portrait of Mehmet IV 
Aetatis Suae 41  
MAHOMET the Fourth, the present and Thirteenth EMPEROR of the TURKS 1683    

Historical and Political OBSERVATIONS Upon the Present State of TURKEY, DESCRIBING The Policy, Religion, Manners, and Military Discipline of the TURKS. With an Account of all the Battles, Sieges, and other Remarkable Transactions and Revolutions, which have happened from the beginning of the OTTOMAN EMPIRE, to this present GRAND SEIGNOR.  
TO WHICH IS ADDED HIS LIFE: Containing all the Material Occurrences that have happened during his Reign. Together with the Present State of HUNGARY: AND History of the WARS there to this Day.  
By. R.D.  
London Printed, and are to be Sold by J. Smith, Book Hinder at the White Swan in Waterlane, in Blackfriars. 1683.   

OBSERVATIONS Upon the PRESENT STATE OF TURKEY.  
THe whole Power of the Ottoman Empire, menacing a considerable part of Europe at this time, with a most dismal Desolation, ●he Maps of those Countries being most in ●ogue, and questions Concerning the Policy, Religions, and Manners of the Turks having ●ow the greatest share in all Discourses and Conversations; I thought a Compendium of ●●e present State would not be unseasonable, ●r  to the World, but would contribute both to others and my own Entertainment.  
Thou this undertaking does seem to be of a greater extent, and to require a larger Bulk, than these sheets will admit of; yet I question not, to give a full and satisfactory account of the Policy of the Turks, and therein of the fundamental Maxims of their Government: Of the strength and numbers of their Militia, of the Civil Offices and their Revenues, with a Relation of the Seraglio, and all thereunto belonging, adding the Model and Constitution of their Religion, with the Articles of their Faith, and the Memoires and History of the present Grand Signors Life unto this day. if I perform this so well, as to content the Curiosity and Speculation of the Age upon those points, I shall have sufficiently flattered my Ambition in having been able to furnish any thing towards the public satisfaction.  
So agreeable a Scene as the portrait of Turkey does afford, cannot be too often represented; that variety of Customs, which how Barbarous soever our Optics may represent to us, being no lesle pretending to Civility than our own, tho' in an other Garb. And indeed it has seldom been known that where the People and the Government have been rich, Arts, and Civility have been long wanting and absent, the one attending generally upon the other. Wherhfore if this Land-ship of the State of Turkey be but considered with unprejudiced Eyes, it will undoubtedly appear in other Colours than we commonly bestow upon that Nation.  

CHAP. II. The fundamental Maxims of the Turkish Policy.  
THe first Grand Maxim of the Turkish Policy, is an entire and absolute Submission and Obedience of the Subjects to the Will of their Prince, this absolute resignation to the Pleasure and Command of their Sovereign is instilled into the Turks, indeed rather as a Principle of Religion, than a mere Politic Maxim; such Care being taken in the Education both of the Youth of the Seraglio who stand fair and are the Nursery for the Principal Offices of the Empire and of all the other Subjects of the Grand Signors Dominions, as to infuse into them this Opinion, that it is highly Meritorious and a ●ind of holy Martyrdom to dye by either the ●and or Command of their Prince; insomuch that it would be no wonder amongst ●em to see whole Armies at his least beck plunge themselves into Abysses, make Bridgges with Piles of their Bodies for him to pass over Rivers, and only for his Diversion kill and butcher one another. This subjection the Turkish Machiavels look upon to have been a main Engine to the Increase and Enlargement of their Dominions, and fancy the slackening this Discipline, and the Cabals in the Ministry under some of the late Emperors, has been the occasion of those Revolts and Disorders which have happened in that State.  
The next is, the Princes preferring such Persons to the principal Charges of the Court and Empire, as he can advance without Envy, and destroy without Peril: And indeed nothing could be more for the interest of a Prince than the conduct of the Ottoman Court in this point; for none are admitted into the Grand Signors Service, but such as have had their Breeding and Education from him, and by that means have imbibed such Principles from their Infancy as tend wholly to the real Thankfulness for the Bread and Nourishment they have received, and a kind of Religious Awe and Veneration to his Person. Besides, as these Persons are constantly such as are taken in War or by Piracy from Christian Parents they remain without those usual support which the common Interest of a Family and Alliances does afford. Moreover, the Sentiments they inspire into those Persons are such as nourish and foment a detestation and abhorrence of their Parents Opinions, and spurr them on to the venturing their lives, their All to reduce them to the same Belief.  
The Parity of Persons which is observed throughout All the Turkish Dominions, is also without question one of the main securities of the Turkish sway, for all are here equal and nothing but merit does advance People to the Ministry and places of State. Thus all Offices being in the immediate disposal of the Emperor, and not to be obtained by the Factions of Grandees, who might divert the People's Eyes from of the Court, and by degrees tempt and delude themselves into Rebellion, they make their addresses directly to the Grand Signior, as to the true source of their Promotions and Fortunes. And as this Parity makes all the People court only their Prince's favour, so it prevents any thoughts of an Insurrection, or of casting of that Yoke of Tyranny, scorning basely to follow and promote the Interest of those who are but their Equals. Thus the Subjects in Turkey have nothing Hereditary, all their Honours and Places determining with their lives, none receiving any Glory from Illustriousness of extraction, but only from the Prince's Favour and Bounty, which is in no wise claimed or lessened by greatness of Birth, which here rather creates jealousy and danger, than favour and advantage: By these means People are Studious to qualify themselves for Offices, which Personal Merits tender them Candidates for; and as the Grand Signior is here the administrator to all dead Man's Estates, Parents have not their thoughts so intent of heaping up Richeses for an Inheritance to their Children, as they are to Capacitate them for their Prince's Service. And this Destruction of all Nobility, cutting of all succession to Richeses, Offices and the Government, but in the direct Ottomen line, does certainly preserve the Body of the Empire free from Faction and Rebellion. Whereas the Rich and powerful Governments of many Provinces which lie far remote from the Seat of the Empire, might tempt their Governors to a Rebellion, had they the assistance and support which an ancient and an Illustrious Extraction does afford. But as their Bashaws come of unknown Parents, are continued but for a short time in those foreign Governments, are Strangers in the Countries they sway, have no ancient Blood and Estates to entitle them Heirs to the Succession, no Relations, Kindred or Alliances to second, prosecute or revenge their Quarrels, or to created Kindness or Compassion in the People to concern themselves in their behalf; so are these Ministers deprived of all means, opportunities or possibility, of promoting any Interest of their own above that of their Sovereigns: this it is has rendered all Emotions that have been, and sometimes will be in all Empires of such short continuance as Turkey; this it is that suffers the greatest Subjects in those Dominions to be cut of according to the Prince's Caprice, without raising the lest Murmurs amongst the People, who gaze upon such Spectacles without concern, or if they Created any Motions in them they are only such as afford pleasure, which they receive in seeing such Examples of Fortune's Unconstancy in the World. But this severity in the Turkish Policy does not only extend to the Bashaws and great Men, but to the very Ottoman Family itself, who are suppressed with greater strictness than all others, and are debarred all Wealth and Offices. Thus by the fundamental Laws of the Empire, the Children of a Grand Signors Daughter married to a Bashaw, are not capable of any Office in the State, but if by favour this is at any time dispensed with, they can never attain to any higher Preferment than that of a Capugibashee, which is one of the Porters of the Grand Signors Gate. Nay, it is so great a Crime to be allied to the Royal Family, that it is almost Treason in those of this Race to name it, nor is there in Turkey but one Branch of this Line of any account or esteem, and that is the Offspring of Sultan Ibrahim, who was a Son of the Grand Signors Sister, and married to a Sultana (and are said to be of the Race of the Tartars) thus coming only by the Woman's side the lesle notice is taken of their Blood. Nor had this Family subsisted to this day, had it not been for this extraordinary Prudence and Discretion of its conduct in all the Revolutions of the Turkish Government, never aspiring to Offices, nor meddling with affairs of State, but living contentedly and with out Ostentation upon a small yearly revenue of about 70000 Dollars.  
The Turks do look upon as one Cause of the Conservation of their Dominions, their laying waist and desolating their own Provinces that lie the farthest remote from the Seat of their Empire, and by this means they think to enervate and dispirit the People, and bring them more within the reach and compass of Authority. And indeed it is seldom known that any Rebellions do arise under the Turkish sway, tho' in the remotest parts of Asia; and these few that have been seen, have with case been calmed and suppressed for the Malcontents and restless Spirits found no shelter in those Parts, being stripped of their Fortifications and Retreats in the Woods and Forests, and the Rebels thereby exposed to the pursuits of an irritated Prince. And this it is that constrains the great men of that Empire to deliver themselves up without more ado to undergo Punishment and Death at the Will of their Sovereign, seeing they have no means of flight, nor no place of refuge jest in Countries, that are laid wholly waste and afford no sustenance or support. Besides this dispeopling, dismantling, and thus desolating the Country, is attended with this other advantage, that no Foreign Enemy can with a Land Army make any Invasion into it with advantage, for the desolation of it renders it uncapable of furnishing any Provisions, and that there it is easily destroyed by the Grand Signors own Subjects, and for an Army to bring Ammunition, and Provision along with it sufficient for such an Expedition, is a thing almost impossible. Nevertheless the immediate Frontier Places of their new Conquests the Turks take always Care to fortify, and to garnish and strengthen with Colonies of their own People.  
Now as the Turkish Expeditions are like a Torrent, which bears all down before them so it is a point of their Policy when they have made a Conquest of any considerable Country to strike up a Peace immediately, that so they may have time to settle and confirm themselves in their new Acquisitions, well knowing, that what they have so hastily overrun, is again to be as easily recovered, and that the stream of such inundations is as rapid in the Ebb as in the Flux.  
The frequent Change of Officers, the degrading of some and exalting of others, is thought to tend very much to the welfare of the Ottoman Empire, for hereby those Sparks are deprived of the means of rivetting themselves in the People's Affections, or of fomenting any mutiny or alteration in the State: Besides as all Offices are here purchased at very dear Rates, every Bashaw of Grand Cairo or of Babylon paying three or four hundred thousand Dollars for their Commission; others two, others one hundred thousand, according as their places are more or lesle considerable, and this Money they are constrained to take up at interest paying forty or fifty per cent. annually and oftentimes more, so that they are forced to squeeze and fleece the People for the reimbursing themselves again, clear their engagements, and bribe and purchase the Favour and Protection of the Minions of the Court. Nevertheless this stands them in little stead, for when they have pretty well glutted themselves with their Exorbitant Exactions, and that the People begin to bawl out loud against the Tyranny and Oppression of those Ministers, they are presently offered up a Sacrifice to their Furies, and those vast Estates and Mass of Treasure which they had so unjustly heaped, confiscated to the Grand Signors use, who only bestows on their Posterity what he in his Bounty thinks fitting. Nor are these Harpies of Ministers the only Persons liable to the severity of the Turkish Government, those who are the Favourites of the People being no lesle exposed to the keenness of the Ottoman sway, which looks upon Popularity as an unpardonable Crime. But than these Darling Officers are not dispatched into the other World after the same manner as those public Pests, who are executed in Triumph, but the others are cajoled with all manner of fair treatment, the Grand Signors Umbrage is dissembled and they perhaps presented with a Horse, a Sword, a Sable Vest, or a Commission for some more honourable and advantageous Government, until they have got them into such places, that the Executioner doing his orders by slipping the Bowstring about their Necks, cannot created any combustion nor hazard the public Peace. Thus does Turkey afford the fruitful Landscape of the unconstancy and mutability of Human Grandeur that ever any other Country did, one moment seeing one of these Meteors shining in all the splendour, pomp, lustre and magnificence imaginable, and the next fall unpitied, barbarously put to death, his body thrown into the Dirt of a foreign and unknown Country, without any solemnity of Funeral or Monument, but not sooner in the Grave than his memory is forgotten.  
But now I think 'twould not be all together improper to set down some of those Religious Arts and Maxims whereby the Turkish Faith has and is propogated, especially since their Law has that influence upon Affairs of State, and so contrived for the honour and profit of the Sovereign; but for that purpose I shall not need to look back so far as to give an account of its first taking root or establishment, nor that Mahomet's Law was an hodge-podg of Judaisme, Chrystianity, and Paganism, nor of his nicking for lucky a juncture, as when the greatest Politicians of the Age were employed in framing a Model of an Ecclesiastical Monarchy, they and the Divines busied in healing the Wounds, which the Heresies of Arius and Nestorius had made in the Church, nor shall I speak of the stupidity and blockishness of the Age and Country he first set up in, and so the more easy to be imposed upon by his false and pretended Miracles, giving out he was sent by God to give a new Law to Mankind, and that he was to reduce the World by force of Arms to his Obedience; that as Christ was greater than Moses, so was he greater than Christ and the last of the Prophets; that he had Communication with the Angel Gabriel for two years together that he lived in a Cave, who delivered to him and helped him to compile the Koran, tho' it was done by the help of Sergius the Monk; keeping a Pigeon which he had taught to feed out of his Ear, he pretended it was the Holy Ghost, whom he conversed with and who instructed him in the Divine Precepts. Whenever he was in fits of the Falling-sickness, to which he was extremely subject, he gave out that they were holy and prophetical Trances, with many other such like fopperies, and mad-visionary tales, too tedious here to relate. Wherhfore we will only take a short view of the practices now in use with them for the insinuating and promoting the Rites, Doctrines and Laws of the Turkish Religion.  
The first was a Toleration of other Religions, especially cajoling the Christians and their Tenants, owning Christ to be a Prophet, and a greater too than Moses; that Mary conceived by the smell of a Rose; that the blessed Virgin was free from Original sin, and the Temptations of the Devil; that Christ was the Word of God and is so styled in the Koran, and cured Diseases, raised the dead, and worked many miracles, and that his Disciples did the like by his power, hardly any of them ever speaking of our Saviour but with Veneration and Reverence, but will warmly deny his Passion, saying it were an Impiety to believe that God who loved and had conferred so much Power, and so many Graces on Christ, should so far dishonour him, as to deliver him into the Hands of the Jews, who were the worst and most scorned of Men, or to the Death of the Cross which was the most vile and infamous of all punishments; for being, as they say, led toward the place of Execution, God not permitting so base a People to put to Death so holy a Prophet (for they confess that he never sinned) did assume him into Heaven: when mist and sought by the Soldiers in the throng, they laid hold of one of the Judges that had condemned him, who resembled him much in favour and proportion, telling him that he should not escape from them again; and so not believing whatsoever he said, executed him in his Room. By such like Baits and Artifices as these, and punishing severely all those who Blaspheme the name of Christ, they think to decoy and invite over to their belief the unwary Christians.  
Toleration, as I said, being one of the first Traps that was laid for the Professors of others Creeds, they have improved it to this, among the other advantages of seducing and perverting the People that devil among them, that as they allow of Churches and Houses of Devotion in places where they have been anciently founded, but admit not of holy buildings on new Foundations; they may repair the old cover and roofs, but cannot lay a stone in a new Place consecrated to Divine Service, nor if fire or any accident destroy the superstructure can it be re-edifyed, or any new strength added to the Foundation, wherewith to underprop for an other building. Thus in time all the Churches in the Ottoman Empire must of necessity fall to utter ruin, as many have already done, so that seeing the Turkish Laws do not permit Christian Churches to be restored, Christianity in time will be abolished in those Dominions, unless it be the good Will of Heaven otherwise to ordain it.  
Neither are their Laws concerning Christian Children lesle conducing to the propagating Christianity, for if a man turn Turk, his Children under the age of fourteen years, tho' educated with other Principles, must be forced to the same Persuasion, Men that speak against the Mahometan Law, that have rashly promised at a time of Distraction or Drunkenness to become Turks, orhave had a carnal knowledge of a Turkish Woman, must either become Martyrs or Apostates; besides many other subtleties they have to entrap the Souls of Christians with the niceties and entanglements of their Law.  
Another point of the Mahometan Policy is for the promoting of their Sect, not to deliver up any City Town or Fortress where Mosques or other Religious Houses of their persuasion have been once built, and where Mahometanism has been professed; thus the Turk has not sooner set footing in a Town, but that he falls immediately to erecting of Mosques and Temples, and thereby lays an obligation upon the consciences of the Garrison to make the most obstinate and vigorous Defence, and this being a Principle of their Religion never to yield upon a voluntary surrender, it has often been so prevalent, and spirited the Defendants to that Degree, that all the terrors and miseries of Famine, Sword, and other Calamities have not been capable to constrain them to lay down their Arms and capitulate a delivery.  
Besides these Artifices the Mahametan Doctrine itself had such Baits and Decoys, as were sure to catch and trepan all Carnal and Voluptuous Men, Mahomet promising to the Possessors of the World, magnificent Palaces spread all over with silk Carpets, flowery Fields and Crystalline Rivers; Trees of Gold still flourishing; pleasing the Eye with their goodly Forms, and the Taste with their Fruits, under whose fragrant shades they shall spend the course of their happy time with Amorous Virgins, who shall alone regard their particular lovers: Not such as have lived in this World, but created on purpose: with great black Eyes, beautiful as a Hyacinth, and the duration of one act of Carnal Copulation ●hould be for the space of sixty years; that ●heir Women shall have daily their lost Virginities restored, ever young (continuing there as here at fifteen, and the Man as at thirty) and ever free from natural Portions; Boys of Divine feature shall minister unto them, and set before them all variety of delicate Viands. And a thousand other things sensual and ridiculous to wise and thinking Men, yet capable of drawing in a senseless tho' sensual Multitude as the Oriental Nations are above all others.  
But when all these tricks fail them, they have an other way to propagate their Religion much more prevalent than any yet mentioned, and indeed is what first introduced it, established it, and has since main●●●● 〈◊〉 the World, and that is by the ●wo●d 〈◊〉 it is one of the Principal Articles of their Creed that the Souls of those who die in the Wars against the Christians, without the help of any previous Acts of performance of their Law, or other Works, are immediately transported to Paradise, which must necessarily make keen the Swords and animate the Courage of the Soldiers: and besides this Resolution in War, they infuse into them an invincible patience in bearing all terrestrial wants by which they are kept tight against Sedition and apt to retain all things necessary to compliance in Government. And by such like Insinuations is these, do they whet such Multitudes of ●heir Soldiers to rush blindly on to their ●wn Ruin and Slaughter valuing their Lives ●nd Bodies at no higher rate than the price ●f Stones and Rubbish to stuff up Brooks and Ditches, that they may but erect a Bridge or ●assage for their Fellows to assault their Enemy's.  
The success of the Ottoman Arms has confrmed their opinion of their Faith, and they ●ave made it a Principle, that whosoever proffers, hath God for the Author, and by how ●uch more successful have been their Wars, by 〈◊〉 much the more hath God been an owner of their ●ause and Religion.  
Nor is their constancy to, and their strict observation of their Primitive institutes, small preservative against Divisions and editions both in Church and State.  
The Institution, Power and Office of the mufti is also a most Political Contrivance, ●r tho' his decisions be looked upon as sa●ed and infallible, yet is he constantly a ●eature of the Grand Signors, and that all ●wer both Ecclesiastical and Civil be radically in the Sultan, yet he is only a mere Weathercock of State, pointing as the Court ●rects; the Grand Signior always chooses ●r this Office some person most Famous for ●s learning in the Laws, and eminent for his Virtues and strict conduct of Life. Thi● Ministers Office is so great among the Turk● that the Grand Signior will in no wise contradict or oppose his Determination in an● case whatever.  
This Minister is made use of as a Skrec● by the Court, whether in cases of condemning any great and Popular Man to Death or making War or Peace or other important affairs of the Empire; and this is either to appear the more just and Religious, or t● incline the People more willingly to Obed●dience. Now tho' the Grand Signior be th● Fountain and Oracle of justice, tho' he b● above the Law, yet when he has resolve upon the Fall and Destruction of any grea● and Popular Man, the Mufti's Sentence giv● a gloss and innocent varnish to his Action of Justice.  
But in case the Mufti be at any time foun● refractory, and cannot or will not resolve the cases that are offered to his solution, b● is fairly dismissed from his infallible Office and an other set up in his stead who is mo●pliant and flexible, and a fit Oracle fo● the present juncture. And if any Hesitate on be met with in the second, he is also d●charged, and so on with others until th● have met with one whose Prophecies jun● more with the interest of the Prince, y● ●et things go as they will, the Musti's Life is ●ree from the Sword, and his Fortunes seldom subject to the Subversion. In short, he ●s the supreme Judge and rectifier of all Actions, as well civil as ecclesiastical, and an approver of the Justice of the Military. He seldom goes abroad, nor does he admit of impertinent Conversation, he carries gravity with him in his looks, as well as in his behaviour. When any come to him for Judgement, they deliver him in Writing the State of the Question, and he in Writing briefly returns his Oraculous answer, ●he commonly weareth a Vest of Green, and the greatest turban in the Empire, and tho' we should say as large as a Bushel we should not be much out of compass. His Seraglio is neither large nor beautiful. In it he keepeth a Seminary of Boys, who are instructed in the Mysteries of their Laws; he is not restrained, nor restraineth himself from the Penalty of Women his Incomes are great, his expenses small, and therefore his Wealth infinite. Thus having briefly touched upon the Maxims of the Turkish Policy and some of the Articles of their Creed. I shall now proceed, to give an, account of their Persons, Garb, Dispositions, Manners and Fashions.   

CHAP. III. Of the Persons, Garb, Dispositions, Manners and Fashions of the Turks.  
THe Turks are generally well complexioned, of goodly Statures, full Bodies, and suitably proportioned; they suffer no hair about them, but a lock on their Crown, and what grows on their Faces; for their Beards they wear at full length, as a mark of gravity and of freedom, the Slaves in the Levant being shaved, and the Christians ridiculed who so unman themselves by taking of their Beards. It is a badge of their Religion to wear white Sashes and Turbans on their Heads, and they distinguish their Vocations and Quality by their foldings and their size. Next to their Skin they wear a Calico Smock, with large Sleeves longer than their Arms; under this a pair of Calico Drawers, reaching to their Ankles, with Yellow or Read slip-Shoes, picked at the Toe, and plated on the Sole: Over all they wear a half sleeved Coat girt unto them with a Shash or Towel: their Neck all bore; and this is their Summer Garb within Doors. But when they go abroad they wear over all Gowns, some with wide half Sleeves, others with long hanging Sleeves buttoned before, and by the meaner People another Fashion, reaching but a little below the Knee, with hanging-Sleeves not much longer than the Arm, and open before, but all of them ungathered in the Shoulders. In the Winter they wear a kind of Breeches or Drawers of Cloth which about the small of their Leg are sowed to short smooth Buskins of Leather without Sols, fit for the Foot, as the Glove for the Hand; lining their Gowns with Fur, as they do their Coats; having than the Sleeves (or quilted Wastecotes under them) reaching close to their Wrists. They wear no Gloves, they wear long Handkerchiefs at their Girdles, some of great Value, and admirable well wrought, the Modes never change in Turkey, not more than they do in Spain, nor is there any great difference in the make of the  of mean People and those of Quality, only that they wear Cloth of Tissue, of Gold and Silver, Velvet, Scarlet, Satin, Damask, Camlets, lined with Sables and other costly Furs, and with Martins, Squirrels, Foxes, and Coney-skins according to their several Qualities. But the common wear is Violet Cloth, they retain still the Ancient custom of presenting Change of Raiment. The Clergy go much in Green, it being Mahomet's Colour, and those of his Posterity and Kindred wear Green sashes, and are called Emers, which is Lord, the Women in like manner wearing also something of Green upon their Heads to be known. A Christian is not allowed to wear Green, if he does out of ignorance, he shall be sound beaten, and his  torn of his Back. In the City they have no Arms, only tuck under their Girdle a crooked Knife of the bigness of a Dagger, in sheaths of Metal, all beset with Gems and precious Stones to a considerable value. They are upright in their Gate, lofty in their Demeanour with an elated Countenance. The greatest sign of Love and Honour is among them to take a Person by the Hand, and lay it to one's Forehead; they lay their Hands on their Bosoms in their familiar Salutations, bending their Bodies a little; but in their respects to Persons of Illustrious Quality, they bow to the very Ground, and kiss the Him of his Garment. The Ornaments of their Head, they never put of upon any occasion, they are Devout observers of cleanliness and neatness, not only washing all parts of their Bodies upon every slight, occasion, but going into their Bannio's (which are the most stately of their Public Buildings) once or twice a Week, but perfuming their Beards and the inside of their Turbans with Amber, they are so superstitious in their washings, that they fancy the lest Excrement upon their Garments is a Pollution. They seldom travel single, but expecting till a greater number be bound for the same place, go and lodge together; These are called Caravans, and are security from Thiefs unless they come in Troops, and than the Governors sends against them, they have not many Occupations and Exercises, being generally extreme slothful, their Minds being in no wise inclined to Arts, nor have they any Inclination for the Sciences, so that it's no wonder if a Man can only be provided in their Country with what is absolutely necessary for Life, indispensably useful to Commerce, and very meanly proper for the Recreation of the Mind and Body, and for the passing ones time pleasantly and with de●ight, which ever proves tedious to such dull, heavy and unthinking People as are he Mahometans. Thus almost their only Exercise is shooting, wherein too they take so little pains, that they sit all the while ●n Carpets in the shade, and make their slaves fetch their Arrows, their Bows are made of the Horns of Buffiloes, intermixed with Sinews, rarely wrought and many of them tightly guilded, and are for form and length not unlike the Lath of a large Cross-Bow: They are indeed excellent at Rope-dancing, and some of them are Wrestlers. But only such as make it their Profession, and gain thereby their livelihood. Cards and Dices they do not understand, but will play at chess all the day long, an amuzement suiting well enough with their sedentary Humour. Those of the better rank delight much in Horses, which are both beautiful and well managed, but cannot undergo hard riding; their Saddles, tho' not large be hard and deep, plated behind and before, and some of them with Silver, as are their Massy Stirrups, and the Reinss of their Bridles suited unto their other costly Caparisons. When they stand in the Stable, they feed them for the most part, if not altogether with Barley; being here of small Value, and only serving for that purpose; they litter them in their own Dung, first dried in the Sun, and pulverated, which keeps their Skins clean, smooth and shining.  
In Turkey they shut Cats and Dogs out of Doors every Night, and this is made a piece of their Religion, and a cleanly one: the Dogs go most together making a hideous noise and are dangerous by Night to Thiefs and Drunkards; others seldom walk among them after it is dark.  
The thing, wherein Necessity has constrained the Turks to busy themselves, are, Agriculture, Baking, dressing Victuals, and Architecture, and of late the Christians have Care to cultivate the Lands in the Ottoman Empire. The Turks seldom put Hand to Blow, but when they are pinched by necessity, for if there be any Greeks or Armenians in 〈◊〉 Village, they leave all to them and never trouble themselves with sowing or reaping. They have a great number of Bakers in all the great Cities, those Bakers having for the most ●art Mills in their own Houses, and keeping ●ertain Animals for the turning their Mills. The Turks Kitchens are none of the most La●ish and Delicious, a Man needing to be sharp ●t to be much pleased with their Cookery, ●heir Pillaw is the Principal Dish, and is ●ice in Grain, dressed very small in Meat ●●oth, or else with Water and Butter. And ●●is is the most excellent of all their Dishes, without which the greatest Feast in the ●orld would not be of any esteem, sometimes they put into turned Milk which they ●●l Joyhourt, Saffron to make it Yellow, ●●ney or Pekmesses, which is Wine boiled 〈◊〉 make it sweet, and a thousand other Ingredients to satisfy the whimsicalness of so depraved a Taste as theirs. They often have Roast-meat which they call Kiabab, which they neither lard nor baste, unless it be with the fat of Caramanian Mutton, the Tails of which Sheep are as broad as the Brims of a Hat and proportionably thick. They are but a short while at Table, and have sooner dined than we can eat a Dish of Broth. As soon as Dinners over they wrap up their Sofra or Leather Carpet, their Table being a round Board, standing on a Foot not passed a Foot high, and brimmed like a Charger; the Dishes have Feet like standing Bowls, and are so set one upon an other, that you may eat of each without removing of any, tho' commonly they have neither Tables nor Stools in their Houses but sit crossed legged on the Floor at thei● Victuals, all in a ring. Their Houses are generally made of Brick baked in the Sun, ar● low and mean, which is to be ascribed to the People's having no properties of thei● own, and therefore Care not to spend either their Treasure or their time in building what they cannot transmit to their Posterity nay which they themselves may be outed 〈◊〉 the very next Moment. Now tho' the Mahometans have some Rules of Architecture for the above mentioned reason they neve● practise them for their own use. None but Public Buildings as are the Temples, Baths, Hospitals, Coravanserats, Basarts and Besestins, that have any thing in any wise passable well contrived. Nevertheless the roofs of many of their Private Houses are curiously fieled with inlaid Wood adorned with Gold and Azure to an excessive costliness, the upper end of the Room being a little raised, is covered with Turkey Carpets, whereon when they tread they put of their Slip-shoes. In the heat of the day they sit on great out-Windows which many of them have made for that purpose. But as for Hang or the like to their Rooms they have none, all their Furniture on the Inside being only bore White Walls, unless some peculiar Room in the Houses of those of the Highest Quality.  
Their Public Buildings are vast, and stately afar of being wonderfully beautified by the abundance of Trees planted among the Houses, so as each City seems rather a Wood than a City; which, beside the pleasant Aspect, shelters against the Summer Sun and Winter's Wind; the Streets are not broad, but paved with a high foot-Causay on each side, in the middle a passage for Carts and Horses; from the Caves on both sides is made a Boarded Arch not very close, yet much defensive against Sun and Rain. Turkey is furnished with magnificent Bridges, as Hanes, Mesketoes, Highways and other public Structures; and by this means, when any Provincial Governor is both for Richeses and Rapine notorious, he is sure ere long to be circumvented, or else laid open to the Accuser for confiscation, he to prevent this hath no fairer way, than for the public good to make some work of eminent magnificence; wherein lie the two safe points of Reputation, in being held pious and exhausted, the one stops the Accuser, the other the Exchequer.  
But as I have spoke something of their Diet and their Habitations, it will not be impertinent to enlarge a little farther upon their House-keeping and Habitations; the Turks found the advantage of their sparing humour both in War and at home, the greatest Provisions that are carried into their Camp being only of Rice, potted Butter, and some dry or powdered Meats, they do not busy a vast number of Men to search after and procure a hundred sorts of different Meats, nor oblige their Soldiers to wander from their main Body to fetch away to the peril of their lives wherewith to satisfy their Intemperance. And as for their House keeping a Barrel of Rice a year, with some Pots of Butter, and dried Fruits, make the greatest Provisions of a very numerous Family. For my part I can refer to no other 'Cause than this the sobriety the strength and plumpness of all the Eastern-People: And if they were allowed to have great Estates in Property for the receiving of Annual Rents, this Retrenchment and Moderation they have so long made in their Diet, would have settled more Rich Families in Constantinople, than Feasting and Luxury have ruined in all his Majesties three Kingdoms. For a Kitchen in a House is like the Spleen in the Body, the more it Augments, the more the other Faculties diminish. Nevertheless their Pillaw, Doulma, Boureck, Chorbes and other Dainties would be pleasing enough to some of our nicest Palates in Europe, and whereon a Man might make both a substantial and a delicious meal.  
Their Attendants at the Table are Slaves, such as have been bestowed upon them by way of Present, or which they have obtained in War or by their Money; and the greater number a Man has, the richer he is accounted: They make three Meals a day. But at a Feast they besiege the Table all the day long, unless they rise to ease Nature and forthwith return. They abominate Hogs-Flesh, Blood, and whatever hath died of itself, unless in extreme necessity. As Wine is prohibited them by their Alcoran, (wherein nevertheless they will debauch to a high Degree in private) their usual Drink is pure Water and sundry sorts of Sherbets, some made of Sugar and Lemmons, some of Violets, Peaches, Apricocks, or other Flowers, Fruits or Plumbs, as is the product of each Province; these are dried together into a consistence reasonable hard, and portable for their use in War, or elsewhere, mingling about a spoonful with a Quart of Water. But one of their most common Drinks, now in great request with us, is their Coffee, and Coffeehouses abound in Turkey more than Taverns nay Inns or Alehouses in England. In their Coffeehouses upon Scaffolds half a yard High, which they call Sofats, covered with Mats, they sit crosslegged after the Turkish manner, commonly two or three hundred together chatting, often having some sorry Music, thrumming up and down the Room all the while. They are incredible takers of Opium, which abounds in some of their Provinces, this they say expelleth all fear and renders them Courageous, but rather wild-headed, and occasioning turbulent Dreams. The Turks are excessive in their jealousy, surpassing therein all other Nations which is to be ascribed to Polygamy, which renders the Husband unfit for sufficient correspondence, and suspicious the Women will seek for due Benevolence elsewhere. Now they are generally exhorted to Matrimony for the propagating of their Law, and the Man loses his Reputation who deferreth marrying till the Age of five and twenty. Every Man is allowed four Wives, who must all pin their Faith upon Mahomet's Sleeves, and as many Concubines as he can keep, and that two of any Religion soever. Yet this set number of their Wives is no point of their Religion, but a restriction introduced upon some Politic Consideration, as too great a Burden and debilitation to men's Estates and Bodies. A Man being bound to make each Wife a Cabin or Dowry, and each by the Law is allowed to claim her share in the conjugal allowance, at lest one night in the Week; for if any of them hath been neglected for a whole Week before, she may challenge Thursday night as her due, and the Law hath provided her Remedy in that case against her Husband: But if her modesty will not allow her to sue for one Weeks Default, she has nevertheless the Ingenuity to contrive a supply of her wants. Now as the Women in Turkey are kept in the highest restraint imaginable, not being allowed to stir abroad but muffled all but the Eyes, nor suffered to go to Church, or look out of the Windows of their own Houses, nay not to converse with their own Sons after such an Age; so none in the World can match them in their Ingenious contrivances for the satisfying their lascivious Desires, which are nourished and fomented to that Degree by the strictness of their Guardians, that the Turkish Women are accounted the most immodest Women in the World. Nevertheless, a Wife's incontinency does not here redound to the Disgrace and Scandal of a Husband, the Brow- Antlets being placed to the account of the Father, Brother or kindred of the Woman: Her Blood and Family being thereby tainted and dishonoured, and he by a Divorce both rids himself of his Wife, and purges himself of the disgrace. But before we speak of the formalities of a Divorce, it will not be impertinent to s●t down those of a Wedding. Now having bought their Wife of her Parents, and recorded the contract before the Cadi they solemnize their marriage in this manner. Many Women are invited by the Mother of the Bride to accompany her the night before the Marriage day, whereof they spend a great part in feasting; than lead they her into a Bath, where they anoint and bathe her. So breaking company, they departed unto their several Rests, and in the morning return unto her Chamber; where they deck her in her richest Ornaments, tying on her Silcken Buskins with Knots not easily unknit. The Bridegroom having feasted a number in like manner, in the morning they also repair to his House in their best Trappingss, and nobly mounted, from whence they set forward two and two in a Rank, to fetch home the Bride, accompanied with Music, and conducted by the Sagdich, who is the nearest of his Kindred. To the Sagdich the Bride is delivered with her Face close covered, and than she is set astride on Horseback, with a Canopy carried over her in such manner, as no part of her is to be discerned. Thus does this Troup return in the same order that it came, having their Presents and Apparel carried after them in Serbets or a kind of Baskets, and than follows the Bride herself, and last of all her Slaves if any have been given her. The Bridegroom standeth at his Door to receive her, and has all respects paid him by his Guests: who nevertheless go not in, and is regated by them with several Presents before their departure. If she be of Quality, she is led to the Bride Chamber by an Eunuch, where Women stand prepared to undress her. But the Bridegroom himself must untie her Buskins, to which he is feign to apply his Teeth. Now he must entertain his Wives with equal respect, giving them the same Diet, the same Apparel, and the same Benevolence, being expressly ordained in the precepts of their Doctors, and all this must be exactly observed unless they are willing, and consent to change Turns, and upon Default they may procure a Divorce upon complaint to the Cadi: Now they have three Degrees of Divorce, every one of which is made, before the Cadi, and by him both extracted and Registered; the first separates the Man and Wife only from the same House and Bed, the Wife being still allowed her Maintenance; the second divides them not only in that manner, but the Husband is compelled to make good her Kabin, or Dowry promised at her Marriage, so as to have no Interest either in him or his Estate, and to be at perfect Freedom to Mary another, the third sort of Divorce is called (Ouch Talac) and is made in a Solemn and more Serious manner, with more rigorous terms of separation, and in this case the Husband repenting of his Divorce, and desirous to take his Wife again, cannot be admitted to her by the Law, without consenting and contenting himself to see an other Man enjoy her before his Face, an injunction ordained by the Law for a punishment of the Husband's levity and inconstancy. And how severe a Condition soever this may seem, there be some Turks who are content to accept of them again upon those Articles, and make choice of some handsome Youth for the entering their Wife's Bed. In some cases a Woman with many of her Friends goes before a Cadi, where weeping and taking of her Shoe, she holds the Sole upwards but says nothing, and this ceremony is used when a married Woman complains that her Husband would abuse her against Nature. And no delivery can be so clean and neat as this by way of Emblem, such Facts being too unclean for Language; there are some other points pleadable in Law for Divorce in behalf of the Woman, as impotency or frigidity in the Husband, and the like; as also if he maintain her not with Bread, Butter, Rice, and Flax to Spin for her clothing, the Law supposing her so good a Huswife as to supply herself with her own Labour; they have also a sort of half Marriage among them which is called Kabin, when a man takes a Wife for a Month, or for a certain limited time, and an agreement is made for the price before the Cadee or Judge: and this is chief used by Strangers. Moreover there is still an other sort of Marriages practised in Turkey, which is the Conjunction of an Eunuch with a Woman; such as are wholly deprived and disarmed of all parts of Manhood, and yet do notwithstanding take many Wives, and exercise Lusts of an unknown and prodigious Nature.  
One Privilege the Grand Signors Subjects, have more than their Sovereign, that they can marry whom they please, whereas he can marry none at all, under which restriction those Princes have lain ever since the misfortune of Bajazet, who being a Prisoner to Tamerlane had his dearly beloved Wife Despina violated before his very Eyes; Insomuch that the Sultan's to prevent such like Misfortunes and Dishonours for the future, take no Female companion of their Empire, in whom they can interess themselves farther than as Slaves, or for the loss of Goods, Richeses or Estates. Besides this Policy has a larger extent, for it puts of all those vast Dowries, which otherwise should be made answerable to a Sultana's Condition, so that by this means a great part of the Revenues of the Empire would be diverted from the true Channel of its Interest and Conservation, and lavished upon uses rather tending to its Undermining and Debilitation, than to the settling and augmenting its Grandeur.  
The Children the Turks have by their Slaves, are equally esteemed by them with those they have by their Wives, bating this difference in esteem of the Law, that unless the Father manumisses them by his Testament, and conferrs a livelihood upon them by Legacy, they remain to the Charity of the Elder Brother that is born from the Wife, and are his Slaves, and he their Lord and Master, so that from the Loins of the same Father may proceed Children of a servile and ignominious Condition. The Women respect their Hu●band as a Master; receive chastisement from him, which they interpret as a mark of his Affection, they eat apart, unless particularly called by the Husband, and do not concern themselves with Domestic Affairs, the Principal of their business being to study all the ways possible to please their Husband, Nurse their own Children, and cultivate their Charms. And indeed they are generally well featured, clear, smooth, and ruddy complexioned, with large black Eyes, which they consider as a Beauty, and is to be one of the greatest Charms of Mahomet's Paradise, and those who have not naturally black Eyes, have the Art to make them seem so, and also dye their Eye Lashes and Eye brows, as they also do the hair of their Head which they wear sometimes dishevelled. Their Nails they paint with a Yellowish Red. On the top of their Heads they wear a Cap not unlike the top of a Sugar-loaf, yet a little flat of Paste-Board, and covered with Cloth of Silver or Tissue.  
Women of the better Rank wear about the upper parts of their Arms, and smalls of their Legs, Bracelets, and are elsewhere adorned with Jewels. When they go abroad they wear over all long Gowns of Violet or Scarlet Cloth, tied close before, the large Sleeves hanging over their Hands, having Buskins on their Legs, and their Heads and Faces so muffled in fine Linen that no more is to be seen of them than their Eyes, nor that of some, who look as through a Bevour, being forbidden by their Koran to disclose their Beauties unto any save their Fathers and their Husbands.  
The next that fall in our way to speak of after their Wives, be their Slaves, who are Christians taken in War or purchased with their Money. Of those there are weekly Markets in each City, where they are to be sold as Horses in Fairs, the Men being prized according to their faculties or Personal abilities, and the Women for their Youths and Beauties, being decked with all the Ornaments that can inspire Love and Affection, and allure and invite Chapmen. And as Jockyes view and examine every Part and Limb before they strike up a Bargain, so are they so scrutinous as to search even her very Mouth. Their Masters may lie with them, chastise them, exchange and cell them at their Pleasure: If any Slave become a Mahometan, he is discharged his Bondage. The old and the most deformed are put to the most Drudgery, the Men-Slaves may compel their Masters before the Cady, to limit the time of their Bondage, or set a price of their Redemption, or else to cell them unto an other; but whether of the two, they lightly refer unto the Slave's Election. If they be only fit for Labour, they will accept of the Time, but if skilful in any craft, of the Price, which expired or paid, they may return unto their Countries. But Galleyslaves are seldom released, in regard of their small number, and much employment which they have for them: Nor those that are Slaves unto great ones, to whom the Cady's Authority extends not.  
Many of the Children that the Turks do buy, they castrate, making all smooth as the back of the Hand, whereof divers do dye in cutting, who supply the uses of Nature with a Silver Quill, which they wear in their Turbans. In times past, they only did but geld them; but being admitted to the free Converse of their Women, it was observed by some that they more than ordinarily delighted in their Societies. But others, that one of the Sultan's seeing a Gelding cover a Mare, brought in among them that Inhuman Custom. Eunuches are in great repute with their Masters in Turkey, being entrusted with the whole management of their Estates, the Government of their Women and Houses in their absence, and have shown themselves so Trusty, Loyal, Prudent and Courageous, that they have often been called to the Helm, and had the whole conduct of the State committed to their Care.  
As for the Trade, and Sciences of the Turks, some of them have some small Insight and Knowledge in Philosophy. Physic they have learned rather from necessity and experience than the Grounds of the Art Astronomy is in great vogue with them, and there be many pretenders to it, who sit frequently in the Streets of the City to tell Fortunes, and are resorted to by such as are to go a Journey or undertake any affair of Moment. They have a knack in Poetry, wherein they chant their Amours in the Persian Tongue to vile Music, yet are they forbidden so to do by their Law; Citterns, Harps, and Recorders being their Principal Instruments. But their loud Instruments do rather terrify than please, and charm the Ear. They neither study, nor are farther acquainted with Rhetoric or Logic than what mere Nature does afford. Historians they have, tho' their Writings read by none or few, as fancying none can give us the truth of the time past, since none dare writ the Truth of what is present. Nor indeed is Printing tolerated in Turkey, for the Grand Signior having observed Learning and the Press to have been the chief fomenters of Divisions in Christendom, has prohibited them his Dominions, and makes his Subjects contented with such learning as proceeds from lesle erring Experience, which they found adapt them sufficiently for all State-employments, and sooner furnishes them with clearer reason, than those who run through a long course of canting Terms, strange Languages and musty Arts, which the Custom of their Universities does oblige their Students to. And indeed their Ministry has been found so expert, so Prudent and so sagacious in all their Negociations and Transactions, that they could never be overreached by the most learned and most Politic Princes of Christendom. Thus all Sciences that have any affinity to those we call liberal, are taught no where save in the Seraglio, as we shall show more at large hereafter, where the Grand Signior hath power to increase or diminish the number of their Professors according as it suits his Occasions. By which conduct those many Schisms and Distractions which in the State of most Christian Princes do frequently hap both in Church and State, are foreclosed and prevented, and those many refined Mercurial Heads, which with us for want of employment make it their Business to blow up the flames of Sedition, are seta●nd bred to more gross Employments, and become more eager and intent upon Profit and sensual Pleasures, than the vain and often desolating Destructive Projects of our speculative Men. Writing they use, and that in the Arabic Characters, but leave out the Vowels unless it be at the end of a word, so that much is contained in a little Room; they curiously sleek their Paper which is thick, much of it being Coloured and dappelled like Chamblets, done by a trick they have of dipping it in Water. Every one hath some Trade or other, not so much as the Grand Signior excepted. Yet their Trades are such as serve only their own Uses and Necessities, and not such as supply foreign Marts, which they do not much frequent. And tho' the Turks be excessively avaricious, yet they only work by starts, and more for their Amusement and Recreation than for Profit. The Europeans have taught them to be subtle, nay treacherous in their compacts and deal, tho' indeed it must be owned, they have not yet attained to the skill of their Masters. There is no People more covetous of Salutation than the Turks, in meeting upon the Highway one with a stoop, and his Hand upon his Breast, bids Salaum Aleek, the other with like abeysance, replies Aleek Salaum: And when any one comes into Company, the rest salute him with a Merrabbak Sultanum, ever sweetening their Conversation, with such accent of Pronunciation, and so much respective gesture, as savours of a gentle Genius, free from that rudeness whereof they are accused.  
After their departure this Life, the Men by the Men, and the Women by the Women are laid out in the middle of the Room. Whereupon divers of their Priests do assemble about the Body, and having performed certain vain Ceremonies, as in wrapping their Beads about it, and in the often turning it, invoking God to have mercy on the departed, they wash it, shave it, and shroud it in Linen, which they leave untied both at hands and Feet. Than lay the Coarse on a Beer, placing a Turban at the upper end, and carry it to the Grave, with the Head forward: some of the Dervishes going before with Tapers, the Priest singing after, and lastly his Friends and Acquaintance. But Persons of Principal Quality have their Horses led before them, with ensigns trailed on the Earth, and other Rites of that Nature, divers of the Lanters going before, naming of God, and shaking of their Heads, and whirling about until they fall down giddy, the sides and bottoms of the Grave are Boarded. For they are of opinion that two terrible Angels called Mongi● and Gudequir, do presently repair unto the Grave, and put the Soul again into the Body, as if (saith the Alcoran) a Man should put on his Shirt and raising him on his Knees, with his Head uncovered, (the winding Sheet being left unknit for that purpose) demand of him in particular how he hath behaved himself in this Life. Which if not well, the one strikes him on the Head with a Hammer nine fathom into the Earth, the other tearing him with an Iron Hook; and so continued to torment until the day of Judgement. A Purgatory so feared, that in their prayers they Petition God to deliver them from the Examinations of the Black Angels, the tortures of the Grave and their evil Journey. But if he have satisfied them in this reply, they vanish away, and two white Angels come in their Places, the one laying his Arm under his Head, the other sitting at his Feet, and so Protect him until Dooms day. Their Sepultures are notable; those of Princes or great Men, are covered over with Silk, or Cloth of Gold, with a Turban at the Head, land set under a vaulted Arch supported by four Marble Pillars; some with a little Cock of Fountain Water, and Lamps continually burning; they are made near the Mosques, especially if they built one, but never with in them; the more ordinary are buried in some pleasant Place without the City, with a high Stone standing at the Head, and another at the Feet; that at the Head, hath sometimes an Epitaph, and if it be a Man of Quality, is made at top in form of a Turban; those who bestow a Marble Stone over them, have it in the middle cut through about a yard long, and a Foot broad; therein they Plant such a kind of Plants, or Flowers as endure Green all the Year long; which seem to grow out of the dead Body, thinking thereby to reduce it again into Play, tho' not in the Scene of sensible Creatures, yet of those vegetable, which is the next degree, and perhaps a preferment beyond the Dust. The Women flock every Thursday in Multitudes to the Graves, weeping over their Children, Husbands, Kinsfolks and dead Progenitors, often kissing the Stones, and praying for their delivery from the aforesaid Black tortures; many times leaving Bread and Meat on the Graves for Dogs and Birds to devour, as well as to relieve the Poor, being held an available Alms for the deceased. The better sort do mourn in white, and but for a little season. And the Women are not to marry by their Law, until four Months and ten days after their Husband's death.   

CHAP. III. Of the Mahometan Religion, Sects and Priesthood.  
THough several Articles before treated of, might well enough fall under the General Head of Religion, nay tho' the whole Law of Mahomet itself was wholly framed for the promoting of Temporal Interests, yet it having for the Sins of Mankind obtained so far, and made such Progress in the World, as to establish its abominable superstitions in the best and greatest part thereof, It will well enough merit 〈◊〉 distinct Chapter to show by what means ●t imposed, and continues its Tyranny up●n the Minds of its followers, into how many and what Sects it is divided, and ●y what Methods governed and Officiated.  
Few are Ignorant that the Law of the Mussulmans was compiled by Mahomet with ●●e help of a Monk called Sergius, and this ●e called the Alcoran; to which some Do●●ours that succeeded, added the consent ●nd testimony of wise Men, called the Asso●●ah, or the Traditions of the Prophets, and a third Book, containing Inferences or Deductions from one thing unto an other. Those Doctors were Ebubecher, Osmar, Osman and Haly; the Califs of Babylon and of Egypt, were other Doctors and Expositors of their Law, whose Sentences and Positions were of Divine Authority among them; but their esteem of being Oraculous, failing with their temporal Power, that Dignity and Authority of Infallible Determinations, was by the Force of the Sword given to the Turkish Mufti. But tho' their Doctors do differ very much in the Explication of the Law, yet a Man shall be accounted a Mussulman or true Believer, it he observe these five Articles or Fundamentals of the Law, to which every Turk is bound.  
The first, is Cleanness in the outward parts of their Body and Garments.  
The second, to make Prayers five times a day.  
The third, to observe the Ramazan or monthly Fast.  
The fourth, to perform faithfully the Zehat, or giving of Alms according to the Proportion prescribed in a certain Book, wrote by the four Doctors of theirs, called Asar, Embela, etc.  
The fifth, to make their Pilgrimage to Mecca, if they have means and possibility to perform it.  
But the Article of Faith required to be ●elieved is but one, namely, that there is ●ut one God and Mahomet his Profit.  
Other Rites as Circumcission, Observation of Friday for a day of Devotion, Abstinence from Swine's Flesh, and from Blood, ●all under the five Principal points, because they are enjoined as proofs and Trials of Man's Obedience to the more necessary Law.  
Now for the more easy obtruding this ●ew Contrivance upon the World, Mahomet decked it with such Ornaments of ●he Jewish and Christian Religion, as he fancied would most take the Eye and procure him Votaries out of the Pale of their Churches, yet leaving out such solemnities, as he judged to be too effeminate, as ●●ne Pictures, Music in Churches, strange Vestures and Processions, and those that were too chargeable, as the stately Sacrifices ●nd other solemnities of the Heathens, which had already been raised to that ●eight, that he could never expect to match much lesle to surpass. Miracles he did not much rely on, well knowing that frequent impostors had rendered them suspected to the World; but made the Sword th● Foundation of his Religion, being mind full that it with more assurance Command Mankind, and therefore when in his fir●● beginning he was asked what Miracles h● had to approve his Doctrine, he drawing forth his Scimitar, told, that God having had his Miracles so long slighted by the in credulity of Men, would now Plant hi● Laws with a strong Hand, and no mor● leave them to the Discretion of Ignorant and vain Men; and that he had therefore sent him in the Power of the Sword, rather than of Miracles: from hence it is that their Boys now ride to Circumcision bearing an Iron Club in their Hands: Nevertheless, he failed not to frame his Sect so as might take Human Nature; not the intellectual part; for all superstition Subsists on weak Hypotheses, whose plausible reasons may for a while prevail in the World, by possessing some shallow, rash peremptory Brains but cannot hold ou● long, unless it have better Root than tha● of Argument; he therefore made it comply with the main Parts of our Nature, Hope and fear, thereby filing the Mind with good Courage, which was much to his Military purpose: for he finding the Sword to be the Foundation of Empires, and that to manage the Sword, the rude and sensual ●●e more vigorous, than Wits softened in a ●●ild rational way of Civility, did at first ●ame his Institutions to a rude Insolent sensuality; after which Education, he fitted ●is future Pretences just unto such Capaci●●ves: Wherhfore seeing that men's Opinions are in a great part complexional and habitual, it is no wonder to see them taken with Promises, which to us seem Beastly ●nd ridiculous; they as much contemn ●urs; and in a more natural way every thing 〈◊〉 received, not at the rate of its own worth, but as it agrees with the Receivers ●umour; whereby their Hopes and fears, ●hough false, prevail as strongly as if true, ●nd serve the State as effectually, because Opinion which moves all our Actions, is governed by the appearance of things, not ●y their reality. Now to the intent that ●he most notable fancies of Men might be ●ntertained, there are four several Orders 〈◊〉 their Religion, all very malicious against ●he Christians; not seeming otherwise Vicious, except their professed sodomy, which ●ho ' severely punished by their Laws, is ne●ertheless not reputed by them a Vice: ●●ch order upholds its Reputation up, on ●ome one peculiar Virtue, which alone it ●rofesses, not pretending to any other: the Calenderim upon Chastity, wearing an Iro● Ring through the Skin of his Yard, in som● it is capable of being taken of, with som● difficulty; the Hagiemlar or Music or Love songs: the Torbacchi on Revelations an● Enthusiasms, to foretell, and divert Divin● Wrath: the most rigid Spirits are the Dervislar, like Baal's Priests launching themselves with Knives: these Dervislars' hav● assassinated many Pashas, and also attempted some of the Emperors in the mid● of their Armies; so dangerous are violent Spirits when seconded by Religion, whic● being the only pretence in its way, glorifie● to Umpire Sovereign Authority, is to b● kept within its due Limits, lest instead 〈◊〉 cooperating with the State, it grow abuse● beyond that use. But indeed through th● Prudent conduct of the Ottoman Helm, these excesses have not been very frequent, th● Government choosing into and so regulating the Clergy, as that they make it thei● buisiness more to Trumpet up and dow● such Notions as tend more to the Conservation and Interest of the State, than t● scatter and infuse their Enthusiastic fancy and self conceited and self concerned Tenet● The Turkish Government is sensible of wha● vast concernment is a Grave and Prudent Clergy to well being, though of late muc● slighted among some sort of Christians, not so wise as to observe that the Eye for the most part is caught before the Heart; and that Austerity and Reverence in external Worship (if devested of all advantages else) cannot be denied to have a huge Operation upon Obedience to the Civil Magistrate. It being unlikely that such as take decency in Divine Worship for Idolatry, should not soon be worn out of Reverence to their Governors, since the most destructive Parity gins always in the Church.  
Thou we have treated before of the Power and Office of the Mufti's, and of their Government in Religious matters, when we considered him as a Minister and Implement of State, yet we will add what remains more to be said in this place, and will begin with the Title which the Grand Signior gives unto the Mufti when he writes to him, which is.  
To the Esad,  
Who art the wisest of the Wise, instructed in all knowledge, the most excellent of the excellent▪ abstaining from things unlawful, the Spring of Virtue and true science, heir of the Prophetic and Apostolical Doctrines, resolves of the Problems of Faith, revealer of the Orthodox Articles, Key of the Treasures of Truth, the light to doubtful Allegories strengthened with the Grace of the supreme assistor, and Legislator of Mankind, may the most high God perpetuate thy Virtues.  
This Mufti created as is before said by the Emperor, to whom he is held ever subordinate; which makes the Turkish Theology excellently to correspond with the State, as depending thereon: and seems of reason more Politic, than if this Head Ecclesiastic were of another Country, or otherwise independent upon the Prince, whereby having separate Interests, he might often make God Almighty seem to decree more conform thereto, than either to the occasions of the Prince or common Wealth; for all the Heathenish Gods, are used like Puppets, they seem to speak, yet it is not they, but the Man who in a concealed manner, speaks through them what he pleases. For tho' the supreme Head of judicature is the Mufti's, there being no appeal beyond him in the greatest case soever, nor the Emperor himself questioning his Decrees, and the reason is because they are secretly guided by his assent and the Grand Viziors. Thus the Mufti is an Instrument made use of to Spirit the Soldiers by colouring of public Projects, and resolves by Divine Authority, and also to decide contraversies, when they are too unruly, for any arbitrement not held Divine. Nevertheless, as I said, underhand he consults the Grand Viziers, who lets him know the Grand Signors Mind, and being thus inspired with that Soul, full of that God, he utters his Orracles; which pass for the Word of God, as considering them grounded upon the Alcoran.  
This course has been strictly observed by the Ottoman Policy, well knowing that the Keys of the Church can hung not where so quietly as at the Prince's Girdle, and considering that by this means the Court provided itself with a favourable Empire, and who seemed of a more sanctified and indifferent allay, than a secular Minister, and both by receiving from, and adding a greater lustre to the Beams of Religion, would be the more acceptable arbitrator for the composing any discontents, that might be fomented between the civil Power and the Subject, either through others Ambition or their own Oppression, not unlikely to result from so absolute a Jurisdiction. The Mufti seldom appears in Public, so that the People have him in that Veneration, as if they considered something about him more than Human. He is clothed in Green, which kind none but the Kindred of Mahomet are suffered to wear. N●● Malefactor is suffered to dye, who hat● the Fortune to see or be seen by him as h● passeth. But notwithstanding the Prince Places him upon all weighty Occasions nex● to the Throne, and bestows and suffer● him to receive all the other Honours in ●●ginable, yet if he is in the lest found inclinable to run-counter to the Will and designs of the Court, he is straity removed It having been a Maxim long observed i● this Empire, that neither Friends, Money Sanctity, Love of People, former deserts or any present need of the Persons accurate Parts, should in any wise bias the practised Method of this Government, o● removing upon the lest umbrage and jealousy soever given to the Grand Signior, by any Minister or other Person, the Prince esteeming no number of Lives, tho' never so Innocent, equivalent with his safety, and the Nations. But tho' this Holy Man comes to an unnatural Death. the Honour of his Place is so far from receiving any Blemish by it, that his Body goes to the Grave without any Aspersion, and his Successor Mounts his Chair without any prejudice, far from being blasted with those errors that have been fastened upon Popes and Patriarches by their Predecessors ill conduct. For here the Mufti howsoever ●●l he had deserved of Church or State is registered amongst their Saints. And herein appears a main point of the Turkish Policy, ●or by these means they prevent the truth of his Judgement being brought into Question while he is in being, which no Man will do of a Person whose Actions he dares not arraign after he is Dead.  
But we have considered this Divine Man sufficiently, it is now fit that we look a while into the Alcoran, which Book the Turks never touch with unwashed Hands; and a Capital Crime it is in the reading thereof to mistake a Letter, or displace the accent, they kiss it, embrace it, and swear by it: calling it the Book of Glory and director unto Paradise. It teaches that God is only to be worshipped, only one and the Creator of all Righteous, pitiful: In Wisdom and power Incomprehensible. How God made Man of all sorts and Colours of Earth; and being form for thousands of Years laid him a Baking in the Sun, until he was pleased to breath Life into him. Than commanded he all his Angels, to reverence him: which the Devil at that time, an Angel of Light, refused to do, expostulating why he should so honour that Creature whom he knew would become so polluted with all manner of Vices, tha● God therefore condemned the Devil to Hell who ever since hath continued an Enem● to Man. Idolatry they hold to be the mos● accursed of Crimes, and therefore they interdict all Images and Counterfeits soever reputing the Christians Idolaters for that they have them in their Churches and Houses. But there was also a Politic motive of this Prohibition of Maohmets, who considered that it was impossible if a Nation once attains an Universal Prudence, but that the deceitful knack of such a Carnal Adoration must needs grow loathsome, or lie obvious to their reproof, that shall make it their full employment to found faults; and after an opportunity is easily gained, to foment a Change, by discovering to the People absurdities in their Worship; which is better prevented, in one directed as his is, to the only Invisible and Omnipotent Creator, whose Nature and Power is so far remote from the weak apprehensions of Men, as the sharpest Reason is not able to batter a Faith solely built upon it. They are commanded seven times a day to resort unto Public Prayers: the first assembling is called Singilnamas, which is two Hours before day; the second Sabahnamas, at day break; the third Vyle-namas at noon; the fourth Kyndinameus at three of the Clock: the fifth Akshamnamas after Sun set: the sixth Chogicnamas, two Hours within night: and the seventh Giuma-namas at ten of the Clock in the Night: the two last also on Fridays observed by all, on the other days but by the more Religious: congregated they are by the chanting of Priests from the tops of Steeples; at which times lightly tho' they be in the Fields; they will spread the upper Garments on the Earth, and fall to their Devotions. Friday is their Sabbath, yet they spend but a part thereof in Devotion, the rest in Recreations; but for that time they observe it so rigorously that all Persons are exemplarily punished that transgress the orders of it. Before they pray they wash all the Organs of their senses; their Legs to their Knees, and their Arms to their Elbows: their Privities after their purging of Nature; and sometimes all over from top to toe: for which there are Houses of Office with Conduits belonging to every Principal Mosque. Where Water is wanting they do it with Dust. At the Door of the Mosque, they put of their Shoes, and entering sit cross legged upon rows of Mats one behind another, the Poor and the Rich promiscuously, the Priest in a Pulpit before them, not otherwise distinguished in Habit, but by the folding of their Turban. When they pray they turn their Faces toward Mecca: first standing upright; without any Motions of their Bodies, holding the Palms of their Hands upward; sometimes they stop their Eyes and Ears, and often pull their Heir on the sides of their Faces; than thrice they Bow, as in their Salutations; and as often prosterating themselves on the Earth. Doing this sundry times they will look back upon no Occasion, until they come unto the Salutation of Mahomet: at which time they reverse their Faces, first over the Right Shoulder, and than over the left, believing that his coming will be behind them, when they are at their Devotion, the Priest doth sometimes read unto them some part of the Alcoran. This Book is written in Arabic Verse, in form of a Dialogue, between the Angel Gabriel and their Prophet, it is prohibited to be translated, which both preserves the Arabic Tongue, and conceals Religion. All set Texts are obnoxious to several Expositions, thence grows Distractions so hath this Bread four different Sects of Mahometans, each interpreting it according to the Genius of its Nation, the Tartars simply, the Moors and Arabs supestitiously; the Persian Ingeniously, the Turks with most liberty, each nation scorns to yield to other in opinion, for honour sake, especially the Turk and Persian, who nowrishing Designs of Conquest of each other, do after the Old Custom of Princes, disaffect their People in Religion toward the Enemy that they may be more fierce and obstinate against him.  
A great means as I have already said, of Mohometismes making that Progress in the World, is its pleasing Doctrine, suited to the depraved Inclinations of Mankind, it being said in the Alcoran that when their Prophet asked the Angel concerning Venery and some other delicacyes of life, he told him; that God did not give Man such Appetites, to have them frustrate but enjoyed, as made for the Gust of Man, not his torment, wherein his Creator delights not, upon this it is, and for the drawing in Luxurious Complexions, which perhaps are the greatest part of Mankind, that the Alcoran permits Polygamy to make a numerous People, which is the Foundation of all great Empires; and prohibits Wine, pretending a Devil in every Grape; thereby hardening the Soldier, preventing disorder, and facillitating public Provision. The first being grateful to Nature is generally received but the other is overpowred by Appetite, so that many more Drink than abstain from Wine. Two other Principal points I shall touch upon in the Mahometan Religion. One is Predestination, the other Purgatory: the first not meant in matter of Salvation, but of Fortune, and success in this Life, they peremptoryly permit to Destiny fixed, and not avoidable by any Act of ours. And yet this opinion of fate which usually takes Men of from all Industrious Care of their own safety, does not sl●cker their Diligence in dangers at Sea, and other cases. They admit no Hell for any but those who believe not Mahomet; their own they affright with a Purgatory, which holds but tell Doom's day; it is acted in the Grave, the pain is inflicted by a bad Angel, whose force is lessoned by a good one, according as the parties Life was led. To strengthen this good Angel, they do many Works of Charity, erecting Hanes, Hospitals and Mesketoes, making Bridges and High ways, and storing them with Fountains and other Conveniencyes for the relief of Travellers.  
Having spoke so much of the Religion itself, it is now convenient to say something of the manner of its Exercise, which is this in short; every Mosque has a high slender Spire Steeple adjoining: on the outside whereof and high, is made abound or Tower with a Door opening Southeast or East, as the Country lies towards Meccha; here the Priest or Muazzin entering, with his Hands bowed over his Ears walking round, turning on the Right Hand, in a loud voice tells the People, many times over that there is but one God, which having performed, all those that are piously given, throng to the Mosque, and say their Prayers, continually repeating Allah heeber, as also the profession of their Faith, and than they say Ahia Elfela, Ahia Elfela, which signifies come away to prayers, I give you fair notice. Their gestures are first sitting cross legged, wafting of the Body, than prostrate twice on their Face, they kiss the Earth; afterwards they rise, and stand with their Hand bowed over their Ears, but never do they kneel or uncover their Head, accounting those postures unseeming. Having already mentioned how often this service is performed, It is fitting that I insert, that they believe that the Jews and Christians not having obeyed the Command they had received from God, of praying to him often, he ordered Mahomet to prescribe to the Mussulmans that they should address to him fifty times a day their Vows and Prayers, but he foreseeing that his followers could not well acquit themselves of this Commandment, he prevailed so far with God that he contented himself with the tenth part of the Homages, that he meant to have had paid him, and that this great number of fifty prayers a day, was reduced to five, now the last and first Service which is at day break and an Hour after Sunset makes a fine Show, all the Mosques being hung full of burning Lamps; but none are bound to this frequency of prayer, but such Persons as have leisure, others making the Highway or their Houses serve the turn, and this was devised to keep Religion from falling into the danger of oblivion, which is in no wise better maintained than by being often called to mind. Their Sabbath is kept on the Friday, tho' not observed with all the strictness that Sundays are or aught to be amongst us. Moreover they have two solemn times: Bairam and Ramazan, they are both Lents, the first lasts three days, the other a month: their Fast is according to the Jewish manner, not in quantity or quality of Meats, but in time; for all the day long, they may neither eat, drink, nor use any sort of venery; but at the appearance of the first Star, they make reprizals, gorging themselves in all manner of Gluttony and Lust. Besides the Turks have one piece of Divinity peculiar to themselves, which is a Custom of their Priests to cell their merit; some more, some lesle, according to the Sanctimony of the Seller. But before I close up this Article of Religion, I will set down what things a Turk is bound to do before prayers, which may be reduced to five. The first, is to believe the Articles of the Mahometan Faith. The second, to be Circumcised. The third, to pardon one's Enemies. The fourth, is to call out at the Turret of the Church Steeples, or to go to the Mosque when one is called thither. And the fifth, is to wash one's self, which is the immediate Preparation to prayer. Now all the Articles of the Mahometan Faith may be reduced to two, namely that there is one God, and that Mahomet is his Prophet or messenger, and that that only God is the Creator of Heaven and of Earth, and absolute Master of all things. For which reason they do not suffer in their Mosques any Image representing any living thing, either in relief or mere painting. The second Article of the Mahometan Faith comprehends an abridgement of all the mad fancies and extravagancyes of the Alcoran and of all its Commentatours, believing that Mahomet is the Messenger of God, and that there cannot be a more certain truth, than all that this Impostor has left them either in Writing or Tradition. This Article being the Fountain of all the rest, it is not necessary that I hear insert all their silly fancies of the Creation of the World, of its Preservation, and of the course God takes to sanctify and save it; nor shall I speak of all their whimsycal Opinions and so little conformable to right reason with which they fill their Minds and stuff their Books. Enough already has been said of their Paradise which they make all Spiritual by the beatific Vision of God, and all brutal by a glut of all sensual pleasures, and their affording Room there to several Brute Animals. Nor shall I so much as touch upon the Persons whom they admit into the List of their Prophets, the number being too great, and who may all be reduced to these three, Moses, Jesus Christ. Whose Divine Filiation and Death upon the Cross they deny, and Mahomet, whom they believe to be the greatest of all. But will fall to give some account of their Circumcision, and their manner of performing it. Being often hindered by a Phimosis from satisfying his Brutalities, had his fore skin cut, and ordered that all his followers should 'cause themselves to be circumcised, that so the Bodies of his Mussulmans might again be known that were killed in the Battles, they should fight for the establishment of his Law, that so they might be interred and Honoured as Martyrs, whether it was for the more drawing in the Jews to follow his errors by the resemblance of that Ceremony, which only differs from theirs in that having cut the fore skin, they do not tear like them, with the Nail a little of the Flesh, which is above what the Anotamists call the Curb, whether in short, that this impure Legis lator affecting an exterior neatness, for the better hiding from the People the filth of his Mind, he commanded those who had already embraced his errors, to have their foreskin cut, because that it might otherwise detain some ordures, by which means a Mahometan presenting himself to prayer, without being entirely purified, would not be heard of God. Who would consider him as a Mordar, that is to say, unbelieving impure and Gullyed.  
This Circumsition which the Turks call Shounet, is only a mark of their Obedience to the vocal Words of Mahomet, who has not written it in his Alcoran; but ordered it only afterwards, seeing he had many followers to distinguish them from the Christians who have the foreskin; and from the Jews who have it otherwise cut than they, tho' that their Circumcision be received among the Mahometans.  
Those whom they Circumcise must have attained to the Age of seven or eight years, never younger, but often much older. The day being appointed for the Ceremony, a Feast is prepared at the House of the Person to be circumcised. Who is dressed as fine as Hands can make him, and having set him upon a Horse or Camel, they carry him all about the Town if it is small, or only in his own Prince or Parish if it be great. His Scool-Fellows and Friends follow him all on Foot huzzaing and shouting the praises of their Friend, who is going to be listed, in the number of the Mussulmans or true Believers. The Cavalcade being ended, and the People returned home. The Imam of the Mosque of the Place, makes a short Exhortation upon the Operation that is going to be made, than a Chirurgeon having placed the Youngman upon the Sofa or State, two Servants hold a Toilet strerched out before him, and the Chirurgeon having drawn out the Foreskin ●s far as he can, he seizes it with a small ●air of Pincers at the end of the Balances, ●hen with his Razor cuts it neatly, and shows it round his Finger, which he lifts up crying several times, Alla Hecberia, alla, ●lla. He than dresses the circumcised Person, who gives sufficiently to understand by his Groans, how much pain a Wound puts him to, made in so tickling a part, and the bystanders continuing their acclamations congratulate the circumcised upon his being entered into the number of the Faithful, and than fit round about the Sofra or Turkish Table, where they are entertained according to the manner of the circumcised's Parents.  
The liberalities which Rich Persons bestow at the Circumcision of their Children do often mount to very great sums; for besides the Presents which they give to 〈◊〉 number of Poor little Boys, who are also than circumcised than at their Costs ●s well as their own, and the entertainments they give almost to all those who come thither, they likewise distribute great Alms to the poor of their Neighbourhood, that they may obtain from God blessings for the new circumcised, and for all his Family.  
The Ceremony that is preformed at the Circumcision of Renegadoes, is almost the same except that being commonly miserable Wretches and the scum of the World, two great Basins are carried after them, for the gathering the Alms, which most of the Spectators do not refuse them. They also carry as well as the rest an Arrow in the Right-hand, holding the point or Iron downwards for to make the People believe that they will rather suffer themselves to be pierced with a thousand Darts, than renounce the Mahometan Faith; but nevertheless many Turks of sense do entertain upon this appoint many distrusts touching the sincerity of the Faith of these new Mussulmans.  
There are three sorts of Renegadoes, the first are those whom fate engages amongst the Tribute Children, whom the Grand Signior leavyes throughout all his Empire; the second, those who out of a determined will change Religion, in hopes perhaps of bettering their Fortune thereby; and the last, who only become so out of fear of punishments, which perhaps they have merited for some fault, or by their ill usage of him whom they have had the misforune to have met with for their Patron. The number of these last is the lest. Slaves in ●urky are not so ill treated as People do imagine, nay they are happy if they hap ●●to some great City where they have a ●ood Aga and some peculiar Talon, than ●hey are cherished by their Master, who ●oes not hinder them from going to Church ●nd performing their Devotions there when ●●ey please, and often also meet with much ●ood will from their Mistresses, who out of ●●e Compassion common to their Sex do ve●● much alleviate the rigours of their Captivity, making them from time to time some resents and Gratifications.  
As for the place of this Bloody Ceremony of their Circumcision, it is indeterminate, 〈◊〉 well as the time and the choice of the ●inister. They do not wait until this Ce●●mony to give names to their Children; ●nd tho' they have a Godfather, it is not ●r the first naming of them, that is done 〈◊〉 the House as soon as they are born, when ●eir Father out of a laudable Custom takes ●●m in his Arms, lifts them up towards ●eaven to offer them to God, and than ●●ts some Corns of Salt into their Mouths, ●●d names them saying, may it please God 〈◊〉) that his holy Name may be always 〈◊〉 savoury to thee, as this Salt which I put to thy Mouth, and that he hinder thee ●●m relishing the things of the Earth. As for those who die under age before this Circumcision, they are accounted to be saved by that of their Parents. Their littl● Finger is only broken before they be buried, for a mark of their uncircumcision.  
Having mentioned that the pardoning 〈◊〉 one's Enemies is the third Duty before Prayer, I must add that as the pardoning 〈◊〉 one's Enemies has regard as well to th● public tranquillity, as it is expressly commanded by the sacred Orders of our Saviour; it's no wonder if the Tukish, which are only a corrupted heap of what is good Indifferent, or ill amongst the Christian Jews and Idolaters, have ordained all th● Mussulmans to pardon their particular En●myes; for they are obliged to entertain contrary sentiments in regard of the Enemy's of their Religion and State. Thus there hardly any hatred amongst the Turks, an● when they have occasion to be angry, the are bound not to suffer Friday, which their Sunday to pass, without being reconciled with their Enemy, or at lest if the cannot do it, they aught to begin the prayer, to which they are obliged that day, 〈◊〉 a Protestation they make to God to pardo● their Enemies, otherwise they fancy th● should not be heard.  
Upon this Foundation all the Mahometans are strictly forbidden through all Turkey, to do any one's Neighbour an injury, whether by Tongue in giving opprobrious Language, or with the Hands by striking him, or taking away his Goods, or finally by his solicitations, exciting any other to do him a mischief; on the contrary Punishments are inflicted upon those who are caught in any of those faults. The Cudgel (which they fancy to have descended from Heaven) because it imprints more respect among them, and contains them better in their Duty than the most holy can do in our Countries, is the only P●●●w wherewith they writ and put in Execution the Sentences which they pass against the Culpable. It is sufficient that the Subbacha does sometimes walk about the Streets to put all the Inhabitants of a Town in Mind, that the lest Storm that shall be heard to grumble among them, is sufficient to bring down upon the Heads not only of the Authors, but idle spectators too, a Shower of Bastonades, not withstanding all the reittreated cries they might make of Toba-Sultanum, which those who are beaten make use of to ask pardon for their faults.  
This fear makes every one upon his Guard. Those who have an Itch 〈…〉 with one another, dare not vent their spleen for fear of being constrained to empty their Purse of some thousands of Asper's, if they should come to be accused or the Devan; and much lesle of interchanging blows, for fear they be repaid with others more sensible; and those who perceive them begin to quarrel, being obliged under the same Penalties to part them with the soon, do not leave them until they have made them let go their hold. Besides it commonly happens that they oblige them to embrace at the very Instant after their Quarrels, and to renew a Friendship which would have been broken to all Eternity, if the blind passion of two hot spurs had been suffered to take its course without daring to say any thing to them, as happens but two often in many parts of Christendom.  
When those who quarrel or f●ight, will not leave of, let what remonstrances soever be made to them, or any passage of the Alcoran told them, which does not often hap, they are seized on by force, bawling to them Charceulla, which is as much as to say by the Law of God, they are led to Justice before the Cadi or some other Judge, who condemns them to undergo the Punishments due to their obstinacy. They lay the Criminal upon his Back, and giving him upon the Soul of his Feet at lest two or three hundred blows with a Stick, they also make him pay two or three thousand Asper's for his penalty whom his passion had engaged.  
The rigour of these Laws does not only bridle by force the Turks, who would injure others, or do them any wrong, it has also insensibly accustomed them not to swear nor profane the Holy name of God by their blasphemies, as so many others who have much more Holy Laws than they do with impunity. For this reason it is that the greatest Oath they have in their Mouths is when they would confirm any thing, is Vallahebilla, by the God I adore, and very often all the Turks who live far distant from Constantinople, and who have by consequence more Communication with Christians, make use of the Oaths of the Greeks and others, having none of their own in their Tongue, and they use them rather by way of flattery and caress than invective. Nevertheless they do not always keep this Moderation, especially the Mobile or common People, and that they treat with Persons of a different Religion from theirs; for instead of the soft Words of Janum, ●kigusum, Cardache, which signify my Heart, my two Eyes, my Brother, and others which they commonly use, they than use the outraging Terms, of Giaour, Kapee dinsis, Infidel Dog, without Faith, and other such like execrations, which commonly come only out of Mean People's Mouths. Persons on the contrary who are raised something above what's common, as Merchants, and People of the Law, are for the most part very affable and human, and if they take but the lest liking to a Stranger, they make him as many caresses and obliging receptions as if he was of their Country or of their Religion, and especially if he can discourse with them in the Turkish Tongue.  
I have already sufficiently treated of their fourth Duty before Prayer, that is concerning their being called out from the Turret of the Church, wherefore I shall proceed to the last Preparation which the Turks make for that holly Office, which they name Purification, and distinguish these Oblations by five different names; and tho' they be not bound to do them all five before they go to prayers, it will not however be unreasonable that I set them down in this place. The first of all, and which is the most general, since the Christians make use of it as well as the Turks, is the ordinary Bath, which they call Amam; the second is for the corporal necessity, and they call it Taharat, which ●●gnifyes cleanness. The third is to purifyings themselves of the impurities they may have contracted in them by night or day, they ●ive it the name of Gously, that is to say purification. The fourth, is to wash themselves from all the other Ordures, which ●hey have contracted during the day by the Organs of the five natural Senses. They ●●ake use of a Persian term to name it, that 〈◊〉 the abdest, which signify Water for the ●and or Ablution. And the last is the wa●●ing the Corpse of the Dead, which they all Euluriak makh, or Mortuary Sotion. Now of all the Nations in the World, there 〈◊〉 none which affects neatness so much as ●oes the Mahometan, as well amongst the Ot●mans as amongst the Persians'. All these people have made it a fundamental Principle, or rather, all the essence of their Religion, which only consists in outward Ceremonies. This it is that renders them obliged to build a number of Places appointed or Baths, wherein they may wash the Bo●y entirely. There is a great number of ●hem in all the Principal Cities of Turkey, ●ay and many of them are not much inferior to the ancient Banio's of the Roman ●mperours. There needs no more than to ●ee those of the City of Bursa, which are of a Water naturally hot, received into grea● Marble Cisterns; they are surrounded wit● seats of the same matter, are covered wit● two very fine Domos, which form unde● them two great Rooms where the Air an● Water are of different heats, as well as i● all the others. And before People ente● therein, they undress in another great Roo●● more cool; so as all these structures hav● of necessity at lest three great Rooms: th● first a man enters in is of a very temperate Air, and yet hotter than that of the Street and than they strip themselves of thei● . The second is of a stronger heat and the third is so hot that one cannot remain therein without sweeting.  
All sorts of Persons are admitted to these Baths, the Christians and the Jews as wel● as the Turks, because they are built for th● public use, and for the neatness and Health of all People. I believe that these Baths d● prevent all the Eastern People from being s● subject to Distempers as we are, nay an● that they would have still lesser Diseases if they went into their Bannians lesle often It is with these remedies as with Wine Tobacco, Medicines and all other Medicaments, which people aught to take only for necessity, otherwise this becomes more injurious to the Health than profittable. So i● is with the Bannians in all the Levant, there would be nothing better in the World if they went into them at most but once a month, but because the Turks take them almost every day. This moistens so much their Brain, that most of them are afflicted with a continual Opthalmy which incommodes them extremely. Neverthelese, because the Mahometans are very exact in observing the ridiculous orders of a Religion so ill founded as is theirs, they love rather, let a man say what he will to them, venture their Health by the frequent use of Bathing, than not satisfy as much as is profitable for them, what the Law does command them. Thus they all go too often to the Bannio that their ordinary revenue would not suffice that expense, if they paid after the rate we do here in England, and would have reason to complain of the excessive Charges to which their Obedience to their Law does oblige them. But as there is no set price for this purpose, and as every one gives what he thinks fitting as People do to Barbers, it costs them no more than three or four Asper's, or each man his two pence. The Frans or Europians give much more. All the World pays both Masters, Mistresses and their Slaves, none but little Children tell five or six years' end are exempted from paying, nay often their Mothers give some Asper's for them when they carry them thither; but when this happens it is not in the Company of their Father, since that the Women are never in the Bannio at the same time with the Man; the time is limited for each, the men go in from Break of Day till noon, till after which time the Women never come, whether that the Men are of the Ancients Opinion, that it is not over Healthful for Men to wash in the same place, and at the same time that the Woman Bath, or that decency not allowing it, the are forbidden expressly under grievious Punishments not so much as to come thither. It being only allowed that Young Boys of seven or eight years old at most to enter the Bannio's with their Mother, or their other Relations who carry them thither, fearing nothing from so tender an Age. Nevertheless this does not hinder, but that there are some so Ingenious as to take notice of all the sorts of Divertisements which they take therein seeing the Women go as much to the Bannio for pleasure as for necessity. they do no● wait as the formerly did amongst the Romans, for the wring of a Bell before they go to the Bannnio's; which are opened a four a Clock in the Morning, and are no● shut until about eight in the Evening: Bu● during all that time never any noise or quarrels are heard in the Bannio, nor that any one's  are Purse or stolen.  
The Mahometans do affect neatness of the Body to that Degree, that fearing to be sullied by the vent of any of its Excrements, ●hey do not content themselves with washing ●n the Public Bath all their Skin which is ●he universal Emunctory, they are moreover obliged to clean all the passages, whereby Nature discharges its necessities, and that as often as they have had need to discharge themselves of the remains of the last Coction of nourishment: thus they have almost ever the Embrick or the Ewer in their Hands for the cleaning all the parts of the Body, through which any Excrement has been vented, and nothing is more pleasant than to see a Turk who has any Diarrhea or looseness, or any involuntary miction. He needs than no other business for the sufficiently employing his time and exercing his Hands; they know not the use of a Sponge as to that point, and it would be an unpardonable Crime amongst them to make use of Paper, which being filled with Writing, might, have amongst the Characters the Letters which form the name of God, which their ignorance cannot perhaps discover therein, or else might be capable of receiving them therein, having not been mad● use of. For this reason it is that Paper i● in such great Veneration amongst the Mahometans. they do not employ it in any vil● uses, and cannot endure it should be tro● upon. When that they found any scrap of i● in the Streets, they snatch it up, kiss it and put it very devoutly into some whole of 〈◊〉 Wall. This great respect for Paper, they do certainly derive from that they have for the Alcoran, which they never hold lower than their middle, when they carry it, 〈◊〉 keep it in their Houses, or else from tha● which they have all so for learned Persons, who are with them in great esteem.  
It is not sufficient that the Mahometans wash their whole Body in the ordinary Bath they are moreover bound, (after having performed the Abdest whereof I will presently give some account) to rinse it as I may say in a private Bath, when it happens that they have had any extraordinary Evacuation in the night time, or that they have slept alone or in company. This Purification is performed in a great Tub or Cistern of a four square Figure, which is filled with Water every Morning and not emptied until Evening. This Tub the Turks call Aou● Gousli. As they do not make use of this Purifications until they well washed themselves in the Bannio and performed the Abdest, they are not long adoing it; they do nothing more than plunge themselves three times into the Water, than they go out and make Room for an other, who does the same and accordingly gives place to the next, and so one after another until all the Turks whom the foregoing Night had obliged to this ceremony have purified themselves after this manner.  
Thou the number of those who plunge themselves into the purifying Cistern, be considerably great, because that married Persons, to whom Marriage allows many things forbidden to others, are thereto obliged as well as those who are not. Nevertheless they do not change the Water until It has served them all, and that they have said, plunging themselves in itt, he usual prayer of good Mussulmans, which is la illa illa la Allam dulilla, Alla heeber, or other such like.  
Now the fourth and last Preparation for Prayer by the Turks, is the Abdest; they may do every where, nay and with herbs by Stones or Earth, when they are in any place, where there is no Water: they have got a fancy that God (who demends more the inside than the outside of Men) if they had not first of all satisfied, at lest as much as they can that Ablution; nay, and that being made in that impure State, they would be rather capable of drawing down the Anger of God upon them, than obtain his Blessings, which they believe their Abdest does procure them. For this reason it is they never build Mosches without adorning them with some Fountains; and when the Place is not convenient for that purpose. They hire a Man to keep Water in some Reservatories, from which each Person draws by the means of some Cocks as much Water as is necessary for the satisfying this Ablution.  
It is to no purpose to say here after what manner the Turks perform this Abdest, I believe that there be few People but know that the Turks wash almost all their Head and Neck, the Arms to the Elbow, the Feet and extremity of the Channel through which the Urine runs and the Port by which a grosser Excrement is vented: But perhaps the Reader will not be sorry to learn that the strict Obligation they have of washing themselves so often, is extremely painful and troublesome for those who are in the Countries and far from Water, or who devil in cold or more Northern Climates, nay, and that it is the Cause that several of those Turks could wish they were allowed to change their Religion, and embrace an other, that does bind them to so many troublesome washings.  
The fifth of the Turkish washings is that which is called Eulu-iorkmaghi or mortuary cleansing, which is washing the dead Coarse, but as I think we have been paddling long enough, I shall Pass on to give an account of the Turkish Justice. And indeed nothing can be more proper than to place here the Tribunal, next after the Religion and Church, their Judges being ever Ecclesiastical Persons; whereby both orders joined give orders to one another, and not only Reputation but maintenance; for these places of Judicature are the only preferment of the Priesthood; wherewith the Priest and Judge being maintained in the same Person, two Gaps are stopped with one Bush without causing any part of the Land to lie dead in the hands of the Clergy, or otherwise impoverishing the People with Tithes. And this that Divine Legis-lator, Moses seems to have foreseen, and therefore made him unite the sacred Rites, and Civil Sanctions into one Body, making the Law of the Land a piece of God's Law, and the justice of the Magistrate Religion; which stamps no lesle Authority upon the Law, than it procures Reverence to the Judges and promiseth to the Government, where it is entertained, length of days and safety on the one Hand, with Richeses and Honour on the other. Which course affords also such Expedition as gives one side at lest, cause to applaud Justice. Whereas here the bettered Party is left so little to Boast of, that he returns home as ill satisfied, as he who had Sentence pronounced against him.  
There are Divers orders of Judges; especially two; the Cadi, and over him the Moulacadi like a Lord Chief Justice; tho' as I have already said the supreme Head of Judicature is the Mufti: These Judges are all excepting the Mufti limited to set Precincts, and when convicted of Corruption they are made horrid Examples; the main points wherein Turkish Justice differs from that of other Nations are three; it is more severe, speedy, and arbitraty; they hold the Foundation of all Empire to consist in exact Obedience, and that in exemplary severity; which is undeniable in all the World, but more notable in their State, made up of several People different in Blood, seat and Interest one from another, nor linked in affection, or any common engagement toward the Public good, other than what mere terror puts upon them. A soft Hand were unaffectual upon such a Subject, and would soon found itself slighted, therefore the Turkish Justice Curbs and Executes without either remorse or respect; which succeeds better than ever did the Romans, with all their milder Arts of Civility; compare their Conquests with those made by the Turk; you shall found his to continued quieta and firm, theirs not secure for many Ages. Witness first Italy, than Greece and France, always full of Rebellions, Conspiracies and new Troubles, which were caused by their Lenity, that did not humble the subdued as low as Prudence did require; And the Sultan has a great Iron Club set up in most Places of Turkey, especially Bosnia, Sclavonia, Hungary, Thrace and Macedonia, to intimate what they are to trust to; nor does he so much rely upon the People's Affection, which would tie him to respect full and lesle absolute Domination, and than also be in their Power to altar, as upon that strength which is in his own Hand makes him more himself, and binds with the tye of fear, whereto Human Nature is ever enthralled. The second point wherein their Justice excels is quick dispatch; if the business be present matter of Fact, than upon the lest complaint the parties and Testimonies are taken, and suddenly brought before the Judge, by certain Janizaryes; and the cause is ever lesle than in two Hours dispatched, Execution instantly performed, unless it appears a cause of such moment as does allow of an appeal to the Moulacady, where also it is as speedily decided: If the matter be of Title or Right, the Parties Name, the witnesses, who shall forthwith be constrained to come in. For they have no old Deeds, nor other reckon beyond the memory of Man: In such cases Possession and Modern Right carries it, without that odious course of looking too far backward into the times past: this Expedition avoids confusion and clears the Court; whereby it so becomes sufficient for many Causes, and for a great People. Now as for the particular Person, though he sometimes seems dissadvantaged by the haste, which may make judgement rash, yet that hast not being passionate, it happens not often; nor than likely, is his damage therein worse, than with us, where after the suspense, delay and Charge of suit, the oversight of a Lawyer, may with error of pleading Cast a good Cause; so that after a Man hath been miserably detained to such disadvantages as his other affairs, as he had better have lost his Suit at first; than doth it finally not so much on its own bore Right, ●s upon the Advocate sufficiency. The last notable point of their Judicature is, they have little fixed Law, and therewith flourishing make good that the most Laws are in ●he worst States. Yet they pretend to judge by the Alcoran; whereby the Opinion of Divine Authority does Countenance these Arbitrary Deqvisions, which without some Authentive Law to justify them would hard●y be endured. But as it is manifest that the Alcoran is no Book of particular Law Cases, they pretend its Study does not inform the Judge lititerally, but by way of illuminetion, which not being given to secular Persons, does neatly put losers of from referring themselves to the Text: The Justice being Arbitrary, makes it their Opinion the more to the purpose of the Public. For the Judges knowing themselves, but Instruments of State, and that in its favour is their Establishment, they will ever judge by the Interest thereof, if not out of Honesty, yet for their own Advancement.   

CHAP. V Of the Principal Offices and Dignities of the Ottoman Empire.  
NOw having said thus much of the Turkish Justice, we will hasten into an account of the Offices, Dignities, and several Governments in the Ottoman Empire, and will for that purpose begin with the Prime Visior called in Turkish Visior Azem, which is as much as chief Counsellor; sometimes he has the Title of the Grand Signors Deputy or Representative, being immediately entrusted with all the Power of the Sultan, and indeed he is the Lieutenant General of the Empire and of the Armies, head of the Council, and disposes absolutely under the orders of the Grand Signior of all the Affairs of State and of War, having in his keeping the Seal of the Empire. He has for Assesstors in the Divan or Court where Causes are tried, six other Viz●ors who are called Viziors of the Bench, and who are properly Counsellors of State, but who have no Deliberative Voice, but are only admitted into the Divan for the being consulted upon some point of the Law, wherein they are learned without meddling with the Government of State or any affair, at lest unless their advice be asked. There be fiver B●gler●egs to whom the Grand Signior gives the Quality of Vizier, and who possess the greatest and Richest Governments of the Empire, namely the Pashas of Babylon of C●yro, of Buda, of Natolea, and of Rom●nia: The three first, who are the ●hree Principal, had formerly the Privilege wi●h Exe●usion, to all the other Pashas, to 'cause as well the Grand Vizier's three Horse tales to be carried before them. But mentioning these Ho●s●-tales, it will not perhaps, be ungtareful to give the Reader an Account of the Origine of that Custom, which the Bashaws, who have the Quality ●f Viziers, have of carrying three Standards or Ban●ers, to each of which is fastened a Horse-tale, died ●hat colour they please, except Green, though ●hey be allowed to dye the Wood Green, to which ●he Standard is fastened: Which was a follows. ●he Turk's having one day delivered Battle to the christians, their Standard was taken in the Hurry, ●nd the Turkish General seeing that the loss of the standard made his Men lose Courage, who began ●o run away; he cut of a Horse's tale with his Sa●●te, and fastened it to the end of a Half-Pike, which 〈◊〉 lifted up; Crying, Here's the Great Standard, who ●●●es me, let him follow m●. At the very instant, the ●●rks took Heart again, and being rallyed, returned to the Charge again, and won the Battle. The officers under the Ba●hawe have their Standards too, ●ut are not allowed to add to them one of those ●ales, and it is to be observed, that the Pashas, ●ho are not Viziers, can only carry two as the Beyes, ●ho are below the Pashas; and the Governors of ●e lesser Province, carry but one. When the ●rand Signior goes into the Campaign, they carry ●ven, because that according to the Turks; that ●e World is divided into seven parts or seven ●●limates, whereof the Grand Signior is Master, ta●●ng them in Breadth, and for that reason it is, they ●●ve him in their T●ngue the Tittle of Master of all ●ings. This is sounded upon Mahomet's saying, that 〈◊〉 who after his Death should be Master of the ●●nds cou●aining his Sepulchre, should take the Ti●● of Master or Head of all the Kings of the Earth. ●●ey add that there be but three Empires, which ●e those of Constantinople, of Babylon, and of ●rebi●●d; and for that re●son it is that the Grand signior wears three Tufts of black ●eron Feathers ●his Turban. Now none but the H●rons of Candy ●●ve this Aigrette perfectly black, the Herons of all other countries' have it either white or mingled and as there goes a great Quantity to the making o● a Tuft, this raises its price to a high Degree, which perhaps has made the use of 'em to be lost in ou● Europe. As for all the Princes of Asia, they have always the Aigrette very much In Esteem, but it must not have the lest imperfection; and in case it be the least broken at the point, they make no accounted of it, and it loses all its value. By these three Aigrettes of the Grand Signors Turban, People know that the Grand Vizior is in the Army, because that than he wears but two of them, and the thing is worthy of being remarked. When the Troops are to March, the Grand Signior draws up into Battalia, those which are at Constantinople, and in the Neighbourhood, and having the Great Vizio● by his side, he presents him to them for their General. The Soldiers than say not a word, and d● not make the usual Salute, until that the Grand Signior has caused one of the Agrettes to be taken out of his Turban, to be put upon that of the Grand Vizior: Than all the Army Salute him, and own him for their General, and receive pay from him at the same time.  
But to return, the Privilege of Horse-tales extends at present to the Pashas of Anatolia and R●mania, and they are all five equal in that point▪ But as for the Grand Vizior, who has a Magnificent Court, answerable to the Grandeur of the Maste● he serves, and his Family is composed of above two thousand Domestics. Though he be subject as we●● as the other Bashaws, to undergo the Anger of hi● Prince, and constrained to give him his Head, wh●● he demands it; nevertheless the Grand Signior i● important affairs and which demand it, does yield much to the Sentiments of the Grand Vizior an● his Propositions in the Council are, as man Sentences. This it is renders his Power so absolute, that in all the Empires and Kingdoms in the World, there is not any Chief Minister whose authority can match that of the Grand Vizior. Whosever comes to Visit him, he does not rise either 〈◊〉 receive him, or conduct him, unless it be the Mufti who is Head of the Law, for whom the Grand Signior himself rises also. But tins principally is worthy of being observed, that as it only appertains to the Grand Vizior to propose all Affairs of Importance, he must he careful not to start any thing ungrateful to the Grand Signior: For at the same time without making him any answer, he would be strangled; upon this Maxim of the Ottoman Court, that nothing aught to be proposed to the Prince, which he can be displeased at.  
But before I proceed on the other Ministers, I will say something of the Origine of the Grandees of the Port. Those who possess Places of trust, whether in the Seraglio, or in the Empire (unless it be Eunuches, of whom more hereafter) come all generally from Children taken in War, or sent by way of Present from the Pashas; and Tribute Children, that are taken at the Age of Nine or Ten years out of the Arms of their Mothers in all the Provinces, subdued by the Ottoman Prince, they aught all to be of Christian Parents; and without reckoning the Slaves taken from the Enemy, one may see by the Registers alone of the Demesne of Constantinople, that of both Sexes above twenty thousand are brought thither every year. The lesser Tartars who make continual Incursions into all the Territories that are Enemies of the Empire sand 'em in Great Numbers; and the Grand Signior having the Choice of all these young Children, the handsomest and the most promising are distributed into divers Serraglios, to be instructed there in the Law of Mahomet, and in all sorts of Exercises, that of Constantinople is filled with the flower of these last, and they are to be distinguished into two Orders. The first and most honourable is that of the Ichoglans, destined for the great Charges of the Empire; the second Azamoglans, employed in Offices which only requited strength of Body. The Ichoglans, are those in whom, besides the Perfections of Body, their Governors have discovered a fine Genius, proper for a fine Education, and for the rendering them capable one day to serve their Prince. They are instructed with great Care and a very severe Discipline, they pass through four Chambers called Oda, which are as four Classes, wherein they learn by order all that is suitable to Young Men, who are continually to attend upon a great Prince, and who are as his Pages and his Gentlemen. If they commit the lest fault they are rigorously punished, and a Man had need to be endued with great Patience to attain to the fourth Oda, where they begin to breath. But the hopes of coming to the greatest Honours and most Eminent Offices, makes them suffer the barbarous Treatment of the Eunuches, who are appointed for their Masters, and who are not sparing to them of their Cudgels. Though it be an Ordinance of the Empire that all these Children be of Christian Parents, of the most Noble and the Handsomest that can be found, the Capi-Aga, or great Master of the Seraglio, the first of the White Eunuches, who Commands in Chief the Ich●glans, does nevertheless suffer some natural Turks to be introduced into their number, recommendable by their good Qualities: But this is rarely done, and that with a particular permission of the Prince, who loves much rather that these Children be all Renegado Christians. This is the true O●igine of the Grandees of the Port; they are all Slaves, having no knowledge of their Parents' they apply wholly their Affections to the Service of the Prince, who has raised them to a high Fortune.  
The Bashaws are thus taken out of the Order of the Ichoglans, and the Name of Bashaw is only a Title of Honour and Dignity, common to all the Grandees of the Port, who distinguish themselves by the difference of their Places. The four Principal are the Vizier Asem, or Grand Vizier, the Chaimacan, the Bashaw of the Sea, and the Aga of the Janissaries. The Authority of these four Bashaws is so great, that they sometimes deprive their Sovereign of his Crown, to give it to whom they please; as has happened in our Age to two Emperors together, Mustapha and Osman the last of whom died in Prison by the infamous ●and of an Executioner. But if these Bashaws do not understand aright how ●o take their measures, they loose their Heads for the lest fault, the Grand Signior seizing on all their Estate upon their ●eath, and taking their Children into ●e Seraglio; very far from succeeding ●nto the Richeses and Offices of their Fa●ers, though it should be the Son of a Grand ●izier, nay, or of the Emperor's Sister; ●ey can mount not higher than the ●ace of a Captain of a Galley; the Poli● of the Turks not suffering that a Family should tender itself Powerful from Father to Son, to deprive it of the means of ever being able to disturb the State. One may hereby see, that the Fortune of the Bashaws, which is glittering for a time, is a wavering Fortune; on which neither Son nor Father, be he in what Credit he will, can make any foundation.  
Having already spoken of the Vizier▪ I shall now proceed to the Chaimacan, who is the Captain and Governor of the City of Constantinople, Lieutenant of the Grand Vizier, but has no Authority bu● in his absence; than he performs all th● Functions of that important Office, Commands absolutely, and gives Audience t● Ambassadors. He is not subject as other Bashaws, to the harsh necessity of giving his Head; because that if he does anything that is displeasing to the Gran● Signior, he rejects the fault of it upo● the Grand Vizier, from whom he receiv● his Orders.  
The Bashaw of the Sea is the Admin and Captain General of the Naval Army's; the Beyes Governors of the Maritime Provinces, and who are oblige to maintain 〈◊〉 Galleys of the Gra● Signior, depend on his Orders, and must put to Sea upon the first Command he gives them.  
The Janisary Aga, whom the Turks call Yongeri Agasi, is the Colonel General of the Janissaries. This Office is very considerable, because that the Turkish Infantry passes at present, for the greatest part, under the name of Janissaries, though the true Janissaries, who draw their Institution from Ottoman the First, and their great Privileges from Ottoman the Third, make at present but one Body of five and twenty thousand men. They have fine Regulations among them, and are divided into several Chambers in great Houses they possess, whether in Constantinople or other Places. The Order they keep there is so fine and exact in every thing, and so strictly observed, that they live lesle like Soldiers than Religious and Monasticks; and though they be not forbidden Matrimony, yet very seldom do they marry. The great Privileges which they enjoy throughout all the Empire, where they are very much respected, makes many People to exempt themselves from paving Taxes, and to discharge themselves from some Public Duties, to gain by money of the Officers, who protect them, and make them pass for Janissaries: but they do not receive any Pay from the Prince; all their Advantages are limited to those Privileges, which are sufficiently great. Thus by mingling the true Janissaries with the false, their Number does now amount to above a hundred thousand; and to reckon only those who are effectually Janissaries, their Body has rendered itself so formidable, that they have unthroned Ottoman Monarches, and made the face of the Empire change in a moment. The Power of their Aga is very great, and no Body can approach the Prince after the manner he is allowed to do; for, he can come into the Presence of the Grand Signior with his Arms free, and after a bold Gate and manner, whereas that all the Grandees of the Port without Exception, even the Grand Vizer, dare not appear there but with Arms across, and their Hands upon one another on their Breast, for a sign of a profound Submission.  
The Beglerbeyes follow in Dignity the four principal Bashaws, and are as so many Sovereigns in the general Governments of the Empire, whereof the Grand Signior gives them the Command. These Grand Bashaws have under them Sangiacbeys, who are Governors of Sangiacs or particular Provinces, as the Sangiacbey of Salonica or of Morea.  
Thus having mentioned these Principal Officers, and the Janissaries, I will proceed to give an account of the Spahees, Zaims, and Ghaoax's.  
The Spahees, who make a Body of about fifteen thousand men, are a sort of Cavaliers, who would pass for the Nobility of the Country, and boast very much of their Bravery: they live upon certain Timarrits or Feuds given them by the Grand Signior for term of life, as a Reward for Services, but with an Obligation to serve on Horseback well appointed, wheresoever they shall be summoned. These Timarres cannot be taken from them unless they are wanting in their Duty, which is to be at the Army when the Grand Vizier goes thither in Person. They live the most happy of all the Ottoman Empire, and like petty Sovereigns in the Places where they command.  
The Zaims differ little from the Spahees, and enjoy, as well as they, the Command and Revenue of certain Fiefs given them by the Grand Signior. There is a great number of them throughout all the Empire, and they esteem themselves as Lords & Barons of the Country. The Zaims and the Spahis are they who compose the Cavalry of the Turks, and they know how many Horses they are to furnish according to the Revenue of their Timars.  
The Chaoux, or Chiaous Bashaw, is the Head of all the Chaoux of the Empire, who carry the Commands of the Prince within and without the State, and are sent upon Embassies, though in the bottom they are only mere Messengers. Prisoners of Quality are commonly committed to their Keeping, and they never suffer them out of sight.  
These are the principal Offices and Dignities of the Empire, all possessed by People who are taken out of the Order of the Ichoglans. I now come to the Officers of the Seraglio, where the Eunuches are possessed of the principal Places of Trust.  
There be two Orders of the Eunuches; there are those who are white, who are merely cut, and there are those who are black, who are shaved even with the Belly. Both are severe, fantastical, and jealous, and use all those cruelly who are under their Charge. There is a prodigious number of them both in Constantinople and all the Empire, and generally through all the East, where there is no private Person, in case he has but any Estate, but keeps an Eunuch or two as a Guard to his Wives. This it is that makes the great Trade of Eunuches in several Parts of Asa and Africa; and only in the Kingdom of Goleonda, a small Territory in the East-indieses, there has been known to be made in one Year two and twenty thousand. In those Parts most Fathers and Mothers who are poor, and have no kindness for their Children, whom they fear they shall not be able to provide Sustenance for, if the lest scarcity of Victuals should hap, fell them to Merchants, who afterwards cause them to be cut, and sometimes shaved sheer of. Some of those who have nothing left, when they are to make Water, are constrained to make use of a Quill or Tap▪ and to carry it at the bottom of the Belly. As few recover from so dangerous an Operation, it renders them much dearer than the others, and they are sold in Persia and Turkey at the rare of six hundred Crowns a Man; a hundred, or a hundred and fifty, is the price of common Eunuches. Now for the furnishing all Turkey, all Persia, all the Indieses, and all the Provinces of Africa, it is easy to judge that they must needs come by thousands from divers Places. The Kingdom of Golconda in the Peninsula, on this side the Ganges, and those of Assan, Boutan, Arachan, and Pegu beyond it, furnish a prodigious number of them. All these Eunuches are white and tawny. The black Eunuches, who come from Africa in a far lesser number, are, as I have said, much dearer. The most deformed are those which cost the most, their extreme Ugliness being a Beauty to them in their kind. A flat Nose, a dismal Look, a great Mouth, thick Lips, black Teeth and at a distance from one another, for commonly the Moor have fine Teeth, are Advantages for the Merchants who cell them. The Seraglio of Constaminople is filled with these two sorts of Eunuches. The black are appointed as a Guard to the Apartment of Women, and sent to the Court by the Bashaws of Grand Cairo. The white something lesle savage, and who have been brought up with some Care, are for the Quarter of the Grand Signior.  
The four principal Eunuches, who approach the Person of the Prince, are the Hazodabachaio, the Chasnardeerbashaw, the Kilargibashaw, and the Sarai Agasi, who have over them the Capi-Aga, who is the Intendant of all the Chambers in chief of the Ichoglans: they commonly succeed one another; that is to say, the Sarai-Agasi to the Kilargibashaw, he to Chasnadarbashaw, this last to Hazodabachi, and finally, the Hazodabachi to the Capi-Aga, who is ever the oldest in Service of the white Eunuches.  
The Capi-Aga or Capon Agasi, is as the Lord High Steward of the Seraglio, is the first in Dignity and in Credit of all the white Eunuches, and is ever near the Person of the Grand Signior be he where he william. He it is who introduces Ambassadors to the Audience; and all the great Affairs passing through his Hands to come to those of the Prince, his Office renders him necessary to all the others, and acquires him rich Presents. All those who make any to the Grand Signior aught to address themselves also to the Capi-Aga for the presenting them to his Highness, from whence accrue to him very great Advantages. No Body can enter into the Apartment of the Emperor nor go out from thence without his Order: and when the Grand Vizier has a Mind to speak to him, he must be introduced by the Capi-Aga. Whether by Day or Night if any hasty Business does hap whereof the Vizier would give Notice to the Grand Signior by Writing, the Capi Aga must receive it and return the Answer. He wears a Turban in the Seraglio, and goes every whereon Horseback by a Privilege particularly annexed to his Office. He accompanies the Grand Signior, but stays at the Door, having no more Command in that Place. When he goes out of the Seraglio to quit his Office, which happens very seldom, he cannot be a Bashaw. As concerning his Table, it is furnished at the Prince's Charge, and he has above ten Sultanins a Day, which is above five Pounds of our Money. Capigi Aga's have been known to have died two Millions rich, which returns into the Grand Signors Coffers. This chief of the white Eunuches is followed with four others, who after him have the principal Places in the Grand Seignior's Apartment.  
The Hazoda Bashaw is as the Lord High Chamberlain, who has under his Charge the forty Pages of the Chamber, who commonly attend the Grand Seignior's Person.  
The Serai-Agasi has the Superintendence General of all the Chambers of the Grand Seignior's Quarter, in what regards the Neatness, and the necessary Reparations. He has an eye particularly upon the Seferli-Odasi, which is the Chamber of the Pages, who take care of the Grand Seignior's Linen, and who accompany him in his Voyages. He it is who appoints their , and all things they have occasion for; and his Office is also much the same as in England the Constable of Windsor, since it is for him generally to provide all that contributes to the neatness and good order of that great Palace. His Lieutenant is Seraihet-Odasi, who is also an Eunuch, whose Office is to have the Tapestries changed every six Months, which are spread upon the floor in the Rooms and Chambers of the Seraglio.  
The Haznadar, or Chaznadar-bashaw, is the Head and Intendant of the Treasury, and has the Conduct of the Pages of that Chamber. It is not to be understood of the Treasury to be appointed to the necessities of State, and to the ordinary Pay of the Soldiers, whereof the Grand Signior and the three Tef●erdars, or Treasurer's General, have the Keys and Intendency: the Treasury I now mean, is the Place where the Jewels of the Crown are kept, and all the other Richeses heaped up from Father unto Son by the Ottoman Princes, But it is to be observed, that the Chaznadar-bushaw has now but the Name of the Precedent of the Treasury, nay, and that he has place therein, since that under the Reign of Sultan Amurat, the Pages having made their Complaints to the Grand Signior of the ill Conduct of that Eunuch; upon their Request he granted that the Chaznadar Bashaw should have not more command therein, and that the Charnaketodosis should thence forward exercise his Charge, without depriving him of the Title.  
The Kilargibachi is the Head of the Pages of the Kilar, which is the place where all the exquisite Drinks are kept for the Mouth of the Grand Signior. He is moreover the Chief of all the Akegis, who are the Cooks and Comfit-maker's, no Body being allowed to enter into those Offices but by his Order; and he has under his Charge all the Plate which is for the Service of the Grand Signior. This Officer's Substitute is the Kilarketodasi, upon quitting of his Charge. he is made a Bashaw. And here I must note, that those who go out of the Seraglio to be Bashaws, must have been of the forty Pages of the Chamber, and have passed through one of these six Charges, of the Chaznaketodasi, and of Kilarketoda●i, whereof I have spoken, of Dogangibas●i, of ●hokadar, of the Seligdar, and of the Rikabdar, whereof I shall quickly speak. Unless in such cases, they can only be Beyes, or Zaims, or Spahies, or at most, Capigi Bashies, by a singular Favour of the Grand Signior. It is the very same thing with the Gugombachi, who is the second Person of the Treasury, and with the Anakdar-Agasi, who is the third. If those Persons leave the Seraglio, before they are admitted into the Number of the forty Pages of the Chamber, they have but one Pay, whereas the highest mounts but to two hundred Asper's.  
The Dogangibashi is the great Falconer, and his Place affords him much attendance upon his Prince.  
The Chokadar is He who carries the Royal Robe called Ciamberluc, which we call in England the Port-mantell.  
The Rikabder is he who holds the Stir●up when the Grand Signior mounts on Horse back.  
The Seligdar is the first of the Pages of the Chamber; he carries the Sword of the Grand Signior on days of Ceremony; and one of the handsomest Pages is commonly chosen for that Office.  
The Hammangibashi is the Head and Intendant of the Baths. When he goes out of the Seraglio, as well as the Kamachirbachi, who is the first of the Pages of the Seferli, their Pay is a hundred Asper's a day; and if they are in favour it may mount to a hundred and fifty. It is in general to be noted, that when there is a remove of any one of the forty Pages of the Chamber, to fill their Places they take others out either of the Treasury, or the Kilar, or the Seferli, which is done in turns: they always take out the most ancient, and those that are next succeeding in their Place.  
The Chimacibachi is the great Blancher, or the Head of those who whiten the Grand Seignior's Linen.  
The Giritbey is the Head of those who exercise themselves in shooting with the Bow and lancing Darts; wherein a great Exercise is performed every Friday in a Place of the Seraglio appointed for that Divertisement. These being the Charges of the Seraglio, possessed by those who have passed the Chambers of the Ichoglans, I shall proceed to speak of the Black Eunuches, to whom are committed the keeping of the women's Apartment; and they choose for that Office the ugliest and most deformed that can be found. they have all cut sheer of since the time of Soliman the Second, who one day seeing a Gelding leap a Mare, judged from thence, that the Eunuches who kept his Women might also amuse their Passions; which he prevented immediately by cutting of all they had; which Rule his Successors have ever since observed. They are many in number, and have amongst them their Chambers and their Regulations as well as the white Eunuches.  
The Keilar Agasi, or as others call him, Kutzlir Agasi, that is in English, the Keeper of the Virgins, is the Head of all the Black Eunuches, and is equal in Authority and Credit with the Capi Aga, who is the Head of the white Eunuches. He is the Superintendent of the women's Apartment, keeps the Keys of the Door, and speaks when he pleases with the Emperor. The Office he possesses procures him Presents from all sides; and none are made to the Sultana's by the Bashaws and other Persons who stand in need of their Favour with the Sultan, but that he also receives a share, which renders him one of the richest and most considerable Officers of the Port.  
Now I shall proceed to say something more of the Azamoglans, who make the second Order of the Youth in the Seraglio, and out of whose Number the meaner Officers are taken, a List of whom I am going to set down.  
The Azamoglans as well as the Ichoglans, are, as I have said, Tribute-childrens that are levied upon the Christians, or taken in War by Land or by Sea. They choose the handsomest and most robust for the Grand Seraglio; and they have neither Pay nor Profits, unless they are advanced to some petty Offices, which they cannot attain to until after several Years of Service, and than their Wages is but seven Asper's and a half a day. As concerning mere Azamoglans that are brought up in other places and are not admitted into the Seraglio of Constantinople, the highest Pitch of their Fortune is to become Janissaries.  
When that at the Arrival of these Youths at Constantinople the first Distribution is made into the Serraglios or Royal Palaces of the Grand Signior; some are also left in the City to learn Trades, and others are sent to Sea to serve for Seamen, and tender themselves expert in Navigation; by which means they attain to some Places. But the Azamoglans of the Grand Seraglio are employed in divers Offices, and are made Bostangis, Capigis, Atagis, Halvagis, and Baltagis.  
The Bostangis are those who are employed in the Gardens of the Grand Signior, from out amongst whom those are ●aken who are to row in the Grand Seig●nor's Brigantines, when he has a Mind to divert himself in fishing, or in taking the Air upon the Canal: those who are taken ●nto the Brigantines, and row on the right, may attain to the Charge of Bostangi Bashi, which is one of the most considerable of ●he Seraglio: but those who row on the ●eft can only be admitted into the petty Employments, which are bestowed in the Gardens. If it chances that any one of ●hem happens to break his Oar in the Grand Seignior's Presence, his Highness ●auses immediately fifty Crowns to be gi●en him, and causes also Money to be distributed to the others every time he goes aboard his Brigantine. Their greatest ●ay, after having served some Years, is seven Asper's and a half a day, besides Food and Clothing, which they are all equally provided with.  
The Bostangi-Bashi has the Superintendance general of all the Grand Seignior's Gardens, as well of those of Constantinople as of the Neighbourhood, and commands above ten thousand Bostangis, whose Business is to look after them. Thomas he be taken out of the low form of the Azamoglans, his Power is nevertheless very great, and his Office one of the finest and most considerable of the Court: it admits him to the Prince's Person, to whom he may speak familiarly when he carries him by Sea, being seated at the Helm of the Brigantine, wherein the Grand Signior is on Board, who very often makes use of him to carry his Orders to some Bashaw whose Head he thinks fitting to take of. All the Grandees of the Port stand in awe of him, and endeavour to gain his Affection by their Presents, because he can do them good or ill Offices with the Prince, whom he governs in his Walks. When he is at his Elbows, with the Rudder of the Brigantine in his Hand, he has the Privilege of sitting down in his Presence, and may than discourse him upon the Affairs 〈◊〉 State and the Conduct of the Bashaws, ●●d according to his Passion or his Inte●●t, tell roundly how things go, or turn ●●em after what manner he thinks convenient. In short, if he is much in favour, 〈◊〉 may have one of the great Governments, and become Bashaw of Buda, of ●●bylon, or of Cairo, nay and Grand Vi●●r, which is the principal Office in the ●●pire.  
The Capigis are the Porters or the ●eepers of the Doors of the Seraglio, ●●at is to say, of the first and second ●●ourt; for that of the third which gives ●●trance to the inward Seraglio, is kept 〈◊〉 Eunuches. The chief of the Capigis 〈◊〉 called Capigibashi, who has under him ●●ther Officers, who have the same name, ●●d of whom the Grand Signior makes also use to carry his Orders. The Capi●●ga is over all.  
The Atagis are the Cooks of the Seraglio, over whom, as well as over the ●alvargis, the Kilargibashi has full power: ●ach Kitchen has its Atigachi, that is to ●●y, it's Master, whom we call Steward; ●nd the Movatbakemin is the Intendant who furnishes the Kitchens with all that is necessary for them, taking care also of ●he Table of Ambassadors, according as he is directed by the Grand Signior  
The Halvagisses are the Comfitmakers 〈◊〉  
The Baltagis are strong Fellows, e●● ployed to carry Burdens, like our Po●ters and Carmen; Baltagi signifying properly a labouring Man.  
The Emirahourbashi is the Master 〈◊〉 the Horse, who marches before t●● Grand Signior when he shows himself 〈◊〉 Public, and in all Ceremonies.  
The Ekmeggobashi is the chief of t●● Pantry, and has the Superintendence 〈◊〉 all the Bread that is eaten in the Seraglio. These two Offices are not given 〈◊〉 any of those who remain within the Seraglio, but to persons who reside without and have the freedom of going in a●● out at all Hours.  
The Caragi-Bachi is the Head of tho●● who raise the Tributes; and both he an● the Gemmeroubuchi or Principal Commissioner of the Revenues, and the B●zarcunbachi or chief of the Merchants, a●● bound to make Advances to the Gran● Signior when he stands in need of M●ney, and that there is none in the Public Treasury, not being willing the ●●cret Treasury should be meddled wit●▪ They must procure it, and it is no difficult matter for them to do, because 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Tributes, Demesns, and other ●●posts that are paying to the Grand ●●gnior; nothing of them is paid un●● the end of the Year, and those Offices make themselves be paid in the be●●ning.  
All sorts of People, of what Religion ●●ver they be, except the Mahometan, 〈◊〉 bound to pay the Tribute without ●●y Exception, after they have settled themselves in the Empire, and have attuned to the Age of sixteen Years: and ●●s Tribute is five hundred and fifty 〈◊〉 Asper's a Head, which neither rise ●●r fall, remaining always upon the ●●me foot of eighty to a Plaster, which ●●mes to about five Crowns of our Mo●●y. All the other Christians, who come ●●o the Empire to trade, or for Business, ●●ough it should be only for a day, they 〈◊〉 made to pay the very first Town they ●●me to. Greeks who are Foreigners, as ●●m Muscovy and other places, pay three ●●ndred and fifty Asper's; the Armenians ●●o come from Persia, Georgia, Mingre●●, and other Countries, are only taxed ●●ee hundred. As for the Christians who 〈◊〉 called Franks, they pay nothing; ●●d this has given a great deal of trou●● to the Ambassadors of Europe. As the Turks make their Year but of twe●● Moons, and ours being near twelve 〈◊〉 a half, they are only paid for twe●●● Moons; but in revenge and to loose 〈◊〉 thing, from thirty three to thirty th●● Years they make the double be paye●● that thirty third Year, and are gr●●● Husbands of their Master's Revenues.  
There be but two Princes in 〈◊〉 World who have the Name of Ch●● the Emperor of great Tartary, and King of the lesser Tartars, who is a Vasal of the Ottoman Monarches. It is 〈◊〉 the present Condition of this last I int●● now to inform the Reader.  
When the Cham of lesser Tartary ●●ters upon the Government, he comes 〈◊〉 take an Oath of Fidelity to the Gr●● Signior, and the Turks hold him o●● as a Governor of a Province, or at 〈◊〉 for a Vassal Prince. But those of 〈◊〉 Country, the Muscovites, Polanders, G●●gians, Mingrelians, and other People 〈◊〉 the Neighbourhood, treat him as a K●●● when they writ to him The Gr●●● Signior uses a great deal of Policy in●● Demeanour towards the Cham for 〈◊〉 he should revolt, and tender him 〈◊〉 more powerful than he is by making ●●liances with neighbouring Princes; fo●● is to be observed, that the lesser Tartary, whereof the City of Caffa near the Cimmerian Streight is the Capital, is not a Country conquered by the Arms of the Ottomans. It's ancient Kings put themselves only under the Protection of the Grand Signior, who granted them it upon Condition, that when the Father died, his Son or his nearest Relation his Successor, could not enter upon the Government unless he came to take the Investiture at the Port, and make Oath of Fidelity to the Grand Signior, obliging himself to come to him upon his first Orders. The Grand Signior promised in Return, that he will never establish any other than of his Race to command in lesser Tartary; and as there be two Branches of that Family, he keeps always one in Exile in the Isle of Rhodes, while that the other governs. But if after fifteen or twenty Years there be any Suspicion that this entertains any Designs of rendering himself absolute, he sends for the Cham, and his Children when he has any, and sending them to Rhodes, takes out from thence he who was in Exile, and sends him to reign in his turn for some Years. Besides, if the Ottoman Race chance to fail, the Cham is to succeed to the whole Empire.  
But now as for the Grand Seignior's Exchequer. All the Gold and Silver that comes into it arises from the Revenues of the Empire, and from the sale of the Goods which the Bashaws leave after Death. As concerning the Empire which extends so far into the three Parts of our great Continent, and which embraces so many Kingdoms, it is easy to judge that it furnishes immense Sums to the Treasury; but it is not so easy to limit them. His Revenues consist principally in the levy of Tributes and in the Demesns. The three Tefterdars or Treasurers-General giving an Account to the Grand Vizier of the Receipts of the Provinces.  
All the Receipts are for the most part in Silver in Specie; and as for the Gold it arises from four Species, whereof there be two foreign, and two of the Country. The one of the two first is the Commerce of the English, French, Hollanders, Italians, Muscovites, and Polanders, who ●●ing Duccates from those Provinces. The other is the annual Tribute which the Cham of leser Tartary, the Prince, of ●●●●●yloania, of Moldavia, and Walachia, the Republic of Bagusa, and a part of Mi●grella, and Russia, are to pay to the Grand Signior in pieces of Gold, which mounts to very considerable Sums. The one of the two Sources of the Country comes from the Spoil of the Bashaws, whereof coined Gold makes the better part; the other from the Revenue of Egypt, where every year a certain number of Sequins are coined, according to the Quantity of Gold which comes thither from Ethiopia; and all those Sequins are brought into the Treasury.  
The Revenue of Egypt does commonly amount every Year to twelve Millions of Livers, which are to be divided into three parts; five Millions enter into the Treasury of the Grand Signior, four is employed in maintaining the Soldiers and Officers of the Kingdom; and the three others are appointed for the rich Present which his Highness sends every Year to Meccha, for the Charges which regard the Religious Worship, and to fill the Cisterns of Arabia, whither Water must be carried for several Days Journey.  
Of the five Millions which enter into the Seraglio, the greatest part is Sequins according to the quantity of Gold which the Abyssins' have brought, and the rest in the Lion or Holland's Rix Dollars.  
But here perhaps it will not be unseasonable to speak of the Present which the Grand Signior sends every Year to Meccha, especially having said that the third part of the Revenue of Egypt was particularly appointed for that purpose.  
Three Millions of Liures of the twelve of annual Revenues which, the Kingdom of Egypt affords the Grand Signior, are employed in part in the rich Carpet and stately Tent he sends to the Cheq every Year for the honouring the Tomb of Mahomet. Another part goes to the Payment of those who serve in the Mosques; as Imen, who are their Priests; Cheucks, who are their Preachers; Muczims, who go cry about the Turrets of the Mosques to call the People to Prayers, and Kacim● of Mecca and Medina, who keep and clean the Mosques and light the Lamps Out of these three Millions must the nourishment be taken of all the Pilgrims, th● Grand Signior sending a sufficient Sum for that purpose to the Cheq. This Che● who is as the High Priest of the Law, an● the Sovereign Pontif of all the Mahohometans, of what Country or Sect soever, makes those poor People believe, that there is every year seventy thousand Pilgrims, Men and Women, at Meccha; and if the Number was not complete, ●he Angels would come in the form of Men to make it up.  
This Prince, for Whom all the Mahometans have a great Veneration, is very ●ich and very potent, which is easy to ●udge by the Presents He receives from ●he Grand Signior and other Mahometan Princes. These Presents belong to him ●ll in Property at the end of the Year, when new ones come. He also profits by all those of the Pilgrims, and Sums of Money which those Princes sand him, ●or to be disposed of in Alms according ●o his Will; and all these Presents together raise him a Revenue that is not to ●e imagined. For Mahometism extends ●ery far in Europe, in Asia, and Africa, ●nd much farther than People common●y do believe.  
Caravans come to Mecca from several ●arts of the World; and the day being ●ome that the Devotion is to begin, the High Priest, assisted with all the People ●f the Law, makes Day and Night the necessary Prayers and Ceremonies. On the seventeenth Day all the Pilgrims assemble before the Cheq's Tent, who appears at the Entrance, and standing upon a Piedestal to be seen by the farthest of, says his Prayer, and gives his Benediction to all the People, ending with these Words, God grant they may return in Peace as they came. From this moment every one must live at his own cost, the Cheq gives nothing more, and than his Gains begin to be very great; for al● that is sold for the maintenance of the Pilgrims, belongs to him, and besides he partakes with the Masters of the Caravans, of whom the Pilgrims are boun● to buy their Carriage at three times mor● than it's worth, when that which they had brought with them from their own Country had failed them in the way.  
The Caravan of Cairo is the most numerous and most considerable of all th● Caravans which go to Mecca. The Caravan Bashi, who is Captain thereof, ha● sometimes two hundred thousand Crown● profit at his Return; and there is grea● caballing for his place, which is at th● Bashaw's Disposal, and is seldom give● but to him that bids most. The Captain of this Caravan is also Master of the Waters that are brought into the Cisterns, it is by his Order that they are distributed; and as this Distribution is equal for the Poor and for the Rich; and if this last will have beyond what he is ordered, he must pay for it dearly, and the Captain who taxes it at what rate he pleases raises a considerable profit.  
But let us return to the Grand Seignior's Present. The Tent and Carpet which he sends are two pieces equally precious, both for the Beauty of the Stuff and the Richeses that are added to it. The Tapestry is to cover the Tomb of Mahomet, and the Tent which is set up against the Mosch is for the Cheq, who stirs not from thence during the seventeen days Devotion. That High Priest of the Law of Mahomet has found the secret to raise immense Sums by this Tapestry and Tent; every Year, and when the new Present ●s arrived from the Grand Signior, he ●ends as a singular Favour pieces of the Courtin of the old Tent to several Mahometan Princes, from whom, in return, ●e receives magnificent Presents. This Courtin which reaches all about the ●ut side of the Tent, to hinder those ●rom being seen that are within, is composed several pieces, six foot high, and of a great length; and the Cheq gives those Princes to understand, that by fastening one of those Pieces to their Tents when they go to War against thos● whom they consider as Infidels, they wil● be attended with all the happy Success imaginable, and will not be long befor● they gain the Victory. It must be som● great Monarch, as the Great Kam o● Tartary, or the Great , to whom he sends either the whole Courting Tent, or Tapestry, which he does once in ten or twelve Years, sometimes t● the one, sometimes to the other. Arte● that Aurengezebe, King of the Indieses 〈◊〉 and whom otherwise we call the Grea● Mogol, was settled upon the Throne, th● Cheq sent him the whole Curtain o● the Tent; and great Joy was there a● that Court that the King had receive● from so Holy a Place, as they call it so magnificent a Present. The Cheq presently after tasted of the Royal Liberality of that great Monarch, one of th● richest and most potent of the Universe And at this rate it is that the chief of th● Religion of Mahomet, who has a kin● of Dominion over all the Members knows how to tender them useful, and found the means of enriching himself at the Costs of all the Mahometan Princes and People.  
I do not doubt but that those who have written of the Mahometan Religion, have made mention of the Pilgrimage of Mecca, which is one of its essential Parts, wherefore I shall not enlarge farther upon that matter. I will only make three Remarks, taken out of an Original of one of the most Learned in the Rubrics of the Law of Mahomet. The first is, that by an ancient Tradition the Turks believe that Mecca is the Place where God commanded Abraham to build him an House; that while he was there all Nations came to visit him in Crowds; and that it is also the same Place where Mahomet received the Alcoran from Heaven. The second regards the Commands made to all the Mahometans, to go once in their Life time a Pilgrimage to Mecca; for it is to be observed, that this Obligation does not extend to the poor People, who have nothing whereon absolutely to live, and who would make their Family suffer by their absence, having nothing to leave them for their Maintenance. The third Remark is, touching the preference of the two Cities of Mecca and Medina. The first is the Place of Mahomet's Birth, which he had a design to have honoured and celebrated by this famous Pilgrimage, to which he obliges all those of his Law The second is the Place of the Sepulture of which they tell many Fables. Mahomet in his Alcoran only Orders the going to Mecca, where there are no other Relics of this false Prophet than one of hi● Slippers: and the Doctors of the Law do also grant, that there is no Obligation to go to Medina, and that without seeing that City, the Command of Mahomet is fulfilled.   

CHAP. VI Of the Original, and History of the Turks.  
THOUGH the Turks have acquired so vast an Empire, yet their Original is so obscure, that what we know of it is rather Conjecture than any certain Account. However, this is allowed of by all hands, that they were a People of Scythia, who, either compelled by Famine, or the Sword of their Neighbours, to abandon their own Country, passed through the Streights of the Caspian Mountains, and subdued and settled themselves in Armenia the Greater; thereupon called Turcomania, as it is at this day. Thus continued they to acquire Reputation, and multiply their Accessions, professing Pagainism, and living in wand'ring Troops, after the manner of the Scythian Nomads. The Saracen Empire being upon its declension, nay, brought almost to the last Gasp, by the Division of its own Princes; Mahomet, the Sultan of Persia being overpowered by the Caliph of Babylon, demanded Succours of the Turks, from whom receiving three thousand Soldiers, under the Conduct of Tangrolipix, the Chief of the Seleuccian Family, he overthrew the Caliph by his means. Nevertheless, he would have constrained the Turk to have continued in his Service, which occasioned so great a Breach, as that it came unto a Battle. Tangrolipix had the Victory, was by both Army's elected Sultan, conquered the Caliph of Babylon, which he added to his Dominions of Persia. About this time did the Turk embrace the Mahometan Religion, being two hundred and fourteen years after their Sally out of Scythia. Tangrolipix was succeeded by his Son Axan, who consented that Cutlu Muses, and his Kinsman, both of his Blood, should enjoy in absolute Sovereignty what they should conquer from the Graecian Emperor: and they receiving Aid accordingly from him for that purpose, subdued Media, much of Armenia, Cappadocia, Pontus, Bithynia, and the greater part of the lesser Asia. This Sultan moreover bestowed the Cities of Damascus and Aleppo, with their Territories, upon two other of his Kinsmen, Duccot and Melich, upon condition of paying him Homage, and also promising them all they could gain from the Saracens, and allowing them Forces accordingly, they rendered themselves Masters of the greater Part of Syria; but in a short while after, were expelled thence, as also out of the most part of Asia the lesser, by Godfrey of Bullen, and by him and his Christians driven to the more Easterly Parts of their Dominions. After the Death of Cutlu Muses, his Son Solyman made a vigorous opposition against the Western Christians; after his Death, his Son Mahomet had a War, and than a Peace with Masut Sultan of Iconium. This Masut having gotten possession of the whole Turkish Kingdom in that part of Asia, at his Death divided it amongst his three Sons. To Galizasthan he gave the Regal City of Iconium, with the under Provinces; to Jagupasan, A nasta and Aneura, with part of Cappadocia and the Territories adjacent: but to Daduns he gave the ample Cities of Caesaria and Sebastia, and all the large Neighbouring Territories, being before part of the Greek, Empire. But these Brethrens fell at odds with one another, and the eldest dispossessed Dadune of his Patrimony, and did the like with Jacupasan. After which he invaded the adjoining Parts of the Greek Empire, and in a Battle overthrew Emmanuel Comnenus, a valiant, but unfortunate Emperor; who being dead, he conquered Phrygia, with divers Frontier Cities and Castles. Sultan dying in a very old Age, left behind him four Sons, Masut, Coppatine, Reucratine, and Chaichosroes. To Masut he bequeathed Amasa, Ancyra, Dorileum, with several Cities more of Pontus; to Coppatine, Melitene, Cesaria, Taxaria; to Reucratine, Aminsum, Docea, with the Sea-bordring Cities; but to Chaicosroes, (besides the Regal Seat of Iconium) Lycaonia, Pamphilia, and the bordering Countries as far as Cotyanium, with the Title of Sultan. But these falling likewise into Dissension among themselves, upon Reucratine and Masut's contending in Arms for Coppatine's Possessions, who died not long after his Father. But Fortune favouring Reucratine, he invaded the Sultan, took from him Iconium, drove him out of his Dominions, and became sole Sovereign. This Branch was not alone successful; for, the Race of Ducat and Melech recovered all Syria under the Conduct of the renowned Saladine, and joined Egypt to his Empire, leaving nine Sons behind, all murdered, but one, by Saphradine their Uncle, that one escaping by the means of his Father's Favourites, and was also called Saphradine and Sultan of Aleppo. From that treacherous Saphradine descended Meleden, Sultan of Egypt, and Coradin, Sultan of Damascus and Jerusalem. Thomas the vast Dominions of Saladin were thus again rend in pieces, yet still were they possessed by Branches of the Selzuccian Family, until that the Mamulucks stripped them of Egypt, and the Tartars drove them out of Syria; and the Turkish Empire which Tangralipix established in Persia and those Eastern Countries, was utterly subverted by the Tartars after it had continued a hundred and seventy Years. These Tartars were a cruel barbarous People, dwelling on the North of the Mountain Caucasus, who compelled by Famine upon the Instances of one Zingis a Prophet of theirs, and who was dignified with the Title of Great Cham, like a violent Deluge broke over the Bounds of those Mountains wherein they had for many Ages been confined, and over run all the Eastern Parts of Asia as far as the great Ocean. Heccata his Son, built Quinsay in China, and Cambala in Cathaia, which last he made the Seat of his Empire. By his numerous Armies he subdued the Aracosians, Margians, Medes, Persians', Parthians, Assyrians, Mesopotamians, Armenians, Colchians, and Iberians, compelling the Turks to abandon those Countries. But these last under Aladine one of the Selzuccian Family, joining with the People of lesser Asia, took Cilicia from the Greeks with the Places bordering; first settling the Seat of their new Kingdom in Sebastia, and afterwards at Iconium. Aladine left behind him two Sons, Azadine and Jathatine; but they falling at Discord, the elder constrained the younger into Banishment. But Jathatine returned after Azadine's Death, and was owned for Sultan; but shortly after slain in single Combat by Theodorus Lascaes' the Greek Emperor. Another of the same Name was his Successor, but defeated by the victorious Tartars, and forced out of Iconium: the Turks were finally compelled to pay them Tribute, and become ●heir Subjects. Jathatine being dead in Exile, the great Cham divided his Kingdom between Masut and Ceicubades, who were both descended of the Selzuccian Family, reserving a Tribute from them to himself. Thus was this great and mighty Empire extinguished in Egypt by the Mammalucks, and in both great and lesser Asia by the Tartars. But falling into Divisions, every one got a share, and turned the Monarchy of their new Masters into an Anarchy. The base sort having got Possession of the Streights of the Mountains, did prove troublesome Neighbours to the Christians by their frequent Incursions; and having given a total Defeat to the Emperor's Lieutenant in Paphlagonia, they over-ran all the Country unto the River Sangarius, subduing Pontus and Galatia; and extending their Conquests Southward unto the Lycian and Carian Seas, and to the River Eurimedon, which they divided into several Toparchyes. Of the two forenamed Princes, Masut died without Issue, but Ceicubades was succeeded by his Son Aladin, titular Lord of the Whole, though a Tributary to the Tartar, and the last of the Selzuccian Family. Upon his Death the Sovereignty was usurped, but not long possessed, by Sahib the head Visier; the Grandees sharing among them the Remainder of that dismembered Kingdom as they had done the rest.  
Ottoman, among these, possessed Siguta, a small Seignory in Bythinia, bestowed by Aladm the first upon his Father Ertogriel, the Son of Solyman, one of the Oguzian Family, and once Sultan of Machan. Whom, fear of the Traitors making him abandon his Kingdom, He for a long while led a wand'ring life, with uncertain Fortunes. But Ertogriel coming into the lesser Asia, desired Aladine to bestow upon him some corner of so vast a Kingdom for him and his Family's Habitation. Aladin remembering his own Sufferings, and the Assistance he had received from Ertogriel in a certain Encounter, assigned him some few Lands, and a Command upon the Frontier; where he lived long in great tranquillity, and much beloved both by the Turks and Christians, who were his Neighbours. Dying in the Year 1289, he left three Sons, Jundas, Saragatin, and this Ottoman, who was elected by the Oguzians for their Governor. His People having suffered some outrages from the Christians, he thereupon surprised several of their Castles, defeated the Greeks in sundry Rencounters, took from them the City of Nice, and upon the Death of Aladin, took upon him the Title of Sultan, making Neapolis the Seat of his Kingdom, in the year 1300, where is to be placed the first Date of the Ottoman Government. During his Reign of seven and twenty years, he annexed Bythinia, Cappadocia, and most of the Fortresses that confine upon the Euxine Sea, unto his Crown. His Successor was his Son Orcanes, who took the great City of Pruse, and made it his Residence. Having made vast Additions to his Dominions, he departed this Life, in the two and thirtieth Year of his Reign, leaving his Sceptre to Amurath his Son. He perceiving the Greeks to be at Discord among themselves, first passed over the Streights into Europe, took Abydosf and Callippolis, with the whole Chersonesus; and pushing on his Conquests into Thracia, he took Philippolis and Adrianople; and still continuing his victorious Career, subdued Servia and Bulgaria, passed into the upper Mysia, was at length stabbed by a Common-Souldier, in the one and thirtieth Year of his Reign, and leaving his vast Dominions and Acqusitions to Bajazet his Son. This Bajazet subdued Phocis with the largest part of Greece, and twice besieged Constautinople, though in vain. Being at length taken by Tamerlane, and carried about in an iron Cage. He beaten out his own Brains in the Year 1399, being succeeded by his Son Callepine, to whom some attribute six Years of Government, which others will not allow, but give the Succession to his youngest Son Mahomet; the Reason of this Diversity proceeding from the Suppression of the Turk●st Kingdom by the Tartars. Bajazet having many Sons, they and other Mahemetans dismembered again this vast Empire, and possessed themselves of several Provinces, but were all at length obtained and reunited again by Mahomet, who added to them by Conquest, Dacia, Walachia, the greatest part of Sclavonia, Macedonia, as far as unto the Ionian Sea. He removed the Seat of his Empire from Prusa unto Adrianople, where he departed this Life, after he had reigned seventeen Years, reckoning from the Death of his Father. He was succeeded by his Son Amarath the Second: this Prince conquered Epyrus, Oetolia, Attica, Boeotia, Achaia, and Thessalonica. After he had ruled seven and twenty Years his Son Mahomet the Second ruled in his stead, and by his brave Performances acquired the Name of Great, utterly subverting the Greek Empire, taking Constantinople the Imperial City, the Emperor Constantine being trod to Death by the Crowd of People in Adrianople Gate; and thus gained he the Title of Emperor. He also conquered the Empire of Trabezond which Alexius Comnenus had erected there, at such time as the Greeks did loose their European Empire to the Latins. He also subdued Athens, Corinth, all Peloponnesus, Bosna, Lemnos, Euloera, Mitylen, etc. and died in the one and thirtieth year of his Reign, it being much suspected he was poisoned. Bajazet the Second, his Son, having put a Period to his Wars with his Brother, subdued all Cilicia, part of Armenia, with the rest of Cappadocia, which before appertained to the Carmanian Kingdom. But his Invasion of Syria was not attended with that Success. After which, he bent his Forces against the Venetians, took from them Naupactus, Methona, Dyrrachium, and almost desolated Dalmatia. But Selym, his Son and Successor, at length procured a Jew to poison him in the six and thirtieth year of his Reign. This Selym subdued all Syria, Egypt, and Arabia; and after he had reigned eight years, died of a most loathsome Disease, just as he was entertaining Designs of invading the Christians. His Son Solyman reigned in his stead, and took Rhodes, overrun Hungary several times, took Buda, Strigonium, Alba Regalis, drove the Persians' out of Tauris, annexed Babylon with the Provinces of Media, Mesopotamia, and Assyria, to his Empire, extended his Conquests into Arabia, and brought the Portugals in the Indieses within the Reach, of his Ambition. He died in the six and fortieth Year of his Reign, leaving his Sceptre to Selym the Second, the only Son he had than left unmurthered. This Selym won Cyprus from the Venetians by his Lieutenants, enlarged his Bounds with Walachia, Moldavia, and the Kingdom of Tunis, reigned eight years, and was succeeded by Amurath the Third, who during his Reign of nineteen Years, performed nothing of any great Consideration. Neither was Mahomet the Third, his Son, a Soldier; his Reign of eight years being inglorious, and chief spent in suppressing domestic Broils and intestine Rebellions. Upon Mahomet the Third's Death his Son Achmet, than but fifteen years old, was saluted Emperor. This Prince's Reign was as unsuccessful as that of his immediate Predecessor, the Persian King in the Beginning of it recovering almost all from him that the Turks had taken from his Ancestors: for the Sophi, in Conjunction with Caracan the Head of a Rebellion than in Turkey, defeated Cicala Bassa in a set Battle, with the loss of almost all his Turks, taking the Bashaws Son Prisoner, and inviting, by secret Messengers, the bordering Nations to revolt from the Turkish subjection, and again defeated the same Bassa, who returned with a vast Army into those Parts, in two set Battels, wherein seventy thousand Turks were slain. These Successes of the Persians' created a mighty terror over all Turkey, even in Constantinople itself, it being bruited, that he was marching apace in the Head of an hundred thousand men, and that Bagagi, a male-contented Bassa, was joined with him; Hereupon Cicala Bashaw was again dispatched with Forces against the Sophi and the Asian Rebels, but was again defeated by the Persian Monarch, and the City of Babylon, now called Bagdat taken. Nor the lesle successful were the Ottoman Troops in Hungary, the Imperialists routing them in several Occasions, which, with the several Defeats the Rebel Hungarians received in divers Occasions, brought the Turks to more humble thoughts, and made way for a Peace between the two Empires.  
Some time after, a Peace was also concluded by the Grand Signior, with the Persian Ambassador, than resident at the Port, but the Sophi thinking it to be upon dishonourable terms, was so far from ratifying it, that he caused his Minister's Head to be cut of, at his first setting foot in Persia.  
In the mean while, the Turkish Navigation was extremely annoyed by Christian Corsairs, who took their Ships, plundered their Islands, and Sea Coasts, and carried many of the Grand Seignior's Subjects away captive.  
In this Sultan's time was a great Plague at Constantinople, destroying many thousands, of People every day, and almost desolating the whole City. And thus after an uneasy and unsuccessful Reign, Ackmet died, having lived thirteen years, and swayed the Sceptre fifteen, and was succeeded by his Brother Mustapha, by reason of Osman, his Son's Minority. But this Mustapha proving cruel, not only to his own Subjects, but to Foreigners; imprisoning, upon some slight pretexts, the French Ambassador, and torturing his Servants; clapping also young Osman, the right Heir, and his Brethrens into Chains; which gave such Provocation, that the Grand Vizier at his return from the War of Persia, freed Osman out of Prison, and put Mustapha in his place; where we will let him remain until we have set down some Occurrences of the Reign of Osman, who was not full thirteen years of Age when he was advanced to the Throne.  
The first thing he did was to promise' redress for the Affront that the French Crown had received in the Person of its Ambassador. His Reign was also ushered in by a great Victory he gained by one of the Bashaws over the Persians', which was occasioned by an Invasion o● Persia itself, by which means several of its Provinces were desolated by Fire and Sword, which forced the Sophi to a dishonourable and disadvantageous Peace; the Persians' sending two hundred Camels laden with silk as a Tribute to the Grand Seignir for many years after.  
Osman abetted and promised assistance to Bethlem Gabor, Prince of Transilvania, in be Designs he entertained against the Emperor; and also with a great Fleet of Galleys infested the Coast of Sicily, Landed in the Kingdom of Naples, carrying 1500 Christians away into Captivity. And picking a Quarrel with, the King of Poland, ●marched in the head of 300000 men, and ●herewith enclosed the Polish Camp, wherein were 50000 brave resolute Fight men, whom not being able to draw out of their Tranches, insomuch that the Turks having lost many of their men, what in the frequent Skirmishes, Diseased or Drowned in the Torrents of Rain which fall in the coming on of the Winter-season, a Peace was at length concluded by the Mediation of the Prince of Walachia; after which he began to think of executing the Design which the Insolence of the Janissaries had put into his head, which was to remove ●he Seat of his Empire either to Grand Cairo or Babylon, though under the Mask of going a Pilgrimage to Mecca; Transporting for that purpose all his Carriages over into Asia, with all his Treasure, not sparing the Plate and Ornament of his Pa●ace, but the Emperor being betrayed by one of his Considents who had acquainted them with his intentions, they mutinied and ran in a Seditious manner to the Palace▪ demanding the Heads of the Chief Ministers, which the Grand Signior declining, unless by a Legal way, they violently laid hands upon them, barbarously assassinating them in his Presence, and proceeded to call for Mustapha his Uncle, Proclaiming him their Prince and Emperor; and notwithstanding all the Condescension, nay Submission made them by Osman, they dethroned him, and advanced Mustapha it his stead; who caused his Nephew to b● Strangled after he had reigned three year and some days, and lived sixteen.  
The first thing Mustapha would hav● done afrer his readvancement, was to hav● cut of Osman's Brethrens, had he not bee● hindered from so doing by the Janissaries who caused the Councillors of such Wicked Designs to be Executed and removed from their Places, as was accordingly performed. In the mean while this Mustaph● being little better than an Idiot, and leaving the whole management of his affairs t● others, the Soldiers lived at Discretion, n● body daring to oppose their outrages and exorbitancies: These Disorders occasioned three Rebellions, one at Babylon, an●ther at Arzirum upon the borders of Persia. and a third in Mesopotamia, which menaced no lesle than the absolute downfall of the Ottoman Empire: And indeed the Bashaw of Arzirum marched with an Army of One Hundred Thousand Horse and Foot, demanding Justice of the Murderers of Sultan Osman, and though some efforts were used to oppose his Progress; yet the People being discontented with the present Government; so that they, the Soldiery and Ministers, concurred as it were in an universal consent to Depose him a second time, and exalt Sultan Morat, Osman's Brother into his place: Whereupon having put Mustapha again into Prison, they haled Amurath out of his Confinement, carried him to the Divan, clothed him in White, and so installed him Emperor with all the usual Solemnities; After which this new Prince performed his Corban or Sacrifice of Mutton to the Poor, and thus entered upon the Government in the most dangerous of all junctures; the insolence of the Janissaries being at the highest Pitch; the Troubles in Asia at that height as threatened the loss of those Deminions, and no lesle wavering were the African Provinces. Besides the Tartars grew refractory refusing him for their King whom the Grand Signior had appointed; insomuch that the Turk was forced to comply with the Juncture, and allow of and confirm their own Choice. Moreover the Cossacks infested extremely the Turkish Coasts and Navigation, entering the Bosphorus with a Hundred and Fifty Sail of Saicks, and Landing, Plundered and Burnt several Villages and Houses of Pleasure; after which, braving Constantinople itself, they raised such a Consternation in the People, as is hard to be imagined could be brought about by so inconsiderable a Foe in the Capital Seat of the Ottoman Monarchy, and the most Formidable City of the Universe.  
In the mean while Bethlem Gabor having obtained assistance from the Port against the Germane Emperor, he made such Progresses in lower Austria, routing the Imperial Forces in several Encounters, and taking in several Towns, that the Emperor thought it time to begin to listen to Propositions of Peace; which accordingly was concluded by the Mediation of the Palatine of Hungary; and indeed the Turks were willing enough to listen to an accommodation, that they might the better attend their affairs in Asia; where the Rebellion of Abassa Bashaw of Erzerum growing daily more and more considerable; for being joined with Bechir, Bashaw of Babylon, He was in a posture to Cope with the Grand Signors Forces, and his Troops increased to that degree, that he adventured to Quarter within five days Journey of Constantinople; and at the same time Tidings coming that the King of Persia was entered into the Turkish Dominions with a powerful Army; all these things concurring together, put the Ottoman Court into a general Consternation; all the Troops which the Grand Signior sent against them, being still routed and defeated: The Grand Vizier being hereupon dispatched with numerous Forces, to the Town of Babylon, in hopes that the Mutinies of the Garrison would afford him an easy Conquest over that place; but found such Opposition, That he was forced to raise the Siege with great dishonour.  
There having been again too, some breach between the Emperor, the Grand Signior, and Bethlem Gabor; all Parties being desirous to come to an accommodation, it was accordingly struck up; this induced the Persian to make offers of a Peace, with a reserve nevertheless, of the Town and Province of Babylon; but these Conditions would in no wife be accepted by the Port, from whence another Army of an hundred and fifty thousand men was dispeeded, which entered Persia, took Tauris, viewed Bagdat, but finding it well provided and defended with a numerous Garrison, they thought not fit to begin a Siege; but having their Army again reinforced, they took some inconsiderable Towns, and destroyed some Troops of those who were the Sophy's Allies. These Successes of the Turks being so little answerable to the Charges of the Expedition▪ being likewise forced to raise the Siege of Erzerum; new Troubles arising in Tartary, with a Mutiny of the Janissaries; the Turkish Councils began to be inclinable to an accommodation with Abassa; whereupon a Treaty was set on foot, and a Reconciliation made upon these Conditions▪ That Abassa should still continued Bassa of Erzerum, his Son, Bashaw of Besra; his Kakya, or Lieutenant Bashaw of Marasck with a general Act of Pardon or Indemnity to be given to Abassa and his whole Army.  
During these Occurrences, the Tartar● having made an Invasion into Poland, under● their new King; and being met by the Polanders and Cossacks, a Battle was fought wherein the Tartars were wholly routed▪ Thirty Thousand of them being slain upo● the place. About this time Bethlem Gabor, Prince of Transilvania being dead, Ragotski was Chosen Prince in his stead after some Opposition; This George Ragotski was a person rich in Money, and of great Interest by reason of the Jurisdictions and Castles which he possessed in Hungary, belonging to his Patrimony; and being conducted with great acclamation, and a general concourse of People to Alba Juha, he there took the usual Oath with much Solemnity and Magnificence.  
During these Occurrences, various were the Successes of the Turks and Persians', sometimes the one having the advantage, sometimes the other; now was Bagdat Besieged by the Grand Signior, and shortly after raised again; some bicker too there were between the Turks and Tartars, but presently healed up for a time; as also between the Turks and Poles, which ended in accommodations suitable to the exigency of the Juncture. Moreover, the Cabals at the Ottoman Court, occasioned no small distraction in their Councils; the four principal. Viziers' being Brothers in Law, and having Married the Grand Seignior's Sisters, they monopolised the whole Ministry to themselves; though at length falling into some variance and misunderstanding it proved very detrimental to the Turkey affairs. Moreover, at th● same time the Spahees and Janissaries joined in a Mutiny, which proceeded to that height, as to commit the greatest of Out rages in the very presence of the Gran● Signior, inhumanely Murdering severa● of his Favourites. But the Grand Signior considering the emergency of his affairs was constrained to dissemble this affront to Majesty, until he had an occasion Clandestinely to take of the heads of the principal Mutineers: These Turbulent humour● in the Capital City, fomented the like i● other parts of the Empire; so that ther● broke out a Rebellion in Anatolia, arose Troubles in Moldavia, and Mutinies at Bu●da. About this time the French Ambassadors Interpreter, declaring too plainly th● Sentiments of his Master to the Grand Signior, this last caused him to be empaled.  
Now was a Peace suddenly struck up between the Grand Signior and the Sophi● but it only looked like those, who having ru● themselves out of Breath, stand still a while, That they may pursue their Chac● with the more vigour; for the same year i● was again broken, and the War prosecuted with more eagerness than before: The Truce between the Emperor and the Grand Signior was continued for a longer time; notwithstanding that the Progresses of Gustavus Adolphus at that time in Germany, did invite the Turks to a Rupture. Warlike preparations were than made against Emir Facardin, a Prince inhabiting a large part of Arabia; and the like designed against ●he Crown of Poland: But passing over all ●hese, I will proceed to give a Relation of 〈◊〉 Fight of two English Ships, called the Hector, and William and Ralph against the whole Turkish Fleet; these two English Ships being Lading of Corn in the Gulf of Mola, were met with by the Captain Bashaw, in his passage with the whole Turkish Fleet towards Cairo and those Ports; now Corn being a Prohibited Commodity, and ●ot to be Transported, under penalty of forfeiting Ships, Goods, and liberty of the ●en; the Bashaw was invited at che prospect of such a Booty, to Command his ●allies to seize the Vessels, which as they were but two, it was not questioned but ●hat they would yield and surrender upon ●●e first summons; but these true English ●ou rages not being used to yield themselves ●p so tamely, were resolved the Turks ●hould pay as dear as they could make ●●em for the loss of their Liberty, Lives ●nd Goods; wherefore having by cutting their Cables, put themselves under Sai● and got into the main Sea; they fought with the whole Fleet above three hours, being sometimes Boarded by one Galley, som● times by two at once; yet as they plie● their Quarter-Deck Guns with smallshot and made a gallant Defence with the● Half Pikes, they often cleared their Decks and put of the Enemy with great slaugh●ter; the Captain Bashaw being ashamed that his whole Fleet should meet with su●● Opposition from such Vessels, resolved t● enter his men at the Gun-room Port of on● of the Ships; and running the Prow of the Galley into the Stern Port, the valiant Cre●● of the Gun-Room, clapped an Iron Spike in to the Trunch-hole of the Prow, whereby the Galley being wedged fast to the Timber of the Ships, they brought their Stern-sh● laden with Cross-Barrs, pieces of Iron, and Partridg-shot to bear upon them, which r●king them fore and aft, killed the Capta● Bashaw himself, with near three hundre● out of the Admiral Galley: At length having spent all their Shot, they Charged the● Guns with Pieces of Eight, and being ove● powered by numbers of their Enemies, an● not able farther to resist, they set Fire 〈◊〉 their Ships, which blowing up, destroy two or three of the Galleys which lay 〈◊〉 ●heir sides, together with those men which were than Fight aboard at hand-blows on the Deck with the Defendants; so that none of the English were taken, unless three or four that were Fished out of the Water; and thus was an end put to the Fight, the Turks gaining the Victory with the loss of Twelve Hundred Slaves Killed or Wounded, besides Turks, and were forced into Port, where they remained a full Month to repair their Galleys, this Fight affected all the Turks with amazement, at the Bravery or Obstinacy as they call it of the English; and is a matter remembered and talked of to this day, especially by the Son of the Captain Bashaw who was slain, called Omem, Bashaw of Ogli, being Bashaw at Rhodes at present, and Commands three or four Galleys; for which reason he is so inveterate an Enemy to the English, that to satisfy his Revenge, he buys what English Slaves he can get into his Galleys, and sells none out under a double price or ransom.  
In the mean while the Son of Facardin being overthrown, taken and strangled, the Father himself was at length forced to surrender upon Condition, and became for a while the Grand Signors Favourite; but this creating him a great deal of En●y at Court, by the suggestion of his Enemies, 〈◊〉 had at length a formal Sentence of Deat● passed upon him by the Grand Signior himself, and was accordingly strangled by tw● Mutes.  
As Morat grew up in years, so he began to take upon himself the Government though he exercised several Acts of Tyranny at the same time; and declared he expected a blind Obedience from all his Subjects whatsoever: And as he was strangely addicted to Wine, and often smarted under the effect of his Excesses therein, he Prohibited the use of it under the severest penalty to all his Subjects, After which, Declaring War against Poland, he bent his Arms that way, though without Success, several ill Accidents happening both by Land and Water in his Empire; many of his Ships being Cast away, with several of the chief of his Officers; Fires being very frequent, especially a Terrible one happening at Constantinople, which burned down above 20000 Houses, 200 Mosques, and the Library of the Mufti, which for the number of the Persian and Arabic Books, was curious, and of high esteem; as also the Abbeys or habitation of the Janissaries, containing 300 Chambers, each Chamber being capable to receive 400 men. In the mean while the Ottoman Forces being insuccessful in their Expeditions against Poland; the Port was constrained again to implore a Peace of that Crown; and to obtain it, to give up the chief Advisers of the War a Sacrifice to its Resentment. New Troubles now happening in Transilvanania, the Turk sent thither an Army, which was beaten, and the Turk compelled to a Peace.  
Now does Morat resolve to go in Person against the Persians', and accordingly marched for that purpose in the head of an Army of 300000 men; and coming before Revan, had by the Treachery of the Persian Governor, who was ever after his principal Favourite, that Town surrendered to him, and pursuing his Successes, he entered farther into Persia, destroyed Tauris, and having desolated and laid all waste wherever he came; he returned in great Triumph to Constantinople, where he committed unheard of Acts of Cruelty in any other Tyrant soever, the most Arbitrary and Vicious sort of life that ever Prince did. During his absence from: the Army, the Persians' regained Tauris, cut ●f 15000 Turks in an Ambush; the Ottopan Troops mutinied and assassinated their principal Officers. Now though the Grand signior indulged his extravagant humour ●th all sorts of Cruelties, yet this bad news from Persia hasted his Preparations for those Wars, to which he was resolved to return in person, in his way having subdued some Rebels, he passed the River Euphrates; and the Persian Army not being able to make head against such formidable Forces, he laid Siege to Bagdat; and being habited like a Common Soldier, he protested he would never change his  in any place but within the Walls of Bagdat; and after the loss of vast numbers of men on both sides, he took that place, and returned to Constantinople; where an Ambassador arriving shortly after from the Sophi, a Peace was concluded between the two Empires. After which, pursuing his Pleasures, especially Drinking with the former excesses, they at length kindled in him a violent Fever, whereof he Died on Feb. 8. 1640. in the 17 year of his Reign, and the 31 of his Age; This Prince was of a most Cruel and Implacable Disposition, having amongst his other Acts of Tyranny, imbrued his hands in the Blood of his two Brothers, Orchan and Bajazet, as also strangled his Uncle Mustapha● whose innocent weakness had been sufficient to secure himself against the most horri● Monster of human Tyranny; he jest n●● Son, for tho' he had divers, they died in the Infancy, notwithstanding which, his Kindred were so detested by him, that he grudged the descent of Monarchy on his Brother Ibrahim, who was preserved by a strange Providence from his Fury; often saying, That he wished he might be the last of the Ottoman line, that the Empire of that Family might end with him, and devolve unto the Tartar. He was unquestionably the most absolute Prince that ever swayed the Ottoman Sceptre; but Religion he had none, seldom fasting in the Month of Ramazan, despising and ridiculing all the Religious Orders of the Ottomans; never was the Soldiery brought under that Subjection, as during the latter part of his Reign; he pried into all the Occurrences of Constantinople, keeping spies for that purpose, and often concerted his affairs from the Discourses he himself had had in disguise with people concerning his Government: He was a great Dissembler, Ready, Active and Revengeful, excessively Avaricious, leaving 15 Millions of Gold in his Treasury, which was empty when he took upon himself the Government. In short, how bold a word soever, he was the most Tyrannical Prince that ever sat at the Turkish Helm.  
Sultan Amurath, or Morat being thus Dead, he was succeeded by Sultan Ibrahim his Brother, who was the Sole Survivor, and undoubted Heir of the Ottoman Family; But this poor Prince having been confined in a dark Room, where he had received neither Light nor Air, but what a little Window afforded, which sometimes in favour was opened to him from above; and what was worse, the continual expectations and fear of Death, without Friends, Conversation or House, rendering that confinement worse than the Grave itself; his daily Scene and Entertainment being such as might terrify a mind more firm and constant than his; so soon as he heard the acclamations and Huzza's of a multitude near his Door, he forthwith fancied that his last hour was now come, and thereupon Barring the Door, refused to give entrance; and though the Viziers Proclaimed him Emperor; yet suspecting it might be some Artifice of his Brothers to see with what satisfaction he would entertain the Tidings, he told them that he had not the lest Thoughts of the Empire, nor did he desire it; but prayed for the long Life of Sultan Morat, whose Slave he pretended to be rather than his Brother; but perceiving they endeavoured to force open the Door, yet with tokens of respect, he opposed, as much as in him ●●y their efforts, and kept it as fast as possible he could; be remaining thus obstinate not to open, and they out of Veneration to his Person, forbearing any ruder violence; Ibrahim could in no wise be prevailed with to come out to a Throne, until all this bustle coming to the ears of the Queen Mother, she came herself in person, and caused the dead Body of Sultan Morat to be said before Sultan Ibrahims' Door; which besides her winning Expressions, and firm assurances of Amurath's Death, his fears began to be dissipated; and suffering them to open the Door, he received the Congratulations of the Ministers and Soldiers; after which having performed all the Ceremonies of his Coronation, instead of attending business, he gave himself entirely up to Luxury and Venereal Pleasures, committing the whole management of affairs to his Mother.  
The first thing of note undertaken in this Sultan's Reign, was the War against the Cossacks, and that was done by laying Siege to a Town of theirs called Asac, which after they had forced the Turks to retreat from, they themselves abandoned; about which time was the young Prince, Sultan Mahomet Born that now Reigns: After his Birth had been Solemnised with all sorts of Expressions of Universal Joy and Satisfaction, came Complaints from the Emperor, of the Treachery of the Turks, in endeavouring to surprise Raab, a strong Town in Hungary, with 4000 men, yet without redress. In 1643 the Grand Signior had two other Sons Born; and indeed he seemed to make Procreation the whole business of his Life, being always in Company of his Women, never stirring out of his Seraglio; suffering the Ministers to dispose of all as they thought fit.  
His Fleet indeed he sent to Sea, but without any other performances, than the taking of a Bashaws head; the Turkish attempts in all parts savouring of the pusilanimity of him at the Helm.  
At Alexandria 6000 Slaves took the Opportunity to make their escape, through the little care that was than taken of them, by reason of the great Plague which than raged in that Town; and carrying several Vessels with them that road at Anchor in the Road, they got first to Candia and Malta, and so into their respective Countries: And upon the Grand Seignior's meeting with a denial of returning them at his redemanding them from the Seignory of Venice, they at the Port first mediated the War against that Republic, which afterwards occasioned the loss of Candia,  
During these Occurrences, the Tartars making an Invasion into Poland, were rencountred by a Parry of that Country, who killed 10000 of them upon the place, forced many from Captivity, recovered a great Booty; and sent the rest Naked into their own Country.  
Ragotski, Prince of Transilvania, and the Turks fomenting a Rebellion in Austria and Hungary, had 6000 of their men cut of by the Imperialists; which forced the Turks to come to a Peace.  
In the mean while all imaginable Preparations were making for a War, at the Port; the Design as they gave out, being only upon Malta; but indeed the whole Storm was to fall upon Candia, and other the Dominions of the Seignory of Venice: For, notwithstanding all the specious pretences of the Ottomans to lull asleep the fears of the Venetians, and damp their Preparations; a Turkish Fleet of 100 Galleys, and 50 great Ships, with 300 Saicks, having on board an Army which consisted of 7000 Janissaries, 14000 Spahees, 50000 Timariot, 3000 Pioners, which they landed in Candia; and now the mask being of, a War was Proclaimed at the same time at Constantinople; now before the Venetians could bring such Troops into the Field, as might be capable to make head against so Formidable a Power, the Turks had spoiled a great part of the Island; taken Canea the second City of importance, as also Retimo; nevertheless th● Venetians were not idle; their Fleet ha● the advantage over the Turks in severa● Rencounters, lying before the Dardanells and braving all the Ottoman Naval Forces tho' some time after several of their men of War were Shipwrackt, and the damage sustained by that Storm was very great However the Venetian Forces in Dalmatia under General Foscolo were very successful he Defeating the Ottoman Troops, tho' very numerous, re-taking the Towns they had surprised, and utterly driving them out o● the Country.  
During these Transactions, Ibrahim pursued his Pleasures with as much eagerness as ever, being wholly guided by a Bawd o● Wench, who in the nature of a Bawd or Procurer, went from Bath to Bath to take a view of the Ladies; and enquiring out the Dwellings of the most Charming, she recommended them to her Sovereign, who was forthwith enamoured upon her praising their Beauty; and had them immediately conveyed to his Bed, either by fair means, or by force; he would also have ravished a Sultaness, Widow to his Brother Morat Deceased; but she defended herself by a Dagger, and found the means to avoid his pursuits for the future; Than his procurer casting an eye upon the Daughter ●●f the Mufti, a young person infinitely beautiful; she represented her so Charming to the Amorous Ibrahim, that he re●●lved to possess her, let what would come ●●t, but thought it Prudence at first, considering the Mufti's Power, to try if fair ●eans could prevail with him to deliver 〈◊〉 up his Daughter; cajoling him with presents and Caresses; but that not succeed●●g, he treated him with Scorn and Neglect, wishing him the Court, and caused the ●and Vizier to seize on her by force, and ●●ng her to his Bed; and after some days noyment, her continual Tears, Sullenness 〈◊〉 Reluctancy much abating the pleasure expected, he sent her home again to her ●●her; this worked the Mufti's anger to 〈◊〉 highest pitch of resentment, resolving ●n Revenge; and to that purpose Con●ing with Mahomet Bashaw, a principal ●●●ber of the Divan, and the Aga of the janissaries, both Enemies to the Grand Vi●●●●; they concluded first on this Principal ●isters Destruction; whom accordingly Mutiny of the Janissaries, they caused ●●e Strangled; and having also drawn in Queen Mother into the Conspiracy, in ●s the whole management of Affairs would devolve upon her, she consented t● her Son's Deposition; whereupon they caused the Janissaries to mutiny again; wh● demanded of the Mufti, Whether according to their Law, Ibrahim as a Fool, Tyrant and one unfit to sway the Ottoman Sceptre aught not to be Deposed? which being resolved in the Affirmative, the Grand Sci●nior was summoned to appear before t●● Divan; which Summons was seconded 〈◊〉 a Festa; which is a point of Law resolute by the Mufti, That the Grand Signior c●●led to account, is obliged to appear befo●● the Justice; but though he disdained 〈◊〉 Festa, threatened the Mufti's Head; 〈◊〉 Tumults increased to such a degree, T●● Ibrahim lost all Courage, and fled to 〈◊〉 Mother for Protection; but the Soldi● took him and committed him Prisoner's the very same hole from whence he was vanced to the Empire: After which t● took his eldest Son Mahomet, and pla●● him upon the Throne, Proclaiming him emperor with great acclamations, which ming to Ibrahim's Ears, he grew impact and with sad Lamentations beaten his 〈◊〉 against the Wall, till at length, to put a to his Fury, four Mutes were sent to stra●●● him, which on the 17 of August 1●●● they accordingly performed.  
Sultan Ibrahim being thus taken of in 1648. in the 8 year of his Reign, and the 39 of his Age, the Government was committed into the hands of the Grand Vizier and the Queen Mother, called by the Turks Kiosim, and of twelve Bashaws, who were to have the whole management of affairs, during Sultan Mabomet's minority.   

CHAP. VII. The Reign of Sultan Mehmet, or Mahomet the Fourth, Thirteenth Emperor of the Turks.  
SVltan Ibrahim perishing in this manner by the Cabals of the Mufti, and the mutinous violence of the Soldiery; his Son Mehmet or Mahomet being a Child of seven years of Age, succeeded in the Throne; during whose minority, (which was to continued for the space of two years longer,) his Mother who was the first Sultana assisted with the Council of Twelve Bashaws, took upon herself the Regency; and their first Resolution was, That the War against the Venetians should be continued, though Ibrahim a little before his Deposition, was far advanced in a Treaty of Peace with that State. Now the Spahees not having the usual Presents bestowed amongst them as was Customary at the Coronation of an Emperor, fell into Mutinies and Disputes with the Janissaries; insomuch that they had frequent Disputes and Rencounters in the Streets of Constantinople, wherein many were slain 〈◊〉 but the Spahees came ever so much by the ●●●st, that they were compelled to aband●● that Town.  
In the mean, while the Venetians had the Opportunity by the means of these Animosities, to provide for a War which they saw was inevitable, from th●● Imprisonment, nay, and worse usage o● their Ambassador; and the Strangling o● his Interpreter; which Barbarity is commonly committed by the Turks upon suc● persons, that others being thus Terrified may not dare to tell them their own; s● that they often mince, or wholly alte● the sense or meaning of their Master's o● those occasions, when words are spoke● by them, ungrateful to the Turks.  
The Breach thus growing daily greater between the Turks and the Venetians, the warlike Preparations on both sides were hastened with all possible Diligence; several Rencounters the two Nations had, as well at Land as Sea: but though the Venetians blocked up the Dardanells, yet the Turks conveyed great Succours to their Forces in Candia, where their Affairs standing in good terms, they adventured to besiege the City of Candia, and battering it with many Pieces of Ordinance, they at length took a small Fort that flanked it, and put the City in great danger; when there arrived six Galleys of Malta with 600 Volunteers, and 60 Knights of the Order, who beaten out the Turks with great slaughter; and after obstinate Disputes on both sides, th●● Turks were constrained shamefully to 〈◊〉 the Siege.  
During these Transactions, the Divisions amongst the Soldiery growing greater, insomuch that the Governor to appease them was forced to sacrifice the Grand Vizier to them, whom they executed, yet the Disorders were grown to that height in Asia, that this was not prevalent enough to make them lay down their Arms, but on the contrary, the Bassa was denied to pay in the Tribute of their Provinces, alleging they would reserve it until the Grand Signior was of Age, and than be accountable to him both for Principal and Interests.  
Not lesle troublesome were the Cossacks too to the Port, committing Outrages upon the Grand Seignior's Subjects in the very sight of Constantinople. But after they had raised a general Consternation in that great Town, and made the Inhabitants afraid it would become a Scene of Plunder and Slaughter, they returned to their old homes, and so freed the Metropolis of the Empire from these Apprehensions.  
Notwithstanding all these Domestic Broils and Alarms, the Turks seemed resolutely bend upon the War in Candia; for the carrying on of which, they again fitted out a Fleet of a thousand Ships, Galleys, Galliass, Saiques, Brigantines, and lesser Vessels, provided with Bombes, Mortarpieces, and Fire Works producing strange effects: and having strict Orders to fight the Venetian Fleet, they engaged and fought with great Obstinacy and Resolution; but the Venetians being the better Seamen, broke and disordered their Luge Armado, took and sunk several Galleys, and put the rest to Flight, the Bashaw of Anatolia being slain in one of them, who was sent to succeed Chusadin, Bashaw General of the Forces in Candia, who had been made Vizier. Nevertheless, this great Fleet of Turk's overpowering to such degree as to numbers, that of the Venetians they rendezvouzed again out of the several Ports they had sheltered themselves, with a resolution to recover the honour they had so shamefully lost in the last Engagement: Thus being met out of their several Harbours, they ranged their Fleet in the Form of a Crescent, and the signal for the Battle being given with much greater fury and obstinacy than the former: But notwithstanding that the Turks fought with as great Bravery as possible, yet the Venetians plied them so with thundering shot and Fireworks, that they were put to the worst, and the Venetians pursuing their advantage they took 39 Galleys, 23 Ships, three Galliass, and three thousand Soldiers, forty Galleys, Ships, and other Vessels, were burnt and sunk, and in them, by the great and small shot, 900. Turk's perished in both Engagements, the rest, with much ado, escaping to Naxos.  
This discouraged extremely the Turks, and created some confusion in their Councils, and what added to the troubles, were the News which came that the People of Grand Cairo and Damascus had taken the opportunity of the Civil and Domestic Broils, to throw of the Ottoman yoke, and assembling to forty thousand, had possessed themselves of several Fortresses and strong Places, the Turkish Governors conniving at these Proceed, as looking upon the Empire on the point to fall to pieces, which they thought to take advantage of and shifted every one for himself. Thus the Turkish Councils were wholly taken up in contriving of means to put a stop to these Combustions, giving in the mean while the Candiotts time to fortify their City after such a manner as that it afterwards became the Wonder of the World. This the Turks were sensible of, and therefore by fine Words would feign have cajoled the Venetians out of Candy: but they-understood the Posture of their own and their Enemy's Affairs too well to comply with the Turks Conditions: wherefore they commanded their Admiral to block up the Dardanells, which he accordingly did; so that the Ottoman Fleet under their Captain Bashaw durst not venture through; for which he being displaced and strangled, the Bashaw of Buda was constituted Captain General in his stead: and having rigged out a new Navy, this Admiral desirous to perform some Exploit that might tender him worthy of his place, took his Advantage, broke through the Venetian Fleet, but therein sustained such damage that he had little cause to boast, for the Venetians pursued him to the very Harbour's mouth, plied him so with thundering Shot, that seventeen of his Galleys were sunk and taken, and four thousand of his Men killed; yet he put twelve thousand Men on shore, and what Provision he could spare, receiving Order to return when he had repaired his Damages, though at the hazard of a Battle. But the Venetians having notice of his Intentions, stood continually on their Guard; nevertheless he made a shift to represent his own Exploits in such colours, that he caused the General of the Forces in Candia's Head to be taken of that he might have his Place, which he accordingly obtained, as also that of the Grand Vizier, but soon after was forced to resign this latter to the Bashaw of Aleppo, a stirring and active Man; who, after he had made such a Remove of the Officers at Court as he thought convenient, sent to all the Maritime Ports to fit out, with all Expedition, such Ships and Galleys as were fit for Service, determining to set forth a Fleet greater than what had for many years before been seen in the Levant; which was accordingly performed, but with the same Success with those which had been formerly fitted out: for, most of the principal Galleys and Men of War of the Ottoman Fleet were so rend by the Canon of the Venetians, chat for the future they were rendered unserviceable, many falling into the hands of the Venetians, the Turks abandoning their Ships, and flying to the Shore, not longer daring to make head against them.  
These ill Tidings first raised a general Consternation, and than such a horrible storm of Mutiny and Sedition at Constantinople, as constrained the Grandees of the Council to quit, for the present, all Thoughts of providing for War against the Enemy, that they might defend and sure themselves from the fury of their own People; for the Spahees and Janissaries joining together, pretended to reform the Abuses of the State: to perform which, in a furious Tumult, putting themselves in Arms, they ran to the Divan, where they deposed the Grand Vizier, and discharged divers other Officers of their Employment, the Mufti was constrained to fly to Jerusalem; and the Queen-Mother scarce remained secure in her own Seraglio; and to so great a height their Rebellion proceeded, that they purposed even to dethrone the Grand Signior himself. And having thus cast of all Respect; they entered the Imperial Palace, and forcing the Guards, broke up the Treasury, and carried two Millions from thence. Nor did the Merchant's Shops and Warehouses escape plundering in this general Disorder.  
In the mean while the Seditionaries having raised a base Fellow to the Grand Viziership, as soon as this Storm was a little over, he was handsomely laid aside, and one Kuperlee, a man of great Experience and Understanding, placed in his stead.  
But notwithstanding these Domestic troubles, the Turks were so absolutely bend upon having Candia, that they continued to make all the Preparations imaginable for the vigorous prosecution of that War, and for that purpose equipped another Fleet to Sea in the Year 1646, consisting of 60 light Galleys, 28 Ships, and 9 Galleasses; and though the Venetians lay at the mouth of the Dardanelli with no more than 29 Galleys with some Boats and Brigantines, and that the Turks had fortified themselves with Batteries on the shore, yet coming to an Engagement, the Venetians had so absolute a Victory, that excepting fourteen Galleys which escaped with the Captain Bashaw, and 4 Galleys of the Beyes, all the whole Pleet was either taken, sunk, or burnt. The Venetians nothing able to man all the Vessels they had taken, set many of them on fire in the night, excepting only twelve Galleys, four Ships, and two Galeassies, which they reserved for a demonstration of their Victory. With this glorious Success 5000 poor Christians obtained their freedom, though in all this Action the Venetians had but 300 men in all killed and wounded. The Venetians in prosecution of this Victory, attached the Island of Tenedos, and became Masters of it in the space of two days; as also in a short while after, of Salimene anciently called Lemnos, which shameful losses irritated the mind of the Grand Signior to that degree, that he resolved the next Summer in Person to carry the War into Dalmatia; though this Resolution was afterwards changed, by reason of the Discontents at home, and the Fears of an Invasion from the Persian and Muscovites abroad.  
1657 was only remarkable for the recovery of Tenedos and Lemnos by the Turks.  
1658 for the Rebellion of the Bashaw of Aleppo, who with an Army of forty thousand Men, declared he would revenge the Death of his Brother, who had been put to Death by order of the Port. This Bashaw grew at length so formidable by his Defeating the Grand Viziers Numerous Army, and his joining with other Rebels, that he gave Umbrage to the City of Constantinople itself, and in all probability would have ruined the Ottoman Empire, had he not under pretence of a Treaty of a Peace, been separated from his Army, and so strangled by a Minister of the Port, 1659.  
1660 was wholly spent in making preparations for War, without much Action, but the Year following the Visier marched in the Head of a hundred thousand Men into Transylvania where the restless Humour and Ambition of Ragit●●skie had created some Troubles, a●●reescore 〈…〉 having displaced the old, established a new Prince, and taken in some Towns, finding himself so ill as in no likelihood to recover, he prevailed with the Grand Signior that his Son should succeed him in the Grand Visiership, who followed his Father's steps in endeavouring to subdue the Soldiery, and extinguish all Arrogance and Faction in the Empire.  
Some time before the Grand Viziers Death, so terrible a Plague raged at Constantinople that it swept away vast Numbers of People, almost desolated that Town, and constrained the Grand Signior to betake himself to Adrianople.  
But the Pestilence seizing at length the Grand Signior, in 1662. returned again to Constantinople, spending the greatest part of his time in Hunting, which he followed to that excess as proved troublesome and Expensive to his People, for that all the Inhabitants wear summoned whithersoever he came, insomuch that sometimes twenty or thirty thousand Men were appointed to beaten the Woods for three or four days, carrying before them the Compass of a whole days Journey, about, enclosing all the tame and wild Beasts, within that Circuit, which on the ●●v of the Scent, the Grand Signior kills or destroys with Dogs, Guns, or any other way with abundance of noise and Confusion.  
But while the Grand Signior is diverting himself with such sort of Pastimes, the Grand Visier endeavours to establish himself by removing his Enemies, which he found no easy matter, having great Antagonists, as the Queen Mother, some of the principal Bashaws, and several of the Grand Signors chiefest Favourites; nevertheless his Conduct was attended with such Prudence and Vigour, that he weathered all their Machinations, and maintained himself in his Port.  
In the mean time the Troubles continuing in Trainsylvania, great Preparations were making at the Ottoman Court for the carrying on a War in Hungary, and that Province. But while the Turks thoughts were busied in making Provisions for that purpose, came tidings to Constantinople that the Turkish Fleet, consisting of seventeen Ships, and thirty-seven Saiques bound for Alexandria in Egypt, and convoyed by his Galleys, which met them at Siro, very rich with Money, were encountered near Rhodes with the Venetian Armates, and such ruin and prise made of them, that of threescore Sail, twenty eight Saiques and four▪ Ships were sunk and taken.  
Thomas this Rencounter created deep Resentments in the Grand Signors mind, yet it did not direct the Ottoman Designs against Hungary, where the Grand Visier being arrived with a vast Army, sat down before New-husel, which after a close Siege of 43 days and the Loss of 15000 Turks, was delivered up to him upon Capitulation; after which he took Lewents and Novigrade, but assaulting Schinta was beaten of and forced to a Retreat.  
But the Year 1664, was more propitious to the Christians, Count Serini, for the Emperor, besieging and recovering several Places, and routing the Turks in divers Rencounters. But at length jealousy arising between the Commanders, the Turks took the advantage of it, raised the Siege of Canisia, which the Christians had begirt, took Serins, within view of the Emperor's Army. But on the other side the Christians took Nitra, defeated a Body of four. thousand Turks and Tartars, recovered Sewa, and though the Pope in so critical a Juncture recalled the Forces which he had sent to the Emperor's Assistance, which might have proved very injurous to the Affairs of Christendom, yet the Turks having again besieged Sawa● with a vast Army, the Imperialists▪ fought them, defeated them absolutely, burnt Burcum, and falling upon the Turks near the River of Rab, they made such Slaughter of them, that on the Turks side were slain that Day Ishmael the late Bashaw of Buda, and Chimacham of Constantinople, by a Shot from the Enemy▪ passing the Water; the Spalsula Agase, General of the Spahies; the Janisary Aga, the younger Son of the Tartar Itan, and several other Bashaws; Al●begh General of Borna, thirty▪ Capugi Bashaws, five and thirty Pages or the Viziers, three hundred of his Guard, five thousand Janissaries, three thousand Spahies, fifteen hundred Bosnacks, eight hundred Albarians, six hundred Croats and Hungarians of the Turks Subjects, two hundred and fifty Wallachians and Moldavians, six hundred Tartars, of Aratibia fifteen hundred, and about four thousand other Asiaticks, from the farthest parts of the Turks Dominions Eastward; so that in all seventeen thousand were slain on the Turks side; besides which were taken sixteen pieces of Canon, a hundred and twenty six Colours, with the Standard of the Vizier's Guard, five thousand Scimitars, most of whichwere embossed with silver and some beset with Jewels, with many Horses, of which six were sent as a Present to the Visier. Of the Christians were slain about three thousand Men.  
These Losses raised Discontents and Seditions amongst the Turkish Soldiery, and both concurred to persuade the Vizier to make some Overtures of Peace; and evidencing the reality of his Intentions by his Presents of a Vest of Sable, and a Horse rickly furnished, with which he flattered and caressed the Germane Resident, the Articles were accepted and embraced at Vienna with much Greediness, and the Peace almost concluded and clapped up in a moment to the astonishment of the whole World.  
And now the Turks began to think again of prosecuting the War in Candia, of the total Subjection whereof the Vizier being extremely ambitious, he made all possible Preparations and Provisions for the carrying it on. Hereupon was an Engagement near Canca, with the loss of many men on both sides. But while the Grand Vizier was making ready to come in Person to Candia with a numerous Army, the Jews were grown mad all over Turkey with the belief that their Messiah was now come, an Impostor called Sabbatai giving himself out to be him; insomuch, that they flocked together with so great a Concourse, as that it was thought fitting to take the Ringleaders into Custody, and put them to Death. But the pretended Messiah, Sabatai Nevi, turned Mahometan to escape Punishment.  
Now, in the Year 1667, does the Grand Vizier pass over in Person into Candia, and having taken a view and surveyed all sides of the City, he laid a formal and close Siege to it. Now were Ours daily fired on both sides, and Sallies as frequently made, to the great Slaughter of Men and the Destruction of their Works; and notwithstanding that Winter came on, yet the Turks having gained Ground, continued the Siege though the Extremity of the Season put some Cessation to Action.  
The Year 1668 was ushered in by a Fight at Sea, both to the Honour and Advantage of the Venetians. In the mean while the Marquis de Villa, Governor of Candia, being recalled by his Sovereign the Duke of Savoy, he was succeeded, in that Command, by the Marquis de St. Andrew Montbrun, who wanted nothing of the Vigilance and Circumspection of his Predecessor, passing whole months without unclothing himself; and as his Nights were without Sleep, so he consumed the Nights without Repose, applying himself personally to Places where was the most Danger. The Turks now approaching and pressing the Town daily more and more closely, so were the Skirmishes and Sallies more frequent and bloody: the Venetians by a Mine overthrew a Battery of the Turks: the French in a Sally slew vast numbers of the Infidels, but lost themselves a hundred and twenty Gentlemen in that Action. The Lunenburghers too made several successful Sallies under Count Walde●k, who, exposing himself to all Dangers, received the Wounds whereof he died. The Turks on the other side stormed three Bastions at once, but were valiantly repressed by the Christians, and with great Slaughter.  
In the mean while the Succours sent by his most Christian Majesty arrived in Candy; whereupon, a general Sally was made, and the Christians carried all before them, until that a Magizine of Powder, by chance taking Fire, it put them into Confusion; insomuch they were forced to retreat into the Town with great loss; and some Sallies more being made by the French with the like Slaughter of their own Men. And now seeing that the Place was hardly any longer tenable, they resolved to return into France, notwithstanding the earnest Entreaties of the Venetians to the contrary: Who being discouraged by their departure, and the Turks animated, they began to think of Capitulating with the Vizier: A Treaty was accordingly concluded, and the place delivered up on the 27th of Sept. 1669. and this after it had maintained the War from the year 1645.  
In the year 1670. Count Serini, Prince of Croatia, the Marquis Frangipani, and Count Nadasti, joining with other Nobles of Hungary, sent Messengers to the Grand Vizier at Candia, offering themselves Subjects and Tributaries to the Turks, desiring his Protection of their Religion and Liberties.  
In the mean while the Grand Signior spent his time wholly in Hunting, and in the Company of the Sultana, of whom having had a Son, he was so enamoured, that he could not be absent from her in the lest, not more than she from him.  
During these transactions, and after, loss of Candia, and the Grand Vizier's return to Adrianople, the common place of residence of the Grand Signior; who has ever had an aversion for Constantinople; Commissioners were appointed, and met upon the Frontiers, for the treating of a Peace between the Port and the Republic of Venice. The Hungarian Malcontents having sent Deputies to the Grand Signior, to implore his Protection, which by reason of the desperateness of their affairs, was at that time refused them. Many wondered that the House of Serini, that had afforded such Valiant Champions for Christianity, should Apostatise, and submit themselves to the Infidels. But the Neglects and Affronts undeservedly cast on Nicholas Serini, during the late War, by the Miniof the Imperial Court, and the Contempt and Scorn put on the Groatian and Hungarian Nobility, was supposed to have fired the hot and ambitious Spirits of those persons, who could more easily endure the slavery of the Turkish yoke, than condescend to the Government and Prevalency of a contrary party. Hence was the source of the present War in Hungary, which we will leave for a while, to speak of that which the Turks did meditate against Poland in 1672. they being requisite for the Intestine Tranquillity of the Ottoman Empire, that they have always their forces employed in a foreign War, and the Turks upon the more inclinable to one with Poland, both in regard of the ancient and inveterate Hatred they have conceived against that Kingdom, through the valiant opposition and successful repulses it always made against the various attempts or the Turks, and the haughty Conduct of the Polish Ambassador, than Resident at the Port, between whose Ministers and that Person was a great misunderstanding. Hereupon followed an Invasion of Poland, in the year 1672, by the Grand Signior, with an Army of an hundred and fifty thousand men, and beginning his Enterprise with an Attach upon Caminieck, he had it, after eleven days, surrendered to him, notwithstanding that it had formerly been looked upon as an impregnable Fortress. After which, the Turks extended their Conquests as far as they pleased, meeting with no opposition; the Poles being at Dissension among themselves, finding there was no resiststing this Torrent, concluded a Peace with the Ottomans upon these terms;  
That the King of Poland should quit all claim to ukrain, Podolia, and Rusland.  
That for Leopolis, and the Country thereabouts, should be paid a Tribute of seventy thousand Dollars a year; all other Capitulations formerly made were to stand in force and virtue.  
But the Year following the Poles refused to pay their promised Tribute; declaring, that if they were pressed farther for it, they should be forced to take up Arms in defence of their Honours, Safety, and Privilege of their Dominions. This enraged the Turks to that degree, that Orders were immediately issued out, that all those who eat the Grand Seignior's Bread, should, without farther delay, prepare themselves for the War against Poland. Whereupon the Forces marched on both sides; but notwithstanding the Grand Seignior's Menaces, the Poles under their General Sobieski, now King of Poland, fell upon the Turkish Camp, under the Command of Chusalin, and other Bashaws, killed to about twenty five thousand of their men, with most of their Principal▪ Officers. The Booty too was very considerable; for besides the ordinary Baggage, they took two thousand Purses of Money, than newly brought for the payment of the Soldiery, and twenty five thousand Wagons of Provisions and Ammunition. Shortly after which, the King of Poland dying, General Sobieski was elected in his stead, and now reigneth:  
During these Occurrences, the Maltese and Signiorese Corsairs meeting with the Alexandria Fleet, they attacked them, and took four Galleons and two Saicks, being a Prize of inestimable value.  
About the same time the Malcontents in Hungary renewed their Petitions to the Turks for their assistance.  
As for Action, there was little passed, the Grand Signior dedicating the Year 1675 wholly to Mirth and Jollitry upon the account of the Circumcision of his Son. In 1676 the Grand Vizier Achmet died, in the forty seventh Year of his Age, and fifteenth Year and eighth Day of his Government, after he had upon every Expedition, enlarged the Bounds of he Empire, overcome New-hasel or Oywar, and annexed to it a considerable part of Hungary, concluded the War with Venice after twenty seven years' Continuance, by an entire and total Subjection of the Island of Candia, won Kamenite the Key of Poland, and laid the ukrain to the Empire.  
In the mean while the Bashaw of Grand Cairo having laid too heavy Taxes upon the People, they broke out into a Rebellion, assaulted the Bashaw, and committed him to Prison; but means were quickly found by the Ottoman Court to appease the People, which was chief brought about by removing the Bashaw to the Government of Candia.  
The Grand Vizier being dead, the Sea was given to Kara Mustapha, Bashaw who for many Years had exercised the Office of Chimacam, or Deputy to the Great Vizier, being a Man of courteous Behaviour, wise and affable, not given to Avarice, nor of a cruel Disposition▪ but immediately after his Promotion he sent to the deceased Visier's Servants to condole the Death of their Master, with Assurances▪ he would take them into hi● Care and Protection; and accordingly advanced them to great Promotions. He ushered in his Government by Actions o● Justice upon several Transgressor's, cutting of the Paymaster's Head for bringing false Money into the Exchequer, and displacing and deposing such Minister's a● he had found corrupted or remiss in their Duty. But his carriage towards Foreign Ministers was arrogant and intolerable, refusing the French Ambassador to have his Stool upon the Sofra at Audience, which occasioned great. Dispute, and hindered Sir John Finch, his Majesty's Ambassador, than at the Port, from going to Audience, which was offered, though his declining of it was only under pretence of some Indisposition.  
During these Transactions there being no prospect of an Accommodation with Poland, great Preparations were made for the carrying on the War. The Tartar Han, by Order from the Port took the Field; but after he had committed many Outrages his Army was routed by a Body of sixteen thousand Turks and Tartars, and he obliged to repass the Neister. The King of Poland too, in another Rencounter, charged 〈◊〉 Body of the Turks, killing seven thousand of them upon the Spot. After which falling into Podolia, than ●n Possession of the Ottomans, whom meeting with, he fought, and slew five thousand of them at that Bout; but hearing that the Turks and Tartars, with a ●umerous Army, had invaded the very Heart of Po●and, he bent his Forces that way, which though not ●xceeding six thousand Men, he fought that Army, ●aving first proclaimed the Name of Jesus thrice, in ●he Head of his Troops; and in this Battle ninety ●housand Tartars, Turks, Moldavians, and Walachians, ●ere slain, seven hundred taken Prisoner, a great ●ooty recovered; seven hundred being only slain of ●e Poles side.  
These reiterated Losses and the desire the Grand signior had to possess himself of the rest of Hungary, whose Divisions gave him a prospect of reducing 〈◊〉 to his Obedience, made way for a Peace; which was accordingly concluded.  
In the mean while, the misunderstanding between the Grand Vizier and the French Ambassador augmenting daily more and more about the Sofra, he was treated by those Infidels in such manner as in n●● wise suited with his Character, and the Breach became the greater by the Enterprise of Monsieur d● Quesne, the French Admiral, at Chio, in the Yea● 1680; for the most Christian King being than a● Wars with the Tripolins, seven of those Corsairs had taken refuge in the Port of Chio, an Island belonging to the Grand Signior, Monsieur de Quesne resolutely entered the Port with his Galleys, and after having battered down a great part of the Castle, and demolished many magnificent Fabrics, he sunk tw● of the Ships, took one, and fired the rest, losing i● this action but thirty of his men, though of the Turk● above eight hundred were slain and drowned. Upo● the arrival of this News at Constantinople, the French Ambassador was confined, and many of his Servant imprisoned, nor could he obtain his release men● with lesle than three hundred purses of Money, each purse being accounted five hundred Dollars.  
Now though the Grand Signior had threatened th● Czar of Muscovy with a War, yet his Designs upo● Hungary made him think of an accommodation, an● accordingly in May 1681, a Truce was conclude● for the space of twenty years. Thus were the Turk● at full liberty to attend their Affairs in Hungary whereof we will give an Account in the following present State of that Country.    

The Present State of Hungary.  
THe Kingdom of Hungary did anciently contain, besides the Country properly so called, the large Provinces of Dalmatia, Croatia, Schlavonia, Bosnia, Servia, Bulgaria, Halibia, Lodomeria and Cumania, besides Transylvania, and others; thus extending from the Euxine Sea as far as Austria, and from the Adriatic as far as the Coasts of Poland: But is now confined within much narrower limits, being bounded on the South with the River Seevus, and the Dukedoms of Servia and Croatia; on the East with Transylvania; on the North with the Carpathian Mountains, which separate it from Poland and Moravia; and on ●he West with the Arch-Dukedom of Austria and the Dukedom of Styria. So ●hat its greatest length from the head of ●ibiscus, or the Teisse, to the mouth of ●he Mun, will amount to about sixty ●erman miles, and its breadth to near as ●uch.  
The air of Hungary agrees well enough with the constitution of the Natives, though unwholesome, and hardly tolerable to strangers: In the middle of the day in Summer being excessive hot and sultry, and at midnight as insufferably cold and piercing. The frequency of Springs and Rivers which refresh and water every part of the Kingdom, tender the soil as fertile as any part of the Universe. By these means are fed those vast numbers of Cattles, which are thence driven to Vienna, Italy, and other neigh● bouring Countries, there having been known in one year alone that forty thousand yoke of Oxen, ready for th● slaughter, have passed the Roads between Vienna and Hungary. Another argument of its fertility may be draw from its maintaining, as it has done, fo● so long those numerous Armies of th● Rebels, Turks and Imperialists. The F●● rests and Woods breed such plenty 〈◊〉 all sorts of Venison, that a hundred an● twenty Hearts have been known to hav● been killed at one hunting; and th● abundance makes them never troub●● themselves to preserve the Game b●● Parks and Enclosures. And such plen● have they of Pheasants, Patridges, Woo● cocks, and other sorts of the most delicious fowl, that they are the ordinary food of a Peasant's Table in this Country; and at Buda at one Market-day have been sold eight thousand and six hundred Turtles: And besides those which are destroyed in the Kingdom itself, there are some hundreds of Cart-loads of wild fowl exported yearly out of Hungary into Austria, and other foreign Countries. The Wines of Hungary are accounted as excellent as of any part soever, and as much valued at Vienna as the strongest Spanish and Malaga; and particularly the Sirmian and Tokaiah, which are reckoned the richest of the Kingdom. The most noted Mountain in the Realm of Hungary is Carpathus, under which General name are commonly comprehended all the Surmatian Hills, which separate this Kingdom from Russia, Poland, Moravia, Silesia, and some part of Austria. Out of these and their other Hills the Hungarians dig Gold, Silver, and other Metals. Besides, this Country has several Fountains and Wells of strange and wondered qualities: Near the Town of Schm lnitz springs a noted Vitriol Water, which in a short time turns great Plates of Iron into fine Copper, which is thence transported into most parts of Europe. There are several Waters in the Country of Zip, whereof if either Beast or Bird hap to taste, they die immediately; and not far from Rauschenbach, there is a fountain, which k●lls both the Cattles, and the Birds that come within the reach of its streams. Hungary has on the West two great and famous Lakes, the one called Balaton, and is thirteen Gernian Miles in length, and the other Fewrtew. The most considerable Rivers of this Country, is first the Danube; second the Teise, or Tabiscus, which receives several others into it; third the Dravus, or Draab; fourth the Savus, or Sau: And these four Rivers quarter the Arms of Hungary, the ancient Kings considering them as the principal glory of their Dominions; and fifth Jaurinam, called by the Germane, Raab, and by Foreigners Areto and Narato; and these four last all fall into the Danube, which after it has run a course of sixteen hundred English miles, empties itself into the Pontus Euximus.  
These Rivers afford abundance o● Fish, especially the Teisse, insomuch tha● it is a common saying, That divide the Teisse into three parts, and one of them will be Fish. A thousand Carp have been known to have been sold near the Banks of this River for lesle than an English Crown.  
Hungary affords many Antiquities, and it is no hard matter to meet which ancient Coins in that Country, that give the true Pourtraictures of Lysimachus, Alexander the Great, Philip of Macedonia, Darius, Pergamus, Hercules, Milo, and other Ancient Heroes. Near the Town of Jeva the Peasants found a mighty Treasure of these Medals in Gold; which were discovered by a sudden rushing torrent, the effect of a great shower. Each of these, to the number of many thousands, weighed two or three Crowns; having on one side the image of Lysimachus, and on the Reverse Victoria. With the Medals was found a Golden Serpent: It being a custom amongst the Ancients to bury a Serpent with their hid Treasure, in token of a faithful keeper.  
The Huns, before the Introduction of Christianity, were a strange barbarous and perverse sort of people. It was their custom to flash the Cheeks of their young Infants, for the rendering their countenances the more terrible, so that when they came to age they resembled● more the Antique Statues, and rude draughts of Faces carved on the sides of Bridges, and other public Fabrics, than Men. Their Education too was so hardy as not to stand in need of fire, either to warm themselves or cook their meat; for all their meat was eaten either wholly raw, or otherwise slightly stewed betwixt the Rider's Buttocks, and his Horses Back. Houses they never inhabited, nor so much as a slender Cottage or Hut of Wood or Rushes; but were from their Cradles brought up in the Forests and Mountains. Their apparel was usually the skins of Wild Beasts, which they never put of until they cell away in rags. They never dwelled in any one certain place, nor troubled themselves to till or improve the land. They had no sense of Morality, no observers of their Leagues and Promises with other Nations, exercised no Religious Act, making their Swords, and other Warlike Engines, their only Divinities. But the Huns at this day are much different in manners from their Barbarous Ancestors. They have shown themselves in their age a Warlike and Politic people, and zealous assertors of the Religion they profess; they are generally lazy, but that may be attributed to the fertility of the Country. They are Gluttons, but the Gentry are commonly persons of great Humanity, Gravity, and Parts; but are nevertheless Ambitious and Popular, and cannot well brook a Monarchical Sway. Their habits in Winter are close-bodied Coats, with a lose Cloak, buttoned or clapped over their left shoulder, and under their right pap, so as that they have their right hand at liberty. They wear generally a girdle of what colour they please, folded about their middle. The Gentry affect most a Read Coloured Silk or Velvet; the Citizens Read or Blue Cloth; and the Peasants are commonly clad in a course Cloth, either of a Green, or one of the  Colours. The young men fancy the feathers of an Eagle, Hawk, Kite or any other Bird of prey, a mighty ornament in their Bonnets. The Hungarian Women do now something imitate the Germane, and other Europeans in their apparel, only they wear a short Cloak or Mantle thrown over their shalls, which they still retain, how often soever they change the mode of their other apparel: They generally wear a Veil over the Mouth and Nose. The Hungarians shave their Heads, but wear their Beards to a great length; and this they do, thinking perhaps thereby to tender themselves the more terrible to their Enemies. The Hungarians tell of one of their Countrymen, who had a Beard of that prodigious length (in the Wars against the Turks) that it served him for a Girdle by day, and at night instead of a Coverlid for his whole Body. And in the time of his service, the whole Regiment being commanded to be shaved, he was exempted, proffering to lay down his life rather than part with this venerable ornament. Bachelors shave their Chins, but wear Moustaches on their upper lips.  
The Hungarian Tongue is peculiar to the Natives of this Kingdom, having no Affinity with any other spoken in the Neighbouring Provinces. There is such a resemblance in the Pr●●nunciation of this with the Hebrew Language, that should the Hungarians make use of the Jewish Characters, all the several points and accents which are used in the Hebrew, might be found very useful in writing the Hungarian. Nevertheless, the Hungarians are so generally brought up to express themselves in the Latin Tongue, that every Peasant is capable of giving an intelligible answer in Latin, which is of more use to a Traveller in Hungary and Transylvania, than in any other Country of the World. A man may travel from Hamburg to the Borders of Tartary, and to Constantinople, without making use of any other language than the High-Dutch and Sclavonian; which latter enters about Belgrade, and is spoken in Servia, Bulgaria, Romania, and a great part of Macedonia. The Europeans generally begin their lines from the left, and writ towards the right hand; the Asians contrariwise from right to left: only the Hungarian● and Transylvanians draw their lines from the top of the Page to the bottom. At present the whole Nation make use of the Latin Alphabet, borrowing only from the Greeks (as the English do k and y.) Many men of Learning cannot be expected in such a Martial Country, though it produced S. Hierom and S. Martin, but they had their Education out of the Kingdom, as have most persons of Quality at this day. But had these People had the leisure or disposition to apply themselves to learning, they might had great advantages of improvement from the Noble Library erected at Buda, by their King Mathius Corvinus, about two hundred years ago. But these after the Surprising of that Town, by Solyman the Magnificent, were dispersed into the Turkish Dominions and other Parts, and what remained destroyed by the Fire that happened there in 1669.  
Before that Christianity was planted in Hungary, these people, as most other Barbarous Nations, owned no subjection to any certain Prince; but only by an unanimous consent, subjected themselves to the Government of a Ruler or Captain, who was to direct and command the rest, in the time of War or in other cases extraordinary. Nay, and even after the Introduction of Christianity, Hungary was no Kingdom, nor Governed by any self kind of Laws, before the twelfth Century; though some affirm, that during the time of Paganism, the Land was swayed by fourteen Dukes successively with Monarchical Jurisdiction. But to come to this time; though the Kingdom of Hungary is pretended to be Elective, yet still a Title to the Crown was pretended by all its Possessors, how faintly soever made out. Nor will they, the Hungarians, allow but that their Crown is independent, notwithstanding the homages that have been done by their Princes to the Germane Emperors, and the Tributes they have paid the Turks, which they call Pensions.  
The Ceremonies anciently observed of the King of Hungary, was the Assembling of the Bishops and Nobles, the Deputies, of the several Counties, Cities, etc. in a certain Place near Paest, where after the Palatine had presented the Prince to the People, and three times obtained their Assent, he put a Naked Sword into the King's hand; who was to shake it East, West, North, and South. These and other usual Rites being performed, that are observed at the Coronation of a Christian King, he was re-conducted in great Pomp to his Palace: The Crown of Hungary is had in great Veneration with that People; they believing that the Fate of their Kingdom depends upon the Careful Preservation of it; and in the severest Streights and Calamities that can befall them, they are sure to take Care for its Security in the first place.  
The Chief Revenues of the Crown arise from the Berg-T●wns, and the Ours of Silver, and other Metals, whence the King is said Yearly to have One Hundred and Sixty Thousand Rixdollars. The other great Branch of his Revenue springs from the Impost upon Cattles, and is reckoned at Thirty Thousand Ducats. These and other lesle considerable Advantages afford his Imperial Majesty, as King of Hungary; Two Hundred, Twenty and Four Thousand Ducats, Yearly, which amount to One Hundred and Twelve Thousand Pound Sterling, English Money.  
Next in Dignity to the King is the Palatine, and is Promoted to that High Station, by a Free Election of all the States: He gives the First Voice at the Election of a King, is Guardian of the Young Princes of the Blood, calls Assemblys of the States in Case of an Inter-Regnum; hears all Complaints brought to the King, giveth Audience to Ambassadors, and Reports their Business to his Majesty: and Finally, in Time of a Vacancy, takes upon him the supreme Administration of Justice, and Acts as Viceroy.  
The Hungarian Nobility are Zealous Assertors of their Liberties, and the viledges that have been Anciently Granted by their Monarches. They think it's below the Grandeur of a Nobleman to Live in a City or great Town; which they say, were never designed for any but Merchants and Mechanics.  
The Hungarian Cavalry is much better than their Infantty; which is chief to be ascribed to the strain of quick and nimble Horses, which are bred in this Country. They call their Horsemen Hussars, who Ride Armed Cap a pee, with an Helmit, Coat of Mail, and Buskins of some Wild Beast's Skin; they carry a short Spear in their Right Hand, and on their Left hangs a Scimitar, at their Back an Harquebus or Carbine. The Foot, which they term Heydukes, Carry a short Gun, little longer than a Horseman's Carbine; on their Left Side hangs a Scimitar, and under their Arm a Battle-Ax. Anciently there was no other appearance of Devotion in these parts than this, they stick a Naked Sword in the Ground, and Pay that Worship to it, which they think is due to this Great Preserver of their Land, and Terror of their Enemies: but were first Converted to Christianity in the Time of the Emperor Otho the First. They are at this day much divided in their Opinions, there being Roman Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Arrians, Trinitarians, and other Sectaries, and Heretics. The Roman Catholics have two Arch-Bishops, and Twelve Bishops, who have Revenues capaple of maintaining so much Grandeur as they Live in, being Esteemed Princes of the Kingdom, and never Eat any Victuals without the previous Ceremony of a Taster. Thou the Calvinists are the more numerous of the Reformed Part, yet the Lutheran have the Government in their hands, in those Cities and Great Towns that have thrown of the Papal Yoke.  
But having set down these Generals of this Country, we will now come to the particular Description of the Kingdom of Hungary, which is usually divided into the Upper and Lower Hungary; the former whereof reaches along the North-East Banks of the Danube, up to the Borders of Poland, and the Lower along the South-West.  
The Towns and Cities of Note, which the Imperialists possess in Upper Hungary, are First, Presburgh, the Metropolis of the Kingdom, since the Loss of Buda to the Turks: it is pleasantly situated on the Norths de of the Danube; the Town is not very strong, but guarded by a Castle with Four Towers, in the strongest whereof is kept the Crown of Hungary. It has a Lutheran Church, and since the taking of Gran by the Turks, is the Seat of that Archbishop.  
II. Caschaw, is a Free Regal Town, immediately subject to the Emperor, and is seated on the Banks of the River Hiwath, and drives a great Commerce with the Polander.  
III. Seuteh, another Regal City, and the Capital of the County of Zips, 'tis seated on the Top of an Hill, its Inhabitants being generally Lutherans.  
iv Burtfield, another Regal Town, seated on a Mountain, in a Fertile and an agreeable Country.  
V Epire's, the Fourth Regal Town, on the Banks of the River Tarocza; much famed for its great Traffic, especially in Sulf.  
VI Czeben, a Regal Town but of little Note, the Country round about affording great store of Saffron, with plenty of Plums, and other Stone-Fruit.  
VII. Trenchin, a fair City on the River Waag, with a Castle almost impregnable, and is especial Noted for its Springs and Mineral Waters.  
VIII. Filleck, a Notable Strong Fort, about Five Germane Miles from Caschaw.  
IX. Tockay, another famous Fort on the Banks of the Te●sse; at the mouth of the River Tockay, and whence its name.  
X. Tyrna, a small Town about six Germane miles from Presbourg; the place where the Chapter of the Archiepiscopal See of Gran is now held.  
The Berg or Mine Towns in Upper Hungary still in possession of the Emperor, are  
1. Chremnist, whose Gold Mine has been wrought in above nine hundred and fifty years.  
2. Schemnitz, the fairest of all the Berg-Towns, being seated on a Rocky Hill, Adorned by Three fair Churches, and Defended by as many strong Castles; and is particularly Remarkable for its several Ours, especially those two which they call the Trinity, and Winds●huht.  
3. Newsoll, a handsome Town, and at, and near which are the greatest Coppermines in Hungary.  
4. Pugganiz, formerly a Fair Town, but now almost laid Waste, and Desolated, by the frequent Incursions of the Turks, so that the Miners now have wholly abandoned their Works there.  
5. Koningsberb, now only Famous for a Fountain of Sower Mineral Water, which has wrought some Notable Cures  
6. Tillen, is an Ancient Berg-Town, but the Veins of Metal failing, is of late wholly decayed and forsaken.  
7. Sibeton, is the lest of the Seven, and was formerly much more in Repute than now.  
There are several other Towns Considerable in those Parts for their Ours, though they have not the Privileges of the Berg-Towns: As,  
1. Virn-Grundt has a Mine rich in Copper, and several sorts of Vitriol, with two Springs of Vitriolate Water, that turns Iron into Copper, and converts the worst and most useless old Iron into the purest Copper.  
2. Glashilton, famous formerly for a rich Gold Mine, which has since been lost, and is now much resorted to for the sake of five natural hot Baths; the Springs whereof are very clear, the sediment Read and Green, and the Wooden Seats under Water are inarustated with a stony substance.  
III. Zisenbach, also famous for hot Baths, there are many other small Berg-Towns, in the County of Zips, as Wagendrusul, Schwedler, Goldnitz, Smolnitz, Metzenscuffen, Stos, and Einsedel, where great store of Iron is got, and wrought up in the Forges. Topschini, and Czetneki, noted for abundance of Iron; and Rornau for Iron and Copper, and where sometimes is met with good quantities of Gold and Silver Oar.  
The Turkish Towns of note in Upper Hungary, are 1. Agria, or Eger, not far from the Banks of the River Weisse, and was taken by Mahomet the Third, in the year 1578. 2. Tomeswar, a strong Fort upon the River Thames, taken by the Ottomans, after a brave Defence, in 1552. and has since that time been the usual Residence of a Turkish Bassa. 3. Zolnock, an almost impregnable Fortress on the Mouth of the River Zaggura, though shamefully abandoned by the Imperialists, in 1552. and ever since possessed by the Turks. 4. Pest, on the Fastern Bank of the Danube, over against Buda, taken by the Ottomans in 1602. 5. Cilozza, an ancient Town, and formerly an Archbishops See, but now overrun with Mahometanism, 3. Newheusel, taken by the Turks in 1663. after they had lost some principal Officers, and above three thousand common Soldiers in the Siege.  
The most considerable of the Austrian Cities in the Lower Hungary, are 1. Comorra, a strong Fort in a corner of the Island Schutz, almost environed with the Danube, Waag, and a deep Lake towards the West: This Town was once besieged by the Turks, but after a great slaughter of their men, they were forced to a shameful Retreat. 2. Altenbourg, being almost impregnable, and has often repulsed the Ottoman forces. 3. Raab being once besieged by the Turks, they lost twelve thousand men in one Attack; nevertheless it was at last delivered up to them by the treachery of the Governor; but recovered again by Count Swartzenbourg, in a notable surprise. Doctis, Poppe, with some other Forts, are in the Emperor's hands, and are Garrisoned, but not otherwise remarkable.  
The Turkish Towns in Lower Hungary, are 1. Buda, the Capital of the Kingdom, the ancient Residence of the Hungarian Kings, as now of the Grand Seignior's Visier, or Lieutenant of this Kingdom; it was taken by Solyman, Emperor of the Turks; and its Baths are esteemed the noblest in Europe. 2. Stulhlwissenburg, taken by the Turks 1543. recovered 1601. and retaken by them again the year after. It was anciently famous for the usual Coronation and Interment of i the ' Kings of Hungary. Epran, a very strong place on the South side of the Danube; in the year 1595. this place was recued out of the hands of the Turks, in which Siege Sir Thomas Arundel of Warder Castle in Wiltshire, behaved himself with so much Gallantry, that he forced the Water Tower, and took from thence the Turkish Banner: For which brave piece of service, the Emperor Rudolphus created him a Count of the Empire; and King James made him not long after Lord Arundel of Warder. Since that time the fortune of this Town has been various; and 'twas finally recovered by the Turks in the year 1605. 4. Esseek, on the Dravus, noted for a Bridge five English miles in length, and so broad that four Wagons may pass over it in a Breast. 5. Frenfkirchen, had its name from five fair Christian Churches, now converted into Turkish Mosques. 6. Sigett, a strong Town situated in a Marish Ground, on the North side of the Dravus; in the year 1560. it was taken by Solyman the Magnificent, who here ended his days. 7. Sermium, now only remarkable for a polafable Wine, peculiar to this part of the Country. 8. Canisha, a Fortress of great strength near the Borders of Styria; in vain besieged by the Imperialists for a whole month together, in the year 1664. 9 Peterwarren, a Fort on the Southern Banks of the Danube, in the Country of Old Sirmium, or Sirmish. 10. Vesprin, beleaguered by a Turkish Army, and after the loss of 500 men, shamefully abandoned.  
Having thus described the Country itself, we will proceed to set down those various Scenes of Action it has lately afforded. The Hungarians, as is beforesaid, pretending an Infringement of their Privileges, and their Discontents being fermented by some Ambitious Spirits, who hoped to promote their own Interests by any Revolution in that Kingdom, they had by their submission and prevailing Rhetoric of Presents to the Ministers of the Port, obtained hopes that the Grand Signior would take them into his Protection, and assist them with forces for the driving the Emperor out of Hungary; and tho' the Emperor's Minister at the Port represented how prejudicial this would be to the Treaties of Peace between the two Empires, yet he only obtained fair words of a redress, for a breach was still fomented under hand. And though the Emperor Leopold, in the year 1608. called a Diet at Edenburg for the accommodating matters, yet the Malcontents were so perverse, that the Assembly broke up, without coming to any conclusion. Hereupon Count Teckeley seized upon several Fortresses on the Drove, and sent to the Bashaw of Buda, to advance with his forces, refusing to have Peace with the Emperor, unless his own Proposals was granted. Upon this, seventeen thousand Turks passed the Danube, and made great spoil, burning and desolating all the Villages for the space of fourteen miles, and were hardly restrained by the Bassa himself from laying waste the Country. This growing thus worse and worse, the Emperor to reconcile matters, did by his Declaration promise' all convenient liberty for the exercise of his Religion, with a Palatine, a Native of Hungary, with a general Pardon for what had passed. But Count Teckeley and other Malcontents, having other prospects, all these reasonable concessions were rejected. Hereupon the Emperor caused a Detachment of seven thousand Horse and Foot to be made out of his Army than encamped on the Rhine, to observe the motions of the French, and sent them to join with Count Caprara, his Lieutenant General in Hungary: This Force constrained the Rebels to abandon several places they were possessed of. Nevertheless in the beginning of the year 1682. the Emperor dispatched a Minister to Count Teckeley, to treat of an accommodation upon his own terms; but the assurances he had received from the Port, of the Grand Seignior's Protection, made him declare, That he had no power to treat of himself, but must be forced to Act in concert with the Bassa of Offen, and move according to the directions he should receive from the Ottoman Port.  
Thus the season for Action coming, the Emperor sent some Forces more for the better enabling Count Caprara to make head against the Enemy, which nevertheless were not considerable enough to oppose the numerous Troops of the Turks, Count Teckeley, and Abafti, Prince of Transylvania. Neither were the Imperialists strength sufficient to hinder them from acting separately, or to prevent Count Teck lay the besieging and taking of Chascaw, a strong City near the Hewath; and Esperies within two days after. The Bassa of Waradin also besieged Zathmar, which after several attacks, he carried by storm. Hereupon Count Teckeley summoned the Hungarian Nobility to appear in Arms, though with small resort; forced the Imperialists to abandon their Camp at Athol; which was followed with the surrender to him of Lewentz. Villecke being besieged by the Turks, was after several assaults delivered into their hands on the 17th of September: After which it was demolished to avoid contests between the Confederates. The Campagne being now over, a Truce was concluded for two months between the Imperialists and Count Teckeley, and the several parties retired into their Winter Quarters.  
In the year 1683. the Imperialists and the Turks began the Campagne with several skirmishes, and with various success. Count Wallastein, the Emperor's Ambassador at the Court of Poland, struck up a League Offensive and Defensive with that King, whereby he is bound to take the Field with between thirty and forty thousand Horse and Foot, to act Offensively against the Turks, and Defensively against all other Enemies to the Germane Empire; in consideration of which, the Emperor binds himself to have an Army of sixty thousand men in readiness upon all occasions; immediately to pay twelve hundred thousand Florins, and that himself, and the Queen Dowager of Poland disclaim all pretensions to the Crown of Poland, and that neither Potentate enter into a Treaty of Peace with the Turks but with joint approbation. And that both Army's act separate, unless Cracow or Vienna be besieged, and than with united forces to fall upon the Enemy; and that the Czar of Muscovy be invited into this alliance. Whereupon in a General Council of War held on the eighth of April at Vienna, it was concluded, That the Duke of Lorraine should be Generalissimo of all the forces on that side. Whereupon after the Rendezvous at Presbourg, he marched at the head of forty thousand men; General Schutz with 7000 joined 6000 Polish Horse, under the command of Prince Lubomirski▪ A Body of 25000 Hungarians were to act in Upper Hungary, 6000 were posted near Leopolstadt, upon the Waag, and 10 o● 12000 upon the Confines of Moravia and Silesia. Already the King of Poland had already cut of a party, that had made an Incursion into his Territories. He admonished Teckeley also to accommodate matters with his Imperial Majesty, but without effect; though the Emperor had proclaimed an Amnesty to all the Hungarians, in case of an entire submission. During this a Croatian found the means to set a Magazine of the Turk on fire, sufficiently stored with Provisions and Ammunition for 30000 men, for the space of two years; and about that time General Schutz defeated a party of Turks of the Garrison of Newheusel, killed 7000, and took 200 Prisoners. The Polish Troops, on the Banks of the Danube, meeting with 5000 Tartars, the forerunners of the Army, routed them, killed 1000; after which they fell in with a Turkish Convoy of six hundred Mules, going to Belgrade, which they took, and converted to their own use. But while the Imperial Troops were observing the motions of the Turks, encamped near Newheusel, Count Teckeley beleaguered and took the strong Castle of Denowitz. But care was not only taken to prevent his further Progresses, but Zathmar was regained, and Count Zerini, since found to be a Traitor, made Governor thereof. On the 24th of May the Duke of Lorraine broke up with his Army, and marched towards Gran, with intention to fight the Tutor ks there, but finding them too strongly entrenched, he marched on, invested Newheus' l, battering and storming it with all the fury imaginable. And indeed he attacked the place so vigorously, that if could not be expected it should have held out many days, having already possessed himself of some of their Works; but receiving order from the Emperor to raise die Siege: He accordingly did so, but in his Retreat from thence, Captain Krause, and most of his men, with the Counts of Taxis and Kanzianer, whom the Duke had commanded to encamp near the Bridge of Newheusel, were in a sally of 300 Janissaries slain, and their Heads placed upon Poles on the Bulwarks towards the Army. On the 12th of May the Grand Signior arrived at Greiks-Weissenberg, and their Army on the 17th; and having reposed there for a week, continued their march further. And now the Ottoman Army coming on like an Inundation, burning and desolating all wherever they came. The Imperial Troops removed from the Neighbourhood of Raab, the Cavalry encamping under the fortifications of Altenburg, and the Infantry in the Isle of Schutz.  
On the 7th of July, first Count Stirum, and than Count Caprara came Post to Vienna, to give the Emperor an account, That the whole Ottoman Power had engaged the Germane Cavalry, within four miles of that Town, had attacked and taken their Baggage, and put the Troops to flight that were appointed to guard it; that the Princes of Arsch●t and Savoy had been killed in the action, and the Duke of Lorraine was engaged amidst the Enemies. Whereupon his Imperial Majesty was advised to departed that very evening for Clooster Newbourg, and so from thence to Lintz.  
In the mean while the Turks made two Attacks upon Raab, in which they lost 5000 men. About this time a Relation of the Cham of Tartary was taken Prisoner by the Germane, with another Tartar of eminent quality. After the Emperor's arrival at Pussaw, he received tidings, That the Grand Vizier had besieged Vienna, and that Count de Zerini having Traitorously revolted from his Imperial Majesty and joined himself with a Body of 8000 Tartars, was attacked by General Dunwaldt, in the Woods near Vienna, defeated, and himself taken Prisoner, besides a great number of Tarturs slain upon the place. Before the Grand Vizier set down before Vienna, the Duke of Lorraine had made a shift to put into it 12000 Foot, 1000 Horse, and 1500 Dragoons. In the mean while the Besieged making a Sally, kill 8000 Turks. In the latter end of July the Duke of Lorraine having notice of a Convoy that was coming to the Turkish Camp near Vienna, sent but a strong Party, who meeting with the said Convoy, defeated the Turks, killing 600 of them upon the place, and took 1000 Wagons, laden with Ammunition and Provision. The Turks having raised now three Batteries against Vienna, they made three Attacks near the Sentenburg Gate and the Read Tower, but were as often repulsed with the loss of about 8000 men: The Grand Vizier thereupon demanded a Ceslation, to bury his dead: But Count Starenburg, Governor of the place, made answer, That he had no need of a Truce, his Garrison being all very well. These, and other losses of the Turks, the Besieged having gained the Suburb called Leopolstadt, and ruined with their Cannon most of the Turks Batteries, and particularly that which they had raised before the Scotch Gate, and encouraged and animated by the Moneys and Wine which the Governor gave them out of the Relgious Houses, they made so brave a Defence, that the Grand Vizier thought fit to retreat to a little distance from the Town, his Troops being annoyed by the stink of Bodies that had died some years ago of the Plague, insomuch that many Distempers raging in the Camp, he thought fit to refresh a while. During these transactions, the Duke of Lorraine having advice, That Count Teckeley marched with an Army of 25000 men, as well Turks as Hungarians, towards Presbourg, to possess himself of that place, by means of the Intelligence he had there: His Highness immediately decamped from Krembs, and arrived on the 30th of July, near Presbourg, and the next day advanced towards the Enemy to give them Battle; but they not having the Courage to hazard it, presently turned their backs, and retreated in the best order they could: The Imperialists fell upon their Rear, and cut of between 6 and 7000 men, took six hundred Prisoners, amongst whom are reckoned 60 Hungarian Gentlemen, took the Cannon, Baggage, and about 8 or 900 Wagons, loaden with Provision and Ammunition from the Turks Army: The Enemy being retired, the Duke of Lorraine reinforced the Garrison in Presbourg, and caused all the Boats which Count Teckeley had assembled for the making a Bridge over the Danube to be burnt. In the 〈…〉 while the Garrison in Vienna continues to make a brave Defence, being full of Courage, and in no want. On the other side the Turks begin to have scarcity of Provisions, and were much weakened, before they received a reinforcement of 60000 men. The whole Army of the Christian Confederates, when joined, which is expected before this time, will amount to vast numbers; the King of Poland marching in the head of 35000 men, the Elector of Bavaria will 11000 effective, the Elector of Sa●●●ny with 10000, the Elector of Brandenburg also furnishes 13000 upon certain conditions, the Circle of Franconia and its Allies 8000, Bohemia and Lower Austria 6000, and the Lower Saxony 6000: All these Troops joined to the 18000 men, Horse and Foot, commanded two Leagues from Vienna, by the Duke of Lorraine, make up an▪ Army of one hundred and nine thousand Combatants.  
In the mean while the Rebels having made an Invasion into Moravia, the Duke of Lorraine detached 800 Poles, who having joined a Party that was already abroad, under the Command of the Prince of Lichtensteyne, they fell upon the Hungarians, though very much inferior to them in number, defeating three thousand of them, killing 600 upon the place, taking a great many, and redeeming above a thousand Prisoners The King of Poland is advancing with all possible expedition, his Army marching in three Bodies, and different ways, for their greater conveniency, and will be very near Vienna on the 20th or 21st of this Month. The Prince of Waldeck is also joined the Imperial Army with 13000 or 14000 men of the Bishops of Wirtzbourg and Bamberg, and the Circle of Franconia; the Electors of Bavaria and Saxony are also marched in Person in the head of their Troops, and have it's expected, joined the Imperial Camp at Enzedorf, not far from Vienna, by this time. In the mean while the Turks have sprung two Ours before Vienna, but the first being countermined, they lost a great many men; but the second had better success, and by its means they lodged themselves in the Ditch, but were beaten out of it again. The Want of Forage has reduced the Turkish Cavalry into a very ill condition, and there is such great want of Provisions in the Turkish Camp, that they are reduced to feed upon Horseflesh, and that an Ammunition Bread is sold for five Dollars. Besides the Imperialists having passed the Danube, and fallen upon the Turks, had lodged themselves in a small Island near the Camp, and had taken and brought away 200 Camels, and other considerable Booty. Nevertheless the Ottomans do push on the Siege of Vienna with all the vigour they are able, firing upon the Town, incessantly from seven Batteries, and have made several Assaults upon the Counterscarp, but have been repulsed with great loss. The Emperor was hastening to meet the King of Poland, and was to be in person by the 23d or 24th of this month in the Head of the Imperial Army, whereupon undoubtedly a General Battle will follow, unless prevented by some Propositions brought by Count Caprara and a Turkish Chaos lately arrived from the Grand Seignor, at his Imperial Majesty's Court.   
FINIS.