THE LIFE OF HENRY CHICHELE, Archbishop of Canterbury, Who lived in the Times of HENRY the V. and VI Kings of England.  
Written in Latin by ARTH. DUCK. LLD.  
Now made English. And a Table of CONTENTS Annexed.  
LONDON: Printed for Ri. Chiswell, at the Rose and Crown in St. Paul's Churchyard. MDCXCIX.   


The most Reverend Dr. HENRY CHICHELE Lord Archbishop of Canterbury.   
MBurghers delin. et sculp.   

To the most Reverend Father in God, THOMAS, Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate of all England, and Metropolitan.  
My Lord,  
WHILE the World is so fond of Voyages, and the Discoveries of Unknown Countries; I hope it will not be unacceptable to bring into view one of the best Lives of one of the Greatest Prelates of this Church; writ in Latin with great Judgement by a Man very eminent in his Profession. If this Prelate had lived in happier Times, he would probably have exerted those great Talents which he carried far in so dark an Age, in Services of a high nature. He had a true Judgement and firm Courage, with a generous Temper, and was a great Patron and Promoter of Learning; He despised Wealth, was free from aspiring, and asserted the Rights of the Crown, and the Liberties of this Church against Papal Usurpations. These were great Qualities, and so much the greater, because the Corruptions of the Clergy from the Papacy down to the Begging Orders, were then to an insupportable degree.  
In any other Age the publishing a Life which has so great a Relation to the most Glorious part of our History might have looked like a reproach of the Time in which it came out. But the Present Age may well bear it, in which if we have not carried our Conquest into France as was then done, yet we see a GREAT PRINCE who has far outdone the Performances of that time. Then a Feeble King and divided Court made the Work as easy in itself, as it looks great in History: But we have seen a Mighty and United Power managed by Wise Counsels, flushed with a long course of Success, that gave Law to All about it, stopped in its full career by a King born to be a Blessing to the present Age, and a Wonder to all Succeeding ones; to Whose Reign the most renowned Pieces of our History are but foils to set it off, and make it shine the brighter.  
My Lord, I could not be long in suspense for the choice of a proper Patron to my small Interest in this Work, which is only the care of the Translation of it into English: The See that you do now govern with so Apostolical a Temper, and in none of the easiest Times, is not the chief reason of my addressing to Your Grace the Life of one of the most Eminent of all Your Predecessors. I could give many more Reasons for the choice that relate immediately to Yourself, but I will rather leave it to the Reader to find out, than offer a thing so ingrateful to Your Lordship: I pay Your Grace so profound a Reverence, that I will not venture on that which I know will offend You, for I am with the truest Zeal, and the highest Respect possible,  
My Lord, Your Grace's most Humble and most Obedient Servant.   

THE LIFE OF HENRY CHICHELE, Archbishop of CANTERBURY.  

Born at Higham Ferrars in Northamptonshire.  HENRY CHICHELE was Born at Higham-Ferrars, an ancient Town in Northamptonshire, so called from the Ferrars, who were formerly Lords of it. His Father's Name was Thomas Chichele, his Mother's Agnes. The Family was but mean and obscure, but through his Virtue it became illustrious in after-ages. In his Youth he applied himself to the Study of the Civil and Canon Law at Oxford, being made Fellow of 
Made Fellow of New-College Oxford▪ by William of Wyckam.  New-College by William Wyckam, than Bishop of Winchester, who had lately at a vast Charge founded and endowed with large Revenues two stately Colleges, one at Oxford, and the other at Winchester. In these Studies of the Law he improved his good natural Parts by his great Industry, and commenced Doctor in that Faculty.  

Went to live with Medeford Bishop of Sarum.  He left the University at the instance of Robert Medeford Bishop of Salisbury, who took him first into his House and Family, and afterwards communicated also to him his most private and important Concerns, with whom he ever after preserved a strict and intimate Friendship. He was preferred by him 
Made Archdeacon of Sarum.  to the Archdeaconry of Salisbury, which was his first step to Ecclesiastical Promotions. But one Walter Fitzpers a Priest, commenced a Suit against him for this Dignity, claiming it by virtue of a Grant from King Henry the Fourth, under the Great Seal. The Cause being brought by Appeal before Thomas Arundel Archbishop of Canterbury, the Archdeaconry was adjudged to Henry Chichele, by the Auditor of the Archbishop's Court, who was deputed with full Power to determine this affair. 
1402.  This was about the Years 1402 and 1403, in the Reign of King Henry the Fourth. He held this Dignity for about two years, and with great diligence 
1404.  performed the Duty of his Office; after which he was made Chancellor of 
Then Chancellor of the same.  Salisbury. For Walter Medeford, the Bishop's Brother, who enjoyed that Place, made an exchange with him, which was allowed to be lawful according to the Constitutions of the Canon Law; and having both quitted their several Dignities, Henry was made Chancellor by the Bishop, and Walter Archdeacon. There was annexed to the Chancellorship the Parsonage of Odyham, in the Diocese 
Parson of Odyham.  of Winchester, which was then void, and was given to him by the Bishop and he was immediately put in possession of it by the Custos Rotulorum of the See of Winchester, which was then vacant by the Death of William Wyckam, who on the 27th of September, changed a Life which he had spent very gloriously in the Service of that Church, for Immortality. These Preferments he obtained by the favour of the Bishop of Salisbury, who always highly esteemed him; and when he died, which was about three years after, made very honourable mention of him in his Will, and left him a 
And chief Executor to his Benefactor.  golden Cup with a Cover, and made him the Chief of his Executors which were named in the same Will▪  
His eminent Qualifications began now to be generally taken notice of, and particularly by King Henry the Fourth, who afterwards employed him in many Negotiations. For besides his extraordinary Learning, he had a sharp and piercing Wit, which with his Experience and Skill in Civil Affairs, rendered him very dextrous in the management of Business. The first public Employment that he had, beside those Affairs which he dispatched for the King here at home, with great Commendation, was in an extraordinary Embassy, which 
Sent Ambassador by H. 4. to Pope Greg. the 12th.  was sent by the King to Pope Gregory the Twelfth, to Congratulate his late Advancement to the Papacy, or to reconcile him to Benedict the Thirteenth, who assumed the Pontifical Dignity at Avignon. The Ambassadors arriving in Italy, took their Journey towards Rome; but in their way thither they met with the Pope at Sienna, which is a very pleasant and noble City of Tuscany, at that time Commonwealth, and governed by its own Laws; it was afterwards subdued by the Medici, and is now subject to the Great Duke of Tuscany. There it was that 
a In nemore unionis, cap. 31.  Theodoric of Nismes, who was Secretary to Pope Gregory, and was then in his Court at Sienna, relates that he saw our Ambassadors, who were all Men of eminent Note; but through the Negligence of Writers, their Names are not preserved in Memory. How well Henry Chichele acquitted himself of this Employment, and how much he gained the Pope's Favour upon this account, Gregory himself did soon after evidently demonstrate: For News being brought to the Court of Rome of the Death of Guido Moon▪ Bishop of S. David's, who died this year on the 31st of August, which was after the Departure of the Ambassadors out of England, of his own voluntary Motion he created Henry Chichele Bishop of 
By whom made Bishop of St. David's.  S. David's, and consecrated him with his own hands, according to the ancient Form, on the 4th of October, and by Letters written to Thomas Arundel Archbishop of Canterbury, he acquainted him, that by the Advice of the Cardinals, he had promoted Henry Chichele Chancellor of Salisbury, Doctor of Laws, and Priest, a Man of eminent Wisdom, Integrity, and other Virtues, to the vacant See of S. David's, desiring him upon his Recommendation, to make use of his Assistance in the Administration of his Archiepiscopal Function. He attended the Pope from Sienna to Luca, and 
1408.  continued with him till the end of April the next year. He then returned home, of an Ambassador being made a Bishop, and on the 26th of August he went to the Cathedral Church of Canterbury according 
Accordingly took the Canonical Oath in England.  to the usual manner, and there took an Oath of Legal and Canonical Obedience and Reverence to the Archbishop and his Successors. How fit he was esteemed by all Men for the Exercise of this Function, the Bishops and Prelates of the Province of Canterbury assembled in Convocation at London in 
1409.  January following, did very amply and fully testify. For when it was debated 
Sent Delegate to the General Council at Pisa.  in the Synod about sending Delegates to the General Council at Pisa for the English Nation, Robert halum Bishop of Salisbury, Henry Chichele Bishop of Saint David's, and Thomas Chillirgdon Prior of Canterbury, were unanimously chosen; and it was also decreed▪ that every beneficed Person should pay Four pence in the Pound out of their yearly Income toward the Charges of their Journey. This Council was appointed to be held at Pisa by the College of Cardinals assembled at Leghorn, for composing the difference between Gregory the Twelfth, 
Held to Reconcile the Competitors for the Popedom.  and Benedict the Thirteenth, who both set up for Pope, one at Rome, and the other at Avignon. But because we shall have occasion sometimes in the following Narration to make mention of this Schism of the Popes, it seems agreeable to the design and method of this undertaking to deduce it from its Original, and to explain briefly from whence it arose, and by what ways it increased and was carried on.  
After that Philip the Fair, King of France, slighting the Excommunications of Pope Boniface the Eighth, had by his 
Boniface the Eighth deposed.  Letters, which are extant in most of the Writers of that Age, sharply reprehended his Folly and Madness, and at length devested him of the Papacy; the Cardinals fearing the King's displeasure, elected into his room Clement the 
Clement the Fifth Elected Pope.  Fifth, a Frenchman, and Native of Gascoigne; Who being created by the College of Cardinals at Perusium in his absence, summoned them all to Lions, where in the Church of S. Justus, in the Presence of Philip King of France, Edward King of England, and Alfonsus King of Arragon, he received the Pontifical Crown in the Year 1305, and the same Year having created a great many French Cardinals; he fixed his Residence at Avignon, where also after his Death the six succeeding Popes, John the Twenty second of Cahors, Benedict the Twelfth of Tholouse▪ Clement the Sixth, Innocent the Sixth, Vrban the Fifth, and Gregory the Eleventh of the Province of Limosin, 
Who with six Successors, all French, Resided at Avignon for seventy Years.  all Frenchmen, resided for the space of seventy Years, having quite forsaken Rome.  

b Dell'inferno. Canto 19 & deal Paradiso Canto 27.  Dante Aligeri and 
c Nella terza part▪ sonetto. 8, 9, 10, & epist. 20.  Francis Petrarch, two Italian Poets, who lived in those Times in the Court of Rome at Avignon, do very severely▪ reprehend the Rapine, the Debauchery, Luxury and Excess of those Popes, and particularly of Clement the Fifth, and John the Twenty-second; 
Most of them hated by the Italians for their Nation, or vicious Lives.  which they did either out of their Hatred to the French in general; or because being Men of Integrity themselves, they could not bear the debauched and profligate Lives of the Popes. Clement the Fifth is also mentioned often by the 
The Clementines added to the Canon Law.  Lawyers upon the account of the Book of Clementines, which was put out by him in the Council of Vienne, and added to the Canon Law. But Gregory being concerned at the Decay of the City of Rome, and the Tumults of Italy, privately left Avignon, and returned to Rome 
Pope Gregory returned to Rome.  in the Year 1376, and the 71st from the Departure of the Popes; where being received with incredible Joy, he began to repair the Churches, Palaces, the Walls and other Edifices of the City which were run to ruin.  
He dying two years after, the Cardinals, who were almost all Frenchmen, fearing the outrage of the People of Rome, who demanded an Italian Pope, chose Bartholomew Archbishop of Bari, who changed his Name for that of Vrban 
Was succeeded by Urban the Sixth.  the Sixth; and with his Name soon changed his Nature also; for whereas before he was generally looked upon as a Man of a moderate Temper; he now began to treat all the Cardinals with great Rigour; and one time when Otho of Brunswick, Prince of Tarentum, who had married Joan Queen of Sicily, presented him the Cup at Dinner upon his Knees▪ he let the Prince continue for some time in that posture, till being admonished of it by the Cardinals, with much ado he took the Cup from him.  
The Cardinals being very uneasy under this unseasonable Pride and Severity of the Pope, fled to Fundi, a City in the Kingdom of Naples; where having first declared the Election of Vrban to be void, as being made through fear, and by compulsion, they proceeded to 
For whose Rigour and Pride, Clement the Sixth was set up against him.  Elect Rupert Cardinal of Geneva, who took the Name of Clement the Sixth, and with his Cardinals retired to Avignon. Thus whilst one assumed the Papacy at Avignon and the other at Rome, and both of them made new Promotions of Cardinals, the whole Christian World was divided between them. For the Germans, the English, the Poles, the Hungarians, the Bohemians▪ the Danes, the Swedes, and most of the Italians, acknowledged Vrban, but the French and the Spaniards submitted to Clement.  
Vrban, in the Eleven Years that he held the Pontificate, debased the Dignities of the Church by promoting the meanest Persons to the Purple; and fomented 
Urban, for preferring the Base, and fomenting of Wars, called Turbanus; a perverse and most cruel Pope.  Wars between the Christian Princes; for which cause, instead of Vrbanus, he was generally called Turbanus. He exceeded all the Popes that ever possessed the See of Rome in Cruelty; for of those Bishops and Cardinals who were accused as secret Favourers of Clement, some he imprisoned, others he put to the Torture, and at last put to death six of the most Eminent of the Cardinals, one of whom he caused to be inhumanly murdered in his sight as they were travelling together on the Road; and the others, while he was at Genoa, to be sowed up in Sacks, and thrown into the Sea. Neither did Clement, who was at Avignon, come far 
Clement not far short of Him in wickedness.  short of his Rival in wickedness; for it is affirmed on all hands, that he was ambitious, prodigal, self-willed, proud, and one that had nothing to recommend him but the Nobility of his Birth, for he was descended from the Earls of Geneva.  
After the death of urban, Cardinal Peter Tomacellus was chosen Pope at Rome, who was called Boniface the 
Urban succeeded Boniface the Ninth, and  Ninth; and Clement dying soon after at Avignon, the Cardinals, that they might not be without a Head, elected Peter de Luna, a Spaniard, who took the Name of Benedict the Thirteenth. 
Clement by Benedict the Third. Both worse than the former.  These two surpassed their Predecessors in all manner of wickedness; nor would either of them, to restore the Peace of the Church, quit their Pretensions to the Papacy.  
Boniface before his election was not only expert in Writing, Singing, and all other kinds of Learning, except 
Boniface more Politician than Grammarian,  Grammar, but was also very well vers▪ d in the management of public Affairs; and after his advancement, his whole design, during his Government, was to enrich his Nephews by the sale of all things belonging to the Church, which Trade he carried on in the most shameful and scandalous manner that ever was practised by any of the Popes.  
It was he that first impoes▪ d the Tax 
Imposed the Tax of Annates on the clergy.  of Annates upon Ecclesiastical Preferments, by which every one that was presented to a Benefice in any place, was obliged to pay half the yearly income of it into the Pope's Treasury; which Imposition was admitted by all Christian Nations, except the English; for with us it was exacted only of the Bishops, but all other Benefices were exempted from it. Nor was his Avarice satisfied with this Device; for he suffered Bishoprics 
Suffered Bishoprics to be sold by Auction.  and Livings to be sold by Auction; in which kind of Traffic sometimes he made use of his Brothers and Nephews for his Factors, and many times he sold them himself to those that bid most, and received the Money with his own hands; sometimes he would transfer a Benefice to a second Chapman that offered a better price, 
Sold the same Livings twice to several Chapmen,  after he had received Money for it of the first, alleging that he had no wrong done him, who would have cheated him by paying less for it than it was worth; and would force the Purchasers most impiously to swear that 
Yet made the Purchaser swear he came fairly by it.  they had not procured those Livings, for which he himself had taken the Money, by any Simoniacal Contract. Beside these Spoils of the Church, he extorted Money even from the Poor, whose Petitions he refused to subscribe unless they would pay him for them a Floren each, 
Made poor Petitioners pay a Floren apiece.  which he valued more than the sacred Rites of Christianity, or even his own Soul; for in the time of Divine Service he used to ask those that were about him 
Enquired after G●…s in the time of Divine Service.  whether any body were there that had brought him any thing; and a few hours before he died, when one asked 
Had no comfort when dying, but in Money.  him how he did, he answered, he should be well if he had but Money.  
But though he was generally hated and abhorred for these sordid Practices, yet the Lawyers defended him, maintaining 
Defended by the Lawyers.  that the Pope was not guilty of Simony, though he sold Bishoprics and Livings, which was also affirmed by almost all 
d Jo. Andr. Ancharan. Cardin. & Dd ad c. 1. de Simon. Felin. in c. ex parte n. 1. de off deleg.  the Ancient Canonists, who were too much engaged in the Pope's Interests. But most of the Divines of that Age were so far from this sordid Flattery, that 
e Theod. Niem. lib. 2. de Schism. cap. 32.  they taught publicly while 
But opposed by the Divines.  Boniface was alive, that the Pope was guilty of Simony if he sold the Dignities and Benefices of the Church; which Opinion was received by 
f Thom. 2. 2. qu. 100 art. 2. & ibi Cajetan. & omnes. Navarr. in manual. c. 23. n. 108. Paul▪ Anglic. in Speculo Aureo.  all the Divines afterwards, and by the more 
g Panor. in repetit. c. extirpandae sect. Cj jam vero. n. 53. de Praeben. & in c. 1. de Simon. Bar●… t. ad c. cum pridem de pact. Barthol. Ugolin. de Simon. Tab. 1. cap. 3. sect. 5.  Modern Canonists, Panormitanus, Barbatia and others.  
Benedict also at Avignon, though he had the Character of a Person of Wit, Learning and Prudence, yet in making a gain of the Goods of the Church he 
Benedict the like spiritual Robber.  equalled Boniface, for both of them set to sale all Dignities, Livings, Dispensations, Indulgences, and the Lands and Lordships of the Church, so that the sacred Power of the Keys grew contemptible in all men's Opinion through this scandalous Traffic of the two Popes. Baldus, an eminent Lawyer, and at that time Professor of the Civil Law at Milan, though he seems to have 
h Bald. ad c. quia propter. de elect.  approved the Election of urban, and to have looked upon Clement as an Usurper, yet he inveighs against both Boniface and Benedict, comparing 
i Bald. ad c. olim. de rescript.  Boniface to an 
Boniface compared to an Ox, Benedict to a wild Beast.  Ox, and Benedict to a wild Beast, and affirms that neither of them was the Minister of God, or truly and lawfully Pope, because they fomented Seditions in the Church, and would neither of them quit the Chair to restore the Peace of it.  
Whereupon, when Boniface was dead, who governed the See of Rome fourteen Years, the Cardinals being assembled to choose a new Pope, they every one solemnly swore with dreadful 
The Cardinal's Oath upon Boniface's death, to resign if chosen.  Imprecations upon themselves if they violated their Oath, that whoever should happen to be chosen to the Papacy, he would immediately resign it, upon condition the other Pope would do so too; which Oath had also been taken a little before by the Cardinals at Avignon upon the Election of Benedict.  
The choice fell upon Cardinal Innocent 
Boniface sueceeded by Innocent the Seventh, who broke his Oath.  Cosmatus, who was called Innocent the Seventh. But he little regarding the obligation of his Oath, very stiffly retained the Pontifical Dignity, nor during the two years that he was Pope, could he be prevailed upon to lay it down. He was 
A great Canonist, debauched and covetous.  a Person of great experience in the Canon Law, but very prone to Debauchery, and too intent upon acquiring Wealth.  
After his death all the Cardinals in 
On his death the Oath repeated with Imprecations.  the Conclave took the same Oath again with many Imprecations on the Perjured, and promised moreover to create no new Cardinals, if the other Pope would desist from doing it; and upon the last day of September, in the Year 1406. they chose Angelo Comaco a Venetian, 
Gregory the Twelfth succeeded.  who took the name of Gregory the Twelfth.  
After his Advancement to the Chair, he protested publicly with Tears that he would not have accepted the Papacy, as being the most unfit person for it in the World, but only that he might become the Author of establishing Peace in the Church; and he openly declared that he desired nothing more than that a time and place might be appointed for a Conference with Benedict, and that by the voluntary resignation of them both, the Church might be governed again by only one Pastor. For which end he presently sent Letters to Benedict, to our King Henry the Fourth, 
Who treated with Benedict for the Church's peace.  and to all the Christian Princes and Bishops, in which he exhorted and entreated them that they would not be wanting in their endeavours to put an end to this Schism in the Church; he also sent Ambassadors to Benedict, his Nephew Antony Cornaro Bishop of Bologna, William de Vinea Bishop of Todi, and Antony de Butrio first Professor of Canon Law in the University of Bologna, who makes mention of this Embassy in his 
k Anton. de Butr. ad cap. quod ad consultationem n. 3. de Sent. & re jud.  Commentaries; Their Instructions were to treat with Benedict about the place where this Resignation should be made. They met with him at Marseilles, and it was concluded that 
And for a Resignation by them both at Savona.  by November following both the Popes should meet at Savona; which is a City belonging to the Republic of Genoa, and situated upon that Coast; where after they had both resigned the Papcy, a new Pope should be chosen: From Marseilles they went to Paris to treat 
Sends to Charles the Sixth of France about the same Affair▪ Gregory harshly treated his Ambassadors at their return.  with Charles the Sixth, King of France, about this Affair, where they were received by all people with incredible joy; but when they had finished their Embassy, and were returned to Gregory, he treated them so harshly, that Antony de Butrio soon after died of grief. For all this was but a Trick of Gregory's to shift the imputation of these Dissensions from 
Drew back and shuffled.  himself; for first he began to draw back from the Agreement, pretending that Savona was a suspected place, as belonging to the Genoeses, who acknowledged 
Then plainly refused to stand to the Agreement.  Benedict, and afterwards absolutely refused to stand to it, alleging the Opinions of his own Divines, who being set on by him, taught the people publicly in their Sermons, that he could not without impiety desert the care of the Christian Flock which was committed to him by Christ the chief Shepherd. But before the end of the Summer, there being a hot discourse that Benedict was come to Savona, that the blame might not lie wholly upon him, he departed from Rome, though very unwillingly, and the next year on 
Hearing Benedict was come to Savona, he comes to Sienna.  the first of September came to Sienna, where he stayed till the end of the next January.  
During his stay There, beside the Ambassadors from Benedict, from Charles King of France, and other Princes, those from our King came thither also, among whom, as we said before, was Henry 
To whom Chichele was one of the Ambassadors from England, and there made Bishop of St. David's.  Chichele, who was there made Bishop of St. David's by the Pope. These all earnestly besought him to establish peace in the Church, which he had so solemnly promised and sworn to do before the College of Cardinals.  

Pope Gregory goes to Lucca.  From Sienna he went to Lucca in the beginning of February, where though he were often pressed by our Ambassadors, who stayed with him at Lucca till the end of April, to go to Savona, he absolutely 
Refuses to go to Savona.  refused it, and dealt underhand with Benedict by his Emissaries, persuading him not to recede from his Pretensions to the Papacy; for which cause, when 
Trinkles with Benedict, is for his Hypocrisy called Errorius.  every one plainly perceived that he played the Hypocrite, and designed to impose upon all Christendom, instead of Gregorius they called him Errorius.  

The Cardinals displeased for his promoting Condelmarius.  The Cardinals were very much troubled, that against their will, and contrary to the obligation of his Oath, he had promoted to the Purple Gabriel Condelmarius his Nephew, who was afterwards Pope, and three more, and had strictly charged the rest of the College to hold no correspondence with the Cardinals of Benedict, without his knowledge, which, as it was said, some of them privately carried on; and had also deprived John Proset, Archdeacon of Norfolk of all his Preferments, for no other reason but because he spoke to some of the Cardinals of the contrary Faction. Whereupon those of his own 
His own Party fly to Pisa. They appeal from him to Christ, a general Council, and the next Pope.  Party in May 1408. fled to Pisa, which is distant from Lucca about ten Miles, and there by a public Protestation they appealed from the Curses and Excommunications which Gregory had pronounced against them, to Jesus Christ the Supreme Judge, to a General Council, and to the Pope that should hereafter be 
This justified by Panormitan.  chosen; which appeal the 
l Abb. ad c. Inquisitioni. n▪ 5. de Sent. Excom.  Abbot Panormitanus afterwards allowed to be just and lawful, and that the Cardinals were not at all affected with the Excommunication of an unlawful Pope.  
And though some of Gregory's Creatures taught publicly that he was freed from the obligation of the Oath that he had taken to extinguish the Schism, in that he might absolve himself from it by his own Authority; yet the best Lawyers, as 
m Ancharan. Cons. 181. Card. Zabar. Cons. 150. Anton. de Butr. ad c. 1. n. 10. de Constit.  Peter Ancharanus, Cardinal Francis Zabarella, and Antony de Butrio, who all flourished at that time, maintained the contrary, affirming that in this case both the Popes were guilty 
Both Popes accused of Perjury by the best Canonists. The Cardinal's leaving the Pope, grateful to the Christian Princes. The Kings of England and France withdrew their Obedience from both the Popes.  of Perjury, which Opinion was afterwards followed by Philip 
n Dec. in Consil. pro Authoritate Concilii supra Papam.  Decius.  
This departure of the Cardinals from the Pope was very acceptable to most of the Christian Princes, and particularly to our King Henry and Charles King of France, who being tired with the shifts and delays of the Popes, had lately withdrawn their obedience from them both, which nevertheless the Historians of both Nations, who were Pensioners to the Pope, have unfaithfully 
☞  omitted. For the English, though they hitherto paid their obedience to urban the Sixth, and those Popes that were created after him at Rome so religiously, that Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury, in the Oath that he took to Boniface the Ninth, according to the Custom at his entrance into that See, did expressly promise that he would account Rupert, Cardinal of Geneva, commonly called Clement the Sixth, as an Usurper; yet in a Synod holden at London this Year by the King's Authority, it was forbidden to pay any Money due to the Treasury of Rome out of Bishoprics 
At the Request of the Cardinal's Letters English Money withheld.  or Parsonages. This the Cardinals requested by their Letters, which are yet to be seen in the public Records, affirming that those vast Sums of Money which were carried to Rome every Year out of this Kingdom, did incite the Popes to seek the Papacy, and hindered them from laying it down when they had once obtained it; neither is this taken notice of by any of our Writers.  
And though the French had all along sided with the Popes at Avignon, yet now that King perceiving the obstinacy of Benedict, refused to obey him any longer, as 
o Bald. add. c. olim de rescript.  Baldus relates, who also 
The French King withdraws Obedience to Benedict, defended by Baldus.  proves that his withdrawing his obedience from him was just and reasonable: Afterwards by a Decree of the Parliament of Paris, the Cardinals and Officers of the Apostolic Chamber were forbid to meddle with the Profits arising out of Annates; and two of the Pope s Emissaries who had brought to Paris 
Two Bull-Carriers (the Pope's Emissaries) were ignominiously treated at Paris.  his Bulls of Excommunication against the King and the Princes, were put in a Dungcart with Paper-miters upon their Heads, carried through that City in an ignominious manner; as 
p Carol. Molin. de Monarch. Franc. n. 140, 141, 142.  Charles Molinaeu●, an Accurate Lawyer, not relying upon the credit of the French Historians, hath proved out of the public Acts of that Court.  
Wheresore 
q Niem. lic. 3. de Schism. cap. 7. & nemore unionis, Tract. 6. cap. 31.  Theodoric of Nismes doth deservedly accuse the Remissness of the Emperors. For Charles the Fourth, in 
Charles the Fourth of France did neither regard the Church nor his own Kingdom.  whose time the Schism began, not only neglected the Calamities of the Church, but also shamefully weakened the Empire by renouncing the Kingdom of Arles in France, and by alienating many of the Cities of the Empire; he afterwards by dishonourable Means prevailed upon the Electors to choose his Son Wenceslaus, a Man of a mean Spirit, King of the Romans, and to appoint him his Successor, who when he came to the Empire did nothing becoming a Prince. 
Whose Son's Successor Robert of Bavaria King the Romans siding with Gregory, chiefly fomented the Church-Divisions.  Robert of Bavaria, who after the deposing of Wenceslaus by the Electors, was made Emperor, little minded the Affairs either of the Empire or the Church, for he suffered Italy, Avignon, and several other Parts of the Empire to be detained by those that had no right to them, and siding with Gregory he was accounted the chief Author of these Dissensions in the Church.  

The Emperors than were degenerated. When their Power was most requisite to rectify the Pope's mismanagement.  It is certain that the Emperors in those times were much degenerated from those of former Ages, who both 
r C. Hadrianus, c. in. Synodo Dist. 63. c. Victor Honorium Dist. 97.  made and 
s C. Si quis. 2. qu. 7. etc. nos si in compenter. ead.  deposed the Popes, and 
t C. H●beo librum. Dist. 16. c. Valentinianus. Dist. 63. c. mandastis. 2. cue, 4.  called Councils for composing the Differences of Christendom: And indeed there was never more need of such a power in the Emperor than at this time, for through these Factions of the Popes, the Faith of Christians began to stagger, all holy things were bought and sold, the Manners of the Clergy were corrupted without Censure; and the Popes themselves were men of such dissolute Lives, that these things would find but little credit with Posterity, if they were not delivered by two Writers of approved integrity, Theodoric of Nismes, and Baptista Platina, who were both Secretaries to Popes, and lived in the Court of Rome, one under Sixtus the Fourth, and the other under Vrban the Sixth, Boniface the Ninth, Innocent the Seventh, and now at this time under Gregory the Twelfth.  

Gregory Renounced by his Cardinals at Pisa.  The Cardinals of Gregory's Party perceiving that the Emperor was not very solicitous in appeasing these Tumults in the Church, presently after their arrival at Pisa, declared by a public Edict that Gregory was the Author of the Schism, that he was devested of the Papacy, that whatsoever should be acted by him as Pope for the future, was actually void, forbidding the Bishops, Abbots, Prelates, and all those that held of the Church, to pay to any of his Officers, any Annates, Tribute, or other Deuce; and having called into them the Cardinals of Benedict's Party, who had lately revolted from him at the persuasion 
Who with those of Benedict, deprived them both of the Papacy.  of Charles King of France, by a general Consent they devested them both of the Papacy, and appointed a Council to be held the next Year at Pisa, on the Feast of the Annunciation for choosing a new Pope; all which they signified by Letters to all the Princes of Christendom, desiring their favour and assistance for settling the peace of the Church, to which end they enjoined all the Bishops of the Western Church to be present at the Council.  

For which some worldly Divines charged them with Schism.  Now although some of the 
u Vide Niem. in nem. Union. Tract. 4. cap. 9  Divines of that Age, to serve their own Interests by flattering the Pope, maintained that the Cardinals were guilty of Schism, and that a 
x C. Multis Dist. 17.  Council could not be called without the Pope's Authority, yet Baldus, Cardinal Zabarella, and Peter Ancharanus defended them. For 
y Bald. ad. d. c. olim de rescrip. & in c. quia propter de elect.  Baldus says, that against such kind of Popes they ought first to make use of fair words, then of 
* Herbis.  Bulrush-spears and at last of Stones and open Force, and that they are to be deposed by a Council 
z Zabar. in c. licet. n▪ 13▪ de elect. & in cons. 150. & in Tract, de Schismate hujus temporis. Ancharan. Cons. 181. . Zabarella and Ancharanus who were present at the Council of Pisa, have very fully proved that the Cardinals have power to call a Council, in which the Pope may be called in question and deposed, which Opinion of theirs is followed by 
a Ponor. ad c. licet de vitanda. n. 8. de elect. Dec. in Consil. pro Concilio Pisano. Felin. ad c. super literis. n. 21. de rescript. Cardin. Jacob. de Concil. lib. 3. Art. 1. n. 11. Jo. Royas. de Haeret. n. 518.  Ponormitanus, Decius, Felinus, and other more Modern Authors, who expressly approved of the Council of Pisa; to which may be added the 
b Niem. in nem. unionis Tract. 6. cap. 15, 16.  sense of the Universities of Paris and Bologna, who put out their Decrees in favour of the Cardinals; and very lately, 
c Card. Bellar. lib. 1. de Concil. cap. 8.  Cardinal Bellarmine, a very rigorous Defender of the Pontificat Dignity, as he doth not plainly allow of the Authority of the Council of Pisa, so neither hath he ventured positively to deny it. The 
King of England and France, etc. favour the Cardinals, and their aforesaid Sentence in Council. Which the Cardinal of Bourdeaux with great zeal got ratified in England. Walsingh.  minds of all the Christian Princes, especially of our King and the King of France, were very much inclined in favour of the Council; and this Year the Cardinal of Bourdeaux, a man of known Wisdom and Integrity, came from Pisa, first into France, and afterwards into England, where in a long Oration before the King and Parliament, he so incensed them all against Gregory, that Thomas Archbishop of Canterbury, being also induced to it by Letters from the University of Paris, had determined to go himself to the Council, but at the King's persuasion, who put him in mind of the care of his Health, the inconveniences of travelling, and the public Affairs of the Kingdom, he laid aside that Design, and it was unanimously agreed upon to send Delegates to assist at the Council in the name of the English Nation. This was the state of the Church of Rome when the Council of Pisa was appointed.  
To return now to Henry Chichele; 
1409.  In the beginning of the Year 1409. Robert halum Bishop of Salisbury, Henry Chichele Bishop of St. David's, and the Prior of Canterbury, who were the Delegates pitched upon by the Synod at 
H. Chichele one of the Delegates to Pisa.  London, took their Journey towards Pisa through France. Upon their arrival at Paris, John Gerson an eminent Divine, and Chancellor of that University, 
Before whom and Associates a Learned Sermon preached. Hos. 1. 11.  preached a learned and elegant Sermon before them upon these words of the Prophet Hosea, The children of Israel and the children of Juda shall be gathered together; in which after he had spoken in praise of the University of Oxford, which had lately sent thither their Deputies to promote the calling a Council, and establishing Decrees against the Contumacious Popes, and had discoursed very largely upon that Text of Scripture concerning the Power of an Ecumenical Council, he assured them that all the People of Paris congratulated their arrival; he commended their Piety who would undergo such inconveniences for the Peace of the Church, and in the name of the University offered them all the assistance and friendly Offices that they were capable of performing. This Sermon is extant among 
d In vol. 1. Operum Jo. Gerson.  Gerson's Works.  
Having passed through France, they made a splendid entry into Pisa on the 27th of April, where they found assembled in the Council One hundred and forty Archbishops and Bishops, besides Abbots and others of the Clergy who 
Bishop of Sarum another Delegate made an eloquent Oration in the Council of Pisa.  were there in great numbers. The Bishop of Salisbury, as superior in dignity to the other Delegates, in an eloquent Oration exhorted them in the Name of the King his Master, to establish a Peace, and compose those Divisions in the Church, which was earnestly recommended to them by the Ambassadors from the other Princes, French, Spaniards, Scots, Portugese, Hungarians, Danes, Suedes and Poles. Upon which the 
* Advocatus Fisci.  Fiscal having laid before the Council the Crimes of the two Popes, Gregory and Benedict, and praying that the Examination of them might be referred to some Persons deputed with full power of enquiring into them, they were both convicted by the testimony of Witnesses who were cited for a punishment of their Contumacy, and by other proofs, and were 
e Niem lib. 3. de Schism cap 44.  pronounced by the Council, perjured, Schismatics, 
Where both Popes were pronounced perjured, etc. and Alexander the Fifth elected.  Heretics, and devested of the Papacy; and on the 7th of July the Cardinals by a power delegated to them from the Council, 
f Abb. ad. c. licet de vitanda. n. 8. de elect.  elected Peter Philardus, who was called Alexander the Fifth.  
This Alexander was by birth a Cretan, but it is not certainly known who his Father was. When he was a Boy he was taken up by a certain Franciscan Friar, as he was begging from Door to 
Who, when a Boy, had begged from door to door.  Door, who perceiving good Parts in him, admitted him into his Order, and instructed him in Grammar and Logic whilst he was in Italy; from thence he sent him to Oxford, where applying himself to the Studies of Philosophy 
Afterwards, his Parts known, sent to Oxford.  and Divinity, he attained to a very great perfection in both those Sciences, as he showed afterwards in his Lectures at Paris, and his close and subtle Commentaries upon the Books of Sentences. After that, by the Interest of John Galeatius 
Then made Archbishop of Milan; and created Cardinal by Innocent the Seventh.  Duke of Milan, he was made Archbishop of that place; then he was created Cardinal by Innocent the Seventh, and now at last he was made Pope: He was a man of great Learning and Integrity, but having been wholly addicted to study, and confined to a Monastic Life, he was generally esteemed unfit for the Administration of 
Alexander was too honest, studious and Monastic to be politically qualified for the Chair. 'Tis thought he was poisoned.  Public Affairs. He enjoyed not the See of Rome either long or peaceably; for the next Year going from Pisa to Bologna on the first of May, in the Tenth Month of his Pontificate, he was poisoned, as it is believed, and Balthasar Cossa, whom he had made Legate of Bologna, a man of a fierce Disposition, and fitter for the Soldiery than the Priesthood, was chosen Pope by the College of Cardinals, partly through fear of the Soldiers that he kept in Garrison in the City, and partly by bribing the poor Cardinals that were lately promoted by Gregory, and took the name of John the Twenty third.  

He was succeeded by John the Twenty Third A papal Triumvirate.  Now while Alexander was Pope at Pisa and Bologna, Gregory assumed that Title at Ariminum, and Benedict at Panischola a City of Arragon, so that three Popes sat at one time in St. Peter's Chair which could hardly contain the Pride of one, and by the just judgement of God their Vanity was made manifest, who would have the holy Flock of Christ and the Faith of all Christians to depend upon a perpetual succession of Popes in that See.  
The Council of Pisa being broke up, and the Winter coming on, Henry Bishop of St. David's, (who is mentioned in the 
g Ann 11. H. 4. fol. 78. 8.  Statute-Books this Year as the King's Ambassador) with the other Delegates, returned into England; and the two following Years he was called by 
1410.  the Archbishop to two Synods holden 
1411.  at London; as appears out of the public 
H. Chichele returns from his Embassy.  Acts of those Synods; the rest of his time he spent in visiting his Diocese examining into the Lives of the People; and all the other Duties of his Episcopal 
Was diligent in his Function.  Function, which he perform d with great diligence as often as he had leisure from public Affairs, in which he was often employed by King Henry the Fourth, who always highly honoured him for his great Wisdom.  

1413.  On the 20th of March 1413. Henry the Fourth died at Westminster, and Henry the Fifth, a very accomplished Prince, succeeded him, to whom, in respect of his excellent Endowments, 
Allegiance sworn to Henry the Fifth before his Coronation.  the Nobility of their own accord swore Allegiance before he was crowned, which we never read to have been done to any of our Kings before him. While he was in a private Capacity, he spent his younger days loosely and extravagantly; but when he came to the Crown, he changed his course of Life together with his Condition; for he presently put away from him all those that he had made his Equals, and who had served him as Instruments of his Extravagances, and took to him all the wisest and gravest men, whose Counsels his Father had made use of, amongst them Henry Bishop of St. David's, whom he ever after highly esteemed, and this very Year, in the beginning of his Reign, he chose him out of all the rest, and sent him upon two very honourable 
That King sent our Henry Ambassador to the French King and Duke of Burgundy.  Embassies, first to the King of France, and then to the Duke of Burgundy; the remembrance of which we owe to the French Writers, for ours have omitted this and many other passages.  
For a War was begun in France between Charles the Sixth and Henry the Fourth, occasioned by the frequent Incursions of the French into Aquitain, which at that time was in the possession of the English. This Quarrel was transmitted, together with the Crown, to Henry the Fifth by his Father. But King Charles being taken up with the Intestine Divisions between his Brother Lewis of Orleans, and John Duke of Burgundy, desired a Truce with the English, from which King Henry, being newly come to the Crown, and his Affairs at home being not yet throughly settled, was not much averse. Whereupon 
h Enguerrant de Monstrellet. cap 106.  Richard Earl of Warwick, and Henry Bishop of 
To the former, for a Treaty of Peace.  St. David's, were sent out of England; and from the French King, the Master of the Horse, which is the highest Honour in France, and the Admiral, who meeting at Calais, concluded a Truce for one Year.  
When he was come back from France, he was 
i Enguerrant de Monstrellet. chap. 109.  sent again the same Year with 
To the latter about a Marriage.  the Earl of Warwick to demand the Duke of Burgundy's Daughter in marriage for King Henry. They met with the Duke at Lisle in Flanders, and treated with him according to their Instructions, but returned without concluding any thing, either because they did not like the person of the Lady, or because the King 
Whilst the King seemed more inclinable to the French King's Daughter.  was become more inclinable to a Match with the King of France's Daughter, and had sent Ambassadors into France at this very time to treat about it. Some few Months after his return, he received a very ample Reward of these Embassies and his other Merits. For the Creation of an Archbishop of Canterbury being in 
H. Chichele chosen Precedent of the Council.  consultation, he of all the Bishops of England was chosen without dispute as most capable of exercising the highest Office in the Kingdom next to the King himself, in whose Judgement he was looked upon as the fittest Person to deliver his Opinion first in the Privy Council. For Thomas Arundel Archbishop of Canterbury dying on the 19th of February, in the Year 
1414.  1414. John Wodneburgh, Prior of Canterbu▪ and the Monks of that Church, desired 
The Monks desire leave to elect an Archbishop of Canterbury.  leave of the King to elect a new Archbishop, which was a Prerogative that the Kings of England had challenged to themselves since the time of Edward the Third, 
k Polyd●r. lib 19 in Edvard. 3.  who took it away from the Pope, and constituted Bishops by his own Authority, which practice of theirs 
l Abb. ad. c. ●. de Consuet. n. 4. & Apostil. ibid.  Panormitanus affirmed to be agreeable to the Constitutions of the Canon-Law.  
When they had obtained leave of the King by a Grant under the Great Seal, they first called home the absent Monks, and celebrated the Funeral of Thomas Arundel in Christ's Church in Canterbury, and on the 4th of May they all assembled in the Chapterhouse, where after Solemn Service, and a Sermon, in which they were all admonished of their Duty out of the Holy Scriptures in a matter of so great importance, and having also caused the King's Grant to be re●d, Henry Bishop of St. David's was immediately demanded by all their Voices, which demand was declared by John Langdon one of the Monks, in the name of the rest, to the People who were assembled in the Church in great numbers expecting the Election of a new Archbishop.  
Now he could not be elected to the Archbishopric, but must only be demanded according to the Rules of the 
And Canonically demanded H. Chichele.  Canon-Law, in which a Bishop is said to 
m C. sicut vir. 7. qu. 1.  contract marriage with his Church, and 
n C. inter corporalia extr. de translat. Episc.  cannot part from it without the Pope's leave; so that a Bishop being engaged to his See, is not elected to another, but is 
o Tot. tit. extr. de postul. Prelate.  demanded, and is said not to be promoted to a second Bishopric, but 
p Tot. tit. de translat. Episc. & Rebust. in prax. benefit. par. 1. tit. de translat. Episc.  translated from the first; all which 
Which Custom was introduced by Papal Ambition.  was introduced by the Ambition of the Popes, who by this Device got the disposal of most of the Bishoprics in Christendom into their own hands.  
The same day two of the Monks of that Society, William Molesh and John Moland, were appointed Proxies for the rest, who on the 15th of March waited upon the Bishop at London, and acquainted him with the desires of the Prior and Monks, humbly entreating him in their name to take upon him the government of the Church of Canterbury. At that time he answered only, that for the present he could determine nothing positively in a matter of so great concern, but desired a day's time to consider of it. The next day, when they came to him again in the Bishop of Norwich's House, in the presence of Edward Duke of York, and several other Persons of the greatest Quality, he told them in express words, that he could not gratify their desires, because it was not lawful for him to lay down his Bishopric of St. David's without leave from the 
H. Chichele expects the Pope's leave.  Pope; however, that he was not wholly averse from accepting their offer, if the Pope would consent to it, and therefore he referred their Petition to his Arbitrement. Whereupon the Prior and Monks by their Proxies sent to Rome, humbly 
To obtain which, Proxies are sent to Rome,  requested of Pope John the Twenty third, that he would confirm their Petition of Henry Bishop of St. David's to the vacant See of Canterbury; and at the 
With the King's Letters in his favour.  same time King Henry signified by Letters to the Pope, that he had granted leave to the Prior and Monks of Canterbury to elect an Archbishop, that upon their request of the Bishop of St. David's he had given his assent to their Petition, that the Bishop was a Person of eminent Note, and had deserved this Dignity by his Virtue, and that nothing now remained, but that he would do his part in this Affair.  
Now the Merits of the Bishop were well enough known to the Pope, first in the Court of Gregory the Twelfth, with whom he sided when he was Cardinal, and after that in the Council of Pisa, where he was also present; so that the Proctors for the Chapter of Canterbury soon obtained of the Pope, who was then at Bologna, on the 27th of April, that by his Bull he would absolve the Bishop from the Bond by which he was 
The Pope divorced H. Chichele from St. David's. Made him Archbishop by way of provisor.  tied to the Church of St. David's, and translate him to the See of Canterbury; in which, notwithstanding he did not confirm the Demand of the Monks, but promoted him to the Archbishopric by way of 
* Provisionis titulo.  Provisor, that so he might not depart from the received Custom of the Popes in assuming to themselves a right of donation of Bishoprics and Livings; he added moreover this Restriction, That he should not enter upon 
But he was first to be sworn to the Infallible Chair.  the exercise of his Archiepiscopal Function till he had taken an Oath of Fidelity to him and the Church of Rome, before the Bishops of Winchester and Norwich; and lastly, by several Bulls sent to the Prior and Monks of Canterbury, to the Bishops of that Province, to the Prelates and Vassals of the Church, and to all the People he commanded them to obey Henry Archbishop of Canterbury, and to pay him all the reverence, honour, obedience, and other Services due to his Function.  
But beside the Petition of the Chapter and the Pope's Bull, there yet remained the Pall, which was an 
q C. Significasti. 4. de elect.  Ornament taken from the Body of St. Peter who is buried at Rome, and was worn 
r C. Antiq. 23. de Privileg.  only by Patriarches and Archbishops, and some Bishops to whom it was granted by a particular Privilege, to 
s C. nisi 3. de usu Pallii.  denote that 
The Pall, denoting full power over the other Bishops,  full power that they have over the inferior Bishops, and that 
t C. 1. eod. lit.  only in the Churches of their own Province, and upon Holidays appointed by the Pope, and 
u C. ex tuarum. 5. eod. tit.  till they had received it, it was accounted unlawful for them to call a Synod, to make holy Water, to confer Orders, to consecrate Churches, or to exercise any part of their Function. This he obtained of the Pope by the means of Robert Apilton Canon of York, whom he sent to Bologna for that purpose; which afterwards the Bishops of Winchester and Norwich, by a Power delegated to them by the Pope's Bull, delivered 
Delivered him in the King's Palace of Sutton.  to him with great solemnity in the King's Palace of Sutton, in the presence of the King himself, Humphrey Duke of Gloucester, Richard Earl of Warwick, George Earl of March, and many other of the Nobility; and there he took an Oath of Obedience and Fidelity to the Pope (without which they 
* A c. Significasti. de Electi.  could not deliver him the Pall) in these words. 
Where he took the Oath of Obedience.  I Henry Archbishop of Canterbury, will be faithful and obedient to St. Peter, to the holy Apostolical Church of Rome, and to my Lord John the Twenty third, and his Successors that shall be canonically elected. I will not consent to, nor engage in any Design against their Life, Limbs or Liberty. The Secrets that they shall entrust me with, either by themselves, by their Legates, or by Letters, I will not willingly reveal to any one to their prejudice. I will assist them in maintaining and defending the Papacy, and the Rights of St. Peter, against all persons whatsoever, as far as it consists with my Order. I will honourably attend the Legate of the Apostolic See both at his coming and return, and will supply him in his necessities. When I am called to a Council I will come, except I shall be hindered by some lawful Impediment. I will visit the Apostolical Palace every three years, either in my own person, or by my Deputy, except I shall be excused by leave from the Pope. The Possessions belonging to my Archiepiscopal See I will not sell, nor give away, nor mortgage, nor grant any new Infeoffments of them, nor any other way alienate without the consent of the Pope. So help me God, and his holy Gospel.  
But though he had obtained a power in Ecclesiastical Affairs from the Pope, 
The Pope gave the Church, but the King could only give the Land.  yet he could not meddle with the Lands and Revenues of the Church without the King's Authority. Wherefore he went to the King at Leicester, where he was put in possession of them on the 30th of May, after he had sworn Allegiance to the King, and had expressly renounced all those Clauses in the Pope's 
Which was done after renouncing of the Clauses derogatory to the King's Power.  Bull for his Translation which might prejudice the King, or derogate from his Royal Prerogative; after which the whole Revenue of the Archbishopric, which upon the death of Thomas Arundel fell to the Exchequer, were by a particular favour granted him by a Patent 
For his Patent he paid Six hundred Marks.  under the Great Seal, after he had paid Six hundred Marks.  
He came to Leicester upon the account of the Parliament which the King had called there, that he might consult with his Prelates, Lords and Commons about making new Laws, raising Money, and the State of the Kingdom in general. In this Parliament the Archbishop by his great Wisdom averted a 
Secured the Church from the Envy of the two Houses.  terrible Storm from the Church, which was raised against it by the envy of the Nobility and Commonalty at the Wealth of the Prelates, which had showed itself at several times during the Reign of Henry the Fourth, but now seemed to threaten them more nearly in this new Government. For ten years before this in a Parliament holden at Coventry in the Year 1404. when King Henry the Fourth demanded Money of them for his Wars with the Scots, the Welsh, the Bretons, the Flemings, 
Being formerly voted to supply King Henry the Fourth by the Church's Wealth.  and the French, the House of Commons replied, that there was no other way of supplying the necessities of the Public, but by diminishing the excessive Wealth of the Clergy; and that such was the Condition of the People of England, that they not only advanced Money continually for the Service of the War, but also exposed their persons to the common Enemy, while the Clergy stayed at home, and neither served their Country with their Persons, nor their Estates. To this Thomas Arundel Archbishop 
Whilst the Church paid Tenths oftener than the Laity did Fifteenths, etc.  of Canterbury, briskly replied, That the Clergy granted Tenths oftener than the Laity did Fifteenths, and that more of their Tenants and Domestics served in the Wars, than of those of the Nobility, beside their Prayers which they poured out to God day and night for the prosperity of the Kingdom. And presently turning himself to the King, he fell upon his Knees, and besought him that he would be mindful of his Oath by which he had solemnly promised 
Which Consideration, but chiefly the Intercession of his Predecessor with the King, had then averted the storm,  before God and Man to preserve the Rights and Privileges of the Church entire and unviolated; by which, and by engaging those of the Nobility whom he thought to favour his Cause, he prevailed so far, that the Demands of the Commons were thrown out by a public Act.  
Six years after this in another Parliament holden by Henry the Fourth at 
Another Address of the Commons against the Clergy.  Westminster, the Commons in an Address presented to the King, set forth that the Revenues of the Prelates and Monks which they consumed in Debauchery and Excess, were sufficient to supply the Necessities of the King and Kingdom, that out of them might be maintained Fifteen Earls, Fifteen hundred Knights, Six thousand two hundred Esquires, and One hundred Hospitals, and therefore they besought the King that he would seize them into his own hands, and out of them would defray the necessary Expenses of the Kingdom. 
Which was designed, as the then Bishop alleged, for the enriching of themselves.  To which Thomas Archbishop of Canterbury again replied, That the Commons did not desire the Lands of the Clergy to enrich the Exchequer, but to repair their own Fortunes, which were wasted by their Prodigality out of the rich Spoils of the Church; as it had formerly happened to the Monasteries in France, which in the Wars between the English and the French were brought 
King of France, said he, has not a Noble now of the Revenues of the Monasteries that were brought to the Exchequer. The Petition rejected.  into the Treasury, out of which (said he) the King has not now so much as a Noble left. At that time also the King rejected the Petition of the Commons, whether it were that he feared an eternal Infamy would attend him if he should rob the Church, or because he thought that the Promoters of this Design were secret Favourers of the Doctrine of John Wickliff, to which he had always a great aversion.  

Henry the Fourth averse to Wickliff's Doctrine, abetted by the Petitioners. In Henry the Fifth's time the Address renewed.  From that time, during the Reign of Henry the Fourth, there was nothing attempted against the Church. But in this Parliament at Leicester, the House of Commons in an Address petitioned the new King, that their demands against the Clergy which were represented four years ago, might be taken into consideration again, and voted in both Houses. The Archbishop was extremely troubled at this; for he was very solicitous that the Church should receive no prejudice under his Government; his greatest fear arose from the consideration of the King's Youth, which is generally bend upon hasty Designs and Innovations. Having therefore communicated this Affair to the Bishops, it was determined 
To avoid which the Clergy resolved to give the King Money for a War with France.  by them that the Clergy should offer the King a great Sum of Money, and excite him to make war with the French, and to assert his Title to that Crown, which falling to Edward the Second by Marriage, was by him transmitted to his Successors.  
Most of the Writers of that Age relate that the Archbishop upon this occasion 
For which a Synod is called at London.  presently called a Synod at London, yet none of their Decrees are now to be found among the public Records.  

The Title of the Kings of England to France.  Now our Kings claimed the Crown of France by this Title, Charles the Fair King of France, who was the only surviving Male-Heir of the Line of Philip 
Claimed by Edward the Third.  the Fair, his Father dying without Issue, Edward the Third King of England, Son to Edward the Second by Isabel, Daughter of Philip the Fair, by his Ambassadors demanded the Crown of France of the Estates of that Kingdom, as next of kin to Philip the Fair his Mother's Father, and Charles' his Uncle. On the 
Whose Competitor was Philip de Valois.  other side, Philip de Valois, Son to Charles de Valois, who was Brother to Philip the Fair, maintained that he was next Heir by right of Succession, as Cousin German to the late King Charles the Fair, whereas Edward claimed only in right of his Mother, as being Grandson to Philip the Fair by his Daughter, and Nephew to Charles the Fair by his Sister; which Claim was contrary to the Laws and Constitutions of France, by which the Crown is to descend upon the Male-line only; alleging the words of the Salic Law, that no Woman should inherit in Salic Land, which Salic Land he affirmed to be the Kingdom of France. The French therefore 
King Edward claiming by's Mother, rejected under pretence of the Salic Law, assumed the Title. Successfully invaded France, and entailed the Quarrel. Richard the Second waved the Quarrel. Henry the Fourth was 〈…〉  rejected King Edward's Claim, and acknowledged Philip for their King, whereupon Edward presently assumed the Title of King of France, which our Kings have used ever since; and having invaded France successfully, he left the Quarrel entailed upon his Successors, together with the Crown of England. After him Richard the Second, a weak Prince, desisted wholly from the War with the French; and Henry the Fourth, though he were a Valiant Prince, yet being taken up partly with the Rebellions of the Welsh, and partly with the Intestine Divisions of his own Nobility, he could not employ the whole Force of the Kingdom against them. But in 
But the happy Juncture was in Henry the Fifth's time.  Henry the Fifth all opportunities concurred for carrying on the War, a vigorous Age, a great Courage, Riches and Peace at home. Beside which, the Archbishop was of opinion, that the 
As Chichele thought, for a more glorious Diversion.  fierce and restless Disposition of the Young King ought to be employed in some difficult Enterprise; and that the only way to keep him from making any Disturbances at home, was to show him an Enemy abroad, as there is no other way to stop the fury of a Torrent, but by dividing the Water into several Channels. For this end he rose from his Seat in the House of Lords, and addressed himself to the King, who sat on his Throne, in this manner.  

May it please your Highness,  

His Speech to the King for that purpose.  IN this Consultation about the public Affairs of the Kingdom, when so many things have been proposed, tending to restrain the Vices of your Subjects by good Laws to the impartial Administration of Justice, and to the establishment of the Peace of the Kingdom, it would be accounted the highest ingratitude, if I alone, who by your bounty have been lately advanced to the highest pitch of Honour, should conceal those things which seem so necessary to me, for enlarging the Bounds of your Dominion, and advancing your Reputation amongst Foreign Nations. For although by establishing good and wholesome Laws, by the due administration of Justice, and by the settlement of peace at home, you may live safely and securely; yet certainly you will have but little 
Accommodates himself to the King's Heroic Temper.  regard to your Honour, unless you look abroad, and consider how you may extend the limits of your Empire, and revenge the Injuries done to you by your Enemies; for this Opinion hath been constantly received by all Princes whatsoever, that the eminence of Kingly Dignity doth consist not so much in the Nobility of their Birth, the enjoyment of Pleasures, the abundance of all things, the Wealth of their Subjects, and the Peace of their Kingdoms, as in the extent of their Dominion, the multitude of their Subjects, and the number of their Towns.  
And though the Realms of England and Ireland, which are devolved upon you from a long series of your Ancestors, may sufficiently furnish you with all these, yet they are very small if compared with the spacious Kingdom of France, which in number of 
Thinks France no less than the Envy of the World.  People, the Wealth of its Cities, in strong Garrisons and fortified Towns, exceeds all the Kingdoms in the World; containing, as the French themselves report, above Eighty Provinces exceeding populous, One hundred and eight Bishops Sees, above One thousand Convents, and Thirteen thousand Parishes. All which descending to your 
Represents the King's Right.  Highness by right of Inheritance from Edward the Third, your Great Grandfather, 
And insinuat●… the Injuries done his French Provinces.  are unjustly detained by Charles the Sixth, commonly called King of France; to say nothing of those Injuries which are daily offered your Subjects, in Normandy, Gascogne, Aquitain, and the Provinces of Anjou and Maine, which your Ancestors long ago possessed by another kind of Title, and with the consent of the French themselves.  

The Salic Law an Obtrusion.  And that they may have some colour for this Injustice; they obtrude upon you the Salic Law made by Pharamont the first King of the Francs, by which Law they say it is provided, That no Woman shall succeed in Salic Land, affirming by a fallacious Interpretation, that by the Salic Land is meant the Kingdom of France, 
And a Cheat to debar the Female Line.  and by this Cheat they would debar the Female Line of their right of Succession, and defraud them of their Inheritance.  
Now the very Title of the Law does sufficiently evince the novelty of this Interpretation. For it is affirmed by most of the 
y Gregor. Turon. lib. 2. Paul. Aemyl. in princ. Girard. du Haillan. liure 1.  
Not made by Pharamont, as pretended.  Writers of that Nation, that Pharamont was only Duke of Franconia in Germany, that he never passed the Rhine, nor ever came near the Confines of France; but that Four hundred years after his death, when Charles the Great had conquered the Saxons, and brought them over to Christianity, some of his Soldiers passing the Rhine, settled their Habitations upon the River Sala (who from thence were called Salic Francs) in that part of Germany which is now called Misnia; and that being very much offended at the immodest behaviour of the Germane Women, they made a Law, by which they excluded that Sex from inheriting any part of the Salic Land. So that this Constitution is absurdly ascribed to Pharamont, which had its original from a People that sprung up four 
But Four hundred years after him, and in Germany.  hundred years after him, and can no more concern the French, than it doth the Belgians, who at that time were contained within the bounds of France, or any other Neighbouring Nation.  

If it obliges the French, it relates to private Inheritances only; for,  But suppose that it did oblige the French, yet even than it relates only to 
z Franc. Hottom. in Franco-gall. cap. 10.  private Inheritances, and not to public Right of Government, or the Succession of the Kingdom; and therefore whenever the French Kings disputed the Title with one another, 
In dispute, one French King never used it against another; for  they never made any account of this Law; but when they contended with Foreign Princes they then alleged it, that by this means they might exclude them from the Government.  

Pepin claimed by a Female,  For Pepin who deprived the Race of Pharamont of the Kingdom by deposing Childeric, claimed the Cromn as next Heir to Blithild, Daughter to Clothaire the First, which Title was confirmed by Pope Zachary, and by the consent of the People of France.  

and so did Hugh Capet.  When his Posterity had reigned for Two hundred years, Hugh Capet put by Charles Duke of Lorraine, who was the only surviving Heir of the Line of Pepin and Charles the Great, pretending himself to be lineally descended from Lingarda, the Daughter of Charlemagne who was Grandson to Charles the Great, by which Title he obtained the Crown.  

And by the like Lewis the Tenth confirmed his Right.  His Grandson Lewis the Tenth, who was canonised for a Saint, and whom all we Christians honour as such, being not very well satisfied with the right of his Grandfather Capet, out of a religious scruple would have declined the Government, had he not called to mind, that his Grandmother Queen Isabel was next Heir to Ermingarda, Daughter and Heir of Charles of Lorraine, whom Capet had impiously deprived both of his Life and Kingdom▪  
From him all these later Kings of France and this Charles the Sixth, who now reigns, are descended, and all these obtained the Kingdom in right of Female Succession, which by the Salic Law they 
This Law made a Bugbear to Foreigners, contemned by themselves.  would now debar you of, and would fain terrify you with this Bugbear, which they themselves securely contemn.  
Nor can that be properly called a Law, which has no show of equity or justice in it, nay which contradicts all Laws both Divine and Humane, but ought rather to be termed a mask or shadow of a Law. For by the Civil Laws of the Romans, which are approved by the consent of all Nations, 
z L. maximum intem. c. d. liber. praeterit. 1. lege 12. Tab. c. de legit. haered. sect. Si quis igitur. Anth. de haered. ab intest. sect. Item vetustas. Instit. eod. tit.  Women 
'Tis contrary to the Civil Law, and  are admitted to inherit equally with Men, and the distinction of Agnation and Cognation is taken away upon very good grounds, for they that introduced it, seemed to have laid the blame upon Nature for producing some Women as well as Men, and Women suffer through the fault of their Parents in being born of that Sex, and not of the Male.  
These Laws were afterwards admitted by the Sicilians, Neapolitans, Navarrois, Spaniards, Portuguese, Scots, and (to say nothing of ourselves) by almost all Nations, 
The Constitutions of most Nations,  by the Constitutions of all which, Women for want of Male-heirs, are admitted to the Government; and herein they all follow the prescription of that Divine 
And to the Divine Law.  Law which God Almighty gave the Jews by Moses in the Twenty seventh Chapter of 
Numb▪ 27. 8.  Numbers; If a man die and have no Son, the Inheritance shall pass to his Daughter: To which Ordinance if any Laws in any Nation whatsoever be found repugnant, they are not Laws but Corruptions, seeing they depart from that principal Rule of Justice which the great Lawgiver prescribed to his own People.  
But setting aside those Women who governed that very People, and those Kings who inherited that Crown in right of their Mothers, we Christians do all acknowledge, 
Jesus Christ the Lawful Heir, by his Mother of the Jewish Kingdom.  that Jesus Christ was the lawful Heir of the Jewish Kingdom; now they who deny a right of Succession to be derived from the Female Sex, do not only oppose his Title, but also deprive us of those exceeding great Benefits which God hath promised to Mankind through Christ. For God having promised Abraham that in his Seed all the Nations of the Earth should be blessed, because the Messias was to come out of his Family; and the Prophets Isaiah and Micah, by the inspiration of the Holy Ghost, having prophesied many Ages before that Christ should spring out of the Root of Jesse, and out of the Family of David, and that the Tribe of Juda should be the noblest of all the rest, because Christ was to arise out of it who should govern the People of Israel; if the right of Succession be taken away from the Female Sex, we shall find no truth in these Divine Oracles, for Christ being begotten by an Eternal Father, could not spring from the Seed of Abraham, from the Root of Jesse, from the House of David, and from the Tribe of Juda but by Inheritance from his Mother.  

The French rather deny the Bible, than submit to a Foreign Prince.  But the French choose rather to destroy the veracity of the Divine Promises, than to submit to a Foreign Prince; and they that call themselves most Christian, do prefer a supposititious Law of Pharamont a Heathen, before those sacred Laws given by God himself.  
I would ask the French why they exclude Women from a right of governing, whom all other Nations do admit? Is it because their Government is so much better than that of all other Nations, and even than that of the Jews, which was constituted by God himself, that only men are capable of administering it? or does France, which as they say produces the bravest men in the World, bring forth the weakest and most despicable Women? or did your great Grandfather's Mother Isabel commit some heinous Crime, for which she a King's Daughter, and Sister to Kings, deserved to be deprived of the Crown?  
But though we should grant them all this, yet seeing they have formerly rejected your great Grandfather King Edward, and do now disclaim any Authority that your Highness hath over them, they are very manifestly convicted of Treason against you.  
For admitting the Salic Law to be in force in the Kingdom of France, let Females be excluded, and the Male Issue only inherit the Crown, yet by what words of 
The Salic Law literally excludes not the Sons of Females.  that Law are the Sons of those Females excluded? Shall a Law that debars Women from inheriting, in respect of the natural Levity of their Sex, be made to contradict itself, and for a quite contrary reason, to put by Men also? or will they by a kind of malicious comprehension extend those words of the Law to the Male-Sex, which reach only the Female? Wherefore, though they exclude Isabel, why did they not admit her Son Edward, a magnanimous and prudent Person? why do they not invite your Highness, a Prince every way qualified for Government? For it is a received Maxim amongst the Lawyers, that one 
a L. Si ex patronis. 10. sect. Julianus. ff. de bonis libert. l. Divi fratres. 17. ff. de jure patr. l. 1. sect. si filius. ff. de suis & legit. haered. l. cum dotem. 57 ff. ad leg. Falcid. l. 2. sect. nullum. ff. de decurion. l. in servitutem. 16. sect. si patroni filius. ff. de bonis libert. l. si. vellem. 4. sect. si deportatus. ff. eod. tit. l. 1. sect. filium. ff. de bon. poss. contr. tab.  unworthy or incapable may transmit some sort of right to his Heir; and that 
b Sect. néque Authent. de trient. & sereniss. d. l. maximum vitium c. de liber. praeter Bald. ad. l. 2. n. 7. c. quae sit. long. consuet. Bald. ad l. si defunctus. n. 8. C. de suis & legit. Anchor. ad c. Canonum statuta. n. 311. de Constit. Alex. Cons. 16. vol. 1. Bart. ad. l. cunctos populos. n. 33. C. de sum. Trinit.  those Laws that take away from Females the right of Inheritance, are contrary to right Reason and natural Justice; that none but the strictest interpretation of them is to be admitted, and that they 
c L. Curials. C. de praed. decur. lib. 10 l. filius fam. 7. sect. sed meminisse. ff. de donat. l. maritum. 42. ff. sol. matr. l. si vero. 64. sect. si vero. ff. eod.  may not be stretched beyond the very Letter, 
d L. Si ita scriptum. 45. in princ. ff. de leg. 2. Rebuff. ad. l. 1. ff. de verb. sign.  from Women to Men, nor to the 
e L. Prospexit. 12. sect. 1. ff. qui & à quib. manum. l. commodissim. 10. ff. de lib. & posthum. l. si cum dotem. 22. in princ. ff. sol. matr.  exclusion of a Sex that is not mentioned in them, but ought rather 

And is to be taken in the most favourable sense.  
The Archbishop asserts the King's Call as well as Right to France.   to be taken in the most 
f C. Statutum 22. de Elect. in 6.  favourable acceptation.  
Seeing therefore (most mighty Prince) that you are called to the Kingdom of France by the Laws both of God and Man, assert that Right which is denied you by the French by force of Arms, strike off that Crown from the head of the King of France which he hath unjustly put on, repress the Rebellions of that People with fire and sword, maintain the ancient Honour of the English Name amongst Foreign Nations, and suffer not Posterity to accuse your Tameness in passing by those Affronts put upon you by your Enemies.  
For besides a very just Cause, which is commonly attended with the Divine Assistance, you have all things that can be desired 
With other great Encouragements to the Expedition.  for carrying on a War with success; a vigorous Age, a strong and healthful Constitution, a loyal Nobility and Commonalty, and a flourishing Kingdom; and lastly, We your Subjects of the Clergy have granted your Highness a greater Sum of Money than your Predecessors ever received of our Order, which we very readily and cheerfully offer you for the Charges of this War, and shall daily in our Prayers implore the Divine Majesty, that by the prosperous success of your Arms he would make known 
Success a Good Sign in the Virtuous and Brave.  to all the World the Justice of your Cause.   
The Archbishop having ended his Speech, the King seemed very much affected with it. But Ralph Nevil Earl of Westmoreland, Precedent of the 
But the Earl of Westmoreland advises a War with the Scots.  North, fearing the Incursions of the Scots if the King should pass over into France, in a long Oration endeavoured to persuade, That a War with the Scots was to be undertaken before that with the French; and after he had excused himself in the beginning of his Speech for his want of Learning, as not being able to contend with my Lord of Canterbury either in Eloquence or Knowledge, he added, That he had learned from Wise men, and from his own Experience, that Forces united are stronger than disjoined; and that it was less hazardous to invade a Neighbouring Enemy, than one more remote. Thus the 
From the Roman Example to begin with the lesser Enemy.  Romans first reduced to their obedience the Samnites, the Fidenates, the Volsci, and those People of Italy that lay next to them, before they attempted to meddle with Foreign Nations; and afterwards preferred the little Island of Sicily because it bordered upon Italy, before the vast Regions of Pannonia, Numidia and Germany.  
He showed that the War with the 
And the readiness of Provisions for the latter.  Scots would be managed here at home where Soldiers and all other necessary preparations for War would be ready at hand, whereas against the French there was a necessity of providing a great Fleet and Army at a prodigious charge, when the Seat of the War was to be in the Enemy's Country; 
With the easiness of the Victory.  that the Victory would be easily obtained over the Scots, their King being Prisoner in England, and the state of Affairs there being in confusion through the unseasonable severity of Alban the Regent; and lastly, 
The justice and necessary of the War.  That the cause of this War would be very just, being occasioned by the Ravages and Robberies daily committed by the Scots, which they would exercise with greater fury while the English were engaged with the French, who are in strict conjunction with the Scots by an ancient and even natural Alliance that is between the two Nations, and therefore that it would be very hazardous to invade the French, before England was secured from the Scots at home.  

The Earl Answered by Jo. Duke of Exeter.  To this Speech of the Earl's, replied John Duke of Exeter, a Man of great Wisdom and Learning, which he had acquired in the Universities of Italy, whither he was sent by his Father, who designed him for the Church; He very eloquently maintained, That the 
That the Scot's Strength (lying in the French) ought to be first attaqued.  French ought first to be invaded, upon whose aid the Scots relying, infested the English: That if they were subdued, the Scots would come in of themselves, according to this Aphorism of the Physicians, That the Remedy must be first applied to the Cause of the Disease; and that in order to the healing a Wound effectually, the peccant Humour must first of all be purged. For from whence, said he, do the Scots draw the first rudiments 

France once conquered, the Scots will be helpless.  
Advised to hinder the Scots Attempts in the King's absence. Which Opinion highly applauded   either of Learning or Arms, but from their Education in France? How can the Scotch Nobility be maintained, if those Pensions should fail which they use to receive from France? or if that Kingdom should be subdued, with what Nation will the Scots maintain any Commerce, or from whom will they implore Assistance? Not from Denmark; that King is allied to you by marriage with your Sister; not from Portugal or Castille, both those Princes are your Cousin-germen; not from Italy, that is too remote; not from Germany or Hungary, they are both in league with us; so that the Scots will submit to you of themselves when the French are conquered, as the Tree necessarily withers when the Sap fails.  
He also showed in the Instances of Malcolm and David Bruce, that the Scots never invaded England, but when the English were at war with France, and therefore he proposed that the Earl of Westmoreland should be sent with some choice Troops to hinder them from attempting any thing in the King's absence. He concluded, that the Conquest of France would be a rich and plentiful reward of their Victory, in comparison of which that of Scotland was but poor and inconsiderable.  

And War with France was the Cry of the House.  The King and the Nobility were so much inclined in favour of this Opinion, but especially the Dukes of Clarence, Bedford and Gloucester the King's Brethren, who were inflamed with the desire of acquiring Honour and Renown in the War with France by the Example of their Ancestors, that when it came to be voted after the usual manner, they all concurred in their Opinion with the Archbishop, and cried out confusedly in the House, War, War with France.  

The Archbishop's renowned for the wisdom of his Counsel.  By this means the Archbishop obtained great commendation of Posterity for his Wisdom, who by this Counsel of his promoted a very successful War, and averted a very great Calamity from the Church.  
The King having dissolved the Parliament, with great diligence provided his Army and Navy, and made all other 
The King provides Army and Navy.  necessary preparations for such a War, designing to invade France the next Year. In the beginning of which, that he might proceed according to the Law of Nations, he sent Ambassadors into France the Bishops of Durham and Norwich 
Sends Ambassadors to demand France.  to demand the Kingdom of King Charles, who received them civilly, and told them, that he would shortly send Ambassadors into England to return an Answer to their Demands. The Fleet and Army being ready for this Expedition, and the Soldiers being ordered to 
The Army's Rendezvouz at Southampton.  rendezvouz at Southampton, in order to embark on Board the Fleet, The King in his Journey thither stayed some time at Winchester, where the French Ambassadors came to him, who were the Earl of Vendosme, William Bouratier Archbishop of Bourges, Peter Fremell Bishop of Lisieux, and Walter Cole Secretary to the King. The Archbishop of Bourges made an Eloquent Oration in the name of the rest; in which, after he had largely and floridly described the Miseries of War, and the Advantages of Peace, he offered the King in marriage the Lady Catharine, 
The French Ambassadors, in Answer, offer the French King's Daughter in Marriage.  King Charle's Daughter, if he would desist from the War, promising for her Dowry a great Sum of Money, and some part of those Provinces which the King demanded by right of Inheritance. The King only answered at that time, that he would consider of the Conditions which they proposed, and the next day sitting on his Throne, and attended with a great number of the Nobility, the Ambassadors being called in, 
Their Conditions not thought honourable by the King.  he told them that the Conditions which they offered were such, as he could not accept of with honour; and calling Henry Archbishop of Canterbury, he commanded him to give a fuller Anser to the Archbishop of Bourges Oration; which he did to this effect.  

The Archbishop's more full Answer.  That the King as soon as he came to the Crown, thought nothing of greater importance than to maintain peace as well at home amongst his own Subjects, as abroad with Foreign Princes. For which cause he had called a Parliament, in which having settled his Affairs at home, he had sent Ambassadors into France to claim his right, and to demand that part of the Kingdom of France which the Kings of England had held for some Ages by a lawful possession. But seeing his Ambassadors had brought 
That the French King had not answered King Henry's Demand.  back no Answer from King Charles, that he had levied an Army, and provided all things necessary for the War, and that he was now ready to pass over into France, and revenge the wrong they had done him when he perceived they made no account of his Right. Nevertheless, that he might testify to all the World, how averse he was from shedding Christian Blood by the mutual Butchery of War, that he would remit something of his Right, that he would disband his Army, and establish a Peace between the two Nations by marriage with Catharine, upon condition that they would restore to him the Dutchies of Aquitain and Anjou, and the other Dominions which 
Who insisted only on the Dominions his Ancestors had enjoyed.  his Ancestors enjoyed in France neither forcibly, nor clandestinely, nor precariously. That unless these Conditions were accepted, the King would immediately enter France with his Army, and lay it waste with Fire and Sword; nor would he ever desist from slaughter and revenge, till he had reduced it to his obedience, and had recovered the Dominion transmitted to him by right of Inheritance from his Predecessors. And lastly, That he called God Almighty both for a Witness and Avenger of his Cause, whose Majesty he trusted would be propitious to so just a War.  

Which Answer the King confirms.  When the Archbishop had done speaking, the King interposed, and with his Royal Word confirmed all that he had delivered in more copious and Rhetorical Terms. To which when the Archbishop of Bourges began to reply with reproachful Language, and to reflect upon the King with more freedom than consisted with the Character of an Ambassador, the King only 
The French Ambassadors remanded.  reprimanded him for the liberty which he took, and commanded the Ambassadors to depart the Kingdom under safe Conduct.  

The King sets sail.  The King soon after followed them, setting sail from Southampton with his whole Army on the 13th of August; And at his first arrival in Normondy, he took Harflew, a very strong Town, 
taketh Harflew.  after a Month's siege; the Winter coming on, he marched from thence towards Calais, and having passed the Seine, and being provoked and set upon in his march by the French, he defeated them in a pitched Battle near Agincourt 
Deseats the French at Agincourt.  on the 25th of October. It is certain that the English never fought with greater success, than in this Battle; for of the French Ten thousand were slain, 
Of whom Ten thousand are slain.  with the loss of Two hundred only on our side, as the 
g Paul. Aemyl. in Carol. 6.  French Writers themselves have recorded it, and the Dukes 
And many Noble Prisoners.  of Orleans and Bourbon, with a great many of the Nobility of France, were taken Prisoners, and brought over into England.  

In the King's absence, the Archbishop arms the Clergy in Kent.  Whilst the King was in France, by his command the Archbishop of Canterbury ordered all the Clergy of that Diocese to be in Arms, lest the French should in the King's absence make any attempt upon the Coast of Kent, which lay exposed to their Invasion; after which he appointed a Synod of his 
Calls a Synod.  Province to be held at London on the 28th of November: The first day of their meeting was taken up in Religious Solemnities; For after Mass, which was celebrated in the Morning by the Archbishop on the High Altar in St. Paul's, William Lyndewood Chancellor of Canterbury preached before the whole Body of the Clergy (which was assembled in S. Mary's Chapel in that Cathedral) upon these words of the Prophet Jeremy (cap. 6. v. 16.) Stand ye in the ways and see. The following days the Bishops and Abbots met in St. Mary's Chapel, and the Priors, Deans, Archdeacon's, and Proctors of the several Dioceses withdrew into the Chapterhouse, 
☞  where they consulted separately about the Affairs of the Church, from whence they are generally called the Upper and Lower House of Convocation.  

In which two Tenths are granted for the War.  In this Synod two Tenths were granted to the King for the War with France out of all Ecclesiastical Revenues and Benefices that used to pay Tenths, one of them to be paid at St. Martin's day next following, and the other on the same day the next Year: On the 2d of December the Archbishop dissolved the Synod; after that, at the King's desire, and with the consent of both Houses, he had appointed the days of St. George, St. David, St. Cedda, and St. Winifred, to be observed as Holidays. This Decree is still to be seen amongst the 
h C. Ineffabilis. de feriis. Lyndw.  English Constitutions.  
The next Year he held another Synod at London on the first of April, to consult 
Another Synod.  with the Bishops and other Prelates about sending Delegates to the Council at Constance. For Christendom was 
Christendom divided between Three Popes.  still divided between three Popes, John the Twenty third, who exercised the Pontifical Function at Rome, Gregory the Twelfth at Ariminum, and Benedict the Thirteenth at Avignon. For both 

By two of whom the Council of Pisa refused.  
A General Council appointed by the Third.   Gregory and Benedict had refused to submit to the Sentence pronounced against them by the Council of Pisa. But John being solicited by all the Christian Princes to put an end to the Schism, had two years before this appointed a General Council of all Christendom to be held at Constance in Germany, though it were with great reluctancy and unwillingness, fearing that the Council would deprive him of the Papacy, which afterwards happened, as we shall hereafter show.  

The Archbishop appears at Constance by Proxy.  The Archbishop being cited by the Pope's Bull to Constance, had sent thither two years ago as his Proxies, Robert Apulton Canon of York, and John Forced Canon of Lincoln, to assist in his Name at the Council; and at the same time the Earl of Warwick, the Bishops of Salisbury, Bath and Hereford, with the Abbot of Westminster, and the Prior of Worcester, were sent thither also as Delegates from the King, and the Body of the Clergy, whose number being diminished by the death of Robert halum Bishop of Salisbury, and Robert Mascal Bishop of Hereford, who died at Constance; and because the Deputies of other Nations appeared at the Council in greater numbers, therefore in this Synod, Richard Clifford Bishop of London, and twelve Doctors, together with the Chancellors of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge were chosen for 
Their Charges 2 d. per l. out of the Clergy's Revenues.  this Employment, and Two pence in the Pound out of the Livings and Revenues of the Clergy was allowed them for their Expenses.  

The Emperor comes to England as Mediator.  About this time the Emperor Sigismond came first into France, and afterwards into England, to endeavour by his mediation to establish Peace as well in the Church by deposing the contumacious Popes, as betwixt the two Kings of England and France by putting an end to the War. At his request, the 
Whereupon the Delegates are pressed to Constance.  King pressed the Archbishop and the Synod to dispatch their Delegates to Constance with what speed they could.  

Where a Decree passed about Wills and Administration.  In this Synod also it was decreed, That the Goods of Persons deceased should be deposited in the hands of a Trustee, till their Will should be exhibited and proved; that Administration should not be granted to their Executors till they had made a true Inventory of the Goods, and that they should meddle only with those Goods that were contained in the Inventory; it was further added (according to the Circumstances of those Times) that no more than Five Shillings should be demanded for the Registering 

That 5 s. shall be paid for a Probate.  
And that the Clergy shall bring in the Tenth six months' sooner.   or Probate of Wills; and lastly, to gratify the King, it was ordered that the Clergy should bring in the Tenth, which by a Decree of the former Synod was to be paid at the Feast of St. Martin, six Months sooner.  

The Mediation in vain between the Two Kingdoms,  But Sigismond laboured to no purpose to compose the Differences between the French and the English. For whilst a Treaty of Peace was carried on with the French Ambassadors, who came over into 
Harfleu being besieged, and Four hundred English slain by the French.  England with the Emperor, News was brought out of France that Harfleu was besieged by the French, and that Four hundred English were slain in a Battle lately fought with John Earl of Armagnac; the King was so incensed at this Defeat, that from that time he was wholly averse from the least mention of Peace, and would have gone over forthwith into France, if he had not been dissuaded from it by the Emperor; 
Wherefore the King sends his Brother the Duke of Bedford, to Normandy. Presents the Emperor with the Garter,  wherefore he sent his Brother John Duke of Bedford with a Fleet and Army into Normandy; and having presented Sigismond with the Order of the Garter, and made a League with him, after he had magnificently entertained him in England for four Months, about the end of 
And conducts him to Calais.  August he conducted him as far as Calais, being attended with a very splendid Retinue, and a numerous Fleet.  

The Emperor goes to Constance.  The Emperor went from thence to Constance to assist at the Council; but the King stayed there some time to order his Affairs in France, and the Archbibishop, when the Synod was broke up, 
The Archbishop goes to France.  came thither out of England.  

Ambassadors from the French to King Henry at Calais.  While the King was at Calais, there came to him John Duke of Burgundy, the Archbishop of Rheims, and other Ambassadors sent from Charles King of France to sue for Peace at a very unseasonable time, when the King upon the late Injuries received of the French, was wholly intent upon preparations for War, lest he who the last Year was Conqueror in the Battle of Agincourt, should now, upon the account of his late Losses seem not to give, but to receive Conditions of Peace.  
Wherefore having settled his Affairs in France, he returned soon after into England, and held a Parliament at Westminster, 
Who returning got a Supply from the Parliament.  of which he easily obtained a supply of Men and Money for the service of the War with France the next Year. At the same time the Archbishop came back from Calais, and by the King's Command called a Synod at London on the 9th of November, in which, at the request of Henry Beaufort Bishop of Winchester, the Earl Marshal, and Henry Ware (who from Chancellor of Canterbury had some time before been made Keeper of the Privy Seal) who for that purpose were sent thither by the King, he prevailed with them to grant the 
And Two Tenths from the Synod.  King two Tenths for his Expedition into France. There was nothing else done in that Synod, but on the Days of John of 
i C. Anglicanae de feriis.  Beverley, and of Crispin and Crispinian, Martyrs, on which the Battle of Agincourt happened, were made Holidays.  

The King setting sail, left the Duke of Bedford Vicegerent.  The King, having commanded the Nobility to attend him, and having levied a choice Army, and equiped his Fleet, sailed over into Normandy on the 1st of August 1417. leaving John Duke of Bedford to govern the Kingdom in his absence. When he was gone, the Archbishop commanded all the Bishops of his Province to cause solemn Processions to be made to all Churches and Chapels for the safety of the King, and the success of his Arms.  
The same Year by a signal Example of his Justice and Courage, he showed how much all People whatsoever in that Age stood in awe of the Authority of the Church. For on Easterday the Lord Strange, with the Lady Elizabeth his Wife, and a great Train of Servants attending them coming to St. Dunstan's Church to Vespers, and meeting Sir John Trussel there, with whom he had an ancient Quarrel, his Servants drew their Swords in the Church, wounded Sir John, his Son, and some others of his Family, and killed one Thomas Petwardy a Citizen of London, who to accommodate the matter between them, had thrust himself into the Scuffle. The Matter being 
The Archbishop interdicts the Church of St. Dunstan's.  brought before the Archbishop, he interdicted the Church, which had been polluted with Blood, the Authors and Accomplices of the Crime were publicly excommunicated and cursed before 
Excommunicates the Criminals, viz.  the People at Paul's Cross, and the Archbishop sitting as Judge in St. Paul's Church, after he had examined into the 

Lord Strange, Lady and Servants.  
The two former with Tapers, and all in their Shirts and Drawers only, did processional Penance from St. Paul's to St. Dunstan's; for purification of which   Fact, imposed this Penance on the Lord Strange and his Lady, who fell on their knees before him, and humbly begged pardon of the Church; That their Servants in their Shirts and Drawers only, and he and his Wife with Tapers in their hands, should go through the great Street of the City from St. Paul's to St. Dunstan's, all which was accordingly performed with great solemnity; and when the Archbishop purified St. Dunstan's 
The Lady filled the Vessels with water▪  Church, the Lady Strange filled the Vessels with Water; they were also commanded to offer each of them a Pyx and Altarcloath.  
In the mean time the matter was hotly debated in the Council of Constance about taking away the Schism in the 
At Constance they dispute about a new Pope.  Church by the creation of a new Pope; and restraining those Persons who with a great deal of liberty inveighed against the Pride of the Popes, the Luxury of the Clergy, the lazy Lives of the Monks, and the innumerable Corruptions of the 
And against John Wickliff.  Church of Rome. Of these John Wickliff was accounted the chief, who in the Reign of Edward the Third, and Richard the Second, by his public Lectures at Oxford, and afterwards by his Books which he put out, drew to his Party a great many not only of the Students of that University, but also of the Nobility 
By whom the Seeds of sound Doctrine had been dispersed. Particularly among the Bohemians.  and common People. By him the Seeds of sound Doctrine were dispersed among other Christian Nations, and particularly among the Bohemians, who embraced his Tenets so readily, that they had already in a manner renounced the Pope.  


Wickliff pronounced Heretic.  
And decreed that his Bones be taken up and burnt.  
And his Followers be prosecuted as Heretics.   To put a stop to their progress, John Wickliff was pronounced a Heretic by a Decree of the Council; and it was further ordained that his Memory should be accursed, that his Bones should be taken out of his Grave and burnt, and that all those who maintained his Opinions should be prosecuted as guilty of Heresy.  
Then they proceeded to the Bohemians, and having likewise condemned their Opinions, John Huss and Hierome 
John Huss, and Jerom of Prague, condemned to Flames.  of Prague were adjudged Arch-heretics and condemned to the Flames. The death of these two Persons brought a great deal of infamy upon the Emperor 
Whose death made the Emperor and Council infamous.  Sigismond, and the whole Council; for being cited to Constance, they came thither under the security of the public Faith, which Sigismond had engaged to Ladislaus, King of Bohemia, for their safe return; Which being so shamefully violated, the Bohemians were so incensed, 
The public Faith being shamefully violated, The Bohemians revenge it.  that having made John Zisca, a valiant Commander, their General, they afterwards brought the Emperor into very great Straits. But the Council, to take away the infamy of this Action, decreed that Faith was not to be kept 
The Council decreed; Faith is not to be kept with Heretics.  with 
k Concil. Const. Sess. 15.  Heretics, having first consulted Panormitanus and Ludovicus Romanus, two Lawyers of great repute, who delivered this as their Opinion, as did also some others whom the Fathers of the Council could 
l Mar. Solomon. ad l 2. sect. exactis. ff. de orig. jur. Petr. Plac. lib. 1. Epit. delict. c. 37.  sway by their Authority. Notwithstanding the more 
n Menoch. lib. 2. de Arbit. Jud. Cent. 4. Cas. 336. Farrinac. in prac. Crim. tit. de carcerib. & carcerat. q. 20. & Menoch. Cons. 100  Modern Lawyers were of a contrary Opinion, 
Of which the Papists ashamed, kept it to Luther and others.  and the Papists themselves were so ashamed of this Decree, that they did not offer to violate the public Faith given to 
o Bodin. lib 5. de repub. cap. 6.  Luther at the Diet of Worms, and afterwards to the Protestants which came to the 
p Petr. Aerod. de ord. Judic. par. 4. n. 15.  Council of Trent. For what can be more absurd, or indeed more impious, than that Christians should make no account of their word, which was always esteemed sacred even by the Heathens themselves?  
After these things the Council was wholly intent upon composing the Differences between the Popes. For when the Emperor Sigismond was returned out of England, several heinous Crimes were 
Pope John the Twenty third charged for not leaving the Papacy;  alleged against John the Twenty third, because he had not laid down the Papacy, as he had solemnly promised; whereupon he fled privately, and in disguise, from Constance into Austria; but being pursued by the Emperor, he was taken in the Habit of a Fencer, or a Huntsman, and brought before the Council, by whom he was committed to Prison; and some of the chief Men out of every Nation there present being deputed to examine into his Actions, he was accused before them of Adultery, Incest, 
And accused before the Council of Adultery, Incest, Witchcraft, etc.  Witchcraft, Murder, and other horrid Crimes, particularly of Simony, that being first made Cardinal, and afterwards Pope, through Bribery, he had set to sale Livings, Dignities, Bishoprics and Cardinalships, Orders, Indulgences, and all other things belonging to the Church; all which being proved by Witnesses, by the Sentence of the Council he was divested of the Papacy, and condemned to Imprisonment.  
There remained yet Gregory the Twelfth, and Benedict the Thirteenth. Gregory, when he saw that he must submit, sent Charles Malatesta Prince of Ariminum, as his Legate to Constance, with a large Commission, in which full power was granted him to lay down the Pontificate in his Name. Whereupon the Legate putting on the Pontifical Robes, and sitting in the Papal 
Gregory by Proxy resigns the Chair, as did also Benedict.  Chair, as representing the Person of Gregory, read his Commission publicly, and resigned the Papacy.  
Benedict also being deserted by Ferdinand King of Arragon, who had hitherto obeyed him, by the Sentence of the Council was divested of the Popedom. And that these Depositions of the Popes might appear to be lawful, it was determined by a Decree of the Council, 
☞  that a 
q Sess. 4, & 5.  General Council doth derive its 
At Constance a Council is decreed superior to the Pope.  Power immediately from Christ, and that the Pope is subordinate to it.  
After this they consulted about choosing a new Pope, and it was agreed upon by the Council, that six men out of each Nation should be deputed to go into the Conclave with the Cardinals, 
Five Nations composed the Council.  and elect a Pope. Now all things were managed in the Council by the Suffrages of five Nations, the Germans, the Italians, the English, the French, and the Spaniards; for it was in this Council that the English were first allowed to be a Nation. Out of them were chosen the Bishops of London, Bath, Worcester and Litchfield, with the Abbot and Dean of York. The third day after their entrance into the Conclave, the Bishop of London leading the way with these words, I Richard Bishop of London, come to my Lord Cardinal Colonna, all the rest followed his Example, and chose Otho Colonna a Roman Prince, and Cardinal of St. George of the Golden Fleece, on the 11th of November, which being St. Martin's day, the Pope took 
Martin the elected Pope.  the Name of Martin the Fifth.  
This 
r Sess. 12.  Decree of the Council of Constance concerning the power of a General Council, extremely troubled the succeeding Popes, insomuch that it was repealed by Leo the Tenth in the last 
The Decree of the Council's Power repealed by Leo the Tenth.  Lateran Council; since which a great many of the 
s Canonist. ad c. si Papa. Dist. 40. etc. significasti de elect.  Canonists in their Commentaries, and the 
t Bellarm. lib. 2. de Concil. Author. cap. 14. Saunder, lib. 7. de visib. monar.  Popish Divines in their long Disputations have disallowed it, either out of flattery to the Popes, or else out of fear, as having lost that liberty of speaking and writing which every one enjoyed at the time of the Council of Constance when there was no Pope. For 
u Ancharan. Cons▪ 181.  Peter Ancharanus who was Advocate of the Council 
x Bald. ad. c. olim. n. 32. de rescript. , Baldus and 
y Abb. ad c. quia diligentia. n. 2. de Elect. & add c. significasti. n. 4. eod. tit. & add c. fraternitatis. n. 1. & 2. de haeret.  Panormitanus gave it openly as their Opinion at that time, That the Pope was subordinate to a Council, and might be deposed by it, following herein the Authority of the 
z Gl. ad. c. si Papa dist. 40.  Gloss of 
a Archidiac. & Gemin▪ add c. in fidei favorem. de haeret in 6.  Archdiaconus and Geminianus, who had delivered the same before in their Writings, with whom 
b Felin. ad c. super literis. n. 21. de rescript. Dec. in Consil. pro Authoritate Concilii supra Papam. late. Cardinal. Jacobat. lib. 3. de Concil. art. 1. n. 11. Jo. Royas de haeret. n. 18.  Felinus and other more modern Authors do agree, who approve the Council of Constance, and maintain the same Opinion.  

A Council not to be restrained by a new Pope;  Nor is the Power of a Council restrained within such narrow limits, that immediately upon the creation of a Pope it loses its Authority, and can make no Decrees without the consent of the new Pope, as Philip 
c Decius ad c. Osius. n. 2. de Elect.  Decius imagined, who is therefore deservedly censured by 
d In notis ad Decium. ded. c. Osius.  Charles Molinaeus; and 
e Abb. ad. c. licet de vitanda n. 8. de elect.  Panormitanus further adds, That if the Pope die, or 
And that, on the Pope's death, a new Election belongs to the Council.  be deposed in the time of a Council, that then the power of Election is in the Council, and not in the Cardinals, alleging this Instance of the Council of Constance, in which Martin the Fifth was chosen by the Cardinals and others, to whom that Power was delegated by the Council.  
But though this Decree was established at that time in this 
f Sess. 19  Council of Constance, yet it was afterwards of no force in the Council of Trent, in which 
Yet during that of Trent, the Cardinals chose Paul the Third.  the Ambition of the Cardinals prevailed, who upon the death of Paul the Third, who 
g Thu●n. lib. 4. histor.  died in the time of the Council, posted from Trent to Rome to 
That of Constance gave order about the Money due by England to Rome.  create a new Pope. But the Council of Constance by virtue of their Supreme Authority in the beginning of their Session gave Commission under the Seals of the several Nations to Henry Bishop of Winchester, and John Bishop of Litchfield, to gather the Moneys due to the Chamber of Rome in England.  

The Election of Pope Martin was mightily liked.  The Election of Martin the Fifth caused an incredible joy all over Christendom, for every one thought that by this means the Peace of the Church would be re-established. The first notice of it in England was given by the Archbishop to the Synod, and was presently divulged by Thanksgivings and solemn Processions. This Synod was appointed by the Archbishop to be held at London on the 26th of November upon a Command from the King by Letters out of France. Thither came Thomas Bishop of Durham Lord Chancellor of England, Thomas Beaufort Duke of Exeter, Henry Percy Earl of Northumberland, and Ralph Nevil Earl of Westmoreland, being sent from the Regent John Duke of Bedford to desire of the Clergy a supply of Money for the King, who was then carrying on the War successfully in France; which being seconded by 
London Synod grants the King two Tenths.  the Request of the Archbishop they granted two Tenths.  
In this Synod also Robert Gilbert Doctor of Divinity and Warden of Merton College, in a long and eloquent Oration, having first praised the University of Oxford, laid before them the miserable Condition of the Students there, who after many years spent in the study of the Sciences, were not called thence to receive any reward of their Labours, but were suffered to grow old in the University. His Example was followed by Thomas Kington Doctor of Law, and Advocate of the Arches, who pleaded the same Cause for the University of Cambridge; they both entreated in behalf of both Universities, that by a Decree of the Synod some care might be taken to prefer them. Whereupon 
By a Decree therein Students of both Universities were provided for.  it was decreed, That all Livings whose yearly income amounted to sixty Marks, should by the Patrons be given only to Doctors of Divinity, Law or Physic; those that were worth fifty Marks a year, only to Licentiates in those Faculties, or Bachelors of Divinity; and those which did not exceed forty Marks yearly, only to Masters of Arts or Bachelors of Law. This related to those Benefices to which was annexed the Cure of Souls; The same Order almost was taken in those which are called Sinecures, according to their respective Values. It was further added, That this Decree should not extend to those who had taken Degrees by some particular Grace. But because it was provided by the Statutes of both Universities, that the Students of Divinity should take no Degree in that Faculty, till they had commenced Masters of Arts, and that no Student of Canon Law should be created Doctor, except he had studied the Civil Law, this Condition was added to the Decree in favour of the Monks and Canon Lawyers, that it should not be in force unless those Statutes were repealed.  
For which purpose Thomas Field Dean of Hereford, and Thomas Lentwardyn Chancellor of St. Paul's in London, were sent by the Synod to Oxford to treat about this Affair with the Masters of Arts, by whose Suffrages the University is governed. This was also signified to the Masters of Arts of Cambridge by Letters from the Synod; but they all refusing the Condition, lest they should be accounted inferior to the Doctors in Presentations to Livings; this Decree which would have been for the good of 
Which was opposed and laid aside.  both Universities, was at that time laid aside.  
When the Synod was ended, the injurious proceeding of Martin the new Pope, began to be enquired into. For 
Pope Martin at pleasure filled the Episcopal Sees in England;  about this time several Bishops dying in England, the Pope substituted others at his own pleasure. In the beginning of the next year he made Benedict nicol Bishop of St. David's, William Barrow Bishop of Bangor, John Chandeler Bishop of Salisbury, and Philip Morgan Bishop of Worcester, by virtue of that absolute Power which the Popes in that Age arrogated to themselves in disposing of the Bishoprickes of England.  

Whose Clergy were quiet during the Council of Constance.  The Clergy here had been quiet for some time during the Council of Constance after the deposing of John the Twenty third. For the Bishops of Salisbury and Hereford dying at that time, two new Bishops were made by the free Election of both those Chapters; nor could the whole College of Cardinals by their Letters written from Constance, prevail upon the Chapter of Salisbury to demand John Bishop of Litchfield the King's Commissioners at the Council for their Bishop.  

Martin first claimed an universal Right of Presentation.  But Pope Martin having now got quiet possession of the See of Rome, became far more insolent than his Predecessors; for in the beginning of his Pontificate, he claimed a Right of presentation to all Churches whatsoever, reserved to himself the Donation of all Bishoprics by provision, disannulled all the Elections of Bishops made by the 
In two years made thirteen Bishops in the See of Canterbury.  Chapters, and within two years' time made thirteen Bishops in the Province of Canterbury, taking his opportunity, while the King was engaged in the War with France, to venture upon an Action which Edward the Third and Richard the Second had prohibited by most severe Laws; he also made his Nephew Prospero Colonna, a Youth of Fourteen years of Age, Archdeacon of Canterbury by Provision, to whom some years after, to gratify the Pope, the King granted the Profits of as many Benefices in England as did not exceed fifty Marks yearly. Besides this, Complaints were made of his promiscuous uniting of 
His Appropriation. censured.  Churches (which are commonly called Appropriations) and Consolidations, of his easiness in granting Dispensations, by which Priests were excused from residing upon their Benefices, and Laymen were permitted to hold Spiritual Preferments; and lastly, that there 
The English neglected in the Grants of the Roman Dignities.  was no notice taken of the English in the distribution of the Dignities of the Court of Rome.  
The King's Commissioners at the Council of Constance, John Bishop of Litchfield, and John Polton Dean of York, were ordered to represent these Grievances to the new Pope, who soon obtained a concession of some Privileges to the English, which in the Instrument itself are called Agreements between Martin 
Martin afterwards agreed to some redress; In uniting Parishes; And for a power to Bishops therein; For avoiding the Unions made in time of the Schism;  the Fifth, and the Church of England. These were, That the uniting of Parishes should not depend wholly upon the Pope's pleasure, but that the Bishops of the several Dioceses should have power to examine into the reason of it; That the Unions of Churches and Consolidations of Vicarages made in the time of the Schism, should be made void; That those Dispensations granted 
For recalling Dispensations for nonresidence;  by the Pope, by which Priests were excused from Residence, and Laymen and Monks were made capable of holding Livings, should be recalled; That for the future 
For Lessening the Number of Cardinals, and for their equal promotion.  the number of Cardinals should be lessened, and that they should be promoted equally out of all Nations, and that the English should be admitted to all other Offices in the Court of Rome.  

The King required that Pope not to meddle with his Presentations.  About the same time the King sent another Embassy to the Pope to desire him not to intermeddle in the disposing of those Livings in England, the Presentation of which belonged to him as well by Agreement made between the Kings of England and the Popes, as by his Royal Prerogative; 
That no French be preferred in Aquitain, etc.  that no Frenchmen might be preferred to any Bishoprics or Livings in Aquitain, or any other of the King's Dominions in France; that Dignities and 

That Irish Livings be given to those that understand English; That the Bishops there promote the English Speech only; That French be not preserved to Monasteries in England; That the Pope supply the King with some of the English Money.  
The Pope not answering favourably,   Benefices in Ireland might be conferred only upon those that understood English; and that the Bishops of that Kingdom in their respective Dioceses might take care that the People should speak only English; That for the future no Frenchmen might be admitted into the Monasteries founded by the French in England, and that the Pope would grant the King a Supply, who was now making war in defence of the See of Rome, out of the Money that was paid to the Treasury of Rome in England. To which Requests, when the Pope returned no favourable Answer, the Ambassadors added, that if he did not speedily satisfy their demands, they were commanded to declare openly that the King would make use of his own Right in all 
'Twas declared the King would take his course.  these things, which he had desired of him not out of necessity, but only to show his respect to his Holiness, and to put in a public Protestation concerning these Matters before the whole College of Cardinals.  
The French also and the Germans protested 

The French and Germans declare against the Pope's Provisions.  
The former revived the Laws to restrain him. That if he were refractory, they'd disown him.  
The Pope's Interdict of the Church of Lions removed by the Parliament of Paris.  
An Appeal from the King to the Pope High Treason.   against these Provisions, and other Artifices of the Pope: For the Estates of France being assembled at Paris 
h Carol. Molinae de Monar. Fran. n. 145.  in May this Year, by their Edict revived all the Ancient Laws that had been made to redress the Grievances, and restrain the Tyranny of the Popes; in which Edict it was further added, that Martin should not be acknowledged as Pope by the French, unless he would subscribe to this Decree; and when he had interdicted the Church of Lions, the Interdict was taken off by the Parliament of Paris, and the Rector of that University was tried for High Treason, for appealing from the King's Edicts to the Pope. The Germans also about 
The Oppressed Germane not redressed.  this time being pillaged by the Extortion of the Pope's Receivers, desired of him a redress of their Grievances, but they were put off with Indulgences and Pardons, as 
i In Epistolis passim.  Aeneas Silvius relates, who lived at that time in Germany.  
Toward the end of this Year the Archbishop of Canterbury, after he had visited the Diocese of Rochester, being sent for by the King, passed over into France, leaving John Wodnesburgh, Prior of Canterbury, his Vicar-general. He found the King at Rouen in Normandy, who since his arrival in France, had taken partly by storm, and partly by surrender, Caen, Cherbourg, Allenson, Constance, Falaise, and several other strong Towns in Normandy, and had then laid siege to Rouen, the Capital City of that Province.  


The King besieges Rouen the Capital City of Normandy.  
Proposal of a Treaty betwixt England and France.   About this time it was agreed upon by the two Kings to send Commissioners on both Sides to treat of a Peace, who were to meet at Pontlarch, a Town lately taken by King Henry, situated upon the Seine about eight Miles from Rouen. On the King of England's part 
From our King were sent the Archbishop and Earl of Warwick;  were sent the 
k Enguerr. de Monstrell. cap. 200.  Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Earl of Warwick; from the French King, Philip Morvillier, Precedent of the Parliament of Paris, the Bishop of Beauvais, and Reginald Tolleville, Knight; and from the Pope, Cardinal 

And Cardinal Ursini, as Mediator from the Pope.  
The Commissioners did not conclude.   Ursini, who was to mediate the Peace on both Sides. The Commissioners debated fifteen days about composing Matters, but came to no conclusion: For the French showed up and down the Picture of Catharine King Charles' Daughter, very curiously drawn, whom they proposed in Marriage to King Henry; but the English demanding for her Dowry a Million of 
Our King demanded a Million of Crowns, Normandy, Aquitain, and Ponthieu Dowry with his Mistress. The French straitened, refused all Terms▪  Crowns, together with Normandy, Aquitain, and the County of Ponthieu, independent of the Sovereignty of France, the French at length openly refused all Terms of accord, conceiving that King Charles was not capable of transacting any thing, having lately lost his Senses; nor the Dauphin, who acted in right of another, and not for himself; nor the Duke of Burgundy, who had no power to alienate the Dominions of the Kingdom of France.  

Rouen holds out obstinately;  All this while the People of Rouen held out very obstinately, though they were reduced to the greatest Extremities. For after six months' siege, in which Six thousand Men perished, partly by the Sword, and partly by Famine, those that remained were forced to feed upon the most loathsome Animals, as Dogs, Horses and Mice, and they were reduced to so great a scarcity of all things, that as it is reported, an 

Where 'tis said an Apple was sold for 3 s. a Dog for 10 s.  
The Citizens helpless, their King being Lunatic, and the Kingdom in a Civil War.   Apple was sold for Three Shillings, and a Dog for Ten; nor could they any longer hope for Relief, for King Charles was not well in his Wits, and the Princes were engaged in a Civil War, in which all France was involved, being divided between Charles, the Dauphin, and John Duke of Burgundy. Wherefore two of the Nobility, two of the Clergy, and two of the Citizens, with a Herald, were sent out of the Town, who falling down at the King's Feet, humbly sued for Peace. The King sent them to the 
l Enguerr. de Monstrell. cap. 202.  Archbishop's Tent, to whom he had given power, together with the Earls of Warwick and Salisbury, the Lord Fitz-hugh, Sir Walter Hungerford, Sir Gilbert Vmfrevil, and Sir John Robsert, to treat with the Besieged about the Conditions of Surrender. The Articles being agreed on, which were, That the Inhabitants should be safe both in their Persons and their Fortunes, and that they should pay 365000 Crowns, they delivered 
Upon 〈◊〉 made, they surrendered, paying 365000 Crowns.  up the Town. This was in the beginning of the Year 1419. and on the 19th of January the King entered the Town with his Army in a triumphant manner, and having fortified it with 
Here the King settled his Exchequer and Courts for the Affairs of Normandy.  some new Works, he settled there his Exchequer, and the principal Court of Judicature for all matters relating to the Province of Normandy.  
After this he conquered the rest of Normandy in a little time. For first he took Meudon, and then Pontoise by storm. 
Took Meudon and Pontoise by storm; And others by surrender.  The other Towns being terrified by the example of that of Rouen, surrendered of their own accord.  
The Archbishop of Canterbury stayed some time with the King at Rouen, being entertained in a Convent of Preaching Friars there, and afterwards attended him in his Camp at Meudon and Pontoise, serving him both in the quality of a Confessor and a Counsellor, and did not leave him till the end of August. At which time he return▪ d into England, that he might hold a Synod and take care of the Government of his Province.  
This Synod was appointed to be held at London on the 30th of October, that the Clergy might consult about granting a supply of Money to the King, who was carrying on the War in France with success, which the King had given in charge to the Archbishop at his departure out of France, and again very lately 
Half a Tenth granted the King in a Synod, where  by Letters. The Synod granted half a Tenth upon all Livings; and it was also agreed, that those that held Chapels or Chantries, or that received Stipends for saying Mass, should pay to the King 6 s. 8 d. each; but withal a public Protestation was made by William Lyndewood in the name of the Proctors for the Clergy, that this Concession should be no prejudice to them hereafter, nor be made a Precedent for succeeding Ages.  

Walker a Priest convicted of Witchcraft, for  There was brought before this Synod one Richard Walker, a Priest, in the Diocese of Worcester, who was accused of Witchcraft; and several Books, Waxen Images, Stones, and other Instruments of Charms and Conjuration were produced, which were afterwards owned by him, and burnt at Paul's Cross, John Welles Bishop of Landaff preaching a Sermon upon the Occasion. He himself having done solemn Penance in a public Procession, abjured that wicked 
Which he abjured,  Art. After this some Persons were accused before the Synod for embracing the Tenets of John Wicklyff, who were 

And some of Wicklyff's Followers recanted.  
Processions for the King's Success, with whom   forced to recant, and thus the Synod broke up.  
The Archbishop afterwards ordered Processions to be made to all Churches for the King's success in France, who at this time, by the Providence of God, began to conceive some hopes of reducing the Kingdom of France without bloodshed through the Divisions of the French. For Philip Duke of Burgundy, 
Duke of Burgundy made a private League;  in revenge of his Father's death, whom Charles the Dauphin had treacherously slain at Montereau, under pretence of conferring with him, made a private League with King Henry by his Ambassadors, and promised him the Lady Catharine in marriage, with all other assistances for the prosecution of his Conquests. He only desired him to come in person to Troy's, and there conclude a Peace publicly with King Charles.  

Who then had King, Queen and Daughter of France in's power.  The Duke of Burgundy had at that time in his power King Charles, Queen Isabel, and their Daughter Catharine, with Paris the chief City of the Kingdom, and the whole management of the Government; for Isabel, who hated the Dauphin, had put him by, and advanced the Duke of Burgundy to the Regency.  
The King, that he might not let slip so fair an opportunity of managing all things to his own advantage, and being much taken with the great Beauty of the Lady Catharine, came with all speed 
Our King at Troy's marries the said Daughter Catharine, On agreement, himself should be Regent, and their Children succeed to the Crown of France.  to Troy's; where he received her in marriage at the hands of Charles and Isabel, upon these Terms; That King Henry, during the life of Charles his Father-in-law, should have the Government of France with the Title of Regent, after whose death he or his Children begotten of the Lady Catharine should succeed in the Kingdom, and that the Dauphin should be looked upon as disinherited, and a public 
These Conditions ratified.  Enemy. To these Conditions the Princes and Nobles of France, who were there present in great number, gave their assent, and with the Duke of Burgundy, who first took the Oath, swore Allegiance to King Henry; for they conceived a greater esteem of his Wisdom and Courage when they saw him present amongst them, than they had done before from the bare admiration of his Actions at a distance.  
It was toward the end of May, 1420. when the Nuptials were solemnised at Troy's; the News of which being brought into England, the excess of joy wherewith it was universally received▪ almost lessened the belief of the truth of it. The Archbishop of Canterbury, having left the Office of Vicar▪ general to John Prior of Canterbury, and that of Auditor to William Lyndewood, on the 10th of June took shipping at Winchelsea, and 
The Archbishop goes to France to congratulate the King.  sailed over into France▪ to congratulate the King upon his late Marriage, and by his Counsels to confirm his new Government. He arrived at Troy's just as the King was departing thence to go against the Dauphin, who was the only 
Who goes against the Dauphin his only Enemy. Took Montereau.  Enemy he had now remaining.  
In the beginning of July the King marched toward Sens, and having taken Montereau, his next Attempt was upon Melun, which after a Siege of four 
Melun surrendered.  Months, was surrendered to him in the beginning of November. There were present at this Siege with King Henry, Charles' King of France, James King of Scotland, Philip Duke of Burgundy, William Duke of Bavaria, with several other Princes; the Archbishop also continued all the while in the Camp, and after the surrender of the Place, attended the King with his Father-in law and both the Queens to Paris, from whence 
The King returns to England.  he returned into England about the end of November.  
In the beginning of February 1421. the King having left the management of his Affairs in France to Humprhy Duke of Gloucester, and Philip Duke of Burgundy, came over into England with Queen Catharine, where he was received with incredible applause, and universal demonstrations of joy, and by the Archbishop's 
Processions for four days.  command Processions were made to all Churches and Chapels for four days together. Soon after his arrival in England, he desired Money for the War with France of the Parliament assembled at Westminster, during whose 
Queen Catharine Crowned.  Session the Queen was solemnly crowned with great splendour by the Archbishop of Canterbury, who about this time called a Synod at London, and obtained of them a Tenth for the service of the 
The Synod gives a Tenth,  King, which was granted upon some Conditions which were put in by William Lyndewood in the name of the Proctors for the Clergy. They were these: That the King's Purveyors should not meddle with the Goods of the Clergy; that they should not be committed to Prison, but upon manifest conviction of Theft or Murder; that for all other Crimes they should only find Sureties for their appearance at their Trial, but should not be imprisoned; and that it should be Felony to geld a Priest; 
On condition. That it should be Felony to geld a Priest.  all which the King confirmed in this Parliament. Beside the Bishops and other Prelates, there were call d to the Synod by the Archbishop's Mandate John Castell Chancellor of Oxford, and John Rykynghall Chancellor of Cambridge, both Doctors of Divinity, who in two eloquent Speeches requested in 
Moved to publish a late Decree with a Clause in favour of Monks and Priests.  behalf of both Universities, that the Decree made in the Synod four Years before, about conferring Benefices upon those only who had taken Degrees in the Universities according to the value of the several Livings, and the dignity of the Degrees might now be published, with the addition of the Clause formerly put in, that by repealing those Statutes of the Universities, Monks might be admitted to Degrees in Divinity before they were Masters of Arts, and Priests might commence Doctors of Canon Law, though they had not studied the Civil Law, which the Masters of Arts of both Universities having changed their minds, had at length consented to. Moreover, to restrain the Avarice of Bishops and Archdeacon's, 
Decreed a Bishop take only 12 s. for Institution, and an Archdeacon for Induction.  it was Decreed, That no Bishop should take more than Twelve Shillings for Institution, nor an Archdeacon for Induction, and that Orders should be given gratis. Also Simon Terraminus, one of the Pope's Receivers, in a handsome Speech desired Money of the Synod for Pope 
Pope Martin denied Money besides the Tenths, etc.  Martin, but they gave no ear to him, conceiving that the Tenths, Annates, and other Perquisites which were paid yearly into the Pope's Exchequer, were more than sufficient to supply his Necessities.  
The Archbishop having dissolved the Synod, employed his care upon that Jurisdiction which he had hitherto exercised 
In order to unite the two Churches of France and England.  in France, that so the same Peace which had reconciled the two Kingdoms, might also unite both the Churches▪ To which end he recalled those Judges 
The Archbishop recalls the Judges from the Conquests, And commanded the French to obey their Ordinaries.  which he had placed in most of those Dioceses that were conquered by the King, and by his Letters commanded all the People of France, that for the future they should obey their Bishops, and the Ordinaries of the Places in which they lived.  
After this, the King having received news of the death of his Brother Thomas Duke of Clarence, who was slain in a Battle lately fought with the Forces of the Dauphin in Anjou, hastened into 

The King hastens to France on his Brother's death.  
His Son Henry born at Windsor.   France, leaving the Queen big with Child, who on the 8th of December was delivered of a Son at Windsor, who was Christened by the Archbishop with great Solemnity, and named Henry. His Godfathers were John Duke of Bedford, Regent of England, and Henry Bishop of Winchester, the King's Uncle; and his Godmother was Jaqueline Countess of Holland. Afterwards, when he came to the Crown, he used to call the Archbishop Godfather, and always paid him a great deal of respect.  
In the beginning of April, 1422. the Queen being recovered of her lying in, 
The Queen recovered, goes to France.  was conducted into France to the King by the Duke of Bedford, and Humphrey Duke of Gloucester was left Regent in England.  
The time was now at hand in which another General Council was to be held according to the Decree of the 
m Sess. 39  Council of Constance, by which it was ordained that at the end of five years a Council should be called, seven years after that another, and so every ten years constantly. It was now the fifth year since the dissolution of the Council of Constance, 

Pavia chosen by Pope Martin for a General Council, according to that of Constance.  
A Provincial Synod at London.   whereupon this Year Pope Martin pitched upon Pavia for the place of their Session.  
In England the Archbishop called a Synod of the Province of Canterbury at London on the 4th of August, in which many Persons out of the whole Body of Bishops, Prelates and Doctors were nominated, who were to be referred to the King's approbation; and it was concluded 
Whence Delegates were designed.  that the Archbishop should signify their Names by Letters to the King, who should choose whom he pleased out of them to represent the English Nation at the Council of Pavia, and that there should be allowed for their Expenses Three pence in the Pound out of all Benefices that paid Tenths, and Eight pence out of those that did not come under that Tax.  
But this Affair came to nothing. For Alfonsus' King of Arragon, having a quarrel against Pope Martin, because at his instigation, Joan Queen of Naples had put him by, and appointed Lewis of Anjou her Successor in the Kingdom, sent his Ambassadors to Pavia, who with Gifts and Promises promoted the Interest of Benedict the Thirteenth, 
But through Benedict the Thirteenth's Interest the Pavian Council is dissolved, Called to Sienna, And seven years after to Basil.  who was still alive, and acted as Pope at Panischola; whereupon Pope Martin presently dissolved the Council which had been begun at Pavia, and from thence by reason of the Plague was removed to Sienna, and appointed another to be held seven years after at Basil.  
In the Synod at London one William White a Priest, and one Henry Webb of 
H. Webb for preaching without Orders, whipped in three principal Cities.  Worcester, were accused of Heresy; the first for preaching publicly without a Licence, who was therefore forced to recant before the Synod; and the other for saying Mass without being in Orders, who was sentenced to be whipped in three of the chief Cities, London, Worcester and Bath. Also one William 
William Tailor's honest Principles condemned as impious.  Taylor a Master of Arts, was called in question for spreading abroad again some Opinions which he had recanted in the Synod two years before, for which he was said to be relapsed into Heresy. His Tenets were these: That God alone was to be invoked by the Prayers of the Faithful; that that Worship was due to Christ himself not upon the account of his Human Nature, but of his Divine Nature only; that it was not lawful to pray to Saints, or any other created Being; that those that offered Gifts to the Image of the Cross, or of the Saints were guilty of Idolatry; that a Monastic Life was contrary to the Institutions of Christ; that the Administration of Civil Affairs and all Secular Government was forbidden to Priests by Christ himself; and that many of those Opinions that were condemned as impious by the Council of Constance, were Orthodox. All these Assertions were referred by the Archbishop as Judge in this Affair, to the four Orders of Mendicant Friars, who were to examine whether they were agreeable to the Holy Scriptures, and the Sense of the Fathers; and the Lawyers were ordered to consider what punishment was to be inflicted on one relapsed into Heresy. The Divines delivered their Opinion, That the Tenets maintained by him were impious, and contrary to the Holy Scriptures and the Decrees of the Church of Rome. As to matter of Law, William Lyndewood, Official of the Court of Arches, Thomas Brown, Dean of the same Court, and the other Lawyers answered, That one suspected of Heresy, was to be debarred from the Communion of the Church for a year, and if after this probation he repented of his Errors, he was to be received again into the bosom of the Church; but if he relapsed into Heresy again, he was to be reputed guilty of a capital Crime, and delivered over to the Secular Power; whereupon by the Sentence of the Synod he was declared a Heretic, and solemnly devested of his Orders.  
Soon after the end of this Synod, the whole Kingdom was seized with the greatest consternation imaginable upon the News of the King's death, who having pursued the Dauphin with too much heat as far as Bourges, on the 31st of August died at Bois de Vinciennes, 
King Henry the Fifth dies of a Fever at Bois de Vinciennes.  about three Miles from Paris, of a violent Fever, which he had contracted by his excessive Fatigues. He died in 
For which his Father-in law pining away, died with grief within twenty days. The King's Body buried at Westminster.  a very unlucky time; for King Charles his Father-in-Law, pined away with grief for the death of his Son King Henry, who was very dear to him, and died within twenty days after. The King's Body was brought over into England, and buried at Westminster. The Inheritance of both Kingdoms descended to Henry the six▪ who was then an Infant, the government of which was left by the late King in his Will to his two 
His Brothers were left his Son Henry's Guardians.  Brothers; that of England to Humphrey Duke of Gloucester, and that of France to John Duke of Bedford, till his Son should come of Age, the care of whose Education was committed to Henry Beaufort Bishop of Winchester, and Thomas Beaufort Duke of Exeter his Great Uncles.  
Certainly no King of England ever excelled King Henry the Fifth in all virtuous Qualifications; nor was there any one whose death was so prejudicial to 
Great loss of a King so virtuous, So generally and princely qualified,  the Kingdom. He was adorned with all the Accomplishments both of Body and Mind, that could be desired in a Prince; with Prudence, Courage, Constancy, Modesty, Bounty, Eloquence, Beauty 
Of singular good fortune and esteem thereupon.  and Strength; all which being attended with a singular good Fortune, procured him a wonderful esteem amongst Foreigners, and are celebrated as well by the French Writers, as by those of our own Nation.  

Duke of Gloucester calls a Parliament.  The Duke of Gloucester, that he might settle the Affairs of the Kingdom according to the Injunctions of his Brother King Henry, called a Parliament at Westminster on the 9th of November; and first of all he commanded the 
n Rotul. Parlia. Ann. 1. H. 6.  Archbishop of Canterbury to declare to both Houses the cause of their meeting; for Thomas Bishop of Durham upon the death of the King had resigned the Seal and other marks of the Chancellorship (to which this Office belongs) to the Duke of Gloucester at Windsor, and had laid down the Place. The Archbishop having spoken largely in praise of the Virtues of King Henry the Fifth, and made honourable mention of his Actions in France, came to speak of the Young King; and affirmed that it was by the special favour of Almighty God that a Son of such promising 
The hopes the Archbishop conceived of young King Henry.  hopes should succeed so great a Father; that his very▪ Title of the Sixth was attended with a lucky Omen, for as the number Six was the most complete of all the rest, because in so many days God Almighty had made this vast Fabric of the World, so this King Henry, the six of that Name, would be the greatest of all his Predecessors, that he would complete what his Father had so prosperously begun in France; and that as he was descended both from the Kings of England and France, so he would at length enjoy both those Crowns which were devolved to him by lawful Inheritance. That he, in the King's Name did declare to the Peers, and all the People, that they should enjoy all the Privileges and Immunities granted to them by his Highness' Predecessors, and that he was commanded 
Three Reasons for calling the Parliament, viz. to assign the King Governors, and consult about the Peace, and for the defence of the Realm.  to give them three Reasons for calling this Parliament: Which were; That Governors might be assigned the King by a public Act; that they might consult about the Peace of the Realm, and the Administration of Justice; and that they might provide for the defence of the Kingdom against the Insults of Foreign Enemies. Lastly, 
Jethroes Advice.  He exhorted them by the Example of Jethro, Moses' Father-in-law, to make choice of the best and wisest of the Nobility to take upon them the government of the King and Kingdom, and besought them that they would use their utmost endeavours for the safety of the King, and the benefit of their Country.  
When the Archbishop had done speaking, the Protectorship was unanimously confirmed to the Duke of Gloucester, 
The Duke of Gloucester confirmed Protector, and the Archbishop named First of the Council.  and some of the most Eminent of the Bishops and Nobility were appointed to be of the Privy Council till the King should come of Age, of which the Archbishop was named first. But he having lost his King and Patron, who had advanced him to the highest Honours, and who dearly loved him, when the Parliament was dissolve d, retired within the Bounds of his Province, in which he performed the Duties of his Function 
But he retired to his Function.  with great diligence. For the Year after the death of Henry the Fifth, by his Metropolitical Authority he visited the Dioceses of Chichester and Salisbury, and the next year that of Lincoln, in which Visitations he revers d all those things that had been acted amiss by the Ordinaries, and examined into the Faith and Manners of the People.  
In his journey through the Diocese of Lincoln he came to Higham Ferrer, the 
Founded a College at Higham Ferrer,  Town where he was born, in which out of a pious and commendable design of adorning the Place of his Nativity, he dedicated a Noble College which he had formerly begun there, to the Honour of the Virgin Mary, of St. Thomas of Canterbury, and King Edward the Confessor, and placed in it Eight Chaplains or Fellows, Four Clerks, Six Choristers, and over all these a Master, who were to pray for the Souls of the deceased. He 
And a large Hospital.  also built a large Hospital for the maintenance of the Poor of that place, both which Foundations he endowed with ample Revenues, which were afterwards 
The Considerable Revenues of which were augmented by his Brothers Robert and William.  augmented with great Legacies, which his Brothers Robert and William Chichele, two Eminent Citizens of London, left them in their Wills.  
After his return from his visitation of the Diocese of Lincoln, he held a Synod 
A Synod held by him at London.  at London on the 12th of October, being solicited by Letters from the King to demand a supply of Money of the Clergy for the War with France. For after the death of Henry the Fifth, and Charles' the Sixth, the Dauphin supposing that the Name of King would be of great advantage to him, caused himself to be 
The Dauphin crowned King of France at Poitiers.  crowned at Poitiers, and took upon him the Title of Charles the Seventh, King of France; and a great many Princes and Governors of Towns coming in to him, who still retained an affection for the Name of France, he made 
Whereupon preparation was made for War.  preparations for War with greater vigour. On the other side John Duke of Bedford, who by his Brother's Will was appointed Regent of France, having 
The Regent of France and Duke of Burgundy oppose the Dauphin.  contracted a stricter League of amity with Philip Duke of Burgundy by marrying his Sister Ann, attacked the Dauphin in several parts of France, and having divided the Forces betwixt himself and Philip Duke of Burgundy, he sent Thomas Montacute Earl of Salisbury, toward Sens, with some choice Troops, and desired of Humphrey Duke 
The former sent for Supplies from England.  of Gloucester Regent of England, a fresh Supply of Men and Money.  
Whereupon Henry Bishop of Winchester Lord Chancellor of England, John Stafford Bishop of Bath Lord Treasurer, Richard Earl of Warwick, William Alnewyke Keeper of the Privy Seal, Lewis Lord Bourchier, and Ralph Lord Cromwell, were sent from the Duke of Gloucester to the Synod. The Bishop of Winchester in a formal Speech having 
The Bishop of Winchester moves for Money in the Synod.  laid before them the present condition of Affairs in France, exhorted and entreated them to bestow some part of their Revenues for subduing the remains of the Dauphin's Forces. But than it plainly appeared how much they were 
Which now wants Henry the Fifth.  all affected with the loss of King Henry the Fifth. For whereas they had granted Tenth's so frequently and so readily in former Synods (as we have related before) they now stuck at the very first demand of the new King, thinking that 
As Henry the Sixth is like to go without their Money.  all the hopes of conquering France depended upon Henry the Fifth, and that nothing could succeed now he was gone. For when the Proctors for the Clergy had debated the Matter several days, William Lyndewood was deputed by them to return their Answer, which was, That 
The Clergy's Estates being already so much drained,  the Estates of the Clergy were so drained by the continual expenses of the War, that they were hardly sufficient to maintain them and their Families handsomely; that the value of a great many Livings was so fallen, 
And Livings fallen so low.  that there were not Priests to be sound who would supply the Cures; and in 
Being also alleged, that the power of granting Tenths was taken away. The Bishop succeeded no better in the Lower House; and so  short, That in the Commissions of all the Proctors for the Clergy the power of granting Tenths was expressly taken away. Upon this the Bishop of Winchester went to the Lower House, and in a long and pressing Oration besought them to supply the Necessities of the Public; but when he could obtain nothing of them, who excused themselves upon the narrowness of their Commissions, The Synod 
The Synod was adjourned.  was adjourned by the Archbishop to the 26th of January following.  
At which time the Bishop of Winchester with the rest of the Lords came thither again, and having made a Speech to the Bishops, Abbots and Priors of the Upper House in the Name of the King, 
At the next Sessions half a Tenth was granted by the Higher House on condition the Proctors consented;  they granted half a Tenth, protesting withal, that This Concession should not oblige them, unless the Proctors for the Clergy would consent to it, for that a division of the two Orders of the Clergy in the matter of granting Tenths being introduced by this Example would be of very pernicious consequence to Posterity. But the Lower 
But refused by the Lower House.  House persisting stiffly in their former Resolutions, were not at all moved with the importunate Demands first made by the Bishop of Winchester, and afterwards by the Archbishop and the rest of the Bishops. Whereupon the Archbishop presently 
The Synod dissolved.  dissolved the Synod, and appointed another to be held two Months after on the 23d d of April, thinking that by the Election of new Proctors the business would be more easily affected.  
When this Synod was assembled, the Archbishop first of all commanded the Lower House to choose their Speaker, (who is commonly called the Prolocutor) who pitched upon William Lyndewood, of which he himself makes mention 
o C. Quoniam. v. provinciam de decim.  in his Commentaries. After which the Lord Chancellor, the Lord Treasurer, William Alnewyke Keeper of the Privy Seal, the Lord Scrope, the Lord Cromwell, with some others of the Privy Council, came again to the Synod; and the Lord Chancellor with his florid Speeches, and the rest of the Lords engaging them severally 
At the next Half a Tenth's given with much ado.  by Flatteries, Threats and Promises, at length with much ado they obtained half a Tenth.  
When this business was over, one 
Hoke and Drayton's Heresy; and  Robert Hoke, and one Thomas Drayton, both Priests, one of the Diocese of Lincoln, and the other of Canterbury, were brought before the Synod, and accused of Heresy. It was alleged against them, That they would not kneel before the Crucifix, and that they had in their possession certain Books, in which it was said, that the Priest could not change the Host in the Sacrament into the Body of Christ; that a Monastic Life and Auricular Confession were the Inventions of the Devil, and that amongst Christians all things ought to be in common; which Opinions they abjured publicly at Paul's Cross. But the sharpest Accusation was brought against one William Russel of the Order of Minor 
Russell denies personal Tithes to be Jure Divino.  Friars, for teaching the People in his Sermons, That personal Tithes were not commanded by God, but that it was lawful for all Christians to bestow them in charitable uses upon the Poor as they pleased themselves. This extremely troubled and perplexed the Clergy, who fear that if this Opinion should spread itself among the People, they should lose this part of their Income, by which the Wealth of their Order would be greatly diminished. Wherefore he was ordered by the Synod on a day prefixed to recant out of the Pulpit at Paul's Cross, but before the time came he fled out of England, whereupon he was pronounced contumacious by Edicts set forth against him, and afterwards in open Court proclaimed a Heretic, and his Opinion was adjudged 
In his absence proclaimed an Heretic,  to be impious by the Decrees of both Universities, which the University of Oxford presently signified by their Letters to the Archbishop, and the Synod, which are 
p Litter. Academ Oxon. in Archiv. ep. 20.  yet extant.  
Shortly after the Synod being informed that he was at Rome, sent Messengers 
And prosecuted at Rome.  to apprehend him, and accuse him before the Pope, who were allowed a Farthing in the Pound out of all Ecclesiastical Preferments. The Examination of this Matter being referred by the Pope to Branda Cardinal of Placenza, he was condemned to perpetual Imprisonment, unless he repented of his Error; but afterwards escaping out of Prison, he returned into England, and having preached a Sermon at Paul's 
Afterwards he abjured his Error in England.  Cross, he abjured his Error with a formal Oath. The Archbishop also by his Mandate enjoined the Franciscans, that as often as they preached to the People, they should teach them, that personal Tithes were commanded to be paid both by the Laws of God, and the Constitutions of the Holy Fathers.  
The same Year after the Synod was ended, the Archbishop by his Prudence dispelled a dreadful Storm that threatened the Kingdom, which was raised by the Dissensions of the Nobility. For Henry 
H Beaufort Bishop of Winchester, an open Enemy to the Lord Protector.  Beaufort, Son to John Duke of Lancaster by Catharine Swinford his third Wife, being puff d up with the nobility of his Birth, and the great Wealth which he had got together out of the Bishopric of Winchester, and not brooking the Rule of Humphrey Duke of Gloucester the Lord Protector, he began to maintain an open enemity against him; the Quarrel being afterwards more inflamed on both Sides, and many of the Nobility 
Great Parties on each side  and others engaging in either Party, they both went Armed, and attended with their Servants and Adherents, and a great number of Profligate and Seditious Persons wearing Arms by their Example went about the Streets of London; 
Appear in the Streets of London.  and their Number was so great, that the Citizens shut up their Shops, and left off their Trades, and were forced to keep Guard Day and Night in all the Streets of the City to repress the Insolence of these Mutineers. Upon this 
The Archbishop interposed.  the Archbishop, accompanied with Peter Duke of Conimbra, Son to the King of Portugal (who was lately come into England to visit the King his Cousin) rid through the City eight times in one Day betwixt the Duke's and the Bishop's Palaces, and prevailed so far upon them both by his Authority and Entreaties, 
They then laid down their Arms.  that they laid down their Arms, and Matters were composed for a time. But the Bishop, though he had quitted his Arms, had not yet relinquished his Hatred; for soon after by 
The Bishop of Winchester accuses the Protector to the Duke of Bedford.  Letters sent into France to the Duke of Bedford, he accused the Duke of Gloucester, desiring the Duke of Bedford to come over into England with all speed, if he tendered the Safety of the King, and the Peace of the Kingdom, which otherwise must of necessity be involved in Blood, and the devastations of a Civil War. The Duke, though the War went on successfully in France, by the surrender of a great many strong Towns, and the defeat of a great Army of the French in a pitched Battle at Vernoil, yet esteeming the success of Affairs in France to depend upon the Peace of England; immediately upon the receipt of these Letters, he committed the Administration 
Who hastens into England.  of his Office to Thomas Beauchamp Earl of Warwick, and came with all speed into England in the beginning of the Year 1426. and having called a Parliament 
Calls a Parliament.  at Leicester, he examined the Quarrel between his Brother and the Bishop. When they had both showed the 
Finds out the causes of the Quarrel,  causes of their discontent, and from arguing began to break out into greater heats, at the Duke of Bedford's entreaty 
And inclines them to the arbitration of  they agreed to refer all Differences on both Sides to the determination of Arbitrators; of whom 
q Rotul. Parliam. an. 4. H. 6.  Henry Archbishop 
The Archbishop and Duke of Exeter, etc.  of Canterbury, was named first, after him Thomas Duke of Exeter, John Duke of Norfolk, Thomas Bishop of Durham, Philip Bishop of Winchester, John Bishop of Bath, Humphrey Earl of Stafford, William Alnewyke Keeper of the Privy Seal, and Ralph Cromwell, who ordered them to join hands, and in a set form of words to be repeated by them both, to forgive all Injuries on both Sides, and be friends with one another; which Reconciliation was confirmed by 
Their Reconciliation confirmed by the Votes of the whole Parliament, Which granted Money for Levying Men.  the Votes of the whole Parliament.  
In this Session a supply of Money was granted for levying Soldiers; for which end also about this time the Archbishop assembled a Synod at London on the 15th of April. Thither came John Kempe Archbishop of York and Lord Chancellor of England, with Walter Hungerford Lord Treasurer; and the Lord Chancellor having extolled the great pains and diligence of the Duke of Bedford in an 
And Half a Tenth granted in the Synod. Bishop of Winchester made Cardinal.  Eloquent Oration, the Synod granted the King half a Tenth.  
The Bishop of Winchester who was created Cardinal thsi Year by Pope Martin, the next Year went over with the Duke of Bedford into France, and at Calais, in the great Church of that Place, he put on the Cap and other Ensigns of that Dignity with great solemnity on Candlemas-day. He had sought this Honour with great earnestnss eight years before in the time of King Henry the Fifth, and had obtained a Promise of it of Pope 

The Cap, with a Legacy for England, had been promised him by John the Twenty third.  
But the Archbishop had shown that the Pope's Legates derogated from the Royal Dignity, etc.   John the Twenty third; who designed to promote him very speedily, and to appoint him his Legate à latere in England with a very large Authority. But the Archbishop perceiving his Ambition, at that time interposed with the King, who was then in France, by Letters which he wrote to him in a grave and modest style, in which he showed, That the Power of the Pope's Legates did derogate very much from the Dignity of the King, from the Laws of the Land, and from the Privileges of the Church of England. A Copy of this Letter, the Original of which is yet to be seen, 
Which he did in a Letter to the King.  written with the Archbishop's own Hand, we have here subjoined.  

Wherein there is a Specimen of the English Language at that time.  Sovereyn Lord, as your humble Prest and debout Bedeman, I recommand me to your Hygnesse, desyreing evermore to hear and know of your gracious speed, he'll of body and of soul, also my Lordys your brethren and all your royal host. And as heartily as I can, or may thank Almighty God and Lord of all strengths and hosts that so graciously hath continued his mygty hand upon you sithence the time of your beginning hedirtoward into your most worship, your Liege menies most heartily gladness, and abating of the hy pride of your enemies. And beseech God both day and night with all your subgetts both spiritual and temporal so continue his hy Grace upon you and your that the mow come to the effect of your hy labour, pees of both your regmes after your heartily desires. Gracious Lord like it to remember you that be your moost worthy letters written at your town of Caen rrb. day of September you charged me, that be the abies of my Lord your brother of Bedford, and of your Chancellor should be ordained that all manner of men of your subgets wat astaat or condition that they were should abstyne letter 
No Suit to be made to the Pope, after Election, till the Pope has wrote to the King, and has got an Answer.  of writeth or pursuit making to the Pope after his election, till the time that he have written to you, and ye again to him, as it hath be accustomed of honest of your land. for the which cause neither I, nor none odir man as ferforth as it may be know, hath yet written nor sent, ne no leve hath of passage to the Cowrte, wow it so be that many lich at London to pursue to my Lord your brother, your Chancellor, and your Counseil for to have leve and letters of passage. wherefore Sovereign Lord my Lord your brother charged me write to you, and in as much as your letter forseid was direct to me, to wit, in what wise we school govern us hereafter, for if ye have resteyned our holy faders letters, or written to him it is unknowen to us unto this time. Like it therefore, gracious Lord, to write to my Lord your brother in what manner wise this matter schal be governed hereafter.  
Forthermore gracious Lord, of trowth that I am bound to you be my ligeaunse, and also to quite me to God, the chirch of your land, of the which God and, ye gracious Lord, have maked me governor, howeth to open to you this matter that suyeth, of the which I have herd pribily, but now it is more opened, and in such wise that credence should be yive to by reason; that is to say, that my brother of Winchester should be maked a Cardinal, if ye would give your asent thereto, and that he should have his Bishoprich in comende for term of his life, and thereto have a stat, and sent to your rengme of Yngland as a legate a latere, to the which manier of legacy non hath be accustomed to be named but Cardinals, and that legacy also to ocupie thorgh all your obeisance, sans, and all the time of his life. Sovereyn Lord and most Christien Prince, what instanse 
A Pope's Legate in England durante vitâ, without Precedent.  schall be maked to your Highness for this matter, I wot not, but blessed be Almighty God undir your worthy protection, your Chirche of Yngland is at this day, I dare boldly say, the moost Honourable 
The Doctrine and  Chirche Christien as we'll as debin servise, as honest living thereof, governed after strait laws, and holy constitutions, that be maked of him withowten any great erorbitaunses, or any thing that might torn to by shlaundre of your forseid Chirch, or of your land, and if any trespasses of mannies 
Discipline of the Church dispensable by the Ordinaries, etc. not Legates.  frelte falleth we may be coretid and punished by the Ordinaries there as the case falleth. But what that this offis of legacy to be occupied in the form aforseid, and suich comendis of Bishopriches not used in your holy Aunsetres time here afore, would extend to, or gender ageines the good governanse of your subgets, in your by wisdom I trist to God ye will consider. And forasmich as ye schal be enformid what the office of suych manier of legacy extendith to, and appyly your Clerhys have not in mind, for it hath shield be seyn, and have not alle here bookys with hent plainly to inform you in this time of your great labour, I send you a scrowe written with 
The Archbishop sends a Minute of the Legate's Office or Instructions to the King.  inn this letter containing that is expressed in the Popis law, and fully concluded be Doctors. And over that what he may have in special of the Popis grace no man wot, for it stoned in his will to dispose as him good liheth. And be inspection of laws and chronicles was there never no Legate a latere sent in to no loud, and specially in to your rengme of Yngland 
Such Legacies are extraordinary, and not without great and notable cause; and no resident above two Months at most.  without great and notable cause. And they when they came after they had done her legacy abiden but lytul wile, not over a yer, and sum a quarter, or two months, as the needs requeryd: And yet over that he was tretyd with, or he cant into the land whon he schold have exercise 
The Instructions to be express and limited.  of his power, and how much schold be put in erecution. An aventure after he had be reseyved he whold have used it to largely to greet oppression of your people. Wherefore most Cristien Prince and Sovereyn Lord, as your true Priest, whom it hath liked you to set in so hy astaat, the who with out your gracious Lordship, and supportation I know myself insufficient to ocupie. beseech you in the most humble wise that I can devise or think that ye wile this matter take tendirly at heart, and see the staat of the Chirche be meyntenid and susteyvid, so that everich of the Ministers theroffe hold him content with her own part: for truly he that hath leest hath enough to reckon fore: And that your poor people be not pyled, 
He deprecates the Oppressions and cormorant Exactions of the Legates.  nor oppressed with divers eractious and unacustumed, thorgh who they schold be the more feeble to refresh you hour liege Lord in time of need and when it liketh you to clepe up on hem, and alle pleas and slander cese in your Chirche.  
touching our holy father the Popis Ambassiat that late kam in to your land, I wot well my Lord your brother writeth to you plainly, and also of odir governance of your land, the who blessed be God stoned in good quiet pees and rest without any great ryotis or debaties and all your true people have her heries opyn to here good tidings of you and continuely pray for your prosperity and all yowries, the much Almighty God grant for his mercy Amen. written at Lambyth vi day of March.  
Your Prest. H. C. Indorsed Au Roy nostre Souverein. S.  
The King was so moved with this Letter of the Archbishop's, that he commanded the Bishop of Winchester not to take upon him the Cardinalship, 
Upon this Letter the King forbade the Bishop of Winchester the Cardinal's Cap.  and protested several times that he 
r Polychron. in Hen. 5.  had rather see him wear the Crown than the Cardinal's Cap. During the King's Life the Bishop desisted; but now relying upon the Infancy of the King, and the Favour of his Nephew the Duke of Bedford, he attempted it again, and 
After the King's death he is created Cardinal.  was created Cardinal by the Pope with the Title of Priest of S. Eusebius; which easily occasioned their mistake, who 
s Antiq. Britan. in Henr. Chich.  instead of Henry Bishop of Winchester, 
For whom our pious Henry Archbishop was mistaken.  relate that Henry Archbishop of Canterbury was made Cardinal of S. Eusebius, who was a Man of such Piety and Moderation, that he was never known to court a Preferment, by which being engaged in the Interests of the Pope, he must necessarily have swerved from that Loyalty to his Prince which he had always preserved entire and untainted. 
A Vigorous Defender of the King's Authority.  For he was a most vigorous Defender of the King's Authority, and the Rights of the Kingdom against the Ambition of the Popes, and the Oppressions of the Court of Rome; by which at this very time he drew upon himself the 
Whence he incurred the displeasure of Pope Martin the Fifth.  heavy displeasure of Martin the Fifth. For the 
t Epist. Academic. Oxon, 36. in Archiv.  University of Oxford by Letters bearing date the 24th of July this Year interceded for him with Pope Martin; in which after they had given him a very extraordinary Character, calling him the 
The Archbishop's Character from Oxford.  mirror of Life, the light of Manners, a Person most dear to the People and Clergy, a golden Candlestick set up in the Church of England, they besought him that he would not suffer the Credit of so eminent a Prelate to be blasted by the secret Calumnies of Detractors; to which purpose also in the Parliament at Westminster 
u Rotul. Parliam. an. 6 H. 6.  the House of Commons petitioned the King to send an Ambassador forthwith to the Court of Rome to intercede with the Pope in behalf 
Great Intercession mads for him.  of the Archbishop, who had incurred his displeasure for opposing the excessive Power of the Court of Rome. And indeed it was but reasonable that he, who for promoting the common good of all, and maintaining the Honour of the Kingdom, so little dreaded the Pope's Anger, should be defended by the public Authority.  

Bishop of Winchester is Legate in England, with a Faculty.  But the Bishop of Winchester, beside his Title of Cardinal, had the power of Legate in England conferred upon him by the Pope, with a very large Commission (or as they commonly termed it) a Faculty; which Power he exercised with 
So exercised the Power, that he was styled the Rich Cardinal.  so great Avarice, and got together such a prodigious Wealth, that he was generally styled the Rich Cardinal.  
The Year after this he returned into England, and having opened his Commission in the presence of Humphrey Duke of Gloucester the Protector, and many of the Bishops and Nobility, 
x Joan. Foxius in Martyrolog. sub H. 5.  
The Cardinal opposed by R. Caudray the King's Proctor.  Richard Caudray who was appointed Proctor for the King by the Duke of Gloucester and the Privy Council, expressly declared, That by a particular Prerogative of the Kings of England, which they had enjoyed ever since the memory of man, no Legate from the Pope could come into England without the King's leave; and therefore if the Cardinal of Winchester, by virtue of his Legantine Office, should act any thing contrary to this Right of the King's, that he in the King's Name did interpose, and disown all his Authority. 
Promises not to exercise his Office without the King's leave.  Whereupon the Cardinal promised openly before the Duke of Gloucester, and all that were present, that he would not exercise his Office of Legate without the King's leave, and that he would act nothing in it that might any ways infringe or derogate from the Rights, Immunities and Privileges of the King or Kingdom.  

* Eodem jure semper usi sunt Gallire Reges, quorum injussu Legatis Pontificum nunquam licuit Galliam ingredi, aut mandata promulgare, Sicuti clarissimus Advocatus Regius Ludovicus Servinus coram Senatu Parisiensi Turonibus tum sedente demonstrabat, cum Ann. MDXC. Cardinalis Cajetanus ad Henricum IV. Galliae Regem Legatus mitteretur.  Now upon his being made Cardinal and Legate, he was obliged to lay down his Place of Lord Chancellor, 
Laid down the Office of Chancellor, as obliged;  which he did the Year before in the Parliament at Westminster; he ought also to have been removed from the Privy Council; but in respect of the Nobility of his Birth, and his near alliance to the King, by a particular favour he was allowed to keep his Place there, except when any 
But kept his Place in the Council, with exception.  matter was to be debated between the King and the Pope, for than it was expressly concluded that he should not be present; which Limitation was confirmed 
y Rot. Parliam. ann. 8 H. 6.  the next Year by Act of Parliament, and ordered to be entered in the Journals of the Privy Council.  
Now the chief Reason that moved the Pope to create the Bishop of Winchester a Cardinal, was, that he might employ him in the War that he designed 
The Pope raised imm against the Bohemians, Who had pulled down the Monasteries, etc.  against the Bohemians, who having embraced the Doctrine of Wickliff, had pulled down the Monasteries and Images, and having abolished almost all the Rites and Ceremonies of the Romish Church, had openly revolted from the Government of the Pope. He therefore 
The Cardinal made General in the Bohemian War, etc.  made him his General in the Bohemain War, and appointed him Legate in Hungary, Bohemia, and all Germany, with a far larger Commission, by which 
He could pardon Rapes on Nuns, etc.  he was impower'd to pardon Rapes committed upon Nuns, to dispense with Marriages contracted within the fourth degree of Consanguinity, with the Age of Persons to be admitted to Orders and Benefices, with Interdicts, and many other things which were contrary to the Constitutions of the Canon Law; 
He was to demand a Tenth of the English Clergy for the War.  he was also ordered to demand a Tenth of the English Clergy for the Service of this War. For this cause the Archbishop being solicited by the Pope's Bull, and being also pressed by Letters from the King to consider of raising Money for carrying on the War in France, called a Synod at London which began on the 5th of July.  
In their first Session, at the request of the Archbishop of York Lord Chancellor, and Walter Hungerford Lord Treasurer, they granted the King half 
In the next Synod half a Tenth is given the King.  a Tenth. The Synod was afterwards prorogued by reason of the excessive heat of the Summer, to St. Martin's day in November following, and then again to the 29th of October the next Year; at which time the Archbishop of York was sent to them again from the King, together with the Duke of Norfolk, the Earls of Warwick, Stafford and Salisbury, th' e Lords Cromwell, Tiptoft and Hungerford, at whose desire a Tenth and a half 
And in another a Tenth and an half.  was granted, and solemn Processions were ordered to be made for the success of the Duke of Bedford, who went on 
Duke of Bedford had besieged Orleans.  prosperously, and had now besieged Orleans, a noble City upon the River Loire. These Concessions of Tenths which were granted so readily by the 
z 8 H. 6. c. 1.  Synod, were▪ rewarded by an Act made in the Parliament holden at this time at Westminster, by which The same Privilege was granted to the Clergy, which the Members of the House of Commons do enjoy when they are chosen to serve in Parliament, 
For those Grants, the Members of the Synod, etc. were freed from Arrests.  which was, that neither they nor their Servants should be arrested while they were assembled in Convocation, nor in their journey thither.  
But Conzo Zuolanus the Pope's Nuntio, came often to the Synod, and pleaded in behalf of the Pope, but to no purpose: 
The Pope's Nuntio prevailed not in the Synod;  When he could not obtain of them a Supply for the War with the Bohemians, which he had solicited in a long and pressing Oration, he produced the 
For showing his Letters for a Tenth  Pope's Letters before the Synod, in which he signified that he had imposed a Tenth upon the Kingdom of England for the support of the Bohemian War; which so incensed the whole Synod, that they absolutely denied to grant a Tenth. However at the importunity of the Pope 
He was denied, but got 8 d. per Mark from Livings, With a Saluâ praerogatiuâ Regiâ.  they gave him Eight pence in every Mark out of all Benefices according to their respective values, provided that this grant were not contrary to the King's Prerogative and the Laws of the Land.  
After this John Jourdelay, John Gall, Robert Heggley, Ralph Mungyn, Thomas Garenter, all men in Orders, with several others, were brought before the Synod, who were accused of Heresy, for holding divers corrupt Opinions concerning the Sacrament of the Altar, the Adoration of Images, Religious Pilgrimages, and the Invocation of Saints; for maintaining that the Pope was Antichrist, and not God's 
Heresy in holding the Pope to be Antichrist, etc.  Vicegerent; that the Divine Oracles were contained only in the Scriptures, and not in the Legends or Lives of the Fathers; and for keeping privately by them several Books of John Wickliff, and others, concerning matters of Religion, written in the Vulgar Tongue. All which Opinions 
Some recanted, others were imprisoned.  some of them recanted before the Synod, and the rest were committed to Prison. After them one Joan Dertford 
Joan Dertford, by means of her Answer, acquitted.  being questioned about the same Tenets, cleared herself of the Accusation by an uncertain Answer; saying, That she had learned only the Creed and Ten Commandments, and never durst meddle with the profound Mysteries of Religion, upon which she was committed to the Bishop of Winchester's Vicar▪ general to be instructed by him. The Ordinaries also 
The Ordinaries charged to persecute the Wicklevists and Lollards.  of every place were commanded vigorously to prosecute those that dissented from the Church of Rome, whom they called by the invidious Names of Wiclevists and Lollards, and whose number daily increased, and William Lyndewood Official, and Thomas Brown Chancellor of Canterbury, with some other Lawyers 
And Process ordered to be formed against them.  both Canonists and Civilians, were ordered to draw up a Form of the Process against them.  

Pope Martin troubled that he obtained not the Tenths.  But Pope Martin was very much troubled to see the Power of the Keys decrease daily in England both by the denial of a Tenth for his War with the Bohemians, and several other Affronts that he pretended to have lately received: For some years before this having by his Bull of Provision translated Richard Fleming Bishop of Lincoln to the See of York, which was then vacant by the 
That his Bull was opposed at York,  death of the Archbishop; the Dean and Chapter of York opposed his entrance into their Church, so that the Pope was forced by a contrary Bull to transfer him back again to the See of Lincoln. The 
That his Legate was imprisoned,  Year after John Opizanus the Pope's Legate was imprisoned for presuming by virtue of that Office to gather the Money due to the Pope's Treasury contrary 
He expostulated with the Duke of Bedford.  to the King's Command; which Matter the Pope by his Letters sharply expostulated with the Duke of Bedford.  
He would certainly have called to mind all these things, if he had not been diverted by the more important Concerns of the Council of Basil which 
The Pope is diverted with the prospect of the Council of Basil.  was now to be called. For the time prefixed for the assembling of it was now at hand, the seventh Year being almost expired since the end of the last Council; for which cause the Archbishop of Canterbury called another Synod at London in the beginning of the next Year, on the 19th of February, in which Delegates 
Wherefore Delegates are chosen in a Synod at London with 2 d. per l. Charges.  were chosen to be sent to Basil, and Two pence in the Pound was allowed them out of all the Revenues of the Clergy. Their Instructions were, To desire in the name of the Church of England, 
Their Instructions did run Against Pluralities, And Non residence, etc.  That a stop might be put to that vast number of Dispensations which were daily granted, by which some were permitted to hold two Livings beside Dignities, others had leave to be absent from their Cures, and some who were scarce at Age, were admitted to the highest Offices in the Church; and that no Unions of Churches might be made but where there were Convents within the bounds of the Parish.  

The Synod gave the King a Tenth  The Synod also granted the King a whole Tenth at the solicitation of John Kempe Archbishop of York, and Lord Chancellor of England, who in a long Oration told them, That the Siege of 
For the Siege of Orleans.  Orleans was raised by the death of the Earl of Salisbury a Renowned Commander, 
Many other Towns revolted.  that Troy's, Beauvais, Rheims, and many other Towns, had revolted to King Charles, that a great number 
And many English slain at Patau.  of our Men were lately slain in a Battle at Patau, and that all France would soon come under the obedience of Charles, unless Supplies of Money were raised in England; that for this cause he, with several others of the Privy Council, were sent to them from the King.  
The Synod also made an Order which concerned the general good of the Kingdom, 
The Synod decreed just Weights.  That Tradesmen should be obliged to sell their Goods by a full weight, and prohibited any one under pain of Excommunication, to make use of a certain deceitful Weight with which they cheated their Customers.  
But Pope Martin, though it were 
Popes generally afraid of Councils.  with great reluctancy that he had called the Council at Basil, fearing lest his Life and Actions should be enquired into (for which cause also the 
a Fr. Guicciard. lib. 9 & Paul. Jou. lib. 2.  succeeding Popes were always very averse from calling a General Council) yet because this was the Place and Time appointed both by his own Edicts and the determination of the Father's assembled first at Constance, and then at Pavia, that he might not seem to equivocate in the opinion of all Christendom, appointed Julianus Caesarinus Cardinal of S. Angelo to preside in his Name at the Council; 
Martin appoints a Precedent.  who at that time was his Legate in the Bohemian War against the Followers of Hus, the Cardinal of Winchester, being lately recalled from that Post. But before his journey to Basil, in the beginning of the next Year Pope Martin died at Rome, and Gabriel Condelmarius, who 
The Pope dies before he took his Place.  was created Cardinal at Lucca by Gregory the Twelfth, as is before related, was chosen into his room on the 3d d of March, and changed his Name for that of Eugenius the Fourth; by whom also 
Eugenius the Fourth succeeds him; and continues the Precedent who was his Legate.  Caesarinus being continued in the Office of Legate, he went to Basil, and opened the Council there in the beginning of December.  
In which the matter was hotly debated concerning the Power of the Pope; and on the 15th of February it was Determined, That a General Council doth derive its Authority immediately from 
Sess. 2.  Christ, and that the Pope is subject to it; 
The Pope adjudged subject to the Council, etc.  that he hath no power to remove or prorogue it; that if the Pope die in the time of their Session, the right of erecting a new one is in the Council, and that the supreme 
Sess. 4.  Government of the Church is committed to a Council, and not to the Pope; and by virtue of this supreme Authority they constituted 
By their susupreme Authority, the Council makes a Legate of Avignon, etc. The Pope alarmed, removes the Council to Bologne. Is opposed.  Alfonsus Cardinal of S. Eustace Legate of Avignon, and forbade Eugenius to make any new Cardinals before the end of the Council.  
The Pope being alarmed at these Decrees, by his Edict removed the Council from Basil to Bologna, which Translation the Fathers by a contrary Edict disannulled, and both of them by their Letters cited the Archbishop of Canterbury, one to Basil, and the other to Bologna.  
Upon this the Archbishop called a 
Delegates from London Synod to the Council of Basil, and others to the Pope.  Synod at London on the 15th of September, and advised with the Bishops and Prelates what course was to be taken in the Dissension between the Council and the Pope; who unanimously concluded, To send Delegates to the Fathers at Basil, and others to Pope Eugenius, to compose the Differences on both sides; to whom they voted a Penny in the Pound out of all the Profits of the Clergy, besides the Two pence granted in the former Synod. They also gave the King half a Tenth, 
Half a Tenth given the King.  which was demanded of them in an Eloquent Speech by John Stafford Bishop of Bath, and Lord Chancellor of England, with whom came also to the Synod William Lyndewood, who was lately made Keeper of the Privy Seal. This William Lyndewood was esteemed one of the Wisest and most Learned Men of that Age; he was very much beloved by the Archbishop, who removed him first from the Chancellorship of Salisbury to that of Canterbury, afterwards he made him Official at the Court of Arches, and gave him several rich Livings; he also recommended him to both the Kings, Henry the Fifth and Sixth, the first of which sent him Ambassador into Spain, and afterwards into Portugal, and now under Henry the Sixth he was made Keeper of the Privy 
William Lyndewood Keeper of the Privy Seal,  Seal, and soon after Bishop of St. David's. Amongst 
b Jo. Balae. de scriptor. Angl. Cent 7.  other of his Works, which are now lost, he got a great deal of reputation with Posterity by his learned 
Writ excellent Commentaries ●n the English Constitutions. And was styled, the Light of the Law. Complaint in the Synod against the Vicar's General, etc.  Commentaries upon the English Constitutions, which Work he dedicated to the Archbishop, whom for his 
c In Epist. Dedic.  great knowledge in both Laws, he styled the light of the Law.  
In This Synod the Clergy of the Lower House complained to the Bishops, that their Vicar's General, Commissaries and Officials were for the most part ignorant both in the Civil and Canon Law, and that they had never taken any degree in the Universities; whereupon 
Decreed, that a Judge of a Spiritual Court must have some degree of the Law.  it was Decreed, That no one should be made a Judge in any of the Spiritual Courts, unless he had taken some degree in Law: After which the Synod broke up.  
In speaking of This Synod we made mention of John Stafford Bishop of Bath, who was made Chancellor in the room of John Kempe Archbishop of York, who being lately advanced to the Purple with the Title of Cardinal of S. Balbina, had laid down that Office. Between him and the Archbishop of Canterbury there arose a very sharp Dispute about Priority. For in the Parliament holden shortly after at Westminster, the Archbishop of York, in respect of his Cardinal's 
Archbishop of York as Cardinal, claimed precedence of Canterbury,  Dignity, claimed precedence of the Archbishop of Canterbury, which he on the other side rightly maintained to belong to him by the ancient Prerogative of his See.  

The Archbishop of Canterbury on the contrary by ancient Prerogative. Referred to the Pope.  The cognizance of this Affair through their mutual Contentions being referred to the Pope, the Archbishop of Canterbury pleaded his Cause himself by Letters, and appointed Antony de Capharellis his Proctor at the Court of Rome, who in his Name maintained, that the Archbishop of Canterbury was within his 
The Arguments for Canterbury urgent.  own Jurisdiction, in which it was fit that he should take place of every one, and that in the Province of Canterbury no respect ought to be had to the Dignity of Cardinal possessed by my Lord of York, who being removed from the Pope's presence, was deprived of the brightness of those Rays, whose splendour he received by communication from his Holiness; and that even a Bishop, 
d Abb. ad c. sane n. 4. de for. comp.  while he is in another Bishop's Diocese, is looked upon but as a private Person, and not as a Bishop.  
But the Pope out of his desire to maintain the Honour of the See of Rome, and of the Cardinals his Brethren, being more inclined to favour the Archbishop of York, writ back to the Archbishop of 
Overborne in the Cardinal's favour.  Canterbury, That the first Degree in the Church next to the Papacy, belonged to the Cardinals; that they were those venerable Priests mentioned by Moses in the Seventeenth Chapter of Deuteronomy; that they were afterwards instituted by St. Peter, and were to be accounted as Members of the Pope's Body, and that the whole Church did turn upon them as upon its Hinges. Seeing therefore that it hath obtained by the Customs and Constitutions of particular Churches, that in the same Province a Priest should take place of a Deacon, a Bishop of a Priest, and an Archbishop of a Bishop, that much more the Laws of the Catholic Church ought to be universally observed; for as every Archbishop presides in his own Province, so the Cardinals are set over the Universal Church by the Pope. Lastly, He exhorted and entreated the Archbishop to submit to the Customs of the Church of Rome, and give place to the Cardinal, promising both him and the whole See of Canterbury all the kindnesses that could be expected from a most affectionate Father. This Letter is inserted at length by Cardinal Jacobatius in his 
e Lib. 1. de council. art. 12.  Book of Councils, when he comes to discourse about the degrees of Cardinals and Patriarches.  
By this it plainly appeared to Posterity how strenuously the Archbishop descended the Dignity of the Church of England against the Pope, whose displeasure he had incurred, as we said before, for maintaining the King's Authority.  
The Differences betwixt Eugenius and the Council of Basil, gave occasion to the calling another Synod the next 
A Synod called at London on occasion of the difference between the Pope and Council.  Year: For after that Eugenius had removed the Council from Basil to Bologna, and had been urged in vain by the Fathers at Basil to revoke his Decree, they commanded him by their Edict to submit to the Council, and repair to Basil 
The Pope is summoned to Basil.  within sixty days, otherwise they declared that they would proceed against him as contumacious, and divest him of the Papacy.  
Whereupon, in a Synod begun at London the 7th of November, the Archbishop commanded the Proctors for the Clergy, and all the Prelates of the 
Of which London Synod consults.  Lower House to consult and determine whether the Pope might dissolve a General Council at his own pleasure, and 
And what Pope they should obey, if another be set up.  in case the Fathers at Basil should depose Eugenius, and set up another Pope, which of them they ought to obey? To which Questions some days after Thomas Bekyngton, Official of the Archbishop's Court, answered in the name of 
Alleged 1st, that the Pope might dissolve a Council; and if another be set up, the Synod is to obey Eugenius.  the rest, That the Pope by his sole command might dissolve a Council, and that they were not to withdraw their Obedience from Eugenius, though another Pope should be created at Basil. For the Affections of a great many People in England began some time ago to be alienated from the Fathers at Basil upon the account of 
By which they resent a Decree made at Basil, transferring Votes from the Nations to a few Delegates,  a Decree made by them, which took away the Custom of voting by the Suffrages of every Nation, and referred all things to the determination of some particular Delegates; whereupon the English Representatives then at Basil, Thomas Bishop of Worcester, William Prior of Norwich, Thomas Brown Dean of Salisbury, Peter Patrick Chancellor, and Robert Borton Precentor of Lincoln, John Sarysbury Doctor of Divinity, and John Symondisborough Licentiate in the Canon Law, protested against it; which was also done at the same time here in 
Which was protested against on the place.  England, by William Lyndewood, Proctor for the King, who repeated a set form of Appeal, in which he protested against the Decree as unjust, for that this way of voting might hereafter be prejudicial to the King, and the Rights of the Clergy and Parliament.  
After this the Archbishop consulted with the Synod about nominating more 
Eight new Delegates nominated.  Delegates, because several of those that were sent before, were dead at Basil; and eight Doctors of Divinity and both Laws were chosen, who were to be sent to Basil, provided the Fathers would admit them without imposing upon them any new Oath.  
At this time our Affairs in France declined daily, by the revolt of the chief Cities to King Charles, who had been lately crowned at Rheims with great solemnity; 
King Charles crowned at Rheims.  for which cause the Duke of Bedford who was lately come into England, and his Brother the Duke of Gloucester, thought it expedient to raise a 
A new Army against France designed.  new Army here in England, and John Stafford Bishop of Bath Lord Chancellor, the Earls of Warwick and Salisbury, the Lord Treasurer Cromwell, and the Lords Scrope and Tiptoft were sent to the Synod 
Money desired of the Synod.  to desire Money of them. The Chancellor in an elegant Speech laid before them the miserable state of Affairs in France, and the poverty of the Exchequer, and brought them to supply the Necessities of the King and Kingdom.  

After a denial,  At first they absolutely refused to grant any Supply, alleging that the Wealth of the Clergy was exhausted by their advancing Money continually for the use of the War; by the Rapines of the King's Purveyors, and by unjust Citations to the King's Courts. But some other Lords soon after coming to them, as the Earl of Huntingdon, the Lords Hungerford, Audly and Cornwallis, who urged again the same Reasons, and reckoned up the extraordinary Benefits conferred on the Church by the Kings of England, they 
They gave three quarters of a Tenth.  at length obtained three quarters of a Tenth.  
For at that time the Clergy complained grievously of the unjust proceeding of the King's Judges, and the 
The Grievances of the Church at that time.  common Lawyers; That Priests against all Law and Equity were brought to their Secular Courts, that the Power of the Ecclesiastical Judges was restrained by their unjust Prohibitions, and particularly that by a fraudulent interpretation they wrested a strict Law of Richard the Second against Provisors, and turned it upon those Persons who were Judges in the Spiritual Courts of those Causes which they pretended to belong to their Jurisdiction. For which cause the Archbishop held another Synod at London the next Year on the 7th of October; where in a pathetical Speech, he expressed how solicitous he was that the 
The Archbishop zealous to rescue her from the Oppressions of the Lawyers.  Church might receive no prejudice under his Government, that it might be delivered from the illegal Oppressions of the Lawyers, and restored to its ancient dignity; and commanded them all to consider what measures were to be taken to ease the Clergy of the weight of these Oppressions. But the Plague breaking out in the City, the 
By reason of the Plague, the Synod dissolved.  Synod was quickly dissolved, having only appointed a Holiday to be kept in honour of S. Frideswide the Protectress of the University of Oxford, and denounced excommunication against any one that should detract from the Privileges and Jurisdiction of the Church.  
After this the Archbishop applied himself industriously to the Government of his Province, and called never another Synod in three Years, till the Necessities of the Exchequer call d upon the Clergy for a Supply to maintain the Charges of the War with France. 
The Duke of Burgundy revolts to the French, and Bedford dies; The former occasioned  The revolt of the Duke of Burgundy to the French, and the death of the Duke of Bedford, which happened the next Year, gave a terrible blow to our Affairs in France.  
For about that time, by the mediation of Pope Eugenius and the Council of Basil, Commissioners from our King, from Charles' King of France, and the 
The ill success of the Treaty at Arras.  Duke of Burgundy, met at Arras in order to treat of a Peace; But the English and French not agreeing by reason of the extravagant Conditions demanded on either side, the Burgundians at last went over to the French; and soon after the Duke of Bedford fell sick and died, whose death soon caused a great alteration in the posture of Affairs. For the 
The English driven out of Paris, etc.  next Year the People of Paris conspired privately together, and drove the English out of the City; and many other Towns being stirred up by their example, and in a manner all the People of France, as if they were impelled by a 
And generally the French surrendered to Charles.  fatal necessity surrendered themselves to King Charles.  
Wherefore to preserve the remains of our Dominion in France, the Duke of Gloucester with a great Army and a gallant Fleet sailed over to Calais, which 
A new English Army set sail for Calais.  was then besieged by the Duke of Burgundy, and the King by Letters to the Archbishop of Canterbury pressed him to move the Clergy for a supply of Money for levying more men; who having assembled the Bishops and Prelates of his Province at London on the 30th of April, easily obtained of them a whole Tenth; 
The Clergy grant a Tenth.  for they all earnestly desired the recovery of France.  
The Archbishop had designed a long time ago to erect some noble Monument for the service of the Church, of Religion and Learning, and for his own glory in the University of Oxford, which out of a pious regard to his Education there, he desired to adorn as much as was possible: For at that time the Estates of almost all private Persons, as well as the public Revenues being exhausted by the long continuance of the French War, the University was so thin and empty, that most of the Colleges and Halls which were formerly full of Students, were now quite forsaken and uninhabited; and of those many Thousand Scholars that used to flock thither, there was not one remaining; which 
f Epist. Acad. Oxon. 125. in Archiv.  they heavily lamented in their Letters to the Archbishop and the Synod.  
Wherefore that he might by his Bounty repair the decays of Learning occasioned by the general poverty of the Kingdom▪ he gave Orders for building a large and stately Edifice of a square form in the North part of the Suburbs 
The Archbishop built a stately Edifice at Oxford;  of Oxford, which he designed for a College; but when the Work was almost finished, whether it were that he found fault with the Builders, or that he did not like the situation of it, he changed his mind, and gave it to the Monks of 
Gave it to the Monks of St. Bernard.  S. Bernard, that the Novices might be sent thither out of all the Convents of that Order to study the Arts and Divinity; afterwards in the general Calamity of Monasteries it was seized by 

Seized in Henry the Eighth's time.  
Purchased by Thomas White, Merchant, who Founded there St John the Baptist's College.  
From whence came many Reformers.   King Henry the Eighth, of whom Sir Thomas White, Merchant of London, a very great Favourer of Learning, purchased it, and founded there the noble College of St. John Baptist, which hath since produced a great many eminent Men in all Faculties, and particularly in Divinity, who laboured very successfully in carrying on the Reformation in the Church of England. This prudent Person showed by his excellent Example that those sacred and stately Houses which were taken from the licentious Monks, and afterwards unjustly seized on by the Avarice and Luxury of private Persons, should have been applied towards the advancement of Learning, the relief of the Poor, or the public good of the Church and Kingdom. But the Archbishop chose another place for building a College, very commodious for the Students, in the middle of the Town, near S. Mary's Church. In which place having pulled down the Houses that stood there, which he bought of the Owners, he laid out a 
The Archbishop chose another place for a College.  square Court; and on the 10th of February this Year, the first Stone of this Auspicious Building was laid, and the inspection of the Work was committed to the care of one John Druell a Clergyman, who performed that Trust with great integrity and diligence.  
In the mean time, Pope Eugenius being threatened by the Edict of the Fathers 
The Edict of the Council of Basil against the Pope, backed by the Emperor.  at Basil, as we said before, which was seconded by the Authority of Sigismond the Emperor, who came to Basil accompanied with a great many of the Germane Princes, revoked his Translation of the Council to Bologna, and confirmed 

Sess. 16. Concil. Basil. The Council's Translation revoked.  
Sess. 19, 24. Ambassadors to the Council from Greece and Constantinople, where The Emperor and Patriarch designed to be present, If the Council would secure them, and defray their Charges.   their Session at Basil, whither also he sent his Legates, the Cardinal de Santa Cruse, and the Bishop of Milan, to support his Interests there.  
There arrived also at Basil Ambassadors from John Paleologus Emperor of Greece, and Joseph Patriarch of Constantinople, who were received with great joy, and declared, that the Emperor himself, the Patriarch, and the Bishops of the Greek Church would come to the Council in order to compose the Differences between the Eastern and Western Churches in matters of Faith, if the Council would engage the public Faith for their security, and defray 
Which was agreed.  the Charges of their Journey. Both which the Fathers immediately promised and confirmed by their Ambassadors sent to Constantinople. But the Emperor Sigismond, who was a valiant 
But on Sigismond's death the Pope removes the Council to Ferrara, Sess. 29.  and wise Prince, dying this Year, Eugenius being freed from his Apprehensions, removed the Council from Basil to Ferrara, and by Letters sent into England, he desired the King to send his Ambassadors thither, and commanded the Archbishop of Canterbury to assemble all the Bishops of his Province in the beginning of the next Year, and order them to go to Ferrara; 

Whether he summoned the Bishops from England.  
Sess. 32.   which he signified also by Letters written at the same time to all the Princes and Bishops in Christendom.  

This opposed by the Council.  On the other side, the Fathers at Basil forbade any one to appear at Ferrara; and indeed almost all Nations detested this double dealing of Pope Eugenius; for most of the Italians, the Germans, and the Spaniards, sided with the Fathers at Basil, and Charles the Seventh King of France not only forbade the Prelates of that Kingdom to go to 
g Panor. Tract. de Concil. Basil. n. 6. Carol. Molinae. de Monarc. Franc. n. 149.  Ferrara, but also having called an Assembly of the Estates of France at Bourges in Berry, 
King Charles of France puts forth the pragmatical Sanction against Annates, etc.  he put forth the Pragmatical Sanction against Annates, Provisions, and other Extortions of the Popes, which contained in a manner nothing else but the Decrees of the Council of Basil, and commanded it to be received for Law in the Kingdom of France. This Sanction curbed the Power of the Popes in France for a long time, till the Reign 

Which curbed the Pope's Power there, till the time of Lewis the Twelfth.  
The English generally sided with the Pope.   of 
h Petr. Rebuff. Tract. de nominat. quaest. 2. n. 2.  Lewis the Twelfth, who at last was prevailed upon by the Solicitations of Pope Leo the Tenth to abolish it.  
But almost all the English sided with Eugenius; for first of all the King appointed some Persons of eminent Quality 
King Henry sent Ambassadors to Ferrara.  to be sent Ambassadors to Ferrara, to whom the Bishops assembled in Convocation voted an Allowance suitable to their Quality, which notwithstanding 
But their allowance was disputed.  was denied by the Proctors for the Clergy in the Lower House, who were more inclined in favour of the Council of Basil; only the Proctors for the Convents granted Four pence in the Pound out of their Revenues.  
In this Synod holden at London, the Archbishop complained heavily of a late Injury offered him by Pope Eugenius, who by his sole Authority had given the Bishopric of Ely in Commendam to Lewis Archbishop of Rouen, and by his 

The Pope gives away the Bishopric of Ely, in Commendam.  
The Archbishop in Synod opposes the Affair,   Bull had confirmed him in the Government of that See, and therefore he ordered the Synod to consider how to put a stop to this Affair, which was never attempted before by any Pope. And indeed such a Precedent as this would have been of very pernicious consequence to Posterity; but Philip Morgan, who was then Bishop of Ely, outliving the Archbishop of Rouen, by this means 
Which was frustrated by the Survivorship of the then Bishop.  the Pope's Design was frustrated.  
After this Richard Carpenter Chancellor of Oxford, desired of the Synod (which had been prorogued to the 6th of October) in the name of both Universities, that the Decree about conferring 
Proposed in Synod to Renew a Decree, that those not in Orders should not be beneficed.  Benefices upon those only that had taken Degrees in the Universities, which was made in the Years 1417, and 1421. and limited to a certain term of Years, which were now expired, might be again renewed. The King also by his 
Wherein the King concurred; and obtained it.  Letters desired the same of the Synod, who readily assented to it upon the Conditions mentioned in the former Decrees.  
Eugenius had now begun the Council at Ferrara, and by his importunity and fair Promises had drawn thither John Palaeologus the Emperor, and some of the Greek Bishops; but the Plague breaking out there, in the beginning of the next Year he removed the Council to 

The Council begun at Ferrara, by occasion of the Plague removed to Florence.  
Where the Greeks present submitted in Opinion to the Latins. Which so offended the Greek Church, that after their death, they were not allowed Christian Burial.  
Sess. 33.  
The Council of Basil maintained its Authority;   Florence; where after long Disputes about the Procession of the Holy Ghost, about Purgatory, the Supremacy of the Pope, and some other Controversies between the two Churches, the Greeks who were there present, submitted to the Opinion of the Latins. For which they were so detested by the rest of the Greek Church, that after their death they were not allowed Christian burial, nor would the Greeks recede from one Article of their ancient Creed.  
In the mean time the Fathers at Basil being incensed at the obstinacy of Eugenius, by virtue of their Supreme Authority declared, That the Pope was subordinate to a General Council, that he had no power to dissolve, transfer or prorogue it, and that Eugenius for attempting all these things was guilty of Heresy; they 
Deposed the Pope.  also divested him of the Papacy, being convicted of Contumacy, Simony, Perjury and Impiety; and 
i Aene. Sylu. lib. 2. de act. Concil. Basil.  having chosen Thirty two of the greatest note out of the four Nations, Italians, French, Germans 
(The English going to Ferrara)  and Spaniards (for the English were all gone to Ferrara) who were deputed with full power to elect a new Pope, Amedeus Duke of Savoy, who had left the Dukedom to his Son, and retired to an Hermitage, was created Pope, and took the Name of Felix the Fifth. There were then at Basil 
And by the Deputies of four other Nations, Felix the Fifth elected Pope.  two of the greatest Lawyers of their time, the Abbot Panormitanus and Ludovicus Romanus, who were sent Ambassadors out of Italy from Alfonsus the great King of Arragon. These two in a great many Speeches maintained, that the Authority of a Council was superior to that of the Pope; and condemned the Actions of Eugenius with so much sharpness and Eloquence, that no one durst pretend to contradict them; all which they have left recorded to Posterity in their Writings. For Panormitanus in a 
k Panorm. tract. de Concil. Basil. in 5. vol.  Book 
A defence of the Council at Basil.  which he put out in defence of the Council of Basil against Eugenius, shows clearly, That the Authority of a Council is more sacred than that of the Pope; that the Pope hath no Jurisdiction over a Council, but on the contrary is subordinate to it, and may be called in question, imprisoned and deposed by it; and that this punishment was justly inflicted upon Eugenius, as contumacious, a Deserter of the Faith, an Enemy to the Church, and guilty of Simony, Perjury and Murder: And in 
l Panor. ad c. significasti. n. 4. de elect. ad c. licet de vitanda. n. 8. eod. tit. ad c. fraternitatis n 1. de haeret.  several places of his Commentaries he speaks of the power of a Council as superior to that of the Pope. Ludovicus Romanus in his Responses maintains, That an Appeal may lawfully be made 
m Rom. Cons. 521.  from the Pope to a General Council, that his Command for the 
n Rom. Cons. 522.  dissolution of it ought not to be obeyed, and that he may be 
o Rom. Cons. 523.  deposed by a Council. He was a 
The high Character of Lodovic. Romanus.  man (saith 
p Aene. Sylu. lib. 2. de act. Concil. B sil.  Aeneas Silvius) worthy not only of Rome, but also of Heaven itself; and had he lived to have doubled his Age, would have given matter not only of admiration, but of astonishment to the World; but Fortune envied Italy so extraordinary a Person, and took him away at Basil, where he died of the Plague, having hardly past the Thirtieth Year of his Age.  
Aeneas Silvius also himself was present and assisted at the Council both by his approbation of their Proceedings against Eugenius, and by two Books which he put out of the History of that Council; which afterwards, being made Pope by the Name of Pius the Second, he called in, and would fain have suppressed.  
And indeed all the 
q Gl. in c. si Papa dist. 40. Archid. Gemin. & Fran. ad c. in fidei favorem de haeret. in 6. Card. Zab. cons 150. Anchar. cons. 181. Felin. ad c. super literis. n. 21. de rescript. Jo. Royas. de haeret. n. 518. Fr. Marc. decis. 944.  Lawyers held this Opinion concerning the power of a Council over the Pope, as long as they maintained the liberty of speaking and writing; but in the next Age being brought under the subjection of the Popes, they began to flatter them; and having positively 
r Card. Jacobat. lib. 3. de Concil. n. 85. Hier. Alban de potest. Pap. n. 240. Cataldin. de Boncompag. de potest. Pap. n. 31. Alfon. Hoied. de benefic. incompat. par. 1. n. 86.  condemned the Council 
In the next Age the Council of Basil is condemned.  of Basil, they raised the power of the Pope above that of a Council and the whole Church; and this power the 
s Card. Bellar. lib. 2. de Concil. cap. 18.  Divines in the following Ages did affirm to be so inherent in the See of Rome, that the Pope could not divest himself of it, nor any way make himself inferior to a Council.  
Before the end of the Year in which these things passed at Basil, the Archbishop 
A Synod called at London,  called another Synod at London, which began on the 21st of November, but being hindered by some indisposition, he could not be there that day: However he came some days after, and in a long Speech, in which he could hardly refrain from Tears; He reckoned up the grievous Miseries of the Church, proceeding from the Penalties daily inflicted on the Ecclesiastical Judges, which by the 
Where the Statute of Praemunire is reckoned a lamentable Church-Grievance;  Statue, commonly called the Statute of Praemunire, were designed against Provisors, and from the Citations of the Clergy as well as others to the Secular Courts. Whereupon it was unanimously agreed that the Archbishop should present a Petition to the King in the name of the Clergy, wherein they set forth, That the Penalties which by the 
* 16. R. 2. 15.  Statute of Richard the Second were designed against those that should sue any of the King's Subjects in any of the Pope's Courts either at Rome or 
In so far as a Suit in an Ecclesiastical Court is construed a suing in Rome.  elsewhere, by a cunning interpretation of the Common Lawyers were turned maliciously upon those that had any Cause depending in the Spiritual Courts here in England, the cognizance of which they challenged to themselves; by which means all People being deter d from coming to their Courts, the Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction was very much diminished, and the Privileges granted to the Church by his Highness' Predecessors became insignificant. Wherefore 
They petition the King to limit the Penalties to those who sue in a Foreign Court strictly taken.  they besought the King that he would settle it by Act of Parliament, that those Penalties should be taken to extend only to those that commenced any Suits, or procured any Writs or public Instruments at Rome, or any where else out of England, and that no one should be proceeded against upon that Statute for any Suit in the Spiritual Courts of this Kingdom; and that if the Ecclesiastical Judges exceeded the bounds of their Jurisdiction, they might be restrained by Prohibitions, and other lawful Punishments.  
The King answered the Archbishop who pleaded in behalf of his Brethren, 
The King promises them im●unity till a Parliament be called.  That he would consider of their Petition in the next Parliament, and that in the mean time he would take care that no one should be molested by his Judges upon the account of that Statute, unless the Cause were first approved by himself or the Privy Council.  

This Answer procured the ●…ing a Tenth.  This gracious Answer of the King's so pleased the Synod, that they immediately granted him a whole Tenth, with this Condition, which was particularly expressed, that the Revenues and Benefices belonging to the College of All Souls should not be included in the Concession.  
This was the last Provincial Synod that the Archbishop held: From that time he bent all his thoughts, as far as public business would give him leave, upon finishing his College, which he designed to dedicate to the service of Learning. For by this time the Walls of it, which were very stately and magnificent, were built, and the Workmen had begun to lay the Roof; the Archbishop had also purchased Lands and Manors for the perpetual maintenance of his Foundation, all which he acquainted the King with, and humbly besought him that he would permit the College to be founded in his Name, because 
The Archbishop prayed the King to suffer his College, almost finished, to be founded in his Royal Name.  the Lawyers were of opinion, that the Splendour and Authority of the King's Name was of great importance toward founding a College in due and lawful manner.  
Now the King was always very favourably inclined towards the good of the Church, and the encouragement of Learning, and had a great love and veneration for his Godfather the Archbishop. Wherefore by his Letters-Patent 
Letters Patent accordingly granted.  under the great Seal he erected into a College this Building which the Archbishop had endowed with all the Lands which he had purchased, and granted it very large Privileges; he also gave leave to the Founder to place in it a Warden and Fellows, and to make Laws and Statutes to oblige both them and their Successors. Upon which he went the next Year to Oxford, where he solemnly consecrated the Chapel 
The Chapel consecrated.  of his College, and made Richard Andrew, 

A Warden of the College made.  
And twenty choice Fellows, with power to elect twenty more   Doctor of Law and Chancellor of Canterbury, Warden of it; he also made Twenty Fellows, who were all choice men picked out of the whole University, to whom he gave power to elect into their Society Twenty more: Out of which Number he ordered that Twenty 
for Divinity and Sciences, And the Civil and Canon Law.  four should study Divinity and the Liberal Sciences, and the other Sixteen the Civil and Canon Law. He also commanded all the Members of his Foundation to pray for the Souls of King Henry the Fifth, of Thomas Duke of Clarence, and of the Nobility and common Soldiers that had been killed in the French War, and for all Christians in general according to the custom of those Times; being troubled in Conscience, as it should seem, that he had been the Author and Promoter of that War, in which a vast number of men had lost their Lives; for which cause he ordered 
Wherefore the Archbishop called the College All Souls, etc.  his College to be called the College of All Souls departed in the Faith in Oxford. He added also two Chaplains, several Choristers and Servants who were to attend upon the public Service of the College.  

Prescribed them Statutes.  After this he prescribed them Laws and Statutes, by which their Studies and Manners, their Offices and Profits were to be regulated; and lastly, having inspected John Druel's Accounts of the Building thus far, he committed the care of beautifying it within, and enlarging it without to Roger Keys, who was afterwards made Warden. For the Cloisters, and that part of the Building that faces the great Street of the Town, were built, as it is said, some part in his life-time, and the rest after his death.  
After the Foundation of this College, we find no mention of any public Action done by him either in the Records of the Kingdom, or in the Historians of that Age: only some noble Benefactions of his to the University of 
Was very liberal to Oxford and Canterbury Church.  Oxford and the Church of Canterbury are recorded, with which we shall conclude the History of his Virtues.  
There had been begun some time ago at Oxford by the Munificence chiefly of the Duke of Gloucester, a lofty and magnificent Structure, the upper part of which was designed for a Library, and the lower for the public Divinity 
Laid out a great Sum on the Structure begun by the Duke of Gloucester▪  Schools. To this Work the Archbishop gave a great Sum of Money himself, and was very earnest in soliciting all the Bishops and Peers who came to the Parliament at Westminster, to contribute something toward it; all which is gratefully acknowledged by the University, in their 
t Epist. Acad. Oxon. 26.  Letters to him.  

And Two hundred Marks to the public Chest of the University.  He also gave Two hundred Marks to the public Chest of the University, which he ordered to be kept by three Masters of Arts, two Regent's and one Non-regent, who were to be chosen yearly▪ and were bound by an Oath to the faithful discharge of that Trust, out 
With the Method of its disposal,  of which the University might borrow for the public use Five Pounds, every particular College Five Marks, a Master of Arts Forty Shillings, a Licentiate or Bachelor Two Marks, and an Undergraduate One; with this Condition, That every one should deposit a sufficient Pawn, which, if the Money were not repaid within a Month, was to be forfeited.  

Besides the Decree mentioned concerning graduated Dignitaries.  He also did the University a signal piece of service by that Decree, which we mentioned before, concerning the bestowing Benefices upon those only that had taken Degrees which was made by the Synod at his intercession. For they esteemed it as a singular kindness, and often 
u Epist. Acad. Oxon 1. 124, 125, 143, 144. in Archiu.  returned him thanks upon this account with the highest expressions of gratitude; for before this Constitution was made, Men, though they had attained to the knowledge of all Sciences, spent their whole Life in the University. These and many other Favours conferred by him upon the University, are honourably mentioned by them in their Letters; and that the memory of them might remain for ever, it was ordained by a 
x Stat. cist. Chich▪ in Archiv.  public Decree, that his Name should be registered 
His Name decreed to be Registered among the Benefactors of Oxford University.  among their Benefactors, and read every Year in the Public Schools by the Chaplain of the University, and that a solemn Mass should be said for him on the Anniversary of his Death.  
All this was justly due to him, who had increased the glory of the University by 
Having founded two Colleges, etc.  the soundation of two Colleges, and by so many public Benefactions, beside his private Charities to many poor Students, to whom he allowed yearly Stipends, as appears out of his private Accounts.  


He adorned the Cathedral of Canterbury.  
Repaired Christ's Church there, building and furnishing a Library, etc.   Beside this, he very much adorned his Cathedral Church of Canterbury; he there laid out a great deal of Money in repairing Christ's Church, and building a Library and Steeple; he also gave a great many Jewels and Ornaments to that Church, and furnished the Library with many valuable Books in all kinds of Learning; which are all reckoned up in a public Instrument made by the Prior and Monks of Canterbury, and described among the public Acts of that Church; in which they promise on their part that his Body should be laid in the Tomb that he had caused to be built on the North side of the Chancel, and that no one beside should ever be buried in that place, which they and their Successors would take care to see performed.  
He also gave very liberally toward 
Gave liberally towards the building of Croyden Church, and Rochester Bridge.  the building of Croyden Church▪ and Rochester Bridge. I omit the rest of his Benefactions, lest the enumeration of every smaller Deed of Charity should seem to detract from the glory of his more Illustrious Actions.  
Thus having left the Monuments of his Piety and Liberality in all Places, being worn out with Age, he departed this Life on the 12th of April, in the 
His Death, Apr. 12. 1443. and magnificent Burial.  Year 1443. His Body was laid in the Tomb which he had built himself, as we said before, in the upper part of which is his Statue very handsomely cut in White Marble, and on the side of it this Epitaph is written.  


Hic jacet HENRICUS CHICHELE Legum Doctor, quondam Cancellarius Sarum, qui anno septimo Henrici IV. Regis ad Gregorium Papam XII. in ambasciata transmissus, in civitate Senensi per manus ejusdem Papae in Menevensem Episcopum consecratus est: Hic etiam Henricus anno secundo Henrici quinti Regis in hac sancta Ecclesia in Archiepiscopum postulatus, & à Joanne Papa XXIII. ad eandem translatus est, qui obiit anno Domini millesimo quadringentesimo quadragesimo tertio, mensis Aprilis die XII.   

Here lies HENRY CHICHELE Doctor of Laws and sometime Chancellor of Salisbury, who in the Seventh Year of King Henry the Fourth, was sent Ambassador to Pope Gregory the XIIth. and was consecrated Bishop of S. David's by the hands of the Pope in the City of Sienna. The said Henry in the Second Year of King Henry the Fifth, was demanded for Archbishop in this Holy Church, and translated to it by Pope John the Twenty third. He died in the Year of our Lord 1443. on the 12th of April.    

Soon after which, a Fatal Change in England.  Soon after his death followed a very deplorable Turn in the State of this Kingdom. For Queen Margaret, a Woman of a Masculine Spirit, by the assistance and Counsels of William Pole Duke of Suffolk, got the Government of the King, and the whole management 

Which came to be governed by Queen Margaret.  
Whence the Kingdom was divided, and the People oppressed.  
The French also under a Female Revolt to King Charles.  
Normandy, than Aquitain lost, after 300 years' possession.   of the Kingdom into her own hands; upon which the Nobility was divided into Factions, and drew along with them the rest of the People who were oppressed with Exactions. The French also who were under the English Dominion being encouraged by our Divisions, revolted to King Charles, and first we lost Normandy, and then all Aquitain, which we had held ever since the time of King Henry the Second, almost Three hundred years. The Kingdom was embroiled in Civil Dissensions within, and laboured under a Foreign War without. For the Kentish men under Jack Cade 
Jack Cade 's Insurrection.  took Arms, and raised an Insurrection; the French invaded the Coast of Kent on one side, and the Scots on the other ravaged the Northern Borders; and to complete all our Miseries, the Family 

The French invade Kent, and the Scots the Borders.  
The Civil War from the House of York, in which King Henry was imprisoned, exiled, deprived of Crown and Life by Edward the Fourth.  
Our Chichele's Wisdom supported the Kingdom. From the Calamities of which he was by his happy Fate delivered.   of York took occasion from hence to raise that lamentable Civil War, in which King Henry being twice taken Prisoner in the Field, forced to fly out of England, and by the mockery of Fortune restored again to his Kingdom, was at last deprived both of Life and Crown by Edward the Fourth. If we consider all these things, Henry Chichele died in a very seasonable time, and deserved of Posterity a Character both of Wisdom, seeing the Kingdom which had been supported by his Counsels, fell with him, and also of Happiness, in that God Almighty did not suffer him to live to see the Calamities that were just coming upon the Kingdom.  
WHAT is here related concerning the Government of the Church or Kingdom in general, is taken from the English and French Historians, who wrote of the Affairs of those Times. The rest of the Story relating to the Church of England, and to Henry Chichele in particular, is taken out of the Books of the public Acts of the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, which are carefully kept by the Vicar-general's Secretary, and out of some Manuscripts which Sir Robert Cotton furnished me with; This I thought fit to acquaint the Reader withal, as well that he might be satisfied of the authority of those things that are here delivered, as that I might not be forced to crowd the Margin with Author's Names and Quotations.  
FINIS.   

THE TABLE TO THE Life of Archbishop CHICHELE.  

BOrn at Higham-Ferrars in Northamptonshire, Page 1  
Made Fellow of New-College, Oxford, by William of Wyckam, Ibid.  
Went to live with Medeford Bishop of Sarum, 2  
Made Archdeacon of Sarum, Ibid.  
Then Chancellor of the same, 3  
Parson of Odyham, Ibid.  
And chief Executor to his Benefactor, Ibid.  
Sent Ambassador by Henry the Fourth to Pope Gregory the Twelfth, 4  
By whom made Bishop of St. David's, 5  
Accordingly took the Canonical Oath in England, 6  
Scent Delegate to the General Council at Pisa, Ibid.  
Held to Reconcile the Competitors for the Popedom, 7  
Boniface the Eighth deposed, Ibid.  
Clement the Fifth elected Pope, Ibid.  
Who with six Successors, all French, resided at Avignon for seventy Years, 8  
Most of them hated by the Italians for their Nation, or vicious Lives, Ibid.  
The Clementines added to the Canon Law, Ibid.  
Pope Gregory returned to Rome, 9  
Was succeeded by Urban the Sixth. Ibid.  
For whose Rigour and Pride, Clement the Sixth was set up against him, 10  
Urban, for preferring the Base, and fomenting of Wars, called Turbanus; a perverse and most cruel Pope, Ib.  
Clement not far short of Him in wickedness, 11  
Urban succeeded by Boniface the Ninth, and Ib.  
Clement by Benedict the Third. Both worse than the former, Ib.  
Boniface more Politician than Grammarian, 12  
Imposed the Tax of Annates on the Clergy, Ib.  
Suffered Bishoprics to be sold by Auction, Ib.  
Sold the same Livings twice to several Chapmen, 13  
Yet made the Purchaser swear he came fairly by it, Ib.  
Made poor Petitioners pay a Floren apiece, Ib.  
Enquired after Gifts in the time of Divine Service, Ib.  
Had no comfort when dying, but in Money, Ib.  
Defended by the Lawyers, Ib.  
But opposed by the Divines, 14  
Benedict the like spiritual Robber, Ib.  
Boniface compared to an Ox, Benedict to a wild Beast, 15  
The Cardinal's Oath upon Boniface's death to resign if chosen, Ib.  
Boniface succeeded by Innocent the Seventh, who broke his Oath, 16  
A great Canonist, debauched and covetous, Ib.  
On his death the Oath repeated with Imprecations, Ib.  
Gregory the Twelfth succeeded, Ib.  
Who treated with Benedict for the Church's peace, 17  
And for a Resignation by them both at Savona, Ib.  
Sends to Charles the Sixth of France about the same Affair, 18  
Gregory harshly treated his Ambassadors at their return, Ib.  
Drew back and shuffled, Ib.  
Then plainly refused to stand to the Agreement, Ib.  
Hearing Benedict was come to Savona, he comes to Sienna, 19  
To whom Chichele was one of the Ambassadors from England, and there made Bishop of St. David's, Ib.  
Pope Gregory goes to Lucca, Ib.  
Refuses to go to Savona, Ib.  
Trinkles with Benedict, is for his Hypocrisy called Errorius, Ib.  
The Cardinals displeased for his promoting Condelmarius, 20  
His own Party fly to Pisa, Ib.  
They appeal from him to Christ, a general Council, and the next Pope, Ib.  
This justified by Panormitan, Ib.  
Both Popes accused of Perjury by the best Canonists, 21  
The Cardinal's leaving the Pope, grateful to the Christian Princes, Ib.  
The Kings of England and France withdrew their Obedience from both the Popes, Ib.  
At the Request of the Cardinal's Letters English Money withheld, 22  
The French King withdraws Obedience to Benedict, defended by Baldus, 23  
Two Bull-Carriers (the Pope's Emissaries) were ignominiously treated at Paris, Ib.  
Charles the Fourth of France did neither regard the Church, nor his own Kingdom, Ib.  
Whose Son's Successor Robert of Bavaria King of the Romans siding with Gregory, chiefly fomented the Church Divisions, 24  
The Emperors than were degenerated, Ib.  
When their Power was most requisite to rectify the Pope's mismanagement, Ib.  
Gregory Renounced by his Cardinals at Pisa, 25  
Who with those of Benedict, deprived them both of the Papacy, 26  
For which some worldly Divines charged them with Schism, Ib.  
King of England and France, etc. favour the Cardinals, and their aforesaid Sentence in Council, 28  
Which the Cardinal of Bourdeaux with great zeal got ratified in England, Ib.  
H. Chichele one of the Delegates to Pisa, 29  
Before whom and Associates a Learned Sermon preached, Ib.  
Bishop of Sarum, another Delegate, made an eloquent Oration in the Council of Pisa, 30  
Where both Popes were pronounced perjured, etc. and Alexander the Fifth elected, 31  
Who, when a Boy, had begged from door to door, Ib.  
Afterwards his Parts known, sent to Oxford, Ib.  
Then made Archbishop of Milan; and created Cardinal by Innocent the Seventh, Ib.  
Alexander was too honest, studious and Monastic to be politically qualified for the Chair, 32  
'Tis thought he was poisoned, Ib.  
He was succeeded by John the Twenty Third, Ib.  
A Papal Triumvirate, Ib.  
H. Chichele returns from his Embassy, 33  
Was diligent in his Function, Ib.  
Allegiance sworn to Henry the Fifth before his Coronation, 34  
That King sent our Henry Ambassador to the French King and Duke of Burgundy, Ib.  
To the former, for a Treaty of Peace, 35  
To the latter about a Marriage, Ib.  
Whilst the King seemed more inclinable to the French King's Daughter, 36  
H. Chichele chosen Precedent of the Council, Ib.  
The Monks desire leave to elect an Archbishop of Canterbury, Ib.  
And Canonically demanded H. Chichele, 37  
Which Custom was introduced by Papal Ambition, 38  
H. Chichele expects the Pope's leave, 39  
To obtain which, Proxies are sent to Rome, Ib.  
With the King's Letters in his favour, Ib.  
The Pope divorced H. Chichele from St. David's, 40  
Made him Archbishop by way of provisor, Ib.  
But he was first to be sworn to the Infallible Chair, Ib.  
The Pall, denoting full power over the other Bishops, 41  
Delivered him in the King's Palace of Sutton, 42  
Where he took the Oath of Obedience, Ib.  
The Pope gave the Church, but the King could only give the Land, 43  
Which was done after renouncing of the Clauses▪ derogatory to the King's Power, Ib.  
For his Patent he paid Six hundred Marks, 44  
Secured the Church from the Envy of the two Houses, Ib.  
Being formerly voted to supply King Henry the Fourth by the Church's Wealth, Ib.  
Whilst the Church paid Tenths oftener than the Laity did Fifteenths, etc. 45  
Which Consideration, but chiefly the Intercession of his Predecessor with the King, had then averted the storm, Ib.  
Another Address of the Commons against the Clergy, Ib.  
Which was designed, as the then Bishop alleged, for the enriching themselves, 46  
King of France, said he, has not a Noble now of the Revenues of the monasteries that were brought to the Exchequer, Ib.  
The Petition rejected. Ib.  
Henry the Fourth averse to Wickliff's Doctrine, abetted by the Petitioners, 47  
In Henry the Fifth's time the Address renewed, Ib.  
To avoid which the Clergy resolved to give the King Money for a War with France, Ib.  
For which a Synod is called at London, 48  
The Title of the Kings of England to France, Ib.  
Claimed by Edward the Third, Ib.  
Whose Competitor was Philip de Valois, Ib.  
King Edward claiming by's Mother, rejected under pretence of the Salic Law, assumed the Title, 49  
Successfully invaded France, and entailed the Quarrel, Ib.  
Richard the Second waved the Quarrel, Ib.  
Henry the Fourth was diverted by Intestine Commotions, Ib.  
But the happy Juncture was in Henry the Fifth's time, Ib.  
As Chichele thought, for a more glorious Diversion, Ib.  
His Speech to the King for that purpose, 50  
Accommodates himself to the King's Heroic Temper, Ib.  
Thinks France no less than the Envy of the World, 51  
Represents the King's Right, Ib.  
And insinuates the Injuries done his French Provinces, Ib.  
The Salic Law an Obtrusion, 52  
And a Cheat to debar the Female-Line, Ib.  
Not made by Pharamont, as pretended, Ib.  
Put Four hundred years after him, and in Germany, 53  
If it obliges the French, it relates to private Inheritances only; for, Ib.  
In dispute, one French King never used it against another; for Ib.  
Pepin claimed by a Female, 54  
And so did Hugh Capet, Ib.  
And by the like Lewis the Tenth confirmed his Right, Ib.  
This Law made a Bugbear to Foreigners, contemned by themselves, 55  
'Tis contrary to the Civil Law, and Ib.  
The Constitutions of most Nations, Ib.  
And to the Divine Law, 56  
Jesus Christ the Lawful Heir, by his Mother of the Jewish Kingdom, Ib.  
The French rather deny the Bible, than submit to a Foreign Prince, 57  
The Salic Law literally excludes not the Sons of Females, 58  
And is to be taken in the most favourable sense, 60  
The Archbishop asserts the King's Call as well as Right to France, Ib.  
With other great Encouragements to the Expedition, Ib.  
Success a Good Sign in the Virtuous and Brave, 61  
But the Earl of Westmoreland advises a War with the Scots, Ib.  
From the Roman Example to begin with the lesser Enemy, Ib.  
And the readiness of Provisions for the latter, 62  
With the easiness of the Victory, Ib.  
The justice and necessity of the War, Ib.  
The Earl Answered by Jo. Duke of Exeter, 63  
That the Scot's Strength (lying in the French) ought to be first attaqued, Ib.  
France once conquered, the Scots will be helpless, Ib.  
Advised to hinder the Scots Attempts in the King's absence, Ib.  
Which Opinion highly applauded, Ib.  
And War with France was the Cry of the House, 64  
The Archbishop's renowned for the wisdom of his Counsel, 65  
The King provides an Army and Navy, Ib.  
Sends Ambassadors to demand France, Ib.  
The Army's Rendezvouz at Southampton, 66  
The French Ambassadors, in Answer, offer the French King's Daughter in Marriage, Ib.  
Their Conditions not thought honourable by the King,  
The Archbishop s more full Answer, 67  
That the French King had not answered King Henry's Demand, Ib.  
Who insisted only on the Dominions his Ancestors had enjoyed, 68  
Which Answer the King confirms, Ib.  
The French Ambassadors remanded, Ib.  
The King sets sail, 69  
Takes Harflew, Ib.  
Defeats the French at Agincourt, Ib.  
Of whom Ten thousand are slain, Ib.  
And many Noble Prisoners, Ib.  
In the King's absence, the Archbishop arms the Clergy in Kent, Ib.  
Calls a Synod, 70  
In which two Tenths are granted for the War, Ib.  
Another Synod, 71  
Christendom divided between Three Popes, Ib.  
By two of whom the Council of Pisa refused, Ib.  
A General Council appointed by the Third, Ib.  
The Archbishop appears at Constance by Proxy, 72  
Their Charges 2 d. per l. out of the Clergy's Revenues, Ib.  
The Emperor comes to England as Mediator, 73  
Whereupon the Delegates are pressed to Constance, Ib.  
Where a Decree passed about Wills and Administration, Ib.  
That 5 s. shall be paid for a Probate, Ib.  
And that the Clergy shall bring in the Tenth six months' sooner, Ib.  
The Mediation in vain between the Two Kingdoms, 74  
Harfleu being besieged, and Four hundred English slain by the French, Ib.  
Wherefore the King sends his Brother the Duke of Bedford, to Normandy, Ib.  
Presents the Emperor with the Garter, Ib.  
And conducts him to Calais, Ib.  
The Emperor goes to Constance, Ib.  
The Archbishop goes to France, 75  
Ambassadors from the French to King Henry at Calais, Ib.  
Who returning got a Supply from the Parliament, Ib.  
And Two Tenths from the Synod, 76  
The King setting sail, left the Duke of Bedford Vicegerent, Ib.  
The Archbishop interdicts the Church of St. Dunstan's, 77  
Excommunicates the Criminals, viz. Ib.  
Lord Strange, Lady and Servants, Ib.  
The two former with Tapers, and all in their Shirts and Drawers only, did processional Penance from St. Paul's to St. Dunstan's; for purification of which the Lady filled the Vessels with water, 77, 78  
At Constance they dispute about a new Pope, Ib.  
And against John Wickliff, Ib.  
By whom the Seeds of sound Doctrine had been dispersed, Ib.  
Particularly among the Bohemians, Ib.  
Wickliff pronounced Heretic, 79  
And decreed that his Bones be taken up and burnt, Ib.  
And his Followers be prosecuted as Heretics, Ib.  
John Huss, and Jerom of Prague, condemned to Flames, Ib.  
Whose death made the Emperor and Council infamous, Ib.  
The public Faith being shamefully violated, the Bohemians revenge it, Ib.  
The Council decreed; Faith is not to be kept with Heretics, 80  
Of which the Papists ashamed, kept it to Luther and others, Ib.  
Pope John the Twenty third charged for not leaving the Papacy, 81  
And accused before the Council of Adultery, Incest, Witchcraft, etc. Ib.  
Gregory by Proxy resign's the Chair, as did also Benedict, 82  
At Constance a Council is decreed superior to the Pope, Ib.  
Five Nations composed the Council, Ib.  
Martin Vᵗʰ. elected Pope, 83  
The Decree of the Council's Power repealed by Leo the Tenth, Ib.  
A Council not to be restrained by a new Pope; 85  
And that, on the Pope's death, a new Election belongs to the Council, Ib.  
Yet during that of Trent, the Cardinals chose Paul the Third, Ib.  
That of Constance gave order about 't h M due by England to Rome, 86  
The Election of Pope Martin was mightily liked, Ib.  
London Synod grants the King two Tenths, 87  
By a Decree therein Students of both Universities were provided for, Ib.  
Which was opposed and laid aside, 89  
Pope Martin at pleasure filled the Episcopal Sees in England, Ib.  
Whose Clergy were quiet during the Council of Constance, Ib.  
Martin first claimed an universal Right of Presentation, 90  
In two years made thirteen Bishops in the See of Canterbury, Ib.  
His Appropriations censured, Ib.  
The English neglected in the Grants of the Roman Dignities, 91  
Martin afterwards agreed to some redress, Ib.  
In uniting Parishes, Ib.  
And for a power to Bishops therein, Ib.  
For avoiding the Unions made in time of the Schism, Ib.  
For recalling Dispensations for nonresidence, Ib.  
For lessening the Number of Cardinals, and for their equal promotion, Ib.  
The King required that Pope not to meddle with his Presentations, 92  
That no French be preferred in Aquitain, etc. Ib.  
That Irish Livings be given to those that understand English, Ib.  
That the Bishops there promote the English Speech only, Ib.  
That French be not preferred to Monasteries in England, Ib.  
That the Pope supply the King with some of the English Money, Ib.  
The Pope not answering favourably, 'twas declared the King would take his course, 93  
The French and Germans declare against the Pope's Provisions, Ib.  
The former revived the Laws to restrain him, Ib.  
That if he were refractory, they'd disown him, Ib.  
The Pope's Interdict of the Church of Lions removed by the Parliament of Paris, Ib.  
An Appeal from the King to the Pope High Treason, Ib.  
The Oppressed Germane not redressed, 94  
The King besieges Rouen, the Capital City of Normandy, Ib.  
Proposal of a Treaty betwixt England and France, Ib.  
From our King were sent the Archbishop and Earl of Warwick, 95  
And Cardinal Ursini, as Mediator from the Pope, Ib.  
The Commissioners did not conclude, Ib.  
Our King demanded a Million of Crowns, Normandy, Aquitain, and Ponthieu Dowry with his Mistress, Ib.  
The French straitened, refused all Terms, Ib.  
Rouen holds out obstinately, 96  
Where 'tis said an Apple was sold for 3 s. a Dog for 10 S. Ib.  
The Citizens helpless, their King being Lunatic, and the Kingdom in a Civil War, Ib.  
Upon suit made, they surrendered, paying 365000 Crowns, 97  
Here the King settled his Exchequer and Courts for the Affair of Normandy, Ib.  
Took Meudon and Pontoise by storm; and others by surrender, Ib,  
Half a Tenth granted the King in a Synod, where Walker a Priest convicted of Witchcraft, for which he abjured, and some of Wickliff's Followers recanted, 98, 99  
Processions for the King's Success, with whom the Duke of Burgundy made a private League; who then had King, Queen and Daughter of France in's power, 100  
Our King at Troy's marries the said Daughter Catharine, on agreement, himself should be Regent, and their Children succeed to the Crown of France, Ib.  
These Conditions ratified, the Archbishop goes to France to congratulate the King, 100, 101  
Who goes against the Dauphin his only Enemy, Ib.  
Took Montereau, Ib.  
Melun surrendered, 102  
The King returns to England, Ib.  
Processions for four days, Ib.  
Queen Catharine Crowned, Ib.  
The Synod gives a Tenth, on condition, that it should be Felony to geld a Priest, Ib.  
Moved to publish a late Decree with a Clause in favour of Monks and Priests, Ib.  
Decreed a Bishop take only 12 s. for Institution, and an Archdeacon for Induction, 104  
Pope Martin denied Money besides the Tenths, etc. in order to unite the two Churches of France and England, Ib.  
The Archbishop recalls the Judges from the Conquests, and commanded the French to obey their Ordinaries, 105  
The King hastens to France on his Brother's death, Ib.  
His Son Henry born at Windsor, Ib.  
The Queen recovered, goes to France, Ib.  
Pavia chosen by Pope Martin for a General Council, according to that of Constance, 106  
A Provincial Synod at London, Ib.  
Whence Delegates were designed, Ib.  
But through Benedict the Thirteenth's Interest the Pavian Council is dissolved, called to Sienna, and seven years after to Basil, 107  
H. Webb for preaching without Orders, whipped in three principal Cities, Ib.  
William Tailor's honest Principles condemned as impious, 108  
King Henry the Fifth dies of a Fever at Bois de Vinciennes, 109  
For which his Father-in-law pining away, died with grief within twenty days, 110  
The King's Body buried at Westminster, Ib.  
His Brothers were left his Son Henry's Guardians, Ib.  
Great loss of a King so virtuous, so generally and princely qualified; of singular good fortune and esteem thereupon, Ib.  
Duke of Gloucester calls a Parliament, 111  
The hopes the Archbishop conceived of young King Henry, Ib.  
Three Reasons for calling the Parliament, viz. to assign the King Governors, and consult about the Peace, and for the defence of the Realm, 112  
Jethro 's Advice, Ib.  
The Duke of Gloucester confirmed Protector, and the Archbishop named First of the Council, 113  
But he retired to his Function, Ib.  
Founded a College at Higham Ferrer, Ib.  
And a large Hospital, 114  
The Considerable Revenues of which were augmented by his Brothers Robert and William, Ib.  
A Synod held by him at London, Ib.  
The Dauphin crowned King of France at Poitiers, Ib.  
Whereupon preparation was made for War, 115  
The Regent of France and Duke of Burgundy oppose the Dauphin, Ib.  
The former sent for Supplies from England, Ib.  
The Bishop of Winchester moves for Money in the Synod, Ib.  
Which now wants Henry the Fifth, 116  
As Henry the Sixth is like to go without their Money, the Clergy's Estates being already so much drained, and Livings fallen so low, Ib.  
Being also alleged, that the power of granting Tenths was taken away, Ib.  
The Bishop succeeded no better in the Lower House; and so the Synod was adjourned, 116, 117  
At the next Sessions half a Tenth was granted by the Higher House on condition the Proctors consented; but refused by the Lower House, Ib.  
The Synod dissolved, Ib.  
At the next half a Tenth's given with much ado, 118  
Hoke and Drayton's Heresy; and Russell denies personal Tithes to be Jure Divino, 118, 119  
In his absence proclaimed an Heretic, and prosecuted at Rome, 119, 120  
Afterwards he abjured his Error in England, 120  
H. Beaufort Bishop of Winchester, an open Enemy to the Lord Protector, 121  
Great Parties on each side appear in the Streets of London, Ib.  
The Archbishop interposed, Ib.  
They then laid down their Arms, 122  
The Bishop of Winchester accuses the Protector to the Duke of Bedford, Ib.  
Who hastens into England, Ib.  
Calls a Parliament, Ib.  
Finds out the causes of the Quarrel, and inclines them to the arbitration of the Archbishop and Duke of Exeter, etc. 123  
Their Reconciliation confirmed by the Votes of the whole Parliament, which granted Money for Levying Men, Ib.  
And half a Tenth granted in the Synod, 124  
Bishop of Winchester made Cardinal, Ib.  
The Cap, with a Legacy for England, had been promised him by John the Twenty third, Ib.  
But the Archbishop had shown that the Pope's Legates derogated from the Royal Dignity, etc. Ib.  
Which he did in a Letter to the King, 125  
Wherein there is a Specimen of the English Language at that time, Ib.  
No Suit to be made to the Pope, after Election, till the Pope has wrote to the King, and has got an Answer, 126  
A Pope's Legate in England durante vitâ, without Precedent, 128  
The Doctrine and Discipline of the Church dispensable by the Ordinaries, etc. not Legates, Ib.  
The Archbishop sends a Minute of the Legate's Office or Instructions to the King, 129  
Such Legacies are extraordinary, and not without great and notable cause; and no resident above two Months at most, Ib.  
The Instructions to be express and limited, Ib.  
He deprecates the Oppressions and cormorant Exactions of the Legates, 130  
Upon this Letter the King forbade the Bishop of Winchester the Cardinal's Cap. 131  
After the King's death he is created Cardinal, 132  
For whom our Pious Henry Archbishop is mistaken, [in Antiquit. Britan.] Ib.  
A vigorous Defender of the King's Authority, Ib.  
Whence he incurred the displeasure of Pope Martin the Fifth, Ib.  
The Archbishop's Character from Oxford, 133  
Great Intercession made for him, Ib.  
Bishop of Winchester is Legate in England, with a Faculty, Ib.  
So exercised the Power, that he was styled the Rich Cardinal, 134  
The Cardinal opposed by R. Caudray the King's Proctor, Ib.  
Promises not to exercise his Office without the King's leave, Ib.  
Laid down the Office of Chancellor, as obliged; But kept his Place in the Council, with exception, 135  
The Pope raised him against the Bohemians, who had pulled down the Monasteries, etc. 136  
The Cardinal made General in the Bohemian War, etc. Ib.  
He could pardon Rapes on Nuns, etc. Ib.  
He was to demand a Tenth of the English Clergy for the War, Ib.  
In the next Synod half a Tenth is given the King, 137  
And in another a Tenth and an half, Ib.  
Duke of Bedford had besieged Orleans, Ib.  
For those Grants, the Members of the Synod, etc. were freed from Arrests, 138  
The Pope's Nuntio prevailed not in the Synod, Ib.  
For showing his Letters for a Tenth, he was denied, but got 8 d. per Mark from Livings, with a Saluâ praerogatiuâ Regiâ, Ib.  
Heresy in holding the Pope to be Antichrist, etc. 139  
Some recanted, others were imprisoned, Ib.  
Joan Dertford, by means of her Answer, acquitted, Ib.  
The Ordinaries charged to persecute the Wicklevists and Lollards, Ib.  
And Process ordered to be formed against them, 140  
Pope Martin troubled that he obtained not the Tenths, Ib.  
That his Bull was opposed at York, Ib.  
That his Legate was imprisoned, Ib.  
He expostulated with the Duke of Bedford, Ib.  
The Pope is diverted with the prospect of the Council of Basil, 141  
Wherefore Delegates are chosen in a Synod at London with 2 d. per l. Charges, Ib.  
Their Instructions did run against Pluralities, and Nonresidence, etc. Ib.  
The Synod gave the King a Tenth for the Siege of Orleans, 141, 142  
Many other Towns revolted, Ib.  
And many English slain at Patau, Ib.  
The Synod decreed just Weights, Ib.  
Popes generally afraid of Councils, Ib.  
Martin appoints a Precedent, 143  
The Pope dies before he took his Place, Ib.  
Eugenius the Fourth succeeds him; and continues the Precedent who was his Legate, Ib.  
The Pope adjudged subject to the Council, etc. 144  
By their supreme Authority, the Council makes a Legate of Avignon, etc. Ib.  
The Pope alarmed, removes the Council to Bologne, Ib.  
Is opposed, Ib.  
Delegates from London Synod to the Council of Basil, and others to the Pope, Ib.  
Half a Tenth given the King, 145  
William Lyndewood Keeper of the Privy Seal, writ excellent Commentaries on the English Constitutions, 145, 146  
And was styled, the Light of the Law, Ib.  
Complaint in the Synod against the Vicar's General, etc. Ib.  
Decreed, that a Judge of a Spiritual Court must have some degree of the Law, Ib.  
Archbishop of York as Cardinal, claimed precedence of Canterbury, 147  
The Archbishop of Canterbury on the contrary by ancient Prerogative, Ib.  
Referred to the Pope, Ib.  
The Arguments for Canterbury urgent, Ib.  
Overborne in the Cardinal's favour, 148  
A Synod called at London on occasion of the difference between the Pope and Council, 149  
The Pope is summoned to Basil, Ib.  
Of which London Synod consults, 150  
And what Pope they should obey, if another be set up, Ib.  
Alleged 1st, that the Pope might dissolve a Council; and if another be set up, the Synod is to obey Eugenius, Ib.  
By which they resent a Decree made at Basil, transferring Votes from the Nations to a few Delegates, Which was protested against on the place, 150, 151  
Eight new Delegates nominated, Ib.  
King Charles crowned at Rheims, Ib.  
A new Army against France designed, 152  
Money desired of the Synod, Ib.  
After a denial, they gave three quarters of a Tenth, Ib.  
The Grievances of the Church at that time, 153  
The Archbishop zealous to rescue her from the Oppressions of the Lawyers, Ib.  
By reason of the Plague, the Synod dissolved, Ib.  
The Duke of Burgundy revolts to the French, and Bedford dies, 154  
The former occasioned the ill success of the Treaty at Arras, Ib.  
The English driven out of Paris, etc. Ib.  
And generally the French surrendered to Charles, 155  
A new English Army set sail for Calais, Ib.  
The Clergy grant a Tenth, Ib.  
The Archbishop built a stately Edifice at Oxford, 156  
Gave it to the Monks of St. Bernard, Ib.  
Seized in Henry the Eighth's time, 157  
Purchased by Thomas White, Merchant, who founded there St. John the Baptist's College, Ib.  
From whence came many Reformers, Ib.  
The Archbishop chose another place for a College, Ib.  
The Edict of the Council of Basil against the Pope, backed by the Emperor, 158  
The Council's Translation revoked, Ib.  
Ambassadors to the Council from Greece and Constantinople, where the Emperor and Patriarch designed to be present, if the Council would secure them, and defray their Charges, Ib.  
Which was agreed, Ib.  
But on Sigismond's death the Pope removes the Council to Ferrara, whether he summoned the Bishops from England, 159  
This opposed by the Council, Ib.  
King Charles of France puts forth the Pragmatical Sanction against Annates, etc. 160  
Which curbed the Pope's Power there, till the time of Lewis the Twelfth, Ib.  
The English generally sided with the Pope, Ib.  
King Henry sent Ambassadors to Ferrara, Ib.  
But their allowance was disputed, Ib.  
The Pope gives away the Bishopric of Ely, in Commendam, 161  
The Archbishop in Synod opposes the Affair, which was frustrated by the Survivorship of the then Bishop, Ib.  
Proposed in Synod to renew a Decree, that those not in Orders should not be beneficed, Ib.  
Wherein the King concurred; and obtained it. Ib.  
The Council begun at Ferrara, by occasion of the Plague removed to Florence, 162  
Where the Greeks present submitted in Opinion to the Latins, Ib.  
Which so offended the Greek Church, that after their death they were not allowed Christian Burial, Ib.  
The Council of Basil maintained its Authority, Ib.  
Deposed the Pope, Ib.  
(The English going to Ferrara) 163  
And by the Deputies of four other Nations, Felix the Fifth elected Pope, Ib.  
A defence of the Council at Basil, Ib.  
The high Character of Lodovic. Romanus, 164  
In the next Age the Council of Basil is condemned, 166  
A Synod called at London, where the Statute of Praemunire is reckoned a lamentable Church-Grievance; in so far as a▪ Suit in an Ecclesiastical Court is construed a suing in Rome, 166, 167  
They petition the King to limit the Penalties to those who sue in a Foreign Court strictly taken, Ib.  
The King promises them impunity till a Parliament be called, 168  
This Answer procured the King a Tenth, Ib.  
The Archbishop prayed the King to suffer his College, almost finished, to be founded in his Royal Name, 169  
Letters Patent accordingly granted; Ib.  
The Chapel consecrated, Ib.  
A Warden of the College made, and twenty choice Fellows, with power to elect twenty more for Divinity and Sciences, and the Civil and Canon Law, 170  
Wherefore the Archbishop called the College All Souls, etc. Ib.  
Prescribed them Statutes, Ib.  
Was very liberal to Oxford and Canterbury Church, 171  
Laid out a great Sum on the Structure begun by the Duke of Gloucester, and two hundred Marks to the public Chest of the University, 171, 172  
With the Method of its disposal, besides the Decree mentioned concerning graduated Dignitaries, Ib.  
His Name decreed to be Registered among the Benefactors of Oxford University, 173  
Having founded two Colleges, etc. Ib.  
He adorned the Cathedral of Canterbury, 174  
Repaired Christ's Church there, building and furnishing a Library, etc. Ib.  
Gave liberally towards the building of Croyden Church, and Rochester Bridge, Ib.  
His Death, Ap. 12. 1443. and magnificent Burtal, 175  
Soon after which, a Fatal Change in England, 176  
Which came to be governed by Queen Margaret, Ib.  
Whence the Kingdom was divided, and the People oppressed, Ib.  
The French also under a Female, Revolt to King Charles, Ib.  
Normandy, than Aquitain lost, after 300 years' possession, Ib.  
Jack Cade 's Insurrection, 177  
The French invade Kent, and the Scots the Borders, Ib.  
The Civil War from the House of York, in which King Henry was imprisoned, exiled, deprived of Crown and Life by Edward the Fourth. Ib.  
Our Chichele's Wisdom supported the Kingdom, Ib.  
From the Calamities of which he was by his happy Fate delivered, Ib.   
FINIS.   

ERRATA of Moment are these Two.  
PAge 27. line 2. for Bulrush Spears, r. Poisons or Medicines.  
P. 35. l. 14. for Master of the Horse, r▪ Constable.  
Others less material, are left to the Candour of the Reader.   

 

 
† L. Serv●n aux playdoier. vol. 4.