Strange News from th' Indies: OR, East-India Passages further discovered.  
August in Jubilee, 1650. A Jove principium.  
He hath showed thee O man, what is good: And what the Lord doth require of thee: Surely to do justly, and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with thy God; But,  
Because sentence against an evil work is not executed speedily, therefore the heart of the sons of men are fully set in them to do evil.  
As some peradventure upon serious perusal and ponder, may apprehend from this brief, uncouth, and unpollished Discourse; partly discovering  
The Manner, and Tenor of East-India-Trade hitherto: Together, with part of The woeful, and sad sufferings of William Courten Esquire, etc.  
Written for Information, Confirmation, and Confutation: By a constant Well-willer, and continual sufferer for Truth, and public good. J. D.  
Therein imploring and intimating to all in Authority, and others, for speedy Justice; And a right understanding in judgement and practice, and by principles, and grounded reasons, pointing at a foundation, and regulation of that hitherto much abused East-India-Trade, so vast, spacious, necessary, and of extraordinary high concernment to enrich, and advance Kingdoms, and Commonwealths, being the Trade of trades, the Magazeen of Merchandizers, the honour of Nations, and the glory of this world, etc.  
E: C: mrk:  
G C E  


Piety, Policy par pari  
Generalis vicarius Dei in terris No 666 Blaspheny  
Generalis Comitatis East indiae, No 659 Monopoly   utrum: horum Whether barres● better, Wisd. 〈◊〉 Apoc. c. 13. v. ult.  
LONDON, Printed for Stephen Bowtel, at the Bible in Popes-Head-Alley. 1652.   

To all public spirits, and sincere lovers of Truth. More particularly, To the Honourable Henry Darley Esq a Member of Parliament, and Council of State.  
SIR,  
UPon second thoughts, and better advice and consideration, I have altered my resolution; and the general and particular discharge of my duty, and conscience, now prompts me to present you with this Tragical Discourse (being part of the fruits of my 31. years East-India experience and observation) and the rather, because of your known ability and alacrity to public good; as also your serious and often observation of some late passages in relation to the principal suffering subject thereof, (this Commonwealth excepted) whose case and cause seems to cry aloud to heaven and earth for Justice and Judgement, saying, (Care ye not that we perish?) When will it once be, That judgement shall run as a river, and righteousness as a mighty stream: And although a good foundation of East-India Trade was also intended and laid by that Mirror of Merchandizers (and so then an incomparable Commonwealths-man) Sir William Courten Knight, deceased: As appears by his unparallelled Expeditions to the West, as well as the East-Indies (the chiefest desirable Trophies of this whole universe, to advance and enrich a Nation) yet withal to consider how in his life time, himself was unjustly dispossessed of the one by the late King, and his Courtiers, or Favourites: And since how William Courten Esquire, his son, hath likewise been as unjustly oppressed in the other, by the government of an illegal Patent (derived from the same power) to his utter undoing, administers matter of astonishment (yea even to very heathens in my knowledge) Because Justice and Judgement between man and man, is not executed speedily. But lest by my silence I should become accessary to his and others sufferings therefore I tender the disposal of the sequel to your most serious and judicious wisdom and discretion: You may please to perceive with me, that I could have put it in another dress, of a deeper dye, and withal hold the rules of truth and sobriety; but I choose rather to prejudice many by a modest forbearance, then offend any by harsh and unpleasing expressions, conceiving here is matter sufficient to convince the oppressors of the errors of their ways, if they consider (intr. al.) but their last destruction of trade and supplies, and so of the Plantation, and discoveries of Madagascar, and adjacent Islands Assada, and the rest, which is now become their first and only foundation, and best hopes of the present Traders, in order to advance themselves, and this Commonwealth, from the hidden ruin, and remaining basis of the abovesaid parties, as long since they were plainly and truly informed: And I am persuaded Heaven will not always suffer Earth, injurious Earth thus to pass unregarded, unrewarded, but in his due time stir up some in highest Authority, of approved Excellency and Eminency (that knows and remembers they bear not the sword for nought) to question and determine the whole matter, and forthwith order the securing of Carwar, for advance of Trade, and good of this Commonwealth.  
And seeing the principal matters and passages in difference are extrinsecall and extrajudicial, and so (humbly conceived improper for, and remediless here by any Court of Justice or equity (much less for any Commission thence proceeding) because his just right and propriety to Trade, Factories, and Plantations in both Indies, are things in Nature and Eminency coessential and consubstantial to, and with the being, and well-being of a Commonwealth (and so to be accounted) being rather honours and emolluments only proper to the Crown and Dignity of a Nation for protection, defence, and preservation; and in no wise (as formerly) to be referred to the neglect, or weak endeavours of an Incorporation, or particular person for oppression, loss, and destruction, as sundry instances in this ensuing Tract may sufficiently evince: But in this (as in all other) I most humbly submit to better judgements. And seeing moreover, that both the father and the son (at so dear a rate) have opened a door, and prescribed a way for Trade to perpetuity (which no other would, or could do) whereby this Nation in time may become the Mirror and Terror of Kingdoms & Countries, therefore I well hope such deserts (in point of justice and equity, as well as encouragement to others) will not always lie in the dust, but be had in high and honourable esteem & remembrance by the most wise, prudent, and best affected, and rewarded accordingly; Which doubtless will be well pleasing to God, and great rejoicing to good people, and so procure Heaven's blessing upon all your designs, ever accompanying such acts of Justice and Mercy: And these are the prayers, and persuasions, hopes, and earnest desires of him who willingly remains, Sir,  
Your very humble Servant, John Darell.   

Mr. Courten's voluntary and free tender to his Creditors, the 25th. of Febr. 1645.  
Worthy Sirs:  
MY great losses and misfortunes, heightened by the calamities of the times, being too eminently known unto all, (and especially to you my Creditors) who at present are most unhappily become Sufferers with me therein, though much against my will. Yet to the end (that though I perish) you might not be too great loser's by me, my earnest desire is; That you will be pleased to take my languishing, and almost ruined condition into your serious consideration, and that for the remedying thereof, you will be pleased to take my estate into your care and custodies, to prevent the total ruin thereof, and therein the absolute loss of your Debts, which I hope by God's blessing, and your assistance may yet be preserved, if you will vouchsafe to concur with me in the managing and preservation thereof, either in the way I have offered in assigning my estate into your hands, for the good of my Creditors, and for payment of my just Debts; or if you shall dislike that way, in any other way or means you shall direct, that may conduce to that purpose, which is the chiefest aim I have, as shall appear unto you, and all the world if you shall please to accept thereof, and afford your assistance therein.  
What I have suffered already in the perplexity of my soul, since my Father's death, for the effecting thereof, God only yet knows; but I hope my real dealing shall in some measure make it manifest unto you also, if by your favours I may have opportunity so to do. And whereas you may be jealous that the ship William (wherein I have interest) that is gone to Leghorn, was sent thither out of some intent to defraud my Creditors of my estate therein, towards the payment of their just Debts; That I may take off that scruple, I do hereby protest I have no such intention, nor never had, but am and will be willing that my estate therein, shall be assigned to you towards the payment of my just Debts, and that if you will afford me your assistance therein, you shall have a clear discovery thereof, and of all other my estate in the world; And not only so, but shall have my utmost assistance in the getting in the same, wherein you shall find me act the part of a faithful Servant, and prefer my Creditors just satisfaction before my own subsistence, or the being of those that are most near and dear unto me, and in granting this favour, you shall ever oblige  
Your Debtor and Servant, William Courten.   

To the Right Worshipful Ja. Winstanley, Geo. Cotton' Tho. Bales, Esquires, and others, Commissioners and Ingagers concerning (his much honoured friend, and late Imployer) Wil Courten Esquire.  
Gentlemen,  
IT seems pleasing to Providence, and present Authority, to dispose and intrust you with the mannagement of the strangely distracted estate of Mr. Courten; (A matter of moment, and high concernment as well to the Commonwealth in general, as himself and Creditors in particular (as Mr. Courtens foregoing Copy of his proffer to his Creditors, and this ensuing Tract will partly discover) but so intricated, entangled and invested (if not alienated and inverted) that it cannot quickly and easily be apprehended or discerned, what a difficult and uncouth business you have undertaken: But as formerly, so now, my love to truth, and respect to the justness and integrity of his cause, and proceed (as yet I apprehend them) hath moved me to compose this following Discourse, and to the utmost of my ability to inform and possess you and others, of the true state and condition of some foreign and late transactions thereto appertaining (things not frequent in your ordinary practice) lest you or others should be perplexed with suits, or surprised, and circumvented by future Contracts, Concessions, or Conclusions: And this I thought necessary in discharge of my duty, and a good conscience, whether public or private, and very material and pertinent to sundry persons, and present occasions, as hereafter more at large appeareth. And so I humbly refer, and submit my further service, and this sequel to your judicious considerations to command and conceive thereof, as God and your own discretions can best direct you.  
John Darell.   

This ensuing General Discourse brancheth itself in substance (inter alia) into these following particulars. viz.  

The Contents partly these.  
1 THat as the foundation and Government of Dutch East-India Trade, and English East-India Traffic are divers or contrary, so are their successes, even to admiration, which alone would require a large Volume.  
2. That in all Revolutions of Trade, and Times: Infancy, State, and Declination, and since depredations and detentions, China, Portugal, Mallabar, and Madagascar, have much supported their Trade and Shipping.  
3. That by neglect of China and Japan, the Spice Islands, 
Plea National.  and Ormus, with Cashmee Castle, and Customs, with neglect and destruction of Plantations, etc. Trade was lost, Treasure (elsewhere procurable) hence abundantly exhausted; general Adventurers undone, or much impoverished, and Commonwealth thereby abused, and so hitherto continued.  
4 That the expedition of Sir William Courten (if supported) was excellent, Honourable, and profitable to East-India Company, and Commonwealth, but very unkindly requited hitherto, by both injuries and delays, as hereafter plentifully declared, being thereby damnified per English, about 150000. li. As by the Charge, Affidavit, and that cruel, and unreasonable (I say not Hellish Agreement) appeareth, etc. This Agreement was discovered from India, anno 1642. and mightily confirmed there, annis 1643. & 1644. by Actions, Commissions, Orders, Injunctions, Expressions, Detentions, Massacres, and Depredations, etc.  
5 That from the said Expedition, etc. Mr. Courten may justly claim personal and peculiar interest and propriety, 
Plea personal.  (sufficient to employ three or four Ships of good burden yearly) from Dabull, all along the Coast of Mallabar to Cape Cannereene; also Acheen Factory, Ballasore, and China Trade, others there conceived at best (Ballasore excepted) either interlopers, intruders, supplanters, or oppressors, till differences (long depending) by Authority be determined, etc.  
6 That two joint Stocks at least (well regulated) are absolutely necessary, and a foundation free from blood-guiltiness might better be laid, and so expect better success then formerly, as by the three Principles, Carwar considerations, and other ways may plainly be demonstrated.  
7 That the new Modellers (the old Companies nowbest directors) had their induction and instruction from Mr. Courten, and others in relation to him and the Commonwealth, but their unkind retributions, and preventions of further and future discoveries, and informations for general good, deserves a particular Discourse.  
Concluding the Premises with a peremptory (but pertinent and pathetical Letter) intended principally for present securing Carwar, for the recovery and advance of that Trade, and good of this Commonwealth, etc.  
Closing up all with a general Assertion, and particular application of Mr. Courtens interest, and propriety in and to the East and West-Indies, etc.    


East-India-Trade first discovered by the ENGLISH.  
WHen famous Sir Francis Drake (after his return from the South seas Anno 1580.) had here divulged his discovery and treaty there with the King of Ternatte, 
Anno 1580.  and his Orankays or Nobles (being one of the principal Spice-Islands of Molucca, Banda or Amboyna, (the only known places of the world for Nutmegs, Cloves and Mace, 
Plea National.  and a principal foundation of East-India, and all other Trade) thereupon some years after, a vigilant foreseeing neighbour Dutch-Nation (who, like wise Merchants, and careful parents, providing for children's portions and posterity) took the opportunity of advantage of the negligent and inconsiderate English, then and after, altogether for the present:) And the said foreign Nation after some years spent in discovery, to gain a right understanding thereof, at last prosecuted their East-India voyages with one only joint stock of about 600000 li. in a Nationall, free and regulated way, and therewith in forty years gained almost the whole Europian Trade of East-India aforesaid, 
Dutch stock 600000. li. An. 1602.  even to admiration in point of power, honour and profit, so that (communibus annis) 1400000 li. or thereabouts, is conceived returned for Holland (being but the superfluity of their stock of India) besides employment of two hundred, or two hundred and fifty sail of Ships, equal now in burden to four or five hundred of ours, having thereby also gotten and built there, about thirty impregnable Cities, Towns and Castles, 
Dutch-gain, Englands-losse.  besides Conquest and Command of about 30000 miles coasting (with Inland-trade) viz. from the coasts of China, Japan, and Phillippeen Islands Northwards, all along to Cape bon Esperanze Southwards, the whole contents of the Old- East-India Companies Patent or Monopoly.  
Whereas the English being, and for some years continuing in particular running-voyages (only to enrich a few) were afterward reduced to a general joint stock, 
Contrary Constitutions.  or destructive Monopoly of a different or contrary Constitution and Government to the foresaid Dutch or Neighbour-Nation, as might be showed in sundry particulars, and so hath produced different and contrary effects, as appears at this day by the said Companies misemploying or misspending since in one joint stock about 1600000 li. in several joint stocks above 3600000 li. thereby much impoverishing the Nation and Natives by transporting much Boulogne, 
English-stocks 3600000 li.  and native coin (elsewhere procurable) only enriching a few at home and abroad in office and employment; and (which is wonderful) notwithstanding all this time and treasure, hitherto not provided in India with one port, or place of their own for a Rendezvous, or so much as to secure a Ship or Pinnace; 
Company no Rendezvous.  but it is not the Authors intention to make search or scrutiny at this time into this mystery, whether proceeding from reason prevaricated by the particular interests and profits of the Governing-party here, or rather from Deity offended, by the cruel and unreasonable intentions and actions of those in office and authority, both here and elsewhere, belonging to the said Company; for to dip my pen in blood's (from the Old Companies first Adam's at Japan, to Mr. Courtens last Adam at Madagascar or Acheen) would be a sad theme: 
Adam Cx. Adam Cm.  And to speak of unparallelled injuries and oppressiors is no pleasing story, yet duty and necessity (with due respect to truth and sobriety) at present enjoins me (according to my promise in the Frontispiece) to declare somewhat of my long and laborious observation and experience of that hitherto abused East-India-Trade (rather Traffic) as also of the woeful and sad sufferings therein, of William Courten Esquire, his friends and creditors, which are very many and great; only for order's sake reducing the same to three Terminations or Revolutions, Infancy, State, and Declination, therefore ad rem, briefly thus:  
The English being thus improvident, and careless of Cities and Castles ready built, 
Ormus etc. neglected. Plea National.  and the Royalties and Customs thereof (though of extraordinary value and consequence, and properly belonging to the Crown and Dignity of this Commonwealth) and the Dutch Shipping and Trade there, to the Northward (as formerly to the Southward) more and more increasing; and Portugal depredations (whereof the Company had taken good store) failing; 
Trade decaying from 161● to 1634.  then fell the English Traffic there also into a deep and languishing consumption, insomuch that their Actions or Adventures were frequently sold here from party to party, for many years together at 30. 35. and 40. per cent. loss, some much more, others undone, and so continued decaying a long time without any hope of recovery; and about An. 1632. And since, some transactions were said to be again in agitation between the Dutch on the one party, 
Quer. Mr. Boneal, and Mr. Boswel the King's Agent and state of Spice-Islands.  and the late King and the English East-India Company on the other party, concerning their claim or interest in or to any the foresaid Spice-Islands in relation to the Crown of England (then said to be comprimized for 80000 li. (including the said Companies houses, and stores burnt at Jacquetra by the Dutch Aug. 1628. valued by protest then at 200000. Rials of eight Spanish) but the said King and Company not agreeing upon shares (as reported) the moneys yet remain with the Dutch, 
Houses and stores burnt, & K. demands 30000 li.  but what was then and there positively acted is best known to themselves, and whether beneficial, or rather much prejudicial to this Commonwealth? 
J. H.  for it is certainly reported from men of experience in those parts, that since that time the Dutch have assumed the sole & whole propriety of all the foresaid Spice-Islands to themselves, prohibiting the English upon penalty and forfeiture of ship and goods, life, limb and liberty, 
A. 1623. trade lost valued at 100000 li. per An.  not to come there with any their shipping, which said loss of Trade by knowing men (viis & modis) is valued at 100000 li. per annum consequence, to this Commonwealth.  
The aforesaid East-India Company having thus lost their trade by undervaluing and neglecting those Islands and Ormus, etc. An. 1623. as formerly expressed, and so brought their coasting and posting Traffic into such a condition, that general Adventurers were altogether discouraged, and themselves (I mean those in office and authority, (who only were gainers as aforesaid) still craftily crying up that trade, and labouring as for life, pretending want of freedom, liberty, and other immunities and privileges in Customs and Imposts, with an unlimited arbitrary power over all Adventurers, and an absolute restraint of the whole Nation, 
Bad government destroys Trade.  which could have no other issue (save as formerly) to damnify and destroy our own, and enrich all others with the riches and dignities of those vast and glorious Kingdoms and Countries, not considering; or at least not discovering the main and sole causes of these their so unprofitable practices, 
Good and bad government.  proceeds merely and clearly from their unprincipled and general bad government; and this truth is manifest and apparent, by their exporting hence our own coin of gold, silver, half Crowns, and Plate (melted or unmelted, 
Quer. the reasons.  as well as foreign; in as great quantities to maintain a Traffic of 100 or 150000 li. per annum, as the Dutch to maintain a Trade of 2000000 li. per an. or more, which requires serious consideration and reformation.   

Sir William Courten's Expedition.  
WHilst East-India affairs were in this low, languishing and desperate condition, it so happened, that the late King and Council were (by travellers and men of experience) truly informed thereof, 
An. 1634. and 1635.  and expected some rational proposals from the said Company, to recover and revive the same, but finding none satisfactory (for grounded and accustomed errors are neither easily removed, nor willingly acknowledged) and withal considering the damage Nationall, of at least 4. or 500000 li. in England and Ireland, in the exportation of our Native, and importation of East-India commodities (besides employment and improvement of stock and shipping, 
Reasons for Sir Wil Courtens undertake.  a great honour and safety to this Nation;) These and other like good considerations moved the said late King and Council, to admit of another Company to plant and trade in such places only where the old Company were not, or did not trade, and there at their discretion to settle Factories and plant Colonies after the Dutch manner (and intended practice of the new modelers from that example) the one not to interloop, intrude or entrench upon, 
Sir William's Patent legal, the Companies not.  or into the Ports and places of the other, as by Letters-patents, or otherwise may plainly appear.  
The late King and Council having thus equally and prudently resolved and ordered this weighty affair, Sir William Courten (a most eminent Merchant and excellent Commonwealths-man) was conceived fittest to undertake and manage the same; and to that end having entertained Merchants and Commanders of good abilities, and long experience there, fitted and set out, An. 1635. five or six sail of Ships richly provided, and so set sail for East-India, and arrived at Goa (the chief Portugal City there, intending to settle from Dabull in the Decan-Country (once sacked by the Companies ship Exchange) and so all along that, 
Sir William's propriety and foundation.  and the coast of Mallabar to Cape Commereen or Cannereen, where they settled Factories, contracted Customs, purchased and bought Ports and places for Trade; and from thence sailed to Acheen, so to China, and intended for Japan, and afterwards for Madagascar and other places; and this was the principal groundwork and foundation of that most excellent, honourable, just and necessary undertaking; indeed a business both then and now too weighty for any particular man, or society, and (rebus sic stantibus) only fit for the cognizance or encouragement of the Representative of this whole Nation, 
East-India-trade National.  or others by their appointment in regard of foreign and domestic opposition, as hereafter expressed.  
Sir William Courten aforesaid had no sooner dis-speeded the said ships from the Downs, but he fell sick and died, 
Sir William's adventure 150000 li.  having therein (as reported) upon his particular account, an adventure of about 150000 li. and the voyage was no sooner entered, but all manner of devices and oppositions both at home and abroad were used and practised to prevent, obstruct, 
Dutch and English Devices.  damnify and utterly destroy their designs, both by Dutch and English; and for the better understanding thereof, somewhat to each party for distinction sake, and first to the Duchess because of their distance.  
THe Dutch seriously weighing and pondering that the principles and purposes of this Expedition were much like their own, altogether tended to revive and advance a Trade to perpetuity, (especially in opening and establishing a China and Japan trade, 
Dutch apprehensions upon good reasons.  whereto the old Company would never be persuaded neither to trade with the Mallabars as aforesaid) therefore the Dutch (lest their honours and profits should thereby be impaired and diminished) watched and spied out their designs at Goa and coast of Mallabar aforesaid, and upon the very first proceed of Captain John Weddall with the foresaid Fleet, from Goa aforesaid, and so through the straits of Malacca, and in their passage to and again from China aforesaid, upon their lawful employments, 
Dutch Commission fire and sword.  were sundry times encountered and molested by the Dutch; and at last (having a Commission from Heer van Deeman (as I take it) the General of Jaccatra alias Battavia) to fire or sink them, unless they would come under their command and submit to their mercy, or deliver them the Portugals and their goods aboard, valued about 200000 li. But Captain Richard Swanley (Commander of Ship Son) and his Company were unwilling to fight in defence of the Portugals and their goods (because from them they had received many injuries and affronts in Chinae) whereat Captain Weddal was much enraged, but Captain Swanley advised Captain Weddal to open the box Numb. 8. with instructions from England concerning Portugal, wherein they found power was given them to seize any Portugals, 
Dutch and English Commanders transactions.  and their goods for the Crown of England in case they suffered any damage by them, and then Captain Weddal seized upon the goods accordingly, so Captain Swanley and his company were satisfied and resolved upon that account to hazard their lives in defence thereof, and the Son being of best force, having six and thirty Guns mounted, weighed anchor and went a head the Dragon to receive the first encounter, than Captain Swanley went aboard the Dutch Commandoor, and acquainted him with their resolutions and grounds thereof, whereat the said Commandoor and Company was much incensed, but thereupon refrained engagement, and desired a copy of their Orders and Instructions to keep his head on his shoulders (as he said) when he returned to Jaccatra (which peradventure was granted conditionally to prosecute to purpose the year following) and so in a grumbling threatening manner suffered them to pass; but still observed their motion, and Captain Weddal afterward refused Captain Swanleys' advice, which was to make good that seizure, and bring those goods for England, but contrarily Captain Weddal (according to his particular contract in China) landed the said Portugals and their goods in India; 
Dutch reasons for revenge.  Then the Dutch finding themselves thus deluded by a device, doubtless resolved upon an opportunity for a revenge, so the Ship Son being laden, set sail that year from the coast of Mallabar for England: but the Dragon and Katherine having a rich stock, and not lading to their desires stayed another year, 
Capt. William Swanleys' test.  when being expected home, it was then credibly and positively reported in Holland (by some that came from India) that they had sunk, or that the said Ships Dragon and Katherine were sunk, which (taken at best) they could not have told, unless they had known it, because it was never yet known or heard that two Ships either Dutch or English did ever perish together by casualty or tempest, to or from India aforesaid. 
Two ships never perished together from India  And their very silence herein, is a sufficient argument of their full revenge, and satisfaction to those that have spent some years amongst them at Jacquetra, and acquainted with their lofty and insolent carriage towards, and their rigid and austere government over the inconsiderable brabbling peddling English (as they term and value them) besides it was also reported that some of the said Ships goods marked with Mr. Courtens mark, 
T. L.  were afterwards sold at Acheen, and the common rumour in India and elsewhere, by several Nations were, That the Dutch waylaid them with a Fleet (as some affirmed) consisting of nine sail, viz. six Ships, 
T. W.  and three Yaughes or Pinnaces (whereof Ship Amsterdam was Admiral) and so meeting with them of Zealoan (whereof John Tyson a Skipper was afterwards made King by the General Jaccatra, 
Zealoan the o●ly Synamond Island. Jo. Tyson K. of Zealoan. Dragon and Katherine w●tched at Cocheen, then waylaid and sunk. Uncharitable silence.  as appeared by his warrants) invited Captain Weddal aboard (as some said) and then took occasion to quarrel, and so to pillage and sink them, not saving a man alive, and that divers, the old Companies servants in India have both heard and related sundry such probable reports to that purpose, howsoever here an uncharitable silence and reservation, or rather fear to offend others, and so prejudice themselves, makes them beware.  
This great loss valued about 140000 li. occasioned divers years to pass, ere another voyage for China by William Courten Esquire (Son and Executor to the aforesaid William) was undertaken, which was An. 1643. in Ship Bon Esperange, 
Ship Bon Esprange taken by Dutch.  which said ship was freighted from Goa aforesaid for China & passing through the straits of Mallacca upon her lawful employment, as aforesaid, met likewise with another Dutch Fleet, and was by them summoned as aforesaid, to go in there under their command, else their Commission was to sink or burn, kill or slay, and so upon refusal to go in, the said Ship was violently assaulted, the Master and others slain, and at last taken and made reprisal, and carried into Malacca, and all the men living, made prisoners, and the English (by their own relation) more basely esteemed and used by the Dutch, than the Portugals their reputed enemies, 
Common report at Malacca.  and as these men did frequently report afterwards at Bantam and elsewhere, that it was a common speech in Malacca, that the two foresaid Ships Dragon and Katherine were sunk by the Dutch, and that some  themselves said unto them, they did well to yield when they did, else they should have fared like the Dragon, and Katherine's Company.  
And Captain Jeremiah Blackman in his return from China, 
Captain Blackman escaped, and affronted in China.  in ship William, nearly escaped the like danger, having lately suffered at China sundry affronts and prejudices, both from Dutch, and the old Companies servants, aspersing them for Roundheads, and declaring themselves Royalists, and Cavaliers, and so gained the affection of the Portugals, and Chinaes', as the Merchant of the said ship William reported in India.  
There hath been also further considerable discoveries here in England, and (inter alia) of an embroidered Girdle with silver buckles, 
John Stratford in Southwark test.  belonging to Mr. John Dawbney Chirurgeon of the said ship Katherine, and known to be alive and well in the said ship, setting sail for England from the coast of Mallabar, which said very Girdle of certain knowledge, both of the buckles and embroidery, a Dutch Sailor or seaman in Southwark was seen to wear, and the party was fully resolved to apprehend him upon suspicion, but dissuaded by friends and acquaintance, but could not be so satisfied, but went to the said Dutchman, and demanded how, 
Jo Dawbnies girdle.  where, and when he came by the said Girlde? the Dutchman at first seemed angry, and asked the reason of his inquiry; he replied, because that was his friend's Girdle, which he resolved, and so declared here to his friends and himself, before his going for India, never to sell or give away the same; at last the Dutchman confessed he had it in India, 
The Dutchmans' confession.  the said party (as he said) did then think in his very heart that the said Dutchman, and one or two more with him, were some of their Murderers, and after that time saw him no more; only acquainted the East-India Company, or some of their Servants therewith (not knowing Mr. Courten) but being by them slighted, suffered it so to pass (as himself said) and would justify upon Oath if thereunto lawfully called, with much more to that purpose; but what need I hold a Candle to the Sun? 
C. W. S. M. T. L.   
Moreover, the aforesaid Captain Jeremiah Blackman, 
Cap. J. B. threatened.  Commander of the ship William, was likewise in the said straits, in her lawful Voyage to China, by another Dutch Fleet strongly threatened with sinking, or burning, unless he would submit as aforesaid, and shown him their Commission to that very purpose, but the said Dutch (though more ships in number) viewing and seeing her every way well fitted and manned for defence, durst not attempt, but suffered her to pass, and notwithstanding the discreet answers of C. B. aforesaid to their Messages, having neither Portugal, or Portugall's goods, yet by Letters, threats, and other ways they thought to disturb and prevent him in his China Trade as aforesaid, 
Ship William waylaid.  and upon his return (as was reported) waylaid him with a greater Fleet of seven, or nine sail, but met not with him, the reason was, (as most conceived) that the Dutch supposed, that the fear of them might cause Cap. B. to keep a good distance from the coast of Malacca, and peradventure to pass through the straits of Sundie, but the Dutch failed of that hope, for the said ship came as near the coast of Malacca as possible they could, and passed fair by the road, and so through the straits without interruption, or sight of any Dutch ships, which was much admired by the Dutch at Acheen. 
East-India Companies subjection.  But shortly after this two of the old Companies ships returning together the same Voyage from China, were encountered by some of the foresaid Dutch fleet, and (according to custom) without resistance submitted to their Summons, and went in under their command at Malacca, to pay what duties, and receive what further admonitions and instructions the Dutch there would please to lay upon them, and so probably ever since, they (as formerly elsewhere) deserted those China Voyages; or became their tributaries, whereby at pleasure the Dutch can now prevent all hopes of future Trade into any those Southern parts, unless some remedy or course be taken here in England to prevent their practices; the consideration hereof, together with some particular grudge against Captain Weddall at the siege of Cales may sufficiently evince the truth of the premises, 
Com. Wilbrand at Goa. The true and pretended causes of Dutch proceed▪  and that the true cause was the fear of competition in that Trade, and not their difference with the Portugal, as they pretended.  
Object. But many object, and say, It is impossible to conceal such an horrid and merciless act of sinking and drowning, etc. thereto thus.  
Those who have had their education at home, 
Several judgements.  may possibly in truth have some such slender apprehensions, and deceitful judgements in a charitable construction, yet if such would but seriously consider what cruel plots and projects have secretly, and abundantly been lately acted in our own and neighbour Nations, might thence receive sufficient information and satisfaction. But others from observation and experience abroad, thinks it as strange on the contrary, that so much testimony upon so little inquiry should so evidently appear, 
Amboyna action.  the least whereof being more than the greatest, or all the Indiciaes' in that horrid Amboyna action▪ besides, better to inform their judgements, I will instance, or parallel it with a passage at Jaccatra in India, Anno 1628. and it was thus:  
January, 1627. 
Jaccatr. 1627.  the English removing then from Jaccatra aforesaid to Bantam, but leaving their houses with goods and stores to a great value, as by invoice, and protest under others and my own hands then and afterwards appeared, which said houses, etc. in August, 
Houses, etc. burnt. Aug. 1628.  1628. were fired and burnt by the aforesaid Dutch, (and the walls afterwards laid even with the ground) and by them reported to be done by the Javaes' their enemies, which report (notwithstanding many thousand inhabitants there (most knowing the same) was never in India contradicted, or the truth thereof ever yet published or confessed by any of them to this day that ever I heard of, which plainly shows it much more easy to conceal the destruction of the Dragon, and Katherine, which with the foresaid ship Bonsperanz, and Hen. Bonadventure, 
Dutch damages valued at 200000. l.  at Mauritius Island, may amount in value to about 200000. li.  
Furthermore, it was never yet known (as formerly expressed) that two ships, neither English nor Dutch perished together, either going to, 
Two ships never perished together.  or coming from India, since their first Trading thither to this present, though much weaker in substance, or of longer continuance in the Country, etc. Thus far the Dutch.  
But least foreign Adversaries (as their actions and expressions plainly demonstrate) should not fully effect their desires, let us look back again to the beginning of this so honest and honourable undertaking, 
The Old East-India Company, etc.  and with as much truth and plainness as may be, briefly touch, or point at the practice and proceed of our own Nation and Neighbours, more particularly the Old East-India Company, and some others, which may much confirm and seal the truth of the Premises, viz.  
It hath been too apparent from the beginning how strongly and strangely the said East-India Company have endeavoured by all means at home and abroad, continually to oppose, obstruct, damnify, 
East-India Company Ship Lond.  and prevent the lawful proceed of the said Sir William Courten deceased, and William Courten Esq his son for at or before the arrival of the said Fleet in India, a contract was made with the Viceroy of Goa by the said Companies Precedent, and thereupon a ship freighted thence for China by the Portugals, to anticipate or prejudice the said design, being the first English ship ever sent thither by the said Company, and that upon freight, as having neither moneys nor goods of their own but good store of private trade, 
W.M.P. E.H.C.  and the said Precedent afterwards homeward bound at Madagascar received divers courtesies from the Commander of Mr. Courtens ship William, outward bound (as credibly reported) promising a fair and friendly requital for the same by his letter to the said Viceroy, but the purport thereof (as was said) was of a contrary tenor, and of such dangerous consequence (if it had been delivered) that it might have hazarded the surpriz all of the ship and goods, or promoted some difference or distaste either from the Portugals or Malabars, 
Foundation for Trade.  where Mr. Courtens Factors (with extraordinary charges had purchased, and settled divers Factories for accommodation of Trade to perpetuity as aforesaid.  
Likewise at home Mr. Courten was often molested with sundry frivolous complaints, and divers prejudicial, 
Mauritius prevented. Also Madagascar. E. Southamton, E. Arundel.  and vexatious informations at Councel-board before this Parliament, as when the Plantations of Mauritius and Madagascar were prevented, and so left for the Dutch, and since at several Committees, too tedious to relate, whose example incited the said Company, and their Factors to a far greater care then formerly in the management and enlargement of their Trade; Insomuch that this advantage thereupon to them shortly accrued, that whereas their actions or adventures, were formerly sold for many years together, at 30, 35, 
Trade advanced. Mr. G.C.  or 40. per cent. loss, or more, as aforesaid; on the contrary, upon, or presently after this Expedition, they yielded 30, 35, or 40. per cent. profit, or more (as some of themselves reported) yet for all this, the said Company desisted not from prosecuting year after year, 
Ships relieved, moneys lent, men redeemed etc. Brightwel Jo. etc. Hen. Watkings sacrificed.  although Mr. Courten, and his Commanders, and Factors, had sundry ways and times required their cruel injuries with manifold and divers extraordinary courtesies, as relieving their ships with provisions, their Factors with moneys, and redeeming sundry times their men with large sums from the miserablest Mallabar Captivity that ever was heard of, (as in the said men's expressions is lamentably declared) some of them lying ten or twelve months together in most sad distress, conceiving the Turkish slavery, a Paradise o their doleful Captivity; and to aggravate their misery, those that suffered most were taken (not in the Companies service by their own relation) but employed by their Precedents, and others in private trade from Port to Port, being therein (to use their own language) the Companies Competitors and to screw their afflictions to the height, 
The Companies competitors. P. W.  the then Precedent of Surrat (by whom they were principally employed) would neither relieve them himself, nor appoint any other, nor afford them their own wages and debts, due from the said Company for their ransom or subsistence, no nor so much as any the least comfort at all either in word or writing, as by their own most grievous, woeful, and pathetical expressions to Mr. Courtens Factors, may more largely appear.  
But lest these and like practices should not fully effect their purposes, I will give you a hint of their more cruel and desperate courses, 
Com. cruel resolutions.  (if we may believe the free and friendly expression of one of their own Factors) upon good testimony taken at Rabagg in India 4. May 1644. and afterwards made good in England upon oath in Chancery, 23. Feb. 1646, as followeth verbatim.  

The Agreement.  
Rabagg 4. Marcii 1644.  
THese are to certify all whom it may concern, That in October 1642. I underwritten R.H. being in company with Mr. J. S. (than a servant to Esquire Courten) at the Cardinals-Hat near the Royal-Exchange in London, drinking after Exchange-time as usually; there came into our company divers other Merchants, all unknown to me (I believe not to Dtt. S.) one of which was (as by his discourse) sometimes Factor in East-India for the Old Company, and then lately come from thence, who relating the several passages and dangers he had passed in his voyage out, and home, and myself replying, That I was upon Dtt. design in service of the Worshipful William Courten Esquire (whose days God make ever happy) his the said Factors reply was; As a friend I tell it you, proceed not in that employment, for it is most dangerous, because the said Old East-India Company, and the Dutch have Agreed together to injure the Esq either at Cape-good-hope, or where else they shall meet with his ships to the effect of sinking, burning, or taking: All which, I the aforesaid R.H. do affirm to be true, as heard in the place aforesaid, and by Oath will confirm the same, when thereunto lawfully called.  
In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand the day and year above written. R. H.  
Jurat. de veritat.  
permiss. 23. die Feb. 1646. J. P.   
This Affidavit made good since upon Oath in Chancery, need no Commentary, for it speaks very plain and fully to the whole business, neither can any other construction be made thereof, as proceeding from any particular Interest, or by-respects, but a friendly admonition of a known truth, as both before and after by the said agreement of the said parties, an their several actions plainly appeared.  
For the said East-India Company proceeded, 
May 1643. Comp. 2 ships Hart and Hind.  and took occasion in May 1643. being (the year following) to visit the coast of Mallabar with two of their ships, and there found at Anchor (in the road of Cannanore) two Vessels, a greater, and a lesser, belonging to Mamula Croe, or Mahmet d' Croe (King of Cannanore aforesaid) and other merchants, with whom Mr. Courtens Factors had good trade and correspondence, 
Mahmet de Croe K. of Cannon. etc.  having a Factory sometime there, and another at Batticalla, not far from thence, which a costly building of his own. The said two ships belonging to the said Mahmet de Croe, being very rich in treasure of gold and silver, 
Mallabar depredations, 30 or 40000 li. 1 vessel 500 tun burden.  and newly come from the Red-Sea, were then and there both violently seized on by the Companies said two ships, and so made reprisal, killing and drowning some hundreds of their men, without mercy (as was reported) and took from them in treasure, thirty or forty thousand pound Sterling, the most whereof belonged to Mamula Croe aforesaid, which act not only caused the loss of those Factories, Trade, and friendly correspondence in those parts; 
M●hmerd ' Groes demands  but to this day the said Mamula Croe etc. demands the said loss, with damages from Mr. Courtens Factors, then threatening them with utter destruction both by Sea and Land, if they made not speedy satisfaction, as by several attestations, and other expressions did plainly appear.  
Moreover, it was by the said malabars alleged, That because the Companies Factors, and Factories were at such a distance, therefore they could not attain their right from them; but from Mr. Courtens (living near or amongst them they might, 
Mallabars plea.  saying further, that England is said to be a place of Justice, where Mr. Courten may obtain full right from the Company, but how far they are mistaken hitherto, both in that, and the following five thousand pound principal, which prejudiced M. Courten above forty thousand pound in one year) I leave to those in Authority, 
Mr. Courtens damage.  and others, whom it may concern to judge and consider.  
And lest this should not be a sufficient provocation, 
Comp. ship Hopewel E. L Master.  in January following, another of the said Companies ships seconded the said cruelties, with other Massacres upon poor people in country Boats, 
R. W. attest. Dutch entered Mallabar, etc.  trading too and fro upon the said coast of Mallabar, as by another Attest may also appear; whereby they have constrained the malabars to desire the Dutch to reside at Cannanore, and protect them against the English, thereby hazarding the loss of that Trade, to the further great prejudice of this Commonwealth, the Dutch never there before, 
Carwar now in danger.  but now seated near Carwar will also endanger that which is one, and all the places enjoyed by any English in India, fit for a Randezvouz.  
In further prosecution of the foresaid Agreement, or Covenant, Combination, or Conspiracy, about two years after, viz. in May, 1644. 
Ship little William.  it so happened at Madagascar that R. B. Master of the said Companies ship Endeavour subtly, and surreptitiously got possession of about 5000. li. value in Barbary gold, and two brass Guns, with seventeen men, all saved by their great industry out of the ship Little William cast away beyond Cape bon Esperanze, going to India upon Mr. Courtens employment, 
R. B. and F. D. moneys detained, demanded by messengers, letters, protests, etc.  which said B. etc. partly by false reports, and partly by fair promises, pretending then, and afterwards at all times and places convenient, he would assist them in the transport thereof to some of Mr. Courtens Factories in India, or else to Acheen, whither they were consigned; but being possessed thereof, intended nothing less, but delivered the same at Madrassapatan to F. D. etc. the said Companies chief Agent there, and by them the same is detained to this day, though often and lawfully demanded in India, with much earnestness and extraordinary hazard, and exceeding great charge by Sea and Land, as appears by many several Letters, Protests, Messengers, etc. the said Companies Factors always concealing the same in India for many months together, 
Extraordinary charges and concealments of men and moneys.  both men and moneys from the knowledge of all Mr. Courtens Factors (though but fifteen day's journey by a Foot-post, and upon the same continent, & converted the said moneys to their own use (for it seems they much wanted supplies) and they so ordered and disposed of the men, that but one of all the said seventeen ever yet appeared to tell any tales or tidings to Mr. Courten, or any his Factors, either in India or England that ever I heard of, 
T. H. Factor.  no not so much as any word or writing from any one of them, though it be reported that T. C. Mr. of the said ship William, 
T, C. no writings  (who had the principal charge thereof) died in one of the said Companies ships homeward bound; therefore let the judicious reader compare and consider all circumstances, and then conclude how fare this concealment comes short of that of the Dragon and Katherine aforesaid, 
This concealment compared with Dragon and Kitherine.  and how much inferior for cruelty and damage.  
The  party (one of the seventeen) sundry years after being accidentally heard of, an found out in London (his Conscience seeming to accuse him) being Purser and Factor of the said ship William, in Office next to the aforesaid C. an perceiving Mr. Courten in a condition not to prosecute in Law, was very unwilling to make any relation thereof, 
T. H. unwillingness.  but afterwards was constrained thereto by an Order from the House of Lords, and confirmed the same in Chancery, which he said was done very sparingly; and further said, that if he should have spoken his knowledge therein freely, it would have been a great shame and disgrace to the said Company, 
Their bondage at Madrassapaton.  and that he could make such a discovery of that passage at Madrassapatan, how they were kept in durance, and that the said D. etc. would not suffer them to go from Acheen with their Gold, etc. although they had agreed with a Country Vessel or Junke at 40. l. for their passage or transport, neither would they be suffered to write, or travel by Land to Mr. Courtens Factories, but were forced to submit to their pleasure, and be at their dispose, and the like, being all seventeen strangers in India, and never there before, etc. The said parties sparing Relation and Affidavit is as followeth.  

To the Right Honourable the Lords assembled in Parliament. The humble and true Attestation of T. H. Factor, concerning East-India passages, relating to 5000. l. in controversy between William Courten Esq and the old East-India Company.  
THe 7th. of May, 1644. Ship Endeavour belonging to the East-India Company arrived in Augustine Bay, upon the Island of St. Laurence, at which time was resident upon the same place seventeen persons of Esq Courtens, which through shipwreck had then lived there almost ninemoneths'; At the arriving of the foresaid Endeavour, myself and six more went aboard at the same time, the Mr. R. B. and the Merchant, H. O. were going ashore, upon our coming they stayed a little, enquiring of us our disaster and then went away. After which some of our company discoursing with theirs, revealed concerning the saying of the Barbary Gold, which news was sent ashore to the foresaid Master, and Merchant, who presently returned aboard to have further knowledge, and then went ashore again to visit our Master, T. C. unto whom they proffered passage with all his Company, and what we had unto Joanna, or their factory in India, and that we might have from thence conveyance for our Gold unto the Esquires Factories per bills of Exchange, or carried over land. And they further informed us, that we might expect ships out of England, but there was small hopes, for they had been a long time ready, but were stopped by the Parliament, that our Master Esquire Courten was failing.  
Upon these resolutions our Master accepted of their loves for passage to Joanna; After we had been at sea some five days, 
Two months after M. Courtens ship arrived there.  the Master and Merchant of ship Endeavour desired of T. C. to see the Gold, and know the quantity, and likewise to peruse his invoice, and his Bill of lading, or else they would take no charge of the Gold; 
The Gold taken in charge.  which desire was granted by the said T. C. who produce the Gold, with Bill of lading and invoice, the which they looked on and copied out, the Gold they weighed with rials of 8. and sealed them up together in bags, and put it into one of their Master's chests of money.  
Before we came to Joanna, 
False suggestions, Joanna very healthful, test. 22. Companies men.  the Master and Merchant persuaded T. C. not remain on Joanna, because there was never any of our English that once lay ashore that lived, and that upon arrival at their Factory we should be accommodated with any thing for our further passage; which persuasion T. C. received.  
In our passage from Joanna to Madrassapatan, R. B. Master of the said ship Endeavour, 
Further enticements.  brought out his Commission upon the quarter deck, and read it openly in the hearing of the said T. C. and divers others of the said C. his Company, wherein the term Interloper was often recited, and being read, he the said R. B. demanded of the said T. C. to see his Commission, which was only Orders, 
Companies Commissions scandal. and large.  and Instructions, by virtue of Letters Patents, whereof the said B. took a Copy; and the said R. B. then told the said T. C. that by virtue of his Commission, if he had met him at sea he had power to take him.  
The second of July we arrived at one of the Companies Factories in Madrassapatan, where being ashore, T. C. requested the Companies Agent and Factors, That according to their informations and promise, that they would assist us for the transporting of the said Gold, either by bill of Exchange, or conveyance over Land unto some of the Esquires Factories; the which they denied, 
Master D. positive and often denials.  answering, that the Country was up in arms, and there was no safe passages. We than requested the Agent and Council to give us his Pass, and let us have Servants and Guides, and we would travel with it, or else to make it over by bills of Exchange; his answer again was, That he would not, and that if we would have our Gold, 
Companies Agreement and Commissions suitable.  that we should presently be gone out of their Fort, for they were bound by Commission from their Employers from assisting us, if we were in need, with so much as a piece of bread; And he would not say he would send any after us, but we should take what followed.  
We also asked an Englishman (that had been formerly their Servant, but then a Freeman) that if he would entertain us, and the Gold in his house securely, 
Perfect durance with the gold.  and procure us a Convoy to pass over-land, we would give him a large recompense; his answer was. That he did not dare to do any such thing, for by the English there he should be forced to fly, and lose all he had.  
Moreover, H. O. Merchant of the Endeavour, related unto me, T. H. That they would never have gone from Augustine Bay without the Gold for if they had not had it by fair means, 
per fas, aut nefas.  they would have taken it perforce; whereby I conceive we might have continued upon the Island for all them, if there had been no Gold.  
Moreover, after our arrival at Madrassapatan aforesaid, it was credibly reported (and I do verily believe it true) That that Factory was in very great want of supplies, the Factors disposing there formerly of their Gold chains, and Silver buttons, to supply their great necessities; As further also appeared in their journal Letter, A. ending 5 August, 1644. haying the said Gold therein entered, and then ballansing their Accounts, there was paid then to account of interest, 4095. Pagothies'. 
Quick conversion.   
T. H,  
April 13. 1647. Postscript.  
All or most of the Gold mentioned herein, as Ducats, Knobs, and Bars, were melted and quoyned into Pagodies, the coin currant of Madrassapatan aforesaid, before my coming thence.  
T. H.  
T. H. abovesaid maketh Oath, that the contents of this Attestation are in substance true.  
Jurat. 15. April, 1647. R. A.  
The said T. H. was formerly sworn at the L. Bar.   
This Affidavit (though very short and sparing, according to the Parties own expression) is no whit unsuitable to the foregoing Agreement, for C. and H. and all the 17. 
Strange stories.  being never before in India, were made believe strange things; as first, No ships would come that year, Mr. Courtens ship Loyalty coming thither about two months after; 
Jo. M. Captain at Lisbon with Rupert.  That Joanna was such a very dangerous place, whereas about two months after, twenty two men of the said Companies were left ashore there by I. M. alias Mac O Neal, commander of their ship John. 
Ship Tho. and John.  Now called Sir J. M. one of Prince R. chief Captains, late at Lisbon in Portugal, which said twenty two men were all (save one) sound and well, shortly after taken thence by one of Mr. Courtens ships, and carried for India, but the Gold was the main business, for after B. and O. had taken it in charge, it was never more after delivered to C. nor any of the rest, but positively by D. and the rest upon all occasions and demands denied, B. alleging his power to take the ship, much more the Gold; and D. allenging their Commissions not to save any of Mr. Courtens people from perishing, with so much as a piece of bread; 
Cruel Commissions.  O strange cruelty!  
But from the Premises it is evident, that this gold belonged properly to Mr. Courten, and was absolutely by him intended for the supply and relief of his Trade at Acheen, and in India, 
The Golds proprietor.  and his plantation and discovery of Madagascar, Assada, and the rest, but the damage sustained by the denial, and unjust detaining thereof, is almost incredible, and not easily apprehended, for that very year 1644. 
Loss incredible.  it prevented the return of four ships at least (to my knowledge) two from India, and two or three from Acheen, all upon Mr. Courtens own account, also caused the sail of about 300. tuns of goods at 40. per cent. loss, likewise a dead Charge of Customs & Factors, 
Trade and Plantation destroyed.  Factories at Carwar, Raiapoore, Rabagg, Goa, Acheen and elsewhere for divers years together to a very great Sum, and utterly destroyed the Plantation of Madagascar by preventing recourse of shipping with supplies, with many more damages and sad inconveniences (besides loss of trade ever since) so that (computat. computand.) 100000 li. 
100000 li. personal loss, besides National.  will not make good the personal and real loss and damnification thereof to Mr. Courten (ult. Nationall) as by this following Charge, and the particulars therein expressed may plainly appear.  
Dragon and Katherine, 
Dutch and English damnifications.  and other Dutch damnifications added, will amount the whole loss to 300000 li.   

The Charge.  
The East-India Company, Old, or New, or both, together with their Factors, now or late in East-India aforesaid, (especially R. B. Master, and H. O. Merchant of their Ship Endeavour, and F. D. their Agent at Madrassapatan, and the rest, are truly Chargeable, and duly Responsible for principal, and damage (by their misdoings in India aforesaid) To William Courten Esquire, Son and Executor to Sir William Courten Knight, deceased, viz.  

TO sundry sorts of Barbary- Gold valued at 9000 Barbary Ducats, 
May 24 1644.  which upon demand at Sea were delivered aboard the said Companies ship Endeavour, by T.C. late Master, and T. H. late Factor of the Ship Little-William of London, be longing to the abovesaid William Courten Esquire, to the said R. B. Master, and Hen. O. Merchant; and by them taken in Charge in, or about the 24. of May, 1644. And by the said Rob. and Hen. weighed with Rials of eight Spanish, weighing Rials of eight 1544. and one quarter, which with two Brasse-guns (and interest and insurance added) amounted at least to 5000 li. sterling. All which the said B. and O. delivered to F. D. the said Companies Agent there at Madrassapatan, etc. which the said D. etc. denied upon all demands, detaining and converting the same to the said Companies use: The proceed whereof was thence to Bantam, then to Jambee, and again to Bantam (all duties deducted) would amount at least to 60. per cent. profit, which makes 8000 li. and thence to England, cent. per cent. (ult. Interest ever since) amounts to 16000 li. 0 s.  
To charge of a Patamar or Footpost, about forty day's travel to and again to demand the same, 2 li. 18 s.  
To charges also of Wal L. Factor, horse and three men about six months, or 180. days at Rials Eight one and half per die. is 67 li. 10 s. principal; to demand and protest for denying and detaining the same, which according to custom there by account, or the said Companies policies here by Insurance at 10 s. per Rial of Eight amounts to 135 li. 10 s.  
To fourteen days demourage of Ship Loyalty in Raiapore river to prepare against the Mallabars' 150 li. afterward eighteen days at Goa 150 li. to attend for intelligence, and prepare for Acheen, and Madrassapatan to demand the same, and upon intelligence afterwards sent to Persia principally for the same occasion, and to meet there the said ship Endeavor, reported gone thither, and for other provisions and charges with Governors, Merchants, and others to obtain a freight. 600 li. 0 s.  
To ten months more provisions for the said ships voyage, rials of eight 800. at 10 s. per rial is 400 li. 10 s.  
To dead freight and demourage (ultr. breach of Covenant) demanded by the Owners, 12000 li. 0 s.  
To five months and thirteen day's demourage of ship Tho. and Jo. at 180 li. per month is, 978 li. 0 s.  
To provisions for the said ship, rials of eight 400. at 10 s. per rial is, 200 li. 10 s.  
To loss in sail of 1260 Candees, 
Feb. 27. 1644.  Saltpetre, to Capt. Jer. Blackman (with other charges) at two and a half Pagothies' great, per Candee, is pag. 3150. valued per piece rial of eight 1 and 3 quarters, is rials 5512 and a half at 10 s. per rial, is, 2756. li. 5 s.  
To Customs of Raiapore contracted with Mastapha Con. at 2500. pag. gr. per an. for six years' loss is, 6555 li. 10 s.  
To Pishcashes or gifts to the said Mastapha Con. and other Creditors to pacify them rials of eight 400. is, 200 li. 0 s.  
To charges of Factors and Factories at 2500 li. per an. prevented employment ever since, 15000 li. 0 s.  
To charges of three ships to plant Madagascar; Sun, James, Hester, destroyed for want of supplies. 12000 li. 0 s.  
To ship James sold for want of trade. 3000 li. 0 s.  
To dead freight, and other damages per ship Sun. 5000 li. 0 s.  
To constant watch and Fortification of Carwar against Mallabars, thereto provoked by the said East-India Companies massacres, and depredations upon that coast. 500 li. 0 s.  
Summa Total. 75329 li. 3 s.   

Further Assertions, and probable Suggestions. viz.  
The loss of China- Trade, and 10000 Rials of Eight left there formerly much prevented by them, and now at last wholly disappointed.  
To 2000 Rials of Eight, returned thence by Captain Blackman, and left at Acheen, with Trade, Jewels, and Goods there seized by the said Companies Factors, and lost to an unknown value.  
To Ship Abigail, likewise consigned thither, and lost for want of supplies.  
To Ship Friendship, likewise then consigned thither, but in like manner disappointed and lost.  
To 1000 li. per an. for seven years proffered for Raiapore, with Upland-trade, Harrapore Rab●gg, and Vizrapore. 
R. H.   
To 7000 Pagothies' great at Carwar (ultr. building, fortifying, and other great and continual charges, conceived above 20000 li.) the only Port of hopes and consequence in possession of English, now in great danger to be lost to the Dutch or others, which will set a higher value upon it, than the inconsiderate English, as in my following Carwar considerations, I have more at large expressed, but I hope speedy care will be taken for to secure the same.   

Add hereto.  
The loss of Henry Bonaventure (laden homeward bound) upon Mauritius Island, and most of the ship and goods there saved by the Dutch.  
The ship Bon Esperanza taken by the Dutch in the strait of Malacca bound for China, and then (computat. computand.) principal and damage.  
The feet of this particular Charge, English and Dutch, will probably bear the whole body, and carry the Account to, or above the whole, or first Adventure, viz. 150000 li. (ultr. Dragon, and Katherine, and Propriety excluded.)  
Summa Total. 150000 li. ultr. etc.   
Lastly, 
Mr. Courtens new Association.  Mr. Courten by the foresaid misdoings and oppression was so weakened in his estate, that (for the better support of his trade) about Anno 1642. he was constrained thereby as well as by advice of friends) to associate with Mr. M. T. Capt. J. B. and others adventurers (who were altogether strangers in that trade, 
Their practice.  but made such use of his necessity (as appeared by the sequel at home and abroad) whether by clandestine, private, and prejudicial Contracts, and Covenants made with himself at home (which plainly demonstrates Mr. Courten a mere Gentleman, and no Merchant) or by compliance with his Agent or chief Factor then in India, 
Jo. F. government.  Mr. Joh. F. a man howsoever otherwise able) yet of very corrupt principles and practices, and his government (being altogether a stranger there) proved exceeding damageable to his imployer (though very beneficial to himself, as might largely be demonstrated but whether by the one, or the other, or however else seems impertinent to this Discourse; only this by the way, That when his Agents & Factors in India presumed they had, 
20000 li. or thereabouts supposed, sent home in sundry ships  or might have sent from thence, An. 1645. and 1646. (either upon Mr. Courtens own account, or in partnership 7/16 in sundry ships, or bottoms, viz. the Great-William, the Tho. and Jo. ship Hester, and ship Sun, etc.) an estate of or near twenty thousand pounds, or upwards, proved but about five thousand pound, 
5000 li. left at Livorne. Mr. Courten supplanted.  and that left at Livorne by the said Cap. J. B. in the hand of the East-India Companies Agent there (as reported) and by him long detained, which with the Premises hath wholly interrupted and supplanted him in the course of his Trade, and supplies of his Factories and Plantations in India, and much prevented the payment of debts both here and there, as also the Customs of Raiapore contracted with Mustapha Con. to whom the said Joh. F. (with extraordinary charge to his imployer) went to Vizapore An. 1645. 
Raiapoor Customs 1125 li. per an  purposely (when all supplies failed) to conclude and take off the dead charge of contracted Customs of 2500. pag. gr. per an. which is about 1125 l. per an. English, but what was done therein, is to me altogether unknown and uncertain, only gather from common report, that the said Mustapha Con. and his governor at Raiapore (or others in their stead) still requires the same from the present Traders (the Old and New East-India Company from whence peradventure they may pretend themselves Creditors, 
Plea for the same  notwithstanding they have wholly deprived and disabled him at home, and abroad of all supplies and payments, yet peradventure he must be pretended a great Debtor to the present Traders for the same.  
Thus you have the conclusion and sad Catastrophe of William Courten Esquire, and his East-India Trade, 
Mr. Courten's Catastrophe. His friend's inconstancy, his destruction their best foundation.  together with divers of the passages, transactions, and Mysteries thereto appertaining, formerly by himself and others freely and frequently communicated to his foresaid Associates, and supposed Friends, now by them transferred to his professed Adversaries, whose printiples and practices therein hitherto never declared them good Commonwealths-men, but rather contrary; but now proceeding upon another's principles and foundation, better things may be expected.  
YEt further for information;   

Informations, consideration, and reasons.  
If neither the consideration of the good success and government of foreign Nations, nor fifty years sad and woeful trial of our own Nation, nor the general forbearance of those of experience (and enriched at home and abroad by that employment) to adventure in their joint Stock, nor the unwillingness of the former Managers (though most incompetent) to resign to others, (for errors accustomed, as aforesaid, are not easily removed) nor the abasing and vilifying of our own Natives, and native Commodities under one Buyer, and Exporter, nor the advancing and enriching of Foreigners, and foreign Commodities under one Seller and Importer, nor the prevention of the increase and employment of abundance of Ships, Mariners, and Merchandizers, nor the general prevention of Arts, Industries, and Manufactures, many by restraint forced (contrary to their affections and abilities) to some unpleasing homebred employments, with many other Moral respects; 
Moral and religious considerations.  yet in a religious consideration and observation, those that believe History and Mystery, Divine and Humane to be inseparable, co-operating concomitants in the course of God's providence, to accomplish the Decree, and the good pleasure of his Will revealed in his Word, either for weal or woe, (whether to Person, Nation, Society, or Incorporation) will plainly perceive, that the supine neglect of Plantations, relating to the great work of Creation, 
Creation, and Redemption.  likewise the neglect of Evangelicall injunctions, and dispensations by Gospel promulgations, and propagations, relating to the glorious work of Redemption, are transgressions of a high provocation; and who knows but for this very cause, 
Heavy Judgements.  Heaven may be justly offended? then must earth of necessity be punished, and so the judgements and designs of worldly wise men infatuated, and blasted, and thus this Commonwealth already becomes frustrated, 
Commonwealth prevented, 8. or 1000000. li. per annum.  and prevented of a probable possibility (compared with the Dutch) of profit and advance at least 8. or 1000000. li. per annum, besides Honours, and other Emoluments unconceivable; And (according to the Emblem and Motto in the Frontispiece) Wither the deviation of this Company in point of Policy, 
The Emblem displayed.  or the Aberration of the Papacy in point of Piety be of greater extent and transcendency, is a Riddle for me too high to reach; I cannot read: but surely both their days are numbered, and ere long their years will be expired; but I would not willingly enter into a Controversy (being sensible of my own insufficiency) but rather humbly submit, 
Wither one, two, or no joint Stocks best.  and commit the same to the grave judgements of those at the Helm, and in Authority, whether one or two joint Stocks, or none (save regulated Societies, or Associations for East-India Trade, are most requisite and necessary to advance, and enrich this Commonwealth) though former experience here clearly evinceth to all (if joint Stock must be continued) two better than one, and that for many good reasons? But if the Commonwealth of Ireland be included, 
Ireland considerable.  then doubtless without dispute, upon undeniable grounds, two at least will be of absolute necessity, and in the apprehension of some of experience, a second constitution may have a fare better foundation (in this worst time of Trade) than the former, and so expect better success; for to some of observation and judgement, 
A foundation laid in blood shall not prosper.  it rests yet very doubtful (for I must neither dawb nor dissemble) whether this be not laid deep in blood and Oppression, as the premises partly discovers; besides much more may be said to that particular, wherein I will be sparing.  
But seeing this Discourse hath led us thus fare, let us proceed a little further, 
A good foundation and constitution. New doctrine to the old Company.  and consider that a good foundation and constituion ought to be laid and framed, on, and upon the best principles, and grounded upon the best reasons; which doctrine of Trade, however new to the Old East-India Company (who for their time therein aught to be Teachers) because opposite or divers from their general Government & concluding it i'll hitherto; yet it shall also be so true and rational, for Information, 
For information, confirmation, and confutation.  Confirmation, and Confutation, that (I hope) 'twill (in knowing judgements) hardly admit any opposition or contradiction, and shall be briefly included in two or three lines, 
Three East-India Principles.  being Principles or Positions gathered from serious, long, and laborious consideration, observation and experience, English, Dutch, and Portugal, for the good of this Commonwealth, as followeth, viz.  

Three East-India Principles, (i.e.)  
1. THat none resident in England can govern East-India Trade, but in a known way of prejudice to general Adventurers.  
2. That none resident in India (under a foreign Government) can manage that Trade, but greatly dishonour and damnify this Commonwealth.  
3. That no place or places, now possessed by any English there much considerable [save Carwar] one of Mr. Courtens Factories.   
With the two first, relating to the Company, I will not meddle further, till they find opposition.  
With the last, more particularly relating to Mr Courten, I will a little expatiate in some Carwar considerations, to illustrate the same.   

Some Carwar Considerations demonstrating the same last Principle, viz.  

THat it is the free purchase and possession of Sir William Courten, with a great sum of money many years since.  
That it is built, fortified, and maintained ever since, with extraordinary care and coast, and that it is most commodiously situated for Road, Bay, River, and ground, for a general Randezvouz to and fro all parts of India, for order and regulation.   
Note that all these particulars are of absolute necessity, besides, the capacity of the place will contain a Coliony, or Hantation of 10000 people, more apt and fit for employment there, upon every occasion by Sea and Land, then from England in many years can be attained.  
And I am very confident if the Dutch once possess it, as they have often desired, 
Dutch valuation of Carwar.  that 100000 li. ready money will not redeem it out of their hands.  
And in point of Government, it is most necessary for a general Court of Merchants, not only for disposing, ordering, and regulating, but also for preventing private and other inconveniences in Trade, without the unconceivable damage of delay, and in that equipage much prevent those continual disturbances, injuries, and oppressions from Christians and Heathens hitherto sustained.  
Likewise it will secure and secret both persons, and all sorts and quantities of Commodities, from force, or notice of the Natives, with great advantage to the Adventures, which in the course of the old Company never was, or can be done, either at Surrat, or Bantam, their Meteropolitan Factories, and prevent a loss in sale of goods (besides Customs) of 10. or 12. per cent. at least, which under a foreign government cannot be avoided.  
Furthermore, there is store of Timber to build Vessels, with one half of the charge usual at Surrat, also up the river at Cadran, and thereabouts only, is that admirable Timber of Teca, for Plank and Sheathing under water, a singular preservative against that common ship-destroying water-worme.  
It is also the only Pepper Coast from Cape bon Esperanze, to Cape Commereen, or Cannereen, and the only known coast in the world for Cardamomes, or Grains of Paradise, (a general Commodity,) with many more accommodations for trade and shipping for the benefit of Adventurers, too tedious to relate.  
Moreover, it is situate near Salset, a pleasant and fertile place (about a Counties compass, inhabited by Portugal, Cannereen Christians, living under oppression, being willing and of power to free themselves, and desirous the English were in a capacity to protect them, which (well peopled) in case of Controversy, would curb and control as well the Portugal, as others, and the only means to become there and elsewhere checkmate with the Dutch, who are now become Lords, and Protectors over all India, by the Companies submission, neglect, and general bad Government. Much more might be said in point of propriety, and otherwise if occasion present.  
IF one of Mr. Courtens Factories so well situated, purchased, 
Carwar cost and consequence.  planted, fortified, and defended (with the charge at least of 20000. li. hitherto) with all or more adjuncts and accommodations then formerly expressed) can be of such high consequence and concernment in relation to that Trade, as indeed it is; and if all the Companies Factories in India put together, cannot afford scarce any one of these particulars, either for situation or accommodation, as indeed they cannot; 
Dutch can disturb when they-please.  for the Dutch can disturb the Nations, and so displace them at pleasure; then of necessity it must be concluded of more value than any, or all possessed there by any other English whatsoever. 
New Modellers warned to prevent loss of Carwar. The Author's letter.  And that it might be made known to the Company, and new Modellers to be so in deed, and in truth, and to prevent the loss thereof, I thought it not amiss (intr. alias) to certify so much in writing in December, 1649. delivered Mr. M. T. and by him said to be communicated to the Mandareen, or Governor, etc. of the said Company, and for these ten or twelve years by past, I have not been sparing, 
His pains and charge.  or penurious either of my pains, or papers, at my own cost and charge, but rather prodigal and superfluous (though to my exceeding great prejudice) to inform and beget a true, 
His damage.  and right understanding of this Trade of Trades (for the good of this Commonwealth) both amongst the Nobility, Gentry, Commonalty, 
His damage. Nobility, Gentry, Commonalty.  as (amongst many others) may appear by a large Paper-booke, left with that worthy Patriot Sir H. M. some years since, 
Sir H. M. above three years since. Mr. M. T. etc. inductions and instructions. Best Judgements and Principles. An admonition. Want of experience, or will may prejudice.  and were Novices therein, and from whence Mr. Courten, and others relating to him (and not by revelation or experience of one Voyage) they had such informations and instructions in the knowledge and mysteries of that Trade, that they are and may taken for the best present judgements of that Society, because of their Principles, yet (for a common good) let them not presume too much thereupon, for it will surely come to pass, that many former transactions of that Trade with other Nations, or our own, may come in controversy, where want of experience and knowledge in some, may command their silence, and want of will in others for shame, or by-respects of damage, or dishenour, may cause forbearance; and so a good Cause and the Commonwealth may suffer, for want of men of integrity, and ability, 
The Author's grievance.  hitherto neglected, and slighted; and as on the one side by violence, so on the other by their close and subtle dealing (supposed thereby much to disable Mr. Courten to pay wages, 
5000. li. caused travel, that the Statute, etc.  and debts to his Factors, which rests upon their own conscience, discoveries, and so the disposing of that 5000. li. at Livornia, being a special motive to his travel and absence, and that principal Plea for the Statute issuing. But I make too great a digression.  
Yet it comes into my mind, that it will be very necessary first to answer some Objections that may be made by some, in behalf of the foresaid Company. viz.  
Some will here Object, and say, You bring strange and uncouth things to us indeed, which we scarce ever heard of, the East-India Company we know in City, Court, Westminster Hall have abundantly exclaimed, and enveyed against Mr. Courten publicly, 
Another objection.  and frequently before the late King, and this present Parliament, by plead and printing, exhibited to Lords, Commons, and sundry Committees, etc. and elsewhere; if you can, let's know the matter.  
'Tis very true, they have so indeed, and all about interloping Trade, 
Part of their 5. Argument.  and depardations, which depradations they are bound to make good (as themselves say in their six smooth printed Arguments) and if to make good others depradations, then surely much more their own; But their actions hitherto are altogether contrary to their expressions, and they proceed to instance their smart thereby, as it lies in the latter end of their fifth Argument (as I remember) saying, C. and E. in the red Sea, and Capt. W. in China, and at Mesulapatan, etc.  
The deepest waters commonly make lest noise; well, but to matter of Fact, 
C. and E. Matter of fact.  viz. C. and E. in the Red-sea, etc. This C. and E. it seems by Mr. Endymion Porter, the late Queen and others, purchased a Patent under the Great-Seal of England for a Red-sea voyage, being there, 'tis probable they took and rob some Moors Vessels or Junks, trading thither from India; that done. C. and E. went to Molalah (one of four Maiotto-Islands near Madagascar as reported) to trim and victual; and so in the interim, the complaint came by the Moors from the Red-sea, to India, 
Comp. Pr. arrested.  and procured an Arrest upon the Companies Precedent there, (as it was afterwards related in England) thereupon the said Precedent dis-speeded the said Companies ship Discovery from Surrat (Mr. J. P. Commander) who arriving at Molalah aforesaid, 
Jo. P. surprised C. and E.  found and seized upon the said C. and E. and their ship or ships, as they were triming and refreshing there, and so served them as they had done the Moors, took from them what they had (making prize of them) brought all their stolen goods to the foresaid Precedent for the said East-India Company, and (if we may believe the report of one well knowing the passage) the Company got thereby ten or twelve thousand pound, 
Mr. T.K.  and made no satisfaction to the Moors, but whether they did or no, what is all this to Mr. Courten, more than to the Man in the Moon? that they should (even against common reason) so continually and violently urge it, to the great damage and dishonour of Mr. Courten; 
Com. plea unreasonable and absurd.  for if those Moors had been malabars (who likewise traded thither) then Mr. Courten had furthered a design for his own destruction, which is absurd to imagine? 
Principles confirmed from themselves.  But this clearly confirms my principles from themselves in that particular of living under a foreign government, what inconveniences, damage and dishonour they are subject to continually without remedy, as well under heathens as Christians? Besides, it was ordinary twenty or thirty years ago (when the said Company had more power and credit in India then I suppose now they have) for the Precedents of Surrat (when their ships (according to the season) were gone thence) to be not only imprisoned, but Chawbuckt or Strapte, 
Mr. T. K. M. R. twice Precedents imprisoned, etc.  or sore threatened, for their own depredations, or other misdemeanours, or disgust given to the Moors when there was not C. or E. in that Country, witness Mr. K. (now, or late of their Committee) who was twice Precedent there, likewise Mr. R. and others, therefore this Precedent (if there had been no C. and E.) must not look to scape better than his predecessors; this only would have been the difference he would have borne it with silence as the rest did, but these frivolous and unreasonable clamours too plainly demonstrate some other cause, which they are not willing to express in plain terms, 
Comp. discoveries an evil eye A mystery. All factories recalled.  which could be no other than an evil eye at his India Trade, and that likewise they might have prevented if there had not been some mystery therein; 
A mystery. All factories recalled.  for when Mr. Courten presently after his father's death (it seems) recalls all his Father's Factories in Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, (only this of East-India) and of this an overture or proffer (with considerable loss) was made, when the voyage was but newly begun, 
East-India Trade proffered.  and exceeding hopeful; but that proffer was refused (by report) upon very unreasonable terms, for causes best known to themselves, and which I leave to others to imagine, as to that Company, 
Dutch design of Dr. and Ka. known or suspected. Mr. Courten never intended a Merchant.  but as to Mr. Courten, I will give this note upon it, That in the least (thereby it appears) he intended not to be a Merchant, his education being far otherwise, but thereto merely constrained by an accidental Executorship, as by his present revocation of all trade, and endeavouring this, plainly appeared.  
But as concerning the Precedents at Surrat, if they have scaped better of late years then formerly; 
The Moors apprehensions of the industrious English.  truly the best reason that can be rendered thereof, is the Expedition of Sir William Courten, for the Moors at Surrat then perceiving that the industrious English could find trade enough elsewhere, would use them with more civility, lest they should be deprived of them, and their money, other reason I know none.  
But I well remember this very particular of C. and E. was vehemently urged by Mr. G. (then the Companies Council, 
Mr. G. Council late K etc. 10 Decem. 1639.  and City's Recorder) before the late King, and a full Councel-board the tenth of December, 1639. when the said Company prevented the Earls of A. and S. their planting Mauritius and Madagascar Islands (no little discourtesy to this Commonwealth) and the said G. and Company still pressing earnestly this business of C. and E. against Mr. Courten; 
The Dutch presently possessed Mauritius wholly, and settled upon Madagascar. The late King's testimony.  The King then suddenly risen up, and spoke to the said Company thus: Gentlemen, I pray let me hear no more of it, and what you have suffered by it, I will see it satisfied some other way; but for Mr. Courten to my knowledge he had nothing to do with it: yet notwithstanding this testimony, the search and view of accounts, and what other satisfaction could be desired, they still persisted by troops (having Baal's odds, and Demetriu's advantage) to solicit Parliament and Committees with the same continually for many years together, 
Baal's Odds.  and never could prove any thing, being impossible in relation to Mr. Courtens depredations, and for that very cause of depredations ('twas reported) Sir William Courten would never adventure with the said Company, 
Sir Wil Courtens reason.  but I rather think his judgement did therein direct him (being an extraordinary industrious and judicious Merchant) perceiving the said Company in no rational or thriving way of management, or government.  
But it so came to pass afterward, 
Comp. depredations.  that Mr. Courten was admitted by a Committee to prove the said Companies depredations (which was by some conceived an extraordinary courtesy) but the first witness was no sooner entered upon discovery, but was presently silenced, and suffered to proceed no further, and therefore formerly whosoever solely appeared to oppose them, must first be sure of Micaiah's cause and confidence, 
Micaiah and Paul.  and Paul's persuasion and full assurance, as it was long since with Mr. R. S. (before he was a Parliament man in opposition to Sir H. G. Sir N. C. 
Mr. R. S. now an hon. Member of State. Pop Con. Sir H.U. signior  Mr. C. Mr. M. (and the rest of that then Royal Company not a few) who pleaded boldly and judiciously before a Committee in the inner Chequer Chamber (Sir H.U. signior Chareman) who very discreetly noting the advantage of odds, gave him good encouragement in the prohibition of their uncivil interruption. 
C. & E. ended.  And thus much concerning C. and E. shall suffice.  
NOw to proceed viz. And Captain W. in China, 
Cap. W. in China, part of their fifth Argument.  and at Mesulapatan, etc. Here's news indeed! Cap. W. in China! for he was the first Englishman in China that ever traded upon English account. But if you will know the reason in good earnest, why both Dutch and English so rage and envy thereat, you will find it to be this, The fear of damage, by competition, in the one, 
Dutch and English true reasons, not their pretended difference with the Portugals. Dutch Doubts.  and of shame and dishonour in the other: For if ever the English attain a China and Japan Trade (which will be very difficult now) and all, or part of their right in the Spice Islands, and elsewhere, as Ormus &c. (all hitherto with incredible prejudice neglected) and then the same managed with discretion, the Dutch will soon find and feel a diminution of their present wealth and glory?  
And as for the English; 
Eng fear, and shame. Sir Wil Courtens new doctrine and expample.  What a shame and dishonour to them after-forty or fifty years' experience, to be taught the principle of East-India Trade by one never there? (as indeed they were then by Sir William Courten) and at present by Mr. T. and the new Modellers proceeding upon the very same grounds and principles) and that in one voyage, 
First return clear first Advent.  if his design had not been envied and maligned (and the Dragon and Katherine come home as well as the Sun) would probably have more than cleared the first adventure of 150000 li. and have left a considerable stock and foundation of Trade for posterity, 
Comp. then no foundation. Fort St. George built since by A. C.  far better than the Companies, then having no foundation with all their expense of time, and vast stocks of Nationall treasure, the like never known in Europe; And for these reasons principally it highly concerned both parties to endeavour and agree his ruin.  
The Dutch being very well content with the Companies subjection, 
The Dutch content with Comp. rraffick.  and posting Traffic, because they can disturb the Natives, then accounting them their enemies, and so out them at pleasure, when, and where they list, by prohibiting the English all trade and traffic with them upon pain of confiscation of ship and goods, 
Eng. outed at pleasure.  which the Company must not disobey, as formerly expressed.  
Well: Cap. W. from China passes the Dutch Pikes through the straits of Malacca with much ado, 
Cap. W. at Mesulapatan.  as aforesaid, and came to Masulapatan upon the Coast of Chormandel, being there, the Companies Factors (contrary to their Commissions and Orders, yet in self-love) seemed very well pleased with their coming thither, and after some compliments, 
The Comp. necessity.  the said Factors discovered at last their present necessities (the chief motive to their pretended courtesy) and made it their request to Capt. W. to borrow of him one thousand pounds, 
Cap. W. courtesy.  alleging that their expected supplies failed, and so their Factories on that Coast were in great want; hereupon Capt. W. courteously supplies them with one thousand pounds, 
1000 li. borrowed.  and this was all the mischief that hitherto I ever heard he did them, at least maintaining their credits (if not preserving their lives.)  
BUt this, and many more hath been requited the clean contrary way, 
Comp. contrary requitals.  as plentifully appears by this Discourse; and whether this 1000 li. was paid again to Captain W. or any other for Mr. Courten, I certainly know not; but this I know, that one of the said Companies Factors late in India, 
Mr. E. K.  was credibly reported to deliver himself in these, or the like words openly and plainly, viz. That if he list, 
1000 li. debt doubtful.  he could make it appear how the East-India Company did owe Mr. Courten 1000 li. (besides the 5000 li. formerly mentioned, which surely was conceived to be meant of this foresaid thousand pounds being unpaid.  
And thus you have the reasons and causes (in my apprehension) of those their long and lamentable outcries, 
Reasons and causes frivolous.  and insupportable prejudices and smartings (as themselves term them) and if any other can hereafter be discovered then what is formerly expressed, I hope 'twill be no hard task to see them truly and fully answered, unless by mentioning and adjoining therewith, Sir K. D. assault of the Venetians in the Road of Scandaroone, 
Sir K. D. if imputed, the Author excused.  if they lay that to Mr. Courtens charge, truly then Mr. Courten himself, or some other for him, must come and see that imputation answered, and removed, for I cannot therein say any thing on his behalf, therefore I must be excused.  
But I have made my digression fare greater than I expected, 
Too long digression. The Author's resolution.  now I come to the Letter formerly promised, whose long silence (receiving no answer) put me into a muse, and at last I resolved to give summons to my treacherous memory, to try whether or no I had writ that briefly, or in a Mystery, which I could not explain more largely, as in this confused discourse, or history; and now follows the said Letter verbatim, which was principally intended to secure Carwar for future advance of Trade.  
The Letter, i. e.  
SIR, or SIRS:  
THe product of former Discourses runs into this result; That whereas the East-India Company (and their Accomplices, and Adherents) have sundry ways and times sadly manifested, their great dislike of that just and legal expedition of Sir William Courten Knight deceased, as by the woeful experience of William Courten Esq his Son, Friends, Creditors, and faithful Factors and Planters plainly appeareth.  
Yet if any Christian remorse or consideration may conduce for a speedy atonement for advance of Trade, and encouragement of the intended subscription, and removal of all obstacles, and animosities possible for the better clearing a way for the new Model to pass into an Act, whose frame and foundation (for aught yet appearing (save the Authority and Coin of the Commons of England) seems plainly to be laid upon the hidden and remaining Basis of the abovesaid Sir William, and his Son, etc. in the ruin and destruction of their Trade, Shipping, Factors, Factories, and Plantation of Madagascar by the Parties abovesaid, done, and procured as in due time may be demonstrated.  
And seeing nothing now remains to the Proprietor (or other wellwillers to that Trade on his behalf (save Carwar) howsoever slighted or neglected by ignorant, inconsiderate English, and present undertakers; yet I am confident, (and that upon good grounds) if the Dutch get possession (as they have often desired) and as ('tis said) they have already Cannanore, (for they are wise, and discreet Merchants indeed) 100000. li. ready money (as formerly often expressed) will not regain it out of their hands, seeing it is of more consequence than all places possessed in India by any other English whatsoever at present; And if so, as in truth it is, than it highly concerns the new Modellers speedily to secure the same for recovery of that Trade (if possible) and for the good of this Commonwealth, seeing the Proprietor, and all others by their former and present proceed, are now wholly and altogether prevented to supply the same.  
But as hitherto, so now, that nothing may be wanting on the Plaintiffs part (if it will not be thought presumption in a mean and private person, a common well-willer) of himself to make an Overture by way of Proposal, which doubtless would be well pleasing both to God and good men (if agreed upon) especially to the foresaid Company, whether New or Old (if rightly understood) the said party further presuming in time convenient, to procure the consent of the foresaid Plaintiff, and other parties therein concerned, though the sum proposed be not a fifth, or rather a tenth part of the damage sustained; As by particulars, (besides blood, and other prejudice to the Commonwealth (as he conceives) may be made plainly to appear. Therefore thus:  
It is well known that about 5000. li. and two brass Guns, beyond Cape bon Esperanze were surreptitiously got, and upon all demands there denied, and (as 'tis said) coined and converted (in their great necessity) to their own use; which said sum and Guns there so unjustly detained (with interest and insurance here added) would amount in all this time (considered either in course of Trade from Madrasapatan to Bantam, so to Jambee, then again for Bantam, so for England, several returns without disaster, or considered according to interest of Dutch-Battavia, or Achen Factory, whether it was consigned) would I say amount to 20000. li. and upwards, etc. which sum, the one moiety forthwith for India to discharge the debts there (and by that employment contracted) to the Natives, for the honour of the Nation, and freedom of Trade; And to others, whose faithfulness is approved in that employment; The other moiety towards satisfaction of Creditors here in England in time convenient, and so all differences of damages die, and all party's acquiesse, the one in their cruel, unreasonable, and uncharitable spoil, whose case can be no better: The other in his sad and unparallelled sufferings, whose condition can be no worse.  
Sir, You may perceive the premises points at sundry particular persons, and things of concernment, and therein yourself not the least in regard of former passages and first engagement, and you may conceive what content, or profit, a happy or speedy atonement might procure to each particular (especially the East-India Company, the new Modellers, and Commonwealth, (if duly considered, all which) I refer to your more serious thoughts to move therein, as God and your own conscience can best direct you; let not the truth offend you:  
London 25 of December 1649. Delivered Mr. T. Exc. 28. Dtt. Your humble Servant I. D.  
This melancholy Letter implicitly, is the sum or substance of most of this Discourse, in relation to the East-India Company, and present Traders (the proposal and proceed of that 5000 li. excepted) and was principally intended for the preservation of Carwar for the good of this Commonwealth, as formerly expressed.  
And seeing I have likewise intimated something concerning the Island of Barbadoes, etc. in the West-Indies, I shall attend the pleasure of Authority or others, to deliver the best of my knowledge therein: In the mean time I will close, and conclude both, in this general Assertion, and particular Application thus:  

Assertion.  
THat no Lord, or Commoner, or society of Commoners, in or out of England, hath so good (if any) real and personal claim, Right and Propriety, in, or to the East-India, Mallabar, Acheen, and China Trade, etc. or in or to the Island of Barbados, etc. in the West-Indies, as Mr. Courten, or others in his behalf.    

The Epilogue.  
THus far, Sir, I have laboured (alone) in the discharge of this my duty, with as much plainness and perspicuity as I can, to inform yourself, and others of the truth of the Premises: And if any doubt or scruple should be made, touching any part or parcel thereof, I question not but the same may be satisfied.  
I had my Induction here into this work the foresaid 10. Decem. 1639. at Council-table (long before I knew, or was known to Mr. Courten) where, and when I perceived (from the principal person there present) that public affairs ran too much upon the by as of particular profit or interest (the bane of all Commonwealth's proceed:) And what pains and attendance hath been given therein upon all occasions, is partly known to divers Lords and Gentlemen, as well as yourself, gaining my labour for my travel.  
Besides, I am very sensible what 
* Great loss and hazards, and marvelous deliverances, I hope for good.  prejudice I have sustained thereby, both from the East-India Company, and others therein concerned: And yet truth (which is strongest) hath hitherto exceedingly appeared in my weakness, and against such mighty oppositions, and hath almost accomplished my aims, and the hopes of my desires (the reward of my pains) which was, and is, To see the East-India Trade (of such high concernment) a State, and Commonwealths business; and willingly will give my further attendance therein (if thereto required according to that small talon of knowledge and experience God hath given me.  
And so now I commit this Discourse wholly to your further care and consideration, to move therein as your wisdom and judgement can best direct you, and so henceforth possess myself with patience, and in rest, and confidence, in believing attend (if peradventure) after a sad and gloomy night of sorrow and adversity, a glad and joyful morning of redress and prosperity, will arise upon that deep, distressed, and oppressed family. And in this expectation resolve to abide, Sir,  
Your very humble Servant, John Darell.   
FINIS.   

Erratas.  
Page 5. line 25. read tending, p. 7. l. 15. r. of, l. 25. r. Sir, p. 20. l. 5. r. factors and, p. 30. l. 8. r. and discoveries, l. 10. r. 2 principal.   

Imprimatur  
19 June 1651. Nath. Brent.