for his Soldiers.  
10. The Carthaginians after they had made an end of the Libyck War, severely punished 
Cruelty of the Carthaginians.  the Micatanian Numidians, with their Wives and Children; for they crucified all their Captives, insomuch as their posterity ever since remembering the Cruelty executed upon their Forefathers, are most implacable Enemies to the Carthaginians.  
11. But the Valour of Hasdruball is not to be passed over in silence. For he was the Son of Amilcar Barca, the bravest Captain of his Age, who in the Sicilian War was the only General that often overcame the Romans, and having put an happy end to the Civil War, was the first that passed over with an Army into Spain; and this Hasdrubal approved himself a Son not unworthy the Honour and Dignity of such a Father. For he was generally owned to be the best Soldier, (next to Hannibal his Brother) of all the Carthaginian Commanders, and therefore he was left General of all the Forces in Spain by Hannibal, where he fought many Battles, and freeing his Army many times from the Straits they were in, he often ran himself into many great Dangers: and being at length forced up into the heart of the Country, far from the Sea, upon the account of his Valour he got together a mighty Army, and at last came unexpectedly into Italy.  
12. Nabis King of Lacedaemon Murdered P●l●ps, the Son of ●●curg●● the former King, 
Nabis.  when he was but a very Child; for he was afraid when he was grown up to Man's Estate, he would seek to free and rescue his Country, upon the account of his being of the Blood-Royal. And for this reason he put to death the Nobility of Sparta, and hired the basest and most abject Fellows, wherever he could find 'em, to be his Life guard, and protect him in his Dominion: So that Robbers of Temples, Thiefs, Highwaymen, and Condemned Persons flocked from all places to Sparta. For stepping up into the Throne by wickedness, he had no hopes to keep what he had so wickedly got, but only by the help of such Profane and Impious Fellows.  
13. The Cretians Rigged out Seven Ships for Piracy, and robbed many Passengers at 
Cretian Pirates.  Sea, whereupon the Merchants being altogether discouraged, the Rhodians looking upon it to belong to them to redress this Mischief, proclaimed War against the Cretians.  
14. Pleminius was left Governor of Locris by Scipio; and being a p●ofliga●● wretch, he forced open the Treasury of Proserpina, and carried away all the Sacred Treasure. 
Pleminius robs Proserpina's Temple.  The Locrians enraged at the Fact, Addressed themselves to the People of Rome, and entreated their Relief according to their usual Faith; whereupon, Two Military Tribunes seem much offended with the Impious Fact committed, and sharply rebuked Pleminius; not that they were really angry at what was done, but because they themselves had no part of the Money. But in a short time after, the Goddess paid them all home for their Impiety. For this was reported to be the most Famous Temple of all that were in Italy, and in all Ages before that time (through the care of the Inhabitants) had remained safe and unviolated. For at the time when Pyrrhus transported his Forces out of Sicily to Locris, and his Soldiers were pressing upon him for Pay, he was forced to make use of this Sacred Treasure: but in returning back (they say) he suffered much, his whole Fleet being dispersed, shattered and torn in pieces by a ●ierce and violent Tempest, and therefore Pyrrhus himself, out of a Religious Reverence to the Goddess, endeavoured to pacify her, and restored every penny of the Money before he left the Country. But the Tribunes before mentioned pretending to abhor the Sacrilege, sided with the Locrians, and rebuking Pleminius for his Crime, threatened severely to punish him. The Quarrel growing hotter and hotter, it came at length to blows, and the Tribunes threw Pliminius upon the ground, and bitten off his Ears and Nose, and sliced off both his Lips; but afterwards Pliminius caused the Tribunes to be seized, and whipped them to death with Rods. In the mean time the Senate and People of Rome, through a Religious awe of the Gods, were in great concern about this Sacrilegious Act; and upon this occasion the Enemies of Publius Scipio having got an opportunity to cast Dirt upon him, accused him as if he had been the Adviser of Pliminius, and that he had done all by his Order and Command. Whereupon by a Decree of the Senate, two Tribunes of the People and an Aedilis were sent into Sicily with Orders to bring Scipio forthwith to Rome, if they found that the Sacrilege was committed by his Command or Connivance; but if they could not discover any such thing, that then they should suffer him to Transport the Forces over into Africa. While they were upon their Journey Scipio sent for Pliminius and cast him into Goal; and every day with great care and diligence exercised the Soldiers; at which the Tribunes of the People did so admire, that they highly commended him. But Pliminius being brought bound to Rome, the Senate forthwith committed him to prison, and a short time after he died there in custody. His Goods were all Devoted to Proserpina, and what they fell short to make satisfaction, was decreed by the Senate to be supplied out of the public Treasury, and that it should be death for any Soldier not to restore what Goods or Money soever he had in his hand, that were taken out of the Treasury of Proserpina's Temple, and further decreed that the Locrians should be free.  
15. Scipio when he saw Syphax among other prisoners led up to him in Chains, at the first fell a weeping, to consider the former Royal State and Dignity of the Person; resolving therefore to use his fortunate success with moderation and humanity, Commanded that Syphax should be freed from his Chains, and gave up his Tent to him for the reception of him and his Royal Family; and keeping him as a prisoner (yet with all the liberty imaginable) often courteously conversed with him, and entertained him at his Table.  
16. Sophonisba (who was first the Wife of Masinissa, and afterwards of Syphax, but being 
Sophonisba.  taken prisoner was gained again by Masinissa) was a Woman of an admirable Beauty, and by her cunning tricks and charming devices could obtain whatever she pleased: and being confederated with the Carthaginians her Countrymen, plied her Husband every day to fall off from the Romans; which when Syphax was assured of, he acquainted Scipio with the design, and cautioned him to have a special care of that Woman; all which being confirmed likewise by Laelius, Scipio commanded the Lady to be brought to him, which Masinissa refusing, he threatened him severely; at which Masinissa was so concerned, that he ordered that some should be sent from Scipio to fetch her away: but in the mean time he went into his Tent, and forced Sophonisba to drink off a Cup of Poison.  
17. Scipio through his Clemency and Compassion towards all the prisoners he took, for ever after was secure of Masinissa as a faithful and constant Confederate.  
18. Hannibal called together his Confederates, and told them that he must of necessity pass over into Africa, and that he had provided shipping for all those that were willing to 
Hannibal's Cruelty.  go along with him; Some agreed to the thing; but as to those that chose rather to continue in Italy, he compassed round with his Army, and gave his Soldier's liberty to pick out as many of them as they pleased, to be their Captives; and the rest, to the number of Twenty thousand Foot, and Three thousand Horse he put to the Sword, together with a vast number of Cattle.  
19 Four thousand Horse of those that went over to Masinissa after the Rout of Syphax, 
Hannibal.  deserted him and came in to Hannibal: But he enraged at them, encompassed them round with his Army, and shot them all to death with Darts and Arrows, and divided their Horses amongst his Soldiers.  
20. Scipio sent Ambassadors to Carthage, but the common People were on the point to have knocked them all on the head: But the sober Men of the City preserved them from 
Scipio.  that imminent danger, and got 'em a Shipboard, in order to send them back to Scipio's Camp: But those that were popular, and sided with the People in Carthage, ordered the Master of the Vessel, that when the Ship wherein the Ambassadors were, began to Sail, he should throw all overboard, which he performed accordingly.  
However, the Ambassadors swum to land and got safe to Scipio; But the Gods within a short time after, by a remarkable Instance; evidenced their Power to punish those that designed so wicked a Fact. For it happened about that time the Carthaginian Ambassadors were returning from Rome, and were driven by a Storm into the midst of the Roman Fleet, and brought to Scipio; and when all cried out to retaliate the wickdness of the other upon the Heads of the Ambassadors that were then taken, Scipio utterly refused, saying, That they themselves ought not to do that, for which they blamed the Carthaginians. They were therefore all discharged, and came safe to Carthage, and highly extolled the Piety of the Romans.  
21. Philip King of Macedon persuaded Dicaeardus the Aetolian, a daring Man, to act the Pirate at Sea, and to that end delivered to him Twenty Ships, with order to exact Tribute 
Philip King of Macedon This was Philip the Father of Perseus the last King of Macedon. Philip King of Macedon. The same Philip.  from the Islands, and assist the Cretians against Rhodes; Hereupon, according to his Orders, he robbed and spoiled the Merchants, and wasting the Islands, screwed abundance of Money from them.  
22. Philip the Macedonian King had with him one Heraclides a Tarrentine a wicked fellow, that in private was always buzzing him in the Ears with Calumnies and false Accusations against Philip's best Friends, and egged him on at length to that height of Impiety, that he put to death five of the Senators; so that King Philip's Affairs by degrees declined and went worse and worse: For undertaking Wars frivolously and unnecessarily, he was in danger to have lost his whole Kingdom to the Romans: for none of his Friends durst speak any more freely to him, or advise him, all fearing his stubborn and haughty Humour. He made War likewise upon the Dardanians without the least provocation given him, and killed 10000 of them in a Battle.  
23. This Philip King of Macedon, besides his rooted Covetousness, was so lifted up with his prosperous Successes, that he put his friends to death without any legal Trial or just Cause, and robbed and spoiled the Temples and Sepulchers. In like manner Antiochus attempting to rob the Temple of Jupiter in Aelymais 
* In Persia. See this Story in 1 Mac. c. 6. v. 1, 2, 3.  there received a just Overthrow with the loss of his Life and Ruin of his whole Army; And both of them conceiting their Armies were Unconquerable, lost all in one Battle, and were forced to receive Laws imposed upon them by others; and imputed their Misfortunes to their own Miscarriages, and acknowledged themselves beholding to the Humanity and Generosity of the Victors, for the pardon of their Offences; and according to the desert of their own wicked Actions, they saw their Kingdoms, through the Anger of the Gods, grievously plagued and afflicted. But the Romans then, and ever after, beginning no Wars but upon just and Honourable Terms, and having a Sacred Regard to their Leagues and Oaths, were always deservedly assisted in all their Councils and Designs by the Gods.  
24. The same Philip being in extreme want of Provision, continually wasted and spoiled 
Philip King of Macedon.  the Country of Attalus, up to the very Gates of 
* Or Pergamus, one of the Seven Churches of Asia.  of Pergamena. He ruin'd likewise the Temples in the Suburbs of Pergamus, especially Nicephorus that was exceeding Rich. Besides several other sumptuous Fabrics; for out of hatred against Attalus, because he could not catch him, he executed his Rage upon these places.  
25. Philip entering into Attica encamped at Cynosarges, and afterwards burnt Acadamia, demolished the Sepulchers, and robbed the Temples of the Gods, and gratifying his Rage and 
Philip.  Fury, as if he had been only incensed against the People of Athens, and not against the Gods themselves, as he was spoke ill of before, so he was now hated of all, and in a short time he was overtaken by the Vengeance of the Gods, for he was near being ruined by his own imprudence, but preserved by the Clemency of the Romans.  
26. Philip discerning he was hated by almost all the Macedonians, for his kindness to 
Philip.  Heraclides, put him in Prison. This Heraclides was a Tarrentine, a notorious wicked fellow, who from a mild and gentle Prince, changed Philip into a fierce and cruel Tyrant, and therefore * he was exceedingly hated by all the Grecians, as well as the 
Heraclides.  Macedonians.  
27. The Name and Fame of Hannibal, was noised over all the World, and therefore 
Hannibal.  in every City and Town where ever he came, they came in great Multitudes to look at him. 
Ptolemy.   
28. Ptolemy King of Egypt, for some time Reigned with great Commendation: But afterwards corrupted by Parasites, he began to have an evil Eye towards his Tutor 
Ush. An. 374. Before Ch. 202. Ush. An. 403.  Aristomenes, for his freedom in telling him of his faults, who had all along managed every thing with great prudence, and whose advice Philip had before followed as his Father; but at length he sent him out of the World, by forcing him to drink off a Cup of 
* Hemlock.  Poison. From that time growing more and more fierce, and raging, 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  making use of Tyrannical cruelty, and not of Regal Authority, he was hated by the Egyptians, and not far off from the loss of his Kingdom.  
29. there's a Temple not far off from Chalcis, called. Delium; * where a considerable number of Roman Soldiers, that were securely walking up and down, to satisfy their 
Antiochus Magnus.  Curiosity, were on a sudden cut off by Antiochus, in a time of Peace, and before any War was Proclaimed. For which the King was greatly condemned and censured by the Grecians, as occasioning by this wicked Fact, a War with the Romans. And therefore 
Titus Flaminius'.  Titus Flaminius who was then at Corinth, called Gods and Men to Witness, that the King was the first that began the War.  
30. Antiochus' Wintered at 
* In Thessaly  Demetrias, where he laid aside all care of Warlike Affairs, 
Antiochus  being then above Fifty Years of Age: But he fell in Love with a 
* Of Chalcis, Daughter of Cleoptolemus Ush. An. 386 before Ch. 193.  young Lady, and Married her, and set forth most magnificent Shows, and public Games; by which means he not only weakened his own Body, and effeminated his Mind, but enfeebled the Courage of his Army; and therefore his Soldiers, who had passed the Winter in Luxury and Voluptuousness, after they were drawn out of their Winter Quarters, could neither endure hunger nor thirst, or any other hardship, but some of them fell Sick, and others straggled about here and there far from their Colours.  
31. King Antiochus seeing the Cities of Thessaly inclining to the Romans, and the slow 
Antiochus  Motion of the Forces he expected out of Asia, and the carelessness and sloth of the Aetolians, continually framing and and pretending one excuse after another, was in great strait, and very uneasy; so that he was highly incensed at those that advised him to begin the War, when he was unprepared, and had no Confederates, but only the Aetolians: But he greatly admired Hannibal for his Prudence; who dissuaded him to the contrary, and therefore now reposed all his Confidence in him; and whereas before he suspected him, ●e now made use of him as his most trusty Friend and Councillor.  
32. Antiochus wholly discouraged by his late Rout, determined to leave Europe, and 
Antiochus.  only be on the Defensive part in Asia, and ordered all the Lysimachians to forsake the 
* Lysimachia in the Hellespont.  City, and pass over into Asia: For which every Body censured him as for a very imprudent Act, whereby without a stroke struck, he gave up into the Enemy's hands, a City so advantageously situated, as might have given a Stop to the Enemy's passage out of Europe into Asia, as afterwards by experience was found true; for Scipio seizing upon Lysimachia thus deserted, made great advantage of it for the transporting of his Army.  
33. Marcus Fulvius the 
* Chief Justice, or Governor of a Province, or Chief Commander in an Army.  Praetor, was deservedly punished for his abuse of the Roman Confederates in Liguria: For he disarmed the Cinomani, who received him as a Friend, and an Ally, although he could find nothing against them; which thing coming to the Consul's Ears, he ordered him to restore their Arms, and imposed a Mulct upon him.  
34. King Antiochus being in want of Money, and hearing there were vast Treasures 
Antiochus. 1 Mac. c▪ 6. r. 1, 2, 3.  of Gold and Silver and other precious Jewels, of offerings made in the Temple of Jupiter Belus, in Elymais, resolved to rifle it. Coming therefore into the Province of Elymais, and pretending that the Inhabitants of that Place had raised a War against him; he robbed the Temple, and got together a great Sum of Money, but in a short time after, the Gods executed vengeance upon him for his Sacrilege.  
35. Philopemenes Governor of Achaia, was both an excellent Soldier and a Statesman, 
Philopemenes.  who all his Life long was of a blameless Conversation, and had been frequently Praetor; and having governed the Commonwealth for Forty Years together, much advanc▪ d the affairs of Achaia, and was always affable and courteous to the meanest, and for his virtue was admired both by the Grècians and Romans, and yet came at last to an unfortunate End: but by a Divine Providence his unhappy Exit was recompensed after his death with Divine Honours, for besides what was publicly decreed by the Achaians in honour of him, the Citizens built a Temple in remembrance of him, and appointed a Bull for a yearly Sacrifice to him, and ordered young Men to sing Hymns in praise and commendation of his noble Acts.  
36. Hannibal was the most expert General, and performed the greatest Erterprises of any of the Carthaginians; he was never troubled with any Mutinies in his Army, but by his prudent Conduct, kept them in their duty and orderly discipline, tho' they differed as much one from another in their several humours, as they did in their various Languages.  
For whereas those of his own Nation were used commonly upon every slight occasion, to desert and fly to the Enemy, none under him durst ever attempt any such thing.  
And tho' he Marched from place to place with very great Armies, yet he never wanted either Money or Provision. And that which is most remarkable is, that the Foreigners and Mercenary Soldiers loved him as well, if not more, than they did who were his own Country Men. Keeping therefore his Army in exact discipline, he performed the greater and more renowned Actions. For he made War upon the most potent Nations, and wasted and harassed almost all Italy, for the space of Seventeen years. He was, so Victorious in every Battle he Fought, and made such terrible Slaughters among them that were reputed the Lords of the World, that by reason of the Multitudes that were cut off by him, none durst look him in the Face, to Engage him in Battle.  
He laid likewise many Cities in Ashes, which he took by Storm, and almost depopulated Italy that was before full of People: all which as they were accomplished by the Strength and Wealth of his own fellow Citizens, so likewise by great numbers of Foreign Auxiliaries and Confederates, those that by their Unanimousness were unconquerable, he overcame by Policy and Warlike Stratagems; and so made it evident, that as the Sole governs the Actions of the Body, so a General rules and directs all to a right end, in an Army.  
37. P. Scipio, when he was but very young, performed great and wonderful things in Spain, beyond all men's expectations, and having beaten the Carthaginians, delivered his 
Scipio.  Country from imminent Perils, and compelled Hannibal, who was not to be overcome by force of Arms, to leave Italy without fight a stroke, and at last by his Valour and Military Conduct overcame Hannibal in a great Battle, and brought Carthage to stoop to the Roman Yoke.  
38. Leocritus General of King Pharnaces, after he had often assaulted the City Pius, at 
Leocritus, Pharnaces his General.  length forced the Mercenary Soldiers who defended the place, to surrender the Town upon Condition, That they should be safely conducted to what place soever they pleased to go; who when they were marched out of the City, and brought on their way according 
* Pius, rather Teios. Ush. An. 403. before Ch. 180.  to the Capitulation, Leocritus (who was ordered by Pharnaces to put them all to the Sword, because they had formerly incensed him) against the Faith of the Articles, as they were upon their march, fell upon them, and with Darts slew them every Man.  
39 Seleucus having raised a great Army, and on his march to assist Pharnaces, was 
Seleucus.  now ready to pass over Mount Taurus, but recollecting and calling to mind the League the Romans had made with his Father, by which it was not lawful—  
40. But they who had committed such a notorious Wicked Fact, and had Murdered Demetrius, escaped not Divine Vengeance. For those who contrived the false Accusations 
Demetrius the Son of Philip King of Macedon, the Father of Perseus. See Livy, lib. 40. This Cruelty of the Father upon his Son by his Brother Perseus his Contrivance. Olymp. 149 Tiberius Gracchus. Paulus Aemilius.  from Rome, within a while after incurred the Displeasure of the King, and were put to Death; and for Philip himself, he was restless all the days of his Life, and so much troubled in Conscience for the Murder of so hopeful a Son, that he lived not two years after, but pined away with extremity of Grief. And Perseus, the Author and Contriver of the whole, being conquered by the Romans, and flying to Samothracia, by reason of the wickedness of the Fact executed by him in the Murder of his Brother, could find no sanctuary in that holy Temple.  
41. Tiberius Gracchus being sent Lieutenant General into Spain, vigorously managed the War: for tho' he was very young, yet for Valour and Prudence he excelled his equals in age, and gave such evident signs of doing great things, that he was admired by all.  
42. Paulus Aemilius, the Consul and Patron of the Macedonians, was a Man Eminent for Nobleness of Birth, Prudence and Comeliness of Person, and therefore all Marks of Honour were conferred upon him by the Romans his Countrymen. Every one echoed forth his Praise while he was alive, and after his Death his Fame and Renown, together with Profit and Advantage by his Valour procured to the Commonwealth, survived him.  
43. Antiochus now newly advanced to the Throne of Syria, began a new Course of Life unusual with other Kings and Princes. For first he would privately steal out of his 
Antiochus the Third.  Palace unknown to any of his Attendants, and walk up and down in the City, calling one or another to him where he came as he thought fit; Then he took a Pride in being Familiar and drinking with Ordinary Fellows and Mean and Poor Travellers and Strangers; and if perchance he discerned any young Men were met together at a set time to celebrate a Festival, he would presently clap himself down amongst them with his Cup in his Hand, and be one of the Choir; so that many were often so startled with the strangeness of the thing that they would run away, and others through fear struck into amaze, not able to say a Word. Lastly, he would lay aside his Royal Robes, and put on a Roman 
* Called Tebenna.  Gown; and in imitation of the Candidates at Rome that were seeking for Preferments, would salute and hug every Ordinary Fellow he met in the Street, and sometime desiring they would make choice of him to be Aedile, and other times to be a Tribune of the People.  
Having at length obtained the Office he desired, he would seat himself upon an Ivory Tribunal, and after the Roman manner hear Causes, and was so earnest and diligent in the Decision of Controversies, both between Foreigners and Citizens, that the most Prudent and Serious amongst them knew not what to think of him, what he aimed at or designed; for some gave a favourable Construction of it, others accounted it Folly, and some no other than downright Madness.  
44. After Eumenes was waylaid, and news came to Pergamus that he was dead; Atta 
Eumenes Attalus. Ush. An 412.  lus something too rashly, hand over head, on a sudden Married the Queen; but Eumenes returning a little time after, took no notice of it, but embraced his Brother, and carried with the same Respect towards him, as he did before.  
45. Cotys, King of Thrace, was Valiant in War, and Prudent in his Counsels, and highly 
Cotys.  to be commended for his Care and Diligence in all other Respects; besides all which he was of singular Temperance and Sobriety; and that which was most remarkable for his Honour and Commendation was, That he was altogether free from the Natural Vices of the Thracians.  
46. Perseus' having taken Chalestrus by Storm, put all that were able to bear Arms to 
Perseus.  the Sword; and whereas Five hundred of the Garrison Soldiers got into a Fort, and Treated for their Lives, the King upon laying down their Arms gave them Quarter, and liberty to be gone. But when they were out of the Town, and on their way, according to the Terms granted them, the Macedonians (whether of their own heads, or by order from the King is uncertain) pursued them and flew them every Man.  
47. Charopus the Epiros and 
* This is omitted in the Greek.  Son of that Charopus who in the War against Philip, sent 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Charopus.  a Guide to Titus Flaminius to direct him through the Straight and difficult Passes in the Mountains, by which means the Romans unexpectedly passing those places, possessed themselves of the Straits; this Charopus I say being bred up at Rome, upon the account of the good Services of his Grandfather to the Romans, had great Interest with the most Eminent Persons of Quality, and being a fellow of extraordinary Malice and Impudence, was ever and anon at Rome accusing and slandering the chiefest Persons of Quality in Epirus, so that by terrifying all that were in a Capacity to oppose him, he became as it were absolute Lord and Master of all Epirus. 
* Phation or Phacus, a Town in Thessaly.  Shafalus therefore, and others that were oppressed by his Calumnies, were forced to Confederate with Perseus, and to that end, sent Messengers to him into Macedonia, and by them promised to deliver up Epirus into his hands.  
48. King Eumenes being out of all hopes of taking Abdera which he he had then besieged, 
Eumenes Pytho.  dealt underhand with one Pytho, a chief Man among the Abderites, who by his Servants and Freemen, to the number of 200, Guarded the strongest part of the City; this Man being corrupted with Bribes, and won with fair promises, let him in at the Gates, and so Eumenes gained the City. But Pytho receiving but a poor and mean Reward for his Treason, and seeing before his Eyes the utter Ruin and Destruction of his Country, repent of what he had done, and pined away for Grief.  
49. When an Opportunity was put into the hand of Perseus, to cut off the whole Army, he loitered not far off, about Dius in Macedonia, careless and negligent in the very nick of time, wherein only by a Shout and sound of Trumpet, he might have surprised and taken all the Enemy's Forces, who were then shut up and enclosed within steep and craggy Rocks: And as the King was Negligent, so the Macedonian Guards that were placed upon the tops of the Mountains, were in like manner as Careless in their Watch, in their several Posts.  
50. Perseus' looking upon all to be lost, and altogether discouraged, commanded Nico his Lord Treasurer, to throw all the Money and Treasure at 
* In Thessaly.  Phacis into the Sea.  
He sent away likewise Andronicus the Squire of his Body to Thessalonica, with orders forthwith to burn his whole Fleet; who came accordingly to Thessalonica, but with a purpose to Act more prudently; for he forbore to execute his Orders, hoping by preserving the Shipping, to ingratiate himself with the Romans.  
51. Perseus in the mean time pulling down all the golden Statues at 
* In Macedonia.  Dion, ordered all the Inhabitants with their Wives and Children to remove along with him to 
* Cydoniats' their Cruelty.  Pydna, than which (a Man may justly say) nothing was more Imprudently done by Perseus, during this War.  
52. At this time the 
* The Inhabitants of Cydonia, an Island near Lesbos.  Cydoniates committed a most Impious Fact against all the Laws and 
Ush. An 418. before Ch. 169.  Customs of Greece; for being received by the 
* Apollonia, a City in Asia upon the Sea Coasts, another in Thrace. This Apollonia is in Crect.  Apolloniats into the City, as Friends in time of Peace, they seized upon the Place, and put all the Men to the Sword, and divided their Wives and Children among themselves, and took possession of the whole Territory.  
53. King Antiochus, when he had routed the Egyptians, and might have cut them off every Man, rid about and called out to his Men to forbear killing them, but rather to take them Prisoners; from which Council he reaped considerable Advantage in a short time; 
Ush An 418. Before Ch. 169.  for upon the account of this Humanity, he presently gained Pelusium, and not long after all Egypt.  
54. But we cannot (observing the method we have proposed to ourselves) pass by the Cowardice of Ptolemy, for who can but judge him of a most effeminate Spirit, that would without a stroke struck, give up so great and rich a Kingdom, when there was 
Ptolemy Pholometor. Ush. An. 420. Before Ch. 169.  not the least danger at hand, and the Enemy at so great a distance from him. Which Effeminateness if it had been Natural, would perhaps have been more excusable: But being it was apparent from the things he afterwards did, that he was a Prince inferior to none for Industry and Resolution, this Sloth must needs be imputed to his Education under the 
* Eulaius.  Euwch, who breeding him up from his Childhood in Pleasures, and Womanish Recreations, Emasculated the vigour of his Spirit.  
55. King Antiochus seemed to all to be a prudent and active Prince, and worthy of the Kingdom in every respect, excepting that one miscarriage at Pelusium.  
56. When Perseus understood that a choice Body of Gauls had passed the River Ister, 
Perseus' his Covetousness.  in order to assist him, he greatly rejoiced, and sent Messengers into 
* A Province of Thrace near Macedo; i 1.  Maedica to hasten their March with all speed. But the General of the Galls demanded present Pay, according to the Agreement, to the value of about 500 Talents, which Perseus through his natural Covetousness, refusing to pay, tho' he had before promised it, the Gauls returned back into their own Country.  
57 Paulus Aemilius, as soon as he had received the Legions, called them together, and put Life and Spirit into the Hearts of his Soldiers; for he was now above 60 Years of 
Paulus Aemilius.  Age, and a Man of great Repute and Authority among the Romans, for his noble Services to the State: And he had invented many new and subtle Stratagems in that War, and by his Valour and Policy, had overcome the Macedonians.  
58. Perseus' desirous to have many to go along with him, when he fled by Sea, brought out to them Money and rich Furniture, to the value of 60 Talents, to take and carry away with them. Afterwards when he arrived at Galepsus, he told his Companions that some of those things that he had suffered them to carry away, were formerly the Goods of 
* The Great.  Alexander, and desired they would forthwith restore them to them, and he would repay them to the value in Money: To which all readily consented, and he received every thing back again, but never made good his promise.  
59 Alexander was of a far different temper from Perseus, for the former was of a brave and noble Spirit, and gained an Empire like to the greatness of his Mind. On the 
Alexander.  contrary, the other through his sordid Covetousness, lost the Assistance of the Galls, and by such like gross miscarriages, utterly ruined an Ancient flourishing Kingdom.  
60. After the flight of Perseus, Lucius Aemilius began to seek for his younger Son Publius 
* Scipio.  Africanas, who was the natural Son of Aemilius, but the adopted Son of Scipio, who 
Publius Africanus.  overcame Hannibal. At that time he was a youth about Seventeen years of Age, and under the Care and Tutorage of his Father, in that great and perilous War, so that afterwards he became as famous a General as his Father. Being at length found out, and brought safe into the Camp, the Consul was at rest, and freed from that anxiety of Mind he laboured under; for he loved him with a more than a Paternal Affection.  
61. Aemilius by his Civil and Courteous usage of Perseus, entertaining him at his Table, 
Aemilius.  and receiving him into all public Councils, gave evident Demonstrations, that as he was a terror to his Enemies in the open Field, so he was Mild and Merciful to them that were Subdued: Which course being followed by others, Rome became Mistress of the World, without Envy, and so continued as long as it made use of such noble Generals.  
62. For in former times when the Romans had overcome those two potent Kings Antiochus 
The Generosity of the Romans.  and Philip, they not only forbore inflicting punishment, but restored them to their Kingdoms, and took them into the number of their Allies. And in these later times, after many Battles sought with Perseus, and overcoming many great hazards and difficulties, and after they had possessed themselves of all Macedonia, beyond all men's hopes and expectations, they proclaimed liberty to all the Cities; which favour neither the Macedonians nor any Body else could ever expect should have been granted by the Romans, because they were very Conscious to themselves how much they had injured the Roman State. For they judged (and that most justly) that there was no room left for mercy, being that they had before been pardoned former Wrongs and Injuries.  
But the Senate forgot all that was past, and carried themselves towards them with great Clemency and Generosity. For they suffered Perseus to go at large, only with a keeper; a punishment less than his demerit, who against the Faith of his League, and the Obligation of his Kindred and Alliance to the Romans, had most unjustly made War upon them; and they set Free all the People of Macedonia, (whom by the Law of Arms they might have made perpetual Slaves,) and with that readiness and nobleness of Mind, beyond all that the Conquered themselves could have desired. The Illyrians likewise whom they had Subdued, they suffered to use their own Laws; for they made it more their concern to do what became the Majesty and Grandeur of the Romans, in carrying it Nobly towards others, without Pride and Insolency in Prosperity, than that they looked upon the Barbarians any way worthy of such Favour.  
63. The Senate decreed the Macedonians and Illyrians to be free, and that they should pay but half of that Tribute to Romans, which they paid to their own Kings.  
64. Perseus thus thrown into the Goal, miserably ended his days in such sad and uncomfortable Circumstances.  
The rest is to be found in the Fragments, Book 31. in Photius his Bibliotheca, at the end of Diodorus Siculus. Fragm. 2.  
65. The General of the Gauls being returned from the pursuit of the Enemy, gathered the Captives together, and committed a most horrid piece of Wickedness; for he picked out the Choicest and Strongest young Men amongst them, and Sacrificed them to the Gods, as if the Immortal Deities are pleased with such Sacrifices. The rest he shot to death with Darts, (most of whom of Ancient acquaintance) he well knew; however former Friendship was no Argument to spare a Man of them. Thus are Barbarians puffed up with prosperous Successes.  
66. Eumenes far different from Perseus, not only paid his Soldiers what was their due Pay, but bestowed on them several Gifts besides, with promises of more afterwards, whereby he gained all their Hearts, and held them fast to his Interest. But Perseus when 20000 Galls were near at hand ready to assist him, through his niggardliness refused their aid and assistance; but Aeumenes, tho' he was nothing near so rich as the other, obliged his Mercenaries and all others that might be helpful to him by his Bounty and Liberality And therefore Perseus sinking below the Generosity of a King, and enslaving himself to a covetous and sordid Parsimony, lived to see all the Wealth he had heaped up together, with his whole Kingdom fall into the hands of the Conqueror. But the other, preferring Victory before any thing else, not only freed his own Kingdom from the imminent dangers it laboured under, but brought the whole Nation of the Gauls into subjection.  
67. Some of the Councils and Acts of Antiochus were both Princely, and admirable, others 
Antiochus Epiphanes.  so poor and mean, that they were justly despised and ridiculed. For when he celebrated public Games, he first acted contrary to the manner and practice of all other Kings: for they when they were strengthening themselves all they could with Men and Money, it was their greatest care to keep all private and secret, out of fear of the Roman Greatness: But he on the contrary invited to his Sports the most eminent Persons from all parts of the World, and most Magnificently Adorned every part of his Palace; and thus bringing together all the Riches of his Kingdom into one place to be exposed, as it wereupon a Stage, to the view of all, he occasioned every thing he did to be known and blazed abroad.  
68 And in the State, Grandeur, and variety of those famous Games, Antiochus far excelled 
Antiochus Epiphanes Ant. Ch. 173. about the time of Judas Macchabaeus. Ush. An. 438. Before Ch. 164.  all the Princes that ever were before him: But that part which he himself acted in those May-games, was very despicable and contemptible. For he would ride up and down among all that Solemn Assembly upon a little Nag, meanly accoutred, bidding some go on, others to stop, and Commanding this and that, as best pleased his own fancy; so that if his Diadem had been off, none would have believed him to have been a King, who scarce represented the Garb and Mien of a common 
* A Lictor.  Officer. All the time of the public Entertainment he stood at the Door, and introduced some, and ordered others to sit down, and Ushered in the Servants that brought in the Dishes. Some times also he would go to some one of the Guests, and sit down by him, and at othertimes lay himself along on the floor; and then would start up on a sudden and hop up and down, sometimes placing dishes of Meat upon the Table, and other times washing the drinking Cups, and diligently observing every thing round the Room, would pledge those that drank to him standing, sporting and jesting with those that were merrily disposed. When it drew towards Evening, and most were gone, he was wrapped up in Linen and brought in by the Antics and laid upon the ground; and presently after (as if he were called) he started up on a sudden naked, and in a jocund Humour, danced in most ridiculous Gestures with the Mimics and Stage-Players; insomuch as all being dashed out of countenance through shame withdrew and left the place. Every one indeed that came to the Solemnity, as often as they cast their Eyes upon the sumptuous Furniture, and the Stately and Magnificent Order and Disposal of the whole, in the Celebration of the Sports and Games, admired both the King and the Riches of his Kingdom; but when they looked upon the King himself, and his Irregular Actions, they scarce believed it was possible there could so many Vices and Virtues be found to Concentre in one and the same Person.  
69. When the Solemnity was ended Tiberius Gracchus arrived as an Ambassador sent to inspect into the Affairs of Syria, whom the King received and entertained with so much 
Ush. An. 438. Before Ch. 164.  Kindness and Civility, that Gracchus did not in the least suspect any ill Designs in the King, nor discerned that he took any thing amiss in relation to what was done in Egypt. But Antiochus in truth was far from such a Temper, but was altogether a Mortal Enemy to the Romans.  
70 Ptolemy being driven out of his Kingdom, and on his Journey to Rome by land, it was made known to Demetrius the Son of Seleucus, who surprised with his misfortune, gave 
Ptolemy Philometor.  an instance of his Royal and Generous disposition. For forthwith, attended with his Servants, and taking with him a Royal Robe, a Diadem, and a Horse Adorned with Trappings of Gold, he went to meet Ptolemy, and came up to him at the * 26th. Stone distant from the City, whom (after he had courteously embraced him) he advised to put 
Every Stone was a Mile; Two hundred Furlongs.  on the Royal Robes, and to make use of the other Ensigns of Royalty, and so enter into the City as became the Dignity of his Person, left he should be despised: Ptolemy was much taken with him for his extraordinary Kindness; but was so far from accepting what was offered, that he entreated Demetrius he might rather stop, and take up his Lodgings at some small Village in the way.  
71. Antipater having breathed out his last in the midst of these Torments, they bring 
Antipater.  Asclepiades Governor of the City, crying out that Timotheus was the Contriver of the whole Scene of this mischief, and that it was through his persuasions that the young Man so impiously and unjustly put his Brother to death. Hereupon when all the Great Men and Commanders began to smell out the whole Design and Contrivance, and to commiserate the sad condition of those that suffered such cruel Torments; Timotheus was in a great fright, and loosed the rest that were condemned from their Torments, and afterwards put them privately to death.  
72. Philopater surnamed Ariarathes being now come to the Crown after the death of 
Ariarathes King of Thrace  his Father, the first thing he did was the Celebrating his Father's Funeral in great Pomp and State; afterwards caressing his Friends, Great Officers and Commanders, and the rest of his Subjects, he gained the good Will of all sorts.  
73. When 
* A Country in Asia bordering upon the Greater Armenia. Ush. An. 458. Before Ch. 161. The death of Paulus Aemilius.  Ariarathes had restored Mithrobuzanes to his Father's Kingdom, Artaxias 
Ariarathes Mithrobuzanes one of the Sons of Zadriades King of the lesser Armenia.  King of Armenia still infected with his old vice of Covetousness, sent an Ambassador to Ariarathes to solicit him to join with him and kill one of the Brothers that were then in his hands, and divide 
* Iberia.  Sophene between them. But Ariarathes greatly abhorred such a piece of Cruelty and Treachery, and smartly rebuked the Ambassadors, and writ a Letter to Artaxias, wherein he advised him to forbear such wicked practices; which Carriage of Ariarathes much advanced his Fame and Reputation; and Mithrobuzanes through the faithfulness and integrity of him to whom he fled for shelter, regained his Father's Kingdom.  
74. Lucius Aemilius who conquered Perseus, and was a Consul and Censor, and the bravest Man of his Age of all the Romans, died about this time; whose death when it was generally known, especially at the time of his Funeral, caused such a general Sorrow and Lamentation, that not only Artificers and other sorts of common People flocked together, but the Senate and all the Magistrates of the City prepared every thing that was necessary for the Gracing of his Funeral. And all Persons of the Free Towns and Cities bordering upon Rome, that could posibly attend at the day, came in flocking together, both to see and honour the Solemnity.  
75. Such as Aemilius was reported for his Wealth while he lived, such he appeared to be when he was dead. For tho' he was the only Person in his time that enriched the Treasury at Rome with plenty of Gold, brought with him out of 
* Portions.  Spain, and had the Command of all the Riches of Macedonia, and was clothed with absolute Authority in all those places; yet he was so far from converting any thing to his private use, that when his two adopted Sons, after his death, possessed themselves of his Estate; out of all his Goods they were not able to raise so much as would be sufficient to satisfy his Wife her just Dowry, without selling some of his Land,; and therefore some have preferred him for his Abstemiousness and freedom from Covetousness before Aristides and Epaminondas that were so famous and eminent among the Grecians upon that account. For they only refused Money that was offered them by such as thereby designed and aimed at their own advantage; but this Man meddled not with any thing where he had possession of all, and might have taken to his use as much as he pleased.  
And if any look upon this as a thing incredible, let such consider that they must not judge of the Sobriety and Moderation of the Ancient Romans, by the griping Covetousness of those at this day. For in truth in this our Age the Romans exceed all other Nations in their Insatiableness after Riches. But since we now revive the memory of so excellent a Person, we shall briefly say something of Scipio his Son, he that afterwards razed Numantia, lest ignorance of his Care and Diligence in the Study of the most excellent, and commendable Arts and Sciences, should occasion Incredulity, that he should attain to such an Eminency in all virtuous Qualifications. Publius Scipio therefore was the natural Son of Lucius Aemilius who conquered Perseus, as we have before declared; but was the Adopted Son of Scipio that conquered Hannibal, and the Carthaginians, and so by Adoption Scipio Africanus the most Eminent of all the Romans that ever were before him, was his Grandfather.  
Scipio thus Nobly descended and taken into so famous a Family, approved himself not the least unworthy the Glory and Renown of his Ancestors. For he was brought up and instructed from his Childhood in the Learning of the Greeks; and when he was 18 years of age, applied himself to the study of Philosophy under the Inspection of Polybius of Megalopolis the Historian his Tutor, with whom he continued a considerable time; and increasing in all manner of Virtue, he not only excelled his equals in years, but those far elder than himself, in Sobriety, Affableness, Generosity, and all other virtnous qualifications. But before he fell to the study of Philosophy, it was every body's Opinion that he was but dull and blockish, very unworthy to be Heir to so great a Family. In the first place he made it his chief Care and Business to be Sober, as conducing much to the commendation of his youthful age, which was then at his years a very difficult Task. For the Youth at that time were hurried away by filthy Lusts, and an Excess of intemperance, with an impetuous Current, some to Sodomy, others to Whores, Gluttony, Drunkenness, Revellings, and such like Luxurious and Voluptuous Courses: For the Romans presently learned the Effeminate Manners of the Greeks in this kind, through the long continuance of the Persian War; and besides, having gained abundance of Wealth, they were plentifully supplied with Fuel to seed their Luxury.  
76. But Scipio following another course of Life, and combating with all his natural corrupt Lusts, as with so many wild Beasts, within the space of Five years attained to a fixed and habitual state of Sobriety and Temperance. To which all giving their Testimony, and generally crying him up upon that account, he then put forth himself in acts of Bounty, Generosity, and Liberality in distributing his Money for the good of others: For which sort of Virtue he had an Example in his Father Aemilius, under whose instruction he was long bred up, and now exhibited, as it were, a perfect Copy of his Virtue: But Fortune likewise presented him an Eminent occasion of expressing his Liberality. For when Aemilia the Wife of Great Scipio, the Sister of Aemilius who conquered Perseus, died, and left a great Estate behind her, of which Scipio was Heir; he first gave an instance of his generous disposition upon this occasion. For his Mother Papiria being cast off long before the death of his Father, had lived a considerable time separate from her Husband, in a far meaner condition than became one of her Noble Birth: But Aemilia the Mother of his adopted Father leaving behind her a great Inheritance, besides other Riches, had a rich Robe and Woman's Gown, together with a splendid Retinue of Houshold-Servants, as being the Wife of the Great Scipio, and so Sharer with him in his Estate and Fortune: All these Scipio Nobly bestowed upon his Mother; in which stately Habit, when she appeared in public amongst the Ladies of Quality, the Bounty and Generosity of the young Man, and his Piety towards his Mother was highly applauded, First among the Women, and then among all Companies and Societies of Men, throughout the whole City. This piece of Liberality was looked upon by the whole City, not only as a thing commendable, but even wonderful, especially at Rome, in which City none easily parts with any thing they have to another. After this, there being a great sum of Money owing to the Daughters of the Great Scipio, as their 
* Portions.  Dowries; and whereas by the Roman Laws the Party that was to pay such Portions, had liberty to pay them in Three years' time, by a certain proportion every year, he paid the whole down at once. Afterwards when his natural Father Aemilius was dead, and he and his Brother Fabius were constituted joint Heirs of his Estate, Scipio did another Honourable Act, well worthy to be remembered. For when he knew that his Brother had far less than himself, he freely bestowed upon him his own share of the Inheritance, amounting to above Sixty Talents, and so made his Brother as rich as himself; which Act being generally cried up, he did that which was further remarkable: For when Fabius was resolved to exhibit single Combats by Gladiators at the Funeral of his Father, yet was not well able to bear the great Charge it would require, Scipio bore half of the Cost and Expense out of his own Purse. A little time after, when his Mother died, he was so far from taking again what he had before bestowed on her, that he gave not only them, but all the rest of his Mother's Inheritance to his Sisters, altho' no part of her Estate by the Laws, belonged to them. Thus Scipio being cried up by the unanimous Consent of all Persons, for his generosity, he grew every day more and more famous and renowned, which he attained unto, not so much by greatness of Expense, as by choice of fit opportunities to express his Kindnesses, and an Art in Conferring of his Gifts and Benefits, upon proper Objects.  
He gained likewise a just Reputation for his Chastity without any Cost or Charge, but only by his Moderation and Sobriety, from whence likewise he reaped the great Benefit of Health and Strength of Body, and following this Course all his life long, he enjoyed a Reward of his Temperance with great pleasure and delight. And as for all the parts of Valour, which is a Virtue absolutely necessary every where, especially among the Romans, he was not in the least wanting or negligent, in that respect Fortune affording him a special opportunity to approve himself; for the Macedonian Kings being much given to Hunting, Scipio by far surpassed them all.  
77. After that the Romans had Conquered 
* Ptolemy Philometer.  Perseus, they put some of them to death 
Charopus.  who had sided with the Macedonians, and others they sent to Rome. But Charopus being clothed with an absolute Power and Authority in Epirus, because he seemed to be a great favourer of the Romans, at first dealt with the Epirots something gently and mildly, but afterwards growing every day more proud and insolent, he turned every thing in Epirus upside down. For by false Accusations against the richest Men he banished some, put others to death and Confiscated their Goods: And he not only squeezed Money from Men, but from Women, by the help of his Mother Philota; who was more than a Woman in Cruelty and Wickedness. Many likewise who were accused to be plotting against the Romans, he gave up into the Hands of the People, who were all Condemned to die.  
78. Orofernes having deposed his Brother Ariarathes, when he ought to have managed 
Orofernes, King of Capadocia. Ush. An. 460. Before Ch. 160.  his Affairs with the greatest prudence imaginable, and ingratiated himself into the Hearts of his People by Kindness and Acts of Grace and Favour, intended no such Matter: But being wholly intent on scraping up Money together, he wickedly put many to death; he gave to Timotheus Fifty, and King Demetrius Seventy Talents, and promised in a short time to pay other 400 Talents, and besides to add to them 600 more: At which, discerning that the Cappadocians were greatly incensed, he began to Rob and Spoil every Body, and Confiscate the Goods of the Nobility; and having Treasured up a vast Sum of Money, he entrusted 400 Talents with the Pirenians, to serve him at a Turn, and Change of Fortune, which were afterwards faithfully repaid him.  
79. Ptolemy the Elder, having presently by the multitude of his Forces penned up his 
* Euergetes.  Brother, by a 
* In the City Ladithus. Ush. An. 465. Before Ch. 159.  close Siege, and reduced them to the utmost Extremity, yet pardoned him; induced thereunto, both by his natural Clemency, and the nearness of Relation, and his awe and fear of the Romans: And he did not only pardon him, but entered into a League with him, according to which, he was to be content as the younger Brother with Cyrene, and with a certain proportion of Wheat every Year. And thus a War between Brothers, which had wholly alienated their Affections one from another, and was continued to the utmost hazard of them both, was on a sudden ended upon moderate Terms and Conditions.  
80. When Orofernes discerned that his Affairs declined much to the worse, he resolved to 
Orofernes. Ush. An. ib. Before Ch. 159.  satisfy his Mercenary Soldiers as soon as he could, lest they should Mutiny, for want of their Pay: But being at present straitened through scarcity of Money, he was necessitated to rifle Jupiter's Temple, situated at the Foot of Mount Ariadne, which before had been ever preserved Sacred and Inviolable, and by this means he paid his Soldiers all their Arrears.  
81. Prusias King of Bythinia, being altogether disappointed in his Design of taking Attalus, destroyed and laid waste the Sacred Grove called Nicheporius, which lay under 
Prusias.  the Walls of the 
* Pergamus.  City, and rifled the Temple itself, and took away the Statues, and the Images of the Gods, and among the rest, the famous Statue of Aesculapius, said to be one of the curious Pieces of Phipomachus, and robbed the Place of all its sacred and consecrated Goods and Treasure. For which sacrilege, the Gods in a short time after, inflicted upon him deserved punishment: For most of his Land Army perished by the Bloody Flux; and the like Calamity happened to his Naval Forces, for by a sudden Storm in the Propontis, most of his Ships with their Soldiers and Rowers together were Sunk; and some few were cast upon the Land, and Shipwrackt. And these were the first punishments inflicted upon Prusias for his Impiety.  
82. The Cretians arriving at Siphnus, besieged the City, and the Inhabitants partly 
A City in one of the Cyclides, called Syphus. now hear Crete.  through fear, and partly through feigned and and deceitful promises admitted them into the City; the Cretians first promising that none of the Inhabitants should receive the least prejudice; but when they were entered, according to the usual Treachery and Perfidiousness of the Cretians, they both carried them all away Captives, and rifled and robbed all the Temples of the Gods, and so loaded with spoil hoist up Sail, and made back for Crete. But in a short time after, they paid Dear for this Treachery, the Gods presently executing Vengeance upon them for their Impiety; for out of fear of some Enemies that overpowr'd them in Shipping, they were forced to lose out of Harbour in the Night, and most of their Ships by a sudden Storm were sunk at Sea, and others were cast upon Land, and dashed in pieces upon the Rocks, where all in them miserably perished; some few that consented not to this perfidious dealing escaped.  
83. Philip the Son of Amyntas, coming to a Kingdom then Subject and Tributary to the Illyrians by his Arms and skill in Martial Affairs, restored it to its former Liberty, 
Philip.  and by his mild and gentle Usage of those he subdued, he enlarged his Kingdom above any that was in Europe. For having beaten the Athenians in a great Battle (who contended with him for the Principality of Greece,) he buried all their dead that fell in the Fight, whom they had left in the open Field, and sent back above 2000 Prisoners to their own Country, without any Redemption: So that they who before had contended with him, hearing of his generous Usage of their fellow Citizens, voluntarily yielded up to him the Sovereignty of Greece, and so what he could not accomplish by so many Battles and Hazards, merely by his Mildness and Humanity he obtained with the free and unanimous Consent of his Enemies. But what he had got, he afterwards maintained, by striking a Fear and Terror into the Hearts of his Enemies, for he razed the Populous City of Olynthus to the Ground. In the same manner his Son Alexander, by the Ruin of Thebes, deterred the Lacedæmonians and Athenians (who were plotting against him) from their designed Revolt. And his Civil and generous Usage of the Prisoners in the Persian War, was such, that he gained the Hearts of the asiatics, not so much by his Valour, as his Mildness and Humanity. But in later times, the Romans thirsting after a Universal Monarchy, in a great measure obtained their ends, by the force of their Arms, but their Clemency towards such as they had Conquered, added much to the increase and enlargement of their Conquests. For they were so far from Cruelty, or being Rigorous in executing punishment upon those they had Subdued, that they seemed to carry it towards them rather as Friends, than as Enemies. For when the Conquered expected the utmost severity of Revenge from the Conquerors, they left no room for any others to exceed them in Humanity, and Clemency: For some they made Free of the City, with others they joined in Affinity by Marriages, others they set Free to Govern according to their own Laws; and to sum up all, none underwent any severity by being Conquered, farther than what was fit. And therefore upon the account of this extraordinary Clemency, Kings, Cities and Countries, generally sheltered themselves under the Protection of the Romans. But when they were Lords almost of the whole World. then they strengthened and confirmed themselves in their Dominions, by severity, and razing of Towns and Cities, to strike a Terror into their Enemies. For they utterly destroyed Corinth in Achaiah, Carthage in Africa, Numantia in Spain, and rooted up the Kingdom of Macedonia, in the Ruin of Perseus, and became a Terror to many.  
84. The Romans make it their great Care, that the Wars they begin, be upon just grounds, and therefore never resolve upon any thing rashly, or inconsiderately.  
85. Publius Scipio (who was afterwards surnamed Africanus, and was then a 
* Colonel. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Tribune, when almost all the rest of the Romans made light of their Terms and Articles made with 
Scipio.  their Enemies, tho' confirmed by solemn Oaths;) most Religiously observed and kept his promises with the Besieged, and used them with all Humanity and Clemency when they fell into his hands. His Faith and Integrity therefore being noised abroad all over Africa, none surrendered up themselves into the hands of the Romans, unless Scipio, joined in signing of the Articles.  
86. When there were only three Romans killed in the Skirmish, and were left lying upon the Ground unburied, all were very much troubled and concerned at it. But Scipio with the Consent of the Consul writ a Letter to Hasdrubal, to desire him to bury those Romans; who presently ordered the thing to be done, and when all was performed sent their Ashes to the Consul, which added much to the Honour of Scipio, as one whose Authority was prevalent even with the Enemies themselves.  
87. The Counterfeit Philip, having beaten the Romans in a great Battle, became Proud, Cruel and Tyrannical; there was not a Wealthy Person which he put not 
Pseudophilippus, called Andriscus. Liv. Book 50. Flor. Hist. lib. 2. c. 14. Orosius lib. 4. c. 22. Ush. An. 469. Before Ch. 149. P. Scipio.  most wickedly to death, upon false Accusations: He spared not his own intimate Friends, but dispatched many of them out of the Way; for he was naturally Fierce and Cruel, Proud and Haughty in all his Familiar intercourses, and at last deeply engaged in Covetousness, and all manner of Vice.  
88 The Romans had such a kindness for Publius Scipio, that tho' neither his Age nor the Laws did qualify him, yet they endeavoured with all their might to Elect him Consul.  
89. Calpurnius the Consul, after he had some Towns delivered up to him upon Articles, contrary to the Terms agreed upon, and against his Faith and Engagements, razed them 
* Lucius Calpurnius, Piso.  to the ground, and therefore in all his Designs and Contrivances afterwards, he was disappointed as a Faithless and Treacherous Person, as if some Deity set himself against him; for he attempted many things, but was never able to effect any thing,  
90. King Prusias being both of an ugly Visage, and a mean and effeminate Presence, was mortally hated by the Bythinians.  
91. After the taking of Carthage, Scipio gave Liberty to the Sicilian Ambassadors to search among the Spoils, and ordered every one to carry back into their several Cities 
Scipio.  such things as had formerly been taken away from them by the Carthaginians: Upon which were found many Statues and Pictures of famous Men, of exquisite Workmanship, besides many things Devoted and Consecrated to the Gods, some of Silver and others of Gold; among which, was the famous Phalarian Bull of Agrigentum, made by Perilaus, for the Tyrant Phalaris, who caused the Artificer himself to make the first experiment of his own Art, by executing that sort of punishment upon him, which he had invented for the Torturing of others.  
92. In our time Caius Julius Cesar, surnamed for the greatness of his Actions 
* Divine. Julius Cesar, rebuilt Corinth.  Divus, when almost a hundred Years after he saw the Ruins and Rubbish of Corinth, was so compassionately Affected, and withal desirous to make himself glorious, that he put forth himself to the utmost to rebuild the City. And therefore it is but just that the Humanity and Clemency that was eminently in this Man, should be allowed its just and due praises, and that his Virtues should be Recorded in History, for an everlasting remembrance to his eternal Praise and Honour. For when his Ancestors were Extreme in their severity against this City, he rectified their Excesses by his own Lenity and Moderation, preferring Mercy before Cruelty. Besides, he far excelled all that were ever before him in the Greatness of his Actions, and upon the account of his Virtuous Qualifications, was surnamed Divus. To conclude, this Man was the most Famous and Renowned for Eminency of Birth, Fluency of Tongue, the Art of War, and Contempt of Riches, of any whatsoever that was in his Age.  
93. Viriathus of Lusitania, the Captain of the Robbers, was just and exact in distributing the Spoil, and those who had valiantly behaved themselves in Battle, he would 
A part of Spain now Portugal.  liberally reward according to their several Merits, and he never converted any of the public Moneys to his own private use, and therefore the Lusitanians never shrunk or drew back from any hazardous undertaking, when he Commanded them, and was their Leader, honouring him as the Common Benefactor and Saviour of their Country.  
94. Plautius' the Roman Praetor greatly misgoverned his Province, being therefore Condemned by the People, because he had dishonoured his Government, he fled from Rome. 
C. Plautius.   
95. In Syria, King Alexander, being far unfit for so high a Station, by reason of his Sloth and Meanness of Spirit, gave up the Government of Antioch to Hierax and Diodotus. 
Vid. Liv lib. 40. Alexander of Syria, called Alexander Belas a Counterfeit Son of Antiochus Epiphanes. See Joseph. lib. 13. c. 8.  Ush. An. 470. Before Ch. 140.  
96. The Kingdom of 
* In the Greek it is Egypt, but mistaken I conceive. Demetrius Nicanor, Son of Demetrius Soter. Josephus ib. 1 Mac. 11. Olymp. 158. An. 1.  Syria, being now brought low, and Demetrius being only the surviving Branch of the Royal Stock, believing himself to be out of all Danger, disregarded the Deportment of the former Kings, who studied to ingratiate themselves into the good Opinion of their People, by their affable and courteous Behaviour: But he growing every day more and more unsufferable, fell at length to downright Cruelty, and all sorts of heinous Enormities. The cause of all which is not only to be attributed to his own corrupt Disposition, but to one of his Friends, who had the Management of all the Affairs of the Kingdom: For being a Wicked and Rash Fellow, he incited by his Flattery, the young Man to all manner of Wickedness. At first therefore, he put to death all that had sided against him in the War, with unusual sorts of Punishments. Afterwards, when the Antiochians Taunted and Jeered at him, as they were wont to do, 
* One Lastlienes.  he got together a Company of Mercenary Soldiers against them, and commanded that they should be disarmed, but the Antiochians refusing to deliver them; some he killed as they fell into his hands, others he Murdered in their own Houses, together with their Wives and Children; upon which a great Uproar being raised in the City, he burned down most of the Town to the Ground, and many that were accused to be Heads of this Commotion, were put to death, and their Estates Confiscated, and brought into the King's Exchequer: And therefore many of the Citizens, both out of Fear and Hatred of Demetrius, Fled 
Ush. An. 475. Before Ch. 145.  out of the City, and wandered up and down all Syria, watching for a fit time and opportunity to be revenged. In the mean time, Demetrius hated of every Body, raged notwithstanding in Slaughters, Banishments, and Confiscations, far exceeding his Father in Cruelty: For he was far from Royal Clemency and Kindness, but exercising a Tyrannical and Arbitrary Power, oppressed his Subjects with most grievous and unsufferable Calamities, in somuch as the Kings of this Family, for their oppressions, were hated by all, and those of the 
* Of Alexander Balas, who pretended to be the Son of Antiochus Epiphanes. Josephus lib. 13. c. 3. 1 Mac. 101. Ush. An. 465.  other, as much beloved for their Moderation and Clemency; so that through the mutual Plots and circumventing Contrivances of the Heads of both these Families, one against another, Syria was continually full of Stirs and Commotions: and the common People themselves, through the Flattery and fair Promises of those Kings that sought to succeed the other, were so led aside, as that they still delighted in Change.  
97. The 
* Of Aradus Island.  Aradians growing high Crested and Insolent, abused the 
* Of Marathum in Phoenicia. Ush. An. 471. Before Ch. 140. Diodor. Sicul. Legat. 29. Strabo lib. 16. P. 753.  Marathenian Ambassadors, who crying out against their Impiety, challenged the Sacred regard that ought to be had to Suppliants, and the Security and Protection due to Ambassadors, upon which, some of the audacious young Fellows, presently knocked them on the Head. Then these Murderers and their Copartners got together in a general Assembly, and adding one piece of Wickedness to another, contrived an Impious and Vile design against the Marathenians; for taking the Rings off the Fingers of them that were Murdered, they writ Letters to the Marathenians, as from the Ambassadors, by which they informed them, that the Aradians would within a short time send them Aid, to the end that the Marathenians might receive the Aradian Soldiers into their City, and so be Surprised, thinking they were really, and without Fraud, sent to them as Auxiliaries. But the Aradians failed in their wicked Design, for when they had laid an Embargo upon all the Ships, that none might discover their Treachery to the Marathenians, a certain Seamen, a Neighbour to the Marathenians commiserating their Condition, and being acustomed to Sail in the Neighbouring Sea, took a Ship, and in the Night passed over that narrow Cut, about Eight Furlongs in Breadth, and discovered the Fraud of the Aradians, to the Marathenians; the Aradians therefore, when they understood their Plot was discovered, forbore sending the Letters.  
98. Ptolemy Physcon, the Brother of Philometer, began his Reign most wickedly; for 
Ptolemy Physco. Valesius Fragm. cited by Ush. An. 493. c. 475. His Mercenaries set his Palace on Fire. Justin Lib. 38. Orosius lib. 5. c. 10.  charging many with Plots against his Life, he put them all to death, with most cruel Torments, others for pretended Crimes invented by himself, he Banished and Confiscated their Estates: by which cruelties, in a short time, his Subjects were so enraged, that they all hated him Mortally; however he Reigned Fifteen Years.  
99 Viriathus, when at his Marriage many Gold and Silver Cups, and all sorts of rich Carpets of exquisite Workmanship, were set forth to grace the Solemnity, he held them all upon the point of a Lance, not with admiration of such rich and splendid Furniture, but rather in scorn and contempt. After, when he had upon this occasion spoken many things, with much Wisdom and Prudence, he concluded with many Emphatical expressions, and with this one, very remarkable 
* Here's something wanting.  for by this saying, he signified, that it was the greatest Imprudence imaginable, to trust in Goods of Fortune, which are so uncertain; especially, since it was then apparent, that all those highly esteemed riches of his Father in Law, were liable to be a prey to him, that might carry them away upon his Spears point; further he added, that his Father in Law ought rather to thank him, for that nothing of his own was given by his Father in Law, to him who was Lord and owner of all. Virathus therefore at that time, neither washed nor sat down, altho' he was earnestly entreated so to do. And whereas the Table was plentifully furnished with rich Dishes of Meat, he only distributed some Bread and Flesh amongst them that came along with him. After he had a little more than tasted the Meat himself, he ordered his Bride to be brought to him, and having Sacrificed after the manner of the Spaniards, he mounted her on Horseback, and forthwith carried her away to his Apartments in the Mountains: For he accounted Sobriety and Temperance the greatest Riches, and the Liberty of his Country gained by Valour, the surest Possession. In his Leagues and Treaties he was very careful and exactly faithful to his Word, and spoke plainly and sincerely what he intended, instructed therein (without any other Arts) by his own natural Principles of honesty and fair dealing.  
100 Demetrius, while he stayed at Laodicea, spent his time in Banqueting, and such 
Demetrius Nicator. Ush. An. 476. Before Ch. 144.  like Luxury; and yet exercised his Tyranny upon many in the mean time, not at all bettered by his Afflictions.  
101. The Cnotians contended for the Sovereignty of the Island, which they alleged, belonged to them, both upon the account of the Ancient Dignity of the City, and the Glory and Renown of their Ancestors in the Heroic times. For some say that Jupiter was brought up amongst them, and that Minos, who had the Dominion of the Seas, was bred up by Jupiter, at Cnossius, and excelled all other Men in Virtuous Accomplishments.  
102. But in Egypt, King Ptolemy for his Cruelty, was hated of all his Subjects: For his Manners were not to be compared with his Brother Philometer's; for he was of a mild 
Ptolemy Physco.  and gentle Nature, but the other fierce and cruel; and therefore the People longed for a Change, and earnestly waited for a fit opportunity to Revolt.  
103. At the time when Ptolemy (after the Solemn manner of the Egyptians) was Enthroned at Memphis, his Queen Cleopatra was delivered of a Son, at which he exceedingly 
Ptolemy.  rejoiced, and called him Memphites, because he was Born in the City Memphis, at the time of his Solemn Inauguration. But while he was Celebrating his Son's Birth day, he forgot not his usual Cruelty, for he ordered some of Cyrene (who had brought him into Egypt) to be put to death, because they rebuked him something too freely, upon the account of the Strumpet Irene.  
104. After Diegylis King of Thrace, came to the Throne, he was so puffed up with his prosperity, that he began to Rule over his People not as his Subjects and Friends, but to 
Diegylis his Cruelty.  Domineer over them, as so many Slaves and Bondmen: For he put many good and honest Thracians by Tortures to death, and abused with the highest marks of disgracemany others: For he spared neither Woman nor Boy that were handsome and beautiful, and stuck not at stripping Men out of all they had, by force and and strong hand, but filled all his Dominions with Rapine and Violence. He plundered and spoiled likewise the Cities of Greece that bordered upon him, and abused some of the Captives, and put others to death with exquisite Torments. After he had taken the City Lysimachia (which belonged to Attalus) he burned it down to the Ground, and picked out the greatest Persons of Quality from amongst the Captives, and put them to death with strange and unheard of Tortures: For he cut off the Heads, Hands, and Feet of their Children, and hung them about their Parents Necks, and exchanged the Members of Men and Women one from another. Of some he cut off their Hands, and clove them down the small of the Back, and sometimes would cause the Members to be carried about upon the top of their Spears, so that he far exceeded Phalaris himself, and Apollodorus the Tyrant of the Cassandrians. His Barbarity is more evident in this one Instance following. When he was celebrating his Nuptials, after the Ancient manner of the Thracians, he catcht up Two young Men of Greece that were Travelling, who were Subjects to Attalus, and were Brothers, both very beautiful. The one was fully attained to Man's Estate, and the other was near bordering upon it; Diegylis caused them both to be introduced Crowned with Garlands, after the manner of the Victims: The younger being laid along and extended at length by the Officer, as one ready to cut him off at the Middle, the Tyrant cried out, that Kings and private Men, were not to offer the like Sacrifices; hereupon the Elder making great lamentation, out of endeared Love to his Brother, interposed himself between him and the Sword, upon which Diegylis commanded he should be likewise laid along, and then doubling his Cruelty, at one stroke dispatched them both, the Spectators all applauding so noble a piece of Dexterity. Many such like wicked acts were committed by him.  
105. When Attalus understood that Diegylis was hated by all his Subjects for his Cruelty and Covetousness, he took a quite contrary Course: And therefore when he had taken many Thracian Prisoners Captive, and freely Released them all, there were many that spread abroad his Fame for his Generosity and Clemency: And when many of the Thracian Nobility out of hatred to Diegulis, fled to him, and were kindly received, and the thing came to be known, Diegulis tortured the Hostages of them that were fled with most 
Diegulis ki● Cruelty.  grievous Torments. Many of whom that were very Young, and of tender Age, he pulled in pieces, Limb from Limb, and of others he cut of their Hands, Feet and Heads; some he crucified and others he hung upon Trees, many Women likewise who were Persons of Quality) he stigmatised before they were put to death, and prostituted them to the Lust of every vile Fellow, in a most Barbarous manner giving up himself to all manner of Filthiness. Which as it clearly evidenced his unparall'ld Cruelty, so it moved many of the Spectators, who had but the least sense of Humanity, with pity and commiseration.  
106. When Pompey was preparing to Besiege the City Lagnus, the Numantines willing 
Quintus Pompey.  to assist their Countrymen, sent to them in the Night 400 Soldiers; whom the Lagnetians at first readily received, and bountifully rewarded as their Saviour's. But in a few 
* Lagnetum in Africa.  days after, dreading a Siege, they Treated with Pompey, to deliver up the Town upon Terms, insisting only upon sparing their Lives. But when Pompey would admit of no Conditions, unless the Numantians were delivered up to him, the Lagnetians at first shrunk at the thoughts of such a wicked Act against their Benefactors, and therefore resolved to stand it out to the utmost: But being afterwards reduced to the utmost extremity, they sent to Pompey to acquaint him they were ready to Redeem their own Lives by the Destruction of their Confederates; which the Numantians coming to understand, they set upon the Citizens unexpectedly in the Night, and made a grievous Slaughter amongst ' 'em. Pompey having Intelligence of this Tumult and Bustle in the Town, forthwith set scaling Ladders to the Walls, and took the City, and put all the Lagnetians to the Sword, but generously discharged all the Numantian Auxiliaries, to the Number of 100; both pitying the Men that were so unworthily brought into such extremity and distress, as likewise hereby designing to to gain the Goodwill and opinion of the Numantians towards the Romans. Afterwards he Razed the City to the Ground.  
107. Arsase's King of the Parthians being a Mild and Gracious Prince, was exceeding 
Arsase's.  prosperous and successful, and greatly enlarged the bounds of his Empire; for he Conquered all before him, as far as to India (where Porus Reigned formerly) with a great deal 
Ush. An. 480. before Ch. 142.  of ease: And tho' he was advanced to that degree of Power and Authority, yet he inclined not in the least to Pride and Luxury, as is common with Princes in such cases, but was Kind to his Subjects, and Valiant in the Field against his Enemies: and having subdued several Nations, gathered together a System out of the best of their Laws, and 
Ush. An. 481.  imparted them to his Parthians.  
108. Viriathus was Buried by the Lusitanians with great Pomp and State; for Two hundred Gladiators were matched singly with as many more, and sought Duels at his Sepulchre, in honour of the remarkable Valour of this Man. For he was (as is agreed by all) Valiant in Dangers, Prudent and Careful in providing whatever was necessary, and that which was most of all considerable was, that whilst he Commanded he was more beloved than ever any was before him: For in dividing the spoil he never served himself with any thing above any of the rest; and of those things which fell to his share, he often rewarded them that had behaved themselves valiantly, and relieved those Soldiers that were most in want. He was likewise of incredible Sobriety and Vigilancy, not sparing any Labour, or drawing back from any hazard, not to be overcome in the least by Ease or Pleasures. The Arguments of his virtuous Qualifications are evident and demonstrable: For being General of the Lusitanians for the space of Eleven years, during all that time his Soldiers were not only peaceable without any Mutinies, but remained unconquerable: But after his death the Forces of the Lusitanians in a short time after were broken and dispersed, being deprived of such a General.  
109. Ptolemy for his Cruelty, Murders, filthy Lusts, and deformed Body (whence he was 
Ptolemy.  called Physco) was hated by all. But Hierax his General being an expert Soldier, and Popular in all General Assemblies, and a Man of a great Spirit, took upon him the Government: For when Ptolemy wanted Money, and the Soldiers for want of Pay were ready to Revolt to Galaestes, he put a stop to their Mutiny by paying off their Arrears out of his own Purse.  
110. The Egyptians altogether contemned Ptolemy when they saw him so childish in his Speeches, drowned in filthy Lusts, and his Body Emasculated by his Intemperance.  
111. 
* Physco, Nastiness. Ush. An. 483.  Aemilius the Consul being of an heavy and unwieldy Body, by reason of his bulk, 
Mareus Aemllius.  and too much pampering of himself, was very unfit for Martial Affairs.   

Out of the 34th BOOK.  
1. ABout this time there arose so great a Mutiny and Sedition of the Slaves in Sicily, 
Olymp. 161. Ant. Ch. 133. The servile War by Eunus. vid Frag. Diodor. in Photius lib. 34. in my Translation. f. 57 Orosius. Lib. 5. c. 9  as no Age before could ever parallel, in which many Cities suffered, were miserably ransacked, and innumerable multitudes both of Men, Women and Children fell into most grievous Calamities; and the whole Island was now upon the point of falling into the hands of the Slaves, who designed no other bounds should be put to their exorbitant Power, than the absolute Destruction of their Masters.  
And these things fell out when none in the least suspected them; but those who were accustomed to pierce deep into the Grounds and Causes of all Events, concluded that this was not a thing that happened merely by chance. For the Inhabitants of this rich Island growing wanton with too much plenty, fell into Luxury and Voluptuousness, and then into Pride and Insolence. For those reasons the Cruelty of the Masters towards their Servants, and the Hatred of the Servants to their Masters raging and increasing more and more every day, at length (a fit opportunity offering itself) their Hatred broke forth, and many Thousand Slaves on a sudden (without any sign or appearance of any such thing before) got in a Body together to cut the Throats of their Masters.  
And the same thing happened in Asia, almost about the same time. For when 
* Base Brother to Attalus King of Pergamus. Velleius Paterc. Lib. 2. c. 4. Luc. Fl. Lib. 2. c. ult. vid. Ush An 489. Wanting.  Aristonicus, without any colour of Right, sought to gain the Kingdom of Asia, all the Slaves, by reason of the Cruelty of their Masters, joined with him, and filled many Towns and Cities with Blood and Slaughter.  
2. In like manner those that had large Possessions in Sicily bought up whole Goals to till their Lands— Some they shackled, others they overcharged with hard Labour, and branded and stigmatised every one of them: So that such a multitude of Slaves, even like a Deluge, overflowed all Sicily, that the excessive number may seem incredible to all that hear of it; for all the rich Men of Sicily vied with the Italians for Pride, Covetousness, and vicious Practices; For many of the Italians who had great numbers of Servants, accustomed their Shepherds to that degree of Rapine and Licentiousness, as that they suffered them to Rob and Steal for want of necessary subsistence from them themselves. Which Liberty being once Granted to those Men who had strength of Body, sufficient to enable 'em readily to execute any Villainy, together with Time and Leisure, and through want of Subsistence were reduced to the utmost Extremity of attempting any thing for their Supply; these unruly Fellows in a short time were ripe and complete in wickedness. At first they used to Murder Travellers upon the Highway, when only One or Two were together: Afterwards they would in Bodies enter into little Villages, in the Night, and pillage poor men's Houses, and forcibly carry away whatever they found, and kill all that opposed them. At length growing every day more and more Audacious, there was neither Security in the Roads in Sicily for Travellers in the Night, nor Safety in their Houses for them that dwelled in the Country, but all places were full of Rapine, Robberies and Murders. And because the Shepherds and Herdsmen were furnished with Arms, and inur'd to lie Night and Day in the open Fields, they every Day grew bold and daring: For carrying Clubs and Lances and long Staves, and covered with the Skins of Wolves and Wild Boars, they looked with a most dreadful and terrible Aspect as the Children of Mars. Besides, every one had a Guard of great Mastiff Dogs to attend them, and guzzling down Milk, and glutting themselves with Flesh, and all sorts of other Food and Provision, they resembled Beasts both in Souls and Bodies. So that the whole Island seemed as if it had been full of Soldiers roving up and down in every place, or as if all the daring Slaves were let lose by their Masters to act the parts of raging Mad men. It's true indeed that the Roman Praetors and Governors did what they could to suppress this Insolency of the Slaves; but because they durst not punish them, by reason of the Potency of their Masters, they were forced to suffer the Country to be infested with Robberies; for whereas most of their Masters were Roman Knights, who had Judicial Authority at Rome, and were used to choose Judges out of the Aequestrian Order in the Causes of the Praetors and the Proconsul's, who were summoned to appear before them after their Provincial Authority was determined, the Magistrates were upon good grounds afraid of them.  
3. The Italians, who had large Possessions in Sicily, and therefore bought many Slaves, 
Damopilus his Luxury and Cruelty to his Servants.  every one of whom they stigmatised with marks on their Cheeks, and oppressed them with hard Labour, and yet defrauded them of their Wages and Subsistence.  
4. There was one Damophilus of Aenna a wealthy Man, but very proud and arrogant; this Man Tilled a large compass of Land, and had a vast Stock of Cattle, initiated the Luxury and Cruelty of the Italians towards their Slaves. For being carried in a Coach drawn with stately Horses, he traversed the Country up and down, guarded with a company of Armed Slaves; he carried likewise about with him continually many beautiful Boys, Flatterers and Parasites; and in the City and Villages had his Silver Vessels curiously wrought, and all sorts of Purple Carpets of very great value; and made Magnificent Feasts and Entertainments, after the State and Grandeur of a King, in Pomp and Expense far surpassing the Persian Luxury, and as much as all other Men in Pride and Arrogancy. For being rude, and never bred up with Learning, or any liberal Education, and having heaped up a great deal of Wealth, and himself left to a licentious Liberty, without control; he first from fullness and plenty became insolent, and at last was a plague to himself, and occasion of bringing many Miseries and Calamities upon the Country. For having bought many Slaves, he abused them in the highest degree; And those that were Free born in their own Country, and taken Captives in War, he stigmatised in their Cheeks with the sharp points of Iron Pins, some of which he sent bound in Fetters to the Goals, and to others that were ordered to look after the Cattle in the Fields, he neither allowed clothes, nor Food sufficient to satisfy Nature.  
5. The Barbarity and Cruelty of this Damophilus was such, that never a day passed 
Damophilus.  wherein he scourged not his Slaves, without the least cause or occasion. And his Wife Megallis was as cruel as himself, towards the Maid-Servants, and other Slaves that fell into her Hands. The Slaves therefore being thus provoked by the cruelty of their Master and Mistress, concluding they could not be brought into a worse condition than they then were, rose up all on a sudden.  
6. In Sicily Demophilus had a young Daughter of a very gentle and courteous Disposition, 
Demophilus  who made it her business to relieve and heal those Slaves that had been abused and scourged by her Parents, and to bring Meat to them that were in prison; so that she was wonderfully beloved by all the Servants, insomuch, as in remembrance of her former Kindness, all had compassion of her, and were so far from offering any violence or injury to the young Maid, that every one of them made it their business to preserve her Chastity unviolated; and chose some out of their own company, the most expeditious amongst them to conduct her to Catana to some of her Friends.  
7. After Eunus was declared King, he put many to death, and spared only those that 
Eunus.  for the sake of his Prophecies commended him at their Feasts, to which his Master Antigenes used to bring him to make sport; those likewise that were so kind as in a jest to give him part of the Dainties with them, he preserved; so that the strange turn of Fortune was to be admired, and that Kindness showed to such mean and inconsiderable Persons should occasion so great Favour and Respect, at a time when it was so welcome and seasonable.  
8. About the same time broke out another Rebellion of the Slaves; one Cleon a Sicilian 
Cleon a Slave raises a commotion in Sicily.  near Mount Taurus inur'd to Robberies from a Boy, being appointed to look to the Horses in their Pastures in Sicily, beset the High Ways, and committed heinous Murders up and down the Country. This Fellow hearing of the good Fortune of Eunus and his Followers, having persuaded some of the neighbouring Slaves to join with him, on a sudden Revolted, Wasted and Spoiled the City Agrigentum, and all the neighbouring Country round about.  
9 In Asia, Attalus being newly come to the Crown, began to manage Affairs in a way 
Attalus ki● Cruelty.  far different from all the former Kings; for they by their Clemency and Kindness to their Subjects, Reigned prosperously and Happily themselves, and were a Blessing to the Kingdom; but this Prince being of a Cruel and Bloody Disposition, oppressed his Subjects with many Slaughters, and grievous Calamities: Suspecting that some of his own Relations that were Potent, and Men of Interest, were Plotting against him, he resolved to rid himself of them; to that end he picked out some of the most Covetous and Bloody Fellows from among his Barbarian Mercenary Soldiers, and hide them in certain Vaults in the Palace; and then sending for such of his Friends and Kindred as he was most jealous of, when he had them there, he cut all their Throats by those bloody Executioners of his Cruelty, and forthwith ordered their Wives and Children to be put to death after the same manner.  
The rest of his Father's Friends that either had Command in the Army, or were Governors of Cities, he either caused to be treacherously Assassinated, or seizing them, Murdered them and their Families together. Being therefore hated not only by his Subjects, but by all the neighbouring Nations, all within his Dominions, endeavoured as much as they could to bring about a Revolution and Change of Government.  
10. Tiberius Gracchus was the Son of Tiberius who had been twice Consul, and a Man 
Tiberius Gracchus.  very famous, both as to the Sword and Gown. He was likewise the Grandchild of Publius Scipio by his Daughter, that Scipio who conquered Hannibal and the Carthaginians. Being Nobly Born on both sides, he excelled all his equals in Age, in sound Judgement and Elocution, and indeed in all manner of Learning, so that he was not afraid to enter the Lists with any that dared to oppose him.  
11. The Syrian Slaves cut off the Hands of those they took prisoners, not at the 
Syrian Slaves.  Wrists, but Hands and Arms together.  
12. The Senate dreading the Anger of the Gods, consulted the Sibyl's Books, and 
The Senate of Rome send Ambassadors to Sicily.  sent Ambassadors into Sicily, who passed through the whole Island, erected Altars to Jupiter Aetneus, and offered solemn Sacrifices to him, enclosing the Altars round with Stone Walls to exclude all but those of the several Cities, who, after the Customs of their own Country, were used to offer Sacrifices to him.  
13. Gorgus was of * Morgantium surnamed Cambalus, a Principal Man for Wealth and 
Now Georgeto in the Kingdom of Naples.  Authority in the City. Going abroad to Hunt, and falling in amongst a company of Robbers, he took to his Heels to get into the Town, who being by chance met by Gorgus his Father on Horseback, the Father forthwith leapt off his Horse, and desired his 
The Love of a Father and a Son.  Son to Mount, and make away with all speed into the City; but as the Son was not willing to prefer his own preservation before that of his Father's, so the Father could not bear the death of his Son by avoiding the Danger himself. And thus while they were with Tears entreating one another, and striving to exceed each other in endearing natural Affections, the Love of the Father in contest with the Love of the Son, they were overtaken by the Thiefs, and both killed upon the place.  
14. Zibelmius the Son of Diegylis following his Father's steps in Cruelty, enraged at 
Zibelmius his Cruelty.  what the Thracians had done, proceeded to that degree of implacable Severity, and height of Wickedness, that he put to death all that had displeased him, with their whole Families, and upon most slight and frivolous occasions cut some in pieces Limb from Limb, Crucify'd others, and Sawed several asunder. He killed likewise little Children before their Parents Faces, and Infants at their Mother's Breasts, and having cut them in pieces, disht up their Members as Curiosities for their Kindred to Feast upon, reviving as it were those Ancient Repasts and Entertainments of 
* Tereus' a King of Thrace. See the Story of Tereus Progne and Philomela, Ovid, Met. Lib. 6. His punishment by his own Subjects.  Tereus and 
* Thyestes Feasted by his Brother Atreus King of Mycena, with his own Sons begotten upon Atreus his Wife. Ovid. Met.  Thyestes. At length the Thracians seized upon his Person; but it was scarce possible to punish him according to his Deserts. For how could one body suffer the punishment justly due for the Cruelties and Injuries committed against a whole Nation? However to the utmost of their Power they repaid him with all the Scorn and Contempt, and extremity of Torture upon his Body, they could invent.  
15. Ptolemy Physcon when he saw his Sister Cleopatra was so great an Enemy to him, and 
Ptolemy Physco his barbarous Cruelty. Justin. c. 8. 39 Livy. Olymp. 162. 4. Ant. Ch. 130. Val. Max. lib. 9 c. 2. This of Vales. Prag. cited by Ush. An. 494. Atheneus cited by Ush. Ant. Ch. 128. Hegelocus Marsyas. See Ush. An. 495. Valesius his Fragments cited Ant. Ch. 139.  could not revenge himself otherwise upon her, contrived a most notorious piece of Villainy for that purpose. For he imitated the Cruelty of Medea, Murdering her Son Memphites, Begotten by himself, who was then in Cyprus, and a very young Boy: And not content with this, he committed a far more wicked Act: For cutting off the Child's Limbs, he put them in a Chest, and delivered them to one of his Guard to be conveyed to Alexandria; and whereas Cleopatra's Birthday was then near at hand, he commanded that in the Night next before that day, he should set down the Chest at the Palace Gates; which being accordingly executed, Cleopatra made great lamentation, and all the People were in a great Rage against Ptolemy.  
16. Atheneus Antiochus his General in a short time met with a just and due Reward for his Insolences and Abuses in all places wherever he Quartered in his March: For being the first that fled, and forsook Antiochus in the heat of the Fight, coming to some of the Towns where he had abused his Quarters, all shut their Doors upon him, and every one refused to help him, either with Meat or Drink, so that he wandered up and down the Country, till at length he was famished to death.  
17. Hegelochus General of Ptolemy Physco sent against Marsyas the Alexandrian General, took him prisoner, and cut off all his Army. When Marsyas was brought before the King, and all concluded that he would forthwith put him to some cruel death, Ptolemy pardoned him beyond all men's expectation: For now he began to repent of his former Cruelties, and endeavoured to regain the People's Love and Favour by acts of Clemency.  
18. Euemerus King of Parthia Born in Hyrcania, exceeding all other Princes in Cruelty, 
Euemerus.  omitted no sorts of Torments he could invent. For many of the Babylonians, upon slight grounds, with their whole Families, he made Slaves and sent them into Media to be Sold. He burned likewise to the ground the Marketplace, and some of the Temples in Babylon, and razed the fairest and most beautiful parts of the City.  
19 Alexander surnamed Zabina's, when those Renowned Captains Antipater, Ponius, and 
Alexander Zabina's cited Ush. An. 498. Ant. Ch. 124.  Aeropus 
* Revolted from him to Seleucus Demetrius, Son of Nicanor. Caius Sextius.  Revolted from him, and seized upon Laodicea; he at length took the City: However, he Generously spared them all. For he was of a mild and gentle Disposition, and pleasing Temper, and of a wonderful Affability in his Converse or Discourse, and was therefore greatly Beloved of every Body.  
20. When Caius Sextius had Taken the City of the Gauls, and Sold the Inhabitants for Slaves, One Crato who was led in Chains with the rest, came up to the Consul, as he sat upon the Tribunal, and told him, He had ever been a Friend to the Romans, and for that reason had suffered many Injuries, and had undergone many Stripes and Scourge from his fellow Citizens: Upon which, Sextius forthwith, with all the demonstration of Kindness, as of a Kinsman, Released him from his Bonds, and Restored him his Goods; And for his Good Will to the Romans, gave him Power to set free 900 of the Citizens, such as he himself thought fit. For the Consul was more Generous and Bountiful to Crato than he expected, to the end the Gauls might see how exactly Just the Romans were, both in their Punishments and Rewards.  
21. Alexander not being very confident of the multitude, both in regard of their Rawness 
Alexander Ush. An. 498. this cited.  in Martial Affairs, and their natural Inconstancy, and hankering after Innovations would not adventure upon a pitched Field; but having got together as much Money as he could, out of the Public Treasuries, and pillaged the Temples, resolved by Night to steal away into Greece. But whilst he attempted, by the help of some of his Barbarians, to plunder Jupiter's Temple, he was seized upon, and himself and whole Army had like to have been cut off: but he soon escaped out of their hands and made towards Seleucia: But the Seleucians' having heard beforehand, the Brute of his Sacrilege shut their Gates against him; Failing there of his purpose he went to Pisidium, and never after departed from the Sea-Coast.  
22. After Caius Gracchus was killed by the hands of his own Servant, Lucius 
Lucius Vitellius his Treachery to his Friend. C. Gracchus.  Vitellius who had been one of his particular Friends, was the first that got his Body; and was so far from being troubled at his death, that he cut off his Head, and carried it to his own House, thereby giving a remarkable Instance of his Cruelty and Covetousness. For when Lucius 
* Vid. Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 33. c. 3.  Opinius the Consul by Proclamation promised to Reward him that should bring to him Gracchus his Head, with the weight of it in Gold, Vitellius bored a hole in the Neck, and drawing out the Brains, poured in melted Lead in the room. Then he brought the Head to Opinius, and returned with the promised Reward, but was afterwards hated by all to the day of his death, as a Betrayer of his Friend. The Flacci were also all put to death.  
23. In Lybia the two Kings drew up their Armies one against another, and Jugurtha 
Jugurtha and Adherbal Two Brothers Kings at War.  routed the Numidians in a great Battle, slaying many of them; whereupon Adherbal his Brother fled to Cirta, where being straight Besieged he sent Ambassadors to Rome to entreat them not to suffer a King that was their Friend and Ally to be utterly ruined: Whereupon the Senate forthwith sent Messengers into Numidia with Orders to Jugurtha to raise his Siege: which he disregarding, they sent another Embassy vested with Power and Authority; but that was as fruitless as the other; and at length Jugurtha straight blocking up the City round, through extremity of Famine forced it to a Surrender, and most unnaturally slew his Brother as he was going out of the City with his Children, and leaving the Kingdom, beseeching him only to spare his Life, neither regarding the Laws of Nature and Consanguinity, nor of Arms, in sparing those that beg for Quarter: He likewise scourged all the Italians to death that sided with his Brother.  
24. Publius Scipio Nasica the Consul, was a Man renowned both for his Virtue and Nobleness 
Scipio Nascica his Commendation.  of Birth; for he was of the same Family with Africanus, and Hispanicus; of whom the first Conquered Africa, the other Asia, and the third Spain; and from thence gained the several Surnames before mentioned: And besides the Eminency of his Birth, his Father and Grandfather were the most Eminent Men of the City; for both of them were 
* Chairmen or Speakers.  Precedents of the Senate; and the first that gave their Votes, and delivered their Opinions in all public Matters, to the time of their Deaths. His Grandfather upon an Occasion was judged by the Senate the Best Man of all the Roman Citizens. For it being found written in the Sibyls Books, That the Romans should build a Temple in honour of the great Mother of the Gods, and should bring her Image from Pessinunt in Asia, and meet it out of the City with all the Orders and Degrees of the Citizens in solemn Pomp and State, and that the Best Man should lead the Men, and the Best Woman be at the head of the Women, when they received the Image of the Goddess: The Senate performing all that was prescribed by the Sibyls writings, judged Publius Nasica to be the Best Man, and Valeria the Best Woman. For he was not only eminent for his Piety towards the Gods, but of singular Prudence in governing and ordering matters of State, and of a piercing Judgement. For when Marcus Cato who was Surnamed Demosthenes, in delivering his Opinion in the Senate, was ever and anon affirming, That Carthage must be razed, though nothing was in debate concerning it, but the Senate was consulting of other Matters; Publius Nasica was ever of a contrary Opinion, that Carthage was to be preserved; In which difference of Opinions it seemed a matter of great Difficulty to the Senate which of the Two was most adviseable; but those that were accounted the best Statesmen amongst them, preferred the Opinion of Nasica. For they conceived, that the Power and Grandeur of the Romans was not to be judged of by the Ruin and Destruction of other Cities, but rather by its Sovereign Power and Authority over such as are accounted the most Potent. Besides, if Carthage stood, out of fear of that City the Romans would be kept within the bounds of their Duty, and in Peace and Concord among themselves, and the Commonwealth would be forced to carry it towards their Subjects with more Moderation and Clemency; which things usually strengthen and enlarge all sorts of Governments: But if Carthage the Rival City be once destroyed, what can be expected but Civil Wars among the Romans themselves, and the hatred likewise of all their Allies for the Pride and Covetousness of the Roman Magistrates; all which accordingly happened to the Romans after the Destruction of Carthage. For turbulent Factions, Agrarian Laws, grievous Revolts of Confederates, continual and destructive Civil Wars, and all the other Mischiefs which Publius Scipio foretold, came to pass: His Son Nasica afterwards, when he was well in years, ordering the Senate to follow him, killed Tiberius Gracchus with his own hands, when he was contriving to set up himself and take upon him the Government. At the Commission of which Fact, the Commons being in an Uproar and Exasperated against the Authors of the Murder, and the Tribunes of the People ask every one of the Senators Man by Man, being brought before them, Who it was that killed Gracchus? Every one out of fear of the Rage of the People, denied the Fact, and made use of shifting and impertinent Answers: But when it came to Nasica, he owned, that he killed him with his own Hand; and further declared, That the designs of Gracchus in aspiring to be absolute Monarch, was a Secret to all other Persons, but very well known to him and the Senate. Whereupon the People, though they were much troubled at the Fact, yet being moved by the Boldness and Authority of the Man, from thenceforth rested quiet and said no more: This Scipio Nasica likewise, (Son of the former Nasica) who died Consul this Year, was of an unspotted Conversation all his Days, never tainted or corrupted with Bribes: And being endowed with Philosophical Principles, he was not only a Philosopher in Words, but in Truth; so that he inherited both the Glory and Virtues of his Ancestors.  
25. Antiochus Cyzicenus as soon as he got into Possession of the Kingdom, applied himself 
Antiochus Cyzicenus, cited by Ush. An. 500  to Revellings and Luxury, and Courses altogether unbeseeming Kings. For being extremely Addicted to Antics, Stage-players, and all sorts of Jugglers, he learned their Arts with a great deal of Vehemency; He applied himself also to Puppit-playing, and placed his chiefest Delight in making the Images of living Creatures in bulk Five Cubits, (covered over with Gold and Silver,) to move of themselves, and other Engines of that Nature. But as for Warlike Engines and Testudoes, called Helepoles, whose Preparations and Magnificence belonged to Princes, and were commonly of great use, he was altogether wanting in them. Moreover, he was much addicted to unseasonable Hunt, and oftentimes would steal out privately by Night, with a Servant or two, to hunt Boars, Lions and Leopards; so that many times he was in danger of his Life by his rash encountering of these wild Beasts.  
26. Mecipsa, Son of Massinissa King of Numidia, had many Children; but above them all he loved Adherball his Eldest, and Hiempsales and Micipsa; the last of which was the 
Mecipsa, a King of Numidia; a mild and learned Prince.  mildest Prince of all the Kings of Numidia, and sent for the Learnedest Men out of Greece he could hear of, and spending his time with them in improving himself in all sorts of Liberal Sciences, and especially in Philosophy, he enjoyed his Kingdom, together with his Study of Philosophy to his Old Age.  
27. Contoniatus, the Petit Prince of Jentora in Gaul, was eminent for his Prudence and 
Contoniatus.  Skill in Martial Affairs: He was a Friend and an Ally of the Romans, being formerly brought up in Rome, and so seasoned with Virtue and Civility; by the help of the Romans he gained that Principality in Gaul.  
28. Caius Marius, one of the Ambassadors, was slighted by the Proconsul, as one of the 
Caius Marius.  Meanest of them. The rest who were of eminent Birth, and in high Place, were Honoured and Respected by the Proconsul. But as for the other who was said to have been but a Publican, and had much ado to get into the lowest Form amongst the 
* The Proconsul.  Magistrates, Metellus made no account of him: Though in truth, all the rest loved their Ease and avoided the Camp, but Marius having been often employed in the Wars in desperate Adventures, seemed highly to resent the Injury and Affront. But addicting himself with great application of Mind to Martial Affairs, he became a most expert Soldier; and being naturally of a warlike Spirit, in a short time he grew very Famous; and for his Generosity and courteous Deportment, and his affable Carriage in all Meetings towards all that were under his Command, he gained the Hearts of all the Soldiers, who studying to make grateful returns for his Kindness, fought the more Cheerfully and Courageously, to the end they might advance the Honour and Reputation of their General: And if any other at any time happened to be sent to command them, the Soldiers on purpose in the very height of the Battle would fight more carelessly; so that most commonly things miscarried and came to nought when any other commanded the Army; but when Marius was General the Romans were ever Conquerors.   

Out of the 36th BOOK.  
1. THE Rebellious Slaves did not only waste and destroy Sioily, but those that were 
The Slaves in Sicily and others, their Cruelties.  free, who had neither Lands nor Goods) betook themselves to Rapine and Robberies, and ravaged up and down in the Country in Flocks and Droves; they drove away whole Herds of cattle; Robbed the Barns in the Towns and Villages, and carried away the Corn and other Fruits of the Earth, and killed every one they met, without distinction of either Bond or Free, that none might be left to tell tales of their Murders and Cruelties. For being there was at this time an Anarchy in Sicily, having no Roman Praetor that exercised any Jurisdiction, all ran headlong and committed many and great Enormities with impunity; so that all Places were full of Rapines and Robberies, and the Goods of the Rich made a Prey to Force and Violence: and they who a little before were Noted and Eminent amongst their fellow Citizens for their Wealth, by a sudden change of Fortune, were not only with the greatest Contempt and Scorn imaginable, Robbed of all they had by their Slaves, but were forced to bear unsufferable Abuses from them that were Freemen of the same Country. And therefore none could scarcely call any thing his own within the City Gates; but what was without, they looked upon as quite lost, and to be an irrecoverable Prey to the Robbers. To conclude, Confusion and utter Subversion of Law and Justice, raged throughout all the Cities and Towns in the Country. For the Rebels after they had wasted the Country, out of Hatred to their Masters, and insatiable Covetousness, beset the High Ways and made them impassable. And those Slaves that were yet within the City's Sick, but in their Hearts longing for an opportunity to Rebel, were a dread and terror to their Masters.  
2. Saturninus the Tribune being a Man of a profuse Life, and Quaestor in the Province of Ostia, ordering all the Corn to be carried away to Rome, for his Male Administration 
Saturninus.  of the Government was Rebuked by the Senate, and divested of his Authority, and the Province committed to the Care of another. But afterwards leaving off his former Luxurious course of Life, and growing Sober in his Conversation, he was chosen Tribune of the People.  
3. Whereas for Two years together in every Public Assembly Q Metellus his restoring from Banishment was taken into Debate— His Son traversing the Marketplace with his Beard and Hair overgrown, and in a nasty Garment, with Tears in his Eyes, prostrated himself at the Feet of every Citizen, entreating them to recall his Father. But the People, though they were very backward to make a Precedent for Exiles for the time to come to hope for Return against the Laws; yet in Compassion to the Young Man, and being moved with importunity of his Entreaty, they recalled Metellus from Banishment, and surnamed the Son Pius for his singular Affection and Care he had of his Father.  
4. The Romans formerly being governed by good and wholesome Laws and Constitutions, by degrees grew to that height of Power, that at length they gained the greatest 
The Roman Manners degenerated.  Empire of any that ever any History makes mention of. But of later times, after they had conquered many Nations, and had so long nuzzled themselves in the Enjoyment of an unterrupted Peace, they declined from their Ancient manners, to wicked and destructive Courses. For the young Men, enjoying Rest and Ease from War, with Plenty of all things to be Fuel to their Lusts, gave themselves up to Luxury and Intemperance; for in the City, Prodigality was preferred before Frugality, and living at Ease, before the Service of the Camp: And he that Wasted all his time in Voluptuousness, and not he that was of a virtuous and sober conversation, was accounted by all to be the only happy Man. And therefore sumptuous Feasts, most fragrant Ointments, flowered and embroidered Carpets, rich and stately Furniture, for their Banqueting Rooms, curiously wrought with Gold, Silver, Ivory, and such like Materials were then cried up every where. Wine that was but of an ordinary Gusto, would not be touched, but only 
* Of Falerinus in Campania, in the Kingdom of Naples, now called Terra di Lavaro.  Falernian and Chian, and such like pleasant Wines: the choicest Fish likewise, and every thing of the best sort, was provided to gratify their shameless Luxury. The young Gallants likewise, wore Garments of the finest and softest Wool, Woven so fine, as that they were even transparent, and for their slender Webb, altogether like unto women's Gowns. All these things serving to nourish Luxury, and Voluptuousness (to their Ruin and destruction) being generally coveted by all, in a short time grew to excessive Rates; for a Hogshead of Falernian Wine was sold for a 100 
* Every Drachma Seven pence halfpenny, so 100 Drachmas is 3l. 2s. 6d.  Drachmas, and a Hogshead of Salted Fish from the Pontic Sea, for 400. Skilful Cooks were sold for Four Talents apiece, and delicate and beautiful Boys, for many Talents. And whereas all with full swing gave up themselves to this luxurious course of Life, some of the Governors in the Provinces, used their utmost endeavour to reform these Enormities, and to that end, being in high Places, and so most observable, by reason of the Eminency of their Stations, they framed their own Lives so, as to be Examples of Virtue, and liberal Education to others.  
5. Quintus Mucius Scoevola, used his utmost endeavour to reform other men's corrupt 
Mucius Scaevola, his Virtues. Ush. An. 509. Cited.  Manners, by his own Virtuous Example. For when he was sent Proconsul into Asia, he made choice of Quintus Rutilius his most intimat Friend for his Legate, and ever took his Advice in the management of his Government, and making of Laws: All the Costs and expenses both of himself and his Retinue, he ordered to be defrayed out of his own 
* Publius Rutilius Rufus.  Purse; and by his moderation and frugality, together with his just and upright dealing, he freed the Province from its former Miseries and Oppressions. For the Proconsul's of Asia that were before him, confederated with the Publicans (in whose hands at that time, was the administration of Justice at Rome) and filled the whole Province with the Pressures of their illegal Exactions.  
6. Mucius Scoevola managing his Government with all possible Diligence and Integrity, did not only suppress all false Accusations, but restrained the Injuries and Oppressions 
Mucius Scaevola. Ush. An. cited 509.  committed by the Publicans. For as often as any who had been pinched by those Toll-gatherers made their address to him, he Commissionated upright Judges, by whom he Condemned them wheresoever he came, and forced them to pay the Mulct imposed upon them to the Persons they had injured, but for Offences that deserved death, he gave sentence of death. One of the chief of these Publicans that had contracted with his Master for his Freedom, for a great Sum of Money, before he was manumitted, he condemned to die and crucified him.  
7. Those that were condemned by the Judges, he delivered over to the Persons injured, to be by them carried away to Prison, so that they who before through their insolency 
Mucius Scaevola. Ush. An. ibid.  and covetousness committed all manner of Injustice, were unexpectedly hurried away to the Goal by them that they had injured. Moreover by discharging his own Expenses and the Expenses of his Retinue out of his own private Purse, he soon inclined the Hearts of all the Province towards the People of Rome.  
8. Lucius Asellius (whose Father was a Quaestor) being sent Praetor into Sicily, finding 
Lucius Asellius. a prudent Governor of Sicily.  in the Province great Havoc and Devastation, by his prudent management of things in a short time restored it to its former state and condition. For after the Example of Scoevola, he made choice of his intimate Friend Caius Sempronius Longus for his Legate, and joined with him Publius, the famous Roman Knight for his Counsellor, who then resided at Syracuse, and besides the goods of Fortune, was eminent for the Virtues of his Mind; his Piety towards the Gods is sufficiently testified by his Sacrifices, Gifts, and Adorning of the Temples. And the quick and lively use of all his Senses to the last moment of his Life was an evident Argument of his Sobriety and Temperance: And his Learning, & courteous Disposition are apparent from the great Value and Esteem he ever had of learned Men, and his Bounty and Liberality out of his own Purse towards them that applied themselves to the study of the Liberal Arts and Sciences. Assellius assisted with the advice of those two Men, who continued with him under the same Roof, and sat with him in Judgement upon the Bench, made it his daily care to reform and set all things right again in the Province.  
9 In the Courts of Justice, he aimed at the Public Good, and cleared the Court of all 
Asilius.  Sycophants, and false Accusers; and it was his chief care to relieve the poorest Man, and those that were less able to help themselves; for whereas the other Praetors committed the care of Orphans and Widows, that were destitute of Friends, to Tutors and Guardians that were Strangers, he looked after them himself, and decided their Causes with all the care and diligence imaginable, and was a great Relief to the Oppressed. And as long as he was Governor of Sicily, continually using his utmost endeavour to Suppress both private and public Injuries, he at length settled the Province in its former State of happiness and prosperity.  
10. Marcus Livius Drusus, tho' he was very young, yet was adorned with whatever 
M. Livius Drusus.  was commendable either in reference to his Body or Mind: For he was the Son of a renowned Father, who was singularly beloved of the People of Rome, both upon the account of his noble Birth, and virtuous Qualifications. And he himself for Eloquence excelled all his equals in Age, and all his fellow Citizens in Wealth and Riches: And upon the account of his Faithfulness to his Word, he gained a very great Interest and Authority among the Citizens, and being likewise of a great Spirit, seemed to be the only Patron of the Senate.   

Out of the 37th BOOK.  
1. POmpoedius General of the Marsians, attempted indeed a Great, but a most Rash and inconsiderate Act; for he picked out 10000 Soldiers from amongst them, that 
Pompaedius, General of the Martians, his attempt upon Rome.  were afraid of suffering due punishment for their Offences, and commanding them to hid their Swords under their Coats, Marched with them towards Rome, with a design to beset the Senate round with this Rabble, and to demand the Freedom of the City, and if he could not prevail, to lay the City Wast with Fire and Sword. Being by chance met 
* A People in Italy.  upon the Road by Caius Domitius, he asked him, whither goest thou Pompedius with so great a Company? Who answered, to Rome, for that he was sent for by the Tribunes of the People, to be received into the Freedom of the City. But Domitius replied, saying, Thou mayest obtain what thou seekest for, with far more ease and much more honesty, if thou didst not make up to the Senate in a Hostile manner; for the Senate will not be compelled, but entreated and petitioned to bestow that Grace and Favour upon the Latins, that are their Allies and Confederates. The Man being taken with this, as with a Divine Admonition from Heaven, and over-persuaded with what Domitius had said, forthwith returned home. And thus Domitius by his seasonable and prudent advice, delivered his Country from dreadful Mischiefs that threatened it, addressing himself to Pompaedius, much better than Servilius the Proconsul did to the Picentians. For he spoke not to them as to Freemen and Allies, but as to Slaves, and insulted over them with the greatest scorn and contempt imaginable, and threatened and terrified them to that Degree, that he stirred up the Confederates, to the Ruin and Destruction both of himself and others. But Domitius on the contrary, by his Mild and calm Discourse, allayed the Fury and Violence of the Enraged Multitude.  
2. There was one Agamemnon a Cilician, for his many wicked pranks and slaughters of the Confederates, was committed to Prison in 
* A City in A pulia, in Italy.  Asculum by the Romans. This Man being Released by the Picentians, in gratitude for the kindness showed him, Fought resolutely on their side: And being enured to Robberies from a Boy, joining with others of the like Gang, he Wasted and Spoiled the Enemy's Country.  
3. The Inhabitants of the City 
* In Italy  Pinna, for their constant Fidelity to the Romans, fell into most dreadful calamities, for being obstinately resolved not to desert the Romans (without any touch or Sense of Natural affection) were forced to see their Children knocked on the Head before their Eyes.  
4. Lucius Suila bravely and gallantly performed most noble Actions, and his Fame and Renown was Blazoned all over the City: And the People of Rome judged him worthy of 
Lucius Suila.  the Consulship, looking upon him as a Man Eminent, both for Valour and Conduct in Martial affairs: To conclude, it was apparent, he was likely to arrive at the highest pitch of Glory.  
5. Mithridates' having conquered the Roman Generals in Asia, and taken many Prisoners, 
Mithridates, cited by Ush An 515.  sent them all home Clothed, and with provision in their Snapsacks. This mild Passage was cried up every where, that all the Cities generally came flocking in to him; insomuch that Ambassadors came to him from all Cities, inviting him by their public Decrees to come in to them, calling him their God, and Deliverer. And upon notice of the King's approach, the People came huddling out of the several Cities in white Garments, to to Salute him, and received him with great joy and acclamation.  
6. Mithridates' his Party sweeping all before them in Asia, as they went without Control, all the Cities strangely Revolted from the Romans: And as for the Lesbians, they resolved not only to yield up themselves to the King, but to deliver up Aquilius also, 
Mithridates; cited by Ush. An. ibidem.  who flew away to Mitilene, and lay there to be Cured of a Disease. Whereupon they sent to his Lodgings a Company of choice Youths, Stout and Resolute, who came rushing into the Room where Aquilius was, and took him and bound him, supposing he would be a most rare Present, and very acceptable to Mithridates: But Aquilius tho' he was but as yet a Youth, performed a most Noble and Heroic Act; for preferring Death before Disgrace, and the punishments of a Slave, he prevented them that were ready to hurry him away, and killed himself. With which desperate Act, those that came to take him along with them, were so Terrified, that they durst not approach him. 
* But Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 33 c. 3. says Mithridates, poured melted Gold down his Throat, for his Covetousness. Ush. An. 518. Ant. Ch. 88 This was in the War between Mithridates and tue Romans.  His Valour and Resolution therefore was cried up every where, who by the putting an end to his own Life, had rescued himself with an undaunted Courage from the Torments designed to be Executed upon him.  
7. In order to a Sea Fight, the Rhodians were overmatcht in nothing, but in the number of Ships, and in all other respects they were far Superior, as being the better Pilots, knew better how to order their Ships, ply the Oars, had the more sprightly Soldiers, and the more expert Commanders; whereas on the contrary, the Cappadocians were but Fresh water Soldiers, seldom exercised at Sea Fights, and, which commonly proves the Bane of all, did all Tumultuously and without any Order. It's true indeed, they were as cheerful and ready to Engage as the Rhodians, because they were to Fight just under the King's Eye, and therefore desired to approve their Loyalty and Affection to him; and in regard they only overpowr'd their Enemies in number of Ships, they used all the Arts and Contrivances they could devise, to Surround and Him them in.  
8. Caius Marius was the most renowned Person of any of his time, when he was young; he was ambitious of Honour and Glory, free from Covetousness, and performed many 
Caius Marius, occasioned great troubles in Rome.  noble Acts, both in Europe and Africa, so that his Name was famous, and cried up in all Places. But when he grew old, and coveted the Riches of King Mithridates, and the Wealth of the Cities of Asia, and sought against the Laws to have the Province which was allotted to Cornelius Silvius, to be transferred to him, he fell justly into many Calamities; for he not only missed those Riches which he Coveted, but lost all that were his own; the Quaestors by reason of his extraordinary Covetousness being sent, to seize upon all his Goods for the public Use. He was moreover by the Judgement of the People condemned to die, but escaped that punishment by flight, and wandered Solitarily and alone, up and down Italy, and at length got into Numidia, poor and destitute of all things Afterwards when the Civil Wars broke out in Rome, he joined with those that were judged Enemies to the Romans, and being Victorious, he was not contented with his Return into his own Country, but raised great Commotions in the Commonwealth; But at length having gained the Seventh Consulship, and by his own Misfortunes, learned the inconstancy of Fortune, he was unwilling to put things to a hazard any more: And therefore foreseeing the dreadful War Sylla was bringing upon his Country, he Murdered himself; but leaving behind him the Seeds of a most grievous War, he involved his Son and Country in most dreadful Calamities: For his Son being forced to contest with an Enemy more Potent than himself, he most miserably perished (upon taking of the City) in a Vault, whither he fled to hid himself. And the People of Rome, and Cities of Italy, having been now long engaged in a cruel War, fell under most dreadful Calamities. For two principal Men of the City, Scaevola and Crassus, without any Course of Legal proceed, were Murdered in the Senate; whose cruel Murder plainly evidenced the greatness of those Miseries that then threatened both the City and all Italy. For the greatest part of the Senate, and the most eminent Men of the City were slaughtered by Sylla, and no less than 100000 Soldiers were slain, either in Mutinies or Battles; and all these Miseries were at first occasioned by the Covetousness only of Marius.  
9 Lucius Cornelius Merula, who was chosen Consul in the room of Cinna; when Cinna agreed to Peace, upon Condition he might be restored to the Consulship, approved himself a good Citizen, and evidenced his extraordinary love to his Country. For addressing himself to the Senate and People, and Discoursing concerning what might most tend to the public good, he promised he would be the Procurer of Peace; and whereas he was chosen Consul much against his Will, he declared he would now freely of his own accord give up his Authority into the hands to Cinna; upon which he forthwith surrendered his Consulship, and became a private Man. The Senate hereupon sent Ambassadors to Cinna, and having agreed with him upon the Terms of Peace, introduced him into the City.  
10. Lucius Sylla being greatly straitened for want of Money, rifled Three Temples 
Lucius Sylla.  that were full of devoted Gold and Silver, that is the Temple of Apollo at Delphos, of Aesculapius at Epidaurus, and the famous Temple of Jupiter at Olympus, out of which last, he carried away a vast Treasure; for that it had never been before violated. But as to the Temple at Delphos, the Phocians in the time of the sacred War, had drained it of its Wealth. When Sylla therefore had thus heaped up a mighty mass of Gold and Silver, and other Treasure, he was sufficiently furnished with Money to carry on the War in Italy. But having without all Fear or Sense of Religion, thus robbed the Temples, he consecrated a piece of Land to the Gods, for the maintaining of yearly Sacrifices, in lieu of the Money: And would often in a Joke and Jest say, That he was sure to be Victorious in all Encounters, who had the Gods for his Assistants, and for that end, had helped him with Money.  
11. Fimbria having outran Flaccus, and gotten a long way before him in his March, 
Fimbria his Soldiers spoil the Country by Licence Cited, Ush. An. 522, 523.  thought he had now gained a most convenient opportunity for some Commotion or other; and therefore that he might endear the Soldiery to him, he permitted them to make incursions into the Countries of their Allies, and make what havoc they pleased therein, and to take Captive every one they met withal. The Soldiers very readily embraced the Licence, so that within few days, they had scrambled together abundance of Wealth by their plundering. But those that had been spoiled of their Goods, went to meet the Consul, and made bitter complaints to him of the Injuries they had received, who being much troubled at the business, commanded them to follow him, and he himself would see restitution made to every one that had suffered; and accordingly with Threats he commanded Fimbria to return forthwith to the Owners, whatsoever had been taken away from them. But Fimbria laid all the blame upon the Soldiers, who did this without any Commission from him; but covertly he advised them, not to regard the Consul's Command, nor suffer that to be taken from them which they had got by the Law of Arms: Upon this, when Flaccus commanded restitution to be made of their Rapine, adding threatening to his commands, the Soldiers refused to Obey, so that there followed a great Mutiny in the Camp.  
12. Fimbria having again crossed the Hellespont, animated his Soldiers to Rapines and 
Fimbri. Ush. An. 524.  all kind of Villainies, exacted Moneys from the Cities, and divided it amongst the Soldiers, who having obtained an uncontrolled Licence, did what they listed, and allured moreover with the hopes of a large Income, loved Fimbria as one who had deserved extremely well of the whole Army. Moreover those Cities that had stood out against him, when he had taken 'em, he gave them to the plunder of his Soldiers, and so he dealt 
Ush. An. ibi.  with * Nicomedia.  
13. The same Fimbria being admitted into Cizicum, professing himself a Friend to the 
Fimbria. Ush. An. 523. Ant. Ch. 85.  Place, as soon as he was got in, began to Impeach all the wealthiest of them, and charge them with some Crime or other: Two of these, the principal Men of the City, after he had passed Sentence on them, he caused to be whipped with Rods, to terrify the rest, and afterwards struck off their Heads, and set their Goods to Sale, and forced others out of Fear, to give him all they had, as a Ransom for their Lives.  
14. Cn. Pompeius addicted himself to Martial Affairs, and inur'd himself to the hardships and Fatigues of War, so that in a short time he became very expert in Military Matters: For casting off all Sloth and Effeminateness, he was always Night and Day doing something or other that was useful and advantageous for matters relating to War: For he was very sparing in his Diet, eat his Meat sitting, and altogether forbore Baths, and such like delights. He allotted but a few Hours of the Night for Sleep, and spent the rest in the Cares of a General, relating to what he was to put in Execution the next Day; so that by his constant forethoughts of the uncertain Events of War, he became a most expert Commander. And therefore, whereas another could scarce in the same time sit himself to take upon him the Charge of an Army already raised, in that time, and much less he Raised them, Trained, and Disciplined them. And when the News of his famous Exploits was brought to Rome, every Body at first reflecting upon his youth, more than thinking upon his Valour, slighted him, supposing the Messengers stretched in their Relations, and made things look bigger, than in truth they were. But when the certain Event confirmed the former Report, the Senate sent out 
* Junius Brutus.  Junius against him, whom he routed and put to Flight.  
15. Lucius Scipio's Army being corrupted, Revolted, and went over to Sylla; Scipio 
Lucius Scipio.  now looking upon himself as a lost Man, Sylla sent to him a Party of Horse to conduct him whithersoever he pleased. Being therefore forced in a Moment to lay aside the Ensigns of his Authority, he was forthwith by the courtesy of Sylla, brought in a private Habit to the Place he desired. But presently after he resumed the Ensigns of his Authority, and again Marched forth with a considerable Army.  
16. In the mean time the Persons of the greatest Quality at Rome, by false accusations, were put to death, amongst whom Quintus Mucius Scaevola, the chief Priest, a most honourable and virtuous Person, came to an unworthy End, only the Romans were fortunate in this, that the High Priest died not in the most Sacred Place: For the cruelty of the Murderers was such, that they laid him upon the very 
* Of Vesta.  Altar, and there cut his Throat, so that by his own Blood, he extinguished that Fire that out of a Religious Devotion, from Ancient times was ever kept Burning.  
17. The Names of those that were proscribed, being fixed up in the Marketplace, on 
Proscriptions, Liv. Epitome. lib. 89. A remarkable Instance of one proscribed, who gloried over others.  a sudden a Multitude of People came flocking in to read it, of whom very many pitied those that were thus Condemned to die. But one amongst the rest a most malicious and insolent Fellow, gloried over the miserable Condition of the afflicted, and bawled out most spiteful words against them, whom some incensed Deity forthwith repaid with a just Revenge. For by chance reading his own Name, as one proscribed at the bottom of the Roll, he presently threw his Gown over his Head, and began to fly through the thickest of the People, but being known to one that stood next to him, who discovered him to be one condemned, he was instantly surrounded and seized, and then put to death to the great joy of all that heard of it.  
18. Cneius Pompeius being a long time Praetor in Sicily, applied himself to the business 
Cn. Pompeius  of the Courts of Justice, and deciding both public and private Controversies, discharged his Office with so much diligence and integrity, that none ever merited more Commendation. For tho' he was but Two and twenty years of Age, a time which might have drawn him off by foolish youthful Lusts, yet he carried himself with so much gravity and sobriety all the while he was in Sicily, that the Virtue of the young Man was much admired by all the Sicilians.    

FRAGMENTS OUT OF The Lost Histories OF Diodorus Siculus, CONCERNING EMBASSIES.  
Published by Fulvius Ursinus.  
LONDON, Printed by Edw. Jones, for A. and J. Churchill at the Black-Swan in Pater-Noster-Row: 1699.   

To the READER.  
THese few Fragments, together with those of Polybius, Dionysius Halicarnassus, Dion Casseus, and Appian were Published in the Year of Our Lord 1581. By Fulvius Ursinus a Roman Born, and Eminently Learned; But for a further and more particular Account of 'em, I refer the Reader to the Epistle to the Fragments of Valerius placed next before these. And therefore have now no further to add, but an acknowledgement of Thanks due to a Learned Person in Oxford, through whose Candour the Book out of which the Translation of these Fragments was made, was brought to hand for perusal.  
I. IN the Reign of Tullus Hostilius King of the Romans, the Albans, jealous of the 
Olymp. 27. Ant. Ch. 669. About the 31 of Manasses. King of Judah.  growth of the Roman Power, pretended that the Romans committed Thefts and Robberies in their Country, and therefore sent Ambassadors to Rome to demand Justice, with Instructions, that if they did not hearken to them, to denounce War against 'em; Hostilius the King of Rome understanding that they sought occasion to pick a Quarrel, and begin a War, Commanded his Friends and Officers to Entertain the Ambassadors courteously, and persuade them to Peace and Amity. But the King not willing hastily to give 'em Audience, sent some in the mean time to the Alban with Orders and Instructions like to those of the Alban to him; ordering this, as prompted thereunto by 
Livy lib. 1. Dionys. lib. 3.  that Ancient Custom, according to which the Old Romans studied nothing more than that their Wars should be Just and Warrantable: For he was very cautious lest not being able to find out the First Authors of the Depredations, or such as were to be delivered up to the Demands of Justice, he should be thought to be the first Fomenter of an unjust War. But it falling out that the Ambassadors that were sent to Alba were first denied Justice; upon the 30th. day they denounced War against the Albans. 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  The Alban Ambassadors, according to their desires received Answer, That they being the first that denied doing Justice, the Romans were they that now denounced War against them. And these were the Reasons that the People, who were before Allied by Marriages, and at mutual 
Here seems something to be defective, to be supplied by Livy, lib. 1.  Amity one with another, now became Enemies, and Alienated one from another.  
II. When Cambyses King of Persia was Lord of all Egypt, the Lybians and Cyrenians confederating with the Egyptians, sent Presents, and promised entire Obedience and Subjection to their Commands.  
III. The Ambassadors that were sent from Nabis and 
* Titus Quintus Flamininus, not Flaminius as Plutarch says; for Flamininus was of the Patrician, but Flaminius of the Plebeian. See Livy. lib. 32. Ant. Ch. 189.  Flamininus to Rome concerning the terms of Peace, after they had opened to the Senate the Matters given them in Charge; the Senate decreed the Articles to be confirmed, and that all their Garrisons should be removed, and their Forces drawn out of all parts of Greece. When Flamininus heard of the Senate's Decree, he Summoned all the Nobility of Greece from all parts, to meet in a General Council, where he rehearsed to 'em the great Kindnesses and Good will of the Romans towards the Grecians, and Apologized for the matter relating to Nabis, because they did in that Affair, as far as they were able. He told them likewise, that according to their Desire all the Inhabitants of Greece should be free and eased of all their Garrisons, and above all, be Governed by their own Laws. But he begged the Greeks would so far Gratify him, as to inquire what Italian Servants were among 'em, and to discharge them within Thirty Days; which was done accordingly.  
iv The Senate again gave Audience to the Grecian Ambassadors, and Caressed 'em with very fair words, desirous to have them earnest and forward in the prosecution of the War against 
* The Great.  Antiochus, which they suddenly expected. They gave Answer likewise to the Ambassadors of 
* King of Macedon.  Philip, that because he maintained his Fidelity they would free him from Tribute, and discharge his Son 
* Who was a Hostage. Liv. lib. 34. See Livy Decad. 4. lib. 4.  Demetrius. And to those that came from Antiochus they appointed Ten of the Senate to hear what they said they had in charge from the King. When the Commissioners sat, one of the Ambassadors named Menippus, Precedent of the Embassy, Declared, that they came to make up a League of Friendship and Confederacy between the Romans and Antiochus. But he said that the King greatly wondered for what manner of reason the Romans should lay their Commands upon him, what parts of Europe he should make his Concern; What Cities he should not meddle with, nor collect the Tributes of some that were in Arrear; that it was not usual for those that are making a Treaty upon equal Terms, but for the Conquerors, to Impose in such a manner; And that their Ambassadors that were sent to him to Lysimachia, imperiously charged him with these things: That Antiochus had no War with the Romans, and if they have a mind to enter into an Alliance and League with him, he was ready. Flamininus Answered, there were two things propounded by the Senate, let him choose which of them he would; and that is, If he would relinquish all his Pretences in Europe, the Romans would not meddle with his Concerns in Asia: And if this did not please him, than they were to let the King know that the Romans would assist their Friends and Allies when oppressed. The Ambassadors replied, They could not agree to any thing that might impair the King's Sovereignty. The next day the Senate told the Grecians, That if Antiochus did busy himself, and intermeddle with any thing in Europe, the Romans would with all their Care and Diligence imaginable set free all the Greeks that were in Asia. The Grecian Ambassadors hereupon approved of all by an Applause, but the King's Ambassadors entreated the Senate that they would consider into what Dangers and Miseries both Parties would be brought, and not to be rash in their Resolves, but that they would give the King time to consult, and themselves to be better advised about these things.  
V As to the Aetolian Ambassadors that sought for Peace, the Senate decreed, that they should either give up all their Country to the Romans, or forthwith pay to them a 
Liv. lib. 37.  Thousand Talents of Silver, upon this severe Answer (never suspecting any such thing would have been enjoined) they were seized with great Fear, and being that they had adhered to the 
* Philip of Macedon.  King they fell into inextricable straits and perplexities, not having any means left, or way open to escape utter Ruin.  
VI Antiochus hearing that the Romans had passed over into Asia, sent Heraclides of Byzantium to Treat with the Consul about a Peace, with offers to bear half of the Charges 
Antiochus the Great. Ant. Ch. 187. Livy. lib. 37. Polyb. Leg. 23.  of the War; to give up Lampsacus, Smyrna, and Alexandria, upon the account of which Cities he conceived the War broke forth: For those were the first of all the Greek Cities of Asia that by their Ambassadors to the Senate, prayed the Assistance of the Romans for the regaining of their Liberty.  
VII. Antiochus promised Publius Scipio the Precedent of the Council to release his Son 
Ant. Ch. 189. Justin. lib. 34. c. 7. Polyp. Leg. 23.  without Ransom, whom he had taken prisoner when he lay about the Island Eubaea: and besides this, that he would give him a great Sum of Money upon the obtaining of a Peace. Scipio answered that he would return the King Thanks for the Release of his Son, but that he did not want those Sums; and in requital of so remarkable a Kindness, he advised him as a Friend not to withstand the Pomans, of whose Valour he had had Experience. But Antiochus judging those terms to be harder than were fit to be complied with, rejected his Advice.  
VIII. In Rome before the overthrow of Antiochus, the Ambassadors from the Aetolians being brought into the Senate, and not in the least excusing the Faults, but setting forth the great Services the Aetolians had performed to the Roman State; one of the Senate risen up and asked the Ambassadors whether the Aetolians had given up themselves to the Protection of the Romans? The Ambassadors being hereupon silent and dumb, the Senate suspecting that the Aetolians fixed their hopes in Antiochus, sent them back into Greece with a fruitless Embassy.  
IX. Antiochus laying aside all thoughts of War, sent Ambassadors to the Consul to ask 
Ant. Ch. 187.  Pardon for his Miscarriages, and to procure a Peace upon any terms that possibly might be had. The Consul keeping close to the Moderation and Clemency of his Country, and advised likewise by his Brother 
* P. Scipio. Vid. Liv. lib. 38. Polyb. Leg. 35. Liv. lib. 37. Just. lib. 31. c. 8.  Publius, agreed to a Peace upon these Conditions; That the King should leave all Europe to the Romans, and part likewise with all the Countries and Cities lying on this side the Taurus; That he should give up all his Elephants and long Ships, and pay all the Charges and Expenses occasioned by the War, which were computed to Fifteen thousand Euboean Talents. That he should deliver up into their Hands Hannibal the Carthaginian, and Thoas the Aetolian, and some others, and give Twenty Hostages, such as the Romans should nominate. Antiochus out of a longing desire of Peace having accepted these Conditions was freed from the War.  
X. After the overthrow of Antiochus there came Ambassadors from all the Cities and 
Liv. lib. 37. 38. Polyb. Leg. 25. 36.  States of Asia, some concerning the Freedom of their Cities, others relating to Congratulations for the good Services they had done for Rome, in joining in the War against Antiochus. To all which the Senate gave great Encouragement, and said they would send Ten Commissioners into Asia, who with the 
* Praetors.  Generals should bring all Orders with them. When the Ambassadors were returned into their own Countries, the Ten Commissioners with Scipio and Aemilius met in Council together, and decreed that the Regions on this side T 〈…〉 us should be given to Eumenes, and the Elephants. But Caria and Lycia they assigned to the Rhodians. They ordered likewise that such Cities as paid Tribute to Eumenes should be subject to him; but that such as were Tributary to Antiochus should be freed from all Tribute whatsoever.  
XI. When the 
* Gallogreeks.  Galatian Ambassadors came to Cncius Manlius the Proconsul to Treat for Peace, he answered he would come to terms of Peace with them when their Kings came to him.  
XII. The same coming into Lycaonia brought 
* Wheat.  Corn that was due from Antiochus, and the yearly Tribute of a Thousand Talents according to the Articles of Peace.  
XIII. The General Assembly of the Achaians coming together in Peloponnesus, the Roman Commissioners met them, and Declared that the Senate was much displeased at the 
Ant. Ch. 186.  demolishing of the Walls of Lacedaemon, which was done by the States of Achaia when they were Lords of Sparta, and had brought the Lacedæmonians as Members into the same Commonwealth. To this Assembly came the Ambassadors of Eumenes, and brought along with them a 
* Polyb. Leg. 41. 120. Talents.  Present of Twenty Talents; out of which the King intended the Charge of such as were Members of the Achaean Senate should be defrayed. But the Achaians disliking the disposal of the Money refused the Gift. Thither likewise came Ambassadors from Seleucus, to renew the League formerly made between the Achaians and Antiochus, which League they renewed and accepted the Present sent from him.  
XIV. Ambassadors coming to Rome from the Kings and Princes of Asia, those Princes with Attalus had a Noble Reception, for they were met with great State. and Pomp, and Presented with Rich Gifts, and other extraordinary marks of Respect and Favour; for for these Princes were fast Friends to the Romans, and observant in every thing to the Senate; and besides, having courteously Entertained above all others those Romans that came to visit the 
* Stratonice upon the news of Eumenes her Husband being dead. See Liv. lib. 42.  Queen, they were judged worthy of the most Honourable Recption. For these Reasons the Senate having heard all the Ambassadors, and especially desirous to gratify the Princes that belonged to Eumenes, returned them a Gracious Answer; For they signified that they would send Delegates from the Senate to put a full end to the War with Pharnaces.  
XV. The defrauding of Creditors in Thessaly, setting all in a Flame among the Aetolians, and every City being filled with Seditions, and Tumults; the Senate suspected that all this Confusion was caused by 
* King of Macedon. Vid. Liv. lib. 42.  Perseus, and Declared to his Ambassadors that they would acquit him of other Crimes whereof he was accused: But as to his ejecting of Abrupolis King of Thrace out of his Kingdom; they commanded Perseus, to 
* To'mend his manners.  rectify what he had done.  
XVI. When Arpalus Perseus' Ambassador was silent, the Senate so far Honoured Eumenes as to present him with an Ivory 
* Chair of State.  Chariot, and conferred upon him other Honours, and with special Favour and Respect sent him away into Asia.  
XVII. The same day the Senate decreed the War against Perseus, and declared it to the Ambassadors, but returned no Answer; and Commanded the Consuls expressly to reject 
* Perseus' Ambassadors.  them in the Assemblies, and ordered that the Ambassadors and all the Macedonians should that very day depart out of Rome, and within Thirty Days out of Italy.  
XVIII. 
* Ptolemy Philometor.  Ptolemy King of Egypt knowing that his Ancestors had been formerly Lords of Caelo Syria made great preparations to gain that justly, even by the Law of Nations that was before lost by an unjust War. 
* Antiochus Epiphanes. Ant. Ch. 166.  Antiochus having intelligence of these preparations, sent Ambassadors to Rome, Commanding them to acquaint the Senate, that Ptolemy had begun an unjust War against him; But he before named, sent Ambassadors to make his Defence, and to inform the Senate how Antiochus against all Right and Justice Lorded it over Caelo Syria, being Ptolemy's own Inheritance, descended to him from his Ancestors. But he ordered them to renew Friendship with the Romans, and to endeavour to 
Polyb. Leg. 72.  put an end to the War against Perseus,  
XIX. Ambassadors came to Rome from Rhodes to clear themselves of those Crimes that were charged against 'em; For in the War against Perseus they seemed in their Hearts to lean to the King, and to be lose in their Friendship towards the Romans;) But perceiving the aversion and displeasure of the Senate against 'em, they were greatly dejected; 
Ant. Ch. 193.  and when one of the 
* Marcus Juvhntiu●. Thalna. Liv. lib. 45.  Praetors (who had called together an Assembly) stirred up the People to a War against the Rhodians, they were exceedingly afraid upon the Account of their Country, and fell into that Consternation, that they put on Mourning Habits, not any longer making their Demands, or Soliciting after the usual freedom of Friends, but Deprecating with Tears, that nothing that was Remediless might be decreed against ' 'em. But one of the 
* Marcus Antonius, Liv. lib. 45.  Tribunes introducing them into the Senate, and violently plucking down the Praetor from the Desks, who was stirring them up to the War, he caused them to speak, who saying many things in a way of humble Supplication, received such an Answer as altogether freed them from their excessive Fears; But for some of their Crimes they were sharply rebuked.  
XX. About this time came Ambassadors to Rome from all parts to Congratnlate their Victories; the Senate courteously received them all, and returning them Gracious Answers, presently sent them back into their own Country.  
XXI. About this time there being many Ambassadors arrived, the Senate first dispatched those that came along with Attalus. For the Romans were jealous of Eumenes, by reason of some Letters that were intercepted, by which it appeared that he had confederated with Perseus against the Romans, being likewise accused by many Ambassadors that came out of Asia, and especially by those that were sent from King 
* King of Bythynia.  Prusias, and the Gallogreeks; those with Attalus readily answered to every Article of the Charge, and not only cleared themselves of all the Crimes, but returned home with much Honour and Reputation. However, the Senate did not altogether lay aside the Suspicion of Eumenes: but pitching upon Caius, sent him away strictly to observe his Affairs and Motions.  
XXII. Prusias became unworthy of the Royal Dignity, spent his days basely and sordidly in flattering his Superiors; and when the Roman Ambassadors came to him, he threw aside the Ensigns of Royalty the Diadem and the Purple, and imitating exactly the Garb of the Roman Libertines, met the Ambassadors with his Head shaved, and wearing a White Cap, and having on the Gown and * Shoes of a Manumitted Slave, so Saluted the Ambassadors, Declaring himself to be a 
* A Manumitted Slave.  Libertine of the Romans, then 
The Purple Robe.  which it's no easy matter to find a more dishonourable Title; and many other such mean things he had done before. And when he came to the Portico of the Senate-House, standing at the Door strait over against the Senators, he fell down prostrate upon both 
Polyb. Leg. ●7.  Hands, kissing the Threshold, and cried out with a loud voice to them as they sat, All Health! Ye Gods! The Saviour's! not sparing any high-soaring Compliments of unmanly Flattery and Effeminacy. And moreover, making a Speech in the Senate agreeable to his sordid Deportment, he proceeded so far as is a shame for me to write. But the Senate being offended at many things he said, returned him Answer suitable to his Flatteries. For the Romans are eager chief to conquer a Stout and Courageous Enemy.  
XXIII. Ambassadors came to Rome both from the younger and the elder Ptolemy. An Account of Affairs being given to those in the Assembly, the Senate upon hearing of 
Polyb. Leg. 117.  part decreed, that the Ambassadors from the 
* Ptolemy Philometor.  elder Ptolemy should departed out of Italy within Five Days at most, and the Confederacy be broken off. But that Ambassadors should be sent to the 
* Ptolemy Euergetes.  younger Ptolemy to Declare to him the Good Will of the Senate, and those things that had been signified to his Brother.  
XXIV. About the 155 Olympiad, Ambassadors came from 
* Ariarathes King of Capadocca. Ant. Ch. 158. Polyb. Leg. 119. 121. See Just. lib. 35. c. 1.  Ariarathes bringing a Crown of the value of 10000 pieces of Gold, signifying the Good Will the King bore to the Romans, and that upon their account he had prohibited Marriage and Amity with Demetrius; which was attested and confirmed by the Ambassadors from Greece. The Senate commended Ariarathes and accepted the Crown, and sent back to him such 
* A Staff and an Ivory Chariot, or Chair of State. Polyb. Leg. 121.  Presents as were of greatest Esteem among the Romans.  
XXV. At the same time Ambassadors came from Demetrius bringing likewise a Crown of the value of 10000 pieces of Gold, and those prisoners that were guilty of the Murder of Octavus: But the Senate had a long Debate what was best and most advisable to do in these Concerns; at last they accepted the Crown, but would not receive 
* Isocrates the Grammarian. defended it. Polyb. Leg. 122. 114.  Isocrates and 
* Leptinus stabbed Cneius Octavius the Roman Legate at Laodicea.  Leptinas that were offered to be delivered up to them.  
XXVI. The 
* Celtiberians Spaniards.  Celtiberians after the Victory, wisely foreseeing what would follow, sent Ambassadors to the Consul to Treat of Peace, but he looking upon it necessary to keep up the Grandeur and Magnanimity of his Country, made Answer, That they must either give up all to the Romans, or else be Victors in the War.  
XXVII. When the Romans were at War with the Carthaginians, the Carthaginians hearing that they were sailing to Lilybaeum, and not in the least making a Descent upon them, sent Ambassadors to Rome, and by them delivered up both themselves, and all the Concerns of their Country to the Romans. The Senate accepting the Surrender of their Country, gave this Answer; Since the Carthaginians are so well advised, the Senate returns them their Country, their Laws, their Temples, their Sepulchers, their Liberties and their Estates; (not at all mentioning their City Carthage, for that was concealed under these kind Concessions) if they would give Three hundred Sons of the Senators Hostages, and obey the Consul's Commands. They thinking hereby to be free from the War 
* To. Lilybaeum.  sent the Hostages not without great Lamentation. Afterwards 
* Consuls came to Utica. See Eutrop. lib. 4. 〈◊〉 lor. lib 2. c. 15. Livy. Epitome. lib. 49.  they came to Utica; and the Carthaginians again sent Ambassadors to ask what further commands the Romans would lay upon 'em; when the Consuls told them they must deliver up their Arms and Engines without fraud, they at first (because of the War against 
* Asdrubal, their General.  Asdrubal) took it heavily, however they brought in 200000 Arms of all sorts, and 2000 Engines. Afterwards the Romans sent again to the Carthaginians Commands, to send some Persons of their Senate to whom they would declare their further Commands, and accordingly they sent Thirty of the Noblest. Manilius the Signior Consul told 'em that it was the Senate's Pleasure they should leave the City they Inhabited, and build another 
* Engines to shoot Stones or Arrows.  Eighty Furlongs distant from the Sea: But the Ambassadors crying out for Mercy & Compassion, all of them cast themselves to the Ground, uttering many lamentable Complaints with Tears, upon which great confusion was raised in the Assembly: And when the Carthaginians were a little recovered out of their Consternation, one only, Named Blannus 
* About Ten Miles.  delivering himself in the natural Language of the Auditory, Debated the matter with great Heat and Earnestness, attended with an undaunted Presence of Mind, which moved the Auditors to Pity and Commiseration.  
28. The Romans being unmovable in their Decrees, as to the Razing of Carthage, the Senate commanded them forthwith to departed to Carthage, and to declare to the 
Ant. Ch. 14  Citizens what things were Decreed; but some of the Ambassadors refusing to return to their Country, fled each of them where ever they could; the rest choosing rather to return, went home, having thus finished a doleful Embassy. When the People came thronging together to meet 'em, they gave 'em never a Word, but beating their heads, and stretching out their hands, and invocating their Gods, they went on to the Court, and informed the Senate what things were commanded.  
29. The Arradians supposing they had got an opportunity to destroy those of Marathum, sent privately to Ammonius 
* Of Syria, under Alexander Bala. Olymp, 157.  Viceroy of the Kingdom, and with a Bribe of 300 Talents, prevailed with him to deliver up 
* A City of Phoenicia. Ant. Ch. 150.  Marathum, whereupon Ammonius sent Isadore to the Marathonians, who by his speech was to pretend some other matters, but in truth went to seize upon the City, and to deliver it up to the Arradians. The Marathonians being ignorant that they were designed for Destruction, yet observing how that the Arradians were higher in the King's Favour than themselves, refused the King's Soldiers Entrance into their City, and resolved to make their Addresses as Supplicants to the Arradians. They forthwith therefore sent Ten of the most Eminent of their eldest Citizens, as Ambassadors to Arradus, who brought with them a humble Address and Supplication, 
* An Island over against Phoenicia.  and the oldest Images of their Gods, which they had in their City, hoping that upon the account of their kindred, and moved with Reverence to their Gods, the Arradians would be appeased, and their anger diverted. As soon as they landed according to the 
See Vales. Fram. of Diodorus Siculus, 349, 3●●.  Commands given, they addressed themselves as Supplicants to the People: But the Arradians Blood being up, they slighted the usual and common Laws of Supplicants, and cast off all Reverence of their kindred's Images, and their Gods, and therefore broke the Images, and trampled them most shamefully under their Feet, and attempted to Stone the Ambassadors; but some of the Senators interposing themselves between 'em and the rage of the People (scarce restrained from stoning them, notwithstanding the Reverence they owed the Senators) commanded 'em to be conveyed to Prison.—  
The 
* Numantia i● Spain.  Numantines and 
* Germissum in Spain. See Patetcul. lib. 2. c. 4. Ant. Ch. 130. See Eutropius. lib. 4.  Termisians sent Ambassadors to the Romans, to treat of a Peace, which was granted to them upon these Conditions, that they should deliver up each their Cities to the Romans, 300 Hostages, 900 Soldiers Coats, 300 Hides, 800 Warhorses, and all their Arms, and they should be Friends and Allies to the Romans. There being a day appointed for the performance of these Conditions by the Cities, all was done according to the Articles, but when at last it came to the delivering up of their Arms, there a risen a certain Generous Regret and Lamentation, and a courageous Resolution in the Populacy to regain their Liberties. Therefore they were angry one at another they should ever consent, that they should like Women strip themselves of their Arms. Wherefore repenting of those things that were decreed, the Fathers accused their Sons, Children their Parents, and Women their Husbands, and so coming to themselves again, resolving not to deliver up their Arms, they renewed the War against the Romans.  
31. 
* Called Diodotus, one of Alexander Bala's Commanders King of Syria. 1 Mac●. 11. 39 c. 13. v 31, 32. Liv. l●● ●2. ●5.  Tryphon, of a private Man being made King, hasted all he could to establish the Government in himself, by a decree of the Senate: Wherefore preparing a golden Medal of Victory weighing 10000 Crowns, he sent Ambassadors to Rome, to present it to the People, not doubting but that he should obtain from them the Compellation of King, considering the Present which he sent was not only very rich in itself, but such whose Name carried along with it the happy Prognostication of Victory. But he found the Senate far more Subtle than himself, whose Prudence prompted them to a Dislike of those that 
Ant. Ch. 183.  deceitfully circumvent others: For they received the Present, and the good Omen, together with the profit, but instead of Grifon's Name, the Senate Decreed that the Title of the King that was treacherously Murdered, should be Engraven upon it; and thus doing they approved themselves haters of his wickedness in Murdering of the Child, and such as would not accept of the presents of wicked Men.  
32. There came with Scipio Africanus other Ambassadors to Alexandria, to view the whole Kingdom. 
* Antiochus Theos, Alexander Bala's Son, whose Guardian Tryphon was. See Justin, lib. 36. c. 1.  Ptolemy met them in Pomp and State, with a great Retinue, and Feasted them Sumptuously, and going about with them, showed them his Palace and Treasury. But 
* Ptolemy Euergeres, the second surnamed Physeon.  they being Persons Eminent in Virtue, contented themselves with a spare Diet, and such as was wholesome, scorning that rich Provision, as prejudicial both to Mind and Body. As for those things which the King esteemed as Rarities and Admirable, they only Glanced their Eyes upon 'em, and looked on 'em as things of no Value: But what was really worth their Eyeing, those things they viewed most exactly; as the Situation of the City and its Capacity, and particularly the 
* P. Scipio Africanus. Spurius Mummius. L. Metellus, See Cicero in Somnio Scip.  Pharos, and what belonged thereunto: Thence likewise they Sailed to Memphis, and took notice of the goodness of the Country, the conveniencies of the River Nile, the number of the Cities, the infinite Thousands of Inhabitants, the 
* The Pharos at Alexandria, that gave light to Seamen in the Night.  Fortification of Egypt, and the excellency of the Country, how well it was provided, both as to the Security, and Extent of an Empire: And having admired both the Populousness of Egypt, and the Conveniency of the Places therein, they were of opinion that the Kingdom of Egypt would easily swell into a vast Empire, if it once had Masters answerable. After the Ambassadors had well viewed Egypt, they went to Cyprus, and from thence into Syria. In short, they passed through most parts of the World: And carrying themselves Soberly, to Admiration in all Places wherever they came, they gained exceeding Honour and Reputation; and Travelling through most parts of the World, with the general Applause of all, they returned home. For those that were at difference, they reconciled one to another; others they persuaded to do Right and Justice, to those that complained against them; those that were impudently Obstinate, they were 
Antony's Changed 128.  necessitated to Curb and Restrain by Force; such Causes as were Difficult to be Determined, they transmitted to the Senate. Conferring both with Kings and their People, and renewing all former Leagues, they increased the love of all sorts to the Roman Government, and so all applying themselves in their several Countries to choose fit Persons, they sent Ambassadors to Rome, and highly applauded the Delegates with Scipio, and the Senate for employing of such Men.  
33. Bocchus, King of Lybia, having sharply rebuked those that would have persuaded him to make War upon the Romans, sent Commissioners to Marius, craving pardon for for his Crimes, and desiring to enter into a League, made many promises to be serviceable to the Romans for the time to come. But Marius ordering him to send Ambassadors to the 
Ant. Ch. 108.  Senate, to Treat of these matters, the King observed his directions, and sent accordingly. Upon which the Senate answered, that Bocchus should in every respect be received into Grace and Favour, if he could prevail with Marius. Marius' desirous to have 
* Natural Fortification. See Livy. Epit lib. 59  Jugurtha, the King his Prisoner, Bocchus willing to serve him, sends for 
* King of Numidia, Father in Law of Bocchus. See Liv. Epit. lib. 62, 64, 65. 66. Flor. lib. 3. c. 1.  Jugurtha, as if he would discourse with him about Business of concern to them both, and by this means seizes him, and delivers him Bound to Lucius Sylla the Quaestor, who was sent out for that purpose; and so by the misfortune of this Prince, he bought his own Safety, and escaped Punishment from the Romans.  
34. Ambassadors came from King Mithridates to Rome, with a great sum of Money, with hopes by that to corrupt the Senate. 
* L. Apuleus Saturninus, a Tribune of the People, hated the Senate upon former grudges. See Flor. lib. 3. c. 16. Livy Epitome. lib. 69. Ant. Ch. 99  Saturnius thinking now he had an advantage against the Senate, reproached and bespattered the Embassy at a great rate; the Senators instigated the Ambassadors, and promised to assist them, who thereupon called Saturnius in question for this abuse. There being then raised a mighty popular Tumult by reason of the violation of the Ambassadors, and of that constant Abhorrence the Romans have of such notorious Affronts, Saturnius (who was now condemned to die, by the Senate his proper Judges in such Cases) fell into most racking Fears and Perplexities; and because of the great Stirs and Tumults that were raised, in a Consternation he betook himself for Shelter to the Pity those commonly find that are 
* Unfortunate.  cast out of all; throwing therefore off his rich Apparel, and putting on a mean and sordid Habit; suffering his Beard to grow, he ran up and down to the Tumultuous throngs of People throughout the City, falling. down upon his Knees to some, catching others fast by the Hands, begging with Tears that they would assist him in his present Calamities, declaring he was Factiously oppressed by the Senate against all Right and Justice, and suffered all this for his goodwill he bore to the People; that the Senators were his Enemies, Accusers and Judges. The Mobb hereupon being all in an uproar, (affected by his Prayers and Entreaties) many Thousands of 'em run to the Tribunal, and unexpectedly for that time rescued him, and with the assistance of the People, he was again declared Tribune.  
35. Mark Anthony made a Peace with the Cretians, which they kept for some time; but afterwards calling together a General Council to consider what was most advisable for them to do in order to their advantage; the more Ancient and Prudent amongst them Counselled to send Ambassadors to Rome, to make Defence against those 
* The Father of Mark Anthony, who Married Cleopatra See Liv. Epit. lib. 97. was routed at Sea by the Cretians  Accusations that were brought against them, and by fair Words and Entreaties, to work upon the Senate to a Reconciliation. To this end they dispatched away Thirty chosen out of the most Eminent Men, for Ambassadors, who privately Visiting the Senators at their several Houses, and courting them with fine Words, secured those that made up the Assembly: and being Introduced into the Senate, they made their Defence against the matters objected against them with great Prudence, exactly setting forth their good Services, and their Associations with the Senate, desiring that they might be Restored to their former Amity, and Confederacy: The Senate pleased with what they said, gave forth a Decree, 
* The Senate had decreed Was against 'em because they assisted Mithridates by their Piraces Appian leg. 30 Dio. leg. 37.  by which they not only acquitted the Cretians, of the Crimes laid to their charge, but declared them Confederates and Friends to the State. But Lentulus surnamed Spinther, got the Decree reversed, however the Cretians were dismissed. But the Senate had often Debates concerning the Cretians, alleging, and at length concluding that they joined with the Pirates, and were Sharers in the Robberies; and therefore they decreed the Cretians should send in all their Ships to Rome, even to a Skiff of Four Oars, and resign the 300 
* Those they had of the Romans See Dion. leg. 37.  famous Hostages, and send away 
* Lasthenes had fought with Antonius.  Lasthenes and Paneres, and amongst them pay 4000 Talents of Silver. The Cretians hearing what was Decreed, went into a Consult about these Commands imposed upon them, the more Prudent amongst 'em, advised to be observant in all things to what was enjoined them: But those that were of Last thenes' party, and guilty of the same Crimes, and fearing lest being sent for to Rome, they should be there punished for their Offences, stirred up the People to a Sedition, advising them to maintain those liberties that they had ever, time out of Mind enjoyed.   

THE SUPPLEMENT Referred unto in the XVIIth. BOOK of DIODORUS, (Pag. 557.)  
1. How Alexander marching through a dry Country, for want of Water lost many of his Soldiers. Curtius, lib. VII. c. 5. 
ALexander himself, with a Band of Light-armed Men, marching all the Night, entered the Deserts of 
* Mistaken by Curtius for the Deserts of Sogdiana.  Susitana. The total want of Water, with the Thoughts of their desperate Condition (as is before declared) inflamed their Thirst before they had a reald esire to drink; for, for the space of 
† About 50 Miles.  400 Furlongs, not the least Lake, or any thing that was moist, appeared. The scorching Sun fired the Sands, which when inflamed, burnt up all round about like a raging Fire; hence, through the excessive Heat of the Earth, arose a Mist which obscured the Light, and all the Champagne seemed no other than if it had been the vast Ocean.  
Their March in the Night was tolerable, because their Bodies were refreshed by the Dew and Coldness of the Air, before the rising of the Sun; but when Light appeared, the Heat began, and Drought dried up all their natural Moisture, and both their Mouths and their very Entrails were altogether parched up with scorching Heat; and therefore first their Spirits and then their Bodies began to faint. It was grievous to 'em both to stand still and go forward: Some few of 'em, by the help of them that knew the Country, had got Water, which quenched their Thirst for a little while; but the Heat increasing, their desire of Drink was again the more inflamed; and therefore whoever had any Wine or Oil, it was presently guzzled down, and the present Pleasure of Drinking was so great, that it banished all fear of Thirst for the future. Those that had thus swelled themselves with immoderate Drinking, could neither carry their Arms, nor march forward; and those seemed to be in a far better condition that wanted Water, than they who by pouring it down to excess, were forced to vomit it up again. Those that were about the King seeing him grieved and much perplexed with these Misfortunes, entreated him to mind and take care of himself; for his Courage was the only Life and Relief of his drooping Army. While they were thus advising him, two of those that were sent before to mark out a convenient Place where to encamp, came with Water in their Vessels for the use of their Children who were in the Army, and whom they knew were not able to hold out without Drink: These meeting the King, one of 'em opened his Vessel, and filled a Cup which he had with him, and offered it to the King, who received it; but asked him for whom the Water was brought, who answered, That it was for his Children. Upon which. returning the Cup full as it was, I cannot find in my Heart (says he) to drink it alone; and 'tis to be divided amongst them all; away therefore with all speed, and give it your Children, for whom it was brought. At length he came to the River Oxus about evening, but a great part of the Army were left behind: He commanded therefore Fires to be kindled upon a high Mountain, that those that followed slowly after might know they were not far from the Camp. He commanded likewise those that were in the Van (having sufficiently refreshed themselves both with Meat and Drink) to fill all sorts of Vessels wherein Water might be carried, and help their Companions that were behind. But those that drank immoderately, quenched their natural Heat by Surfeit, and died presently, by which means he lost far more Men than he had done before in any Battle.   
2. How Alexander destroyed all the Branchidans (as Traitors to the Grecians) whom anciently the Persians forced to remove from their own Habitations to the furthest Part of the Kingdom. Curtius, lib. VII. c. 6. 
HE came to a little Town where the Branchidans inhabited, who heretofore removed from Miletus, by the Command of Xerxes when he returned out of Greece, and settled themselves in this place: They were they that 
* Gave Xerxes the Riches that were in it, Strabo, lib. 14.  violated the Temple called Did●●eus, to ingratiate themselves with Xerxes. The Customs and Manners of their Country were not as yet wholly laid aside, but they spoke a kind of broken Language, neither perfect Greek nor Barbarian. They received therefore the King very joyfully, and gave up themselves and their City into his hands. He thereupon called together the Milesians that were in his Army, who bore an old Grudge and inveterate Hatred against the Branchidans, he left it therefore to these Milesians, whose Ancestors had been betrayed by 'em, to do with them what they thought fit either to remember the Injury, and so revenge themselves, or the Original of the Branchidans, who were so their Countrymen, and upon that account to spare them. When they could not agree amongst themselves what to resolve upon, the King told 'em he himself would take time to consider what was fittest to be done. The next day the Branchidans meeting him, he ordered 'em to go along with him; and when he came to the City, he entered the Gate with a select Detachment, having in the mean time ordered the Phalanx to surround the Walls, and upon a Sign given to raze the City to the Ground, that had been a Nest for the Traitors, and to put them all to the Sword, Man, Woman, and Child. Hereupon being all disarmed, they were knocked on the head in every place up and down, and no stop could be put to their Cruelty by nearness of Language, or the Prayers and Tears of the poor and miserable People.  
At length they razed the Walls to the very bottom of the Foundation, that there might not remain so much as the least sign where it had once stood. Neither stopped they here, for they not only cut down, but rooted up the Sacred Groves, that they might leave all a vast and solitary Desert, barren, without so much as a Root in the Ground; which Executions, had they been inflicted upon the first Actors of the Treason, might have been judged a just Revenge, and not the Effects of Cruelty, as they seemed to be; for now the Posterity, who never so much as ever saw Miletus (and therefore could not betray it to Xerxes) suffered for the Faults of their Ancestors.—.   
3. How the King led his Army against the Sogdians and Scythians. Arrianus, lib. 4. 
IN the mean time the Barbarians that bordered next to the River, surprised the Macedonians that were placed in Garrisons in Scythia, and put them all to the Sword, and fortified the Cities for their greater Security. Many of the Sogdians joined with him in the Defection, being solicited thereunto by them that had seized upon Bessus, who likewise drew away after them some of the Bactrians, either because they were afraid of Alexander, or for that (as they gave the reason for their Rebellion) Alexander had summoned a Senate of the Governors of the Province to meet at Zariaspa, the greatest City there, from which Convention they saw no ground to hope for any good to themselves. When Intelligence was brought to Alexander of these things, he forthwith commanded his Foot in every Regiment to prepare Scaling Ladders; and he himself marched away with his Army to a City called Gaza, which was next to the Camp, and lay first in his way; for it was said the Barbarians had fled into seven Towns of that Country. Craterus he sent to Cyropolis, the greatest of all the Cities, and in which a very great number of the Barbarians had sheltered themselves. The King commanded him to encamp near the City, and to fortify his Camp with a Trench and Wall drawn round, and place such Engines upon his Bulwarks as he saw occasion to use, that the Townsmen being busy in assaulting, Craterus might have no leisure to come in to the assistance of other Cities. The King himself, as soon as he came to Gaza, forthwith at the first approach commanded his Men to set Scaling-Ladders round the Walls, which were but of Earth, and not very high. Upon which, the Slingers, Darters, and Archers, together with the Foot, made an Assault, plied and galled them that defended the Walls with their Darts, and shot out of the Engines, so that by Showers of Darts and Arrows the Wall was presently cleared of its Defendants, and the Scaling-Ladders in a trice were set to the Walls, and the Macedonians entered, and put all the Men to the Sword (for so Alexander had commanded) but the Women and Children, with the rest of the Prey, they carried away. Thence the King forthwith marched to another City (fortified much like unto Gaza) which he took much after the same manner the very same day, and dealt with the Prisoners after the same manner as with them at Gaza. After this, he made to a third City, which he took the next day upon the first Assualt.  
In the mean time, while he was reducing these Cities with his Foot, he sent away his Horse to two other neighbouring Cities, with Orders to watch 'em, lest the Inhabitants hearing of the taking of the Cities bordering upon 'em, and o● the King's near approach, should fly and leave the Cities, so as he should not be able to pursue with any hopes to overtake ' 'em. And indeed it fell out as he thought, which evidenced the sending forth of the Horse to be necessary: For the Barbarians, who still were possessed of two other Cities, seeing the Smoke of the City which was burnt, and was over-against 'em (besides some who escaped out of the Overthrow, brought them news of the City being taken) with all speed in whole droves fled out of the Cities, and fell in among the Horse that were sent forth, and multitudes of 'em were knocked on the Head.  
The King having taken and razed these five Towns in the space of two days, marched away to Cyropolis, the greatest of their Cities: The Walls of this City were higher than any of the rest, the Town being built by Cyrus. And forasmuch as there were many stout Men and good Soldiers, the Inhabitants of the Country were got together into this place; the Macedonians could not easily (like to the other places) take it at the first Assault, and therefore Alexander ordered, that with the Battering-Rams and other Engines they should batter the Walls, and wherever any Breach was made, there forthwith to make an Assault. But the King observing the Channel of the River (which ran through the City like a little Brook) to be then dry, and not contiguous or near the Walls, but affording a direct Passage for his Soldiers into the City, he took with him his Guard Targateers, Archers, and the Agrians (the Barbarians then busy in observing the Engines and those that managed 'em) and secretly with few at first entered through the Channel into the City, and broke down the Gates that were in that part, and readily let in the rest of the Soldiers: Upon which, the Barbarians perceiving the City to be entered, however set upon Alexander's Soldiers, and fought and resolutely, in which Conflict Alexander received a Blow on his Head and Neck with a Stone. Craterus and many others were wounded with Darts and Arrows; but at length the Barbarians were driven out of the Marketplace. In the mean time, those that assaulted the Walls entered, all being clear of those that should have defended them. In the first Conflict at the entering of the City, there were slain of the Enemy about eight thousand, the rest (for they were eighteen thousand that had there put in themselves) fled into the Castle, who after one day's siege for want of Water surrendered themselves. The seventh City the King took at the first Assault: Ptolemy indeed says that it was surrendered; but Aristobulus relates that it was taken by storm, and that all in it were put to the Sword. Ptolemy writes, that all the Prisoners were distributed in the Army, and ordered to be kept bound till the King left the Country, lest any one of 'em that revolted should be left behind.  
While these things were on foot, the Army of the Asian Scythians came to the Banks of the River 
* Not Genais, near the Lake Meotis, but another called jaxartes. See Pl. N. Hist. l. 6. c. 16.  Ganais, because they heard that some of the Barbarians inhabiting beyond the River had revolted from Alexander; and their aim therefore was, that if there were any considerable Defection, they likewise might act their part in falling upon the Macedonians. At the same time Intelligence was brought, that Spitamenes had besieged those that were left in Garrison in the Castle of Patachades. Alexander therefore sent Andromachus, Medemenus, and Caranus against Spitamenes, with sixty Horse of the Social Band, and eight hundred of the Mercenaries, who were under the Command of Caranus: But of Foot there were Fifteen hundred Mercenaries; with them the King joined in Commission one Pharnuches for an Interpreter, a Lycian by Nation, who was well skilled in the Language of the Barbarians, and therefore was judged a fit Person to transact matters with them.  
The King having in the space of 20 days Walled the 
* Called Alexandria, upon the Banks of jaxartes called Tanais.  City he had before designed to build, gave it the Greek Mercenaries to be Inhabited by them, and to such neighbouring Barbarians as had a mind to remove their Habitations and dwell there, and to some of the Macedonians that were Disabled, and unfit to bear Arms.  
Afterwards having Sacrificed to the Gods after the manner of his Country, and exhibited the Gymnick Sports, and Horse-Courses, finding that the Scythians did not March back and leave the River, but threw their Darts over, (for it was there very narrow) and after their Barbarous manner, gave out most opprobious and railing Language against Alexander, as that he durst not fight with the Scythians, and if he did, he should find by experience, how great a difference there was between the Scythians and the Barbarous asiatics: The King being provoked with these things, resolved to pass the River and fall upon 'em, and commanded Leather Boats to be made ready for that purpose. Having therefore Sacrificed for his good Success, the Entrails of the Beasts promised nothing that was Prosperous, which made him very uneasy, but he bore it very patiently, and stayed there. The Scythians still continuing their slight and contemptuous Language, he again Sacrificed, and when Aristander the Soothsayer declared that danger was portended, Alexander answered, it was better to undergo the extremest hazard, than for him who had Conquered all Asia to be a Scorn, a Mocking-stock to the Scythians, as Darius the Father of Xerxes was heretofore. Aristander, on the other side replied, that he would not declare any thing to the King, but what was portended by the Gods, tho' Alexander had rather hear other things. However Alexander's Boats being now ready, and his Army standing all in Arms at the River's Brink, he ordered that upon a Sign given, they should Discharge the Engines against the Scythians that Rid over against them, on the other side; which done, some of them were wounded with the Darts, and one of them especially was pierced with a Dart througli his Buckler and Breastplate, and fell down dead from his Horse. But the Barbarians being terrified with Darts that wounded them at so great a distance, and with the fall of that Valiant Man, by degrees drew off further from the Bank of the River. Alexander discerning 'em to be in disorder by the strokes of the Darts, with sound of Trumpet passed over the River at the head of his Army; and the Archers and Slingers being first sent over, he Commanded them to ply the Scythians with their Slings and Arrows lest they should fall in upon the Phalanx as they were passing over, before all his Body of Horse had recovered the other-side. When all had now gained the further Bank of the River, he first fell upon the Scythians with one of the Squadrons of the Social Regiment, and Four Regiments of those that were armed with Saralles, whose Shock the Scythians bravely bore up against, and surrounded 'em with their Horse, so that many overpowering them, that were but few, they easily kept themselves whole and entire. Alexander thereupon mixing his Archers and Agrians, and other select Troops (over whom Balacrus had the Command) fell in upon the Scythians, and being now on both sides mixed together, the King ordered three Squadrons of Horse of the Social Band, and all his Horse that were Darters, to Charge in upon the Scythians; and he himself at the Head of the rest of the Horse made strait upon 'em, so that now they were not able any longer to keep their Horse in a Ring as before; for the Horse pressed sore upon 'em, at the same time, and the light armed Men being mixed with the Horse, they suffered not the Enemy with any safety to Wheel about with their Horse to surround ' 'em. Upon which the Scythians were put to a Total Flight, and about a Thousand killed, and an Hundred and fifty taken Prisoners, amongst whom was Satrices one of their two Generals.   
4. How the Sogdian Noblemen being led forth to be put to Death, were unexpectedly preserved. Curtius' lib. VII. c. 10. 
SOme of the Prisoners of the Sogdians of Noble Birth, and Proper Handsome Men were brought before the King; who as soon as they understood by an Interpreter that they were to die, they began to Sing, Skip and Dance as Men transported with joy, using many Lascivious gestures of their Bodies. The King admining the greatness of their Courage, at the approach of Death, commanded them to be brought to him, and as●t them why they were so Excessively m●●y, when Death was even before their Eyes? who answered, that if they had been put to death by any others Command, they should have, been as Sad at the apprehension of death as other Men; but since they were sent out of the World by so great a King as was Conqueror of the World, they Celebrated their honourable death (which all valiant Men wish for) with Songs of Mirth and Jollity, after the Custom and Manner of their Country: The King wondering at their Courage asked them, whether they would not be his Enemies, if he was so kind and generous as to suffer them to live. They answered, they never were his Enemies, but as Invaded, Opposed him to defend themselves, and if any made trial of 'em by fair means, and not by Force and Injury, they would lay out themselves to the utmost, that none should exceed 'em in grateful Offices of respect. Then he asked 'em what pledges they would give of Loyalty. They replied, their lives which they had received from him, and which they would give him up again upon his demand. Nor did they sail him by Breach of promise: For they that returned into their own Counrey, kept their Countrymen in due Obedience, Four of them which he kept for Squires of his Body, proved as true and faithful to the King, as any of the Macedonians.   
5. How Alexander punished the Bactrians, and subdued the Sogdians a Second time, and built Cities in convenient Places to punish the Revolters. Arrianus lib. IU. 
ALexander himself Marched again to the River Oxus; for he resolved to make against the Sogdians, for he heard that many of them put themselves into Forts and Castles, and refused to obey the Provincial Governors the King had placed over them. At the time he was encamped near the River Oxus, two Springs risen out of the Earth near to Alexander's Pavilion, the one of Water, and the other of Oil: Of which prodigy 
〈◊〉 Courtesan lib. 7.  Pt●lemy Lagus forthwith informed the King as soon as he heard of it, whereupon Alexander without delay, at the command of the Priest, Sacrificed; Aristander the Priest told the King that the Fountain of Oil portended Labour, but Victory at last, the fruit of Toil and Pain: Marching therefore away with part of his Army against the Sogdians, he left in Bactria, Polyspercon, Attalus, Gorgias, and Meleager to be a Guard in that Country, both to keep them in Obedience that were Reduced, and to Subdue the others that had fallen off from their Allegiance; having divided his Army into Five parts, he gave the Command of Three of them to Hephestion; a Fourth part to Caenus and Artabazus: He himself with the Fifth entr'd the Country leading towards Maracanda. The rest entered wherever each of them could, and stormed the Forts of them that had possessed themselves of them, and others they took in upon Surrender. After all, the Forces (having first ran over the greatest part of the Country) joined together at Maracanda, he sent forth Hephestion to bring in Colonies into the Cities of the Sogdians: Coenus and Artabazus he ordered against the Scythians, because he heard Spitamenes was fled to ' 'em. He himself with the rest of the Army entering into Sogdiana, easily reduced the rest of the Towns that had revolted.   
6. How the Sogdians revolted the Third time, and how they were taken that betook themselves to the top of the Rock. Arrianus lib. IU. 
AFterwards at the beginning of the Spring, he Marched to a Rock to which he heard many of the Sogdians fled; and here it was said that the Wife and Daughters of 
* Curtius calls him Arimares lib. 7. c. 11. ●or by Strabo, Oxyartes had placed his 〈◊〉 in S●●mithres Rich in Bactria where Alexander Married ●●xana, one of 〈◊〉 Strabo 〈◊〉 11● 517.  Oxyartes had sheltered themselves. For Oxyartes placed them here as in a Hold that was Inexpugnable, he himself being one that had revolted from Alexander. And the King was the more earnest for that this Rock being taken, there appeared no Fort left in Sogdia that could encourage them to a Defection. When he came to the Rock, he found it steep and inaccessible on every side, and that the Barbarians had brought in Provision for a long Siege, and that the depth of the Snow, as it made the Approach of the Mace●●mians more difficult, so it furnished the Barbarians with plenty of Water. However Alexander resolved to assault the Rock. The Proud and Contemptuous answer likewise of the Barbarians stirred up Rage and Ambition in Alexander at one and the same time. For whereas at a Parley with them, he promised them that if they would Surrender, they should all have liberty to return safely home; they barbarously scoffed at him, and bid him seek some Soldiers that had Wings, who might so take the Rock, for they feared no other Mortals. Upon which Alexander commanded Proclamation to be made by an Herald, that he would bestow 12 Talents as a reward upon him that should first mount the Rock, and so the second and the third, in their due order should every one receive a reward till it came to the last that ascended the Rock, who should receive 300 Daricks; the hopes of which reward stirred up the Macedonians, who were eager before to fall upon them of their own accord. Three hundred therefore of those that were accustomed to climb Rocks, being drawn out, they furnished themselves with Cramp-Irons (wherewith they fastened their Tents) that they might fix them in the Snow where it was hard Frozen, and in other parts of the Rock where there was no Snow, and to them they tied strong Cords, and in the Night made to that part of the Rock that was steepest and highest, and therefore (as they conceived) lest guarded; and with the Cramps, some fastened in the Rock, and others in the Snow that was frozen, they scrambled up from place to place till they gained the Top: But of these, 30 perished in endeavouring to get up, so that their Bodies could not be found to be buried, being lost in the depth of the Snow; the rest about break of day recovered the top, and by shaking of the Linen clothes gave notice to the Army that they had gained the place, for that sign Alexander had commanded them: Upon which a Trumpeter was forthwith sent out with command to the Barbarians that they should without any further delay surrender themselves, for that he had now found Soldiers that had Wings, who had possessed themselves of the top of the Rock; and at the same time the Soldiers that had gained the Rock, presented themselves in view to the Barbarians, who being amazed at such an unexpected sight, supposing them to be more, and better armed than indeed they were, gave up themselves; the sight of a few Macedonians was so terrible to ' 'em. There were there taken Prisoners many of the Wives and Children of the Barbarians, and amongst them the Wife and Daughters of Oxyartes. Oxyartes' Son likewise was about the Age of Nine Years.   
7. Of the Hunting in Basistis, and the multitude of Wild Beasts there. Curtius, lib. VII. c. 1. 
HAving given a gracious Audience to the Ambassadors, he there stayed waiting for Hephestion and Artabazus, who being afterwards joined him, he came into the Country called Bazaria. Of the riches of the Barbarians in those Places, there can be no greater argument, than the multitude of stately wild Beasts that range in large Woods and Forests in that Country. They frequent spacious Woods pleasantly watered with many refreshing springs. They are Walled round, in which are built Towers for Stands to view the hunting of the Beasts. One of these Chases had remained free and untouched for the space of Four generations, which Alexander entering with his Army, he commanded the Game in all parts as he came to be roused; amongst which when a Lion of a vast Bigness met and set upon the King, Lysimachus (who afterwards was 
* o● Thra●●  King) happening to be next to Alexander offered to make at the Beast with his hunting Spear, the King put him by, and bid him be gone adding that the Lion might be killed by himself as well as by Lysimachus. This Lysimachus had before in a hunting in Syria killed an exceeding great Lion with his own hand, but he had been even at the point of Death, his left shoulder having been (in that Encounter) rend and torn even to the very Bone. The King twitting him with this, showed more of Valour afterwards in action than he did before in this expression; for he not only stood the Beast, but killed him at one blow. The story that was foolishly spread abroad that the King gave up Lysimachus to be devoured by a Lion, risen (I believe) from this accident before related. But the Macedonians (though the King was thus happily delivered) yet according to the Custom of their Country, established a Decree that he should not hunt on Foot without a Guard of his Captains and Friends. The King having killed Four thousand brave wild Beasts, feasted with his whole Army in the Forest.   
1. Of his Offence against Bacchus, and the Murder of Clitus in his Cups. Arrianus, lib. IU. 
TO declare in this place the death of Clitus, and the foul act of Alexander in that matter (though it happened some little time after) yet I judge it not altogether out of course. The Macedonians (it's said) have a certain day sacred to Bacchus, and Alexander was accustomed to sacrifice to Bacchus every year upon that day; but at that time he neglected Bacchus, and sacrificed to Custor and Pollux; and from that time he appointed Sacrifice to them, with Feasting always at that day. And whereas now the Company had been a considerable time quaffing and carouzing (for Alexander had now learned to imitate the Barbarians in his Cups) and all were heated with Wine, a discourse happened concerning the 
* Castor and Pollux.  Discorides how to derive their Original from Jupiter, and set aside that of Tyndarus; some who were present to flatter the King (which sort of Creatures are ever Pernicious both to the Persons and Concerns of Kings, and are ever at hand) delivered their Judgement that Castor and Pollux were not in the least respect to be compared to Alexander, and his brave and noble Actions: Others in their Cups did not spare Hercules himself; but said that Envy was the cause that debarred Mortals from these Honours that were due to them from those among whom they conversed. But Clitus who ever heretofore hated Alexander's imitation of the Manners of the Barbarians, and the discourses of his Flatterers, having now his Spirits something raised with Wine, was not able to bear those Contempts cast upon the Gods, nor that by undervaluing those Acts of the ancient Heroes, so thankless a piece of service should be paid to the King. And declared that Alexander had neither done such wonderful things as they cried him up for, neither did he do any of them himself alone, but the Praise of a great part of 'em was due to the Valour of the Macedonians. But Alexander was much enraged at these words of Clitus; neither indeed, can I commend him in what he said, for I am of opinion it had been much more prudent for him in this time of carouzing to have held his peace, as well as to forbear joining with others in this sordid Vice of Flattery: And whereas some called to mind the Acts of Philip, and did all they could most unjustly to bear down and make slight of all he did as nothing at all memorable (in the mean time caressing and extolling of Alexander) Clitus now not himself, began to advance the the actions of Philip, and vilify Alexander and his Achievements: And cast it in the King's Teeth (now raging like a Madman) amongst other things, how he had at the River Granicus in the Charge, in the Horse Engagement preserved him, and impudently stretching out his right Hand, cried out, This Hand O Alexander, preserved thy Life in that Battle: Alexander not being able longer to endure the unbridled Passion of Clitus, or his base language, nor his reproaches cast upon him, in a rage leapt out towards him, but was held back by them that were round about him; on the other hand Clitus let fly all the reproachful words he could devise, surpassing all bounds. The King with a loud voice called out for Argyraspides, and no Man regarding him, he cried out again that he was now in the same Condition Darius was in, when he was seized and led away by Ressus and his Accomplices, and that there was nothing left him but the Name of a King. His Friends then could not hold him any longer, but springing from them, some say he snatched a Lance out of the hands of one of his Guards, and with that run Clitus through, and killed him; others report it was with a 
* Macedonian Lance.  Sarissa delivered to him by one of the Guard; Aristobulus gives no account whence this mad Fit of Alexander's arose; but says all the fault was wholly in Clitus; for that when Alexander in a rage rushed up and made at him to kill him, he at a back Door shifted out of the way, and got quite out of the Trenches into the Fort to Ptolemy the Son of Lagus, a Squire of the Body, yet could not contain himself but must needs come back again; and lighting upon Alexander when he was calling out for Clitus, Here's Clitus, Alexander, said he, upon which the King ran him through with a Sarissa: As I cannot but greatly blame Clitus for his Insolency to the King, so I am troubled for Alexander on the other side, because at that time he exposed himself as guilty of Two Vices together, Anger and Drunkenness; to be overtaken with either of which, did not in the least become a sober Man. But yet again I must praise Alexander upon another account, that presently he repent of the soul Fact he had committed. For some who writ of the Affairs of Alexander, say, that he set the end of the Spear against the Wall, and attempted to run himself upon the point, because his Life seemed hateful to him, having through his Drunkenness destroyed his Friend. But many Writers do not mention this. But when he was upon his Bed he lay lamenting, calling and repeating still the name of Clitus. Lanices' the Daughter of Dropidus, who had brought up Alexander, received from him now he was a Man a large reward for his Education: she had lost Two Sons in the War, fight for the King, and had her Brother now killed by his own Hand: He cried out he was the Murderer of his Friends, and would neither eat nor drink for Three days space, nor take any care of himself what became of him. Some of Bacchus' Priests told him that these Misfortunes befell him because he had neglected to Sacrifice to Bacchus. His Friends had much ado to persuade him to eat or drink any thing to refresh him. But at last he sacrificed to Bacchus; since it was not displeasing to him that that misfortune should be imputed rather to the Anger of the God, than to his own wickedness.   
9 Of the Death of Calisthenes. Arrianus, lib. IU. 
AS to the Adoration of Alexander, how Calisthenes opposed him, and what relates to it, 'tis reported, That it was agreed between Alexander and the Sophisters, and some of the Nobility of the Medes and Persians that attended upon him, that in the time of their Feasting a Discourse should be started concerning this matter. Anaxarchus was the Person that began, and declared, That Alexander had more right to be accounted a God than either Bacchus or Hercules, not only for the greatness of his Noble Actions, but because Bacchus was a Theban, a mere Stranger, having no Communication with the Macedonians; and Hercules was of Argos, as much a Stranger as the other, save that Alexander was of the same Stock, for he was from the Heraclides; and 'tis far more just and equal for the Macedonians to adore their own King with Divine Honours than any other. And no doubt (he said) was to be made but they would pay to him Divine Honours when he was dead; therefore 'tis much better to adore him as a God while he was alive, than when he was dead, when their Divine Worship of him would be of no advantage to him. When these and other things to the same purpose were said by Anaxarchus, those who were of the same Pack praised all that was spoken, and declared they would forthwith 
* This Adoration was by Pro; stration.  Adore him: But many of the Macedonians, who condemned Anaxarchus' Speech, held their peace. But Calisthenes in the midst of the Silence spoke thus:  
Indeed, Anaxarchus, I count not Alexander unworthy of any Honour (how great soever it be) that is fit to be ascribed to Men; but there are prescribed Differences amongst Men between Divine and Human Honours, amongst many others in the Building of Temples and Erecting of Statues; for to the Gods we consecrate Oratories, offer Sacrifices and drink Offerings: To the Gods are sung Hymns; Men are praised, but not adored: Kisses in Salutations are given to Men, but the Gods are placed on high, and 'tis not lawful to touch 'em; and therefore they are worshipped with Adoration. Solemn Times of Dance are performed to the Gods, and Paeans sung to them. Neither is it to be wondered at, inasmuch as the Honours given to the Gods are various; some sort of Honours given to one, and others to another (especially those Honours of later time.) Nay; those Honours given to some of the Hero's differ from Divine Honours. 'Tis not therefore fit to confound these things, nor to advance Men above themselves and all Mankind besides, and to degrade the Gods, by Worshipping them with the same Worship wherewith we adore Men. Alexander himself would not suffer any private Man to usurp the Regal Dignity and Honours due to himself, though he gained 'em by the unjust Suffrages of the People; much more justly therefore may the Gods be angry if any mortal Man assume to himself Divine Honours, or accept of them from others. However, let Alexander be esteemed (as in truth he is) by many degrees the most Valiant of them that are Valiant, the greatest King amongst all other Kings, and amongst Generals the most Worthy to Command. But as for thee, Anaxarchus, 'tis thy Duty above any other to instruct Alexander in these things that have been spoken, and to d●ter him from the contrary; for thy Conversation he daily makes use of, in order to improve in Wisdom and Learning. Neither does it become thee to be the beginner of this Discourse, but rather to remember that thou art not advising Cambyses or Xerxes, but the Son of Philip, descended from Hercules and Achilles, whose Ancestors came out of Argos into Macedonia, and maintained their Empire not by Arbitrary Power, but by Ruling according to the Laws and Customs of the Macedonians. But Divine Hovours were not confevred upon Hercules himself by the Grecians while he was living, nay nor when he was dead, before the Oracle at Delphos commanded that he should be worshipped as a God. But if there be but few that are in the Country of the Barbarians, we ought to entertain the same Sentiments with them. And I earnestly entreat thee, Alexander, to remember Greece, for whose sake this Expedition was undertaken by thee, in order to add Asia to Greece: And now consider whether when you return thither, you can be able to compel the free People of Greece to adore you as a God, or (excepting them of Greece) you can impose this Dishonour and Slavery upon the Macedonians only, or whether it be fit that quite different Honours be there allowed you; being the Grecians confer only those that are Human, according to the Custom and Manner of the Greeks, when at the same time only the Barbarians worship you as a God after the manner of Barbarians. But if it be objected, That Cyrus' Son of Cambyses was the first of all mortal Men that was adored by Men as a God, and that since that time this Adoration has continued amongst the Medes and Persians; yet you are to consider how his Pride was curbed by the Scythians, a poor and indigent People. And how other Scythians again reduced Darius to more sober Thoughts of himself, and the Athenians and Lacedæmonians, Xerxes and Clearchus, and Xenophon, Artaxerxes, only with Ten thousand Men; and Darius now overcome by Alexander, when at that time no Divine Honours were decreed to him.  
When Calisthenes had spoken these and other things to the same purpose, Alexander took it very heinously; but what he said was very grateful and acceptable to the Macedonians; which being known, Alexander sent some to urge the Macedonians to remember the Adoration of the King; upon which there being a great silence, those among the Persians that were most Eminent for Birth and Honourable for Age, all rose up together, and 
* Prostrated themselves.  adored him. But Leonatus, one of Alexander's Friends, when he saw one of the Perfians sordidly prostrating himself, he fell a laughing at the poor and mean Gesture of the Persian; at which Alexander was at the first very angry, but was afterwards pacified. Some writ, that the King drank in a golden Bowl to them with whom he had made the Compact to adore him in a Ring as they sat, and that the first that pledged him, presently arose and 
* By P●ystrat●●.  adored him, and then kissed him, and so in order the rest did the same, one after another. But when it came to Calisthenes' turn, he risen up, and drank off the Bowl, and when he had done (without adoring him) drew near to the King to kiss him. Alexander was then accidentally discoursing with Hephestion, and therefore did not mind whether he omitted the Adoration or not. But Demetrius the Son of Pythonax, one of Alexander's Friends, observing when Calisthenes approached to kiss Alexander, informed him that Calisthenes had not adored him, upon which the King turned away from him; and thereupon Calisthenes said, he must now be discarded with the Loss of a Kiss.  
I cannot indeed praise either any of these things that tended to Alexander's Dishonour, or the Moroseness of Calisthenes; for I conceive it had been enough for him modestly to have carried himself, and for him who would serve the King, to promote his Affairs to the best advantage, as far as ever he was able: And therefore I am of Opinion, that Calisthenes was not without just cause hated by Alexander, by reason of the unseasonable liberty of his Speech and foolish Malepertness. For which reason (I believe) Credit was more easily given afterwards to his Accusers, by whom he was charged to be in the Conspiracy with the Pages against the King's Life, and to others who affirmed that they were put on to it by him.  
The Conspiracy was thus: There was an Order formerly made by Philip, that from among the Sons of the Macedonian Nobility, when they grew up to Men's estate, choice should be made of some from time to time to attend upon the King, both to be Squires of his Body, and Gentlemen of his Bedchamber: These Youths, when the King was about to ride, received the Horses from the Querries, and led them to the King, and after the Persian manner helped him to mount, and waited upon him whenever he went forth a Hunting: Among these, there was one Hermolaus, the Son of Sopolides, who studied Philosophy, and was Scholar to Calisthenes: The Report is, That a wild Boar in the course of Hunting meeting Alexander, this Hermolaus prevented the King (who was aiming at him) and killed the Boar. The King hereupon being in a rage to have the Opportunity of killing the Boar snatched out of his hand, commanded that the Youth should be whipped in the presence of all the other Pages, and have his Horse taken from him: Which Disgrace he not being able to bear, opened his Mind to Sostrates, the Son of Amyntas, one of his Companions, of the same Quality, and his Bosom Friend, and declared to him that his Life would be but a Burden to him, unless he could revenge the Injury done him upon Alexander; and it was no difficult matter to persuade Sostrates (being his special Friend) to join with him in this Traitorous Conspiracy. Antipater likewise, the Son of Asclep●odorus (Lord Lieutenant of Syria) Epimenes the Son of Arseus, and Anticles the Son of Theocritus, together with Philotas the Son of Carsides the Thracian, were all brought in by him to join in the same Treason. The Night that it came to Antipater's turn to wait in the Bedchamber, was the time pitched upon to kill Alexander when he was asleep. But it happened (as some writ) that Alexander that very Night sat up Drinking till Morning. But Aristobulus says, That a certain Woman of Syria pretending to be divinely inspired, still followed Alexander from place to place, whom Alexander and his Courtiers at first ridiculed; but when what she had foretold was still verified by the Event, she was no longer despised by Alexander, but was freely admitted to the King both by night and by day, and often was in his Bedchamber when he was asleep. 'Tis said at that time this Prophetess by chance met the King as he came from his Cups, and entreated him to return to his Companions, and spend the whole Night in Drinking. Alexander judging it might be a Divine Warning, returned, and by that means disappointed the Traitorous Designs of the Pages.  
The next day, Epimenes the Son of Arseus, one of the Conspirators, discovered the whole matter to his Friend Caricles the Son of Menander, Caricles to Eurylochus the Brother of Epimeves; Eurylochus going into Alexander's Tent; revealed all to Ptolemy the Son of Lagus, the Esquire of the King's Body, and he to Alexander, who forthwith ordered all that Eurylochus had named to be seized; who being apprehended, upon their Examination confessed their Treason, and discovered some others.  
Aristobulus indeed says, that they declared Calisthenes stirred 'em up to undertake this piece of Villainy, which Ptolemy likewise confirms: But there are some others that give another account of this matter, viz. That Alexander perfectly hated Calisthenes, and because there was a great Intimacy between him and Hermolaus, he was easily wrought up on by the Informers to suspect Calisthenes.  
Some likewise say, That Hermolaus being brought beforethe Macedonians, confessed that he himself plotted the Treason, and that it was not in the Power of any freeborn Man to endure the Disgrace and Dishonour Alexander had brought upon him; and then reckoned up all that Alexander in that kind had done; to wit, the unjust Death of Philotas, and with far more Injustice his putting to death Parmenio, Philotas' Father, and the rest that were then killed; the Murder of Clitus through his Drunkenness, his assuming the Habit of the Medes, the Edict for his Adoration, not yet recalled, his carousing and drunken Dozing; which vile Courses he not able further to endure, he was earnest to regain Liberty both to himself and the rest of the Macedonians. Hereupon Hermolaus and the rest that were seized were stoned to death by the Standers-by. But Aristobulus says, That Calisthenes was carried about with the Army in Chains, and died. Ptolemy says he was first racked, and afterwards hanged. So that these Authors, though of great Credit and Repute, and who were themselves present in the Army, and attending upon Alexander at the very time when these things were acted, yet cannot agree about a matter, whereof there could be no doubt at all at the time when it was done.   
10. The King's Expedition against those called Nauticans, or Naurans; and the Destruction of many of his Army by a great Snow. Curtius, lib. VIII. c. 4. 
THese things being thus set in order, the third Month he marched 
* From Naura, or Nautica.  out of his Winter-Quarters towards a Country called 
† In Sogdiana  Gabaza. The first day he had an easy March; the next day was not as yet stormy or gloomy, but something darker than the day before, not without some threatening of a Storm at hand. The third day the whole heaven flashed with Lightning, sometimes light, then presently dark, which not only amazed the Eyes, but terrified the Hearts of the distracted Army. The Air resounded with continual Thunder, and Thunderbolts up and down seemed to be shot from the Clouds; the Army, even struck deaf with the Thunder, as Men astonished, durst neither march nor stand still. Then on a sudden fell down a Storm of Hail like a violent Torrent. At first they covered themselves with their Shields, but presently their henumbed and frozen Hands let fall their Arms, neither did they know towards what Place or Country to move themselves, the Violence of the Storm being greater than could possibly be avoided, turn themselves, which way soever they would. Their Ranks and Orders therefore being broke, they wandered through the 
* O●r Forest.  Wood in Parties as they could; and many fainting rather with Fear than through Weariness, fell down upon the Ground, although the Fierceness of the Cold had frozen the Hail; others leaned themselves to the Bodies of Trees, which was to many both a Support and Defence. Neither were they deceived in choosing out a place to die in, when their natural Heat, overcome by the Cold, left them immovable.  
But it was a grateful Sloth to them that were tired out, neither did they count it irksome to find Rest by Death; for the Cold was not only vehement, but also not likely to abate, and the dark Shades of the Wood, besides the Storm (which was as the Night) suppressed and kept out the Light, that common Comfort and Refreshment. The King only was patiented under this sad Misforttune, and walked round his Camp, and brought together the dispersed, and lifted up them that were down, showing them the Smoke that came from Chimneys afar off, advising every one to take the highest Refuge. Neither did any thing conduce more to their Safety, than to see the King, who had taken more Pains than they, yet most unwearied of any, and therefore were ashamed to leave him. But Necessity, more forcible than Reason in their Distresses, found out a Remedy for the Cold: For hewing down the Trees with their Axes, they set the Heaps of Wood up and down on fire, so that you would have thought all the Wood had been on a ●lame, and scarce any place left for the Army to lodge. This Heat presently enlivened their benumbed Limbs, and by degrees their Spirits, which the Cold had even closed up, began freely to pass Some were entertained in the Houses of the Barbarians which hide from them in the late Wood; but now their Necessity had discovered others lodged in their Tents, which though wet, yet were more tolerable, the Fury of the Storm being something abated. This unhappy Accident swept away a thousand Soldiers and other mean 
* Scullions, Horse-boys, etc.  Attendants upon the Camp. 'Tis reported, that some were found standing at the side of the Trees, and seemed not only as if they had been alive, but as if they had been discoursing one with another in the same posture as they were in when they died.   
11. How Alexander falling in Love with Roxana, married her, and induced many of his Friends to marry the Daughters of the Chief Men among the Barbarians. Arrianus, lib. IU. 
Roxana, the Daughter of Oxyartes, was there likewise, a Virgin ripe for Marriage, 
* In the Rock before mentioned Sogdiana; but Strabo says it was at the Rick in Bactria. See before.  whom Alexander's Fellow-Soldiers judged to be the most Beautiful Lady of all Asia next to the Wife of Darius; upon sight of her, Alexander fell deeply in Love, yet would not by any means use her dishonourably as a Captive; neither did he disdain to take her for his Wife. Which Act of Alexander (I conceive) was more worthy of Praise than Reprehension. And for Darius' Wife (who was esteemed the most Beautiful Lady of all Asia) he neither was tainted so much as with an unlawful Desire towards her, or as a domineering Lord commanded her to his Bed, though he was then in the Heat of his Youth, and the highest pitch of Worldly Prosperity; which two Conditions are apt greatly to provoke Men to be very injurious to others: But he, out of a Reverence to her Person, spared her; herein evidencing his great Continency, and prompted likewise thereunto by a desire of his own Honour and Reputation.   
12. His breaking into India, and his putting all to the Sword in the first Country he entered, to be a Terror to the rest. Arrianus, lib. IU. 
IN the middle of the Spring, Alexander removed with his Army out of Bactria towards India, and left Amyntas there with three thousand five hundred Horse, and ten thousand Foot. Having passed the Caucasus, in ten days he came to Alexandria, which he had built in Paropanisus at his first Expedition into Bactria, and put out the Governor here for his ill Behaviour in the Place, and then Peopled the City with more Inhabitants out of the Neighbouring Countries, and such of his Macedonians as were grown unser ●ceable for the War, and made Nicanor, one of his Associates, Governor of the City;- but appointed Tyriaspes Commander of the whole Region of Paropanisus, and of all that Territory or Province as far as the River Cophene. Thence he went to the City of Nicaea, and there offered Sacrifice to Minerva, and then marched to the River Cophene, and sending an Herald, commanded Taxiles and the rest of the Governors of the Countries lying beyond the River to come to him. Taxiles and other petty Princes came first and met him, bringing him large Presents, such as were most esteemed in India, promising likewise to send him five and twenty Elephants. He there divided his Army, and sent Hephestion and Perdiccas into the Country called Peucelaotis towards the River Indus, together with the Troops of Georgias, Clitus, and Meleager, and half the Horse of the Social Band, and all the Mercenary Horse, commanding them to take in by fair means or foul all the Towns which lay in their way, and that when they came to the Bank of the River Indus, they should prepare all things that were necessary to pass over. And with them was sent Taxiles and other Commanders of those Parts, to put in execution, when they came to the River Indus, what Alexander had commanded.  
Astes, the Governor of the Country of Peucelaotis, offering to revolt, lost both himself and the City which he put himself into; for Hephestion came and besieged it, and after thirty days time took it, and kill Astes, made one Sangaeus Governor of it, who a little before forsaking Astes, had fled over to Taxiles, which made Alexander the more confide in him ever after.  
Alexander with his Band of Silver Targeteers, and the Horse of his Fellow Cavallers that went not with Hephestion, and the Troop of Horse called Asseteri, together with his Archers, Agrians, and Horse-Lancers, marched into the Country of the Aspians and Phyraeans, and Arosacans; and going on his way to the River Choes (which was for the most part mountainous and rocky) and having at last past that River, he commanded Craterus to come after him fair and softly with the Foot; and himself taking with him the whole Body of his Horse, and eight hundred Macedonian Foot-Targeteers on Horseback, he marched away at a great rate, because he heard that the People of the Country were fled, some to the Mountains, others to fenced Cities, and all to make head against him. Having set upon the first of these Cities that lay in his way, those which came forth to oppose him, he routed at the first Charge, and drove them back into the Town, but was himself wounded with a Dart in the Shoulder, which pierced through his Breastplate; but the Wound was but slight, the Breastplate repelling the force of the Dart. Ptolemy, Lagus, and Leonatus were likewise wounded. Then Alexander observing what part of the Wall was fittest to pitch upon for an Assault, encamped close to the City, just against that part. The next day early in the morning the Macedonians took the outward Wall with little ado, for the City was doubly walled. At the inner Wall the Inhabitants made some resistance; but when the Macedonians had once scaled the Walls, and the Townsmen felt the Arrows showing down about their ears, not being able longer to endure, the Soldiers within brake out of the Gates, and ran every Man his way to the Mountains, many of whom the Macedonians killed in the pursuit; and all the Prisoners (being in a rage because the King was wounded) they put to the Sword. Many escaped to the Mountains, which were not far off from the City. Having laid the City levelly with the Ground, he marched away with his Army to Andaca another City.   
13. Of his Kindness to the City Nysa, upon the account of his Descent from Bacchus. Arrianus, lib. IU. 
IN this Region, into which Alexander entered, lying between the Rivers Cophone and Indus, is situated Nysa, a City built (as is reported) by 
* Bacchus.  Dionysius, at that time when he Commanded in India; who this Dionysius was, and when, or from whence he brought in his Armies against the Indians, I cannot conjecture: Whether it was the Theban from Thebes, or he from Tmolus in Lydia, that led an Army from thence against the Indians. But though he passed into so many Warlike Nations, at that time altogether unknown to the Greeks, yet he subdued none of them but the Indians. This only I am satisfied in, That those Fables that the Ancients have writ concerning the Gods, are not too curiously to be pried into; for such Writings as do not otherwise deserve much Credit, yet when they happen to speak of the Gods, they seem not to be altogether incredible.  
As soon as Alexander came with his Army to Nysa, they sent Acuphis, the Chief Man of the City to him, with thirty others of the Leading Men of the Place, entreating him to leave the City free to the God Bacchus. When the Ambassadors were introduced into the King's Pavilion, and saw him as yet dusty with his March, clad with all his Armour, and his Helmet upon his Head, and his Lance in his Hand; amazed at the sight of him, they fell flat upon the Ground, and were silent a long time together: But after that Alexander had commanded them to rise, and cheer up, Acuphis thus began:— The Nysaeans entreat, O King, That in reverence to Bacchus you would leave the City free, and the Inhabitants to Govern by their own Laws: For Dionysius, after he had conquered the Indians, and was about to return to the Grecian Sea, built this City for those Soldiers who were unserviceable for War (being of Bacchus ' s Family) as a perpetual Monument to Posterity of his Expedition and Victory; as your Majesty has built Alexandria at Mount Caucasus, and another in Egypt, and many others, some finished, and others now in building, having now performed much more than our Dionysius did: And he called the City Nysa, from his Nurse so named, and the Country Nysaea; and the Mountain which hangs over the City, he was pleased to call Meros' (which is a Thigh) because according to the Fables he was cherished in Jupiter ' s Thigh. Since that time we have dwelled in Nysa as a free City, and have lived at ease under the Use of our own Laws. And that this Place was built by Bacchus, this one thing may be a Demonstration, That Ivy grows no where in India but in this City. This Speech of Acuphis was very pleasing to Alexander; for he had a great desire those things should be believed that were related concerning Bacchus' Peregrination, and would have none to doubt but that Nysa was built by Bacchus, because that he himself was now come as far as Bacchus ever came, and was still desirous to go further than he ever did. And he was of Opinion, that the Macedonians, out of Emulation to the Acts of Bacchus, would willingly with himself undergo further Toils and Labours. He granted therefore Liberty to the Nysaeans, and that they should Govern according to their own Laws And when he understood what their Laws were, and how they were under the Government of an Aristocracy, he commended their Constitution, and commanded 'em to furnish him with three hundred Horsemen, and send him a hundred of them that were of the Aristocracy (who were three hundred in all) such as he would choose. Acuphis was one of the Number of them that were picked out, whom the King had made Governor of the whole Province of Nysaea. 'Tis reported, that Acuphis smiled at these Demands, and that Alexander ask him why he laughed, Acuphis answered, How is it possible, O King, for the City to be well Governed, when 'tis stripped of an hundred good Men all at once! But if your Majesty have a Kindness for the City, be pleased to accept of three hundred Horsemen (and more if you think fit;) but as for an hundred of the best Men of the City which you desire, be pleased to be content with two hundred of the worst, that whensoever you return hither again, you may find that the City has maintained and kept up her ancient State and Grandeur. With these Words, because he judged them prudently spoken) Alexander was persuaded, and commanded only the three hundred Horsemen to be sent him; and for the three hundred of the Chief of the City, he neither desired them, nor any others in their stead. But Acuphis his Son, and his Nephew by his Sister, were sent to Alexander.  
Afterwards Alexander had a longing desire to see that City, in which the Nysaeans boast there are some Monuments of Dionysius; and to go likewise, accompanied with some Horse of his Friends, and a Regiment of Foot, to the Mountain Meros', that he might see the Hill grown over with Ivy and Laurel, and the shady Groves, that abounded with all sorts of wild Beasts. The Ivy was a very pleasant Sight to the Macedonians, having not seen any of a long time; for India bears no Ivy, neither those Places where Vines grow. Of the Ivy they wore Garlands on their Heads, singing Praise to Bacchus, with all his Titles and Appellations. Alexander there sacrificed to Bacchus, and feasted with his Friends.   
14. How having taken a strong City called Massaga, he put to the Sword all the Mercenary Soldiers that had fought Valiantly. Arrianus, lib. IU. 
WHen the Barbarians heard of Alexander's coming, they durst not abide him in a Body, but broke up their Army, and dispersed themselves every one as they could into several Cities, purposing there to stand upon their Guard.  
Alexander marched first with his Army to 
* Mazaga.  Massaga, the greatest City of that 
† The Country of the Assacenians.  Country; approaching therefore with his Army close to the City; the Barbarians having got into the Town for their assistance seven thousand Mercenary Indians from the inner parts of India made a fierce Sally upon the Macedonians as they lay Encamped. Alexander perceiving that the Fight was likely to be under the City Walls, designed to draw off the Enemy at a further distance, lest when they fled (which he clearly foresaw they would) they might with ease (being so very near) get into the Town and so escape, perceiving therefore the Barbarians pouring out upon them, he forthwith commanded his Macedonians to wheel about and make to a Hill about seven furlongs distant from the River Guraeus, where he had purposed to Encamp. The Enemy hereupon emboldened (the Macedonians seeming to give back) in great confusion and disorder hotly pursued them, But when they were got within the cast of a dart, upon a sign given by Alexander, the Phalanx furiously turned upon ' 'em. But first indeed the Horse that were darters, the Agrians and Archers made an excursion, and engaged with the Barbarians, But Alexander led the Phalanx (in Battalia) himself. The Indians amazed at the sudden and unexpected turn, when it came to the Swords point fled back into the City. Two hundred of 'em were killed in the pursuit, but the rest got within the Walls.  
Alexander presently drew up his main Battle of Macedons before the Walls, and from thence was slightly wounded by an Arrow struck into his Heel. The next day the Engines 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Curtius, l. 8. c. 10. says the Calf of the Leg.  being brought up to the Walls, part of 'em were easily batterred down, upon which (the Macedonians endeavouring to force their way through the Ruins) the Indians stoutly withstood them, so far as that Alexander for that day sounded a retreat, and called off his Men. But the next day the Macedonians renewed the Assault with greater vigour, bringing up a wooden Tower to the Walls, out of which the Archers pouring showers of Darts and Arrows grievously galled the Indians. But yet with all these devices they were not able to enter. The Third day the main Body of the Macedonians being again led up to the Walls, a Bridge was cast out of the Wooden Tower over that part of the Wall that was broken down, upon which Bridge the King ordered the Agyraspides who had before taken Tyre after the same manner; but when with great Courage and Resolution they had got upon it with too much Weight, it yielded and broke, and it and the Macedonians tumbled down together. The Barbarians rejoicing at the Accident, set up a great shout, and plied the Macedonians with Stones, and all sorts of Darts and Arrows, or whatever was at hand, or they could come at; and others issuing out through narrow Sally-ports that were placed between the Turrets, knocked them in that Disorder and Confusion on the head. Alexander sent Alcetas with a Party to take care of the wounded Men, and to call the Besiegers off into the Camp. The 4th day he cast another Bridge with other Devices upon the Walls; but the Indians (as long as the Governor of the place was alive) valiantly repulsed the Macedonians: But when he was killed by a Dart from the Engines, and many of their Men lost by continual Assaults, and others wounded and become thereby unserviceable, they sent to Alexander, who was very ready and willing to spare such stout and valiant Men. He agreed therefore with the mercenary Indians, that they should take up Arms with him, and join themselves to his Army. Hereupon they marched out of the City by themselves, and encamped upon an Hill opposite to the Macedonians, with a design to fly away in the night to their own Country, because they would not fight against the other Indians. When Alexander was informed hereof, the same night he surrounded the Hill with his Forces, and put 'em every one to the Sword, and took the City (now without these that should defend it) by storm, and in it the Mother and Daughter of Assacenus. On Alexander's side there were only five and twenty killed during the whole Siege.   
FINIS.   


A TABLE OF The Principal Matters In the First Five BOOKS of Diodorus the Sicilian: Containing his MYTHOLOGIES.  
Note: The First Figures of this Table refer to the Pages of this Book; and the Last Figures with r. before them, refer to the Pages of Rhodomannus' Edition placed in the Margin of this Book.  

A.  
ACteon; Torn in pieces by Dogs, and Occasion, Page 171 r. 195  
Adoption; the Rites of it among the Barbarians, 147 r. 170  
Adulteresses; an innumerable Company burnt in Egypt, 31 r. 30  
Aeacus; His Genealogy, 166 r. 183  
Aegestines; Their War with the Selinuntines, 297 r. 103  
Egypt; Its Shape, Greatness, etc. 14 r. 19  
— All living Creatures first there, 3 r. 3  
— One Sea, 86 r. 101  
— Other Matters of Egypt, 12, 13, 22, 36, 40, 41, etc. r. 17, 42, 43, 51, 61  
— Divided into three Parts; for the Priests, Kings, and Soldiers, 38 r. 46  
— Three other Classes, 39 r. 47  
— Their God's most ancient, 3 r. 7  
— Many Colonies from hence; as Babylonians, Argives, Colchians, Jews, and Athenians, 13 r. 17  
— The Number of their Judges and Salaries, 39 r. 48  
— Their Kings, etc. p. 36 r. 43, 45, 46.  
— Their Burials, 38 r. 57, 58  
Aeolus, 164 r. 188  
— The Entertainer of Ulysses, 179 r. 202  
Aequinoctial; Under the Aequinox, the most temperate Air, and the State of the Days and Shadows, 82 r. 97  
Air; Airy Bodies seen in some Parts of Africa, 109 r. 128  
Aesculapius; His Original, 166 r. 189  
— Accused by Pluto, ibid. r. ibid.  
Age; An Age accounted 30 Years with the Grecians, 81 r. 96  
Aethiopians; Boast they were the first Men; p. 85 r. 100  
— Religious, 86 r. ibid.  
Aetna; Vomits Fire, 138. r. 159  
Africa; Where Tilled, and where Desert, p. 108 r. 138  
— Freed from wild Beasts by Hercules, p. 136 r. 157  
— The nature of the Fruits of the African Palmtree, 81 r. 95  
Alexandria; Built by Alexander the Great; p. 26 r. 32, 33  
Amalthea; Amalthea's Horn in Africa, p. 145 r. 141  
— In Aetolia, what? 120 r. 168  
Amazons of Africa, 110 r. 129  
— Their Seats, Arms, etc. 111, 112 r. 130  
The Scythian Amazons, 76 r. 90  
— Their Wars with Hercules, p. 77, 135 r. 91, 156  
— Their Irruption into Attica, and Overthrow by Theseus, 141 r. 163  
Ammon King of Lybia, the Husband of Rhea, 120 r. 141  
— Overcome by Saturn, 122 r. 142  
Amphiraus, General of the Argives at Thebes; a Conjurer Betrayed by his Wife, and Revenged by his Son, 163 r. 186, 188  
Apis Consecrated to Osiris, 9 r. 13  
— It's Worship, 44, 45 r. 54, 55  
Apollo; the Son of Jupiter, r. 9  
— Found out the Laurel, 7 r. 10  
— His several Names, 211 r. 237  
— His good Acts, 209 r. 255  
— His Contest with Marsyas, and his Cruelty towards him, 114, 115 r. 134  
Apries; King of Egypt, 35 r. 42  
— Strangled, ibid.  
Aquaduct; a Stately Aquaduct made by Semiramis at Ecbatana, 58 32  
Arabia; its Description, Situation, People, etc. p. 78 r. 29, 92  
— The Happy; its Fruitfulness, Spices, etc. p. 79 r. 93  
— The Tree as Cedar, Juniper, etc. ibid.  
— Gold pure, Cattle, Wild Beasts, Precious Stones, 80 r. 94  
— A description of both Shores in the Red-Sea, 102, etc. r. 120, 122, 124  
Arbaces the Mede, his Conspiracy against Sardanapalus, 66, 67 r. 78, 80  
Argives; their War with the Thebans, 163 r. 186  
— The Destruction of the Seven Captains at Thebes, ibid.  
Argonauts; the Expedition of the Argonauts, 148, etc. r. 178, 181, 160  
— Explanation of the Fable, 151 r. 174  
Ariadna; Ariadna's Crown in the Heavens, 160 r. 184  
Arts; one Man using several Trades not allowed in Egypt, 39 r. 46  
Asphaltes'; the Lake Asphaltes', and its Brimstone or Pitch, 78 r. 92  
Assyrians; their Kings do not suffer Themselves to be openly seen, 64 r. 76  
— They sent Aid to the Trojans under Memnon, 65 r. 77  
Astrology; the Egyptians excellent Astrologers, 26, 36 r. 32, 44  
— So the Chaldeans, 70 r. 83  
— Atlas, Hercules, 141 r. 163  
— Hyperion, 141 r. 131  
— The Heliadae in Rhodes, 200 r. 227  
Astyages; the last King of the Medes; overcome by Cyrus, 72 r. 85  
Atalanta; Beloved by Meleager, Entrapped by the Thestiadae, 145 r. 167  
Athens; how their Commonwealth was divided, 13 r. 17  
Atlantides; their Country in Africa, 115 r. 137  
— The Names of the Atlantides and their Offspring, ibid.  
Atlas; his Kingdom, and chief Study, 115 r. 125  
— Why he's said to Carry the Heavens upon his Shoulders, ibid.  
Avernus; a Description of the Lake Avernus, 138 r. 159  
Amber; where it is produced, 185, 186 r. 209   

B.  
Babylon; built by Semiramis, 57 r. 80  
— Its Walls, Towers, Lake, Passage under Water, Hanging Gardens, 57 r. 69  
Bacchus; how many there were, 116 to 119 r. 137, 148  
— His Acts, 120 to 122 r. ibid. 141, etc.  
— The Indian Bacchus the most Ancient, 126, 127 r. 147  
— Why he was of a double Shape, 129 r. 149  
— The natural meaning of Bacchus, 117 r. 147  
Bactra; 55, 56 r. 66  
— Besieged by Ninus, 57 r. 67  
Baleares; a Description of the Baliary Islands, 183 r. 206  
Balm; the Place and Usefulness, 79 r. 93  
Bards; Ancient Poets among the Gauls, 189 r. 213  
Belus; his Temple, 58 r. 69  
— His Statue, ibid. r. 70  
Beasts; Worshipped in Egypt, 43, 44 r. 52, 54  
Brimstone; how it Rises up in the Lake Asphaltes', 79 r. 93  
— The Plenty of it about Babylon, 59 r. 73  
Britain; The Description of the Island, 185 r. 203  
— Their Laws, Manners, &c 185 r. 209  
— Their Traffic with Tin there, r. ibid.  
— The Island Discovered by Julius Caesar, ibid. r. 120  
Busiris; the Ground of the Story of his killing all Passengers that landed in Egypt. 46 r. 55  
Burials; the manner of Embalming in Egypt 47 r. 57  
Bull; a dreadful wild Bull, 100 r. 117  
— The Marathonian Bull, 159 r. 182   

C.  
Cadmus; Built Thebes, his Wife, Children, etc. 127, 197 r. 147, 223  
— Was the First that taught the Greeks Letters, and brought them into Greece, 201, 120 r. 140, 227  
Cadusians; their perpetual War with the Medes, 71 r. 84  
Caesar; Julius Caesar first Discovered the Northern Parts to the Romans, 185 r. 120  
— Conquered Britain, ibid.  
Calydonia; the Calydonian Boar, the Hunting of him, 145 r. 167  
Camels; Wild Camels, 105 r. 123  
Camels; Leopards of Arabia, their Shape, 80 r. 94  
Camps; the Great Monster, killed by Bacchus, 122 r. 143  
Carbuncles; where they are Found, 111 r. 120  
Cat; Worshipped in Egypt, 47 r. 53  
Chastity; a Trial of Conjugal Chastity, 31 r. 38  
Celtiberians; their Description, Customs, etc. 190 r. 214  
Centaurs; their Original, 165 r. 189  
— Their Conflict with Hercules, 133 r. 153  
— And War with the Lapithae, 165 r. 189  
— Eurytion the Centaur killed by Hercules, 144 r. 166  
Cerberus; Drawn out of Hell by Hercules, 139, 140 c. 161  
Ceres; is the Earth, 5, 117 r. 8, 137  
— The same with Isis, as the Egyptians say, 206 r. 230  
— Her Acts, 177 r. 200  
— Obscene Speech in her Feasts, ibid. r. 101  
Chaldeans; their Astrology, Augurs, 69, 70 r. 51, 82, 83  
— Their Priests, 66 r. 78  
Chemmis King of Egypt, his Pyramid, 32 r. 39  
Chius; the Ancient Inhabitants of Chius, r. 238, 239  
Circe's; her History, 150 r. 173  
Circumcision; the Troglodytes Cicumcised, 98 r. 115  
Caelus King of the Atlantides, his Sons, 113, 115 r. 133, 135  
Corsica; its Situation, Cities, ancient Inhabitants, etc. 181 r. 205  
— Bitter Honey, 182 r. ibid.  
Corybantes; the Sons of the Mother of the Gods, 170 r. 194  
— Their Sacreds', 198 r. 223  
Crete; the Antiquities, 116, 122, 135, 204, 211 r. 136, 142, 230, 157, 238  
— It's Name, whence, 122, r. 142  
Crocodile; its Description, 16 r. 24  
— The Hunting of it, 16, 17 r. 23  
Crueltty of Hecates, 151, 152 r. 173, 151  
Cyaxares; the first Monarch of the Medes, 71 r. 84  
Cybele; her Name, whence, 114 r. 134  
— The several Stories of the Atlantides and Phrygians concerning her, 114, 115 r. 133, 134  
Cyrus transferred the Empire from the Medes, to the Persians, 72 r. 85  
— Crucified by the Scythian Queen, 76 r. 90   

D.  
Dactyli Judaei, 204 r. 230  
Daedalus; his Monument in Egypt, 170 r. 61  
— His Statues, 168 r. 192  
— His Works in Crete, 159 r. 183  
— In Sicily, r. ibid.  
— His Wings, r. ibid. 182  
— In Sardinia, 170 r. 194  
Daphne the Daughter of Tiresias, her Oracles, 164 r. 187  
— Her History, 173 r. 179  
Delphos; the Temple Rifled by the Gauls, 189 r. 214  
Derceto; the Syrian Goddess, the Mother of Semiramis, 55 r. 95  
Description of pleasant Places, 121, 173, 176, 194, 195 r. 141, 197, 199, 220  
Diana; why the Nurse of Children, 208 r. 234, 235  
— What Places Dedicated to Her in Sicily, 117 r. 200  
Deluge; by the Eruption of the Pontic Sea, 197 r. 223  
— In Boetia, 136 r. 158  
— Rhodes, 200 r. 220  
— In Samo-Thracia, 197 r. 223  
— Deucalion, 3 r. 7  
Diomedon; his Mares devour Men, 135 r. 155  
Dogs; Men with Dogs Heads, 100 r. 117  
— Why Worshipped in Egypt, 7 r. 11  
Doreans; their War with the Lapithae, 146 r. 169  
— Expulsed by the Theban Exiles, 164 r. 187  
Dragon at Cholchos, what, r. 162  
Druids; Poets of the Gauls, Philosophers, and Divines, 189 r. 213  
Dromenaries, 106 r. 125   

E.  
Ecbatana; a Famous Aquaduct there, and the City Beautified by Semiramis, 60 r. 72  
— The Palace of Arbaces, 68 r. 81  
Effeminacy; a Remarkable Example of Effeminacy in Sardanapalus, 65 r. 78  
Elephants; the manner of Hunting them by the Ethiopians, 96 r. 112  
— How they are destroyed by Serpents, 89 r. 104  
— Their Fight with the Rhinoceros, 99 r. 117  
— Their manner of Generation, bringing forth their Young, etc. 75 r. 89  
Epitaphs of Isis, r. 16  
— Of Osiris of Osimanduas, 12 r. 31  
Ergamenes; King of Ethiopia, abolished the cruel Custom of forcing the Kings to kill Themselves, 87 r. 102  
Erycina; the Temple of Venus Erycina, 172 r. 196  
Eteocles; his cruel War with his Brother about the Kingdom of Thebes, 162 r. 186  
Euphrates; a Famous River, 67 r. 70  
Eurydices; the Wife of Orpheus, brought back out of Hell by Orpheus, 140 r. 162  
Euristeus; imposes Labours upon Hercules, 132 r. 153  
— His Death, 158 r. 181  
Expiation; the strange manner of Expiation among the Ethiopians, 81 r. 96   

F.  
Famine all the World over, but in Egypt, 13 r. 17  
Fire; its Irruption, 138, 179 r. 159, 202  
Fortunate Islands of Arabia, 108 r. 127  
— In the Atlantic Ocean, 183 r. 207  
Fruits; Two Harvests in the Year in India, 72 r. 85  
— The Fruitfulness of Taprobane. Corn first found out by Ceres in Sicily, 176, 177, 206 r. 199, 200, 232  
Funerals; the Funeral Rites among the Egyptians, 38 r. 57  
— The Pompous Burials of their Kings, 30 r. 46   

G.  
Ganges, a famous River, 73  
Gades or Cadiz, by whom built, 184 r. 208  
Gauls; 186 r. 210  
— The Extreme Cold, their Rivers, etc. ibid. r. 214  
— The Description, 187, 188, 189 r. 211 to 214  
Geometry; first found out in Egypt, 36 r. 44  
— The Usefulness of it, 42 r. 51  
Giants; Egyptian Giants, 10, 11 r. 16  
— Their Triple War with Jupiter, 207 r. 234  
— Overcome by the Gods, 121 r. 142  
Giants of Phlegraea, overcome by Hercules, 138 r. 159  
— Why said to be Born of the Earth, r. ibid.  
Gods; the History of the Gods of Egypt, 23, 50 r. 61  
— Their Worship by the Cretians, Ethiopians, 210, 86 100, 237  
— The God Jao of the Hebrews, 49 r. 59  
Gold; the Laborious way of making of Gold, in the Confines of Egypt, 89, 90 r. 105, 106  
— The Gold Mines in Ethiopia, ibid.  
— Gold changed for Brass or Iron, 106 r. 125  
— The History of the Golden Fleece, 157 r. 174  
— A River that flows down Gold, r.   

H.  
Hecates; her History, 151 r. 173  
Helen; carried away by Theseus, 162 r. 185  
Heliopolis; by whom built, 50 r. 29  
Helius; the Son of Hypericon and Bazilia, metamorphosed into the Sun, 113, 114 r. 133  
Hellespont; whence the Name derived, 151 r. 174  
Heraclidae; Banished out of all Greece, 158 r. 181  
— Depart out of Peloponnesus for 50 Years, by Agreement, 158 r. 182  
Hercules; there were three, 124 r. 145  
— The Egyptian, Gelai, and him of Alcmene, ibid.  
— The Acts of Hercules the Cretan, 210 r. 236  
— The Genealogy of the last, his Acts, 131 r. 152  
— His Sickness and Madness, 156 r. 154  
— His further Acts, r. 156, 163  
— His Labours, 132, etc. r. 153  
— His Expedition into Spain, 153 r. 156  
— The Institutor of the Olympic Games, 134 r. 155  
— Is worshipped by the Agyrineans, 139  
— Overcomes the Trojans, 152 r. 176  
— His Sickness, r. 169  
— He burns himself, 147 r. 176  
Hermaphrodites; their prodigious Originals, 129 r. 150  
Hermes; the Egyptian Hermes, 6 r. 10  
— His Inventions, ibid.  
— First finder out of Arts, 23 r. 28  
Herodotus; the time he Flourished, 71 r. 83  
Hesion; exposed to be devoured by a Whale, 149 r. 171  
— Delivered by Hercules, ibid.  
Hesperides; divers Opinions of the Hesperian Apples, 141 r. 162  
Hippolytus; his Stepmother falls in love with him, 161 r. 184  
— Is falsely Accused; Killed by his Chariot, ibid.  
Homer; the most ancient of the Poets, 86 r. 100  
— His Works, 152, 164 r. 8, 176, 187  
— Imitates Orpheus, 50 r. 61  
— The Place of his Birth, ibid.  
Honey; bitter Honey, 182 r. 205   

I.  
Jambulus; his strange Voyage and Travels, 81, 84 r. 96, 99  
Jason; Captain of the Argonauts, his Acts, 148, 149 r. 170, 171  
— Goes to Corinth, cast of Medea, and marries Glauces, 145, 146 r. 179  
— His Death, ibid.  
Iberians; their Gold Mines, 191 r. 162  
Ibis; the Usefulness of this Bird, 45 r. 55  
Ichneumenon; the Enemy of the Crocodile, 17 r. 22, 55  
Ichthyophagi; not affected with any thing, 91 r. 108  
— The manner of their Burials, 93 r. 109  
Jehovah called Jao, 49 r. 59  
Indians; their Seven Tribes, 74, 75 r. 88, 89  
— Their War with Semiramis, 62, 63 r. 47  
India; the Description, 72, 73 r. 85, 87  
Indus River, 73  
Jocasta; the Acts of Jocasta, r. 202  
— The Mother of Oedipus, 162 r. 185  
jolaus; one of the Thespidae brings a Colony into Sardinia, 142 r. 163, 164  
Iris or Ireland, an Island of Britain, a fierce People, 189 r. 213  
Isis; the same with Ceres, 6 r. 9  
Jews; a Colony of Egypt, 10 r. 17  
— Why they are Circumcised, 28 r. 35  
Judges; the Proceed in Judicature in Egypt, 39, 40 r. 48  
Jupiter; the Ancient Jupiter, was the Brother of Coelus, and King of Crete, whose Daughters were the Curetes: the other was Lord of the World, the Son of Saturn, 116 r. 16, 136  
— The Kingdom of the Cretan Jupiter after Ammon and Bacchus, 123 r. 145  
— More, 204 r. 231, 233  
Ixion attempts to Ravish Juno, is tormented upon a Wheel, 165 r. 189   

K.  
Kings; draw a Chariot r. 57  
— The strange way of living of the Kings of Egypt, 36 r. 44  
— Death to the Sabaean Kings to stir abroad, 107 r. 126  
Kingdoms; formerly bestowed upon such as had done good Public Service, 23 r. 28   

L.  
Lakes; a wonderful Lake in Ethiopia, 60 r. 72  
— A Description of the Lake of Myris, 26, 27 33, 34  
— In Sicily, 139 161  
Lapithae; their War with the Centauris, 165 r. 189  
— With the Doreans and Hercules, 146 r. 169  
Laws; Of the Egyptians, r. 48  
— Of the Ethiopians, 87 r. 102  
Liparae Islands; their fruitfulness, etc. 180 r. 203  
Letters; Two Sorts in Egypt, 86 r. 101  
— Hieroglyphics of Egypt and Ethiopia, what, ibid.  
— Greek Letters, why called Pelasgian, and Phaenician, 120 r. 140  
Letters in Tabrobanana, seven Figures, 83 r. 48  
Locusts; Eaten, and lived upon by the Ethiopians, 97 r. 114  
Lotus; of Egypt, what, r. 21  
— Tall Trees of Lotus, 105 r. 123   

M.  
Macarian Islands; why so called, 213 r. 239  
Megabarean Ethiopians; their manner of Burial, 98 r. 115  
— Their voluntary Deaths, 99 r. 116  
Marathon; the Marathonian Bull, 159 r. 182  
Maraneans of Arabia; how destroyed, and rooted out by the Garyndaneans, 105 r. 123  
Marsyas: His Contest with Apollo in Music; his Death, 114, 115 r. 134  
Mars; his Inventions and Acts, 209 r. 235  
Medea; assists the Argonauts with her Advice, and makes an Agreement with Jason, 151, 152 r. 173, 174  
— Her wonderful Witcheraft in the Palace of Pelias, 153, 154 r. 176, 177  
— Forsaken by Jason, and cruel Revenge upon her own Children, 156 r. 179  
Media; a Catalogue of the Kings, 71 r. 84  
Meleager; his sad Destiny, 145 r. 167  
Malta Island; its Description, 181 r. 204  
Menas; the first King of Egypt, how preserved by a Crocodile, 46 r. 56  
Mercury; the Egyptian Mercury, his Invention of Arts, Eloquence, Music, etc. 6, 23 r. 10, 28  
— Conductor of Souls, 50 r. 60  
Meroes'; Islands in Nile, their Description, r. 19, 20  
Minerva; the Place of her Birth, 208 r. 214  
— Her Inventions, 209 r. 235  
Minos the first, Son of Jupiter, 160 r. 183  
— The second, of Lycasta, ibid.  
— His Cities, Laws, etc. 211 r. 237  
— His Death in Sicily, 170 r. 194  
Minotaur; Killed by Theseus, 160 r. 183  
— How born, 169 r. 193  
Money; the Punishment of those that counterfeited Money in Egypt, 41 r. 50  
Moses; the first that put Laws in writing, 49 r. 59  
— His Praise, ibid.  
Mice; Bred in Egypt out of the Mud or Slime, 2 r. 1  
Muses; Accompany Bacchus, 127, 128 r. 148  
— And Osiris, 8 r. 10  
— Why, Virgins, 130 r. 150  
— Their Names, ibid. r. 235  
Miris, King of Egypt; his Lake, 26, 27 r. 33, 34  
— His Pyramid and Sepulchre in the Lake, 27 r. 33  
Myrrh; A Description of Myrrh, 194 r. 220   

N.  
Nabathean Arabians, 78, 105 r. 92, 130  
— Thiefs, never Conquered, ibid.  
Naxus; the History of Naxus, 198, 199 r. 184, 224, 225  
Nemean; a Description of the Nemean Lion, his Place, Death, etc. 132 r. 153  
Neptune; his Inventions, good Deeds, why accounted God of the Sea, 207 r. 233  
Nile; the Islands in it, 15 r. 19, 20  
— The Cattracts, Mouths, ibid.  
— Beasts, Fishes, etc. 16, 17 r. 20, 21  
— Flow its Decrease is observed, and the different Opinions of the Inundations of Nile, 18, etc. r. 23, etc.  
Ninus, King of Assyria; his Acts, 54, 55, 56 r. 64, 65, 66  
— His Death and Sepulchre, 57 r. 67  
Nineveh; Built, 55, r. 65  
— It's Shape, Compass, etc. ibid.  
— It's Siege, and taking by Arbaces, 66, 67, 68 r. 80  
Ninyas; the Son of Ninus, 64 r. 67  
Niobe; her Pride and Punishment, 167 r. 167  
Nysa; the pleasant Situation of the City the Birth-place of Bacchus, 120, 121 r. 141  
— The Cave of Nysa, a most pleasant Place, 127 r. 147   

O.  
Obscenity; Obscene Speech used in the Feasts of Ceres, 177 201  
Obelisks; the Obelisks of Semiramis, one of the seven Wonders of the World, 59 r. 71  
Oedipus; his Birth, Casting forth, his Acts, Marriage, etc. 162 r. 180, 185  
Olympics; the Years: The Olympics were distant one from another, r. 44  
— Invented by Hercules Dactylus, 204 r. 230  
— Instituted by Hercules, 134, 155 r. 155, 178  
Orion; the Story of Orion, 173 r. 197  
Osymanduas; King of Egypt, 24 r. 30  
— His stately Pyramid, ibid.  
— His Epitaph, 25 r. 31  
Orpheus; why said to draw Beasts after him, 139, 140 r. 162  
— His History, 140 r. ibid.  
— His Verses, 45 r. 28  
— Rites of Bacchus brought into Greece by him, 50 r. 60  
Osiris; his Expedition throughout the whole World, and Acts, 5, 6, 7, 8 r. 9, 10  
— Deified; Death, Burial, and Epitaph, 9, 12 r. 9, 12   

P.  
Palestina, 104, 105 r. 123  
Palm-Trees; a full Description of the Palm-Trees in Arabia, and the Province of Babylon, 81 r. 95  
Palmetum; a pleasant Place of Palms, and other Delights in Arabia, 104, 105 r. 123  
Panchaian Islands; their Descriptian, 195 r. 220, 221  
— Genius and Customs of the Inhabitants, 196  
Paradise; the Earthly Paradise in India, 121 r. 141  
Parents; the Honour given to dead Parents in Egypt, 48 r. 58  
Pasiphae; the Wife of Minos, 160  
— Her Carnal knowledge of a Bull, 169 r. 183, 193  
Patricides, 162 r. 628, 185  
— How Patricides are punished, 40 r. 49  
Pelias; King of Colchos; his strange Death by his own Daughters, through the Witchcrafts of Medea, 154, 155 r. 177, 178  
Penthesilea; the Amazon Queen, assists the Trojans, 77 r. 91  
Perjury; the punishment of Perjury, 40 r. 49  
Persians; the Persians record their Antiquities in Rolls of Parchment, or Skins, 71 r. 83  
Plague; a great Plague in Rhodes, and the Cause, 213 r. 239  
Phaeton; the Story of Phaeton, 186 r. 210  
Phineus; a Prince in Thrace: his Cruelty towards his two Sons, 149 r. 170  
Phaenicians brought Letters into Greece, 209 r. 235  
— Eminent for getting of Wealth, 191 r. 211  
— Their Colonies, 184 r. 208  
Pirithous; the History of Pirithous, the Rape of Helen, 161, 162 r. 184, 185  
Pillars; Hercules Pillars, 135, 136 r. 157  
Pityusa; Islands Described, r. 106  
Pleyades; their Names, 115 r. 135  
Pluto; his Genealogy, Invention, 211 r. 237,  
— Why called the God of the Dead, 207 r. 233  
Punishment of various Crimes in Egypt, 40 r. 49  
Polynices; his War with his Brother, 163 r. 186  
Pontus, or the Pontic Sea; once but a Lake, 197 r. 213  
— Of its Breach, 148 r. 170  
Priamus; King of Troy, 168 r. 192  
— Placed in the Kingdom by Hercules, 152 r. 175  
Priapus; what, 129 r. 149  
Promotheus; the Explication of the Fable, of his stealing of Fire, 205 r. 231  
— His Eagle, what, r. 11  
— Loosed from his Chains by Hercules, 135 r. 155  
Proserpina; her Rape, 176, 177 r. 199  
— Places in Sicily dedicated to her, 177 r. 290  
Proteus; King of Egypt, 32 r. 39  
— Why he was said to have several Shapes, ibid.  
Pyramids; the Pyramid of Chemmis, one of the seven Wonders of the World, 32 r. 39  
— Mountains like Pyramids, 106  
Pythagoras; What be learned from Egypt, 51 r. 62  
— His Opinion of the Metempsychosis among the Gauls, 187, 188 r. 212   

R.  
Religion: The Neglect of Religion punished; the Calydonian Boar, 145 r. 167  
Remphis; the Egyptian King, exceeding Covetous, 32 r. 39  
Rhadamanthus; his Justice, Acts, Sons, 211 r. 228  
— His Parents, 211 r. 237  
— The Lawmaker in Crete, 160 r. 183  
Rhinoceros, 99 r. 117  
— His Fight with an Elephant, ibid.  
Rhodes; divided into three Parts, 158 r. 182  
— The great Deluge there, 200 r. 226  
— Why so called, ibid.  
Rome; taken by the Gauls, 189 r. 214  
— Built by Romulus, 137 r. 159   

S.  
Sabaean Arabians, 107 r. 125  
— The Kings, Riches, etc. 107, 108 r. 126  
Samothracia; The Name, Inhabitants, Deluge, Mysteries, Temple, etc. 197, 198 r. 200, 223  
Sands; Mountains of Sand, 106 r. 124  
— The sandy Deserts of Arabia, 81 r. 96  
Sardanapalus; his Effeminacy, Luxury, Deposition, Death, 65, etc. r. 78, 79, 81  
Saturn, King of Egypt, 5 r. 9  
— Saturn one of the Titans, 204, 205 r. 231  
— Killed his Children, 207 r. 233  
— Overcome by Bacchus, 122, r. 143  
— Saturn the Brother of Atlas, 116 r. 136  
— His Impiety, etc. ibid.  
— The Golden Age of Saturn, r. 23  
Satyrs; the Companions of Bacchus, 129 r. 149  
— Of Osiris, r. 11  
— Why they are worshipped, 45 r. 55  
Scorpions; where they abound, 97, 91 r. 114  
Semele; her Adultery with Jupiter, and how she was consumed, 117, 118 r. 137, 138  
Semiramis; her History, 55, 56 r. 65, 66  
— Her Journey into Bactria, r. 67  
— Builds Babylon, 57 r. 68  
— Her Expedition into India, and other Actions, 60, etc. r. 73, etc.  
Serbon; The Lake of Serbon very dangerous, 14 r. 18  
Serpents; vast Serpents in Ethiopia, 100, 101 r. 118  
— Destroy Elephants, 89, 102 r. 104  
— The great Serpent taken, and brought to Alexandria, 101 r. 119  
— How taken, fed and made tame, ibid.  
— Serpent's infested Khodes, 201 r. 227  
Sesostris; King of Egypt, 27, 28 r. 30, 31  
— Travels through the World, his famous Acts, 29, 30 r. 34, 35, etc.  
— Sesostris the Second, how cured of his Blindness, 31 r. 38  
Sicily; its ancient Names, 176 r. 199  
— It's Circuit, Princes, etc. 178, 179 r. 202  
— Once a Peninsula, 173 r. 197  
Silla, a wonderful River, 73  
Silenus; the first King of Nysa, 122 r. 143  
— Tutor of Bacchus, 128 r. 148  
Sun; in what Shape it rises among the Arabians, 108 r. 127  
— It's Circuit and Course, 51 r. 62  
— India directly subject to the Tropic of Capricorn, 72 r. 85  
Spectra's; in the Air among the Lybians, 109 r. 128  
— The natural Reason of them, 110 r. 129  
Sphinx, 162  
Spouses; in the Baliaries prostituted at the Nuptial Feasts to all the Guests, 183 r. 207  
Suatues, 168 r. 192  
— As if they were living Men, ibid.  
Stratagems; Mock-Elephants made by Semiramis, 62 r. 73  
Stymphalia; the devouring Birds of Stymphalick Lake destroyed by Herculess 133 r. 154   

T.  
Tantalus; his History in short, 167 r. 191  
Taprobana; a Description of the Island, and of the Inhabitants and their Manners, 90, 97, 98, 99 r. 81, 82, etc.  
Thebes; in Egypt built by Osiris, 6 r. 9  
Thebans in Greece; their War with the Argives, 162, etc. r. 186, 187.  
Theseus; his Original, Acts, Wives, etc. 159, etc. r. 182, 183  
Thespiadae; their Original, 142 r. 163  
— Driven out of Sardinia, settle about Cuma, 182 r. 206  
Titans; in Africa, 113 r. 133  
— Assist Saturn, 116 r. 136  
— Are rooted out by Bacchus, 123 r. 144  
— The Titans in Crete, their Parents, Sisters, etc. 204, 205 r. 231  
Troglodytes; their Manners, 18, 98, 99, 100 r. 115, 117, 120  
Troy; taken by Hercules, 143, 144 r. 165, 166, 175  
— The Pedigree of the Kings, 167, 168 r. 191  
Typhon; the Giant in Phrygia, 127, r. 234  
Trees; how Sinnis destroyed Men by binding Trees together, r. 182  
— Them that sleep in Trees, 159 r. 183   

V.  
Uchoreus; King of Egypt, built Memphis, 26 r. 32, 33  
Venus; the Daughter of Saturn, 5 r. 9  
— Her Office, 208 r. 234  
— Her several Names, 211 r. 237  
— Her magnificent Temple in Sicily, 172 r. 196  
Vesuvius; Mount Vesuvius in Campania vomits Fire, 138 r. 159  
Virgin; a monstrous Virgin in Scythia, 76 r. 89  
Vulcan; the Inventor of Fire, 5 r. 8  
— Where he is worshipped, 209 r. 235   

W.  
Writing; from the top of the Leaf downward, in Tapribana, 83 r. 98  
Wine; made of Barley, found out by Osiris, 8 r. 10   

X.  
Xerxes; his innumerable Army, 56 r. 66   

Y.  
Years; an Account of the Egyptian Year, 26 r. 32  
— The Greeks Great Year, 78 r. 92  
— The Lunar Year of 30 Days, 12 r. 15  
— The Year of 4 Months, ibid.   

Z.  
Zythus; a Drink of Barley, 127 r. 147    

A TABLE OF The Principal Matters In the Last Ten BOOKS of Diodorus the Sicilian: Containing his MYTHOLOGIES.  
Note: The First Figures of this Table refer to the Pages of this Book; and the Last Figures with r. before them, refer to the Pages of Rhodomannus' Edition placed in the Margin of this Book.  

A.  
A Gathocles his Butcheries in Sicily, 687 r. 770  
Abderites; almost all cut off by the Treballians, 423 r. 476  
— Delivered by Chabrias, ibid.  
Acarnanians; their War with the Ambrociats, 287 r. 317  
Achaians; assist Phayllus, 494 r. 529  
— Demetrius restores Liberty to their Cities, 494 r. 786  
Acimnestus; his unfortunate aspiring to the Government at Enna, 364 r. 402  
Agrigentines; their War with the Syracusians, and their Rout, 243 r. 269  
Ada; Princess of Caria Restored by Alexander the Great, 531 r. 574  
Adranum; in Sicily built, 375 r. 416  
Aeacides; King of Epirus endeavours to restore his Sister Olympias to the Kingdom of Macedon, 612 r. 676  
— But in Vain, 624 r. 690  
— Is expelled his Kingdom, ibid.  
— Restored, and afterwards killed in a Battle, 642 r. 712  
Aegestines; their War with the Lilybaeans, 259 r. 286  
— With the Selinuntians, 297 r. 328  
— Burn the Tents of Dionysius, 382 r. 425  
— The Cruelties Executed upon them by Agathocles, 686 r. 769  
Aegesta; wholly Destroyed and Razed, 687 r. 770  
Aegineans; are Subdued by the Athenians, 256 r. 283  
— Expelled by the Athenians, 281 r. 309  
Aegium; taken and razed by Aristodemus, 637 r. 707  
Aegppt; their Defection from the Persians, 252 r. 279  
— The two Persian Expeditions against them, 254, 255 r. 280, 281, 282  
— They assist Evagoras against Artaxerxes Mnemon, 410 r. 460  
— King Acovis leagues with Gaius against the Persians', 413 462  
— King Tachus his War with Artaxerxes, 473 r. 504  
— They revolt from Tachus, and Tachus restored by Agesilaus, 474 r. 506  
— Revolt from Artaxerxes Ocus, 496 r. 531  
— Gained by Alexander M. 542 r. 588  
— Ptolemies Province, 591 r. 628, 648  
Aequi Conquered by the Romans, 289 r. 319, 786  
Aetna; the City Aetna first called Eunesia, 254 r. 281  
Aetolians; overcome the Athenians, and Besieged Naupactus in vain, 287 r. 317  
— Rebel against Alexander the Great, 522 r. 563  
— Oppose Alexander's Edict, 577 r. 632  
— Their War with Antipater, 584 r. 641  
— Their Treachery against the Agrineans, 638 r. 708  
Africa; dry and full of Serpents, 674 r. 754  
— The Africans rebel against the Carthaginians, 391 r. 437  
— Divided into four Sorts, 681 r. 762  
Agathocles; his Original, Increase, and Cruelty, 607 r. 670  
— Becomes King, 610 r. 673  
— His Cruelty at Gela, 655 r. 739  
— His Fight with the Carthaginians at Ecnomus unsuccessful, 655 r. 729  
— His Preparations for an Expedition into Africa, 658 r. 734  
— Burns his Ships in Africa, Beats the Africans, 660, etc. r. 738, 739, 740  
— His further Acts there, 670 r. 749, r. 750, 752  
— His treachery against Ophellas, 673 etc. r. 753, 754  
— Takes Utica, 680 r. 761  
— Flies back into Sicily, 681 r. 762  
— His Acts there, 682, 683, etc. r. 764, r. 765, 766  
— Returns into Africa and is worsted by the Africans, 685 r. 767  
— A mutiny in his Camp, ibid.  
— Flies out of Africa, his Sons murdered, and his Army dispersed, and all made Slaves, 686, 687 r. 769  
— His Cruelty upon the Aegestines, 687 r. 769  
— And the Syracusians, idid.  
— His Sacrilege and Death, 699 r. 785  
Agesilaus; General against the Persians, 392 r. 438  
— His Praise, 421 r. 473  
— His Acts in Egyyt, 474, 475 r. 505, 506  
— His Death, 475 r. 506  
Agis; King of Lacedaemon, 277 r. 306  
— Accused for making Peace wiuh the Argives, 295 r. 326  
— His Valour at the Battle of Mantinaea, 295 r. 326  
— General against Antipater, 547 r. 595  
— His Heroical Death, ibid.  
Agrigentines; overcome by the Syracusians, 243 r. 269  
— A famous Pond there, and other Works, 228 r. 256  
— Their ancient Grandeur, 340 r. 374  
— Besieged, 341 r. 377  
— The Miserable destruction of the City, 343 r. 379  
— They afterwards seek to free all the Cities of Sicily, 670, 681 r. 748, 762  
Agrinium; a City of Acarnania, the Cities put to the Sword by the Aetolians against terms agreed, 638 r. 708  
Alcetas; Brother of Perdiccas overcome by Antigonus, 593 r. 651  
— Betrayed by the Pisidians; kills himself, 594 r. 652  
Alcibiades sent by the Athenians to Argos, against the Lacedæmonians, 296 r. 327  
— His Praise, 297 r. 329  
— Accused to be the ●●thor cutting off the Nead of Mercury's Statues, 301 r. 332  
— Is Condemned in his absence, 301 r. 333  
— Flies to Sparta, ibid.  
— Restored to favour of the People, 333 r. 367, 368  
— Banishes himself, 336 r. 370  
— Treacherously murdered by Pharnabazus, 362 r. 400  
Alesa; built by Archonides in Sicily, 364 r. 403  
Alexander the Son of Amyntas King of Macedon, 433 r. 488  
— His Acts against Alexander Phereus', 434 r. 489  
— Killed by Ptolemy Alorites, 478 r. 510  
Alexander M. a short History of him, 521 r. 562  
— The Fight at Chaeronea, 516 r. 555  
— His besieging and razing of Thebes, 524 527 r. 568  
— His design against Persia, his Passage into Asia, and mustering of his Army, 528 r. 570  
— The Battle at Granicum, 529 r. 571, r. 572, 573  
— His Acts in the lesser Asia, 529, 530 r. 574, 576  
— His desperate Sickness, 534 r. 578  
— The Battle at Issus, 535 r. 579  
— Besieges Tyre, 538 r. 583  
— Takes Gaza, 541 r. 588  
— Gains Egypt, ibid.  
— Goes to Jupiter Hammon's Temple, 542 r. 589  
— The Battle at Arbela, 546 r. 591  
— Enters Susa, 551 r. 598  
— His kindness to the Greeks maimed by the Persians, 550 r. 597  
Persepolis burnt by him, 552 r. 599  
Thalestris, Queen of the Amazons, 554 r. 603  
— His other Acts in Persia, 555, 556, &c, r. 604, 605, 606  
— His Expedition into India, 558 r. 608  
— His Acts there, 560, etc. r. 610, 612, 613  
— His War with the Oxydracans, 563 r. 613  
— His desperate Case and Hazard there, ibid.  
— Marries Statira, 567 r. 619  
— Enters into Babylon, 570 r. 622  
— Prodigies before his Death, 572 r. 624  
— His Intemperance, Sickness, and Death, ibid.  
— The Division of his Conquests among his Captains, 574, 591 r. 628, 648  
— A Description of his Funeral Chariot, 586 r. 642  
— The Captains join with Eumenes, and presently fall from him, 617 r. 682  
— The magnificent Feast of the Captains and Great Commanders in Persia, 617 r. 682  
— The third division of the Provinces, 628 r. 696  
— All the Captains join against Antigonus, 633 r. 701  
— Great Captains take upon them the Style of Kings, 654, 680 r. 728, 761  
Alexander King of Epirus, 510 r. 548  
Alexander Son of Alexander the Great, together with his Mother murdered by Cassander, 654 r. 728  
— The Family of Alexander the Great Extinct, 672 r. 752  
Alexandria; in Egypt, built by Alexander the Great, 543 r. 589  
— Another beyond Caucasus, 568 r. 606  
— Another in India, 556 r. 617  
Alexander Pheraeus; his War with the Thessalians and Macedonians, 434, 438 r. 489, 494  
— His Cruelty, 440 a. 466  
— His other Acts, 442, 475 r. 499, 507  
— Is murdered by his Wife, 483 r. 517  
Alexander Polysperchon; his Acts, 602, 623, 632, 636, etc. r. 662, 689, 700, 706 etc.  
Amazons; the Queen lies with Alexander the Great, r. 663  
Amilcar; the Carthaginian General besieges Himera, 226 r. 253  
— His Death, 227 r. 254  
Amilcar; the Carthaginian General against Agathocles 654 r. 728  
— Is taken attempting to surprise Syracuse in the night, and his Punishment, 669 r. 747, 748  
Amhictyons; their decrees against the Spartans', 491 r. 525  
— Against the Phocians, 505 r. 542  
Amphipolis; an Athenian Colony, their Slaughters, 252, 276, r. 278, 304, 279  
— Their various Changes, 290 r. 321  
Amyntas; King of Macedon, 283 r. 312  
— Driven out of his Kingdom, 397 r. 444  
— His War with the Olynthians, 416 r. 467  
— His Death, 433 r. 488  
Andromachus; the builder of Tauromenium in Sicily, 480 r. 513  
Antigenes; Colonel of the Argyraspides, 601 r. 661  
— Burnt alive by Antigonus, 626 r. 694  
Antigonus; his share in the Provinces, 574 r. 628  
— Most Active of all Alexander's Captains, 584 r. 640  
— Joins with others against Perdiccas, ibid.  
— His first Expedition against Eumenes, 591 r. 649  
— His other Acts, 592, 593, etc. r. 650 r. 651, 654, 655, 656, 661, 666  
— His second Expedition against Eumenes, 605, 614, 615 r, 666, 679, 680  
— His other Expedition against Eumenes, 618 r. 683  
— A Battle between him and Eumenes, 620 r. 686  
— His last Battle with Eumenes, and his Victory, 626 r. 693  
— He robs the Treasuries at Susa, 629 r. 697  
— His Quarrel with Seleucus, 633 r. 701  
— Besieges Tyre, and takes it, 635 r. 704  
— His other Acts, 639, 641, 643, 648 r. 709, 712, 714, 720  
— His Expedition against the Nabathaeans, 649 r. 722  
— Builds Antigonia, 677 r. 758  
— His Expedition into Egypt, unsuccessful, 688 r. 770  
— His War with the Rhodians, 690 r. 774  
Antipater; Macedonia allotted to him, 574 r. 628  
— The Lamian War with the Athenians, 578 r. 633  
— Conquers the Athenians, and changes their Government, 581 r. 637  
Aorni; the Rocks of Aornus described, 558 r. 607  
Apes; the Indian Apes, 610 r. 562  
— Worshipped in Africa, 635 r. 704  
Apollonides forced to abdicate the Government of Agrigentum by Timoleon, 514 r. 553  
Apollo; the besieged Tyrians bind Apollo in Golden Chains, 541 r. 587  
— Alexander M. releases him, ibid.  
Apology; Eumenes his story or parable of the Lion wooing a Virgin, 618 r. 684  
Apothegms; of Agesilaus, 448 r. 506  
— Of Alcibiades, 277, 544 r. 306, 591  
— Of Antipater, 612 r. 676  
— Of the Athenians to Mardonius, 230 r. 257  
— To them that fled from the Battle at Syracuse, 307 r. 339  
— Of the Mother of Brasidias', 293 r. 324  
— Of Callicratides, 348 r. 384  
— Of Charonidas, 270 r. 299  
Of Demades, 516 r. 555  
— Of Demaratus, 218 r. 245  
— Of Diomedon, 360 r, 386  
— Of Dionysius, 479 r. 512  
— His Apothegmatick Letter to the sacrilegious Athenians, 504 r. 541  
— Of Dionysius his Friends, in persuading him not to leave the Government, 689 r. 773  
— Of Epaminondas, 430, 445, 618 r. 485, 503, 684  
— Of Gellias, 340 r. 375  
— Of the Greeks, 216 r. 243  
— Of Heloris, 360 r. 399  
— Of Hephestion, 571 r. 623  
— Of Hermocrates, 519 r. 559  
— Of the Lacedaemonian Ambassadors, 288 r. 318  
— Of Leonidas, 217 r. 244, 245  
— Of Megaclis, 689 r. 773  
— Of Myronidas, 257 r. 284  
— Of Pharnabazus, 425 r. 478  
— Of Philoxenus, of Dionysius his Verses, 411 r. 461  
— Of Proxenus, 369 r. 409  
— Of Ptolemy, 647 r. 718  
— Of Socrates, the General of Cyrus, 369 r. 410  
— Of Sophilus, 368 r. 409  
— Of Thessalion, 497 r. 533  
— Of Thrasibulus to the 30 Tyrants, 373 r. 414  
Appius Claudius, his Works, 672 r 571  
Arbela; the Battle at Arbela, by Alexander with Darius, 545, 548 r. 592, 596  
Arcadians their Sedition, and War with the Exiles and Lacedæmonians, r. 488  
— Their other Acts, 434, 436, 443, 524 r. 489, 492, 500, 563  
— Their other War with the Lacedæmonians, and Rout, 410 r. 459  
— Their War with the Eleans, 440 r. 497  
Archenactidae; Kings of the Cimmerian Bosphorus, 275 r. 303  
Archagathus; Son of Agathocles kills Lyciscus in Africa, 670 r. 749  
— The Mutiny that arose thereupon, ibid.  
— Against Agathocles, 684 r. 768  
— Archagathus killed by the Soldiers with his Brother, 686 r. 769  
Archelaus; King of Macedon, 323 r. 356  
— His Death, 374 r. 416  
Archidamus King; of his Prudence in the Earthquake, and the War, 248 r. 274  
— His Acts, 280, 282, 284 r. 308, 311, 313  
Archidamus Son of Agesilaus his Acts, 488, 508 r. 523, 545  
Archaeus King of Macedonia, 397, 474 r. 444, 550  
Arginusae, 348 r. 384  
— The Sea-Fight at the Islands of Arginusae, between the Athenians and the Spartans', ibid.  
Argivi; their War with the Mycenians, 249 r. 275  
— With the Lacedæmonians, 319 r. 352  
— The lamentable Sedition at Argos, 296 r. 327  
— Another dreadful Sedition at Argos, called the Scytalisme, 432 r. 487  
— Another War with the Lacedæmonians, 493 r. 528  
— Another Sedition. 635 r. 705  
Argyraspides; their age, and Valour, 625, 626 r. 693, 694  
— Their treachery towards Eumenes, and their just Punishment, 628, 629 r. 696, 697  
Aristides; the Athenian General at Platea, against Mardonius, 231 r. 258  
— His eminent Justice, 239 r 266  
Aristophanes; his Verses of Pericles, 274 r. 307  
Aristotiles; the Philosopher, one of the Learnedest Grecians, 263 r. 291  
Armenia; r. 330  
— The Snowy Mountains, the danger of the Grecians there, 370 r. 411  
Arridaeus; made King in the room of Alexander M. is murdered by Olympias, 612 r. 676  
— His royal Burial, 630 r. 699  
Arses King of Persia murdered by Bagoas, together with his Children, 603 r. 564  
Artabanus murders Xerxes, 251 r. 278  
— Is killed, upon his Attempt to murder Artaxerxes, ibid.  
Artabazus; the Persian General against Datames, 447 r. 505  
— Rebels against the Persian King, 462 r. 527  
— Is restored to the King's favour by Mentor, 502 r. 538  
Artaxerxes succeeds Xerxes, 251 r. 278  
— His War with the Egyptians, 253, etc. r. 280, 281, 282  
— With the Athenians at Cyprus, 265 r. 292  
— His other Acts, 266 r. 293  
— His Peace with the Lacedæmonians, 273 r. 301  
— His Death, 289 r. 319  
Artaxerxes II. Mnemon, succeeded Darius the second, 353 r. 389  
— His War with the King of Egypt, and the Grecians, 446 r. 504  
— War with his Brother Cyrus, 365, 367 368 r. 405, 407, 408  
— His War with Evagoras, 399, 410 r. 447, 459  
— His Death, 482 r. 506  
Asia; the Description, 575 r. 629  
Astrology; Meton's Circle of 19 years, called Enneadeceterides, 277 r. 305  
Asphaltes'; the Lake Asphaltes', 651 r. 724  
— The Description of Pitch, and how it's gathered, 652 r. 725  
Atalanta; Vid. Island.  
Athenians; their City burnt by Xerxes, 223 r. 250  
— Their Walls rebuilt by the Policy of Themistocles, 236 r. 263  
— Gain the Dominion of the Sea, 239 r. 266  
— Aid the Rebels in Egypt, and overcome the Persians, 252, 253 r. 279, 280  
— Their War with the Corinthians and Egeans, 253, 255 r. 282, 283  
— Their remarkable Victory at Tanagra, over the Thebans, 257 r. 284  
— Their flourishing Condition after the War with Xerxes, 263, 264 r. 291, 292  
— The Peloponnesian War, 277 r. 305, etc.  
— Their Expedition into Sicily, 284, 285 r. 313, 314  
— Their Fight and Rout in the Battle with the Beotians, 290 r. 321  
— Their Expedition into Thrace, against Brasidias', 292 r. 323  
Their Cruelty with the Scyonians, ibid.  
— Their second Expedition into Sicily, 300 227 r. 328, 332  
— They besiege Syracuse, 302 r. 334  
— Their Victory at Sea, 303 r. 335  
— Beaten at Sea, 307 r. 339  
— Their Ruin in Sicily, 307 r. 340  
— And their misery there, 314 r. 347  
The Government of 400 in Athens, 315 r. 348  
— Are overcome by the Lacedæmonians, ibid.  
— Their Victory against Callicratides, 349 r. 385  
— Their unjust Judgement against their Captains, 350 r. 386  
— Their Ruin at Egos Potamos, 352 r. 388  
— The taking of their City by Lysander, 353 r. 389  
— The Thirty Tyrants of Athens, 357 r. 396 r. 397  
— The War with the Tyrants, 373 r. 414  
— Their Ejection, ibid.  
— Ten others set up in their room prove as as bad as they, 374 r. 415  
— Athens walled again, 393 r. 442  
— They stir up the Cities against Sparta, 419 r. 471, 471  
— The Beotian War, and their Expedition into Beotia, 420 r. 472  
— How the league with Sparta is broken after the Peace of Antilcida, ibid.  
— A new War with Sparta. The first Victory (after their loss at Egos-Potamos) against the Spartans' at Naxos in a Sea-fight, 422 r. 475  
— Their Expedition into Corcyra, and Victory over the Spartans',  
— They assist the Spartans', their implacable Enemies, against the Thebans by Iphicrates, 435, 437 r. 490, 493  
— Are routed by Philip, 478 r. 511  
— Their Acts in the Social War, 485 r. 521  
— Their War with Philip, 503 r. 539  
— The Battle at Chaeronea, where they are overcome by Philip, 516 r. 555  
— Their War with Antipater, 578 r. 633, etc.  
— Their City given up to Antipater, and garrisoned by him, 581 r. 637  
— Their Democracy restored, 602 r. 662  
— Antigonus and Demetrius honoured by them, 677 r. 757  
Athenae; a University for the Liberal Arts and Sciences, 311 r. 344  
Attica; wasted by Xerxes, 223 r. 250  
— By Mardonius, 230 r. 257  
— By the Spartans', 280, 284 r. 308, 309, r. 313, 314  
Atho; Mount Atho digged through by Xerxes' Army, 310 r. 343  
Augurs; a superstitious Observation of Augurs, the occasion of the Ruin of the Athenians in Sicily, 305 r. 337  
— Showed to Philomelus, 489 r. 524  
— Portending the death of Alexander M. 571 r. 623  
Axiotheca; the Wife of Nicocles murders herself and her whole Family, 665 r. 743   

B.  
Babylon; Alexander M. his first Entry into Babylon, 548 r. 596  
— His second and last, where he died, 570 r. 622  
Babylonia; the Province of Arcon, 574 r. 628  
— It's Situation, 576 r. 630  
— Antipater allotted it to Seleucus, 590 r. 648  
Bactria; Conquered by Alexander M. The Province of Philip, 574 r. 628  
— The Situation, 576 r. 630  
Bagistama; a fruitful Country, r. 621  
Bagoas the Eunuch, colleague with Mentor in Egypt, 499, 500 r. 535, 536  
— Destroys Ochus and all his Family, 501 r. 537  
— How he was punished, 502 r. 564  
Belus; his Sepulchre, repaired by Alexander M. 570 r. 622  
Bessus; treacherously murders Darius, and stirs up the Bactrians against Alexander M. 552 r. 601  
— Punished by Alexander M. 556 r. 606  
Beotians; whence so called, r. 696  
— Their War with the Plateans, 280 r. 308  
— With the Athenians, 290 321  
— With the Phoceans, and Lacedæmonians, 393, 394, 395 r. 439, 441, 442  
— The Beotian War against the Lacedæmonians to the end, 414 r. 465, 466  
— Overcome by Philomelus, 491 r. 526  
— By Onomarchus, 493 r. 528  
— They overcome Phayllus at Orchomenus, Cephissus, and Chaeronea, 504 r. 541  
— Overcome by Leosthenes, 578 r. 633  
— Join with Antigonus, 642 r. 713  
Boeotarchs', 431 r. 485  
Bomilcar; his Ambition, 661 r. 737  
— Invades the Sovereignty over the Carthaginians, 674 r. 754  
— His Conflict with the Citizens, 675 r. 755  
— His punishment, 676 〈◊〉. 756  
Bucephalus; Alexander M. his Horse, his properties, 554 r. 603  
— Is taken, ibid.  
— Built a City in India called Bucephala, in memory of his Horse, 564 r. 612  
Bura and Helice drowned, two Cities in Greece, 428 r. 481  
Buildings; Stately Buildings in Sicily, 514 r. 553  
Burial; the remarkable love of a Wife to her Husband at his Funeral, 622 r. 689  
Bees make their Honey Combs in the Hips of Agathocles his Statue, 607 r. 671  
Byzantians, their Expedition into Bythinia, and Cruelty, 297 r. 328  
— The City taken by the Athenians by Treachery, but not without Blows, 331 r. 366   

C.  
Cadmus; the first King of Thebes, 271 r. 300  
Cadmea; the Citadel of Thebes taken by the Spartans', 416 r. 467  
— Recovered, 418 r. 470  
Callantineans; their War with Lysimachus, 640 r. 711  
Callicrates; his Sea-Fight with the Athenians, 305, 349 r. 373, 385  
Camillus; overcomes the Volsci, Equi, and the Gauls, 406 r. 456  
Campanians; assist Dionysius in Sicily, 330 r. 364  
— Are Rooted out of Sicily by Timoleon, 514 r. 553  
Cappadocia; the Province of Eumenes, 574 r. 628  
— It's Situation, 576 r. 630  
Carducians'; the hardships of the Grecians through their Country, 370 r. 411  
— The Mountains there, ibid.  
Caria; its Situation, 576 r. 630  
— The Province of Cassander, 574 r. 628  
Carmania; the Province of Tlepolimus, 574 r. 628  
— It's Situation, 576 r. 630  
Carrhae; Villages in Mesopotamia, 569 r. 621  
Carthaginians; their numerous Forces brought into Sicily as Confederates with Xerxes, 225 r. 252  
— Their miserable slaughter at Himera, by Gelo, 227 r. 254  
— Their Cruelty and Impiety in the Sacking of Selinunt, 327 r. 361  
— And after, of Himera, 330 r. 364  
— Their War with Dionysius, 376 r. 418  
— Are overcome by the Syracusians, 385 r. 430  
— Their Navy damaged by Dionysius, 391 r. 434  
— A grievous Plague amongst them, ibid.  
— The burning of their Fleet, 390 r. 435  
— Another Expedition into Sicily, against Dionysius, 398 r. 445  
— Another War with him, 414 r. 465  
— Plague and Panic fears, 418 r. 469  
— The last War with Dionysius, 439 r. 495  
— Another Expedition against Timoleon, 508, 512 r. 545, 550  
— Overcome by Timoleon, 513 r. 551  
— Their Expedition against Agathocles, and their Shipwreck, 654 r. 728  
— The manner of the public Mourning, ibid.  
— Their Victory at Ecnomon, 656 r. 730  
— The Terror amongst the Carthaginians, upon the landing of Agathocles in Africa, 660 r. 737  
— Human sacrifices in Africa, 662 r. 739  
— Towns taken by Agathocles in Africa, 664 r. 741  
— Their miserable Slaughter in Assaulting Syracuse, 668 r. 747  
— They overcome Agathocles in Africa, 684 r. 767  
— The Tents of the Carthaginians burned by chance, cause a great terror, ibid.  
Cassander; his War with Olympias, 622 r. 689  
— He builds Cassandra, and repairs Thebes, 630 r. 699  
— Uses Rhoxana and her Son very ill, ibid.  
— His Expedition into Peloponnesus, 630 r. 699  
— Confederates against Antigonus, 632 r. 701  
— Another Expedition into Peloponnesus, 635 r. 705  
— Into Illyrium, and his happy success there, ibid.  
— Into Cairo against Antigonus, and his good success there, 641 r. 712  
— His War with the Apolloniats, 648 r. 719  
— Wickedly murders the Son of Alexander and his Mother, 654 r. 728  
— Assumes the Kingdom, 680 r. 761  
— His Expedition against Antigonus, 702 r. 788  
Caulonia Besieged and razed, 401, 403 r. 449, 451  
Cerberus; how he was pulled out of Hell by Hercules, 372 r. 413  
Chabrias; the Athenian General defends Corinth against the Thebans, 437 r. 493  
— Their General in Sicily, 285 r. 314  
— His Victory at Sea over Pollides the Spartan 422 r. 475  
— His Death, 423 r. 476  
Charonaea; Philip gains a great Victory over the Athenians at Charonaea, 516 555  
Chaldaeans; their Opinion of the Prodigies in the Heavens, 429 r. 483  
— The Nature of their Divinations, 570 r. 622  
Chares; the Athenian General overcomes the Argives, 440 r. 496  
— His Acts in the Social War, 480, 486 r. 514, 521  
Charonidas; His Laws, 267 r. 295  
Cilicia; The Province of Philotas, its Situation, 578 r. 630  
Cimon; His Acts in Thrace, Asia, and Victories both by Sea and Land, 246, 247, 248, 264 r. 272, 273, 274, 292  
— His Death, 265 r. 293  
Clearchus, the Peloponnesian General; his Acts, 324, 362, 366, 368, 369 r. 357, 401, 406, 408, 409  
Cleombrotus, King of Sparta, 430 r. 484  
— His Acts and Death at the Battle of Leuctra, 432 r. 486  
Cleomenes, King of Sparta, reigned 60 years 10 months, 668 r. 747  
Cleon; his Cruelty, 285 r. 314  
— His Death, 292 r. 323  
Cleopatra, the Sister of Alexander M. married to Alexander, King of Epirus, 517 r. 557  
— Murdered by Cassander, 673 r. 753  
Concubines; how they were used to be conveyed to the Persian Kings, 247 r. 271  
Conon; the Athenian General in Corcyra, 323 r. 356  
— His Sea-Fight with the Spartans', 337, 375, 392, 394 r. 372, 417, 438, 441  
— He builds the Walls of Athens, and is cast into Prison, 395 r. 442  
Corcyrians; their War with the Corinthians, and Victory, 275 r. 303  
— A dreadful Sedition amongst them, 322 r. 355  
— Their other Acts, 643, 701 r. 714, 787  
Corinthians; their unhappy War with the Me gareans, 256 r. 283  
— With the Corcyreans, 275 r. 303  
— Their Sedition, 395 r. 442  
— Another Sedition, ibid.  
— Another Sedition, 424 r. 477  
— They help Dion the Syracusian, 513 r. 480  
— The Assembly of the Greeks at Corinth about the Persian War, ibid.  
Cheronea; A great Battle there between the Athenians and the Thebans, 265 r. 293  
Craterus, Alexander M. his special Friend, 570 r. 622  
— Assists Antipater at Lamia, 581 r. 636  
— Against the Etolians, 585 r. 641  
— His Expedition against Eumenes, 578 r. 633  
— His Death, 587 r. 644  
— His Burial, 634 r. 703  
Crotoniats; they destroy the Sybarites, 266 r. 294  
— Their War against Dionysius, 397 r. 444  
Crucifixion; Daimenes crucified by Dionysius, 382 r. 425  
Cruelty; prevented by a prudent Speech, 286 r. 315  
— Of the Spartans' upon the Plataeans, ibid.  
— Of the Carthaginians in the Sacking of Selinunt, 327 r. 361  
— Of the Persians towards the Grecians, 550 r. 599  
— Of Antigonus upon the dead Body of Alcetas,  
— Of Olympias upon Arrhidaeus and Eurydices, 612 r. 676  
Ctesias the Historian; Where he ends his History, 379 r. 421  
Cyprus; the War with Evagoras by the Persians, 399 r. 447  
— The War between Demetrius and Ptolemy for this Island, 675 r. 757  
— Recovered by Demetrius, 680 r. 761  
Cyreneans; a lamentable Sedition at Cyrene, 374 r. 415  
— Their War with Thimbro, 582 r. 638  
— Are reduced by Ptolemy's General, 644 r. 715  
— March to assist Agathocles, 673 r. 753  
Cyrus the Elder; his courteous Behaviour, 308 r. 341  
Cyrus the Younger; his War against his Brother Artaxerxes, 362, 365, 366, r. 401, 405, 406  
— His Battle with the Persians, and Death, 368 r. 408  
— The Valour of his Captains after his Death, 361 r. 400   

D.  
Darius; his Warlike Preparations against the Grecians, 215 r. 242  
Darius, the Son of Xerxes, murdered by his Brother, 251 r. 278  
Darius, King of Persia, 291 r. 322  
Darius; the last made King by Bagoas, 522 r 564, 565  
— His Preparations against Alexander M. ibid.  
— The Battle at Granicum, 530 r. 573  
— His first Expedition against Alexander M. 534 r. 578  
— His second Expedition, 544 r. 590  
— The Fight at Arbela, 545 r. 592  
— Killed by Bissus, 552 r. 601  
— Alexander M. marries his Daughter, 568 r. 618  
Decalia; The Decalian War, 303 r. 335  
Delphos; How the Oracle was first discovered, 488 r. 523  
— Why an old Woman was Priestess, ibid.  
— The vast Sum robbed out of the Temple, 402 r. 450  
— The Robbers punished by the Gods, 505 r. 542  
Demetrius, Governor of Syria, by his Father Antigonus, 636 r. 709  
— His Expedition against Ptolemy, 644 r. 715  
— His War with Ptolemy and Seleucus; Fight, and Flight, 646 r. 717  
— His Beauty, 644 r. 715  
— His Expedition against the Nabathaeans, 652 r. 725  
— Into Babylonia, 644 r. 715  
— Honoured at Athens, 646 r. 757  
— His Expedition against Cyprus. 677 r. 757  
— His great Engines in Cyprus, 677 r. 758  
— His Preparations to fight Ptolemy, 678 r. 759  
— His Victory, 679 r. 760  
— The great Damage of his Fleet at Gaza, 640 r. 711  
— His War with the Rhodians, 690, 691 r. 774, 775  
— A Description of his Engine Helepolis, 694 r. 779  
— His War with Cassander, 699 r. 785  
— His Acts in Asia, 704 r. 791  
Demosthenes, the Athenian General; his Acts, 287, 290, 291 r. 317, 321, 322  
— General in Sicily, 304 r. 336  
— Is taken, 308 r. 341  
— Put to Death, 314 r. 347  
Demosthenes, the Orator, 503, 515. r. 539, 554  
— Stirs up the Athenians against Philip, ibid.  
— His Banishment, 579 r. 634  
Deucetius; the Sicilian General, 254 r. 281  
— Builds Menaeus.  
— His War with the Agragentines and Syracusians, 353 r. 389  
— Builds Callatina, 274 r. 302  
Dimnus; a Plotter to kill Alexander M. Killed by the King's own hand, 554 r. 604  
Diocles. Vid. Laws.  
Diodorus the Sicilian; his History: How many it comprehended from the Ruin of Troy to Agathocles, 607 r. 670  
— And to the Death of Antigonus, 657 r. 733  
Diomedon, the Athenian General; his Speech when he was most unjustly led to Execution, 305 r. 386  
Dion; his Preparations for War with Dionysius, 479, 480, 481 r. 512, 513, 515  
— His Fight with Dionysius, 482 r. 516  
— His Honours at Syracuse, 485 r. 520, 521  
Dionysius, the Tyrant of Sicily; his Rise, 344, 345, 346 r. 380, 381, 382  
— Declares himself Monarch, 347 r. 383  
— His Horsemen rebel, spoil the Palace, and abuse his Wife, 355 r. 392  
— Opposed by the Syracusians, 359 r. 398  
— Dissuaded from Abdicating the Government, 360 r. 399  
— Restored to his Government in Syracuse, 361, r. 400  
— Walls Epipole with wonderful Dispatch, 365, 366 r. 404, 405  
— His Prepartions for the War against the Carthaginians, 376, 378 r. 418, 420  
— Theodorus his Speech against Dionysius, in his presence before the Syracusian Assembly, 386 r. 431  
— His attempt upon Rhegium, 397, 400 r. 444, 448  
— A new War with the Carthaginians, 399 r. 446  
— His Poems exploded at the Olympic Games, 404 r. 452  
— His Cruelty to the Rhegians, 405 r. 453  
— He sells Plato, 411 r. 461  
— His other Acts, 413, 414, 415, 437 r. 464, 465, 466, 493  
— Dies of a Surfeit, 439, 440 r. 495, 496  
— His Letter to the sacrilegious Athenians, 504 r. 541  
Dionysius; the younger his War with Dion, 481, 532 r. 515, 576  
— Is Conquered, ibid.  
— Reigns again in Syracuse, 509 r. 546  
— Abdicates the Government, and lives a private life, ibid.  
Dioxippus the Athenian; his famous Victory in a Duel, over Charogus the Macedonian, his sad Misfortune and miserable Death, 566 r. 615  
Drangina; Conquered by Alexander M. 554 r. 704  
— The Province of Stasanor, 574 r. 628  
Duel; between Coragus the Macedonian, and Dioxippus the Athenian, 566, 568 r. 615, 618  
— Of Darius with Cadusius,   

E.  
Erygius' Combat with Sartibarzenes, 556 r. 606  
— Eumenes with Neoptolemus, 587 r. 644  
Earthquakes at Sparta, 244 r. 270  
— At Rhages, 627 r. 695  
— God the Cause of Earthquakes, 418 r. 48●  
Eleans; their Commigration, 243 r. 269  
— Their War with the Lacedæmonians, 365 r. 404  
— With the Arcadians, and Pisatae, 440 r. 497  
— Join with the Athenians in the Lamian War, 578 r. 633  
— Elis Conquered by Telephorus, 648 r. 719  
Epaminondas; his Praise, 424 r. 477  
— The Theban General, 430 r. 484  
— His Valour in the Battle at Leuctra, 435 r. 490  
— Rebuilds Messina, 435 r. 491  
— Besieges Corinth, 436 r. 493  
— Preserves the Army, 437 r. 494  
— His Acts in Peloponnesus,  
— His other Acts, 441, 443, 362 r. 498, 500, 401  
— His Valour at Mantinaea, and Death's wound, 445 r. 503  
— Was a Pythagorean, and Fellow-Schollar with Philip King of Macedon, 477 r. 510  
— Regardless of Auguries, 430 r. 484, 485  
— His Say at the time he lay a dying, 445 r. 503  
Ephori; the Great Court at Sparta that overruled the Kings, 639 r. 709  
Epidamnus; The sedition there, 275 r. 303  
Evagoras endeavours to recover all Cyprus, 399 r. 447  
— His War with Artaxerxes, 411 r. 460  
— Killed by Nieucoles', 428 r. 482  
Euboea; Subdued by Xerxes, 222 r. 249  
— The intestine War, 480 r. 513  
Eumelus; King of Bosphoros, his War with his Brother for the Kingdom, 665 r. 743  
— Overcomes his Brother Prytanis, 667 r. 744  
— Killed by his Horses running away with his Chariot, 667 r. 745  
Eumenes; Governor of Cappadocia, 581 r. 635  
— His Expedition against Antipater, 587 r. 643  
— His Battle with Craterus and Neoptolemus, and Victory, 587 r. 644  
— Is overcome by Antigonus, and besieged, 591 r. 649  
— His Exercise of his Horses in the Siege, 589 r. 649  
— His various Fortunes, 596 r. 655  
— His other Acts, 598, etc. r. 653, 659  
— His danger at Euphrates, 604 r. 667  
— His Expedition against Seleucus, 612 r. 677  
— His danger at Tigris, ibid.  
— His other Acts, 613, 614, 616, 617, etc. r. 678, 680, 682, 683, etc.  
— His last Battle with Antigonus, 625 r. 693  
— Delivered up to Antigonus and put so death 626 r. 694  
Euripides; His death, 351 r. 387  
Eurydice; The Wife of Archidaeus, 590 r. 648  
— Hangs herself, 612 r. 676  
Eloquence. See Gorgias.   

F.  
Fabii; Three Hundred of the Family killed together in one Battle 243 r. 269  
Famine; At Athens in a Siege, 353 r. 389  
— At Rhegium, 320 r. 353  
— At Pydna, where Olympias was besieged 629 r. 697  
Feast; By Alexander M. before his Persian Expedition, 527 r. 570  
Fountain; at the Temple of Jupiter Hammon of a Wonderful Nature, 543 r. 589  
Fortune; hates the Proud and Cruel, 308 r. 341  
— The wonderful Turns in Eumenes, 5●6 r. 655  
— In Agathocles, 662, 670, 678 r. 739, 749, 759  
— In the Carthaginians, 662, 668 r. 739, 746  
— Of a Gardener makes a King, 541 r. 587  
Funeral; the sumptuous Funeral of Hephestion 571 r. 623  
— Far more pompous of Alexander M. 586 r. 642  
— Burnt with their dead Husbands in India, 562 r. 610  
— A Contest between two Wives which should be burnt with the dead Husband, 622 r. 689   

G.  
gaul's; Take Rome, 406 r. 455  
— Are almost all cut of by Camillus, 407 r. 456  
Geloans; they leave the City Gela and go to Syracuse, 264 r. 292  
— Then to the Leontines, 358 r. 397  
Gela besieged by the Syracusians, 609 r. 672  
— The Cruelty of Agathocles at Gela, 655 r. 729  
Gellias the Agragentine; his Wealth, Hospitality, Beauty, etc. 340 r. 375  
— His Wine-Cellar, 341 r. 376  
— His Death, 343 r. 379  
Gelo; overcomes the Carthaginians at Himera, 227 r. 253  
— His Praise, ibid.  
— His Victory, and the Death of Leonidas, fall out both on the same day 227 r. 255  
— Inriches Sicily with the Spoils of his Enemies, ibid.  
— His Death, Burial, etc. 235, 249 r. 262, 276  
God; God defends the Greeks against Xerxes, 222 r. 249  
— His Anger the Cause of all public Calamities, as Earthquakes, etc. 428 r. 482  
— His Revenge of Sacrilege, 505, 506, 508 r. 542, 543, 545  
— Remarks of Divine Providence, 508, 514, r. 545, 553, 769  
Gorgias; the Leontine his Eloquence and invented Rhetoric, 284 r. 313  
Grecians; their Assembly and Decree at the Isthmus against the Persians, 216 r. 243  
— Their Valour at Thermopyle, 219 r. 246  
— The Sea-Fight and Victory at Artemesia over the Persians, 222 r. 249  
— At Salamis; 223 r. 250  
— Their Expedition against Mardonis and their Fight with him 231 r. 258  
— The Grecian Auxiliaries against Artaxerxes for Cyrus his Brother are Victors, 368 r. 408  
— The Grecian Captains that were prisoners all put to Death, 369 r. 410  
— Their troublesome passage out of Persia back into their own Country, 370, 371, 471 r. 411, 412, 413  
— The Grecian Cities confederate against the Lacedæmonians in the Theban War, 419 r. 471  
— The Grecians advised to Peace amongst themselves by Artaxerxes, 438 r. 494  
— Peace after the Battle at Mantinaea, 446 r. 504  
— Their War at Lamia with Antipater, 496 r. 631  
Gylippus; his severe Speech against the Athenian Prisoners in Sicily. See Speech.  
Gold; the Sacred Hunger of Gold, 492 r. 527  
— Rich Mines at Philippi, 480 r. 514  
Gulf; a deep Gulf covered with Sand in Egypt, 498 r. 534   

H.  
Halicarnassus; Taken by Alexander M. 531, 532 r. 574, 576  
Hammon; the Temple of Hammon, 542, 543 r. 588, 589  
Hannibal; the Carthaginian General against the Syracusians, 319 r. 352  
— Razes Selinunt, 327 r. 361  
— Dies of the Plague, 341 r. 377  
Harpalas; his Luxury and Rapes, 569 r. 619  
Helepolis; an Engine of Battery used by Demetrius described, 677, 694 r. 758, 779  
Helice and Bura; two Cities drowned, 428 r. 482  
Hephestion dies at Ecbatana: His Funeral, 623 r. 571  
Hercules; the ancient Hercules: His Acts, 557, 564 r. 607, 613  
Hermocrates; his Acts in Sicily, 330 r. 364  
— Is slain, ibid.  
Hicetas, Prince of Syracuse, ejected by Dionysius Junior, 508 r. 545  
— Overcomes Dionysius, is routed by Timoleon, 509, 511 r. 546, 548  
Hiero, King of Syracuse, 235 r. 262  
— His Acts, 240, 241, 243 r. 267, 268, 269  
— Builds Catana, 240 r. 267  
Hilotes; their War with Sparta, 248, 290 r. 274, 320  
Himera; razed to the Ground by Hannibal, 328 r. 362  
Historians; who are to be Blamed, and who Excusable, 244 r. 380  
— Who end with the Battle at Mantinaea, 446 r. 504  
— Unpleasant, when broken off with many Speeches, 657 r. 733  
— The Profit of History, 583 r. 639  
Honey in Colchis; makes Men mad, 371 r. 412  
Horses; how exercised by Eumenes when he besieged in a straight Place. See Exercise.   

I.  
Japygians; Overcome the Tarentines, 241 r. 268  
Jason, the Pherean; his Acts, 420, 432, 433 r. 472, 487, 488  
Ida; the Mountain Ida described, 524 r. 565  
— The Wonders there, ibid.  
Illyrians; Overcome the Macedonians, 478 r. 510  
— Conquered by Philip, 479, 486 r. 512, 522  
Imilco; the Carthaginian General in Sicily: his Acts, 380, 382, 383 r. 423, 426, 427  
— His Sacrileges, 385 r. 430  
— Loses his Fleet, Army, etc. 391 r. 436  
— His extreme Misery in his own Country, ibid.  
— Dies for want, ibid.  
Isaurians; burn themselves in Pisidia, 584. 640  
India; the Description, 576 r. 630  
— By a Law among the Indians, the Wives burn themselves with their dead Husbands, 622 r. 688  
Inundations; fearful Inundations in Peloponnesus, 428 r. 482  
— And in other Parts of Greece, 286 r. 316  
— At Rhodes, 627 r. 695  
Iphicrates; the Athenian General in Egypt, 425 r. 478  
— His Acts in Egypt, 426 r. 479  
— His other Acts, 397, 435, 486 r. 444, 490, 521  
— His Praise, 516 r. 555  
Issus; the Battle at Issus by Alexander M. with the Persians, 535 r. 579  
Judges in Persia are flayed alive, 411, 412 r. 462, 463   

L.  
Lacedaemon; the Earthquakes at Sparta, 244 r. 270  
— Take Athens, 353 r. 389  
— Their Quarrels with the Eleans, 365 r. 404  
— Assist Cyrus against his Brother, ib. 367 r. 405, 407  
— Lose their Dominion at Sea, 394, r. 441  
— Overcome by the Athenians in a Sea-fight at Naxus, 422 r. 475  
— Their War with the Argives, 493 r. 528  
Lamia; the Story of Lamia, 674 r. 754  
Lamia; the Beginning and Cause of the Lamian War, 490, 576 r. 525, 631  
Laws; Laws of Charondas 267 r. 295  
— Of Zeleucus, 269 r. 298  
— Of Diocles the Syracusian, and his Tragical End, 314 r. 347  
— Of the Twelve Tables of Rome, 271, 272 r. 300, 301  
— Confirmed by the Death of the Legislator, 270, 314 r. 290, 347  
Leonides; the Spartan General at Thermopyle, 217 r. 244  
— His Heroic Death there, 220 r. 247  
Leosthines; the Athenian General in the Lamian War, 569 r. 621  
— Overcomes Antipater, 579 r. 634  
— His Death, and Praise, ibid.  
Lesbians; subdued by the Athenians, 286 r. 315  
Libanus; a Description of Mount Libanus, 367 r. 407  
Long Life of Democritus, 362 r. 401  
Lucanians; their War with the Thurians, and remarkable Victory, 400 r. 448  
— With Dionysius the younger, 479 r. 512  
— With the Tarentines, 701 r. 787  
Lycaonia; the Situation, 576 r. 630  
Lydia; the Province of Meleager, 574 r. 628  
— The Situation, 576 r. 630  
Lysander; the Spartan General against the Athenians, 333 r. 368  
— His Victory over the Athenians at Aegos Potamos, 352 r. 388  
— His Death, 393 r. 439  
Lysimachus; one of Alexander M. his Commanders.  
— Thrace his Province, 574 r. 628  
— Relieves the Rhodians with Provision, r. 782  
— Assists Cassander, 702 r. 788  
— Stoops to Antigonus, ibid.  
Lysimachia built, 667 r. 746   

M.  
Macedonians; the Parricides amongst the Macedonian Kings, 477 r. 510  
— Rout the Greeks at Charonea, 516 r. 555  
Mago, the Carthaginian General, fights with Dionysius, and is killed, 414 r. 465  
Mantineans; overcome by the Lacedæmonians, 295 r. 326  
— The City Mantinaea besieged, and taken by the Spartans', 411, 413 r. 460, 464  
— The Battle with the Tageans described, 445 r. 502, 503  
— Their War with the Megalopolites, 449 r. 507  
Marathon; the Slaughter of the Persians there, r. 242  
Marmarensians; being besieged, burn their Houses, Parents, and Friends, 532 r. 576  
Megalopolis built, 439 r. 495  
— Their War with the Mantineans, 449 r. 507  
— With the Spartans', 495 r. 530  
Megara; the Acts of the Megareans, 231, 256, 265 r. 258, 283, 293  
— Their Sedition, r. 478  
Mentor, the Rhodian, betrays the Sidonians, 496 r. 532  
— His other Acts, 500, etc. r. 536, etc.  
Mesopotamia; the Province of Arcesilas, 574 r. 628  
— The Situation, 576 r. 630  
Messenians; their War with the Spartans', 248 r. 274  
— Are routed out of Greece by the Spartans', 374 r. 415  
— Their Increase in Sicily, 392 r. 438  
— The City Messina in Sicily sacked by the Carthaginians, 382, 383, r. 426, 427  
— Repaired by Dionysius, 392 r. 437  
— They assist Dion, 481 r. 515  
— The City gained by Agathocles, 652 r. 726  
— Messina in Peloponnesus rebuilt by Epaminondas, 435 r. 491  
Meteors; an Astrological account of them, 429 r. 483  
Methon; a City in Thrace Sacked by Philip, 493 r. 528  
Meton; the Circle of 19 years called Enneadeceterides, 227 r. 305  
Miletum; their War with the Samians, 273 r. 301  
— Their bloody Sedition, 352 r. 388  
Mitylene; taken by the Athenians, 285, 286 r. 314, 315  
— Their Goods sold, ibid.  
— The Port, 340 r. 375  
Motya; a City of Sicily, r. 359  
— Taken by Dionysius, 373, 379 r. 414, 422  
— Recovered by the Carthaginians, 382 r. 426  
Munychia; Razed by Demetrius, 676 r. 756  
Muses; the Games of the Muses in Macedonia, 527 r. 570  
Mycale; a Description of the battle at Mycale, 234 r. 261  
Mycenae Razed to the ground by the Argives, 249 r. 276   

N.  
Nabathaeans; Arabians, their Laws and Manners, 650 r. 722  
— Their War with Demetrius, 651 r. 724  
Naxus; Razed by Dionysius, 480 r. 513  
Nectanabus; King of Egypt, his War with Artaxerxes, 425 r. 478  
Nectanabus; revolts from his Father Tachos King of Egypt, and is overcome by Agesilaus, 448 r. 506  
— Rebels against Ochus, 496 r. 531  
Neptune; the Causer of all Earthquakes and Inundations, 429 r. 483  
— Priests drowned in the Sea offered to him, 305 r. 377  
Niceas; the Athenian General his Acts, 485 r. 519  
— His Expedition into Peloponnesus, 290 r. 320  
— His great misfortunes and lamentable Condition in Sicily 307, 308, 311, 312 r. 340, 341, 344, 345  
— Is put to death, 314 r. 347  
Nicocles; the Cyprian, the Tragical end of him and his whole Family, 665 r. 743  
Nicolaus the Syracusian; his brave Speech for the saving the Athenian Captives from being put to death, 200 r. 241   

O.  
Ocean; the Wonders found in it, 568, 569 r. 618, 619  
Ochus; King of Persia succceeds Artaxerxes, 448 r. 506  
— His Expedition against Egypt, 491 r. 531  
— His Acts, 498 534  
— Is destroyed with his whole Family, 413 r. 564  
Olympias; the Mother of Alexander M. 598 r. 658  
— Her Return out of Epirus into Macedonia, and Cruelty towards Archidoeus and Eurydice and others, 612 r. 676  
— The terrible Famine in the Siege of Pydna, 621 r. 697  
— Her Accusation and Death, 629, 630 r. 698, 699  
Olympus; the Temple of Jupiter Olympus, at Agrigentum, 340 r. 375  
— Another at Syracuse 301, 514 r. 333, 553  
Olynthians; their War with Amyntas King of Macedon, 416 r. 467  
— Demand their Land again, 397. r. 444  
— War with the Lacedæmonians, 417 r. 468  
Ophellas; Subdues the Cyrenians, 583 r. 639  
— Joins with Agathocles in Africa, 673 r. 753  
— He with his Auxiliaries perfidiously slain by Agathocles, 674 r. 754  
— His Cruelty, ibid.  
Oracle of Dodona, 439 r. 495  
— Of Hammon, 543 r. 589  
Oracles delivered to Alexander M. at Hammon, ibid.  
— To the Clazomeans and Cumeans, concerning Leuca,  
— To Dionysius of his death, 440 r. 496  
— To Eumelus King of Bosphoros of his death, 667 r. 745  
— To the Helicenses, 428 r. 482  
— To the jonians, ibid.  
— To the Lacedæmonians of expiating the murder of Pausanias, 239 r. 266  
— To the Messinians in Sicily, 399 r. 447  
— To Philip before his death, 517 r. 557  
— To Philomelus, 489 r. 524  
— To Satyrus King of Bosphorus, of the manner of his death, 667 r. 745  
— To Seleucus by the Chaldeans, 632, 649 r. 701, 720  
— To the Spartans' of the Victory of the Thebans, 241, 430 r. 268, 485  
— To the Thebans of the Victory at Leuctra,  
— Of their ruin, 524 r. 566  
— To Timoleon of his success in Sicily from Ceres, 508 r. 545  
Orchomenos; Razed by the Thebans, 441 r. 498  
— The Thebans their old Enemies, ibid.  
Ostracism; the Law and manner of it at Athens, 244 r. 270   

P.  
Pallica; a City in Sicily; built by Ducetius, 261 r. 288  
— It's Growth and Destruction, ibid.  
— The strange boiling Pots called Craters in the Earth there, ibid.  
Pamphilia; the Province of Antigonus, 574 r. 628  
— The Situation, 576 r. 630  
Paphlagonia with Cappadocia, 574 628  
— The Provinces of Eumenes, 581 r. 636  
Parmenio; his Acts in Phrygia, 540 r. 586  
— Suspected of Treason, and put to death, 554 r. 604  
Pausanias; the Lacedaemonian General at Platea against Mardonius 231 r. 258  
— His Treason against his Country, 237238 r. 264, 265  
— Discovered how, and punished, ibid.  
Passes difficult Passes in Thermopyle, 219 r. 246  
— In Uxiana 549 r. 597  
— In the Rock Aornus, 557 r. 667  
Peace; Peace all over the World, 273 r. 301  
Pelopidas; the Theban General, 434 r. 489  
— Taken by Alexander Prince of Pherea, 438 r. 494  
— Delivered, 440 r. 496  
— His Acts and Death, and Praise, 442 r. 499  
Peloponnesus; Peloponnesus liable to Earthquakes, 429 r. 483  
— The Peloponnesian War, the Causes, Renual etc. 271, 280, 303 r. 300, 308, 325  
Perdiccas; One of Alexander M. Commanders 547 r. 592  
— At Arbela, ibid.  
— Divides the Conquered Provinces, 574 r. 628  
— His other Acts, 575, 576, 581, 583 r. 629, 631, 636, 639  
— The Captains conspire against him, 585 r. 641  
— His Expedition into Egypt, 588 r. 645  
Pericles; His Acts in Peloponnesus, 259, 260 r. 286, 287  
— His other Acts, 273, 274 r. 301, 302  
— His Arrears the public Cause of the Peloponesian War, 277 r. 306  
— His hot Speech, 273 r. 301  
— His second Expedition into Peloponnesus, 281 r. 310  
— His Death, ibid.  
Persepolis; Taken and burnt (by the instigation of a Strumpet,) by Alexander M, 550 r. 599  
Persia; The Province of Peucestas, 574 r. 628  
— The description of a pleasant Tract there, 616 r. 682  
Petalisme, 259 r. 286  
Phalaecus; The General of the Phoceans, 495 r. 530  
— His Sacrilegious Covetousness, 503 r. 540  
— Punished by the Gods, 505 r. 542  
Pharnabasus; The Persian General, 316 r. 349  
— Helps sometimes the Athenians and sometimes the Lacedaemonians, 321, 324, 375 r. 354, 357, 416  
— General of the War against the Egyptians, 446 r. 504  
Phialensians; Their seditian, 424 r. 477  
Philip, King of Macedon; The Epitome of his History, 477 r. 510  
— His Acts and Wars, 477 to 516 r. 510 to 556  
— His Feast and stately Games; and ominous Verses, 518 r. 558  
— The Plot against his life, and the Cause ibid.  
— His Murder. &c, 519 r. 559  
Philocles; The Athenian General at Aegos-Potamos, 352 r. 388  
— Is put to Death ibid.  
Philomelus; stirs up the Phoceans, 486 r. 522  
— Robs the Temple at Delphos, 491 r. 526  
— Casts himself down from the top of a Rock, ibid.  
Phoceans; Their War with the Doreans and Spartans', 256 r. 283  
— With the Boetians, 393 r. 439  
— With the Thebans, 432 r. 487  
— They spoil the Temple at Delphos, 488, 491 r. 523, 526  
— Their Fight with the Thebans, 503 r. 539  
— Are burnt in the Temple, 504 r. 541  
Phocio; the Athenian General, 496 r. 532  
— The sentence upon him and his punishment, 602 r. 663  
Phoenicia; the Situation, 576 r. 630  
Phrygia the Less, the Situation, ibid.  
— The Greater, ibid.  
Pindar; When he flourished, 200 r. 226  
Pisidia; The situation, 576 r. 630  
Plague; Grievous amongst the Carthaginians, 418 r. 469  
— The first Plague at Athens, 281 r. 310  
— The second, 286 r. 316  
— And the Causes, ibid.  
— In the Camp of Hannibal in Sicily, for his Impiety, 341 r. 377  
— In the Camp of Imilco, and the Cause, 389 r. 434  
— In Africa, 358 r. 397  
Plateans; the Battle at Platea with the Persians, 231 r. 258  
— Are besieged by the Spartans', all put to Death and the City razed, 282, 286 r. 311, 315  
— Their other misfortunes, 427 r. 481  
Plato; Sold by Dionysius, 411 r. 461  
— The most learned of the Greeks, 263 r. 291  
Porus; His War with Alexander M. 561 r. 608  
— His Valour and Stature, 562 r. 609  
Princes strengthen themselves more with Gentleness than Arms, 309 r. 342  
— Their Vices most notorious, ●57 r. 395  
Prodigies; to Alexander M. before his Death, 572 r. 624  
— To the Athenians before irreparable slaughter in Sicily, 305 r. 337  
— To Epaminondas before his Victory at Leuctra, 428, 430, r. 482, 484  
— To Hannibal after the violation of the Sepulchers in Sicily, 341 r, 377  
— To Pelopidas before his Death, 442 r. 499  
— To the Spartans' before their slaughter at Leuctra, 428, 430 r. 482, 484  
— To the Thebans before the Sacking of their City, 604 r. 566  
— To Timoleon before his Expedition into Sicily, 508 r. 545  
— Before his Fight with the Carthaginians, 513 r. 551  
Ptolemy Alorites, King of Macedonia, kills his Brother, and was killed by his Brother, 440, 477 r, 497, 550  
Ptolomaeus Lagus was cured by a divine Power, 567 r. 617  
— Governor of Egypt, 574 r. 628  
— His stately preparations for the buying of Alexander M. 587 r. 643  
— Confirmed in the Government of Egypt, 590 r. 648  
— Subdues Phoenicia, 592 r. 650  
— Opposes Antigonus in divers places,  
— His Expedition into Cyprus, Silicia, and Syria, and his Successes, 98 r. 115  
— His Battle and Victory, 646, 647 r. 717, 718  
— His War with Antigonus, 664 r. 742  
— His Sea. Fight with Demetrius at Cyprus, 678 r. 759  
— Is worsted, and returns into Egypt, 680 r. 761  
— Recovers Coelo-Syria, 704 r. 791  
Pylae; the Gates or Entry into Cilicia, 366 r. 406  
Pyrrhus; the famous Enemy to the Romans, 623 r. 690  
Pythagorean Philosopher; the Master to Epaminondas, and Philip King of Macedon, 478 510  
— The last of his Sect, when they lived, 440 r. 497  
Pythia; why the Priestesses were no longer Virgins, 489 r. 524   

Q.  
Quinda; a strong Castle where Alexander M. Treasures were laid up, and carried away by Antigonus, 633 r. 702  
Quinquiremes; or five Oars on a Bank, when first used, 376, 377 r. 418, 419   

R.  
Race; a Horse overrun by a Man, 362 r. 401  
Region; a pleasant and fruitful Country in Africa, 659 r. 736  
Religion; Zeleucus his Law concerning it, 270 r. 299  
— The Violation of Religion punished by public Calamities, 286, 391, 392, 428 r. 316, 436, 437, 482  
Rhodes; the miserable Inundation at Rhodes, 627 r. 695  
— Their War with Demetrius, 691 r. 775  
— Staightly Besieged, 692 r. 776  
— Their Fight with Demetrius and Victory, 693 r. 777, 778  
— The repairing of the City, 699 r. 785  
Rhoxana, Wife of Alexander M. murdered with her son, by Cassander, 654 r. 728  
Romans; the first time they paid Wages to their Soldiers, 364 r. 403  
— The first time the People disobeyed the Senate, 404 r. 452  
— Their sad Overthrow by the Gauls at Allia, 406 r. 454  
— Defend the Capital, 406, 407 r. 455 456  
— Their Wars with the Samnites, 611, 640, 641, 642, 652, 675, 710, 711, 713, 726  
— With the Marsians and Etrurians, 676 r. 756   

S.  
Sacrifice; a Butcherly Sacrifice of Captives, punished by God, 684 r. 767  
Sacrilege; in divers manners punished by the Gods, 504, 505, 506, 490, 494, 698 r. 541, 542, 543, 526, 529, 784  
— Causes a War, 443 r. 500  
— Checked by an Earthquake, 503 r. 540  
— Cast in the Teeth of the Athenians by a Tyrant, ibid.  
Salamis; the Sea-Fight at Salamis between the Grecians and Persians, and the remarkable Victory of the Greeks, 224, 225 r. 251, 252  
Saturn; a Boy offered up to him: The Idol at Carthage, 341, 663 r. 377, 740  
Sciones; besieged and taken by Storm, and most cruelly dealt with by the Athenians, 291, 292, 294 r. 322, 323, 325  
Stytalisme; amongst the Argives what it is, 432 r. 487  
Sedition: Of the Arcadians, 433 r. 488  
— Of the Argives, ibid.  
— Of Alexander M. his Soldiers, 568 r. 620  
— The most bloody Sedition of the Corcyrians, 322 r. 355  
— Of the Corinthians, 424 r. 477  
— Of Dionysius his Horsemen, 355 r. 392  
— Of Megareans, 425 r. 478  
— Phialeans, 424 r. 477  
— Of the Phliasians, 425 r. 478  
— Against Timoleon, 513, 514 r. 551, 553  
— Of the Syracusians, 253 r. 280  
— Of the Zacynthians, 426 r. 480  
Seleucus, Governor of the Province of Babylon, so made by Antipater, 590 r. 648  
— His Acts, 613, 632, 634, 635, 646 r. 677, 701, 703, 705, 717  
— Recovers Babylon, 649 r. 720  
— Wears a Diadem, 680 r. 761  
Serpents; the Serpents of India, the Greatest and the most Venomeus, 562 r. 610  
— Of Africa, 674 r. 754  
Sicilians; their War with Hannibal, 339 r. 374  
— With Imilcar, 341 r. 377  
— With Imilco, 380 r. 423  
— With Hanno, 312 r. 545  
— With Amilcar, 654 r. 728  
— Assists Dion, 481 r. 515  
— Recover their Liberty by the help of Timoleon, 511 r. 548  
Sidonians; their Revolt from Ochus, King of Persia, 496 531  
— Are betrayed by Mentor the Rhodian, 497, etc. r. 532, etc.  
— Their miserable Destruction, 498 r. 533  
Socrates; His Condemnation, 374 r. 416  
Sogdiana; Its Situation, 576 r. 630  
Sophocles; the Athenian General in Sicily, 285 r. 314  
— The wonderful Death of the Poet, 351 r. 387  
— His Son likewise a Tragic Poet, 382 r. 425  
Soul; the Immortality, 574 r. 627  
— The Cure of the Soul more excellent than the body, 268 r. 296  
Spartans'; the praise of them that were killed at Thermopyle, ●●0 r. 247  
— Sparta first besieged by the Thebans, 435 r. 490  
Speech; Gyiipus the Lacedaemonian his severe Speech against the Athenian Captives in Sicily, 312 r. 345  
— Nicolaus his brave Speech to save their lives, 308, etc. r. 341, etc.  
Stratagems; of the Aegestines against the Athenians of Agathocles against the Geloans, 609, 655 r. 672, 729  
— Against the Carthaginians, 656, 659, 660, 661, 664, 671, 683 r. 730, 735, 736, 738, r. 741, 750, 705  
— Against Sosistratus, 602 r. 672  
— Of Alcibiades in persuading Ducetius to to fortify Sparta, 303 r. 335  
— Of Alexander M. in Burning his Fleet, 530 r. 573, etc.  
Susa delivered up to Alexander M. 548 r. 596  
— The Situation, 576 r. 630  
Sybrarites; Sybaris razed by the Crotoniats, 266 r. 294  
— Repaired, 267 r. 295  
— Again erected, 261, 267, 271 r. 288, 295, 300  
Syracusians; Besieged by the Athenians, 302 r. 334  
— Overcome the Athenians in several Sea-Fights, 305 r. 337  
— Their Cruelty upon the Athenian Captives, 314 r. 347  
— Their many Wars with the Carthaginians, 319, 320, 339, 341 r. 352, 353, 374, 377  
— With Dionysius 359 r. 398  
— They beat Imilco in a Sea-Fight, 385 r. 430  
— How they were freed from the Tyranny of the Dionysiates, 481, 510 r. 515, 547  
Dion received, ibid.  
— The City plundered by the Dionysians, 485 r. 520  
— Delivered from slavery by the assistance of the Corinthians under Timoleon, 507, 509, 510 r. 544. 546, 547  
— The City sadly plundered by the Soldiers of Agathocles, 609 r. 673  
— His cruel punishment of the Citizens, 687 r. 770  
— And his butchery of the Fugitives, 693 r. 777  
Syria, the Province of Laomedon, 574 r. 628  
— The Situation, 576 r. 630  
— Subdued by Ptolemy, 592 r. 650   

T.  
Tarrentines; Their unfortunate War with the Japygians, 241 r. 268  
— They help the Sicilians against Agathocles, 640 r. 710  
— Antigonus against Eumenes; 620 r. 686  
— Their War with the Lucanians, 701 r. 787  
Tauromenum; When built, 480 r. 513  
Tegeans; Their War with the Mantineans, 477 r. 510  
Teribazus, the Persian Governor of Armenia, allows quiet Passage to the Greeks returning out of Persia, 378 r. 411  
— Is accused by Orontes, and acquitted, 411, 412 r. 462, 463  
Thais, the Strumpet, persuades Alexander M. to burn Persepolis, 511 r. 600  
Thalestris, the Amazon Queen, comes to Alexander M. to have Issue by him, 554 r. 603  
Thebans; their War with the Athenians, 257, 280, 286, 300 r. 284, 308, 319, 322  
— Their Citadel Cadmea seized by the Spartans' against the League, 417, 421 r. 468, 474  
— They refuse to join in the General Peace, 424, 429 r. 477, 483  
— Their great War with the Lacedæmonians, ibid.  
— The Prodigies that appeared before the War, ibid.  
— Their Victory at Leuctra, 407 r. 456  
— Their other Acts, 408, 434, 436 r. 457, 489, 492  
— Their Expedition into Peloponnesus, 437 r. 493  
— Another Expedition into Peloponnesus, 440 r. 496  
— Some Battles with the Lacedæmonians, 495 r. 530  
— They raze Phocis, 496 r. 531  
— Their Fight with the Phoceans, 503 r. 539  
Thebes Garrisoned by Philip, and afterwards driven out, 516, 521 r. 556, 563  
— Rebel against Alexander M. 524, 525 r. 566, 567  
— The miserable destruction of their City and Inhabitants by Alexander M, 526, 527 r. 568, 569  
— The City rebuilt by Cassander, 630 r. 699  
— It's various Changes, 631 r. 700  
Themistocles the Athenian General, 216 r. 243  
— His wise Counsels at Artemesium, and at Salamis, 222, 223 r. 249, 250  
— His Stratagems, 224, 225 r. 251, 252  
— His banishment 243 r. 269  
— Flies to Xerxes, 244 r. 270  
— His last Stratagem whereby he deceived Xerxes, 245 r. 271  
— His Death and praise, 245, 246 r. 271, 272  
Theodorus; His brave Speech to the Syracusians to preserve their Liberties, 386 r. 431  
Thermopyle; defended bravely by the Greeks against Xerxes, 217, 219 r. 244, 246  
Thrace; The Province of Lysimachus, 574 r. 628  
— They waste Chersonesus, 375 r. 417  
— Treacherous to the Abderites, 423 r. 476  
— Their War with Lysimachus, 640 r. 711  
Thucydides; where he gins and ends his History, 319, 377 r. 306, 352  
Tigris; The Course of the River Tigris, 549 r. 597  
— Joined with a Bridge by Antigonus, 614 r. 680  
Timoleon; The Corinthian General into Sicily: A short Account of his Acts, 507, etc. 513 r. 544, etc. 551  
— Causes Peace and Plenty all over Sicily, 513, 514 r. 552, 553  
— His Death, and pompous Funeral at Syracuse, 516 r. 556  
Tissaphernes, the Persian General, fights bravely with Cyrus, 368 r. 408  
— Treacherously cuts off the Grecian Commanders, 369 r. 410  
— His War with Agesilaus in the Lesser Asia, 392 r. 438  
— Overcome by Agesilaus, 393 r. 439  
— And afterwards Beheaded, ibid.  
Trees; Trees distilling of Honey, 553 r. 602  
Tribunes; Military Tribunes, when first Created at Rome, 251, 271, 272, 277 r. 278, 300, 301, 306  
Tripoli; a City in Phoenicia, 496 r. 531  
Tunis; taken by Agathocles, 501 r. 737  
Tyrants; the Thirty Tyrants at Athens, 357, 358, etc. r. 395, etc.  
— Their Cruelties, ibid. 372 r. ibid. 413  
— A Tyrant distracts every body, 675 r. 755  
— How Tyrants are to be dealt with, 411 r. 461  
Tyre; besieged by Alexander M. 537, etc. r. 583, etc.  
— Made a Peninsula, ibid.  
— Is taken, 431 r. 486  
— An ancient City is had been, but then destroyed, 537 r. 583  
— Afterwards rebuilt, 541 r. 587   

V.  
Virginia; killed by her own Father at Rome, to prevent her being a Slave to a Villain that had sworn, she was his Slave Servant, 271 r. 300  
Virtue; we hate when it's present, but desire it earnestly when it's lost, and taken from us, 221, 566 r. 248, 615  
Utica; the memorable Siege and Defence at Utica in Africa by Agathocles, 680 r. 761  
— The Captives of Utica hung at the Engines alive to be shot at by the Townsmen, ibid.   

W.  
Wine-Cellars; the stately Wine-Cellars of Gellias in Agrigentum, 341 r. 376   

X.  
Xenophon the Historian; where he gins and ends his History, 319, 446 r. 352, 504  
— Is created General over the Greeks that returned out of Persia, 374 r. 416  
Xerxes; his Expedition, Armies, etc. into Greece, 213, 216, 218 r. 242, 243, 245  
— The Sea-Fight at Artemisium, 222 r. 249  
— The Fight with Leonidas at Thermopylae, 218, 219 r. 245, 246  
— The Sea-Fight at Salamis, 224, 225 r. 251, 252  
— His Flight to Ecbatana, 234 r. 261  
— Is Assassinated, 258 r. 278   

Z.  
Zacynthus; the Sedition and War at Zacynthus, 416 r. 480  
Zaleucus; his Laws at Thurium in Italy, 270 r. 299    

A TABLE OF THE Eclogues or Fragments.  
Note: The Letter b in the Fragments stands for Book, and the Letter e for Eclogue or Excerpt; Likewise the Letter l stands for Lib. and the Letter s for Section.  

The ECLOGUES or FRAGMENTS out of the First Six Books after the Twentieth of Diodorus the Sicilian.  

A.  
ACra Leuca, built in Spain by Amilcar, Hannibal's Father, Book 25. Eclogue 2. Page 720  
Aemilius, the Consul, wast the Country of the Celte Galls, b. 25. e. 3. ibid.  
Agathocles, King of Syracuse, his Acts and Death, b. 21. e. 2, 3, 4, 8, 11, 12. 709  
Alexander, the Son of Cassander, murdered by Demetrius, b. 21. e. 7. ibid.  
Amesalus razed by Hiero, b. 22. e. 15. 714  
Amilcar, his Acts in Sicily against the Romans, b. 23. e. 9 716  
— His Death, b. 25. e. 2. 719  
Antander, the Sicilian Historian, b. 21. e. 12. 710  
Antigonus his Death, b. 21. e. 1. 709  
Appius Claudius his Acts in Sicily, b. 23. e. 2. 715  
Ar●s; none can please all in any Arts, b. 26. e. 1. 721  
Asdrubal unsuccessful in Sicily, b. 25. e. 2. 719   

B.  
Barcas, the Carthaginian General, his Acts in Sicily, b. 24. e. 2. 719  
Brennus, the Gall, his Inroad into Macedonia, the Slaughter of his Army, and his Death, b. 22. e. 13. 713  
Brutii; they rout Agathocles, b. 21. e. 3. 709  
— He wastes their Country, e. 8. ibid.  
Cadmean Victory, what, b. 22. e. 4. 712  
Calatinus routs the Carthaginians at Sea, b. 24. e. 12. 719  
Cantharideses blinds the Sight, b. 22. e. 2. 712  
Carthaginians; their War with Pyrrhus in Sicily, b. 22. e. 11, 14. 712, 713  
— With the Romans, b. 23. 715  
— Overcome by Appius Claudius, b. 23. e. 4. 715  
— Their War with their Confederates, b. 25. e. 1. 719  
Carthalon, his Successes in Sicily against the Romans, b. 24. e. 1. 719  
Celte, routed in Sicily through their Intemperance, b. 23. e. 12. 717  
— Slaughtered in Spain by Amilcar, b. 25. e. 2. 720  
Cios, the General of the Mamertines, routed by Hiero, kills himself, b. 22. e. 15. 715  
Covetousness; the Evil of it, b. 21. e. 1. 709   

D.  
Demetrius his Acts, b 21. e 1, 7, 10, 11. 709, 710  
Decius, his Cru 〈…〉 at Rhegium; his Sight lost by a Physician wilfully, by the use of Cantharideses, b 22. e 2. 712   

E.  
Enna taken by the Romans, b 23. e 9 716  
Eryx in Sicily taken by Pyrrhus, b 22. e 14. 713  
— Razed by the Carthaginians, b 22. e 9 712   

F.  
Fabius, the Roman Consul, slaughters the Hetruscans, Galls, and Samnites, b 21. e 6. 702   

G.  
Gades, b 25. e 2. 719  
Galls; their Inroad into Greece, b 22. e 13. 713  
— Their miserable Return, ibid.   

H.  
Hannibal; his Acts in Sicily, b 22. e 15. 714  
Hannibal, Son of Amilcar, chosen General in Spain by the Army, b 25. e 5. 720  
— His taking of Sagunthum, b 25. e 5. ibid.  
Hanno; his Acts in Sicily, b 23. e 2. 715  
Hiero; his Acts, b 22. e 15. b 23. e 2, 4, 5, 12. b 24. e 1. b 25. e 4. b 26. e 6. 714, 715, 718, 720, 721   

I.  
Indortes, the General of the Iberians, taken and killed by Amilcar, b 25. e 2. 720  
Istolatius, General of the Celte, taken by Amilcar, b 26. e 2. ibid.  
Julius the Consul is Shipwrecked, b 24. e 1. 719   

L.  
Leontines' receive Pyrrhus, 713  
Lilybeurn in Sicily besieged by Pyrrhus, b 22. e 14. ibid.  
— When built, ibid.  
— Besieged by the Romans, b 24. e 1, 3. 718   

M.  
Maenon poisons his Master Agathocles, b 21. e 12. 710  
— His other Acts, b 21. e 13. 711  
Mamertines, their Cruelty at Messina, b 21. e 12. ibid.  
Messina besieged by Hiero, and the Carthaginians relieved by the Romans, b 22. e 15. 714   

N.  
Numidians Rebelling against the Carthaginians, are destroyed by Asdrubal, b 25. e 2. 720   

O.  
Orissus, King of the Iberians, routed by Asdrubal, 720   

P.  
Phintias, Prince of Agragentum, overcome of Hicetas, b 22. e 2. 712  
— His Dream of his End, e 5. ibid.  
Ptolemeus Ceraunus killed of the Galls, e 3. ibid.  
Pyrrhus' his Acts in Sicily, e 10, 11, 14. ibid.   

R.  
Regulus the Proconsul, his Successes in Africa, b 23. e 12. 716  
Rhodes torn by an Earthquake.  
Romans, their Slaughters of the Hetruscians, Galls, etc. b 21. e 6. 709  
— Their ancient Shields, and new, b 23. e 3. 715  
— Their Acts in Sicily, b 23. e 2. ibid.  
— Their Shipwrecks, b 23. e 12. 719  
— Are beaten at Sea by Cathalo, b 24. e 1. 718   

S.  
Sagunthum besieged, b 25. e 5. 720  
— Their Heroic Acts, ibid.  
— The Women kill both themselves and their Children, ibid.  
Sicily the bravest of Islands, b 23. e 1. 715  
Stilpo, Agathocles his General, Shipwrecked, b 21. e 8. 709   

T.  
Thebes taken by Demetrius, and demolished, b 21. e 10. 710   

X.  
Xanthippus the Spartan overcomes Regulus, the Roman General, in Africa, b 23. e 12. 716    

The FRAGMENTS out of the Lost Books of Diodorus the Sicilian, gathered by Photius.  

A.  
ALexander Epiphanes, King of Syria, murdered by his Subjects, Book 32. Eclogue 1. Page 724  
Antiochis Queen of Cappadocia, cousin's her Husband with a supposititious Birth, b 31 e 3. 723  
Antiochus Epiphanes profanes the Temple at Jerusalem, b 34. e 1. 726  
Antiochus Eupator, his War with the Jews, b 34. e 1. ibid.  
Ariamnes II. King of Cappadocia his great love to his Son, and his Son to him, b 31. e 3. 723  
Ariarathes I II. III. IU. V VI Kings of Cappadocia, and the last a favourer of Learning, b 31. e 3.  
— And the pedigree of those Kings, ibid.  
Athenio the Captain of the slaves in Sicily, and that servile War, b 36. e 1. 731   

B.  
Battaces; the Priest of Cybele in Phrygia, comes in a strange Habit to Rome, b 36. e 2. 733  
Bocchus, King of Africa overcome by Marius, b 36. e 1. 729   

C.  
Cadmus; b 40. e 1. 736  
Caesar; his War with Pompey, b 37. e 2. 735  
— His Murder, ibid.  
calo, a young Wife, afterwards she became a Man, b 32. e 1. 724  
Capadocia; The Genealogy of their Kings, b 31. e 3. 722  
Carthage; height of its Walls, b 32. e 2. 725  
Cattulus murders himself by the Fumes of Lime, b 38. e 2. 736   

D.  
Demetrius, King of Syria, overcomes Alexander, b 32. e 1. 724   

E.  
Enna taken, and plundered by the Slaves, b 34. e 2. 727  
Eunus the Juggler, and Captain of the Slaves in Sicily, ibid.   

H.  
Heraris. a young Wife, becomes a Man, b 32 e 1. 724  
Hermaphrodites; strange Relations of Hermaphrodites, ibid.   

I.  
Jerusalem; the Temple by Antiochus Epiphanes taken by Antiochus Eupator, b 34. e 1. 726  
Jews, hated of all: An Heathenish Relation of their Coming out of Egypt, b 34. e 1. b 40. e 1. 726, 736  
— Their Laws by Moses, ibid.  
Jugurtha, King of Numidia, brought Prisoner to Rome, b 36. e 1. 729   

M.  
Marsian War, b 37. e 1. 734  
Masinissa, his Srength and Age, b 32. e 3. 325  
Megallis, the wife of Demophilus of Enna, thrown down a Rock by the Women Slaves, for her former Cruelty, b 34. e 2. 327  
Titus Minutius buys a Slave, he fell in Love with, for a great Sum of Money, and stirs up the Servile War in Italy; at length betrayed by his own men, b 36. e 1. 729  
Moses his Acts, b 34. e 1. b 40. e 1. 726, 736   

N.  
Nerva manages the War against the Slaves in Sicily; slothful, b 36. e 1. 730   

P.  
Persius, King of Macedonia, his extreme Misery b 31. e 2. 722  
Pompey, his Death, b 37. e 2. 734  
Prusias, King of Bythinia, murdered by his Son, b 32. e 4. 726   

R.  
Romans; their superstition, b 36. e 2 733  
— Their Statues of their Ancestors, b 31. e 4. 723  
— Their Degeneracy from their former Frugality, b 37. e 1. 734   

S.  
Salvius a Piper, Captain of the Slaves in Sicily, is made King, and called Tripho, b 36. e 1. 731  
Sicily; It's lamentable Condition in the time of the servile Wars, b 36. e 1. 729  
Sylla; His War with Marius, his remarkable Death, b 37. e 2. 735   

T.  
Titinius betrays the S 〈…〉 s in Sicily, b 36 e 1. 731   

V.  
Varius, Captain of the Slaves in Sicily, b 36. e 1. ibid.  
Viriathus, General of the Lusitanians, once a Captain of Thiefs, his Successes against the Romans, b 32. e 5. 726   

W.  
War; The War of the Slaves among the Romans, b 34. e 2. 727  
— And in Attica, ibid.  
— At Nucera, Capua, and by Minutius, b 36. e 1. 729  
— The Servile Wars in Sicily, under Eunus, Varius, Salvius, and Athenio. b 34. e 2. b 36. e 1. 727, 729    

The FRAGMENTS out of the History of Diodorus the Sicilian, Published by H. Valesius.  

A.  
ACtaeon pulled in pieces between those that strove for him. See Archias, Lib. 6. Sect. 15. Page 743  
Agathocles; Killed with a Thunderbolt, l 6. s 16. ibid.  
— His Revenge upon his Soldiers that killed his Son, l 2●. s 2. 748  
Archias his vile love to Actaeon a virtuous young Boy, l 6. s 15. 743  
Astyages King of the Medes his Cruelty towards his subjects, l 6. s 30. 745  
Adrastus by Chance killed Atys the Son of Croesus; Kills himself for it, l 6. s 32 ibid.  
Atys. See Adrastus, ibid.  
Aeneas his Care of his Father when Troy was taken, l 6. s 8. 742  
Aristogon; his praise l 6. s 46. 747  
Antigonus; one a private Man Killed through his Ambition, l 21. s 1. 748  
Apollodorus, King of Cassandria in Macedonia, his Cruelty, l 22. s 5. 750  
Attilius Regulus, the Roman General, his Misfortunes at Carthage, routed by Xanthippus, l 23. s 1. 751  
Antiochus the Great, his Acts, l 26. s 28 to 33. 757  
— His strange familiarity with ordinary fellows l 26. s 43. 758  
— Epiphanes his foolish and light Carriage at Sports and in Feasts, ibid. s 67, 68, 69. 761  
Antiochus Cyzienus addicted to Puppet-plays &c. hunting wild Beasts in the night, l 34. s 25. 774  
Aradians slew the Ambassadors, sent to them from the Marathenians, l 26. s 97. 767  
Arsase's, King of Parthia, his praise, l 26. s 107. 769  
Attalus his cruelty, l 34. s 9 771  
Athenaeus, Antiochus' General, abusive in his Quarters, afterwards was famished to Death because none would relieve him by reason of his former abuses, l 34. s 16. 722  
Asellus; See Lucius Asellus, 776   

B.  
Bias, one of the Seven Wise Men, His noble Entertainment and Redemption of Captive-Virgins, l 6. s 28. 744   

C.  
Castor and Pollux, l 6. s 1. 741  
Chilo, one of the Seven wise Men, l 6. s 26. 744  
Cyrus; his Praise, l 6. s 29, 31, 34. 744  
Croesus, Cyrus his Kindness to him, l 6. s 33, 34. 745  
Cambyses, l 6. s 44. 747  
Cimon, his love to his Dead Father, l 6. s 51.  
— His Praise, 52. 748  
Carthaginians; their War with the Mercenaries. See War. 752  
— Their Cruelty towards the Micatanian Revolters, l 26. s 10. 754  
Cretians; their Treachery to the Citizens of Siphnus,  
Corinth; Rebuilt by Julius Caesar, l 26. s 92. 766  
Caius Gracchus; his Head sold by his tr 〈…〉 rous Friend Lucius Metellius for its Weight in Gold, l 34. s 22. 773  
— Drew out the Brains, and poured in Lead to make it weigh heavier. ibid.  
Caius Marius, one of the Ambassadors sent to Metellus, despised by him, but beloved by the Soldiers, l 34. s 28. 775  
Caius Domitius; See Pompaedius.   

D.  
Dromichares King of Thrace, his kind Usage of Lysimachus and his Son when he had them prisoners.  
Demetrius Nicanor King of Syria his Cruelty l 26.  
Demetrius' Son of Philip King of Macedon murdered by his Father through the instigation of his Brother Perseus, l 26. s 39 758  
Decius, Treacherously killed all the Rheglans, l 22. s 1. 750  
— His end, ibid.  
Diegulis King of Thrace his cruelties, l 26. s 104, 105. 769   

E.  
Eleans, Consecrated to Jupiter by the Policy of the Lacedæmonians, l 6. s 12. 742  
Eucephus, his Treachery concerning Polychares his cattle, and his Cruelty, l 6. s 14. 742  
Eumenes; his Kindness to his Brother Attalus, tho' he had married his Queen in his absence, upon news of his death, l 26. s 44. 759  
— His other Acts, s 48. ibid.  
— His Praise, s. 66. 761  
Eumenes King of Parthia his Cruelty, razed a great part of Babylon.   

F.  
Fimbria; encouraged his Soldiers to plunder, l 37. s 11, 12.  
— His Cruelties, s 13. 779   

G.  
gaul's; their Cruelty, l 26. s 65. 761  
Gorgus Father and Son, their remarkable love one to another.   

H.  
Hippomenes, caused his own Daughter to be eaten up by a Horse, l 6. s 20. 743  
Hamilcar; his cruel usage by the Sons of Attalus, l 24. s 5. 752  
Hannibal, his Acts, l 26. s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 753  
— His Praise, s 36. 757  
Hieronymus King of Syracuse murdered by his Subjects, l 26. s 7, 8. 754  
Hasdrubal; his Commendation, l 26. s 11. 754   

I.  
Julius Caesar his praise, l 26. s 92. 766  
— Rebuilt Corinth, ibid.  
Jugurtha Besieged his Brother Adherball in Cinna, took the place, and unnaturally slew his Brother, l 34. s 23. 77●   

L.  
Lycurgus, l 6. s 11. 742  
Lucius Tarqvinius King of the Romans his praise, l 6. s 23. 744  
Lucretia, her story, l 6. s 48. 747  
Lysimachus kindly used by the Thracians, when he was prisoner, l 21. s 3, 4. 74●  
— Sent to Seleucus to have Demetrius killed s 10. 749  
Lucius Asellius, a prudent Governor of Sicily, his praises, l 36. s 8, 9 776   

M.  
Mynderidyes the Syberite, his state and grandeur, l 6. s 19 743  
Myso, one of the seven wise Men, l 6. s 25. 744  
Messina; the Citizens murdered by the Mamertines, received as Friends, l 21. s 9 749  
Metellus Quintus; Son of Metellus, his great love to his Father, and care to have him restored from banishment, l 36. s 3. 775  
Mucius Scaevola, see Scevola, 776  
Mithridates; his Clemency towards the Roman Soldiers, and his successes in Asia, l 37. s 5, 6. 777  
— His War with the Rhodians, ib. 778   

N.  
Numa Pompilius, l 6. s 17. 743  
Nearchus the Tyrant of Elis, how he was used by Zeno see Zeno, 747  
Nabis King of Lacedaemon, his murder of Pelops the Son of Lycurgus, and his other Cruelties, l 26. s 12. 754   

P.  
Paulus Emilius, his praise, l 26. s 42, 57, 61. 758  
— His death and praise, l 26. s 61. 760  
Pittachus, one of the seven wise Men, l 6. s 27, 28. 744  
Pleminius King of Thrace, his beastly Cruelties, l 26. s 14. 754  
Polychares; see Eucephnus, 742  
Pythagoras, l 6. s 36. 745  
— The 〈…〉 dness of the Pythagorians one to another, l 6. s 37.  
— Other matters concerning them, l 6. s 38, 39, 40, 41, 42.  
Polycrates King of Samos, his cruelty towards the Lydians that fled to him, l 6. s 54. 747  
Pyrrhus plundered Egeas in Macedonia, his Soldiers rifled the Sepulchers of the former Kings, l 22. s 6. 750  
Proserpina; her Temple robbed by Pleminius the Roman Governor of Locris, l 26. s 14. 754  
— The effect of it, ibid.  
Philip King of Macedon, his Acts, l 26. s 21, 22, 23, 24, 25. 756  
Perseus, Son of Philip King of Macedon, procures his Brother Demetrius to be murdered by his Father. See Demetrius, 758  
— His Cruelty, s 46. 759  
— His other Acts, s 56, 58.  
— His Covetousness, s 59 760  
Ptolemy Philometer driven out of his Kingdom; fled to Rome, l 26. s 70. 762  
— Met kindly by Demetrius, ibid.  
Prusias, King of Bythinnia robbed the Temple of Pergamus, l 26. s 81. 764  
— The punishment of his Army both by Sea and Land, ibid.  
— Hated by his Subjects, l 26. s 90. 766  
Philip Father of Alexander, his Acts, l 26. s 83. 765  
Pumpeius Quintus his Acts, at the Siege of Lagnetum, l 26. s 106. 769  
Ptolemy Phiscon; his cruelty to his Wife and Sister Cleopatra, in murdering her, and his Son Memphites, l 26. s 103. 768  
Pompaedius General of the Martians, his rash design to beset the Senate-house with 10 Thousand Men, l 37. s 1. 734  
— Dissuaded by Caius Domitius, ibid.  
Pompeius Cn. the Great, his Commendation, l 37. s 14, 18. 779  
Poscriptions in Rome; an Instance of a remarkable Example in the punishment of one that gloried over others, and at last read his own name in the List, l 37. s 17. 778   

R.  
Romulus Silvius, killed by a Thunderbolt, l 6. s 9 742  
Romulus and Remus, l 6. s 13. ibid.  
Rhegium; the People there all killed by Decius, and his Garrison of Campanians, l 22. s 1. 750  
Romans; their Clemency towards the Conquered, l 26. s 62. 760  
— The degeneration of their Manners, l ●6. s 4. 775   

S.  
Sylla, his Commondation, l 37. s 〈◊〉 777  
— The murders and slaughters in Rome by Syll●, l 37. s 8, 16. 778, 780  
— Robbed the Temples to carry on the War in Italy, s 10. 779  
Salmoneus defied Jupiter, l 6. s 4. 741  
Syberites; their Luxury, l 6. s 19 743  
Solon, l 6. s 24. 744  
Servius Tullius; his Praise reigned 44 years, l 6. s 35. 745  
Sicily; P. Clodius his Acts in Sicily, l 24. s 1. 752  
— Hieronymus King of Sicily, murdered by his Subjects, l 26. s 7. 754  
— The Servile War, l 34. s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11. 770  
— The Cruelty of the slaves, l 36. s 1. 775  
Scipio; his humanity to Syphax King of Numidia his prisoner, and his other Acts, l 26 s 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 755  
— His Praise,  
Scipio the Son of Paulus Aemilius, his Praise and noble Acts, l 26. s 76. 763  
Scipio Africanus; his faithfulness in his performance of Articles with his Enemies, l 26. s 85. 765  
— Takes Carthage, and restored the Phalerian Bull, and other things to the Sicilians, l 26. s 91. 766  
Scipio Nasica; his Commendation, l 34. s 24. 773  
Scaevola his Virtues, l 36. s 5, 6, 7. 676   

T.  
Thessalus abdicated the Government of Athens,  
Tiberius Gracchus; his Praise, l 34. s 10. 772   

V  
Viriathus General in Spain against the Romans; his Justice in dividing the Spoil, wheen he was Captain of the Robbers, l 26. s 93. 766  
— His Contempt of Wealth, s 99 767  
— His Death and Burial, s 108. 769   

W.  
— War; the Mercenary War with the Carthaginians, l 25 s 1, 2, 3, 4. 752  
— The Servile War in Sicily. See Sicily, 77●   

Z.  
Z●no; how he used the Tyrant Nearchus, when he was upon the Back, l 6. s 47. 747    

The FRAGMENTS out of the Lost Histories of Diodorus the Sicilian, Published by F. Vrsinus.  

A.  
A Chaians' refused the Gift of Eumenes, s 13. Page 779  
— Accept Seleucus' Present, ibid.  
Aetolians in great Fear, s 5. 783  
— Their fruitless Embassy, s 8. ibid.  
Alban and Romans became Enemies to one another, s 1. 783  
Ambassadors come from Rome to Rhodes, s 29. 779  
Ambassadors come to Rome from all parts, s 20. 780  
Antiochus the Great, s 6. 783  
— Rejects Scipio's Advice, s 7. ibid.  
— Freed from War, s 9 ibid.,  
Ariarathes commended by the Senate, s 24. ibid.  
Arradians, s 29. 773  
Asia; Princes of Asia fast Friends to the Romans, s 14. 782   

B.  
Bocchus King of Lybia, s 33. 782  
— Sends Commissioners to Marius to crave Pardon for his Crimes, ibid.  
— Seizes Jugurtha, and delivers him bound, and by that means bought his safety, ibid.   

C.  
Caria assigned to the Rhodians, s 10. 779  
Carthaginians deliver themselves and Country to the Romans, s 27. 780  
— They are in great Consternation, ibid.  
Celtiberians treat for Peace, s 26. ibid.  
Cretians declared Friends to the Senate, s 35 783  
— They are commanded to send in all their Ships, ibid.  
— Are divided about it, and stir up the People to sedition, ibid.   

D.  
Demetrius sends the Senate a Crown of great Value, s 25. 780   

E.  
Egypt an Excellent Country. s 32. 782  
Eumenes presented with an Ivory Chariot, s 16. 779   

F.  
Flamininus sent to Rome, discharges the Italian Servants, s 3. 782  
— He treats with Antiochus his Ambassador, s 4. ibid.   

G.  
Gallatians or Gallogreeks, send Ambassadors to treat for Peace, and are refused, s 11. 779   

H.  
Heraclides scent to Treat about a Peace, s 6. 783   

I.  
Jugurtha sent for and seized, s 33. 782   

M.  
Marathum delivered up, s 28. 773  
Mark Anthony makes Peace with the Cretians, s 35 783  
Mi 〈…〉 idates endeavours to corrupt the Senate, s 34. 782   

N.  
Numantines treat with the Romans for a Peace, s 3. 773  
— They renew the War with the Romans, ibid.   

P.  
Perseus; War decreed against him by the Senate, s 17. 779  
— Commanded to mend his manners, s 15 779  
Philip freed from Tribute, and his Son Demetrius discharged, s 4 783  
Prusias; his base and shameful Catriage, s 22. 780  
Ptolemy endeavours to gain Caelo-Syria, s 18. ibid.  
— Ptolemy the Elder; his Ambassadors rejected, f 23 780  
Ptolemy the younger in favour with the Senate, ibid.  
Ptolemy Euergetes meets the Ambassadors in Pomp and State, s 32. 782  
— Shows them his Palace and Treasure, ibid.   

R.  
Rhodians exceedingly afraid, s 19 779  
— Delivered from their Fears, 780  
Romans jealous of Eumenes, s 21 780  
— Roman Ambassadors slight Ptolemy's Rarities and fins Things, s 32. 782  
— Admire the Populousness and Situation of his Country, ibid.  
— Travel through the World, ibid.  
— Return highly applauded, ibid.   

S.  
Saturnius after condemned to die, rescued by the People and declared Tribune, s 34. 782  
Scipio and his Delegates highly applauded, s 32. 782   

T.  
Termisian Ambassadors, s 30. 773  
Tryphon of a private Man made King, s 31. 773     
FINIS.